The future of clean cars in
Europe: EU Green Deal andEURO 7P. Dilara
European Commission
DG-GROWITF Expert Workshop on International bestpractices to promote eco-friendly cars
25-26 January 2021

EU Green Deal
EU aims to be climate neutral by 2050
• Boost efficient use of resources by moving to aclean, circular economy• Restore biodiversity and cut pollution• Announced by Commission on 11 Dec. 2019

The European Green Deal

Transforming theEU’s economy for asustainable future

Increasing the EU’s Climate
ambition for 2030 and 2050
Supplying clean, affordableand secure energyTheEuropeanGreenDeal

Mobilising industry
for a clean and circular economy
Building and renovating in anenergy and resource efficient way

And leaving
no one behind

A zero pollution ambition
for a toxic-free environment

Preserving and restoring
ecosystems and biodiversity
From ‘Farm to Fork’: a fair,healthy and environmentallyfriendly food system
Accelerating the shift tosustainable and smart mobility

Designing a set ofdeeply transformative policies

The EU as a
global leader

A European
Climate Pact

The European Green Deal

• Strategy for Sustainable and smart mobility• Revise the CO2 emissions performance legislationfor light duty vehicles by June 2021
The• Extend EU’s Emissions Trading to the maritime sector, and toEuropean
reduce the free allowances for airlines by June 2021

Green
• Support public charging points: 1 million by 2025
Deal
• Boost the production and supply of sustainable
alternative fuels for the different transport modes• Review the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive andthe TEN-T Regulation in 2021

Accelerating the shift tosustainable and smart mobility• More stringent air pollutant emissions standards
for combustion-engine vehicles (EURO 7)
Designing a set ofdeeply transformative policiesThe EU as aglobal leader

A European
Climate Pact

Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy
By 2030:> at least 30 million zero-emission cars and 80 000 zero-emission lorries will bein operation on European roads

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100 European cities will be climate neutral.
high-speed rail traffic will double across Europe
scheduled collective travel for journeys under 500 km should be carbon neutral
automated mobility will be deployed at large scalezero-emission marine vessels will be market-readyBy 2050:> nearly all cars, vans, buses as well as new heavy-duty vehicles will be zeroemission.

> rail freight traffic will double.
> a fully operational, multimodal Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) for
sustainable and smart transport with high speed connectivity.
Presented on 9 December 2020:> https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/mobilitystrategy_en
55Progress of electrification in Europe> Picking up of pace of electrification:> 7.8% in late 2018 to 24.6% of the sales in late 2020 for all alternative
fuelled vehicles> 2.1% to 9.9% for BEV

6Data from https://www.acea.be/statistics/tag/category/electric-and-alternative-vehicle-registrations
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The European Green Deal

Greening national budgets andsending the right price signals

Transforming the• Initiatives to screen and benchmark green budgeting practices ofEU’s economy for athe Member States and of the EU from 2020
sustainable future• Inclusion of reference to green public investment in context ofquality of public finance in review of European economic
governance framework• Creation ofThea context for fit-for-purpose tax reforms• ReviewEuropeanof the State aid guidelines for environment andenergy, Green
as well as other relevant guidelines in 2021
• Integration of the Sustainable Development Goals in theDeal
European Semester from 2020
And leaving
no one behind

Mainstreaming sustainability in all EU policies

Financing the transition

Leave no one behind(Just Transition)

The European Green Deal

Mobilising industry
for a clean and circular economy• EU Industrial Strategy by March 2020
• A new circular
economy action plan by March 2020,
The
including aEuropean
sustainable products policy• Clean SteelGreen
breakthrough: proposal in 2020 tosupport zero carbon steel-making processes by 2030.
Deal• Legislation in support of the Strategic Action
Plan on Batteries and the circular economy in2020• Propose legislative reforms tackling waste

Designing a set ofdeeply transformative policies

The EU as aglobal leader

A EuropeanClimate PactNew regulation proposal on batteries: context> Batteries are the major driver to decarbonize road transportation> Car manufacturers are launching more than 300 electric vehicle (EV)models in the next five years> Need to avoid negative environmental and social effects• Lowering the emissions during the production phase• Eliminating human rights violations across the value chain• Improving repurposing and recycling

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New regulation proposal on batteries: content> Addresses sustainability for all types of batteries, but some parts focus on EV(and industrial) batteries specifically as they have the most impact:• Carbon footprint over the life cycle: initially a declaration, followed bycomparative labelling, followed by a minimum threshold to pass
• Minimum shares of recycled cobalt, lead, lithium and nickel• Supply chain due diligence, based on OECD guidance• Facilitating repurposing, incl. access to battery management systems• Database with model info; battery passport with individual info
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0798> UNECE Global Technical Regulation on durability of batteries inside thevehicles
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The European Green Deal and Emission Limits
for cars (EURO 7)

Proposalfor more
stringentpollutantemission
limits:EURO 7

https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en1111

Emission legislation in the past
> First emissions legislation in Europe in 1970:"Council Directive 70/220/EEC of 20 March 1970 the approximation of the laws ofthe Member States on measures to be taken against air pollution by emissions
from motor vehicles“> EURO 1 to EURO 6 for Light-Duty Vehicles (LDV)> EURO I to EURO VI for Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDV)> But compliance of cars with emissions limits was judged onlaboratory tests NEDC/WLTP, evaporative, low-T, etc…
> The use of defeat devices was strictly prohibited> Yet emissions in real life were much higher than in the laboratory

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Emission legislation in 2021
> Big transformation in the compliance of vehicles in real life byintroducing testing of vehicles on the road with PEMS* for both
LDV and HDV> PEMS testing was first introduced as demonstration during typeapproval and for ensuring in-use vehicle compliance for HDVs
> RDE testing with PEMS was then introduced both during typeapproval and in-service conformity of LDVs (2015-2018)• Created a lot of interest in the wake of the Dieselgate scandal• Ongoing court cases and subsequent changes in legislation• On the positive side, RDE introduction led to cleaner cars inreal life (10 fold improvement) and was adopted worldwide> Some issues still require attention, like regeneration of filters,emissions outside RDE boundaries, non-regulated pollutants
PEMS: Portable Emission Measurement Systems1313

Developing post-EURO 6 emission standards> Stakeholder event kicked off process in October 2018
> Advisory Group on Vehicle Emission Standards (AGVES)• 6 meetings up to date, with more than 200 participants> 2 scientific studies by CLOVE consortium (LAT, TUG, TNO,Ricardo, FEV, VTT, Emisia) in 2019-2021> Scientific scrutiny by JRC
All proposals show in the following are only draft proposals
from CLOVE and not a European Commission position

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CLOVE preliminary emission limit scenarios> First preliminary limit scenarios were presented by CLOVE in Europe inOctober 2020 as a preliminary input for stakeholder review> Ambitious as in mandate of EU Green Deal for Zero Pollution ambition
and Sustainable and Smart Mobility> Based on:• data in emission database and related scientific works• CLOVE collective expertise• announced plans for future technologies• Currently reviewed with further input from stakeholders and more testresults at boundaries of testing> Variations of emission limits will be evaluated as part of the cost-benefit
analysis needed for the impact assessment of EURO 71515

CLOVE proposal on testing> Simplification of Regulation with more emphasis on in-service conformity
and market surveillance> Wide RDE testing used to confirm compliance of a vehicle in the widest
possible conditions of use in Europe> Laboratory testing still needed for CO2 and pollutants currently notmeasured with PEMS

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New pollutants: sub-23 nm PN, N2O, NH3, ….
Durability tested on whole vehicle up to whole lifetime…
OBD evolving to On-Board Monitoring (OBM) to ensure lifetime
compliance, improve anti-tampering protection and facilitate periodic
technical inspection> Solutions are under development for reading data from the vehicles andcommunication with infrastructure16
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On-Board Monitoring as a compliance tool17

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Intelligent Geofencing for Zero-emission zones“An increasing number of cities restrict traffic with combustion engines in sensitive
areas.
Geofencing is then used to prevent vehicles from entering the zone unless they areable to run in electric mode, without a combustion engine running.
For electric hybrids, traffic data is used to calculate and predict energy consumption,
thus enabling electric drive throughout the zero-emission zones.”

Ad from bus manufacturer Improved PHEVs as Zero Emission Enabled Vehicles (ZEEV) Existing technology applied already in buses
 Needs to be extended to cars and LCV
 Regulated through type approval and controlled in real life to provide realand controlled benefit Requires communication with infrastructure as OBM18

Future steps> Public consultation on EURO 7 ended 9 November 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12313Development-of-Euro-7-emission-standards-for-cars-vans-lorries-andbuses/public-consultation> All material from AGVES meetings and other support material:
https://circabc.europa.eu/w/browse/6325a200-9d24-40fc-8fef-ba1fe4da9702> EURO 7 Proposal from the Commission expected Q4 2021
> Unsure date of first application, because of co-decision process> But planned as last emission standard

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Thank you for yourattention

For further information:
DG-GROW - Unit C.4
Automotive and Mobility IndustriesPenny Dilara
Panagiota.dilara@ec.europa.eu