4th Research Announcement on
the Earth Observations
Earth Observation Research Program

JAXA Satellite Project Research
AMSR3 & GCOM-W、GCOM-C、GPM & PMM、
ALOS-2/ALOS-4、MOLI、EarthCARE

Issued: July 1st, 2024
Proposal Due: August 21st, 2024

Earth Observation Research Center (EORC)Space Technology Directorate I
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)Contents
1.
1.1

Introduction………………………………………………………………………4
About the fourth Research Announcement on the Earth Observation…………4

1.2 Outline of the fourth Research Announcement on the Earth Observations…42.
Research Category………………………………………………………………82.1. The Earth Observation Research Program………………………………………82.2. The JAXA Satellite Project Research……………………………………………14
2.2.1 Objectives of Satellite Project Research…………………………………………14
2.2.2 AMSR3&GCOM-W……………………………………………………………16
2.2.3 GCOM-C…………………………………………………………………………28
2.2.4 GPM&PMM……………………………………………………………………37
2.2.5 ALOS-2/ALOS-4…………………………………………………………………51
2.2.6 MOLI……………………………………………………………………………55
2.2.7 EarthCARE………………………………………………………………………57
3.
Instruction for responding to this EO-RA………………………………………68
3.1 Qualifications……………………………………………………………………68
3.2 Research agreement conclusion…………………………………………………68
3.3 Research period…………………………………………………………………68
3.4 Resource…………………………………………………………………………68
3.5 Obligations………………………………………………………………………69
3.6 Selection…………………………………………………………………………69
3.7 Late proposals……………………………………………………………………69
3.8 Withdrawal of proposal…………………………………………………………70
3.9 Cancellation and postponement…………………………………………………70
3.10 Important dates for selection of proposals………………………………………70
3.11 Proposal submission and contact point…………………………………………70
4.
Instructions for proposal contents………………………………………………71
4.1 General…………………………………………………………………………71
4.2 Format…………………………………………………………………………71
4.3 Proposal contents………………………………………………………………72
5.
Description of research agreement………………………………………………75
5.1 Contractual procedure…………………………………………………………75
5.2 Research agreement summary…………………………………………………75

APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION OF THE FORM C-1 ............................................................................A-1
APPENDIX B INSTRUCTION OF THE FORM C-2 ............................................................................B-1
APPENDIX C TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF RESEARCH CONTRACT ......................................C-1
APPENDIX 1 OVERVIEW OF THE GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATION MISSION (GCOM) .... 1-1
APPENDIX 2 OVERVIEW OF THE GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM) AND
THE PRECIPITATION MEASURING MISSION (PMM) ......................................................... 2-1
APPENDIX 3 OVERVIEW OF THE EARTH CLOUD, AEROSOL AND RADIATION EXPLORER(EarthCARE) MISSION ........................................................................................................................... 3-1
APPENDIX 4 OVERVIEW OF THE ADVANCED LAND OBSERBING STAELLITE-2 (ALOS-2) 4-1
APPENDIX 5 OVERVIEW OF THE ADVANCED LAND OBSERBING STAELLITE-4 (ALOS-4) 5-1
APPENDIX 6 OVERVIEW OF THE MOLI ........................................................................................... 6-1
APPENDIX 7 OVERVIEW OF THE ADVANCED MICROWAVE SCANNING RADIOMETER 3(AMSR3) ........................................................................................................................................... 7-1

1. Introduction
1.1 The Fourth Research Announcement on the Earth Observations
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)/Earth Observation Research Center(EORC) now conducts the Fourth Research Announcement on the Earth Observations (EORA4) for its Earth observation satellite projects to enhance the research, utilization, and social
implementation of the data from the JAXA Earth observation satellites.
This call for proposals is intended to promote the utilization of JAXA's Earth observation
satellite data in various fields of society, to develop newer approaches for utilization, and topromote earth science research through the cooperation of researchers and engineers fromJapan and overseas. In addition, we aim to maximize research results by developing highly
accurate and valuable data products and promoting advanced research through data application
and utilization to ensure the success of satellite missions.
For satellite earth observation to elucidate the complex earth system, it is necessary toorganize and integrate the individual Earth observation mission and view them as acomprehensive system (such as “System of systems”) to solve important issues. The fourth
Earth Observation Research Announcement has reorganized the research categories into the“Earth Observation Research Program” and is calling for research proposals that contribute to
a comprehensive understanding of the Earth system and to solving problems faced in theprocess of social implementation, as well as the research proposals for “Satellite Project
Research” that meet the mission objectives of JAXA's earth observation satellites. The
Program is also open to the Satellite Project Research themes that meet the mission objectivesof JAXA's Earth observation satellites.
1.2 Outline of the Forth Research Announcement on the Earth Observations
1.2.1 Target Satellite Missions and Data
The target JAXA satellite missions and data of the EO-RA4 are the Advanced
Microwave Scanning Radiometer 3 (AMSR3) on board the Global Observing SATellite
for Greenhouse gases and Water cycle (GOSAT-GW) & Global Change Observation
Mission – Water (GCOM-W), the Global Change Observation Mission – Climate(GCOM-C), the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) & Precipitation Measuring
Mission (PMM), the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) & Advanced Land
Observing Satellite-4 (ALOS-4), the Multi-sensor Observation Lidar and Imager (MOLI)
and the Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE). Regarding the JAXA
satellite missions that are planned to launch in the future, the launch dates and the planned
dates for the data release are based on the current plans and may be changed in the future.
And the rules of data provision in this EO-RA4 will be set aligned with the data policy ofeach satellite mission.
Considering the situation that the Ministry of the Environment and the National
Institute for Environmental Studies are jointly conducting a public call for research on
the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), GOSAT-2 and TANSO series
carried by the GOSAT-GW, which will become No.3 of GOSAT, research on algorithm
development and calibration validation using only the TANSO series is not eligible forthis EO-RA4, while applied research that combine the TANSO series with other data may
be submitted.
The research proposals targeted only for the “Himawari”, the Geostationary
Meteorological Satellites of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), will be also excluded
from the scope of this EO-RA4, even though “Himawari” data can be used together with
the JAXA satellite data above.
4

The objectives and overview of each satellite mission are described in the APPENDIX
1~7.
1.2.2 Research Categories
In the EO-RA4, EORC invites the following research categories, as described in the figure
1.2.2-1.
I. Earth Observation Research Program (see Section 2.1 for details)(1) Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Resilience(2) Contribution to climate change solutions (Atmosphere, Land, and Ocean)(3) Contribution to social economic assignment
II. Satellite Project Research (see Section 2.2 for details)(1) Algorithm development(2) Calibration/validation (Cal/Val) of the standard products and development of thereference data for the Cal/Val(3) Applied research that falls under the "Earth Observation Research Program" and that
leads to achieve the objectives/goals and create new outcomes of each satellite
mission

EO-RA4 Research Category
Earth Observation Research Programs

Satellite Project Research(A) AMSR3 &GCOM-W①Algorithm Development②Calibration/Validation③Earth Observation
Research Program(Applied Research)(B) GCOM-C①Algorithm Development②Calibration/Validation③Earth Observation
Research Program(Applied Research)(C) GPM & PMM①Algorithm Development②Calibration/Validation③Earth Observation
Research Program(Applied Research)(D) EarthCARE①Algorithm Development②Calibration/Validation③Earth Observation
Research Program(Applied Research)(E) ALOS-2/
ALOS-4①Algorithm Development②Calibration/Validation③Earth Observation
Research Program(Applied Research)(F) MOLI①Algorithm Development②Calibration/Validation

N/A

N/A

③Earth Observation
Research Program(Applied Research)(G) Multi-satellite
utilization(1) Disaster Prevention,
Mitigation and National
Resilience(2-a)
Atmosphere(2)
Contribution
to Climate
ChangeSolutions(2-b) Land(2-c) Ocean(3) Contribution to socioeconomic issues①Preparing for and responding to water-related disasters,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.
②Fundamental information and digital national land for national
resilience③Improving forecast of extreme events that cause meteorological andwater-related disasters①Observation of GHG concentration distribution in the earth's
atmosphere and estimation of CO2 absorption, CO2 and CH4 emissions
by source, and contribution toward GST②Clarifying true state of past and present global warming andimproving future projections and understanding radiative forcing③Monitoring and predicting water cycle variations④Adaptation to variation of water resources①Management of forests as CO2 sinks, and carbon budget②Understanding and predicting biodiversity and its environment③Understanding and predicting of terrestrial hydrology and cryosphere①Ocean carbon budget and cycle②Monitoring/prediction and conservation of the ocean environments③Marine bioresource management④Understanding and predicting environment changes in the polar
oceans①Contribution to socio-economic benefits related to carbon neutrality②Strengthening food security③Smart agriculture, forestry and fishery④Acquisition and use of environmental information related to publichealth⑤Creation of environmental information related to atmosphericenvironment⑥Creation of information for decision-making through combined use ofsatellite and socio-economic data
⑦Providing information to secure natural resources and energy⑧Contributing to climate change solutions through ESG Investments⑨Education in remote sensing

Figure 1.2.2-1 Research Categories of the EO-RA4“Applied research” was set in the Satellite Project Research in the previous EO-RA3

5

The Earth Observation Research Program targets “research that contributes to acomprehensive understanding of the Earth system and to solving problems faced in the processof social implementation," mainly using satellite data provided by JAXA.
Satellite Project Research covers research related to the development of satellite-specificalgorithms and the Cal/Val of standard products. “Applied Research” that was set up in each
Satellite Project Research in the 3rd Earth Observation Research Announcement (EO-RA3) is
integrated into the "Earth Observation Research Program". Please also refer to the "JAXA
Satellite Project Research" (Section 2.2) for applied research that falls under the Earth
Observation Research Program and that will lead to achieve the mission objectives/goals andcreate new outcomes of each satellite project. Proposals that use data from multiple satellites
and that are not tied to a specific satellite project are eligible for "Multi-satellite utilization".
1.2.3 Evaluation criterion and guidance for research announcement
For research proposals that fall under Satellite Project Research, evaluation and selection
will be conducted from the perspective of the target satellite mission. Proposals that fall under
the Earth Observation Research Program will be evaluated and selected not only from theperspective of using Earth observation data to address social issues, but also from theperspective of the mission of the target satellite (or satellites to be used primarily when datafrom multiple satellites is to be used). For this reason, we ask the applicants to clarify whichsatellite mission will be the main target of their research and which satellite data will be usedin it when they submit proposals.
Proposals will be selected based on peer review by experts and discussion by the Scienceand Project Evaluation Committee, with the final decision made by JAXA. Relevance to theobjectives, intrinsic validity of the research, and cost are the main points in selecting proposals(see Section 3.6).
The RA accepts applications from any domestic or foreign institution (except students) as
long as the research is for non-profit and peaceful purposes; however, the conditions forresearch funding will vary depending on the nature of the research and the applicant. JAXA
will select non-funded and funded PIs and allocate expenses, taking into consideration thenovelty of the research and its contribution to the JAXA mission. In principle, JAXA's researchfunding is limited to PIs in Japan.
When applying, please keep in mind that the proposed research is not being conductedwithin the framework of general funding for the science community. The EO-RA4 seeks toachieve the objectives of the Earth observation mission and to identify new potential uses for
Earth observation data. Therefore, research proposals must fully describe plans for the use of
Earth observation satellite data.
1.2.4
Research Period
From April or later 2025 (after conclusion of the research agreement) to March 2028,
in Japanese Fiscal Year (maximum 3 years).
The progress of each selected proposal will be evaluated for its continuation by the annual
progress report submitted to JAXA in the end of each Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY).

6

1.2.5
How to apply and documents to be submitted
Applications must be submitted via the application website (see Section 3.11), and in
addition to entering the required information on the website, applicants will need to
upload the following documents (PDF files) to be submitted, including the proposal form.
Please read Chapter 4 "Proposal Preparation Instructions" and Chapter 5 "Description ofresearch agreement" before preparing and submitting the required documents.
Documents to be submitted:
・ Application Form A (Research proposal title, proposer, and institutional affiliation
information) (*1)
・ Application Form B (Research plan)
・ Application Form C (Satellite data and research funds necessary to conduct the
research) (*2)
・ Research proposal
・ A set of appendices such as reprints of articles, etc. (if necessary)(*1)
The information of the responsible person in the proposer's organization or the
representative authorized to enter into the research contract is required as theapproving party.
(*2)
The format of Application Form C is different for funded proposals and non-funded
proposals; funded proposals that only use ALOS-2/ALOS-4 are not eligible (onlynon-funded proposals based on the provision of a limited number of funded data are
eligible).
1.2.6
Submission due dateAugust 21, 2024 (Wed) 12:00 JST (03:00 UTC)
1.2.7 Measures against misconduct in research
In accordance with the "Guidelines for Responding to Misconduct in Research"(issued on August 26, 2014, Special Committee on Research Activities, Council for
Science and Technology, Japan), etc., if misconduct in research activities (fabrication,
falsification, plagiarism, etc.) is found in connection with the research proposals in thiscall, the research will be discontinued, all or part of the research funds, etc. will be
returned. In addition, we may take measures to publicize the fact. Please refer to thefollowing website for the "Guidelines on Responding to Misconduct in Research.
https://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/jinzai/fusei/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2015/07/13/1359618_
01.pdf7

2. Research Category
2.1. The Earth Observation Research Program
2.1.1 Target of the Earth Observation Research Program
The “Earth Observation Research Program” as defined in this RA is a program that aims
to have satellite observations as an essential function in addressing the “climate crisis,” anurgent issue facing humanity, as well as in Japan's disaster prevention and national resilienceand economic security, and to play a fundamental role in social systems. The Program focuseson three fields from a research perspective: 1) disaster prevention, mitigation and national
resilience, 2) contribution to climate change countermeasures, and 3) contribution to socioeconomic issues. These fields are selected to addressing climate change as a priority issue forhumanity, and scientific issues and strengthening social infrastructure that Japan must addressfrom the view point of research.
Based on satellite data provided by JAXA, the Program covers research that uses a wide
range of data in a cross-sectional and integrated way, including satellite data provided by otherorganizations; research that uses and integrates Earth system models and numerical models;
and research that uses other big data in an integrated way. The Program targets research that“deepens and develops existing results or finds new value, thereby increasing the scientificand social significance of satellite data and contributing to the resolution of issues faced in theprocess of achieving a comprehensive understanding of the Earth system and social
implementation.”
We look forward to research proposals that aim to contribute to solving social issues throughunderstanding the current situation and making predictions, such as contributing to solving
global issues through medium-to-long-term predictions like measures against climate change,
understanding the state of land and oceans, disaster prevention, socio-economic benefits
related to carbon neutrality, food security, industrial use in agriculture, forestry and fisheries,
obtaining environmental information related to public health including infectious diseases andusing it for measures, creating information for decision-making through the combined use of
atmospheric environment, satellite and socio-economic data, providing information to securenatural resources and energy, contributing to measures against climate change through ESG
investment, and use in the education field.
This also includes research that will lead to the achievement of individual JAXA satellite
mission objectives. For research using a single JAXA satellite, please also check the details of
the research content being solicited for each satellite project (Section 2.2).
The research categories of the Earth Observation Research Program are shown in Table
2.1.1-1. An overview of each research category is provided in Section 2.1.3.
Table 2.1.1-1 Earth Observation Research Program - research categories(1) Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and National Resilience(2-a) Atmosphere
Contribution to Climate(2)(2-b) Land
Change Solutions(2-c) Ocean(3) Contribution to socio-economic issues

82.1.2 Evaluation criterion and guidance for the Earth Observation Research ProgramThis Program will focus on problem-solving research that utilizes the unique features of
JAXA's Earth observation satellites, utilizing information obtained by combining satellite data
provided by other organizations, data obtained by combining various numerical models, andother big data including those from the humanities and social science field. For research thatprimarily uses JAXA's single satellites, selection will be based on the evaluation criteria forthe relevant Satellite Project Research.
The Principal Investigator (PI) of each selected proposal will become a science teammember of the Earth Observation Research Program or each satellite mission.
Depending on the budget status, we are planning to spend a total of 25 million yen per year
for research proposals, as well as an applied research budget for each satellite project.
2.1.3 Details of research proposals called for as the Earth Observation Research
Program(1) Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and National Resilience
Countermeasures against increasingly frequent and severe meteorological and water
disasters, as well as earthquakes and volcanic eruption disasters, are an important and urgent
social issue in Japan. In response to meteorological and water-related disasters, Earthobservation satellites monitor the extreme phenomena that cause disasters to grasp their actual
conditions, and the data obtained is used to create initial values for weather forecasts,
contributing to improving the accuracy of forecasts. In short-term weather forecast systems,
in addition to understanding the horizontal distribution of temperature, water vapor, and windin wide-area, it is important to understand the vertical profile (3-D) and the temporal variation(4-D) for evolution of future forecasts. Satellite observation data can also contribute toimproving weather forecast models through validation and/or understanding of model process.
For example, to understand the central pressure, maximum wind speed, and internal structureof a typhoon over the ocean, as well as to clarify the generation mechanism of line-shaped
precipitation systems, it is necessary to observe the three-dimensional structure of water vapor,wind, etc., and here too, three-dimensional observations by satellites will make a significant
contribution to future research and development in those fields.
Furthermore, information on rainfall and flooded areas obtained from earth observation
satellites plays an important role in improving the accuracy of forecasts of inundation andflooding caused by heavy rainfall and/or typhoons. Improving those forecast accuracy will
enable meteorological and water-related disasters to be predicted with a longer lead time, so
better disaster preparedness and response can be implemented.
In addition, to grasp the damage situation after a disaster occurs, it is important not only to
improve satellite observation data analysis technology, but also to compare data before andafter the disaster based on the latest basic land information. For this reason, it is desirable tofrequently update topographical information (3-D) including height information, as well as
land use and its classification. Increasing the frequency of observations will enable real-timerisk assessment and its updates, as well as understanding of the damage situation, which willcontribute to appropriate evacuation of people and the maintenance of social infrastructure.
This research program aims to demonstrate the effectiveness and contribution of satellite
observations and the information obtained from them in each phase of the so-called "disasterprevention cycle" for a wide variety of disaster events and calls for research proposals tofurther advance these capabilities.

9Expected research themes:① Preparing for and responding to water-related disasters, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,etc.
② Fundamental information and digital national land for national resilience③ Improving forecasts of extreme events that cause meteorological and water-related
disasters(2) Contribution to Climate Change Solutions
Climate change, including global warming, which has got a lot attention in recent years, andits measures are one of the most important social issues. Data of Earth observation satellites,
which can observe the entire globe uniformly and frequently, plays an important role inmonitoring and understanding global environmental changes. Furthermore, in recent years,
Earth system models that combine various processes in the atmosphere, land, and ocean havebeen developed to understand the complex Earth system and predict future warming and its
impacts. It is expected that satellite data will contribute to further improving the prediction
accuracy of models, as diagnostic information for climate change countermeasures andmeasuring their effectiveness.
We call for research themes related to research aimed at solving these issues, such as
monitoring and adaptation to various changes in the global environment related to climatechange, analysis of climate change, and variation of water and carbon cycles to improve theaccuracy of future projections, clarification of their mechanisms, and process research, etc..
This includes research on fusion of satellite observation data, primarily from JAXA satellites,with numerical models and/or in situ observation data, as well as research related to model
improvement.
In this research program, the research fields are classified into the following three areas:
Atmosphere (2-a), Land (2-b), and Ocean (2-c). If applicant’s research spans multiple areas, it
is asked to submit proposal applying to the most relevant area.
(2-a) Atmosphere
The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report clearly states that the rapid increase in anthropogenic
greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is having a major impact on
global warming. Understanding the distribution and quantitative analysis of greenhouse gases
will also contribute to the Global Stocktake (GST), which aims to confirm progress towardachieving the global goals set out in the Paris Agreement. Countermeasures against climatechange require further improvements in the accuracy of global warming predictions. In orderto improve the impact of aerosols and clouds, which have a large uncertainty, on the radiationbudget and the cloud-precipitation processes, it is important not only to implement research tounderstand the relevant physical quantities, but also to conduct research that clarifies theprocess based on satellite observations and contributes to improving the processes in climate
models. It is also considered that the global water cycle (the flux and storage of water) willchange according to the global warming, making it important to monitor and predict changes
in the water cycle, as well as to understand the distribution and changes in global water
resources more quantitatively and from a long-term perspective.
This research program calls for research proposals that address these issues by primarily
utilizing satellite data provided by JAXA.

10

Expected research themes:① Observation of GHG concentration distribution in the earth's atmosphere and estimationof CO2 absorption, CO2 and CH4 emissions by source, and contribution toward GST② Clarifying true state of past and present global warming and improving future projections
and understanding radiative forcing③ Monitoring and predicting water cycle variations④ Adaptation to variation of water resources(2-b) Land
One of the major uncertainties in climate change research and global warming projections
is the quantitative understanding of AFOLU (Agriculture, Forest, and Other Land Uses). Thereare expectations for quantitative evaluation and sophistication of carbon and water cycles,
particularly in the terrestrial field, and for input into Earth system models.
This research program calls for research proposals for quantitative understanding andevaluation of mainly carbon and water cycles using satellite data provided by JAXA, with thegoal of understanding the material cycles that are essential for understanding atmosphere-landinteractions and dynamics on land, which are boundary conditions with the ocean. For
example, we call for research proposals regarding the following: quantitative estimation offorest biomass, which acts as a carbon sink, and its changes over time; estimation of carbon
budget including the distribution and temporal changes of wetlands and paddy fields, which
are sources of carbon emissions, and plant activity; measurement of soil moisture, snow cover,and hydrological parameters in the polar regions and cryosphere, understanding of the water
cycle and its temporal changes; improving the accuracy of land use and land cover, including
anthropogenic activities, and their temporal changes; and understanding the effectiveness ofsatellite observations on biodiversity related to these, including collaboration with Earth
System Models.
Expected research themes:① Management of forests as CO2 sinks, and carbon budget② Understanding and predicting biodiversity and its environment③ Understanding and predicting of terrestrial hydrology and cryosphere(2-c) Ocean
In recent years, the influences of climate change including global warming (changes in thephysical and biological environment and fishery resources, sudden polar changes, rising sea
levels, progressing coastal erosion, etc.) have become apparent, and the oceans are playing an
increasingly important role in monitoring global environment, mitigating impacts of climatechange, fishery resources, disaster prevention and mitigation, and securing energy andmaritime transport. Furthermore, as economic security and the realization of a decarbonizedsociety become more important, the need for active utilization and development of the oceans
is increasing, and it is becoming more important than ever to build a sustainable ocean(sustainable use of marine resources, healthy marine environments, understanding andpreserving material circulation at the land-sea interface), comprehensive maritime security(ensuring the safety of maritime transport, comprehensive management of coastal and remoteisland areas), and promote the international cooperation and consensus building necessary to
implement these activities.

11In order to provide scientific information and knowledge necessary for society to understandand respond to changes in the marine environment under the above circumstances, thisresearch program aims to contribute to understanding changes in marine ecosystems,
monitoring ocean conditions, and using these results to clarify material circulation processes
and improve the accuracy of physical ocean and marine ecosystem models, as well as toconverting the data obtained from these into basic information, etc.. For example, in addition
to understanding surface changes in the global oceans as well as seasonal and secular changes
through satellite data on sea surface temperature, ocean color, solar radiation, sea surface windspeed, precipitation, etc., it will also be necessary to respond to requests for more detailed
physical and biological observation information for coastal areas, and additional information
below the sea surface through models as well as information on the sea surface. Through these
activities, we will contribute to increasing public understanding of the ocean and ensuring its
safety and security, while it is also important to foster and secure human resources with theskills to interpret and utilize it.
Expected research themes:① Ocean carbon budget and cycle② Monitoring/prediction and conservation of the ocean environments③ Marine bioresource management④ Understanding and predicting environment changes in the polar oceans(3) Contribution to socio-economic issues
The need for scientific evidence is recognized in order to respond to increasingly complex
global environmental issues, such as the climate crisis caused by global warming, the rapid
decline of biological resources, the spread of new infectious diseases, and the effects ofprolonged international conflicts. Earth observation satellites have strengths in terms of datacharacteristics, such as objectivity on a global scale, regular updates, and visualization of thespatial distribution of impacts. They have become an essential infrastructure for modern
society, contributing to climate change countermeasures, biodiversity monitoring, andmonitoring of social infrastructure such as roads and bridges. The vast amounts of datacollected by global satellite observations are valuable assets in modern digital society, not only
for their scientific value but also for their economic value. In recent years, as scientificunderstanding of the Earth system has deepened, satellite observation data has also been usedin social and economic decision-making.
This research program aims to further promote the use of satellite observation data in socialand economic decision-making, with the aim of contributing to solving social issues. Researchareas in which Earth observation satellite data is likely to be particularly useful include carbon
neutrality, food security, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, public health, atmosphericenvironment, and resources and energy. Through these research activities, we also placeemphasis on expanding the use of satellite data by fostering human resources with the skills toutilize the Earth observation satellite data in social and economic fields.
Expected research themes:① Contribution to socio-economic benefits related to carbon neutrality② Strengthening food security③ Smart agriculture, forestry and fishery④ Acquisition and use of environmental information related to public health12

⑤ Creation of environmental information related to atmospheric environment⑥ Creation of information for decision-making through combined use of satellite andsocio-economic data
⑦ Providing information to secure natural resources and energy⑧ Contributing to climate change solutions through ESG Investments⑨ Education in remote sensing

13

2.2. The JAXA Satellite Project Research
2.2.1

Objectives of the Satellite Project Research

The JAXA Satellite Project Research aims to maximize the outcome of the JAXA Earth
Observation (EO) satellite projects, and the EO-RA4 calls for the research proposals in threeresearch categories, algorithm development and improvement of standard and research
products, which are needed for mission success, calibration/validation of standard products
and provision of reference data, and applied research that corresponds to the “Earth
Observation Research Program” but mainly uses single satellite data and/or product tocontribute satellite mission objectives/goals and achievements.
The research categories applied to each satellite mission are shown in the following table.
Table 2.2.1-1 The research categories applied to each satellite mission
Algorithm
Development

Standard Algorithm
Calibration/Validation

Applied Researchcorresponding to the
Earth Observation
Research Program

AMSR3 & GCOM-W

✔

✔

✔

GCOM-C✔

✔

✔

GPM & PMM✔

✔

✔

ALOS-2/ALOS-4

✔

✔

✔

MOLI

✔

✔

-

EarthCARE✔

✔

✔

✔: Applicable- : Not ApplicableResearch Category(1) Algorithm Development
This research theme calls for two categories, development of standard algorithm andresearch algorithm.
I.

Development and Maintenance of Standard Algorithm

In this category, JAXA seeks research proposals on development, maintenance andimprovement of the standard algorithms, which will be used for processing standard products
after the launch. The research plan is required to consider achievement of the accuracy targets
defined in each mission, as well as the processing performance such as global applicability
and processing efficiency and stability for operational processing.
14

Selected Principal Investigator (PI) and JAXA will work together to develop the algorithm,
evaluate the algorithm, implement it in the computer system, validate it, and maintain the
Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD).
II. Development of Research Algorithm
Research algorithms will include a new algorithm to produce geophysical parameters
defined as standard products with further improved accuracy, and ones to produce research
products. The former ones have the potential to be selected as standard algorithms at the timeof the future product revision through the inter-comparison study with other standard
algorithms. Therefore, the research needs to be carried out with the required accuracy by eachmission in mind. Other preferable characteristics are the same as those of standard algorithms.
Regarding the latter ones, those research products will have the potential to be candidates of
new standard products after certain evaluation process.
(2) Standard Product Calibration/Validation, and Provision of Reference Data
JAXA seeks research proposals contributing to the calibration and the validation ofstandard products and to the acquisition of reference datasets, which are necessary to improvealgorithms. It is expected that information will be fed back to the calibration of satellite
onboard sensors through these validation activities. Regarding the field campaigns andexperiments, obtaining both effective validation results and scientific outputs by collaboratingwith other research programs is expected. In particular, measurements and validation studies
of geophysical parameters, for which obtaining the global and operational validation dataset
is difficult, are highly desired.
To apply for improving the algorithms, obtained reference data and knowledge need to beprovided to JAXA. Furthermore, JAXA intends to open these data to the public, after
consulting with the PIs about their disclosure level and release timing. Proposals including
both algorithm development and validation can be submitted to the category of algorithm
development.
(3) Applied Research that corresponds to the “Earth Observation Research Program”
and leads to achieve each satellite mission objectives/goals and create new outcomes
In this category, JAXA seeks research proposals for applications to match or enhance
mission objectives/goals by using products from the following satellite missions; AMSR3 &GCOM-W, GCOM-C, GPM & PMM, ALOS-2/ALOS-4, MOLI, and EarthCARE. The
AMSR3 and GCOM-W missions, the GPM and PMM missions, and the ALOS-2 and its
follow-on, ALOS-4, missions jointly call for proposals, respectively. Please check the contentsof each Satellite Project Research for a detailed description.
Please note that this category coordinates with the Earth Observation Research Programand proposals applied to this category will be tied up with the research themes of the Program.
Therefore, the applicants are asked to select the most related research theme in the Earth
Observation Research Program. The research themes of the Program are described in Tables
2.1.1-1 and Chapter 2.1.3.

15

2.2.2The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 3 (AMSR3) and Global
Change Observation Mission – Water (GCOM-W)

2.2.2.1 Overview of research targets of AMSR3 and GCOM-W
The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) series includes currently operating
AMSR2 on board the GCOM-W satellite and its follow-on sensor, AMSR3. Its targets are
long-term and continuous observation for understanding of global water cycle variation/and
prediction and operational utilization. Since the launch of AMSR3 is scheduled to be launched
in Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY) 2024, we call for research targeting both AMSR3 and GCOMW in this RA.
The GCOM-W satellite, which has been in post-mission period, is one of satellite systems thatconsist of the Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) along with the GCOM-C satellite(see section 2.2.3). GCOM seeks to establish and demonstrate a global, long-term satellite
observing system to measure essential geophysical parameters for understanding global
climate change and the water cycle mechanism, and eventually contribute to improving futureclimate projections through a collaborative framework with climate model institutions.
Demonstrating capabilities of operational applications through the provision of continuous
data to operational agencies is another important objective. GCOM will take over the
Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) mission and transition into long-termmonitoring of the Earth.
The GCOM-W satellite “SHIZUKU” was launched in May 2012, and carries the second
generation of AMSR series, AMSR2, to contribute to understanding the water and energy
cycle. The AMSR2 instrument on board GCOM-W is a multi-frequency, dual-polarized,
passive microwave radiometer for observing water-related geophysical parameters, and.
AMSR2 was designed and manufactured based on the experience of the first generation of
AMSR series, AMSR on aboard the ADEOS-II and the AMSR for EOS (AMSR-E), which
completed its scientific observation in October 2011, on board the Aqua satellite, and is thelatest instrument of the AMSR series.
AMSR3, the third generation of AMSR series, is under development to be installed on the
Global Observation SATellite for Greenhouse gases and Water cycle (GOSAT-GW), whichis scheduled to be launched in JFY 2024. AMSR3 is a successor of the AMSR series, including
AMSR, AMSR-E and AMSR2, and will continue high-spatial resolution with large real
aperture antenna of 2.0 m diameter, passive microwave observation with multi-frequency andmulti-polarization of 6.9-89 GHz, and early afternoon orbit. Furthermore, additional highfrequency channels of 166 and 183 GHz enable solid precipitation retrievals and improvementof water vapor analysis in numerical weather prediction system.
Table 2.2.2-1 shows mission objectives of AMSR3, Table 2.2.2-2 is success criteria of
AMSR3 mission, and Table 2.2.2-3 shows mission targets of the GCOM-W satellite. Detailsof the AMSR3 and GCOM-W satellite and sensor are presented in APPENDIX 1 for GCOM
including GCOM-W, and APPENDIX 7 for AMSR3, respectively.
This RA calls for research proposals that contribute to mission success of the AMSR series,
including 1) Algorithm Development, 2) Calibration/Validation, and 3) Applied Research that
corresponds to the “Earth Observation Research Program” and contributing to achieve mission
targets/goals of the AMST series and creation of outcomes.

16

Table 2.2.2-1 Mission Objective of AMSR3
Objectives
Area
Understanding andprediction of water cycle
variation
Operational application and Weather
contribution to society
Fishery
Navigation
supportMission targets of AMSR3Understanding water cycle variation related to climate change andutilizing prediction of impacts to societal life and its response
Operationally utilizing AMSR data forecast activities inmeteorological agencies, and contributing to improvement ofprediction accuracy of tropical cyclones and heavy rainfalls
Providing sea surface temperature information, and contributing insearch of fishery fields
Providing sea ice concentration and sea surface temperature
information, and contributing to production of sea status and sea ice
maps related to safety navigation of ships and selection of optimum
shipping routes

Table 2.2.2-2 Success Criteria of AMSR3
Product
Evaluation
regarding dataprocessing

Latency
Evaluation
regarding data
distribution

Operation
rateTechnology development

Minimum Success
Full Success
Extra SuccessTo achieve release
To achieve standard accuracy New product is utilized inaccuracy of all standard of all standard products within and contributed to
products within 1-year 3-year after the launch
operational application
after the launch andareas (weather, fishery, ship
distribute them to publicnavigation, etc.) during themission period [Evaluation:at the end of normal mission
period]To achieve latency
requirements during system
operation period after the
release of standard products
throughout the mission period[Evaluation: at the end of
normal mission period]
To achieve operation rate of more than 95% throughout themission period after the
release of standard products[Evaluation: at the end of
normal mission period]
To establish technology to observe brightness
temperature (TB) inwide frequency ranges
from 7 to 183 GHz
including new highfrequency channels, andachieve sensor
capability in orbit
needed to generate TB
products

17

Table 2.2.2-3 GCOM Objectives and Targets of GCOM-W
GCOM Objectives
Build a long-term observation system that can observe
effective physical parameters (e.g., sea surface temperature,soil moisture, and so on.) continuously for 10 to 15 years tosolve the mechanism of global climate change and water
cycle, and establish its usability.
Improve the prediction accuracy of long-term climatechange by improving the process research on the climatechange mechanism and numerical models, and provide
information service in support of national policy decisions
through cooperation with user organizations that haveclimate models.
Establish an Earth-observation satellite system to obtain
important physical parameters to assess the global
environment and seek integrative use with other observation
systems.

Contribute directly to operational fields, such as predicting
intense weather that may bring disasters by distributing datato operational organizations that provide weather forecasts,
fishery information service, sea-route information control,etc.
Develop new products for effectively clarifying climatechange and the water cycle mechanism, which is difficult to
do with current analysis technology

GCOM-W Targets
Produce and distribute satellite-observed brightness
temperature, two land, three atmosphere, two ocean, and one
cryosphere products as standard products

Process and provide satellite data to the Data Integration andAnalysis System established by the University of Tokyo,
JAMSTEC, and JAXA.

Improve the accuracy of short-range forecasts byassimilating data, such as brightness temperature, water
vapor and precipitation, and improving model parameterswith the cooperation of applied research organizations.
Through the above activities, confirm the quality of GCOM
data and demonstrate its ability to contribute to predicting
long-term climate change. Contribute to predicting the
global environment response to climate change by observing
sea ice concentration and snow depth in cryosphere and sea
surface temperature in ocean, and so on.
Improve weather forecast accuracy including typhoon
forecast and fishery management by providing data to theJapan Meteorological Agency and the Japan Fisheries
Information Service Center within the required time frame.
Produce new research products by cooperating with research
and application organizations.

2.2.2.2 Details of research targets of the AMSR3 & GCOM-W
JAXA seeks proposals on research to contribute to achievements of AMSR series’
mission objectives, which are contribution to water cycle and climate change researchand operational applications, and creation of new outcomes. Research themes are 1)
Algorithm Development of the AMSR series that develop/improve standard and research
products as the basis of whole research, 2) Calibration and Validation of the AMSR series
to contribute evaluation of accuracy and enhancement of the products, and 3) Applied
Research that corresponds to the “Earth Observation Research Program” and contributes
to achievement of the AMSR series’ mission targets/goals and creation of new outcomes.
Please note that applied research that aims to create outcomes by multiple use of datafrom the AMSR series and other JAXA satellite data will be also categorized to the “Earth
Observation Research Program” (see Section 2.1). Therefore, the applicants are asked toclarify to which category ((1), (2-a), (2-b), (2-c), and (3)) in the Program their proposals
mainly contribute.
(1) Algorithm Development of the AMSR series
In this category, JAXA seeks proposals on algorithms to develop, maintain, and/or improve
the following AMSR3 & GCOM-W standard and research products, which are contribute to
the mission objectives of the AMSR series; contribution to water cycle and climate change
research; and operational applications.
18

Please refer APPENDIX 1 for GCOM-W and APPENDIX 7 for AMSR3 for required
accuracy of each product and its details. Proposals on development of other researchalgorithms that are not defined in AMSR3 nor GCOM-W should be applied to the category ofApplied Research of the AMSR series in Section 2.2.2.2(3).
I.

AtmosphereØ Defined in AMSR3 & GCOM-W: integrated water vapor over land and ocean(TPW), integrated cloud liquid water (CLW), precipitation (PRC)
II. OceanØ Defined in AMSR3 & GCOM-W: sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface windspeed (SSW), all-weather sea surface wind speed (ASW)Ø Defined in AMSR3 only: high-resolution sea surface temperature (HST)III. Land
Ø Defined in AMSR3 & GCOM-W: snow depth (SND), soil moisture content (SMC),
land surface temperature (LST), vegetation water content (VWC), soil moisture andvegetation water content by land data assimilation technique (LDA)
IV. CryosphereØ Defined in AMSR3 & GCOM-W: sea ice concentration (SIC), high-resolution sea
ice concentration (HSI), sea ice motion vector (SIM), thin ice thickness detection (TSI)Ø Defined in GCOM-W only: thin ice thickness (TIT), sea ice thickness (thicker than
20cm)
V. Long-term dataset by multiple satellites
Ø Defined in AMSR3 only: Climate Data Record (CDR) for each geophysicalparameter defined as standard product by using the AMSR series and other sensors
Selected PIs and JAXA will work together in developing, maintaining, evaluating,
implementing, and validating the algorithms, as well as revision of the algorithm theoreticalbasis document (ATBD). To meet the AMSR3 and GCOM-W mission objectives, retrieval
algorithms will require global applicability, robustness, and long-term stability. Algorithms
that can be extended and applied to similar microwave radiometers including the AMSR series
and historical data records are preferable for integrated retrieval. Computationally efficient,fast-processing algorithms are important for the operational applications of the products.
As shown in Table 2.2.2-2, AMSR3 minimum success under success criteria is defined as“all standard products are released one year after the launch with satisfying data releaseaccuracy,” and AMSR3 full success is defined as “all standard products achieve standard
accuracy three years after the launch.” The “data release” accuracy denotes the minimum
accuracy for the data release and the “standard” accuracy is defined as the valuable andstandard accuracy.
Research algorithms will include a new algorithm to produce geophysical parameters definedas standard product with further improved accuracy, and ones to produce new geophysical19parameters defined as research products. The former ones have the potential to be selected as
standard algorithms at the time of future product revision through the inter-comparison study
with other algorithms. Therefore, the research needs to be carried out with the goal accuracy
in mind. Other preferable characteristics are the same as those of standard algorithms.
Regarding the latter ones, once the proposed products are selected as research products, thoseresearch products will have the potential to be candidates for new standard products.
As described in Chapter 5, proposals in research algorithm development under the“Commissioned Research Agreement (Funded)” or “Collaborative Research Agreement(Funded/Non-funded),” in principle. Depending on its budget status, JAXA plans to spend 59
million yen per year for the total of this research category (Algorithm Development of the
AMSR series).
Please note that JAXA defines the AMSR3 algorithm product development objectives by thefollowing points based on past experiments in GCOM-W. Proposals are expected to conformto these objectives;•

Developing algorithm effectively by utilizing outcomes and data from existing AMSR
series, and improving reliability of its quality by using the experiences in AMSR2 thatthe outside Principal Investigators and internal EORC members have collaborated
closely in algorithm development;•

Reflecting calibration/validation results to algorithm improvements by developing
algorithms that are considered to establish homogeneous, stable, and highly accurate
AMSR series-centered datasets in long-term. Activities to develop and improvealgorithms will be conducted continuously to provide uniform products throughout themission period;•

Developing processing algorithms and/or software respecting stability and immediacy
considering expansion of datasets of the AMSR series by considering expansion ofuse of dataset by the AMSR series, reflecting additional needs and obtained
knowledges to algorithm development, and collaborating and sharing information with
operational agencies;•

Developing algorithm to correspond the design and/or satellite and sensor as neededin order to secure accuracy and quality of products and sharing those outcomes withsatellite project;•

Publish algorithm theoretical basis documents, list of related papers and informationof simulation data, which are obtained as outcomes of algorithm development, throughthe web site along with general information of the project and calibration/validation
information as appropriate; and•Implementing development of new methods of data analysis and/or utilization andreflecting them to expand possibility of future Earth environmental observation bysatellite remote sensing.

(2) Calibration & Validation of the AMSR series
In this category, JAXA seeks proposals contributing to the validation of AMSR3 & GCOM20

W standard and research products. It is also expected to feedback information from thosecalibration/validation activities to develop and improve algorithms and Level 1 calibration
activities conducted by JAXA. Merging proposals might be considered if it is advantageous
to human/equipment/financial resources and/or beneficial to achieve the AMSR3 mission
targets.
We seek following proposals that contribute to development of AMSR3 standard/research
products and/or validation of their accuracy as new priority area in this RA;(a) Calibration and validation targeting after the launch of AMSR3, and intercomparison,cross-calibration, cross-validation between AMSR3 and GCOM-W;(b) Operation of in-situ validation sites of geophysical parameters, for which obtaining the
global and operational validation dataset is difficult, and implementation of validation
campaign experiments;(c) Research to obtain both effective validation results and scientific outputs bycollaborating with other research programs and/or campaign experiments is expected;
and(d) Proposals of new validation site that can fill gaps of current in-situ observation data.
Selection and funding will be decided considering total priorities in each area, land,
atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphereI.

Land
JAXA maintains test sites to obtain validation data such as soil moisture andmeteorological measurements are already established and maintained in the
Mongolian plateau (semi-arid area) and the Murray-Darling basin in Australia (humid
to arid area). JAXA seeks proposals to maintain and/or expansion of those validationsites and to actively utilize these validation datasets.

II. Atmosphere
JAXA seeks proposals to validate precipitation and integrated water vapor products
by utilizing operational observation data such as ground-based rain radars. For thevalidation of precipitation and integrated cloud liquid water, cooperation with otherresearch projects which can provide us validation data, and the research on quantitative
validation by comparing with other satellite observations are expected.
III. Ocean
JAXA seeks proposals to validate sea surface temperature and sea surface wind speed
products by using operational observation data such as mooring and floating buoys
and ships. Cooperation with other research projects which can provide us validation
data, and research on quantitative validation by comparing with other satellite
observations are expected.
IV. Cryosphere
JAXA expected proposals for operational validation site for obtaining in situ snow
depth observation, and for cooperation with other research projects, in which snow pit
21

observations are being conducted under a variety of snow conditions. For sea ice
validation, cooperation with research projects operating research vessels in various sea
areas, as well as validation using high spatial resolution satellite images, are expected.
To apply for improving the algorithms, obtained in situ data and knowledge need to beprovided to JAXA. Providers of in situ data can define the disclosure levels specified in the
Table 2.2.2-4; for EORC members only; EORC and PIs for algorithm development,
calibration and validation; registered users; and open to the public. The provider will define
the disclosure level for data and provide this information to EORC, which will share the data
via EORC/GCOM-C Web pages (The disclosure level is required to be open wider user levels
as much as possible). It is asked to provide in situ data, which was not funded by JAXA, if thepolicy of the in-situ data is allowed with appropriate disclosure levels.
Proposals including both algorithm development and validation can be submitted to thecategory of algorithm development.
As described in Chapter 5, the research themes in this category will be implemented underthe “Collaborative Research Agreement (Funded/Non-funded),” in principle. Depending on
its budget status, JAXA plans to spend 35 million yen per year for the total of this research
category (Calibration & Validation of the AMSR series).

22

Table 2.2.2-4 Definition of the disclosure level (DL)General users

Registered users

Other Mission PI

GCOM & AMSR3PI(A)EORC Internal
use only

EORC researchers

Disclosure level(A-D) to be set bydata provider

OK

-

-

-

-

(B1)
AMSR3 &OK
GCOM related PIs
only

OK

-

-

-

(B2)
AMSR3, GCOM
& other PIs only

OK OK

O
K

-

-

(C)
Registered users

OK OK

O
OK
K

-

(D)
Open to the public OK(no limitation)

OK

O
OK OK
K

Usage

1) Cal & Val of AMSR3 & GCOM-W products and/or applications for Earthsciences (such as scatter plots, statistics from which raw data cannot be
reproduced) are possible to be published. It is necessary to describe the useof JAXA’s database and the organization of data acquisition in theacknowledgement *1
2) Redistribution of raw data is prohibited.
1) Cal & Val of AMSR3 & GCOM-w products and/or applications for Earthsciences are possible to be published. It is necessary to agree with data
provider about how to acknowledge the favor (e.g., including data provider
as a co-author or in the acknowledgement) and to describe the use of
JAXA’s database and the organization of data acquisition in theacknowledgement*1.
2) Data use beyond the objectives of the GCOM & AMSR3 mission isprohibited.
3) Redistribution of the raw data is prohibited.
1) Cal & Val of AMSR3, GCOM and other environmental missions (GPM,
EarthCARE, etc.) products and/or applications for Earth sciences are
possible to be published. It is necessary to agree with data provider about
how to acknowledge the favor (e.g., including data provider as a co-author
or in the acknowledgement) and to describe the use of JAXA’s database
and the organization of data acquisition in the acknowledgement *1.
2) Data use beyond the objectives of the AMSR3 & GCOM and othermissions is prohibited.
3) Redistribution of the raw data is prohibited.
1) User registration is required.
2) Applications for Earth sciences are possible to be published. It is necessary
to submit an application form to JAXA prior to publication. Also, it isnecessary to describe the use of JAXA’s database and the organization ofdata acquisition in the acknowledgement*1.
3) Redistribution of the raw data is prohibited.
1) It is necessary to describe the use of JAXA’s database when using the dataand publishing results. It is also necessary to report the results ofpublication to JAXA*1.
2) Redistribution of raw data is prohibited.

*1 follow the JAXA’s policy on data use.

23

(3) Applied Research that leads to achieve AMSR series’ mission targets/goals andcreation of new outcomes
In this category, JAXA seeks applied research, which will contribute to achievements of the
AMSR series’ mission targets/goals, which are contribution to water cycle and climate change
research and operational applications, and creation of new outcomes, mainly using AMSR
series data. Please note that proposal that aims to create outcomes by multiple use of data fromthe AMSR series and other JAXA satellite data will be also categorized to the “Earth
Observation Research Program” (see Section 2.1). The applicants are asked to clarify to which
category ((1), (2-a), (2-b), (2-c), and (3)) in the Program their proposals mainly contribute.
Especially, JAXA will be intensely focused on following research themes that will emphasize
scientific and/or social values of the AMSR series. Research that enhances synergies bycombined use of the AMSR series and other satellite missions, such as GCOM-C and GPM,
and integrational use with numerical models and/or in situ observations are also appreciated;(a) Research that corresponds to following research themes, which could contribute tothree priority themes in monitoring of water cycle variation defined for AMSR3, suchas “Monitoring and Prediction of Extreme Events”, “Monitoring of Variation in Polar
Region and Short-to-Mid-Term Prediction”, and “Long-Term Prediction of
Atmosphere-Hydrosphere Variation Accompanied by the Climate Change”;
i.

Highly-developed observation of cloud-precipitation microphysics andprediction of extreme events related to cloud and precipitation, advancement of
GSMaP (refinement of rain/snow observation)ii.

Highly-developed land model and land surface microwave radiative transfer
computation, improvement of prediction of water cycle over land by refinedrain/snow observationiii.

Monitoring of variation in Polar environment and clarification of water budget
mechanism, improvement of prediction of sea ice/land snow in short and middle
range time scaleiv.

Prediction of variation of Polar region and sea ice in middle-long time scale
including impacts by global warmingv.

Improvement of cloud-precipitation process in numerical model, impacts ofglobal warming to typhoons

vi.

Clarification and modeling of ecosystem-water cycle process over landvii.

Quantitative understanding of atmosphere-ocean fluxes, impacts of air-sea
interactions to local scale(b) Research that could contribute to data utilization of the AMSR series in areas ofoperational applications, such as weather forecast, safety navigation, fisheries, etc.;(c) Research that leads to solutions of societal issues and new applications to meetsocietal needs;(d) Creation of new research product that leads to achieve mission targets/goals, adding
new values and/or expand data utilization; and(e) Development of Climate Data Record (CDR) with a central focus on the AMSR
series.
24

Other than existing research products that will be solicited in Section 2.2.2.2(1) “Algorithm
Development of AMSR series,” JAXA seeks new research products that retrieve newgeophysical parameters corresponding to above (d). Those new research products may include
algorithms that are challenging and need further research efforts to develop. Each proposal
regarding new research products is expected to target production or submission of new
research products when this RA period is completed.
As described in Chapter 5, the research themes in this category will be implemented underthe “Collaborative Research Agreement (Funded/Non-funded),” in principle. Depending on
its budget status, JAXA plans to spend 24 million yen per year for the total of this category(Applied Research of AMSR series).

25

2.2.3 The Global Change Observation Mission - Climate (GCOM-C)
2.2.3.1 Overview of the GCOM-C mission category
The GCOM-C mission seeks to establish and to demonstrate a global, long-term
satellite observation system to measure essential geophysical parameters forunderstanding the earth system and the climate change mechanism in cooperation with
GCOM-W and other sensors. Its ultimate objectives are to improve future climate
projection through a collaborative framework with the earth system model studies and todemonstrate the capabilities of operational applications by providing continuous data tooperational agencies. The GCOM-C satellite equipped with the Second-generation Global
Imager (SGLI) observes the atmosphere and earth surface such as vegetation, clouds,
aerosol, sea surface temperature, etc. by multiple wavelength channels from near-UV tothermal infrared aiming to elucidate the global carbon cycle and the radiation budget. (seeAPPENDIX 1).
After the launch in December 2017, GCOM-C has achieved the continuous in-orbit
operation, dataset processing, data publication, and the utilization demonstration in thefive-year planned operation period. After 2023, as an extension phase, the observation
and research activities have been restarted to produce outcomes of tables 2.2.3-1 (scienceareas) and 2.2.3-2 (operational application areas) with continue and expand the original
observation concept of contribution to the global agenda through the global, long-termand continuous observation.
EORA4 GCOM-C category focuses (A) studies to produce the science outcomes in the
GCOM-C extension phase (and basis research contributing the operational application
outcomes), and (B) studies of long-term continuous and high accuracy productdevelopment supporting the creation of the outcomes.
Table 2.2.3-1 GCOM-C science-area outcomes targeted in the extension phase
Science areas
Enhancement ofknowledge andinformation on
the Earth system
related toclimate change

outlineThrough the research results of GCOM-C observation data, to investigate
the carbon cycle and radiation budget processes related to climate change
and contribute to the construction of a 4-D global environmental changemonitoring system, the sophistication and the reduction of uncertainties infuture predictions of earth system models including physical, biological,
and chemical processes on the earth, and to create and provide scientificbased evidence for the climate change countermeasures.
Through these activities, we aim to make GCOM-C a social infrastructure
information for monitoring and understanding the mechanisms of climatechange.

Understandingof the polar
environmental
change situationand processes,
and input for thepolicy making

Through the research results of GCOM-C observation data, to understandthe situation of polar environmental changes due to global warming, topursue the transient processes, and to serve as a scientific basis forknowledge that will contribute to policy making.
Through these activities, we aim to make GCOM-C a social infrastructure
information for monitoring and understanding the mechanisms of polar
environmental change.

26

Table 2.2.3-2 GCOM-C operational application-area outcomes targeted in the extension
phaseApplication
areas
Fishery

VolcanoAgriculture

outlineContribute to the sustainable use of marine resources and the sustainablegrowth of the fishery as an industry (to be the smart fishery) by utilizing
GCOM-C/SGLI data (e.g., monitoring of the environment of offshore
fishing grounds, aquaculture areas, red tides, etc.).
Contribute to the volcanic disaster prevention by applying to judgment of
the volcanic activity changes (terrestrial volcanoes, marine volcanoes,
temperature changes, discolored water, etc.) and overall grasping of thesituation through long-term and continuous information collection by
GCOM-C.
Contribute to the analysis of food security risks by understanding thecrops growth and agricultural weather in Japan and overseas by utilizing
mostly GCOM-C data.

* For the research proposals related to the operational application, it is expected tocollaborate with JAXA's application promotion activities to effectively lead tooperational use.

27

2.2.3.2 Details of GCOM-C EORA4 research targets
GCOM-C EORA4 are looking for studies to enable GCOM-C data to become social
infrastructure information for climate change and environmental monitoring throughmostly using various information obtained by GCOM-C, (A) applied research for thecreation of the GCOM-C extension phase outcomes (see Table 2.2.3-1 and -2) or for
proposing further outcomes, and (B) product development research (algorithm
development and improvement, calibration, and verification) to support to realize theoutcomes.
Research that aims to produce results by combining GCOM-C and other JAXA satellite
data could be also defined as a "proposal for the Earth Observation Research Program in
Section 2.1", so please specify which items ((1), (2-a), (2-b), (2-c), (3)) of the program
you will contribute to in the proposal.
(A) Applied Research for the GCOM-C Outcomes(A-1) Improvement of knowledge and information on the Earth system related toclimate change
We are aiming to reduce uncertainty of the future prediction and create and provide
scientific based evidence for climate change countermeasures (e.g., contributing to the
IPCC reports) by strengthening cooperation with research activities outside of JAXA
related to the climate change issues based on various observation variables and analysis
results using global 250-meter and multi-wavelength observations which are thecharacteristics of SGLI.
Currently, JAXA is participating in MEXT-Program for the Advanced Studies of
Climate Change Projection (SENTAN) and involved in research on improvement of
wildfire processes in the Earth system model. Promising research is expected to enhance
the further outcomes creation, such as improvement of climate models by studying cloud
microphysical processes using simultaneous estimation of multiple cloud physicalquantities related to the cloud radiation effect, and research to improve processes inecosystem models or discover unconsidered processes by comparing satellite
observations of changes in terrestrial and marine ecosystems with model outputs.
In addition, through real-observation input and the numerical model improvement by
GCOM-C data, studies for construction of a 4-D global environmental monitoring system(e.g., Earth Digital Twin) that will serve as basic information for solving the global
agenda including the climate change are expected.
(A-2) Monitoring of the coming polar environmental changes, understanding of theprocesses, and input for policy makeWe aim to create and provide scientific evidence of the changing polar environment,
where rapid global warming is becoming apparent, based on GCOM-C observation
results: monitoring the change, understanding the processes, modeling, evaluation theprocess based on the accumulation of the long-term satellite observation data, improving
the accuracy of polar climate and earth system models, and improving the accuracy ofclimate change predictions from the point of view the polar region.

28

Currently, JAXA is conducting research on polar environmental changes such as ice
albedo feedback through the development of long-term datasets that contribute to polar
research with participation in Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II). We arelooking for studies that are effective in promoting the creation of further outcomes, suchas high-precision spatiotemporal variation analysis of snow grain size and albedo, andresearch related to the detection in physical, biological, and chemical field changes in thepolar regions associated with the polar environmental changes.
(A-3) Basic research that leads to the creation of outcomes in various fields ofoperational applications
The JAXA application promotion group leads to create outcomes in the field ofoperational use basically, however, we are looking for fundamental studies or studies tosupport and bridge to the practical utilization.
In addition, in order to develop new operational applications, we are also looking for
research proposals that will lead to the use of GCOM-C data in the fields of fisheries,
agriculture, meteorology, public health, environmental disaster monitoring, etc., as well
as research related to nowcast and short-term (from several days to seasonal) forecasts ofthe environment (atmospheric environment, the marine environment, snow cover, sea ice,vegetation and agricultural environment) through analysis and model assimilation of
GCOM-C data.
(B) GCOM-C Product Development supporting the Outcome Creation
As foundation research for the creation of the above outcomes, we are looking for thefollowing (B-1-4) GCOM-C product development and improvement research (including
algorithm development, improvement, validation observation and evaluation). In the
GCOM-C extension phase, due to particular emphasis on the creation of the outcomes, it
is important to be aware of the priority of the products and their characteristics
considering the usage of the products, as well as to collaborate with related appliedresearch activities and provide feedback between the product development and theapplied studies.
Particularly, we will promote product development that takes advantage of GCOMC/SGLI's strengths such as 250m resolution, multiple wavelengths, polarization, andmulti-directional observation, assimilation product development in collaboration withmodels, and one by new concept or new technologies such as machine learning. We aim
to development long-term time series datasets as basic information for understanding the
global environmental change with strengthen collaboration with external climate change
research (e.g., SENTAN, ArCS II, etc.) through data analysis and process studies.
(B-1) Maintain long-term accuracy and improvement of the Standard ProductWe focus on studies maintaining and improving the standard products being the basis ofclimate change research and long-term time series, especially products that contribute to
the climate change research, such as Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) (e.g., leaf areaindex, biomass, ground surface temperature, sea surface temperature, sea color, cloud
characteristics, aerosol properties, snow grain size, Snow and ice distribution, etc.) (see29Section 2.2.3.3 for points to note in product development research). It is also necessary
to develop a quantitative error estimation for each pixel, which is necessary for the data
assimilation for environmental prediction such as oceans and aerosols.
(B-2) Research Product Development
We will improve accuracy or newly develop research products that contribute to theunderstanding of the radiation budget and carbon cycle, which are key to the climatechange research (A-1 and A-2), as well as products that are expected to be used inpractical applications such as environmental monitoring and biodiversity monitoring by
operational organizations (A-3). R&D that is not bound by the framework of conventional
satellite products, such as one by integrated analysis of SGLI multi-wavelength
observations from near-ultraviolet to thermal infrared, assimilation products incooperation with models, and utilization of machine learning, and products that takeadvantage of the strengths of SGLI (e.g., 250-m resolution and polarimetry) are expected
to be conducted (points to note in product research are described in Section 2.2.3.3).
(B-3) Construction of Long-term Satellite Datasets for Climate Change Research
GCOM-C mission aims to play a role in providing data for international consensus on
climate change and is developing consistent observation data for more than 20-30 years
by connecting it with existing other satellite data. In the future, we aim to create SGLI's
own long-term datasets and information that take advantage of the features of GCOM-C.
We are looking for studies for the construction of these datasets and information.
(B-4) Maintenance of Validation Flow and Expansion of In-situ Observation Data
We are looking for research related to the acquisition of in-situ observation data andits analysis methods, which are necessary for improving the accuracy of GCOM-C
products, improving spatio-temporal consistency, improving consistency with othersatellites, and quantifying errors, which are necessary for the creation of outcomes.
In the acquisition of in-situ observation data for GCOM-C validation, we are looking
for research related to the maintenance and expansion of the network of in-situ validation
observation sites, the continuous implementation of campaign observations, thecontinuous data collection based on international cooperation, and the reduction of thecost of in-situ measurement equipment to enhance observation opportunities. In addition,
we are looking for studies of advanced validation methods for GCOM-C products using
in-situ observation data, such as scaling up in-situ measurements using higher-resolution
images and developing effective evaluation methods using new equipment such as UAV.
Table C1 in APPENDIX 1 details the definition and validation methods for eachproduct. The validation category proposals are required to consider the current validation
plan including observation parameters, instruments, and site locations (see Tables C2 andC3 in APPENDIX 1) which has been established by previous RAs. Please refer to themwhen drafting your research plan in this category.
Special emphasis will be placed on research that effective validation data acquisitionand collaboration with JAXA’s validation analysis. Because GCOM-C is a global
observation mission, validation observation and analysis for accuracy evaluation andimprovement on a global coverage is a particular requirement. Proposals of in-situ data30

acquisition through collaboration with observation activities by other funds are also
encouraged for enhancement of in-situ data coverage for the GCOM-C product validation.
New observation plans, which include in-situ data acquisition and productevaluation/improvement methods can be proposed in addition to the Tables C2 and C3 in
APPENDIX 1.
Obtained in-situ observation data and knowledge must be provided to JAXA and the
PI in charge of algorithms for application of algorithm improvement and validation.
Providers of in situ data can define the disclosure levels specified in APPENDIX 1
TABLE C4: for EORC members only, EORC and PIs for algorithm development,
calibration and validation, registered users, and public open. The provider will define thedisclosure level for data and provide this information to EORC, which will share the data
via EORC/GCOM-C Web pages (The disclosure level is requested to be open wider userlevels as much as possible). The disclosure level can be set with appropriate disclosurelevels according to the policy of the provider if the in-situ measurements were ones notfunded by JAXA.
2.2.3.3 Notes of GCOM-C Product Development
Table 2.2.3-3 lists the points to note for each product development. For more informationon the current standard and research product and the PI in charge, please refer to the
GCOM-C product homepage.
JAXA defines objectives of the GCOM-C algorithm development as the following.
Proposals are expected to conform to these objectives, especially regarding the standard
products which are operated in the routine processing system.
・Develop algorithms robustly and effectively by applying broad knowledge obtained
through RA.
・ Develop algorithms efficiently by an in-house algorithm integration team in
JAXA/EORC (Fig. 2.1.2-2)
・Develop algorithms to construct long-term, highly accurate, stable and consistentdatasets for the use of the earth environmental change research・Develop effective and stable algorithm software considering the data usage including
the operational use
・Developing new data analysis and application schemes to enhance future possibilityof remote sensing in the Earth environment observation
・ Improve the product accuracy by developing the algorithms as a part of theobservation system including satellite/sensor design and manufacturing, and feed theresults to the next satellite and sensor development
・Publish the algorithms as algorithm theoretical basis documents (ATBD) in the JAXA
web site31

Fig. 2.2.3-1 Example of collaboration and sharing between PI and JAXA in algorithm
development. The map should be modified according to algorithm characteristics and volumeof the code (C or Fortran code).

As shown in Figure 2.1.2-2, selected PIs are requested to collaborate with JAXA todevelop algorithms, implement their codes, validate the output products, and update thealgorithm and ATBD. Plan of the work sharing must be described in the proposal and canbe optimized according to the progress of the research.
Details on currently defined standard products and research products and expectedfocus points are listed in the following part of this section (Table 2.2.3-3). The algorithm
development research should cooperate with the related validation research deeply to
improve the accuracy of the products.
It is possible to propose a new algorithm to produce a standard product at a higher
quality than the standard algorithms in the previous RA. Through comparative validationof performance, the new algorithm may become the new standard algorithm at the pointof product revision. In that case, performance of the algorithm codes (processing speed,
stability etc.) are also required to be better than existing standard ones. The research
products could become new candidates for the standard products after completion of a
specific evaluation process.
Directions and Considerations of about development of each product are listed in Table
2.2.3-3. Please refer GCOM-C product homepage about the current products and PIs
responsible for each product.

32

Table 2.2.3-3 Direction and Considerations of GCOM-C Product Development
Area

Product

Direction and Considerations

Level-1

Satellite observed radiance

JAXA leads the development, validation and improvement

Precise GeometricallyCorrected Image (PGCI)
Atmospherically Corrected
Land Surface ReflectanceLand Surface Albedo[research product]
Vegetation Index (NDVI,EVI, SDI)JAXA leads the development, validation and improvement
L-1 Land Atmospheric Correction Group• JAXA will take initiatives in the development of the products.
• We are looking for validation and characterization studies to improve accuracy andstability of spectral and multidirectional surface reflectance, atmospheric radianceincluding aerosol scattering and absorption.

L-2 Above-Ground Biomass Group• To improve modeling and application to the satellite estimate about three-dimensional
structures and directional reflectance of the various shapes of canopies.
• Integrated analysis of GCOM-C AGB with other satellite measurements (canopy
Above-Ground Biomassheight LIDAR and SAR) and ecosystem models• Further AGB validation by ground observation networks that continuously measuresbiomass such as the diameter at breast-height, Laser scanner, and UAV with canopy
radiative transfer.
• Comparison and evaluation between the temporal change of the AGB and NPP (L-3).
Vegetation Roughness• Collaboration with activities of the land cover group (L-5) to improve global
Index
applicability.
L-3 Land Net Primary Production Group
Leaf Area Index (LAI)• Development and improvement of stable time series of LAI and fAPAR by effectively
using SGLI channels, multi-angle observation, and the canopy radiative transfer
Landfraction of Absorbed• Modeling and scale-up of relationship between the satellite observed reflectance andPhotosynthetically Active
the products by considering the radiative transfer, physiological and ecological
Radiation (fAPAR)
processes.
• Validation data acquisition for algorithm development and cooperation with ground
Evapotranspiration [researchobservation programs such as flux tower observation networks.
product]• Collaboration with carbon cycle studies and ecosystem models (C-4) to estimate land
CO2 fixation.
Land Net Primary• Collaboration with relative activities of L-1, L-2, L-5, and A-3.
Production [research• The Evapotranspiration should cooperate with studies about water/energy cycle
product]
budget, vegetation water stress, and agriculture.
L-4 Land Surface Temperature Group• LST product development using SGLI thermal infrared channels by quantitatively
Land Surface Temperature
considering the atmospheric influence and the land surface emissivity• Collaboration of the heat/water-budget process and model research are expected for
improvement of the accuracy and enhancement of product usage.
Fire Detection (FD)• FD has been developed and improved by JAXA; and looking for wide-area, long-term,[research product]
and high accuracy training and validation data.
L-5 Land Cover Group• Effective product development considering each usage, utilization of SGLI multiangle
Land Cover Type [research
and wide swath frequent observations, and validation dataset construction, in
product]
collaboration with the research activity of JAXA/EORC high resolution land coverclassification and its validation
A-1 Cloud Property Group
Cloud Flag
• Stable accuracy of the standard cloud retrieval algorithms applicable to the long-term
environmental change analysis
Classified Cloud Fraction•
Effective use of SGLI polarization, multi-angle, near-UV, and O2A band
Cloud-Top Temperature and• Collaboration with common subject C-1.
Height• Validation study of cloud coverage using the all-sky camera system which has been
Atmosphe Water Cloud Opticalredeveloped by JAXA.
Thickness and Particle
Effective Radius• Cooperation with other JAXA satellite missions incl. EarthCARE (e.g., research
Ice Cloud Optical Thickness
collaboration, work sharing, and participation in workshops) for investigating thecloud radiative forcing by integrated analysis of the multiple satellite data.
Water Cloud GeometricalThickness [research• Combined analysis with the numerical models considering a radiative transfer andproduct]
extension to model assimilation.

33

A-2 Aerosol Property Group• JAXA will take initiatives in development of the standard algorithm
Aerosol properties over land • synthetic analysis with numerical models and collaboration with assimilation researchand ocean (using NUV• Contribution to improving and validating the radiative transfer process (including
SWIR and polarization)
polarization)• Cooperation with AHI and EarthCARE for investigating cloud-aerosol interaction.
Surface Short-Wave
Radiation Flux [research
product]
Surface Long-Wave
Radiation Flux [research
product]

Ocean

Normalized Water-Leaving
Radiance
Atmospheric Correction
Parameters
Photosynthetically
Available Radiation
Chlorophyll-aConcentration
Total Suspended Matter
Concentration
Colored Dissolved Organic
MatterInherent Optical Properties[research product]
Euphotic Zone Depth[research product]
Phytoplankton Functional
Type [research product]
Red Tide [research product]

A-3 Surface Radiation Flux Group• JAXA will take initiatives in developing algorithms for the satellite-basis downward
shortwave radiation.
• estimation from products of A-1 (including Cloud Geometrical Thickness) or
simultaneous estimation.
• consideration of BRDF for the upward short- and long-wave radiation• Combined analysis with numerical models through radiative transfer models, its
extension to the model assimilation, and synthetic analysis with other sensors (e.g.,
EarthCARE).
O-1 Ocean Atmospheric Correction Group• Algorithm improvement using SGLI features, such as 250-m resolution.
• Improvement and validation of the radiative transfer using in the atmosphericcorrection• Inter-comparison of international products and algorithms for contribution to theECVs.
O-2 Ocean Color Group• JAXA will take initiatives in development of the standard algorithms of global CHLA
• Inter-comparison of international products and algorithms for contribution to the
ECVs.
• Coastal SGLI algorithms (detection and quantification) based on characterization of
IOP spectra in each coastal region with a systematic measurement and analysis of AOP,
IOP, plankton type and spectral property modeling.
• Red tide product (or information) should consider operational use in fishery and coastal
environmental monitoring• Combined analysis with numerical models through in-water bio-optical models and its
extension to model assimilation.

O-3 Temperature Group• JAXA will take initiatives in developing the standard SST algorithm.
Sea-Surface Temperature• Improvement of accuracy and error estimation to expand use for the polar areas andin-land water
O-4 Primary Productivity Group• Estimation of the carbon-cycle related variables including primary productivity
through combined analysis with numerical models or data assimilation mainly using
Ocean Net Primary
GCOM-C data.
Productivity [research• Research about accurate in situ data measurement and collection.
product]• Cooperation with research activities of carbon-cycle of the land and the ocean areas,
marine-ecosystem models and in-situ biogeophysical measurement programs (C-4) tocontribute to CO2 absorption estimation
O-5 Multi-Sensor Merging GroupMulti-sensor Merged Ocean • Combined products overcoming differences such as channel wavelengths, sensor
characteristics, algorithms, and data formats and utilizes SGLI features such as 250-m
Color [research product],
resolution and time frequency.
Multi-sensor Merged SeaSurface Temperature• Effective use of GCOM-C data for bio-geo-chemical models.
[research product]• Development of model assimilation products by effectively use the SGLI 250 m spatial
resolution
Snow- and Ice-Covered
Area (incl. cloud detection) S-1 Snow Area Discrimination Group• Development and improvement of the algorithm to make long-term accurate products
Okhotsk Sea-Ice
using the SGLI features
Distribution
Snow and Ice Classification • Contribution to other groups through C-1 activities such as discrimination between
cloud and snow/ice areas.
Cryospher [research product]e• Acquisition of in situ data for effective validation and cooperation with in-situ
Snow-Covered Area inmonitoring by other groups.
Forests and Mountains[research product]• International comparison with other sensor products/algorithms to construct long-term
Ice Sheet Boundary
datasets of ECVs, and contribution to aerosol models and weather models as a surface
Monitoring [research
condition.
product]

34

Snow and Ice Surface
Temperature
Snow Grain Size of Shallow
Layer
Snow Grain Size of
Subsurface Layer [research
product]
Snow Grain Size of Top
Layer [research product]
Snow Impurity [research
product]
Snow and Ice Albedo[research product],
Ice Sheet Surface
Roughness [research
product]

C-1 Cloud and Snow/Ice
Discrimination

CommonIssues

C-2 Aerosol Correction

C-3 Polarization Study

C-4 Integrated Analysis

C-5 Consideration of SGLI
Calibration Performance

S-2 Snow-Surface Properties Group• Development and improvement of the algorithm to make long-term accurate products
using the SGLI features• Product validation through effective in situ measurement in cooperation with domestic
and foreign institutions, and theoretical evaluation of error budget considering
limitation of in-situ measurements opportunities in the polar areas• Cooperation with research on snow/ice physical processes and albedo (S-3) withnumerical models (C-4) to contribute to the environment and climate prediction
S-3 Snow Albedo Group• Cooperation with the S-2 group, which measures snow grain size and impurities thatsignificantly influence albedo• Developments considering applications on numerical model research.
• Common issues that encourage collaboration among PI activities are coordinated by
JAXA EORC.
• A common task in most products and algorithms is to distinguish clear-sky, cloud, andsnow/ice areas from SGLI TOA radiance data. However, the development of an
appropriate discrimination scheme specific to each application is necessary. JAXA
encouraged PI teams to share their knowledge of spectral features of each observation
target and discrimination schemes and to be implemented each algorithm effectively(the direction has been decided in the workshop in 2011).
• The cloud amount was estimated from whole-sky camera systems which have preparedby JAXA; research that effectively integrates such data into algorithm improvement
and validation is encouraged.
• The light reflected from observation targets from atmospherically scattered light must
be separated and corrected to estimate land, ocean, and snow surface reflectance fromsatellite-observed radiances, particularly those related to aerosol properties A-2. For
this purpose, JAXA promotes sharing and exchange of knowledge and processing
techniques for the radiative transfer process of the atmosphere–surface system.
• The direction of the development of the atmospheric correction algorithms has been
discussed in the workshops in 2012 and 2020, and we are developing the algorithm bycooperation with radiative transfer research in the earth surface and the atmosphere.
EORA4 will continue to promote activities for sharing knowledge of surface andaerosol products from each area among JAXA and PI groups.
• Addition to the aerosol estimation (A-2), the development of new products andapplications, polarization radiation process in the atmosphere, land and ocean surface
are encouraged through polarization observation which is a unique function of SGLI.
• Exchange of knowledge and new technologies such as integrated analysis using SGLI
multi channels, model assimilation, machine learning, etc., among the PI researchgroups.
• It is necessary to develop algorithms optimized for the SGLI performance along withthe progress of SGLI characterization and calibration. For example, cooperation is
promoted between the team evaluating the radiative transfer process in the algorithms
and the team conducting ground truth observations and vicarious calibration. In
addition, evaluation and correction of the impact of sensor characteristics on the
GCOM-C products are encouraged.

2.2.3.4 Supplemental Notes for GCOM-C Category Proposals
The applied research is also placed in the category of Earth Observation Research
Programs (Section 2.1 (1), (2-a), (2-b), (2-c), and (3)). In addition, research that combines
multiple satellite sensors and ground observation data can be proposed if it is effective toobtain the outcomes as the GCOM-C product development research. However, the focusof the GCOM-C category is on creating and promoting GCOM-C outcomes mostly using
GCOM-C data. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly plan and describe the use of GCOMC data and its contribution to the outcomes in the research proposal.

35

The principal investigator (PI) of each selected proposal will become a science teammember of GCOM-C. The PI will conduct frequent discussions and collaborations with
JAXA Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) staffs for the algorithm development,
validation, and applied studies. In addition, research particularly related to operationaluse can be linked with JAXA's application promotion activities (Table 2.2.3-2). PIs may
have prioritized the opportunity to use tentative version of the GCOM-C data, shared insitu measurements and instruments, attendance of the group meetings under the PI
collaboration. The PI will be requested to attend and present yearly research status atannual PI workshops. Some PI team leaders and sub-leaders will participate in the SGLI
subcommittee under the JAXA science advisory committee on the earth observation to
feed back our activities to JAXA.
Depending on yearly budget status, JAXA plans to spend 100 million yen/year for totalof GCOM-C PIs each year in the three years of EORA4. The research plan and budget
for each PI may be revised for the following year depending on the results of PI researchevaluation held at the annual PI workshop. JAXA will also select non-funded PIs forresearch proposals without budget requirement or ones indirectly related to the targets of
GCOM-C mission.

36

2.2.4 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)・Precipitation Measuring
Mission（PMM）
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international mission led by the U.S. andJapan. The U.S. and Japan will jointly develop the GPM Core Observatory, a successor of the
TRMM satellite, and collaborate with several constellation satellites, that will carrymicrowave radiometers and be launched by international partners.
Mission objectives of GPM are to continue and expand knowledge and outcomes obtainedby the TRMM satellite, and to achieve the following targets;
・ Highly accurate and frequent global precipitation observation for climate and water cyclechange;・ Data utilization method development through distribution of near real time global
precipitation maps;
・ Development and demonstration of the improved precipitation retrieval method of themulti microwave radiometers (including both imager and sounder) using DPR data;
・ Application demonstration for operational use, such as flood prediction, numerical
weather forecast, prevention of damage from a storm and flood; and・ Demonstration of DPR technology, which will succeed and expand TRMM/PR
technology, to achieve highly accurate precipitation observation.
The Precipitation Measuring Mission (PMM) Observatory will be equipped with a Ku-band
Doppler precipitation radar, an advanced version of the scanning spaceborne precipitation
radar observation technology installed on the TRMM and GPM Core Observatory, in which
Japan has an advantage. Using advanced 3D precipitation information and the improved
quality Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), the PMM Observatory will workin AOS constellations with NASA and other agencies for:(1) Elucidation of global water cycle parameters and understanding of cloud-precipitation
processes,(2) Contribution to enhancement of weather and disaster management,(3) Provision of long-term information on water resources infrastructure contributing to
global-scale climate and water issues.
Descriptions of the GPM and PMM missions, satellites, and sensor systems can be found in
the later Appendix.
The GPM Core Observatory was launched in February 2014, completed the Prime
mission phase in June 2017 and moved to the extended mission phase. In this RA, JAXA
will continue to invite research proposals for model utilization and data assimilation, as
well as those contributing to the development and improvement of GPM algorithms
needed for producing long-term data sets and will focus more on applied studies.

37

The PMM Observatory is scheduled to be launched in JFY2028. This RA covers a 3year research period beginning in JFY 2025, which corresponds to the pre-launch phaseof the PMM. In this RA, JAXA will invite research proposals for algorithm developments
and validation preparation for the PMM.
The Principal Investigator (PI) of selected proposals will be a member of the Japanese PMM
Science Team. JAXA’s Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) will work together
closely with the PMM Science Team, especially in algorithm development and validation
activities.
Although it will depend on the budget situation, JAXA plans to spend 100,000,000 yen as
annual total budget in the GPM and the PMM. All categories of domestic and foreignorganizations with nonprofit and peaceful purposes, except students, may apply under this RA.
However, funding may differ for each research category and applicant. Funding by JAXA isbasically restricted to domestic PIs.
2.2.4.1 GPM Algorithm Development
As described in (1)-(3) below, research themes to develop and improve JAXA GPM
standard algorithms will be adopted in this RA. In order to directly reflect the results ofpast developments, research that has been selected as the standard algorithm at launch inthe course of the RA will be selected based on continuity. JAXA and PIs will jointly
maintain, improve and evaluate the algorithms and install these in JAXA computer
systems with appropriate Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). This research
theme is generally supported through a “Commissioned Research Agreement.”
Selected PIs will belong to the Algorithm Development Team under the JAXA PMM
Science Team. They are also requested to join or collaborate with the NASA-JAXA Joint
Algorithm Team, whose objective is to develop NASA-JAXA joint standard algorithms(the DPR and DPR/GMI combined) for the GPM Core Observatory.
Table 2.2.4-1 lists JAXA standard products of the GPM mission, and Table 2.2.4-2 issame but for near-real-time products. In addition, as a "TRMM / GPM standard climate
product", there are products created by applying the GPM standard algorithm to the dataof the TRMM to create a consistent long-term data set between TRMM and GPM.

38

Table 2.2.4-1 JAXA GPM Standard Products
Level Algorithm

Product

Major physical parameter

Unit

KuPR algorithm

KuPR productReceived power profile

Orbit

KaPR algorithm

KaPR productReceived power profile

Orbit

1

KuPR product

DPR algorithm(Japan-US joint)

KaPR product2
Dual-frequency
precipitation
product
DPR/GMI
combinedalgorithm (JapanUS joint)
DPR latentheating algorithm

3

DPR/GMI
combined productRadar reflectivity profile,normalized radar surface crosssection (σ0), rain type, brightOrbit
band height, attenuation
corrected radar reflectivity
profile, rain rate profile
Radar reflectivity profile,normalized radar surface crosssection (σ0), rain type, brightOrbit
band height, attenuation
corrected radar reflectivity
profile, rain rate profile
Rain rate profile,
drop size distribution,
Orbit
precipitation status (rain/snow),
attenuation profile
rain rate profile,surface rain rate

Orbit

DPR latent heating
Latent heating profile, rain type Orbit
product
Mean surface rainfall, time
information,
Daily
Ascending/Descending flag
Mean rainfall (dual),
observation number, rain pixel Daily
number, mean bright-band(Asc/height, storm height, rain/snow Dsc)
Dual-frequency
DPR algorithm
determination, time information
precipitation(Japan-US joint)
Mean rainfall (single, dual),
product
observation number,rain pixel number,mean bright-band height, storm
Monthlyheight, mean attenuation
corrected radar reflectivity
profile, mean DSD parameters,
histogram
DPR/GMI
Mean rainfall,
combined
DPR/GMIobservation number,Monthly
algorithm (Japan- combined productrain pixel number,
US joint)
DPR latent
DPR latent heating Latent heating profile, number Orbit
heating algorithm productof latent heating pixel
Monthly
GlobalGlobalHourlyMean rainfall, observation
precipitation map precipitation map
number, rain pixel number
Monthly
algorithm
product

39

Coverage
245km(swath)125km(swath)245km(swath)125km(swath)245km(swath)125km/
245km(swath)245km(swath)GlobalGlobalGlobalGlobalGlobalGlobalGlobalGlobalTable 2.2.4-2 JAXA GPM near-real-time products
Product

Major PhysicalParameters

Unit

Coverage

Depends on eachsensorMicrowave
radiometerproduct

Brightness temperature

arbitrarily

Depends
on eachsensor

DPR algorithm(Japan-US joint)

Dual-frequency
precipitation
product

Rain rate profile,
drop size distribution,
precipitation status(rain/snow),
attenuation profile

arbitrarily

245km

DPR/GMI
combinedalgorithm (JapanUS joint)

DPR/GMI
combined productrain rate profile,surface rain rate

Orbit

125km/
245km

Globalprecipitation map
algorithm

Globalprecipitation map
product

Mean rainfall,
observation number, rain
pixel number

HourlyGlobalLevel Algorithm
1R

2R

3R

(1) DPR Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop or improve algorithms, completely orin part, to produce the GPM Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) Level 2
and 3 standard products shown in Table 2.2.4-1.
The DPR Level 2 algorithms should have the following functions;・To estimate rain rate profiles by using received power profiles observed by Kuband Precipitation Radar (KuPR) and Ka-band Precipitation Radar (KaPR) in acomplementary style;・To detect rain or no-rain pixels, and the height of ground clutter; and・To estimate rain types, storm height, and bright-band height.
In this theme, we are especially looking for the following research topics.
・Utilization of KaPR data;Ø Development and improvement in correction of attenuation in Ka-bandby non-precipitation particles, such as clouds, and detection of brightband in Ka-band, precipitation-type classification in Ka-band;Ø Retrievals of solid precipitation using high-sensitive observation in Kaband.
・Effective utilization of dual-frequency observation;
Ø Estimation of drop size distribution by dual-frequency observation; andØ Development and improvement in detection of bright band in dualfrequency observation, and precipitation-type classification in dualfrequency observation; andØ Evaluation of accuracy of Surface Reference Technique in dual40

frequency observation.
 Development of methods from new perspectives such as machine learningalgorithms, and creation of new DPR products such as dramatically
improved spatio-temporal resolution and accuracy, and calculation of new
precipitation physics.
(2) Global Precipitation Map (GSMaP) Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop or improve the following five algorithms,
completely or in part, which compose algorithms to produce the Global Precipitation
Map (GSMaP) standard products, shown in Table 2.2.4-1;
・ Microwave imager rain retrieval algorithm (MWI algorithm);
・ Microwave sounder rain retrieval algorithm (MWS algorithm);
・ Microwave imager/sounder rain retrieval algorithm (MWIS algorithm);
・ Microwave radiometer-Infrared combined algorithm (MVK algorithm); and・ Rain gauge correction algorithm (Gauge algorithm.)
In this theme, we are especially looking for the following research topics.
・ Development and improvement of the DPR-based precipitation physics
databases, development of precipitation estimation methods that take into
account its characteristics such as orographic rain, and improvement of
databases of precipitation types and profiles;
・ Development and improvement of accuracy of sold precipitation over highlatitudes using high-frequency channels available in GMI and microwave
sounders;
・ Development and improvement of the Microwave radiometer-Infrared (IR)combined algorithm and the Gauge algorithm applying rainfall correction
method by using rain gauges;
・ Construction of a common precipitation physics database with DPR; and・ Development of new methods based on new perspectives, such as machinelearning algorithms, and creation of new GSMaP products, such as dramatic
improvements in spatio-temporal resolution and accuracy(3) DPR Latent Heating Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop algorithms, completely or in part, toproduce the DPR Latent Heating Level 2 and 3 standard products shown in Table 2.2.41.
The DPR Latent Heating algorithm will be developed in Japan.
In developing the DPR Latent Heating algorithm, applicants should pay attention tofollowing points;
・ Use algorithms on the TRMM/PR Latent Heating standard algorithms to the41extent possible; and・ Develop algorithm applicable to both PR and DPR in order to produce longterm continuous data set.
The DPR Latent Heat algorithm has the following functions.
・ Function to estimate the latent heating rate profile using the precipitation
profile of DPR level 2 products as input.
In this theme, we are especially looking for the following research topics
・ Development and improvement of estimation method of latent heating
profiles in mid- and high-latitudes; and・ In the case of utilizing numerical models, evaluation of algorithms along withevaluation of reproducibility in precipitation (latent heating) profiles
2.2.4.2 PMM Algorithm Development
We invite research proposals related to the developments of all or part of the PMM algorithms(KuDPR algorithm, GSMaP algorithm, latent heat algorithm) that produce Level 2 and Level
3 standard products of the Ku-band Doppler Precipitation Radar (KuDPR) onboard the PMM
Observatory, as shown in Table 2.2.4-3 and Table 2.2.4-4.
Table 2.2.4-3. PMM Standard Products (L1 & L2)
Product
Level (representative
variable)

L1

L2

Major geophysical variables

Sensor

Unit

Swath

Receivedecho power

Received echo power

Orbital

9km/255kmDoppler velocity(primary correction)

Dopplervelocity(primarycorrection),
Pulse Pair Covariance, Spectrum
Width

Orbital5km

Precipitation rate

Radar reflectivity factor,
Surface backscatter(σ0),
Precip rate profile,
DSD, Precip type,Non-uniform parameter etc.

Orbital

9km/255kmDoppler velocity(final correction)

Dopplervelocitycorrection),
Vertical Air velocity etc.

Orbital5km

SpectralLatent Heating (SLH)

Latent heating profile, type, etc.

Orbital

255km

Long-term dataset

Long-termK
datasetprecipitation
andSLH
consistent
PMM/KuDPR

Orbital

255km

42

KuDPR

(finalof
TRMM/PR,with GPM/DPR

Table 2.2.4-4. PMM Standard Products (L3)

Level Product

L3

Grid resolution
Observation Time
range
resolution spatial
Vertical

Major geophysicalSensorvariables

Statistics of Precip rate
Precipitation profile, phase, DSD
and Doppler etc
Globalvelocity
Statistics of Doppler
KuDPR
velocity
SpectrallatentStatistics of SLH
GlobalheatingLong-term
precipitation dataset
GlobalconsistentwithLong-term KuDPR
TRMM/PR,
data record
GPM/DPR*1
Long-term
SLH
dataset consistent with
GlobalKuDPR
Mean
surface KuDPR,
Globalprecipitation
rate, MultiSatellite
observation
pixel passive
Mapping of
Globalcounts, precipitating microwave
Precipitation
pixel counts, phase radiometers(GSMaP)
infomation
(PoR)

Daily
1 or
0.05°x0.05°/monthlylayer(s)Monthly 0.5°x0.5°580 layers

Daily
1 or
0.05°x0.05°/monthlylayer(s)Monthly 0.5°x0.5°

80 layers

Hourly0.1°x0.1°/monthly

N/A

5(1) KuDPR precipitation and Doppler velocity algorithm
The KuDPR precipitation estimation algorithm will be developed based on the
TRMM/PR and GPM/DPR algorithms as much as possible. The Doppler velocity
observation will be developed based on the EarthCARE/CPR algorithm. In addition, thealgorithm will be developed as an algorithm that can be applied to PR, DPR, and KuDPR
in order to produce long-term precipitation data.
This RA calls for enhancements to existing software. We invite research proposals toapply methods developed for existing precipitation radars such as TRMM/PR and
GPM/DPR to KuDPR. We also invite research proposals of methods using observation
data from EarthCARE/CPR, airborne Doppler radar, ground-based Doppler radar, etc.

(2) KuDPR Latent Heating Algorithm
The KuDPR latent heating algorithm will be developed based on the GPM/DPR latentheating algorithm as much as possible. In addition, the algorithm will be developed as analgorithm that can be applied to PR, DPR, and KuDPR in order to produce long-term
latent heating data.

43

This RA calls for enhancements to existing software. We invite research proposals thatwill apply methods developed for existing precipitation radars such as TRMM/PR and
GPM/DPR to KuDPR, as well as research and development of methods that combine
other existing observation data such as EarthCARE/CPR.
(3) GSMaP Algorithm
For the microwave imager precipitation estimation algorithm (equivalent to level 2),
which is the input for the GSMaP algorithm (level 3), GPM's standard algorithm will be
adopted, and we will cooperate with GCOM-W/AMSR2 and GOSAT-GW/AMSR3 inalgorithm development and calibration verification. For the CNES microwave radiometer
precipitation estimation algorithm, we will develop an algorithm based upon the existing
microwave sounder algorithm developed by GPM. We invite research proposals that
contribute to the following development elements.
(A) Development of forward calculation model
The physical precipitation retrieval algorithm for microwave radiometer data requires aforward calculation model that calculates microwave radiometer brightness temperaturefrom precipitation physical quantities, etc. In addition, when using KuDPR to improve
this precipitation retrieval algorithm, it is possible to effectively utilize the features of
KuDPR, 1) high sensitivity and 2) Doppler velocity observation. We invite research
proposals for the development of a forward calculation model that utilizes these newobservations.
(B) Development of CNES radiometer algorithm with the same design concept as
GSMaP algorithm
GSMaP has developed an algorithm (GSMaP_MWS) to estimate precipitation from a
microwave sounder based on the GSMaP microwave imager (GSMaP_MWI) algorithm.
In developing the precipitation estimation algorithm for the CNES radiometer, we will
utilize our experience with MWS, but there is a development element in particular in theuse of the 325 GHz channel. We seek for research that contributes to this.
(C) Development of algorithms combined with ground observation data
GSMaP creates products by integrating using not only satellite data, but also groundobservation data, and it is possible to create products that are closer to the values observed
by ground rain gauges. Currently, we use the ground rain gauge dataset from NOAA/CPC,
but a new development element is the development of an algorithm to correct GSMaP
using a new dataset, for example, ground rain gauge data from GPCC (Global
Precipitation Climatology Center), etc.
(D) Intercalibration of microwave sensors
The International Working Group on Intercalibration of Radiometers (GSICS) is
researching the L1 intercalibration product for the microwave sensor brightness
temperature (Level 1) used as input to the precipitation estimation algorithm, and GPM
44

uses the microwave radiometer brightness temperature (L1C) calibrated against GMI by
GPM Intercalibration (X-CAL) Working Group. However, the L1C provided by the GPM
mission may not be available for the AOS Constellation, and it may be necessary forJapan to undertake the intercalibration of microwave sensors itself. Therefore, we invite
research proposals that will contribute to the intercalibration of microwave sensors.
(4) Research Algorithms
We call for research proposals that contribute to the development of the following
research algorithms.
(A) GSMaP Research Algorithms
PMM plans to develop algorithms to generate the following as GSMaP researchalgorithms.
- Real-time GSMaP products (GSMaP_NOW)- High-resolution GSMaP products (GSMaP_HRES)
Based on the standard GSMaP algorithm, these products will be developed as research
products because they have a significant research element to achieve immediate provisionand high resolution. In particular, increasing the resolution of GSMaP using geostationary
meteorological satellite data with high spatiotemporal resolution such as Himawari 8 and
9 is very attractive because it leads to use on a more regional scale. On the other hand,the accuracy of high-resolution GSMaP is one of the issues. For example, precipitation
errors are expected due to the infrared-based estimation data input for high resolution,and it is also possible to consider improving the accuracy of precipitation estimation bymachine learning using multi-channel data from geostationary meteorological satellites.
Therefore, we call for research proposals to increase the resolution of GSMaP.
(B) Model assimilation algorithm
PMM plans to develop an algorithm to generate the following model assimilation
algorithms.
・ NEXRA (NICAM-LETKF JAXA Research Analysis) Global Atmospheric Model
Assimilation Product・Japan Region Mesoscale Model Assimilation Product
These are classified as Level 4 research products that assimilate satellite observation
information obtained by the PMM Observatory and AOS constellations.
(B.1) NEXRA Global Atmospheric Model Assimilation Product
NEXRA is a system that combines satellite data and meteorological models, which
JAXA has developed jointly with the University of Tokyo, the RIKEN and otheruniversities. It is a meteorological data assimilation system that utilizes the large-scale
45computing performance of JAXA's supercomputer, and products calculated using thissystem. We call for research proposals to improve the existing NEXRA by utilizing
products developed within the framework of the PMM mission, AOS, etc.
(B.2) Japan Region Mesoscale Model Assimilation Product
GPM/DPR has been used for data assimilation in the Japan Meteorological Agency's
mesoscale numerical forecast system since March 2016. Spaceborne precipitation radar
can directly observe detailed 3-D distribution of precipitation over land and ocean, andcontributes to improving the analysis and prediction accuracy of meso-models byreflecting water vapor spatial distribution based on the structure of precipitation over theocean, where there are sparse observation data. During the AOS era, we plan to develop
a research-oriented meso-model assimilation product for the Japan region based on theJapan Meteorological Agency's meso-scale numerical forecast system and by utilizing
products developed within the framework of the PMM mission and AOS, and we call for
research that will contribute to this.
(C) AOS synergy algorithm
This RA calls for the development of an AOS synergy algorithm, which is related to thesynergy between KuDPR and the CNES radiometer. Synergy algorithms related to othersensors in the AOS constellations will be solicited after the 5th Earth Observation RA.
(D) Horizontal wind speed algorithm using data derived from off-nadir angles by the
KuDPR experimental Doppler observation mode.
KuDPR will be designed to hold an experimental mode to conduct Doppler observation
at off-nadir angles to measure horizontal wind speed. We will develop an algorithm toestimate horizontal wind speed. In this RA, we invite research that will contribute toconfirming the feasibility of estimating horizontal wind speed using data derived from
off-nadir angles Doppler observations.
2.2.4.3 GPM Validation
As described in (1)-(4) below, research themes to contribute to development andimprovement of the JAXA GPM standard algorithms (hereafter referred as to “Algorithm
Validation,”), research themes to evaluate accuracy of the GPM and TRMM Level 2 and 3
standard products, in particular, in terms of precipitation rate (hereafter referred as to “Product
Validation”), research themes to conduct inter-comparisons of precipitation datasets, andresearch themes that will be effectively implemented by collaborating with other research
programs, will be adopted in this RA.
This research theme is basically supported through a “Collaborative Research Agreement,”
but some research, which is supposed to be essential to fulfill the GPM mission, may besupported through a “Commissioned Research Agreement.”(1) Algorithm Validation
This theme encompasses research related to validation of the algorithm to produce the
DPR Level 2 standard product (DPR algorithm). In particular, research to compare and46

evaluate models and parameters relating to precipitation estimates in the algorithm using
ground observations will be recommended. In addition, since observation of solid
precipitation is one of major target of the GPM mission, which covers latitude of 65degree, research to propose knowledge obtained by ground observation of snowfall toalgorithm developers.
Applicants must acquire and analyze data obtained by observation experiments combining
ground-based instruments and creating databases that contribute to development or
improvement of the GPM standard algorithms.
JAXA can rent some ground observation instruments owned by JAXA and provide dataobtained by past campaign observations to selected PIs. Please contact to the PMM RA Office(GPM_CNT＠ml.jaxa.jp ) for further details.
Examples of research include the following;l

Validation to compare ground data obtained by the past campaign observations by ground-based
instruments (2DVD, meteorological instruments, sondes, etc.) and multi-band ground-based
radars (JAXA Ka-band ground radars and/or other radars) with precipitation profiles retrieved by
the GPM/DPR algorithms;

・ Examination of adequacy of the DPR algorithms by consolidating andanalyzing existing data;・ Routine observations of snowfalls and melting layers by groundobservation instruments (radars, 2DVD, meteorological instruments,
microwave radiometers, etc.,) understanding characteristics of snow andmelting particles by them, and comparisons with profiles estimated by
DPR; and・ Collecting observation data of various parameters related to precipitation
rate estimate algorithms, especially related to snowfall, such as Z-R
relationship, Z-M relationship, drop size distribution (DSD,) fall velocity,
volumetric distribution, mean density, and shapes of snowflake, hail andsleet, consolidating observation data of various parameters related toprecipitation rate, especially snowfall, estimate algorithms, creating
databases using them to contribute to algorithm development and/or
improvement, and providing those databases to the Algorithm
Development Teams.

47

(2) Product Validation
This theme encompasses research contributing to validation of parameters, such as
precipitation, precipitation profile, rain/snow specification, precipitation type, etc.,
included in the GPM Level 2 and 3 standard products. Especially, verification of the
products using ground instrument (rain gauge, radar, and etc.) network worldwide suchas in Asian countries, validation from hydrological aspects will be recommended.
Followings are examples of research to evaluate accuracy of precipitation;
・ Collecting long-term and widely distributed ground operational
observations by rain gauge and radar, and validating the GPM and TRMM
products by instantaneous and statistical values such as averages, trends,
and histograms;
・ Validating the GPM and TRMM products using ground instruments for
detection of heavy precipitation and extreme precipitation phenomenon.
・ Comparing river runoff rates when the GPM and TRMM products are used
as inputs in hydrologic models, with actual river runoff rates.
(3) Inter-comparison of Precipitation Datasets
This theme encompasses research conducting inter-comparison of various precipitation
datasets, which are produced by using satellite and/or ground observations, with central
focuses on the GPM, TRMM and GSMaP, and contributing to improvement of the GSMaP
products.
(4) Other Validation Activities and Data Collection
Research themes related to other validation activities and data collection and preparation
other than above (1)-(3) will also be adopted. Research that will be effectively
implemented by collaborating with other research programs, or research that willcontribute to validation of the GPM standard products will be recommended.
2.2.4.4 PMM Validation
This RA covers the period before the launch of PMM Observatory. Thus, this RA invites
research that contributes to the validation preliminary study and on the preparation of theimplementation plan for the validation activity after the launch. Research that is expected
to conduct validation efficiently by collaborating with other research plans is also taken
into account.
The PMM mission aims to provide products with guaranteed quality and reliability
through validation activities. Therefore, feasibility studies that quantitatively indicate
how to link the observations to the evaluation of the PMM products are required.
Furthermore, the validation plans are also recommended to be highly feasible (i.e. reliable
observation instruments being utilizable, valid data being available, maintaining good
cost performance, etc).

48

KuDPR precipitation and Doppler products will be validated by comparing rainfall andsnowfall with high-sensitivity sensors (ground-based instruments, etc.) to evaluate thestandard accuracy (past statistics will also be included if available). In particular,
validation of Doppler products is an important new element, and we call for research thatwill contribute to the validation plan.
Regarding Doppler velocity, we are considering a comparative validation with the
WINDAS (WInd profiler Network and Data Acquisition System）operated by the Japan
Meteorological Agency. We are also considering the use of ground-based observation
instruments with new technology. For example, we are considering the validation of the
Doppler products using Phased Array Weather Radar (PAWR), atmospheric radars suchas the MU radar operated by Kyoto University, small Doppler Ku-band radar, and microrain radar, and so on. We call for research that will contribute to these.
2.2.4.5 Applied Research that leads to achieve GPM and PMM mission
targets/goals and creation of outcomes
In this category, JAXA seeks applied research, which will contribute to achievements of the
GPM and PMM mission targets/goals, which are contribution to water cycle and climatechange research and operational applications, and creation of new outcomes, mainly using
TRMM and GPM data. Please note that proposal that aims to create outcomes by multiple useof data from the TRMM/GPM and other JAXA satellite data will be also categorized to the“Earth Observation Research Program” (see Section 2.1). The applicants are asked to clarify
to which category ((1), (2-a), and (3)) in the Program their proposals mainly contribute.
Research themes related to applied research to utilize satellite-based precipitation
observation data, such as the GPM and TRMM data, will be adopted in this RA. For
example, following research themes are included;
・ research to utilize the GPM and TRMM data into atmospheric, climate, land,hydrological, and other models, and/or by data assimilation;
・ development and evaluation of new research products using data assimilation of
GPM and TRMM in conjunction with numerical models, or in combination withother satellites, sensors, etc.;
・ creation of long-term data sets with high continuity using GPM and TRMM data,and creation of products with new added value;
・ research contributing to climate and global water cycle variation andprecipitation system climatology using long-term satellite data, necessarily
including the GPM and TRMM data;・ operational utilization research leading to societal benefits at present and in the
future GPM era, for example, flood prediction, water resource management,
weather forecast, agricultural field, etc.;
・ data utilization research in Asia, Africa and other areas, where ground
precipitation observation is not sufficient; and49

・ Research by combining GPM and TRMM data with other satellite sensors suchas cloud profiling radar and atmospheric lidar, for improving the accuracy of
precipitation estimation, improving precipitation prediction by the data
assimilation, and studying the relationship between cloud/aerosol particles andprecipitation processes.
This research theme will generally be implemented through a “Collaborative Research
Agreement.”50

2.2.5 Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) & ALOS-4
The Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) carries an L-band Synthetic
Aperture Radar, called PALSAR-2, as its primary sensor. It was launched in May 2014,
and after five years of the regular operation phase and five years of the post-operation
phase, ALOS-2 is still in nominal operation. It is continuing to contribute its missions ofmonitoring disaster, forest, ecosystem, snow and ice, and ocean observations by utilizing
its capabilities of high resolution, rapid response for disaster, precise measurement of land
displacement, and long-term data archive in combination with upcoming satellites i.e.,
the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-4 (ALOS-4). A detailed description of ALOS-2
is given in Appendix 4.
ALOS-4 is a follow-on mission of ALOS-2 and was successfully launched on July 1st,2024. It targets advancing weather-independent monitoring of disasters, forest, sea ice,
ship, and infrastructure. These will be realized by the L-band SAR aboard ALOS-4,
named PALSAR-3, which is capable of high-resolution observation with 4 times wider
swath width compared to PALSAR-2 aboard ALOS-2. ALOS-4 is launched in the same
orbit as ALOS-2 to enable continuous interferometric analysis using both satellites. A
detailed description of ALOS-4 is given in Appendix 5.
This research announcement (EO-RA4) seeks a “non-funded Collaborative Research
Agreement” on “ALOS-4 Cal/Val and algorithm development” and “ALOS-2/ALOS-4
Earth Observation Research Program”. Proposals may include new research topics
through the simultaneous operation of ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 in a limited period, although
the feasibility of the operation is still uncertain.
2.2.5.1 ALOS-4 Calibration and Validation (Cal/Val), and Algorithm Development
EO-RA4 seeks research proposals contributing to calibration, validation, and accuracy
improvement of ALOS-4/PALSAR-3 standard products to satisfy the specified
accuracies and to development and sharing reference data.
The approved researchers may be able to participate as a member of the“Calibration/Validation and Science Team” (CVST) to establish by JAXA, so thatsufficient results will be obtained in the operational Cal/Val phase.
In addition, proposals for algorithm development for high-level research products arealso invited for new processing methods and datasets that will maximize the potential of
ALOS-4 data utilization and its results. “Algorithm development" is particularly aimed
at social implementation and applied use, and research themes are expected to lead to "(2)ALOS-2/ALOS-4 Earth Observation Research Program".
Proposals that plan to share the information of your calibration and validationequipment, Cal/Val sites, products, or analysis tools will be preferentially accepted. We
plan to accept approximately 50 proposals maximum for the research themes.
Expected research themes on “Cal/Val” and “Algorithm Development” are as
follows:① Methods of calibration, validation, and accuracy improvement for standard
products.
② Assessing accuracy and applicability of standard products from the initial
Cal/Val phase to the beginning of the operational phase.
③ Algorithm development and sharing of high-level products and analysis tools for“Earth Observation Research Program”.
51

④ Experiment and demonstration using new features of ALOS-4 such as
ionospheric correction mode, extended swath width, and frequent time-seriesdata.
⑤ Research on new technology for future missions.
⑥ New research themes utilizing the simultaneous operation of ALOS-2 and
ALOS-4.
In particular, research proposals to include the following are expected.
ü Sharing the information about your calibration equipment and groundmeasurement data with JAXA.
ü Development and sharing of high-level products and analysis tools.
2.2.5.2 ALOS-2/ALOS-4 Earth Observation Research Program
To create further achievement of ALOS-2 and ALOS-4, EO-RA4 seeks research
proposals on “Earth Observation Research Program” as follows. Please select andindicate the number of the preferred “Research Categories” ((1), (2), and (3)) in yourproposal. A maximum of approximately 150 applications are expected to be selectedunder this theme.
Expected research themes on ALOS-2/ALOS-4 “Earth Observation Research
Program” are as follows;(1) Natural disaster preventions, crustal and land surface deformations measurement,
and their sophisticated method development.
(2-b) Forest management, forest, wetland and ecosystem related geophysicalquantities measurement, and their sophisticated method development.
(2-c) Oceanography, sea-state condition, ship detection and environmental parameters
measurement, and their sophisticated method development.
(3) Research for expanding the field of satellite data utilization.
The details are as follows;(1) Natural disaster prevention, crustal and land surface deformations measurement:
・ Conditions and damage estimations due to natural disasters i.e. flooding,landslide, earthquake and volcanic activity, especially a robust and automatic
analysis method development, and quantitative evaluation between processing
time and estimated accuracy.
・ SAR Interferometry analysis and sophisticated research: multi-temporal, multidimensional, and error correction methods.
・ Predictions of volcanic activities and landslides etc.
・ Infrastructure monitoring: sophisticated method and practical usage.
・ SAR polarimetry and interferometry for retrieving disaster related information.
・ Improvement of extraction of disaster related information by combined use ofamong ALOS-2, ALOS-4 and other satellites.
・ ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 mutual usage and time series analysis method.
(2-b) Forest management, forest, wetland and ecosystem related parameters
measurement:
・ Forest area monitoring, and early detection of its change.
・ Practical usage of forest management issues, i.e., deforestation, forest
52

・
・
・
・

degradation, reforestation, above-ground biomass and carbon stocks estimation.
Precise estimations of land-use and land-cover including vegetation typeclassification and their change using polarimetry and phase information.
Ecosystem related geophysical parameters estimation and its sophisticatedmethod.
Improvement of extraction of forest, wetland and ecosystem related informationby combined use of among ALOS-2, ALOS-4 and other satellites.
ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 mutual usage and time series analysis method.

(2-c) Oceanography, ocean-state condition, ship detection and environmental
parameters measurement:
・ Improvement of understanding of ocean-state conditions i.e. ocean wind speed
and waves.
・ Polar environment observations e.g. sea ice, ice sheet, glacier and permafrost etc.
and their sophistications.
・ Sophisticated methods of maritime traffic monitoring and ship detection.
・ Improvement of extraction of ocean-state condition and environmental
information by combined use of among ALOS-2, ALOS-4 and other satellites.
・ ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 mutual usage and time series analysis method.
(3) Research for expanding the field of satellite data utilization:
・ Research that is significantly value-adding for new research and application
fields, such as public health (e.g., infection disease), agriculture and natural
resource exploration, geoinformatics, art and cultural science.
・ New value-adding research by combined use with other satellites, e.g., small
satellites.
・ ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 mutual usage and time series analysis method.
In particular, research proposals to include the following are expected.
ü Sharing the own reference data i.e. validation data on the ground with JAXA.
ü Research proposal in group and share ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 data within the group
to contribute streamlining of data provision from JAXA under the EO-RA4.
ü Plan on publication of higher level- and research-product and analysis tool
developed and verified by the PI.
ü Publication plan of active achievements in Web sites, media, papers, academic
societies, committees, etc.
ü Combined use of ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 with other satellite data, products,
numerical models etc., and proposal of new analysis method using artificial
intelligence (AI) e.g. deep learning.
ü Research proposals fully use the uniqueness of ALOS-2/ALOS-4 among other Lband SARs, e.g., fully-polarimetric data and 3-meter resolution data.
2.2.5.3 Note on data provision requests of ALOS-2 and ALOS-4
This research announcement of ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 will be implemented under the“non-funded Collaborative Research Agreement”. The approved research themes will be
53

accessible to relevant ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 data (limited amount). At the time of thisannouncement, there is no commitment to ALOS-4 data provision. Please note that the
research plan may have to be changed according to the satellite operation schedule.
In the past, data orders from PIs under the ALOS-2 Ras tended to concentrate at theend of the fiscal year, and it occasionally exceeded the capacity of processing systems
and affected not only RA activities but also general users. From this reflection, please beaware that the ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 standard products will be provided under this policy
as follows.
① Validity evaluation of the number of data requests
To validate the number of data requests of ALOS-2 and ALOS-4, please indicate yourarea of interests (AOIs) clearly i.e. name of location, region, latitude, and longitude),analysis method, a summary of the availability of ALOS-2 data for your research proposal
and requested scene numbers in your proposal. For each research proposal, up to 30
scenes in a fiscal year will be provided as a baseline with the following conditions. JAXA
will evaluate your data requests. Note that due to the complexity of counting the numberof scenes in ALOS-4, tentatively count the number of scenes as same scene size in ALOS2.
Just for your reference, you can see the Basic Observation Scenario (BOS) as a future
observation plan and the observation results as archived data of ALOS-2 on
https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/en/alos-2/a2_observation_e.htm
and the BOS of ALOS-4 on
https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/en/alos-4/a4_observation_e.htm
Future observation plan is not assured, as the BOS is subject to change and revision incoordination with the users.
② Regulation of data order timing
In order to avoid concentrating orders at the end of the fiscal year, JAXA will ask PI
to divide the number of offerings and set a provision deadline individually (for example,
to be able to order 1/4 of the planned number of all quarterly in each quarter of the year,etc.). Details will be provided individually after adoption.
③ Recommendation of group proposal
JAXA recommends you submit a research proposal in groups with the same research
purpose. JAXA will sign a contract with the research organization (RO) of the principal
investigator (PI), and group members will be involved as Co-Investigators (CIs). The
provided ALOS-2 and ALOS-4 data will be shared within the group.

542.2.6 Multi-sensor Observation Lidar and Imager (MOLI)MOLI stands for Multi-sensor Observation LiDAR and Imager and will be installed in
the Exposed Facility (EF) of the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM; also known as“Kibo”) on the International Space Station (ISS). The launch target of MOLI is around
JFY2027. The operation period of MOLI will be basically one year, but an extended oneyear operation will be considered, therefore 2 years of operation is planned in total. MOLI
can observe highly precise forest parameters i.e. canopy heights and Above Ground
Biomass (AGB) and ground height at the laser footprint from 51 degrees North to 51
degrees South, which depends on the ISS orbit. AGB is used as a measurement unit tounderstand the carbon stock of the forests because it is the dry weight of the tree above
ground and approximately half the weight of it is carbon. The canopy heights are also
used for many studies because these are comparatively easy to observe and well known
that there is a strong correlation between canopy heights and AGB. MOLI will provide
accurate observation data of forest biomass on a semi-global scale, and its objectives are
to reduce the uncertainty of forest carbon budget in the global carbon cycle process study
and to contribute as a monitoring tool for the “Reducing Emissions from Deforestationand forest Degradation+” (REDD+) scheme in developing countries, which is one of themeasures against the climate change.
One of the unique features of MOLI is that it carries an imager in addition to the LIDAR.
The imager is mainly used to determine forest conditions at the same time as the LIDAR
observations. The footprint diameter of MOLI is 25 m, and laser beams are emitted atintervals of about 50 m along a line near the nadir of the ISS.
For more information on MOLI, please refer to Appendix 6.
(1) Algorithm development for MOLI standard productsThis category seeks research proposals contributing to algorithm development for
MOLI standard products, especially on the following themes.
- Development of cloud discrimination algorithm (L2)This theme is research to develop an algorithm to determine the presence or absenceof cloud influence for each footprint using MOLI LDAR and imager data.
- Development of ground elevation and slope angle estimation algorithms (L2)This theme is research to develop algorithms to estimate ground elevation fromMOLI LiDAR waveform data analysis, and to estimate slope angle from theneighboring footprints' elevation data analysis.
- Development of canopy height and AGB estimation algorithms (L2)This theme is research to develop algorithms to estimate canopy height and AGB
using MOLI LiDAR waveform data. JAXA can provide (i) waveform simulator
capable of generating waveform data, which simulates MOLI waveform from airborne
LiDAR point cloud data, (ii) airborne large-footprint LiDAR data acquired in
November 2016 at five areas in Japan (Muroto, Ise-Shima, Gero, Izu-Shimoda, andMie-gun), which simulate MOLI observation. In this research we assume the following
procedure: (i) developing algorithms to estimate canopy height and AGB from airborne
LiDAR point cloud data, (ii) using these estimated values as training and validation
data to develop algorithms to estimate canopy height and AGB from MOLI-simulated
waveform data (e.g., generated by the above-mentioned MOLI's waveform-simulator,
55

acquired by the airborne large-footprint LiDAR observation, and acquired by otherspaceborne LiDAR). In addition, this theme contains other research: (i) developing amethodology to adjust the estimation parameters for each forest type which will benecessary for applying on the global scale, (ii) collecting airborne LiDAR point clouddata in large area which will be necessary as a reference data for Cal/Val. Furthermore,this theme also contains an algorithm development to estimate canopy height and AGB
using not only the MOLI LiDAR data but also the MOLI imager data simultaneously
to improve the estimation accuracy.
(2) Algorithm development of MOLI research productsThis category seeks research proposals contributing to algorithm development for
MOLI research products and improving the accuracy of digital elevation models using
ground elevation information. As for the MOLI research products, the following themes
are especially encouraged.
- Development of canopy height and AGB maps using MOLI imager data (L3)The MOLI imager will acquire image with an observation swath of over 1,000 m, aspatial resolution of 5 m, and 3 bands (green, red, and near infrared), simultaneouslywith LiDAR observation. This theme is research to develop algorithms of mapping
canopy height and AGB using the MOLI imager data and the L2 products (estimatedvalues from LiDAR waveform data).
- Development of canopy height and AGB maps using other satellite image (L4)This theme is research to develop algorithms of mapping canopy height and AGB
using the L2 products (estimated canopy height and AGB from LiDAR waveform data)and other satellite image data i.e. ALOS-2/PALSAR-2, ALOS-4/PALSAR-3, GCOMC/SGLI, etc.
(3) Notes about the MOLI research proposals
On this Research Announcement, proposals will be implemented under the“Commissioned Research Agreement (Funded)” or the “Collaborative Research
Agreement (Funded/Non-funded)”. During this 3-year EO-RA4 period (FY2025FY2027), we plan to execute a budget of about 5 million each year for the entire MOLIPI. However, this is subject to change depending on the status of the project and thebudget.

56

2.2.7

Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE)

2.2.7.1 JAXA’s EarthCARE Mission Objectives and Outline of RA target
The objectives of the Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE)
mission, launched in May 2024, are to evaluate the radiative forcing of clouds andaerosols, which are great uncertainties in climate change prediction, and to observe theinteractions between clouds and aerosols.
Two active sensors and two passive sensors are equipped with EarthCARE satellite.
The active sensors are the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), developed by Japan, and theAtmospheric Lidar (ATLID), developed by ESA. The passive sensors are theMultispectral Imager (MSI) and the BroadBand Radiometer (BBR) developed by ESA.
More details about the EarthCARE mission can be found in the Appendix.
In this research announcement, we will focus on algorithm development and validation
researches of the products of EarthCARE, and applied researches that will lead todevelopments of utilization methods contributing to the objectives of EarthCARE suchas improvements of weather and climate models.
For this RA, JAXA will fund proposals to the validation and applied researches. The
representative researchers of the selected the research topics (PIs) will belong to the Japanese
EarthCARE science team and will conduct validation and applied research activities incollaboration with JAXA Earth Observation Research Center (EORC). Those selected PIs are
expected to join in the meetings organized by JAXA and the corresponding research groups,
as well as to attend and make an accomplishment briefing at the workshops held
approximately once a year.
Depending on its budget status, JAXA is planning to spend approximately 85 million yen in
total for all research proposals (the total budget for algorithm development research proposals
is planned to be approximately 57 million yen per year). All categories of domestic and foreignorganizations with nonprofit and peaceful purposes, except students, may apply under this RA.
However, funding may differ for each research category and applicant. Funding by JAXA isbasically restricted to domestic PIs. The selection of the proposals will be conducted througha peer-review process that includes discussions in science/project evaluation boards.
All applicants should keep in mind that JAXA is not a general funding body for the scientificcommunity. This RA seeks to accomplish the EarthCARE mission's goals. Proposals should
clearly describe plans for EarthCARE data usage.

57

Table 2.2.7-1 JAXA EarthCARE/CPR Product List
Standard L1b, L2a and L2b Products58

Table 2.2.7-1 JAXA EarthCARE/CPR Product List (Cont.)
Research L2a&L2b Products* in the table: includes with and without Doppler

2.2.7.2 Purposes of RA in the JAXA EarthCARE mission
The JAXA EarthCARE seeks proposals to carry out algorithm development, validation andapplied research activities of JAXA's EarthCARE standard and research products by new
knowledge and effective techniques.
In the proposal submission, please identify which EarthCARE products the proposed
research intends to use. See Table 2.17-1 for the EarthCARE Product List.

59

2.2.7.3 Algorithm development
We call for research on the development and improvement of JAXA's EarthCARE
standard algorithms, as described in (1)-(9) below. In order to directly reflect the resultsof existing developments, we will select research that has been selected as the standard
algorithm at launch in the research activities of previous RAs with an emphasis on
continuity. The selected PI and JAXA will work together to maintain and revise thealgorithms, evaluate them, implement them in JAXA's computer system, and develop
algorithm descriptions.
(1) ￼CPR One-Sensor Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop algorithms that produce the EarthCARE
CPR Level 2 standard and research products shown in Table 2.2.7-1. The Level 2 CPRonly algorithm must have the following functions:(i)Standard cloud product-A function that detects clouds-

A function that estimates the phase and shape of cloud particles

A function that retrieves cloud microphysics (liquid/ice water content,
effective radius of liquid/ice cloud, optical thickness).
(ii)

Research productA function that estimates rain/snow water content (where it is desirable to do
the estimation both with and without using Doppler velocity information)-

A function that retrieves rain/snow rate-

A function that computes vertical air motion and sedimentation velocity.

(2) ￼ATLID One-Sensor Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop algorithms that produce the EarthCARE
Atmospheric LIDar (ATLID) Level 2 standard and research products shown in Table
2.2.7-1. The Level 2 ATLID-only algorithm must have the following functions:(i)Standard product-A function that detects aerosols and clouds

A function that retrieves cloud phase and aerosol type (black carbon, dust, sea
salt, etc.)
A function that computes backscattering coefficient, depolarization ratio, lidar
ratio, and extinction coefficient in cloud/aerosol regions60

-A function that estimates planetary boundary layer height.

(ii)

Research productA function that computes aerosol extinction with respect to its type (black
carbon, dust, sea salt, etc.).
(3) ￼MSI One-Sensor Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop algorithms that produce the EarthCARE
Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) Level 2 standard and research products shown in Table
2.2.7-1. The Level 2 MSI-only algorithm MSI must have the following functions:(i)Standard product-A function that detects clouds-

A function that retrieves cloud phase-

A function that retrieves the optical thickness of water clouds

A function that retrieves the effective radius of water clouds (where it isdesirable to retrieve using 1.6 μm and 2.1 μm bands)
clouds.

A function that computes the altitude, temperature, and pressure at the top of(ii)

Research product-A function that retrieves the optical thickness of ice clouds

A function that retrieves the effective radius of ice clouds (where it isdesirable to retrieve using 1.6 μm and 2.1 μm bands)
A function that calculates the altitude, temperature, and pressure at the top ofice clouds-

A function that computes the optical thickness of aerosols-

A function that computes the angstrom parameter of aerosols.

(4) ￼CPR/ATLID Synergy Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop algorithms that produce the EarthCARE
CPR/ATLID Synergy Level 2 standard and research products shown in Table 2.2.7-1.
The Level 2 algorithm to be used synergistically by CPR and ATLID must have thefollowing functions:(i)Standard product61-

A function that detects clouds-

A function that estimates the phase and shape of cloud particles

A function that retrieves cloud microphysics (liquid/ice water content,
effective radius of liquid/ice cloud, optical thickness).
(ii)

Research productA function that computes the volume ratio of ice crystal plane within theliquid water content (where it is desirable to estimate both with and without using
Doppler velocity information)
A function that estimates rain/snow water content (where it is desirable toestimate both with and without using Doppler velocity information)-

A function that retrieves rain/snow rate-

A function that computes vertical air motion and sedimentation velocity.

(5) ￼ATLID/MSI Synergy Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop algorithms that produce the EarthCARE
ATLID/MSI Synergy Level 2 research products shown in Table 2.2.7-1. The Level 2
algorithm to be used synergistically by ATLID and MSI must have the following
functions:(i)

Research productA function that computes the aerosol extinction with respect to its type (black
carbon, dust, sea salt, etc.)-

A function that computes the size information (mode radius, etc.) of aerosols.

(6) ￼CPR/ATLID/MSI Synergy Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop algorithms that produce the EarthCARE
CPR/ATLID/MSI Synergy Level 2 standard and research products shown in Table
2.2.7-1. The Level 2 algorithm to be used synergistically by CPR, ATLID, and MSI
must have the following functions:(i)Standard product-A function that detects clouds-

A function that estimates the phase and shape of cloud particles

A function that retrieves cloud microphysics (liquid/ice water content,
effective radius of liquid/ice cloud, optical thickness).

62

(ii)

Research product-A function that detects clouds, using Doppler velocity information

A function that estimates the phase and shape of cloud particles, using
Doppler velocity information
A function that retrieves cloud microphysics (liquid/ice water content,
effective radius of liquid/ice cloud, optical thickness), using Doppler velocity
information
A function that estimates rain/snow water content (where it is desirable toestimate both with and without using Doppler velocity information)-

A function that retrieves rain/snow rate-

A function that computes the vertical air motion and sedimentation velocity

A function that estimates the effective radius and optical thickness of ice
clouds using thermal channel.
(7) ￼Four-Sensor Synergy Algorithm
This theme encompasses research to develop algorithms that produce the EarthCARE
Four-sensor Synergy Level 2 standard and research products shown in Table 2.2.7-1.
The Level 2 algorithm to be used synergistically by CRP, ATLID, MSI, and BBR musthave the following functions:(i)Standard product-A function that computes shortwave and longwave radiation-

A function that computes the heating ratio of shortwave and longwave.

(8) ￼EarthCARE Data Simulator
In order to assist with Level-2 algorithm development, as well as to promote theapplication of EarthCARE observation data, JAXA requires the development of an
EarthCARE data simulator that can compute EarthCARE sensor data from theatmospheric data of numerical weather/climate models.
In order to support a wide range of weather and climate models, two types of simulators
have been developed: a) a satellite data simulator based on the Joint-Simulator (Joint
Simulator for Satellite Sensors), and b) a satellite data simulator based on the CFMIP
Observation Simulator Package (COSP).
With regard to the development of these simulators, candidates need to take into
account the following:a) The data simulator based on the Joint-Simulator
63

This simulator has the function of inputting atmospheric data from a numerical weather
and climate model and outputting simulated EarthCARE data.
The following points should be noted when developing this simulator.


Based on the simulator shown in Hashino et al. (2016, JGR), it should be possible to performforward calculations related to each sensor of EarthCARE.

It should be usable with the global cloud-resolving atmospheric model Nonhydrostatic
ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) (Satoh et al., 2008, J.Comp. Physics). It is also
desirable that it can be applied to other cloud-resolving atmospheric models.



It is desirable to develop a technology to utilize EarthCARE data using a simulator applied to
NICAM data, etc.

b) The data simulator based on the CFMIP Observation Simulator Package (COSP)
This simulator has the function of inputting atmospheric data from numerical climate
models and outputting simulated EarthCARE/CPR data including Doppler velocity.
The following points should be kept in mind when developing this simulator.
It should be possible to perform forward calculations related to the radar reflectivity factor andDoppler velocity of EarthCARE/CPR based on COSP2 as shown in Swales et al. (2018, GMD).



It should be usable with atmospheric data from the climate model “MIROC (Model forInterdisciplinary Research on Climate)”. It is also desirable that it should be applicable to otherclimate models participating in IPCC assessment reports.



It is desirable to develop analysis technology to utilize EarthCARE data using a simulator
applied to MIROC data, etc.

2.2.7.4 Validation
This RA covers a 3-year research period from JFY 2025 to JFY 2027. Since this RA period
will correspond to the post-launch period of EarthCARE, JAXA invites proposals that directly
contribute to the validation study of EarthCARE Standard and Research Products.
At the end of JFY2026, we will be required to submit product evaluation results for
EarthCARE products upon completion of mission operation phase. Some validation activities(such as holding workshops) may be conducted considering the collaboration with the ESA.
The EarthCARE mission, through validation activities, aspires to distribute products whose
quality and reliability are assured. Therefore, the validation plans should be highly feasible(i.e., reliable observation instruments and valid data being available, good cost performance
being maintained, etc.). Research applicants are required to directly contribute to the validationof the EarthCARE products by collaborating with JAXA.
The following research themes (i)-(iii) were listed in volume 3 in the EarthCARE
Scientific Validation Implementation Plan (VIP) described by JAXA and ESA. The VIP
can be found on the JAXA EarthCARE homepage (https://bit.ly/3bR5Kbi). We invite
64research proposals that are not currently listed in the VIP but that can directly contributeto EarthCARE validation. We also invite research proposals that are not listed in (i) to(iii), categorized as (iv) here, when their topics can directly contribute to the EarthCARE
validation.
(i) Utilization of the existing observation network
Long-term/broad coverage data are necessary to validate EarthCARE products.
Quantitative evaluations of the product accuracies will be performed by using data fromobservation sites and networks with ground instruments.
(ii) Campaign observation
JAXA will conduct campaign observations that aim to compare the EarthCARE
products. JAXA has cooperated the validation activity with the National Institute ofInformation and Communications Technology (NICT), and the Headquarters (HQ) of the
NICT (4-2-1, Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan) is a site for this, andinstruments have been collocated in the NICT HQ. The instruments shown in Table 2.1.82 are expected to be collocated in the NICT HQ.
(iii) Cross comparison with other satellite data
Cross comparison of the EarthCARE products with other satellite products will provide
good evaluations over the global coverages. VIIRS/CERES onboard Suomi NPP satellite,
MODIS/CERES onboard Terra/Aqua satellite, AMSR2 onboard GCOM-W, SGLI
onboard GCOM-C, and Geostationary satellites such as Himawari-8/9 are assumed forthis cross comparison. In addition, we invite statistical comparisons with the products
from CPR onboard CloudSat satellite and CALIOP onboard CALIPSO satellite.
(iv) Other validation observations and data collection
We also accept research proposals for other validation activities and research topics
related to the collection and organization of other observational data that are not includedin (i)-(iii) above. Research topics must directly contribute to the validation of EarthCARE.
2.2.7.5 Applied Research that leads to achieve EarthCARE mission targets/goals
and creation of outcomes
In this category, JAXA seeks applied research, which will contribute to achievementsof the EarthCARE mission targets/goals, which are contribution to weather/climatechange research and operational applications, and creation of new outcomes, mainly
using EarthCARE data. Please note that proposal that aims to create outcomes by multiple
use of data from the EarthCARE and other JAXA satellite data will be also categorized
to the “Earth Observation Research Program” (see Section 2.1). The applicants are asked
to clarify to which category ((1), (2-a), and (3)) in the Program their proposals mainly
contribute.
To achieve the mission objectives of EarthCARE, JAXA seeks a wide range of appliedresearches on evaluation and practical use of weather and climate models. appliedresearches in the following research themes are invited utilizing various information
obtained by EarthCARE observation.
65

(i)

Understanding the cloud, aerosol, and radiation processes

Research activities that will contribute to understanding of the cloud, aerosol, andradiation processes will be invited.
・Progress in understanding of the cloud, aerosol, and radiation processes throughintegrated highly accurate information using the EarthCARE satellite with global
observations of vertical motion in clouds using the Doppler cloud radar (CPR).
・Progress in assessments of climate impacts from various factors, such as black carbon,
by enabling quantification of impacts of aerosols on cloud and climate through moredetailed identification of cloud and aerosol particles obtained from the ATLID whichis the High Spectral Resolution Lidar.
・Progress in atmospheric science through a new description of an atmospheric generalcirculation from a viewpoint of global vertical motions, using vertical atmosphericwinds estimated from the CPR (research product).
・Monitoring climate change by long-term observation of clouds and aerosols using
data from CloudSat/CALIPSO and EarthCARE satellites
・Contribution to the comprehensive monitoring of meteorological and environmental
elements through synergistic products by linking EarthCARE satellite observations
with existing geostationary satellites, polar-orbiting satellites, and other satellite
observations.
(ii)

Contributing to international frameworks such as the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC) report through collaboration with climate change
projections

Research activities for evaluations and improvements of climate models andcontributions to the IPCC report will be invited.
・ Climate model validation using EarthCARE observation data and satellite data
simulators such as the Joint-Simulator and the COSP, and model improvement methods
based on the validation results and understanding of cloud, aerosol, and radiation
processes will be invited.
・In climate change modeling studies, cloud, aerosol, and radiative processes are thelargest sources of model uncertainty. Research activities for reducing uncertainty byusing the EarthCARE satellite will be invited.
・ In particular, the vertical motion in clouds, which was previously an unknown
parameter used for model tuning, will be able to be constrained from EarthCARE
observations, and research activities by numerical modeling will be invited toward
contributions of future IPCC reports (in particular, the next AR7).
(iii)

Implementation in the numerical weather prediction (NWP) and atmosphericquality monitoring66

Research activities which will be contributed to implementations in the NWP andatmospheric quality monitoring using EarthCARE observation data will be invited.
・Improvement for the prediction accuracy of operational NWP models
Progress in the understanding of cloud and precipitation processes and improvements
in cloud physics schemes using EarthCARE satellite observations are expected to
improve the accuracy of precipitation and vertical velocity of the atmosphere. This isalso expected to improve the prediction accuracy of operational NWP models (global,
meso, and local models, etc.). In addition, by assimilating cloud observation data fromthe EathCARE satellite, improving initial values and prediction accuracy can be
expected.
・Applications in atmosphere quality monitoring system
By assimilating the observation data from ATLID, it is expected to improve aerosol
prediction. The ATLID observation data is also expected to be used for Asian dust
forecasting and research on volcanic ash.

67

3 Instructions for responding to this EO-RA4
3.1
Qualifications
If the proposal is for peaceful purposes and has non-commercial objectives, researchers in acertain official research position of all categories, except students, of domestic and foreignorganizations, including educational institutions, government offices, public companies,
private enterprises, and other groups can apply for this EO-RA4.
3.2
Research agreement conclusion
After the proposals are selected, a research agreement should be made between JAXA andthe organization to which the Principal Investigator (PI) belongs, using associated terms andconditions to be prepared by JAXA. In principle, the associated terms and conditions ofresearch agreements attached in APPENDIX C will be used. However, JAXA may coordinate
with a PI to use a standard contract document depending on the contents of the proposal andits research phase.
All applicants should read Chapter 5 carefully, which describes detailed information oncontract matters and the associated terms and conditions of the research agreement in
APPENDIX C.
3.3
Research period
The maximum research duration of this EO-RA4 will be 3 years from JFY 2025 to JFY 2027.
However, the progress will be evaluated based on the annual report submitted by the PI at theend of each JFY, in order to verify and decide whether the research is to be continued thefollowing year.
3.4
Resources(1) Funding
JAXA will reserve funds to support selected proposals. Funding may differ for each research
category and applicant. The basic policy for funding is as follows:A)
Based on the purpose of this EO-RA4, funding will be partially available for proposals
applied to the Earth Observation Research Program and the JAXA Satellite Project
Research on AMSR3 & GCOM-W [Algorithm development, Cal/Val, Earth
Observation Research Program (Applied research)], GCOM-C [Algorithm
development, Cal/Val, Earth Observation Research Program (Applied research)],GPM & PMM [Algorithm development, Cal/Val, Earth Observation Research
Program (Applied research)], MOLI (Algorithm development, Cal/Val) and
EarthCARE [Algorithm development, Cal/Val, Earth Observation Research Program(Applied research)], within JAXA’s budget limitation and the status of approval.
Proposals submitted to other areas than the above will not be funded.
B)
JAXA funding is basically restricted to domestic PIs, although some exceptional
decisions may be made for research of foreign PIs that is highly necessary to thesuccess of each satellite mission.
C)
Even under the above exceptional decisions, the available funding is basically limited
to the direct research expenses, and not paid for the general administrative expenses as
the overhead. If a foreign applicant, with considerations of this rule, intends to submit
a funded research proposal, use Form C-1 to describe the detailed items of expenses
and the status of agreement on the overhead treatment.
D)
If funding is not available for an applicant, the applicant may be selected as a nonfunded PI upon consultation with JAXA.
68

(2) Earth observation satellite data, etc.
Earth observation satellite data, multidisciplinary application datasets and meteorological
data necessary for conducting research and owned by JAXA will be provided free of charge
within the authorization and the limitations of distribution capability of JAXA. Available data
are listed in Appendix A/B.
If the provisions of the ALOS-2/ALOS-4 standard products are necessary for conducting the
proposed research, refer to the descriptions in “2.2.5.3 Note on data provision requests of
ALOS-2 and ALOS-4” for the policy.
Those who receive Earth observation satellite data shall comply with terms and conditions
described in the chapter titled “Providing of Earth Observation Satellite Data by JAXA” in the
research agreement.
3.5
Obligations
PIs have different obligations depending on their funding status.
(1)
Funded PIs shall submit to JAXA the yearly progress report on the results at theend of each JFY and the final report at the end of the entire research period.
Furthermore, funded PIs are required to participate in the workshop organized by
JAXA once a year and present the status report. PIs must cover necessary travel
expenses to participate in the workshop within the funds provided in this EO-RA4.
(2)
Non-funded PIs shall also submit the annual progress report and the final report.
However, such reports can be substituted with papers published during the term.
Participation in the workshop is highly recommended. Support of travel expenses toattend the workshop may be considered by JAXA on a case-by-case basis dependingon the research content, results, and its progress.
3.6
Selection
Selection of proposals will be based on a peer-review process and discussions inscience/project evaluation boards. JAXA selection officials make the final decisions. The
principal elements considered in evaluating a proposal are its relevance to the objectives,
intrinsic merit, and cost. Evaluation of its intrinsic merit includes consideration of thefollowing equally important factors:(1) Overall scientific, technical and societal merits of the proposal or unique and innovative
methods, approaches, or concepts demonstrated by the proposal(2) Proposer’s capabilities, related experience, facilities, techniques, or unique combinationsof these that are integral factors for achieving the proposal objectives(3) Qualifications, capabilities, and experience of the proposed PI and Co-Investigator (CI)
(4) Overall standing among similar proposals and/or evaluation against the state-of-the-art
The proposals will be officially adopted upon approval of the next JAXA mid-term plan.
3.7
Late proposals
Proposals or modifications submitted after the due date specified in this EO-RA4, basically,
will not be accepted. Proposals submitted after the due date as to offer JAXA a significant
scientific and/or technical advantage or cost reductions can be exceptionally considered as late
proposals. However, late proposals must be submitted as non-funded research proposals andtheir evaluation and selection schedule will be different from the descriptions of “3.1069Important dates for selection of proposals” and considered later, possibly in summer, in JFY
2025.
3.8
Withdrawal of proposal
Proposals may be withdrawn by the applicant at any time. To withdraw a proposal, theapplicant should notify JAXA immediately. If the withdrawal is after the agreement
conclusion, it is necessary to follow the procedures described in the terms and conditions of
the research agreements.
3.9
Cancellation and postponement
JAXA reserves the right to cancel or postpone this EO-RA4 for reasons of JAXA’s own. In
addition, JAXA assumes no liability for canceling this EO-RA4 or for postponing this EORA4 schedule.
3.10 Important dates for selection of proposals
July 1st, 2024
Date of Issue
August 21st, 2024 12:00 JST (03:00 UTC)
Proposal Due Date
Late December 2024 (planned)
Notification of Selection Results
April or later 2025 (after conclusion of Research Agreement) Start of Selected Research
3.11 Proposal submission and contact point
Please access the following web site for the ID registration before submission of a research
proposal and register your e-mail address for this RA Office to send further information on the
Proposal Submission Web Site. Please do NOT use any free-mail address such as Gmail,Yahoo! Mail etc. to avoid any problems in mutual communication.
On the submission of your research proposal, please use the document formats (Form A,
Form B, and Form C (C-1 or C-2)) for the research proposal information in the MS-Word
document format. The information on the proposal is also required to fill in the forms on the
web site.
The filled sheets of the Forms A, B and C, and the detailed research proposal documentwith complete sets of attachments, such as reprints of papers, must be uploaded throughthe Proposal Submission Web Site.
Proposal ID Registration Web Site:
Please refer to the JAXA homepage.
（https://earth.jaxa.jp/en/research/cooperation/ra4/index.html）* Note that this web site and the proposal submission web site, informed by e-mail after theregistration, are located outside of JAXA site.
For any inquiries, please contact the following RA Office:Earth Observation RA Office
Earth Observation Research Center (EORC)
Tsukuba Space Center
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8505, JapanFax:+81-29-868-2961
E-mail address: Z-EO_RA@ml.jaxa.jp
70

4. Instructions for proposal contents
4.1 General(1) Proposals received in response to this EO-RA4 will be used only for evaluation andselection purposes.
(2) The following types of proposals are not acceptable:A) Proposals that include restrictions from other institutions or have the potential toinfringe on third-party rights.
B) Proposals that are restricted when distributed or published.
(3) Proposals will not be returned to applicants.
4.2 Format(1) Applicants make the filled proposal forms in the prepared MS-Word file formats, thedetailed research proposal descriptions and complete sets of all attachments, such as
reprints of papers, convert into the PDF document formats and upload themthrough the Proposal Submission Web Site. It is NOT accepted to be sent by email:(A) Form A needs to describe the proposal title, the information of PI, CIs and the
responsible officer for the conclusion of the research agreement. The informationis also required to fill in the form on the Proposal Submission Web Site andnecessary to be identical to each other.
The file name to be uploaded should be renamed by using PI’s name and theacronym of affiliation, for example, “EORA4_FormA_name_ABC.pdf”.
(B) Form B needs to describe the research schedule with a breakdown of the period ofeach research item.
The file name to be uploaded should be renamed by using PI’s name and theacronym of affiliation, for example, “EORA4_FormB_name_ABC.pdf”.
(C) Form C (C-1 or C-2; depending on ‘C-1: Funded’ or ‘C-2: Non-Funded’ proposal)
needs to describe the resources necessary for the proposed research. The file nameto be uploaded should be renamed by using PI’s name and the acronym ofaffiliation, for example, “EORA4_FormC-1_name_ABC.pdf”.
(D) Although no detailed formatting is specified for the research proposal, it should be
prepared in accordance with the instructions given in Sections (2) and 4.3 below
and converted to PDF format before uploading. In addition, a set of appendicessuch as reprints of the thesis should be uploaded in PDF format as well. Pleasesubmit the file name with the PI's name and the acronym of your affiliation, forexample, “EORA4_Main_name_ABC.pdf” for the detailed proposal descriptionsand “EORA4_Ref_name_ABC.pdf” for the attachments.
(2) Instructions for making the cover sheet (Form A), research schedule (Form B),
budget summary and data requirements (Form C-1 or C-2) can be found in Section
4.3, APPENDIX A and APPENDIX B. Only the following formatting is mandatory
in other parts of the proposal:(A) The page or paper size should be A4 or letter size.
(B) The page number must appear at bottom center of each page, and the name of theapplicantmust appear in the upper right corner.
71

(C) Proposals should be word-processed (MS Word) documents in either English or
Japanese,with a font size no smaller than 12 points.
(3) Proposals should be brief and to the point, concentrating on substantive material. The
main body of the proposal (content described in Section 4.3 (5) Description of
proposal) should not exceed 20 pages. Necessary detailed information, such as
reprints, should be included as attachments. A complete set of attachments must
accompany each copy of one proposal when submitting via the Proposal Submission
Web Site. In case you submit more than one proposal, it is necessary to make anindividual ID for each proposal and set up each page on the proposal submission website.
4.3 Proposal contents(1) Cover sheet (Form A) and input form on the proposal submission web siteA) Research title
State your research title precisely and clearly. The title should be brief, reflecting
an especially valid project intelligible to a science-literate reader and suitable foruse in the public process.
B) Research category and Funded/Non-funded proposition (Web site only)
Choose one relevant category to which the proposal belongs. Even if more than
one category is relevant, choose the most relevant one.
And choose either Funded or Non-funded proposition. Please note that ‘Funded’
cannot be chosen in the Non-funded only research category.
C) Information of applicants- Identifying information of the Principal Investigator (PI)State the name, job title, organization, address, E-mail address, and telephone
and facsimile numbers of the PI.
- Identifying information of the Co-Investigator (CI)State the name, organization, telephone number, and E-mail address of each
Co-Investigator (CI). (Name and organization are only in Form A)
One research team should consist of only one PI, or one PI and several CIs.
D) Information of the person in charge of the endorsement (Form A only)
Identify the information of a responsible official or authorized representative at
the proposing organization/institution, address, email address, phone & fax
number for the Research Agreement conclusion.
Please note that the descriptions on the above item from A) to C) are also required to
put on the page of the Proposal Submission Web Site, and these descriptions must be
identical to each other.
And note that any proposals without endorsement by the responsible officials mustnot be submitted and, at the time of submission, need to check the “Endorsed proposal”
box on the Submission Web Site.
(2) Research plan (Research schedule) (Form B)
The research schedule with major milestones and periods of the main and the ramified
research activities should be outlined in this form.

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(3) Resource requirements (Form C-1: for Funded cases only)
Resource requirements, in the case of any research budget is preferred to provide forthe proposed research activities, should be described in the form indicated in
APPENDIX A (Budget Summary). It is necessary to provide a budget broken down
by year and the total amount in Japanese yen. Information regarding required
resources will be considered and evaluated within the selection process.
If the organization of PI needs a certain amount of the overhead, such ratio and amountmust be identified. Otherwise, JAXA will not consider the overhead as necessary.
It is also necessary to input the total budget information of the resource requirementson the page of the proposal submission web Site.
After the selection and decision on the total amount of funding for each PI, JAXA will
send detailed forms for resource requirements to the selected PIs for the final
adjustment of funding, prior to the conclusion of the research agreement on one
Japanese fiscal year basis.
Also, after starting of the selected research, and before the beginning of eachsubsequent fiscal year, JAXA will send the same forms for resource requirements
again, in order to adjust the total budget of each fiscal year.
(4) Data requirements (Form C-1 or Form C-2)
Instructions for the data requirements of the proposed research are also included in
APPENDIX A/B.
(5) Detailed descriptions of research proposalA) Main body
The main text of this section should not exceed 20 pages and should include thefollowing details: 1) objectives and importance; 2) relationship to existing knowledge,
prior research, and ongoing related research; 3) overall research plan (outline ofresearch items, schedule, structure, research materials to be used, etc.); 4) descriptionof research methods and procedures including research techniques and data usage; 5)social or scientific/technological significance of the research results; 6) management
procedures (see below); 7) personnel (see below), and other details. Please attach thenecessary detailed information, such as reprints of the paper, as appendices. You
should also be aware of addressing evaluation criteria and other items specified in thisEO-RA4. Any substantial collaboration with individuals not referred to in the budget
or use of consultants should be described. Subcontracting significant portions of a
research project is discouraged.
Abstract should be described also on the page of the Proposal Submission Web Site.
It should include a concise summary with less than 500 words in English (or 1,500
characters in Japanese) describing the objective, significance, method of approach,and anticipated results.

73B) Management approach
For large or complex efforts involving interactions among numerous research
individuals or other organizations, practical plans for distribution of responsibilities
and arrangements for ensuring a coordinated effort should be described.
C) Personnel
・Biographical information, experience, papers in related fields
A short biographical sketch, a list of publications, experiences related to this EORA4, and professional qualifications of the PI should be included. Also provide
similar biographical information on each CI.
・Role of CI
The PI is responsible for supervising the work and the CIs in the research. Stateeach CI’s role in the proposed research.

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5. Description of research agreement
5.1 Contractual procedure(1) After selecting the proposal and the PI, JAXA will send the PI guidelines and an
application form for making an agreement. Please note that JAXA will make anagreement with the organization to which the PI belongs (“the Organization”), notto the PI or CI. So, a signature of a responsible official or authorized representativeof the proposing organization for the Research Agreement conclusion is necessary
as the endorsement by the organization.
(2) A research agreement will be made using associated terms and conditions, such as
those in APPENDIX C. The Organization should submit the application form with
the necessary documents according to the guidelines by the submission due date.
Submission of the application form will be regarded as definite intention of making
an agreement with JAXA in accordance with the terms and conditions as stipulated
in APPENDIX C, and the agreement will be effective upon issuance of theconfirmation sheet by JAXA.
(3) If JAXA determines that extension of a research project is qualified by the annual
report at the end of the Japanese Fiscal Year, the research agreement will be
extended for 1 year, and up to March 31, 2028. Funded organizations should submit
the continuing agreement application form to JAXA at the beginning of every JFY.
(4) Organizations shall comply with the terms and conditions defined in the research
agreement.
(5) JAXA may coordinate to make an agreement with the Organization using JAXA’sother contract document if JAXA thinks it appropriate in consideration of theresearch content and phase.
5.2 Research agreement summary
There are two types of research agreements based on the applicable category of
research: a Commissioned Research Agreement and a Collaborative Research
Agreement. There are also two types of Collaborative Research Agreement:
funded by JAXA and not funded.
(1) Commissioned Research Agreement (Funded)•
In principle, the Commissioned Research Agreement will be applied to research in the“Algorithm Development” and a part of “Calibration and Validation” category. The
Organization shall conduct the research according to the Statement of Work provided
by JAXA;•JAXA will provide the necessary funds and Earth observation satellite data to theOrganization to conduct the research as described in the Statement of Work;•JAXA will own the research results required to be delivered by the Statement of Work
(Deliverable Research Results);•
JAXA will retain royalty-free rights to use research results other than the Deliverable
Research Results only for its own research and development purposes;•
In the event JAXA provides prior written consent, the Organization may use the
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•
•

Deliverable Research Results for its own research and development purposes;
If the Agreement is terminated, the Organization will refund to JAXA any unexpended
research funds that have already been paid by JAXA; andJAXA will adjust the amount of the research funds based on a fiscal financial statement
at the end of a year-on-year contract.

(2) Collaborative Research Agreement (Funded/Non-funded)•
In principle, the Collaborative Research Agreement will be applied to research in
categories of “Calibration and Validation” and “Applied Research”;•
JAXA will provide the necessary funds (for funded cases) and Earth observation
satellite data to the Organization to conduct the research;•
In principle, the research results will be jointly owned by the parties; and•JAXA will retain the right to use all results including results belonging to theOrganization (if any), and the Organization will retain the right to use jointly-owned
research results only for its own research and development purposes, without priorconsent by the other party.
The difference between a funded agreement and non-funded agreement:A) Collaborative Research Agreement (Funded)
・ JAXA provides part of the research funds and the Earth observation satellite data. JAXA
adjusts the amount of the research funds based on a fiscal financial statement at the endof a year-on-year contract;
・ The Organization shall submit yearly interim reports and the final report to JAXA, andshall participate in the workshops to report research progress; and・ If this agreement is canceled or terminated, the Organization shall refund to JAXA any
unexpended funds that have already been paid by JAXA.
B) Collaborative Research Agreement (Non-funded)

・

JAXA provides the Earth observation satellite data. The Organization shall submit
yearly interim reports and the final report to JAXA. However, such reports can besubstituted with papers published during the research term.

・Participation in the workshops is highly recommended.

(3) Publication of results (both for Funded and Non-funded)
A PI who wishes to release his or her research results derived from these research
activities to a third party shall・ Provide JAXA with a copy of the publication before release and obtain JAXA’sconsent;
・ State in the publication that the results are obtained in this RA research and identify
the owner of the rights to the Earth Observation Satellite Data and Meteorological
Data used in such publication (https://earth.jaxa.jp/en/data/policy/); and・ Grant JAXA an irrevocable and royalty-free right to use the provided publications,
unless an academic society responsible for its publication requires the PI to transfer
the copyright to it.
Blank below

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