KURAMA-II and
the Environmental Radiation Survey
in Fukushima
Minoru Tanigaki
Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University

My Talk• Backgrounds• Outline of KURAMA/KURAMA-II• What we have done with KURAMA/KURAMA-II• Ongoing challenges with KURAMA-IIBackgrounds

Nuclear Accident in Fukushima

http://ramap.jmc.or.jp/map/eng/

Monitoring Scheme in Fukushima
A typical centralized system

Monitoring post

Local government
Data center

Display system

Web page

Nuclear power plant
Display
SPEEDI
Monitoring car

Base camp

Monitoring Scheme in Fukushima
A typical centralized system

Monitoring post

Local government
Data center

Display system

Web page

Nuclear power plant
Display
SPEEDI
Monitoring car

Base campNuclear Accident in Fukushima
Critical damage on monitoring scheme

5 km

Data center
shut down

Contaminatedmonitoring car

Monitoring by Hand
Twice a day, throughout Fukushima prefecture
38.0
37.9
37.8
37.7

測定点

緯度（世界測地系）

37.6
37.5
37.4
37.3
37.2
37.1
37.0
36.9
36.8
139.2

139.4

139.6

139.8

140.0

140.2

経度（世界測地系）

140.4

140.6

140.8

141.0

Monitoring by Hand
Twice a day, throughout Fukushima prefecture
38.0
37.9
37.8
37.7

緯度（世界測地系）

37.6
37.5

測定点

130 km

37.4
37.3
37.2
37.1
37.0
36.9

170 km

36.8
139.2

139.4

139.6

139.8

140.0

140.2

経度（世界測地系）

140.4

140.6

140.8

141.0

Monitoring by Hand
Twice a day, throughout Fukushima prefecture
38.0
37.9
37.8
37.7

緯度（世界測地系）

37.6
37.5

測定点

130 km

37.4
37.3
37.2
37.1
37.0
36.9

170 km

36.8
139.2

139.4

139.6

139.8

140.0

140.2

経度（世界測地系）

140.4

140.6

140.8

141.0

KURAMA(Kyoto Univ. RAdiation MApping System)

Carborne Survey

Radiation Level

Radiation measurement with location data from a vehicle

Location Data

Carborne Survey

Radiation Level

Radiation measurement with location data from a vehicle

Location Data

KURAMAA simple carborne survey system
MAKUNOUCHI(Interface box)

Survey meter

W-CDMA
mobile router

Laptop PC

GPSSystem Configuration
Real time data collection over Dropbox
Server/Client
Monioringcar

Monitoringcar

DropboxTOTAL

5KA BAND

DOPPLERKA BAND4TOTAL(X BAND)

TIMING(SYNC SLIP)

3

2

DOPPLER(X BAND)

1

0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Data processing/
Mapping

900

VELOCITY ERROR (KM/HR)

Loss due to velocity error. (Nichols-1978,
Fig. 11)

PC/Netbook

Radiation monitor

Location data

Artist’s rendering of NTS-2 and threesubsequent Navigation Development
Satellites forming the first GPS constellation, giving users longitude, latitude,
altitude, and time. (Labstracts 15 October
2007)

GPS

otated Bibliography

Radiation

Server

6

LOSS (DB)delay scintillation of the 335 and 1580 MHz transmissions from NTS1 satellite. NTS-1 is an experimental test vehicle in support of the
NAVSTAR-GPS and was launched on 14 JUL 1974 into a 7,277 by
7,444 nautical mile orbit having an inclination of 125 degrees. The
measurements which are described in this paper are part of Operation
Antarqui, named for Inca god, and was a joint NASA Instituto Geoficiscodel Peru campaign with specific experiments by the universities of Illinois,
Pittsburgh, Denver, and Penn State, the Dudley Observatory, and NRL.
In this paper we will discuss the results obtained through analysis of amplitude anddifferential propagation delay data at 335 and 1580 MHz and observedat the former mini-track station at Ancon, 25 miles north of Lima. Data
were also taken during this experiment in support of the NTS-1 orbit
improvement and time transfer research effort.
These results also have immediate applications in resolving such practical systemproblems as the contribution of propagation delay scintillation to error
budgets of satellite navigation systems such as NAVSTAR/GPS, and thepower margins necessary to overcome the effects of amplitude scintillationin the equatorial region. For example, the data taken on this campaign(which is only representative of the two week data span) show amplitude
fading greater than 30 dB below the mean at 335 MHz, but little or noaffect on 1580 MHz. These data have been scaled for SI and have been
compared with the Fremouw-Pope-Rino Model. Differential propagation
delays at these frequencies during time of scintillation activity wereobserved to be two nanoseconds peak-to-peak.
Experimental receivers designed for NTS-1 were used with special Doppler
converters to generate convenient analogue data displays of the differential
delay and amplitude variables. A special transportable antenna system wasdesigned and deployed and data was recorded on chart and magnetic taperecorder.
Several conclusions have been reached on the basis of our analysis.
1. Severe scintillation activity was observed at 335 MHz for approximately fourdays out of a two-week interval and varied from a few dB to over 30dB.
2. No apparent scintillation was observed at 1580MHz.
3. The differential delay scintillation was not observed to exceed two nanoseconds
peak-to-peak. The smoothed differential delay information suggested theexistence of an anomaly in the total electron content as the satellite passed
over the magnetic equator. This feature is not inconsistent with currently
accepted models of electron redistribution near the equator.
It is emphasized that these data were obtained over a limited span of time and theconclusions are valid for equatorial-equinox conditions only.

ClientClient

GIS/Visualization

Sharing Data over CloudSharing Data over CloudSharing Data over CloudSharing Data over Cloud
CloudSharing Data over Cloud
Cloud

Sharing datawith various places

Sharing Data over Cloud
Cloud

Sharing datawith various places

Other Systems
Relying on perfect manipulations by humanOther Systems
Relying on perfect manipulations by humanOther Systems
Relying on perfect manipulations by humanSubmit by handOther Systems
Relying on perfect manipulations by humanSubmit by handOther Systems
Relying on perfect manipulations by humanComing back to copy

Submit by handOther Systems
Relying on perfect manipulations by human

Human errors•
Coming back to copy
• Free ride on efforts

Submit by handField Test in Fukushima, May 2011
Driving around 20,000 km for two weeks

Result

First feasibility test in May 2011
38.0
38.0

.
.

2
2

501
501
A
A

2

9
9

10

130 km

4
2

1

ｵSv/h

37.8
37.8

8
6

8
6
4
2

37.6
37.6

0.1

37.4
37.4

Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Plant

37.2
37.2

37.0
37.0

36.8
36.8

139.2
139.2

139.4
139.4

139.6
139.6

139.8
139.8

170 km

140.0
140.0

140.2
140.2

140.4

140.6

140.8

141.0

141.2

Result

First feasibility test in May 2011
38.0
38.0

.
.

2
2

501
501
A
A

2

9
9

10

130 km

4
2

1

ｵSv/h

37.8
37.8

8
6

8
6
4
2

37.6
37.6

0.1

37.4
37.4

Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Plant

37.2
37.2

37.0
37.0

36.8
36.8

139.2
139.2

139.4
139.4

139.6
139.6

139.8
139.8

170 km

140.0
140.0

140.2
140.2

140.4

140.6

140.8

141.0

141.2

Outcome

Fukushima prefectural
government(Sep. 2011)

Every possible roadin residential areasin Fukushima

Japanese government(June 2011)
Air Dose Rate
1 m above the ground(µSv/h)19.0 <
9.5 - 19.0
3.8 - 9.5
1.9 - 3.8
1.0 - 1.9
0.5 - 1.0
0.2 - 0.5
0.1 - 0.2
≤ 0.1

Beyond Fukushima prefecture

KURAMA-IIDisadvantage in KURAMA
Operators for setup, start, stop etc.

If KURAMA Becomes
Small & Autonomous…

Residential area
Continuous monitoring in residential areas
by buses, bikes etc.

In-vehicle Configuration
Rugged hardware, autonomous operation,
succession of KURAMA software
NI CompactRIO 9076

Hamamatsu
C12137 Series

NI-VISA
USB-RAW
S.E.A.
3G/GPS module

CompactRIO• LabVIEW ready• Realtime OS(prev.VxWorks, now NI-Linux Realtime)• Intel Processor (prev. PowerPC)• FPGA• Rugged system

Cloud for KURAMA-II
RESTful API + Dropbox or ownCloud

RESTfulAPI

Server
KURAMA-II

Remote Server

Cloud for KURAMA-II
RESTful API + Dropbox or ownCloud

RESTfulAPI

Server
KURAMA-II

Remote Server

Cloud for KURAMA-II
RESTful API + Dropbox or ownCloud

RESTfulAPI

Server
KURAMA-II

Remote ServerFile Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

Cloudkurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

Small Text file
Containing
3 ~ 5 Points

API server

Cloudkurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

CloudTransmission

kurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

CloudTransmission
Received List

kurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

CloudTransmission
Received List
Confirmed
kurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

CloudTransmission
Received List

UpdateConfirmed
kurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

Cloud

Updatekurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

Cloud

Updatekurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

CloudTransmission
Updatekurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

CloudTransmission
UpdateContaining
100 Text Files

kurama_XX.txt

File Transfer Protocol
RESTful with LabVIEW
cRIO

API server

CloudTransmission
UpdateContaining
100 Text Files

kurama_XX.txt

Hamamatsu C12137






CsI detector with MPPC, operation by USB bus-powerÕ¤ÂªiYjrl C12137
5¬È§¤ÂªiYjrl  F6Xp]mr\CÎÕ zªÖ×EJM2ÂªNº¹C?MªiYjrlB?7©>@2ÂNXp]mr\EAÉ~E¢>6 B«D~GBË³?MuEJL6yRbl
Sr2ÂNÕÀEË³?MuNÄC>G>@7Ë³EÈD}¶ÏI  ¢¯N6VpdT`))0 ))0 ))D½zEHA:L6EA &*#+/- E¡Á?MuEJL6ÕÀD¤
ÂË³;¿EÆ9G?7


C12137-00

C12137-01

CsI 3.4 cc
0.01~100 µSv/h

CsI 36 cc
0.001~10 µSv/h5­en^T











Pulse Height Spectrum
by KURAMA-II
Fukushima city

4

10

137

April 2016
Accumulation Time: 34630 sec

Cs
134

3

Cs

Counts

10

40

K

2

10

1

10

0

10

0

500

1000

1500

2000
2500
ADC Channel

3000

3500

4000

i=0

Z
X 1

Air Dose
Rate
Z X
=

(Ei )n(E, Ei )G(E)dE

i=0 0
1

G(E) function: Energy
detector and tissue= response of(Ethei )n(E, Ei )G(E)dE
0

Z 1

==
D

i=0

N (E)G(E)dE,

0

Determined function,
by Tsuda (JAEA)
under the assumption of the existence of a weighting
G(E
0.20

G(E) function for C12137-01
0.18

fying the following integral equation:

0.16

h(E0 ) =Z 1
0

G(E) (nSv/h/cpm)

0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08

n(E, E0 )G(E)dE,
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

where h(E0 ) is the conversion coefficient for -rays of monochromat
0

400

800

1200 1600 2000
Energy (keV)

2400

2800

function respectiv
E0 , andPulsen(E,heightE0 ) isspectrum
the response function ofG(E)the detector,

Geiger-Muller Tubes
Only counting the number of incoming radiationfrom LND website (http://www.lndinc.com/products/category/2/)

Is it OK to calibrate
137
only with Cs?

e.g. Calibration performed by Safecastrelative to other gamma energies. Measured
efficiency for 125I is far less than 1%.

Therefore, the needle will respond quickly to achange in the radiation being measured. Due tothe random nature of radioactive decay, however,the needle will not remain steady enough to get a“good reading” of the meter. Using slow
response, on the other hand, averages the countrate over a longer period of time so a muchsteadier needle will be observed. However, it will
also take substantially longer (up to 25 seconds)
for the instrument to respond to a change in theradiation being measured.

Energy Response of
GM Pancake Detector
ResponseTime

On a count-rate instrument, the meter needle
indicates an instantaneous integrated average ofthe signal from the detector. The amount of timeover which the instrument averages the count rateis the “response time.” Response time is also
defined as the “time interval required for the

Figure 4. Typical G-M pancake energy response curve.

Paul R. Steinmeyer, RSO Magazine, 10 (2005) 7
12

RSO Magazine ● Volume 10, No. 5 ● 2005

relative to other gamma energies. Measured
efficiency for 125I is far less than 1%.

Therefore, the needle will respond quickly to achange in the radiation being measured. Due tothe random nature of radioactive decay, however,the needle will not remain steady enough to get a“good reading” of the meter. Using slow
response, on the other hand, averages the countrate over a longer period of time so a muchsteadier needle will be observed. However, it will
also take substantially longer (up to 25 seconds)
for the instrument to respond to a change in theradiation being measured.

Energy Response of
GM Pancake Detector
ResponseTime

On a count-rate instrument, the meter needle
indicates an instantaneous integrated average ofthe signal from the detector. The amount of timeover which the instrument averages the count rateis the “response time.” Response time is also
defined as the “time interval required for the

Almost 5 times
more sensitive

Calibration by 137Cs Source

Figure 4. Typical G-M pancake energy response curve.

Paul R. Steinmeyer, RSO Magazine, 10 (2005) 7
12

RSO Magazine ● Volume 10, No. 5 ● 2005

relative to other gamma energies. Measured
efficiency for 125I is far less than 1%.

Therefore, the needle will respond quickly to achange in the radiation being measured. Due tothe random nature of radioactive decay, however,the needle will not remain steady enough to get a“good reading” of the meter. Using slow
response, on the other hand, averages the countrate over a longer period of time so a muchsteadier needle will be observed. However, it will
also take substantially longer (up to 25 seconds)
for the instrument to respond to a change in theradiation being measured.

Energy Response of
GM Pancake Detector
ResponseTime

On a count-rate instrument, the meter needle
indicates an instantaneous integrated average ofthe signal from the detector. The amount of timeover which the instrument averages the count rateis the “response time.” Response time is also
defined as the “time interval required for the

10

Count Number

10

10

10

10

Checking Source
In Environment

4

3

2

1

0

10

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

100

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1000

Energy (keV)
Figure 4. Typical G-M pancake
energy response curve.

Paul R. Steinmeyer, RSO Magazine, 10 (2005) 7
12

RSO Magazine ● Volume 10, No. 5 ● 2005

relative to other gamma energies. Measured
efficiency for 125I is far less than 1%.

Therefore, the needle will respond quickly to achange in the radiation being measured. Due tothe random nature of radioactive decay, however,the needle will not remain steady enough to get a“good reading” of the meter. Using slow
response, on the other hand, averages the countrate over a longer period of time so a muchsteadier needle will be observed. However, it will
also take substantially longer (up to 25 seconds)
for the instrument to respond to a change in theradiation being measured.

Energy Response of
GM Pancake Detector
ResponseTime

On a count-rate instrument, the meter needle
indicates an instantaneous integrated average ofthe signal from the detector. The amount of timeover which the instrument averages the count rateis the “response time.” Response time is also
defined as the “time interval required for the

10

Count Number

10

10

10

Checking Source
In Environment

4

3

2

1

Energy region
over-counted
by GM detector
10

0

10

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

100

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1000

Energy (keV)
Figure 4. Typical G-M pancake
energy response curve.

Paul R. Steinmeyer, RSO Magazine, 10 (2005) 7
12

RSO Magazine ● Volume 10, No. 5 ● 2005

Pulse Height Spectra
Taken at every measurement point, tagged by GPS data,stored in the database for reconstruction

KURAMA-II

Compact & autonomous spectrometry system
34.5cm×17.5cm×19.5cm

3G/GPS
moduleCsI detector
cRIO

What we have donewith KURAMA-IIKURAMA-II on Local Bus
In cooperation with Fukushima Kotsu Co. Ltd. (2011~)

Current Status
50 local buses etc. are operated daily in whole prefecture

Cooperative project :Fukushima prefecture
JAEA
Kyoto University

http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/sec/16025d/soukou.html (in Japanese)

Monitoring by KURAMA-II
Confirm the effect of decontamination

Monitoring by KURAMA-II
Confirm the effect of decontamination
Decreased

Monitoring by KURAMA-II
Confirm the effect of decontamination
Decreased

Maintained

Radiopharmaceuticals
高線量測定点観測履歴（時間変化グラフ）

補足資料2

測定結果は、11時37分から11時46分にかけて高い線量率を記録している。測定間隔が3秒程度であることから、線量率は10秒程度で急激に上昇、低下している。

Sudden increase between a hospital and its nearest station
空間線量率(μSv/h)

11時37分

高線量測定時間域

11時46分

2 µSv/h

0.2 µSv/h

測定時刻

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル

補足資料5

Pulse Height Spectra by KURAMA-II
KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル。赤は当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトル、青は前日の午後に測定された積算スペクトルを示す。当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトルでは、150keV近傍で明らかなピークが
見られる。

99m
143 keV peak of Tc was identified

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル

補足資料5

Pulse Height Spectra by KURAMA-II
KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル。赤は当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトル、青は前日の午後に測定された積算スペクトルを示す。当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトルでは、150keV近傍で明らかなピークが
見られる。

99m
143 keV peak of Tc was identified

143 keV (99mTc)

Large Scale Survey by KURAMA-II(March 2012~)• Conducted by MEXT and

NRA(Nuclear Regulatory Agency)

Sendai• More than 100 KURAMA-II

operated by employees ofmunicipalities in eastern Japan

Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Plant

Scalability ProvenTokyoᅗ 2㻌 ➨ 4 ḟ㉮⾜䝃䞊䝧䜲䛾 ᐃ⤖ᯝ (100 m 䝯䝑䝅䝳ෆ䛷ᖹᆒ䛧䛶⾲♧)http://ramap.jmc.or.jp/map/eng/   

Attenuation by nuclear decay
Outside589
the restricted area

7

Ratio of air dose rates

584
Inside therestricted area

6.

6.

6.

6.



     Days since the first survey (June 2011)1320

March 2012

Extension site of distribution map of radiation dose, etc.
http://ramap.jmc.or.jp/map/eng/November 2015

Extension site of distribution map of radiation dose, etc.
http://ramap.jmc.or.jp/map/eng/Long Term Prediction
Data from KURAMA-II is used for parametrization

Kinase et al. (JAEA)

Ongoing challenges
with KURAMA-IIMeasurement ofSoil Contamination

Important for the recovery of agriculture in Fukushima

Internal Exposure through Food
Well controlled in Japan, eventually no risk
100% of brown rice
harvested in
Fukushima in 2016

110

Maximum
limit(Japan)2

10

Maximum limit(EU)

1 mSv/year

3

10

4

10

100 mSv/year

5

10

Maximum limit(U.S.)(Bq/kg)① くぼみや建造物の近く等を避けて測定地点を決定② 原則として地表から 1m の高さを計測（小学校等では 50cm でも可）“Measuring Soil Contamination”③ プローブ（検出部）は地表面に平行にし、体からなるべく離す④ 時定数の３倍以上の時間が経過してから測定する（時定数を設定できる場合）

Radiation from surroundings is not negligible⑤ 指示値が安定するのを待って測定値（平均値）を読み取る⑥ 記録紙に記入※本体及びプローブ（検出部）をなるべく薄手のビニール等で覆い、測定対象からの汚染を避ける

図１-10 測定機器の使用方法（シンチレーション式サーベイメータ）

① くぼみや建造物の近く等を避けて測定地点を決定② 原則として地表から 1m の高さを計測（小学校等では 50cm でも可）“Measuring Soil Contamination”③ プローブ（検出部）は地表面に平行にし、体からなるべく離す④ 時定数の３倍以上の時間が経過してから測定する（時定数を設定できる場合）

Radiation from surroundings is not negligible⑤ 指示値が安定するのを待って測定値（平均値）を読み取る⑥ 記録紙に記入※本体及びプローブ（検出部）をなるべく薄手のビニール等で覆い、測定対象からの汚染を避ける

図１-10 測定機器の使用方法（シンチレーション式サーベイメータ）

KURAMA-II for Soil Contamination
Subtracting contribution from surroundings
UncollimatedCollimated(Solid Angle ~ 1.6π)

Example
Simple, prompt estimation of soil in farmlands

Collaboration with Fukushima Agricultural Technology CenterExample
Simple, prompt estimation of soil in farmlands
Vegetables contaminatedeven after decontamination

Collaboration with Fukushima Agricultural Technology CenterExample
Simple, prompt estimation of soil in farmlands
Measurement by
KURAMA-II

Collaboration with Fukushima Agricultural Technology CenterExample
Simple, prompt estimation of soil in farmlands
Insufficientdecontamination

Insufficientdecontamination
Collaboration with Fukushima Agricultural Technology Center

Expected Usage
Collecting the data on soil contamination
Internet/
Cloud

Surveys in farmlands,
residential areas

Advices by specialists
based on shared data

For Emergency
Survey meter with KURAMA-II function

KURAMA-mini

For Emergency

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル

補足資料

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル。赤は当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトル、青は前日の午後に測定された積算スペクトルを示す。当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトルでは、150keV近傍で明らかなピークが見られる。

Survey meter with KURAMA-II function

KURAMA-mini

For Emergency

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル

補足資料

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル。赤は当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトル、青は前日の午後に測定された積算スペクトルを示す。当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトルでは、150keV近傍で明らかなピークが見られる。

Survey meter with KURAMA-II function

Obtaining spectra
including short-lived nuclei

KURAMA-miniExample
Simplified, standardized system
connected with remote places
Data
Cloud

Measurer(not specialized)

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル

補足資料5

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル。赤は当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトル、青は前日の午後に測定された積算スペクトルを示す。当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトルでは、150keV近傍で明らかなピークが見られる。

Specialist

Example
Simplified, standardized system
connected with remote places
Data
Cloud

Measurer(not specialized)

Controle.g. : calibration,measurement modes

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル

補足資料5

KURAMA-IIにより測定された積算スペクトル。赤は当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトル、青は前日の午後に測定された積算スペクトルを示す。当日の午前中に測定された積算スペクトルでは、150keV近傍で明らかなピークが見られる。

Specialist

Challenges
More reliable communication under emergency
Satellite Channel

Mobile Network

Optical Fiber

KURAMA-mini

Challenges
More reliable communication under emergency
Satellite Channel

Mobile Network

Easily interferedby buildings
weather etc.

Optical Fiber

KURAMA-mini

Challenges
More reliable communication under emergency
Satellite Channel

Mobile Network

Easily interferedby buildings
weather etc.

Optical Fiber

KURAMA-mini

Challenges
More reliable communication under emergency
Satellite Channel
Easily interferedby buildings
weather etc.

Mobile Network
Easily damagedby earthquake

Optical Fiber

KURAMA-mini

Challenges
More reliable communication under emergency
Satellite Channel
Easily interferedby buildings
weather etc.

Mobile Network
Easily damagedby earthquake

Optical Fiber
Easily damagedby earthquake

KURAMA-mini

Challenges
More reliable communication under emergency
Satellite Channel
Easily interferedby buildings
weather etc.

Mobile Network
Easily damagedby earthquake

Optical Fiber
Easily damagedby earthquake

KURAMA-miniLPWA

Networks for IoT in field
ISM

LTE (Release 13)

SIGFOX

LoRaWANCat. M1

Cat. NB1

Up/Down

0.1 k

3k

0.8 M/0.8 M

26 k/62 k

Band width

100 Hz125 kHz

1.4 MHz200 kHz

Power

20 mW

20 mW

20/23 dBm

23 dBmLPWA

Networks for IoT in field
ISM

LTE (Release 13)

SIGFOX

LoRaWANCat. M1

Cat. NB1

Up/Down

0.1 k

3k

0.8 M/0.8 M

26 k/62 k

Band width

100 Hz125 kHz

1.4 MHz200 kHz

Power

20 mW

20 mW

20/23 dBm

23 dBmHandover/Autonomous network

Summary• KURAMA-II has been extensively used forradiation monitoring in Japan• Applications are extending(e.g. prompt estimation of soil contamination,
survey units for emergency response)Acknowledgements
Fukushima Pref. : Mr. Koyama, Dr. Mizuno, Mr. Abe, Mr. Kojima, Mr. Hada,
Mr. Kimura, Mr. Sato, Ms.Yuda, Mr. Kuwana, Mr. Shimura
JAEA : Dr. Saito, Dr. Takemiya, Dr. Tsuda, Dr.Yoshida, Dr. Nakahara, Dr. Sato,
Dr. AndoNIRS : Dr. Uchibori, Dr. Shinomiya
NI Japan : Japan Recovery Grant Program
Matsuura Denkosha : Mr.Yasuoka, Mr.Yoshida, Mr. Matsuura
Hamamatsu : Mr. Nakamura
Fukushima Agricultural Technology Center :Mr. Sato, Mr. T. Saito, Mr. M. Saito, Ms.Yuda, Mr. Kuwana
Fukushima Kotsu : Mr. Muto, Mr. Inomata, Mr. Sato
Shinjoban Kotsu : Mr. Kawakami, Mr. Monma, Mr. Suzuki
Aizunoriaijidosha : Mr. Sugihara, Mr. Sato
Matsushimaya Inn : Mr. & Mrs. Takahashi

Matsushimaya Inn
at Fukushima city

Devoted support for our activities
regardless of their severe situation by earthquake
and nuclear accident

KURAMA-II on Bike

Visit Matsushimaya-inn, Fukushima.
Enjoy good hot spring, nice food, and KURAMA-II.