Climate & Energy Security

Nanda Kumar Janardhanan
Deputy Director, Climate and Energy

Parallel Session 3 (PS-3)
Climate Security in Asia-Pacific: Key Issues and Challenges
19 December 2023 JST 13:30 - 15:00
ISAP 2023

Climate Change Impacts on Energy
Impact of extreme weather on production facilities: Currently,
approximately 25% of refineries are exposed, with over 10% facing
the risk of severe tropical cyclones above Category 3.
Impact on vulnerable infrastructure: Roughly 28% of installedcapacity in coal power plants and 29% of oil power plants aresusceptible to tropical cyclones.
Water: Global power sector currently consumes about 88 cubic
kilometres of water annually
Climate-induced outages: The average frequency of climateinduced outages (full and partial) has risen from 0.2 outages per
nuclear reactor-year in the 1990s to 1.5 in the 2010s. Non-climatedriven outages have increased by only 50% over the same period.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND2

Impacts on Clean Energy Sector
Resilient designs are critical to withstand impact of cyclones: Over thepast four decades, the global proportion of major tropical cyclone
intensities (Category 3-5) has increased and is likely to continue
to rise – by 10% with 1.5°C warming, 13% with 2°C and 20% with 4°C.
Rise in temperature affecting efficiency: If surface temperature goes
above 35°C and solar PV efficiency can drop by 13.5-22.5%. Higher
temperatures can reduce the life span of battery cells and otherelectronic components
Electricity transmission networks: Around a half of global electricity
networks are currently vulnerable to wild fires

Image source: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/11/08/storm-damages-shine-spotlight-on-ways-to-mitigateimpact-of-wind-on-pv-arrays/, https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/researchers-develop-hurricaneresistant-wind-turbines-based-on-palm-tree-structure3

Impact on Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption: The
overall climate-induced effectis a global energy consumption
increase, depending on overalltemperature increase.
Cost: Exposure to climate
impacts could lead to greater
investment in energy
infrastructure.

Global air conditioner stock, 1990-2050

Source: Climate Resilience for Energy
Security, IEA, 2022
4Impacts on Critical Mineral Sector
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) produces 70% of the global cobalt. China produces 60% of rare earth
elements and graphite. South Africa produces 70% of platinum, while Australia and Chile provide three-quarters oflithium. China processes 50-70% for lithium and cobalt, and nearly 90% for rare earth elements.
• Climate change is likely to increasepressure on critical minerals extraction inregions where water availability is
projected to decrease• Increasing heavy precipitation and floods
could impact mining activities

Source: Climate Resilience for Energy
Security, IEA, 2022
Colours indicate the relative importance of minerals for a particular clean energy technology (red = high; orange =moderate; green = low).
5How to align energy policy in a world of climate crisis?
Strengthening energy sector
Resilience

Accelerating clean energy
Transition• Integrate climate resilience into
national energy and climate
plans, ensuring a dedicatedfocus.
• Develop high-level national
resilience frameworks toidentify risks, vulnerabilities,
and needs at a systemic level.
• Integrate mechanisms formonitoring and evaluating
within energy-sector resilience
frameworks, covering climate
hazards, impacts, adaptive
capacity, and outcomes.

• Prioritize investments inrenewable energy sources toreduce reliance on fossil fuels.
• Update infrastructure standards
to influence the design,operation, and maintenance ofenergy infrastructure.
• Promote energy efficiency toreduce overall energy
consumption and enhance thesustainability of energy
systems.

Fast-tracking Policy Adjustment• Incentivize private investment
in resilience.
• Incorporate climate risks into
standard policy and projectappraisal processes, such asenvironmental impact
assessments.
• Implement performance-based
regulation to remunerateindustries based on theirresilience performance. Thisencourages proactive
investment in resilience

6Resource Diplomacy
COP28 Outcomes“transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner,
accelerating action in this critical decade, so as to achieve net zero by 2050”.
“triple the world’s renewable energy capacity and double its energy efficiency by 2030”

Fossil fuel oriented initiatives••••

Strengthening ties with Petroleum rich countries
Strengthening cooperation on safety of sea lanesof communications
Securing long-term energy supply contracts
Engage in diplomatic efforts to encourage foreign
investment in the country's energy sector

RE oriented initiatives••

Secure steady and safe supply of critical minerals
Attract investment in domestic clean energy sector•

Foster collaboration on clean technology andinnovation
Alliances for trade in clean fuels/green hydrogen
Contingency plans to address shift in global energy
markets.

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Thank youSources:
Climate Resilience for Energy Security, IEA, 2022
Ministry of Defense Response Strategy on Climate Change, JapanThe UN Security Council and Climate Change, UNSC
The role of critical minerals in clean energy transition, IEA

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