INTERNATIONAL GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

IBLAW Field Study Trip 2013

“In Quest for a Sustainable, Prosperous andPeaceful World”
25 January – 2 February 2013

Field Study Trip to the Philippines 2013
As a joint programme with University of Santo Tomas, Philippines, a group of 13 students, 4
professors, and an administrative staff from International Graduate School of Social Sciences of
Yokohama National University conducted a field study trip to the Philippines from January 25th to
February 2nd 2013.
13 students were consisted from 8 different nationalities and 13 different fields of interests,
ranging from agriculture to competition law, from human rights of children to migration, and frome-commerce to education, and so forth.
With the assistance of the faculty members and UST counterparts, students took primary
initiatives to organise their own visit to various departments and agencies which directly relate totheir research.
The purpose of the field study trip to the Philippines, which was entitled “IB Law Field Study
Trip 2013: In Quest for a Sustainable, Prosperous and Peaceful World”, was to achieve thefollowing goals:
1. To gain knowledge and first-hand experience regarding issues involving development throughinterviews and seminars;
2. To collect materials and develop personal contacts that would contribute to the students’ thesis;and,3. To promote exchange between YNU students and local students in the Philippines.

I.

Table of Contents

I.

Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. 1

II.

List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 2

III.

Detailed Itinerary ................................................................................................................................. 3

IV.

List of Participants ............................................................................................................................... 7

V.

Group Reports by Participating Students ................................................................................................ 8i.

Mindanao Trip .................................................................................................................................. 9ii.

Salt Payatas Foundation ............................................................................................................... 14

iii. Judicial Institutions ...................................................................................................................... 18
A.

Supreme Court of the Philippines .................................................................................................... 18

B.

Court of Appeals ............................................................................................................................ 20

C.

Department of Justice ..................................................................................................................... 21

iv. Agricultural Organisations ........................................................................................................... 22
A.

Department of Agriculture............................................................................................................... 22

B.

National Irrigation Administration ................................................................................................... 28

C.

National Food Authority ................................................................................................................. 31

D.

Philippine Rice Research Institute ................................................................................................... 34v.

Role of the State and Private Sectors in Sustainable Development in the Philippines ........... 38
A.

Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 38

B.

Background Information about Two Countries .................................................................................. 38

C.

First Metro Investment Corporation (FMIC) ..................................................................................... 43

D.

Board of Investment of the Republic of Philippines........................................................................... 44

E.

Manila Water ................................................................................................................................. 46

F.

National Water Resources Board (NWRB) ....................................................................................... 50

G.

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Regulatory Office .................................................... 52

H.

Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 54

vi. International Organization of Migration ..................................................................................... 56
vii. Philippine Board of Investments .................................................................................................. 58
viii. Trade Advisory Group .................................................................................................................... 61
ix. TESDA ............................................................................................................................................ 63x.

Amnesty International .................................................................................................................. 65

xi. UST-YNU Joint Seminar ............................................................................................................... 67
xii. ADB ................................................................................................................................................. 70
xiii. JICA ................................................................................................................................................ 84
VI.

Individual Reports.............................................................................................................................. 89

1

II.

List of Abbreviations

ADB
AI
BOI
FMI Inc.
DA
DFA
DOJ
IOM
JICA

Asian Development Bank
Amnesty International
Philippine Board of Investments
First Metro Investment Corporation
Department of Agriculture
Department of Foreign Affairs
Department of JusticeInternational Organization of Migration
Japan International Cooperation Agency

NEDA
NFA
NIA
NWRB
PhilRice
SC
TESDA
UST
YNU

National Economic Development Authority
National Food Authority
National Irrigation Administration
National Water Resource Board
Philippine Rice Research InstituteSupreme Court of the Philippines
Technical Education and Skills Development Center
University of Santo Tomas
Yokohama National University

2III. Detailed Itinerary
TIME

ACTIVITYREMARKS

January 25 (Friday)
1030

Notice from Jetstar about the cancellation of JQ78

1100

Meet up at Narita International Airport

1300

Moved to Tokyo Station and departed for Osaka

1530

Arrived at Shin-Osaka Station

1630

Checked-in at Washington Hotel Plaza Shin-Osaka

Via Shinkansen

January 26 (Saturday)
1300

Meet up at Shin-Osaka station and left for Kansai International
Airport1400

Arrived at Kansai International Airport and Checked-in at
Jetstar Asia

1725

Departed from Kansai International Airport

2015

Arrived at Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), Manila

2130

Checked-in at Charter House, Makati CityVia 3K364

January 27 (Sunday)
0530

Breakfast at Charter House and checked-out

0600

Departed for NAIA

0700

Checked-in at Cebu Pacific0750

Departed for Davao

0935

Arrived at Davao International Airport

1030

Moved to Hotel Vincente and picked up UST counterparts

1110

Eden Nature Park

1430

Japanese Museum, Japanese Cemetery, Ohta Kyozabruo Calinan, Mintal,
Monument, Japanese Tunne
meet with the Town
Captain at
Barangay Office1800

Dinner at Jack Ridge Restaurant

2030

Checked-in at Hotel VincenteVia 5J993
Via hired bus

January 28 (Monday)
0730

Breakfast at Hotel, checked-out

0900

Meeting at Davao Kokusai Daigaku (Davao International Presentation by Mr.
University)
Kazuhiko Anzai,
Consul and
Director of the3Consular Office ofJapan in Davao
1100

Meeting at Davao City Hall

1200

Departed for General Santos

1800

Dinner at Seafood Restaurant

2000

Checked-in at Richeva Gensan Suites Hotel

Approximately 4hour road trip

January 29 (Tuesday)
0530

Breakfast at Hotel, checked-out

0700

General Santos Fish Port

Observation of fish
port, presentations
made by Philippine
Fisheries
Development
Authority

0830

Departed for Dole Philippines Pineapple Plantation

0900

Seminar at Dole Philippines

1030

Sightseeing of pineapple plantation

1130

Lunch at Dole Philippines

1300

Departed for General Santos Airport

1535

Checked-in and departed back to Manila

1725

Landed at NAIA

1800

Checked-in at Charter Hotel

2100

Prof. Araki and Men Ping arrived to Manila and checked-in at Via JQ78
Charter House

Andrea:Appointment

Polomolok
Individual

Via 5J996

January 30 (Wednesday)
AM
0630

Breakfast at Charter House

0630

Departed

forSalt YNU Participants:

Payatas Foundation

Yasoda Basnet, Kenta Kido,
Nami Han, Prof. Ikeda

0730

Departed for DFA

YNU Participants:
Wai Mon, Yumiko Ampo, Cao
Duc Tien, Qiao Yuxiang, Men
Ping, Andrea Xu, Prof. Araki,
Lect. Ueda

UST Attendees:
Frances Absalon,
Katherine Bayona,
Earl Pantoja,
Lorraine Luis

0730

Departed for SCYNU Participants:

UST Attendee:

Zhant Zin Win, Melis Tagaev, Kate Rigor
Ms Suto0730

Departed for DAYNU Participant:Akihiro Ishimoto

0800

Departed for First YNU Participants:
Metro
Investment Ruslan Ziganshin,
Corporation
Prof. Kabashima

UST Attendees:
Francis de Jesus, Prof. Tiu
UST Attendee:
Ruel Ferrer

PM
1300

Meeting at Court of YNU Participants:
UST Attendee:Appeals
Zhant Zin Win, Melis Tagaev, , Kate Rigor
Ms Suto1300

Meeting at NIA

1400

Meetingat

YNU Participant:Akihiro Ishimoto

UST Attendees:
Francis de Jesus, Prof. Tiu

Dole YNU Participant:

UST Attendee:

Philippines HQ

Andrea Xu

Lorraine Luis

1400

Meeting at IOM

YNU Participants:
Wai Mon, Yumiko Ampo,
Lect. Ueda.

UST Attendee:
Katherine Bayona

1400

Meeting at BOIYNU Participants:
Cao Duc Tien,

UST Attendees:
Early Pantoja, Ruel Ferrer

Ruslan Ziganshin,
Prof. Kabashima
1500

Meeting at Trade YNU Participants:
Advisory Group
Qiao Yuxiang, Men Ping,
Prof. Araki

UST Attendee:Frances Absalon

1500

Meeting at NFA

UST Attendees:
Francis de Jesus, Prof. Tiu

YNU Participant:Akihiro Ishimoto
January 31 (Thursday)
AM

0500

Departed for Nueva YNU Participant:

UST Attendees:

Ecija and PhilRice

Rhonel Cajustin,
Devinagracia

Akihiro Ishimoto

0630

Departed for Manila YNU Participants:
Water
Ruslan Ziganshin, Prof. Ikeda

0900

Departed for DOJ

UST Attendees:
Eng. Gagarin,
Goldwin Fontanilla

YNU Participants:
UST Attendee:
Zhant Zin Win, Melis Tagaev, Kate Rigor
Prof. Kabashima, Ms Suto

Janel

0930

Departed for TESDAYNU Participants:

UST Attendees:

Yasoda Basnet, Yumiko Ampo, Frances Absalon,
Kenta Kido, Nami Han, Cao Earl Pantoja
Duc Tien, Qiao Yuxiang, Men
Ping, Andrea Xu, Wai Mon,
Lect. Ueda
PM
1330

Visit to NWRDYNU Participants:
Ruslan Ziganshin, Prof. Ikeda

UST Attendees:
Eng. Gagarin,
Goldwin Fontanilla

1500

Visit to AI

YNU Participants:

UST Attendees:

Zhant Zin Win, Melis Tagaev,
Yasoda Basnet, Yumiko Ampo,
Kenta Kido, Nami Han, Cao
Duc Tien, Qiao Yuxiang, Men
Ping, Andrea Xu, Wai Mon,
Prof. Kabashima, Lect. Ueda,
Ms SutoKate Rigor,
Frances Absalon,
Lorraine Luis,
Earl Pantoja

1800

Joint UST-YNU Seminar at UST

2000

Dinner at UST
1 February (Friday)

0700

Breakfast

0800

Departed for ADB

0900

Seminar at ADB

1100

Lunch at ADB

1200

Left for JICA

1300

Seminar at JICA

1800

Dinner at Saisaki, Glorietta

Via MRT

2 February (Saturday)
0430

Breakfast

0500

Checked-out Charter House, left for NAIA

0600

Checked-in at Jetstar

0650

Departed NAIA for Narita International Airport

1210

Landed Narita International Airport

1300

Dismissed

Via JQ79

IV. List of ParticipantsStudents
Ms. BASNET, Yasoda

Nepal

M1

International Cooperation on Gender
EquityMs. HAN, Nami

Korea

M2

Social Enterprises

Mr.

ISHIMOTO, Akihiro

Japan

M2

Agriculture, Green Box, and Domestic
Supports

Mr.

KIDO, Kenta

Japan

M1

Human Rights of Children

Ms. AMPO, Yumiko

Japan

M1

Development Education/ Immigrants

Ms. XU, Lingzhe

China

M2

TBT and Standardisation Policy

Ms. MEN, Ping

China

M1

Anti-Dumping Law

Mr.

QIAO, Yuxiang

China

Ph.D. Candidate Competition Law

Mr.

TAGAEV, Melis

Kyrgyz

LPP, M2Mr.

ZIGANSHIN, Ruslan

Tajikistan M1

Sustainable Access to Water Supply
and Sanitation

Mr.

Thant Zin Win

Myanmar LPP, M1

Legal System and Court Practices

Ms. Wai Mon

Myanmar LPP. M1

Trainings for Yong Generation
Diplomats in the Philippines

Mr.

Viet Nam M1

Economic Development

Cao Duc Tien

International Sales Law/ E-Commerce

Faculty Members
Assoc. ProfKABASHIMA

Hiromi

Japan

Prof.

IKEDA

Tatsuhiko

Japan

Prof.

ARAKI

Ichiro

Japan

Lect.

UEDA

Naoko

Japan

Ms.

SUTO

Kasumi

Japan

7

V.

Group Reports by Participating Students

Altogether 18 agencies were visited this year. Table below shows the agencies each students
visited on 30th and 31st of January. ADB and JICA are attended by all students on 1st February.

BASNET,
YasodaHan, Nami-

30th January, Wednesday
Salt Payatas Foundation-

Salt Payatas Foundation

ISHIMOTO,
Akihiro-Dept. of Agriculture
National Irrigation Administration
National Food Authority
Dept. of Foreign Affairs
Int’l Org. of Migration
Salt Payatas Foundation-

Dept. of Foreign Affairs
Dole Philippines
Dept. of Foreign Affairs
Trade Advisory Group
Dept. of Foreign Affairs
Trade Advisory Group
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
First Metro Investment
Philippine Board of Investment
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Department of Foreign Affairs
Int’l Org. of Migration
Dept. of Foreign Affairs
Philippine Board of Investment

AMPO,
YumikoKIDO, Kenta
XU, Lingzhe
MEN, Ping
QIAO, Yuxiang
TAGAEV,Melis
ZIGANSHIN,
RuslanThant Zin Win
Wai MonCao Duc Tien

8-

31st January, Thursday
TESDA
Amnesty International
TESDA
Amnesty International
Nueva Ecija
Philippine Rice Research Institute

-

TESDA
Amnesty International
TESDA
Amnesty International
TESDA
Amnesty International
TESDA
Amnesty International
TESDA
Amnesty International
Dept. of JusticeAmnesty International
Manila Water
National Water Resource Board
Dept. of JusticeAmnesty International
TESDA
Amnesty International
TESDA
Amnesty International

i.

Mindanao Trip

Our trip to Mindanao was originally scheduled from 26th till 29th of January. However, with thecancellation of flight to Manila, our schedule in Mindanao has changed to between 27th till 29th.
However, original plans did not get big amendment. It was only the activities originally proposed on
the 26th had been shifted to 27th, and the rest was remained as original.
Eden Nature ParkOn our second day of study tour, 27th January, all the members of YNU and UST visited to Eden
Nature Park in Davao Mindanao. After we reached there by hired bus, first we had a buffet lunch in an
open air restaurant inside the park. There we found more than 15 types of meal, varieties of deserts
and ice-creams.
After lunch, we had a round tour of park by Jeep with English speaking guide. He explained us thehistory and specialty of Eden Nature Park.
Eden Nature Park is a mountain resort which isabove 3,000 feet above sea level. This park is 95%
man-made. It is a model of how to re-create and rebuilda lost environment．This place was discovered sometimein 1971, and the area used to be a logged-over area
covered by a blanket of wild grass.
Later, terraces were carved out of the mountainslope, and thousands of pine tree seedlings were planted.
As pine trees grew, they provided canopies, allowing
other trees and plants grow and creating a secondary forest. Today, there are over 100,000 pine trees
spread throughout 80 hectares of land.
Children performed the cultural dance of Ethic people in southern Philippines (called lumad). The
music was live from traditional musical instrument and the movomentss of dance was very interesting.
Not only for nature lovers, but Eden Nature Park is the best destination for the people who likeadventure and games. There is a facility of sky rider experience and you can also enjoy play, move,
hike, and exercise. Fishing, swimming, horseback riding can also be experienced.
There are numbers of deer, birds, pine trees, fruit trees, herbs, and also the organic cultivation of
the vegetables in greenhouse inside the park. These producs are served in the restaurant of the park
where we had our lunch and to the guests who stay there overnight. Eden Nature Park also has

9facilities for the accommodation of all types ofguests like couple to big size families. Their
accommodation cares for privacy and peace
environment to the visitors.
Therefore, Eden Nature Park is surely one of themain tourists destinations from inside and outside
the country.
Barangay Mintal
Our next destination was Barangay Calinan and
Barangay Mintal, which were located approximately
8 miles from the central Davao and Eden Nature Park on roads. Despite the fact of short distance, thetime it took was more than what people usually expect. The road traffic in Davao was not as jammed
as Manila however, relatively weak infrastructural system in Davao city compared to Manila caused
the traffic to get jammed easily. There were thousands of Jeeps in Davao, but the size and the type of
vehicles used in Davao was different from Manila that the Jeeps in Davao was smaller in size and thetype of vehicle used was what is so-called “Kei truck” in Japan.
Our first stop in the afternoon was Barangay Calinan and Philippine-Japan Historical Museum. It
was located in a back alley from the main street. After we stepped out the bus, we went into the small
street and walked through the back alley. Distance was roughly 300 metres from the main street, andPhilippine-Japan Museum was built inconspicuously in the residential area.
The museum features a rich collection of historical artefacts dating from various periods in thehistory of Davao City, in particular the tools and documents which characterises the lives of Japanesecommunity during the early decades of the 20th century. One of the first Japanese settlers in Davao
was Mr. Kyozaburo Ohta, who was from Kobe Prefecture in Japan and was living in Manila. In 1903,
Mr. Ohta attained the permission for abacá (Musa textillis) plantation and developed the huge
plantation area to produce mainly abacá and coconuts. During that period, in Luzon Island, many
Japanese labourers particularly from Okinawa were engaged in the construction of roads what is now
so-called Kennon Road. Mr. Ohta convinced those labourers in Luzon Island to migrate to Davao andcarry out plantation business. Abacá plantation business had succeeded because of the high demand of
abaca-made rope for sea vessels. Mr. Ohta along with Mr. Kozo Oshiro, who was the leader for theconstruction work by Okinawa people in Luzon Island, established the first Japanese company in
Davao called Ohta Kougyo Co. Ltd.
The number of Japanese migrants in Davao
increased dramatically during the 1910s and theJapanese population in Davao reached as high as
10,000 in 1916. Special procurement of abacárope during the First World War encouraged
more plantations of products, and thus
encouraged the inflow of Japanese migrants.
Recession after the War resulted in the declineof Japanese population, but immigrants from
Okinawa remained in Davao. Japanese
population in Davao reached as high as 18,000
10in 1938, and amongst which 70 percent was
dominated by people from Okinawa. The
increased Japanese population in Davao
resulted in a creation of new Barangay forJapanese people called “Mintal”. Barangay
Mintal had inevitably become Japanese town
where they constructed such as Japanese
schools, Japanese newspaper, Japanese
consulate, hospitals, brothels, Buddhism
temples, churches, and shrines.
However, increased influence by America in
the region changed the situations for Japanesecommunity. The conflict between the Japanese and local Filipinos escalated on the issue of land
property trade and proprietorship, and the militarism of the Imperial Japan during the inter-war periodenhanced the anti-Japan movement. Many Japanese people were forcefully confined and sometimes
were being killed. Landing of Japanese troops in Mindanao and the initiation of Japaneseadministration freed Japanese people, however, indirect control of the Commonwealth Government of
the Philippines by America recognised the ex ante autonomy of Mindanao by Juan dela Cruz andconducted a guerrilla activities to protest against Japanese occupation. The Japanese town of Mintal
inevitably became the site of the most hard-fought battle. Anti-Japan sentiment remained after the
defeat of Japan, which led many Japanese survivors to live quietly in the mountainous areas of theregion.
The museum possessed a rich collection of historical materials which specifically indicates the lives ofJapanese people during the early decades of 20th century both prosperous times and difficult times.
Without doubts, the information exhibited in the museum genuinely tells the development of therelationship between Japan and the Philippines.
After we left the museum, we headed back to Barangay Mintal and visited Barangay office. We
thank the Town Captain that despite our visit was made on Sunday afternoon, the Captain generously
welcomed us at the Barangay office and very briefly explained the historical development of theBarangay and the relationship with Japan.
As mentioned above, the City of Davao accommodated as high as 18,000 Japanese people andMintal was the central region for Japanese immigrants. Within that number, many lives have been lost,on one hand, due to the war, and on the other hand, due to destiny. We visited the Japanese cemetery in
the region to worship the deceased. The cemetery was rather quaint because the cemetery was also
used for local people. Thus, the cemetery had both Japanese style gravestone and Christianity coffins.
We then proceeded to one of the primary schools
in Mintal, called Mintal Elementary School, where themonument of Mr. Kyozaburo Ohta was built. As Mr.
Ohta was a pioneer to the development of Mintal, his
excellent achievements and contributions to thecommunity were expressed by constructing themonument which can be easily noticed. The
monument was approximately 8 metres tall. The upper
part of the monument left a kind of symbol that11

probably commemorated his contribution.
However, most parts of that symbol had been
removed and it was impossible to identify whatthat symbol was meant for. However, Mr. Ohta’s
contribution to the society has no room for doubts,
the Barangay name of Mintal was named by Mr.
Ohta and the Barangay still exists without
re-naming.
Our final destination in Mintal area wasJapanese tunnel. Japanese tunnel has been dug
during the Second World War period and used by
the Japanese as a hide-out and for transport ofgoods. The tunnel was also used for the movement of people and mobilise the forces against theAmerican liberating troops.
The tunnel was excavated with the width of roughly 2 metres and 3 metres height. However, while
the width of the tunnel was consistent, the height slightly got narrowed down as we stepped deeper.
The low height of the tunnel probably reflects the smaller body size of Japanese people back in thattime as well as the difficulty to dig the tunnel with consistent height due to extreme hard rocks in the
ground and insufficient excavation technologies.
The east-side of the City of Davao leaves many legacies of Japanesemigration from the early decades of the 20th century. Barangay “Mintal”
per se is absolutely the vestige of the Japanese migration and theirinvolvement in the community. Japanese Museum in Calinan enriched
our understanding and knowledge of Japanese history, and in factprovided a new insight of the history. Japanese cemetery, the monumentof Mr. Kyozaburo Ohta, and the Japanese tunnel, they all describe thehistory of Japanese migrants in Davao. We all acknowledge theircontributions and achievement in the rural community of thePhilippines.
General Santos Fish Port
Located in the city General Santos, a city in the southern Philippine, this fish port is the biggest
tuna fish port in Philippine. The tuna here are very famous. We are very lucky that we have this chance
to visit this fish port.
To enter the fish port, the sanitary inspection is required. We are not allowed to go there wearing
own shoes, but changing to the boots only forfish port to confirm the clearness of this port.
There are several fish business companies
here. They have fishing boats to go the sea
for fish hooking, worker to weight andprocess tunas. The government here is in
position of management. They set rules forthe fish companies and make sure the sanitaryof the port and they provide public facilities12

for the development of fish companies.
Every day, tonnes of fresh tuna are caught. They
are very big size, at least one metre long, fifty
kilograms weight, which are excellent indigence forJapanese Sushi. After simple process, they aretransported to other places. Only small amount of the
fish here are consumed by domestic use. Most of thetuna are exported to foreign countries. Hearing fromthe staff there, China together with Japan, EU, theUS now are the biggest consumer of the tuna.
Dole Philippines Pineapple Plantation
This Pineapple Plantation is located near General
Santos, about 20 minutes drive. It is the largest pineapple
Plantation in the world. It has total 6571 hectares
planting with pineapple and beet in the plantation.
Sitting in bus and seeing the field of pineapple, what we
could see is only pineapple plants lasting to the edge ofthe sky. It is really like a sea of pineapple plants.
Because of the tropical climate of Philippine, pineapples
here could be harvested all over the years. According to this advantage, the pineapple trees are plantedby different seasons, which could make sure the supply of pineapple through the year. And thisplantation is located in the latitude of best latitudes of planting pineapple, so the pineapple grown here
are extremely sweet.
To make sure the quality of pineapple, Dole tried there best to get international certifications,which also helps Dole when their pineapple are exported to foreign countries. Sometime, one
international certification could be recognized by several countries which save money for domestic
sanitary measure and save the freshness of pineapple.
Dole pineapples are popular in foreign countries like Japan China and Korea. Nearly 70% of the
Pineapple production is exported to foreign countries. Japan is the largest consumer of Dole pineapple.
Except Okinawa, Japan has no other place of pineapple production. So in Japan, pineapple supply
mostly relies on import. We could see Dole pineapple in every big supermarket, which is very
common and the prices are very reasonable.
This year is the 50 Anniversary of thisplantation. They are still working hard toprovide good quality pineapple for customers.

13

ii.

Salt Payatas Foundation

In the morning of January 30, a group of three
students and one professor visited Payatas
Dumpsite. Students who visited Payatas Dumpsitewere Kenta Kido, Yasoda Basnet, and Nami Han,and supervised and accompanied by Prof. Ikeda.
The members of SALT who kindly helped our tour
were Ms. Millee Ness, Elsa, Jo Salt Staff, and Ms.
Erika Matsumoto, a Japanese volunteer staff. The
tour was organised in cooperation with Salt Payatas
Foundation Inc. (SALT), the Japanese NGO.
SALT is a private, non–governmental, non-for-profit, non-stock, organisation established in 1995.
The SALT taken from a white crystalline substance that give good taste and keeping fresh to our foods.
In the same way, SALT Foundation wants to function like this substance by giving quality service tothe poor.
SALT support for the children and women of live beside Payatas Dumpsite in Quezon City,
Philippines.
Orientation
Ms. Elsa, a SALT staff, guided our tour. The place name “Payatas” means “the promised place” inTagalog.
Paya tas dumpsite is a huge open pit-dumping site located northeast part of Metro Manila, where alarge number of trucks dump garbage of Quezon City every day. It had been called Smoky Valley
because of the cloud of smoke from the spontaneous
combustion. The real name of the area is Lupang
Pangako, Payatas B, Quezon City in Metro Manila.
People who are called Scavengers live just besidethe dumping site. They sort out plastics, metals, bottles,
etc, out of the garbage in terribly hot and smelly
environment in order to sell them to the nearby junkshop.
About 40,000 people live in Payatas B, where SALT
conducts supporting programmes. Many of the residents
came to the area to search for jobs. Jobs in Payatas arelimited to drivers of Jeepneys and bikes andconstruction workers, so only a few regular
employment opportunities.
The SALT's Mission is to help the less privilege
individuals and families to become self-reliant throughparticipatory and humanitarian approach. To assist
privileged people understand the real faces of poverty,
its background and its root cause through facilitating
their participation in support programmes and mutual
14

exchange activities.
The SALT's Vision is to empower young children and their parents to live with concern to theirfellowmen and willingness to work for the progress of our society. It also envisioned to alleviate
poverty to enable to raise their living conditions and realise their goals in life.
A visit to a memorial for the victims of an accident
The accident in which garbage collapsed in the morning of 10th of July 2000 is remembered as oneof the most devastating incidents at the Payatas dumpsite. 500 households were buried under the trash,and more than 300 people were killed or went missing in the disaster. Three students who wererecipients of scholarship from SALT at that time also died. Families of the identified victims were paid
3,000 pesos by the municipal government,
but there was no compensation for theother unidentified victims. The names of
the identified victims are listed on thememorial. We offered flowers andprayed.
A visit to home of SALT scholars
We visited the home of SALT's
scholars and heard the background. And
we met a lady and her son. She used tolive in Manila but she preferred living in
Payatas because it was more difficult to
get job in Manila for her.
Her son has graduated from lower secondary school with SALT's support. Now he has a dream tobe a police man in the future. We cheered his dream.
Livelihood ProgrammeThis programme is for those who want to upgrade their living by way of finding jobs alternative toscavenging. SALT provides chance to women to earn by making cross–stitch products. 20
beneficiaries are involved with Livelihood programme in Payatas.
This tour was good experience for us. We were able to go inside the houses of families living
there and directly hear about their lives and views. We would not be able to have observed the lives ofpeople unless we actually visited the houses of ordinary or less privileged citizens.

15

iii.

Department of Foreign Affairs

For those students who are interested tovisit DFA within the study trip, DFA officials
kindly shared their times for our group, eight
members supervised by Professor Araki andfour UST friends who accompanied with us.
After welcome remarks and introductionof DFA officials by Hon. Kadatupan P. Usop,the Executive Director of the Foreign Service
Institute, the officials from the concerned
departments gave us briefing on three
specific fields; first, the training courses foryoung diplomats, second, the stance and strategy of DFA on Filipino migrant workers and finally, themaritime disputes in the South China Sea.
Firstly, Ms. Marichu C. Liwang, Head of Carlos P. Rolumo School of Diplomacy, briefly explained
about Foreign Service Institute (FSI) and how young diplomats are trained in that institute. FSI wasestablished on 9 December 1976 as the career development arm of the DFA. It was also tasked toprovide training to personnel of the DFA and other government agencies assigned to Philippine Foreign
Service posts. Since 1987, the FSI has been mandated to provide research assistance to the DFA and toparticipate in the Department’s planning review process. The main visions of the Institute are:
- To upgrade the FSI personnel’s capability in order in to be credible in everything they do;- To train and develop with excellence the capabilities of its clients to their maximum potential
through programmes attuned to changes in international relations and diplomacy;- To influence substantially through its research output every foreign and security thrusts ofthe government.
The diplomats created by the Institute are experts by experience and academic training in theirrespective areas of specialisation or function who are totally committed to providing the best training
and research output to the complete satisfaction of its clients.
Then, the briefing on the stance and strategy of DFA on Filipino Migrant Workers was followed. Ms.
Anne Kristine D. Salvador, Principle Assistant of the Office of the Undersecretary for Migrant Workers
Affairs, DFA, presented about the overview of the topic. Approximately 8.7 million overseas Filipino
workers in about 190 countries as thePhilippines has long history of sending
workers abroad paved way for thedevelopment of a highly organised process andsets of institutions to oversee migration.
Remittances contribute to around US$12 to 15
billion in annual revenue. Under Philippines
system, protection of overseas migrant
workers is prioritised as a key pillar of foreign
policy. To this end, DFA works to optimise thenumber of Filipino workers channelled16through the system while ensuring adequate rights
safeguards. The system operates under the assumptionthat the best way to protect workers’ rights is to ensureskills development and appropriate job placement. Top
performing licensed Filipino employment agencies areworking to achieve this objective by building good
relationships with destination country employers. For its
part, the DFA exercises oversight over these relationships
to help maximise benefits for workers and agencies alike.
The final and third presentation was about the maritime disputes in the South China Sea, which is aserious tension between six countries - China, Philippines, Viet Nam, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia,presented by Atty. Henry S. Bensurto, Jr., Secretary General of the Commission on Maritime and Ocean
Affairs Secretariat, DFA. The interests of different nations include acquiring fishing areas around thetwo archipelagos, the potential exploitation of suspected crude oil and natural gas under the waters ofvarious parts of the South China Sea, and the strategic control of important shipping lanes. Afterseveral diplomatic efforts to resolve the dispute were
failed, the Philippines government decided to bring
the suit, against China, to a tribunal operating underthe 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of theSea.
The participants from YNU got the chance to shootseveral questions about their interests on the above
mentioned presentations. The officials from DFA
actively and perfectly contributed their comments
regarding with the questions.

17

iv.

Judicial Institutions

Individual visits to the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and Department of Justice of the
Republic of Philippines helped us to broaden the view on issues related with the roles of judiciary indeveloping countries and gave a chance to survey on the historical and contemporary aspects of thePhilippines’ judiciary. My expectation prior to the visit was slightly different. Because, telling the truth,
I did not expect open discussion with the state officials from judiciary. I was pleasantly surprised withattorneys and judges working in aforementioned authorities who speak mind even on delicate matters:
political influence on judiciary, salary level, lack of technical and material equipment, corruption, etc.
In my consideration, such an extent of the openness in judiciary is important in itself and could be agood conductor of judiciary reform of any country.
In spite of entirely free mass media in the Kyrgyz Republic, unfortunately, we do not have thesame level of the openness in the judiciary.

A. Supreme Court of the Philippines
Participants: From YNU: Delegate students Mr. Melis Tagaev and Mr. Thant Zin Win, university staff
Suto san; from UST: Miss Kate Rigor and Mrs. Urica Destreza-Alcarde.
On January 30th 2013, our delegation participated in a fruitful morning session in the Supreme
Court of the Philippines. We firstly were welcomed by the staff of the Public Information Office of theSupreme Court and then we met with Mr. Solomon F. Lumba, Chief Staff of the Chief Justice Officeand his good skilful team he brought to our meeting. In the beginning of our session we saw a goodpresentation on the development of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1901 when the birth of
the Supreme Court was marked. After a short video presentation, we started Q&A Session.
All our questions in Q&A Session were concerned with practical side or work of the Supreme
Court as both Zhant Zin Win and myself are working in the judiciary in our respective countries,
Myanmar and Kyrgyz Republic. Through this session and thanks to open and friendly discussion we
could better understand the role of the Supreme Court in the development of the contemporary
Philippines.

Session in the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Amongst many subjects we also discussed what kind of problems judges have in their everyday
work and what kind of political influence takes place in formation of judiciary. Surprisingly, I foundmuch similarity between the court systems of the Philippines and my home country, the Kyrgyz
Republic. As in my home country, courts in the Philippines, especially in rural areas, still suffer fromlack of financial and material provision: sometimes judges in the Philippines, like in my home country,
need to buy paper and other stationery on their own expenses not waiting the adequate provision from18

the Government, some courts have to work in old and hazardous facilities. The average salary is nothigh, but it is slowly getting higher. About as complete as in the Kyrgyz Republic, formation of the
judiciary in the Philippines sometimes might depend on political issues.
Another interesting finding was the “Justice on Wheels” Project (JOW). Because of its
geographical feature and poverty level in rural areas, in the Philippines, accessibility to justice by thepoor remains a problem. One of the recommendations to address it was the creation of special courts
for the poor people. Using the experience of Guatemala, the Supreme Court of the Philippines
introduced the new system of bringing justice to the grassroots through the Mobile Court System(Mobile courts on the buses) as a means to bring justice closer to the poor, by providing a fast and freeresolution of conflicts through conciliation, mediation or adjudication.
According to international donors, in the Kyrgyz Republic the situation with accessibility to justiceis slightly better than in the Philippines, but during the presidential or parliament election our citizens
may not always enjoy good access to justice and fast resolution of their elective disputes. So for suchkind of cases study of JOW Project might be significant for the Supreme Court of the Kyrgyz
Republic.
Another major finding was the efforts of the Supreme Court of the Philippines to address the casecongestion problem. According to our Session, case congestion is the biggest problem of the judiciaryof the Philippines. In 2012 more than 600,000 cases were considered by the courts. Of course, withlimited number of judges consideration of such a huge number of cases seems to be very difficult andtime consuming. In jails many people are waiting their turn for justice for years.
To solve this problem, the adoption of a computerised case management system (CMS) from firstlevel courts to the Supreme Court was proposed. This project will allow the Chief Justice, presiding
justices, the court administrator and the deputy court administrators to monitor real-time the caseload,
aging, and the rate of disposition of cases of any judge or justice. Similar to the Philippines, Kyrgyz
courts also suffer from the case congestion. Because we have less than 400 judges for 5,2 million
people and number of all cases was doubled in last 4-5 years. So I suppose we might need to introduce
such a computer system in near future.

JOW Projects of the Supreme Court

19

B. Court of Appeals
Participants: From YNU: Delegate students Mr. Melis Tagaev and Mr. Thant Zin Win, university
staff Suto san; from UST: Miss Kate Rigor and Ms. Urica Destreza-Alcarde. Former JDS Student: Ms.
Singson Trina.
On the same day after fruitful session in the Supreme Court of the Philippines we had delicious
lunch in Max’s in big mall with UST friends Kate and Uri. Then after lunch time we visited the Courtof Appeals of the Philippines (its building located next to the Supreme Court with the common gates).
Associate Justice, Hon. Amy C. Lazaro-Javier who welcomed our delegation in the second placeof our personal visit introduced a wonderful presentation about Court of Appeals of the Philippinesand explained the realities of their judicial work.
According to the presentation, the Court of Appeals was organized in 1936, initially composed of a
Presiding Judge and 10 Appellate Judges. In 1945, due to political conditions, the Court was
abolished by President, but soon after restoration of the democratic processes in the country in 1946
court was recreated with a Presiding Justice and fourteen Associate Justices. Since then the number ofJustices has continuously been raising and now it is 69 Justices in Court of Appeals of the Philippines.
The Court of Appeals now reviews not only the decisions and orders of the Regional Trial Courts
nationwide but also those of the Court of Tax Appeals, as well as the awards, judgments, final orders
or resolutions of, or authorised by Quasi-Judicial Agencies exercising quasi-judicial functions. In its
65 years of experience, sixty-eight justices were promoted to the Supreme Court and six of them
became Chief Justice. Such a historical understanding of the Court of Appeals was essential for mesince the court system of the Kyrgyz Republic has a different “threefold structure” with separate
appeal courts in each district and capital city Bishkek. We do not have nationwide appeal court withthe exception of Military Court which might review all civil and criminal cases considered by local
garrison military tribunals. Such a difference came from the fact that the legal system of thePhilippines, as contrasted with the Kyrgyz Republic, refers to the mixed legal system.

Session in the Court of Appeals
Aside from historical aspects, Justice Javier explained us contemporary place of the Court ofAppeals in the judiciary, its jurisdiction and composition. She also presented the order of appointmentof justices, the features and order of precedence of Justices in the Court. The process of adjudication
seems more difficult in comparison with those courts of the countries belonging to the civil law
system.
In order to fulfil and promote CMS Project introduced by the Chief Justice, the Court of Appeals
adopted a computerised case management system, which was widely acknowledged as a success (itsaim has to be “zero backlog”, as Justice Javier explained). This is very good achievement to study
20

with the possibility of its using in Kyrgyz courts. In the latter part of the session we learnt about
mediation process, domestic and international arbitration cases (with famous cases introduced).
We are much obliged to Justice Javier and her assistants, Attorneys Mr. Lloyd Nicholas D.Vergara
and Renee Stephanie B. Tiongson for the good (almost official) level of assistance and kindness.
Thanks to Justice Javier and Mr. Lloyd, we were also welcomed to see facilities of the Court ofAppeals and court rooms and offices of the Justices and workers of the court. After this session we
could get “practical picture” of the conditions judges carry out their work in the Philippines.
I strongly believe that our sessions in aforementioned judicial authorities were very useful for ourstudying, as well as for our future career. It also helped us to establish professional contacts withprofessionals working in above mentioned authorities. I would like to thank Kabashima sensei, Suto
san, Kate and Uri for their priceless help and Professor Tiu for setting individual meetings, and all of
our UST friends for making our trip unforgettable and successful.

C. Department of Justice
We got the chance to visit DOJ, the Department of Justice, and the official concerns are warmly
welcome us. Firstly, they gave a brief presentation on the background and responsibility of DOJ andmentioned about the agencies under the DOJ. The DOJ pursues its mandate through its 10 agencies:
Bureau of Corrections (BuCor), Bureau of Immigration (BI), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI),
Parole and Probation Administration (PPA), Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG),
Public Attorney’s Office (PAO), Office for Alternative Dispute Resolution (OADR), Office of theGovernment Corporate Counsel (OGCC), Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), and Land
Registration Authority (LRA).
These agencies serve with the important duties of the Philippines and there have other special
programmes and projects under DOJ, such as, witness protection security programme, victim
compensation programme, anti-trafficking in persons campaign, child protection programme,
presidential human rights committee, DOJ academy, and DOJ refugee processing unit.
The DOJ is the executive department of the Philippines Government responsible for upholding therule of law in the Philippines. It is the government’s principal law agency, serving as its legal counsel
and prosecution arm. The department is led by the Secretary of Justice, nominated by the President of
the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The Secretary is a member of the
Cabinet.
After the presentation, we asked the detail facts about some agencies under DOJ through thequestion and answer section. And then we discussed about present legal reform of the Philippines, therole of DOJ when the Philippines enters into international treaties, how DOJ provides for alternative
dispute resolutions especially in arbitration. We also learnt about the legislative power of the Philippines
and the importance of legal advice from DOJ in the process of enacting a new law.
The DOJ is an essential department for the Philippines that composed of ten important agencies.
They can serve several functions of legal affairs that can generate legislative mechanism.

21

v.

Agricultural Organisations

I would like to first thank Professor Tiu for organising my visits to Department of Agriculture(DA), National Irrigation Administration (NIA), National Food Authority (NFA), and PhilRice inNueva Ecija. Without his generous and kind assistance, visits to those organisations would not be
possible. In addition, I also would like to thank Mr. Francis Lawrence de Jesus who kindly
accompanied my visits to DA, NIA, and NFA on 30th of January. Francis also kindly took me andguided me around Quezon City and surrounding areas. Finally, my gratitude also extends to Mr.
Rhonel Cajustin and Miss Janel Divinagracia whom accompanied me to PhilRice which is located in
Nueva Ecija.
Appointments to DA, NIA, and NFA were scheduled on the same day, 30th of January 2013.
Appointment at DA was scheduled at 9:30am, NIA was 13:30, and then NFA was at 16:00. Here are
the summaries of each organisation.

A. Department of Agriculture
My first visit was Department of Agriculture (DA) which is located in Quezon City. DA is theprincipal organisation of the Philippines that is responsible for the promotion of both agricultural andfisheries development and growth. In other words, DA is the main governmental body which deals
with agricultural matters in general, and NIA, NFA, and PhilRice are the attached agencies under theumbrella of DA. The mission envisioned by DA is to increase the income of farmers and fisherfolk
that will contribute to the achievement of the national goals of alleviation of poverty, generation of
productive opportunities, fostering social justice and equity, and promotion of sustainable economic
growth. DA also envisions guaranteeing food security by creating prosperous rural communities thatare built on profitable farms.
DA launched a new programme what is so-called Food Staples Sufficiency Program (FSSP) in2011 that will continue until 2016. FSSP predominantly aims to promote self-sufficiency in foodstaples, including rice, white corn, root crops, and plantain. FSSP contends to achieve self-sufficiency
by prioritising productivity growth and boosting production, thereby improving access to affordable
staples. In addition, FSSP sets up the target that is to produce sufficient domestic requirement by 2013,
and beyond 2013 is to strengthen national resilience in production of food staples to impact of climatechange.
Dr. Santiago Obien, Senior Technical Adviser of National Rice Program, emphasised the current
achievement of the FSSP. According to Dr. Obien, in 2012 Philippines produced almost 18.46 million
metric tonnes of palay, increased from 15.77
million metric tonnes in 2010. Increased amountof production partially stems from the increased
area of harvest, that while the area of harvest ofpalay was 4.35 million hectares in 2010, the area
has increased to 4.58 million hectares in 2012.
Increased amount of production and increased
area of harvest, these are exactly the opposite of
the recent Japanese experience where bothproduction quantity and paddy fields have been
experiencing contraction. Dr. Obien also
22

2009

2006

2003

2000

1997

1994

1991

1988

1985

1982

1979

1976

1973

1970

1967

1964

1961

1,000 Tonnes

explained that the improvement in the yield also contributed to the increased amount of production.
In 2012, the yield of palay per hectare was 4.03 metric tonnes for all ecosystems. However, yield
differs significantly between irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems. Irrigated ecosystem recorded theyield of 4.46 metric tonnes per hectare while non-irrigated ecosystem could produce only 2.95 metrictonnes per hectare in 2012. As will be summarised in the section on NIA, improvement of the
non-irrigated ecosystem and the development of the irrigation system is one of the urgent tasks for thePhilippines to produce sufficient quantity of staples for domestic requirement.
Dr. Obien enthusiastically explained the recent achievement of the staple production in thePhilippines. Dr. Obien continued to explain the FSSP strategies, and according to which, there are fourpillars for FSSP. These four pillars are: raise productivity and competitiveness of farmers; enhance
economic incentives and enabling mechanisms; manage food staples consumption; and, strengthen
programme management.
Dr. Obien stressed the irrigation system development for the productivity and competitivenessenhancement. The FSSP pursues generation, rehabilitation, restoration, and modernisation of irrigation
systems. As mentioned above, the production quantity of palay in the Philippines has been increasing
in recent years however, the yield per hectares differs significantly between irrigated and non-irrigatedecosystems. One of the tasks for the Philippines is to improve the productivity in the non-irrigatedecosystems that can be achieved by creating well-functional irrigation systems. The FSSP points out
irrigation as one of the most prior strategies to enhance productivity and competitiveness. In particular,
the FFSP prioritises rehabilitation and restoration of existing facilities, and construct new irrigation
systems. Furthermore, under the irrigation maintenance strategy, the FSSP insists to maximise small
scale irrigation systems. In general, the FSSP pursues to create and maintain well-designed irrigation
system for various sizes of farms in order to boost overall productivity as well as yield per hectare.
The reason behind Philippines’ heavy emphasis on productivity stems from its lagged development
compared to its neighbouring countries particularly Thailand and Viet Nam. While both Thailand andViet Nam gradually increased their productivity and expand their export ability, the Philippines lags
behind of fast rice development of neighbouring countries. Graph 1 demonstrates the development ofrice production in Japan, Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Japan is the country where the level ofproduction is continuously decreasing, while three Southeast Asian countries progressively increasing
the level of production since 1961. Particularly Viet Nam where it produced barely 9 million tonnes in
1961, the amount of
production recorded 42
Paddy Rice Production
Japan
Philippines
Thailand
Viet Nam
million tonnes in 2011,
45,000more than quadrupled
40,000comparedto1961
35,000production. Along with
30,00025,000Viet
Nam,
Thailand
20,000significantly increased the
15,000amount of production
10,000
between 1961 and 2011.
5,000
On the other hand, even0though the amount of riceproduction has almost
Year
Graph 1 (Source: FAO Statistics)

23

1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011

1,000 Haquadrupled between 1961 and 2011, the Philippines produces significantly lesser amount of ricecompared to Viet Nam and Thailand. In 1961 Philippines produced approximately 4 million tonnes ofrice. The amount has recorded roughly 16.7 million tonnes in 2011, and the FSSP projects to produce
approximately 22.7 million tonnes in 2016.
One of the crucial factors which hinder the Philippines to boost the amount of production is thelimited available land for rice and staple production. Graph 2 represents the shift of rice paddy
harvested area since 1961 between Japan, Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Once again Japan isexperiencing the contraction in the rice paddy area while other three countries are expanding the areaof rice production. Even though the area of rice production in the Philippines show the expanding
trend since 1961, its
Rice Paddy Area Harvested
enlargement is not as
Japan
Philippines
Thailand
Viet Namsignificant as Thailand
14,000and Viet Nam. Between
12,0001961 and 2011, Thailand
10,000expanded its rice paddy
8,000
area by 5.5 million
6,000
hectares, from 6.1 million
hectares in 1961 to 11.6
4,000
million hectares in 2011.
2,000
For Viet Nam, it had
0approximately 4.7 million
hectares of rice paddy inYear1961, and expanded toGraph 2 (Source: FAO Statistics)
7.7 million hectares in 2011, thus not as significant as Thailand though, Viet Nam also succeeded in
expanding rice paddy areas between 1961 and 2011.
For the case of the Philippines, it had approximately 3.2 million hectares of rice paddy field,
almost equivalent area to that of Japan. While the rice paddy area in Japan started to decline in the
1970s, in contrary that of the Philippines started to expand during the 1970s. Rice paddy area in thePhilippines continued to expand however with a narrower speed than Thailand and Viet Nam. In 2011,
the area of rice paddy in the Philippines was 4.5 million hectares, increased barely by 1.4 million
hectares compared to 1961. According to the explanation of Dr. Obien, one of the fundamental
disadvantages faced in the Philippines is its territorial feature that the Philippines is an island country
shaped by the mountains. The territorial and geographical features of the Philippines overlap withthose of Japan where the agricultural production is often been managed in severe mountainous areas.
With the limited available land for agricultural and rice or staple production in the Philippines, the
FSSP prioritises the irrigation system development to boost production from individual rice paddy. In
other words, improvement in the yield per hectares is a more feasible strategy that the Philippines may
implement.
Graph 3 demonstrates the shift of rice yield per hectare in four countries. Unlikely to graphs 1 and
2, the Philippines has been showing strenuous efforts in the rice yield. In fact, in 1961 Philippines
could produce only 12,299 hectograms of rice from 1 hectare of rice paddy, which was less than
16,585 hectograms of Thailand and 18,966 hectograms of Viet Nam. It was 1977 when the Philippines’
rice yield per hectare surpassed both of Thailand and Viet Nam. In 1977, Philippines recorded 20,142
24

Paddy Rice Yield per Hectare
Japan

Philippines

Thailand

Viet Nam

80,00070,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,000
0
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011

Hectograms

hectogramsofrice
productionfrom1
hectare of rice paddy,
while that of Thailand
and Viet Nam was
15,910and
19,378hectograms, respectively.
Since 1977, Philippines’
rice yield per hectare has
always been exceedingthatofThailand.
However,while
thePhilippines and Viet Nam

YearrecordedalmostGraph 3 (Source: FAO Statistics)
equivalent
yield
per
hectare between 1977 and 1987, Viet Nam accelerated the productivity from the 1990s while thePhilippines moderately continued to increase the yield. In 2011, Viet Nam recorded the yield of 55,322
hectograms of rice per hectare that was more than the yield of Japan, 53,312 hectograms. In the same
year, Philippines’ rice yield was 36,776 hectograms per hectare of rice paddy.
One of the principal factors that the Philippines face is the regional imbalance in the productivity.
Table 1 is shows the level of yield in different regions in the Philippines. In 2011, the average yield in
the Philippines according to DA was 3.78 metric tonnes per hectare. However, regional dispersion is
explicitly shown in table 1. For example, in 2011 while region 3 recorded the yield of 4.65 metrictonnes per hectares, region 7 only recorded 2.70 metric tonnes. Along with region 3, regions 2 and 11
recorded above 4 metric tonnes of yield per hectares, thus thesethree regions are the leading regions for the Philippines’ rice
farming. On the other hand, most of other regions recorded below
the average yield of 3.78 metric tonnes per hectare. Particularly,
along with region 7, region 13 and ARMM are inter alia regions
where struggling to enhance yield of rice.
DA and the FSSP set up the target level of yield for next five
years, until 2016, and according to which, by 2016 Philippines
insists to attain average rice yield of 4.53 metric tonnes per hectare.
By 2016, region 3 is expected to produce 5.26 metric tonnes of ricefrom 1 hectare of paddy field, and region 11 is also expected to
produce above 5 metric tonnes. In addition, by 2016 most of theregions are expected to produce above 4 metric tonnes of rice from
1 hectare of land. However, regions 7 and 13 as well as ARMM are
the three regions where still face lower yield compared to otherregions. The FSSP sets up the target yield for regions 7, 13, and the
ARMM at 3.35, 3.88, and 3.57 metric tonnes per hectares, which,except region 13, are lower than the country average of 2011.
Once again, with the limited available land in the Philippines,
Table 1 (Unit = metric tonnes per
hectares, source: DA)

25

improvement in the yield of each rice paddy is the urgent but also quick task for the Philippines toenhance the amount of production. By putting the irrigation system maintenance as one of the priortasks under the FSSP and the plan for next five years, it can explicitly observe that Philippines puts
heavy emphasis on production boosting strategy. Along with the irrigation system, the FSSP insists toameliorate the opportunity accessing to quality seeds and integrated crop management. In conjunction
with the research and development (R&D) strategy of the FSSP, proliferation of the high quality andhybrid seeds can be considered as the prerequisite to improve the yield from individual rice paddy.
Irrigation systems, quality seeds, and R&D are not the only strategy which the FSSP pursues toenhance productivity and competitiveness of the Philippine rice and staple production, but FSSP also
insists to promote mechanisation of farm operation, extension of farms, growth in rainfed areas andupland rice farming as the key sectors to achieve the target goal of self-sufficiency in food staples. As
explained above, the yield of rice differs significantly in different region. The lower yield per hectare
in some regions predominantly stems from the disadvantageous geographical situation compared toother regions, that the landscape difference has become the natural impediment factor to boost theyield. In order to equalise the impact of geographical features, the FSSP aims to promote strengthened
growth in rainfed areas as well as upland rice farming areas. By stipulating the strategies to promote
growth in these areas, the FSSP aims to enhance overall productivity of rice and staple, thus improve
the self-sufficiency of staple foods.
While the FSSP donates and put extra emphasis on productivity and competitiveness enhancement,
it also contends to strengthen the mechanisms that aim to encourage farmers to boost production by
providing adequate economic incentives and improving access to credit and crop insurance. It sees thatprice support, procurement, distribution, and trade policy as the strong incentives to rice producers to
adopt new technologies. Furthermore, increased access to credit and crop insurance that effectively
direct at farmers’ needs will enable farmers to take advantage of improved economic opportunities andmanage risks.
The FSSP is a comprehensive set of strategies that does not only entail producer and supply side,
but it also calls for the intervention in the consumer affairs. It involves in the consumer affairs to easethe pressure on rice production by encouraging the consumption of unpolished rice and waste
reduction. The FFSP encourages the consumption of non-rice staples including white corn, kamoteng
kahoy, kamote, and saba. However, encouragement of consumption must be complemented with theincreased production of these staples. Raise the yield and expansion of harvest areas of non-rice staple
production is one of the keys to address food security at the household level. On the other hand,promotion of diversified consumption of staple aims to enhance the awareness of the health,nutritional, and economic advantages for consumers.
Moreover, the FSSP briefly organises the plan for
the reduction of food wastage. The 2008 National
Nutrition Survey of the Food and Nutrition ResearchInstitute determined that table wastes amount of 9grams per day of milled rice. By multiplying thatamount with the country’s population, the survey also
determined the annual wastage of 300,000 metrictonnes of rice which was enough to feed 2.6 million
Filipinos for one whole year. The FSSP contends to
conduct an advocacy campaign to encourage
26

responsible consumption of rice. In fact, in its report titled “Global Food Losses and Food Waste”,
FAO considers that food losses have a direct and negative impact on the income of both farmers andconsumers, and a reduction in food losses could have an immediate and significant impact on the
livelihood of people particularly who live on the margins of food insecurity (FAO, 2011). Furthermore,according to FAO, in low income countries food is mostly lost during the production to processing
stages of the food supply chain while the food in developed countries is more or less thrown away
(FAO, 2011). In industrialised countries one of the fundamental causes for food losses is the overproduction compared to demand because farmers sometimes make production plans that fulfils
sufficient amount to meet demand that quite often end-up producing larger quantity than actuallyneeded. On the other hand, in developing countries, food often gets lost due to premature harvesting.
In case of the Philippines, and in case of rice, at the moment it is importing approximately 2.4
metric tonnes. Reliance on the import led the Philippines to boost productivity of staples. However, atthe same, the FSSP encourages responsible consumption of rice in order to reduce the amount oflosses. While the FSSP aims to enhance the productivity of rice and staple, it also calls for the
consumer behaviours on the staple consumption. The promotion of responsible consumption of riceand such kind of domestic plan is basic but important action in order to reduce the avoidable foodlosses and improve the self-sufficiency of staples.
Finally, FSSP allocates specific roles and tasks each relevant agricultural organisation take in orderto accomplish the aim of the FSSP. Table 2 below summarises the budget allocations for top 10
departments in the Philippines. From this table, DA places itself on the fifth rank in terms of budget
allocation. In 2013, the Government of the Philippines proposed 2,006 billion PhP National Budget for
2013, up from 1,816 billion PhP of 2012. The DA budget of 61.4 billion PhP in 2012 composed
approximately 3.38 percent of national budget. In 2013, DA proposed the budget of 74.1 billion PhP,
increased almost by 20.7 percent from previous year, which composes roughly 3.69 percent of national
budget. Compared to other department, the increased proposed amount of 2013 budget for DA ismoderate that in general each department attained similar width of budget increase.
In general, during my visit to DA, Dr. Obien thoroughly explained the recent trend of thePhilippines agricultural development in particular rice. His enthusiastic talks on rice and foodself-sufficiency issue in the Philippines, unlikely to my expectation, revealed the Philippines’ issue onfood security that the Philippines is also suffering from the low level, though higher than Japan, of
staple self-sufficiency rate and relying
on the import to supply adequate
amount for domestic demand. The
FSSP aims to boost productivity byenhancing the yield while at the sametime it also insists to promote anddevelop consumer’s awareness of thestapleconsumption.
Moreover,Philippines’ territorial features overlap
with those of Japan where the available
land is quite often limited to create
large scale farms. In this kind of
situation, improvement in the yield isthe urgent and quick task to boost Table 2 Budget allocation for programmes (Source: Official Gazette)27

productivity. In addition, the introduction of suitablemachineries is desired to promote efficient agriculturalactivities.
In sum at DA, Dr. Obien thoroughly explained theoverall framework of the tasks of DA. Once again I
would like to Dr. Obien to spare his time for my personal
visit to DA. After I attained the overall tasks of DA, my
next destination was the National Irrigation
Administration (NIA), which was located approximately
10 minutes from the DA.

B. National Irrigation Administration
NIA is a government-owned and controlled corporation which was established in 1963 under theRepublic Act (RA) 3601 on June 22 1963 by detaching the irrigation division of the Bureau of Public
Works. Currently NIA is an attached corporation to the DA. As of September 2012, there are total of6094 personnel belonging to NIA.
Since NIA is a government-owned and controlled corporation, its mission directly follows thegovernmental guidelines. That is to say, the mission of NIA is the development and management ofwater resources for irrigation and provision of necessary services on a sustainable basis in accordancewith the agricultural development programmes of the government. NIA also forms partnerships withthe farmers and Local Governmental Unit (LGU) to provide adequate level of irrigation service. NIA
further intends to support economic and social growth in the rural areas through irrigation
development and management. Finally, as NIA takes the form of corporation, it insists to serve as a
viable corporation and service-oriented agency.
The functions of NIA cover wide-range of activities that quite often collaborate with othergovernmental departments. For example, while NIA collaborates with DA and Department of Public
Works and Highway (DPWH) for construction and repair/ rehabilitation of service and access roads, italso works with Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) for irrigation support to agrarian reform
communities. NIA also collaborates with Department of Health (DOH) for schistosomiasis control
while it also works with Department of Energy and Natural Resources (DENR) for watershed
protection projects. However, as the corporative name indicates, NIA’s main function deals withgeneral irrigation services and facilities.
Most fundamentally, NIA involves with theirrigation project preparation. Irrigation project
preparation
includestheidentification,
investigations, plan formulation, feasibility
studies, project packaging, and detailed
engineering of the proposed projects. It
inevitably refers to the initial stage of the project
operation. After the NIA gives an affirmative
response to the project preparation stage, then it
shifts to the implementation of the project. Under
the implementation of irrigation project, it28

predominantly conducts four main tasks. First ofwhich is scheme of development. Scheme ofdevelopment considers three different types ofprojects: diversion, storage or reservoir, or pumpprojects. Diversion projects entail drawing ofwater under controlled condition directly from theflow of rivers or streams. Reservoir projects
involve the construction of dams to impoundwater to be released as needed. The third schemeof development, pump projects, entails lifting ofwater from underground or from rivers, streams,
MARIIS Dam (Source: NIA)
or lakes. In general, scheme of development identifies the most suitable water resource system for theirrigation management.
Each scheme of development further classifies into three different types: single purpose,
multipurpose, or irrigation packages. While single purpose type of project is solely for irrigation,
multipurpose projects involve other components along with irrigation, such as hydropower generation,
fishery, domestic water supply, flood control, recreation, and tourism. Multipurpose projects inevitably
involve the collaborative works with other agencies as, for example, tourism is the out of scope of thefunction of NIA. While single purpose and multipurpose projects concentrate on one location ofproject, irrigation packages involves the investment in multiple locations to implement two or more
projects. Irrigation packages may also combine generation of new areas and rehabilitation andrestoration of already existed irrigation systems.
Implementation of irrigation project also involves the component of activities, predominantly
divided into generation, rehabilitation, or restoration. Generation, rehabilitation, and restoration ofirrigation systems, these three are already explained above that in order to raise productivity of crops,these three components of irrigation maintenance serve as the key to achieve the goals of the FSSP.
NIA regularly considers such kind of components upon the initiation of the project and choose themost appropriate component in accordance with the necessity.
Finally, implementation of irrigation project determines the category of systems, either national orcommunal. National Irrigation System(NIS) is the irrigation system with anarea of more than 1000 hectares and
NIA directly involves the construction,
operation, and management of theirrigation. On the other hand,
Communal Irrigation System (CIS) has
an area generally less than 1000
hectares, and constructed by NIA with
Table 3 NIS and CIS (Source: NIA)
the farmers’ participation. Once thesystem is constructed, management of the system will be hand over to the Irrigators Association (IA).
Bigger project size of NIS is dealt by NIA and also IA for operation and maintenance of the irrigation
while the CIS is handled by IA alone. Moreover, in NIS farmers pay Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) in
accordance with the acreage, crop, or seasons while in CIS farmers pay amortization.
29

Thus, implementation ofirrigation project is planned
Proposed NIA Budget (A)Approved Budget (B)Actual Fund Support (C)(B) / (A)with the right scheme in the(C) / (B)%
35.000140 right type with the right30.000120 activities and the right25.000100 category of the systems.
Accordingto
NIA,
20.00080
irrigation development ratio
15.00060
is 55.19 percent in the
10.00040
Philippines. In total of
5.000
20
approximately 3.1 million
0.000
0hectaresofpotential
irrigable area, only 1.7
YearGraph 4 (Source: NIA) million hectares has been
irrigated. In conjunction with the FSSP, NIA puts heavy emphasis to promote irrigation facilities inrecent years.
NIA’s presence in the Philippines’ irrigation system development is explicitly becoming more
apparent in recent years. Graph 4 clearly shows the increasing trend of the NIA budget in recent years.
More important, NIA’s proposed budget has been attaining high approval in recent times. For example,
in 2001, only 4.858 billion PhP, 44 percent, was approved out of the proposed budget of 11.137 billion
PhP. However, the approval ratio is clearly improving over the last decade that in 2011, the NIA
actually attained higher amount of budget than what it proposed. In terms of absolute value, in 2012
NIA proposed 30 billion PhP, almost tripled from the proposed budget in 2001, and out of that 30
billion PhP NIA got approved 24.458 billion PhP, nearly five-fold of the approved budget in 2001.
Even though the proposed budget in 2013 is slightly lower than the previous year, the approved budget
is higher than 2012.
The initiation of the FSSP brought the favourable situation for the NIA to capture higher amountof budget as well as higher value of approval. Under the slogan of “Ang gusto nating mangyari: Una,
hindi na tayo aangkat ng hindi kailangan. Ikalawa, ayaw na nating umasa sa pag-aangkat. Ang
isasaing ni Juan dela Cruz dito ipupunla, dito aanihin, dito bibilhin”, Philippines has now moving
towards to build a hunger-free nation. Recent increase in the budget of NIA clearly reflects Philippines’
high priority on the irrigation development to boost productivity. Without the coherent national
direction, such dramatic increase in the NIA budget would not be possible. But the FSSP surely
enhances the voice of the NIA andaccelerate the construction of irrigation
systems.
As year 2013 is selected as the NationalYear of Rice, introduction of irrigation
system in non-irrigated area must be
pursued in order to guarantee production
enhancement in the up-coming years. Thisis because the construction of heavy
infrastructure, such as dams and drainage
Farmers’ participation (Source: NIA)

30

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

Billion pesos

Annual Irrigation Programmes

systems, cannot be accomplished in overnight, but as the NIA projects take number of steps, irrigation
system development may take several years until one project finish, and may take several more years
to observe the effect of irrigation systems.
Overall, at the NIA, it was inevitable that the corporation itself was overwhelmed with the vigour
to fully utilise the tailwind that the NIA enjoys in recent years. NIA bears a significant responsibility
under the FSSP as the FSSP prioritises and focuses on the irrigation development to enhance
productivity and raise staple self-sufficiency. Recent increase of the budget allocation for irrigation
development expresses the nation’s expectation on the roles NIA takes in the short- to medium-term
perspectives. Within the total agricultural budget of 74.1 billion PhP, NIA and irrigation services
attained 27.3 billion PhP, which consists almost 36.8 percent of total budget of agriculturaldevelopment. Indeed, construction of hard infrastructure requires a larger amount of monetary means
compared to grass-root programmes such as responsible rice consumption advocacy.
In sum of NIA visit, I would like to thank Atty. Genever M. Dionio and Ms Angelina P. Angeles tocoordinate my visit and arranged the schedule. I also would like to thank all NIA staff members who
generously spared their time to attend the meeting. The numbers of staffs were beyond my expectation.
While my morning visit to DA established the fundamental aspects of Philippines’ agricultural and rice
strategies, afternoon visit to NIA encompassed the specific and detailed aspects of the agriculturaldevelopment from the infrastructural and irrigation aspects. The introduction of the FSSP certainly
focuses on the irrigation development and as a consequence, it is expected to accelerate theconstruction of irrigation for at least next few years.

C. National Food Authority
While the visit to NIA was focused on the hard dimension of the agricultural programmes, the lastvisit of the day to National Food Agency (NFA) was arranged to understand the Philippines’
agricultural strategies in a soft dimension. As Quezon City is a mecca of agricultural organisations,
NFA was located just around the corner from DA, and the street was occupied with various attachedagencies and organisations of DA.
NFA was established in 1972 under the name of National Grains Authority (NGA) with thefundamental mission of the promotion of integrated growth and development of the grains industries
including rice, corn, feed grains and sorghum. The establishment of NFA resulted in a centralisation ofrice matters because then-Rice and Corn Board (RICOB) and the Rice and Corn Administration(RCA) had been incorporated into newly created NGA, and continued respected tasks under the new31

agency. It was 1981 when the NGAchanged its name to NFA. NFA has awider mandate than the NGA that now
NFA deals not only deals with grains,
but also non-grains commodities suchas raw or fresh fruits, vegetables, andfisheries products as well as
manufactured,
processed,
andpackaged food products.
During the very last era of the
NGA, Philippines became one of the rice exporting countries though only limited times of between
1977 and 1981. Reliance on the import and the growing concern on the food security and domestic
production, NFA is now vested the functions to ensure the food security of the country and the stablesupply and price of the staples, in particular rice. The roles of NFA include procurement of paddy,
buffer stocking, processing activities, and distribution and marketing of the staple grains to various
markets. Thus, while the NIA is the agency that supports hard systems of the agricultural sector, theNFA supports the agricultural sector from the soft dimensions that often involve the grass-root
activities. In addition, one of the distinctive characteristics of the NFA is that it also has the mandate of
consumer protection.
NFA involves in the selling of products from farmers and agricultural organisations. NFA buys the
products at the government support price in order to ensure market to accommodate farmers’ supply
and enable farmers to gain reasonable return for their production investment. Table 4 shows NFA’s
selling price of different types of rice. NFA categorises the rice in accordance with the process andquality, and put different price for different rice. As table 4 indicates, NFA sells higher quality ricewith a higher price. One characteristic of Philippines’ rice selling by NFA is that a consumer is also
eligible to purchase rice directly from the NFA. While the collectivised rice selling system of thePhilippines may lack the freedom to buy rice, consumers can directly request the NFA when they insist
to purchase the rice. In addition, it might be true that since NFA categorises rice by different quality,
consumers may choose the right rice for their purposes. In other words, clearly distinguished rice
quality is somewhat guarantees the quality of rice consumers purchase.
NFA also buys rice either
directly from farmers or throughfarmers’ organisation, associations,or groups (table 5). Lower buying
price compared to selling pricesecures certain amount of returns forfarmers. Unlikely to selling, NFA
does not categorise the rice into
different levels upon buying. Thus,
farmers are free to choose the type ofrice they grow and sell the products
to NFA regardless the quality of ricewith the same price. It is NFA’s task
to determine the quality of rice. Thus,
Table 4 NFA Rice Selling Price (Source: NFA)
32

NFA bears the double burden that on
one side NFA must guarantee certain
returns for the farmers, and on theother hand, NFA also must consider
selling the staples with a reasonable
and affordable price.
It must be pointed out that since
NFA predominantly involves inTable 5 NFA Rice Buying Prices (Source: NFA
marketing and distribution of riceand other agricultural products, its effort to support farmers is rather vague. NFA’s involvement in the
production is not as significant and thick as such organisation as NIA, rather NFA’s involvement
becomes apparent once the production has been harvested. Without products to purchase, NFA cannot
sell the products unless it withdraws from the stockpile, and when the products have being sold, thenNFA must purchase more.
NFA, as an attached agency to DA, necessarily involves in the FSSP. As mentioned above, NFA
supports the agricultural sector from soft aspects. Thus, under the FSSP, NFA is assigned to take roles
in four main areas. First of which is to implements the modernisation of grain processing facilities
especially in the countryside. Since NFA purchases rice under one category, but sells it in different
types, i.e. strong regular-milled or regular-milled, upgrade of NFA facility is to enhance the efficiencyof the processing of rice and grains. In addition, modernisation of processing facilities may reduce theunnecessary losses and costs. Secondly, NFA will re-consider the management of buffer stocks.
Third role the NFA predominantly takes under the FSSP is to consider and implement grains
supply and price stabilisation policies. The second role and the third role interconnect each other. The
NFA manages the buffer stock to control the supply of commodities. Buffer stocked commodities will
be withdrawn when the supply of commodities is getting scarce due to increased demand or poor
harvest, and as such, withdrawal of buffer stocked commodities will suppress the price of commodities
from rise. On the other hand, in case of bumper harvest, buffer stock temporarily stores commodities
and serve as the safety valve for the drop of price. Thus, efficient use of buffer stock has dynamic
impact on the stabilisation of price.
Finally, the NFA will assist farmers for more marketing opportunities. NFA implements diverse
range of programmes that aim to empower farmers and to assist the development of food industries. In
order to achieve sound development of the agri- and food industry, NFA involves in the monitoring of
the market through licensing and registration of all rice and corn businesses. As a consequence toregulatory framework for marketing of rice and corns, it ascertains farmers’ marketing channels. Even
though the buying prices by NFA can be more beneficial,
the diversified channel of rice marketing and distribution
provides the opportunity for farmers to decide where tosell their products.
As the Philippines is rice importing country, the NFA
also involves in the importation and distribution of rice.
Under the WTO obligations of the Agreement on
Agriculture (AoA), Philippines was allowed to maintain
Quantitative Restrictions (QR) of rice from June 2005
until 30 June 2012. In return of this special obligation
33

under the AoA, Philippines bore the Minimum Access(MA) annual importation of 350,000 metric tonnes.
According to the discussions with NFA staffs,
Philippines also faces the same challenges faced by
Japan. Those challenges include the opening the local
market to foreign goods, reduction or elimination ofprotective tariffs, and also treatment of rice sector uponnegotiating the regional trade agreement.
The works of the NFA are rather modest that it does
not involve huge one time project to boost productivity.
Instead, NFA’s tasks are being implemented in a longer time span, and the effects of such tasks arerecognised rather silently. However, it does not undermine the significance of the NFA. The
formulation and appropriate implementation of right policies in accordance with various needs fromall related stakeholders, i.e. farmers, consumers, and traders, are conducted by the NFA, and to decide
the best outcome for each stakeholder cannot be done easily. The NFA carefully balances the different
interests of different stakeholders. To achieve the goals of FSSP, the NFA inevitably takes atremendous role that can be managed only through coordination with various interested groups.
In sum of the visits made on 30th of January, all three organisations started their presentation by
stipulating the current issues in agricultural sector in the Philippines. Even though DA, NIA, and NFA
all belong to the family of agricultural organisations, all of them had distinctive issues in their areas of
performance. However, what I could also observe was the coherence amongst the agriculturalorganisations. Under the umbrella of FSSP, each organisation was assigned certain roles, and unlesseach organisation maximises their effort to achieve the target level of goals, the proposed goals of the
FSSP cannot be achieved on time. Philippines surely has the potential to enhance its level ofproduction as close as its neighbouring countries. At the moment Philippines’ capacity to produce rice
is far less than Thailand and Viet Nam. However, with the increased level of yield, Philippines may
regain its status of rice exporting country. As will be summarised in the next section, having two rice
research institutes, international and national, show the Philippines’ potential to become region’s main
rice production centre.

D. Philippine Rice Research Institute
Rice is the most important food commodity in the Philippines. Rice is a staple diet for average
Filipinos that provide half of their calorie requirement and one-third of protein intake. 20% ofhousehold expenditure is accounted for rice, and the share increases to 30% for household belonging
to the bottom third of the society. Philippines
has two rice research institute. One of which isPhilrice, the other one is International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI).
PhilRice is one of the attached agencies to
DA. Then-President Ferdinant Marcos signed
the document that approves the establishment of
the PhilRice in 1985. It has a mission to help thecountry attain rice self-sufficiency through34

Import Dependence & Self-Sufficiency Rate of Rice
%
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Import Dependency Ratio

91

100100 97 100 96

Self-Sufficiency Rate

90 93 91 88 91 91

89 91

84 85 86 81 86 80

71
29
9

0 0 3 0 4

11 9

10 7 9 12 9 916 15 14 19 14 20

1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

increasing
productivity
andprofitability of rice farmers in asustainable
andcompetitive
manner. PhilRice envisions aself-sufficient, sustainable, andcompetitive
rice
economythrough responsive research anddevelopment system and a strong
innovative
scientificandtechnological advancement. The
establishment
of
PhilRicecoincidentally overlaps with theend of rice booming eras of theGraph 5 (Source: PhilRice)
60s and 70s. PhilRice supports
the agricultural sectors and in particular rice farmers from the technological aspects of the farming
practices.
Dr. Rolando Cruz, Chief Science Research Specialist & Scientist 1, began his presentation by
showing the change of import dependence and self-sufficiency rate of rice in the Philippines. As Graph
5 demonstrates, since the mid-1990s self-sufficiency rate of rice has been declining, and as aconsequence import dependence rate has been increasing. As mentioned elsewhere in the part of DA,
the production quantity of rice has been increasing in recent years in the Philippines. Despite the factof increasing quantity of rice, the decline in self-sufficiency rate stems from the increasing population
and rapid development in demand for rice. Even though various agricultural organisations encourage
the consumption of alternative staples such as corn and cassava, rice is deeply connected to the livesof Juan dela Cruz that the Philippines is struggling to diversify its staple commodities.
As PhilRice predominantly conducts R&D of rice production, its major concern in recent years is
the low yield in the disadvantaged areas such as rainfed and upland areas. Dr. Obien of DA stressedthat the rice yield per hectare in every regions in the Philippines is improving, but there is still regional
dispersion of yield. The yield of rice in the Philippines differs significantly in different geographicalconditions. What PhilRice insists to achieve in the next
few years is to develop the technologies that will break
the barriers that impede the improvement of yield inlesser advantaged areas. These technologies include suchas the new varieties that are more drought-prone in therainfeld low land, improvement of resistance against
external factors, and development of new upland rice
varieties that match with different features of lands.
In addition to technological advancement in rice
varieties, PhilRice also contends to promote differentiatedcrop management systems for rainfed, upland, and otheradverse environment. The climatic and environmental
difference between, such as, central Luzon and themountainous region in Mindanao may require different
35crop management systems. Rice farming
methods used in a more adverse environment ofmountainous region in Mindanao are different
from the ordinary rice farming practices in theirrigated low lands. In addition, different
ecosystems in rainfed and upland areas from low
land inevitably result in different habitation ofpests. The pesticide used in the low land may
not have same effect on other regions because ofdifference in habitation. Thus, PhilRice is now
striving to develop new technologies especiallyfor rainfed, upland, and less advantaged areas.
There is no doubt that PhilRice insists todevelop technologies for lesser advantaged areas.
However, this does not mean that other areas areleft from the programme implementations of
PhilRice. For example, PhilRice is now
implementing the programme that aims todevelop technologies to surpass the dry season irrigated low land rice cropping. Once again it involves
the development of new rice varieties that is particularly bred for irrigated low land areas. The
development of such variety takes number of steps. First is to evaluate donor germplasm, then makehybridised seed from the selected germplasm. The newly created variety then will be assessed for its
insect pest resistance and disease resistance strength. Finally, overall grain quality will be evaluated.
However, what it would like to stress out about the R&D of the PhilRice is the development andpromotion of rice-related products. Rice is not only consumed as rice, but rice can be used for varietyof commodities. For example, rice can be used to produce alcoholic beverages. The notable exampleof rice beverages is Japanese Sake. PhilRice also manufactures race wines, and other value-added
rice-produced beverages. Other types of value-added rice products being research at the Philrice aresuch as rice-based snacks made from natural fortificants, and condiments and natural fortificants fromrice.
At the moment, these value-added products are still in the discovering stage and notcommercialised yet. However, if the PhilRice successfully develops the technology to produce
commodities from rice, it will widen the use of rice. Farmers may sell their rice to fragrance industry
to produce aroma products. Farmers may also approach snack industry to produce rice crackers as analternative to corn or potato chips. Widened rice consuming methods may motivate rice farmers to
re-consider their crop management system andwhat type of rice to produce. R&D on
value-added rice products indirectly touches
farmers’ production activities by providing
examples of possible products made by rice.
Last but not least, apart from conventional
R&D and the scheme under FSSP, PhilRice
now conducts special project that directly aims
for the development of technologies that will36

propel the growth of Mindanao as the next Philippine rice bowl. Mindanao Island, as shown in Table 1
above in DA section, has two contrasting rice farming features. One is characterised by regions 10 and
11, and perhaps also 9, where the yield of rice exceeds the national average. Other regions in
Mindanao, 12, 13, and ARMM are under-developed rice farming areas where the yield is far less thannational average. PhilRice contends to exploit the potential Mindanao has through developing
Mindanao-specific rice varieties and discovering integrated pest and nutrient management systems
appropriate for Mindanao’s rice farming.
In sum of PhilRice, the place was the excellent organisation to conclude my visits with different
agricultural agencies. Under the auspice of FSSP, PhilRice is obliged to continue developing updating
technologies on rice production with the emphasis on productivity enhancement and sustainability.
The discovery of different seeds and varieties that adjust to the different conditions of rice farming canbe considered as an epoch-making strategy. Fortunately, PhilRice is equipped with necessary tools andlaboratories as well as testing farm lands to develop new rice technologies. In addition, existence of
IRRI in the other side of Manila fosters partnership and creates desirable condition for technologicaladvancement.
Department of Agriculture, National Irrigation Administration, National Food Authority, andPhilippine Rice Research Institute, all of these organisations work coherently to achieve the same goalof self-sufficiency of rice. DA as the central body, NIA bears responsibility on the maintenance andexpansion of irrigation systems, NFA works in a micro perspective that enhances the welfare andwell-being of rice farmers, and PhilRice strives to discover new technologies of seeds, varieties,
value-added rice products, and machineries. Even though NIA quite often works with different
departments, specified responsibility given for each agricultural organisations clearly differentiate theroles in different aspects of the Philippines’ rice production.
Indeed, the rice production of the Philippines is less prosperous compared to Thailand and Viet
Nam. However, Philippines cannot stop rice production and rely on imports every time. But in order tomeet growing demand of rice due to increasing population, it must increase the amount of production
through expansion of irrigation and technological development. As the phrase “ang isasaing ni Juandela Cruz dito ipupunla, dito aanihin, dito bibilhin” suggests, what Philippines need is rice producedin the Philippines, harvested in the Philippines, and eaten by the Filipinos.

37

vi.

Role of the State and Private Sectors in Sustainable Development in thePhilippines

A. Introduction
During the study trip of the YNU students to Philippines, every member of the group had an
opportunity to conduct the individual meetings preliminary set up with the kind support of Professor
Tiu from University of Santo Tomas. In total two days (January 30 – 31, 2013) were allocated in the
programme for individual meetings based on the research interests of every student.
Before this trip I formulated two learning objectives for myself:
1.
To learn more about investment climate in Philippines (e.g. attraction of foreign direct
investment) and the financial sector developments;
2.
To collect data for my research theme of study in YNU that is focused on sustainable accessto water supply and sanitation services (legal and institutional framework, tariff policies, ability andwillingness of consumers to pay for the service).
In relation to the above mentioned objectives I had an opportunity to conduct four (4: First Metro
Investment Corporation; Manila Water, National Water Resource Board and Metropolitan Waterworks
and Sewerage System Regulatory Office) individual meetings and jointly participate in one (1 – Boardof Investment) with another YNU student – Mr. Cao Duc Tien.
A reader of this report may ask a reasonable question, how investment and water supply can beconnected between each other? A fair enough question… I am from Tajikistan. In the first time when
the country appeared on the map was in 1929, the state was one of the socialist republics of the USSR.
Later, in 1991, as the result of collapse of the Soviet Union it gained sovereignty and independence.
During Soviet Era, the Social Sectors were heavily subsidized by the state (up to 70%), all social
infrastructure was owned and managed by the State and State Operators. Private Property almost did
not exist. Since the end of Soviet Era, Tajikistan is making transition steps from centrally planningtowards market oriented economy. Therefore, it was very useful to learn the experience of Philippines
in terms of creation a better enabling environment for business, foreign and locally generated direct
investments, division of roles and responsibilities between state and private sector regarding
ownership regulatory framework and operation of the water supply and sanitation infrastructure.

B. Background Information about Two Countries
PHILIPPINES:

TAJIKISTAN:

People:People:Population: 104 million. Annual population Population: 8 million. Population growth rate:
growth rate: 1.9%. Ethnic groups: Malay, 1.9%. Ethnic groups: Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%,Chinese. Religion: Roman Catholic 80.9%, Russian and others 5%. Religion: Sunni Muslim
Muslim 5%, Evangelical 2.8%, Iglesia ni Kristo 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%, other 10% (Christians,
2.3%, Aglipayan 2%, other Christian 4.5%,other Buddhists, Jewish, etc). Language: Tajik (the1.8%, unspecified 0.6%, none 0.1%. Languages: official state language as of 1994, with follow-up
Filipino (based on Tagalog), official national legislation in 2009); Russian is widely used inlanguage; English, language of government and government and business; 74% (est. 2010) of the
instruction in education. Education: Years population lives in rural communities where
compulsory-6 (note: 6 years of primary education mostly Tajik is spoken. Education: Years
free and compulsory; 4 years of secondary compulsory-9 (note: 4 years of primary, 5 years ofeducation free but not compulsory). Attendance secondary education is free & compulsory; 238

(2009-2010 net enrolment rates) 85% in
elementary grades, 62% in secondary grades.
Functional literacy (2008, for ages 10-64)-86.4%.
Basic literacy (2003)-93.4%. Health: Infantmortality rate (2008)-25 per 1,000. Life
expectancy (2011)-68.7 yrs. for males; 74.7 yrs.
for females. Work force (2012): 38.9 million.
Services(includingcommerce
andgovernment)-52%;
agriculture-33%;
industry-15%. Remittances inflow: US$24 bln(10% of the GDP). Poverty index: 32.9% live
below the poverty line according to the WorldBank (2006 estimate). UNDP Human
Development Index: 112th out of 187 countries.

years of secondary education is free notcompulsory). Literacy-98.4%. Some evidence
suggests that literacy rate is lower due to declineof education system in the times of transition
since collapse of the USSR and obtaining
Independence. Health (2010 est.): Life
expectancy - 62.97 years men; 69.25 years
women. Infant mortality rate - 38.54 deaths/1,000
live births. Labour force (2012): 2.2 million. By
occupation:
agriculture-49.8%;
services(including commerce and government)-37.4%;
industry-12.8%. Remittances inflow: 3.4 bln (47%of the GDP). Poverty index: 38.3% (2012).
UNDP HDI: 127th out of 187 countries.

GovernmentType:
Republic.
Independence:
1946.
Constitution: February 11, 1987.
Branches: Executive-president and vice president.
Legislative-bicameralparliament.
Judicial-independent.
Administrative subdivisions: 16 regions andMetro Manila (National Capital Region), 80
provinces, 122 cities. Political parties: Liberal
Party,
Lakas-ChristianMuslim
Democrats/KAMPI, Nacionalista, Nationalist
People's Coalition, Laban ng Demokratikong
Pilipino, Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino, Aksiyon
Demokratiko,PartidoDemokratikong
Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan, and other small parties.
Suffrage: Universal, but not compulsory, at age
18.

Government

EconomyEconomyGDP (2010): $188.7 billion. GDP growth rate
(2010): 7.6%. GDP Per Capita (2010): $2,007.
Natural resources: Copper, nickel, iron, cobalt,
silver, gold. Agriculture: Products-rice, coconuts,
sugar, corn, pork, bananas, pineapples,
aquaculture,mangoes,
eggs.
Industry:
Types-textiles & garments, pharmaceuticals,
chemicals, wood, paper products, tobacco,
beverage manufacturing, food processing,GDP (2011): $6.3 billion. GDP growth rate: 6.5%
(2010). GDP Per Capita (2011): $815. Natural
resources: hydropower, some oil, uranium, gold,
mercury, brown coal, antimony, zinc, tungsten.
Agriculture: Products-cotton, grain, fruits, grapes,
vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats. Industry:
Types-aluminum, gold, silver, antimony, zinc,lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetableoil, gas, textiles, metal-cutting machine tools,

12

Type: Republic. Independence: September 9,1991 (from Soviet Union). Constitution:
November 6, 1994.
Branches: Executive-chief of state: President;
head of state and executive power; Prime Minister
isappointed
bythePresident.
Legislative-bicameralparliament.
Judicial-Supreme Court; judges are appointed anddismissed by the President on the basis of
proposals made by the Council of Justice.
Administrative subdivisions: 2 provinces 1 , 1
autonomous province 2 , 13 direct rule districts
from Dushanbe (Capital). 58 districts + 4 (inDushanbe) are in total. Political parties andleaders: People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan
or PDPT; Islamic Revival Party or IRPT; Tajik
Communist Party; Democratic Party; National
Social Democratic Party; Socialist Party of
Tajikistan; Agrarian Party; Party of Economic
Reform. Suffrage: Universal, at age 18.

Sugd Province (North)-14 districts; Khatlon Province (South West and South East Part) 24 districts.
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO) -7 districts

39

machinery&transportationequipment,
electronics & semiconductor assembly, mineral &hydrocarbon products, fishing, business process
outsourcing
services.
Trade(2010):
Exports-$50.7 billion. Imports-$61.1 billion. Total
public external debt: $93.4 billion (2010). Debt /GDP ratio: 49.4% (2010). World Bank (WB)
Doing Business Report rank: in 2012, 136th outof 183 economies. Transparency International
Corruption Perception Index: 129th out of 183
countries.

refrigerators and freezers. Trade (State Statistics
Agency data): Exports (2011)-$1.2 billion.
Imports (2011)-$3.2 billion. Total public external
debt: $2.1 billion (2011). Debt / GDP ratio:
33.4% (2011). WB Doing Business Report
rank: in 2012, 147th out of 183 economies (in2010 was in top 10 reformers). Transparency
International Corruption Perception Index:
152nd out of 183 countries.

History:

History:
The history of the Philippines can be divided into
four distinct phases: the pre-Spanish period(before 1521); the Spanish period (1521-1898);
the American period (1898-1946); and thepost-independence period (1946-present).

The history of Tajikistan can be divided into eight
distinct phases: pre-Islamic period (600 BC – AD651); Islamic Empires (710–1218); the Mongols
and their successors (1218–1740); Persian andBukharan rule (1740–1920); Tsarist Russian
Empire Protectorate (1860-1920) Soviet Rule
(1920 – 1991), and Independent Tajikstan as theresult of dissolution of Soviet Union (1991 –present).

40

Geography

Philippines: Area: total: 300,000km² (land:
298,170km², water: 1,830km²). Land boundaries:
0km. Coastline: 36,289km. Archipe-lagocomprising 7,107 islands between the Philippine
Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam.
Lowest point: Philippine Sea 0m. Highest point:
Mount Apo 2,954m. Irrigated land: 152,500km².
41

Tajikistan: Area: total: 141,978 km² (land: 140,338
km², water: 2,590km²) Land boundaries, total:
3,651km. landlocked, border countries: Afghani-stan
1,206km, China 414km, Kyrgyzstan 870km,
Uzbekistan 1,161km. Lowest point: Syr Darya River
300m. Highest point: Ismoili Somoni Peak 7,495m(93% of the territory is mountains). Irrigated land:
7,220 km².

Information in brief on water supply and sanitation in both countries
PHILIPPINES - Water Resources: Although TAJIKISTAN - Water Resources: Tajikistan iswater resources become scarce in some regions one of the richest countries of the world on waterand seasons, the Philippines as a whole has more resources. Underground water resources approved
than enough surface and groundwater. However, for operation amounts to 6.4 million m³ / day (830
the neglect of a coherent environmental policy led l/c/d). The potential underground water reservesto the actual situation, in which 58% of the are estimated at 19.1 million m³ / day (2480
groundwater is contaminated.3 Access to Water l/c/d)17. Access to Water Supply: 58.1% (Urban:
Supply: 85% 4 (Urban: 87%; Rural: 85%) 95.3%; Rural: 44.2%). Independent survey results
Independent surveys describe a much lower access are not available in Tajikistan yet, however,rate. The estimates of 2000 indicate that 63% of evidently that these figures are overestimated 18.
the population had access (Urban: 62%; Rural: Sanitation coverage: 98.6%. Around 47% of
38%)5. Sanitation coverage: 72%6 (Urban: 80%; latrines in rural areas fall below the minimum
Rural: 59%). Only 5% (Urban: 7%; Rural: 2%) of standards for hygienic facilities, so the prevalence
the total population is connected to a sewer of faecal-related diseases is still very high. Only
network. The vast majority uses flush toilets 3% (mainly in biggest cities) of the population
connected to septic tanks. Since sludge treatment connected to the proper sewerage 19 . Averageand disposal facilities are rare, most effluents are residential water use (l/c/d): The average urban
discharged without treatment 7 . Average water supply varies from 250 to 700 l/c/d. The
residential water use (l/c/d): national average is average rural water is usually less than 100 l/c/d20.
(before losses, 2000) 175 l/c/d8. In small towns it Non-revenue water: Losses account 60-50% due
is 119 l/c/d .9 Non-revenue water: According to to inefficient water use and leakage through old
the concessionaire Manila Water, the share of infrastructure21. Drinking water quality: 63.3%
NRW continued to fall until reaching 11% at the of the water supply systems are not meeting WHO
end of 201010. Drinking water quality: Especially sanitation standards. 21.1% do not have adequate
in urban areas, water quality does not meet the water treatment, 34.2% are in violation of sanitarynational standards. As a result, waterborne diseases protection zones and 31.4% lack facilities forremain a severe public health concern in the disinfection 22 . Water Supply and Sanitation
country. About 4,200 people die each year due to Tariffs: The tariffs are varying from 0.4-1 TJS/m³
contaminated drinking water. 11 Water Supply ($0.09-0.22) in average are –25% below ofand Sanitation Tariffs: In 2004, the average tariff breakeven point. In areas where water supply is
was US$0.29 per m³, while the average connection not available locally, water is brought by trucks.
fee was US$47.12 In average urban water tariff The price of water supplied by private truck(US$/m³) in Metro Manila: US$0.33 (East Zone), tankers varies from 45-200/m³ TJS ($10-45) 23 .
US$0.46 (West Zone)13. The connection fees are Ownership of water supply and sanitationhigh so impede new connections for poor infrastructure: There are 722 water supply
consumers 14 . Ownership of water supply and systems, 103 of which are owned bysanitation infrastructure: Since 1971, the municipalities and 619 by state authority
management
has
been
decentralised
to enterprises 24 . Millennium Development Goals:
3

Asian Development Bank (ADB) (September 2004). Country Environmental Analysis for Philippines.
http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/CEA/phi-jan-2005.pdf.
4World Health Organization; UNICEF. "Joint Monitoring Program", June 2006
5
WB (Dec 2005). Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPINFRASTRUCT/Resources/PHInfra.pdf
6World Health Organization; UNICEF (June 2006). "Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved
Drinking Water"
7
World Bank, “Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges”, 2006
828.52 bln m³ were withdrawn, of which 17% was used for domestic consumption: Asian Development Bank; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007). Country
Paper Philippines, Asian Water Development Outlook’07. The Philippines had 75,766,140 inhabitants in 2000; source:
http://devdata.worldbank.org/query/945 small towns as of data from 2004 [Cesar E. Yñiguez, Benchmarking Advisor, WSP-SA: Philippines Small Towns Water Utilities Performance, WorldBank Water Week, Feb 200910
Manila Water website: http://www.manilawater.com/downloads/MWC%20Performance%20Summary%203Q%207Nov2011.pdf
11World Bank, 2006 “Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges”, page 107
12
All figures taken from the National Water Resource Board, Philippines: Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data Book are converted into real US Dollars of2006:
13
Municipal Water Supply and Sanitation Regulatory Office. Tariff matrix, 2008
14
Asian Development Bank; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007) “Country Paper Philippines, Asian Water Development Outlook’07”.

42

municipalities. There is no national water andsanitation company. Sub-sector regulators are:National Water Resources Board (public supply) &Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (policy setting). There are about 1,500
urban service providers and thousands of private
providers15. Millennium Development Goals: By
2015 86.6% of the population have access to safe
water supply and 83.8% to a sanitary toilet facility.
The UNDP ascertained that the targets will likely
be achieved, given the current trend16.

Tajikistan is one of the pilot countries for
implementation of the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), including MDG7, which is “tohalve, by 2015, the proportion of people withsustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation”. There is strong political will in
Tajikistan to attain the drinking water target, but atcurrent level of progress and lack of focus will
miss the sanitation target25.

C. First Metro Investment Corporation (FMIC)
Meeting with: 1. Mr. Roberto Juanchito T. Dispo, President; 2. Mr. Justino R. Ocampo, Senior Vise
President, Head – Investment Banking Group; 3. Ms. Carlota Salazar-Reyes, Assistant Vise President,
FMIC Investors Center; 4. Mr. Albert S.Uy, Equity Sales Officer; 5. Ms. Michi Sacramento-Lapuz,
FMIC Investors Center Associate.
First Metro, incorporated on August 30, 1972, started its operations as an investment house withquasi-banking (similar to the bank) functions in May 1974. Currently, FMIC provide the following
services to its clients:

Investment Banking & Strategic Finance (build businesses through debt and equity
underwriting26 and arranging, as well as syndicating large, long-term funding requirements andfinancial advisory; loans to institutional clients to support liquidity or capital buildup, expansion,
restructuring, and acquisitions or buyouts);

Treasury manages the liquidity and funding requirements of First Metro Investment, and the
distribution of financial instruments such as government securities and corporate papers.



Investment Advisory develops and enhances the wealth of private clients, uncovering investment
opportunities and seeking a thorough understanding of the market through first-hand research.

Booklet of the Project “Water Supply and Sanitation in Tajikistan”, 2010 for the World Water Week in Stockholm
Programme on improvement of the provision of safe drinking water to the population of Republic of Tajikistan for 2008-2020
19
Booklet of the Project “Water Supply and Sanitation in Tajikistan”, 2010 for the World Water Week in Stockholm
20Booklet of the Project “Water Supply and Sanitation in Tajikistan”, 2010 for the World Water Week in Stockholm
21
Data from Khojagii Manziliyu Komunali (State housing services operator in urban areas) and Tojik Ob Ddehot (State operator in rural areas), 2008
22
Data from Ministry of Health, State Sanitary Epidemiological Control Agency.
23
Data from Khojagii Manziliyu Komunali (State housing services operator in urban areas) and Tojik Ob Ddehot (State operator in rural areas), 2008
24
Data from Ministry of Health, State Sanitary Epidemiological Control Agency.
15
Asian Development Bank; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007) “Country Paper Philippines, Asian Water Development Outlook’07”.
16
UNDP Midterm Philippines Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals. Philippines. http://www.undp.org.ph/midterm_mdg_report.pdf
25Booklet of the Project “Water Supply and Sanitation in Tajikistan”, 2010 for the World Water Week in Stockholm
26
The process by which investment bankers raise investment capital from investors on behalf of corporations and governments that are issuing securities(both equity and debt)
17
18

43

Mr. Uy, Equity Sales Officer
from FMIC Binondo
Investors Center is presenting
the Corporation’s Products
and Services Portfolio

Joint photo in FMIC HQ
office, from left to the right:
Mr. Uy, Prof. Kabashima, Mr.
Roberto Juanchito T. Dispo,
Mr. Justino R. Ocampo andmyself (Ruslan)

Joint photo in FMIC Investors
Center office in Binondo:
Mr. Cao Duc Tien, Ms.
Carlota Salazar-Reyes, Ms.
Michi Sacramento-Lapuz andmyself.

FMIC subsidiaries companies are:
First Metro Asset Management Inc. - FAMI (http://fami.com.ph/) is the investment advisor to
manage and distribute mutual funds27, promote savings mobilisation and advocate investment
literacy among Filipinos. The company is licensed by the Philippine Securities and Exchange
Commission.

First Metro Sec (https://www.firstmetrosec.com.ph/) is the professional stock brokerage company,
member of Philippines Stock Exchange.



Metrobank (http://www.metrobank.com.ph/) founded in September 5, 1962 has since become thepremier universal bank in the Philippines. It offers a full range of banking and financial services:
corporate, commercial & consumer banking, credit card, remittances, leasing, investment banking& trust banking. Metrobank has the network of more 1,400 ATMs nationwide; over 760 domestic
branches; and 38 foreign offices in China, Hong-Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Korea, Europe(UK, Spain, Italy) US (New-York, California, Hawaii, Bahamas), Canada, Middle East (Saudi
Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar).

First Metro Investors Center (http://www.firstmetro.com.ph/ictest/investorscenter.asp) is a one stop investment hub that is open to both big and small investors. Through the Center, investors can
get information on First Metro's and its subsidiaries financial products and services, such as
indicative investment rates on various financial instruments, FAMI Save and Learn Mutual Funds
and the First Metro Securities on-line stock trading facility.

D. Board of Investment of the Republic of Philippines
Meting with: 1. Mr. Ramon L. Rosales, Director of the National
Economic Research and Business Assistance Center; 2. Mr. Ed C.
Nunag, Chief Investment Specialist, Business One-Stop Shop
Action Center; 3. Ms. Marilou O. Avellanosa, Senior Investment
Specialist Business One-Stop Shop Action Center.
The
Philippine
BoardofInvestments(BOI
http://www.boi.gov.ph/) is the attached agency of Department ofTrade and Industry (DTI). It is the lead government agency
responsible for the promotion of local and foreign investments in
the Philippines.
BOI services include: Advisory, Actualisation and Aftercare; Knowledge-based Research &Information; Marketing & Promotions; Policy and Advocacy.
In 2012 the BOI published the new Investment Priorities Plan (IPP) under the name of “A New
27

A mutual fund is a company whose capital is invested by a professional fund manager in investment-grade instruments like stocks, bonds, and so on.

44Day for Investments. Coherent, Consistent, and Creative”. Main priorities of the new plan are:Agribusiness, IT Industry, Energy, Tourism, Mining, Electronics, Logistics, Shipbuilding, etc. All 13
categories are mentioned in the table below. The key feature of the new IPP is to focus on elaborationof Public-Partnership- Projects (PPP) to tap the private sector into improvement of public
infrastructure (including water supply and sanitation), job creation, increase competitiveness, etc.

Total Approved Investments of Foreign and Filipino Nationals by Industry, 2005-2010 (in million
pesos)
According to the statistics of the BOI (only one of the actors in the Republic involved ininvestment attraction), for 2011, it posted unprecedented investment approvals of over PHP368 billion(US$8.39 billion – as of 2011 exchange rate).

Total Approved Investments of Foreign and Filipino Nationals by Promotion Agency, 2005-2010(in million pesos). Abbreviations stand for: BOI – Board of Investment; CDC - Clark
Development Corporation (www.clark.com.ph); PEZA - Philippine Economic Zone Authority(www.peza.gov.ph); SBMA - Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (www.sbma.com). Source:
http://www.investphilippines.gov.ph/statistic.html
The Government of Philippines guarantees the following incentives of doing business in the
country: Income tax holiday from 3 to 6 years (3 years for expensing / modernisation of the project; 4years for non-pioneer status, and 6 years for projects with pioneer status, duty exemption on imported
capital equipment, spare parts and accessories. exemption of variety of dues and taxes, additional45

deduction for labour expense and employment of foreign nationals, simplification of customs
procedures, access to available infrastructure, etc.
It is possible for the foreign investor to invest up to 100% capital in domestic entity, if thefollowing conditions are met: the proposed activity is not among listed in Foreign Investment
Negative List (http://www.boi.gov.ph/pdf/laws/eo/eo20858.pdf), the paid-up capital is at least
US$200,000, which may be lowered to US$100,000 (in the case of introducing of advanced
technology, or employment of 50 direct employees – Filipino nationals), and if the product / service isfor export. Foreign nationals can get the long-term “Special Investor Resident Visa”, if a person
invested US$75,000 to set up the business domestically.

Business One-Stop Shop Action Center of the
BOI. It requires additional resources, capacity
building to be able to provide “one stop”
reliable service to a potential investor

Mr. Cao Duc Tien, Student of YNU duringconsultation with Ms. Marilou O. Avellanosa,
Senior Investment Specialist in the Business
One-Stop Shop Action Center

Main challenges in the field of investment attraction that came up and discussed during meeting
were: lack of coordination – there are about 23 governmental agencies that have stake in investment
attraction that creates difficulties to coordinate; the BOI has limited coverage nation-wide, it has few
branch offices; the one-stop shop is currently lacking number of staff and capacity, e.g. to provide
one-window (one-stop shop) service to potential investor. Investors are requested to contact different
ministries, departments, other agencies by themselves. If BOI introduce one-stop service (a potential
investor submits required documents to open the business and BOI staff deals with the whole processof registration), it will increase effectiveness and efficiency of dealing with clients and reduce
associated risks (e.g. corruption, abuse of power) during registration process.

E. Manila Water
Meeting with: 1. Mr. N. Jeric T. Sevilla, Jr., Head of Communication Affairs Department; 2. Ms.
Heidi S. Demaisip, Lakbayan Manager. Communication Affairs Department; 3. Mr. Jeffrey Ryan L.
Pundanera, Stakeholder Information Manager, Corporate Communications; 4. Ms. Rowena Dalosa,Manager of the East La Mesa Water Treatment Plant; 5. Jocelyn General, UP Sewage Treatment Plant
Manager.
Undoubtedly, Manila Water is one of the best examples of successful project build on the Public
46

Private Partnership Principles of collaboration as well as clear division of roles and responsibilities
between State and Private Sector. In 1995, as the result of year by year deteriorating situation withaccess to water supply in Manila Capital, the Government enacted the National Water Crisis Act. In
accordance with this act the government-owned Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System(MWSS – the owner of the infrastructure and, currently the regulator of the water supply andsanitation services in Metro Manila) handed over the operation and maintenance role to the private
sector. The Ayala-led28 Manila Water Company took over the East Zone of Metro Manila29 under a25-year concession agreement. The current partners of the Manila Water Inc. are: Ayala Corporation,
Mitsubishi Corporation, International Finance Corporation and PhilWater Holdings Company, Inc. 30
This public-private contract guarantees the company exclusive rights to the use of land andfacilities for the production, treatment and distribution of water, as well as the rights to operate thesewerage system and prolong the agreement with the government in case of additional investment
done in improving the infrastructure, currency inflation rates, other factors to ensure the return ofinvestment done to the operator.

Manila Water Story is impressive and encouraging case. The onsite operations started since 1997.
During the past 15 years of service there are lots of tangible and visible results around: 99% (26% was
in 1997) coverage of the customers with 24/7 access to potable water; extension of the water supply
28

Ayala Corporation is the Philippines' oldest business house. Ayala is a publicly listed diversified conglomerate with businesses in real estate, banking
and financial services, telecommunications, utilities, electronics and information technology, automotive, and international operations. Its subsidiaries aremarket leaders in their respective fields.
29
As of 2011: 6.95 mln customers (99% coverage) of the East Zone residents of the city, around 25% mostly live in deep poverty, US$1.25 p/c/d (someare in illegal settlements). 7.9 mln people (92.5%) served in the West Zone of the Metro Manila and in 16 most populated municipalities are expected to
be served by other operator Maynilad. I myself did not have a chance to meet with Maynilad directly, however with the reference to the interview
conducted by Mr. Edwin Muchebve (YNU Master Course Student of the Infrastructure Management Programme) during his visit to the company’s officein Manila in March 2, 2012.
30
Please follow these links to learn more aboutManila Water Partners: http://www.manilawater.com/investor/Corporate%20Governance/Pages/Partners.aspx andBoard of Directors: http://www.manilawater.com/investor/Corporate%20Governance/Pages/BoardofDirectors.aspx

47

network to cover 6.1 million customers (3.1 million in 1997); coverage with sustainable access toservice in urban area up to 87% (67% in 1997); non-revenue water losses reduction at least up to 11%(63% in 1997); introduction the outsourcing concept (service contracts with external suppliers ofgoods and services) and more efficient utilisation of permanent employees, only 1.5 staff/1000
connections (similar to the level of Tokyo Waterworks Bureau!); 1.7 million people who live inpoverty gained access to water through affordable, subsidised, diversified tariff policy. The averageunsewaged connection all-in-tariff/m³ is US$0.94 (PHP38.48). The average severed non-domestic
connection all-in-tariff/m³ is US$1.37 (PHP55.83) Implementation of “affordable water tomarginalised communities” resulted with decrease of spending from US$3.67 – US$4.90/m³ (PHP150– 200) before interventions to US$0.49/m³ (PHP20) after intervention. Currently, the average monthly
bill of Manila Water to the customer from marginalised communities constitute of m³ US$0.19/m³(PHP8). The current tariffs are cost-effective to cover the O&M costs, pay competitive wage on themarket to be able to attract professional staff and gradually return the invested capital with good profit.
By accepting this task, Manila Water proved to be capable and reliable service supplier to keep its
promise to make millions of lives better.
Operational Performance of the Manila Water
Financial Performance Indicators of theInc.
Manila Water Inc.

Operating Results
Billed volume (in million cubic meters)

Resources
Number of Housese Served (in thousands)

Stockholders’ data

Operational Non-Revenue Water
48

Since gaining the positive results, recognition of its clients, regulators and other stakeholders,
Manila Water won the public bidding in other parts of Philippines to provide service in Clark, Laguna
and Borakay; as well has started its operations at the international level, opening businesses in Viet
Nam and Indonesia.

Mr. Jeric Sevilla, Corporate
Communications Head

Corporate Communication
Dep’t of Manila Water

Ms. Rowena Dalosa, Rowena Dalosa, Plant
Manager, East La Mesa Water Treatment
Plant, Water Supply Operations. She is
explaining the automated system of at themain operation desk of the water purification
process (coagulation/flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration and disinfection).

Group photo in Manila Water
Main OfficeGroup photo at the Sewerage Treatment Plant(from the left:: Heidi Demaisip, Lakbayan
Manager, Communications Affairs
Department; Eng. Oliver Gagarin, HeadElectrical Engineer, UST; Jocelyn General, UP
Sewage Treatment Plant Manager; Prof. T.
Ikeda, YNU; Professor T. Tiu, Professor of
UST, and myself.

The Republic of Philippines made very good progress in terms of enhancing access to safe
drinking water supply; however the sanitation targets are behind to be attained by 2015. According to
the UNICEF (UN Children’s Fund) / WHO (World Health Organization) Joint Monitoring Report, thecountry sanitation coverage is 72% (Urban: 80%; Rural: 59%), however only 5% (Urban: 7%; Rural:2%) of the total population is connected to a sewer network. The vast majority uses flush toilets
connected to septic tanks. Major challenges in this direction are mainly the lack of awareness of
consumers on the negative impact of the waste water for the people health and environment. Since
sludge treatment and disposal facilities are rare, most effluents are discharged without treatment31.
31

World Bank, “Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges”, 200649

During the meeting with Manila Water Staff, the issue of importance to plan and conduct thelong-term public awareness campaigns aimed on changing the behaviour of customers regarding theequally important access to sanitation and sewerage facilities. It was mentioned that Oxfam office inPhilippines (http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/countries-we-work-in/philippines) is one of theactive NGOs in the field of advocacy and campaigning on issues of poverty and development. Manila
Water Inc. is willing to build a long-lasting, constructive and development-oriented relationship with
Oxfam or any other NGOs, Donors and International Financial Institutions working in this field.

F. National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
Meeting with: 1. Ms. Susan P. Abano, C.E., M.Sc., Head, Water Resource Assessment Section; 2. Ms.
Isidra D. Penaranda, Officer in Charge, Policy and Program Division Planning Officer IV.
The NWRB was established in 1974 as National Water Resources Council by President Ferdinand
E. Marcos. It was later renamed to NWRB. The NWRB (http://www.nwrb.gov.ph/) is the leadgovernment agency in the Philippine water sector, responsible for facilitation of policy-making andplay regulatory role at the national level. The NWRB is responsible for issues water permits for theappropriation and use of waters, ensuring the optimum exploitation, utilisation, development,
conservation and protection of the country's water resource, consistent with the principles ofIntegrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). As an economic regulator for waterworks systems
its other function of a regulator for water tariffs for water districts was transferred in 2002 to the Local
Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), another government body in charge of regulating local water
utilities in different parts of the Philippines.
The NWRB is the attached agency to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources andoperates under its administrative supervision. The agency is also has strong link to the National
Economic Development Authority. The institutional framework of the water sector in Philippines
remains to be complex and engage at least 32 governmental institutions at different level. Overlaps
and conflict of interests appear amongst different agencies, departments, commissions, etc involved.
E.g., for new player (e.g. investor), it would require sometime to understand how the management
system works, how the roles and responsibilities are divided between different actors involved. Belowis current functional chart of water-related agencies in the Philippines.

50Abbreviations: NEDA – National Economic Development Authority; NWRB: National Water Resource
Board; EMB – Environmental Management Bureau; DOH – Department of Health; BRL – Bureau of
Research and Laboratories; EOHO - Environmental and Occupational Health Office; FMB – Forest
Management Bureau; BSWM – Bureau of Soil and Water Management; NIA – National Irrigation
Administration; NPC – National Power Corporation; LLDA – Laguna Lake Development Authority;
RDC – Regional Development Council; BOI – Board of Investment; BRS – Bureau of Research andStandards; NAMRIA- National Mapping and Resource Information Authority; MGB - Mines andGeosciences Bureau; LWUA - Local Water Utilities Administration / Water District; PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services; MWSS - Metropolitan Waterworks
and Sewerage System; PCAFNRRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture Forestry, Natural Resources
and Resource Research; PCAMRD - Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research andDevelopment; OCD – Office of Civil Defence; PAF – Philippine Air Force; NAPC / WASCO –National Anti-Poverty Commission / Water Supply Coordinating Office; DOF / CDA – Department of
Finance / Cooperative Development Authority; DPWH-PMO-RWS- Department of Public Works andHighways - Program Management Office – Rural Water Supply Association; DILG-PMO-WSSP Department of Interior and Local Government - Program Management Office - Water, Sanitation &Solid Waste Program; LGU - Local Government Unit; DA – Department of Agriculture; DOE –Department of Energy; NEA - National Electrification Administration; MFCP - Mutual Fund
Company of the Philippines; NDCC - National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council;
PPA - Philippine Ports Authority; BFAR - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources; PTA Philippine Tourism Authority. NOTE: the President’s office is also one of the executive agencies thathave stake in the water and sanitation. (Source: The Philippines Water Supply Sector Roadmap,
2008)
Several agencies appropriately oversight responsibilities for the sector resulting to overlap inresource and economic regulation. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources and Local
Government Units both have resource regulatory functions. On the other hand, while economic
regulation is the core function of the NWRB, the same role is also played by Local Government Units
51

(for LGU-run utilities), Local Water Utility Administration (for water districts), Metropolitan
Waterworks and Sewerage System (for private supply providers in Metro Manila) and etc.
The current challenges regarding the Philippines Water Sector developments are stipulated in the
Sector Roadmap32: 1. Institutional fragmentation; 2. Inadequate Support to Rural Water Supplies; 3.
Low Tariff and Cost-Recovery Level; 4. Low Performance of Water Utilities; 5. Weak and Fragmented
Regulatory Framework; 6. Limited Sector Investment and Financing; 7. Lack of information aboutwater and sanitation sector.

During lively Presentation by National Water
Resources Board officers Ms. Isidra D.
Peñaranda (right), Officer-in Charge, Policy
and Program Division, Planning Officer IV
and Ms. Susan P. Abaño (left), Head of Water
Resources Assessment Section about theworkings of National Water Resources Board
and Philippine national water resources policy
making.

Group photo with Ms. Isidra D.
Peñaranda,(2nd from right),
Officer-in-Charge, Policy and Program
Division, Planning Officer IV; Ms. Susan P.
Abaño (2nd from left), Head Water Resources
Assessment Section; Professor Tiu, UST (right)
and me (left) after our meeting on Philippine
national water resources policies at the NWRB
Main Office in Quezon City.

For me, it sounds that the system is too much decentralised that creates imbalance for water sector
effective and efficient development. Decentralisation works well where strong institutions are in place(e.g. in big cities and municipalities as Metro Manila). I think, what is currently needed in Philippines
is to identify one leader amongst stakeholders with right potential and attitude; who could play rather
consultative, facilitative role at the national level; to put all pieces of the puzzle into clear scenery.
Why shouldn’t it be the NWRB? I believe, it has the adequate mandate for this task.

G. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Regulatory Office
Meeting with: 1. Mr. Christopher D. Chegan, Supervising Wayer Utilities Regulations Officer, Acting
Manager, Tariff Control and Monitoring Department; 2. Mr. Samuel B. Cruz, Deputy Administrator,
Financial Regulation; 3. Darren D. Fernandez, Technical Assistant, Technical Regulation.
 The history of MWSS gets started since 1919 (US colonial government) as the Metropolitan Water
District, a public corporation to supply water and maintain a sewerage service to inhabitants ofManila and nearby settlements.
32

The Roadmap was designed with the support of the Government of Germany (GIZ) and covers the timeframe for the period of 2008 - 2025

52







For the purpose of consolidating and centralising all waterworks, sewerage and drainage systems
in Philippines under one control, direction and general supervision, the National Waterworks andSewerage Authority (NAWASA) was created in 1955 (during Ramon Magsaysay Presidency).
Then in 1971 (during the Presidency of Ferdinand E. Marcos) the MWSS was created anddissolved the NAWASA. The MWSS owned and had jurisdiction, supervision and control of all
waterworks and sewerage systems in the territory of Manila and surrounded municipalities.
The role of the MWSS has changed in 1995, as the result of reform (during a term of the President
Fidel V. Ramos) and inviting the private sector to manage social infrastructure. The ground for
private sector attraction to become the manager of water supply and sanitation was the National
Water Crisis Act33 to adopt urgent and effective measures to address the degrading nationwide
health, well-being, food security and industrialisation. The undertaken measures brought
fundamental changes in the water sector, reorganisation of governmental agencies, including
MWSS dealing with water supply and sanitation.

Group photo with Mr. Samuel B. Cruz (2ndfrom left), Deputy Administrator, Financial
Regulation; Mr. Christopher D. Chuegan (left),
Supervising Water Utilities Regulations Officer
and Acting Manager, Tariff Control &Monitoring Department; Mr. Darren D.
Fernandez (right), Technical Assistant,
Technical Regulation; Professor Tiu, UST (2ndfrom right)

Discussion about the role of MWSS as
regulator of the two concessionaires Manila
Water and Maynilad Water and its role inwater tariff settings with Mr. Christopher D.
Chuegan (center), Supervising Water Utilities
Regulations Officer & Acting Manager, Tariff
Control & Monitoring Department and Mr.
Darren D. Fernandez (left), Technical
Assistant, Technical Regulation.

Currently, the MWSS (http://www.mwss.gov.ph/) is the economic regulatory agency thatsupervises two concessionaires (private operators): Manila Water Company Inc. and Maynilad Water
Services Inc.34 under 25 years concession agreement (1997 – 2022 with possibility for extension). The
MWSS handed over the responsibility for operational management and capital investments to Manila
Water and Maynilad. MWSS retains ownership of all fixed assets. The projects are implemented under
Build-Operate-Transfer scheme. The MWSS monitors its concessionaries’ service performance based

33
34

http://www.lwua.gov.ph/technical_matters_10/RA%208041-%20National%20Water%20Crisis%20Act.pdf
http://manilawater.com/Pages/Index.aspx and http://www.mayniladwater.com.ph/53

on set Key Performance Indicators (KPI)35 and Business Efficiency Measures (BEM).36

H. Conclusions
After making the research and observations during my field trip I clearly see the great opportunity
for Tajikistan to learn from Philippines experience, especially how change has happened, how country
has taken the way forward to become the new Asia’s Tiger, with GDP growth from 3.7% in 2011 to
6.6% in 2012 with new concept of socially responsible distribution of gains.
President’s Benigno Aquino III and his administration commitment to keep its promise, to open
Philippines for real business, shows visible results being in the office for only the last two years, e.g.:
foreign direct investments are on the unprecedented rise, implementation of huge infrastructuredevelopment projects (roads, bridges, ports, facilities for the social welfare of the population, etc), newjobs creation. What are the preconditions to be in place for such growth? What Tajikistan can learn
from experience of Philippines? Here are some most important points:

Havinghonest,incorruptible
andcompetent government that does action to
end up with crony capitalism andwidespread corruption;
 Independent judiciary that guarantees
justice in courts hearings;
 Business enabling environment thatprovide guarantees to the investors;
 Freedom of access and spread of
information (free, independent Manila); Gaining support at every level of society
to conduct successful economic reforms.
I think, the most important and key priorities
for the Government of the Philippines toensure further growth are:
 Eradication of poverty and support theenlargement of the middle class in the
country; Further support to the private sector
creating more jobs in the country to
become less dependent from remittancesof 11 million labour migrant (28.3% of thelabour-active population who transfereed
US$24 (10%) billion hoem to support
their families; Continue reform to make Philippines thecountry of opportunities, encourage
competition in all sectors, and grant those
who do their job well.
KPI: 1. Water Supply (W1 – Total Connections, W2 – Continuity of Supply, W3 – Pressure of Water Supply, W4 – Water Quality of Plant Outlet, W5 –Water Quality in Distribution, W6 – Sampling); 2. Sewerage and Sanitation (S1 – Domestic Connections, S2 – Sanitation, S3 – Wastewater Effluent
Standards); 3. Customer Service (C1 – Response to Customer Service; C2 – Response to Customer Billing Complaints, C3 – Response to Request for
New Connections, C4 – Response to Disruptive Mains
36
BEM: 1. Income (IN1 – Billed Volume and Connection, IN2 – Revenue Collection Rate (Water & Sewerage); 2. Operating Expense (OP1 – Labour,
OP2 – Power, OP3 – Total Cumulative); 3. Capital Expenditure (CA1 – Total CAPEX, CA2 – Physical Accomplishment; 4. Non-Revenue Water (NR1 –Non-Revenue Water).
35

54

GDP Growth in Philippines during 1960 – 2010. Source: World Development Indicators, World
Bank

55

vii.

International Organization of Migration

Visit to International Organization of Migration (IOM) was
made in the afternoon of 30th January. Wai Mon, Yumiko Ampo,
and Lecturer Ueda along with Katherine Bayona of UST were
given the opportunity to hear the presentation made by Mr.
Benjamin N. Lelis, Programme Assistant of Labour Migration/
Migration & Development Unit, on the topic about overall of IOM and its activities. First, we were
given the lecture of IOM. We could know overall of IOM and its activities. And next, we had adiscussion about migration in the Philippines and so on. Although we were very small group, thanks tothat, we could discuss what we really wanted to know about migration and exchange each opinion.
Overall of this organisation is as follows: IOM is an intergovernmental organisation established in
1951, and is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants andsociety. This organisation has 149 member states and 98 observers, more than 450 field locations. And
more than 7800 staffs are working on more than 2700 projects. Their service areas are mainly seven:policy research & forum activities, migration & development, regulating migration, migration health,resettlement movement emergency and post-crisis, facilitating migration, and claims programmes.
And IOM in the Philippines has long-standing relations with the Government of the Philippines. And
it works to ensure that migration-related issues are given the attention they merit in the Philippine
context. Here are missions of IOM Philippines: Labour Migration and Migration & Development,
Emergency Response and Rehabilitation, Counter-trafficking, Movement & Return Support, andImmigration and Border Management.
This brief lecture taught us that their activities were advanced and its range was so wide. The
Philippines is famous for so many workers who work abroad. And so, IOM in the Philippines
especially promoted them to gain information and knowledge to work abroad. And they try various
activities for migrant workers. The most memorable thing for me is “the Dream Map”. This is theplanning of one’s life for next 10 years. It reminded me the importance of working with having a
dream for future. We can know that IOM is promoting strongly a well-planned work life for migrants.
Then, we discussed mainly 3 points: (1) a new problem about immigrants in the Philippines, (2)Filipinos in Japan especially about women, and (3) the relation between emigrant workers anddomestic situation.
(1) Although many Filipinos go over abroad, actually there are immigrants from abroad. And manyof these immigrants are illegal. They sometimes take the place of Filipinos who are missing or passed
away by using a false passport. This problem is
becoming bigger in the Philippines than before. Andso, they said that IOM and the government have totake a prompt action to improve this phenomenon.
However, this is a very difficult problem and it willtake time to solve it.
(2) In Japan, there are so many Filipinos. Their
population is the fifth largest of foreigners living inJapan. The problem is that many Filipino women in
Japan earn money by working for prostitution orsomething like that. IOM insists that migration56

create benefit, but does this situation really create benefit for Japanand for Filipinos? I would like to say definitely no. To prevent it, notonly IOM and the government of the Philippines but also thegovernment of Japan should coordinate and strengthen therelationships. Moreover, they need to give not only information about
going abroad but also skills to Filipino women to earn money byusing those skills. But there is no programme like realising it, so they
have to first of all create a concrete and inclusive programme for
Filipino women or something like that.
Actually, there is another problem about Filipino women in Japan.
While many Filipino women get married with Japanese men, theyreach to get divorced. Some of them return to the Philippines after
divorce, but they and their children cannot get used to life in thePhilippines because of the difference of life style, culture and so on.
For them, some programmes or projects to integrate into the society will be also needed. IOM andgovernments need to make and implement the projects to realise the society where children like
Japanese-Filipinos do not have to hesitate to live not
only in the Philippines but also in Japan.
(3) When I think about migration, I am always
worried about “brain drain”. And especially about
Filipino migrants, they are very competitive, so I
wondered more brain drain tends to happen. If brain
drain happens, the domestic situation cannot improveor develop in the future. But I was given the answer I
had never thought. It is as follows: They do not treat
this situation as “brain drain”. When emigrant
workers return to the Philippines with their skills, knowledge and experience, that makes surely
positive effect for the Philippines and Filipino domestic workers. This answer taught me thateverything has not only negative effect but also positive one. If negative effect or side catches our eyes,
we must not forget there is positive one. So, we always have to think about both sides of things at thesame time.
We could have a very fruitful time anddiscussion about migration and its future. Byhearing the problems and their mind directly by
the staff of IOM, we could rethink them moredeeply and concretely. This visit to IOM gave us
the strong motivation to do our research fromnow and I can say it is surely useful for our
research.

57

viii. Philippine Board of Investments
Philippine is a member of ASEAN and developing country as Viet Nam, but different developing
level. Now Philippine is more developing than Viet Nam if we see the average income of a person per
one year. In 2011, according World Bank, the annual average income of Philippines is around $2,300,
higher than Vietnamese is $1,200.
Together domestic investor, foreign investors are more and more important factor in developing ofcountry. In order to invite them come and invest money in some sectors as education, health,transportation, bank, etc, we have to do a lot of things as incentive policy, good environment
investment, etc. From some experiences of Philippine, I will think about my country, Viet Nam andcompare with knowledge that I study at university That is reason why I chose BOI when I took part instudy trip in Philippine for one week from January, 26 until February, 2.
The Philippine Board of Investment (BOI
http://www.boi.gov.ph/), an attached agency of
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), is the leadgovernment agency responsible for the promotion of
investments in the Philippines. It based on industry
investment building, Makati City, 1200 Metro
Manila.
It was the first time I visited Philippine andmaybe it was the first time YNU students visited BOI,
I think so. The first time of the meeting, Mr Ziganshin
introduced about the exchange student’s programme between YNU and UST and YNU’s delegation.
During the meeting, I and Mr Ziganshin discussed about investment policy of Philippine andcompared with Viet Nam and Tajikistan (Mr Ziganshin comes from Tajikistan).
Ms Marilou O. Avellannosa and Mr ED C. Nunag had a presentation about “Philippine Laws on
Foreign Investments”.
The presentation focused on the incentives for investors. The Philippine Government has come up
with a liberal programme of fiscal and non-fiscal incentives to attract foreign capital and technologythat complements local resources. Different location and registration of the proposed business activity
is different incentives. It means that: there are some organisations in Philippine where investors canregister of the proposed their business. I will introduce some fiscal and non-fiscal incentives forinvestor if the register at BOI.
1. Fiscal incentives and non-fiscal incentives
for investors who register business activity
at BOI
Fiscal incentives
Income tax holiday
New projects with a pioneer status for six
years;
New projects with a non-pioneer status forfour years;
Expansion projects for three years;
58

New or expansion projects in less developed areas for six years;
Modernisation projects for three years.
Moreover new registered pioneer and non-pioneer enterprises and those located in the lessdeveloped areas may avail of a bonus year in each of the following cases:- The indigenous raw materials used in the manufacture of the registered product must at least be fifty
percent of the total cost of raw materials for the preceding years prior to the extension unless theBoard prescribes a higher percentage; or- Compliance with the Board’s prescribed ratio of total imported and domestic capital equipment to thenumber of workers for the project.
- The net foreign exchange savings or earnings amount to at least $500,000 annually during the first
three years of operation.
Non –fiscal incentives
A registered enterprise may be allowed to employ foreign nationals in supervisory, technical oradvisory positions for five years from date of registration.
2. Fiscal incentives and non-fiscal incentives for investors who register business activity at theeconomic zones and Freeport authorities
Fiscal incentives
a. Economic zone export manufacturing enterprise
Income tax holiday
100% exemption from corporate income tax if they meet some conditions:- 4 years for Non-pioneer project- 6 years for Pioneer project- 3 years for Expansion projectb. Information technology enterprise
Income tax holiday
100% exemption from corporate income tax if they meet some conditions:- 4 years for non-pioneer project- 6 years for pioneer project- 3 years for expansion projectc. Tourism economic zone locator enterprise
Income tax holiday
4 years. Upon expiry of the income tax holiday5 % special tax on gross income and exemption
from all national and local taxes.
d. Medical tourism enterprise
Income tax holiday
4 years. Upon expiry of the income tax holiday5 % special tax on gross income and exemption
from all national and local taxes.
During the meeting, I asked Ms Avellannosathat how many percent of capital that foreign59

investor can invest in domestic enterprise? And it is possible for foreigners to invest up 100% capital.
Because, I think it also is incentive to investors. She answered that: Foreign investors are allowed toinvest a maximum of forty percent. However, Foreigners can invest up to 100% if they meet someconditions:- If the proposed activity he intends to venture in is not among these listed in the Foreign Investments
Negative List
- If the paid-up capital for domestic market enterprise is at least $200,000 which may be lowered to$100,000 if the following conditions are met:
Introduction of advanced technology and employment of at least 50 direct employees- If product and service is for export.
For foreign investor can get the Special Investor Resident Visa (SIRV) if he meets some requirements:- He has not been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude.
- He is not afflicted with any loathsome, dangerous or contagious disease.
- He has not been institutionalised for mental disorder or disability.
- He is willing and able to invest the amount of at least $75,000 in the Philippines.
Visiting BOI was a good chance for me to more understand about the incentives policy ofPhilippine to Foreign investors. For one week in Philippine and very short time in BOI, it is very kindof YNU’s professors, UST’s professors and students and my friends who were supporting me during in
Philippine. To most of students, it was the first time went to Philippine on study trip and also the firsttime we worked hard together. After come back to Japan, we have time to think over about the study
trip and got some experiences that help us become stronger in the future.

60

ix.

Trade Advisory Group

Report on the Visit to the Trade Advisory Group, Inc.
Date and time: January 30, 2013 15:00-16:00
Interviewee:
Ms. Lai-Lynn Angelica Barcenas, Senior Trade Specialist
Interviewer:
Qiao Yuxian (assisted by Professor Araki)
Other participants:
Men Ping
Goldwin Fontanilla (UST)Frances Absalon (UST)

I first asked about the situation in the Philippines regarding the preparation for enactment ofcomprehensive competition (antitrust) legislation. Ms. Barcenas answered that although various
legislative proposals have been introduced to the parliament since 1986, none of them were enacted
into law. The primary reason for this was opposition from the business lobby known as “oligarchs”.
However, this does not necessarily mean that there have been no political initiatives for a stronger
competition policy in the Philippines. For example, President Ramos introduced more competition in
the telecom sector under his leadership.
Ms. Barcenas studied national experiences in competition policy in various Asian countries –Korea, China, India and Indonesia. Her findings on Korea were very illustrative. Korea fully embraced
effective competition law and policy only after the financial crisis of 1997. A stronger competition
policy was necessary in order to deal with the market opening measures.
The Philippines may face a similar situation as a result of the ASEAN-wide market opening
measures. The goal of the ASEAN community is to liberalise trade within ASEAN by 2015. This
61

pressure from the market could be an incentive for the Philippines to enact a comprehensivecompetition law soon. However, it is very difficult to predict when that is going to happen, particularly
because a general election is scheduled for May 2013.
Then, I asked what will be the likely content of the Philippine competition law. Ms. Barcenas
answered that it will be a “mish-mash” of international standards and an ASEAN model. The interestsof small and medium enterprises will have to be taken into account. It will have to be something
acceptable to the oligarchs. The key is how to make the Philippine competition policy compatible withits development policy.
Following that, I asked whether there is anything I can learn from the Philippines experience in myanalysis of China’s competition policy, particularly in the area of state monopoly (known as“executive monopoly” in China). Ms. Barcenas answered that in the past there were many cases ofstate monopoly in the areas of air transport, long-distance communication and electricity. However,these sectors have been privatised over time. The National Oil Corporation is still a state monopoly.
Finally I asked about extraterritorial application of competition law. In the past, this type of action
was monopolised by the United States, but now it seems many other jurisdictions are following suit.
The European Union and even China are now actively applying their competition laws abroad,particularly in the area of merger. Ms. Barcenas answered that the Philippine experience in this area iszero, so it is difficult to comment but as a general matter, the definition of a “relevant market” isalways an issue in those instances.
END

62

x.

TESDA

On 31st January, our group was divided in thegroup for Individual Visit. Nine students of us
visited TESDA Women’s Center (TWC) in
Taguig city. Prof. Araki and Prof. Ueda and threefriends from UST accompanied us. Our study
programme was for almost two hours.
TWC is a training centre under TESDA (The
Technical Education and Skill Development
Authority). TESDA is the government agency
tasked to manage and supervise technicaleducation and skills development in Philippines.
TWC was established in 1998 through grant-aid from Government of Japan. It is the first
technical-vocational training institution in Asia to earn the silver level accreditation status from theAsia Pacific Accreditation and Certification (APACC).
TWC is able to train 4000 women for self-employment in past 15 years from its establishment.
TWC stands as a symbol of the Filipino women’s capacity to engage in livelihood and wealth creation.
TWC focuses on activities that promote the economic empowerment of women and gender equality. It
has trained women in areas that are traditionally male dominated such as automotive servicing (7months), commercial cooking (8 and half months), consumer electronic training (6 and half months),
dressmaking (5 months), food and beverage services (4 months), food processing (5 and half months),
housekeeping (4 and half months), shielded metal arc wielding (3 months), pharmacy services (1 andhalf months). They are also going to start the new training for plumbing from March 2013.
TWC vision has changed its vision to “empower and educate the women from each household”. It
focuses for development of technical education skill so that women have choices for options. TWC
advocates the women`s through TVET (Technical Vocational Education Training) and help empower
them. TWC Women graduates working not in national as well as international sectors. TWC provides
trainings without discriminations like pregnant, single parents, lesbians, differently-abled women(disability in legs and hands, etc.) as long as they pass the screening process.
TWV provides free quality training, i.e. free of charge to make women able for employment andentrepreneurship. They also address the skills for people who are already in industry but want toenhance their skills and increase productivity and those who want to change career. It focuses on theeconomically poor women who cannot afford for studies. Therefore, TWC also provides subsidies foraccommodation, regular medical check-up, andfree day care facility to single parents, etc. totrainees.
TWC targets to improve and enhance thestatus of women in society. It hopes to raise theirstatus through gender quality and raise their roles
in family and community.
However, the seats for trainee are limited andthere is high competition for selection. And also
because only high school graduates could apply
63for the scholarship, it is difficult to help raise socio-economic status of women from each household
which is their mission. Therefore it is very important to focus on development of women of all groups
like uneducated women also.

64

xi.

Amnesty International

国際開発協力・援助について勉強している私たちであるが、どの国でも経済開発が優先されると、人権というのは無視される傾向は常に存在してきた。韓国もそうだ
し、フィリピンも同じだと思う。アジアで最も目覚まし
い経済発展を遂げた国であったフィリピンは、政治的混乱や腐敗などでその疾走を妨害され、今のような貧富格差や人権問題が生み出された。このような状況の中、フィリピンの人々自ら人権を守るためにどのような活動をしているかとても気になり、人権運動の代表的な機構で
あ る 「 AMNESTY

INTERNATIONAL PHILIPPINESSECTION」に伺うことにしたのである。
まず「AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL」は、すべての人が差別されることなく、人間らしい権利を享受することができる世の中を作るために行動する国際人権団体である。AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL は非政府組織（NGO、Non-Governmental Organisation）として、国籍·人種·信仰などどんな違いも超越し、政治的イデオ
ロギーや経済的利益から独立して活動している。1961 年、ポルトガル・リスボンで自由のために乾杯したという理由で逮捕された二人の学生が「7 年の刑」という重刑を受けてしまったが、それに怒った英国の弁護士 Peter Benenson（1921-2005）は、かれらの人権を擁護するために AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL の前身である「赦免のための嘆願 1961（Appeal for Amnesty1961）」の活動を開始した。それによって開始されたは AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL は現在、世界 150 カ国以上で 300 万人の会員と支持者たちと一緒に、世界最大の人権団体として成長したのである。
フィリピン支部は 1980 年代から活動を開始し、1991 年 6 月に公式支部として認められたという。他の支部と同じに、1948 年に採択された国連の「世界人権宣言」に基づいて人権問題について調査し、これを全世界に知らせ、それぞれの国の政府機関や国際機関を対象に人権守護のためのロビー活動や危急な状況にある人々を救うためのキャンペーンを広げている。死刑、少年兵、超法規的殺害など様々なテーマでキャンペーンを行っているし、90 年代にすでに女性の権利にための運動を展開してきたのである。特にフィリピン支部で 1999 年から始まった「LGBT（レズビアン・ゲイ・バイセクシュアル・トランスジェンダー）」の権利のためのキャンペーンはどの国より活発で、2004 年 11 月、マニラで開かれた「国際レズビアン＆ゲイ協会（ILGA）会議」を主催することになる。
いろんな分野の様々な人々が力を合わせて、フィリピン特有の明るさや元気を生かして活動している姿はとても印象深かった。特に大学生たちが主軸になり、街でフラッシュモブのようなイベント
を開き、人権や人権運動についてあまり詳しくな
い一般市民にも呼びかける姿はものすごく格好よかった
実は、私たちのような普通の学生はあまり興味がなかったり、勉強してなかったりすると、「人権」の意義さ えよく分からないのが当然だと思うし、AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL がノーベル平和賞（1977 年）も受賞したすごい団体であることさえ65

知らないと思う。しかし、ものすごく忙しい中でも、私たちの本当に基本的な質問に対してすごく丁寧で、分かりやすく、何よりも熱く説明してくださったフィリピン支部の Jeselle M. Papa（Organisational
Development Officer）、Wilnor M. Papa（Campaign Coordinator）に感謝したいと思う。
（お二人は実の兄弟である） 人と人が一緒に暮らしている世の中。私は「開発協力」という分野こそ、いつも「人権」を基本とするべきだと思う。これからももっと勉強して、もっともっと活発に人権運動に参加しなければならないと思った。

。

66

xii.

UST-YNU Joint Seminar

The joint seminar of YNU and UST was heldat UST in the evening of 31st January. The
seminar started at six o’clock with theparticipation of all members from YNU andhosted by Dean Lilian J. Sison, Ph.D, Dean of
UST Graduate School, and other faculty members.
The students of UST also participated in theseminar.
After welcomed remark given by Dean Sison,
the attendants of both sides were introduced by their representatives concerned. The session was
followed by two interesting presentations given by Mr. Laszlo Major, Ph.D. Associate Professor of
UST, and Professor Tatsuhiko Ikeda from YNU.
For the first presentation, Mr. Laszlo Major explained about Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
Industry in Japan and the Philippines. Firstly, Mr. Laszlo gave short explanation about Business
Process, which means a collection of related, structured activities or tasks that produce a specificservice or product. He further explained about BPO’s general idea, which is contracting of theoperations and responsibilities of specific business functions to a third-party service provider. Mr.
Laszlo also mentioned the different types of BPO: Back Office, Front Office, On-shoring,
Near-shoring, and Off-shoring. He later explained about BPO in Asia-Pacific market. Within theregion, the BPO industry in term of demand is relatively small, around 10 billion including Japan,
which is less than 10 percent of the total global demand. Australia is the largest consumer andfollowed by India, the major provider of BPO services and Philippine is second largest BPO services
provider.
Further discussion is about Japanese BPO industry. Japanese annual growth in BPO industry is 3%
and contribution to the GDP is very small, less than 1%. The reasons behind the BPO is not so
common in Japan unlike the US, Canada and Western Europe are that Japanese approach is very
conservative, they discuss many times before they make decision, they also like to do in housebusiness. These are some reasons of slow adoption rate compared to North America and Western
Europe. Now off-shoring is also increasing mainly from China and India and more and more attempts
from Japan come to Philippines because of English proficiency.
After explaining about Japan’s BPO, Mr. Laszlo explained the Philippines’s BPO services. Annual
growth of BPO in the Philippines is about 30% and contribution to the GDP is US$ 30 billion, which
is 6% of the GDP and they are expecting continue
growing and may reach 10% of GDP in 2016. It isalso important contribution to the labour market
demand.
Later, discussion about the advantages for two
countries in the collaboration BPO industries wasfollowed. For Japan the benefits will be cost
efficiency, access to new markets, better service toEnglish speaking clients, and improved English
language capability. On the other side, the Philippines
67will also get new revenue opportunity, more employment, and new technological process and, improve
Japanese language capacity.
As the conclusion, Mr. Laszlo summarised that the global importance of the BPO industry is
increasing due to benefits offered to the companies: such as flexibility, focus on the core business,
efficiency and best practice. Although BPO industry is insignificant in Japan, it is significant in thePhilippines. Both Japan and the Philippines can benefit from BPO collaborations.
The next presenter was Professor
Tatsuhiko Ikeda, who also served as a port
engineer for a long period. Professor Ikeda
selected to discuss about Port Development
and Economic Growth. Firstly, professor
explained briefly about historical changes of
the global population and then compared the
population growth in the Philippines, Japanand other various countries. He alsomentioned that economic growth depends on
a continuing increase in absorptive capacity,which includes good governance: law andorder, democracy, political stability, work ethics, strong institutions and human resources, technology,
and management. As professor had been working for infrastructural management for forty-two years,
he went a little detail about the important of the infrastructure by considering the environment. WhenJapan transformed from Edo era to the modern society, in the Meiji restoration, there was not much
infrastructure in Japan. Agriculture, silk and silver mining were the main economy of the country.
There were almost zero infrastructures at that time but later, railways and industries increased. But
during World War II, those infrastructures were destroyed and after the war, Japan’s infrastructure wasdecorated again and the economic growth was very fast.
Then, Professor further explained how Japanese economy was developed. Firstly, the infrastructure,such as railway system was built, after that the industries were formed in those regions. As there were
only some infrastructures remained after the war, Japan tried to build more for the demand. Withinthose times, because of limited infrastructure, most of the cargos are transported by shipping. But
since railways were built up, the flows of cargos increased. Last one hundred years ago, automobile
was not introduced. Japan tried to improve road infrastructure starting around 1950s. But, even now,as Japan was surrounded by sea, the costal shipping remains as the main cargo transportation.
Professor Ikeda also discussed about Japanese economic growth by comparing the US, the Philippinesand other countries. Now, Japan’s GDP is around20th or 19th in the world.
He continued to discuss about how Japan
improved its highway systems. Last fifty to sixty
years ago, Japan’s roads were in the terrible
saturations, including highways. In 1956, Japanese
Government borrowed 830 million US dollar fromWorld Bank and the first express way wasconstructed in 1963. Now, Japan’s express way wascompleted with the total length of about 7,000
68kilometres. Then, professor focused on theport system. Container transportation wasstarted from the US in 1956 and spreadthroughout the world. In Japan, history ofcontainer transport and history of express
way was almost the same. Then, hefocused on the functions of some famous
ports in Japan, including Yokohama Port,by comparing with other ports in such as
China and the Philippines. Finally,
Professor
also
gave
suggestions
concerning with Manila Port as he wasinvolved in the Manila Port rehabilitation project in 1987 and 1988.
In the Question and Answer session, the participants asked the questions of their interests and thepresenters gave detail explanations about the questions. Finally, all the participants were awarded thecertificates of participation in the field study trip by the Dean Sison. Then, the joint seminar was
successfully concluded by the dinner served by faculty of UST Graduate School.

69

xiii. ADB
Our appointment at ADB was scheduled in the morning of 1stof February 2013. Professor Araki kindly contacted Ms Susan
Hooper, Senior Communications Specialist, and organised ourvisit. ADB is located in Ortigas, Mandaluyong City. In order toavoid traffic jam on the road, we took MRT to ADB. We walked
to Ayala Station, which is located at couple of blocks from ourhotel, and Ortigas Avenue Station was 5th station from Ayala
Station. From the station we once again used our feet to approach
ADB. The ADB building was not difficult to find. The area was
enclosed with a tall fence and surveyed with monitoring cameras.
Upon our entrance to the building, we walked through first
security check, then registered our identity at the reception. 13
students with 8 nationalities, 4 professors, and 1 administrative
staff, the group is not that small and homogeneous, but our
registration went smoothly that we headed to the main building of
the ADB after a short break.
We went out and walked through an open space to reach themain building. The second security check was taken upon
entrance to the building. We were told to proceed to thedesignated meeting room. Soon after our arrival to the room, Ms
Susan Hooper briefly introduced herself, showed a clip on thehistory of ADB, and its recent development.
ADB and Post-2015
Ms Susan Roth, Senior Social Development Specialist, Regional and Sustainable Development
Department was the first ADB Secretariat who kindly shared her time with us and presented about
ADB and its Post-2015 approaches, and discussed key challenges faced throughout Asia and thePacific regions. In addressing such topic, Ms Roth stressed the ZEN framework that emphasises thedistinct challenges of achieving zero extreme poverty (Z), establish country-specific Epsilon (ε)
benchmarks for broader development challenges (E), and to promote environmental sustainability bothwithin and across borders (N).

70

In general, countries in Asia have undergone
significant step to achieve MDGs. Asia also shows amixed picture of achievement. Some areas showeddifficulty to achieve by 2015, but in overall thedevelopment in Asia showed a tremendous progresscompared to only one decade ago. Certain efforts andoutcomes of the international community is shown
from diverse range and types of data, but still muchwork remains to be done before the final deadline of
the MDGs. International deliberations are actively engaged in the discussion of the post-2015 visions
and goals. However, ADB is critical on that perspective that many of the analysts are focused too
much on which of the MDG goals should be kept or dropped, and what new goals should be added.
ADB takes different approach. Instead of focusing on the specific goals to be added, kept, or dropped,
ADB, as already stipulated above, takes “ZEN” approach.
“Z” goals establish a set of absolute minimum standards for living conditions across all of
humanity. ADB insists that Z goals should be considered in one of universality, that aims to address
the most pernicious elements of global inequality. The minimum standards envisioned by the Z goals
include such as income poverty, hunger, education, health, livelihood infrastructure, gender equality,and environmental resilience. In order to establish the goals, it is necessary to define a “zero” target
that will be used for benchmarks to eliminate extreme poverty from the planet. Setting up of thetargets or benchmark should be a starting point for all Z, E, N goals that reflect the lessons from the
MDGs. All goals must be monitorable and measurable, with clear numeric targets and deadlines inorder to serve their genuine purposes.
“E” goals encourage countries to achieve some Epsilon of complementary targets above theminimum Z standard. There are two defining attributes for E goals. First is that they pursue a higher
standard than the minimum Z standards, focusing on the multidimensional challenge of extreme
poverty. Second is that instead of setting the universal standards, Epsilon goals are to be pursued in acountry-specific quantitative benchmark on shared priorities.
“N” goals address challenges of environmental sustainability that ensures a long-term prosperity
and as a necessity in the face of planetary boundaries. N goals were designed by recognising the
MDGs shortcomings on the environment and the major environmental impacts likely to emerge due tofast growing economies in Asia. N goals serve as a critical component of the ZEN framework. Goals
under N component are presumed to be cross-referenced with Z and E goals. For instance, one of thebasic needs of sanitation system would be included under the Z goals for zero extreme poverty. At thesame time, universal access to a particular standardof living might fit under the higher ambition of E
goals.
In order to make N goals to be operational, it isimportant to distinguish the issues that can besolved by individual country and those that require
collective and universal actions. In the Asian
context, the spill-over challenge is particularly
important since the rise of emerging economies
renders the provisions of global public goods even71

more complex. The crucial objective of
spill-over issues is to identify ways forexternalities to be internalised and to develop
the new solutions that can solve theunderlying problems. The challenge is mostprominent in the context of green house gas
emissions including CO2, CFC, and HCFC
and climatic stability as a global public good.
E and N goals have been emphasised by
ADB that a more novel global challenge
would
take
shape
throughtheimplementation of E goals and related N goals. In case of E goals, because each country may set its
own specific goals, country may set up absolute targets based on aspirations or else relative targets
based on initial conditions. However, spill-over issues remain as the most problematic issue in theinternational community since their successful achievement hinges on collective actions and cannot be
solved solely by the effort of one country. While the ultimate requirement to combat spill-over issues
might be the conclusion of international treaties and conventions with a clear compliance or evendispute settlement mechanisms, each country will need to set voluntary quantitative benchmarks
through joint processes. To address spill-over issues and goals, it is ideal to entail a global or regional
goal to be set first, then a backward induction process to be pursued in order to establish voluntary
country-level targets.
Finally, more country-centred and country-identified goals do not mean to minimise theresponsibilities of developed countries. Recent launch of the Mutual Assessment Process of the G-20
enhanced the cohesion between industrialised and emerging countries, and also affirmed thepartnership between them. However, under the ZEN framework, high-income countries bear two
foremost responsibilities. First of which is to provide the dominant share of ODA for the achievementof Z goals. Second major responsibility of the developed countries is to contribute appropriate actions
and financing for spill-over N goals. Thus, while developed countries also establish their own
country-specific goals, they are expected to assist lesser developed countries in terms of particularly
financing.
In sum, Ms Roth gave us comprehensive and informative ideas of recent development of the Asian
economies and how ADB formulates its strategies especially for post-2015. Mr. Ziganshin shared his
belief, how development can be ensured in the countries of transition economies, what pre-conditions
and priorities should be set, as follows:
Public sector reform to increase theeffectivenessofpublicgovernance,competitive selection process in place tobecome the governmental officials / civil
servants, capacity building programmes forgovernmental staff to build strong institutions,salary increase and provision of benefit
packages (based on key performanceindicators set to verify the confidence andproficiency) to the governmental staff / civil
72

-

-

servants. Such measures will positively contribute to eliminate corruption and have more honesty
in governmental institutions.
Private sector development, business enabling environment legal and institutional frameworks set
by the governments. Private sector (especially private entrepreneurs, small and middle enterprises)
is the locomotive of any economy in the world. Private sector is far more efficient and effective
than any government institution in creating the employment opportunities for people. Governments
should play its regulatory role to ensure equality, protection of rights and interests of poor people.
Freedom of access to information, freedom of speech and free mass media. Mass media shouldplay a watch dog role in the society to monitor the situation and inform public about abuse of
power, corruption in any sectors, etc.

CAREC Program
The second topic of the presentation was titled as “The Central Asia Regional Economic
Cooperation Program: CAREC”, presented by Ms Rose McKenzie, CAREC Secretariat. Countries
involved in the CAREC Program are: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic,
Mongolia, Pakistan, People’s Republic of China, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. CAREC is
supported by six multilateral institutions: ADA, EBRD, IMF, Islamic Development Bank (IsDB),
UNDP, and IBRD. The leadership is taken by each country, but these ten countries and six multilateral
institutions work together to promote and accelerate development through cooperation and reducepoverty. The Program establishes the long-terms vision of “Good Neighbors, Good partners, and Good
Prospects”. The CAREC Program has been attaining wide sensation in recent years for the potentials
the Central Asian and the neighbouring countries have. It is aimed to realise their tremendous
potentials by promoting regional cooperation particularly in four priority areas: transport; tradefacilitation; energy; and, trade policy.

Map 1 CAREC Countries and Regions.

Transport section is one of the areas which has been putting more effort compared to other pillarsof the priority areas. Its effort is easily perceived by observing the numbers of CAREC projects. Graph
1 demonstrates the numbers of CAREC projects planned in each of four areas. According to ADB,
there have been altogether 127 projects planned under the CARE Program, and 81, almost 64 percent,73

of which were planned for transport sector.
Trade
Policy,5
The CAREC region is considered as the importantarea that connects across Eurasian continent.
Improvement in the region’s transport infrastructurethat will lead to the reduction in the cost of trade
Energy,across regions, thus the CAREC Program puts extra
27emphasis on the construction and maintenance of theTradeinfrastructure to promote growth in the region.
Facilitati
Transport
on, 14Furthermore, transport and trade facilitation areas are, 81
often combined together. In other words, theconstruction of infrastructure will consequently
facilitate the trade, and conversely the trade will be
Graph
Graph
4 (Source:
1 (Source:
ADB)
ADB)
facilitated through the development of the strong
infrastructure.
Under the CAREC Program, ADB identified three goals for transport sector: establishment ofcompetitive transport corridors across the CAREC region; facilitate efficient movement of people andgoods across borders; and, develop safe, people-friendly transport systems. More specifically, in orderto achieve these three goals, the CAREC Program determined four distinct goals: achievement of 100
percent corridors by 2017 compared with 64 percent in 2007; increased transit trade volume via the
CAREC corridors to 5 percent of trade
Number of CAREC Transport Projects
between Europe and East Asia by 2017, 12
from less than 1 percent in 2005;
increased intraregional trade volume by 10
50 percent by 2017 from the 2005 level; 8and, reduced time for border crossing
6along the CAREC corridors by 50
percent by 2012, and a further 30 percent 4
by 2017 as compared with 2007.
2
Graph 2 represents the number of0
CAREC transport projects in each year
since 2000. Out of 81 CAREC transport
projects, 45 projects were initiated since
Graph 2 (Source: ADB)
2008. Between 2000 and 2007, there were average of 4.5 projects implemented each year. However,since 2008 the average number of projects doubled to 9 per year. Ironically to the occurrence of global
financial crisis in 2008, the CAREC Program
increased the amount of transport projects since2008. It might be a pure supposition however,relatively scarce relation between the CAREC
countries and the crisis-affected regions minimised
the shocks amongst the CAREC countries, and the
CAREC countries may take initiatives to haul theEurasian continent from the economic recession.
Graph 3 demonstrates the numbers of CAREC
transport projects in each CAREC countries. Top74

four countries, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan,
Number of CAREC Transport Proects
Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyz Republic dominate
1
AFG
7
more than 60 percent of all CAREC transport
15
AZE
projects. Recent promotion of Kazakhstan and
9
KAZ
Kyrgyz Republic should be pointed out.
KGZ
Both Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic
610MON
joined the CAREC in 1997. Since 2001, thePRC
sum of $6.96 billion $614 million has been
TAJ
7
invested in transport, trade, and energy in
TKM
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic under the
14
12
UZB
auspice of the CAREC Program. Kazakhstan’s
sum of $6.96 billion is the highest amongst theGraph 3 (Source: ADB)CAREC countries while Kyrgyz’s $614
million is ranked as 7th in the CAREC countries. The sum of investment in the Kyrgyz Republic is
considerably lower than other new-comers such as Azerbaijan that joined the CAREC in 2003 but thesum of $2.82 billion, the second highest amount, has been invested in transport, trade, and energy
sectors. Moreover, Uzbekistan also joined the CAREC in 1997, but the sum $2.46 billion, 3rd highest
amount, has been invested in transport, trade, and energy sectors. Thus, Kyrgyz Republic has largely
been ignored in the CAREC transport project implementation during the early years of the CAREC.
However, out of 12 CAREC transport projects implemented in Kyrgyz Republic, 8 of those have been
implemented since 2008, and the number of projects initiation in the Kyrgyz Republic since 2008
comes second highest just after Kazakhstan of 11 projects. Kazakhstan is similar to the Kyrgyz
Republic. Even though its sum of investment is the highest amongst the CAREC countries, there were
only 3 CAREC transport projects initiated in Kazakhstan. It was only since 2008 the number oftransport projects in Kazakhstan dramatically increased.
The CAREC Programs take “corridor approach” to implement the transport sector strategy. In its
10-year timeframe (2008-2018), the CAREC Program selects the corridors that reflect current andpotential trade flow patterns, which involve at least two CAREC countries, and implement byconsidering following five criteria: current traffic volume: prospects for economic and traffic growth;ability to increase connectivity between regional economic and population centres; prospects ofmitigating delays and other hindrances such as the number of cross-border points, number of gaugechanges; and, economic and financial sustainability of infrastructure,
management and technology improvements. There are six corridors
identified by the CAREC.
Creation of such kind of massive corridors is expected to bringnumber of benefits both within the CAREC countries and with theirneighbouring countries. Construction of new roads or rehabilitationof existing roads will eliminate the weak or missing road links thatwill reduce the transport cost and times between major CAREC cities
and along principal Eurasian trade directions. Corridor performance
will be monitored by establishing the integrated committees topromote their uses. By collectively monitoring the corridor uses, it isexpected to facilitate the movement of people and goods across theborders. Transport regulation will be harmonised amongst CAREC
75

countries to create the level playing field for transport operators and enhance efficiency upon crossing
borders. Furthermore, the creation of road transport system is also accompanied with the restructuring

Map 2 (Source: ADB)of the railway and aviation sectors. Railway sector is currently restructuring to establish competitive
regionalised services with the participation from private sector and integrated cross-border operations.
Finally, the CAREC transport systems pursue people- and environmental friendly networks. The
CAREC transport network will comply with the best standards of safety and comfort and simplifies
the border crossing procedures and visa requirements. The CAREC transport system will minimise theadverse effects on air, water, and land resources.
Construction of firm infrastructural systems will accelerate the trade facilitation amongst the
CAREC countries and neighbouring countries and regions. According to the WTO, trade facilitationrefers to the simplification and harmonisation of international trade procedures, including such asactivities, practices and formalities involved in collecting, presenting, communicating, and processing
data and other information necessary for the movement of goods (WTO, 2012). Trade facilitation also
involves wider range of activities that include transport formalities and payments, insurance, and otherfinancial requirements.
Under the trade facilitation strategies, the CAREC Program establishes three principal goals: torealise a significant reduction in transaction costs and time by improving administrative efficiency, andby simplifying, standardising, and harmonising trade procedures; encourage the free movement ofgoods and people; and, enhance the transparency of laws, regulations, procedures, and forms, andshare relevant information and other trade issues.
The chart below summarises the key goals, objectives, and elements of the CAREC Programs on
76

trade facilitation. Trade facilitation strategy puts customs cooperation as the centrepiece of the
programme. With the support from the Customs Cooperation Committee (CCC), the programme sets
up the medium-terms objective to promote concerted customs reform and modernisation.
Simplification and harmonisation of customs procedure will be achieved by using the Revised Kyoto
Convention of the World Customs Organization (WCO). The strategy also contends to change theculture of customs administrations from control-orientation to compliance-facilitation which isconsidered as the crucial element of the customs reform and modernisation. Furthermore, it also insists
to introduce risk management practices, joint customs control, and customs automation to enhance thetrade facilitation of the CAREC countries.

Goals• 1. Reduction in transaction cost and time.
• 2. Free movement of goods and people.
• 3. Transparency and information sharing.

Objectives• 1. Strengthen customs co-operation.
• 2. Address broader issue of te trade facilitation.
• 3. Focus on the CAREC transport corridors.
• 4. Results-based approach to monitor time and cost savings.
• 5. Support for logistics assessments and planning.
• 6. Bilateral initiatives and CAREC TFCC/ CCC.
• 7. Partnership between CAREC MIs and other relevant international agencies.

Elements•1. Concerted customs reform and modernisation.
•2. Intergrated trade facilitation approach.
•3. Efficient regional logistics development.

Trade facilitation not only involves “at-border” measures, but also “behind-the-border” measures.
Improved at-border process and behind-the-border measure will result in economic benefits. The
CAREC Programs see that the major impediments to trade fall mostly on export other than main
primary products and on small and medium-size enterprises and traders. It also acknowledges that theeffective trade facilitation cannot be achieved by a single national agency, but involves various
agencies. In order to achieve concerted process of trade facilitation within the country, the CAREC
Programs support each country by dispatch the TFCC/ CCC experts to establish or strengthen thenational trade facilitation committees. Lack of human resources within the CAREC countries often
hinders the process of trade facilitation however,
the CAREC Programs follows an integrated
trade facilitation approach that enables the
TFCC/ CCC experts to participate in thenational committees to ensure effectivefunctioning of the trade facilitation in eachcountry’s relevant government agencies andother structures.
The creation of corridors and the facilitationof trade do not bring result without the logistic
77

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

~1999

industry. Trade facilitation strategy also aims to develop the efficient regional logistics industry. With
the coordination with the Transport Sector Coordinating Committee, the trade facilitation programmes
will include establishment of regional forum to harmonise and plan trade logistic development,
support national trade logistic assessments, and facilitate and finance key investments such as
public-private partnerships.
Improvements in infrastructure and transport system, and the facilitation of trade both within andacross the borders amongst the CAREC countries is necessary in order to uncover hidden mineral andnatural resources in the CAREC countries. The CAREC countries are rich in natural resource,
including gas, oil, and rare metals, but uneven distribution and inadequate and inefficient
infrastructure often impede the countries to fully utilise those hidden minerals. The CAREC Programs
accelerate the regional energy cooperation and provide an opportunity for integration of energy
markets to overcome the impact of unequal distribution of energy resources, efforts to optimise
existing energy interrelationships, and efforts to develop lest-cost solutions to energy constraints. The
CAREC region is sandwiched with the potential attractive markets, Russia on North, China on East,
India on South, and Eastern Europe on West.
In order to maximise the potential capacity of energy extraction, the CAREC energy sector strategy
assessed each country’s strength and create the benefit in accordance with country’s specificity. For
example, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan are considered as energy and resources sufficientcountries and urge to evolve medium- to long-term interrelationship to secure access to export markets
and gain export revenues to support their energy export-led growth. Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan
are rich in hydropower resource but lacking fossil fuels, thus they are urged to expand the export
markets for hydroelectricity and earn export revenues to secure import of fossil fuels to capture
enough energy to meet their winter energy deficits. Transits countries, such as Afghanistan andMongolia, are to earn valuable transit and transmission fees. Thus, since each country has different
natures, potentials, capacity, and resources, the CAREC energy sector strategy focuses on theparticular area of each country’s strength and maximite the output of that strong area to support
weaker and needed areas in energy sector.
The total number of projects in energy sector is far less than transport sector but there have been
more projects implemented compared to trade facilitation. Graph 4 demonstrates the number of energy
projects, both CAREC and non-CAREC, since the 1990s. Once again the number of non-CAREC
energy projects exceeds that of CAREC energy projects. However, similar to transport sector projects,
the number of CAREC projects initiation
Number of Energy Projects
increased from 2008 onward, and in
CAREC Energy Projects Non-CAREC Energy Projects
2011 and 2012, even though the number 10of projects is far less than previous years, 98
only CAREC energy projects have been 7
6
implemented.
Finally, the CAREC Programs see the 54
trade as the most critical element to all 3
CAREC countries. CAREC countries, 2
except for the case of Pakistan, share the 10common background that these countries
are landlocked and as a region in general,
there are only tiny potential to use
Graph 4 (Source: ADB)
78

sea-gatetoconduct
international
trade.
As
landlocked countries rich innaturalandmineralresources, the ability toefficiently interact withworld markets through landroute is critical to promote
and achieve sustainableeconomic growth.
Table 1 (Source: WTO)The CAREC Programs
as well as other MIs identify three major trade barriers in CAREC countries: trade taxes, both tariffs
and domestics taxes, and quantitative restriction (QRs); WTO and regional trade agreements (RTAs);
and, border and transit trade impediments. Average tariff amongst CAREC countries is generally
below 10 percent which is lower than the overall average of roughly 11 percent for developing
countries in 2005. However, even though average tariff is generally low, it is stipulated that large
number of tariff bands and a wide dispersion of tariffs in different tariff-lines result in high effective
protection. Furthermore, various forms of domestic taxes, including VAT, excise, and import charges
and fees, are still harmful and possessing trade distortive effects. Reform in tax and tariff system isdesirable to gain benefit from trade liberalisation and also to help CAREC countries to accede to the
WTO.
As of our visit to ADB on 1 February 2013, only four of the CAREC countries were the membersof the WTO.37 The estimate of WTO accession benefits varies, but it is often said that the welfare
effect is always positive after adjustment periods. This general trend also applies to the Central Asianand transition economies: the immediate impact may cause some competitive pressure particularly on
less efficient producers and industries; but soon adjustments take place and positive gains are registers;
and then in a long-term, the gains will continue to accumulate and can be quite substantial.
Furthermore, in parallel to the accession to the WTO, CAREC countries are also involved in a
number of RTAs. Conclusion of the RTAs in principle leads to trade creation in the region however,most of them are far from fully implemented in practice, have narrow coverage, and complex rules oforigin. Thus, the expected and potential benefits from the RTAs are not fully realised and achieved. In
addition, it is pointed out that the trade
diversion and negatives effects of the RTAs
are often greater than the benefits. One of themost crucial factors that serve as the barriers
and impediments is the regulatory andadministrative
malfunctions.
Visarequirements, high visa costs, non-existence ofconsular offices near border regions, slow
processing at borders, periodic border closures,
vehicular restrictions, limitations on volume ofgoods, and fees and surcharges at border, these37

Tajikistan is to become the 159th WTO member on 2 March 2013. Its accession was approved by the General Council on 10 December 2012.

79

regulatory and administrative weakness and malfunctions arewidespread amongst the CAREC countries. The CAREC trade
policy projects contend to take actions to deepen theunderstanding of the way in which he general institutional
environment can be improved to support intra- andinter-regional trade.
With these four pillars as the central strategy of the CAREC
Programs, the 10th Ministerial Conference, in 2011 held in Baku,
Azerbaijan, endorsed “CAREC 2020: 10-year Strategic
Framework for the CAREC Program”. Following year, in
October 2012, the 11th Ministerial Conference was held in
Wuhan, China, and affirmed to continue to pursue the strategic
goals the CAREC countries have set for its second decade.
While the CAREC achieved modest results during its first
decade from 2001 until 2011, the first decade could beperceived as the experimental decade which was designed todetermine future directions of the CAREC and individual
country. During the first decade, following points have been
identified as the lessons learnt and considered as the operational
imperatives: developing stronger country ownership and mainstreaming CAREC into the national
development agenda; establishing a list of CAREC priority projects; mobilising more resources for
CAREC; more attention and resources to sector capacity building; encourage greater private sector
involvement in CAREC initiatives; and, coordination with other regional groupings.
CAREC 2020 adds economic corridor development and the CARECT Institute as well as
second-tier areas as the prioritised areas of cooperation.
CAREC Institute (CI) was established in 2006 to provide training and of web-based informationin transport, trade, and energy. CI is a virtual information hub that conducts analytical works,
coordinate information to share amongst the CAREC countries, assist countries to build capacities andresources, and forge new partnerships and mobilise fresh fund from CAREC MIs and otherdevelopment partners. Under the CAREC 2020 programme, CI will conduct capacity building andanalytical work that are more directly relevant to priority sector requirements. By narrowing down thescope of analytical work of the CI, it focuses on the most necessary and urgent sectors of cooperation.
Economic corridor development will also be prioritised in order to improve competitiveness.
What CAREC anticipates is that the transport sector projects will surely improve the corridor systems.
The constructed corridor will merely
improve the transport amongst thecountries, but eventually corridor willtransform into logistic corridors andfurther into economic corridors. Even
though transport corridors are expected totransform to economic corridors, thedegree of transformation is likely to varyacross the corridors and countries due todifferent level of development in each80

corridor’s components and the intensity of goods being traded. Thus it intends to identify pilot
transport corridors that could be transformed to economic corridors in a phased manner while a masterplan for each corridor will be developed once the pilot corridor is determined.
The first phase of transformation is from transport corridor into logistic corridor. Transformation is
expected be implemented primarily through public investment. The second stage of transformation,from logistic corridor into economic corridor, envisages market-driven initiatives. As a consequence tosuccessful transformation of corridor from transport to logistic, it already created the policies andinvestment fundamentals. On top of those already-formed fundamentals, the transformation into theeconomic corridor will be pursued by increasing the private investments in productive activities.
Regional value chains are expected to develop predominantly stemming from facilitation measures toease the conduct of business along the corridors.
Finally, second-tier areas, which were discovered during the 5th CAREC Ministerial Conference in
October 2006, will be considered to broaden and deepen the programme. The first-tier areas were four
core areas, and the second-tier areas include new sector including human development, theenvironment, and disaster management, tourism, and agriculture. The second-tier areas are limited tohighly focused projects. The second-tier projects have the characteristics of that these projects are notsector-wide unlikely to the first-tier, CAREC coordinating committees are not required, monitoring is
conducted by the CAREC Secretariats, and the second-tier activities may involve new development
partners. CAREC 2020 programmes reaffirm and strengthen the commitment of the CAREC to workon second-tier areas.
VISION
Good Neighbors, Good Partners, Good Prospects

GOAL
Development through cooperation, leading to accelerated economic
growth and shared prosperity
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVESIMPROVEDCOMPETITIVENESSTRADE EXPANSION

Figure 1 (Source: ADB)OPERATIONAL PRIORITIESTransport

Trade
Facilitation

Trade
PolicyEnergyEconomic
Corridors

CAREC
Institute

Second-Tier
Areas

With the widened scope of priority areas, the CAREC 2020 determines four principles that will
guide the design and implementation of CARECT projects and initiatives: country ownership;81

pragmatism and result orientation; 2+X principle;
and,development
partners’
strengthened
partnership.
In sum of CAREC 2020, it precisely articulates
the opportunities and challenges faced by eachcountry in the region. While the first decade of the
CAREC observed and analysed the situation andsearched for the possibility and implemented the
projects gropingly, the second decade of the
CAREC will strengthen the commitment of eachmember to continue to work to realise the prospects for the region. CAREC 2020 was formulated andbuilt on top of the results created from the first decade, intensifying infrastructure connectivity,transport and trade facilitation, trade policy, and energy as the core of regional cooperation. On top ofthese traditional areas of core activities, CAREC 2020 envisages to expand the scope that now also
considers second-tier areas, strengthened CI and institutional framework, and the full utilisation ofcorridor systems. CAREC has already attained experience and learnt lessons in the first decade, thus
the second decade should be the opportunity for each CAREC country to realise the significant
potential each country has, and promote economic growth by fully utilising the resources they have.
Following questions are asked by Mr. Tagaev and Mr. Ziganshin, and in repose, Ms. McKenzie
answered as follows:Q.: In long run Kyrgyz Government is planning to build railway which might connect China with ourcountry. Project is already developed but negotiations still take place. There is serious discussion on
this project in our country. Shall we build it?
What is the position of CAREC Program on thisrailroad Project?
A: Regarding the railway. We do not govern on political issues in respective countries. The decision on
this project has to be made by your government. Policy of CAREC 2020 Program concerning regional
trade is promotion of regional trade and competitiveness.
Q: What do you think about plans of our government to enter into Custom Union with Russia,
Belorussia and Kazakhstan?
A: Your President has not made official declaration about entering the Custom Union. This is again aquestion of policy, which cannot be governed by CAREC Program. Our strategy is implementation of
the programme on national level but keeping in mind regional planning.
Ruslan asked about Scenarios for further
development in the region, for instance, whether
the national security (Territorial Dispute ofJapan-China-Philippines,
Israel-Gaza-Iran,India-Pakistan tensions, withdrawal of US Troops
from Afghanistan) and political risks (Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan and Tajikistan leaders rule the country
for more than 20 years, Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan
tough relationship with Uzbekistan) were taken
82into consideration by the CAREC project. Ms. McKenzie answered that the Project Team (theSecretariat).
Ruslan also asked about what Ms. McKenzie opinion, what way Tajikistan to break up the cycle ofbeing the factor-driven economy and have center-periphery relationship with more powerful actors
such as Russia (Tajikistan was ruled by USSR and was a Soviet State for 70 years, currently 50% of
labour active population of the country work in Russia, as labour migrants), China (huge infrastructure
management projects investment, trade) and US (still remain more political, rather than economic, e.g.
who amongst Central Asia Countries (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) will receive the arms
after US troops withdrawal from Afghanistan)?
Ms. McKenzie answered that they prefer concentrate only on economic development specific issues
and do not touch such hot topics as they may destruct attention and cool down the relationshipbetween counties-participants of the CAREC project.

83xiv. JICA
Introduction:
JICA Philippines Office is located at the 40th
floor of the Yuchengco Tower at the RCBC
Plaza on Ayala Avenue, Makati City, in Manila.
The first what we saw before we were invited tothe meeting room was the beautiful andbreathtaking view over Manila from the top of
the building.
During that visit we had an opportunity to meetwith JICA Programme Officers and learn fromthem what the key, strategic priorities of JICA’s
Programme in Philippines are.
There were in total four (4) presentations done by JICA staff during orientation session:
1. “JICA’s Cooperation in the Philippines”, by Ms. Misa Kemmiya, Chief, Administration and
Coordination Sections;
2. “Cooperation in Agriculture, including Irrigation”, by Ms. Sherilyn Aoyama, Programme Officer,
Poverty Reduction Section;
3. “Cooperation in Water Resources Development including Potable Water Supply”, by Ms. Flerida
Chan, Chief, Poverty Reduction Section;
4. “Cooperation in infrastructure, especially highway construction” by Mr. Floro Adviento, Chief,
Economic Growth Section
After the Presentations, students had a chance to communicate directly with JICA presenters during
open forum session, and discuss the specific issues of their interest with professionals. At the end of
the programme participants met individually with JICA professionals who made their presentations to
discuss issues of their research interests, for e.g.:






Issues related to Bridge Construction for Expanded Agrarian Reform Communities Developmentwith Ms. Sherilyn Aoyama and Mr. Ervin Mella, Program Officer, Poverty Reduction Section(Participant: Mr. Akihiro Ishimoto)
Promotion of regional trade relations with Ms. Joan Salapare, Program Officer, Economic Growth
Section (Participant: Melis Tagaev);
Issues related to women’s welfare (Maternal and Child Health Project) with Ms. Martha Parrenas,
Program Officer, Mindanao, Governance, and Health Section (Participant: Yasoda Basnet);
Governance and private sector development, projects in the field of water supply and sanitationand issues and projects on education with Ms. Flerida Chan (participants: Ruslan Ziganshin and
Kenta Kido);

About JICA ODA to Philippines:
JICA development assistance to Philippines started in 1974 and successfully further growing until now.
The country is the top 3rd recipient of the technical cooperation from JICA in the South East Asia
84

Region. Current priority areas of Japan’s ODA to the Philippines are consisting of:
1. Promotion of sustainable economic growthand job creation
2. Poverty reduction
3. Peace and stability in Mindanao
In 2010, JICA’s loan programme to theGovernment of Philippines constituted of
US$215.78 mln; Grant Aid of US$45.69 mln; andTechnical Cooperation of US$81.09 mln.

Ms. Misa Kemmiya is presenting the JICA’s
Cooperation in Philippines

Probably the most influential programme of JICA in Philippines is about improving the roads
infrastructure (including bridges and highways). These projects create value for all other projects andactivities, as by increasing the mobility of people to help them break the cycles of poverty. JICA officein Philippines also facilitates the Volunteers Programme (Japanese Specialists who wish to come toPhilippines to fill the demand for knowledge and skills of local residents, e.g. farming, livestock
management, automobiles repair, etc). As cross-cutting issue, JICA Philippines Programme supports tolocal NGOs to strengthen the civil society links with government and private sector at different levels.
JICA supports the Government of Philippines to apply Public-Private-Partnership Concepts inrealisation of funded projects.
Cooperation in agriculture, including irrigation
The surface area of Philippines constitutes of 30 million ha, 9.6 million of this territory is allocated for
agricultural production. The Agro Sector contributes up to 12% of the country’s GDP and provide
employment opportunity for 33% of the labour active population of the Republic. JICA Philippines
cooperation in Agro Sector includes projects aimed on improving irrigation infrastructure, accesscredits and building the capacity of farmers to do the agribusiness.

85Ms. Sherilyn Aoyama is presenting the JICA
cooperation in Agriculture

Cooperation in water resources development including potable water supply
Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in the Philippines is supported by JICA through yen loan schemes,
grants and technical cooperation assistance.


Major yen loan supported projects are: Boracay Environmental Infrastructure Project (1995-2002),
Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project Phases 1 to 5 (1978 – 2007); Provincial Cities Water
Supply Project Phases 1 to 5 (1988 – 2006); Environmental Development Project (2008 – ongoing
until 2016)38.



Major grants and technical cooperation projects are: Capacity Development Project on Water
Quality Management (2005 – 2010); Rehabilitation Project for Cagayan de Oro Water District’s
Facilities Damaged by Typhoon Sendong (2012 – ongoing until May 2013); Water Security Master
Plan for Metro Manila and its Adjoining Areas (Water Balance Study & Climate Change Impact
Assessment and Hydrological Simulation, 2011 – 2012); Small Water Districts Improvement
Project (2005 – 2012); Follow-up Cooperation for Water Quality Improvement in Local Areas
Project (2010 – ongoing).
The successful example of Public-Private Partnership in practice is
the Boracay Environmental Infrastructure Project: implemented
through Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) but now called Tourism
Infrastructure & Enterprise Zones Authority (TIEZA). TIEZA’s
Borakay Water Supply and Sewerage Department handed over theoperation role to Manila Water Inc. under concession agreement.
Manila Water Inc. established the sister company – Boracay Water
for this purpose.

38

Several water supply and sanitation service providers are currently being financed: Boracay Island Water Company; Puerto Princesa City; Tarlac City
Water District (WD); Ilagan Water District; Camarines Norte WD; Taguete Waterworks; City of San Fernando WD; Balanga WD; Don Carlos WD.

86

JICA’s follow-up cooperation for the
improvement of water quality in targeted
programme area is an important effort. The
demand for the new knowledge andenvironmentally sustainable practices is stillhigh both from the regulators and operators of
the water supply and sewerage facilities.
The project is implementing by Local Water
Utilities Administration. Geographic Coverage:
6 WDs in Binmaley and Lingayen, Pangasinan;
Pagsanjan, Laguna; Dingle-Pototan, Iloilo;
Pontevedra, Capiz; Abuyog, Leyte.

Ms. Flerida Chan is presenting the JICA
programme in Water Resources Development
including Potable Water Supply

Cooperation in infrastructure, especially highway construction
JICA started its cooperation in the road sector in the Philippines in 1974. Most of the JICA ODA forthe road sector is in the form of loans. There are some grant-aid projects mostly for bridges in the rural
areas. JICA extended 55 loans for the road sector in the Philippines with total amount of ¥399.7 billion(equivalent to US$ 4.7 billion) representing about 21.2% of the total JICA ODA project loan portfolio
to this country. JICAODA loans account for the improvement / upgrading of over 4,000 kilometres of roads and bridges
representing about 16% of the paved national road system in the Philippines.

87Mr. Floro Adviento is presenting the JICA
programme on infrastructure development,
especially roads, highway and bridges
construction

Roads play a vital role in the economic development of a country. Good roads serve as important
catalyst for sustainable economic growth, e.g.: promotion of trade and investments, facilitation ofregional integration / development, support to agricultural production and rural development (poverty
reduction), promotion of tourism, promotion of peace and stability in conflict-affected areas,
prevention and mitigation of disasters alleviation of traffic congestion in urban areas.

88VI. Individual Reports
Yasoda Basnet
My study tour to Philippines has been an incredible chance for me to learn various aspects about
Philippines.
On our first day, we reach the Makati of Manila and on second day, we had a flight to Davao,
Mindanao. Our very first visit was Eden Nature Park. There we had buffet lunch in the open air
restaurant and later we had a round Jeep tour of the park with an English guide. There, we could enjoy
the varieties of plants and also the cultural dance show of Indigenous people of Davao. Eden Nature
Park is not only the garden but it also has accommodation facilities for all kinds of guests, like couple
and family. It was very interesting that they provide the meal of organic vegetables produced inside
the park.
After Eden Nature Park, we had the chance to learn about the Japan Philippines history throughour visit to Japanese Museum, Japanese cemetery, Japanese tunnel, etc. The pictures and the ancientmonuments were very unique and interesting to me. We had
our dinner at Jack Ridge restaurant which has a pleasantenvironment with musical play service for customers.
On our third day, we went to Mindanao International
College and attended the lecture from Consul Kazuhiko Anzai,
Consul and Director of Consular office Japan in Davao. We
learnt about the history of Japan Philippines bilateral relations
and about Japan’s role in support to Peace Negotiation
between the Philippines Government and anti-government
group. On evening, we drove to General Santos and stayed
there.
On our fourth day, we visited Dole Philippines andattended the lecture. Establishment of Dole Philippines has
successfully utilised the natural resources as well as thehuman resource in the area. That has result the economic
progress of hundreds of people by providing job opportunities.
Moreover, it has been contributing in development of social
welfare of community by supporting in health, education, and environment, etc through CSR(Cooperative Social Responsibility) activities.
On the same day, we went to General Santos fish port. We could learn about the fishery business ofGeneral Santos and people surviving on it. It was very
surprising that the tuna they fish are naturally gifted,
they do not produce them and again this is anothersource of income for people there. I find them very lucky
but on other side, there also remains the question ofsustainability in the fishery business and theirlivelihoods. On that afternoon, we had flight back to
Manila.
On fifth day, we divided into group and I visited
Payatas, with two of another friends and our professor,
89

Prof. Ikeda. Visiting Payatas was a great experience tolearn another part of Philippines. Payatas is a slum area,
where poor people are spending their life and most ofthem are surviving by picking and selling garbage fromthe huge mountain of wastes. These people are called“Scavengers”. Our visit to Payatas reminded us the needof international cooperation continuously.
On our sixth day, I went to TESDA Women’s Centre(TWC) with a group of nine friends and two professors,
Professor Araki and Professor Ueda. TWC is an organisation established by the support of Official
Development Assistance (ODA) of Japanese Government. It is providing training to the women in
Philippines to help them develop their skill to be self-independent and is free of charge. They operate
the training courses on various fields like food, housekeeping, automotive, machinery, etc. It is a great
activity that TWC has been targeting in development of women by skill building to empower who areeconomically poor. However, trainee selection is found very competitive. Only high school graduate
women can apply for the scholarship whereas, huge number of women population has not graduatedhigh school. In addition, even the fees are free of charge, lively expensive are payable. Therefore,
TWC need more to focus on the development of all groups of poor women.
On evening, we went to Amnesty International and learnt about their programme and plans towards
Human Rights of people from worldwide. Later, we attended lectures and closing ceremony atUniversity of Santo Thomas (UST).
On seventh day, we visited Asia Development Bank (ADB) and Japanese International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) Philippines and attended various lectures on International Development.
It was very interesting that I had great chance to study about the various development plans, thesuccessful stories and views of JICA Philippines.
This study tour has been very important chance for me to learn about many things. I am foreign
student from Nepal, which is one of the developing countries as well.
For me it is priceless opportunity to study about development process ofPhilippines as it making remarkable economic growth in recent years.
Additionally, this study trip has contributed to develop theunderstanding about Philippines in me. For example, before departing
Japan, I had a prejudice that whole Mindanao is not much safe place tovisit as domestic conflict is going there for long time. But visiting there,
I could learn about its best aspects also. Mindanao is naturally andculturally rich in resources. And the kind hospitality and beautiful smileof people there is the biggest treasure which could attract anyone of us
to visit there again and again.
I would like to thank JASSO for supporting us to experience andstudy Philippines. This experience is going to contribute in myupcoming research and I would like to participate in these kinds ofStudy Trip in future too. Thank you very much.
______________________________________

90

Han Nami
Salamat po！Philippines
My dreams, when life first opened to me, My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea.
From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; No blush on the brow, no tear in thine eye.
-José Rizal (1861.6.19 ~ 1896.12.30)-

旅行の初日からいろんな出来ことの連続だった。私たちが乗る予定だった
飛行機がまさか‘delay’でもなく‘cancel’になるなんて想像もしてなかった。新幹線で大阪まで行き、関西空港から一日遅れてマニラに到着した。
フィリピンに無事に到着することができて何よりも嬉しかったし、むしろこれからのフィリピンでの旅がより一層ワクワクする瞬間であった。
私たちは、
1 月 26 日の夜遅くマニラに到着し、27 日から 29 日まで Mindanaoの Davao や General Santos で過ごした。実はミンダナオは宗教紛争や内戦のことで危険なところという認識が強かった。しかし、私が出会ったミンダ
ナオは、豊かな自然や活気に満ちた、これからの発展がさらに期待される優れたところであった。地域の自然を活用して住民が共同体を構成し、一緒に農園を運営しながら観光産業を推進する Eden nature park が印象的であった。都市でのストレスが私の知らぬ間に解消される気分だった。
フィリピンと日本がさまざまな方法で交流してきた歴史をミンダナオのあちこちで見つけることができたが、実は私にとって興味深かったのは「学校」のことであった。ミンダナオ国際大学で上手な日本語で挨拶してくれる学生たち、まだ設備が劣悪な状況の小学校であるが、机や本がぎっしり詰まっている教室のことを見て、世界のどこでも「学ぼう」とする姿勢は美しく、教育こそ希望そのものということを改めて実感できる大切な時間であった。
この間の災害の時にいろんなところから寄付されたものを誇りのように展示しているダバオ市庁ロビーの色とりどりの美しい包み、Gensan fish port の活気に満ちた漁師たちの笑顔、地域社会に対して社会的責任を持って貢献している企業の dole。自然と共存して生きていく、その理由のためか自然にすごく似ている元気で純粋なミンダナオの人たちの魅力に夢中になってしまった。目の前に広がる広大な自然や美し
い夕日を見ていると、これからどんなことに出会っても全部うまくいけるようないい予感までした。ダバ
オ市のモットーが完全に納得できた瞬間であった。Life is here。
1 月 29 日遅い時間にマニラに戻った私たちは、最後の日までマニラで過ごした。が、実は私のフィリピンでの経験は 1 月 30
日の Payatas への訪問、その前後で分かれるといっても過言ではないと思う。マニラ都心から少しだけ離れているパヤタスという地域には、市のゴミをここに投機し、また投機してできてしまったゴミ山がある。またこのゴミ山でゴミを拾いながら生活する貧困層が集まって暮らしている。まず、マニラの中心部との貧富格差にあまりにも驚いたし、テレビでしか見れないスラムの姿にもう一度驚いた。しかし、子供たちが靴もないまま、手をつないでゴミ山からゴミを拾う姿を直接自分の目で見ると、言葉を失ってしまったのである。基本的なインフラや基礎教育・衛生など基本91

権さえ保護されない人々。しかし、家族を守るために警察官になりたいという 17 歳の少年の夢や、LIKHASHOP という、ある意味で社会的企業として運営されているその店で、工芸品を作りながら新しい人生を生きている地域の女性たちの笑顔、そして自分たちの生活の基盤をもう少し良くするために努力している
NGO「SALT」の本気を感じながら、私は一体何のために国際開発協力という分野を勉強しているのか、これから私にできることは何であるか深く考えてみることができるきっかけになった。金持ちになるために活動するわけではなく、「人間らしく」生きるために努力しているという SALT 関係者の言葉がずっと私の心に残っている。
学部時代から名前だけ聞いてきた ADB に直接訪問することができ、講義も聞いて、食事もしたことは、
私にとって本当に大きな幸運であった。豪華な建物や、世界各国の料理を接することができるレストランなどに本当に感激したが、あまり遠くないところに住んでいる Payatas の人々の笑顔がどんどん浮かんできて、「嬉しい」という感情だけではなかったのである。
私は前に一ヶ月ほどフィリピンで暮らした経験もあり、植民地・戦争・経済開発・民主化など、韓国とフィリピンはさまざまな面で似ているところが多く、ずいぶん前から愛情を持っていた。今回のフィリピ
ンでの時間はそんな私の熱い心をもう一度確認することができる良い機会であった。ガバナンスの脆弱さ
や権力の腐敗、治安の問題などフィリピン社会が持っている弱さよりも、フィリピンの市民たちの無限の可能性がはるかに大きいということを感じることができたと思う。今後、フィリピンについてもっと研究したい。そして機会があれば、フィリピン現地で活動したいと思う。なぜか近いうちにまたフィリピンに行くことができそうな嬉しい予感がする。
いつも感じることであるが、Santo Tomas 大学の先生や学生たちは本当に感動的ですばらしい。学校もものすごく素敵で、疲れているはずなのにもかかわらず、ずっと明るい微笑で私たちと一緒に時間を過ごしてくれた彼らのことに本当に感動した。特に英語での会話が堪能ではない私にも優しく、素直で、楽しくしてくれたたくさんのフィリピンの友達に申し訳ない気持ちとありがたい気持ちでいっぱいである。フィリピンの友達のおかげで、国際協力というものは大変なことではなく、私の小さな行動、小さな言葉
一つ一つが、すぐに民間外交になり、自分の国を代表する顔になるということをもう一度感じることができた。フィリピンの友達が見せてくれた
フィリピンは本当に元気で美しかった。フィ
リピンで、また日本で、私は韓国のどういう顔を見せているのか反省することができた。なぜか逆ホームシックのように、歓迎パーティ
ーで UST singers が歌ってくれたフィリピンの代表的なラブソング

92

「Kailangan Kita」にはまってしまって、しばらくずっと繰り返して聞いたのである。
フィリピンでの数々の写真の中で、私にとって今回の旅を最もよく表現する写真を選ぶとするとこの写真にしたい 。Payatas の LIKHASHOP 前に揃え置かれている私たちの履物である。池田先生から、ボランティア活動で日本から来たある学生、ネパールから来た友達、日本から来た友達、NGO「SALT」のスタッフ、SHOP で働いている Payatasの労働者、そして韓国から来た私まで、生きてきた環境も、考え方も、学んできたことも全部様々で非常に違う私たち。しかし、そういう人々が同じ気持ちでこういうところに集まり、「一緒に」同じところを眺めるという素晴らしい経験ができて、感謝の気持ちでいっぱいになった。ただの靴の写真であるかもしれないが、もしかしたらこれが私たちが「国際社会」というところで一緒に生きていく姿ではないか思ってみた。
_______________________________________

Akihiro Ishimoto
Four months after we YNU students hosted UST
Japan trip in end of September 2012, our visit to thePhilippines happened at the end of January 2013. I kept
in touch with some of UST students over the last few
months, and asked for some helps prior to my visit to thePhilippines. Information about the Philippines is more
known by local people, thus information shared by the
UST students contributed a lot to organise my visit tovarious organisations in Manila.
Apart from our visit to Mindanao, ADB, and JICA, we all organised different visits in accordancewith our research interests and concerns. Special thanks must be given to Professor Tiu of UST, whovigorously contacted various organisations in Manila to arrange my visits. After the discussions withProfessor Tiu, I decided to visit Department of Agriculture (DA), National Irrigation Administration(NIA), National Food Authority (NFA), and Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). The
detailed reports on the visit to these organisations are found in somewhere else in this report.
Our departure to the Philippines was delayed by one day due to technical problems of the aircraft.
We moved ourselves to Osaka to catch the flight departing from Kansai International Airport on thefollowing day. The temperature of Osaka was around 7 degrees Celsius on the day of departure, but
the temperature in Manila was above 25 degrees Celsius. It is always hard to adjust our body fromcold weather to warm weather. Even though I was wearing less, beads of perspiration broke out due toextreme humidity coupled with the temperature difference.
We landed onto Ninoy Aquino International Airport around 2015 Philippine time. Outside wasalready dark but the temperature was still warm. The hired bus was already waiting our arrival at theexit of the airport. As I expected, inside of the bus was so cold. The window was wet due to wide
temperature difference between inside and outside. Anyhow, the bus took roughly 30 minutes to the93hotel which is located in the centre of Makati City.
It was my second time to visit the Philippines. It has been two years since I visited Manila lasttime. Makati City welcomed us as nice and warm as previous time, the construction site next to thehotel was still on-going, Jollibee in the Green Belt shopping centre was still there, heavy traffic of
Ayala Avenue because of Jeeps and buses and cabs, the sceneries Makati City are constant that what I
observed this time in the heart of Makati was same as the previous time. However, as this was mysecond time to Manila and met UST students prior to the visit, I could extend my feet to new areas todiscover more of metro Manila.
For example, as many of the agricultural organisations were located in Quezon City, which islocated in the Northern part of Manila, I could explore the surrounding areas of Quezon City after the
meetings. University of the Philippines (UP) Dilman Campus is located in Quezon City which I could
step into during the evening time. At least unlikely to YNU, UP Dilman was built in the open and flat
areas, and all of the buildings were built with dignity and history. Warm evening time was very
suitable for students to jog around the campus to get refreshment from study. Professor Tiu kindly
explained the facilities in UP while Mr. Francis Lawrence carefully drove the car around the campus.
The green campus of the UP surely creates the appropriate environment for students to concentrate on
study while it also creates luxurious atmosphere for relaxation.
After the quick tour of UP, we then proceeded to one of the shopping centres in Quezon City called
SM North Edsa. It was Wednesday evening however, the shopping centre was crowded by people andI could observe the activeness of the lives of people. Inside of the shopping centre was well-designed
and divided into different sections in accordance with the commodities. For example, once I find oneof the mobile phone manufactures such as Samsung, then that section is occupied by many of othermobile phone manufacturers. Thus once people decide what commodity to check, they visit one
section of the mall and go back and forth in the same section fordifferent manufacturer’s products. Such kind of interior design
surely enhances the efficiency of shopping. The size of the shopping
centre was gigantic that cannot bear comparison with the shopping
centres in Japan. In addition, the Japanese textile manufacturer andretailer UNIQLO was also there in the shopping centre.
It was the first night in Manila since coming back from
Mindanao, so I was taken to one of the restaurants in Quezon City
nearby to the SM North Edsa. The restaurant was located in theresidential area of Quezon and the place was enjoyed by the local
people living surrounded by. One of the astonished but also thememorable experience I got from the restaurant was a “balut”. A
94

balut is not an official menu of the restaurant,
but since we took the seat on outside terrace, webought few baluts from a balut vendor. The cost
was 19 pesos, approximately 38 yen. One of
UST students explained and described balut as it
is an exotic Filipino dish, a fertilised duckembryo that is already formed, boiled and eatenin the shell. He continued that local people
would jokingly describe it as an aborted duckchick that makes this delicacy disgusting to foreigners because of the dead chick, sometimes with afeather, you see inside once the shell is cracked. How the food looks is not an issue, but balut has areally scrumptious taste.
I caught a whisper of balut prior to my visit to the Philippines, and I was not expected to try it as,
to be honest, it looks grotesque. However, since balut is almost not eaten in Japan, I decided to try it
for the first time. Professor Tiu and other UST students kindly instructed me the procedure to eat it. It
is same as a boiled egg, thus first crack the shell then peel the eggshell. Before actually eat the egg, I
sipped the juice which was stored inside of the eggshell. It was salty but the taste was indescribable. I
continued to peel the shell until I can clearly observe the chick. I sprinkled a bit of salt and slowly put
them into the mouth. First impression on the taste was that it tasted same as normal boiled egg. An oral
sensation was slightly different as the balut is the embryo. Unfortunately I could not reach to thebottom of the egg to completely finish the egg. I tried not to think what the balut is, but apreconception was too big that it was almost impossible to avoid imagining about it. Balut is only one
example of exotic cuisine the Philippines offer, but the food like isaw, helmet, and betamax are othernotable foods which I insist to try next time.
The street in Manila during the night time has a different face from the day time. During the day
time the street is packed with jeeps, tricycles andpedestrians and the traffic jam occurs on a daily basis.
However, night time traffic went so smoothly that the day
time lively street conditions turns to a total silence anddarkness. It was already past midnight when I reached backto the hotel. Despite the fact of tight schedule during the
day time, this kind of night time activity was essential tounderstand the Filipino culture and to interact with local
people. It was also that unless I was accompanied byProfessor Tiu and other UST students, I would not be able
to spend night time outside Makati safely.
One week of stay in the Philippines was not longenough to observe the complete picture of the country.
During this time I fortunately could extend my feet toQuezon City and surrounded areas, but it was only one tiny
part of metro Manila. Indeed, visiting governmentorganisations and institutions is important in order tounderstand the local problems and strategies. However,riding on jeeps or tricycle and step into the local residential
95

areas, the actual experience on how local people live in the city and how they spend their time is only
perceivable through active interaction with local people. UST students kindly provided the opportunity
for me to observe the various dimension of Manila.
Every country and city has different faces and dimensions which drastically change between day
and night time and from town to town. Philippines and Manila are no exception. The populous city of
Manila is similar to Yokohama where, especially in the metro area, can be described as people
mountain people sea. However, the weak infrastructural system and the still-developing city of Manila
create the distinctive feature of the city that differs significantly from Yokohama or other cities inSoutheast Asia.
Manila and the Philippines always welcome foreigners with changing faces. On-going economic
development of the country is under the construction boom of high-rise buildings. In fact, even though
I did not have opportunity to visit, according to the explanation by one of the UST students, Bonifacio
Global City in Taguig City, which is located in the adjacent to Makati City, is one of the prominent
areas in the metro Manila for recent
urban development and planning. Ortigas,
where ADB is located, is another area
which has been rapidly developing that I
could observe the difference compared to
two years ago. Philippines is an island
county possessing numbers of volcanoes.
Philippines is also an earthquake-prone
country and also suffer from a typhoon,
many of the natural disasters in thePhilippines often overlap with that ofJapan. In this circumstance, Japan may
share its past experience and offers
disaster preventive technologies andstrategies that appropriately suit with thePhilippines’ development strategies.
Once again, just a couple of short visit
to the Philippines is only enough toobserve the general and overall nature of
the country. It will definitely be needed tovisit more times or even reside in the
country to apprehend the precise situationof the Philippines. Philippines is surely
one of the most fascinating countries I
ever visited. As the Philippines welcomes
us with new faces every time, I strongly
insist to visit there again and feel thechanges. Next time I will surely observe
the changes in various areas of Manila
while the heart of Makati City will
welcome us with unchanging face.
96

Mahal ko kayo______________________________________

Kenta Kido
This study tour made me learn many things andwonderful experience to me in learning about developing
country's culture as well.
Firstly, I got good opportunity to see people and listen
to their idea who live in developing country. Especially forme, it was visiting to Payatas. We were able to go inside
the house of families living there and here their thinking
directly.
And I could compared hear some thinking from UST
students. I felt that is the problem which now confronts
Philippines and us, because there is a big difference evenin Philippines.
It is an important task of government to implement
policies. We did study at school in Japan about side ofpolicy-makers and in Philippines, we could learn other sidewhich the people who in need in.
On the other hand, I could feel their passion that they would like to develop through during someinterviews. I could see people seemed to live with a energetic atmosphere in there.
I met a boy in Payatas who have a dream to be a police man. I was so impressed by hisearnestness.
I think Japan has a lot of to learn from the Philippines. They have a dream and plan. That is
important thing which we need to have in Japan.
I could feel that we have to cooperate with eachother including both of people in developing
countries and developed countries.
Secondly, during this study tour, UST students
supported us kindly. I really appreciated to their
helping. We have been the strong relationship and we
enjoyed together.
This study tour is unforgettable for me because I
got many valuable experiences. It encouraged memuch harder on my development cooperation studies.
_______________________________________

Yumiko Ampo
We were planned to arrive on 25th, but actually we arrived at Manila on 26th January becausescheduled flight was cancelled. Our trip started from what nobody could expect, but thank to thishappening, I could have grown the capacity to react unexpected things and learnt to enjoy anythingthat happens in my life.
This was my first visit to the Philippines. I heard about a gap between central and rural area,97

but the gap was so much bigger than I had ever imagined. The
central area in Manila was so developed like central at Tokyo
that I got surprised. But when we went to outside of central area,
we could see the sights which were totally different from central
area. I could not believe both areas were in the same Manila. And
in Mindanao where we stayed for 3 days, I saw the sights notdeveloped like Japan just after World War 2. However, people
who live in Mindanao look so powerful and actually I felt astrong energy from them. Their smile was really nice, andmoreover wonderful nature still remains there. Of course we should promote development to reducepoverty and improve their life situation, but I thought we should not change their life itself. I know
this is a very difficult problem, but I felt so by seeing their life directly by my eyes. It is important to
go to the field, see and confirm the situation by myself tounderstand more profoundly the people who live there.
Individual visit was also a wonderful and fruitfulexperience for me. I chose to visit DFA and IOM because myinterest field is migration. Both organisation welcomed us
warmly and gave nice presentations. If I have not joined thisprogramme, I could have never experienced hearing theiropinions directly or having discussion with them. This
experience gave me a motivation for my study and research and a little more confidence tocommunicate in English.
Then, Filipinos have a wonderful hospitality. They helped me many times during the trip, andso I really appreciate them, especially our UST friends. I really enjoyed spending time with them.
Interacting with them also gave me a strong motivation and I would like to interact with more foreign
people in the world and find a new world to me.
Our field trip group was indeed international. There
were only 3 Japanese including me out of 13
members, and so for me, there was a lot of difficult toprepare for this trip. But we could cooperate finallyand really enjoyed this trip. I re-learnt it is importantto understand and cooperate each other if each of us
has a different mind, opinion or life situation. Maybe
this seems to be not so special and new, but it is very
difficult and most important. I really learnt manythings through not only this trip itself but also its preparation. This trip is unforgettable to me andsurely useful not only for research but also for my future.
_______________________________________

98

Xu Lingzhe (Andrea)
This Philippines trip is my first time to go to a tropical andan English speaking country, I cherished this chance verymuch. The nine days trip let me see a real Philippine with myown eyes. During this trip, we visited a lot of places, not only
Manila, but also the other cities of Philippine Davao andGeneral Santos. After this trip I have some feelings about thistrip.
Firstly, it is the fast development of Manila. As the capitalof Philippine, Manila is the centre of every respect, representing the whole country. Before I went
there, I never thought Manila could be a modern city like that. High buildings, big shopping mall,restaurants, convenient stores, high speed transportation, all we have in Japan could also be foundthere. People could enjoy the finest living conditions, high fashion no later than developed countries,
and also the convenience in a modern city. I cannot help to say that the development of Manila is realfast, admirable.
Secondly, it is the importance of learning English. In Philippine, English is its second official
language, from children to old people, they all know English, which bring us a lot of conveniencecause none of us could speak Philippine local language. During this trip, all visits were done inEnglish and I felt good that I could understand them and never feel insecurity in the English speaking
environment. This visit let me realise the importance of learning English and inspired me an idea thatgoing to an English speaking country for study.
Thirdly, it is the big gap between rich people and poor people. One side, we saw the big
spectacular houses of rich people, the luxury cars around the houses. On the other side, we also see thesmall shabby houses of poor people. The gap
between them is extremely big, which reflect theunbalance of the development of this country.
During our visit, we know that a lot oforganisations and community are doing their best to
improve this situation. They adopt some measures
to help the poor get rid of their position, such as
subsidies, free training and so on.
This trip for me is a very precious experience in
my life. It let see the world outside, know thedifferent culture, and meet friendly people. I think I
am really lucky to have this chance.

99Men Ping
フィリピンにおける各分野の国際援助の現状、実績及び欠点などをもっと把握するために、この旅行グループに入ることがした。
この素晴らしい修学旅行を通じて、今のフィリピンの発展状況をみることができた。私はマニラに滞在していた。非常に多くの高層ビ
ルが並んでいるが、汚くて、貧しいところも存在している。したがって、マニラは 国際援助の分野で発展していると共に、いろいろな問題も抱えている。今まで勉強した
国際援助の知識を生かして、フィリピン現地の発展状況を認識して、理解しようと思ったが、訪問した組織が結構多いので、一番印象深いのは TESDA 女性センターである。
TESDA 女性センターは すべてのフィリピン人の家庭を支えて、生活のために女性に職業教育を与えている組織である。男女平等に向かって女性の地位を上昇するうえでも大きな役割を果たしている。このアプローチは 貧困を削減し、持続発展可能な社会を実現するために重要である。TESDA の活動は、人々の生
活の持続可能性と自分の将来の改善にも影響を与える。
まず、目に入ったのは綺麗な庭を持っている建物である。中に入ったら、緩やかな空気を感じした。
担当は熱心で TESDA 女性センターのことを紹介してくれて、いろいろな教室も見学させていただいた。
この旅行は短いですけど、私にとって一生忘れられない経験でした。
大変勉強になりましたが、同時にいくつかの課題を自分に残っていた。
英語能力不足で、皆さんにご迷惑をかけまして、本当に申し訳ないと思った。みなさんのおかげで順調で修学旅行を終わらせて、ありがとうございました。ショックを受けましたが、これからもっと勉強しなければならない。
_______________________________________

Qiao Yuxiang――フィリピンの独占禁止法立法についての考察――
1 月 25 日、私達はフィリピンの開発について学ぶため、研修の旅に出立しました。しかし、あいにく航
空会社欠航のため、当日マニラへ行くことは出来ませんでした。当日先生の御指示で、みんなで関西に移動し、26 日ようやくマニラに着きました。
今回、私はフィリピンの独占禁止法の立法状況を調査するため、アドバイザリー·グループ株式会社のシニア貿易スペシャリストのライさんを訪ねました。
1947 年、東アジアにおける最初の包括的競争法として、日本で独占禁止法が制定されました。次いで、1980 年には韓国において、1991 年には台湾において、それぞれ競争法が制定されています。その後、1997 年の東アジア通貨危機の結果、多くの国々で世界銀行や IMF 等の国際機関
や先進国政府の支援を受けて法制度改革が行われ、その中で、競争法の制定が重要な要素の一つとされたこともあり、1999 年に、タイ及びインドネシアで競争法が制定され、東アジアにおいて競争法が ASEAN 諸国にも拡大しました。また、東アジア諸国の更なる市場経済化の進展に伴い、2004 年には、ベトナム及びシンガポールで競争法が制定され、2007 年 8月には、中国で独占禁止法が制定されました。貿易自由化に従い、公平

100

の競争を守るため、各国が独占禁止法を持つのは重要なこととなっています。
フィリピンは独占禁止法がありませんが、不公正競争を防ぐために、さまざまな法律で規制しています。
例えば、1987 年憲法の第 12 条の第 19 節（独占および不当競争の禁止）にこのように書かれています。
「国
は公共の利益のため必要であれば、独占を規制し禁止するものとする。取引を阻害するための結合および不公正な競争は禁じられる」。それはフィリピン政府が独占禁止法を作る意欲を表わしています。ライさんによると、実は 1986 年から政府は独占禁止法の制定作業を続けているとのことですが、寡占企業の影響で、議会ではずっと法案が通らなかったそうです。
フィリピンには現時点で、全産業をカバーする競争法・反独禁法および公正取引委員会に相当する行政組織は存在せず、各産業や部門を管轄する省庁や監督機関に対応が任されている状態にあります。中国も当初はフィリピンのように、独占に関連する法律は作られたものの独立した独占禁止法はない状態でした。
しかし、中国は JICA の技術協力の枠組を活用して、1998 年から 2007 年までの間、約１か月にわたる「独占禁止法と競争政策に関する技術研修」（訪日研修）を計 10 回開催しました。これまで中国の商務部、国家工商行政管理総局、国務院法制弁公室、全国人民代表大会各種委員会等より総勢約 100 名の中堅職員が参加し受け入れられました。日本とフィリピンもそのような経済連携協力と関連の条約を結んでいますので、独占禁止法が通るのは時間の問題と思われます。
私はフィリピンの独占禁止法の立法について、ライさんに、関心を持っている質問を投げかけました。
中国の独占禁止法には域外適用に関連する規定があります。域外適用は、国際法上では効果理論といわれるもので、アメリカが提唱し、現在は各国に広がっています。中国でも独占禁止法に定められています。
フィリピンの独占禁止法はこの分野に関しては経験がないとライさんに言われました。私の個人的な考えでは、域外適用は自国の利益を守るため、役割がある法律であり、フィリピンでも必要ではないかと思われます。
貿易自由化により、フィリピンの独占禁止法の立法作業は難航しても、きっと発効できると思います。
現在のアキノ大統領は貧富の差の削減と汚職の撲滅のため、かなり力を入れています。それには平等な競争環境を作ることが必要と思われます。そのため、独占禁止法のフィリピンでの発効が期待されます。
_______________________________________

Melis Tagaev
I strongly believe that all participants thoroughly enjoyed thistrip. Thanks to JASSO scholarship and YNU-UST Student
Exchange Programme I was pleased to be one of the fortunate
students who “combine useful with pleasant” and get a chance todiscover Philippines and gain invaluable experience.
My primary goal in the field study trip was to make successful
meetings in the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals to study
development of judiciary in this country. Second objective was to take active participation in all group
activities during field trip. Results of my study tour to SC and CA is introduced in a separate report.
This report is the brief outline of the group sessions with my own comments provided.
27 January, 2013
Group sessions in our trip started from 27 January, 2013 from the visit to Eden Nature Park in
101

Davao. After a long journey from Yokohama to Davao(Yokohama - Narita – Osaka – Manila – Davao) open air
session in man-made mountain resort on 3,000 feet above sea
level was wonderful. I found this place as a good model of how
we can re-create nature with our hands and good example ofeco-tourism. With many fashionable guest houses in the centre
part of the park, re-created old-style artificial housing of
indigenous people living in these areas and good guide services
provided this place might be the best option to spend a shortvacation if you are ok with living in distant and quite calm places. All-you-can-eat lunch withdelicious salads and dishes in the park’s café was perfect.
After lunch we went to Calinan and Mintal to continue our group sessions. In Calinan we visited
Japanese museum, where we could see rich collection of historical articles (antique) dating from theperiod when first Japanese settlers came to Davao to work in abaca plantations. Working instrumentsof plantation workers and things made from abaca were also introduced in the museum.
In Mintal we met with Mintal town Captain. I was bit surprised to know that he is businessman,
because in our country local government’s officials cannot
carry on business.
Through Town Capitan’s help we visited Davao
Japanese Cemetery, Little Tokyo and Ohta Kyozaburomonument. With these Sessions I could better understandhistorical influence of Japanese settlers to local community.
Ohta Kyozaburo Monument is an important historicalstructure erected in 1926 in Davao City in honour of Ohta
Kyozaburo, who migrated to Davao City and cultivated lands
around the shores of Davao Gulf into abacá and coconut
plantations. Thanks to his Abaca plantations vast areas of old
Davao city started its development in early 1920s. During
this development process irrigation channel which lays next
the monument was constructed. Another good side ofJapanese settlement in Davao was that nearly 20,000 local
people were provided with job.
After the Ohta’s monument we visited Japanese channel.
During war period when Japanese soldiers occupied Davao,
the 7km channel was constructed for military reasons. Somesegments of this channel were accidentally found after war.
We visited one of the re-constructed segments of this channel.
According to Japanese Channel museum’s staff, thousands of
POWs and local people died in during construction works.
Bad workers or “workers who ask something to eat” were
punished by being placed in very small “bird cages” setdirectly into the rocks of side walls of the channel.
28 January, 2013
Sessions on this day started from visiting Davao Kokusai
102

Daigaku. We met with Mr. Kazuhiko Anzai, director of theJapanese Consular office in Davao city. He madepresentation about Pilipino-Japanese cooperation in Davao.
The style of presentation was interesting and everyone tried
to find answers for the each tricky question of Mr. Anzai. For
example, he asks Japanese students and professors whosemonument was established in Hibiya Park in Tokyo.
Fortunately, Ueda sensei answered that monument belongs to
Rizal, national hero of the Philippines. After session we madegroup photo with some daigaku teachers and students.
After departing from Kokusai daigaku we went to the Davao City Hall to have another interesting
session with City Hall officials. Just in front of parade doors of City Hall we saw plenty of emergency
packs ready to send to some Mindanao people who suffered from typhoon in December, 2012.
Presentation in City hall was devoted to newly introduced “911 project”. The system developed by
the city authorities allows Central 911 to immediately locate the origin of emergency calls andcooperate all municipal emergency service and police (including operative anti-terrorist forces). It wasinteresting to know that Mayor and Vice Mayor of the Davao city are close relatives (daughter andfather). Unfortunately I could not get answer is there any restriction by state laws for relatives to work
together in local authorities. After two sessions in Davao we went to General Santos to participate in
our last sessions in Mindanao.
29 January, 2013
On this day we had two sessions in General-Santos. First, for the morning Session we visited
General Santos fish port. Before presentation in the office of the Director of Fish port, we very muchenjoyed our open air session in fish port. We were welcomed to see the process of loading off,
assortment and selling tuna fish by dealers. Many fishermen, port workers and potential clients from
Manila and other cities of Philippines were gathered in one noisy place. Unforgettable experience!
After open air session we visited office of Fish Port Director, where presentation about Fish Port was
introduced. After Fish Port we departed for Dole Philippines Pineapple Plantation
Since Dole is the world's largest producer and marketer of high-quality bananas and pineapples, it
was very good experience for me to visit its plantation and see the process itself. But, unfortunately,
we could not see the process of canning of fresh sun-ripened pineapples.
From the presentation, I became aware of that Dole dedicates big attention to stringent quality
control measures, transportation technologies, continuous improvement through research andinnovation, and dedication to the safety of employees, communities and the environment. After our
sessions in General Santos we had delicious lunch in Dole Plantation.
30-31 January, 2013
These two days were dedicated to our personal visits.
Outline of results of my personal visits to SC and CA is
introduced in a separate report.

103

1 February, 2013
On the last day of our group sessions we have visited AsianDevelopment Bank and JICA Manila Office. On the way to ADB
we took a train. In contrast to Japan, I saw so many young people
in almost all train cars. I was quite sure that majority of thoseyoung people were even younger than me. Study tour in ADB
was another unforgettable session. Professional presentations of
Susan Roth (“Post 2015 in Asia and Pacific”) and Rose
McKenzie (“CAREC Program”) left an impression on me.
During the presentations I asked the following questions:
Q1.: In long run Kyrgyz Government is planning to build
railway which might connect China with our country. Project isalready developed but negotiations still take place. There isserious discussion on this project in our country. Shall we buildit?
What is the position of CAREC Program on this railroad
Project?
A1 (Rose McKenzie): Regarding the railway. We don’t govern on political issues in respective
countries. The decision on this project has to be made by your government. Policy of CAREC is
promotion of regional trade and competitiveness.
My Q2: What do you think about plans of our government to enter to Custom Union with
Russia, Belorussia and Kazakhstan?
A2 (Rose McKenzie): Your President hasn’t made official declaration about entering theCustom Union. This is again a policy question, which cannot be governed by CAREC. Our strategy isimplementation projects on national level but keeping in mind regional planning.
After delicious lunch in ADB dining hall we departed for JICA Office in Manila on taxi. Through3 presentations in JICA Manila Office and final Q&A Session we could get the full information on
work of the office and major JICA projects operating in Philippines. I was impressed by level ofJapanese financial assistance to Philippines. During sessions I asked question about Japanesevolunteers in the Philippines. According to answer, there are some features of Japanese-Pilipino
Partnership under JICA Projects. First of all, Japanese volunteers are not so interested in working as
volunteers in the Philippines. They are more interested to work, for example, in African countries.
Second reason is the Philippines in comparison of other developing countries could achieve someextent of development. That also might be the reason of a few numbers of Japanese volunteers in thePhilippines.
In conclusion I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all our beloved Professors fromboth YNU and UST universities and other people who contributed to this unforgettable trip. Thanks toyour priceless help we managed to have fruitful sessions during 6 days in the Philippines.
Needless to say, all UST students participated in this trip were above all praise to take diligent
efforts and always lend their kind support to YNU visiting delegates. Thank you very much, myfriends!
_______________________________________

104

Ruslan Ziganshin
It was my first trip to Philippines and it became exciting and adventurous from the very beginning.
When we came to Narita Airport, on the flights schedule board we saw a message that our flight(JQ78) was cancelled.

Due to the flight cancellation we got a chance to go to Osaka first (some of us visited this city also
for the first time!!!). We changed our route to go to Kansai Airport to take another Jet Star flight fromthere to Manila. Thus it turned that found ourselves in speedy bullet train (Shinkansen) that drove us
from Tokyo Station to Osaka (504.7 km) for 2 hours 30 min (average speed was 200 km/h including
several stops on the way).

We stayed overnight in nice comfortable Washington Hotel located in the heart of the city. In themorning, before departure to Philippines, many of us decided also to have a quick sightseeing of new
and old Osaka. Finally, in the evening of Jan 26 we were in Jet Star’s A320 on the way to Ninoy
Aquino International Airport.

Hozenji Temple in Osaka(Namba area)

Kansai Int. Airport located on
artificial island39

The trip was unforgettable, very energetic and rich with variety of events, visits to different cities
and places, meeting very hospitable and with interesting people. Cultural programmes both in Davaoand General Santos (January 28 – 29) was fantastic. Gorgeous nature, exotic flowers and fruits mademe think I am in paradise. The sightseeing of these south cities was very useful to explore the positive
developments taking place in the regions that will definitely attract more and more tourists (roads
construction, huge malls and summer markets, comfortable hotels, etc).
39

Watch amazing programme about Kansai International Airport filmed by National Geographic: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTC3U67pHxU

105

Coconut cocktail  during
dinner in Davao

Exotic flowers in Eden
Nature Park

Filipino – Japanese
Friendship, Statutes
Composition near Mindanao
Int. College

Meeting friendly policeman &fishermen in the port of General
Santos

Oh… Lovely Mangostin – I love You Forever!!!
This incomparably tasty fruit makes thecancer cells self-destructed.

106

DOLE plantation workers
during pick up of delicious
pineapples

Mr. Jeepney - King of the Road & His
Companion Mr. Tricycle – the most common
public transport in Philippines

I am receiving the Certificate of Partcipationfrom the hands of Dean Lilian J. Sison of the
UST Graduate School

On the way back, in Manila, YNU students had an
opportunity to meet (thanks to Prof. Tiu for great
support in setting up these meetings) withdifferent professionals depending on YNU
students’ research interests. Two days (Jan 30 –31) were allocated in the programme forindividual meetings.
At the end of the Jan 31 – there was a farewellparty at the UST, where YNU students received
their Certificates of Participation. As it is theretirement year of Ikeda Sensei, UST professors
and students prepared really great, heart-touchingpresents, the masterpiece artwork – the portrait,
where Ikeda Sensei is driving Jeepney and theslide show with selection of best photos of Ikeda
Sensei, his colleagues and students taken during
different events of collaboration between UST
and YNU.
On February 1, the last day of the programme
before departure to Japan, we had 2 very
informative meetings in Asian Development Bank
(ADB) and Japanese International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) in Metro Manila.



In ADB there were two very interesting presentations: consultations with relevant stakeholders(government, civil society, private sector, etc) in Asia on Millennium Development Goals
attainment by 2015 and implementation of Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation(CAREC) Project. It was good to learn ADB specialists’ critical opinion on effectiveness of donors’
aid to developing world. For me, it was a very nice surprise to find in the reception two chapans(traditional men’s dress) from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

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

In JICA Philippines we learnt about its
projects in the field of agriculture andirrigation; water supply and sanitation; andinfrastructure development. JICA’s impressive
construction to highways and bridges
construction brought great impact on
economic & social development in the
country.

I am standing between 2 Chapans fromUzbekistan (left) and Tajikistan (right)
After making the research and observations during my field trip I clearly see the great opportunity
for Tajikistan to learn from Philippines experience, especially how change has happened, how country
has taken the way forward to become the new Asia’s Tiger, considering the socially responsible
development. President’s Benigno Aquino III and his administration commitment to keep its promise,to open Philippines for real business, shows visible results (…being in the office for only the last two
years), e.g.: foreign direct investments are on the unprecedented rise, implementation of hugeinfrastructure development projects (roads, bridges, ports, facilities for the social welfare of the
population, etc), new jobs creation. I am very much wish to come back to Philippines again to explore
further this beautiful archipelago of 7,107 islands, to learn more about its rich culture and enjoy thecompany of enthusiastic, happy people who can feel the rhythm of life! In future, it would also begreat to learn the development experiences of other South East Asian States, especially Indonesia andViet Nam.
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Thant Zin Win
Before I went to the Philippine, I thought this trip
would be an ordinary for study. But in reality, fromthe beginning we stepped Manila to finally we left
the Philippines, I was satisfied with pleasure. The
hospitality of the Filipino people and very beautiful,green environment attracted me through the wholetrip.
We arrived in Manila first but we have to rest fora while and we carried on to Davao city by flight.
The professors and students from the University of Santo Tomas warmly welcomed and started to join
the trip with us. All the places we visited in Davao, especially Eden Nature Park, are very interesting
and give us pleasure. Davao is much similar to my hometown in Myanmar and due to the hospitalityof the hosts, I felt I was being in my own country and meeting with my own friends or relatives.
Along the way from Davao to General Santos, we met plenty of banana plants that grow on bothsides of the road, mango plant gardens, coconut plantations and various kinds of fruits and vegetable
plants. We can imagine the success of the agricultural sector of the business of the Philippines. I felt as
an impressive achievement of their domestic food to create an export quality. Even only Dole
pineapple plantation can provide much labour force and can earn foreign incomes for the Philippines,
the agricultural sector is an impressive one.
General Santos Fish Port is also an interesting and wonderful place for me. We can learn thesystematic way of fishery and how the coastal fisheries may provide the economies of a country.
In Manila, I got a chance to go to the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal and Department of Justiceas the individual visits. The interesting presentations and the perfect lectures of these departments
gave me a lot of knowledge and experiences. The open discussions from these places show thetransparency of the legal system of the Philippines. In the Philippines, there is a great obstruction,legal examination, to become a professional lawyer. This is also their impression to raise the role ofthe lawyers.
From the visits of the ADB and JICA Manila, I saw
the international relation of the Philippines and what andhow they attempt to become a developed country. This
trip is a special to learn about the development effort ofa developing country.
To sum up, I got many friends that may be familiar
forever and valuable knowledge that may improve mystudy in Japan. And also I got the international
experiences that can share when I go back to my country.
So, I want to say that studying abroad is a great
experience and this trip is a valuable trip for me.
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Wai Mon
It was my second time to visit to the Philippines as I attended aseminar at Manila last two years ago while I was serving at MOFA,
Myanmar. But at that time, I did not get the chance to explore thePhilippine and I wanted to go back again. For my luck, I got the
chance to join this study trip to fulfil my wishes.
As Myanmar and Philippines are situated in South East Asia, weshare some common in culture, tradition, food, fruits and evenclimate. It was my greatest pleasure to visit to Davao and General
Santos where I could found most common things with my country. I
felt like I was going back to my country because of the climate, thesmiles of people, and the fruits like durian which I could never find in Japan within my one and halfyear of study.
When we visited little Tokyo at Davao, I could understand that how Japanese people lived
mutually with local people and how their generation, Nikkeijin, are surviving at Philippine. When I
saw the Filipino’s impress on Japanese people who lived at Davao, I thought Myanmar people would
feel happier and impress Japan like Filipino, if they came to Myanmar about seventy years ago, withany other form, not as soldiers of the war.
The little worry from my mind gone when I actually reached to General Santos, the conflict area
until last year. There were many people who said me to take care when they knew that I will visit toGeneral Santos within my trip to the Philippines. I understood one important fact from that point.
People from other area generally understood that an area will not be safe once they faced a conflict.
After a long time the conflict was gone, they keep thinking that the area is still affective and dangerous.
Influence of mass media is taking part the main role in this situations. Governments must arrange
some plans to overcome such kind of worries from outsiders to improve socioeconomic developmentof conflict affected areas.
While we were staying at Manila, I got the chance to visit to Department of Foreign Affairs, inwhich I could learn how young diplomats of the Philippines are trained before their appointment to thedepartment concerned, the migration of Filipino people around the world and the Philippine’s concept
over the dispute of South China Sea. And I
also visited to other organisations such as
International Organization of Migration,
Technical Education and Skill Development
Center, AMNESTY International Philippine,
Asia Development Bank and JICA Philippine.
Visiting above places gave me a better
understanding of the specific fields in which
they are handling.
I would like to express my greatest thanks
to all the professors and friends who
110participated in this study trip. Without support from them, I
would not enjoy my times at the Philippine. We could create
a better friendship between us by sharing our times together
since preparation meetings for the trip. Our study trip would
not be a perfect trip without the help of professors andstudents of University of Santo Tomas. Their hospitality to
us is beyond my words. I could build a strong relationshipwith new friends whom are worth to maintain my whole
lifetime.
For me, this study trip is one of the most fruitful experiences for my life. With the knowledge andconfidence I gained from this trip, I will be able to take part in other programmes with people fromdifferent countries. And most importantly, this experience will also contribute in my career life in the
future.
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Cao Duc Tien
For many years I am living in Japan and have a lot offriends who come from different countries. I also have somefriend come from Philippine. However, there is a lot of thing
about Philippine that I still do not know. It was the first time
to take part in study trip, I feel quite nervous. To me,
Philippine is one of member ASEAN countries and theaverage income of a person per one year is higher than Viet
Nam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar and I understand thatknowledge before I visit Philippine. However, how does thelife of Philippine in urban and rural? How does Philippine use
English or Philippines in normal life every day? Do they
continue keeping and protecting traditional culture, traditional food in social or follow Europe Culture,
America Culture? A lot of things I can’t answer by myself before go to Philippine.
January 26 in the afternoon, around 5pm, we departed at Kansai International Airport and arrived
at Manila International Airport around 8 PM. It was quite hotter than Japan, around 30 degree. From
Manila Airport, We got in the bus and go on the way toCharter House. I realized that: Car, taxi and bus is themost popular vehicle than motorbike in Philippine. It isdifferent with my country, Viet Nam. The number ofmotorbike is bigger than car and bus. From point, I thinkthat Philippine is more developing than Viet Nam. In fact,
According to World Bank, the average income of a person
per one year in Philippine is about $ 2,300 in 2011 higher
than Viet Nam $1,200.
At the first day of trip, we went to Davao, is an islandin the south of Philippine. It looks quite rural area, but thesightseeing is wonderful. Everywhere we can see mango,111

banana, and pineapple that are sold along the street.
Certainly, I also ate a lot of mango, and mango
juice. It was delicious but cheaper than Japan.
At Davao, we visited Eden Nature Park, isfamous and wonderful landscape. We had a greattime to enjoin inside the Eden Nature Park. Thiswas very nice pictures that I took with some boys
and girls who were dancing the traditional dance atEden Nature Park.
After one day in Davao, we went to visited
General Santos, it is quite same Tsukiji Market in Japan. General Ssantos is selling tuna to abroad, but
Tsukiji Market is selling in domestic of Japan.
January, 29 in the afternoon around 7pm, we came back to Manila and stayed at Charter House.
For the next days, we visited some places as BOI, DFA, TESDA, etc. Every day we got up early andhad a breakfast together and come back hotel around 9pm. We had one week to work hard. I realisedthat the cooperation of each student was very good.
It was the first time I have to speak English to communicate with other people. I know that, I do
not speak English very well, but I still shocked and nervous during in Philippine. Sometime, I did notunderstand what they sad. At this time, it is very kind of YNU friends and UST friends try to explain
for me understand. I appreciated about that. During one week in Philippine, but It was big experience
for me and help me stronger in the future. I had a great time and very friendly of UST students. I
would like to thank you so much for supporting and helping to YNU teachers, staff, friends and UST
student during in Philippine and before go to Philippine.
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