T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G)
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking
T06 Biomedical and health
T07 THz and high frequency technologies
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes
Time

Clyde
Auditorium

LomondAuditorium

M1

Alsh 1

Alsh 2

Boisdale1

Boisdale 2

Carron 1

Carron 2Dochart 1

Dochart 2

M2

M3

M4

Fyne

Monday, March 18
08:30-09:30

OC: Opening Ceremony

09:30-10:15

KY1: Keynote 1: Innovation and developments in reflector antenna modelling and applications; Dr. Cecilia Cappellin, TICRA, Denmark

10:15-10:45

coffee-break

10:45-11:30

KY2: Keynote 2: Absolute security for broadband terahertz wireless links; Prof. Daniel M. Mittleman, Brown University, USA

11:30-12:15

KY3 -: Keynote 3: Silicon-Based Phased-Arrays for SATCOM, 5G and 6G: We Solved the Puzzle! Now what else to do?; Prof. Rebeiz, The University of California, San Diego, USA

12:15-13:30

Lunch

CS2:
CS5a:
SW3a: Defence
radar, antennas

13:30-15:30

andelectromagnetics:
past present andfutureSW5a:Metrology for
5G and beyondin support ofstandarddevelopments(IET workshop)

CS17a:
Reconfigurable
Intelligent
Surfaces Recent
Developments
and Applications

Advances inCS20a:

CS37a:

mmWave andPhysics-

Integration of(sub-)THz

compliantAntennas andchannelmodels ofElectronic

sounding andreconfigurable

Circuits

measurements

intelligent

for 5G andsurfaces

BeyondChallenges in

CS38:
Advancements

CS42a:

in IoT Antenna

AMTA Session:

Systems

Post Processing

Synthesis,

Techniques in

Optimization,

Antennaand Design

Measurements

Strategies

Human RF
Exposure
Assessment to
Present andFuture Mobile
Radio
Technologies
including 5G andCS3: CS3

CS6a:
Emerging

CS9a:

Multiple Beam

Advances in 2-D

andLeaky-Wave

Beamforming

Antennas

Technologies

Modelling andfor 5G and

DesignAntennas on

E13: Noveleco-friendly

P05: Radar,

Materials,

materials,

location andMetamaterials,

environmental

sensing

andimpact ofMetasurfaces I

devices andsustainable

Beyonddevelopment

6G

15:30-16:00

coffee-break

CS5b:SW3b: Defence
radar, antennas
and16:00-18:00

electromagnetics:
past present andfuture(continued)

SW5b:
Metrology for
5G and beyondin support ofstandarddevelopments(IET workshop)(continued)

CS17b:
Reconfigurable
Intelligent
Surfaces Recent
Developments
and Applications(continued)

Advances inCS20b:

CS37b:

mmWave andPhysics-

Integration of(sub-)THz

compliantAntennas andchannelmodels ofElectronic

sounding andreconfigurable

Circuits

measurements

intelligent(continued)

for 5G andsurfaces

Beyond(continued)

CS6b:
CS42b:
CS47: Over-AMTA Session:

The-Air (OTA))

Post Processing

testing ofTechniques in

active array

Antennaantennas

Measurements(continued)

CS28:
Biological tissue
characterization
as a basis for
medical devices
development

Emerging

CS9b:

Multiple Beam

Advances in 2-D

M5:

and

Leaky-Wave

Uncertainty

CS16: Beam

Beamforming

Antennas

analysis andTechnologies

Modelling andmeasurementsfor 5G and

Designtechniques

Beyond(continued)

focusing for

EuCAP:
EuCAP2025

microwave and(sub)millimeterwave
applications(continued)(continued)

18:15-19:00

AW: Awards ceremony

19:00-20:30

WC: Welcome Reception & Exhibition Opening

Tuesday, March 19
IW10:
Advanced

SW1a: Active
Array Antennas:
Design

08:30-10:10

concepts,
technologies
and over-the-air

CS39a: AMTA
E06a:
Metasurface
Design andApplications

testing

Session: Trends,
Advancements

A27a: Mm-

and Challenges

wave antenna

on Measurement

technologies I

Techniques for

CS25:
Antenna
Systems for
6G SatCom

A09a:
Advances inreconfigurable
antennatechnologies

5G and Beyond

CS36a: New
antennasystems for
Direction-ofArrival
estimation

CS24a:
Biomedical
Microwave
Techniques andDevices from
Diagnosis toTreatment

IW7:

Simulation

Advanced

Toolchain formaterials andCS44a: Near

Electromagnetic

manufacturing

andField mmWave

P04a:

methods

IW1: Design ofRadiofrequency

and THz

Propagation

enable newtunableCompatibility

Communication

theory andantennaantennas,

Applications inand Sensing

modeling

solutions -Optenni Ltd

Realistic

Systems

application

Automotive anduse-cases with

Aerospace

3D printable RF

Applicationlenses, Rogers

Scenarios,
BETA CAE
Systems SA

10:10-10:40

10:40-11:25

coffee-breakSW1b: Active

CS39b: AMTA

CS10: Dome

Array Antennas:

Session: Trends,

antennas for

A09b:

Designconcepts,
technologies

11:25-12:20

and over-the-air
testing(continued)

E06b:
Metasurface
Design andApplications(continued)

Advancements

A27b: Mm-the next

Advances inand Challenges

wave antenna

generation ofreconfigurable

on Measurement

technologies I

terrestrial andantenna

Techniques for(continued)

satellite

technologies

5G and Beyond

communication(continued)(continued)

systems

CS36b: New
antennasystems for
Direction-ofArrival
estimation(continued)

CS24b:
Biomedical
Microwave
Techniques andDevices from
Diagnosis toTreatment(continued)

CS44b: Near
Field mmWave

P04b:

and THz

Propagation

Communication

theory andand Sensing

modeling

Systems(continued)(continued)

IW4: Ansys

IW2: Advanced

workshopsolutions formodernantenna test
challenges

IW13:(Antenna

CADFEM

Systems

workshop

Solutions andNext Phase
Measurements))

12:20-13:10

Lunch

13:10-14:40

PE2: Poster Session on Electromagnetics I,
PA2: Poster session on Antennas for Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks,
PA7: Poster session on Antenna analysis, design and technology,

IW9: Dassault
Systemes andSimuserv
GmbHworkshop

AMTA: AMTA
MeetingPE1: Poster Session on Metasurfaces and Metamaterials,
PM1: Poster Session on Measurements I,
PP01: Poster session on Propagation I

IN1: Hybrid
Hardware andDigitalProcessing for

14:40-15:20

energy efficientspace phasedarrays; Dr.
Hervé Legay,
Thales Alenia
Space, France

IN3:
Measurement
Techniques formmW and THz
Propagation
ChannelCharacterization;
Dr. Pekka
Kyösti,University ofOulu, FinlandIN2: SelfPhasing
Antenna Array
Technology forReal World

15:20-16:00

Wireless; Prof.
Vincent Fusco,
Queens
University ofBelfast, N

IN4: Radiowave
Propagation
Development in
the ITU-R; Carol
Wilson, CSIROSpace &
Astronomy,
Australia

Ireland, UK

16:00-16:30

coffee-breakCS32: AMTA

CS11: AI-

Session: Novel

16:30-18:10

Antenna

EXR:

Measurement

Exhibitors'

and Post

reception

Processing

A04: Sharedapertures andmultiband
antennas

CS13:

A21: Mm-

A19:

P03:

wave antenna

Antennas for

Detection andtechnologies II

space systems

estimation

Applications of
RFID Antennas
and Systems

CS27:

CS7: Antenna

Driven Antenna

Implantablefor emerging

Designantennas andapplications at

Contemporary

intra-body wave

sub-THz

Methodologies

propagation

frequencies

and Practical

Techniques

Applications

IW11:
Applying AI/ML

IW3: 5G & 6G

to 6G PHY

Communication

Research,

Testbeds,

Keysight

TMYTEK

Technologies

E07:
Optimization
Methods inMetasurface

DA -: DA EurAAP DA

DesignWednesday, March 20
SW11a: Wi-Fi
AntennaInnovation for

08:30-10:10

FTTR (Fiber-ToThe-Room)Multi-Access
Points F5G-A
Scenarios

CS31: AMTA
Session: New
Applications forCompressive
Sensing in
Antenna

CS35a:
Propagation for
Smart Mobility
Scenarios

A12a:

A16: User

Advances interminalmodelling andantennas fordesign ofsatellite

phased arrays

systems

Measurements

CS40a: Newchallenges on
small antennas
for emerging
wireless
technologies

10:10-10:40

RecentAdvances on
Propagation
Research and
Its Impact on
Localizations

IW6: Advances

CS45: Direct
and inverse EM
modelling forbiomedical
microwave

E10a:
A05: Optical,

Electromagnetic

THz and sub-Modelling and

THz antennas

Analytical
Methods

imaging systems

E08: Efficient
Methods for
Metasurfaces
Designin TICRA Tools
and Future
Developments
for AI and Array

SW12a: Open
A08a: Leaky-

Sourcewave antennas

Electromagnetic
Modelling Tools

Antennas,
TICRA

coffee-breakSW11b: Wi-Fi
AntennaInnovation for
FTTR (Fiber-To-

10:40-12:20

CS23a:

The-Room)
Multi-Access
Points F5G-A

SW13: 20
Years
Anniversary
ESoA

CS35b:
Propagation for
Smart Mobility
Scenarios(continued)

Scenarios

CS40b: New

A12b:challenges on

Advances in

A13:modelling andEmerging

design ofantennas forphased arrays

space systems(continued)

small antennas
for emerging
wireless
technologies(continued)(continued)

12:20-13:10

CS23b:
RecentAdvances on
Propagation
Research and
Its Impact on
Localizations

E01: Inverse

E05: Periodic

Scattering andStructures for

Imaging formmWave andBiomedical

THz

Applications

Applications

E10b:

IW12: Teleco

IW5: From

Electromagnetic

Renta: An

Planar Antennas

Modelling andopportunity toto Multi-BeamAnalyticalconduct

Phased Array

Methods

research in

Systems,(continued)

Spain

Celestia

SW9:

E11:

E12: Novel

Rydberg Atom-

Fundamental

Materials,

Based Sensors:

Research andMetamaterials,

WG
Measurements:

Transforming

Emerging

and

WG meeting

Measurements

Technology

Metasurfaces II

SW12b: OpenA08b: Leaky-

Sourcewave antennas

Electromagnetic(continued)

Modelling Tools(continued)(continued)

Lunch

PA4: Poster session on mm-wave and sub mm-wave Antennas I,
PA6: Poster session on Metamaterials and metasurface antennas and systems,
PA8: Poster session on Antenna systems,

13:10-14:40

PE3: Poster Session on Electromagnetics II,
PM2: Poster Session on Measurements II,
PP02: Poster session on Propagation II

IN5: Terahertz
Antennas andSystems for

14:40-15:20

Space
Applications;Dr. Goutam
Chattopadhyay,NASA-JPL, USA

IN6: Optical
Antenna
Systems for THz
Communications

15:20-16:00

and Sensing;
Prof. Nuria
Llombart, Tu
Delft,
Netherlands

IN7:Spaceborne
antenna testing:Status,Perspectives andChallenges; Dr.
Luis Rolo,
ESTEC, ESA, The
Netherlands

IN8: How
Compressive
Sensing
Approaches Can
Enhance RF
HardwareCapability; Dr.
Brian E. Fischer,
Resonant
Sciences, USA

16:00-16:30

coffee-break

SWM: In
16:30-18:10

Memory of Ross
Stone

M3: Innovative
Approaches for
Antenna
Measurements

CS34:
Propagation
measurements
and modellingfor RIS-aided

P09: Rain

A07: Lens

attenuation

antennas

E04:
Electromagnetic
Imaging

CS21: mm-

P06: Body

Wave Antennas

propagation,

for Radarsensing andApplications

communication

A23: Antennamodellingtechniques

A22: Modellingand design
techniques forlens antennas

and Detectionof Radiowireless

Frequency

communications

Fields andCommunication
Signals

Thursday, March 21
CS8:

08:30-10:10

SW2a:

CS22a:

Activities of

Quantum

A03a: Antenna

ITU-R Study

Electromagnetics

analysis andGroup 3 on

- From Photonics

design forradio wave

to Quantum

sub-6GHz

propagation

Computing

Advanced mm-

A18:

Wave

Algorithms,

SW7a: Stand

A01a:
Sensing,

Substrate

modelling andon the IEEE

communication

Integrated

systemAntennas &andAntennas andanalysis for

Propagation

identification

Systems foraerospaceStandards

antennas andFuture Wirelesssystems

A06a:

P10a:
M4:

mmWave andMeasurements,THzcharacterization

propagation

and apparatus

modeling andAdvances in

E02a:reflectarray

Computational

antennas forElectromagnetics

wave control,
space and 5G

measurements

systems

applications

Communication

10:10-10:40

10:40-12:20

Multiscale,Multiphysics

A10:

and

Metasurfaces

Unconventionaland resonant

Techniques forcavity antennas

A25: Additive
manufactured
antennas

Electromagnetic
Imagingcoffee-break

A01b:

SW2b:

CS22b:

Activities of

Quantum

A03b: Antenna

ITU-R Study

Electromagnetics

analysis andGroup 3 on

- From Photonics

design forradio wave

to Quantum

sub-6GHz

propagation

Computing(continued)(continued)(continued)

SW7b: Stand

Sensing,

A11:

CS4:

on the IEEE

communication

Developments

Antennas for

Antennas &andin mm-wave

Radio

Propagation

identification

antennas

Astronomy

Standards

antennas and(continued)

systems

CS41:

mmWave andElectrically Small

THz

Antenna

propagation

Measurement

modeling andTechniquemeasurements

13:10-14:40

PA1: Poster session on Antennas for biomedical and health applications,
PA3: Poster session on mm-wave and sub mm-wave Antennas II,
PA5: Poster session on Sub-6GHz antennas for terrestrial networks,
PP03: Poster session on Propagation III,
PS1: Best Paper Awards

metagratingsfor diverse fieldmanipulation;
Prof. Ariel
Epstein,Technion –Israel Instituteof Technology,
IsraelAdvances inE02b:

reflectarray

Computational

antennas forElectromagnetics

wave control,(continued)

space and 5G
applications(continued)(continued)

Lunch

IN9: Versatile

A06b:

P10b:

12:20-13:10

14:40-15:20

CS33a:(continued)

CS33b:
Multiscale,Multiphysics
andUnconventional
Techniques forElectromagnetic
Imaging(continued)

IW8:
Regulatory and
Performancefor Future

WG Active
Array
Antennas: WG

Wirelessmeeting

Testing
Considerations

Communication
Technologies,
ETS-Lindgren

IN12: Filtering
Antenna
Techniques for
5G/B5G WirelessCommunication
Applications;
Prof. Wenquan
Che, South
China Universityof Technology,
China

IN11: Crafting
the Future of

15:20-16:00

IN10:

Smart EM

Perfectly-

Environments

MatchedThrough theMetamaterials;

System-by-

Prof. Anthony

Design - The

Grbic, University

SEME@Trentinoof Michigan,

Initiative; Prof.

USA

Paolo Rocca,
University ofTrento, Italy

16:00-16:30

coffee-break

CS18:

16:30-18:10

SW4: EurAAP

Characteristic

Early Careers

Modes Analysis

and Women in

for Next-

Antennas andGeneration

Propagation

Wireless

A17:
A02: Emerging
antennatechnologies for
sub-6GHz

A28:
Antennas for5G and beyond

Deployableantennasolutions for
space

CS29:
P02: Imaging,

Propagation for

A20:

P01: Channel

detection andIntegrated

Biomedical andmodeling andestimation

Sensing andhealthmeasurements

CS19a:

SW6a:

Communication

applications

Technologies

A24:

M2: MIMO,

Superdirectivity

OTA and 6G

ESoA: ESoA

E09:
Frequency

and synthesis

Antenna

Board

Selective

techniques

Testing

Surfaces

Friday, March 22

08:30-10:10

SW10a: Sub-

CS30a:Terahertz

Approaching

Antenna andoptimal

Packagingperformance

Solutions forthroughFuture Radar

automated

and WirelessdesignCommunication

techniques

CS43a: COST-

CS48: MIMO

INTERACT,

Beamforming

Propagation

Design andMeasurement

Optimization inand Modelling

future 6G

for 6G and

Wireless

BeyondSystems

CS15:

CS1a:

GigaScale

Advances in

Antenna

Microwave andArrays formmWaveSpace based

Wireless Power

Solar Power

Transfer

10:10-10:40

10:40-12:20

CS26a: COST

CS14a:

Fundamental

RecentCS12a:

challenges andadvances in

AMTA Session:novel

antenna

Robotic

methodologies

measurement

Antennain the next-

traceability andMeasurements

generation

uncertainty atcomputational

reducedelectromagnetics

distances

CS19b:

SW6b:

CS26b: COST

SW8b:

CS14b:

Fundamental

RecentSession

A15b:

Waveguide

Shape-

challenges andadvances in

CA18223Developments

Antenna Arraymorphing

novel

antenna(SyMat)in antenna

Technologies formetamaterials,

methodologies

measurement

Modeling andarraysSpace andantennas andin the next-

traceability andApplications of(continued)

Beyondelectromagnetic

generation

uncertainty at

Higher(continued)

components

SW8a:

Session
CA18223

A15a:

Waveguide(SyMat)Developments

Antenna Array

Modeling andin antenna

Technologies forApplications ofarraysSpace andHigherBeyondSymmetries

Shapemorphing
metamaterials,
antennas andelectromagnetic
components

coffee-breakSW10b: Sub-

CS30b:

CS43b: COST-

Terahertz

Approaching

INTERACT,

A26:

Antenna andoptimalPropagation

Reconfigurable

CS1b:

Packagingperformance

Measurement

Intelligent

Solutions forthroughand Modelling

Surface (RIS)

Future Radar

automatedfor 6G andtechnologies

and WirelessdesignBeyondCS46: GNSS
Reflectometry
Antenna
TopicsAdvances in
Microwave andmmWaveWireless Power
Transfer(continued)

CS12b:AMTA Session:
Robotic
Antenna
Measurements(continued)

RoE: RoE
meetingCommunication

techniques(continued)(continued)(continued)

12:40-13:10

reducedelectromagnetics

distances(continued)(continued)

Symmetries(continued)(continued)

CC: Closing cerimony

SC07:
Fundamental

14:00-17:00

computational

equations ofelectromagnetics
from classical toquantum

SC08:
Microwave
Imaging and
Sensing andtheir
Innovative
Applications

SC02:
OptimalAntennas:
Operators,
Limits, andDesign

SC01:

SC03:

SC06: Machine

Modelling and

SC05: AI

Learning-

SC04:

Design ofTechniques for

EnabledMultibeam

Space-Time

Microwave

Optimization

Antennas andModulated

Antennaand Synthesis of

Beamforming

Electromagnetic

DesignMetasurface

Networks

Structures

Antennas

Advanced
impedance
matching and
impedance
analysis forantennaapplications

SC09: Planar

SC10:

near-field

Spherical Near-measurements

Field Antennaof phased

Measurements

array antennas– Theory andin millimetre-

Practical

wave bands

Implementation

Monday, March 18

Monday, March 18 8:30 - 9:30
OC: Opening Ceremony
Room: Clyde Auditorium

Monday, March 18 9:30 - 10:15
KY1: Keynote 1: Innovation and developments in reflector antenna modelling and applications; Dr. Cecilia
Cappellin, TICRA, Denmark
Room: Clyde Auditorium
Chair: Christophe Craeye (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium)

Monday, March 18 10:15 - 10:45
coffee-break
Room: Expo/Poster

Monday, March 18 10:45 - 11:30
KY2: Keynote 2: Absolute security for broadband terahertz wireless links; Prof. Daniel M. Mittleman, Brown
University, USA
Room: Clyde Auditorium
Chair: Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany)

Monday, March 18 11:30 - 12:15
KY3 -: Keynote 3: Silicon-Based Phased-Arrays for SATCOM, 5G and 6G: We Solved the Puzzle! Now whatelse to do?; Prof. Rebeiz, The University of California, San Diego, USA
Room: Clyde Auditorium
Chair: George V. Eleftheriades (University of Toronto, Canada)

Monday, March 18 12:15 - 13:30
Lunch
Room: Expo/Poster

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
SW3a: Defence radar, antennas and electromagnetics: past present and future
Room: Clyde Auditorium
Chairs: Anthony Keith Brown (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), David Conway (MIT Lincoln Labs, USA)
13:30 Introductory Remarks
Presenters: Tony Brown, David Conway (Queen Mary, University of London, UK; MIT Lincoln Labs, USA)13:35 Historical Perspective of World War II Radar Development
Presenter: David Conway (MIT Lincoln Labs)

14:05 History and Future Directions of Airborne Radars
Presenter: Claudio Biancotto (Leonardo)

14:35 Development of Phased Array and Multi-Phase Centre Systems
Presenter: Stephen Harman (THALES, UK)

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
SW5a: Metrology for 5G and beyond in support of standard developments (IET workshop)
Room: Lomond Auditorium

Chairs: Fabien Heliot (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Anil K Shukla (QinetiQ, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
13:30 Opening Presentation by Organizers
Presenter: Anil Shukla (QinetiQ)

13:35 Needs and Measurements Challenges over Integrating Adaptive Antenna with Emerging Wireless Systems
Presenter: Anil Shukla (QinetiQ)

13:55 Array Calibration for Massive MIMO Antenna System: Challenges and Solutions
Presenter: Wei Fan (Aalborg University)

14:15 Plane Wave Generator for OTA Testing
Presenter: Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Group)

14:35 Traceability of 5G Measurements
Presenter: Emrah Tas (Federal institute of Metrology METAS)

14:55 A Metrological Full-Connected Hybrid Beamformer Testbed with a Large Antenna Array for Millimetre-Wave RF-EMF Testing
Presenter: Tian Hong Loh (National Physical Laboratory)

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS17a: Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Recent Developments and Applications
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: M1
Chairs: Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Okan Yurduseven (Queen's
University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
13:30 Dual-Polarized Reconfigurable Metacavity Transceiver for Computational Polarimetric Imaging
Mengran Zhao (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & Xi'an Jiaotong University, China); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation
Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper, a dual-polarized reconfigurable metacavity transceiver (DRMT) that can be applied in computational polarimetric imaging (CPI) is proposed. The transmitter and the receiver of a CPI system are replacedby two ports of the DRMT, which significantly simplifies the hardware architecture. The DRMT is an electrically over-sized metacavity with its back wall replaced by a reconfigurable metasurface and its top surface
etched with leaky cross-shaped irises. By altering the PIN state of each metamaterial element, spatially orthogonal measurement modes can be obtained. Besides, measurement modes under different polarization
states are also orthogonal to each other. The correlation coefficients are smaller than 0.2 and the singular values are close to each other, which proves the spatial-orthogonality of the measurement modes. The
DRMT-based full-wave CPI simulations are also implemented and polarimetric images were reconstructed using different polarization components to showcase the benefits of the CPI method.

13:50 3D Method-Of-Moment Design of Huygens' Metasurfaces
Tianke Qiu, Vasileios G. Ataloglou and George V. Eleftheriades (University of Toronto, Canada)
Electromagnetic metasurfaces (MTSs) are often assumed to be passive and lossless, and can be modeled as purely reactive homogenized impedance sheets on dielectric substrates. In this paper, a 3-D design
procedure for reflective metasurfaces based on the integral equation method and impedance boundary conditions is presented. The metasurface consists of impedance sheets placed on top of a grounded dielectricslab, and the impedance values are optimized to match certain far-field (FF) power patterns or to beamform using the gradient-descent method.

14:10 Exploring RIS Coverage Enhancement in Factories: From Ray-Based Modeling to Use-Case Analysis
Gurjot Singh Bhatia (Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Des Signaux et Systèmes, France & SIRADEL, France); Yoann Corre and Thierry Tenoux (SIRADEL, France);
Marco Di Renzo (CNRS & Paris-Saclay University, France)
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have risen to the forefront of wireless communications research due to their proactive ability to alter the wireless environment intelligently, promising improved wirelessnetwork capacity and coverage. Thus, RISs are a pivotal technology in evolving next-generation communication networks. This paper demonstrates a system-level modeling approach for RIS. The RIS model,
integrated with the Volcano ray-tracing (RT) tool, is used to analyze the far-field (FF) RIS channel properties in a typical factory environment and explore coverage enhancement at sub-6 GHz and mmWave
frequencies. The results obtained in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios confirm that RIS application is relevant for 5G industrial networks.

14:30 Reflective Surfaces Based on Semi-Passive Reconfigurable Polymer Network Liquid Crystal
Pablo de la Rosa del Val, Robert Guirado, Gerardo Perez-Palomino, Eduardo Carrasco and Manuel Caño-García (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
Future telecommunication networks demand for innovative solutions that can improve the poor coverage conditions expected at millimeter-wave frequencies (>30 GHz). The devices composing those networks, apartfrom improving the coverage, must be of moderate cost, easy to manufacture and operate under strict low power consumption requirements. In this paper, a reflecting planar semi-passive device based on Polymer
Network Liquid Crystal (PNLC) is proposed as an example of a single-time programmable RIS. Due to the PNLC properties, the device is easy to mass-produce, can be easily programmed for each working scenario,
and behaves like a passive device after it is programmed. The envisioned implementation workflow is also discussed, together with its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, a single-time programmable reflectarray
antenna based on PNLCs is designed at 100 GHz from experimentally validated data, and different radiation conditions or scenarios are presented.

14:50 Nonlinear Distortion Issues Created by Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Nikolaos Kolomvakis and Emil Björnson (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can improve the propagation conditions over wireless channels but a passively reflecting RIS must be large to be effective. Active RIS with amplifiers can deal with this issue.
In this paper, we study the distortion created by nonlinear amplifiers in active RIS. We analytically obtain the directions of the reflected distortion when the desired signals arrive from specific azimuth and elevation
angles. The results are demonstrated numerically and we conclude that nonlinearities can both create in-band and out-of-band distortion that is beamformed in entirely new directions.

15:10 RIS-Enhanced MIMO Channels in Urban Environments: Experimental Insights
James Rains (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Anvar Tukmanov (BT, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Qammer H Abbasi and Muhammad Ali
Imran (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))

Can the smart radio environment paradigm measurably enhance the performance of contemporary urban macrocells? In this study, we explore the impact of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) on a realworld sub-6 GHz MIMO channel. A rooftop-mounted macrocell antenna has been adapted to enable frequency domain channel measurements to be ascertained. A nature-inspired beam search algorithm has been
employed to maximize channel gain at user positions, revealing a potential 50% increase in channel capacity in certain circumstances. Analysis reveals, however, that the spatial characteristics of the channel canbe adversely affected through the introduction of a RIS in these settings. The RIS prototype schematics, Gerber files, and source code have been made available to aid in future experimental efforts of the wirelessresearch community.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS37a: Integration of Antennas and Electronic Circuits
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Nader Behdad (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA), Nima Ghalichechian (Georgia Institute of Technology, USA)
13:30 3D-Printed Wearable Antenna Integrated with Rectifier for Wireless Power Transfer
Xiaoyang Yin (The University of Adelaide, Australia); Tucker Stuart (The University of Arizona, USA); Shengjian Jammy Chen (Flinders University, Australia & The
University of Adelaide, Australia); Philipp Gutruf (The University of Arizona, USA); Christophe Fumeaux (University of Queensland, Australia)
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology can facilitate battery-less and non-monitored operation for wearable devices. One core component in a WPT system is the rectenna, which integrates an antenna with arectifier circuit. This paper discusses core factors including load impedance and received power level which will determine the rectenna topology. On this basis, a specific demonstration will be given based on a
low-power bio-information monitoring platform. Co-simulations between CST Microwave Studio (CST) and Advanced Design System (ADS) are conducted for the purpose of realizing an optimal rectenna structure.
Following the simulated predictions, 3D-printed rectenna prototypes have been fabricated and experimentally validated. A good agreement between simulation and measurements over several practical parameter
sweeps successfully verifies the rectenna working performance.

13:50 Optimum Structured Phased Array with Novel Beam Forming Circuits for Beam Wireless Power Transfer
Naoki Shinohara, Bo Yang and Wenyi Shao (Kyoto University, Japan)
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a transformative technology, with several startups actively pursuing its development worldwide. In 2022, Japan introduced new radio regulations for far beam WPT at 920 MHz,
2.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz. To expand the applicability of far beam WPT, the need arises for a cost-effective phased array antenna system that boosts beam efficiency, received power, and mitigates interference withconventional wireless systems. This paper presents the research and development results of an optimal structured phased array with novel beamforming circuits for beam WPT.

14:10 A Class-E, Switched-Mode, Non-LTI Electrically-Small Transmit Antenna Design for Overcoming the Fundamental Bandwidth-Efficiency Product Limits
Nader Behdad (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA); Dan C. Ludois (University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA); Mirhamed Mirmozafari and Marisa Liben (University of
Wisconsin-Madison, USA)
We present a switched-mode, non-linear-time-invariant (non-LTI) electrically-small antenna (ESA) designed to overcome the theoretical bandwidth-efficiency product limitations governing the performances of passive,
LTI ESAs. The proposed non-LTI ESA operates by integrating a class-E, switched-mode inverter, designed to act as an ideal voltage source, with an electrically-small, self-resonant radiator. There is no impedance
matching between the output of the class-E inverter and the input of the self-resonant, ESA. This way, the class-E inverter is directly driving a resonant load with a small input resistance without using any intermediate
impedance matching stage to 50Ω. To generate a digitally-modulated waveform, the current passing through the antenna is directly modulated by controlling the bias voltage and/or the gate driver signal of the class-E
inverter. Through combined numerical electromagnetic simulation and transient circuit simulation, we demonstrate that a wide range of digitally-modulated waveforms may be generated.

14:30 Integrated Low-Loss mmWave On-Chip Arrays
Seung Yoon Lee (Georgia Institute of Technology, USA); Thomas G. Williamson (Georgia Tech Research Institute, USA); David L West, Sree Adinarayana Dasari, Walter
Royal Disharoon and Nima Ghalichechian (Georgia Institute of Technology, USA)A 60 GHz coplanar folded slot antenna with an off-chip ground and a deep air cavity is proposed, featuring both a single element and a 1×8 linear array with corporate feed. The single-element on-chip antenna(OCA) operating at 60 GHz achieves a −10 dB measured fractional bandwidth of 6.9%. The measured peak gain is 5.6 dBi with a directivity of 6.4 dBi, and the antenna's efficiency is simulated to be 83%. The 1×8
array exhibits a 9.8 dBi realized gain with a radiation efficiency of 71%. We introduced a phase shifter using microfabricated vanadium dioxide (VO2)-based switches. The resulting phase shifter demonstrated input
impedance matching, indicating a fractional bandwidth of 182%. Integration of OCA with VO2-based phase shifters will be instrumental in exhibiting beam steering capabilities up to 45°.

14:50 Display-Integrated MIMO Antennas for Gesture-Sensing Radars
Jin Myeong Heo, Hae Soo Eun, Phuong Linh Hoang and Kyuho Lee (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Korea (South)); Kiseo Kim and Jaeuk
Choi (Samsung Display Company Ltd., Korea (South)); Gangil Byun (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Korea (South))This paper proposes display-integrated MIMO antenna designs for gesture-sensing radars in mobile devices. The MIMO antennas consisting of 1 transmitting element and 3 receiving elements are implemented on a
non-optical region of the display panel. Since this region is covered by a polarizer, optically clear adhesive, and a window, the proposed antennas are completely invisible to users. By placing the receiving antennas
on horizontal and vertical edges, angular resolution in both azimuth and elevation directions can be achieved. For impedance matching, proximity-coupled slot dipole and monopole are employed for the antennas on
the horizontal edge and vertical edge, respectively. To verify the proposed approach, the MIMO antennas are fabricated and measured, and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results.
Moreover, the complete radar module with the proposed MIMO antennas is manufactured and tested for the feasibility of gesture-sensing.

15:10 A Completely Overlapped Ku- and Ka-Band Dual-Polarized Phased Array for Simultaneous Terrestrial and Satellite Communications
Bumhyun Kim and Wonbin Hong (Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Korea (South))This paper proposes an antenna designed with the shared aperture principle to operate in both the Ku and Ka bands and support dual polarization while the two antennas are completely overlapped on the samelayer. Ku-band and Ka-band phased arrays are realized within the same volume without any increase in size. The inter-element spacing is optimized by using a shared aperture concept. The reflection coefficientfeatures below -10 dB for each operating band. Additionally, both bands exhibit inter-port isolation exceeding 20 dB. Both simulated and measured results for the Ku band yield a beam steering angle greater than
±40 degrees for both polarizations and a maximum gain of 10.3 dBi in a 1×3 array structure. For the Ka band, it is confirmed that a maximum beam steering angle is over ±43 degrees for all polarizations, resulting ina peak gain of 13.1 dBi in a 1×5 phased array structure.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS5a: Advances in mmWave and (sub-)THz channel sounding and measurements for 5G and Beyond
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Diego Andrés Dupleich (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany & Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Germany), Wei Fan (Southeast University, China)

13:30 Context-Aware Channel Sounder for AI-Assisted Radio-Frequency Channel Modeling
Camillo Gentile, Jelena Senic, Anuraag Bodi and Samuel Berweger (NIST, USA); Raied Caromi (National Institute of Standard and Technology, USA); Nada Golmie(NIST, USA)We describe a context-aware channel sounder that consists of three separate systems: a radio-frequency system to extract multipaths scattered from the surrounding environment in the 3D geometrical domain, aLidar system to generate a point cloud of the environment in the same domain as the multipaths - providing a geometrical means to associate the multipaths to the environment scatterers - and a camera system toidentify and classify the scatterers. With the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI), the data acquired by the three systems can be automatically reduced into a scatter-specific channel model. Two such applications
are presented.

13:50 Validation of Pseudo-Scale Model for the Air-Sea Two-Layer Near-Field Problem by Using FDTD Simulations and Measurements in a Tank
Nozomu Ishii and Makoto Goto (Niigata University, Japan); Masaharu Takahashi (Chiba University, Japan); Qiang Chen (Tohoku University, Japan)
A pseudo-scale model for the air-seawater two-layer problem, adjustable in two parameters, a scale factor with respect to length and a conductivity multiplier, is examined by using the results of FDTD simulations andscaled measurements in a tank. For the conversion of the sea region of the model, it can be derived assuming that the entire region is the sea, and for the conversion of the air region, it is assumed to be the extreme
near-field of the source. The behavior of the electromagnetic field in the air region just above the sea surface can be validated by examining the field distribution in the region where lateral waves are dominant. The
distributions of the dominant electric field component before and after the scale conversion almost coincide in the direct wave and lateral wave regions. This fact confirms the validity and effectiveness of the proposed
pseudo-scale model.

14:10 Horn Antenna Phase Center Position Influence on Sub-THz Measurements Uncertainties
Mohanad Dawood Al-Dabbagh (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany); David Ulm (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany); Thomas
Kleine-Ostmann (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany); David A. Humphreys (University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & PhysikalischTechnische Bundesanstalt, Germany)
Horn antenna phase center position is an essential parameter to perform antenna calibration at the sub-THz band. We present two measurement setups to measure the phase center, using the power delay profile(PDP) magnitude and using the PDP delay for two horn antennas at WR05 and WR03 bands compared to the antenna's dimensions.

14:30 Indoor Channel Characterization Based on Directional Measurements at 140 GHz
Jiahao Hu, Amar Al-Jzari and Sana Salous (Durham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper we present the results of 140 GHz propagation channel measurements in a corridor and indoor industrial environments at Durham University. Both Line-of- Sight (LoS) and None-Line-of-Sight (NLoS)
measurements were carried out with a rotated directional antenna at the transmitter to estimate the angle of departure of the multipath components (MPCs). Estimated channel parameters include Power Delay
Profiles (PDP), Angular Spread (AS), and Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Delay Spread. In addition, the path loss coefficients are presented for both the Close-In (CI) and the Floating-Intercept (FI) Models.

14:50 A Modular COTS-Based High-Efficient Sub-THz Channel Sounder and Experimental Validations
Peize Zhang (University of Oulu, Finland); Cihan Barış Fındık (CWC Radio Technologies - University of Oulu, Finland); Pekka Kyösti (Keysight Technologies & Universityof Oulu, Finland); Veikko Hovinen, Klaus Nevala, Nuutti Tervo, Marko E Leinonen and Aarno Pärssinen (University of Oulu, Finland)
The prospect of offering huge amounts of available bandwidth to achieve extremely high data rates makes terahertz (THz) communication seen as a key enabler for 6G use cases requiring extreme throughputs on
the order of 10s or 100s of Gbps. The design and planning of wireless communication systems are affected by the radio channels in which they will operate. Physical modeling of THz channels requires sufficientchannel-sounding data collected across multiple frequency bands and environments for statistical analysis. In this paper, we present a modular correlation-based sub-THz channel sounder using commercial off-theshelf instruments. It can be easily scaled for multi-band channel measurements by using different frequency extenders while sharing the same baseband units. The D-band validation measurements are conducted in
an indoor corridor using the proposed sounder, together with the ray-tracing simulation results for performance validations in identical settings.

15:10 Excitation Signal Design for THz Channel Sounding and Propagation Parameter Estimation
Jonas Gedschold (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Sebastian Semper (Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany); Michael Döbereiner (Fraunhofer Institutefor Integrated Circuits IIS & Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Reiner S. Thomä (Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany)In this publication, we analyze how the performance of propagation parameter estimation for THz channel sounding can be improved by the power spectrum design of a multicarrier waveform. To this end, we discuss
the Fisher information of the propagation parameters and the corresponding deterministic Cramèr-Rao lower bound (CRB) as well as their relation to the carrier powers of the excitation signal. We use these quantities
to design waveforms that improve range estimation. In practice, evaluating the Fisher information requires prior knowledge of the propagation scenario which is usually unavailable. Hence, we propose two solutions
which we compare numerically to the classical approach of equal power distribution. The evaluation shows that an optimized power distribution can improve the CRB comparable up to a 4 dB gain in signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) if knowledge about the propagation scenario is available and slightly less if the scenario is unknown.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS20a: Physics-compliant models of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Raffaele D'Errico (CEA, LETI & Université Grenoble-Alpes, France), Philipp del Hougne (CNRS, Univ Rennes, France), Gabriele Gradoni (University of Surrey, United
Kingdom (Great Britain))
13:30 Comparison of Simplistic System-Level RIS Models and Diffraction-Theory Solutions
Le Hao (Technische Universität Wien, Austria); Francisco S. Cuesta and Sergei Tretyakov (Aalto University, Finland)
We discuss and compare two recently published path-loss models for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) derived from the electromagnetic and communication theory points of view. The electromagnetic model
considers the RIS as a whole, taking into account field interactions of all metasurface elements, whereas the communication model is based on an assumption that each array element is an independent relay. The
estimations given by the two models are rather different but, surprisingly, we find that the simplistic model gives the same result as the electromagnetic calculation for perfectly functioning anomalous reflectors if
one replaces the effective areas of the unit cells by their geometrical areas, scaled by the corresponding angular factors. Simulation results validate our analysis and show the numerical differences between the twomodels when we vary the frequency and the number of elements in RISs.

13:50 Analysis and Optimization of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Based on S-Parameters Multiport Network Theory
Andrea. Abrardo. (University of Siena, Hong Kong); Alberto. Toccafondi. (University of Siena, Italy); Marco Di Renzo (CNRS & Paris-Saclay University, France)
In this paper, we consider a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and model it by using multiport network theory. We first compare the representation of RIS by using $Z$-parameters and $S$-parameters, byproving their equivalence and discussing their distinct features. Then, we develop an algorithm for optimizing the RIS configuration in the presence of electromagnetic mutual coupling. We show that the proposed
algorithm based on optimizing the $S$-parameters results in better performance than existing algorithms based on optimizing the $Z$-parameters. This is attributed to the fact that small perturbations of the step sizeof the proposed algorithm result in larger variations of the $S$-parameters, hence increasing the convergence speed of the algorithm.

14:10 Load Impedances Vs Polarizabilities: On the Compactness of Physics-Compliant Models of RIS-Parametrized Wireless Channels
Philipp del Hougne (CNRS, Univ Rennes, France)
Physics-compliant models of RIS-parametrized wireless channels currently describe the reconfigurability of the RIS elements either in terms of tunable load impedances or tunable polarizabilities. No efforts to compare
or harmonize these two approaches exist to date, and similar results are independently derived with both approaches. Here, we compare the two approaches, notably in terms of their mathematical complexity. We
argue that the polarizability approach is more ``transparent'' because polarizability is a local concept and the RIS configuration determines the radio environment's local scattering properties at the location of the RIS
elements. In contrast, impedance is a non-local concept, and the impedance matrix only serves as a transit quantity in deriving the end-to-end channel matrix. We conclude that the polarizability formulation facilitatesphysical intuition and may offer lower computational complexity. The latter matters for physics-compliant channel estimation, as well as the latency and convergence of physics-compliant RIS optimization algorithms.

14:30 Accurate Design of Surface-Wave Enabled Reflective Intelligent Surfaces Through the Generalized Oliner Method
Talha Arshed, Enrica Martini and Stefano Maci (University of Siena, Italy)
This work, starting from the analysis of the sources of inefficiency and the limitations of the space wave (SPW)-to- surface wave (SW) conversion through sinusoidally modulated metasurfaces (MTSs), devises a
synthesis process to achieve the impedance modulation profile providing optimum conversion performance. We apply a generalization of the Oliner's method, based on Floquet-wave expansion of the fields andFourier-series of modulated impedance, to analytically derive a system of equations for the modulation parameters. The synthesized modulation provides control not only over the desired LW mode, but also overunwanted higher-order modes, leading to improved conversion efficiency for arbitrary beam angles. The synthesis process allows for a flexible selection of the operating wavenumber of the SW, thus, facilitating MTS
implementation. The proposed approach is applied to the design of a reflective intelligent surface (RIS) operating upon a dual-conversion: first from incident SPW to SW and subsequently from SW to radiating SPW.

14:50 Recent Advances on Multi-Scale Wave Manipulation Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Giacomo Oliveri (University of Trento & ELEDIA Research Center, Italy); Marco Salucci (ELEDIA Research Center, Italy); Andrea Massa (University of Trento, Italy)
The Smart ElectroMagnetic Environment (SEME) concept is revolutionizing the design of wireless systems, exceeding current-generation capabilities. SEME manipulates electromagnetic waves to align withperformance objectives, challenging traditional fixed propagation environments. Electromagnetic Skins (EMSs), including reconfigurable passive two dimensional artificial structures, represent a crucial technology
within this framework. These devices enable to perform advanced wave manipulation functionalities (e.g., anomalous reflection, beam shaping) through meta-atomic adjustments of their electrical properties (e.g.,through electronically-controllable components). Despite complexity, EMSs offer cost-effective alternatives to traditional wireless equipment, prompting substantial research in the field. This work is aimed at discussing
some of the latest RIS synthesis and wave manipulation developments, offering insights into advanced design and implementation strategies.

15:10 Electromagnetics-Based RIS Channel Model with Near-Field Accuracy ImprovementOndřej Franek (Aalborg University & APMS Section, Denmark)An enhanced electromagnetics-based channel model of communication between two devices via reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that enables closer placement of the devices to the RIS is described. This
improvement is achieved by decomposing the communication paths between the RIS and the devices into individual paths for each RIS element. Key features include the use of commercial simulation software fordevice characterization, physical-level modeling of RIS inter-element coupling, fast device linking using the scattering matrix formalism, and easy emulation of fading or blockage. The model is implemented as a
MATLAB function and additionally offers higher-order interpolation for improved accuracy.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS38: Advancements in IoT Antenna Systems Synthesis, Optimization, and Design Strategies
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 2
Chair: Martijn van Beurden (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
13:30 Improving Scan Gain of Sparse Vivaldi Array with Parasitic Scatterers
Albert Salmi, Jan H. S. Bergman, Anu Lehtovuori and Juha Ala-Laurinaho (Aalto University, Finland); Ville Viikari (Aalto University & School of Electrical Engineering,
Finland)This paper presents a fully populated, but sparsely fed antipodal Vivaldi array. Every second element of the array is fed, and the others, parasitic scatterers, are terminated to passive loads. The appropriate
terminations of the parasitic elements for improving scan gain of the array are computed using principal component analysis-based algorithm. Compared to a reference array without parasitic elements, the main
beam realized gain is increased by up to 1.8 dB inside a desired beam-steering sector. The results are verified by measurements of manufactured prototypes.

13:50 Model Order Reduction for Parametric Dependence of Q-Factor Bounds in IoT Applications
Lars Jonsson (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
In Internet of Things (IoT) applications the antennas are often electrically small at their radiation frequency. This makes it hard to design antennas that meet desired bandwidth requirements. It is therefore interesting
to consider the trade-off between antenna size and antenna position within the terminal with respect to its available bandwidth, as characterized by the Q-factor bound. To determine these quantities are associatedwith solving a non-trivial optimization problem.
Recent development of model order reduction techniques can include parametric dependencies. Here we apply the data-driven Loewner framework to the Q-factors as a function of size and position parameters, toinvestigate how well these methods work for the Q-factor bounds in IoT applications. We show that the Loewner framework can deliver a reduced-order model of the bound. Properties of the reduced model can beused to indicate how well the reduced order interpolates the parametric dependence.

14:10 Reconfigurable Architecture in a 130 x 80 mm2 PCB with Antenna Booster Element for Multiband Operation in IoT Devices
Elena García and Aurora Andújar (Ignion, Spain); Joan Pijoan (Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain); Jaume Anguera (Ignion & Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain)
The rapid increase of IoT (Internet of Things) devices, including sensors and trackers, presents a significant challenge in terms of size and performance requirements. This challenge also extends to the design of theantenna system, which needs to be efficient and capable of operating across various frequency bands while maintaining a compact form factor. To address these demands, a 130mm x 80mm printed circuit board(PCB) is proposed and designed for analysis. The objective is to determine whether a passive matching network is sufficient for the desired frequency bands or if a reconfigurable architecture is necessary. This
reconfigurable architecture incorporates a single SP4T (Single-Pole 4-Throw) switch, enabling operation in the frequency range of 698 MHz - 960 MHz and 1710 MHz - 2170 MHz. Additionally, the reconfigurable
matching network provides flexibility in configuring and optimizing frequency bands as needed.

14:30 Ground Plane Width Analysis for IoT Devices Embedding Antenna Boosters
Alejandro Fernández and Aurora Andújar (Ignion, Spain); Jaume Anguera (Ignion & Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain)
This paper presents a lambda/30 at 824 MHz antenna booster element on two PCB designs with ground planes of 120 mm × 60 mm and 120 mm × 20 mm, matched to operate in 824-960 MHz and 1710-2170
MHz. A study in terms of matching and total efficiency is performed for both designs. The use of characteristic modes analysis (CMA) is performed to seek the physical limitations of the antenna booster element.
The horizontal modes help the 60 mm PCB width design achieve the best match in the high-frequency region, while the 20 mm design achieves a competitive performance thanks to the monomodal resonance at the
low-frequency region.

14:50 Substructure Modes and Bounds
Mats Gustafsson (Lund University, Sweden); Lukas Jelinek and Miloslav Capek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic); Kurt Schab (Santa ClaraUniversity, USA); Johan Lundgren (Lund University, Sweden)
Antennas are often required to operate in environments containing objects that interact with radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves. For fixed objects in close proximity of antennas, such as a ground plane, it
is frequently advantageous to include the surrounding objects in using substructure or numerical Green's function formulation. In this paper, we review how substructures are incorporated in fundamental bounds andmodal expansions jointly formulated using controllable and uncontrollable regions. Moreover, a scattering theory is developed showing how substructures are treated using scattering matrices.

15:10 Estimating the Achievable Efficiency and Bandwidth of Small Terminal-Integrated Inverted-F Antennas Using Machine Learning
Julian Roqui (Université Côte d Azur CNRS LEAT, France); Alain Pegatoquet (LEAT, France); Leonardo Lizzi (University Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LEAT, France)
This article explores the impact of dielectric substrate, terminal size and Printed Circuit Board (PCB) thickness on the achievable performance, namely efficiency and bandwidth, of small terminal-integrated inverted-F
antennas (IFA). The study is based on the use of a machine learning estimation approach.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS42a: AMTA Session: Post Processing Techniques in Antenna Measurements
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Jeffrey Guerrieri (National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA), Francesco Saccardi (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy)
13:30 Inverse Source Solutions with Spectral Filtering
Thomas F. Eibert (Technical University of Munich (TUM) & Chair of High-Frequency Engineering (HFT), Germany); Matthias M. Saurer, Alexander H. Paulus and Josef
Knapp (Technical University of Munich, Germany)
The radiation model of inverse source solvers representing an antenna under test (AUT) relies on a discretized spatial equivalent source distribution and the source expansion coefficients are found such that theirradiation reproduces known field observations. The required number of field observations depends on the number of degrees of freedom of the radiation fields and, thus, on the spatial extent of the sources. For
source distributions producing a narrow far-field radiation pattern, the number of degrees of freedom is reduced as compared to the general case and the spatial observation density can be reduced considerably.
Since a general purpose inverse source solver requires the full set of observation samples as possibly supported by its spatial source distribution, we consider a solver with a spectrally filtered radiation operator,
where the filtering is performed in the translation step of the underlying propagating plane-wave representation as known from the multilevel fast multipole method.

13:50 Quantification and Correction of Signal Averaging with On-The-Fly Sampling in Near-Field Antenna Measurements
Olav Breinbjerg (ElMaReCo, Denmark)In order to achieve an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio in practical near-field antenna measurements, probe signal averaging is usually employed. Hence, the nominal sample of the probe signal at the nominal
sampling point is actually an average of multiple - between two and several millions - actual samples. For on-the-fly sampling, these actual samples are not taken at the same nominal sampling point but at different
actual sampling points over a sampling interval - where the probe signal is not constant. If the nominal sample of the probe signal is treated as a point quantity in the subsequent post-processing an error is thus
introduced. The present work shows that this erroneous effect of signal averaging with on-the-fly sampling can be exactly quantified and exactly corrected for

14:10 Reconstruction of the Far-Field Pattern Radiated by an Elongated Antenna Measured over a Perfectly Electric Conducting Ground Plane in a Spherical Spiral
Near-Field Facility
Claudio Gennarelli, Flaminio Ferrara, Rocco Guerriero and Francesco D'Agostino (University of Salerno, Italy)
Aim is to devise an effective spherical spiral near-to-far-field (NTFF) transformation for long antennas, which uses a reduced set of spiral near-field (NF) data measured in a hemispherical NF facility. The proposed
technique properly exploits the theoretical foundations of spiral scannings for non-volumetric antennas to develop the non-redundant representation along the spiral wrapping the upper and lower hemispheres and theimage theorem to synthesise the voltage NF data which would be collected along the spiral wrapping the lower hemisphere. Once these voltage NF data have been synthesised, then an efficient 2-D optimal samplinginterpolation algorithm is conveniently used to recover the NF data required by the classical spherical NTFF transformation. It is here assumed that the considered antenna and its image exhibit a predominantdimension as compared to the other two and, hence, are effectively modeled by a rounded cylinder. Numerical tests show the accuracy of the devised NTFF transformation.

14:30 Planar Near-Field Phaseless Measurements Using Multi-Probe Arrays
Fernando Rodríguez Varela (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid, Spain); Manuel Sierra-Castañer (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Francesco Saccardi(Microwave Vision Italy, Italy); Andrea Giacomini (SATIMO, Italy); Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy)
Near-field measurements of antennas with integrated sources is a challenge. The lack of a reference channel forces to apply phaseless techniques with high levels of oversampling and poor recovery guarantees. On
this line, multi-probe systems bring numerous advantage. Not only they provide measurement time savings, but also enable the measurement of the relative phases between probes. This paper proposes a planar
phaseless technique based on an optimized grid designed to minimize measurement time. The optimized grid is scanned by a probe array which extracts the magnitude and relative phase between the neighboring
samples. This partial phase information is fed to a state-of-the-art phase retrieval technique which reconstructs the complete phase signal and the antenna far-field. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed
technique, a simulation example with the VAST12 antenna is presented, where the total number of samples is reduced by a factor of 100 using a 4x4 probe array.

14:50 Antenna Coupling Evaluation in Arrays and Complex Structures Using Measured Sources and Simulations
Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy); Lucia Scialacqua (Italian Ministry of Health, Italy); Giorgia Giorgia Venturini (MVG, USA); Marlize Schoeman (Altair Engineering
SA (Pty) Ltd, South Africa); Daniel LeRoux (Altair Engineering, SA (Pty) Ltd, South Africa); CJ Reddy (Altair, USA)The success of antenna developments heavily relies on realistic numerical simulations of antennas and their intended operating environments. Central to this success is the accuracy of the antenna representation,
which significantly enhances result reliability. Recent advancements have made it possible to derive precise mathematical models directly from measured antennas, seamlessly integrating them into Computational
Electromagnetic tools. This approach proves invaluable in tackling complex structural challenges, large-scale scenarios, antenna placement intricacies, scattering phenomena, among others. An equally intriguing
application arises when merging measurement data with simulations to assess antenna coupling. This becomes particularly important in designing large arrays, allowing an insight into element coupling from singleelement measurements. Prior publications have predominantly concentrated on arrays featuring three identical cavity-backed cross-dipole antennas where we validated the coupling between multiple simulatednear-field sources through numerical simulation, this paper extends the scope by including an experimental validation of the coupling evaluation employing measured sources

15:10 Hybrid Antenna Measurement and Post-Processing for 5G Small Cell Exposure Assessment with Site-Specific Mounting Conditions
Tobias Struck, Lisa-Marie Schilling, Willi Hofmann and Christian Bornkessel (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Matthias Hein (Ilmenau University of Technology,
Germany)
Ongoing mobile radio small cell deployment requires detailed analysis of the electromagnetic exposure which is dependent on the installation environment. To facilitate site-specific small cell exposure analysis,a hybrid exposure assessment approach is utilized which combines antenna nearfield measurement and post-processing. An equivalent current antenna model is investigated under virtually varying installation
conditions, considering three real applications of small cell installation. The equivalent current antenna model's results are in good agreement with reference measurements and geometry-based simulations. Antenna
pattern deviations vary between 0.9 dB and 2.9 dB, depending on the installation environment selected. This highlights the advantages of using the hybrid exposure assessment approach which adequately capturesand reflects changes in the installation surroundings. Additionally, it yields comparable results to established methods and provides extensive flexibility for virtual exposure estimations by taking into account varying
installation environments.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS2: Challenges in Human RF Exposure Assessment to Present and Future Mobile Radio Technologies
including 5G and 6G
T06 Biomedical and health / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Wout Joseph (Ghent University/IMEC, Belgium), Lisa-Marie Schilling (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany)
13:30 Instantaneous Vs Theoretical Maximum Exposure Under Real Traffic Conditions: Example in the City of Valencia
Alvaro Villaescusa-Tebar (Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain); Alberto Najera and Jesus Gonzalez-Rubio (Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Spain); Concepcion
Garcia-Pardo (Universitat Politècnica de València & Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Spain)
With the ongoing deployment of the fifth generation (5G) mobile telecommunications, there is an increasing need for standardized methodologies to assess human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields
from 5G base stations. Thus, the development of proper assessment methodologies will impact the adequate deployment of 5G systems as well as ensure the safe operation of devices for people. This work focuseson comparing total exposure and theoretical maximum exposure levels in commercial 5G operational networks in the City of Valencia for the frequency band below 6 GHz. This study is based on the use of acode-selective method using the R&S®TSME6 and EME Spy Evolution exposimeter in addition to an omnidirectional antenna and one user equipment (UE) to measure the downlink exposure.

13:50 Characterization of Typical Instantaneous Exposure and Usage Scenarios in the Vicinity of 5G Massive-MIMO Base Stations
Anna-Malin Schiffarth and Thanh Tam Julian Ta (RWTH Aachen University, Germany); Lisa-Marie Schilling and Christian Bornkessel (Technische Universität Ilmenau,
Germany); Matthias Hein (Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany); Dirk Heberling (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
A recurring discussion is whether it is useful to specify a typical exposure in addition to the theoretical maximum exposure for massive-MIMO systems, but currently no reliable method exists. Therefore, typical 5G
use cases are investigated, grouped according to their throughput, and three typical data rates are derived. To evaluate the reproducibility of data rates and corresponding exposures, three measurement runs havebeen performed at four measurement points (MP) with different cell utilization by other users, while a 5G UE generated the typical data rates in the vicinity of the MP. Furthermore, temporal variations have been
considered by evaluating three different averaging times. The results demonstrate that the exposure values are reproducible within typical measurement uncertainty across different averaging times and even acrossdifferent measurement runs. Therefore, this method is considered to be capable of providing reproducible measurements of the typical exposure in addition to the maximum possible exposure.

14:10 Long-Term Network-Based Assessment of the Actual Output Power of Base Stations in a 5G Network
Paramananda Joshi, Davide Colombi, Bo Xu, Carla Di Paola, Jens Eilers Bischoff, Stanislav Stefanov Zhekov and Christer Törnevik (Ericsson AB, Sweden)
In this study, data were collected for 22 massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) base stations in busy 5G sites over 15 months using a network monitoring tool. Logged precoding matrix index (PMI) data andtime-averaged output power from the 5G base stations were used to obtain actual time-averaged output power statistics considering spatial distribution of power transmission corresponding to spreading of antenna
beams in different directions over time. More than one billion output power samples were collected over the whole study period. The results show that the actual time-averaged output power per beam direction was
significantly below the theoretical maximum power, with the mean and 95th percentile values being 2.9% and 7.4%, respectively, of the theoretical maximum. At the busiest site the 95th percentile and the maximum
value were found to be 18.7% and 35.5%, respectively, of the theoretical maximum.

14:30 Advanced Post-Processing Technique to Evaluate Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for a Standard Dipole Antenna
Shoaib Anwar (Microwave Vision Group, Satimo Industries, France); Lucia Scialacqua (Italian Ministry of Health, Italy); Aurelien Lelievre (MVG Industries Technopole Best
Iroise - Plouzane, France); Mohamad Mantash (MVG Industries, France); Jerome Luc (MVG Industries Technopole Best Iroise - Plouzane, France); Nicolas Gross (MVG
Industries, France); Francesco Saccardi and Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy)
In this paper, advanced post-processing techniques are combined with near-field measurements to evaluate the SAR of a standard SAR dipole antenna. The results are then compared to measurements on a legacy
SAR measurement system and with full wave simulations. The results show very good comparison with just 0.94 dB difference w.r.t reference measurements evaluated for the standard SAR dipole antenna operating
at 2.45 GHz frequency. This study demonstrates that the proposed method to use near-field data along with advanced post-processing techniques is reliable and promising. The goal is to use this technique for
evaluation of modern communication devices for pre-compliance SAR testing in a more efficient way as compared to using legacy SAR evaluation techniques, which are more time consuming, and require morehuman and material resources.

14:50 New Hybrid Ray-Tracing/FDTD for EMF Exposure in 6G Networks Using Semantically Classified Google Earth Photogrammetry with Measurement Validation
Robin Wydaeghe (Ghent University & IMEC, Belgium); Arno Moerman, Olivier Caytan, Sergei Shikhantsov, Emmeric Tanghe, Gunter Vermeeren and Hendrik Rogier(Ghent University, Belgium); Sam Lemey (Ghent University-imec, Belgium); Piet Demeester (Ghent University - iMinds, Belgium); Wout Joseph (Ghent University/IMEC,
Belgium)
State-of-the-art (SOTA) technologies are combined to make channel and exposure assessment in realistic environments anywhere on Earth a reality. The new API for 3D photorealistic tiles from the Google Earthdataset provides high Level of Detail (LoD) and high coverage photogrammetry. These meshes are semantically classified with a SOTA deep-learning model to distinguish classes such as buildings, terrain andvegetation. The environment is ray-traced at 26 GHz millimeter waves (mmWaves) with a 6G distributed massive MIMO (DMaMIMO) antenna system as Tx. A scan measurement from an in-house beamforming
16-element DMaMIMO antenna system in an anechoic room is performed. The EMFs of the created hotspot are compared with results from the hybridization component in the simulation pipeline, with a 1D Normalized
Mean Absolute Error (NMAE) of 17%. The measurement validates the use of the simulations in realistic environments. A case-study near Central Park in New York City, USA, is examined.

15:10 Reproducibility Studies of Instantaneous and 6-Minute Average Exposure Measurements Around 5G Massive-MIMO Base Stations
Christian Bornkessel (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Alena Pikushina (TU Ilmenau, Germany); Lisa-Marie Schilling and Tobias Struck (Technische Universität
Ilmenau, Germany); Matthias Hein (Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany)
Measurements of RF exposure to mobile radio base stations are important for risk communication. We measured instantaneous exposure with a focus on 5G with an exposimeter on an identical route on three
afternoons to study the reproducibility. Due to different walking speeds, the relationship between time and place was not identical for the measurements, so time is not suitable as a reference for comparison. Whenthe distance walked was used as reference, accuracy problems of the exposimeter's internal GPS system occurred, resulting in a mismatch between the actual location and the GPS location. This problem was
successfully corrected by using the gradient descent with momentum method. The three measurements show a variation in maximum measured exposure of up to 5.4 dB for a selected section of the route, which is
reduced to 2.8 dB when averaged over 6-minute intervals, which is acceptable given typical measurement uncertainties of ±3 dB.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS6a: Emerging Multiple Beam and Beamforming Technologies for 5G and Beyond
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Simone Genovesi (University of Pisa, Italy), Lizhao Song (University of Technology Sydney, Australia)
13:30 Irregular Subarray with Gathered Elements for Sidelobe Suppression
Yihan Ma (University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Qi Luo (University of Herfordshire, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Wei Liu (Queen Mary University

of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Steven Shichang Gao (Chinese University of Hong Kong, China)
Subarray technique is an effective approach for reducing the cost of a phased array system. Although integrating multiple elements into a subarray can reduce the number of radio frequency (RF) chains and systemcomplexity, how to avoid grating lobes when performing beam-scanning remains a challenging research topic. This paper evaluates the scanning performance of three different types of polyomino-shaped irregularsubarray configurations: domino-shaped, skew-tetromino-shaped & L-tetromino-shaped, and L-octomino-shaped subarray configurations, on both 8x8 and 16x16 arrays. By combining the Algorithm X technique toprecisely tile polyomino-shaped subarrays and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to find the optimal configuration, we are able to evaluate the maximum sidelobe levels (SLLs) at different scanning angles from numericalsimulations.

13:50 Designing Transmissive Metasurface for Multibeam Transmitarray at 5G Millimeter-Wave Band
Weixu Yang, Ke Chen and Yijun Feng (Nanjing University, China)
In this paper, a frequency-multiplexed spin-decoupled transmissive metasurface is proposed by employing shared-aperture meta-atoms made of interleaved dual-band receiver-transmitter structures. As anapplication, a low-profile dual-band dual-CP shared-aperture transmitarray (TA) with four degrees of freedom for beamforming is designed in the 5G new radio millimeter-wave band. Simulated results show overallpeak aperture efficiencies of 38.3% and 22.1%, simultaneously with joint gain variation < 3 dB and axial ratio < 3 dB relative bandwidths of two orthogonal CP beams better than 18.8% and 7.4%, for the low- andhigh-frequency bands, respectively. These features of the proposed TA make it a suitable candidate for 5G wireless and space communications.

14:10 Wideband Transmissive Metasurfaces for Sub-THz Frequency-Dependent Beam Scanning
Lizhao Song (University of Technology Sydney, Australia); Ting Zhang (CSIRO, Australia); Peiyuan Qin (University of Technology Sydney, Australia); Jia Du (CSIRO,
Australia); Y Jay Guo (University of Technology Sydney, Australia)
A wideband transmissive metasurface is presented for frequency-dependent beam scanning at sub-terahertz (THz) band. Firstly, an anisotropic element model is developed to support low transmission losses andstable linear transmission phases in an ultrawide band. Secondly, theoretical analyses of transmissive frequency-scanning metasurfaces are provided. Design concepts and methods in terms of increasing beam
angular coverages and transmission efficiencies are investigated. Finally, a prototype covering a beam range of 31.5° is developed, exhibiting continuous scanning capability from 94 GHz to 220 GHz with enhanced
transmission efficiencies up to 75%. The theoretical analyses and full-wave simulation results have been well validated by experiments.

14:30 A Beam-Scanning Metal-Only Folded Reflectarray Antenna
Haoran Jiang and Lu Guo (Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China)
A beam-scanning metal-only folded reflectarray is presented. It comprises two parts, namely a folded reflectarray and upper metasurfaces, which are all metallic. By rotating the metasurfaces on the top of foldedreflectarray, the beams can be scanned in both elevation and azimuth planes. From the results of the simulation, the scanning range is ±41° in elevation plane with a 360° steering in azimuth plane. The proposed
design exhibits various advantages such as low-cost, low-profile, and simple configuration, demonstrating its good potential for satellite communications.

14:50 Multibeam Phased Array with Reduced Transmit and Receive Modules
Francesco Alessio Dicandia (National Research Council (CNR), Italy); Simone Genovesi (University of Pisa, Italy)
Due to the high system demands of fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks and the scarcity of available spectrum in traditional cellular frequencies, there has been significant research interest andactive investigation into multibeam antenna systems. The need of a multibeam antenna is also shared with the increasing involvement of low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites systems as a mean to cope with the loss ofthe fixed link provided by geostationary orbit ones. A preliminary study is carried out to investigate the advantages offered by applying a subarray partitioning technique based on Penrose tessellation. A phased arrayable to generate a couple of main beams independently scanning five predefined areas is designed by pursuing the minimization of the transmit/receive modules (TRMs) as well as of the peak side lobe level together
with the maximization of the minimum gain exhibited along the selected directions.

15:10 Development of a Circuit-Type Multiple-Agile Beamforming and Interference Mitigation Network
Yanki Aslan and Antoine Roederer (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France); Piero Angeletti (European Space Agency, The
Netherlands); Alexander Yarovoy (TU Delft, The Netherlands)
An innovative reconfigurable beamforming network concept for multiple high-gain agile and mutually zero-forced beam generation is proposed. Four-port couplers and variable phase shifters are used to synthesize
the network. A 2 beam by 7 element beam former is designed and fabricated as proof of concept. A static scenario with the two beams separated by the approximated array beamwidth is considered in the prototype.
At the operating frequency of 9 GHz, based on the array factor using the measured scattering parameters, it is demonstrated that the null levels stay below -37 dB, while the beam weights remain close to uniform forthe best efficiency.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS9a: Advances in 2-D Leaky-Wave Antennas Modelling and Design
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Paolo Baccarelli (Roma Tre University, Italy), Davide Comite (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
13:30 Dual-Frequency Metasurface Antenna for Earth Science Remote Sensing
Kristy Hecht (University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA); Nacer Chahat (NASA-JPL, Caltech, USA); Goutam Chattopadhyay (NASA-JPL/Caltech, USA); Enrica Martini(University of Siena, Italy); Mario Junior Mencagli (University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA)This paper presents an innovative approach to designing dual-frequency Metasurface (MTS) antennas. These antennas cater to the growing demand for multifrequency capabilities in applications like Earth science,satellite communications, and remote sensing. Traditional multifrequency antenna designs have limitations, often requiring external feeds. The paper outlines the foundational principles of single-layer, single frequency
MTS antenna design and expands upon them to introduce a dual-band, dual-layered antenna configuration. The proposed design leverages Foster's reactance theorem to enable independent operation of two
patterned metallic sheet at two widely separated frequencies with coplanar excitation. Simulation results demonstrate the antenna's performance, not only in broadside operation but also at various pointing angles.
This approach offers a promising solution for compact multifrequency antennas in space-constrained applications, addressing the needs of modern communication systems.

13:50 2D-Scanning of Circularly Polarized Beams via Array-Fed Fabry--Perot Cavity Antennas
Mikhail Madji and Davide Comite (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Walter Fuscaldo (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy); Edoardo Negri, Alessandro Galliand Paolo Burghignoli (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
Fabry--Perot cavity antennas based on partially reflecting surfaces capable of converting linear into circular polarization have recently been proposed for the realization of broadside pencil beams. Here we consider
the excitation of such structures by linear or rectangular phased arrays, with the aim of synthesizing fan beams or pencil beams, respectively. Such beams can be scanned in elevation by varying frequency andin azimuth by varying the array phasing. Angular scanning ranges where the axial ratio remains within specified bounds are studied through computationally efficient full-wave simulations that take advantage ofreciprocity theorem.

14:10 Beam Focusing with a Conformal Leaky-Wave Antenna Described by a Spline Curve
Michael A Dittman and John Papapolymerou (Michigan State University, USA); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France)
In this paper, a conformal leaky-wave antenna (CLWA) based on an aperiodic array of slots on a spline curve is analyzed and validated with full-wave simulations. A spline curve is a mathematical object that

is interpolated from a set of node points. The leaky-wave antenna consists of an array of slots on a double-grounded dielectric slab described by the spline profile. The contribution to the far field of each slot isengineered by varying the periodicity along the arc length of the structure to tailor the phase profile over the radiating aperture. The proposed design permits the control of the beam direction along complex shapes.
The design procedure is validated using full-wave simulations and demonstrates the CLWA radiating a main beam around broadside.

14:30 Characterization and Comparison of Formulas for Optimizing Broadside Radiation in a 2-D Leaky-Wave Antenna
Walter Fuscaldo (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy); David R. Jackson (University of Houston, USA); Alessandro Galli (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
Two-dimensional (2-D) leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) are commonly designed to radiate pencil beams at broadside and/or scanned conical beams. Recently, the possibility to radiate narrow null patterns at broadsidehas also been preliminarily explored. In this work, we first review the design rules to obtain a pencil beam from an infinite 2-D LWA and then show how they change for having a beam with a null at broadside. The
effects of antenna truncation are also accounted for in both cases, and numerical results show how the optimum conditions are in turn affected.

14:50 Beam Steering 2D Leaky Wave Resonant Cavity Antenna for Ka-Band Satellite Communication
Maira I Nabeel (University of Technology Sydney & NUST, Australia); Muhammad Usman Afzal (School of Electrical and Data Engineering University of Technology
Sydney, Australia); Dush Thalakotuna and Karu Esselle (University of Technology Sydney, Australia)
This paper presents a Ka-band beam-steering antenna system based on near-field metasurfaces. The antenna system comprises a 2D leaky wave resonant cavity antenna (RCA) and a pair of phase-gradientmetasurfaces (PGMs) stacked above RCA in its near-field region. To improve the performance of the overall antenna system, we have investigated higher resolution PGMs that have smaller fundamental cells having
a lateral periodicity of a quarter wavelength to reduce the phase quantization error. Instead of square patches, these cells have metal loops printed on thin substrates, reducing the overall weight of the PGMs. The
predicted results indicate that the proposed antenna system can steer its beam within a conical region having an apex angle of 100 degrees without reducing gain by more than 3dB from the maximum gain of 16.6
dBi. The maximum height of the antenna, including the feed, is 1.65 times the free space wavelength.

15:10 Strategies for Enhancing the Gain Bandwidth of Fabry-Pérot Cavity Antennas: A Review of Recent Advances
Ahmad T. Almutawa (Abdullah Al Salem University, Kuwait); Filippo Capolino (University of California, Irvine, USA)We analyze strategies to realize high-gain wideband antennas using leaky waves excited in a Fabry-Pérot Cavity (FPC). Three main strategies are conceivable now: (1) implementing an electrically thick partiallyreflective surface (PRS) with its internal resonance, (2) exciting the FPC with a sparse array, and (3) combining these two methods. We also discuss other less practical methods that are still valid as principles. The
broadside 3 dB gain bandwidth (GBW) is significantly enhanced compared to the conventional FPC antenna structure, which has a single feed and an electrically thin PRS.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
P05: Radar, location and sensing
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / /Room: M2
Chair: Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal)
13:30 Small-Scale Passive Millimetre-Wave Imaging Measurements for Marine Litter Detection at W-Band
Mario Vala (Instituto de Telecomunicações de Portugal, Portugal); Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal); Tomás
Soares da Costa (ULisboa - Instituto Superior Técnico & Instituto Telecomunicações, Portugal); Nuno R. Leonor (Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (IPL) & Instituto de
Telecomunicações (IT), Leiria, Portugal); Jorge R. Costa (Instituto de Telecomunicações / ISCTE-IUL, Portugal); Paulo Marques (ISEL-IT Lisboa, Portugal); Antonio A
Moreira (IST - University of Lisbon & Instituto de Telecomunicações/ Lisbon, Portugal); Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações, Portugal); Rafael F. S.
Caldeirinha (Polytechnic Institute of Leiria & Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Instituto Superior Tecnico,Portugal); Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France); Peter de Maagt (European Space Agency, The Netherlands)
In this study, we explore the possibility of employing passive millimetre-wave imaging (PMMWI) as a means for remotely detecting plastic marine litter. We conducted measurements in both controlled pool and naturallake environments under static and agitated water conditions using a W-band radiometer. We assessed the radiometric response to different sized plastic objects and concentrations. By comparing the measurementswith and without plastics allowed us to discern differences and visually detect the presence of objects in the water. Preliminary results indicate the promising potential of radiometric imaging for remote detection of
floating plastics.

13:50 Multifunction Over-The-Horizon Radar for Space Domain Awareness
Simon Henault and Kyra Czarnowske (Defence Research and Development Canada, Canada); Yahia M. M. Antar (Royal Military College, Canada)
The possibility of using existing planar monopole arrays of an over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) for space domain awareness (SDA) is evaluated experimentally. The International Space Station was successfully tracked
by the radar over the majority of an 11-minute pass, by exploiting the full azimuth and elevation steerability of the antenna arrays. As predicted using numerical models of the arrays, signal-to-noise ratios that canexceed 40 dB were measured. Range and Doppler measurements are compared with NASA provided truth data to identify ionospheric effects. SDA is determined to be a potential multifunction addition to existing
OTHR systems for coarse orbital element measurements, but requires better ionospheric correction techniques to achieve the fine accuracies typically obtained with SDA radars operating at higher frequencies.

14:10 Characterisation of Thin Glass-Fibre Substrates for Deployable SAR Antennas
Simone Mencarelli (The University of Auckland, New Zealand); Annalisa Tresoldi (University of Auckland, New Zealand); Andrew C M Austin (University of Bristol, United
Kingdom (Great Britain)); Michael J Neve (The University of Auckland, New Zealand); Guglielmo Aglietti (University of Auckland, New Zealand)This paper investigates the electrical characteristics of a thin glass-fibre membrane to be employed as a support and dielectric substrate for a new kind of deployable antenna mechanical structure designed forspace-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors on nano-satellite platforms. The approach outlined in this paper relies on cost-effective test fixtures built from material samples originally designed for mechanicaltesting. A simple Time Domain Reflectometry / Transmissometry (TDR/T) procedure enables the extraction of the material's complex permittivity.

14:30 A Small-Sized Antenna System for Direction Finding Applications on a Single Plane (1D) Using BT 5.1
Ioannis Gouzouasis (U-blox, Greece); Mohamad Abou Nasa and Peter Karlsson (U-BLOX, Greece)
In this paper, an antenna system is presented for direction finding applications on a single plane (1D). The proposed system makes use of the Angle of Arrival (AoA) capabilities of BT 5.1 and is designed to be
as small as possible. Novel antenna design ideas have been implemented to reduce size and counteract antenna interferences. The antenna design process is presented in detail along with antenna results. AoA
measurements are taken outdoors and indoors with the proposed 1D system and a 2D system of previous work. The AoA results reveal the recommended azimuth range of the proposed 1D system to be -60 degrees
to +60 degrees, where it can achieve a CDF of 50% at 5 degrees, 90% at 14 degrees, and 95% at 18 degrees of error indoors. The performance comparison with previous work is also presented in detail.

14:50 Sequential Phase Optimization for Coherent Long-Range Distributed Wireless Power Transfer to a Non-Communicative Receiver
Barnabas J Petit (Queen's University Belfast & QinetiQ Ltd, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Richard Hoad and Sam J Hole (QinetiQ, United Kingdom (Great Britain));Vincent Fusco (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Neil Buchanan (Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Muhammad Ali
Babar Abbasi (Queen's University Belfast & The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (ECIT), United Kingdom (Great Britain))
There are scenarios where Distributed Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) might be required to work without any steering (pilot signal) or information feedback from the power receiver. A new Sequential PhaseOptimization (SPO) technique has been developed to create coherence from independent, distributed transmitters at the spatial location of a non-communicative power receiver. This would increase the efficiency ofthe power transfer compared to incoherent systems. The proposed technique was tested under laboratory conditions.

15:10 Contactless Respiration Variability Detection and Accuracy Test Using UWB Radar
Muhammad Farooq, Hira Hameed, Ahmad Taha, Muhammad Ali Imran, Qammer H Abbasi and Hasan Abbas (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper investigates the potential radar technology for the precise and non-intrusive detection of respiration rate variability. UWB radar, with its ultra-short pulses and extensive bandwidth, offers significant
advantages in capturing subtle chest wall movements associated with respiration. It possesses the unique ability to penetrate clothing and physical barriers, making it an excellent candidate for remote physiologicalmonitoring. This ultra-wideband radar system ensures the extraction of accurate respiration waveforms, and deep learning models, including VGG16, InceptionV3, and ResNet50, are employed to evaluate respiration
rate variability. Remarkably, VGG16 attains outstanding accuracy in results. This study advances the field of radar-based respiration monitoring, emphasizing the importance of robust signal processing and deeplearning techniques. It showcases the potential of UWB radar for non-contact respiration monitoring, with applications spanning healthcare and in-home environments, promising to revolutionize the assessment ofwell-being and health.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
E13: Novel Materials, Metamaterials, and Metasurfaces I
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Electromagnetics
Room: M3
Chairs: Mustafa Bakr (University of Oxford, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Miguel Poveda-García (Technical University of Cartagena, Spain)
13:30 Ultrahigh Sensitive Terahertz Metasurface with 2D MoS2 for Refractive Index Biosensing
Tomas Pires, Ruobin Han and Vaithinathan Karthikeyan (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Abdoalbaset Abohmra (Glasgow University, United
Kingdom (Great Britain)); Farooq A Tahir, Hasan Abbas, Muhammad Ali Imran and Qammer Abbasi (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))Terahertz (THz) metasurfaces possess extensive advantages for biosensing with their unique terahertz spectral signatures. Developing terahertz metasurfaces with ultrahigh sensitivity requires enhanced Q-factor
for improved performance and functionality. High Q-factor resonance enhances the light-matter interaction for biosensing by exciting high order plasmonic modes. In this work, we demonstrate a methodology forincreasing the Q-factor resonance of a polarization insensitive Electromagnetically Induced Transparency-like (EIT) terahertz metasurface by an addition of a 2D Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layer. Our simulation
results show a doubling of Q factor from 4.8 to 8.45 and an improved theoretical sensitivity of 661 GHz/RIU with respect to the metasurface at a resonant frequency of 2.02 THz. Our results prove the enhancementof Q-factor and the sensitivity of terahertz metasurface with the incorporation of 2D MoS2 layer which will serve as an excellent platform for protein biosensing applications.

13:50 Magnetic Composites with M-Type Hexaferrites for Q/V-Band Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Byeongjin Park (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea (South)); Horim Lee (Korea Institute of Mateirals Science, Korea (South)); Suk Jin Kwon, Jae Ryung Choi andSang Bok Lee (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea (South))
While there are several composite absorbers proposed with magnetic materials, their working frequencies are usually limited under 30 GHz due to their low ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequency. In this study,
a novel multi-band electromagnetic interference (EMI) absorbing composite film with M-type strontium ferrites is proposed. This film shows broadband EMI absorption performance including most of Q/V-band with
sub-millimeter thickness. In addition, this film can absorb more than 97% of EMI in two mmWave frequency bands, and these ultrahigh absorption frequency bands are controllable by tuning FMR frequency of M-type
strontium ferrites and composite layer geometries.

14:10 Superconducting Space-Time Modulation: Theoretical Implications and Mixing-Beamsplitting Functionality
Sajjad Taravati (University of Southampton & University of Oxford, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mustafa Bakr (University of Oxford, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper explores a pioneering frontier in the domain of superconducting nonlinear space-time modulation, going beyond the established research on linear spatiotemporal modulation. It investigates wave
propagation and incidence in superconducting space-time-modulated media, unveiling their unique properties and theoretical implications. The study introduces the distinctive functionalities of nonlinear space-timemodulated structures, with a focus on the pure frequency-conversion-beamsplitting capability. It further provides insights into scattered electromagnetic fields, and boundary conditions. The research employs full-wave
finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations to provide a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of nonlinear superconducting space-time surfaces. Illustrative examples are presented, highlighting theexceptional functionalities of these surfaces, with the potential to advance the fields of quantum information processing and electromagnetic metamaterials, shaping the future of cutting-edge technologies.

14:30 Thin-Film Terahertz Metamaterials Manufactured by Laser Direct Writing
Yin-Han Cheng, Kai-Chun Hu, Chih-Han Lin and Yu-Hsiang Cheng (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)
In this paper, we present the split-ring resonators and the cross-shaped resonators in terahertz frequency range, which are made on flexible PET substrates using the low-cost laser direct writing technique. The
transmission spectra obtained by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy match the simulation results.

14:50 Transmissive-Type Metagratings with Few Meta-Atoms for Beam Splitting
Zhen Tan (Xi'an Jiaotong University, France); Jianjia Yi (Xi'an Jiaotong University, China); Badreddine Ratni (Univ Paris Nanterre, France); André de Lustrac (C2N,
Université Paris-Saclay, France); Shah Nawaz Burokur (LEME, France)
In this paper, we present a methodology to design symmetric and asymmetric beam splitting with arbitrary angle from transmissive-type metagratings. The metagratings consist of five meta-atoms and one layer
dielectric substrate. Three of the meta-atoms are distributed on the upper layer of the substrate and the other two meta-atoms are on the lower layer. The meta-atom is composed of a microstrip line loaded with acapacitor. To validate the methodology, several designs with different angle and power ratio are performed in HFSS simulation at 10 GHz. Both the supercell (one period with periodic boundary) simulation results
and array (multiple periods with finite size) simulation results show good agreement with the theoretical prediction.

15:10 Highly Efficient Polarization-Insensitive EM Energy Harvester
Majid Amiri (UTS, Australia); Mehran Abolhasan and Negin Shariati (University of Technology Sydney, Australia); Justin Lipman (University of Technology, Sydney (UTS),
Australia)
The main challenge to converting electromagnetic waves into DC output is providing enough energy for non-linear rectification devices. This paper presents a highly efficient metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA)
with stable absorption characteristics facing waves with different polarization and incident angles. Instead of connecting one rectifier to each unit cell, six cells have been channeled to increase the available energy atrectification sections. The final structure comprises six vertical and six horizontal channels with 12 rectifiers. The 6 × 6 structure shows almost 99% electromagnetic signal absorption efficiency. The absorbed signal
is transferred to the rectifier with 88% efficiency. Finally, the proposed structure has been fabricated. A strong correlation between simulation and measurement results validates the design procedure.

Monday, March 18 13:30 - 15:30
CS3: CS3 Antennas on eco-friendly materials, environmental impact of devices and sustainable development
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: M4

Chairs: Loic Bernard (ISL & IETR, France), María Elena de Cos Gómez (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain)
13:30 Chipless RFID Sensor on Paper Substrate
Cong Danh Bui (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & CONNECT Centre, Ireland); Adam Narbudowicz (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & Wroclaw University of Science andTechnology, Poland)This paper proposes a chipless RFID sensor to detect permittivity changes in the Material Under Test (MUT) that is placed in a small container. The proposed design comprises an interrogator antenna and aminiaturized aluminium tag that is shaped as a meander line to reduce size and ensure high Q-factor. The detection of material is through the observation of the frequency peaks in the reflected signal S11, whichcorresponds to the resonating frequency of the tag modulated by the material inside the container. Experimental verification uses air and ice as MUT, due to the intended application in frozen food monitoring.
Measurement of the proposed design shows that the resonating peaks of air and ice are 5.3 and 4.2 GHz, respectively, and are similar to the simulation results.

13:50 From Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces to Holographic MIMO Surfaces and Back
Ashwin Thelappilly Joy, Anton Tishchenko and Hamidreza Taghvaee (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Christopher P. Botham (BTexact, United
Kingdom (Great Britain)); Fraser Burton (BT, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication
Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Rahim Tafazolli (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Holographic Beamforming is a promising concept to reduce the power consumption of MIMO antenna arrays. In a holographic approach, the impedance of antenna patches is varied through the inclusion of tuning
elements, such as varactor diodes, which allows to electronically control the phase and amplitude of each antenna element. In this paper, we provide the electromagnetic framework for the design of a Holographic
MIMO Surface (HMIMOS). We analyse its performance in terms of energy efficiency and compare it to passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) and Active Phased Arrays (APA) at 5G mmWave. This
work shows that the power consumption of HMIMOS is considerably lower than of APAs, and on par with RISs, due to many structural similarities, while HMIMOS can offer many benefits in terms of environmental
awareness and intelligence for Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC).

14:10 Reconfigurable Polarisation Conversion Metasurface for mm-Wave Applications Using Vanadium Dioxide (VO2)
Grant Jack Gourley (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Nelson Sepúlveda Alancastro (Michigan State University, United Kingdom (Great Britain));Dimitris E. Anagnostou (Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))A reconfigurable wideband linear-to-linear polarisation converting metasurface (PCM) with 90% efficiency is presented. The design consists of metallic microstrips that are connected by a coplanar vanadium dioxide(VO2) film on a grounded sapphire wafer. The simulation results reveal that when the VO2 film is inactive, the PCM converts the polarisation of the electric field from the co-pol to the cross-pol from 24 to 28 GHz.
When the VO2 is active the PCM acts as an ordinary reflector from 24 GHz to 28 GHz

14:30 Eco-Friendly Meta-Radomized Antenna for Millimeter Wave Radar
María Elena de Cos Gómez, Alicia Flórez Berdasco and Fernando Las-Heras (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain)
A compact and low-cost meta-radomized wearable grid array antenna (MTR-GAA) for Electronic-travel Assistance (ETA) radar application at 24 GHz is presented. It is based on eco-friendly aluminum-cladded
Polypropylene (PP) substrate. The MTR-GAA size is 40 x 40 x 1.74 mm3. Prototypes are fabricated and tested, meeting typical requirements for the envisioned ETA applications in aid of visually impaired people.
Comparison with state of the art 24 GHz wearable radar antennas is also provided.

14:50 Exploring PLA/Flax Substrates for Antenna Applications: Assessing Moisture, Temperature and Dielectric Constant Homogeneity
Vincent Grennerat (IMEP LAHC - University Grenoble Alpes, France); Georges Zakka El Nashef ( & CISTEME, France); Ahmad Sabra (University of Limoges, France);
Pascal Xavier (IMEP-LaHC, France); Thierry Lacrevaz (Imep Lahc, France); Nicolas Corrao (IMEP-LAHC - University Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP, France); Haokai
Liang (Grenoble INP-Phelma, France); Géczy Attila (Budapest Univ of Technology and Economics, France); Nicolas Chevalier (CISTEME, France)
This paper investigates the potential of PLA/Flax substrates as eco-friendly alternatives for RF (Radio Frequency) antenna applications in the context of sustainability within the electronics industry. As electronic
waste continues to mount globally and the use of RF-connected devices proliferates, there is a growing need for sustainable materials. This study explores the dielectric properties of PLA/Flax substrates and theirimplications for antenna design and performance. Our findings reveal promising RF performance, highlighting the viability of bio-sourced and biodegradable materials in RF engineering to address environmental
concerns. Subsequent sections delve into the impact of moisture, and substrate homogeneity, offering valuable insights for sustainable RF systems.

15:10 Use of Ecofriendly Geopolymer Ceramics in Antenna Design and Microwave Applications
Guto G Silva, Ameni Gharzouni and Olivier Tantot (University of Limoges, France); Noel Feix (Université de Limoges, France); Edson Martinod and Sylvie Rossignol(University of Limoges, France)
Nowadays environmental sustainability and cost efficiency are important factors in new electronics systems design. Materials that are not usually used find new applications in this area. This is the case of geopolymers
that represent an eco-friendly and cost-efficient solution for such applications. The objective of this paper is to show some of them in the field of absorbent materials, antennas and some future applications such asradomes.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
SW3b: Defence radar, antennas and electromagnetics: past present and future (continued)
Room: Clyde Auditorium
Chairs: Anthony Keith Brown (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), David Conway (MIT Lincoln Labs, USA)
16:00 Recent Past, Current, and Future AESA Radar Development at Lincoln Lab
Presenter: David Conway (MIT Lincoln Labs)

16:30 Phased Array Antennas for Radar: Research Directions at TNO
Presenter: Stefania Monni (TNO)

17:00 Phased Array Technology at FHR - from Early Beginnings to High-End Solutions
Presenter: Dirk Heberling (FHR Fraunhofer)

17:30 Panel Discussion

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
SW5b: Metrology for 5G and beyond in support of standard developments (IET workshop) (continued)
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Fabien Héliot (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Anil K Shukla (QinetiQ, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
16:00 5G OTA Testbed of Full-Sized Vehicles in Reverberation ChamberPresenter: Kristian Karlsson (Research Institute of Sweden)

16:20 Scattering Model on Rough Surfaces in the THz Band
Presenter: Ke Guan (Beijing Jiaotong University)

16:40 Characterisation of Frequency Selective Reflections off Indoor Surfaces for Sub-THz Band
Presenter: Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey)

17:00 SW5 Panel Discussion

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS17b: Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Recent Developments and Applications (continued)
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: M1
Chairs: Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Okan Yurduseven (Queen's
University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
16:00 On the Design of Static Passive Skins for Next Generation Fixed Wireless Access Applications
Giacomo Oliveri (University of Trento & ELEDIA Research Center, Italy); Marco Salucci (ELEDIA Research Center, Italy); Andrea Massa (University of Trento, Italy)
The possibility of passive flat patterned electromagnetic skins (EMSs) to support point-to-point fixed wireless access links that surpass the asymptotic free-space limit of total path attenuation (TPA) is discussed inthis work. The design methodologies, technological challenges, and potential applicative scenarios of the proposed solutions are reviewed. Some proof-of-concept results are discussed to point out the feasibility ofthe proposed solution strategy in realistic scenarios.

16:20 Challenges and Opportunities of Amplified Information Metasurfaces for Simultaneous Wireless Communications and Power Transfers
Jiaqi Han (China); Xin Wang (Xidian University, China); Kai Zhou (Shanghai Radio Equipment Research Institute, China); Long Li (Xidian University, China); Tie Jun Cui(Southeast University, China)
In this paper, we summarized and pointed out the main challenges and opportunities in the design of amplified information metasurfaces for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), such as
instability, maximum output power, and operating bandwidth. Maximum output power and operating bandwidth directly determine the wireless charging distance and communication rates. And instability problems will
break down the system. A scattering model is proposed to analyze these challenges. The instability is mainly due to the positive feedback of the power amplifier integrated with the element. Moreover, based on the
scattering model and loadpull theory, the impedance of the amplifier is modeled for achieving its optimum performance including maximum output power and operating bandwidth.

16:40 Information Metasurface for Simultaneous Wave Manipulations and Signal Modulations
Qun Yan Zhou and Shengguo Meng (Southeast University, China); Qiao Chen (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Jun Yan Dai, Qiang Cheng and Tie Jun Cui(Southeast University, China)
Recently, digital and programmable metasurface has evolved into a new branch as information metasurface owing to its real-time manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves and simultaneous modulation of digital
signals. Here, we present the theoretical model of information metasurface and analyze its capability of wave manipulation and signal modulation. Further, we extend the single-metasurface model into a multimetasurface one, and discuss the feasibility and application of their joint operation. Our simulation results show its performance in high-precision harmonic scattering patterns, higher-order signal modulation, andspatial localization, demonstrating the potential of information metasurface in wireless communications and radar signal processing.

17:00 Indoor Coverage Enhancement Employing Liquid Crystal-Based Massive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Linked to 5G FR2 Base Station
Hyunjun Yang (SeoulNationalUniversity, Korea (South)); Sunghyun Kim (Korea Telecom, Korea (South)); Hogyeom Kim, Seungwoo Bang, Yongwan Kim and Jungsuek
Oh (Seoul National University, Korea (South))
In this paper, we present indoor coverage enhancement enabled by the first experimental realization of an electrically large-size liquid crystal (LC)-based RIS, and its appropriate beam management with a commercial
base station (BS) deployed in a 5G n257 frequency range 2 (FR2) band network. The RIS, featuring 2250 unit cells, ensures efficient beam receipt from the BS without spillover and provides -60 to 60-degree beamscanning, easing 5G deployment. We report the first confirmation of RIS's network coverage and capacity enhancement capabilities in an indoor scenario using a commercial FR2 band network. Verified improvements
include a 225.4 percent throughput increase. This work, distinct from most existing studies, considers realistic RIS deployment in scenarios where the UE and BS are not fully obscured by obstacles, addressing thechallenge of identifying coverage holes and suggesting an appropriate field trial construction employing our developed RIS-assisted ray-tracing to improve RIS coverage enhancement gain.

17:20 RIS-Based Over-The-Air Channel Equalization in Resource-Constrained Wireless Networks
Hugo Prodhomme (CNRS, France); Mohammadreza F. Imani (Arizona State University, USA); Sergi Abadal (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) &NaNoNetwoking Center in Catalunya (N3Cat), Spain); Philipp del Hougne (CNRS, Univ Rennes, France)
Rich scattering yields long channel impulse responses (CIRs) with many taps that thwart communications in resource-constrained wireless networks limited to simple on-off-keying: the modulation rate must be
throttled to avoid inter-symbol interference. Relevant examples include Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks and wireless networks-on-chips (WNoCs). If the radio environment is parametrized by a reconfigurable
intelligent surface (RIS), the RIS configuration can be optimized to tailor the CIR between selected antenna pairs and make it (almost) pulse-like despite rich scattering by judiciously engineering the interferences ofthe multi-bounce paths. Thereby, the channel is equalized ``over the air'' in the physical domain, unlike conventional pre- and/or post-coding strategies. Here, using a physics-compliant model of a RIS-parametrizedrich-scattering environment, we explore how the optimal choice of the time delay at which the CIR is shaped to have its most significant tap depends on the amount of reverberation in the environment and the latter's
specific geometry.

17:40 Wave-Controlled Biasing of RIS for Multi-Beam Scattering Pattern Generation
Miguel Saavedra-Melo (University of California, Irvine, USA); Kasra Rouhi and Benjamin C Bradshaw (University of California Irvine, USA); Filippo Capolino (University ofCalifornia, Irvine, USA)We discuss the recent advances on an approach introduced recently to bias controllable varactors within the unit cells of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to generate reflected beams in two different directions.
This method leverages multiple resonant standing waves on a single biasing transmission line (TL) under the RIS elements, excited by an arbitrary time-domain periodic waveform. In this way, we eliminate theneed for external biasing of each RIS element. To assess its effectiveness, an analytical model of the RIS is used to compare the farfield scattering patterns of the reflected waves in two main scenarios: one thatincorporates varactor effects, and another that further includes the wave-control of the biasing voltage distribution, achieved through standing waves. Both of these scenarios are compared with the ideal case, wherea constant phase shift is assumed and losses are neglected.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS37b: Integration of Antennas and Electronic Circuits (continued)
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Nader Behdad (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA), Nima Ghalichechian (Georgia Institute of Technology, USA)
16:00 3D Spatially Reconfigurable Circularly Polarized Antenna in Package with Embedded Electronics
Maria M Bermudez Arboleda and Atif Shamim (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia)
Low-power applications require innovative antenna systems that can radiate in the full 3D sphere while reducing power wastage. However, the complexity of feeding structures for smart radiation reconfiguration
has hindered the widespread use of spatially diverse antennas in Internet of Things (IoT) solutions. Therefore, this paper introduces a 2.4 GHz Antenna-in-Package (AiP) design comprising twelve microstrip patch
antennas with circular polarization (CP) arranged on the faces of a dodecahedron package. This design enables dynamic beam focusing for both gain and polarization. The electromagnetic (EM) shielded core, formedby the twelve antenna grounds, accommodates the controlling electronics without affecting antenna performance. Moreover, an embedded control printed circuit board (PCB) enables automated reconfigurability of
the radiation pattern. The AiP is compatible with cost-effective additive manufacturing techniques. With this efficient 3D sphere coverage, the presented AiP and integrated digital control offer a promising solution for
future wireless networks, especially in energy-constrained devices.

16:20 Crack Stop as a Coupling Element Between an IC Chip and Antenna
Jan H. S. Bergman, Kaisa Ryynänen, Juha Ala-Laurinaho and Kari Stadius (Aalto University, Finland); Jussi Ryynänen (Finland); Ville Viikari (Aalto University & School ofElectrical Engineering, Finland)Millimeter-wave antenna arrays place integrated transceiver chips and antennas in close proximity to each other. As a result, the presence of the chip will affect the performance of the system significantly, with themetallic structures within the chip being a source for structural resonances. A transition which utilizes one of these metallic structures, the crack stop, as a coupling element is presented. The proposed design allows
a non-galvanic connection between the IC chip and the antenna. The performance of the transition is analyzed through simulations, and is shown to reach above-70-percent power transmission between 42.3 GHz
and 62 GHz, covering the majority of V-band.

16:40 Chessboard Focal Plane Array in Silicon Technologies for Terahertz Imaging
Martijn Hoogelander (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Sven L van Berkel (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, USA); Satoshi Malotaux (Tusk-IC,
The Netherlands); Maria Alonso-delPino, Marco Spirito, Daniele Cavallo and Nuria LLombart (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Recently, we presented a focal plane array (FPA) integrated in 22 nm CMOS technology for terahertz imaging from 200 GHz to 600 GHz. The FPA has a chessboard topology and is integrated with direct-detectors.
Measurements of a demonstrator showed that this array design yields excellent resolution, while also maintaining a good aperture efficiency, which was measured to be -4.1 dB at 400 GHz. Although the CMOS
technology was a good platform to showcase the versatility of the chessboard configuration, the limited responsivity of the direct-detectors, prohibited passive performance. In this contribution, we show using
preliminary simulation results that an improvement of almost two orders of magnitude in the noise-equivalent power can be realized by using diode-connected heterojunction bipolar transistors in a 130µm SiGetechnology. As such, the proposed design can offer a fully-integrated solution for THz imaging applications in which both a high resolution and passive performance are required.

17:00 Increasing the Efficiency-Bandwidth Product and Impedance Bandwidth of Electrically-Small Antennas Through Parametric Space-Time Variation
Zachary Fritts, Amirhossein Babaee and Steve M Young (University of Michigan, USA); Anthony Grbic (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA)A method for improving the efficiency-bandwidth product of electrically-small antennas (ESAs) through space-time variation is reported. By coupling radiative and non-radiative modes of the ESA using spatiallydiscrete traveling wave modulation (SDTWM), the time-varying antenna is made to radiate efficiently over an operating band that is 4.5 times larger than its LTI counterpart. Judicious choice of the modulation
parameters allows this bandwidth enhancement to be obtained while keeping the reflected power more than 10 dB below the incident power.

17:20 Front-End Mismatching, Mutual Coupling, Bandwidth, Transmission Line Noise, and SNR
Majid Manteghi (Virginia Tech, USA); Sina Moradi (High-Frequency Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM))
This paper examines the novel technique of front-end mismatching, which offers benefits for a wide variety of antennas. This technique is especially effective for electrically small antennas (ESAs), which are typicallyconstrained by bandwidth limitations. Notably, matching circuitry influences the scattering matrix and, consequently, the coupling between elements. Significantly, mismatching can reduce mutual coupling, thereby
addressing issues in dense arrays and MIMO systems. First, the noise figure for a receiver chain with a significant mismatch is determined. Then, we discuss the advantages of incorporating an intentional impedancemismatch at the receiver end. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, we apply it to a standard receiving chain.

17:40 Differentially-Fed Antenna-On-Display Module for SATCOM and Mobile Applications at Ka-Band
Junho Park, Inseok Jang and Baekjun Seong (KREEMO, Korea (South)); Wonbin Hong (Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Korea (South));Sehun Kim (KREEMO, Korea (South))This work presents a one-dimensional (1-D) differentially-fed antenna-on-display (AoD) module, proficient in offering a polarization switchable radiation pattern across wideband spectrum from 24 GHz to 40 GHz. The
antenna element employs a truncated radiator paired with a differential feedline, while also integrating two parasitic elements to enhance impedance bandwidth. A comprehensive exploration of the proposed antenna
is conducted, encompassing input impedance, surface current distribution, and vector electric-field distribution. The AoD achieves polarization adaptability by altering the excitation current phase on the differential
feedline. Two phased-array antenna models are designed, fabricated and verified. The first model employs a passive 1:4 power divider with a fixed-phase delay line, achieving a peak gain of 9.45/9.55 dBi at 28 GHz
and 8.99/9.51 dBi at 39 GHz.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS5b: Advances in mmWave and (sub-)THz channel sounding and measurements for 5G and Beyond(continued)
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Diego Andrés Dupleich (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany & Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Germany), Wei Fan (Southeast University, China)

16:00 Enabling VNA Based Channel Sounder for 6G Research: Challenges and Solutions
Wei Fan (Southeast University, China); Zhiqiang Yuan (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Denmark & Aalborg University, Denmark); Yejian Lyu andGert Pedersen (Aalborg University, Denmark)To support research and development for sixthgeneration (6G) communication, it is imperative to understand the application needs and develop accurate and realistic channel models to meet the application needs.
Several key radio technologies are identified for 6G research, including utilization of frequency bands ranging from sub-6 GHz to THz, antenna configuration covering simple single antenna to complicated gigantic
multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and diverse deployment scenarios requiring various measurement ranges. This paper summarizes latest strategies to significantly extend the capabilities of current
vector network analyzer (VNA)-based channel sounder, mainly radio-over-fiber (RoF) to enable longrange channel measurements, phase compensation to achieve accurate and coherent phase measurement,
frequency extension to extend the carrier frequency and frequency bandwidth, and virtual antenna array (VAA) schemes to enable multiantenna/link channel measurements.

16:20 Double-Directional Angle-Resolved Wideband Channel Measurements and Path Loss Characterization in Corridor at 300 GHz
Riku Takahashi (Niigata University, Japan); Anirban Ghosh (SRM University Amaravati, India); Minseok Kim (Niigata University, Japan)
In this paper, a comprehensive double-directional channel measurement across 40 receiver (Rx) positions in a corridor using an in-house developed 300 GHz channel sounder is reported. During measurement, twotypes of antennae - horn and probe with different gain and half power beamwidth (HPBW) are used to investigate the impact of mentioned antenna parameters on signal propagation in the THz band. Finally, path loss
model parameters are evaluated for both omnidirectional path loss (PL) and line of sight (LoS) PL by fitting the data with two popular existing channel models. It is observed that in the case of the corridor, irrespectiveof the model the path loss exponent (PLE) is always less when the more directional horn antenna is used while the shadowing effect is lower when a wider HPBW probe antenna is used at the Rx.

16:40 Industrial Design Validation for a Plane Wave Generator at 28GHz
Shoaib Anwar (Microwave Vision Group, Satimo Industries, France); Andrea Giacomini (Microwave Vision Italy SRL, Italy); Francesco Saccardi (Microwave Vision Italy,
Italy); Francesco Scattone (Microwave Vision Group (MVG), Italy); Evgueni Kaverine and Nicolas Gross (MVG Industries, France); Per Iversen (Orbit/FR, USA); Lars
Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy)
In recent research, we introduced a pioneering concept: a Plane Wave Generator (PWG) optimized for millimeter-wave Over the Air (OTA) testing applications. The industrialized PWG incorporates substantial
enhancements over the previously presented breadboard models. This industrial unit has been meticulously manufactured and subjected to rigorous testing within a state-of-the-art Planar Near-Field (PNF)
measurement facility. The industrial design of the PWG, operates from 24.25 GHz to 29.5 GHz frequency range, with a Quiet Zone of 38cm diameter. The measured amplitude variations are ranging from ± 0.9dB
to ± 1.7dB and phase variations between ±9° and ± 20° inside the quiet zone. By harnessing a surrogate model for quiet zone synthesis, our proposed QZ evaluation technique now delivers results in just one day,marking a substantial advancement over the previous method, which necessitated nearly a week for measurements and subsequent post-processing

17:00 Channel Measurements in Workspace with Robotic Manipulators at 300 GHz and Recent Results
Varvara V. Elesina, Carla E. Reinhardt and Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany)
This paper presents an initial characterization of radio channel with robotic manipulators at low terahertz frequencies. The measurement scenarios include both time-invariant and time-variant settings, reconstructing
channels between two robotic arms and between an access point and a sensor node on the manipulator. The evaluation results include path gain, power delay profile and delay spread for time-invariant setups. For
the time-variant setups, the evaluation results include 3D power delay profile and path gain versus time for a fixed delay value. The findings presented here demonstrate the feasibility of wireless communication inworkspaces containing robotic arms and lay the foundation for further channel measurements and models development for industrial environments.

17:20 Design and Preliminary Indoor Assessment of a Long-Range Sub-THz VNA-Based Channel Sounder Between 500 GHz and 750 GHz
Lawrence WG Carslake (National Physical Laboratory UK, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); James Skinner (National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom (Great Britain));Tian Hong Loh (UK, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Practical, traceable sub-Terahertz (sub-THz) propagation channel characterization in real-world environments presents new measurement challenges as current systems utilizing coaxial cable setups suffer fromhigh cable losses that restrict the range of the measurements when assessing meaningful real-world use cases and application scenarios. This paper presents, for the first time, a novel dynamic range adjustable
design of a long-range sub-THz vector network analyzer (VNA)-based channel sounder system operating between 500 GHz and 750 GHz using both power adjustable radio-over-fiber (RoF) technologies and a phasecompensation mechanism. The link budget with up to 600 m of optical fiber and preliminary indoor radio channel sounding assessments have been carried out to evaluate the functionality of the proposed system at
distances of up to 4.49 m.

17:40 Sub-Terahertz MassiveMIMO Channel Sounder for 6G Mobile Communication Systems
Minoru Inomata, Wataru Yamada and Ryotaro Taniguchi (NTT, Japan); Nobuaki Kuno, Koshiro Kitao, Takahiro Tomie and Satoshi Suyama (NTT DOCOMO, INC., Japan);
Michael Millhaem (Keysight Technologies, USA); Takao Miyake (Keysight Technologies, Japan); Roger Nichols (Keysight Technologies, USA)
6G mobile communications will require extremely high-speed data rates exceeding 100 Gbps using sub-terahertz (THz) bands. Sub-THz bands have extremely short wavelengths, and channel characteristics areaffected by objects and people surrounding mobile stations. Therefore, we have developed a sub-THz Massive MIMO channel sounder using 896 antenna elements. This channel sounder offers a high time-spatialchannel resolution. It can analyze the number of arriving paths with lower received power in real-time, which can contribute to constructing an accurate 6G channel model and feasible 6G system using sub-THz
bands. In this paper, we introduce a newly developed sub-THz MassiveMIMO channel sounder and demonstrate the system performance in an outdoor environment.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS20b: Physics-compliant models of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Raffaele D'Errico (CEA, LETI & Université Grenoble-Alpes, France), Gabriele Gradoni (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
16:00 1-Bit SubTHz RIS with Planar Tightly Coupled Dipoles: Beam Shaping and Prototypes
Xianjun Ma and Yonggang Zhou (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China); Qi Luo (University of Herfordshire, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yihan
Ma (University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Kyriakos Stylianopoulos and George C. Alexandropoulos (University of Athens, Greece)
In this paper, a proof-of-concept study of a 1-bit wideband reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) comprising planar tightly coupled dipoles (PTCD) is presented. The developed RIS operates at subTHz frequencies
and obtained a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 27.4% with the center frequency at 110 GHz. The binary phase shift of each RIS unit element is enabled by changing the polarization of the reflected wave by 180◦. The
PTCD RIS has a planar configuration with one dielectric layer bonded to a ground plane, thus it can be fabricated by using cost-effective PCB technology. We analytically calculated the response of the RIS andgood agreement is obtained between the simulated and calculated result. We also applied beamforming algorithms to calculate the response of the RIS with beam pointing at different directions by modifying the 1-bit
phase distribution of the RIS.To prove the concept, several passive prototypes with frozen beams were fabricated.

16:20 A Macroscopic Bilateral Modeling Approach for Reflective and Transmissive Metasurfaces
Silvi Kodra, Enrico M. Vitucci and Marina Barbiroli (University of Bologna, Italy); Matteo Albani (University of Siena, Italy); Vittorio Degli-Esposti (University of Bologna,
Italy)
This paper presents a macroscopic bilateral modeling approach for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) capable of simulating various cases, including transmissive and bilaterally reradiating RIS. Building on
recent work, the approach is based on a general power balance at the RIS surface according to a few parameters, that accounts for both desired and parasitic reradiation modes on both sides of the surface aswell as diffuse scattering and dissipation. The surface effect is described using a spatial modulation coefficient that embodies the wavefront transformation of each reradiation mode, including phase and amplitude
modulation. Here the model is proposed and combined with a Huygens-based field calculation method to test its effectiveness in a few applications cases found on the literature.

16:40 Measurements of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface in 5G System Within a Reverberation Chamber at mmWave
Luca Bastianelli (Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy); Riccardo Diamanti (Telecom Italia, Italy); Emanuel Colella (CNIT, Parma & Università Politecnica Delle
Marche, Italy); Valter Mariani Primiani (Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy); Franco Moglie (Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy); Ayoub Toubal, Mikhail Odit,
Jean-Baptiste Gros, Youssef Nasser, Geoffroy Lerosey and Luca Santamaria (Greenerwave, France); Andrea Allasia (Telecom Italia S.p.A., Italy); Maurizio Crozzoli,
Mauro Boldi and Elisa Zimaglia (Telecom Italia, Italy); Valerio Lieti (Nokia, Italy); Michele Colombo (Nokia Networks Italia, Italy); Davide Micheli (Telecom Italia - TILAB,
Italy)In this paper we evaluated the performance of a reconfigurable intelligent surface tested with a fifth generation signal provided by a commercial fifth generation base station. We adopted a reverberation chamber
as a real life propagating environment. Tests were conducted at the millimeter wave frequency range. This measurement campaign was carried out under the H2020 European project RISE-6G and a collaboration
program between TIM S.p.A., Nokia and Università Politecnica delle Marche.

17:00 Impedance-Based RIS Channel Model and Optimization in Fast-Fading Environments
Placido Mursia and Vincenzo Sciancalepore (NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany); Gabriele Gradoni (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Marco
Di Renzo (Paris-Saclay University / CNRS, France); Xavier Costa-Perez (ICREA and i2cat & NEC Laboratories Europe, Spain)
We extend a recently proposed electromagnetically-consistent RIS channel model based on mutually coupled loaded wire dipoles at the transmitter, RIS, receiver, and scattering objects. The original model isapplicable in a static environment, where the position and load impedance of all the dipoles is fixed. The extended model includes fast multi-path fading, originated by rapidly varying channel conditions, through therandom coupling model (RCM). Indeed, RCM allows for incorporating random fluctuations in the channel coefficients by modelling the propagation between any two dipoles as chaotic trajectories within a closed
cavity, which is parameterized by an average loss factor. Numerical results demonstrate the validity of such model under different degrees of losses within the cavity, and its convergence to conventional deterministicchannel models in the regime of large cavity losses. Moreover, we demonstrate how accurate modelling of such channel fluctuations leads to superior performance in terms of achievable rate.

17:20 Scattering Singularities of Complex Systems Probed with Continuously Variable Metasurfaces
Jared Erb and Thomas Antonsen (University of Maryland, USA); Steven Anlage (Quantum Materials Center)
We study the wave properties of complex enclosed scattering systems in the limit where the wavelength is much smaller than the size of the enclosure. In this limit the scattering properties (S-matrix, impedance
matrix, etc.) are extremely sensitive to variations in frequency or perimeter structure of the cavity. We perform two-port S-matrix measurements of a variety of two-dimensional and three-dimensional scatteringsystems, all of which host two or more electronically tunable metasurfaces. We focus on two scattering singularities present in non-Hermitian systems, namely coherent perfect absorption (CPA), and exceptional
points (EP), as a function of experimental parameters. We find that both CPAs and EPs are a generic and common feature of all of the experimental systems studied. Both types of singularity can be created anddestroyed through variations in metasurface configuration. This establishes continuous metasurface tuning as a means to exploit CPA and EP scattering singularities for applications.

17:40 A Vector Differential Coding for Hybrid RIS Aided Zero-Padded OTFS Systems
Lingling Zhang and Jianan Zhang (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China); Chengkai Tang (northwestern polytechnical university)
This paper presents a vector differential encoding for the recently proposed orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation scheme applied in hybrid Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) aided wirelesscommunication. The basic idea is to eliminate the need to estimate the channel and simplified the symbol detection at the user equipment. The design of initial symbol vector and differential scheme result in constantmodulus transmission. The maximum likelihood(ML) detector with interference cancellation is derived with low complexity. Simulation results show the the uncoded bit error ratio is below (10^{-2}) for SNR over 18 dB
with data rate 1.26Mbps, despite the strong Doppler effect caused by the high speed at 120 km/hr.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS47: Over-The-Air (OTA)) testing of active array antennas
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), A. B. (Bart) Smolders (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
16:00 Over-The-Air Measurements for mm-Wave Body-Centric Wireless Communication
Jonas Ørnskov Nielsen (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark); Ad Reniers and A. B. (Bart) Smolders (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
A preliminary study of the applicability of mm-waves for future body-centric wireless communication systems is presented. The loss levels associated with body-centric wireless propagation at lower mm-wave
frequencies are quantified by over-the-air measurements of a propagation scenario, in which a custom-made human-head phantom is placed between two antennas to obstruct the line of sight. Both passive andactive measurements witin the frequency ranges 1--18 GHz and 22--30 GHz, respectively, are presented. The approximate loss levels for the passive measurements were found to be about 10 dB for the verticalpolarization and more than 30 dB for the horizontal. The loss variation for the active measurements was high---between 10 and 50 dB, depending on the polarization, antenna aperture separation distance, and degreeof obstruction by the phantom.

16:20 Advanced Thermal-Imaging for OTA Industrial-Testing of Active-In-Package, Antenna-On-Chip and Antenna on PCB
Mo Shakouri (Microsanj LLC, USA); Sidina Wane (eV-Technologies, France); Douglas A Gray (Microsanj LLC & Telewave.io, USA); Ali Shakouri (MicroSanj, USA)
Traditional design approaches individually optimize chip, package, printed circuit board, and antenna. Even with high success at each step the overall end-to-end result will fall far short of an optimal solution forthe completed module. This contribution describes emSCOPE™, a new holistic Near-Field (NF) Over-the-Air (OTA) testing solution for Chip-Package-PCB-Antenna modules based on advanced Thermal-Imaging
technologies. The proposed solution is demonstrated using advanced front-end-modules co-designed with AiP on WLCSP fan-in/fan-out integration technologies. The ability of the proposed testing solution to capture
EM-Thermal distributions of antennas opens new possibilities for multi-physics testing of radiating devices and systems based on a unified Sub-10 GHz, mmWaves and THz platforms.

16:40 Millimeter-Wave Scattering from Building Facade: A Simulation and Verification Study
Javad Ebrahimizadeh (Kuleuven University, Belgium); Vahid Khorashadizadeh (Ku Leuven, Belgium); Xuesong Cai and Fredrik Tufvesson (Lund University, Sweden); Guy
Vandenbosch (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium)This paper presents millimeter-wave scattering from a building facade predominantly composed of windows. These windows are integrated into the walls, forming dihedral structures that reflect waves toward theincident angle. The scattered field resulting from the building facade is simulated using the two-bounce Geometrical-Physics (GO) method. We analyze the channel in power loss and arrival angle along the receiver's
trajectory path. It is observed that in the delay domain, the trajectory path due to a window appears as a line, and in the angular domain, it follows a hyperbolic curve. A comprehensive measurement campaign isconducted to verify the results in both the delay and angular domains. This measurement campaign takes place in a courtyard scenario, utilizing a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) channel sounder operating within
the frequency band of 27.5 GHz to 29.5 GHz. Notably, the results obtained through simulation exhibit a commendable level of agreement with the measurement data.

17:00 Over-The-Air Noise-Figure Measurements of Active Integrated Antennas at W-Band
Remco Heijs (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands); Tim Stek, Antonius Johannes van den Biggelaar, Roel X.F. Budé and Anouk Hubrechsen(ANTENNEX, The Netherlands)

This paper applies an existing method for estimating the system gain and noise figure of active integrated antennas to W-band frequencies. The method uses a reverberation chamber as a wireless noise source,
where the ENR can be tuned. Measurements, including different calibration steps, are performed to obtain the noise figure and system gain of a horn antenna connected to a low-noise amplifier as a proof ofconcept for measuring an integrated antenna. The preliminary measured results are within 1.0 dB of the datasheet value for part of the measured frequency span. Limits of this method are demonstrated through themeasurement campaign and recommendations for improvement are provided.

17:20 In-Field Measurement of Total Radiated Power from Active Antenna Arrays
Jonas Fridén (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Aidin Razavi (Ericsson Research, Sweden); Bengt-Erik Olsson (Ericsson AB, Sweden)
Total radiated power is a key metric in 5G Base Station conformance testing. Therefore, assessment in live networks is required. Here, a power trace is measured at street level, while a User Equipment attracts
a traffic beam. Three different methods are investigated: Beam directed to point of measurement, a fixed beam and measuring in different points, and fixed measurement location and directing the beam towards
different points. GNSS coordinates are used to retrieve needed distances and directions to project the measured power trace to an EIRP trace. The radiated power is calculated in two ways. Firstly, a binned integration
technique is used to sum the radiated power contributions from different solid angle bins. This overcomes the inherent problem of measuring the radiation pattern in a regular angular grid. Secondly, the ratio of peak
EIRP and directivity is used. Here, peak directivity is assumed known or estimated via the beamwidths.

17:40 The Antenna Dome High-Speed Characterization System for OTA Characterization of FR2 5G Active Antenna Panels
Richard Coesoij and Ferry Musters (TU Delft, The Netherlands); Marco Spirito (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
In this work we present the recent developments in the system architecture and the calibration techniques employed in the TU Delft high speed Antenna Dome system developed for the Characterization of FR2 5G
Active Antenna Panels. In the current implementation the Antenna Dome employs 36 dual linearly-polarized scalar sensing nodes, to enable real-time 2D (theta and phi) radiation pattern acquisition. The system
employs over-the-air characterization procedures to equalize the power conversion asymmetry within the nodes as well as across all the sensing nodes. Moreover, the system makes use of a controller area network(CAN) bus allowing to acquire power from all the nodes at synchronized timing interval and obtain a full 2D pattern acquisition with data transfer in less then 5 msec. The experimental data of a calibration horn (16dBi)
are presented and compared to the nominal (EM response) at 26.5GHz.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS42b: AMTA Session: Post Processing Techniques in Antenna Measurements (continued)
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Jeffrey Guerrieri (National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA), Francesco Saccardi (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy)
16:00 An Antenna Measuring System Based on a Cable Suspended Dolly and Inverse Source
Marco Righero and Giorgio Giordanengo (LINKS Foundation, Italy); Giuseppe Musacchio Adorisio (Fondazione LINKS, Italy); Michael Maurer, Frederick Mayer and GeorgPeters (Spidercam GmbH, Austria); Ines Barbary, Eric van der Houwen and Luis Rolo (European Space Agency, The Netherlands); Giuseppe Vecchi (Politecnico di
Torino, Italy)
We present an innovative antenna measurement system where a cable-suspended dolly moves the probe antenna around the antenna under test. This flexible means allows covering large scanning areas while
ensuring safety. Equivalent sources are used to process the acquired signals to characterize the antenna under test.

16:20 Multiple Reduced Order Models for Antenna Measurements
Samuel Corre (IETR, France); Nicolas Mezieres (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, France); Benjamin Fuchs (Federal Office of Communications, Switzerland); Michael
Mattes (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark); Laurent Le Coq (University of Rennes 1 & IETR, France)
For the characterization of the radiated field of antennas, the Reduced Order Model method is a simple yet powerful numerical tool that allows to reduce significantly the number of field samples relatively to othertechniques based on analytical signal expansions. To further improve the flexibility and versatility of this tool, this article focuses on building a set of multiple reduced models via subdivision of the source domain andon applying reference point method for ROM. Validations based on simulation and measurement data in the far field are shown.

16:40 Phaseless Characterization of Flat Sources with a Planar Wide-Mesh Scanning Strategy
Florindo Bevilacqua (Università di Salerno, Italy); Amedeo Capozzoli and Claudio Curcio (Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy); Francesco D'Agostino, Flaminio Ferrara,
Claudio Gennarelli and Rocco Guerriero (University of Salerno, Italy); Angelo Liseno (Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy); Massimo Migliozzi (University of Salerno,
Italy); Yiannis Vardaxoglou (University of Loughborough, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This work evaluates the performance of a phaseless near-field to far-field transformation when applied to a demanding antenna as test case. It is based on a smart scanning strategy, an effective representation of
the unknowns of the problem, and a proper optimization method. The characterized source is a non-canonical planar source, formed by two disconnected subapertures, radiating a difference far-field pattern. The
characterization has been accomplished by collecting the squared amplitude of the near-field samples on a planar wide-mesh scanning, based on a disk modeling of the source, which is convenient for planar flat
sources, thus reducing the number of sampling points and simplifying the mathematical formulation. A numerical validation has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

17:00 Discretizing 2D Equivalent Radiating Panels by Legendre Quadrature
Amedeo Capozzoli and Claudio Curcio (Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy); Francesco D'Agostino (University of Salerno, Italy); Angelo Liseno (Università di Napoli
Federico II, Italy); Luigi Pascarella (Università di Salerno, Italy)
We deal with the discretization of a 2D radiating panel. After dimensioning the panel by a properly developed approach, a non-uniform array can be a feasible solution for its practical implementation. In the proposed
scheme, the determination of the number, the positions and the excitations of the array elements is accomplished by exploiting a Gaussian quadrature rule. Considering that the most significant singular functions
supported on the region of interest are related to those supported on the equivalent panel by a radiation integral, the quadrature allows to replace the radiation integrals by weighted summations. The quadrature
also provides a unique set of nodes, namely the elements positions, and a unique set of weights, which are involved in the definition of the excitation coefficients. Numerical results assess the effectiveness of thetechnique.

17:20 A Greedy Approach for Reducing Data in Near-Field Measurements
Maria Antonia Maisto (Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy); Antonio Ciociola (Universita della Campania, Italy); Raffaele Solimene (Università degli
studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy)
In this paper, a sampling strategy which allows to take advantage of all a priori information available on the Antenna under test in reducing the measurement number is proposed. Experimental results show that therequired sampling points returned by the proposed method are lower than the ones needed by the standard warping and half-wavelength sampling.

17:40 Uncertainty Quantification of the Gain Budget for INCUS
Alessio Mancini (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA); Gaurangi Gupta (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, USA); Paolo Focardi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory &California Institute of Technology, USA)
INCUS is an Earth Science project approved by NASA in 2022. The goal of the mission is to study in detail how water vapor and droplets move inside tropical storms and thunderstorms and understand their effects

on weather and climate models. To carry out this study, the mission will use three almost identical SmallSats, each one equipped with a Ka-band radar heritage of Raincube. The deployable mesh reflector antenna is
a new 1.6m design provided by Tendeg. The bus for each of the three observatories is provided by Blue Canyon Technology (BCT), while Colorado State University leads the science team of the project. This paper
presents the general architecture of the three observatories with particular emphasis on the radar antenna subsystem design. In particular, a statistical analysis to evaluate the impact of fabrication tolerances of the
deployable mesh reflector surface and their effect on the antenna gain will be presented.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS28: Biological tissue characterization as a basis for medical devices development
T06 Biomedical and health / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Raquel C. Conceição (Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal), Daniela M. Godinho (Instituto de
Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica - Faculdade de Ciências - Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal)
16:00 Dielectric Characterisation of Human Parathyroid Glands at Microwave Frequencies
Bilal Amin (University of Galway, Ireland); Atif Shahzad (Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, Ireland); Ana González-Suárez, Eoghan Dunne andAoife Lowery (University of Galway, Ireland); Martin O'Halloran (National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland); Adnan Elahi (University of Galway, Ireland)This paper reports the first comprehensive investigation of the ex vivo dielectric properties of human parathyroid glands in the microwave frequency range for the application of microwave imaging and microwave
thermal ablation. The dielectric properties of the human parathyroid glands (N = 9) were measured using an open-ended coaxial probe measurement technique at frequencies ranging from 0.5 - 8.5 GHz. The
measurements were conducted on freshly excised human parathyroid gland samples. A two-pole Debye model was fitted on the mean dielectric properties of the human parathyroid glands. The relative permittivity
values ranged from 42 - 57 over the frequency range of 0.5 GHz to 8.5 GHz, and the conductivity ranged from 0.9 - 9 S/m for that frequency band. These insights into the dielectric properties of human parathyroid
glands have the potential to advance the development of microwave-based techniques for non-invasive detection, localisation and functional assessment of parathyroid glands.

16:20 The Effect of Pressure of the Open-Ended Coaxial Probe on the Measurement of Ex Vivo Biological Tissues Dielectric Properties
Ana Catarina Pelicano (Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Fac. Ciências Un. Lisboa & FCiencias ID, Portugal); Nuno Araújo (Centro de Física Teórica e
Computacional, Fac. Ciências Un. Lisboa, Portugal); Daniela M. Godinho (Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica - Faculdade de Ciências - Universidade deLisboa, Portugal); Raquel C. Conceição (Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal)
The impact of increasing evenly spaced pressures, between 2.58 and 25.8 kPa, on dielectric data ranging from 0.5 to 8.5 GHz was studied using 1×1×1 cm3 and 2×2×2 cm3 of bovine liver and chicken muscle
samples. Results show a reduction exceeding 15% in tissue dielectric properties as pressure increased, until a breaking point is reached, and the trend reversed. The initial decline of dielectric properties aligns withexisting literature, which suggests intracellular and interstitial fluid displacement due to probe pressure. We propose that the subsequent increase of dielectric properties may result from cellular membrane rupture,driving water towards the sample surface. Hence, maintaining consistent probe-tissue pressure during measurements is imperative to minimise data inaccuracies. We recommend conducting preliminary pressure
tests prior to measuring biological tissue dielectric data. Moreover, we endorse the inclusion of applied pressure details in measurements metadata.

16:40 Dielectric Characterization of Biological Tissues at Microwave Frequencies Based on Water Content
Flavia Liporace, Gianluca Ciarleglio, Maria Gabriella Santonicola and Marta Cavagnaro (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
Nowadays, many medical techniques apply electromagnetic fields (EMF) on patients with therapeutic and/or diagnostic purposes. For this reason, to provide safe and effective treatments, it is necessary tocomprehend the mechanisms of interaction between the biological system under exposure and the applied EMF. This interaction is described by the dielectric properties of the considered system. Biological tissues
are complex and heterogeneous, and their dielectric properties change with frequency and under the influence of many factors. In particular, at frequencies higher than 1 GHz the main influence on the dielectric
behaviour of a certain tissue is given by its water content. In this work, an approach is proposed for the reconstruction of the dielectric properties of biological tissues from their water content. An experimental validation
is given on muscle and liver ex-vivo animal samples whose water content is measured through the desiccation technique.

17:00 Phantom Material with Biological Composition for Muscle Equivalent Radiofrequency, Thermal and Magnetic Resonance Properties
Laura J.C. Barendsz, Kemal Sumser and Steven Beumer (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands); Sergio Curto (Erasmus University Medical Center, The
Netherlands); Rob Mestrom and Margarethus M. Paulides (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
As research and development in the field of electromagnetic medical devices increases, so does the need for proper validation and calibration. This is typically done using tissue mimicking models known as phantoms.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming increasingly popular for electromagnetic device modelling and validation. Currently, there is no muscle phantom material that matches the properties of muscle tissue in
MRI, electromagnetic and thermal properties. This study presents a novel muscle phantom made from inexpensive, household materials, that can approximate all three. Phantoms consist of water, agar-agar, peanutoil, and protein powder. These ingredients are used to model healthy, obese and dehydrated muscle tissue. While the phantoms exhibit behavior similar to those in existing literature, their values are consistently
lower. We expect that future improvement is possible by reducing the protein and oil content, to bring the values even closer to the muscle tissue properties reported in literature.

17:20 Temperature-Dependent Electrical Characterization of a Thermally Sensitive Hepatic Tumor Phantom
Ahmet Bilir and Sema Dumanli (Bogazici University, Turkey)
Phantom design is a critical task in biomedical device development which gives strong indication for validity before going for animal/human testing. Microwave ablation therapy is no exception. The temperaturechange in the target tissue is measured in thermal phantoms after estimated with electromagnetic and thermal simulations. Establishing a visual feedback mechanism during thermal therapy would bring the testingprocess closer to a more realistic scenario. Here we propose a semi-transparent polyacrylamide gel based hepatic tumor phantom at 2.45 GHz of which absorbance changes as the temperature increases. It isshown that, the phantom can be optimized such that the absorbance converges to its maximum value at a specific target temperature value. The temperature-dependent permittivity and conductivity values, andtemperature-dependent absorbance values of the proposed phantom is given.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS6b: Emerging Multiple Beam and Beamforming Technologies for 5G and Beyond (continued)
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Simone Genovesi (University of Pisa, Italy), Lizhao Song (University of Technology Sydney, Australia)
16:00 Multibeam Antenna for Wide-Angle 95-Beam Coverage at Ka-Band Using a Multifocal Transmit-Array
Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações, Portugal); Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal); Jorge
R. Costa (Instituto de Telecomunicações / ISCTE-IUL, Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal); Nelson
Fonseca (Anywaves, France)
Cost-effective multibeam millimeter wave antenna solutions are required to enable the deployment of 5G and beyond systems operating in the frequency range 2 (FR2). The trade-off between system complexity andRF requirements (such as high gain, number of beams, beam forming/scanning capability, etc.) is a challenging problem fomenting the development of new antennas. Spatially fed transmit-arrays (TAs) where theaperture is illuminated by a planar array placed in a focal plane, is a canonical solution. However, the design is constrained by the focal distance to aperture diameter ratio (F/D). On the one hand, reducing the F/D
allows designing more compact feeding array elements, on the other hand, it limits the maximum angle coverage due to scanning aberrations. In this work, we show that a TA optimized for operating simultaneouslywith low F/D and wide-angle coverage can improve the performance of this classical configuration. We design a Ka-band multibeam antenna with a TA fed by a 19x5 array of standard WR38 waveguide operatingwith F/D=0.34. It provides 25 dBi of gain with scan losses below 3 dB when scanning in a zenith plane up to -55 degrees, covering 80 degrees (-55 to 25 degrees) with cross-over levels around 3 dB.

16:20 Hybrid Analog-Digital Beamforming System with Quad-Steerable Beams Based on Programmable Transmitarray
Antonio Clemente (CEA-Leti, France); Samara Gharbieh (CEA-Leti Minatec, Grenoble, France); David Demmer (CEA-LETI, France); Raffaele D'Errico (CEA, LETI &Université Grenoble-Alpes, France); Jean-Baptiste Doré (CEA-LETI, France)
A hybrid analog/digital beamforming system generating four independent steerable beams is presented. A quad-focal-source programmable transmitarray operating on the frequency band 24 - 31 GHz is optimized
and demonstrated. The proposed antenna system is based on an array of 400 programmable unit-cells with a 1-bit phase resolution. Four 10-dBi pyramidal horn antennas are used to illuminate the transmitarray
aperture. Inter-beam interference is mitigated numerically by applying an amplitude and phase precoder. This hybrid precoding techniques can be used to implement spatial division multiplexing in a multi-user system.

16:40 Anisotropic Metagrating for Beamforming with Polarization Conversion
Anh Mai Nguyen (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (South)); Gangil Byun (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Korea(South)); Ikmo Park (Ajou University, Korea (South))This work presents a realistic simple printed circuit board typed metagrating structure to achieve near-unity efficiency for dual-polarization anomalous reflection. The proposed scatterers are meticulously designed
using a set of electric dipoles, which effectively breaks the symmetricity under normal incidence, allowing for high power coupling into the desired propagating mode. Furthermore, the inclusion of an artificial groundlayer enhances the metagrating's capability for different polarization performance in wide-angle anomalous reflection. This advancement extends the practical applications and versatility of metagrating concepts.

17:00 Millimeter-Wave Beam-Steerable Lens with Reduced Profile and Enhanced Gain
Yang Cai and Peng Mei (Aalborg University, Denmark); XianQI Lin (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China); Shuai Zhang (Aalborg University,
Denmark)
A 20×20 2-bit lens antenna is proposed utilizing the method of extracting actual phase shift (APS) by simulating element array (EA) for reduced profile and enhanced gain, which eliminates the effects of oblique
incidences and simplifies the design process. Dielectric lenses elements are used to demonstrate the design. The proposed lens antenna exhibits enhanced gain and beam-steerable performance from 22 GHz 30GHz. The gain enhances 3.4 dB at 26 GHz compared to the conventional design using the periodic boundary conditions. Moreover, the scan angle can maintain ± 30° within the whole bandwidth by mechanicallydisplacing the feed antenna.

17:20 Multi-Beam Arrays for Future LEO SatCom Payloads
Carlos Vazquez-Sogorb (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche & Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Delle Telecomunicazioni, Italy); Roger MontoyaRoca (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy); Giuseppe Addamo (Istituto di Elettr. e di Ingegneria dell'Inform. e delle Telecom. (IEIIT-CNR), Italy); Oscar Peverini (IEIITCNR, Italy); Giuseppe Virone (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy)
LEO satellite antennas must provide several beams at the same time up to Ka-band over a large scanning angle (up to ±60º). For this reason, high performance radiating elements and beamforming circuitry becomes
crucial for the development of new constellations. This paper outlines the challenges and limitations of both waveguide-based and Vivaldi-based solutions and their impact on the beam-formed patterns.

17:40 3D-Printed Multi-Beam Flat Lens Antenna System
Maral Ansari (CSIRO, Australia); Lizhao Song and Peiyuan Qin (University of Technology Sydney, Australia); Stephanie Smith (CSIRO & Astronomy and Space Science,
Australia); Y. Jay Guo (University of Technology Sydney, Australia)
This paper focus on the design of a multi-beam flat GRadient INdex (GRIN) lens antenna. The lens profile is found analytically in combination with an arc feed trajectory to produce an approximate linear phase on thelens aperture for maximum radiation angle. This approach improves the scanning performance of the flat lens in 2D orthogonal plane when compared to equivalent lens designs previously reported. The variation in
the refractive index profile of the lens is implemented using a partially filled dielectric periodic cubic unit cell. An array of microstrip patches is used as the feed source. The arrays are arranged in two orthogonal plane
to demonstrate the 2D multiple beam performance of the lens antenna system. A prototype lens antenna is fabricated using 3D printing technology operating from 12 to 15 GHz. This design is suitable for high-gain
multi-beam emerging fifth generation (5G) communication systems.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS9b: Advances in 2-D Leaky-Wave Antennas Modelling and Design (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Paolo Baccarelli (Roma Tre University, Italy), Davide Comite (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
16:00 Emulating Spatial Dispersion Using Non-Spatially Dispersive Periodic Metasurfaces
Jordan R. Dugan, Tom Smy and Shulabh Gupta (Carleton University, Canada)
Spatially dispersive (or non-local) metasurfaces are an important class of surface where the induced currents on the surface are dependent on the fields over an extended region of the surface. These surfaces canbe characterized using surface susceptibilities that take the form of rational polynomial functions in the spatial frequency domain. This representation allows us to model the field scattering from the surface as ahigher-order boundary condition. Recently, a method was proposed to synthesize a set of susceptibilities to achieve any given field response in the spatial frequency domain. However, realizing these susceptibilities
remains an open problem. In this paper, we demonstrate that spatially dispersive metasurfaces can be implemented as non-uniform metasurfaces composed of non-spatially dispersive unit cells.

16:20 Mechanically Re-Configurable Leaky-Wave Antenna for Fix-Frequency Beam Scanning
Miguel Poveda-García (Technical University of Cartagena, Spain); Samuel Arthur Rotenberg (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Jose-Luis GómezTornero (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain); Symon K. Podilchak (University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); George Goussetis (Heriot-Watt
University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper we present a mechanically re-configurable leaky-wave antenna (LWA) for fix-frequency beam scanning. The structure consists of a meandered waveguide with coupling slots for radiation, constituting
a periodic LWA. The beam direction is controlled with the phase shift between slots that is depending on the meandered length. Thus, a mechanism to change the length of the meander is presented, allowing fora beam scanning range from -65º to +65º with a 12.75 mm displacement of a moving metallic component. The structure has been validated with full-wave simulations, showing the proper synthesis of the scanned
beams at the fixed frequency of 13 GHz.

16:40 Dual-Polarized Reconfigurable Metasurface for Leaky-Wave Antenna Design Using Air-Bridged Schottky Diode Technology
Ioannis Gerafentis, Alexandros Feresidis and Evangelos Vassos (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A novel dynamically reconfigurable leaky wave antenna capable of performing beamsteering based on a tunable metasurface that supports dual polarization and uses air-bridged Schottky diodes is presented. The

electromagnetic waves produced by ideal dipoles in this case, propagate within a cavity which is formed by a Partially Reflective Surface (PRS) and a tuneable High-Impedance Surface (HIS). The beamsteering
capability of the produced highly-directive beam is enabled by the air-bridged Schottky diodes embedded in the centre of each HIS unit cell by altering the capacitance of the diodes. This design operates at 37.5 GHzwith a continuous beam scanning of 22° while the proposed HIS unit cell enables the support of dual-polarized excitation. The proposed leaky wave antenna design was simulated using CST Microwave Studio andis characterized by acceptable losses of 1-5.4dB for this frequency band, a bandwidth of 2GHz while the directivity varies within 20.72- 22.8 dBi.

17:00 Design of Modulated Dielectric Leaky-Wave Antennas for Efficient Bessel-Beam Synthesis
Tomas Lira (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile); Francisco Pizarro (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile); Eva Rajo-Iglesias (University
Carlos III of Madrid, Spain); Jose-Luis Gómez-Tornero (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain)
The synthesis of Bessel beams with a leaky wave antenna made of dielectric rings on a substrate is the focus of this study. Employing 3D-printing techniques, this particular two-dimensional Bull's-eye antenna
design offers flexibility in modifying various parameters of the rings. These parameters include the material, thickness, width, and periodicity. The study illustrates how this flexibility facilitates the efficient design of a
Bessel-beam launcher antenna, optimizing focusing properties such as the non-diffractive range and the spillover efficiency.

17:20 Modal Analysis in Woodpile Dielectric Structures
Vakhtang Jandieri (General and Theoretical Electrical Engineering (ATE), Faculty of Engineering, Germany); Guido Valerio (Sorbonne Université, France); Paolo
Baccarelli (Roma Tre University, Italy)
We propose an efficient semi-analytical approach to analyze the real and complex modes in three-dimensional woodpile bandgap structures that consist of multilayered periodic arrays of circular dielectric cylinders.
The reflection and transmission matrices through the woodpile structure are rigorously calculated using the transition-matrix approach combined with the lattice sums technique. The dispersion behavior of bound andcomplex modes in closed stop-band regions as well as of proper and improper leaky modes can be numerically calculated. The results for the bound modes are compared with a fully independent commercial EM
software showing a very good agreement.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
M5: Uncertainty analysis and measurements techniques
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / /Room: M2
Chairs: Giada Maria Battaglia (Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy), Vince Rodriguez (NSI-MI Technologies & University of Mississippi, USA)
16:00 On the RF Absorber Coverage of Antenna Under Test Positioners
Vince Rodriguez (NSI-MI Technologies & University of Mississippi, USA); Mark Ingerson (NSI-MI AMETEK, USA); Gwenael Dun (NSI-MI, c/o AMETEK, France)
In any antenna measurement, the antenna under test (AUT) must be positioned in front of the range antenna. Positioners are typically made from metal or dielectrics. Regardless of the material, they will reflect anddiffract the electromagnetic waves and influence the measurement. It is common to cover them in RF absorber. However, RF absorber is not perfect, and it will also influence the measurement. In this paper, several
treatments of absorber on a roll over azimuth AUT positioner are analyzed. The range is a spherical near field range, with an open-ended waveguide (OEWG) illuminating the AUT. The analysis shows that sometimes
a minimal absorber coverage is sufficient to get accurate measurements within a given uncertainty level.

16:20 Uncertainty Analysis of Linear Multi-Probe Array Systems for Fast Antenna Measurements
Francesco Saccardi (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy); Andrea Giacomini (SATIMO, Italy); Nicolas Gross and Thierry Blin (MVG Industries, France); Per Iversen, Roni Braunand Lior Shmidov (Orbit/FR, USA); Meng He (MVG, Hong Kong); Chen Chen (MVG Hong-Kong, Italy); Xavier Bland (MVG, Hong Kong); Lars Foged (Microwave Vision
Italy, Italy)
In this paper we present the measurement uncertainty analysis of a linear Multi Probe Array (MPA) system suited for fast testing of medium and high directive antennas. As proved in previous publications, a MPA
allows to significantly reduce the measurement time of a conventional Planar Near Field (PNF) system based on the mechanical scanning with a single probe. Due to its unavoidable increased complexity, a MPA
system requires dedicated calibration steps and corrections to compensate for the non-ideal uniformity of the sensors and their radiation pattern. The residual errors of such compensation techniques are taken into
account in this analysis together with other error sources, such as multiple reflections, scan truncation, probe position errors and room scattering.

16:40 Simulation Based Uncertainty Analysis for Active Two-Way-Radiation Pattern Measurements of Circularly Polarized Antennas
Anna Granich (RWTH - Aachen University, Germany); Dirk Heberling (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
Traditional antenna measurement systems are often ineffective in the case of integrated systems due to the lack of accessibility to the antenna's feed point. To address this issue, a frequency-modulated continuous
wave (FMCW) radar system's two-way radiation pattern can be assessed by utilizing the radar's own transmit and receive modules while measuring against a reflector. However, it's important to note that thismethod introduces measurement uncertainties distinct from those encountered in conventional antenna measurements. In this study, we delve into the mechanical uncertainties through simulations to shed light on
their impact and characteristics for circular polarized antennas, taking into account the polarization-dependent reflections of plate, dihedral and trihedral reflectors. Although discrepancies between the theoreticallycalculated two-way radiation pattern and the simulations can be found, the method can be validated in general and proves robustness against smaller misalignment errors.

17:00 Thermoelectric Cooling Solution for Active Antennas
Rania Khalifeh (IRSEEM ESIGELEC, France); Habib Boulzazen and Moncef Kadi (IRSEEM/ESIGELEC, France); Nabil Benjelloun (IRSEEM ESIGELEC, France)
An active antenna array cooling method is presented in this paper. As part of an industrial partnership, a 5G telecommunications array is provided. The proposed thermoelectric solution, with low power consumption,must maintain acceptable RF performances and small dimensions while cooling the transceivers supplying the antenna array.

17:20 Near Field Phase Recovery Exploiting Only One Measurement Surface and A Smart Warping Sampling Strategy
Giada Maria Battaglia (Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy); Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Maria Antonia Maisto (Università degli
studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy); Andrea Francesco Morabito (University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Roberta Palmeri (IREA-CNR, Napoli, Italy);Raffaele Solimene (Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy)
A recently introduced and successful strategy for addressing the phase retrieval problem from far-field measurements is now applied to the near-field case. This extension maintains its core methodology of treating
2-D phase retrieval as a series of 1-D recovery problems. These latter are effectively solved by integrating the Spectral Factorization method with a selection process reminiscent of solving a crossword puzzle. The
expansion into the near-field domain involves leveraging key findings related to efficient planar near-field measurements through warping strategies. This approach restores the bandlimited nature of scattered fields,
allowing the method to retain its advantages over state-of-the-art techniques. These advantages include the requirement for only a single measurement surface and the ability to achieve the optimal solution without
resorting to computationally expensive global optimization algorithms.

17:40 Spherical Near-Field Measurement and Far-Field Characterization of a 300 GHz Band Antenna Based on an Electrooptic Probe with Compact Tabletop Robotic
Arm
Yusuke Tanaka, Kento Ishihara and Shintaro Hisatake (Gifu University, Japan)
We demonstrate the photonics-based near-field measurements and far-field characterization of a horn antenna operating at 300 GHz based on a spherical scanning system. An electrooptic probe, which consists ofan optical fiber and a small organic crystal, is mounted on a 6-axis tabletop compact robotic arm for the scanning. The far-field distribution calculated from the measured spherical near-field distribution without probe

compensation is agreed well with the simulation results.

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
EuCAP: EuCAP2025//
Room: M3

Monday, March 18 16:00 - 18:00
CS16: Beam focusing for microwave and (sub-)millimeter-wave applications
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: M4
Chairs: Walter Fuscaldo (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy), Santi Concetto Pavone (Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy)
16:00 Analytical and Numerical Evaluation of Efficient Power Transfer of Bessel-Shaped Beams in Near-Field Through a Planar Layered Medium
Santi Concetto Pavone (Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy); Gino Sorbello (University of Catania, Italy)
We propose here the analytical and numerical evaluation of efficient power transfer through a planar layered medium of a Bessel-shaped beam (i.e., the 2-D equivalent of a Bessel beam), operating in the Fresnel
region of the radiator. An analytical model is introduced together with a suitable figure of merit to estimate the amount of beam power that is efficiently transferred beyond the layered medium, by taking into accountalso the preservation of beam focusing in the main beam. The applications of such an approach are quite large, spanning from soil heating to near-field wireless power transfer and through-the-wall radars.

16:20 On the Data Rate Capability of Near-Field Communications Links Based on Bessel Beams
Adam Narbudowicz (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164,
France)This work proposes the numerical analysis of near-field communications using non-diffractive Bessel beams, in terms of Bit Error Rates when communicating with QAM-256 modulation. The study calculates BER
for different locations within the near-field volume and non-diffractive range of the generated non-diffractive beam within the near field of the radiating aperture. It is demonstrated that, unlike the far-field analysis,
the BER in the near-field can significantly vary, even when calculated at the same distance from the radiating aperture. The study also predicts that a communication link with BER < 10e-4 can be achieved - undercertain conditions - over a distance up to 4 wavelengths.

16:40 All-Metal Perfectly-Matched Metamaterials
Jorge Ruiz-García (University of Michigan, USA); Anthony Grbic (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA)This work introduces a method for designing all-metallic metamaterials that perform a prescribed field transformation in a reflectionless manner. First, Perfectly-Matched Metamaterials (PMMs) are reviewed. PMMs
consist of subwavelength unit cells that remain impedance-matched to each other and the surrounding medium under any excitation. It is shown that for a given field transformation, the constitutive parameters of a
PMM's unit cells can be analytically calculated. Using homogenization, the PMM's constitutive parameters are then realized as elliptical metallic pins in a parallel-plate waveguide environment. An all-metal perfectlymatched collimator is designed to validate the proposed design technique.

17:00 Leaky-Wave Design of Hybrid-, TE-, and TM-Polarized Resonant Bessel-Beam Launchers for Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Applications
Edoardo Negri (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Walter Fuscaldo (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy); Paolo Burghignoli and Alessandro Galli (Sapienza
University of Rome, Italy)
Bessel beams (BBs) recently gained much interest thanks to their limited-diffractive and self-healing properties. Resonant BB launchers are compact, low-profile, cost-effective devices able to generate such field
distribution in the microwave and low millimeter-wave frequency ranges. However, modern applications call for radiating devices able to focus the electromagnetic energy at higher frequencies. For this reason, thepossibility to implement TM-, TE-, or hybrid-polarized BB launchers at millimeter and submillimeter waves is investigated in this work. In particular, three resonant BB launchers working at central frequency of 300
GHz are designed with different polarizations. Full-wave simulations of the proposed devices are in excellent agreement with those theoretically predicted by a rigorous, effective, and well-documented leaky-wave
approach. Therefore, this work can be considered as a starting point for the implementation of innovative devices able to focus the electromagnetic energy in the submillimeter-wave range.

17:20 Radiation Control by Space-Time-Modulated Anisotropic Impedance Surfaces
Oscar Senlis (Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR, France); David González-Ovejero (Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France); Mauro Ettorre (University ofRennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France); Vincent Laquerbe (CNES, France); Pouliguen Philippe (DGA, France)
This paper builds on the holographic technique, previously used for the design of modulated metasurface antennas, to explore the radiation characteristics of space-time-modulated (STM) impedance surfaces.
Space-time holography is employed here to derive the anisotropic impedance tensor for a metasurface antenna that, despite being excited by a monochromatic surface wave (SW), is capable of radiating at two
different discrete frequencies with orthogonal polarizations. An example of space-time-modulated holographic antenna is provided and simulated with a commercial software to validate the proposed theoreticalframework.

17:40 A Multiband Leaky-Wave Phased Array Antenna for 5G Fixed Link Communications
Darwin Blanco (Ericsson, Sweden)
A multi-band-single-layer leaky-wave antenna LW operating at k-band is reported. The designed array has a periodicity of two wavelengths at 28GHz while the excited grating lobes are mitigated by directive top
flat LW patterns. The design is based on a single meta-surface layer MTS, allowing low profile and low cost while providing a versatile solution for 5G with multi-band operation mode. The single layer offers two
operational high gain bands (low frequency band and high frequency band, LB/HB respectively) and a mid-band where the MTS is transparent that can be used in some scenarios as a control channel. Moreover,
the MTS acts as a frequency selective surface (stop band) for the frequencies below and above to the pass-band. Full-wave simulations, validate the current design showing two high-gain and one low-gain bands. A
maximum gain of 26.2 dBi and 28.2 dBi with side lobe levels lower than -13 dBi is reported.

Monday, March 18 18:15 - 19:00
AW: Awards ceremony
Room: Lomond Auditorium

Monday, March 18 19:00 - 20:30
WC: Welcome Reception & Exhibition Opening
Room: Expo/Poster

Tuesday, March 19

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
SW1a: Active Array Antennas: Design concepts, technologies and over-the-air testingRoom: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), A. B. (Bart) Smolders (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
8:30 Welcome and Introduction
Presenter: Bart Smolders (Eindhoven University of Technology)

8:40 Integration of Doherty Power Amplifiers with Antennas: Direct Impedance Matching, Active Load Modulation
Presenters: Oleg Iupikov/Marianna Ivashina (Chalmers University)

9:10 Packaging of mm-Wave Active Array Antennas for Car Radar: Concepts and Technologies
Presenter: Ralph van Schelven (NXP Semiconductors)

9:40 RF-Heterointegration for mm-Wave Radar and Communication Antenna-Arrays
Presenter: Fransesco Filice (IMEC)

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
E06a: Metasurface Design and Applications
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Electromagnetics
Room: M1
Chairs: Sarah E Clendinning (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden), Marco Faenzi (University of Siena, Italy)
8:30 Contiguous Broadband Circularly Periodic High Impedance Surface Integrated with a Spiral Antenna
Kshitij Lele and Chris Bartone (Ohio University, USA)A broadband circularly periodic High Impedance Surface is designed and integrated with a broadband spiral antenna to enable unidirectional broadband performance in a low-profile format. Performance isdemonstrated between 2-6 GHz covering three contiguous sub-bands centered at 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.0 GHz. The design methodology aligns the ±90° reflection-phase of consecutive sub-bands to enable good
performance at the center of each sub-band, as well as the overlapping frequencies in between. The phase response is verified using simulations to ensure zero-degree reflection-phase at each sub-band design
frequency and the ±90° reflection-phase at overlapping sub-band frequencies. A broadband spiral antenna is integrated with the HIS by placing the antenna above the HIS at a height of 0.09λ. This HIS-backed spiralantenna is enclosed in an aluminum cavity to further suppress back-lobe radiation. The antenna S11, gain and radiation patterns are presented to demonstrate broadband performance of the integrated antenna
structure.

8:50 On Solving Inverse Source Problems with Metasurfaces Performing Analog Computations
Mario Phaneuf and Puyan Mojabi (University of Manitoba, Canada)
We investigate the feasibility of solving inverse source problems with metasurfaces that perform analog computations. In particular, we consider the antenna diagnostics application wherein the fields radiating from anantenna under test (AUT) interact with a metasurface system. The output fields of this metasurface system will then represent the tangential fields near the aperture of the AUT, making them suitable for diagnostics.
To this end, we present a general design framework while highlighting the potential difficulties of these metasurfaces. We show via simulation data that the approach can work in principle, and also present how acascaded system of metasurfaces could potentially provide a form of hardware-based regularization to treat the ill-posedness of the underlying problem.

9:10 Fully Autonomous Reconfigurable Metasurfaces with Integrated Sensing and Communication
Hamidreza Taghvaee, Maryam Khodadadi and Gabriele Gradoni (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G
Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain))
One of the most controversial issues in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) is how to localize users. A potential solution is to integrate sensing and communication into the RIS platform to simultaneously
detect a target and establish a communication link. By utilizing a shared spectrum, it is possible to optimize the channel with little to no mutual interference. To this end, a hybrid metasurface layout is proposed that
supports beamforming while also enabling the sensing of incident signals from the user. This hybrid technology couples a small portion of the incident signal into a sensing layer. In the next step, a sensing scheme
is introduced that leverages the inherent multiplexing of information within the metasurface's substrate to retrieve relevant information using a few sensing elements. The proposed metasurface can generate desiredradiation patterns, and the addition of sensing capabilities has minimal impact on its primary functionality.

9:30 Design of a Low-Frequency Magnetic Metasurface for Extremely Focused and Long Range Wireless Power Transfer Applications
Martina Falchi, Pierpaolo Usai and Danilo Brizi (University of Pisa, Italy); Agostino Monorchio (University of Pisa & CNIT, Italy)
A methodology to design low-frequency metasurfaces for resonant inductive WPT applications able to extremely focus the magnetic field distribution at large distances from the source is presented. First, the optimal
distribution of currents on the metasurface realizing the desired magnetic field hotspot is analytically defined. In this phase, the metasurface is considered to be composed of a planar distribution of ideal loops.
Subsequently the corresponding real-scenario copper spiral unit-cells are designed. To verify the methodology, we conceived a numerical test-case by designing a 5×5 metasurface, opportunely excited by an actively
fed driving coil. The obtained results at 4 MHz proved that a 40 mm diameter magnetic field beam was created between the plane of the metasurface and a point set 10 cm above the driver. The extreme focusing
properties are achieved with any means of guiding structure and the volume around the system consists exclusively of air.

9:50 An Efficient Wheel-Integrated Wireless Power Transfer System Based on High-Permittivity Metasurface
Yu Yao and Maziar Nekovee (University of Sussex, United Kingdom (Great Britain))Efficient wireless power transfer (WPT) systems seamlessly integrated with electric vehicles (EVs) are crucial to their successful massive rollout. This paper proposes a WPT system with a high-permittivity
metasurface integrated with a wheel for efficiency enhancement. The single-turn coils with coupling-enhanced rings are explored as transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). The metasurface is composed of high-permittivity
elements placed on both surfaces. The symmetric system model ensures bidirectional transmission between EVs and power grids. With the aid of the metasurface, the efficiency of the WPT system is substantiallyenhanced and maintained within 400 mm.

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
CS39a: AMTA Session: Trends, Advancements and Challenges on Measurement Techniques for 5G and
BeyondT01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Tian Hong Loh (UK, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Janet O'Neil (ETS-Lindgren, USA)
8:30 A Comprehensive Mobile Phone Antenna Performance Evaluation Model Based on Deep Learning
Hui Zhao (China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, China)
Machine learning methods such as deep learning are beneficial to solving complex multidimensional modeling problems, so have great potential in electromagnetic(EM) structure research. In this work, we introduce
a general method for predicting antenna performance using deep neural networks. Specifically, we use near-field data from artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the far-field radiation and S 11 of antennas suchas rectangular patch antennas in real time. This method is versatile because it can learn from a range of design parameters for various substrate materials and operating frequencies and can accurately predict allelectromagnetic characteristics of the desired antenna (e.g., near and far field, S-parameters). Compared to numerical methods, we achieve acceptable antenna performance estimates.

8:50 Measurement of Total Radiated Power Using a TEM Cell
Kai Jiang and Yi Huang (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Xiaoming Chen and Yanzhao Xie (Xi'an Jiaotong University, China)
This paper presents a study on measuring the total radiated power (TRP) of the equipment under test (EUT) using a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell, which has been a valuable tool for electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) measurements. It demonstrates that the utilization of the source-stirred method can generate an averaged uniform field inside the TEM cell at higher frequencies for measurement of total radiatedpower. Compared with other methods, such as the reverberation chamber method, this new approach exhibits a comparable accuracy but is faster and more cost-effective. The results are validated by both numericalsimulations and experimental measurements.

9:10 Full Wave Modelling and Design of a Baffle for the HERTZ 2.0 Compact Antenna Test Range
Cecilia Cappellin, William Hamilton Yatman, Pasquale Giuseppe Nicolaci, Stig Sørensen and Mustafa Murat Bilgic (TICRA, Denmark); Damiano Trenta (European Space
Agency, ESTEC, Italy); Luis Rolo (European Space Agency, The Netherlands)
A baffle has the purpose of preventing the feed of a compact antenna test range to radiate in the quiet zone and it is typically constituted by a cylindrical structure covered by pyramidal absorbers. In this paper we
describe the electrical design of a baffle for the new compensated compact antenna test range for the HERTZ 2.0 facility at ESTEC. Two modelling approaches are shown and compared and the updated performanceof the quiet zone field at L band is given.

9:30 Addressing PIM Challenges in Radio Base Stations: Field Issues and Testing Methods for Large-Scale Deployments
Queenie Zhang (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Chuanting Liu (Ericsson (China) Communications Co. Ltd, China); Ingolf Meier, Noor Choudhury, Lei Deng, Xiang Yue, Bo Xu andYu Yang (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Frieso Damm (Ericsson Antenna Technology Germany GmbH, Germany); Hao An (Ericsson (China) Communications Co. Ltd, China);
Nezahat Gunenc Tuncel and Martin Haun (Ericsson Antenna Technology Germany GmbH, Germany); Xiaoying Jiang (Ericsson (China) Communications Co. Ltd, China)
Mobile wireless broadband systems using 4G and 5G are being widely deployed and traffic demand is still growing with operators challenged for capacity from their spectrum. High transmitted power levels of multiple
3GPP broadband carriers tend to generate passive intermodulation (PIM) sources in such high electric-field situations. With the surge of compact integrated RBS, came an urgent demand for PIM requirements
for site deployments as well as suitable testing methods. This paper addresses the complexity of real-world scenarios by conducting a comprehensive investigation into radio base station (RBS) equipment with
PIM issues observed over the past few years. Using realistic measurements and empirical data, providing valuable insights into PIM test methodologies. Furthermore, this work contributes to the development oflarge-scale deployment testing methodologies, fostering a deeper understanding of PIM-related challenges in 5G wireless systems. This work can help manage PIM issues in the evolving landscape of 5G wirelesscommunication systems.

9:50 Standardization Progress and Challenges for 5G OTA Testing
Siting Zhu and Xuan Yi (China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, China); Peng Wang, Long Pei and Guanghui Liu (China Academy of Information
and Communication Technology, China)
Precise evaluation of MIMO performance and communication capacity measurement are essential to guarantee 5G product development and advance the 5G industry. The main developments in 3GPP Multiple-input
Multiple-output (MIMO) Over-the-Air (OTA) standards for FR1 (450MHz-7.125GHz) and FR2 (24.25GHz-52.6GHz) are described in this paper along with the test methodologies and performance metrics. Furthermore,
it is demonstrated the handheld test scenarios are important to the current MIMO OTA performance testing. Results of the channel model validation for FR2 MIMO OTA measurements are presented in our 3D-MPAC,
confirming the successful application of the channel model in the test zone.

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
A27a: Mm-wave antenna technologies I
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden), Lei Wang (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
8:30 Full-Metal Single-Block Antenna Arrays with Waveguide Corporative Feeding Networks at Ka and V Bands
Jorge Sánchez Castillo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain); Jose Luis Masa-Campos (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Eduardo Garcia-Marin(Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain); Pablo Sanchez-Olivares (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain); Jorge A Ruiz-Cruz (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
Spain)In this paper, we introduce a planar circularly polarized array with a corporate feeding network utilizing waveguide technology. The antenna is composed of three main layers: the radiating array and a two-stage feeding
network. The intricate multi-layer design of the antenna poses manufacturing challenges, particularly at higher frequencies where potential power leakage between the layers is a concern. This study investigates thefeasibility of producing the design as a single unified unit and assesses its reliability within such complex antenna structures. The array in question is tailored for applications in the lower millimeter-wave spectrum,
specifically the Ka band (38 GHz) and the V band (60 GHz). These frequency bands are of significance due to the anticipated 5G satellite expansion and the deployment of WiGig technology respectively.

8:50 Impact of Dielectric Substrate, Feed Connector, and Fabrication Tolerances on the Performance of Planar Millimeter-Wave Antenna Arrays
Abdul Jabbar, Qammer H Abbasi, Muhammad Ali Imran and Masood Ur-Rehman (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper, the impact of dielectric substrate, feed connectors, and fabrication tolerances on the performance of planar microstrip mmWave antenna arrays is elucidated. Three similar prototypes of an 8-element
wideband series-fed microstrip array, covering the entire 57-71 GHz ISM band, are designed by using three dielectric substrates (RO3003, RO5880, and RO4003C). The influence of the dielectric substrate on -10
dB impedance bandwidth, radiation efficiency, total efficiency, realized gain, sidelobe level, and radiation patterns is thoroughly analyzed through extensive numerical simulations. Moreover, a realistic 3D model ofa microstrip edge-fed solderless 1.85mm V-connector is co-simulated with the array design, and its impact on mmWave antenna radiation characteristics is investigated. Furthermore, antenna fabrication tolerancesand measurement effects at high frequencies are highlighted. These findings offer valuable insights when choosing dielectric substrates and taking into account connector effects while designing mmWave array
antennas for a diverse range of futuristic applications.

9:10 K-Band Microstrip ESPAR Antenna Integrated into Large Array
Raffaele De Marco and Arman Bordbar (University of Calabria, Italy); Francesco Greco (Universita' delle Calabria, Italy); Carmine Mustacchio (CEA-LETI & Universita della
Calabria, Italy); Sherif R. Zahran (University of Calabria, Italy & CNIT, Italy); Emilio Arnieri (University of Calabria, Italy); Giandomenico Amendola (Università della
Calabria, Italy); Luigi Boccia (University of Calabria, Italy)
This study introduces a novel design for an microstrip electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR), specifically employing a 5-element cluster configuration. Each cluster is composed of a single active
element and four varactor-loaded parasitic elements, enabling beam steering in the E-plane and H-plane. The reported results show a continuous steering range of 50° along the E-plane and 80° along the H-plane.
The operational bandwidth is approximately 13%, including the bandwidth reduction due to the beam scanning operation. The proposed subarray is integrated into a large array design comprising nine subarrays
arranged in an interleaved triangular lattice. Notably, for each 5-element subarray, only one element necessitates phase control, leading to an 80% reduction in the number of required phase shifters compared to a
standard phased array. The outcomes demonstrate a maximum scanning range of approximately 70 degrees on both E and H planes, with a maximum efficiency of 43%.

9:30 Mechanical/Electrical Hybrid 2-Dimensional Beam Scanning Cylindrical Dielectric Lens Antenna
Yoshiki Sugimoto, Takanori Narita and Kunio Sakakibara (Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan); Tuan Hung Nguyen (Le Quy Don Technical University, Vietnam);Nobuyoshi Kikuma (Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan)
A hybrid 2-dimensional beam scanning cylindrical lens antenna by combining a mechanical lens slide and a linear phased array is presented. The proposed antenna scans the main beam mechanically within the lens
displacement plane by sliding the lens in one dimension. The proposed antenna also scans the beam electrically by a phased array of primary radiators arranged orthogonal to the mechanical beam scanning plane.
The 2-dimensional beam scanning performance of the proposed antenna has been demonstrated through EM simulation; the proposed antenna capable of 2-dimensional beam scanning over a spherical angularrange of ±10°.

9:50 A Novel Substrate Integrated Broadband Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) in SICL for Millimeter Wave Application
Naman Baghel and Soumava Mukherjee (Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, India)
In this study, a novel and compact substrate integrated broadband Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) excited by Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line (SICL) is presented. In comparison to the traditional non-planar
DRA configuration, that requires mounting of a dielectric over the feed, the presented work provides a simple alternative by utilizing the same substrate of the SICL feed network making it planar. This eliminates
the major challenge of a complex fabrication process in designing DRA. Two semi-circular rings fed by the top and middle layer of SICL feed line forms the resonating structure of the DRA. The design procedure isshown to enhance the bandwidth of the proposed antenna. The field distribution attained in the suggested Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) has similarities to the HEM12_ mode of the standard cylindrical DRA.
The proposed DRA achieves a broadside unidirectional beam with a gain of 5.5 dBi at 26 GHz.

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
CS25: Antenna Systems for 6G SatCom
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Thomas Delamotte (Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany), Ulf Johannsen (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
8:30 Beamforming Schemes for 6G Direct-To-Cell Connectivity Using Satellite Swarms
Diego Tuzi (University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany); Thomas Delamotte and Andreas Knopp (Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany)
Direct-to-cell (D2C) connectivity, i.e., direct connectivity between satellite base stations and user terminals (UTs) with low power and low antenna gain, requires large satellite apertures to mitigate the performance
gap with terrestrial network (TN). This paper focuses on innovative distributed space segment implementations using swarms of multiple small platforms, each embedding one or a subset of radiating elements,
creating large virtual antenna apertures. The use of small satellites promises reduced production and launch costs and increased fault tolerance. This paper compares the multi-beam performance of a distributed
implementation with that of a single platform implementation, using different beamforming schemes. The results show that distributed implementations overcome single-platform ones in terms of sum throughput.
Furthermore, different beamforming schemes might be suitable for different system load conditions of the system. Recommendations for the use of beamforming schemes for swarms are outlined.

8:50 A Modular, Low-Cost Ka-Band Antenna Subarray as Building Block for Phased Arrays of Arbitrary Size and ShapeFederico Boulos, Ernest Ofosu Addo and Stefano Caizzone (German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany); Ulf Johannsen (Eindhoven University of Technology, The
Netherlands)
Recent and upcoming megaconstellations in LEO orbit will contribute to suppress the digital divide through satellite communication (satcom). The big obstacle, for an even more widespread use, is currently
represented by the user terminal. The everyday consumer has still to deal with high power consumption and cost, exhibited by existing phased array-based antenna solutions. In this paper, a cost-effective phasedarray modular antenna concept, based on domino subarrays, is presented. The domino subarrays can be deployed in an arbitrary size and shape, opening to fully customizable phased arrays which can accommodate
different designs for the upcoming 6G applications.

9:10 Multibeam Phased Arrays Exploiting Frequency Dispersion for Massive MIMO Satellite Communications
Margaux Pellet (Heriot-Watt University & Thales Alenia Space, France); George Goussetis and Joao Mota (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Hervé
Legay (Thalès Alenia Space, France); Giovanni Toso (European Space Agency, ESA ESTEC, The Netherlands); Piero Angeletti (European Space Agency, The
Netherlands)
This article presents a frequency reuse methodology as applied to multibeam geostationary antennas that is suitable for different traffic scenarios. The maximization of the throughput is achieved adopting a strategy
based on fixed grids of beams, each allocated to a frequency band that minimizes the dispersion effects. Each individual grid is associated with a lattice of orthogonal beams. The beam grids are independently
positioned to best fit different traffic scenarios. Simulation results show that this positioning methodology has a significant impact on the overall throughput of the communication system and offers a substantial
improvement as compared to a conventional scheme based on 4- colour frequency reuse.

9:30 Aperture Distribution Method for Array-Fed Reflectors: A System Level Performance Case Study
Francesco Lisi (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Julien Maurin (Thales Alenia Space, France); Hervé Legay (Thalès Alenia Space, France); Piero
Angeletti (European Space Agency, The Netherlands); George Goussetis (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Array-Fed Reflectors provide the most favourable trade-off between performance, reconfigurability and cost for geostationary communication satellites. By combining the advantages of digital on-board processing,active antenna technology and reflector magnification, these systems can generate hundreds of beams simultaneously and achieve sum rates up to hundreds of Gbps. However, their design can be a time-consuming
operation due to the full system simulation required at each iteration of the optimization loop. While the Physical Optics-based Current Distribution method provides the most accurate results, the Geometrical Opticsbased Aperture Distribution one can significantly reduce the simulation time at the expense of accuracy. In this manuscript, we analyse the impact of this trade-off for a specific architecture. By computing the Aperture
Distribution method on the GPU, the simulation time can be reduced by two orders of magnitude within a tolerable C/I error. This result encourages the use of such method in the early design phase.

9:50 TX/RX Terminal Based on Metascreen Technology for Ka-Band Satcom with Dual Switchable Polarization
Francesco Caminita (Wave-Up SRL, Italy); Cristian Della Giovampaola (Wave Up srl, Italy); Massimo Nannetti (Wave Up Srl, Italy); Gabriele Minatti (Wave Up S. r. l.,
Italy); Nicola Bartolomei (Wave Up srl, Italy); Enrica Martini (University of Siena, Italy); Benedikt Byrne (European Space Agency, The Netherlands); Giovanni Toso
(European Space Agency, ESA ESTEC, The Netherlands); Stefano Maci (University of Siena, Italy)
We present the design of a full TX/RX terminal with dual switchable polarization based on the Metascreen technology, for Ka-band operations. The two screens, which exploit the Pancharatnam-Berry phasetechnique, have been optimized in order to scan a highly-directive beam with reduced level of the grating lobes. Preliminary experimental results show that this technology can produce beam-steering antennas withhigh radiation efficiency greater than 80%.

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
A09a: Advances in reconfigurable antenna technologies
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Francesco Foglia Manzillo (CEA-LETI, France), James Kelly (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
8:30 Optical Microwave Metasurface Phased Arrays
Si Yu Miao and Feng Han Lin (ShanghaiTech University, China)
The concept, design and validation of the optical-microwave metasurface phased arrays (OMMPA) are introduced. The proposed OMMPA is composed of a microwave source, an optically-reconfigurable microwave
metasurface, and an optical-control system. Different from microwave-photonics antennas that use light as the carrier for low-loss wideband microwave transmission (or light carries microwave), the proposed OMMPA
uses light as the control signal for low-cost large-scale microwave tuning (or light controls microwave). Three important design considerations are highlighted with examples, concerning firstly the experimental
modeling of tunable components, secondly the design of the optical-controlling system and thirdly the design of metasurfaces. Possible future directions and applications of the proposed OMMPA are also outlined.

8:50 Sub-Wavelength Anisotropic Unit-Cells for Low-Profile Transmitarray Antennas
Andrea Tummolo (Université de Rennes, France); Orestis Koutsos (CEA Leti, France); Francesco Foglia Manzillo (CEA-LETI, France); Antonio Clemente (CEA-Leti,
France); Agnese Mazzinghi (University of Florence, Italy); Angelo Freni (Università degli studi Firenze, Italy); Ronan Sauleau (University of Rennes 1, France)
This paper presents the design of a sub-wavelength (sub-WL) element with anisotropic properties and demonstrates the performance enhancement it offers for realizing low-profile transmitarrays. The transmission
characteristics are analyzed and compared to those of similar half-wavelength (half-WL) elements. The results reveal that, as opposed to the half-wavelength cell, the sub-wavelength element exhibits minimal
sensitivity to oblique incidence effects, a key issue for low-profile transmitarrays. To evaluate the impact of the angular robustness of the element on the transmitarray performance, four distinct prototypes with 3-bit
phase resolution and 10×10 λ2 size, featuring the two unit-cell types and two different focal-to-diameter ratios (F/D = 0.85, 0.3) are designed at 30 GHz. The low-profile antenna with sub-wavelength elements attains
a peak gain of 28.1 dBi with 46% aperture efficiency and a −3 dB gain bandwidth of 35%, outperforming the transmitarray based on half-wavelength elements.

9:10 1-Bit Reconfigurable Transmitted/Reflected Array (TRA) for 5G/6G Wireless Communication
Yujie Liu (Queen Mary University of London & Antenna Group, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); James Kelly (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (GreatBritain)); Mark Holm (Huawei Technologies (Sweden) AB, Sweden); Yuanwei Liu (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper introduces a design for a 1-bit reconfigurable Transmitted/Reflected Array (TRA), capable of electronic beamforming in both transmission and reflection. The TRA is constructed using the Unit Cells (UCs)that respond differently to TE and TM incidences. By employing the PIN diodes, the UC achieves two phase states, 0° and 180°, for the transmission and reflection, respectively. Simulation results show that the
proposed TRA has demonstrated independent control of the transmitted and reflected beams at the working frequency of 5.9 GHz. A peak gain of 18.1 dBi and a scanning range of 0° to 60° have been achieved inboth transmission and reflection, making it suitable for applications in 5G/6G wireless communication systems.

9:30 Beam Training of LoS-MIMO Systems Using Subarray-Based Beamforming in the Presence of Ground Reflection
Masahiro Takigawa, Ryochi Kataoka and Issei Kanno (KDDI Research, Inc., Japan); Yoji Kishi (KDDI Corporation, Japan)
This paper proposes a beam training algorithm for line-of-sight (LoS) multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) system with subarray-based beamforming functionality. In general, a conventional beam training algorithm isconducted to maximize the signal power of each stream. As a result, each pair of subarrays directs its beam towards each other. In LoS-MIMO regime, however, the subarray positions at transmitter and receiver are
optimized at a certain communication distance. The channel capacity degrades due to its higher spatial correlation depending on a distance. In this paper, a beam training algorithm utilizing the ground reflection is
proposed to alleviate such degradation. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the condition number of channel matrix and improves the channel capacities across communication distances.

9:50 Non-Volatile RF Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Communication
Xiaoyu Xiao (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yize Li (The University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Zirui Zhang and Zhirun Hu(University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of a frequency reconfigurable antenna by using non-volatile RF switches. The non-volatile switches were made by Nafion and glued to the antenna using
silver epoxy to make it frequency reconfigurable. Due to the nature of their non-volatility, these switches do not need any DC power to sustain their states hence dissipate zero static power, significantly reducing thepower consumption for antenna operation. The antenna can switch at three different operation modes between 1.8 GHz to 3.5 GHz without any static power supply.

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
CS36a: New antenna systems for Direction-of-Arrival estimation
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Jose-Luis Gómez-Tornero (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain), Julien Sarrazin (Sorbonne Université, France)
8:30 Angle of Arrival Estimation Methods Using Spherical-Modes-Driven Multiport Antennas
Linta Antony, Abel Abdul Zandamela and Nicola Marchetti (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland); Adam Narbudowicz (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & Wroclaw University of
Science and Technology, Poland)Phased antenna arrays are traditionally used for Angle-of-Arrival (AoA) detection of radio signals. Yet, when size and weight are crucial, spherical mode-driven MIMO antennas present a compact alternative,
significantly reducing dimensions. When applying traditional AoA estimation to multiport antennas with non-linear configurations, the algorithm's intricacies need scrutiny. This paper investigates the optimal AoA
estimation technique for spherical mode-driven MIMO antennas. In this work, various techniques for AoA estimation are evaluated, including the conventional Delay-and-Sum (DAS), the Minimum Variance
Distortionless Response (MVDR), the subspace-based Multiple Signal Classifier (MUSIC), and the Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT). This study delves into the intricaciesof each estimation technique for multiport antennas, weighing estimation accuracy against computational demands. The performance of four methods on spherical mode-driven MIMO antennas is analyzed, pinpointing
the best fits for compact IoT systems.

8:50 GHz Prism: Frequency-Scanned Antennas to Improve Localization with Separate-Channel Fingerprinting
Jose-Luis Gómez-Tornero (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain); Jose A López Pastor (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain); Alejandro Gil Martinez(Technical University of Cartagena Cartagena, Spain); Miguel Poveda-García (Technical University of Cartagena, Spain); Astrid Algaba-Brazález (Ericsson AB, Sweden)
We propose the application of frequency-scanning leaky-wave antennas to improve the performance of separate-channel fingerprinting techniques used for indoor localization. This paper reports initial evaluations
conducted with microstrip leaky-wave antennas (LWA) and BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) beacons. The LWA is designed to direct the three BLE advertising channels towards different angular sectors. As a result,
it is demonstrated an increase of the spatial diversity of the separate-channel radiomaps. This significantly improves the location estimation accuracy by 30%, if compared to separate-channel BLE beacons using
conventional antennas.

9:10 Compact Amplitude-Monopulse Microstrip Antenna Design for Wide Field-Of-View Direction Finding
Alejandro Gil Martinez (Technical University of Cartagena Cartagena, Spain); Miguel Poveda-García (Technical University of Cartagena, Spain); David Cañete Rebenaque(Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain); Astrid Algaba-Brazález (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Jose-Luis Gómez-Tornero (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain)
We investigate the challenges and possibilities to design short microstrip leaky-wave antennas (MLWA), which synthesize amplitude-monopulse patterns covering a wide angular field of view (FoV). It is shown thatthe standard design methodology requests the MLWA to operate in a radiation regime associated to a high scanning angle associated to poor radiation efficiency. Subsequently, we propose a new design techniqueto operate in a more relaxed dispersion regime, where the antenna is radiating close to broadside. Designs examples working in the 2.45 GHz band are reported to validate the novel methodology, demonstrating the
successful synthesis of monopulse patterns covering a wide FoV of 120º using a MLWA of length 9.8 cm (0.8 wavelengths). To the authors' knowledge, this is the most compact design and the widest FoV reported
for this class of monopulse antennas, which might find useful application for integrated antenna sensors in the context of the IoT.

9:30 Compact Metamaterial Antenna for Three-Dimensional Angular Localization of Multiple Radio-Frequency Sources
Abdelwaheb Ourir (Institut Langevin ESPCI Paris CNRS, France); Julien de Rosny (CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, France)
We present an original technique of three-dimensional angular localization for multiple radio-frequency sources based on a single port metamaterial antenna. The designed antenna is a compact 4 by 4 finite periodic
array of sub-wavelength \lambda/6 resonators. We show that a normalized dictionary of several complex radiation patterns can be constructed over a specific narrow frequency band. We implement numericalmethods to estimate the direction of target antennas emitting uncorrelated signals by taking benefits of the complex frequency signatures over this band. We demonstrate that this single port antenna made of a finite
array of metamaterial resonators is able to achieve the three-dimensional angular localization of an emitting target. Besides, we show that the proposed antenna can be used to retrieve the direction angles of multiple
radiating radio-frequency sources.

9:50 A Parasitic Element Technique for Deep Null Synthesis and the Application to Received Signal Strength (RSS)-Based Localization
Jo Tamura and Hiroyuki Arai (Yokohama National University, Japan)
This paper presents an antenna system that uses received signal strength (RSS) for localization. The proposed system has the benefits of small size, low cost, precise estimation, and low power consumption, which
is suitable for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It estimates angle-of-arrival (AoA) using an antenna radiation null. A parasitic element technique is applied to steer a deep null without attenuators. The technicalchallenge to build the system is that amplitude errors in the feeding circuit degrade the null-steering performance. The impact of the errors on the AoA estimation is investigated, and the specific criteria are clarified.
The simulation results reveal that a properly designed antenna and phase shifter can reduce the error by up to 15 degrees. Consequently, the system can localize a target with an error of less than four degrees in arange of 120 degrees.

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
CS24a: Biomedical Microwave Techniques and Devices from Diagnosis to Treatment
T06 Biomedical and health / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Raquel C. Conceição (Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal), Jorge A. Tobon Vasquez (Politecnico di
Torino, Italy)
8:30 Advancements in the Experimental Validation of a Wearable Microwave Imaging System for Brain Stroke Monitoring
David O. Rodriguez-Duarte, Martina Gugliermino, Cristina Origlia and Jorge A. Tobon Vasquez (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Rosa Scapaticci (CNR-National ResearchCouncil of Italy, Italy); Lorenzo Crocco (CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Italy); Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
Stroke is a disease that negatively affect brain oxygenation, so impacting short- and long-term people living conditions or, in the worst case, provoking the death. Brain stroke causes physiological variations in theaffected tissues, which in turn produce relevant changes in the permittivity and conductivity of the involved tissues. Such changes can be detected and imaged by processing the scattering response at microwavesof the brain. This work advances the experimental validation of a microwave-based scanner to generate 3-D contrast dielectric maps, using low-complexity microwave hardware and a real-time standalone linear
inversion algorithm based on the distorted Born approximation. The validation herein presented faces non-trivial conditions using anthropomorphic multi-tissue head and stroke phantoms, so replicating a laboratory
set-up very close to the clinical scenario.

8:50 Microwave Imaging for Monitoring Bone Healing Using Magnetic Scaffolds: An Initial Analysis
Sonia Zappia (IREA-CNR, Italy); Matteo Bruno Lodi (University of Cagliari, Italy); Roberta Palmeri (IREA-CNR, Napoli, Italy); Nicola Curreli (Italian Institute of Technology,
Italy); Ilaria Catapano (IREA-CNR, Italy); Lorenzo Crocco (CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Italy); Alessandro Fanti (University of Cagliari, Italy); Rosa Scapaticci(CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Italy)
Magnetic scaffolds are a particular class of multifunctional and electromagnetic-responsive biomaterials, in which traditional biomaterials are loaded with magnetic nanoparticles. These biomedical devices are able toaccelerate bone healing repair under the action of electromagnetic fields. To date, limited efforts have been spent to provide monitoring tools for the follow up of bone tissue regeneration for these theranostic devices.
In this work, the possibility of using microwave imaging to monitor tissue regeneration is investigated. In particular, a preliminary analysis on the signal level variations that can be observed during bone regenerationis performed, as this provides the necessary initial guideline to design a monitoring device.

9:10 Evaluating System Design in Breast Microwave Sensing: Data and Image Quality in Multiple Systems
Tyson Reimer, Fatimah Eashour, Gabrielle Fontaine, Jordan Krenkevich and Stephen Pistorius (University of Manitoba, Canada)
Numerous microwave-based breast imaging (MBI) systems have been developed to investigate the potential of microwave-based breast cancer detection. Despite the diversity in system design, relatively little
research has compared systems and evaluated the impact of design parameters. This work evaluates the spatial resolution, noise, and shift-dependence of three imaging systems. These systems vary with respect
to key design parameters and have been designed for different purposes -- a bed-based system was designed for deployment to a permanent clinic, a bench-top system was designed for laboratory use, and aportable prototype system was designed for deployment to remote communities. The bed-based system was found to have the best spatial resolution with respect to both image and data quality, achieving a best-caseresolution of (12.4 +/- 0.5)~mm, and the best signal-to-noise ratio of (26 +/- 2)~dB.

9:30 Analytical and Numerical Solution of the One Dimensional Steady State Bioheat Transfer Equation
Marco Di Cristofano and Marta Cavagnaro (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
This work describes the comparison between the analytical and numerical solution of the one dimensional steady state bioheat equation along the axis of a muscle slab. Aim of the work is the definition of an analyticalframework for hyperthermia devices design and optimization. Oncological hyperthermia is a medical technique aimed at generating a temperature increase in the tumour region of the patient through the applicationof an electromagnetic field. The absorbed electromagnetic power per unit mass is the specific absorption rate (SAR). In this study a plane wave at 434 MHz is considered as electromagnetic source, and the analyticalsolution is calculated solving the bioheat equation in case of an exponential approximation of the SAR distribution, in order to predict the temperature distribution along the axis of the tissue. Results show an optimum
agreement between the analytical and numerical temperature distributions.

9:50 Polynomial Basis Functions for Qualitative Head Tissue Segmentation via Linearized Microwave Imaging
Darko Ninković (University of Belgrade, Serbia); Álvaro Yago Ruiz (CNR, National Research Council, Italy); Symeon Nikolaou (Frederick Research Center & Frederick
University, Cyprus); Lorenzo Crocco (CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Italy); Branko Kolundzija and Marija Stevanovic (University of Belgrade, Serbia)
Microwave imaging of head tissue is a complex task due to the nonlinearity of the underlying inverse scattering problem. Such a difficulty can be alleviated by providing a convenient starting guess to inversion
algorithms. To this end, we present an approach to provide a qualitative segmentation of the head tissue, i.e., an image able to identify the different tissue boundaries but not their electromagnetic properties. The
proposed approach uses three-dimensional polynomial basis functions for the permittivity distribution under the first-order Born approximation and generalized Tikhonov regularization. To illustrate the possibilities ofthe proposed method, we apply it to the problem of permittivity reconstruction of the realistic head phantom comprising five tissues. Preliminary results show that the boundaries of all five tissues are identifiable.

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
CS44a: Near Field mmWave and THz Communication and Sensing Systems
T07 THz and high frequency technologies / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Josep M Jornet (Northeastern University & Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, USA), Mauricio Rodríguez (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile)
8:30 Development of a Shaped Quartz Lens Antenna for Wide Scanning Sub-Millimeter Imagers
Huasheng Zhang, Shahab Oddin Dabironezare and Nuria LLombart (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Focal plane arrays (FPAs) with dielectric lenses are promising candidates for achieving wide field-of-view sub-millimeter imaging. A field-correlation method was proposed to analyze the scanning performance ofsuch an FPA coupled to a reflector. In this work, we implement this methodology to develop a shaped quartz lens combined with a leaky-wave feed to achieve a scanning angle up to 20.3 degrees. The simulations
show a scanning gain loss of 2.6 dB which is much lower than that associated with the direct fields coming from the reflector (about 6 dB). The shaped lens was fabricated and measured at 180 GHz to validate theproposed concept of lens shaping. The measured reflection coefficient is below -10 dB from 150 GHz to 210 GHz. Moreover, the measured far-field patterns and gain are in excellent agreement with the simulations
over the considered frequency band.

8:50 Dual Functional mmWave RIS for Radar and Communication Coexistence in near Field
Anton Tishchenko and Ahmed Elzanaty (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Anna Guerra (University of Bologna, Italy); Francesco Guidi (National
Research Council of Italy (CNR) - IEIIT, Italy); Alberto Zanella (National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Italy); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation
Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The paper deals with an integrated sensing and communications system aided by a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface in the mmWave Near-Field

9:10 A Wideband Reflector-Based Mm-Wave/THz Nearfield Line Scanner for Rapidly Sensing Materials in Envelopes
Carey Rappaport (Northeastern University, USA); Michael Geraghty (Kirtland AFB, USA)For non-invasive detection of illicit materials arriving at postal facilities, it is important to rapidly scan envelopes. Illegal drugs, shipped in thin packages, can be identified based on form factor (pills) or wideband
sub-terahertz frequency signature. To image efficiently, a millimeter-wave or sub-terahertz signal can be focused to a spot on the surface of the package, providing sufficient intensity and resolution to penetrate anddistinguish the contents. A flying beam scanner is developed, using a wideband focusing reflector with a small physically rotating feed. The novel shaped reflector scans focal spots along a line on the surface of theenvelope, sensing in one dimension. It is assumed that the envelope moves on a conveyer belt. The line scanning time is limited by the mechanical rotation speed of the small feed, which can be accomplished in~0.01 sec., and the entire envelope could be scanned in less than 1/5th second.

9:30 High Data-Rate Sub-THz Coherent Near-Field Wireless Links Enabled by Spline-Profile Bessel Launchers
Jérôme Taillieu (Université de Rennes 1, France); David González-Ovejero (Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France); Walter Fuscaldo (Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy); Laurent Bramerie (Foton CNRS UMR & ENSSAT / Université de Rennes 1, France); Paul Desombre (IETR/CentraleSupélec,France); Mathilde Gay (ENSSAT / Université de Rennes 1, France); Mehdi Alouini (Institut de Physique de Rennes - Université Rennes 1 - CNRS, France); Haifa Farès(Centrale Supélec, France); Yves Louet (CentraleSupelec, France); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France)
This paper presents a robust high data-rate link using two broadband Bessel beam launchers at sub-THz frequencies enabled by photonic down-conversion. An error-free link at 15.5 Gb/s with QPSK modulation
format has been achieved in an offline configuration. Bit Error Rate curves at 2.75 Gb/s are measured to demonstrate the resilience of Bessel beams in the presence of an opaque metallic obstacle in the line of sight.

9:50 Interference-Free Transmission for Near-Field Communication with Unlimited Antennas
Zhexuan Yu and Yu Han (Southeast University, China); Jun Zhang (Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China); Shi Jin (Southeast University, China);
Michail Matthaiou (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Extra large-scale (XL) multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) is a potential key technology for the sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication systems. An important conclusion in the early literature is that intra-cellinterference vanishes when the number of BS antennas tends to infinity under the far-field channel assumption. However, as the number of antennas increases, users may fall in the near, Fresnel, and far fields. In
this paper, we check whether intra-cell interference still vanishes by investigating the correlation among near-field, Fresnel-field and far-field user channels, and find that the channel of a near-field user does not haveasymptotic orthogonality with another user in any field. To achieve interference-free transmission, we further propose a novel antenna allocation and power control scheme. Our numerical results show that when thenumber of antennas is large enough, this transmission scheme can achieve the same performance as the ideal case without any interfering user.

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
P04a: Propagation theory and modeling
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Propagation
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany), Claude Oestges (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium)8:30 On the Use of Adaptive-Density Point Cloud for Site-Specific Ray-Optics Simulations
Pasi Koivumäki and Katsuyuki Haneda (Aalto University, Finland); Andreas F. Molisch (University of Southern California, USA)
Multipath channel simulations at millimeter-wave frequencies require more accurate knowledge of the geometry of physical environments than at below-6 GHz frequencies because of the shorter wavelength. The
accurate geometry can be obtained as a point cloud through LIDAR (light detection and ranging) scanning of the environment. While the use of point clouds for ray-optics simulations of multipath channels has become
a popular approach recently, optimized point cloud parameters -- for example its density -- that allow accurate reproduction of multipath channels are not yet known. We propose to use a point cloud that is denser
for environments near antennas and is sparser when further from antennas. Compared to using a uniform-density point cloud with 10 cm resolution on average, the use of such an adaptive-density point cloud in ray
tracing simulations shows better reproduction of measured multipath channel properties, e.g., delay and angular spreads.

8:50 Improvements of Scintillation Modelling from Radiosonde Observations in the Arctic Region
Florian Quatresooz (UCLouvain, Belgium); Martin Rytir (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Norway); Danielle Vanhoenacker-Janvier (Université
catholique de Louvain, Belgium); Claude Oestges (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium)
Satellite-to-ground communications at radio-frequencies above 10 GHz and low elevation angles suffer from increased scintillation. Hence, accurate modelling of this effect is required for the design and operationof those communication links. This work presents two new models for predicting the long-term scintillation standard deviation. They are based on radiosonde observations and vertical profiles of the refractive index
structure parameter. Comparisons between the models and one year of scintillation measurements in Norway show good correlations and excellent agreement in terms of statistical distributions. They also enablephysical insights about the seasonality observed in the measurements.

9:10 Analysis of Propagation Models for Frequency Coordination Between 5G Base Stations and Satellite Earth Stations at FR1
Ahmad Hamada and Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany)
The deployment of 5G Time Division Duplex (TDD) technology in the 3.6GHz band has revealed novel challenges in the field of interference management w.r.t sharing the spectrum with other radio services in thesame or adjacent bands. In order to protect the potential interference victims, propagation models are applied to predict the expected harmful interference in the regulatory process. In such a regulatory process theuse widely agreed models usually based on ITU-R recommendations is common practice. In this paper measurements of the received interference at a high-sensitive satellite earth station originating from a 5G basestation mimicked by a drone has been used to analyse four propagation models at the 5G Frequency Range 1 (FR1).

9:30 Fully Differentiable Ray Tracing via Discontinuity Smoothing for Radio Network Optimization
Jérome Eertmans (UCLouvain, Belgium); Claude Oestges (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium); Laurent Jacques (University of Louvain, Belgium)
Recently, Differentiable Ray Tracing has been successfully applied in the field of wireless communications for learning radio materials or optimizing the transmitter orientation. However, in the frame of gradientbased optimization, obstruction of the rays by objects can cause sudden variations in the related objective functions or create entire regions where the gradient is zero. As these issues can dramatically impact
convergence, this paper presents a novel Ray Tracing framework that is fully differentiable with respect to any scene parameter, but also provides a loss function continuous everywhere, thanks to specific local
smoothing techniques. Previously non-continuous functions are replaced by a smoothing function, that can be exchanged with any function having similar properties. This function is also configurable via a parameterthat determines how smooth the approximation should be. The present method is applied on a basic one-transmitter-multi-receiver scenario, and shows that it can successfully find the optimal solution.

9:50 Proposal on Application of Quantum Annealers for Analysis of Multiple Scattered Waves
Tetsuro Imai and Keita Fujita (Tokyo Denki University, Japan); Minoru Inomata and Wataru Yamada (NTT, Japan)
Radio wave propagation analysis with raytracing is based on searching for radio propagation paths Here, to improve the analysis accuracy, it is necessary to search for multiple paths that contribute to the propagation
characteristics, but the amount of calculation increases exponentially as the number of structures to be considered and the number of interactions with structures increase. On the other hand, at present, attention is
focused on quantum annealing (QA) computer that enable ultra-high-speed operations for combinatorial optimization problems. Here, it can be said that the searching for propagation paths is one of the combinatorial
optimization problems. Therefore, we have proposed models applicable to QA for finding propagation paths with multiple scattering. However, these models did not consider the dependence of the scattering patternon the direction of incidence. In this paper, the model in which scattering pattern depends on incident direction, and its performance is shown.

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
IW7: Advanced materials and manufacturing methods enable new antenna solutions - application use-caseswith 3D printable RF lenses, Rogers
Room: M2
8:30 Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Methods Enable New Antenna Solutions - Application Use-Cases with 3D Printable RF Lenses
Presenters: Henrik Ramberg; Romeo Premerlani; Stefano Dada (Rogers GmbH)

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
IW1: Design of tunable antennas, Optenni Ltd
Jussi Rahola, Optenni Ltd
Room: M3
Overview of Frequency Tunable Antenna Concepts, Especially Aperture Tuning
Overview of Closed-Loop Tuning to Adapt to Varying Impedance Environments
Overview of Tunable Components: Capacitor Banks, Switches and Tuner Chips
Efficiency Use of Electromagnetic and Circuit Simulation Tools for Tunable Antennas
Discussion on the Optimization Goals and Methods for Tunable Antenna Design
How to Take Layout Effects into Account in Circuit Optimization

Tuesday, March 19 8:30 - 10:10
IW10: Advanced Simulation Toolchain for Electromagnetic and Radiofrequency Compatibility Applications in
Realistic Automotive and Aerospace Application Scenarios, BETA CAE Systems SA
Room: M4
8:30 Electromagnetic Compatibility for Automotive Applications
Presenter:Christos Liontas (BETA CAE Systems SA)

9:20 Radiofrequency Compatibility for Aerospace Applications
Presenter: Benoît Chaigne (IMACS)

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
SW1b: Active Array Antennas: Design concepts, technologies and over-the-air testing (continued)
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), A. B. (Bart) Smolders (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
10:40 Active Array Antennas for Non-Terrestrial Communications
Presenter: Maria Carolina Vigano (Viasat)

11:10 Over-The-Air Measurements of Integrated Antennas Using a Reverberation ChamberPresenter: Anouk Hubrechsen (ANTENNEX)

11:40 Front-End Topologies and Calibration Strategies of Active Phased Arrays
Presenter: Yanki Aslan (Delft University of Technology)

12:10 SW1 Panel Discussion: Discuss on Future Research Challenges

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
E06b: Metasurface Design and Applications (continued)
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Electromagnetics
Room: M1
Chairs: Dimitris E. Anagnostou (Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Christos Bilitos (University of Rennes, France)
10:40 Variable Multi-Band Metasurface Reflector with Controllable Direction Using Varactor Diodes Mounted Large-Via Mushroom-Type Structure
Taisei Urakami (Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan); Tamami Maruyama (National Institute of Technology, Hakodate College, Japan); Akira Ono (National
Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Kagawa College, Japan); Na Chen and Minoru Okada (Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan)
Reconfigurable metasurface reflectors, which are key components of the intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) have recently been considered as the countermeasures for the coverage hole problem in the fifth- andsixth-generation (5G/6G) mobile communication systems. In this paper, a novel varactor diodes mounted large-via mushroom-type (VDLM) structure with a wide reflection phase range is proposed to realize thevariable multi-band metasurface reflector with controllable direction. Specifically, two varactor diodes for controlling the reflection direction and frequency band are mounted on the unit cell of the metasurface. In
addition, the proposed VDLM structure consists of a large grounding conductor cylinder (large-via) to expand the reflection phase range, and mitigate the influence of the design gap that is caused between eachfrequency. According to our electromagnetic simulation results, the reflector with the proposed VDLM structure could control the reflection direction at selected frequency with a low sidelobe suppression ratio.

11:00 Direction-Of-Arrival Estimation by a Programmable Metasurface
Nawel Meftah and Badreddine Ratni (Univ Paris Nanterre, France); Mohammed Nabil El Korso (Université Paris-Saclay, France); Shah Nawaz Burokur (LEME, France)
We propose a methodology for estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) by a programmable metasurface exploited as an electronically scanned virtual parabolic reflector. Each parabolic reflector configuration fixes
its own reception angle, making the incident beams converge to the common focal point where the receiving antenna is located. The DOA is estimated by finding the maximum power recovered by the receiving
antenna. Experimental measurements are conducted in an anechoic chamber to validate the proposed method.

11:20 Multi-Beam Dual Polarised Metasurface Antenna in Ka-Band
Ravikanth Thanikonda and Marco Faenzi (University of Siena, Italy); David González-Ovejero (Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France); Enrica
Martini and Stefano Maci (University of Siena, Italy)
This paper presents a novel design strategy for a Multi-Beam dual-polarized Metasurface (MTS)-based aperture by leveraging inward and outward surface wave (SW) duplexing. Two approaches are introduced
to achieve dual-polarized beams in desired directions. The first method divides the aperture into sectors, each responsible for generating one beam, while the second method employs multiple modulations acrossthe aperture. In both cases, a vertical dipole at the aperture center launches an outward radial SW, interacting with the modulated MTS to create simultaneous beams with either right-hand or left-hand circularpolarization. Additionally, edge excitation generates an inward traveling SW, resulting in multiple beams at the same angles but with opposite polarization. An innovative triaxial feeding system is integrated to excite
both inward and outward traveling SW, ensuring a low-profile design while maintaining power handling and structural simplicity.

11:40 A Reconfigurable Phase Gradient Metasurface Rasorber Offering Enhanced Beam Steering Capability and a Tuneable Transmission Band
Callum J Hodgkinson (University of Edinburgh & Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Dimitris E. Anagnostou (Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom(Great Britain)); Symon K. Podilchak (University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Great Britain))A reconfigurable phase gradient metasurface (PGMS) rasorber design is presented that can provide antenna beam steering and wideband absorption. By creating a varactor loaded, three-layer frequency selective
surface (FSS), and individually biasing the adjacent columns, a reconfigurable PGMS can be formed. Then, by further adding a resistive layer with embedded varactors above this PGMS, the structure also becomesa tuneable rasorber with adjustable absorption bands. As further shown in the paper, the PGMS rasorber can steer a beam from broadside by 30 degrees in either direction, with the ability to tune to intermediate
angles by modifying the gradient of the PGMS. Furthermore, by applying a common bias to the columns, the structure can also operate as a rasorber with a tunable transmission band between 4.1 and 6.4 GHz. To
the best knowledge of the authors, no similar multi-functional design achieves combined reconfigurable beam steering and absorption.

12:00 Metasurface Solution for Generating 3D-Curved Beams in Road Environments: A Numerical Study
Narimane awada Mislmani (University of Gustave Eiffel & IFSTTAR-LEOST, France); Divitha Seetharamdoo (Univ Gustave Eiffel COSYS LEOST Univ Lille Nord deFrance & Univ Lille Nord de France, France)
Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) are currently being deployed in Europe and the number of connected vehicles and infrastructure is expected to increase. In this paper, an anomalous metasurface
reflector at toll gates is proposed for connected vehicles in IEEE 802.11p. Three-dimensional curved beam relying on holographic technique is introduced to solve the propagation issues due to the highly scattering
environment of metallic road infrastructure. It is based on the design of unconventional two-dimensional planar and passive metasurface. Full-wave simulations results at 5.9 GHz are shown to be in good agreementwith the curved trajectory specified.

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
CS39b: AMTA Session: Trends, Advancements and Challenges on Measurement Techniques for 5G and
Beyond (continued)
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Tian Hong Loh (UK, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Janet O'Neil (ETS-Lindgren, USA)
10:40 Exploring the Properties of Reverberation Chambers in the THz Range: A Pilot StudyJohn Kvarnstrand (Bluetest AB, Sweden); Samar Hosseinzadegan (Bluetest, Sweden); Rutger van Boeijen (University of Twente & Bluetest a. b., The Netherlands);
Lawrence Moore and Anders Fransson (Ericsson AB, Sweden)
The rapid evolution of wireless communication technology and the emergence of 6G have led to the exploration of new segments of the electromagnetic spectrum, specifically the THz region. These high frequencies
promise exceptionally high data rates, yet they also introduce substantial technical challenges. One primary challenge involves measurement techniques, encompassing component design, instrument manufacturing,and the creation of practical testing environments suitable for these frequencies. In this paper, we focus on employing reverberation chambers as testing environments within the THz region. Firstly, we examine thechamber's characteristics, particularly addressing losses up to 220 GHz. Subsequently, we present the hardware components and introduce a dedicated new mode stirrer designed for operation at these frequencies.
The paper also offers insights and establishes a theoretical foundation for loss calculations within the reverberation chamber at high frequencies.

11:00 Estimation of Obtainable Data-Rates in an Over-The-Air mm-Wave MIMO Testbed
Koen Buisman (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden); Thomas Eriksson (Chalmers University ofTechnology, Sweden)
In the era of 5G and the forthcoming 6G technology, the demand for advanced communication systems has surged, driving the need for innovative testbeds. These testbeds are vital for the rapid development of
hardware and algorithms. Estimation of the capacity potential of mm-wave transceiver arrays is essential to maximise performance. Moreover, an efficient and effective estimation method is indispensable to ensureswift iterations during the development process. Such rapid experimentation is essential for identifying and addressing potential bottlenecks. Here we demonstrate a method based on cross correlation to estimate
data-rates in a mm-wave testbed using Over-The-Air measurements only. The method is tested using the Chalmers mm-wave testbed MATE at 29 GHz.

11:20 Broadband Performance Assessment of Compensated Compact Antenna Test Range CCR 75/60 of Airbus at L-Band for Navigation Applications
Björn Niclas Möhring and Engin Gülten (Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, Germany); Josef Migl (Airbus DS GmbH, Germany)
For navigation application, a facility assessment and qualification is performed to measure the antenna group delay of a low gain navigational antenna in a compact antenna test range (CATR) facility at L-band.
Motivated is this work by verifying and assuring that the measurement accuracy and limitations of a CATR at low frequencies are sufficient for high precision phase and hence group delay demands for novel GNSS
applications. Through facility optimization techniques, echo suppression as well and applying APC technique, very precise group delay results are recorded.

11:40 Millimeter Wave Vector Measurement System Using Low Frequency Band Oscilloscope
Satoru Kurokawa (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan); Masanobu Hirose (7G aa Co., Ltd., Japan); Michitaka Ameya (NMIJ/AIST,Japan)We have newly developed a millimeter-wave band vector measurement system using a time-domain measurement setup. The system consists of an optical fiber link millimeter-wave transmission system, an IF
substitution method configuration as a receiving system, and a low-frequency band-type oscilloscope. In this paper, we show the developed millimeter-wave measurement system configuration. Then, we demonstrate
a time-domain antenna pattern measurement for two standard gain horn antennas. Then, we show the radiation pattern for the estimated magnitude and phase.

12:00 Antennas and Power Measurement Techniques for Wireless Applications
Walid El Hajj (Intel Corporation, France); Juan Antonio Del Real (Wireless Telecom Group Inc., France); Tsitoha Andriamiharivolamena (Intel Corporation, France); Bob
Buxton (Boonton- Wireless Telecom Group- Parsippany- NJ, USA); Nawfal Asrih (Intel Corporation, France)
This paper explores the time variation power measurement complexities of multi-output systems in dynamic scenarios, focusing on advanced power measurement techniques for regulatory compliance. Time Average
Specific Absorption Rate (TAS); a critical feature commonly used in wireless devices as human exposure mitigation method, is a typical illustration for dynamic scenarios. While TAS measurement is straightforward
in single-band, single-output scenario, it becomes more challenging, when involving multiple outputs and multiple bands requiring simultaneous measurements. In this paper multiple architecture of power timevarying measurement solutions will be presented in multi-output context. These are illustrated in two cases: one with multi-band simultaneous transmission from the same antenna, and the other with multi-antenna
simultaneous transmission on the same band.

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
A27b: Mm-wave antenna technologies I (continued)
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden), Lei Wang (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
10:40 A Wideband High-Gain Circularly-Polarized Metasurface Antenna with a Large Element Spacing SIW Array at Ka Band
Yuehe Ge and Jiahong Chen (Fuzhou University, China); Jingru Wang (Motorola Mobile Internet Technology Co Ltd, China); Zhizhang (David) Chen (Dalhousie University,

Canada)In this paper, a novel Ka-band circularly-polarized planar metasurface antenna is proposed, which is based on an innovation technique for suppressing grating lobes in antenna arrays featuring large element spacing.
It consists of a substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) array with a large element spacing and a metasurface lens. The SIW array and the compact meta-lens are first developed separately. They are then integrated
to construct the metasurface antenna, where the grating lobes are effectively suppressed and the gain is significantly improved. Simulations are carried out to validate the antenna design, yielding impressive results,
including a peak gain of 26.92 dBic and an expansive 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of over 23%. This innovative antenna design provides an alternative way to realize high-gain antenna arrays, offering distinct
advantages of design simplicity and the ability to overcome difficulties associated with processing, tuning, and reliability, especially in the millimeter-wave band.

11:00 A Radial Waveguide Power Divider Inspired Antenna for mmWave IoT Sensing Applications
Md. Abu Sufian (Chungbuk National University, Korea (South)); Niamat Hussain (Sejong University, Korea (South)); Domin Choi (Korea Radio Promotion Association,
Korea (South)); Yangbae Chun (KAIST, Korea (South)); Qasid Hussain (Chungbuk National University, South Korea, Korea (South)); Nam Kim (Chungbuk National
University, Korea (South))This paper presents the design and investigation of a radial waveguide power divider (RWPD) based antenna with omnidirectional radiation characteristics for the 5G millimeter-wave IoT sensing applications. The
presented antenna consists of a circular radiating loop, shorting vias, and eight non-uniform array dipole structures. The radiating circular loop is fed by an SMA connector, while the shorting vias are utilized to createa one-to-eight radial waveguide power divider to supply power to the eight different dipole structures. The antenna is modeled and manufactured on an 8 mils thick Rogers-RO003C substrate. The simulated andtested findings confirm that the antenna offers a -10 impedance bandwidth ranging from 28.39 - 28.97 GHz and a peak gain of 5.46 dBi with an omnidirectional radiation pattern. Due to its comprehensive set of
performance attributes, particularly for the omnidirectional radiation characteristics, the suggested antenna is a viable candidate for 5G millimeter wave IoT sensing applications.

11:20 Single Material Multilayer Radome for D Band Applications
Arto Hujanen and Vladimir Ermolov (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland)
The paper presents results of design and testing of a single material multilayer (SMML) radome for applications in D-band. The two-layer radome is designed and tested. Both layers are fabricated of a single
material plate of PREPERM RS260 material. The first layer is a homogeneous layer, and the second layer has a pattern of cavities configured to decrease an effective dielectric constant of the material. The radomedemonstrates transmission losses 0.15 dB at the frequency 150 GHz. It has a wider bandwidth than a wavelength radome fabricated from the same material. Possibility of realization of a single material multi-layer
wideband radome is studied.

11:40 Design of a Hollow-Waveguide Slot Array Antenna for a Channel Sounder in the 150 GHz Band
Jiro Hirokawa, Rikako Yamaguchi and Takashi Tomura (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan); Minoru Inomata and Wataru Yamada (NTT, Japan)
A hollow-waveguide slot array antenna is designed for a channel sounder operating in the 150 GHz band. The antenna design features a narrow-wall slot array on four rectangular waveguides fed by an E-plane horn.
Laminated thin metal plates will be diffusion bonded to enable precise fabrication of the antenna. During this process, a triangular corner and a reflection canceling wall with gaps will be formed. A 16x4 slot arrayaccomplishes uniform excitation and 24.8 dBi realized gain at 158 GHz through the utilization of a hollow waveguide structure, resulting in high antenna efficiency.

12:00 Flexible Phase-Reconfigurable Branch Line Coupler for Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna
Fayyadh Ahmed (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & University of Duhok, Iraq); Rola Saad (The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (GreatBritain)); Salam Khamas (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents a reconfigurable phase-shift branch line coupler (BLC) design. The proposed design is developed based on a defective microstrip line (DML), where all of the conventional microstrip lines of an
ordinary BLC are replaced by the DML structure. To realize the phase delay line, four PIN diode switches are used in the DML structure, which redirect the current paths between the input and output ports of the
BLC, consequently providing a variety of phase differences at the output ports. Changing PIN diode switch states enables phase shifts between 100 and 150 degrees. The proposed design operates millimeter-wave(mmWave) with a resonant frequency of 25.5 GHz. The design parameters are studied and analyzed using the CST Studio Suite software package. The proposed reconfigurable BLC can be employed as phaseshifters, offering a flexible, low-cost solution for mmWave phase array antennas.

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
CS10: Dome antennas for the next generation of terrestrial and satellite communication systems
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Astrid Algaba-Brazález (Ericsson AB, Sweden), Maria Carolina Vigano (Viasat Antenna Systems SA, Switzerland)
10:40 Efficient Ray-Tracing Model for Generalized 2D Dielectric Lenses Combined with Arrays
Maria Pubill-Font (University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia); Francisco Mesa (University of Seville, Spain); Astrid Algaba-Brazález (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Martin
Johansson and Lars Manholm (Ericsson Research, Sweden); Pilar Castillo-Tapia and Sarah E Clendinning (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Can Ding
(University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia); Y. Jay Guo (University of Technology Sydney, Australia); Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
Sweden)In this paper a simple and efficient ray-tracing model is presented to evaluate two-dimensional (2D) multilayer dielectric lenses combined with arrays. The proposed algorithm is capable of accurately evaluating thereflection and absorption losses of the lens. Two examples have been simulated with the proposed algorithm and compared with a commercial full-wave simulator. We demonstrate that the proposed method provides
a very good agreement with the simulations, reducing considerably the computation time, and thus offering an effective tool for design optimization.

11:00 Design of a Dielectric Lens Using a Ray-Tracing Model for Satellite Communications
Núria Flores-Espinosa and Pilar Castillo-Tapia (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Francisco Mesa (University of Seville, Spain); Maria Carolina Vigano (Viasat
Antenna Systems SA, Switzerland); Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
In millimeter-wave applications, it is essential to use highly directional and steerable antennas. Phased array antennas are the most common choice, but they have restricted scanning coverage because of theireffective aperture. To enhance the scanning coverage, a dielectric lens can be placed on top of the array. However, full-wave simulations require a lot of computing time to simulate this type of structure. In this work,a two-dimensional ray-tracing model has been adapted and improved to efficiently compute the radiation pattern of arrays combined with multilayered dielectric radomes for satellite communications applications.
Moreover, this model can also calculate the absorption and reflection losses and the transmitted power required to comply with the regulatory mask. This model has been used to design a lens that increases thescanning range of an array while maintaining a maximum height and ensuring that it complies with the regulatory masks for satellite communications.

11:20 D-Band Active Antenna Array with Lens Enabling Quasi-Optical and Analogue Beam Reconfiguration for 6G Applications
Marta Arias Campo, Simona Bruni, Wolfgang Wischmann, Andreas Lauer and Aline Friedrich (IMST GmbH, Germany); Michael Wleklinski (IMST, Germany); Christos
Oikonomopoulos-Zachos and Oliver Litschke (IMST GmbH, Germany); Karthik Krishnegowda (IHP GmbH, Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics, Germany);
Christoph Herold (IHP, Germany); Nicolò Moroni (IHP GmbH, Germany); Wilhelm Keusgen (Technische Universität Berlin, Germany)In this paper, a proof-of-concept at D-band (110-170 GHz) is presented for a hybrid quasi-optic and analogue beamforming approach, involving an elliptical lens and an active focal plane array. The quasi-optic
technique reduces the beam squint over frequency. Analogue phase shift in the focal plane array is used to increase the lens steering range. A prototype including two 4-channel D-band transceivers with on-chipantennas has been built as a first demonstrator. The resulting active focal plane array consists of 2x4 antenna elements, which are tuned in amplitude and phase to reconfigure the beam. The concept will be scaled
to larger focal plane arrays in future development steps.

11:40 Metasurface Dome Enhancing Beam Scanning of AESA Panels
Joaquín García Fernández (WAVE UP SRL & University of Siena, Italy); Enrica Martini and Stefano Maci (University of Siena, Italy)
Active Electronically Scanned Arrays (AESA) provide a limited beam scanning range without experiencing impedance mismatch or producing secondary lobes. This field of view (FoV) limitation becomes critical forthe implementation of localization systems, such as a monopulse radars. This study evaluates the improvement in the scanning performance of an AESA panel when it is combined with a dome-shaped metasurface.
We present a general technique to achieve wide-angle matching for the AESA panel system by jointly designing the dome's phase profile and the array's complex excitation. The approach for the design of themetasurface implementing the desired phase profile is also discussed. Numerical results are reported, demonstrating the riddance of the field of view (FoV) restriction in monopulse active phased arrays.

12:00 On the Scanning Properties of Bidimensional Discrete Lens Antennas with 1, 3, Infinite Focal Points
Giovanni Toso (European Space Agency, ESA ESTEC, The Netherlands); Piero Angeletti (European Space Agency, The Netherlands)
Discrete lens beamforming networks and antennas are also known as bootlace lenses, constrained lenses, or discretized array lenses. The main benefits associated to this type of discrete lens BFN are associatedto the simple implementation in Printed Circuit Board Technology (PCB), the excellent scanning capabilities, the free-space beamforming, and the true-time delay behavior. While two-dimensional bootlace lenses
have been investigated intensively in the literature starting from some seminal contributions, three-dimensional lenses have been investigated mainly in the last years. The main objective of this communication is tocompare 2D and 3D discrete lens antennas identifying pros and cons of both type of architectures.

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
A09b: Advances in reconfigurable antenna technologies (continued)
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Francesco Foglia Manzillo (CEA-LETI, France), James Kelly (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
10:40 X-Band Reconfigurable Phase Shifters Based on SIW and Liquid Metal Technologies
Shaker Alkaraki (University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Quan Wei Lin (City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong); Syeda Fizzah Jilani (Aberystwyth
University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Hang Wong (City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong); Alejandro L. Borja (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain);
Shiyang Tang (University of Southampton, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yi Wang (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); James Kelly (Queen
Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents three reconfigurable phase shifters operate at X-band and designed utilizing liquid metal (LM). The phase shifters operate at 10 GHz and they have very low insertion loss performance and able
to handle high levels of radio frequency (RF) power. Besides, the proposed phase shifters able to achieve a total of 360° phase shift and they are compact in size as they are designed using substrate integrated
waveguides (SIW). This enable the proposed phase shifters to be integrated within SIW based feeding structures to realize complete phased array antenna systems. The phase shift is realized by inserting a seriesof liquid metal vias in the SIW. When a single or multiple via connection is needed, the via hole is filled with liquid metal and conversely, the liquid metal is withdrawn from the via when the connection is no longer
required.

11:00 Recent Advances in Plasma Surfaces
Mirko Magarotto (University of Padova, Italy); Luca Schenato (National Research Council, Italy); Marco Santagiustina, Andrea Galtarossa and Antonio-D. Capobianco(University of Padova, Italy)
Plasma-based surfaces represent an innovative alternative approach for reconfiguring electromagnetic (EM) signals. These structures comprise an array of plasma discharges, which can integrate a metallic groundplane if the surface is operated in reflection mode. Recent developments in theoretical and numerical models demonstrate that plasma-based surfaces offer beam steering and polarization control capability. This isachievable by tuning the EM response of plasma through its properties, such as density, which can be electronically controlled. Furthermore, the range for the plasma properties enabling plasma-based reflective
or transmit surfaces is consistent with the discharge technologies at the state-of-the-art. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the recent progress made in plasma-based surfaces, emphasizing theirrelevance and outlining the roadmap toward realizing the first proof-of-concepts.

11:20 Ultra-Low-Loss Millimeter Wave Beam Scanning Antenna Using Piezoeletric Actuation
James Churm (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Muhammad S Rabbani (Plextek, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Ioannis Gerafentis andAlexandros Feresidis (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
An enhanced beam scanning angle, leaky-wave, antenna is presented with high efficiencies at millimeter wave frequencies and above, enabled by the tuning mechanism residing wholly outside the millimeter wave
circuit. This is achieved by forming a cavity between a Partially Reflective Surface (PRS) and a phase tuneable High Impedance Surface (HIS). A phase change is achieved by the micro-motion of the HIS groundplane, provided by a piezoelectric actuator. This phase change translates to a beam steer of the leaky wave radiating from the PRS. In order to compensate for limited beam scan, a dual cavity has been incorporated
into a single antenna, in which resides a switchable feed that can selectively energize parts of the cavity to create a ±40° beam steer with radiation losses of 0.65-0.92 dB, total losses ranging between 1.6-2.58 dB,
realized gain between 17.8 and 20.63 dBi, and bandwidth of 2 GHz.

11:40 Loss Analysis for Compact Liquid Crystal Delay Lines Based on Defective Ground Structures
Robin Neuder (Technical University Darmstadt, Germany); Marc Späth (Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany); Martin Schüßler (TU Darmstadt, Germany);
Alejandro Jiménez-Sáez (Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany)
This paper analyzes loss contributions in novel, high-performance Liquid Crystal (LC) microstrip delay lines with defected ground structures. While providing a significant miniaturization of the tunable delay line, theaforementioned topology enables low losses despite thin LC layer thickness, which is a requirement for millisecond LC response times. These features result in a wide range of potential applications, including but notlimited to phased arrays, reflectarrays and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. Within this contribution, we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis with a focus on dielectric and conductor loss contributions
between a conventional inverted microstrip line (IMSL) and the defected ground structure IMSL (DGS-IMSL). The DGS-IMSL achieves a high FoM above 70 °/dB in a bandwidth of 8.8 GHz (30%) at 28.8 GHz in
measurements, despite a thin LC layer of only 4.6 µm.

12:00 Liquid Metal Reconfigurable Phased Array Antenna
Shaker Alkaraki (University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Quan Wei Lin (City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong); Fuad Erman (Nablus University for
Vocational and Technical Education, Palestine); Syeda Fizzah Jilani (Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Zhengpeng Wang (Beihang University,
China); Hang Wong (City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong); James Kelly (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A design for a phased array antenna using liquid metal (LM) technology is presented. The phased array antenna uses substrate integrated waveguides (SIW) to excite a 1×4 printed dipole antenna array. The phase
distribution on SIW power dividers is manged using LM shorting pins/vias inside the SIW. The integrated LM vias offers an extensive phase tuning range of 360°, delivering stable, low-loss, and broad-frequency
performance. In more detail, the reconfigurability of phase control within the array can be realized by manipulating the presence or absence of liquid metals in designated vias in the SIW. A prototype of the LM phasedarray antenna, operating at 10 GHz, has been measured, demonstrating an impedance bandwidth exceeds 10% with maximum gain of higher than 8 dBi and a scanning range spanning approximately ±40° along theend-fire direction. This technology holds promise as a reliable and cost-effective solution for wideband phased array applications.

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
CS36b: New antenna systems for Direction-of-Arrival estimation (continued)
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Jose-Luis Gómez-Tornero (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain), Julien Sarrazin (Sorbonne Université, France)
10:40 Safe Beamforming Based on Human Area Estimation for Microwave Wireless Power Transfer
Kentaro Murata, Haruki Yamamoto, Kyoshiro Muramatsu and Naoki Honma (Iwate University, Japan)
This paper proposes a safe beamforming (BF) method based on human area estimation for microwave wireless power transfer (MWPT). The proposed method assumes that multiple MPWT transmitting/receiving(Tx/Rx) arrays operate cooperatively and configure a multistatic multiple-input multiple-output radar. This enables human width estimation by combining the human channel and location information acquired using
only the radio-frequency front-end. Finally, a safe BF maximises the Rx power density while maintaining the power density in the estimated human width range below the maximum permissible exposure (MPE).
Electromagnetic simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a high Rx power density, with only a 1.4 dB difference from the achievable maximum, and satisfies the MPE in the entire human area,even without prior human geometry information. The above results prove the superiority of the proposed BF method over conventional methods in terms of the safe and secure operation of MWPT.

11:00 Direction-Of-Arrival Ambiguities Mitigation in Multibeam Leaky-Wave Antennas
Julien Sarrazin and Guido Valerio (Sorbonne Université, France)
The inherent frequency beam scanning behavior of leaky-wave antennas (LWA) enables estimating directions of arrival (DoA) with a reduced complexity with respect to antenna-array-based DoA estimation. It has
been shown recently that making use of multiple fast Floquet harmonics in periodic LWA can drastically reduce the frequency bandwidth required to scan a large angular field of view. However, with this multibeam
operation, the columns of the LWA response matrix are not linearly independent which gives rise to ambiguities, i.e., spurious peaks in the MUSIC pseudo spectrum, in the DoA estimation. Indeed, if the number ofsnapshots and/or SNR is not sufficiently high, DoA ambiguities arise which leads to false detection. To tackle this issue, this paper investigates an approach to make use of signals received by both ports of a 1-D
LWA in order to effectively mitigate those ambiguities.

11:20 Towards a Reconfigurable Metacavity Antenna for Computational Imaging and DoA Estimation
Mengran Zhao (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & Xi'an Jiaotong University, China); Luyi Wang and Shitao Zhu (Xi'an Jiaotong University,
China); Muhammad Ali Babar Abbasi (Queen's University Belfast & The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (ECIT), United Kingdom(Great Britain)); Thomas Fromenteze (University of Limoges & Xlim Research Institute CNRS, France); Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom(Great Britain))In this paper, a reconfigurable metacavity antenna (RMA) that can be used for microwave computational imaging (CI) and direction of arrival (DoA) estimation applications is proposed. The RMA is an electricallyover-sized metacavity with its back wall replaced by a 1-bit reconfigurable metasurface and its top surface etched with leaky circular irises. By leveraging the frequency-diversity and the dynamic aperture techniques,spatio-temporally low-correlated radiation patterns can be generated by the RMA at different operating frequencies and under different PIN states. The correlation coefficients are smaller than 0.3 and the singularvalues are close to each other, which demonstrates the spatial-orthogonality of the measurement modes. Simulated experiments are implemented to validate the feasibility of the proposed RMA for CI and DoA
estimation. Using the developed RMA, the target image has been reconstructed and the far-field source has been estimated. The proposed design is validated through simulations in CST Microwave Studio.

11:40 Simplified Frequency-Diverse Array Architecture for Surveillance Purposes
Enrico Fazzini (Università di Bologna, Italy); Tommaso Tiberi (University of Bologna, Italy); Lorenzo Bastia (Università di Bologna, Italy); Alessandra Costanzo (DEI,
University of Bologna, Italy); Diego Masotti (University of Bologna, Italy)
This work presents a novel analysis of frequency diverse arrays (FDAs) for radar applications when real radiating structures are involved. A straight comparison with the ideal FDA behavior has demonstrated the limitsof real radiating architectures and the characteristics that they should have in terms of half-power beamwidth (HPBW) and directivity for optimal FDA performance. The best topology has been identified in series-fed
arrays as single radiating element, offering a wide visible range in the plane where the frequency diversity scheme is applied and improved directivity in the orthogonal one. The analytical results are supported by ameasurement campaign where the characterization of a wideband planar series-fed frequency diverse array working at 1.95 GHz is provided. The results have highlighted this topology as one of the most promisingsolutions for localization purposes if frequency diversity is exploited.

12:00 Multi-Directional Leaky-Wave Antenna with Independent Beam-Scanning Laws
Francis Baccin-Smith and Shulabh Gupta (Carleton University, Canada)
A multi-directional periodic leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is presented for the X-band frequencies with suppressed stop-band and independent beam-scanning laws for left, right, and top sides of the antenna,
respectively, using tri-directional LWA as an example. The tri-directional antenna is designed to radiate out-of-plane beams along three directions on the top face and each antenna edge. The antenna is a combinationof a top-radiating slot-pair array and side-fire Vivaldi array to achieve flexible placements of the beams at a given design frequency along three unique directions. The antenna can be engineered to emit high gain
beams along specified angles, and can be adapted to provide precision control of the independent output beams in various frequency bands.

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
CS24b: Biomedical Microwave Techniques and Devices from Diagnosis to Treatment (continued)
T06 Biomedical and health / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Raquel C. Conceição (Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal), Jorge A. Tobon Vasquez (Politecnico di
Torino, Italy)
10:40 Microwave Tomography Bone Imaging: Analysing the Impact of Skin Thickness on the Reconstruction of Numerical Bone Phantoms
Alessia Cannatà (University of Pavia, Italy); Adnan Elahi and Martin O Halloran (University of Galway, Ireland); Marco Pasian, Simona Di Meo and Giulia Matrone(University of Pavia, Italy); Bilal Amin (University of Galway, Ireland)
Microwave Tomography (MWT) is an emerging diagnostic tool for assessing bone health. This study introduces a realistic calcaneus-shaped bone phantom with an outer skin layer to investigate its impact on MWTbone reconstruction. Simulated data was collected using 16 antennas, and reconstructed using the Distorted Born Iterative Method (DBIM) and an Iterative Method with Adaptive Thresholding for Compressed
Sensing (IMATCS) with L2-regularization. Results demonstrate successful inner bone tissue reconstruction, but challenges arise when the skin layer exceeds 2 mm. This underscores the importance of including theskin layer in numerical investigations for accurate clinical replication.

11:00 On the In-Vivo Electrical Properties of Human Forearm at Microwave Frequency
Martina Teresa Bevacqua (Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy); Michele Ambrosanio (University of Naples Parthenope, Italy); Joe LoVetri (University of
Manitoba, Canada); Vito Pascazio (Università di Napoli Parthenope, Italy); Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy)
The paper proposes a new microwave procedure to extract the in-vivo electrical properties of biological tissues. The procedure is tested against microwave experimental data collected at the Electromagnetic Imaging
Laboratory of the University of Manitoba and allows the estimation of the electrical properties of in-vivo human forearms.

11:20 Analysis of Return Loss with an Uncooled Coaxial Monopole Antenna During Microwave Ablation
Federico Cilia, Lourdes Farrugia, Julian Bonello, Charles Sammut and Iman Farhat (University of Malta, Malta); Evan Dimech (University of Malta & University of York,
Malta)
Microwave tumour ablation is a percutaneous cancer treatment that irreversibly destroys tumour cells with heat, where high temperatures over 100℃ are reached. The process involves the interaction of microwave
electric fields with biological tissue. This interaction is dependent on the temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity and effective conductivity. A dual-mode microwave ablation system was developed to measure
dielectric properties utilising an uncooled insulated monopole. As a preliminary study, the return loss during ablation was investigated at 2.45 GHz. This was measured using a power meter during powered conditions
and a Vector Network Analyser (VNA) with controlled switching. Three different power conditions were employed: 10 W, 30 W and 50 W. Although deviations were obtained during specific instances, a relative
agreement was obtained between the return losses measured with the power meter and VNA. Ultimately, this paper briefly discusses the possible causes that led to the measurement deviations experienced with thepresented ablation technique.

11:40 Developments in Open-Source Tools for Microwave Breast Imaging
Declan O'Loughlin (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland)
Open-source models, datasets and toolboxes are becoming increasingly common in the microwave breast literature, including numerical breast models, simulated and experimental datasets and imaging andanalysis tools. These tools lower the barrier to entry for researchers interested in radar-based breast imaging, and also present the opportunity to test algorithms and approaches on multiple datasets with difference
advantages and disadvantages. In this work, recent developments in open-source tools for radar-based breast imaging are reviewed. Moreover, uses of the MERIT toolbox and BRIGID dataset are examined andrecent developments highlighted. Finally, gaps in the open-source landscape in terms of simulation and antenna design and standardised approaches are identified.

12:00 Wideband Dielectric Characterization of Biological Tissues and Realistic Phantom Preparation at Microwave Frequencies
Flavia Liporace (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Klementina Vidjak (Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy); Marco Di Cristofano and Marta Cavagnaro (Sapienza
University of Rome, Italy)
Oncological hyperthermia is a medical technique whose aim is to heat tumours at 41-43 °C for one hour through the application of an electromagnetic field (EMF). Hyperthermia proved to improve both chemotherapy
and radiotherapy. For best hyperthermia performances, the knowledge of the dielectric properties (permittivity and conductivity) of the patient is essential, since these properties represent the response of materials
to the applied EMF. This information can be used to optimize the treatment's results but also to validate the hyperthermia device before the application on the patient. The validation procedure is usually done onphantoms, i.e., mixtures of materials which mimic the dielectric properties of biological tissues. This work presents the realization of a muscle equivalent mixture and the measurement of its dielectric properties withthe open-ended probe technique. Results were compared with the dielectric properties of ex-vivo animal muscle samples that were measured with the same procedure.

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
CS44b: Near Field mmWave and THz Communication and Sensing Systems (continued)
T07 THz and high frequency technologies / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Josep M Jornet (Northeastern University & Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, USA), Mauricio Rodríguez (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile)
10:40 Spherical Wavefront Near-Field DoA Estimation in THz Automotive Radar
Ahmet M Elbir (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg); Kumar Vijay Mishra (United States DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, USA); Symeon Chatzinotas (Universityof Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
Automotive radar at terahertz (THz) band have the potential to provide compact design and achieve high angular and range resolution thanks to the abundant bandwidth and very narrow beamwidth. These features
are one of the key enabling factors to achieve milli-degree level direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation. Due to high frequency operations in THz-band, the signal wavefront becomes spherical in the near-field. Therefore,
this paper examines near-field DoA estimation problem for THz automotive radar. To that end, we employ the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm to estimate target DoAs and ranges. The impact ofbeam-squint in near-field is also taken into account. Specifically, we propose an array transformation approach, and obtain the corrected noise subspaces to compensate for the impact of near-field beam-squint andconstruct the beam-squint-free MUSIC spectra. Via numerical experiments, we show the effectiveness of the proposed method to accurately estimate the target parameters.

11:00 Design and Characterization of an Imaging System Using Photoconductive Connected Arrays
Martijn D. Huiskes, Nuria LLombart, Juan Bueno and Andrea Neto (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Photoconductive antennas allow for sub-mm depth resolution in imaging scenarios because of their large bandwidth in the THz range. In this work, for the first time, we present the design and characterization of
an imaging system using a leaky wave photoconductive connected array both as transmitter and receiver. The transfer function of the channel between Tx and Rx is evaluated using Fourier Optics together witha field-correlation technique. This methodology is then exploited to include an arbitrary dielectric stratification in the imaging plane of the system, and can be extended to evaluate the received pulse shape andamplitude of an imaging radar illuminating complex targets. The time-evolution of the transmitted pulse is evaluated using a TD Norton circuit in transmission. Using the transmitter pulse together with the channeltransfer function, the received pulses are evaluated using a TD Norton model for receivers.

11:20 Multibeam Metal-Only Groove Gap Waveguide-Based Array in E-Band
Sergio Menéndez Feito (University of Oviedo, Spain); Álvaro F. Vaquero and Manuel Arrebola (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain)
Radar technology, particularly at the 76-81 GHz band, plays a central role in ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) development, offering precise measurements and robustness in obstacle detection. This
study presents a gap waveguide-based, metal-only antenna, combining low transmission losses with scalable design. The proposed 1×8 slotted array antenna, fed through groove gap waveguide technology, provides
multi-channel and multibeam operation. Its metal-only construction ensures seamless integration into vehicle chassis while maintaining efficiency in automotive frequency bands. The proposed structure behavior has
been simulated and validated through full-wave simulations in CST Microwave Studio. The results present a potential candidate for antennas with multibeam performance in E-band.

11:40 Curving THz Beams in the near Field: A Framework to Compute Link Budgets
Hichem Guerboukha (University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA); Bin Zhao (Rice University, USA); Zhaoji Fang (Brown University, USA); Edward W. Knightly (Rice
University, USA); Daniel Mittleman (Brown University, USA)
We present a framework to engineer the trajectory of curved THz beams in the near-field region, with a focus on computing link budgets.

12:00 Graph Neural Network Based 77 GHz MIMO Radar Array Processor for Autonomous Robotics
Ransara Wijitharathna (University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka); Pahan Mendis (Universiry of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka); Rahal Perera and Punsara Mahawela (University of
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka); Nilan Udayanga (University of Akron, USA); Chamira U. S. Edussooriya (University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka); Arjuna Madanayake (Florida
International University, USA)
Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) long range radars currently employed for autonomous robotics have limited maximum range. By employing transmit
beamforming and beam scanning, the range can be increased, however, the beam scanning time reduces the achievable velocity resolution. In this paper, we propose an FMCW MIMO radar, operating at 77 GHz,
with transmit (TX) beamforming with subarrays to increase the range. We employ four TX subarrays, each having three antennas, with analog beamforming. Compared to TX beamforming as one TX array, ourapproach provides sufficiently wide beams alleviating beam scanning, further, without substantially reducing the virtual elements of the MIMO radar. We implement the radar signal processing pipeline on an ZYNQ
Ultrascale+ ZCU106 FPGA to achieve real-time processing. Furthermore, we employ a graph neural network to detect objects using the radar point cloud. Preliminary results are presented to confirm the operation of

the proposed FMCW MIMO radar.

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
P04b: Propagation theory and modeling (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Propagation
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany), Claude Oestges (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium)
10:40 Grid-Based Shadowing Gain Modeling for Handling Dynamic Objects in Wireless Channel Emulation
Nopphon Keerativoranan, Siraphop Saisa-ard and Jun-ichi Takada (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)
Adopting deterministic channel modeling to accurately assess wireless system performance with a wireless channel emulator (WCE) presents a challenge due to the substantial computational time required, which
contrasts with the real-time computation demand of WCEs. Grid-based channel modeling technique had previously conceptualized to address this issue. This technique enables real-time emulation of the deterministicchannel of the mobile station (MS) by interpolating precomputed path parameters at adjacent grid nodes. However, the modeling framework cannot account for the shadowing effect caused by moving objects
introduced during emulation. In this paper, grid-based shadowing gain modeling is introduced to incorporate the shadowing effect into the emulated channel. The shadowing contribution at the MS is interpolated fromvalues computed at the grid nodes using the approximated knife-edge diffraction model. The applicability and limitations of the proposed model are investigated analytically, and rigorous simulations are provided tonumerically validate the proposed method.

11:00 Ray-Tracing Calibration from Channel Sounding Measurements in a Millimeter-Wave Industrial Scenario
Grégory Gougeon (SIRADEL, France); Frederic Munoz (CEA LETI & University of Grenoble-Alpes, France); Yoann Corre (SIRADEL, France); Raffaele D'Errico (CEA,
LETI & Université Grenoble-Alpes, France)
New-generation communication and sensing systems are gaining strong interest in the context of Industry 4.0 e.g., related to mapping techniques, environmental sensing, automation or hyper-vision. The radio
propagation in confined, cluttered and heavily metalized factory environments is a critical challenge; thus an evaluation by accurate propagation channel models is necessary. Site-specific channel emulation can beobtained from Ray-tracing (RT); but RT validation for factory environments is still an on-going work. For this purpose, a measurement campaign was performed in a machine room with many metallic objects andmachines, using a mmWave channel sounder. Wideband channel responses were collected and compared to RT simulations. The RT prediction tool was calibrated to minimize the error observed on some large
scale statistics, thus reaching a very good agreement between the simulation and the measurement. Average error in received power, delay spread and azimuth spread is below 1.5 dB, 5 ns and 2° respectively.

11:20 Ray Tracing and Measurement-Based Characterization of Inter/Intra-Machine THz Wireless Channels
Steffen Pahlke (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany); Tommaso Zugno and Mate Boban (Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf GmbH, Germany); Diego Andrés
Dupleich (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany & Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Germany); Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig,
Germany)
We characterize the wireless propagation channels at 300 GHz in an industrial environment through measurements and ray tracing simulations. Two different scenarios are considered representing wirelessconnections between an access point and an industrial machine (inter-machine scenario), and between two components inside the same machine (intra-machine scenario) are considered. For both scenarios, we
compute the channel response in terms of power angle delay profile and compare the results obtained through measurements and simulations, which show a good match.

11:40 Fast Indoor Radio Propagation Prediction Using Deep Learning
Andres J. Florez-Gonzalez (University of Nariño, Colombia); Carlos A. Viteri-Mera and Wilson Achicanoy (Universidad de Nariño, Colombia)
We introduce efficient deep-learning models that estimate maps of two indoor radio propagation parameters: i) received power and ii) cell association. These models, based on U-Net architectures, take floor plans
and transmitter positions as inputs, and estimate the two maps. Training data was obtained from simulations using the IEEE 802.11ax path-loss model at 5GHz without co-channel interference. Validation shows
errors below 1 dB (received power) and 1% pixel error rate (cell association). Our models reduce simulation times by 30x to 40x compared to traditional methods (e.g., ray-tracing, dominant path), making themvaluable for wireless network planning and deployment.

12:00 Conceptual Design and Propagation Characteristics of an Underwater Electromagnetic Communication System for Ocean Environment Sensor Systems
Takashi Kawamura, Takuma Matsushita, Yukio Kaneko, Nobuaki Kawai, Yasuhiro Matsui and Akihiro Horii (Sony Group Corporation, Japan); Hiroshi Yoshida (Japan
Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan)
As an attempt to protect the ocean environment, a system design for fixed-point observation in a small-scale blue carbon test site is presented. Designed system requires an underwater wireless communication
system for data transmission, and electromagnetic (EM) waves are effective for this purpose from the viewpoint of cost and targeted underwater environment. We assume 1-Kbps data rate based on the above use
case, select 50-kHz and 100-kHz carrier frequencies, and investigate the propagation of EM waves near seabed at these frequencies by an experiment and numerical calculations. As a result, we show that the closer
the distance to the seabed and the lower the frequency, the less attenuation and the wider the coverage area. We also show that low-conductivity layers below the surface layer of seabed affect the propagation,
indicating that the layer configuration of seabed is important in the link budget of proposed system.

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 11:25
IW4: Ansys workshop
Room: M2
Design Flow Methodology Including Thermal and Active Circuit Impact in Antenna Design and Antenna Integration
Presenter: Dave Prestaux (Ansys HFSS)

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
IW2: Advanced solutions for modern antenna test challenges (Antenna Systems Solutions and Next Phase
Measurements))
Room: M3

10:40 IW2 Introduction
Presenter: Sergiy Pivnenko (Antenna Systems Solutions)

10:50 Recent Advances in Robotic Antenna Measurements for Aerospace Applications
Presenter: Dennis Lewis (The Boeing Company)

11:20 Advanced Post Processing for Robotic Applications
Presenter: Stuart Gregson (Next Phase Measurements, Queen Mary University of London)

11:50 Advances in Compact Antenna Test Range Design
Presenter: Marc Dirix (Antenna Systems Solutions)

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
IW9: Dassault Systemes and Simuserv GmbH workshop
Room: M4
10:40 Installed Antenna Performance in Complex Environments
Presenter: Yingjie You (Dassault Systemes)

11:30 Antenna Array Design Workflow - from Single Element to Array Installed Performace
Presenter: Frank Demmimng Janssen (Simuserv GmbH)

Tuesday, March 19 10:40 - 12:20
AMTA: AMTA Meeting//
Room: Fyne

Tuesday, March 19 11:25 - 12:20
IW13: CADFEM workshop
Room: M2
Physics Based Workflow for the Design of THz Lens Antennas
Presenter: Alexander Shalaby; Steven Jones (CADFEM)

Tuesday, March 19 13:10 - 14:40
PE2: Poster Session on Electromagnetics I/ / Electromagnetics
Chairs: Victoria Gómez-Guillamón Buendía (TNO, The Netherlands), Christos Monochristou (University of Rennes, France)
Geometry Reconstruction from Entries of Impedance Matrices 61
Quanfeng Wang and Alexander H. Paulus (Technical University of Munich, Germany)
The privacy and security of sensitive data are critical concerns when outsourcing computational tasks to external cloud service providers. This paper explores the feasibility of extracting confidential simulated models
from method of moments (MoM) matrices. The study focuses on impedance matrices employing Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) functions and the electric field integral equation. Reverse-engineering the simulated
geometry can be formulated as an optimization problem. However, the presence of dyadic Green's functions imposes ambiguities when simultaneously reconstructing both the relative angle and distance between
RWG source pairs in three-dimensional space. We introduce a local reconstruction method which mitigates these ambiguities. The approach gradually reconstructs the geometric structure locally by employing a
reduced set of optimization variables. Numerical examples showcase that the local method can potentially reconstruct the original geometry.

A Two-Component 2-D FDFD Eigenmode Method Incorporated with the Conformal Technique
Yong Wang and Scott Langdon (Remcom Inc., USA)

63

A two-component two-dimensional (2-D) finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) eigenmode method incorporated with the conformal technique is proposed. The new formulations of the coefficients for filling thematrix equation have been derived by combining the conventional two-component eigenmode method with the conformal technique or by eliminating the two magnetic field components from the four-component
conformal eigenmode method. The resulting matrix equation size is only a quarter compared with the four-component counterpart. The numerical results are given to show the accuracy and efficacy of the proposed
method.

Management of Radiofrequency Compatibility on Aircraft 65
Alexandre Piche (Airbus Operations, France); Richard Perraud and Guillaume Sylvand (Airbus Central Research and Technology); Isabelle Terrasse (Airbus Central
Research and Technology, France); Pierre Benjamin and Jerome Robert (Airbus Central Research and Technology); Toufic Abboud and Benoit Chaigne (IMACS, France);
Lucia Scialacqua (Italian Ministry of Health, Italy); Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy); Dominique Donval (Microwave Vision, France); Robert Kebel and Stefan

Boerninck (Airbus Operations, Germany)
Radiofrequency Compatibility is becoming a major problematic on aircraft with a main objective of ensuring RF interoperability between Radio Communications, Navigation and Surveillance systems and the growing
needs for Global Connectivity. In this framework, electromagnetic modeling based on Near Field Huygens Box approach and High Performance Computing is a powerful way to rigorously assess the behavior ofantennas mounted on aircraft platforms as well as RF decoupling. Huygens Box formalism captures antenna broadband behavior for antenna positioning and RF interoperability analyses at aircraft level, with aclearly established industrial boundary between integrators and equipment manufacturers (i.e. no access to antenna internal structure for aircraft integrators). This paper presents in detail this methodology and its
experimental validation on representative aircraft configurations.

Applying Neural Networks for Predicting Feed Weights of an Antenna Array

66

Juho Tyrväinen, Anu Lehtovuori and Pasi Ylä-Oijala (Aalto University, Finland); Ville Viikari (Aalto University & School of Electrical Engineering, Finland)
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are applied to find appropriate phasing for beam steering of patch antenna arrays. To obtain this goal, an ANN is trained using simulated far-field data. Two loss functions are tested
and their performance is compared with a uniform and a non-uniform antenna array. The results show that in most cases both tested loss functions perform well, but are not able to find the best solution in all cases.

Gain Improvement of a DRA Using Deep Reinforcement Learning with Polygon Mesh Deformation

73

Kirill Kurskiy, Xiantao Yang and Yi Huang (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A new approach for improving the gain of a hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating at its fundamental mode using Deep Reinforcement Learning (RDL) is introduced. Unlike conventional
optimization method, the key idea here is to avoid antenna parametrization during the optimization process so that the surface shape of the DRA can be directly manipulated. The simulated results show that the
proposed DRA structure can achieve a high gain over the bandwidth of 2.23-2.7 GHz with its maximum value of 7.4 dBi. This is higher than the typical value dictated by this DRA shape and the data available in theliterature.

Machine-Learning-Based Optimization for Wideband Metasurface Mosaic Antenna

69

Peiqin Liu, Xiangrui Yan and Zhi Ning Chen (National University of Singapore, Singapore)In this paper, a machine-learning-based optimization method is proposed to enhance the bandwidth of metasurface Mosaic antennas. The artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm is utilized to build an effective
neural network model to optimize the antenna geometry parameters for desired antenna performance. The input data of the proposed neural network is the target reflection coefficients and gain of the metasurface
antenna, and the neural network predicts the geometry parameters that satisfy the target performance. The proposed antenna evolves from a metasurface Mosaic antenna. By dividing the patch cells into fractional
pieces and optimizing the dimensions of cutting slots, the proposed antenna realized wideband in terms of both impedance and gain. A prototype antenna was fabricated to verify the design strategy. Measurement
results show that the |S11|<-10-dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 37.6% or ranging from 4.91 GHz to 7.18 GHz and the measured results of realized gain are

Non-Uniform Metamaterial Mushroom Antennas via a Genuine Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization Method
Yunjia Zeng, Xianming Qing and Michael Chia (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore)

67

Three broadband non-uniform metamaterial mushroom antennas are designed with distinct mushroom configurations. The design trade-offs among the input impedance bandwidth, boresight gain, and the front-toback ratio are considered with a genuine multi-objective Bayesian optimization method. The three non-uniform antennas attain a notable increase in impedance bandwidth with different degrees of trade-off in termsof the other two design targets when compared to the reference antenna with uniform mushroom configuration. All the four antennas are prototyped and measured, with strong alignment between simulation andmeasurement. The optimized designs can function in the n77 band of 5G New Radio.

The Role of Arrays in Pulsed Radiation 71
Jakub Liška, Lukas Jelinek and Miloslav Capek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic)
The radiation of high-power narrow pulses is addressed with an emphasis on multiport structures, especially antenna arrays, which might significantly improve the pulse quality. The methodology is demonstrated onlinear arrays of dipole and bowtie antennas. Significant improvement over single port radiators is reported.

Human- Vs Machine Design of Antennas: Evolution Behavior in Genetic Shape Optimization 75
Leonardo Pollini (Politecnico di Torino & Thales DMS, Italy); Marcello Zucchi and Giuseppe Vecchi (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
Random-based global optimization algorithms have found extensive application in the domain of antenna shape design, especially when conventional solutions relying on human expertise are lacking. In thisresearch contribution, we investigate the performance of random-based global optimization in scenarios where the design problem could otherwise be tackled through conventional human-guided design methods
and parameter adjustments driven by simulations. The present case study involves shape optimization of a 2D pixelated domain, performed via binary coding and a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The reference geometry
is a square resonant patch-type antenna with optimized probe feeding position. The initial domain is a pin-centered rectangle larger than the patch itself, so that the optimizer is eventually free to indirectly find thebest pin position corresponding to the best design of the patch.

FDTD Modelling of RF Circuits Based on Lumped Components and Transmission Lines Using Modified Telegrapher's Equations 70
Anand Kumar and Debdeep Sarkar (Indian Institute of Science, India); Dimitra Psychogiou (University College Cork and Tyndall National Institute, Ireland)This paper reports for the first time a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to model discrete lumped L, C components and RF circuits in general by modifying the Telegraph equations of the transmission
line (TL) equivalent. The proposed equations enable the modeling of circuits that comprise of lumped-element components and TL and can be exploited for the realization of a variety of RF circuits. Two test casescenarios are shown as examples, a 2nd order bandstop filter and a 3rd order bandpass filter. The results are validated by obtaining S-parameters for the circuits and matched against ADS.

Full Wave Verification of Radome Edge Scattering Treatments Using Open Source Tools
Daniel Sjöberg (Lund University, Sweden)

68

Scattering against radomes is an electrically large problem, typically requiring algorithms making some sort of approximations. In order to check the validity of such algorithms, it is important to define reference casesthat can be computed by full wave solvers. In this contribution, we show how such cases can be simulated using open source software. In particular, we demonstrate how a method for reducing edge scattering froma radome-fuselage electrical discontinuity can be studied using open source software for a rotationally symmetric geometry.

A Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain Scheme to Model Lasing Dynamics in Four-Level Two-Electron Atomic Systems 64
Ming Dong (King Abudullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia); Liang Chen and Ran Zhao (King Abdullah University of Science andTechnology, Saudi Arabia); Hakan Bagci (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia)
A discontinuous Galerkin time-domain scheme is formulated and implemented to analyze three-dimensional transient lasing dynamics. The proposed scheme solves a coupled system of the Maxwell and therate equations. The atomic transitions through different energy levels are quantum-mechanically described by a four-level two-electron model, while the electromagnetic interactions are treated using the Maxwell
equations. The resulting solver accounts for the Pauli Exclusion Principle and permits robust simulation of lasing dynamics under optical pumping. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the applicability andthe accuracy of the proposed scheme.

Novel Quantum Computation Based Selection Operator for Genetic Algorithms Applied to Electromagnetic Problems
Gabriel Felipe Martinez and Riccardo Enrico Zich (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)

72

Quantum computing is an extremely promising tool that could dramatically change many engineering fields where computationally heavy tasks have to be dealt with such as electromagnetic optimization.
Electromagnetic problems, in fact, are extremely computationally expensive, and an heuristic optimization may need thousands of generations. In this paper, the problems and the potential of the introduction ofquantum computing in optimization has been investigated. Numerical results on the preliminary test are provided here while more detailed results will be directly presented at the conference.

Tunable Rectangular Waveguide Bandpass Filter Based on Plasma Technology

74

Atefeh Ashrafian (University of Tehran, Iran); Fatemeh Sadeghikia (Wireless Telecommunication Group, ARI, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Iran); Jalil A
Rashed Mohassel (School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iran); Mohammad Himdi (University of Rennes Rennes Cedex France, France); Mirko Magarotto(University of Padova, Italy)
This paper introduces a novel tunable bandpass filter utilizing plasma conductors within a standard hollow waveguide framework. The operational principle of the filter leverages the reconfigurability of plasma and its
tunable properties, allowing dynamic control over the lower frequency boundary. By adjusting the plasma frequency, the filter demonstrates remarkable adaptability, transitioning the lower cutoff frequency within arange from 1.72 GHz to 2 GHz, thereby enabling a highly flexible bandpass response. Additionally, a parametric analysis examines the impact of post dimensions on filter performance, emphasizing the role of initial
post dimensions in shaping the bandwidth of the filter. The findings underscore the feasibility of this novel filter concept and its potential application in next-generation RF and microwave systems.

Influence of the Incidence Angle on the Focusing of Luneburg Lens Partially Covered with Graphene 62
Iryna O. Mikhailikova (V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine); Sergii V. Dukhopelnykov (V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University & Universite de Rennes 1,
Ukraine); Mario Lucido (University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy)
We consider the plane wave focusing characteristics of a layered cylindrical Luneburg lens equipped with a conformal strip of graphene, in the H-polarization case. The angular width of the strip is arbitrary and its
surface impedance is characterized with the aid of the quantum-physics Kubo formalism. We use mathematically accurate full-wave analytical regularization technique, which is based on the analytic inversion of the
problem static part. This guarantees the convergence of the resulting numerical algorithm. We compute the focusing ability of microsize lens as a function of the frequency in wide range up to 30 THz. This analysis
shows that a graphene strip, placed into the focal area of the Luneburg lens, enhances its focusing ability at a certain resonance frequency proportionally to the quality factor of the plasmon mode of the strip.

Tuesday, March 19 13:10 - 14:40
PA2: Poster session on Antennas for Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / / Antennas
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France), Ioannis Illiopoulos (Tno, The Netherlands)
Leading Edge Conformal ARMA Antenna in X Band 11
Pierre-Etienne Portalier (Xlim, France); Hassan Chreim (Dassault Systemes, France); Philippe Leveque (CNRS & XLIM, France); Bernard Jecko (XLIM, France)
This paper presents a conformal multi-source antenna using ARMA (Agile Radiating Matrix Antenna) principle. This antenna has the shape of an airplane wing leading edge. It performs radar or communication
application in X band. A technique using a commercial software to compute the phase shift of excitations is proposed. It compensates antenna curve to obtain a radiation pattern with a directivity in the axial directionof 20 dB and side lobe levels below -13 dB. Moreover, the antenna provides beam steering using a phase law.

Compact Wideband Circularly Polarized Antenna Array for Satellite Applications
N Nasimuddin and Xianming Qing (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore)

6

A wideband circularly polarized (CP) 2×2 antenna array is proposed for INMARSAT/GNSS applications. The single-feed antenna element consists of an asymmetric-ring-slotted square patch radiator, an asymmetricslit-slotted square stacked patch, and a coaxial feeding probe. The miniaturized slotted patches with a grounded shorted circular ring are utilized to generate the CP radiation and the stacked configuration to widen
the bandwidth. The presented antenna is implemented using an arrangement of RO4003-dielectric substrate and air gap. The measured 10-dB return loss and 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths of a 2×2 antenna array
prototype at the L-band are 16.8% (1.456 GHzx1.724 GHz) and 10.7% (1.51 GHzx1.68 GHz), respectively; the gain is greater than 11.0 dBic across the 3-dB AR bandwidth. The overall antenna volume is 185 mm ×
185 mm × 18.0 mm (0.931lemda0 × 0.931lemda0 × 0.09lemda0, where lemda0 is free space wavelength at 1.51 GHz).

On the Beam Efficiency and Sidelobes of Radiometer Antennas
Roberto Mizzoni (Italy)

24

Simple relationships correlating the Beam Efficiency (BE) and its accuracy (ΔBE) to the antenna equivalent beam directivity (EBD) accuracy (or knowledge) and to the average sidelobe level accuracy, are proposed.
The simple analytical formulation can be useful to the radiometer antenna designer in the early design phase in order to setup accuracy test requirements Vs antenna pattern characterization, including boundaries
for the reflector RMS stability in orbit. The formulas can also be used as guidelines for the Electro-Magnetic (EM) model accuracy needed in the design phase, aiming a targeted BE knowledge of the in orbit antennamodel.

Compact Vivaldi Antenna Application in High-Power Design at X-Band

20

Liangliang Zhao and Yongmao Wang (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China); Dengyang Song (Northwestern Polytechnic University, China); Chenlu Liu(Northwestern Polytechnical University, China); Chuwei Li (China Academy of Space Technology, China); Huiling Zhao and Chufeng Hu (Northwestern Polytechnical
University, China)
In this paper, a miniaturized antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) with circularly shaped loads and several elliptic slits embedded around the tapered slot is presented. Firstly, the several elliptic slits embedded in two
tapered slots are introduced for wideband design at X-band. Next, two circularly shaped loads are utilized to make the value of max power capacitive grow from 0.47MW to 0.82MW. Meanwhile, the overall size of the
prototype is minimized to 0.44λmiddle ×0.42λmiddle(13.2mm×12.6mm). The measurements of this prototype are presented and are in good agreement with simulations.

Antenna Design for TriHex: A Future Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Radiometer Mission 13
Quiterio García, Ana Lopez-Yela, Alberto M Zurita and Ana Olea Garcia (Airbus Defence and Space, Spain); Manuel Martin-Neira (ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands); Erio
Gandini (ESA - European Space Agency, The Netherlands); Martin Suess (ESA/ESTEC, The Netherlands)
ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, is providing L-band observations of the Earth surface since November 2009. In preparation of a future L-band mission, ESA is involved in several technologicalactivities intended to develop the components for an advanced L-band radiometer mission. In this context this paper presents the current design status of the antenna element that constitutes the first stage of theadvanced L-band receiver unit that populate the aperture synthesis radiometer instrument.

Genetic Algorithm-Based Beamforming in Subarray Architectures for GEO Satellites 9
Juan A. Vásquez Peralvo, Victor Monzon Baeza, Jorge Querol, Eva Lagunas, Jorge L González-Rios, Luis Manuel Garcés-Socarrás, Flor Ortiz and Symeon Chatzinotas(University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
The incorporation of subarrays in Direct Radiating Array for satellite missions is fundamental in reducing the number of radio frequency chains, which diminishes cost, power consumption, space, and mass. Despite
the advantages, previous beamforming schemes incur significant losses during beam scanning, particularly when hybrid beamforming is not employed. Consequently, this paper introduces an algorithm capable ofcompensating for these losses by increasing the power, for this, the algorithm will activate radiating elements required to address a specific Effective Isotropic Radiated Power for a beam pattern over Earth, projectedfrom a Geostationary satellite. In addition to the aforementioned compensation, other beam parameters have been addressed in the algorithm, such as beamwidth and Side Lobe Levels. To achieve these, we
propose employing array thinning concept through genetic algorithms, which enable beam shaping with the desired characteristics. The array design considers an open-ended waveguide, configured to operate incircular polarization within the Ka-band.

Modular Ka-Band Transmit Phased Array Antenna for SATCOM Applications

3

Bo Shi and N Nasimuddin (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore); Francois Chin (Institue for InfoComm Research, Singapore); Xianming Qing (Institute for
Infocomm Research, Singapore)
An active electronically scanned dual circularly polarized wideband transmit (Tx) phased array antenna at Ka-band is proposed for satellite communications. The modular phased array is designed with 256 dualpolarized antenna elements fed by 64 eight-channel Tx beamforming chips on a multi-layered PCB. The antenna element has a stacked square-ring slotted patch structure with two orthogonally positioned proximityfeed ports. The dual-feed can be excited orthogonally for circular polarization (CP) and offers the flexibility to reconfigure the CP radiation, either left-handed CP or right-handed CP. Furthermore, each 2×2 antennacell is arranged using sequential rotation manner to enhance the CP performance. The 256-element transmit array has an aperture size of 80mm × 80mm and a measured EIRP of 58 dBm, 6.2° half-power beamwidth, sub 1 dB AR, and ±60° scanning range free of grating lobes. Scalability of the design is validated by implementing a 1024-element array with four 256-element array modules.

Design and Prototyping of a Low-Cost Parasitic Element Antenna for a Telemetry-Telecommand Link on Ariane 6 Space Launcher 14
Charles Couty (University of Limoges, France); Marc Thevenot (XLIM-UMR CNRS 7252, University of Limoges, France); Nathalie Lecerf (Arianegroup, France); Cyrille
Menudier (XLIM Université de Limoges, France); Anthony Disserand (CRT Cisteme, France)
This works presents a first prototype of a TMTC (telemetry-telecommand) S-band reconfigurable antenna, validating the architecture of ESPAR (Electronically steerable parasitic array radiator) in terms of
performances, integration and power handling for use on space launcher environment. The originality of this work is based on the design of high efficiency-high power handling reflective phase shifters reduced insize and their association with a large radiating surface.

Design of Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antennas on Flexible Substrates with Varactor Diodes Mounted on Slot-Coupled Microstrip Lines

21

Takashi Tomura, Yuki Takeda, Haruki Kurokawa and Hiraku Sakamoto (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)
In this paper, we propose reconfigurable reflectarray antennas with varactor diodes on flexible substrate. Diodes are mounted on slot-coupled microstrip lines and reconfigurability is realized by controlling the reverse
bias voltages applied to diodes. The voltage characteristics of the reflectarray element are analyzed with the measured S-parameter of the diode. As a result, it is confirmed that a variable reflection phase range of343 deg. could be obtained with a reflection loss of 0.53 dB or less.

Sub-7 GHz Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array for Full-Duplex Applications 17
Shadi Danesh (5GIC & 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mohammad Abedian (HID GLOBAL,
United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Ali Araghi and Pei Xiao (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation
Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A novel high-isolation, monostatic, circularly polarized (CP) simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) array dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is presented. The proposed in-band full-duplex (IBFD) CP DRA system
consists of 32 identical elements for each transmit and receiver part. Each element includes two rectangular dielectric resonators with different permittivity of 5 and 10 excited by a vertical strip connected to themicrostrip line at the backplane. A stub connected to the ground plane is added between Rx and Tx to improve the isolation. In addition, an inverted U-shaped parasitic strip is carefully placed between two feeding
networks to further enhance the TX/RX isolation. The measured results exhibit high TX/RX isolation of more than 50 dB over the desired operating bandwidth from 4.8 GHz to 4.95 GHz with a high total efficiency
greater than 85% and a peak gain of about 18.7 dBi for both Port 1 and Port 2.

Conceptual Design of Antenna Arrays for Satellite Direct-To-Cell Connectivity 19
Mingtao Zhang (Yinhe Hangtian (Xi'an) Technology Co., Ltd. & Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, China); Chao Gu (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom(Great Britain)); Zhengxian Zhu and Shiju Wei (Yinhe Hangtian Technology, China); Zhiwei Zhang (Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China)
Direct satellite-to-smartphone communication using standard mobile frequency bands without hardware modifications is a novel and promising application for satellite communications. This paper presents an antennaarchitecture for low earth orbit (LEO) satellites to establish the link with a given power budget. Using an array layout with random antenna positions, the antenna elements can be arranged in an expanded aperture
to reduce the beamwidth and obtain enough power. This random array can be partitioned into two groups for 900 MHz and S-band application, respectively, to scan the beam in a wide angle range without a gratinglobe. The array design concept can be applied in both independent satellites and satellite swarm. The proposed antenna array technique is expected to provide the satellite payload with the capability to reconfigure
the radio frequency and antenna system, enhancing mission capabilities.

Multi-Bit Wideband Transmitarray Aperture with Independent Phase and Amplitude Control for High Gain with Low Sidelobe Mm-Wave Applications 15
Noureddine Melouki (University of Quebec INRS, Canada); Fahad Ahmed (University of Quebec, Canada & INRS, Canada); Hassan Naseri Gheisanab (University ofQuebec, INRS, Canada); Peyman Pourmohammadi (University of Quebec INRS, Canada); Amjad Iqbal and Tayeb Denidni (INRS, Canada)
In this paper, a multi-bit transmitarray (TA) is proposed, as a system for beam-steering. The full structure is composed of 400 meta-atoms independently adjustable in both phase and amplitude. The far-field beamsteering mechanism of the proposed antenna is achieved by calculating the required phase compensations for each meta-atom, to redirect the beam to a predefined angle, in addition to a multi-bit system for
amplitude distribution, for side-lobe level reduction. Simulation results show two unique beam scanning techniques, one for a phase only beam steering system with a maximum peak gain and SLL of 20.1 dBi and-12.3 dB, respectively, and the second one for independent phase/amplitude mechanism, at different angles of 0°, and 30°, and the maximum achieved peak gain and SLL were 25 dBi and -20.4 dB, respectively,
making the proposed TA a potential candidate for high-gain and low SLL beam steering mm-wave communication system.

Fabrication and RF Characterization of Fully Additive Manufactured Transmission Lines 4
Chao Gu (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Dmitry E Zelenchuk (Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Gerard
OConnor and Noel Harrison (National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland)This study introduces a fully additive manufacturing (AM) approach for microwave devices. The AM technology employed here has the capability to inkjet print conductive circuit elements onto 3D-printed dielectricmaterials. This all-in-one 3D manufacturing method enables the rapid and precise prototyping of RF and antenna components on flat or curved surfaces. Using the proposed method, several test vehicles are printed,
and the electrical characteristics of both conductive ink and dielectric material are assessed up to Ka band using planar microstrip line and waveguide transmission lines (TLs). To showcase the advantages of thistechnology, the dielectric substrate with different infill densities is manufactured. For validation purposes, measurements of the complex permittivity and ink effective conductivity are conducted. These measurements
demonstrate a satisfactory RF performance in the L and Ku bands, with acceptable performance in the Ka band, providing substantial proof of concept for this innovative approach

Closely-Spaced Groove Gap Waveguides with Reduced Coupling 1
Miguel Angel Fuentes-Pascual (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) & Antennas and Propagation Laboratory (APL), Spain); Jose I Herranz-Herruzo (Universitat
Politècnica de València & APL - iTEAM, Spain); Miguel Ferrando-Rocher (Universitat Politècnica de València & Antennas and Propagation Lab, Spain); Alejandro ValeroNogueira and Mariano Baquero-Escudero (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain)
In this communication, novel Gap Waveguide (GW) versions are presented with the objective of minimizing coupling. These innovations stem from minor modifications to conventional GW designs. As a result of
this reduced coupling, it becomes possible to achieve channel spacing below half of a wavelength. Simulated results indicate that the Inverted Imbricated Groove Gap Waveguide and the Fingerprinted Groove Gap
Waveguide both demonstrate an isolation level between channels exceeding 35 dB within the target bandwidth of 28 to 32 GHz. This design is noteworthy for its straightforward fabrication process, offering thepotential for miniaturization and allowing for arrays with a spacing of less than a half of a wavelength.

Synthesis of a Planar 2D Butler Matrix: A Showcase with a 3x3 Array 2
Arman Bordbar, Raffaele De Marco, Luigi Boccia and Emilio Arnieri (University of Calabria, Italy); Giandomenico Amendola (Università della Calabria, Italy)
A method for synthesizing a 2D Butler Matrix for a 3x3 array is introduced. This method can be extended for any number of orthogonal beams and antennas. The synthesis method relies on two techniques: Jordan
decomposition and QR decomposition. For synthesize, first, Jordan decomposition is utilized to decompose the transmission matrix of the beamformer, then considering computer programming implementation any
real matrices are decomposed to several Givens rotation matrices. To verify the accuracy of this method the circuit is simulated through ADS software. This straightforward and efficient synthesis method is valuablefor designing Beamforming Networks (BFN) in contemporary applications of multi-beam antenna arrays.

Feasibility Study of 3D Printed Luneburg Lens Using Fused Deposit Material 3D Printing Technology for Ku-Band Application

12

Lionel Tombakdjian (CNRS & Université Côte d'AZUR, France); Fabien Ferrero (Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, LEAT & CREMANT, France); Noori BniLam (University of
Antwerp - imec, IDLab Research Group, Belgium); Fabio Principe (European Space Agency (ESA), The Netherlands & ESTEC, The Netherlands); Paolo Crosta(European Space Agency (ESA), The Netherlands)
In this work, the feasibility of manufacturing a Luneburg lens with standard FDM (Fused Deposit Material) 3D printing technology is studied for Ku-band application. In a first part, the collimating system design andfabrication process is described. In a second part, measurement results of the complete system is presented to assess the 3D printed lens performance.

Study on CFM Method for Beam Compensation of Array-Fed Space-Borne Reflector Antennas

8

YanJin Cui and Yali Zong (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China); Longteng Yi (China Academy of Space Technology, China); Kang Wang (Northwestern
Polytechnical University, China); Bo Sun and Kaiqiang Qi (China Academy of Space Technology, China)
Space-borne reflector antennas have gain wide application for their unique advantages, and if they are fed by array antennas, the beam can be controlled freely. However, for the factors of extremely changing
space temperature, repeated development, assembly errors and so on, the beams of deployable antennas will be deteriorated. To achieve anticipative performance, beam compensation should be performed. In the
study, influences of the reflector's global, local and mixed deformations on the antenna performances are investigated by physical optics (PO) method, and the conjugate field matching (CFM) method, an easy andtime-efficient method, is employed to compensate the beam degradation. The effectiveness of beam compensation by CFM for different kinds of reflector surface deformations are researched and compared. The
results show that the beam pointing accuracy can be well compensated for all types of deformations, while the compensation effect is good under global deformations, but bad under local deformations.

Dual-Polarized Connected-Slot Array Technological Demonstrator Targeting a 5:1 Bandwidth

22

Stefan Varault (THALES Defence Mission Systems, France); José Zevallos (Thales DMS, France); Nicolas Cheval (Thales DMS, Italy); Valérie Rananjason (Thales DMS,France); Isabelle LeRoy-Naneix (THALES AIRBORNE SYSTEMS, France)
This contribution presents a technological demonstrator of a connected slot array (CSA) aperture developed in the framework of the European PADR CROWN project. This CSA has been developed for dual-polarized,
multi-octave radar operation, targeting a bandwidth ratio of 5:1 and scanning angles up to 60° in all planes. The array is manufactured using printed-circuit board (PCB) process. A digital twin is implemented andused to accurately compare measurements to simulations of the manufactured finite-sized array, in order to assess the fabrication process.

Study of Different Feed Layout Configurations for Hybrid Active VHTS Antennas 7
Carolina Tienda (Airbus Defence and Space, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Peter Webster (Airbus Defense and Space, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Sonya Amosand Simon J Stirland (Airbus Defence and Space, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents some of the layout configurations considered in recent studies on Very High Throughput Satellites (VHTS) antenna configurations. Four different subarray layouts have been considered for the
feed array that illuminates a parabolic reflector of 8m.

Improving the Strut Modelling of the European Space Agency Deep Space Antennas to Evaluate Efficiency and Sidelobe Impact 5
Davide Arenare (University of Pavia, Italy); Fabio Pelorossi (ESOC, ESA, Germany); Filippo Concaro (European Space Agency, Germany); Marco Pasian (University ofPavia, Italy)
Large reflector antennas necessitate the presence of struts to support, according to the configuration, feeds or sub-reflectors. This paper presents the results of an investigation, in terms of sidelobe level andefficiency, of the impact on the antenna performance of the struts, considering the upcoming European Deep Space Antenna 4 (DSA4). In particular, for the first time in the framework of the DSA4 project, thestrut model includes a tapering of the diameter of the strut itself, and a service platform and ladder (needed to reach the sub-reflector for maintenance), thus modeling with greater accuracy the real situation. The
simulations presented here, carried out using Physical Optics, represent a rare opportunity to investigate these aspects, most often discarded due to the large computational time, and show that the impact on theantenna performance, for such high-end antennas, may be not negligible.

Compact Ka Band Orthomode Transducer with Conical Horn Antenna 10
Simon Fojtik, Samuel Travnicek and Pavel Hazdra (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic); Zdenek Hradecky (RFspin, Czech Republic); Jan Kracek(Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic)
Orthomode transducers (OMTs) are essential microwave devices designed to separate or mix orthogonal modes, often using waveguide technology. This paper presents the design of a compact wideband OMToperating in the Ka band (26 - 40 GHz) with enhancements through a circular 20 dBi horn antenna. The OMT is designed to radiate vertical, horizontal or circular polarizations, due to its coaxial input ports and the useof a square waveguide carrying TE10 and TE01 modes. The design of the OMT incorporates a Boifot junction, optimizing the septum shape, axial port transformers, side port combination, and an innovative output
configuration. The final design also includes rounding sharp edges and corners for improved manufacturing precision. The results of the simulation and measurement demonstrate the effectiveness of the design.
This compact Ka band OMT with a conical horn antenna holds promise for a wide range of electromagnetic measurement applications.

Wideband Low-Profile Circularly Polarized All-Metal Antenna for Triton Exploration 25
Niyonzima Laetitia, Pauline Vryghem, Modeste Bodehou and Christophe Craeye (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium); Sébastien Lemaistre (Universté Catholiquede Louvain, Belgium)
A broadband low-profile 2x2 planar array constructed only of metal is proposed for space application. The single element of the array is capable of generating circular polarization with a non-symmetrical (with respect
to broadside) radiation pattern. Sequential rotation is introduced at the array level to correct the asymmetry of the beam and for improving the polarization purity. The resulting antenna radiates at broadside with a
12.5 dBi gain. It has been shown that the product gain-bandwidth is competitive as compared to available solutions in the literature.

Compact Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna with Enhanced Axial Ratio and Impedance Bandwidth 16
Hanieh Ahmadi (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Chunxu Mao (South China University of Technology, China); Pei Xiao (University of Surrey, United
Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents a novel design of wideband circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna based on an aperture coupled feeding method. The properties of the CP structure are derived by introducing a novel coupledresonator-based configuration, which incorporates the inherent 90° phase difference between the two coupled resonant channels. The proposed low profile patch antenna aims to enhance the impedance bandwidth,
axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. In contrast to prior works, the antenna demonstrates a reduced physical footprint while also showcasing broad impedance and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths. This antenna can be used in thesatellite communication applications to maintain quality of signal in a wide range of frequency simultaneously with the low axial ratio in the wide impedance bandwidth for mobile satellite services.

Ka-Band Phased Antenna Array Concept for High-EIRP Satellite Connections 18
Stefano Moscato, Alessandro Fonte and Steven Caicedo Mejillones (SIAE Microelettronica, Italy); Alessandro Di Carlofelice, Emidio Di Giampaolo and Piero Tognolatti(University of L'Aquila, Italy); Emilio Arnieri (University of Calabria, Italy); Giandomenico Amendola (Università della Calabria, Italy); Luigi Boccia (University of Calabria,
Italy); Matteo Oldoni (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
This work deals with an innovative architecture of a phased antenna array operating in the Ka band. It envisages the adoption of custom designed PA together with 64 hollow metallic horns as radiating elements. The
proposed architecture is designed to work in the 25.5 to 27 GHz frequency span with a target EIRP higher than 70 dBm, even considering the maximum beam steering configuration of ±20°. The proposed concept
highlights the flexibility in targeting different power levels, antenna gain and steering capabilities to finally address a large number of use-cases. The exploitation of non-uniform array is also taken into account toprevent grating lobes and increasing the steering capabilities of the phased array.

The Design of Re-Imaging Optics for Passing Several Beams Through Small Cryostat Windows 23
Takaho Masai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Japan); Hiroaki Imada and Alvaro Gonzalez (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Japan)In this paper, we present a method to design re- imaging optics for receivers under heavy physical and mechanical constraints introduced by an antenna and cryostat window. Multibeam receivers will face many
challenges optics to fit inside compact receiver cabins and to pass multiple beams through small windows. The optics can be solved and filtered to obtain solutions that work under the strong mechanical constraints.
This method was used to design a two-beam multibeam receiver for the ALMA 12-m antenna and cryostat.The optics were successfully able to pass a beam through the small cryostat window and achieve afrequency-independent illumination on the sub-reflector.

Tuesday, March 19 13:10 - 14:40
PA7: Poster session on Antenna analysis, design and technology
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / / Antennas
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Léonin Lassauce (Université de Rennes 1 & IETR, France), Cristina Yepes (TNO, The Netherlands)
Inconsistency in Modes of Circular Microstrip Antennas and Its Rectification

29

Deepankar Shri gyan (Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, India); KP Ray (DIAT, Pune, India)
Inconsistency in the interpretation of modes in Circular Microstrip Antenna (CMA) has been brought out and explained. The prevalent methods for CMA modes have been shown to be inconsistent with standing wave
equation. It is emphasized that the current or field maxima along radius, diameter or half-circumference, have been incorrectly used to infer the mode indices in various books and academic papers. This paper aims
to bring out the disconnection between mathematical model and physical interpretation of CMA modes. Further, a method to accurately interpret modes of CMA has been presented and has been demonstrated.
Additionally, the presented method has been extended to annular ring antennas.

On the Radiation Resistance of Folded Antennas 27
Marcus C Walden (Plextek, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The antenna literature appears divided regarding the input impedance of a folded antenna. Is the increase in feed-point impedance for a folded antenna simply an impedance transformation of the single element
radiation resistance with no change in radiation resistance or does the folding process actually lead to an increase in the radiation resistance? This paper shows through theory and numerical simulations that theradiation resistance of a folded antenna is effectively - but not exactly - the same as that of a single element. This work serves as a point of clarification regarding the theory of folded antennas.

A Compact Horn Antenna with Low Sidelobes 30
Haim Matzner (HIT-Holon Institute of Technology, Israel)
An X-band (8.2- 12.4 GHz) compact horn antenna based on two shaped horns at the output with a single input horn is proposed. The antenna is matched for VSWR of 2 in this frequency range. The antenna is madeof lossy aluminum. The sizes of the antenna are 171 x 86 mm with height of 102 mm. The directivity of the antenna varies between 16.6 to 17.3 dBi. The sidelobes are -30.7 dB and -37.1 dB in the E-plane andH-plane respectively. The gain of the proposed antenna is greater by 2 to 4 dB relatively to the gain of a conventional horn having the same height as that of the proposed antenna, and its sidelobes are lower than
the sidelobe of the conventional horn. The simulations were carried by the CST Microwave Studio Software.

Passive Beamforming with Liquid Antennas: Techniques and Implementation 26
Viswanadh Raviteja Gudivada (The University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yi Huang (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Hanyang
Wang (Huawei Technologies, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Kexin Liu (Shanghai Huawei Technologies Company Ltd, China); Elliot L. Bennett (The University ofLiverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents the concept of passive beamforming using liquid antennas for wireless applications. The work focuses on the usage of liquid dielectrics. The theory of achieving passive beamforming is explainedwith two different techniques. One focuses on the liquid fluidic behavior and the other takes advantage of liquids. Both the liquid dielectric antennas are subjected to different physical orientations and still, the radiation
pattern is preserved and retained towards a fixed intended direction. This presented concept is supported by experimental verification and the results are presented.

Design of Optimized Cylindrical Structural Antenna with Quasi Length Insensitivity Using CMA 42
Raphael Notter (Université de Rennes & French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis, France); Sylvain Collardey (University of Rennes 1, France); Ala Sharaiha(Université de Rennes & IETR, France); Loic Bernard (ISL & IETR, France); Pouliguen Philippe and Paul Karmann (DGA, France)
This paper deals with the design of cylindrical structures, whose dimensions are larger than the wavelength and which is usually difficult to handle due to the excitation of higher order. Using CMA (Characteristic
Mode Analysis) give us the current modes of such structure. We then selected the modes that met our specifications in terms of radiation pattern and currents that have been excited through slots. We show that thisstructural antenna have a 7% of bandwidth with a gain of 5.5dBi at 4.6 GHz.

Dual-Feed Wideband Folded Waveguide Antenna for Handset Devices 33
Yunfeng Dong (vivo Mobile Communication Co., Ltd, China); Shen Wang (vivo Mobile Communication co., Ltd, China)
This paper presents a dual-feed folded waveguide antenna for handset devices. The proposed antenna can be implemented into devices with seamless metallic back cavity and it radiates through an open slot
realized on the front by the corner edges of the display module and the main frame of the device. As a novel way of utilizing antenna cluster technique, an extra feed is added while the phase is adjusted for different
operating frequencies. In order to prove the concept, a dual-feed folded waveguide antenna is designed for WiFi applications. The radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna remains higher than -6 dB within thefrequency ranges of both 2.19-3.09 GHz and 4.73-6.44 GHz. The proposed antenna exhibits a wideband behavior. It achieves fractional bandwidths of 36% and 31% at 2.50 GHz and 5.50 GHz, respectively. Besides,
the directivity is less than 5.5 dBi at both 2.50 GHz and 5.50 GHz.

A Brief Analysis of the Latest Research Progress and Future Direction of Low-Frequency Transmitting Antenna 40
Chao Wu, Jinghui Qiu and Shuang Qiu (Harbin Institute of Technology, China); Vasyl Molebny (Hainan Hongke Innovation Research Institute Co. LTD Lingshui China,
China)
Low frequency electromagnetic wave is widely used in global communication and underwater vehicle communication because of its long propagation distance. However, due to the long wavelength of theelectromagnetic wave in this frequency band, low-frequency transmitting antennas (LTAs) usually have the problems of large size, high profile height and low efficiency. Engineers have struggled for decades todesign miniaturized, efficient low-frequency transmitting antennas. In this paper, the form of traditional LTAs is briefly sorted out, and the latest research progress of miniaturized low-frequency antenna is summarized,
and its future development direction is simply analyzed.

Shaping the Sub-Reflector of a Ring Focus Antenna for Tailored Beamwidth Applications 28
Giuseppe Dell'Aere (Université de Rennes, France); Christophe Melle and Pascal Cousin (Safran Data Systems, France); Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France); Ronan
Sauleau (Universite de Rennes, France); David González-Ovejero (Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1& UMR CNRS 6164, France)
This paper introduces a comprehensive investigation on the possibility to tailor the ring focus antenna's beamwidth by manipulating the shape of the sub-reflector, and more specifically its eccentricity, determining
the location of the focal points of the dual reflector system. Eccentricity variation affects the sub-reflector's reflected field and thus the main reflector's illumination. The examined antenna configuration includes a mainreflector with a diameter of 13.5 m, a sub-reflector with a diameter of 1.35 m, and employs a linearly polarized Gaussian beam as feed. Changing the sub-reflector's eccentricity from the original value of 0.6 to 0.66
reduces the directivity from 70 dB to 55 dB, widening the beamwidth from 0.05° to 0.45° at 26 GHz. This feature is of great interest for applications needing adjustable beamwidth, such as satellite location acquisition.

The beamwidth switching may be implemented using a reconfigurable transmitarray providing two states equivalent to the two sub-reflector shapes.

Input Impedance of Radiation Efficiency Deterioration State

37

Kyoichi Iigusa, Hirokazu Sawada, Amane Miura and Hiroyuki Tsuji (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan)
The factors of radiation efficiency and impedance matching were investigated for a variable reactor-loaded antenna. It was found that when the conductivity decreases, there are reactance regions where the input
power increases, and the radiation efficiency deteriorates in the regions. These reactance regions overlap with the regions of low input resistance, but in low frequency they overlap with the regions of low input
reactance. This is thought to be because its absolute value becomes large in wide reactance ranges in the low frequency and the input reactance becomes dominant. Since impedance matching is improved when
the input reactance is near 0, controlling the reactance value to achieve matching in low frequency leads to reducing radiation efficiency. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve high antenna efficiency for electrically small
antennas.

Radiation Pattern Shaping Using Generalized Luneburg Lenses for Automotive RADAR Antennas 36
Coen van de Ven (University of Twente & Gapwaves AB, Sweden); Abolfazl Haddadi (Gapwaves AB, Gothenburg, Sweden); Andrés Alayón Glazunov (Linköping
University, Sweden)
This paper introduces an approach using the Generalized Luneburg Lens as a modular design element to shape automotive RADAR antennas at mmWave frequencies. An optimization routine that includes unwanted
effects associated with manufacturing constraints is presented by adding mechanical constraints in the lens design and using a full-wave solver with the feeding antenna. Two lenses are designed; the first increases
the directivity from 14.1 to 15.7 dBi, while the second increases the HPBW of the antenna from 57.6 to 129.6 degrees, demonstrating the flexibility of the presented approach.

Electromagnetic Assessment of Tolerances of the Square Kilometre Array Log Periodic Antenna Using Uncertainty Quantification 34
Mark Whale and Pasquale Giuseppe Nicolaci (TICRA, Denmark); Pietro Bolli (INAF Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory, Italy); Antonio Sganzerla and Lorenzo Mezzadrelli(Sirio Antenne, Italy)
This work details the results of a so-called uncertainty quantification analysis conducted on the SKALA 4.2 log-periodic antenna, itself the intended production model of the antenna element for the SKA-Low Antenna
Array. The antenna is modelled using the high-order Method of Moments software tool ESTEAM while the tolerance analysis is conducted using the Uncertainty Quantification software tool within TICRA Tools. The
results of these analyses are presented, and conclusions drawn regarding the antenna model's electromagnetic robustness against geometrical deviations.

A Novel Quad-Band Electrically Small Antenna 32
Hanguang Liao and Atif Shamim (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia)
Multi-band Electrically Small (ES) antennas are promising candidates for wireless sensing nodes and wearable devices. However, designing ES antennas for multi-band operation is challenging. In this paper, a novel
method to design a quad-band completely ES antenna is presented. The proposed method is based on the even and odd modes of a split-ring antenna (SRA) and uses RF trap loading to get dual-band operation foreach mode. The proposed antenna is ES for all bands, and at each band, the radiating structure uses almost the whole available volume, so a good bandwidth is obtained for all four bands. The proposed antenna
is fabricated, and the performance at each band is measured in a proper ES antenna setup. The measured results validate the proposed method, with Qs only roughly 3 to 8 times of Chu's limit among four bands,
given that the proposed antenna is cylindrical rather than spherical.

Experimental Investigation of the Nullifier-Based Monopole 43
Bar Ohana (Merchavim Institute of Research and Development Negev, Israel); Daniel Wolfshtein (Ben Gurion University, Israel); Zion Menachem (SCE, Israel); Motti
Haridim (Holon Institute of Technology, Israel)In this paper, the feasibility and the radiation properties of the nullifier-based monopole is studied and analyzed. Simulation and experimental results for two versions of this antenna are presented. The results partiallyconfirm the feasibility of such antennas. The radiation properties of such antennas depend on the orientation of the nullifier circuit. Further studies are needed to explore the full potential of the proposed antenna.

UWB Circular Metal Mesh Transparent Antenna 39
Umair Rafique (University of Oulu, Finland); Syed Muzahir Abbas (Macquarie University, Australia); Shobit Agarwal (Indian Institute of Technology, Roapr, India); Hijab
Zahra (Macquarie University, Australia); Moath Alathbah (King Saud University, Saudi Arabia)
In this paper, a novel co-planar waveguide (CPW)-fed circular metal mesh (MM) transparent antenna (TA) is presented for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. To achieve transparency, the MM technique is utilized
on both conductors and dielectric substrate. To achieve broadband impedance matching in the band of interest, the corners of the CPW ground are truncated in a curved pattern. It is observed from the simulation
results that the proposed UWB MM TA is resonating from 2.88 to 20 GHz, offering an impedance bandwidth of 17.12 GHz. In addition, acceptable radiation characteristics are observed in the proposed design, whichmakes it suitable for indoor wireless infrastructure.

A Novel Reconfigurable Planar Switched-Beam Filtenna with 360-Degree Beam Scanning 31
Behrooz Rezaee and Hossein Sarbandi Farahani (Graz University of Technology, Austria); Wolfgang Bosch (Graz University of Technology & Institute of Microwave andPhotonic Engineering, Austria)
This paper presents a novel reconfigurable planar switched-beam filter (SBF). The substrate-integrated cavity (SIC) resonators, terminated by antipodal dipoles, deliver the filtering response with a third-degree
Chebyshev response. By integrating the PIN diodes, the structure has effectively divided the azimuthal plane into eight sectors, enabling a reconfigurable pattern. The operating frequency of the proposed SBF is
12.7-13.3 GHz with a return loss of 20 dB, a realized gain of about 5 dBi, and a covering beam of 360 degrees. The simulated and synthesized results are compared and show good agreement.

Single Layer Cavity-Backed Filtenna with Ultra-Wide Out-Of-Band Suppression 41
Behrooz Rezaee (Graz University of Technology, Austria); Wolfgang Bosch (Graz University of Technology & Institute of Microwave and Photonic Engineering, Austria)
This paper presents a single layer cavity-backed patch Filtenna with ultra-wide out-of-band rejection. A cavity-backed patch antenna in a single-layer structure is designed and fabricated. It exhibits satisfactory
performance of a maximum realized gain of 7 dBi at a frequency of 13 GHz. The parallel-coupled lines with capacitive terminations are employed to design a third-order bandpass filter. The capacitive endings in theparallel coupled lines facilitate filter miniaturization and suppression of higher harmonics. The designed antenna and filter are combined to form a Filtenna, demonstrating both functionalities of the antenna and filter.
Measurement results of this Filtenna verify its performance, with a return loss of 15 dB and a maximum realized gain of 5 dBi within the 12.8 to 13.2 GHz. Additionally, the proposed Filtenna achieves a realized gain
suppression of -20 dBi and -10 dBi up to 32 GHz and 46 GHz, respectively.

An Investigation into the Effects of Multi-Path and NLOS Propagation on Antenna-Based Soil Moisture Sensors in the RFID BandJames Stephenson and Mahmoud Wagih (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))

35

Antenna-based soil moisture sensors are a growing technology, there is limited research into the impact of the reader antenna's placement and polarization. Studies assume a clear Line-of-Sight (LoS) link. This
paper presents the first investigation into the effects of multi-path propagation on antenna-based sensors using an omnidirectional loop antenna designed for the 868 MHz ISM band. The performance of the sensing
antenna is evaluated using two polarizations for the reader in both LoS and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS). It is shown that the loop antenna achieves a gain sensitivity of around -7dB to the added water content, multi-path
effects can significantly vary this when the orientation of the sensor is changed. It is demonstrated that polarization mismatches between the reader antenna and the sensor are not as significant as the multi-pathinterference. It is concluded that the placement of the reader is more significant than the polarization alignment in a multi-path environment.

Generation of Dual Band OAM Wave Using Single Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications 38
Umar Fayyaz, Shahab Ahmad Niazi and Abdul Aziz (The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan); Rifaqat Hussain and Akram Alomainy (Queen Mary University of
London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))

Characteristic mode theory (CMT) provides valuable guidance to realize the current wave modes and distribution features of a single patch antenna. However, there is still a lack of theoretical guidance for thesimultaneous generation of multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes using a single patch antenna in multiple frequency ranges. In this paper, CMT is performed to analyze a single patch ring antenna. Then,the corresponding orthogonal degenerate modes of TM41 and TM61 modes are selected and excited through an appropriate feeding mechanism. As a result, the single patch ring antenna is able to radiate third andfourth-order OAM waves in the frequency ranges of 3.96 GHz and 5.18 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna is recommended for dual-band WiMAX and WLAN applications with more spectral efficiency.

Tuesday, March 19 13:10 - 14:40
PE1: Poster Session on Metasurfaces and Metamaterials
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Electromagnetics
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Enrica Martini (University of Siena, Italy), Jérôme Taillieu (Université de Rennes 1, France)
Broadening the Spectrum: Extending the Finite Crystal Method to Characterize Static Multi-Atomic Active Metamaterial Systems

48

Rahul Dutta and Flynn Castles (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yang Hao (Queen Mary University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper introduces novel applications of the "finite crystal method" to assess the stability of multi-atomic static active metamaterial systems exhibiting negative static polarizability. While this method hasconventionally been applied to systems assuming positive static polarizability and more recently to monoatomic systems with negative static polarizability, its application to multi-atomic systems represents a uniquecontribution. This work demonstrates the method's adaptability to a more general case with systems composed of multiple atoms per primitive cell and multiple types of atoms, illustrated with the help of a diatomic
system.

Smart Propagation Environments Empowered by Metasurfaces: A Self-Consistent Study 49
Hamidreza Taghvaee (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication
Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Gabriele Gradoni (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Smart environments are expected to constitute a distributed wireless network that will support the physical and digital layers in a sustainable manner. Metasurfaces can be used to control radio waves in a waythat is compliant with the current operation of wireless communications. In order to control wave propagation, we need a mathematical framework that captures the metasurface operation in the presence of thesurrounding propagation environment. The scattering properties of such a complex propagation scenario need to be found self-consistently, i.e., requires a general method that captures multiple interactions between
metasurface and environment. This translates into solving a Burton-Miller formulation for the associated boundary-value wave problem. Our methodology overcomes the non-uniqueness difficulties generated byinconsistent theories where the propagation problem and metasurface scattering are solved in isolation and then coupled afterward. Importantly, the use of the fast multipole method is adopted to improve the overall
computational efficiency.

A Polarization-Insensitive Ultra-Broadband FSS Absorber with Low-Profile Based on the ITO Film
Nan Wang, Guobin Wan, Qimin Ding and Xin Ma (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China)

47

In this paper, an ultra-broadband and low-profile absorber is proposed based on frequency selective surfaces (FSS). The proposed FSS absorber consists of three layers of indium tin oxide (ITO) patterned films with
dielectric substrate between the films and a metal ground plate. Operating principle of ultra-broadband is analyzed based on the reflection characteristics of each FSS layer and the electromagnetic loss distributionof the structure. The simulation result of the equivalent circuit model (ECM) agrees well with the full-wave simulation. The designed structure has a reflection coefficient of less than -10dB at 1.01GHz to 18.80GHz,
obtaining a remarkable relative bandwidth of 179.6% while the thickness is only (0.084\lambda_L). The absorber is also able to maintain a stable absorption at large incidence angles for both TE and TM polarizedwave incidence.

A Multifunctional Reconfigurable Metagrating for Wavefront Manipulations 54
Jiahui Ji (Xi'an Jiaotong University, China); Zhen Tan (Xi'an Jiaotong University, France); Jianjia Yi (Xi'an Jiaotong University, China); Lina Zhu (Xidian University, China);
Shixiong Wang (Xi'an Jiaotong University & School of Information and Communication Engineering, China)
Passive metagratings often face the challenges of single function due to the fact that one of their structures can only correspond to one function. To solve this problem, a multifunctional reconfigurable metagrating
composed of tunable elements (varactor diodes) is proposed in this paper. With the loading varactor diodes, the load impedance of elements (meta-atoms) on the metagrating can be flexibly manipulated by varying
the bias voltage, so that various functions such as beam scanning and beam splitting can be realized in the same device. Consequently, the simulation results are in agreement with the theoretical predictions.

An Innovative Metasurface Polarizer Working in 5G Frequency Bands 59
Abdulkadir Cildir, Farooq A Tahir, Muhammad Ali Imran and Qammer H Abbasi (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The research introduces an innovative metasurface design to provide multi-band capabilities for both cross-polarization and circular polarization. The metasurface consists of unit cells based on a ring-shaped
configuration with a star inside. It is designed on a substrate made of Roger 5880. The thickness of this substrate is 1.575 mm, and the loss tangent is 0.009. The design acts like an efficient cross-polarizer, attaining afractional bandwidth of 66% within the frequency bands spanning 23.24-34.64 GHz and 36.68-41.12 GHz. Additionally, this design functions as a circular polarizer in the frequency bands of 11.76-13 GHz, 19.43-21.6
GHz, 35.94-36.58 GHz, and 41.28-42.28 GHz.

Characterization of a Metamaterial-Enabled Waveguide Diplexer for Ka-Band Satellite Communication Systems 56
Robin F. Bonny (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne & MinWave Technologies SA, Switzerland); Mehri Ziaee Bideskan (MinWave Technologies SA, Switzerland);Romain Fleury (EPFL, Switzerland); Maliheh Khatibi Moghaddam and Mostafa Khosrownejad (MinWave Technologies SA, Switzerland)This paper presents a novel miniaturized metamaterial-enabled diplexer designed for Ka-band. We introduce a measurement methodology to characterize noncontiguous channels within a waveguide structure. The
diplexer efficiently separates receive (17.3 - 20.2 GHz) and transmit (27 - 31 GHz) satellite communication channels utilizing an innovative design approach that integrates locally resonant metamaterials (LRMs)
and an evanescent mode junction. This integration allows for high rejection and low loss in an ultra-small volume, effectively showcasing the diplexer's capabilities. The measurement techniques implemented forthe proposed component employ various waveguide transitions to cover the whole frequency band (15 - 40 GHz) and de-embedding procedures for manual calibration of the device under test (DUT). We precisely
measure the passband and stopband of both the receive and transmit channels and compare the results with simulations. The results show less than 0.7 dB insertion loss for this ultra-compact diplexer.

Design of a Concentric Circular Holographic Metasurface Using Hexagonal Anisotropic Unit-Cell for Wireless Communications 60
Swarnadipto Ghosh (Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India); Dipankar Saha (Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology,
India); Rishabh Aalayathil (Government Engineering College Barton-Hill, India); Aakash Bansal and William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (GreatBritain))In this article, the surface impedance, Zsurf of a cross slotted anisotropic hexagonal unit-cell has been characterized by analyzing the effects of rotation factor and effective length of the slot. A closed form empirical
relation has been determined to characterize the Zsurf on the basis of the two parameters. Finally, a multibeam Impedance modulated surface is presented using the proposed study and the results are verified insimulation.

Modeling of 3D Feeding Structures in the Automated Design of Metasurface Antennas
Lucia Teodorani, Marcello Zucchi and Giuseppe Vecchi (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)

57

We present an automatic procedure to fully design a metasurface antenna, including the feeding structure. This feature is achieved by performing preliminary full-wave simulations of the feeding structure and by

properly modelling PEC regions inside a current-based numerical design method. The synthesized metasurface antennas are implemented and simulated with a full-wave commercial solver, showing excellent
agreement with the predicted performances.

A Compact Fabry-Perot Cavity Antenna with Circular Polarization

53

Chiara Scarselli, Edoardo Giusti and Danilo Brizi (University of Pisa, Italy); Agostino Monorchio (University of Pisa & CNIT, Italy)
In this paper, a compact, circularly polarized Fabry-Perot Cavity (FPC) antenna is presented. The proposed solution consists of an opportunely designed microstrip resonator inserted within a closed cavity, measuring
only 3λ×3λ at the working frequency of 412 MHz. The microstrip resonator is a dual circularly polarized slot-patch antenna. On the cavity top layer, a Partially Reflective Surface (PRS), based on an inductive
Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) structure, is positioned. To verify the conceived design, accurate numerical simulations have been carried out. The obtained results show a gain value of about 19 dBi and an Axial
Ratio (AR) less than 3 dB inside the 17° Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW). Moreover, the Side Lobe Level (SLL) remains under -13 dB. The compactness and the excellent radiative properties of the proposed cavity
antenna are promising for challenging environments, such as satellite and space applications.

Nonreciprocal Metasurfaces Analyzing Temperature Characteristics

55

Kazuhiro Takahagi (University of Sheffield & Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Agency, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Alan Tennant (Universityof Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in electromagnetic metasurfaces. This paper presents a novel, non-reciprocal, electromagnetic metasurface based on ferrite control elements. Specifically, themetasurface structure combines cylindrical ferrite elements and metal patch arrays and operates at C-band. The ferrite elements are controlled by electromagnets. A theoretical analysis based on a commercial,full-wave, electromagnetic simulator is presented to demonstrate non-reciprocal behavior in terms of S21 and S12 parameters. Experimental results are presented to confirm theoretical predictions. A detailed,investigation in to the thermal dependence of the electromagnetic characteristics of the metasurface are presented and analyzed.

Compact Polarization Converter on a Thin Ferrite-Based Metasurface for Enhanced 5G Wireless Communication

44

AmirMasood Bagheri (5GIC & 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Zahra Rahimian Omam, Seyed
Ehsan Hosseininejad and Pei Xiao (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation Centre, Institute forCommunication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper highlights the crucial importance of polarization control within 5G wireless communication. We propose a compact polarization converter on a thin ferrite-based metasurface, which enables flexible
manipulation of polarization in the reflected waves. The direction of applied magnetics bias allows the metasurface to polarize reflected waves in either co- or cross-polarization with respect to the incident wave. To
optimize ferrite utilization, the adoption of a cubic lattice structure in metasurface design is recommended. This design approach has successfully delivered efficient polarization conversion and showcased impressive
frequency reconfigurability. Each unit cell within the proposed metasurface can be independently controlled for spatial modulation. Utilizing the distinct material properties associated with various polarizations, thesuggested metasurface exhibits remarkable potential in creating reflective intelligent surfaces. These surfaces have the capacity to substantially enhance coverage and elevate the performance of 5G networks.

Design of an Ultra-Wideband RCS Reduction Metasurface with Pure Metal-Pattern Layer 52
Shuaipeng Li, Yali Zong, Xinyu Ma, Weijie Yu and Zicheng Liu (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China)
To achieve the perfect stealth of targets, the ultra-wideband RCS (Radar Cross Section) reduction technique is in urgent demand nowadays. The introduction of metasurface brings the advantages of design flexibility
and low profile. However, metal-pattern-layer metasurface usually has narrow frequency characteristics. To widen the band and avoid shortcomings of the higher manufacturing cost and lower reliability, the present
research designs an ultra-wideband RCS reduction metasurface with pure metal-pattern layer. Based on the impedance matching, absorbing bandwidth is gradually widened by improving the design of the metalpattern layer. Finally, 85% (7.64-19GHz) and 104% (7.2-22.8GHz) relative bandwidths for the periodic unit and array are realized for RCS reduction, respectively. The maximum absorptivity reaches 0.9996 for themetasurface unit. The maximum RCS reduction of 22.28dBsm and the average one of 10.2dBsm are realized for the metasurface array. The design has some application potential for targets with RCS reduction
requirement.

Multi-Channel Beam-Splitting Metasurface for Millimeter Wave Communication Systems 50
Jibran Zahoor ahmad Pandit (Univ Gustave Eiffel, France); Mohammed Kalaagi (Institut de Recherche Technologique Railenium, Famars, France & Railenium, France);
Divitha Seetharamdoo (Univ Gustave Eiffel COSYS LEOST Univ Lille Nord de France & Univ Lille Nord de France, France); Caroline Maye (Univ Gustave Eiffel, France)
In this paper we propose the design of a metasurface based on the methodology of high periodicity super-cell designs (5.76λ ) and impedance modulation to achieve a various number of beam splitting angles, while
maintaining the same coverage at multiple incident angles for millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency. Our proposed design achieves a reflection efficiency up to 96.65% and 97.36% in TE and TM mode at 28 GHzwith 11 beam directions θi = 0◦, θa = 0◦, ±10◦, ±20.32◦, ±31.40◦, ±44◦ and ±60.25◦ while maintaining similar performances for various incident angles which makes it a valuable complementary solution to enhancecoverage for mmWave communication applications compared to conventional beam splitters. The performance of the metasurface is determined by calculating the bistatic radar cross section (RCS) compared to aflat metallic plate of similar dimensions. A prototype is fabricated and tested to validate the simulation results.

Integral Equation-Based Solver for the Simulation of Metasurface Designs 58
Hans P Schreckenbach (CEMWorks, Canada); Chen Niu (University of Manitoba, Canada); Nima Chamanara (Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada); Andre Fecteau
and David Abraham (Computational Scientist, Canada); Jonatan Aronsson (CEMWorks Inc., Canada)
A full-wave simulation is conducted on metasurface designs using an integral equation-based solver. This approach offers two distinct advantages over conventional and hybrid Finite-Element Method (FEM) based
solvers, namely the use of a surface-based mesh instead of a volumetric representation and excellent efficiency for large-scale structures. The solver is tested against measurements, a Hybrid FEM solver, as well as
theoretical models for accuracy.

D-Band Absorber Comprising Tantalum Nitride-Based Resistively-Loaded High Impedance Surfaces 51
Rana Muhammad Hasan Bilal (University of Pisa, Italy); Michele Borgese (Siae Microelettronica, Italy); Simone Genovesi, Giuliano Manara and Filippo Costa (University of
Pisa, Italy)
This paper proposes a D-band absorber that employs periodic resistive surface made of Tantalum Nitride (Ta2N) deposited on a gold-backed alumina dielectric substrate. The top resistive surface consists of squareloop-based unit cells and demonstrates an absorption rate of over 90% across the frequency range from 100 GHz to 166 GHz. The performance of the designed absorber is evaluated through a full-wave simulation
method and has been verified using an equivalent circuit model approach. The proposed absorber could be useful in the sub-THz band for various applications, including enhancing MIMO antenna isolation, reducing
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), and integration into other microwave circuits.

Mechatronic Phase-Control Reflector System with In-Plane Axis Control 46
Hrishit M Das (Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani & Carleton University, Canada); Keigan MacDonell and Shulabh Gupta (Carleton University, Canada)
A simple mechatronic reflector system is proposed using an array of motorized resonator panels to dynamically control the reflection phase of an incoming waves. The proposed design features a static meshedmetallic layer coupled with a ring-resonator array rotating about an axis parallel to the surface. A full-wave design in the X-band is presented here to illustrate this system, where electromagnetic couplings between the
fixed mesh and resonator rings are exploited to achieve a near 2π phase variation with low reflection losses compared to their all-electronic counterparts using varactor diode, for instance. Two numerical examples
are further shown to illustrate the beamforming features of the system - a binary phase surface and a linear phase gradient for steering the reflected beam. This proposed system thus features an in-plane mechanicalactuation compared to vertical displacements or in-plane rotation of the unit cell resonators.

A Novel Metasurface Inverse Design Based on Back Propagation Neural Network 45
Tao Qin (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China & Lund University, China); Su Wen (Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China); XianQI Lin (University ofElectronic Science and Technology of China, China); Yuyan Cao (Lund University, Sweden); Yang Cai and Peng Mei (Aalborg University, Denmark)This paper proposes a novel reflective meta-surface inverse design by utilizing a back propagation neural network. A reflective meta-surface, measuring 0.92 m in width, 0.92 m in height, and 0.508 cm in thickness,

is synthesized. This meta-surface is composed of twelve distinct unit types, each possessing unique phase-shifting characteristics. When illuminated by a multi-mode waveguide horn employing the offset design, themeta-surface demonstrates a gain of 31.65 dB at a frequency of 5.8 GHz. Furthermore, the simulated design achieves a side lobe level of 23 dB in the far-field region, accompanied by a system efficiency of 36%
and a relative 3-dB bandwidth of 7%. By incorporating more training data and enhancing the machine learning algorithms, this design methodology could be applied to generate complex meta-surface structures withmulti-frequencies and multi-polarization responses, demonstrating significant potential in multi-functional meta-surface integration.

Tuesday, March 19 13:10 - 14:40
PM1: Poster Session on Measurements I
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications / / Measurements
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Maria Alonso-delPino (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Shuai Zhang (Aalborg University, Denmark)Preliminary Investigation of an Innovative RF Sensor for Deformation and Failure Evaluation in Composite Materials

76

Angelica Masi and Danilo Brizi (University of Pisa, Italy); Eliana Canicattì and Guido Nenna (Free Space, Italy); Agostino Monorchio (University of Pisa & CNIT, Italy)
This paper introduces the design of a high-sensitivity, low-cost, easy-integrable radiofrequency sensor for structural health monitoring. The hardware system is composed of an array of three self-resonant spiral-coils,
working in the 100-300 MHz frequency range, inductively coupled to a fed-line. The sensing spirals design is the result of the corresponding Q-factor maximization through an optimization process, ensuring a goodcompromise between penetration depth and sensitivity. The analysis of the resonance frequency shift and the amplitude variation of the system input impedance are both exploited to identify composite irregularities.
In order to validate the methodology, we performed full-wave simulations to evaluate the radiating system performance in presence of normal conditions, deformation of the composite, and presence of a delaminationand crack within the sample. The obtained results validated the theoretical approach, confirming both the ability to identify the presence of an irregularity within the composite material and also its spatial position.

A Numerical Analysis of Microwave Hyperthermia of Deep-Seated Tumors Using Magneto-Dielectric Implants
Matteo Bruno Lodi (University of Cagliari, Italy)77

MW energy can be adopted to treat cancers through hyperthermia treatment (HT). HT is a thermal therapy used in oncology to enhance chemotherapy and improve radiotherapy effectiveness. Despite theseadvantages, neoplasms such as deep-seated tumors cannot be treated effectively with existing HT modalities. Magnetic implant to be used as thermo-seeds excited by an external RF field has been studied as tool for
administering a new HT approach. To date, it has been preliminary proposed to use MW energy to perform the local HT of deep-seated tumor using magneto-dielectric biomaterial implants. However, further studies
must be performed. This work deals with the 2D electromagnetic simulations of the MW HT of deep-seated tumors using magneto-dielectric implants. The multiphysics model is presented and used to investigate thekey treatment parameters. The electric and magnetic fields distributions, SAR patterns and the temperature profiles achieved in the case of RF and MW hyperthermia are compared.

Impact of 6D Mobility on Doppler Characteristics of UAV-To-Vehicle Channels 78
Junwei Bao (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China); Zhuangzhuang Cui (KU Leuven, Belgium); Yang Miao (University of Twente, The Netherlands);
Qiuming Zhu, Boyu Hua, Kai Mao and Haoran Ni (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China)
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) empowered vehicular networks are capable of providing flexible radio access, efficient data transmission, and secure driving operation. For this promising application, we focus onchannel modeling for UAV-to-vehicle (U2V) communications in this paper. Based on stochastic geometry and six-dimensional (6D) mobility patterns, a geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) framework for U2V
communication is studied. Specifically, we consider the movement of a UAV in both 3D translational and 3D rotational directions, while a ground vehicle is capable of moving in any direction with varying velocities.
Then, the expressions of Doppler shift in different components are derived, and eventually, Doppler power spectral density (PSD) is obtained by integrating Doppler shifts in each path. Simulation results demonstratethat the distinct impacts on Doppler characteristics led by linear velocity, rotation velocity, the direction of the rotation axis when the UAV rotates, and the direction of translation.

A Highly Compact Double-Sided Orientation Insensitive Chipless Tag for Radio Frequency Identification Applications 79
Muhammad Noman (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Usman Haider (NUST, Pakistan); Farooq A Tahir, Muhammad Ali Imran and Qammer Abbasi(University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper, a simple highly compact orientation insensitive frequency-domain strip-based chipless RFID tag design is presented. To achieve the compactness of the tag, resonating copper strips are placed on thefront side as well as on the back side of the substrate. In this way, the overall 50% reduction in the tag size is achieved. The proposed tag is design using Roger's RT5880LZ, that has an overall size of 12×12 mm2.
The tag is capable of encoding 16-bits within a frequency band of 5.7 to 19 GHz. The performance of the tag at different oblique incidence angles show that it is angularly stable for up to 75°. The proposed tag
achieves a high code density of 11.11 bits/cm2 and is readable from the front and back side of the tag.

Minimum Coherence Bandwidth for OFDM Signal Testing in Reverberation Chambers 80
Miguel Á. García-Fernández (EMITE Ingeniería, S. L., Spain); David A Sánchez-Hernández (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain)
This contribution provides a mathematical derivation aimed at establishing the minimum coherence bandwidth necessary within a reverberation chamber (RC) to effectively prevent inter-symbol interference (ISI)
when testing standards that make use of orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) signals, such as 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5G New Radio (NR). The derived minimum coherence bandwidth is foundto be no less than 5.5133 times the sub-carrier spacing (SCS).

Intermodulation Mitigation Through Surrounding Impedance Manipulation 81
Amir Dayan (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Farhad Ghorbani (University of Liverpool, UK); Yi Huang and Jiafeng Zhou (University of Liverpool,
United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mattias Gustafsson (Huawei Technologies Sweden AB, Sweden); Alex Schuchinsky (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (GreatBritain))Intermodulation products in antennas and connectors are a serious problem for signal integrity and can significantly reduce the performance and capacity of mobile and satellite systems. The elusive nature ofintermodulation, especially in metal contacts, leads to complexity in the analysis and understanding of the characteristics of these weak spurious signals. This paper investigates the effects of load and source
impedances on third-order intermodulation (IM3). The analysis is conducted using a power series approach, which is validated through ADS simulations. Both the ADS simulation and the analytical results demonstratethat manipulating the impedance seen by the nonlinear element can improve IM3. Simulation results confirm that a 12 dB reduction in IM3 can be achieved when we increase the impedance seen by a nonlinear
source (BAR64-02V PIN diode in our example) from 43 Ω to 100 Ω which has been verified by measurements.

Virus Detection in the Microwave Regime Through an Antenna Workbench 82
Enderson Falcón-Gómez (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain); Daniel Segovia Vargas (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain); Vicente González Posadas(Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain)
This paper addresses a sensing approach for virus detection harnessing the microwave resonant absorption property thereof. To this end, we contemplate two viruses, COVID-19 and the H3N2. Upon interactingwith the virus, an incident monochromatic electromagnetic field makes electric charges distributed in their structure to move harmonically in accordance with Lorentz's force law. This, in turn, excites a mechanicalvibration with resonant characteristics that dissipates the energy in the system. By modeling it as a damped double mass-spring system, we estimate the electromagnetic absorption cross-section of virus samples
under consideration, and thereafter, we compute their microwave absorption spectrum in an antenna-based sensor and estimate the 3 dB sensitivity limit of the device. Overall, this approach provides a method to
implement an economical detection system sensitive to multiple pathogens that can leverage both the RF and the communication platforms of the 5G and 6G technologies.

Dielectric Differences in Biological Tissues: A Comparison Between Excised and Non-Excised Tissues Under the Influence of Chemotherapy 83
E Fernandez-Aranzamendi (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Peru & Universidad Católica San Pablo, Peru); Sandra Santiago-Mesas (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,Spain); Gelber E Eguiluz (Regional Institute of Neoplastic Diseases, Peru); Ebert G San Roman Castillo and Patricia Castillo (Universidad Católica San Pablo, Peru);
Daniel Segovia-Vargas (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain)
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. Currently, electromagnetic technologies can play a crucial role in monitoring systems. However, achieving precise dielectric characterization isessential to ensure result accuracy. The main objective of this article is to contribute to chemotherapy monitoring systems by analyzing tissue permittivity in vivo and ex vivo, both with and without chemotherapy
effects. For the experiment design, an open-ended coaxial probe was used within a frequency range of 1 to 8 GHz, following a measurement protocol. The obtained data were classified into four groups based on
the type. It was observed that the permittivity increased by 30% under the influence of chemotherapy, presenting significant changes in tumor tissues within a range of 15% to 20%. These findings demonstrate thepossibilities of effective monitoring under the influence of chemotherapy.

Investigation of Correlation Between Absorbed Power Density and Incident Power Density for User Equipment Antennas at Sub-THz Frequencies

84

Ming Yao, Wen Fu, Gert Pedersen and Shuai Zhang (Aalborg University, Denmark)In the international guidelines, absorbed power density and incident power density have been proposed as local exposure limits above 6 GHz to protect humans from electromagnetic field exposure. Incident power
density has attracted more interest because of easier assessment compared to absorbed power density. However, the correlation between incident power density and absorbed power density should be examined in
the near field before using it for the electromagnetic field compliance assessment. The reason is that incident power density is derived from the absorbed power density in the far field. Currently, there is no relevant
study focusing on practical antennas used for user equipment at sub-THz frequencies. In this paper, the correlation between incident power density and absorbed power density is studied using an antenna at sub-THz
frequencies. The results show that incident power density has a good correlation when they are averaged over four square centimeters, except for 100 GHz.

Tuesday, March 19 13:10 - 14:40
PP01: Poster session on Propagation I/ / Propagation
Room: Expo/Poster
Chair: Yuan Ding (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A Deep Learning-Based Approach for Inverse Design of Reconfigurable Metasurfaces 91
Xin You and Panagiotis Kosmas (Kings College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Reconfigurable metasurfaces (RMTSs) have attracted increasing attention for various practical applications thanks to their intriguing ability to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves dynamically. However,conventional modelling and optimization methodologies of RMTSs can be ad-hoc and time-consuming, which restricts their development. This paper proposes a novel inverse design methodology based on deeplearning (DL) techniques to train an inverse artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the corresponding physical dimensions of RMTSs with a given EM response in real time with high predictive accuracy. Thismethodology is modified from the conventional forward and inverse design by introducing performance indices including resonant frequency, max amplitude, and 3dB bandwidth of the reflection coefficient S11's firstresonant frequency band as the inverse ANN model's input and the criteria to separate the datasets. Based on the efficient and accurate inverse ANN model, RMTSs can be easily optimized to fit various applications
in 5G wireless communications.

Analysis of the Capacity and Energy Efficiency of Metallodielectric Surface Wave Links Operating Beyond Y Band 101
Jie Qing (University of Electronic Science and Technology, China); Miguel Navarro-Cía (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The ability to reconfigure surface wave links has the potential to mitigate manufacturing issues unavoidable on microtextured surfaces as well as to introduce some level of signal processing. To this end, thiswork proposes a surface wave link based on a silicon-aluminium periodic structure supporting surface waves in the THz range. The dispersion and power budget of a link based on such surface wave supporting
metallodielectric structure is presented. This work provides an effective guide for the layout of terahertz surface wave links.

The Time Modulated Array for Channel Sounding Measurements - Concept and Initial Field Tests 98
Edward Ball (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Sumin David Joseph (The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Alan Tennant(University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
We present a technique to use a Time Modulated Array as the transmitter in a 5.8 GHz propagation channel sounder. The 5.8 GHz signal is first modulated with a pseudo random binary sequence, to allow a
correlation in the receiver to detect multi-beam relative path delays and powers, so supporting angle of departure measurements for the transmitter. The system can resolve delays down to 250 ns and the receivermeasurement floor is -120 dBm. We present the system concepts and initial field test results.

A Study on W-Band Frequency Attenuation in the Presence of Human Blockage 87
Juan E. Galeote-Cazorla, Alejandro Ramírez-Arroyo and Salvador Moreno-Rodríguez (University of Granada, Spain); Jose-Maria Molina-Garcia-Pardo (Universidad
Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain); Maria-Teresa Martinez-Ingles (University Centre of Defence at the Spanish Air Force Academy, MDE-UPCT, Spain); Pablo Padilla(University of Granada, Spain); Juan Valenzuela-Valdés (Universidad de Granada, Spain)
The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications has been established as the current paradigm. Nevertheless, it has some limitations for cutting-edge applications. The sixth generation (6G) is being conceived
to approach these new services. It is expected to reach 1 Tbps with ultra-low latency communications, which will be possible by enabling sub-THz and THz frequency bands. These bands are challenging in terms
of propagation since the diffraction phenomenon is degraded by blocking due to the size of the objects in terms of wavelength. Therefore, Non Line-of-Sight (NLoS) condition produced by the human blockage is not
negligible for communication reliability. In this work, the signal attenuation and the blockage duration produced by human blockage are analyzed in the W-Band (75 - 110 GHz). The study shows significant differencesin terms of the frequency within the W-Band, the distance between antennas, the human blockage orientation, or the blockage human sample.

Field Trials for Different 5G NSA Cellular Networks 93
George Tsoulos and Georgia E. Athanasiadou (University of Peloponnese, Greece); George Nikitopoulos and Vassilis Tsoulos (University of Pelponnese, Greece); Nikos
Christopoulos and Dimitra Zarbouti (University of Peloponnese, Greece)
With the introduction of 5G networks, network operators are encountering novel challenges regarding network coverage, capacity, and quality of service. Therefore, it has become imperative to measure and monitor
the performance of networks to identify anomalies and optimize performance. This is particularly crucial for NSA 5G networks, as they are constructed on top of the existing 4G infrastructure and may not offer thefull potential of 5G technology. In this study, we underscore the importance of system measurements in recently deployed 5G networks, specifically NSA 5G networks, in a town that comprises diverse operational
environments. To accomplish this, we utilized handheld devices to gauge the system parameters simultaneously for 4G and 5G networks, and reported critical parameters that assess coverage, capacity, and quality
performance, for three cellular network operators.

A New Approach for Line of Sight Prediction with Geometry Analysis and Machine Learning in Diverse Environments
Mostafa Jassim and Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany)

94

This paper discusses a new method to predict the line of sight condition between the transmitter and receiver implementing a hybrid model of geometry extraction and machine learning.

Path Gain Measurements and Models at 60 GHz in Street Canyons from Rooftop Sites for Outdoor Coverage
Andreia Lopes and Mauricio Rodríguez (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile)88

Good coverage with high-gain antennas unlocks the full potential of wide bandwidth at mm/cm bands. We report an extensive outdoor measurement campaign at 60 GHz, with over 470 links in both LOS and NLOS

measured on 4 streets in Chile using a specialized narrowband channel sounder. We use a 10° (24.7 dBi) receiving horn antenna rotating at 300 RPM to capture azimuthal angular power and a 50° (10.7 dBi)transmitting antenna. The street-to-street path gain is well represented by a log-normal model with an RMS error of 4.5 dB, and the Standard 3GPP models produced a 4-18 dB RMS error loss relative to our data.
The measured path gain around the corner indicates that after turning a corner, the signal suffered an excess loss about 26 dB 10m into the corner and about 30 dB after 100m.

Dual-Polarized Diffraction Measurements and Modeling at D-Band Frequencies

92

Cihan Barış Fındık (CWC Radio Technologies - University of Oulu, Finland); Peize Zhang, Veikko Hovinen, Marko E Leinonen and Aarno Pärssinen (University of Oulu,
Finland); Pekka Kyösti (Keysight Technologies & University of Oulu, Finland)This paper investigates the diffraction mechanism at D-band and its polarization dependency in a concise way. The results are compared with the conventional knife edge diffraction (KED) model. A thin metal,
laminated board, and a slab of absorber are used as blockage for characterization. Logarithmic fit functions are provided to demonstrate the impact of material properties in diffraction. In most of the cases, KED
model provided a good agreement with measurements. The findings also suggest that the XPR is preserved in diffraction for both co-polarized and cross-polarized scenarios.

Development of a Site-Specific Building Entry Loss Model for High-Rise Buildings

97

Shoma Tanaka (SoftBank Corp., Japan); Akihiro Sato, Sho Kimura, Ho-Yu Lin and Hideki Omote (Softbank Corp., Japan)
Recently, not only mobile networks using ground base stations but also Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) have been attracting attention, and the development of ubiquitous networks combining these networks is
expected to expand communication coverage. In order to build such networks efficiently, it is necessary to estimate radio propagation characteristics accurately according to various terrestrial environments. In
this paper, the authors focus on the study the radio propagation loss characteristics from outdoor to indoor areas, i.e., Building Entry Loss (BEL). 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and International
Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication sector (ITU-R) have standardized the BEL models. However, these models are not appropriate detailed studies because of the small number of parameters taken into
account. Therefore, the authors carried out field measurements in office buildings with various elevation/azimuth angle between the outdoor station and the building and various location of the indoor station, clarified
the BEL characteristics, and developed a site-specific model.

Sub-THz Propagation Measurement and Analysis in Indoor Corridor Environment at 159 GHz

89

Juyul Lee, Jae-Joon Park, Heon Kook Kwon, Byung Su Kang and Myung-Don Kim (ETRI, Korea (South))Numerous studies on propagation characteristics in corridor environments have been conducted. Furthermore, several standardized models have been developed and released by organizations such as ITU-R, 3GPP,ETSI, etc. However, most of these models are not applicable for frequencies above 100 GHz. Nevertheless, the sub-THz band, which encompasses frequencies between 100 GHz and 300 GHz, is being considered
as a potential candidate band for 6G. In this context, this paper presents corridor environment measurements at 159 GHz and analyzes their propagation characteristics. The measurements were conducted using
a 5-GHz-bandwidth channel sounder for high-resolution delay domain analysis. Horn antennas were installed at both the Tx and the Rx, and they were rotated for angular domain analysis. Both the best directional
characteristics (among all the rotational Tx-Rx combinations), denoted by "Max- Dir", and synthesized omnidirectional characteristics, denoted by "Syn-Omni", were derived for path loss and delay spread. Additionally,
angular spread statistics were calculated.

Achievable Rate Approximation of Large Intelligent Surface Based on Deep Learning
Yifan Mao and Zhirun Hu (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain))100

In order to enhance the achievable rate of large intelligent surfaces (LIS) afflicted by hardware impairment (HWI), existing LIS systems have adopted a distributed deployment scheme that takes into consideration
the impact of HWI. This study aims to investigate the optimization problem of matrix design for distributed LIS in the presence of HWI, as well as to reduce the required number of channel samples and computational
complexity for calculating the HWI equivalent noise density and utility. A deep learning-based approach is proposed in this work, which not only learns environment-related information between LISs aiming for
maximizing the achievable rate of LIS systems with HWI, but also uses small training samples so to ease the system complexity.

The Effect of Beam Misalignment in Data Center Environment at 285GHz Band 95
Jinhyung Oh (Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea (South)); Jong Ho Kim (ETRI, Korea (South)); Jangsuk Choi (RRA, Korea (South)); Jae Ho
Seok (National Radio Research Agency, Korea (South))
In this paper, we investigate changes in received power intensity and R.M.S. delay spread due to antenna beam width misalignment when using a terahertz band directional antenna in an inter-rack communication
environment within a data center. Because the terahertz band has a relatively short radio distance due to the frequency characteristics, directional antennas are expected to be mainly utilized. However, when using a
directional antenna with a narrow antenna beamwidth, a situation where the beamwidths of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna do not overlap may occur, resulting in antenna beamwidth misalignment.
In particular, in an inter- rack communication environment within a data center, we assume that the transmitting and receiving antennas are horizontally or vertically misaligned with the antenna beam widths, and we
confirm the resulting effect in propagation characteristics.

Half Mode Corrugated Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HM-CSIW) Band-Stop Filter Using Hexagonal Ring Resonators 99
Amit Kumar Patel, Aakash Bansal, Chinthana J Panagamuwa and William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This article presents a novel wideband bandstop filter using a half-mode corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (HM-CSIW) coupled with hexagonal ring resonators (HRRs). The HM-CSIW is designed to operate
at the TE10 mode with a cut-off frequency of 22 GHz. The device is fed with integrated digitated capacitor (IDC) in microstrip feed to achieve a full DC-bias. A reconfigurable bandstop behavior has been reportedwith the introduction of HRR defects within the CSIW. A simulated insertion loss < 1 dB is shown for the passband of the HM-CSIW with a rejection > -30 dB for the stop-band at 26.5 to 33.5 GHz.

Analog Self-Interference Cancellation by Means of a Synchronised Signal Injection

102

Sarmad Ozan and Geoffrey Hilton (University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Tommaso Cappello (Villanova University, USA); Mark Beach (University ofBristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Full-duplex communications have the potential to double the spectral efficiency. Self-interference hinders the realization of full-duplex communications, thus significant suppression needs to be achieved to enable
simultaneous transmit and receive. This paper presents a digitally-assisted analog self-interference cancellation by pre-coding a cancellation waveform on an auxiliary transmitter using a modified copy of thetransmitted signal. Over 30 dB self-interference cancellation has been achieved over a bandwidth of 20 MHz.

A Modified Channel Model for the MIMO System Deployed RIS Elements with Imperfect Surface

103

Shaoxuan Xue, Jianing Zhao and Weikang Yang (Southeast University, China)
In this paper, we propose a modified millimeter wave band RIS-assisted end-to-end MIMO channel model, in which the transmission line model is adopted to analyze the RIS element with microdamage. Normally,by independently adjusting the phase shift of RIS elements, incident waves can be reflected in the desired direction by RIS elements working collaboratively. However, the working states of RIS elements are notalways ideal. The influence of imperfect elements on channel response and channel capacity is discussed, modeled and simulated in this paper. The simulation results show that, compared with the normal RIS, theanomalous reflection performance will be affected and RIS-assisted channel capacity will decrease.

Breaking the Myth of RIS: Investigating the Role of User Equipment for Achieving Robust mmWave Wireless Channel Links Under NLOS Environments
Bumhyun Kim and Wonbin Hong (Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Korea (South))86

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) are being explored as a solution to tackle millimeter-wave (mmWave) coverage gaps in wireless communication. However, quantitative analysis to synergize the RIS and the
beamforming capacity of user equipment (UE) remains elusive. This paper delves into the challenges of mmWave blind spot resulting from insufficient terminal coverage despite the addition of RIS through empiricalquantification. For in-depth investigation, a mobile configuration that employs Antenna-on-Display (AoD) situated on the foreside of the UE is compared with a conventional Antenna-in-Package (AiP) on the side andbackside of UE. The forward reception decreases less than 3 dB, whereas side and back receptions drop by at least 7 dB. Comprehensive total scan patterns and cumulative distribution function analyses highlightthe importance of foreside coverage. The AoD integration results in a lowered attenuation of 2.04 dB, whereas the conventional AiP setup shows a 4.47 dB reduction at the 90% CDF level.

Scenario Classification and Channel Modeling for MIMO Communications in Dense Urban Street Scenarios 96
Hancheng Li (Southeast University, China); Chen Huang (Purple Mountain Laboratories & Southeast University, China); Cheng-Xiang Wang (Southeast University, China

& Purple Mountain Laboratories, China); Junling Li (Southeast University, China)
As one of the most typical wireless communication scenarios, urban communication scenarios draw significant attention in recent years. The full-coverage vision of sixth generation (6G) wireless communications
requires a more accurate scenario classification. However, the classification of urban communication scenarios in the existing standard channel models is still rough, which can not meet the requirements of 6G
wireless communications. In this paper, based on the physical environmental factors, e.g., building height and density, we classify urban dense street scenarios into three individual sub-scenarios, i.e., major streets,minor streets, and branch streets. Specifically, by optimizing the model parameters, we transform the pervasive channel model into customized channel models for each sub-scenario. The proposed channel models
are validated by using the channel data collected from practical communication networks. Furthermore, we analyse the impact of physical environmental factors on channel characteristics.

Channel Characterization and Modeling for Wireless MIMO Communication Systems in Intersection Scenarios

85

Deyuan Zhao (Southeast University, China); Chen Huang (Purple Mountain Laboratories & Southeast University, China); Cheng-Xiang Wang (Southeast University, China& Purple Mountain Laboratories, China); Junling Li, Zhongyu Qian and Wenqi Zhou (Southeast University, China)
As a typical communication scenario, the intersection scenario is not well defined and studied in 3GPP TR 38.901. Therefore, to provide higher-quality communication services, it is necessary to study more refinedintersection scenarios. In this paper, we propose a new categorization of the intersection scenarios based on the physical environmental parameters. According to the classification results, the corresponding channel
model parameters can be determined to build adaptive channel models, which can avoid further extensive channel measurements to study the channels. Besides, to verify the model accuracy, the synthetic data
generated by the proposed channel models are compared with the channel data collected from the practical cell communication networks in Meishan City. The results show that the synthetic data are well matchedwith the collected channel data. Then, channel characteristics of all types of intersection scenarios are compared and analyzed to verify the reasonableness of the categorization.

Ray-Tracing Based Channel Modeling and Characteristics Analysis for LEO Satellite-To-Ground Systems

90

Kaiyuan Zhang (Southeast University, China); Songjiang Yang and Yinghua Wang (Purple Mountain Laboratories, China); Jie Huang (Southeast University, China);
Cheng-Xiang Wang (Southeast University, China & Purple Mountain Laboratories, China)
With the vision of global coverage for the sixth generation (6G) wireless communication systems, the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems have drawn considerable attention. In this paper, A LEO satellite-to-groundchannel model for urban scenarios is proposed based on ray-tracing. The channel model is divided into the atmospheric part and near-ground part, and the effects of ionospheric scintillation, rainfall, and multipath
are studied. The model analyzes the multipath effect in the near-ground with the image method, assuming that the incident rays come from a circular plane transmitter over the ground. Channel characteristics suchas delay power spectral density (PSD) and received power of signals are derived. The simulation results show that the received power increases with the satellite elevation angle increasing in urban scenarios.

Tuesday, March 19 14:40 - 15:20
IN1: Hybrid Hardware and Digital Processing for energy efficient space phased arrays; Dr. Hervé Legay,
Thales Alenia Space, France//
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France), George Goussetis (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))

Tuesday, March 19 14:40 - 15:20
IN3: Measurement Techniques for mmW and THz Propagation Channel Characterization; Dr. Pekka Kyösti,University of Oulu, Finland//
Room: M1
Chairs: Rafael F. S. Caldeirinha (Polytechnic Institute of Leiria & Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal), Sana Salous (Durham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))

Tuesday, March 19 15:20 - 16:00
IN2: Self-Phasing Antenna Array Technology for Real World Wireless; Prof. Vincent Fusco, Queens
University of Belfast, N Ireland, UK//
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France), George Goussetis (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))

Tuesday, March 19 15:20 - 16:00
IN4: Radiowave Propagation Development in the ITU-R; Carol Wilson, CSIRO Space & Astronomy, Australia//
Room: M1
Chairs: Rafael F. S. Caldeirinha (Polytechnic Institute of Leiria & Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal), Sana Salous (Durham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
CS32: AMTA Session: Novel Antenna Measurement and Post Processing Techniques
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Dennis Lewis (Boeing, USA), Janet O'Neil (ETS-Lindgren, USA)
16:30 Delving into Time Domain Gating: An Extensive Study on Parameter Selection and Its Implications
Zhong Chen (ETS-Lindgren, USA); Dennis Lewis (Boeing, USA)Time Domain Gating is a convenient function offered in commercial Vector Network Analyzers. Users can easily apply a gate by configuring gating parameters without needing to delve into the intricacies of gating
implementation. The selection of these parameters can impact the outcomes, and differences in manufacturers' implementations can also lead to variations. This study explores the detailed implementations of gatingalgorithms, providing insights on how gating operates in typical commercial analyzers and how the choice of the parameters influences the gated results. Furthermore, we introduce a gating library which allows offline
gating on a PC. The library includes all the functions found in a VNA. In addition to incorporating the conventional "edge renormalization" commonly found in VNAs, this library integrates an alternative edge treatment
technique known as Spectrum Extension Edgeless Gating, which reduces edge errors for a wide class of measurement data.

16:50 A Comparison of Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation Algorithms for Use with Industrial Multi-Axis Robotic Antenna Measurement Systems
Stuart F Gregson (Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Clive Parini (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper compares and contrasts a number of different near-field to far-field transformation algorithms that can be used for the purpose of processing near-field data acquired using multi-axis industrial robots.
The merits and limitations of these various, commonly encountered algorithms are highlighted with comparison far-field data presented. Furthermore, the paper explores the viability of using mixed mode acquisition
geometries when performing antenna gain measurements. Here, we verify that at 8 GHz and above, where truncation effects are minimal, for this circa 30 dBi gain (at 8 GHz) test antenna the far-field peaks were inagreement to better than +/-0.02 dB, at 3 SD irrespective of the acquisition geometry and transform algorithm being utilised

17:10 In-Flight Calibration of the Measurement System for UAV-Based Near-Field Antenna Measurements
Mohammad Mirmohammadsadeghi (Technical University of Munich, Germany); Stefan Punzet (Technical University of Munich & School of Computation, Information andTechnology, Chair of High-Frequency Engineering (HFT), Germany); Thomas F. Eibert (Technical University of Munich (TUM) & Chair of High-Frequency Engineering(HFT), Germany); Alexander H. Paulus (Technical University of Munich, Germany)
The measurement systems used for outdoor uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV)-based near-field measurements are typically sensitive to environmental influences, such as temperature. These factors manifest as adrift in the measured signal over time. To detect and compensate such variations in UAV-based near-field measurements, we propose an in-flight calibration approach. This approach involves a near-field interpolation
based on local measurements taken repeatedly around fixed reference points, eliminating the need for precise UAV positioning. The interpolation is achieved by solving an inverse source problem. Based on thisinterpolation technique, which is verified through several simulations, we give a flight strategy that allows for monitoring possible changes in the received signal. We test the effectiveness of the interpolation method
using real measurement data.

17:30 Simplified Techniques to Estimate Uncertainties for Antenna Gain Patterns Determined via Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation
David Ulm (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany); Thomas Kleine-Ostmann (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany)
Depending on the frequency range of interest, the influence of chamber reflections can be a dominant contribution to the measurement uncertainty when calibrating antennas. Estimating this measurement uncertainty
contribution is relatively cumbersome and, strictly speaking, requires a new analysis for each unknown antenna, since the influence of chamber reflections depends on the probe, the measurement chamber, thefrequency being examined and the antenna under test.
This article shows how modern transformation algorithms can be used to determine the influence of chamber reflections through redundant measurements. The focus here is on measurement procedures that are
simple to carry out and can be integrated automatically into an existing measurement process without having to dismount the antenna under test.

17:50 Stable Phaseless Spherical Antenna Measurements via Mixed-Norm Regularization
Nicolas Mezieres (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, France); Benjamin Fuchs (Federal Office of Communications, Switzerland); Laurent Le Coq (University of Rennes 1& IETR, France)
The phaseless characterization of radiated field of antennas is a promising alternative to ease the measurements and to reduce the cost of measurement setups. However, phaseless procedures are dragged down
by significant constraints such as the number of required field samples and convergence problems. This article improves on a previous work by proposing a simple yet efficient spherical, phaseless, measurement
procedure based on an adaptive mixed-norm regularization.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
EXR: Exhibitors' reception
Room: M1

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
A04: Shared apertures and multiband antennas
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Santi Concetto Pavone (Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy), Daniel Sjöberg (Lund University, Sweden)
16:30 Implementation of a Novel Triband Antenna Array in a FR1/FR2 5G-NR System
Tiago Brandão (Inatel, Brazil); Eduardo Saia (Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicações, Brazil); Hugo R. D. Filgueiras (VS Telecom, Brazil); Arismar Cerqueira S. Jr.
(INATEL, Brazil)
This paper reports on the implementation of a novel triband antenna array in a FR1/FR2 5G New Radio (5G-NR) system. The proposed array combines three different dipole- shaped antenna subarrays with thefollowing bandwidths: 650- 880 MHz, 2.76-4.2 GHz and 24.9-27.8 GHz. Its adjacent element mutual coupling is kept lower than -20 and -30 dB for interband and intraband conditions, respectively. Furthermore, allarray elements provide a beamwidth of approximately 60 °, cross- polarization lower than -20 dB and gain from 7 to 9.7 dBi over the designed 5G bands. The performance experimental results demonstrate theapplicability of proposed antenna array under real microwaves and mm-waves indoor propagation conditions in accordance to the 3GPP requirements, as a function of the Root Mean Square Error Vector Magnitude(EVMRMS). The new triband antenna array topology enables to perform high-quality simultaneous intraband and interband transmission/reception over different FR1 and FR2 standardized channels.

16:50 Design of A Dual-Circular Polarized Antenna Array for Dual-Band Aperture-Shared Applications
Lianwei Zhu and Shigang Zhou (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China)
This paper presents a dual circularly polarized dual-band antenna array based on frequency selective surfaces, including a 2 × 2 low-band (LB) antenna array with four 2 × 2 high-band (HB) antenna arrays underneath.
The proposed LB antenna operating at 1.7-2.4 GHz (34.1%) consists of a FSS-based radiator and two feeding coaxial. Four HB units distributed under each LB unit. Besides, the passband of the proposed FSSradiator is designed to cover the operating band of 5-6 GHz (18.2%). As a result, the radiation of the HB units can transmit through the FSS-radiator of the LB units. For demonstration, a prototype is designed andfabricated. The suggested design has been produced and tested, and the measured results match the simulations well.

17:10 A Shared-Aperture Planar Antenna for 5G
Marco Simone (University of Catania, Italy); Santi Concetto Pavone (Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy); Matteo Bruno Lodi (University of Cagliari, Italy); Nicola Curreli(Italian Institute of Technology, Italy); Giacomo Muntoni and Alessandro Fanti (University of Cagliari, Italy); Gino Sorbello (University of Catania, Italy); Giuseppe
Mazzarella (University of Cagliari, Italy)
This paper presents a shared aperture antenna for 5G applications in FR1 and FR2 bands. The design concept exploits the relevant difference in size between the radiating elements to embed a high frequency

patch array in the same area where a low frequency patch lays. The antenna system is designed on a single substrate, with a coaxial probe feeding for the FR2 array. The performances of the antenna system areevaluated for both the operating frequency bands, achieving a 10-dB bandwidth equal to 0.14 GHz (3.8%) for FR1, and to 2.32 GHz (8.6%) for FR2. In FR2, a ±30◦ steering capability along the H-plane is shown.

17:30 Simulated Far-Field Pattern Disruption from a 1 GHz Cloaked Array Above a 10 GHz Array
Alexandros Pallaris and Daniel Sjöberg (Lund University, Sweden)
This paper presents a design enabling two antenna arrays to use the same aperture. Starting from a 1 GHz dipole element designed to be cloaked for a frequency band around 10 GHz, we designed a 1 GHz arrayincluding a feeding network to allow us to place 6 of these elements on top of a co-polarized 10 GHz array without adversely disturbing its function. A balun was designed, transmission lines were decided upon, andan array placement was chosen. The effect of the 1 GHz cloaked array with its feeding network on the 10 GHz array's radiation pattern was then simulated, showing that the 10 GHz pattern was not greatly disturbed.

17:50 A Penta-Band Shared Aperture Antenna with A Very Ratio Frequency for 5G and B5G Smartphone Applications
Amjaad Altakhaineh and Saqer S Alja'afreh (Mutah University, Jordan); Chaoyun Song (King's College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yi Huang (University ofLiverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain))A penta-band (3.2/5.7/28/38/130 GHz) substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW)shared-aperture based-antenna is proposed. A 2 × 2 compact hook-shaped (0.6×5 mm2) is proposed for 5.7 GHz band (Port1 and Port3).
For structure reuse at millimeter wave frequencies, each hook-shaped antenna composed of two orthogonal quarter wavelength-mode SIW slotted cavities (QMSIW). A triple-band 4 × 4 MIMO millimeter-wave (mmW) antenna is resulted from QMSIW cavities (Port4, Port5, Port6, and Port7). Their radiations are at 28/38/130 GHz bands. Furthermore, a single T-shaped strip monopole antenna at mid-wad between hook-shaped
structures to operate as a 3.2GHz antenna (Port2) and to maintain isolation between 5.7 hook-shaped antennas. The simulated results show that the presented antenna achieves excellent penta-band performancewith a very high frequency ratio (about 37%), high isolation levels (above 15dB) at mm-W frequency bands, and above 12dB isolation level at low bands.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
A21: Mm-wave antenna technologies II
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Lukasz Kulas (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland), Francesco Prudenzano (Politecnico di Bari, Italy)
16:30 A Dual Linear-Polarized Gap Waveguide Antenna Element for Radar and Communications at 77 GHz
Reza Gheybi Zarnagh (University of Twente, The Netherlands); Abolfazl Haddadi (Gapwaves AB, Gothenburg, Sweden); Andrés Alayón Glazunov (Linköping University,
Sweden)A novel two-port antenna employing Gap Waveguide technology introduces ±45◦ slant polarizations for Joint Communication and Sensing (JCAS) systems or polarimetric radars in the 76 − 81 GHz frequency band.
The subarray antenna comprises a two-layer radiating structure: the lower part features vertical slots radiating horizontal polarization, while the upper part integrates a septum polarizer and side metallic ridges. The
septum polarizer converts horizontal to circular polarization by creating orthogonal electric field components with a 90◦ phase difference, while side ridges compensate for this phase difference, generating slantpolarized waves. This method achieves slant polarization by exciting the antenna ports without needing cavities to alter electric field orientation. The antenna, with two elements, attains a peak gain of 8.97 dBi within
the 76 − 81 GHz frequency band, demonstrating an axial ratio exceeding 30 dB at ±45◦ slant polarization.

16:50 Dual-Linearly Polarized Pillbox Beamformer in Hybrid CNC-PCB Technologies at W-Band
Thi-Kim-Ngan Nguyen (Universite de Rennes, France); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France); Ronan Sauleau (University of Rennes 1,
France); David González-Ovejero (Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France); Ahmed Alwakil (Universite de Rennes, France)
This work introduces a novel low-profile dual-linearly polarized pillbox beamformer operating at W-band in hybrid CNC-PCB technologies. The dual-linear polarization is achieved by exciting two orthogonal modes inan overmoded parallel plate waveguide (OPPW) namely: the quasi-TEM mode (qTEM) and the quasi-TE1 mode (qTE1). The pillbox transition is made of two distinct couplers that transfer efficiently the energy of thetwo operation modes that propagate from the feeding source in the lower PPW to the uppermost PPW layer via separate coupling regions. The qTEM-mode coupler is built in Aluminum, whereas a multilayer PCB
stack-up is used for the qTE1-mode coupler. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this topology has been proposed to achieve dual-linear polarization in a single pillbox beamformer at mm-wave
frequency.

17:10 Millimeter Wave Retrodirective Van Atta Arrays in LTCC Technology
Kamil Trzebiatowski (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland); Martin Ihle (Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Germany); Benedykt
Sikorski, Lukasz Kulas and Krzysztof Nyka (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland)
The millimeter wave Van Atta arrays, intended for chipless RFID applications and fabricated in LTCC technology, are presented in this paper. The arrays are designed for 24 GHz and 60 GHz bands. The method
for an easy modification of the RCS characteristic by increasing the number of single-dimensional arrays, intended for increasing the RCS level, is also presented. The LTCC manufacturing process is described indetail. The fabricated arrays are characterized in an anechoic chamber and exhibit RCS levels up to -26 dBsm with a small 51 x 17 mm footprint.

17:30 Assessment of MFE-Based Multiport Waveguide Crossing for Use with Low-Cost, Low-Loss Dielectric Interconnects in Millimeter Wave Arrays
Nona Messhenas and Werner L. Schroeder (RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Germany); Thomas Kaiser (Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
Practical feasibility of multi-port waveguide crossings for dielectric waveguides in millimeter-wave arrays is addressed by simulation. An idealized model of a 6-port waveguide crossing which is derived from a twodimensional Maxwell's Fish-eye lens using concepts from transformation optics is considered as example. Results for the 77 GHz automotive radar band are presented. Conclusions with respect to required device
size, dielectric material and acceptable loss factor are drawn.

17:50 Feasibility Investigation on a Low-Cost an Air-Filled Substrate Integrated Waveguide Array Antenna in V-Band
Antonella Maria Loconsole (Politecnico di Bari, Italy); Adham Mahmoud (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes, France); Francesco Anelli and Vito
Vincenzo Francione (Politecnico di Bari, Italy); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France); Francesco Prudenzano (Politecnico di Bari, Italy)
In this work, Printed Circuit Board technology is considered for the design and fabrication of a multilayer air-filled Substrate Integrated Waveguide array antenna in V-band. Different alternative stack-ups areinvestigated for lamination considering prepreg materials or assembling with dielectric screws. Performances are compared via simulation in terms of bandwidth, maximum gain, total losses, and easiness ofconstruction. The prototype for the stack-up assembled with dielectric screws is chosen for fabrication for easiness.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
A19: Antennas for space systems
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France), Christophe Granet (Lyrebird Antenna Research Pty Ltd, Australia)

16:30 Compact Dual-Band Dual-Polarization Feed for Broadband Communication Satellites
Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France)
This paper describes a novel compact dual-band dual-polarization feed design with reduced cross-section. This is achieved using a developable H-plane coupler wrapped around the orthomode junction. This design
approach enables to reduce significantly the cross-section of the feed without compromising its longitudinal length. A prototype of a specific design in the K/Ka-band is described and experimental results are reported,showing good agreement between simulated and measured data. The functional part of the feed occupies a volume of only 18mm×18mm×30 mm. The mechanical multi-layer assembly design of the prototype has
an hexagonal outline compatible with a feed spacing as small as 25 mm. The feed spacing may be reduced further using additive manufacturing techniques for the design of highly integrated clusters. This feed is ofinterest for the design of innovative multiple-feed-per-beam feed clusters onboard broadband communication satellites.

16:50 Polymer-Based Additive Manufacturing of a Complex RF Front-End for New Space Applications
Carlos Suárez García and Beatriz Bedia (TTI, Spain); Norica Godja and Gregor Palczynski (CEST, Austria); Konstanze Seidler (Cubicure GmbH, Austria); ChristianGorsche (CUBICURE, Austria)
An innovative 3D-printed wideband monolithic passive array breadboard for space applications has been designed, manufactured, and tested with outstanding results in the K/Ka band. Among the main specificationsof the antenna, it has double switchable circular polarization and represents a significant forty-seven percent of relative bandwidth in a single aperture, covering both the Tx and Rx bands. This achievement represents
a viable strategy to manufacture satellite antennas using high-performance polymers via additive manufacturing (AM) and surface metallization techniques. The proposed approach for satellite on-board antenna
arrays displays significant advantages with respect to traditional antennas in terms of low profile, weight, number of pieces, time-consuming assembly, and payload-reducing parts.

17:10 Non-Regular Multibeam Coverage Antenna for Ka-Band High-Throughput Satellite Communications
Enrica Cala (Swissto12, Switzerland); Marco Baldelli (Airbus Italy, Italy); Alfredo Catalani (ESA ESTEC, Italy); Esteban Menargues (SWISSto12, Switzerland); Giovanni
Toso (European Space Agency, ESA ESTEC, The Netherlands); Piero Angeletti (European Space Agency, The Netherlands)
The paper describes a novel multibeam antenna configuration for high-throughput satellite communications. The spatial traffic demand is assumed proportional to population distribution and is balanced at payload
level using a Voronoi diagram-based approach. This approach optimizes beam coverage and traffic per beam while minimizing co-channel interference. The non-regular multibeam coverage is obtained by means ofa focal array fed reflector (FAFR) with a passive multi-feed-per-beam (MFPB) beamforming network. An innovative strategy is described for sharing feeds in subarrays while reducing complexity of the beamforming
network (BFN). The FAFR-MFPB antenna configuration is applied to a 70 beams scenario and advanced 3D additive manufacturing techniques are demonstrated to create the complex BFN.

17:30 A Possible Way to Reduce the High Sidelobe Levels Due to Reflector Struts: Curly Struts
Christophe Granet (Lyrebird Antenna Research Pty Ltd, Australia); Thomas A. Milligan (Milligan and Associates, USA); Robert Hoferer (Spacetime Machine Co, unknown);
Stig Sørensen (TICRA, Denmark)The brand new concept of curly-struts is proposed as a way to mitigate the high sidelobes generated by reflector struts. The curly-struts concept is applied to two basic examples: a Cassegrain reflector and aprime-focus parabolic dish.

17:50 Exploring the Potential of Spatially Modulated Full-Metal Dichroic Mirrors for Deep Space Antennas
Andrea Guarriello (Thales Alenia Space, France); Charalampos Stoumpos and María García-Vigueras (IETR-INSA Rennes, France); Renaud Loison (IETR & INSA,France); Jean-Jacques Herren (Thales Alenia Space, France); Hervé Legay (Thalès Alenia Space, France)
This paper introduces a novel approach to designing Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) for dichroic mirrors in Deep Space antennas. Unlike conventional periodic FSS designs, the proposed method employs aquasi-periodic structure, with each unit cell tailored to its specific local incidence angle. This approach aims to compensate for losses induced by extreme incidence angles, enhancing the overall performance of thedichroic mirror. The unit cell chosen for this study exhibits a range of design degrees of freedom, making it well-suited for this novel approach. Additionally, this unit cell offers advantages in terms of broad bandwidth
behavior and 3D-printing compatibility, addressing key requirements for Deep Space antenna applications. The paper outlines the methodology for constructing the quasi-periodic structure and presents preliminary
performance metrics, demonstrating the potential for improved performance in Deep Space antenna systems. Future work will focus on implementing the proposed design methodology and further optimizing thequasi-periodic surface.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
P03: Detection and estimation
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications / / Propagation
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Yi Huang (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Timothy Pelham (University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
16:30 Seasonal Snow Melting Process Investigation in Polar Environment Using a Dual-Receiver Radar Architecture
Martina Lodigiani and Lorenzo Silvestri (University of Pavia, Italy); Pedro Espín-López (CTTC, Spain); Marco Pasian (University of Pavia, Italy)
With the arrival of spring and the rise in temperatures, seasonal snow coverage starts its melting process and undergoes significant metamorphic changes. Daily monitoring can help to improve the knowledge about
this process. Field investigations conducted over a 15-day period in the polar station of Sodankylä-Tähtelä, Finland, utilizing the SNOWAVE system, a dual-receiver multiband and portable radar system in directcontact with the snow surface, revealed substantial day-to-day variations during the spring period. Through meticulous analysis of radar traces, researchers can discern trends in snow depth, density, and liquid watercontent in response to temperature fluctuations throughout this extended period. The paper presents the outcomes of this field campaign, demonstrating the possibility of employing innovative technologies for amonitoring throughout the snow melting process.

16:50 Advanced Microwave Radiometry: Refining Sun-Tracking Technique for Atmospheric Attenuation Retrieval and Sun Brightness Temperature Estimation
Giovanni Stazi and Marianna Biscarini (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Luca Milani (European Space Agency, Germany); George Brost (Air Force ResearchLaboratory, USA)
Sun-Tracking (ST) is a novel ground-based microwave radiometric technique that allows the retrieval of the slant-path atmospheric attenuation in all-weather conditions as well as the estimation of the Sun brightness
temperature. This work proposes a refinement procedure of the ST technique based on taking into account the Sun's angular size variability throughout the year. We have obtained a reduction up to more than
50% of the standard deviation of the estimated Sun's brightness temperature. On the other hand, we have demonstrated that the approximation of a constant value for the Sun's angular size, that strongly limits theprecision of the Sun brightness temperature estimation, is acceptable for the ST-based attenuation retrieval algorithm. The study is performed exploiting a three-years dataset of ST measurements collected in Rome
NY between 2015 and 2018 at 23.8 (K-band), 31.4 (Ka-band), 72.5 (V-band), and 82.5 (W-band) GHz.

17:10 Influence of the Atmospheric Plasma Sheath on the RCS of a Hypersonic Reentry Vehicle
Florian Mitanchey, Pascal Pagani, Vivien Loridan, Pierre Bonnemason and Claire Latappy (CEA - CESTA, France)
During the atmospheric reentry of a hypersonic vehicle, generation of plasma occurs as a result of its velocity (above Mach 5), yielding complex physics phenomena. Consequently, the object's Radar Cross
Section (RCS) strongly varies, depending on the plasma parameters. This paper presents an approach to simulate the RCS behavior of a hypersonic reentry object, by seamlessly integrating a fluid dynamics code
implementing Navier-Stokes equations with nonequilibrium chemistry, and an electromagnetic code resolving Maxwell equations by combining a Finite Elements Method and a Boundary Elements Method. As a firstvalidation, the method is applied to a PEC sphere. Further results are provided for the NASA space probe RAM C-II.

17:30 Neural Network Based Microwave Tumour Detection Using Breast Pairs
Fatimah Eashour and Stephen Pistorius (University of Manitoba, Canada)This study investigated the quality of tumour detection using radar microwave signals from paired breasts (simulating bilateral breast pairs) as input to a neural network classifier. The detection quality was comparedto that of a classifier that used single breasts as test samples. The samples consisted of sinograms of experimental microwave scans of MRI-derived breast phantoms. The results demonstrate an improvement in
detection quality of 3% in terms of the receiver operating characteristic - area under the curve (ROC AUC) and 5% in sensitivity for a classifier that used paired breasts. Notably, the classifier exhibited higher detection
quality for smaller and denser breasts.

17:50 Utilization of Wi-Fi Signal for Validation of Micro-Doppler Model in a Person Falling Scenario
Nopphon Keerativoranan, Yikai Wang and Jun-ichi Takada (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)
With the growing demand for medical care among the elderly, it is increasingly important to have intelligent detection of falling incidents. Understanding the micro-Doppler signature during a fall event with theaccurate channel model is important for future development of the effective falling detection algorithm. In this work, the micro-Doppler channel model is presented based on a combination of radar cross-section (RCS)
scattering and spheroid human models. A simplified 3D human fall model is created by creating spheroids between skeleton joints to represent different body parts. The scattering wave from each spheroid bodycomponent is computed on the basis of the scattering geometry and the RCS. The channel is then synthesized by superposition of these scattering waves. The measurement system that consists of the Wi-Fi-based
channel sounder and the Kinect motion capture system is utilized to validate the proposed model with the captured skeleton during the falling incident.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
CS13: Applications of RFID Antennas and Systems
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Giulio M. Bianco (University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy), Mahmoud Wagih (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
16:30 Antenna System for Simultaneous Wireless Power and Information Transfer to Brain Implants
Ali Khaleghi (NTNU, Norway & OUS, Norway); Aminolah Hasanvand (NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway); Ilangko Balasingham(Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology, Norway)
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have revolutionized neuroscience applications, from motor rehabilitation to neuroergonomics. Traditional implantable BCIs with invasive microelectrode arrays pose challenges,
notably the need for wired connections and inherent implantation risks. This paper introduces a battery-free wireless BCI system, consolidating an implant and its external supporting system. Our design centers ona dual-function antenna system: firstly, an inductive coupling mechanism enables wireless power transfer, sufficiently powering the implant's Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) for stimulation and readout
without an implant battery. Secondly, a backscatter antenna in the implant facilitates battery-free, high-data-rate wireless connectivity (up to 32 Mbps). This system not only enhances the BCI experience by eliminating
wires but also retains data fidelity and energy efficiency, promising a safer, more efficient interface for tasks like robotic arm control.

16:50 Understanding UHF RFID Sensor Systems: A Summary
Jasmin Grosinger (Graz University of Technology, Austria)
The paper provides an extensive summary of ultra-high-frequency radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, with a particular emphasis on the use of the antenna as a sensor. The overview begins with a generalexplanation of RFID systems, including backscatter communication, which involves absorption and reflection at the tag. The reader, especially the reader receiver, is then discussed in detail. The paper further
presents a clear relationship between the received backscattered tag signal at the reader receiver and the tag's absorbing and reflecting mode, as well as its respective backscattered electric field. This signal modelallows for a systematic design of sensor tags that use the antenna as a sensor.

17:10 Exploiting Near-Field Antenna Detuning in Collision Avoidance Systems for RFID-Equipped Robots
Glauco Cecchi, Andrea Motroni and Paolo Nepa (University of Pisa, Italy)
This paper presents a collision avoidance system for mobile robots equipped with UHF-RFID (Ultra-High Frequency - Radio Frequency IDentification) readers. The proposed system requires the presence of RFID
tags with self-tuning chips to recognize the tag antenna mismatch caused by the near-field interaction with the robot-installed antenna. The self-tuning tags are provided with a capacitors network used to re-tune theantenna in presence of mismatches. The network configuration is transmitted to the reader through modulated backscattering. The onboard computing intelligence can use this information to recognize a hazardous
situation, stop the robot, and calculate a new safe route. The system is implemented and tested in a real environment where a statistical analysis with a large dataset is conducted to provide an optimized and reliablelow-cost system.

17:30 Enabling Living Spaces Through Customizable NFC-Enabled Smart Table System
Mustasin Mahmood Sakif and Tiina Ihalainen (Tampere University, Finland); Sari Merilampi (Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Finland); Sanna-Mari Petäjistö(Junet Ltd., Finland); Pasi Raumonen, Tiina Vuohijoki and Johanna Virkki (Tampere University, Finland)This paper presents a near field communication based smart table with a cloud-based web user interface for controlling. The user needs for a smart furniture system were gathered and based on the expert
stakeholders, the main needs were synthesized into 1) environment supporting the resident's possibilities for communication and participation, 2) simple to use, easy to modify, unnoticeable, 3) supports several
actions. Based on these needs, the technical development work presented in this publication was carried out. As proof-of-concept applications, the system allows the user several functionalities: sending text message,
sending email, making phone call, playing music, opening coffeemaking tutorial or useful contact information. Preliminary testing for system functionality and practical use were conducted. The testing results indicatethat the system is working reliably. Also, the NFC tags integrated performed well in terms of read range and surface reading area. The paper presents an innovative platform for smart home applications.

17:50 UHF RFID Sensor Antenna for Fat Content and Adulteration Detection of Milk
Abubakar Sharif (University of Electronic Science and Technology China, China); Kamran Arshad and Khaled Assaleh (Ajman University, United Arab Emirates);
Muhammad Ali Imran and Qammer H Abbasi (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper proposes an ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tag based sensor for fat content and spoilage detection of milk. This dual-slot based tag is designed and optimized using
characteristic mode analysis (CMA) for whole milk (with 3.6% fat content). The two open triangular slots provide improved impedance matching over milk bottles. The tag antenna achieved a good impedance matchand bandwidth (880 MHz - 950 MHz). Fabricated prototypes of tag are pasted on milk bottles with fat contents 1.5% (low fat cow's milk), 3.6% (full cream cow's milk) and 4.5% (full cream buffalo's milk). The RFID
reader setup with EIRP 30 dBm (1W). The experiment results show the capabilities of proposed sensor tag for detecting milk's fat contents. Furthermore, this tag paves a non-invasive way for detection of milk
adulteration (mainly dilution of milk using water) and spoilage of milk.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
CS27: Implantable antennas and intra-body wave propagation
T06 Biomedical and health / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Sema Dumanli (Bogazici University, Turkey), Ali Khaleghi (NTNU, Norway & OUS, Norway)16:30 Link Budget Estimation for Implantable Antennas: From In-Body Coupling to Free-Space Radiation
Mingxiang Gao (EPFL, Switzerland); Sujith Raman (University of Twente, The Netherlands); Zvonimir Sipus (University of Zagreb, Croatia); Anja K. Skrivervik (EPFL,
Switzerland)
In wireless communication systems, the Friis transmission equation is commonly used to quickly estimate wireless transmission efficiency between the transmitter and the receiver. In the case of wireless implantablebioelectronic systems, the gain of the implantable antenna is significantly decreased by the high-loss nature of the host body. Additionally, numerical analysis of implantable antennas considering the host bodies istime-consuming and laborious. On this basis, this work proposes a method for quickly estimating the link efficiency between an implant and an external node, which is applicable for implantable miniature antenna
located in a large-scale host body. This method uses closed-form expressions that consider various parameters, including implant dimension, implantation depth, and the dielectric characteristics of the host body. A
measurement example is provided, validating the effectiveness of the proposed method in the assessment of the link budget for wireless bioelectronic systems.

16:50 An Electromagnetic Metasurface for Impedance Matching in Microwave Biomedical Applications
Alessandro Luigi Dellabate and Danilo Brizi (University of Pisa, Italy); Tarakeswar Shaw (Postdoctoral Researcher, Uppsala University, Sweden); Mauricio D Perez(Uppsala University, Department of Electrical Engineering); Robin Augustine (Uppsala University, Sweden); Agostino Monorchio (University of Pisa & CNIT, Italy)
This paper presents the design of an electromagnetic metasurface to be employed as a matching layer to improve the electric field transmission inside the human body, for microwave imaging and sensing. The
approach used to develop the matching layer is based on the transmission line model and it can be useful to tailor the metasurface properties for different applications. In particular, by retrieving the MS impedance
and tuning it in order to compensate for the body impedance, the reflection coefficient at the air-tissues interface can be minimized. We demonstrated that the conceived MS is capable of improving the transmitted
electric field by 6.6 dB at 1.61 GHz. Moreover, the array reduced dimensions allow to realize systems suitable for different anatomical districts. The results show the possibility to improve the electric field transmission
inside human body at microwaves, leading to safer and more effective solutions with respect to the actual state-of-the-art.

17:10 Theoretical Insights and Engineering of Wireless Body-Implanted Bioelectronics
Denys Nikolayev (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique (IETR) - UMR CNRS 6164, France); Erdem Cil (University of Rennes 1, France); Hajar
Benaicha and Gabriel Gaugain (University of Rennes, France); Pratik V Vadher (IETR, CNRS & University of Rennes 1, France); Lorette Queguiner (University of Rennes,
France); Ronan Sauleau (University of Rennes 1, France); Giulia Sacco (IETR - CNRS, France); Icaro V Soares (IETR & Université de Rennes 1, France)
The development and widespread adoption of body-implanted bioelectronics face significant challenges due to limited wireless performance and reliance on batteries. This contribution provides an overview of recent
theoretical advancements and practical applications in antenna design for body-implanted bioelectronics. It explores performance indicators, including bandwidth, robustness, radiation efficiency, and the impact ofloss mechanisms. Additionally, it discusses the role of antennas in wireless sensing and strategies to mitigate reflection losses, offering insights into efficient and safe power transfer.

17:30 A Compact Wideband Biocompatible Circularly Polarized Implantable Flexible Antenna for Biomedical Applications
Tarakeswar Shaw (Postdoctoral Researcher, Uppsala University, Sweden); Bappaditya Mandal (Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden); Gopinath Samanta (The LNM
Institute of Information Technology, India); Mauricio D Perez (Uppsala University, Department of Electrical Engineering); Robin Augustine (Uppsala University, Sweden)
This article presents the design of a compact, biocompatible, implantable circularly polarized (CP) antenna on a flexible substrate for biomedical use within the 920 MHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM)
frequency band. To ensure compatibility with human tissue and reduce the antenna's profile, a biocompatible alumina (Al2O3) coating surrounds the CP antenna. The antenna employs a thin 0.2 mm dielectric
substrate to maintain flexibility. The antenna's compact dimensions, including the coating, are 0.03 λ0 × 0.03 λ0 × 0.0007 λ0, with λ0 being the free-space wavelength at 920 MHz. It achieves an impressive 21.87%
high axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) covering the 902-928 MHz ISM band. Additionally, it provides a peak gain of -23.35 dBi and outstanding co-cross polarization discrimination of 22 dB at 920 MHz when oriented
along the bore sight direction. This antenna design offers significant potential for various biomedical applications.

17:50 Biodegradable Implant Antenna Utilized for Real-Time Sensing Through Genetically Modified Bacteria
Ahmet Bilir and Sema Dumanli (Bogazici University, Turkey)
This work presents a wireless in-vivo sensing system. The sensing system consist a bio-hybrid implant and a wearable reader antenna pair. The bio-hybrid implant has two parts: a biodegradable implant antenna andgenetically modified bacteria. The biodegradable implant antenna operates as a passive reflector and genetically modified bacteria controls the degradation speed according to the presence of a specific moleculeof interest. As the implant antenna degrades, changes in its geometry shift its resonant frequency. This shift is tracked by the wearable reader antennas. Therefore, the presence of the molecule of interest can be
wirelessly tracked in-vivo in real time from outside the body.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
CS7: Antenna for emerging applications at sub-THz frequencies
T07 THz and high frequency technologies / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Antonio Clemente (CEA-Leti, France), Tomas Thuroczy (Univ Rennes, France)
16:30 Low Profile and High Gain Folded Transmitarray in Quartz for Radiometry at 310 GHz
Tomas Thuroczy (Univ Rennes, France); Orestis Koutsos (CEA Leti, France); Olivier De Sagazan (University Rennes 1, France); Ronan Sauleau (Universite de Rennes,
France); David González-Ovejero (Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France)
This manuscript presents the design, analysis, and simulations of a high-gain and compact folded 310 GHz transmitarray, manufactured in quartz for radiometric applications on compact satellite platforms. The
antenna performance is analyzed using an in-house method based on geometrical optics that utilizes unit-cell simulations building on a local periodicity approximation. The antenna has an electrical size of 46λ x 46λ
x 17λ and achieves a peak gain and aperture efficiency of 41.4 dBi and 50%, respectively. The -1 dB gain bandwidth of the antenna is 8%.

16:50 Simultaneously Dual-Polarization Convertible Sub-THz Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Enabled by Through-Quartz VIAs
Byeongju Moon, Jungsuek Oh, Hogyeom Kim and Seungwoo Bang (Seoul National University, Korea (South))
In this paper, simultaneously dual-polarization convertible sub-THz reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) enabled by through-quartz VIAs is proposed. The proposed RIS has two functionalities: beam steering andpolarization conversion. Liquid crystal (LC) is placed under the metal pattern and works as a tunable substrate, which makes it possible to steer the beam. The metal pattern, placed above the LC layer, converts the
TE polarization to the TM polarization and vice versa. To avoid the polarization conversion performance degradation, the through-VIA on quartz substrate, a sanding technique with um-sized particles is used andcopper is filled in the holes to form VIAs. Then the conventional display manufacturing process is utilized to fabricate the proposed RIS. The proposed RIS unit cell has 130° of phase tuning range with 45 um cell gap.
The experimental results show that the proposed RIS satisfies both intended functions.

17:10 Experimental Characterization of a Core-Shell Lens for Antenna On-Package Integration at D-Band
Nick van Rooijen, Maria Alonso-delPino, Juan Bueno, Marco Spirito and Nuria LLombart (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Recently, we introduced a core-shell lens antenna architecture for D-band applications. The antenna uses an electrically small, non-diffractive core lens made of dense thermoplastics, and a large shell lens. Leakywave double-slot feeding antennas are used to generate a near-Gaussian pattern, and are fabricated on low-loss glass substrates, enabling future on-package antenna solutions. In this contribution, we report thefirst results of the experimental characterization of the antenna. A prototype with two types of feeding networks has been developed and characterized: coplanar waveguide based (single-layer), and microstrip based(double-layer). The single-layer design has an estimated total loss of less than 2dB, with a high gain of more than 30dB over a bandwidth of 28 percent. Measurements for the microstrip feed are currently on-going.

17:30 Characterization of a D-Band Active Transmitarray System for Efficient Point-To-Point Links
Francesco Foglia Manzillo (CEA-LETI, France); Jose Luis Gonzalez Jimenez (Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA-Leti, France); Abdelaziz Hamani (CEA, France); Alexandre
Siligaris (Cea, Leti, Minatec, France); Antonio Clemente (CEA-Leti, France)
We present the design and characterization of an innovative D-band transmitting antenna system. It comprises an active focal-plane array with two separate antennas which radiate two different signals, with adjacentbands, generated by an integrated circuit, and a flat discrete lens. The lens is designed to form a high-directivity broadside beam in both bands, i.e. from 139.3 GHz to 156.6 GHz. The use of two narrowband
signals enhances the spectral efficiency and power consumption. Measurements show a remarkable improvement of transmitted power with respect to similar transmitters performing channel aggregation with guided
components. The effective isotropic radiated power is higher than 25 dBm in a relative bandwidth of 11% and attains a peak value of 30.5 dBm. The measured radiation patterns are stable with frequency in each of
the two sub-bands. The estimated antenna gain of the system (about 26 dBi) is in tight agreement with numerical data.

17:50 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for THz: Signal Processing and Hardware Design Challenges
Luis M. Pessoa (INESC TEC & Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal); George C. Alexandropoulos (University of Athens, Greece); Antonio Clemente (CEALeti, France); Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações, Portugal); Ryan Husbands (British Telecoms, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Sean Ahearne(Dell EMC, Ireland); Qi Luo (University of Herfordshire, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Veronica Lain-Rubio (ACST, Germany); Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Germany)
Wireless communications in the THz frequency band is an envisioned revolutionary technology for sixth generation networks. However, such frequencies impose certain coverage and device design challenges
that need to be efficiently overcome. To this end, the development of cost- and energy-efficient technologies for scaling these networks to realistic scenarios constitute a necessity. Among the recent research
trends contributing to these objectives belongs the technology of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). In fact, several high-level descriptions of THz systems based on RISs have been populating the literature.
Nevertheless, hardware implementations of those systems are still very scarce, and not at the scale intended for most envisioned THz scenarios. In this paper, we overview some of the most significant signal
processing and hardware design challenges with THz RISs, and present a preliminary analysis of their impact on the overall link budget and system performance, conducted in the framework of the ongoing
TERRAMETA project.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
CS11: AI-Driven Antenna Design Contemporary Methodologies and Practical Applications
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Bo Liu (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Lei Wang (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
16:30 AI-Assisted Design and Experimental Testing of a Compact UWB Antenna for the Inspection of Food and Beverage Products
Jorge A. Tobon Vasquez, Marco Ricci and Calin I Maraloiu (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Mobayode Akinsolu (Wrexham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain));
Mingwei He (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore); Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
Detecting physical contamination caused by foreign bodies is an ongoing challenge faced by the food and beverage industries. To overcome the limitations of existing devices, a novel detection principle basedon microwave imaging (MWI) has been assessed. MWI enables non-invasive analysis of the sample under test through a 3-D reconstruction obtained from the alteration that the electromagnetic scattered waves
undergo due to the foreign body. We propose an antenna that can cover a broad set of food types, permitting the adaptability of the system's operating frequency depending on the products' dielectric properties andthe containers' type. The proposed antenna is designed with the help of artificial intelligence (AI). Thanks to its low cost and small dimensions, we can increase the acquired information by increasing the number ofantennas placed around the product. A functioning system using the designed antenna is presented, assessing the image reconstruction with realistic products and contaminants.

16:50 AI-Driven Design of a Quasi-Digitally-Coded Wideband Microstrip Patch Antenna Array
Mobayode O. Akinsolu (Wrexham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yasir Ismael Abdulraheem Al-Yasir (University of Bradford, United Kingdom (Great Britain));
Qiang Hua (University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Chan Hwang See (Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Bo Liu(University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Artificial intelligence (AI) is enabling the automated design of contemporary antennas for numerous applications. Specifically, the use of machine learning (ML)-assisted global optimization techniques for the efficientdesign of modern antennas is now fast becoming a popular method. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time, the ML-assisted global optimization of a high-dimensional non-uniform overlapping quasi-digitally
coded microstrip patch antenna array using a new AI-driven antenna design technique, called TR-SADEA (the training cost-reduced surrogate model-assisted hybrid differential evolution for complex antenna
optimization). The TR-SADEA-generated array showed very promising simulated frequency responses for potential wideband applications with a -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 5.75 GHz to 10 GHz, a minimum
in-band realized gain of 5.82 dBi, and a minimum in-band total radiation efficiency of 87.84%.

17:10 Reflecting/Absorbing Dual-Mode Textile Metasurface with AI-Driven Parametric Studies
Qiang Hua (University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Menglin Zhai and Rui Pei (Donghua University, China); Mobayode O. Akinsolu (Wrexham
University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents a textile-based reflecting/absorbing dual-mode metasurface, and emphasizes the role of AI-driven parametric studies in the designing process. The proposed textile metasurface can achievea reflecting mode with the zero-degree refection phase centre at 2.4 GHz, and an absorbing mode at the same resonance frequency. The absorption and reflection band of the design are centered at the same
frequency by applying a state-of-the-art AI-driven antenna design technique, self-adaptive Bayesian neural network surrogate model-assisted differential evolution for antenna optimization (SB-SADEA) method. The
proposed design can also achieve polarization insensitivity and a certain level of incident angle insensitivity. The fabricated prototype of the design achieves a maximal absorption rate of 99.8% and maintains anabsorption over 90% in the frequency range of 2.39 to 2.43 GHz. Moreover, a textile linear polarized monopole antenna was fabricated and tested along with the reflection metasurface.

17:30 Automated Design of Antennas Using AI Techniques: A Review of Contemporary Methods and Applications
Mobayode O. Akinsolu (Wrexham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Qiang Hua (University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Bo Liu (University ofGlasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The automated design of antennas made possible through the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques is attracting much attention. This development can be mainly attributed to the reduced design time andthe higher quality of design solutions that AI-driven antenna optimization methods provide in comparison to their more traditional counterparts. Due to the growing need to fulfill more stringent design specifications
and functional requirements for both present-day and future wireless communication systems, the design and development of antennas and antenna systems have increased both in scope and complexity such thatconventional methodologies are often not fit for an efficient practical implementation. In this paper, a brief overview of some of the latest AI-based techniques for the design and optimization of contemporary antennas
is provided with the goal of providing information on recent research to researchers in this growing area of interest.

17:50 Fine Tuning an AI-Based Indoor Radio Propagation Model with Crowd-Sourced Data
Cheick T Cissé (University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté & Orange Lab Compagny, France); Valery Guillet (Orange Labs, France); Oumaya Baala (FEMTO-ST Institute,
Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS & UTBM, France); François Spies (University of Franche Comte, France); Alexandre Caminada (Université Cote d'Azur &Polytech Nice Sophia - Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nice, France)
Recent years have known the development of radio propagation models (RPM) and specially the AI-based ones. These models are interesting for many applications such as radio planing and design, fingerprintingbased localization, radio resources management etc. However most of the proposed AI-based RPMs have been trained on simulated radio data making them not ready or reliable for real condition applications. In
this work we tackle the problem of learning and fine-tuning an AI-based RPM from simulated data to real world radio measurements. We raise the inherent problems and limitations and then propose solutions toovercome them. The study has been focused on 5 GHz Wi-Fi and Home network environment.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
IW11: Applying AI/ML to 6G PHY Research, Keysight Technologies
Room: M2
16:30 Applying AI/ML to 6G PHY ResearchPresenter: Eva Ribes-Vilanova (Keysight)

17:15 New Sub-THz & Test Techniques for 6G ResearchPresenter: Sara Parrella (Keysight)

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
IW3: 5G & 6G Communication Testbeds, TMYTEK
Vincent Lee, TMY Technology Inc. (TMYTEK)
Room: M3
Part I: Introduction
Challenges in mmWave Research High cost and limited accessibility of mmWave. Industry Insight Sharing (5G/B5G and 6G, SATCOM and Radar sensing)Part II - Barrier Breakthrough: TMYTEK Rapid mmWave Prototyping Solution
Collaboration with NI USRP platform. Comprehensive Coverage in Wireless Communication Prototyping Presenter: Vincent Lee (TMY Technology Inc. - TMYTEK)Part III - Research Enabling Features
Facilitating 5G/B5G and 6G Research. Addressing Key Research Topics MIMO. Communication and Sensing. mmWave Beamforming. Reflective Intelligent Surface (RIS)Part - IV - Case Study
Part V - Conclusion

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
E07: Optimization Methods in Metasurface Design
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Electromagnetics
Room: M4
Chairs: Enrica Martini (University of Siena, Italy), Oskar Zetterstrom (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
16:30 Model-Based Deep Learning for High-Dimensional Periodic Structures
Lucas Polo-López and Luc Le Magoarou (IETR-INSA Rennes, France); Romain Contreres (CNES, France); María García-Vigueras (IETR-INSA Rennes, France)
This work presents a deep learning surrogate model for the fast simulation of high-dimensional frequency selective surfaces. We consider unit-cells which are built as multiple concatenated stacks of screens andtheir design requires the control over many geometrical degrees of freedom. Thanks to the introduction of physical insight into the model, it can produce accurate predictions of the S-parameters of a certain structure
after training with a reduced dataset. The proposed model is highly versatile and it can be used with any kind of frequency selective surface, based on either perforations or patches of any arbitrary geometry. Numericexamples are presented here for the case of frequency selective surfaces composed of screens with rectangular perforations, showing an excellent agreement between the predicted performance and such obtainedwith a full-wave simulator.

16:50 Tunable Optimal Anomalous Reflection Using Discrete Impedance Metasurfaces
Mohammadjavad Shabanpoursheshpoli and Constantin Simovski (Aalto University, Finland)
The cutting-edge RIS technology enables accurate management of electromagnetic waves within wireless environments. In this study, we aim to achieve the maximal efficiency of the targeted anomalous reflection
without scattering at unwanted angles even if the needed reflection angle is very large. To address this, we present a robust optimization technique that utilizes a mode-matching approach for a periodically nonuniform metasurface. It uses the apparatus of discretized sheet impedance and ensures the easy implementation and passivity of the metasurface.

17:10 Adaptive Weighting Scheme for Multi-Objective Optimization in Metasurface Antenna Design
Marcello Zucchi, Amedeo Guida and Giuseppe Vecchi (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
We present a novel adaptive weighting scheme suited to the current-based optimization of metasurface antennas. The problem is formulated in terms of a weighted sum of individual objective functions corresponding
to different constraints. A non-linear conjugate gradient optimization algorithm is combined with an hyperplane adaptive weighting scheme to improve the convergence properties. The proposed approach is inspiredby a geometrical interpretation of the properties of the Pareto front, and guarantees a balancing of the individual goals. The procedure has been applied to the design of broadside-radiating metasurface antenna
working at 23 GHz, and demonstrated its effectiveness in improving both the speed of convergence and quality of the solution with respect to existing algorithms.

17:30 Multilayer Reflectionless Wide-Angle Anomalous Refractors Based on Surface Field Optimization
Federico Giusti, Enrica Martini, Stefano Maci and Matteo Albani (University of Siena, Italy)
In this work, we discuss the application of a numerically efficient tool based on the optimization of surface field harmonics for the design of reflectionless multilayer wide-angle anomalous refractors. In the proposeddesign approach, a certain number of evanescent Floquet modes are introduced through an optimization procedure aiming at minimizing the real part of the sheets surface impedance. Unlike the standard three-layer
design, the one presented here offers the flexibility to choose an arbitrary number of layers as an input parameter during the design phase, providing an additional degree of freedom to explore novel solutions. Here,we compare the performance of three-layer and four-layer designs for achieving a -20° to +40° anomalous refraction. The optimized four-layer design exhibits spatially bounded admittance profiles, resulting in more
effective anomalous refraction compared to the three-layer counterpart, which features asymptotes. The results are obtained using an in-house full wave analysis tool.

17:50 An Accurate Semi-Analytical Model for Periodic Tunable Metasurfaces Electromagnetic Response
Savvas Raptis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); Alexandros Papadopoulos (University of Ioannina, Greece); Loizos Symeonidis (Aristotle University ofThessaloniki, Greece); Antonios Lalas (Centre for Research and Technology - Hellas (CERTH), Greece); Christos Liaskos (University of Ioannina, Greece & Foundation of
Research and Technology Hellas, Greece); Konstantinos Votis (Information Technologies Institute, Centre For Research and Technology Hellas, Greece); Dimitrios
Tzovaras (Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece); Traianos Yioultsis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece)
Tunable metasurfaces, that is, 2D metamaterial structures with programmable functionalities have been a significant subject of research. The consideration of non-local effects in metasurfaces has been provento be highly important in modeling the electromagnetic response of such structures. In this paper a highly accurate semi-analytical model is presented, taking into consideration the non-local effects of a periodic
metasurface. The model is validated through comparison with full wave simulations of tunable metasurfaces' supercells, providing accurate and almost zero computational cost calculations of the radiating Floquet
modes. The efficiency of the proposed model allows optimization algorithms to run fast, without multiple repeats of full wave simulations, rendering an effortless extraction of the tunable variables' proper values forthe desired behavior of the structure. This advantage is used for the design of programmable anomalous reflectors' supercells for V2X communications.

Tuesday, March 19 16:30 - 18:10
DA -: DA - EurAAP DA//
Room: Fyne

Wednesday, March 20

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
SW11a: Wi-Fi Antenna Innovation for FTTR (Fiber-To-The-Room) Multi-Access Points F5G-A Scenarios
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chair: Francis Keshmiri (Huawei Technologies, France)
8:30 Giga Home Broadband FTTR, an Overview of Wi-Fi 8 Techniques, Spectrums, and Standardizations
Presenter: Francis Keshmiri (Huawei Technologies, France)

8:45 On Implementation of SEME-Paradigm in Indoor - New Trends for Wi-Fi Connectivity and UE Improvements
Presenter: Andrea Massa (University of Trento, Italy)

9:15 Wi-Fi Antenna with Reconfigurable Metasurfaces
Presenter: Cristian Della Giovampaola (Wave Up, Italy)

9:45 Multi-Antenna Systems for Future Wi-Fi Technologies
Presenter: Fabien Ferrero (Université Côte d'Azur, France)

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
CS31: AMTA Session: New Applications for Compressive Sensing in Antenna Measurements
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: M1
Chairs: Zhong Chen (ETS-Lindgren, USA), Stuart F Gregson (Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
8:30 Compressive Sensing Applied to Production Testing of Array Antennas Using a Robotic Arm and Very Sparsely Sampled Near-Field Measurements
Clive Parini (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Stuart F Gregson (Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))Compressive Sensing (CS) has been deployed in a variety of fields. In massive MIMO arrays, CS has been applied to reduce the number of measurements required to verify array excitation in a production
environment. The authors have applied CS to planar near-field measurements offering a compact test facility well suited to the production environment for these antennas with a mean square error of -30dB using just
1.5% of the samples needed for a conventional NF measurement. In this paper we address the optimal sampling strategy needed for this NF approach to diagnose arrays with up to a 4% failure rate by employing
a statistical performance analysis of the reconstruction accuracy. Previous publications concerning CS based array diagnostics have exclusively studied the reconstructed array element amplitude, in this work weconsider both array element amplitude and phase reconstruction performance that is critical in applying the technique to a production environment.

8:50 High Resolution ISAR Imaging Methods for RCS Data Analysis
Christer Larsson (Lund University & Saab Dynamics, Sweden); Andreas Gällström (Lund University and Saab Dynamics)
Radar Cross Section measurement data is often analyzed using Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar images. Backprojection is the conventional method to create these images but is limited in resolution. This paperbuilds on developments of ℓ1-minimization and iterative smooth reweighted ℓ1-minimization to get super resolution and adding another processing step with Gaussian smoothing. This step improves the visualizationof the produced high resolution images making them smoother and easier to interpret.

9:10 Application of Compressed Sensing to Antenna Far-Field Calibration in an Extrapolation Range
Zhong Chen (ETS-Lindgren, USA); Yibo Wang (ETS Lindgren, USA)

Antenna calibration in an extrapolation range is considered the most accurate method for acquiring far-field gain in an indoor chamber. This method requires one antenna to move linearly to collect the responses. The
responses exhibit ripples due to multipath reflections. Post processing is needed to remove these ripples before fitting to a generalized equation to extrapolate data to the far field. The ripples are traditionally smoothed
out by using a moving average method, and this requires collecting data densely. Recent proposals using k-space filtering can relax the sampling requirement. However, as the interactions between antennas occur athigh spectral frequencies, a dense sampling is required to avoid aliasing. Here we propose to use Compressed Sensing (CS) to recover the spectrum coefficients, and then apply filtering. CS scheme can significantly
reduce the number of sampling points required and speed up the measurements while maintaining the accuracy of the extrapolation method.

9:30 Analysis of Time and Direction of Arrival (TADOA) Data Using Basis Pursuit in the AFRL One-RY Antenna Measurement Range
Brian Fischer (Resonant Sciences)
Time and Direction of Arrival (TADOA) analysis of field probe data has been an accepted method for characterizing stray signals in an antenna measurement range for many years. Recent uncertainty investigations
at the OneRY compact antenna range have shown a need for increased resolution to isolate and characterize energy in TADOA images so that resources can be carefully applied to reduce the uncertainty from thesestray signals. This is accomplished by modeling the TADAO image as the solution to a Basis Pursuit (BP) ℓ1 minimization problem. This paper outlines the model development and shows concrete examples fromOneRY field probe data where BP allows for the identification of stray energy which was previously difficult to find. We also show how the BP optimization context can be used to remove contamination from the data
through the inclusion of additional basis functions and better isolate stray signal sources in three dimensions.

9:50 An Overview of the Potential of Compressed Sensing in Antenna Measurements
Adrien Antoine Guth (Institute of High Frequency Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany); Dirk Heberling (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
Compressed sensing (CS) has found great popularity and application in various fields. In antenna measurements as well, several applications enable or at least show potential for the use of CS. In the spherical nearfield to far-field transformation based on the spherical wave expansion, the radiation of an antenna under test is first represented in terms of spherical mode coefficients. These coefficients are sparse or compressible,
allowing CS to retrieve them from fewer measurements. Moreover, in antenna array diagnosis, CS can be used to retrieve defective excitations of array elements. A compressible representation is achieved throughan array element's excitation comparison between an array under test and a reference array. This paper summarizes implementations and investigations of current research on the above applications.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
CS35a: Propagation for Smart Mobility Scenarios
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Ke Guan (Beijing Jiaotong University, China), Ibrahim Rashdan (German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany)
8:30 Design and Validation of a Wireless Network for Intra-Train Communications
Jorge Elizalde (Ikerlan & BRTA, Spain); Aitor Arriola (IKERLAN, Spain); Marti Roset (Comsa, Spain); Igor Lopez (Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF), Spain);
Marvin Straub (Alstom, Germany)In this work the RF propagation at 2.45 GHz has been characterized in the Advanced Train Lab of Deutsche Bahn, both in simulation and measurement, and path loss models have been obtained. The results indicate
two different behaviours: a path loss exponent lower than free-space (n≈1) inside the train car, due to the waveguide effect of the reflective train structure, and a path loss higher than free-space (n≈5) in the adjacentcar, due to the blockage of the Line-Of-Sight in the transition between train cars.

8:50 Beam Coverage Model of Ultra-Massive MIMO Communication Systems for Intelligent Transportation
Peng Chen (Chang'an University, China); Xiaoyu Huang (ChangAn University, China); Zhe Chen (Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China); Wei Wang (Chang'an
University, China)
Ultra-massive MIMO (UM-MIMO) hopes to further expand the antenna scale, and use beamforming technology to greatly increase spatial gain. UM-MIMO will reduce the width of the main lobe of the antenna beamand expand the range of the near-field area, thereby reduce the effective coverage of the beam, making it unable to meet the coverage needs of highly mobile users in intelligent transportation. Therefore, it isnecessary to select an appropriate beam width based on different position and motion parameters. To this end, this paper first proposes a beam coverage model that considers propagation attenuation, thereby
providing a theoretical model of the beamwidth coverage. Then, a main-lobe synthesis method based on Dolph-Chebyshev (DC) weighting is proposed to obtain the weighting vector of the array under the specified
main lobe beam width. Simulation results shows that the proposed method can effectively adjust the beamwidth.

9:10 AttentionRNN: Novel Propagation Channel Time-Domain State Predictor
Congcong Wang, Pengqi Zhu, José Rodríguez-Piñeiro and Xuefeng Yin (Tongji University, China)
Real-time communication-based applications are becoming more popular in the fifth generation (5G) and beyond systems, increasing the demand for accurate near to real-time channel estimation. Channel timedomain state prediction poses as a viable alternative to satisfy these demands. Traditional channel prediction methods usually suffer from high complexity or inaccuracies in their underlying mathematical models,
severely limiting their performance. In this paper, a novel channel time-domain state predictor, named AttentionRNN, based on a recurrent neural network with a self-attention mechanism, is proposed. The predictor
introduces a self-attention mechanism, allowing the network to focus on the parts of the data that provide more useful information for the channel prediction. The superiority of our proposal with respect to otheravailable solutions in both prediction accuracy and training cost is verified based on measured data from actual vehicular radar scenarios. Our work constitutes a practical framework for real-time channel stateprediction for time-varying applications.

9:30 Time-Varying Channel Measurement and Analysis at 105 GHz in an Indoor Factory
Yufeng Qin (Beijing University of Posts Telecommunications, China); Pan Tang (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China); Lei Tian (Beijing University ofPosts and Telecommunications & Wireless Technology Innovation Institute, China); Jiaxin Lin, Zhaowei Chang, Peijie Liu and Jianhua Zhang (Beijing University of Posts
and Telecommunications, China); Tao Jiang (China Mobile Research Institution Future Research Lab, China)
As one of the sixth-generation (6G) candidate technologies, terahertz (THz) communication is considered a promising way to achieve high-precision capability and large capacity in the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT) due to its wide bandwidth and short wavelength. This paper presents time-varying THz channel measurements at 105 GHz in an indoor factory (InF). Firstly, the number of the multipath components (MPC) androot-mean-square delay spread (RMS DS) in line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) environments are analyzed and compared. Secondly, the correlation between power delay profiles (PDP) is described by
the temporal PDP correlation coefficient (TPCC). Finally, the local region of stationarity (LRS) method is employed to characterize the stationary distance. A Burr distribution is used to fit the distribution of stationary
distance. The work contributes to modeling the THz channel in the time-varying environment in InF.

9:50 Link-Level Performance of Vehicle-To-Vulnerable Road Users Communication Using Realistic Channel Models
Ibrahim Rashdan and Stephan Sand (German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany)In this work, we present link-level performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11p protocol in terms of packet error rate (PER) and effective communication range using different fading channel models in critical VRU
scenarios. The results show that contrary to the AWGN and the tapped-delay line (TDL) channels, regardless of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), an error-free link is out of reach for the realistic geometry-based
stochastic channel models (GSCMs). Furthermore, the achieved effective communication ranges in different modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) are presented. It has been found that the IEEE 802.11p protocol
with an equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 23 dBm is able to achieve an effective communication range that exceeds 100 m for all scenarios except for scenario 1 at 16-QAM 3/4.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
A12a: Advances in modelling and design of phased arrays
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Marc Thevenot (XLIM-University of Limoges, France)
8:30 Analytical Model of a Parallel Plate Waveguide Feeding a Connected Slot Array
Caspar M Coco Martin and Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
We present an analytical model to describe arrays of connected slots fed by parallel plate waveguides (PPWs). Connected slot arrays are planar wideband arrays with wide scanning capability. PPW feeds can beused to reduce the complexity of the unit cell design. However, existing analytical expressions of the active input impedance of the array cannot account for the presence of PPWs. Here, we derive new models that
can include PPW structures in the stratification, enabling the optimization of the design together with the feed. Full-wave simulations are used to validate the model.

8:50 Wide-Scan Active Highly Integrated Phased Array Antenna for Tx/Rx Application at K-Band
Ahmad Emadeddin and Lars Jonsson (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
A new wide-scan (±50◦) active direct-integrated phased array antenna (AIPAA), designed for Tx/Rx mm-Wave applications, is introduced in this paper. This novel AIPAA offers seamless switching performance
between transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) modes without the need for lossy intermediate RF components, such as RF switches, circulators, and duplexers. The unitcell of the AIPAA consists of three miniaturizedtapered slot elements operating in the K-band frequency range. In the Tx mode, a GaN high electron mobility transistor serves as the power amplifier (PA), while in the Rx mode, a GaAs MMIC low noise amplifier(LNA) is employed. The unticell's center antenna element is reshaped to match closely to the optimal load impedance of the PA (Zopt = 6+j36Ω) while the other elements are tuned to maintain a 50Ω input impedancesuitable for the LNA. The AIPAA achieves matching at both PA and LNA ports with 6% and 16% fractional bandwidth.

9:10 Behavioral Models for the Cosimulation and Optimization of Active Electronically Scanned Arrays
Charlotte Deville and Silvia Hernandez Rodriguez (XLIM - University of Limoges, France); Cyrille Menudier (XLIM Université de Limoges, France); Marc Thevenot (XLIMUniversity of Limoges, France); Benoît Lesur (Safran Data Systems, France); Wissam Saabe, Christophe Maziere and Tony Gasseling (AMCAD Engineering, France)
Active Electronically Scanned Arrays are versatile antenna solutions when high reconfiguration capabilities are required. However, they remain difficult to optimize due to their important degrees of freedom and their
non linear components, sensitive to antenna impedance variation. This contribution describes the use of behavioral models for both non linear components and antenna radiating elements, allowing large arrays
cosimulation and opening paths to several optimizations.

9:30 X-Band Receiving Phased Array with Digital Beamforming Using RFSoC
Gong Chen and Peizhuo Yang (National University of Singapore, Singapore); Fujiang Lin (USTC, China); Koen Mouthaan (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
The radio frequency system-on-a-chip (RFSoC) has recently become a promising candidate for replacing traditional analog and digital front ends, facilitating the development of phased-array systems. Unfortunately,
due to the limitation of the maximum sampling frequency, RFSoC can not be directly used in the X-band phased array system. In this paper, A calibration-free phased array receiver system with RFSoC is presented
at X-band. A rigid-flexible antenna array is designed and fabricated for the demonstration and verification. The proposed method achieves good beamforming patterns disregarding the channel imbalance introducedby the RF front-ends. Thus it is a good candidate for the high frequency phased array system beyond its sampling limitation.

9:50 Antenna Array and GaAs Phase Shifter MMIC for Millimeter Wave Beamforming - Co-Simulation and Measurements
Sumin David Joseph (The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Edward Ball (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Novel millimeter wave microstrip line antenna arrays and a GaAs phase shifter MMIC using 0.1um pHEMTs are realized to demonstrate compact, high gain beamforming. The proposed microstrip arrays are smalland easy to integrate with MMICs and millimeter wave platforms. The surface current cancellation of an ideal microstrip line is altered to make an effective radiator. High gain, good radiation pattern and low side lobelevels makes the array feasible and attractive for future integrated millimeter wave arrays. A reflective phase shifter using a hybrid coupler and cold FETs are proposed in the MMIC design. A continuous 160 degree
phase shift with compensating adjustable gain values is offered by the MMIC. Measured gain of MMIC can vary from a peak gain of 8 to -6.5 dBi. Co-simulation of the fabricated MMIC phase shifter and the 4 × 1
series-fed microstrip array achieved gain of 15.5dBi, while steered to 18 degree.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
A16: User terminal antennas for satellite systems
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Christos Bilitos (University of Rennes, France), Hervé Legay (Thalès Alenia Space, France)
8:30 Novel Risley Prism Design Approach with Improved Side Lobe Levels Using Multi-Layer Transmit-Arrays
Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações, Portugal); Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France); João Câmara Serra (Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto
Superior Técnico & Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal); Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal); Jorge R. Costa(Instituto de Telecomunicações / ISCTE-IUL, Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal)
Cost-effective millimeter wave antennas are fundamental for the deployment of the next generation of terrestrial and satellite communication systems. The increase of the operation frequency changes the antenna
design paradigm, where high gain and wide-angle beam steering are fundamental requisites. Electronic scanning approaches still face significant technological challenges, increasing the antenna costs. Therefore,
low-cost designs based on mechanical steering are still relevant. The Risley prism (beam steering concept adapted from optics) is attracting significant attention in the antenna community as it can provide wide-angle
azimuth and zenith beam coverage. However, this scanning mechanism tends to have high side lobe levels with typical prism implementations in the microwave domain. In this work, we use a new framework (recently
proposed by the authors) based on a co-design of the phase correction of the two rotating surfaces, instead of considering each surface as a separate prism (the conventional approach). In our previous work, theimprovement of SLL mitigation was demonstrated using fully dielectric TA composed of hollow square dielectric prism. However, these unit cells are far from being the optimal solution for the design transmit arrays,
due to their thickness (1.4λ) and high insertion losses (1.7 dB). Herein, we design a set of multi-layer metallized unit cell with thickness 0.3 λ and insertion losses below -1 dB. We show by full-wave simulations thatthe previous reported SLL mitigation of the generalized Risley Prism approach is indeed a general result also effective for multi-layer TA designs.

8:50 Low-Profile 2D-Mechanical-Beam-Steering Antenna with Large Field-Of-View
Thi Quynh Van Hoang and Erika Vandelle (Thales Research & Technology, France); Matthieu Bertrand (Thales Research and Technology, France); Brigitte Loiseaux(Thales Research & Technology, France)
This contribution presents a compact Risley-based 2D-beam-steering antenna in Ka-band featuring a large Field-of-View (FoV), which is up to 75° steering angle with 360° coverage in azimuth. The antenna presented
in this paper is an improved version of our previous work in which the steering capacity was limited to 66° steering angle. The proposed Risley-based antenna is composed of a circularly polarized Radial Line Slot
Array (RLSA) and two high-permittivity dielectric deflectors manufactured by 3D-printing. A 28-cm-diameter prototype was assembled with a total height of only 4 cm, corresponding to 3.8 free-space wavelengths at
29 GHz. In this new version, the two deflectors' design are modified to achieve a higher deflection angle, leading to a wider FoV. Simulation and preliminary measurement results show a good agreement, validating
the steering capacity of the antenna up to 75° at 29 GHz.

9:10 Wideband Beam-Steering Continuous Transverse Stub Array Enabled by a Reflecting Luneburg Lens at Ka-Band
Christos Bilitos (University of Rennes, France); Adham Mahmoud (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes, France); Ronan Sauleau (University ofRennes 1, France); Enrica Martini and Stefano Maci (University of Siena, Italy); David González-Ovejero (Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France)
This paper presents the design of a beam-steering parallel-fed Continuous Transverse Stub (CTS) array at Ka-band enabled by a Reflecting Luneburg Lens (RLL) beamformer. The latter consists of two stacked
circular parallel plate waveguides (PPW), where a graded index medium in the bottom one ensures ray collimation in the top PPW. Owing to the rotational symmetry of this medium, one can displace the feed along
the inner focal region to change the direction of the planar wavefront in the top PPW. This wavefront then excites the CTS array in parallel thanks to a corporate feed network. The antenna system provides continuous
beam-steering capabilities within the H-plane by mechanically adjusting the position of the feed, covering a range of 30 degrees. Stable performance is achieved within the band of interest, featuring a -3 dB fractional
bandwidth (BW) of approximately 38.9%, along with consistently low side-lobe levels (SLL) below -13 dB.

9:30 Compact Hybrid Optical/RF User Segment (CHORUS): RF Terminal Design
Christophe Granet (Lyrebird Antenna Research Pty Ltd, Australia); John Ness and Glen Callaghan (EM Solutions Pty Ltd, Australia); Glenn Mason (EM Solutions,
Australia); Peter Kerr (SmartSat Cooperation Research Centre, Australia)
The CHORUS project aims to build on existing world leading Australian technology in compact RF tactical terminals and optical communication to develop "leap-frogging" technology that exploits bearer diversity
through a highly integrated hybrid Optical/RF tactical terminal. The development of a hybrid RF-optical SATCOM terminal is seen to be a critical step to the acceptance of optical communications by users that require
high availability and the performance advantages offered by free-space optical communications. If successful, this will place Australia in a leading position to create new capabilities for compact, high data rate, highavailability satellite earth terminals for commercial and national security markets. In this paper, we will concentrate on the performance of the RF element of CHORUS.

9:50 Design of a Wideband Dual-Polarized Stacked Antenna Array for SATCOM Applications
Davide Guarnera (University of Reggio Calabria Mediterranea, Italy); Santi Concetto Pavone (Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy); Ottavio Crisafulli (Università
Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Loreto Di Donato (University of Catania, Italy); Andrea Francesco Morabito (University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy);Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Gino Sorbello (University of Catania, Italy)
In this contribution, we present a dual-polarized stacked-patch antenna for mobile satellite communication (SATCOM) applications in the Ku-band. The proposed antenna has been designed to cover the entire Rx/
Tx Ku-band frequency range, namely from 10.7 GHz to 14.5 GHz. Dual polarization has been achieved by exploiting two different feeding lines, one for each polarization. After the design of the single radiating
element, a 2×2 array has been also studied and simulated. The array is fed through an impedance matching network realized by exploiting wideband T-junctions composed of a cascade of quarter-wave transformers.
The results show high impedance matching over the entire operating bandwidth (|S11| < −20 dB for the single element and < −15 dB for the array), high cross-polarization rejection for both vertical and horizontal
polarizations (> 38 dB at broadside), and finally high isolation between the two feeding networks (> 30 dB).

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
CS40a: New challenges on small antennas for emerging wireless technologies
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Halim Boutayeb (Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada), Marta Cabedo-Fabrés (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain)
8:30 Tunable Segmented Loop Antenna Reader for Miniaturized Chipless Tag Detection
Adrián Fernández Carnicero and Anja K. Skrivervik (EPFL, Switzerland)This paper presents a 7.5x7.5 mm2 tunable segmented square loop reader antenna working in UHF band for magnetic near field RFID applications. The proposed reader is combined with a post-processing method
based on frequency sweep envelope (FSE) for detecting miniaturized chipless tags. Using FSE method, the reader can detect octagonal single turn loop resonators of 17.89 mm2, 2.92 mm2, 1.65 mm2 and 0.75mm2 dimensions at 19.5 mm, 10 mm, 6.5 mm and 1 mm distances, respectively. These results improve the ones obtained with others chipless systems based on phase-dip, reflection distortion (PRD), group delay
distortion (GDD) and splitting frequency (SF) detection methods. Moreover, the designed chipless system is capable of reaching detection ranges comparable to chipped systems with similar dimensions. In view ofthe promising results obtained with the proposed system, some possible modifications for improving the detection range are suggested.

8:50 Optimizing RF Energy Harvesting in IoT: A Machine Learning Estimation Considering Polarization Effects
Khatereh Nadali (Technological University Dublin, Ireland); Adnan Shahid (Gent University - imec, Belgium); Nicolas Claus (Ghent University & Imec, Belgium); Sam
Lemey (Ghent University-imec, Belgium); Patrick Van Torre (Ghent University, Belgium); Max James Ammann (Technological University Dublin, Ireland)
The rapid evolution of wireless technology has led to the proliferation of small, low-power IoT devices, often constrained by traditional battery limitations, resulting in size, weight, and maintenance challenges. In
response, ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting has emerged as a promising solution to power IoT devices using RF energy from the environment. However, optimizing the placement of energy harvesters
is crucial for maximizing energy reception. This paper employs machine learning (ML) techniques to predict areas with high power intensity for RF energy harvesting. Five supervised ML algorithms are comparedacross four scenarios using antennas with circular and linear polarization. The impact of noise filtering on accuracy is also assessed. Results show that random forest outperforms other ML algorithms, demonstrating
the effectiveness of ML in estimating optimal energy harvesting locations and providing insights for sustainable energy network development.

9:10 Mm-Wave Monopulse Radar System for Detecting Space Debris in Satellite Exploration Missions
Farzad Karami (University of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada); Halim Boutayeb (Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada); Larbi Talbi (University of Quebec Outaouais, Canada)
Monopulse radar systems are essential for managing space debris during satellite exploration missions due to its high precision, angular measurement capabilities, and ability to track multiple objects at once,ensuring the safety and integrity of space assets. In this paper, a compact mm-wave, end-fire, high gain monopulse antenna is presented that could be fabricated on a thin PCB laminate. The reported results show
good performances, a −10-dB impedance bandwidth of 60.6% (23-43 GHz) for the sum and difference ports, better than 24 dB isolation between the input ports, the difference radiation patterns better than −25 dB
null-depth. The proposed monopulse radar system could be used in a wide range of practical applications in detecting and managing space debris in satellite exploration missions.

9:30 Design of Microstrip UWB Antenna with Full Ground Plane for Wearable Applications
Ozuem Chukwuka (University Gustave Eiffel & MC2 Technologies, France); Florent Gamand and Christophe Gaquiere (MC2 Technologies, France); Divitha
Seetharamdoo (Univ Gustave Eiffel COSYS LEOST Univ Lille Nord de France & Univ Lille Nord de France, France)
This paper presents the design of a microstrip ultra-wide band rigid antenna that has a full ground plane acting as a reflector and operates from 1 GHz to 7.3 GHz. The antenna can be used for wearable applications
such as on backpacks and helmets. The antenna structure includes a UWB radiator (microstrip patch) on top of a substrate, an optimized ground plane on the reverse side of the substrate, a vacuum and a full groundplane acting as a reflector. The overall size of the antenna is 100 mm × 75 mm × 25 mm (0.33 × 0.25 × 0.083λ). In comparison to other full ground plane UWB antennas, the proposed design uses a rigid substrate
and operates from a lower frequency of 1 GHz. Additionally, the reflector makes the antenna operational in the vicinity of the human body with minimal body coupling and back radiation to ensure safety.

9:50 A Self Deployable and Reconfigurable Antenna in VHF Band for a New Space Mission
Ségolène Tubau (Thales Alenia Space, France); Hervé Legay (Thalès Alenia Space, France); Thibaud Calmettes, Gilles Lubrano Di Scampamorte and Julie De Martres(Thales Alenia Space, France)
A disruptive antenna subsystem was developed for Space based AIS Systems. It consists of an array of six monopoles implemented with a 60° rotational symmetry, that takes benefit of the radiation of the nanosatellite

on which it is accommodated. Conjugate beamforming permits to form a beam in an arbitrary polarization in any direction. From our best knowledge the first reconfigurable and deployable antenna in VHF band fornanosatellite.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
CS23a: Recent Advances on Propagation Research and Its Impact on Localizations
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Christian Gentner (German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany), Wei Wang (Chang'an University, China)
8:30 Gaussian Processes for Received Signal Strength Based Device-Free Localization
Ossi Kaltiokallio (Tampere University, Finland); Roland Hostettler (Uppsala University, Sweden); Jukka Talvitie and Mikko Valkama (Tampere University, Finland)
Data-driven Gaussian process models for received signal strength-based device-free localization are presented. The models have physically interpretable parameters that can be explained by analytical models.
Moreover, the presented models can approximate highly nonlinear signal propagation patterns such as a target's influence on existing multipath components which is generally treated as unwanted noise that
degrades the system performance. The models are evaluated with experimental data and the results indicate that the proposed models decrease the modeling error and improve the localization accuracy, especiallyin multipath rich indoor environments.

8:50 Terahertz Channel Modeling Based on Scattering Characterization
Ran Pan, Danping He and Ke Guan (Beijing Jiaotong University, China); Bile Peng (TU Braunschweig, Germany); Jianwu Dou (ZTE Corporation, China); Lantu Guo(Beijing Institute of Technology, China); Zhangdui Zhong (Beijing Jiaotong University, China); Thomas Kuerner (Braunschweig Technical University, Germany)
Terahertz (THz) communication is one of the key technologies of the sixth-generation mobile communication system (6G) and is receiving more and more attention for its large bandwidth and ultra-high data ratefeatures. To support the performance evaluation of THz wireless communication devices, it is critical to model wireless channels that can characterize the channel properties. In this paper, a THz channel model is
proposed based on the scattering characterization. The channel model is then applied to generate channel coefficients and power delay profiles (PDPs) in an indoor scenario. The evaluation results indicate that the
proposed channel model can appropriately characterize THz scattering properties and support THz communication system design. Finally, we summarize the advantages of this model and point out the next researchcontent.

9:10 Robust Tensor Positioning Based on Channel Parameter Estimation Under Spatially Colored Noise
Yuzhe Sun and Wei Wang (Chang'an University, China); Haochuan Yue (Chang'an University, China); Yue Lyu (Chang'an University, China)
In communication systems, the ubiquitous time-frequency interference, such as co-channel interference (CCI) and RF front-end interference (FEI), constitutes spatially correlated colored noise. They can not only resultin increased bit error rates and reduced system capacity, but also introduce distortions and errors in phase estimation. Consequently, for the channel impulse response (CIR) testing, the separation of interferencecomponents has become a prominent research focus. This paper deduces a complex-domain robust variational Bayesian method for channel parameter estimation, along with the estimation of interference locations.
Simultaneously, by using variational mean-field theory and automatic rank reduction, it achieves the automatic determination of the number of multipath and low-rank approximations of the CIR. Finally, the channel
harmonic parameters are employed in the angle positioning algorithm. Performance comparisons are made with traditional information-theoretic rank estimation methods and the space alternating generalized
expectation maximization (SAGE) parameter estimation algorithm, confirming the feasibility of the proposed approach.

9:30 Analysis of Channel Characteristics for FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar in Traffic Scenarios
Biaobiao Ji, Bingjie Xue, Peng Chen and Wei Wang (Chang'an University, China)
Millimeter-wave radar technology has gained significant attention due to its promising applications in various fields, including autonomous vehicles, wireless communications, and remote sensing. According to thesurvey, research on the propagation characteristics of vehicle-mounted radar in the high-frequency range is relatively limited, and there is even less research on channel propagation characteristics in non line-of-sight(NLoS) scenarios. Therefore, this paper focuses on the measurement and characterization of frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) millimeter-wave radar channels at traffic intersections, including channel
impulse response (CIR) extraction, Doppler frequency, K-factor and root mean square time delay spread (RMS Time Delay Spread). The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of millimeter-wave
radar channels and lay the foundation for the design and optimization of millimeter-wave radar systems in various applications.

9:50 HRPE-Enhanced AI-Based 5G Indoor Localization in Presence of Specular and Dense Multipaths
Yuchen Shi (Tongji University, China); Xiaoxiao Yang and YuYing Sun (Xiamen University, China); José Rodríguez-Piñeiro (Tongji University, China); Xuemin Hong
(Xiamen University, China); Tomás Domínguez-Bolaño (University of A Coruña, Spain); Xuefeng Yin (Tongji University, China)
Fifth generation (5G) communication systems are expected to provide an ubiquitous solution for indoor positioning, and deep neural networks (DNNs) have been recently proposed for this purpose. However, DNNbased positioning solutions are in general very dependent on the training data. In this paper, an architecture for positioning based on wireless signals is proposed, namely the SAGE-Enhanced CEAP (SE-CEAP). The
architecture considers firstly an enhancement of the acquired Channel State Information (CSI) data by means of a high-resolution parameter estimation (HRPE) method, namely the space-alternating generalizedexpectation maximization (SAGE) algorithm, and secondly a specifically designed DNN for localization, namely the CNN-Enblock AI Positioning (CEAP). The provided results, considering a realistic 5G New Radio(NR) deployment in an indoor scenario, show that the proposed architecture outperforms other classical DNN-based localization approaches, not only in localization accuracy, but also in generalizability of the results,
which is a common drawback of DNN-based solutions.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
CS45: Direct and inverse EM modelling for biomedical microwave imaging systems
T06 Biomedical and health / Convened Session / Electromagnetics
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Cristina Ponti (Roma Tre University, Italy), Andrea Randazzo (University of Genoa, Italy)
8:30 MR/Microwave Tomography Integrated Breast Cancer Imaging
Paul M Meaney, Zamzam Kordiboroujeni and Grace Player (Dartmouth College, USA); Amir H Golnabi (Fresenius Medical Care, USA); Xiaoyu Yang (Quality
Electrodynamics, USA); Thomas Eastlake (Quality ElectroDynamics, USA); Keith D. Paulsen (Dartmouth College, USA)We are developing a new, compact microwave breast imaging tank that will allow us to acquire data from the patients' breasts while simultaneously being imaged in an MR system. Compatibility issues regarding
mutual disruption of the MR and microwave images have been addressed and the microwave tanks has been sufficiently reduced in size to allow a modestly sized woman to fit inside the MR bore with the tank. A
custom MR coil has been integrated into the tank to minimize the space it requires while also increasing the MR SNR by a factor of 3. We present images of an initial experiment where the object is a realistic breast
phantom with a spherical tumor inclusion. The microwave images are generated while incorporating the spatial information from the MR scans. The initial results are promising as we prepare for initial clinical use.

8:50 Physics-Informed Regularization for Microwave Imaging in Biomedical Applications
Brendon C. Besler and Elise Fear (University of Calgary, Canada)

Microwave tomography is a promising imaging modality in which the dielectric properties of an unknown object are reconstructed quantitatively. Microwave tomography requires solving the non-linear and ill-posed
inverse scattering problem. A priori information is typically required to regularize the problem and generate useful images. In this work, electromagnetic power balance is introduced as a physics-informed regularizer.
Electromagnetic power balance is incorporated with the conventional data mismatch cost function to produce a new multiplicative regularizer. The technique is validated with low loss dielectric cylinders and asimplified forearm model in simulation.

9:10 Preliminary Clinical Trial Results of MammoWave in the Context of RadioSpin Project
Navid Ghavami (Umbria Bioengineering Technology (UBT), United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Arianna Fracassini (UBT - Umbria Bioengineering Technologies, Italy);
Lorenzo Papini (UBT - Umbria Bioengineering Technologies, Perugia, Italy); Daniel Álvarez Sánchez-Bayuela (University of Castilla - La Mancha & University Hospital ofToledo, Spain); Alessandra Bigotti (UBT - Umbria Bioengineering Technologies, Perugia, Italy); Mario Badia and Giovanni Raspa (UBT - Umbria Bioengineering
Technologies, Italy); Gianmarco Palomba (UBT - Umbria Bioengineering Technologies, Perugia, Italy); Cristina Romero Castellano (Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo,
Spain); Mohammad Ghavami (London South Bank University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Riccardo Loretoni (Breast Unit, Foligno Hospital, Italy); Alberto Tagliafico(University of Genoa, Italy); Massimo Calabrese (IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy); Gianluigi Tiberi (London South Bank University, United Kingdom(Great Britain) & UBT - Umbria Bioengineering Technologies, Italy)
In this work, we present our preliminary findings from a prospective multicentric microwave breast imaging clinical trial involving 218 women, within the framework of the RadioSpin project. In addition to the prospective
performance evaluation of our microwave imaging device, MammoWave, in classifying breasts with and without radiological findings (using features with appropriate thresholds), we conducted further investigations
and analyses to assess the impact of individual frequency sub-bands and the classification of breasts into healthy (without any findings or with benign findings) and non-healthy (malignant findings), based on selectedfeatures obtained from a prior clinical trial. Our results reveal the potential for achieving a sensitivity of up to 78% in the detection of radiological findings and up to 89% in the detection of non-healthy (with cancer)
breasts.

9:30 On Enhancing Efficiency of Transmission in Imaging Systems by Wearable Scatterers
Ludovica Tognolatti, Cristina Ponti and Giuseppe Schettini (Roma Tre University, Italy)
The application of electromagnetic fields within biological tissues proves to be a powerful technology with a wide range of applications, including the monitoring of physiological parameters, microwave imaging,hyperthermia therapy and deep brain stimulation. In those cases, the maximization of the transmitted field is desired. Here, several solutions to enhance the trasnmitted electromagnetic field inside biological tissues
are investigated. An exact solution to the problem of electromagnetic scattering of a planewave from an array of dielectric or conducting cylinders placed above a multilayer medium is presented. An analytical
approach is considered to solve the scattered field by the cylinders in each medium through expansions into cylindrical waves, expressed through plane-wave spectra. The multilayer models the dielectric propertiesof biological tissues. Numerical results obtained at f = 2.4 GHz are presented considering different configurations of the multilayer.

9:50 Brain Stroke Microwave Diagnostics in Children Through a Nonlinear Inverse-Scattering Technique
Valentina Schenone and Alessandro Fedeli (University of Genoa, Italy); Costanza Parodi (IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Italy); Igor Bisio and Andrea Sciarrone(University of Genoa, Italy); Andrea Rossi (IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Italy); Fabio Lavagetto and Andrea Randazzo (University of Genoa, Italy)
This paper proposes the use of microwave techniques for the diagnosis and monitoring of stroke in children. The main objective is to initiate an investigation into paediatric stroke diagnosis through a preliminary
assessment using numerical simulations with realistic 3D models representing the heads of stroke-affected children. A Newton-type iterative procedure with variable exponent Lebesgue space regularisation is
proposed as a quantitative microwave-based reconstruction approach.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
A05: Optical, THz and sub-THz antennas
T07 THz and high frequency technologies / / Antennas
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Nuria LLombart (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Enrica Martini (University of Siena, Italy)
8:30 Sub-THz Substrate Integrated Waveguide Signal Transitions in Backend-Of-Line of a Silicon Process
Akanksha Bhutani (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany); Mehmet Kaynak (IHP, Germany & IHP Microelectronics, Turkey); Matthias Wietstruck (IHP, Germany);
Elizabeth Bekker, Ibrahim Kagan Aksoyak and Joachim Hebeler (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany); Thomas Zwick (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Germany)
This paper presents a sub-THz substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-to-microstrip and an SIW-to-grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) transition, realized in the backend-of-line (BEOL) of a silicon (Si) process.
The transitions are realized in a back-to-back configuration with ground-signal-ground (GSG) pads on both ends to enable probe-based S-parameter measurement. The influence of the GSG probe pads is deembedded based on the bisection of a Thru structure. The measured and de-embedded S-parameters show good agreement with the simulation results. The measured average insertion loss of the SIW-to-microstrip
and SIW-to-GCPW transitions, in the range of 200 GHz to 310 GHz, is 1.2 dB and 0.9 dB, respectively, which represents the lowest insertion loss demonstrated for an on-chip SIW-to-microstrip and SIW-to-GCPW
transition to date. In addition, these transitions are implemented with the smallest chip area required for an on-chip SIW-to-microstrip and SIW-to-GCPW transition demonstrated to date.

8:50 High-Gain and Circular Polarization Silicon-Micromachined Lens Antennas at 500-750 GHz
Alireza Madannejad and Mohammad Mehrabi Gohari (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Umer Shah (Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden); Joachim
Oberhammer (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
This paper introduces an innovative silicon-micromachined antenna operating in the 500-750 GHz range, based on an optimized elliptical Fresnel Zone Plate Lens (FZPL) design. The antenna radiates a circularly
polarized wavefront without additional phase compensation components. With a gain of 25.7 dBi and a 15 dB return loss over the whole waveguide band, this low-profile, compact antenna presents a promisingsolution for upcoming wideband THz communication applications. This work highlights the potential of silicon micromachining in achieving high-performance antennas with a compact footprint in the THz bands.

9:10 110 to 170 GHz High-Gain Antenna with Embedded Surface Mount Short Horn and Baseband PCB Horn Antenna
Elizabeth Bekker, Alexander Quint, Georg Gramlich and Luca Valenziano (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany); Thomas Zwick (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology(KIT), Germany); Akanksha Bhutani (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany)
This wideband, high-gain Antenna-in-Package (AiP) concept for D-band applications, features a wideband Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) housed within an Embedded Surface Mount Short Horn (ESMSH), toenhance its gain. The AiP is placed on a standard 4-layer baseband printed circuit board (PCB). The gain is further improved by forming a multilayer pyramidal horn antenna in the PCB. Using the simple 4-layer
baseband PCB to double as an extension to the ESMSH, is a low-cost solution that improves the gain of the AiP with up to 5 dBi. The resultant measured peak gain is 12.7 dBi and the gain is above 9 dBi from110-170 GHz. The AiP and PCB assembly is low-profile with a height of 0.9λc, and the antenna aperture is only 1.8λc x 1.8λc. Lastly, the reflection coefficient remains below -10 dB within the range of 112 to 169
GHz, corresponding to a relative bandwidth of 41%.

9:30 Time Domain Analysis of Pulsed Photo-Conductive Antenna Sources: Distributed Excitations
Laurens F.E. Beijnen, Martijn D. Huiskes and Andrea Neto (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Distributed feeding in photo-conducting antennas (PCAs) leads to simple optical design, less prone to overheating, as well to THz antennas that can operate non-dispersively over wide bandwidths. However, theefficient analysis of pulsed PCAs was so far limited to architectures characterized by feeds small with respect to the THz wavelengths. In this contribution, an efficient procedure for the time domain analysis of aninfinitely long slot antenna printed on photo-conductive material and excited by a distributed pulsed laser is presented. The procedure is electromagnetically rigorous, and relies on spectral representations of the
fields in both the frequency and spatial domains.

9:50 Sub-THz U-Slot Coupled Stacked-Patch Radiating Elements for Dual-Polarized MIMO Array Antennas
Elena Shepeleva (Samsung Research, Moscow, Russia); Artem Vilenskiy (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden); Gennadiy Evtyushkin and Anton Lukyanov(Samsung Research, Moscow, Russia)
Several sub-THz (D-band, 136 - 148 GHz) dual-polarized array elements (unit cells, UCs) implemented in a multi-layer PCB technology are investigated in the infinite array environment. The elements are stackedpatch antennas with unbalanced aperture-coupled feeds (U-slots), having a slant 45 deg. polarization. We demonstrate that a baseline half-wavelength cavity-backed UC is capable of achieving ≤ 3.7 dB scan loss inthe 60 deg. conical scan range and (132-149) GHz bandwidth. For the increased UC size, however, active polarization channel isolation drastically degrades and the element experiences scan blindness. To address
this problem, a UC modification is introduced that suggests using a single-row mushroom-type electromagnetic band-gap structure along the UC sidewalls. Simulated results evidence the realized UC decoupling andelimination of the scan-blindness anomalies in the full visible scan range, with scan loss ≤ 4.2 dB in the 55 deg. conical scan range and (136-148) GHz bandwidth.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
E10a: Electromagnetic Modelling and Analytical Methods
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Electromagnetics
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Pilar Castillo-Tapia (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden), Andrea Neto (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
8:30 Spectral Domain Green's Function of an Infinite Dipole with Non-Zero Metal Thickness
Erik Speksnijder, Riccardo Ozzola and Andrea Neto (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
The calculation of the transmission line Green's function of an infinite metal line of rectangular cross-section embedded in a generalized stratification is presented. The proposed procedure is quasi-analytical andextends prior models to account effectively for the non-zero thickness of the conductors. From the Green's function of an infinite dipole, an equivalent network is derived to represent the current propagating along the
dipole and the reactive loading due to the feeding gap dimensions. The method is validated with numerical simulations and available experimental results.

8:50 Vector Potentials for Uniaxial Media with Sources
Michael J Havrilla (Air Force Institute of Technology, USA)
A vector potential formulation is developed for uniaxial media and now includes source terms. It is shown that a Debye-like gauge reduces the resulting vector-potential Helmholtz-like equation to a simple form.
Applications of the vector potentials include propagation in rectangular or cylindrical waveguides filled with uniaxial media and material characterization of uniaxial media using a clamped parallel-plate waveguide
fixture.

9:10 Analysis of the Dispersion Diagrams of 3D Cubic Periodic Arrangements of Metallic Spheres
Hairu Wang, Oskar Zetterstrom and Pilar Castillo-Tapia (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Francisco Mesa (University of Seville, Spain); Oscar QuevedoTeruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
This paper investigates the dispersion properties exhibited by three different three-dimensional (3D) periodic arrangements of metallic spheres with the following underlying lattices: simple cubic (sc), body-centeredcubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice. Their Brillouin zone (BZ) and the corresponding irreducible BZ are introduced. We then examine the dispersion properties along the edges of their respective irreducible
BZs. The findings demonstrate that structures with a non-sc arrangement and higher symmetry can improve design versatility while simultaneously reducing the anisotropy of the structure and broadening theoperating frequency range. These advantages are beneficial for the development of 3D graded-index (GRIN) lenses.

9:30 Platform Scattering Analysis of the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer
Pasquale Giuseppe Nicolaci and Cecilia Cappellin (TICRA, Denmark); Roberto Mizzoni (Italy); Vincenzo Lubrano (Thales Alenia Space Italy, Italy); Salvatore Contu(Thales Alenia Space, Italy); Benedetta Fiorelli (European Space Agency, The Netherlands)
The CIMR employes a 7.1 m conical scanning mesh reflector antenna rotating at 7.8 r.p.m that operates from L to Ka band. Demanding radiometric accuracies and sensitivities at few tenths of Kelvin at high spatial
resolution are targeted for the instrument. These require a high accuracy in the characterization and modelling of the antenna pattern over 4π, considering any nearby scattering structure and/or any potential multipath
due to the antenna installation over the S/C. Moreover, the quantification of the fractional power hitting each scatter entering by reciprocity into the feeds is also of primary importance, since it can bias the antenna
temperature. A platform scattering analysis of the reflector antenna on the CIMR satellite was thus undertaken for a subset of feeds at L, C, X, K and Ka bands. In this paper we describe the analyses done andsummarize the effect of these scatters over the antenna RF performances.

9:50 Investigation of Near-Field Contribution in Shooting and Bouncing Rays for Installed Antenna Performance on a Simple Platform
Harald Hultin (KTH Royal Institute of Technology & Saab AB, Sweden); Lars Jonsson (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Johan Malmström (Saab Surveillance,
Sweden); Henrik Frid (Saab, Sweden)
The near-field contribution in the high-frequency method Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR) is investigated for installed antenna performance. Three SBR solvers, the in-house solver SIENT and two commercial
solvers, are compared to a commercial full-wave solver. SIENT and one commercial solver have an option to disable near-field effects, which allows the strength of these effects to be investigated. The last solver
also includes near-field effects. The results indicate an increase in accuracy when including near-field effects. The most notable difference in the far-field phase and the induced surface current are obtained for the
in-house solver. Improvements for the surface current density is seen close to the antenna. On the tested platform, the difference in gain is not as notable but it is overestimated for both the in-house solver and thecommercial solvers when excluding near-field terms.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
E08: Efficient Methods for Metasurfaces Design
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Electromagnetics
Room: M2
Chairs: Marko Bosiljevac (University of Zagreb, Croatia), Ariel Epstein (Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel)
8:30 Multibeam Radiation by Multipoint Fed Modulated MTS Apertures
Marco Faenzi and Stefano Maci (University of Siena, Italy)
In this paper we introduce a very simple design approach to design multibeam devices from an individual aperture based on modulated metasurface apertures, at the Ku-band range. The presented aperture examples
are capable of working both in linear and circular polarization and feature a single impedance modulation profile that is illuminated by four sources, constituted by simple monopoles immersed into the dielectric slab.

The latter are displaced wrt the modulation phase center, in analogy to offset reflectors design. By individually activating each of the sources the apertures can produce four off-axis beams, while by simultaneous
activation of all the sources the apertures radiate a broadside sum beam. Finally, by a simple phasing scheme between the four feeds the apertures can also produce beams typical of a monopulse aperture for radar
applications

8:50 Reflective Intelligent Surfaces: Reducing Complexity by Controlling the Illuminating Field
Mirko Barbuto (Niccolò Cusano University, Italy); Zahra Hamzavi-Zarghani (RomaTre University, Italy); Mohsen Karamirad (Roma Tre University, Italy); Michela Longhi(Niccolò Cusano University, Italy); Alessio Monti (Roma Tre University, Italy); Davide Ramaccia (RomaTre University, Italy); Luca Stefanini (Roma Tre University, Italy);
Stefano Vellucci (Niccolò Cusano University, Italy); Andrea Alù (CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, USA); Filiberto Bilotti (ROMA TRE University, Italy);
Alessandro Toscano (Roma Tre University, Italy)
Reflective Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) could play a pivotal role in the implementation of a smart electromagnetic environment. However, achieving efficient and simple reconfigurability of RIS and their deployment inreal-world environments remain challenging tasks. In this contribution, we discuss a possible solution to reduce the complexity of RISs by exploiting the properties of composite vortices and moving the reconfigurability
to the illuminating field. In this way, static RISs could be deployed, whose scattering patterns could be manipulated by controlling the beam-width of the impinging field.

9:10 Tailoring Surface Impedance for Cascaded Cylindrical Metasurfaces
Zvonimir Sipus and Marko Bosiljevac (University of Zagreb, Croatia)
In this paper, we aim to demonstrate a method for designing cascaded azimuthally varying cylindrical metasurfaces, with particular insight into the process of tailoring the surface impedance of unit cells while taking
curvature effects into account. We begin with the design requirements specified by S-parameters and present details of a tool for analyzing cascaded cylindrical metasurfaces. This tool also gives us detailed insight
into the properties and selection of surface impedance for specific design parameters. Although a common approach is to approximate the surface admittance by its planar counterpart, we analyze this principle andshow the limitations of this approximation through a parametric analysis.

9:30 Rigorous Susceptibility-Based Design of Generalized Huygens' Metasurface Radomes
Amit Shaham and Ariel Epstein (Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel)In this paper, we utilize the profound generalized Huygens' condition (GHC) to rigorously devise all-angle transparent metasurface (MS) radomes. We extend our recent configuration of double-layered admittancesheet cascades, which allows only one Huygens' condition to hold (at grazing angle), by incorporating a third middle layer; we thus fully satisfy Huygens' condition both at normal and grazing angles in closed form.
Our meticulous analysis introduces a universal nonlocal link between macroscopic MS constituents and their corresponding effective meta-atom susceptibilities. Particularly, it reveals that the trilayered composite
inevitably manifests effective normal susceptibilities overlooked by common tangentially-polarized MS design practices. A printed-circuit-board version of the radome is realized and inspected in theory and simulation.
Its excellent observed performance validates the GHC in a fundamental practical situation and sets the stage to cutting edge performance in advanced nonlocal wave-moulding functionalities.

9:50 Static and Reconfigurable Phase-Gradient Metasurfaces for Antenna Applications
Alessio Monti (Roma Tre University, Italy); Stefano Vellucci, Michela Longhi and Mirko Barbuto (Niccolò Cusano University, Italy); Mohsen Karamirad (Roma Tre
University, Italy); Zahra Hamzavi-Zarghani and Davide Ramaccia (RomaTre University, Italy); Luca Stefanini, Alessandro Toscano and Filiberto Bilotti (Roma Tre
University, Italy)
In this contribution, we report our recent findings in the design of static and reconfigurable transmissive phase-gradient metasurfaces for antenna applications. In particular, we show that transmissive metasurfaces
can be efficiently used to manipulate the radiative characteristics of phased-arrays or single antennas, achieving an extension of the scan range or a dynamic transformation of the radiation pattern, respectively. For
these purposes, we explore the design of both local- and non-local phase-gradient Huygens metasurfaces. Several realistic antenna configurations are proposed and checked with extensive full-wave simulations that
confirm the huge potentialities of this design scheme for conceiving next-generation antenna systems characterized by enriched radiative capabilities, especially useful in beyond-5G and 6G wireless systems.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
IW6: Advances in TICRA Tools and Future Developments for AI and Array Antennas, TICRA
Erik Jørgensen and Tonny Rubæk, TICRA
Room: M3
8:30 Introduction to TICRA Tools
What it is and what it can do. The software tools available in the TICRA Tools framework can be used to model advanced antenna systems including arrays, reflector antennas, feed systems, reflectarrays and FSS,
as well as satellite structures and more general antennas. Presenters: Erik Jørgensen; Tonny Rubæk (TICRA)

9:00 Recent Additions to TICRA Tools
Presenters: Erik Jørgensen; Tonny Rubæk (TICRA)

9:30 Presentation of TICRA's Latest R&D Within AI and Full-Wave Modelling Algorithms for Large Antenna Arrays
Several application examples are shown to illustrate how AI-based design approaches and dedicated array modelling algorithms will benefit future releases of TICRA Tools. Presenters: Erik Jørgensen; Tonny Rubæk
(TICRA)

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
A08a: Leaky-wave antennas
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / / Antennas
Room: M4
Chairs: Jose-Luis Gómez-Tornero (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain), Edoardo Negri (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
8:30 Efficient Ray-Tracing Approach to Analyze Arbitrarily Shaped Leaky-Wave Antennas Embedded in Lenses
Miguel Poveda-García (Technical University of Cartagena, Spain); Francisco Mesa (University of Seville, Spain); Jose-Luis Gómez-Tornero (Polytechnic University ofCartagena, Spain); Astrid Algaba-Brazález (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
This paper introduces a computationally efficient ray-tracing approach to study the radiation pattern of a leaky-wave antenna embedded in a lens with an arbitrary shape. The ray-tracing technique, based ongeometrical optics, is used to calculate the phase and amplitude of the fields at the lens aperture, taking into account reflections due to the transition from the lens to the free space. To validate the results, theradiation patterns obtained in some examples are compared with full-wave simulations, demonstrating a considerable time reduction in the analysis of up to 99.6% in some cases.

8:50 On the Asymptotic Evaluation of the Near-Field in Resonant Leaky-Wave Antennas Using a Non-Uniform Phase Center
Alexandros Bechrakis Triantafyllos and Nuria LLombart (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
In this work, an approach for the asymptotic evaluation of the near field in resonant leaky-wave antennas is presented. The employed spectral domain formulation is based on the steepest descent path (SDP) methodof integration and utilizes a non-uniform phase center choice to improve the estimation of the first order saddle point (SP). In turn, the near field is asymptotically evaluated through accounting for the leaky-wave
poles-saddle point interactions. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach, the near field is combined with a set of physical optics (PO) techniques to examine a small spherical lens integrated ona leaky-wave supporting stratification with low dielectric contrast between the cavity and lens regions. Good agreement is obtained with the same results extracted using the numerically calculated near field. The
computationally efficient asymptotic near field evaluation can facilitate the shaping of small lenses by improving the efficiency of the optimization process.

9:10 Frequency Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna for On-Body Radar: Design and Conformal Analysis
Pratik V Vadher (IETR, CNRS & University of Rennes 1, France); Giulia Sacco (IETR CNRS, France); Denys Nikolayev (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies duNumérique (IETR) - UMR CNRS 6164, France)
Wearable on-body millimeter-wave (mmWave) radars can help visually impaired people navigate their surroundings by creating a live 3D map and offer safety and motion guidance. Antenna, being a critical componentof radar system, must be specifically designed to function while bent on user's body. This contribution details the design of a meandering microstrip leaky wave antenna (LWA) and analyzes its performance whenplaced on different body parts. The frequency scanning LWA, operates in unlicensed V-band (57-71 GHz). Analyzing return loss, beam steering range, and radiation pattern of the designed LWA positioned on humanbody at different locations (i.e., wrist, knee, chest) shows that bending has low impact on antenna performance. Simulations show that when the LWA is bent to be placed conformally on the wrist (corresponding to
40 mm radius) it remains well-matched throughout the operating band but radiation pattern is deformed and gain reduces by 1.75dB.

9:30 Ka-Band USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) Antenna
Miguel Navarro-Cía (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Unai Beaskoetxea (Anteral, Spain); Jorge Teniente-Vallinas (Public University of Navarra& Institute of Smart Cities, Spain); Miguel Beruete (Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain)
An all-metallic bull's eye antenna resembling the Enterprise (NCC-1701) Star Trek starship is reported with record side lobe levels (SLLs). The reduced SLLs are achieved by exciting the leaky-wave antenna via aresonant slot with effective out-of-plane electric dipole moment that inhibits the broadside space wave responsible for the relative high SLLs in other bull's eye designs

9:50 Wideband Half-Elliptical Ring Slot Array Loaded Leaky Wave Antenna on a Half-Mode Corrugated Substrate Integrated Waveguide
Aakash Bansal (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents a leaky-wave antenna with elliptical ring slot array loaded on a half-mode corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (HM-CSIW) operating at 25 to 36.5 GHz. The half-mode CSIW is designed
to have a cut-off frequency of 20 GHz and is shown to operate in the TE10 mode. The corrugated SIW is used as a guiding structure to host an array of half-elliptical ring-shaped slots to behave as a leaky-wave
antenna. The antenna presents a frequency-controlled beam-scanning of 3 deg/GHz. It has an approximately stable gain of 14 dBi with an efficiency >75% throughout the bandwidth. The antenna is 0.51 mm thick,and flexible, hence, making them suitable for wearable devices and telecommunications for future 5G/6G applications.

Wednesday, March 20 8:30 - 10:10
SW12a: Open Source Electromagnetic Modelling Tools
Room: Fyne
Chairs: Francesco Lisi (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Timothy Pelham (University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
8:30 Introduction
8:50 gprMax (Www.gprmax.org)
Presenter: Antonis Giannopoulos (University of Edinburgh, UK)

9:50 HERAS: Heriot-Watt Reflector Antenna Solver (www.github.com/Microwave-Antenna-Engineering-Group-HWU/HERAS)
Francesco Lisi (Heriot-Watt University, UK)

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
SW11b: Wi-Fi Antenna Innovation for FTTR (Fiber-To-The-Room) Multi-Access Points F5G-A Scenarios(continued)
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chair: Francis Keshmiri (Huawei Technologies, France)
10:40 Technology for Radiation Pattern Manipulation of Wi-Fi Antennas
Presenter: Zhi Ning Chen (National University of Singapore)

11:10 Surface-Wave Communication Platform for Indoor Wireless Networks
Presenter: Enrica Martini (University of Siena, Italy)

11:40 Passive RIS to Improve Near-Field Coverage in mm-Wave 5G and Wi-Fi Indoor Networks
Presenter: Manuel Arrebola (University of Oviedo, Spain)

12:10 SW11 Pannel Discussions

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
SW13: 20 Years Anniversary ESoA
Room: M1
Chairs: Angelo Freni (Università degli studi Firenze, Italy), Cristina Yepes (TNO, The Netherlands)
10:40 ESoA 2004-2024: 20 Years of Success
Presenter: Stefano Maci

10:50 It Was 20 Years Ago Today ...
Presenter: Olav Breinbjerg

11:00 ESoA, Arrays and Networks
Presenter: Christopher Craeye

11:10 ESoA: A Friendly Access to the European Antenna Academy
Presenter: Lluis Jofre

11:20 20 Years of ESoA: A (Subjective) View on Its Success
Presenter: Anja Skrivervik

11:30 ESoA: My Personal Experience as Student, Teacher and Course Organizer. What a Journey!
Presenter: Mauro Ettorre

11:40 How to Successfully Create an ESoA Course from a Student Perspective
Presenter: Oscar Quevedo-Teruel

11:50 From ACE to ESoA Coures: Impact on Our Careers as Early Participants
Presenters: Nuria Llombart; Simona Bruni

12:00 Journey of Learning, Growth and Community - A Peek Inside ESoA
Presenter: Marko Bosiljevac

12:10 Online Antenna Courses
Presenter: Miguel Ferrando Bataller

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
CS35b: Propagation for Smart Mobility Scenarios (continued)
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Ke Guan (Beijing Jiaotong University, China), Ibrahim Rashdan (German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany)
10:40 Fading Distribution Model for the Maritime Radio Channel
Torbjörn Ekman (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway)
The envelope fading distribution is derived for the round earth loss maritime radio channel. The propagation environment considered consists of a line of sight (LOS), and from the sea a specular reflection and adiffuse component. The phase difference between LOS and specular component is given by the relative path lengths and the change of phase in the sea reflection. The relative path length changes locally with thevertical movement of a ship-mounted antenna. The height variations are modeled as Normal distributed, resulting in a Normal distributed phase difference. This is an extension of the two-wave diffuse power (TWDP)
model in which the phase difference between LOS and specular reflection is modeled as uniformly distributed.

11:00 Stationarity of Multiband Channels for OTFS-Based Intelligent Transportation Systems
Danilo Radovic and Faruk Pasic (TU Wien, Austria); Markus Hofer (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria); Thomas Zemen (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
GmbH, Austria); Christoph F Mecklenbräuker (TU Wien, Austria)
The development of communication systems for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) relies on their performance in high-mobility scenarios. Such scenarios introduce rapid fluctuations in wireless channel properties.
As a promising solution for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, the orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) approach has emerged. Nevertheless, the performance of OTFS systems is closely tied to timeand frequency diversity of the wireless propagation channel. However, there is a lack of understanding of the stationarity of the wireless channels, especially in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. In thispaper, we address this research gap by conducting a comprehensive stationarity analysis of measured sub-6 GHz and mmWave high-speed wireless channels. We evaluate the spatial stationarity of a scenario, where
the transmitter is moving at high velocity. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of the transmit antenna orientation on the channel spatial stationarity. We could show that the spatial stationarity is proportional to
the wavelength.

11:20 mmWave Channel Sounding for Vehicular Communications
Nicholas Attwood, Francois Gallée and Patrice Pajusco (IMT Atlantique, France); Marion Berbineau (COSYS, Université Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, Univ Lille & Railenium,
France)This paper present some preliminary results of a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure channel measurement campaign. The IMT Atlantique SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) SDR (Software Define Radio) based channelsounder with a working frequency of 60 GHz and a bandwidth of 180 MHz is used. The Tx (Transmitter) is placed on the top of a moving car and the Rx (Receiver) is placed on a top of a ladder. The scenario ofmeasurement represent a street with vehicle parked on each side near the laboratory. From a measure we present for each channel: the CTF (Channel Transfer Function) gain, the PDP (Power Delay Profile) andthe doppler spread function.

11:40 Experimental Evaluation of V2X Connectivity Technologies with V2X Channel Models
Dereje Mechal Molla (Gustave Eiffel University & COSYS-LEOST, France); Sassi Maaloul (Université Gustave Eiffel, France); Marion Berbineau (COSYS, Université
Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, Univ Lille & Railenium, France); Massamaesso Narouwa and Leo Mendiboure (Université Gustave Eiffel, France); Hakim Badis (University of
Gustave Eiffel, France)
A new concept of on-demand automatic electric vehicle able to circulate on road and tracks is under development to revitalize secondary railway lines. The operation of this new system requires dynamic, flexible,
and safe supervision system. This supervision system will be based on exchange of information between vehicles, level crossing, infrastructure and hubs. ITS-G5, LoRA, LTE and 5G NR are potential wirelesstechnologies able to be deployed to guarantee connectivity. In these conditions, it is important to evaluate the foreseen key performance indicators to support the different services. This paper presents an in-lab
experimental evaluation of V2X connectivity technologies with vehicular channel models

12:00 Indoor Propagation Measurements with a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface at 3.5 GHz
Jesper Ø Nielsen (Aalborg University, Denmark); Ondřej Franek (Aalborg University & APMS Section, Denmark); Ying Zhinong (Aalborg University, Denmark)This paper describes an investigation of the practical impact of a reconfigurable intelligent surface on indoor radio propagation. The evaluation is based on measurements of the instantaneous channel impulse
response (CIR) between a static transmitter (Tx) and moving receiver (Rx) antennas in non-line of sight (NLOS), where the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) was placed to potentially improve the channel.
Different configurations of the RIS were employed and a mean power gain of up to 22 dB was found when introducing the RIS, but the gain was highly dependent on the distance between the Tx antenna and the RIS
as well as the polarization, where gains of only about 1 dB was found for a 5 m distance. Also the correct focus point of the RIS was found to be important for close distances. In addition, statistics of the instantaneous
power level were investigated.

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
A12b: Advances in modelling and design of phased arrays (continued)
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Marc Thevenot (XLIM-University of Limoges, France)
10:40 Design, Measurements, and Performance Assessment of a Massive MIMO Wideband Phased Array
Riccardo Ozzola, Cesare Tadolini and Roderick Giosevan Tapia Barroso (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Ulrik Imberg (Huawei Technologies, Sweden
AB, Sweden); Daniele Cavallo and Andrea Neto (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
In this paper, a wideband and wide-angle scanning array is designed to reduce the volume occupation in wireless base stations. It is realized as a dual-polarized connected array, which uses two interchangeable
radomes of artificial dielectric layers to operate between 6 and 8 GHz and between 2 and 8 GHz, while scanning up to 60° on the main planes. An 8×8 array has been manufactured and tested in terms of matching
and radiation patterns. Finally, the number of beams that the prototype can generate in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) configuration is assessed by using the observable field concept.

11:00 An L-Band Receiving Array with Full Digital Simultaneous Quad-Polarization Beamforming
Peizhuo Yang, Gong Chen, Jiahao Wang and Koen Mouthaan (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
Traditionally, beamforming is a technique that deals with signal of one polarization. In this paper, simultaneous quadpolarization digital beamforming is demonstrated on a Radio Frequency System-on-chip (RFSoC)
radio platform. An L-band polarization-reconfigurable antenna array is fabricated for the demonstration.

11:20 Synthesis of Circularly Polarized Microstrip Planar Array with Cross-Polarization Suppression
Gabriel P Paulena (Federal University of Pampa, Brazil); Juner M. Vieira (National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil); Edson R. Schlosser and Marcos V. T.
Heckler (Universidade Federal do Pampa, Brazil)
This paper describes the application of the differential evolution (DE) method to synthesize the radiation pattern of a 4×4 microstrip planar antenna array. The excitation coefficients are optimized to achieve
beamsteering with sidelobe level control simultaneously. Additionally, the optimization process realizes the minimization of the cross-polarization level to, at least, 25 dB below of right-hand circular polarization(RHCP) in the main beam direction. The applied technique presents fast convergence and good performance in terms of pattern shape and polarization purity.

11:40 6:1 Connected Slot Array in PCB Technology
Mattia Maggi (Université de Rennes 1 & Centre National Etudes Spatiales, France); Rémi Fragnier and Romain Contreres (CNES, France); Ronan Sauleau (University ofRennes 1, France); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France)
This work shows the design of connected slot arrays in PCB technology. A capacitive load is introduced over the radiating slots to enlarge the operating band scanning range. The stack-up of the array is presented
and discussed for a PCB fabrication. The features of every element are illustrated from the top of the structure to the end of the feeding network. The antenna can operate in the band 2 - 20 GHz with a field of viewof 60° in elevation along the E- and D-planes.

12:00 Study of Finite Edge Effects in Compact Ultra-Wide-Band Connected Arrays
Roderick Giosevan Tapia Barroso, Andrea Neto and Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Connected array antennas have recently emerged as viable solutions to realize phased arrays with very large bandwidth and wide scanning capability. One of the key properties that enables the broadband operationis the high inter-element mutual coupling. However, the high coupling also causes large variations of the active impedance in finite arrays, due to edge effects. This is particularly problematic for applications in which
the number of elements is limited by the available space to accommodate the array. A study of the truncation effects on the array performance is presented, and a number of possible improvement strategies areinvestigated.

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
A13: Emerging antennas for space systems
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Hervé Legay (Thalès Alenia Space, France), Ashraf Uz Zaman (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)10:40 Ultra-Miniature Circularly Polarized Antenna with Omni-Directional Pattern for Sat-IoT
Serge Bories (CEA, France); Jean-François Pintos, Marwan Jadid and Christophe Delaveaud (CEA-LETI, France)
This paper presents the design and performance of a lambda/15 x lambda/15 x lambda/25 antenna that radiates circular polarisation with a dipole-like pattern. The simple structure of the miniaturized monopole
loaded with a loop is optimized by adjusting the phasing between the monopole and loop excitations through reactive loading component calculation. While the circular polarization remains good (AR<3 dB) over the
0.75 % fractional bandwidth, the total efficiency reaches 12% for such ultra-miniature antenna.

11:00 Compact Circularly Polarized Antenna Based on Gapwaveguide for SATCOM Applications
Raha Roosefid (Chalmers University of Technology & Satcube AB, Sweden); Jian Yang and Ashraf Uz Zaman (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)
In this study, we introduce a novel compact cavity design specifically tailored for generating circular polarization. By optimizing the structure and dimensions, our proposed cavity demonstrates a significant reduction
in size compared to conventional cavities. This compactness not only facilitates the design of more simplified individual components but also sets the way for the development of more compact arrays for the purposeof larger scanning angles in scanning array antennas. The dimensions of the cavity are 5.46×5.46mm at a center frequency of 28.5GHz. The impedance bandwidth ranges from 27.75GHz to 29.75GHz and the axial
ratio is less than 3dB, aligning with the impedance matching with a bandwidth of 5.08%. The design has low loss and high efficiency due to its fully metal structure. Given its inherent attributes and performance
metrics, this compact cavity emerges as a promising choice for Satellite Communication (SATCOM) applications.

11:20 Wide-Angle Quasi-Optical Beamformer for LEO Applications
Léonin Lassauce (Université de Rennes 1 & IETR, France); Jean-Philippe Fraysse and Ségolène Tubau (Thales Alenia Space, France); Romain Contreres (CNES,
France); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France)
In this article, the design of a low profile double mirror quasi-optical beamformer is presented for low Earth orbit Satcom megaconstellations. The beamformer consists of stacked parallel plate waveguides operatingwith the principal transverse electromagnetic mode. Vertical mirrors shape in amplitude and phase the guided mode for feeding a linear array located at one edge of the beamformer. A physical optics tool is used to
optimize the shape and location of the mirrors for wide scanning. The final design is based on an integrated solution for high beam crossover in PCB technologies. Full-wave simulations validate the system based ona dual-mirror system radiating 23 beams in a field of view of ±55° with increased beam crossover in the Ka-band (17.3 GHz - 20.2 GHz).

11:40 Low Profile Wideband Dual-Polarized Antenna Array for Ku/K/Ka-Band Satcom Applications
Qingchun You, Lu Qian and Yi Wang (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper introduces a design method for an ultra-wideband dual-polarized array antenna. It consists of open-boundary quad-ridged horn antenna elements and a novel waveguide parallel coupled differential feeding
network. The design of the open-boundary quad-ridged horn antenna enhances the low-frequency radiation performance. The differential feeding network achieves good impedance matching over a bandwidth from10 to 32GHz within a confined space of 8mm Based on this approach, an ultra-wideband dual-polarized array antenna is designed for satellite communication in the Ku/K/Ka frequency bands. Simulation results
demonstrate that the antenna exhibits a return loss better than +12 dB over the 10-32 GHz range, with the antenna aperture efficiency exceeding 75% across the band.

12:00 Circularly-Polarized Wideband Conformal Magneto-Electric Antenna Covering the GNSS Bands
Alexandre Causse (Université de Rennes 1, France); Loic Bernard (ISL & IETR, France); Sylvain Collardey (University of Rennes 1, France); Ala Sharaiha (Université deRennes & IETR, France)
A circularly-polarized wideband conformal magneto-electric antenna is introduced; the conformation radius is of 77 mm and this antenna aims at covering all the GPS and Galileo bands ([1164;1300] MHz +(1559;1591] MHz). The antenna dimensions are 88 × 75 × 38.4 mm. The simulation results are validated by the measurement results of a prototype.

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
CS40b: New challenges on small antennas for emerging wireless technologies (continued)
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Halim Boutayeb (Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada), Marta Cabedo-Fabrés (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain)
10:40 Small On-Metal Passive UHF RFID Transponders with Long Read Ranges
Mohamed Räsänen, Jari Holopainen and Jan H. S. Bergman (Aalto University, Finland); Matti Kuosmanen (Aalto University & Saab Finland Oy, Finland); Ville Viikari(Aalto University & School of Electrical Engineering, Finland)This paper presents two small wide-band passive on-metal ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for on-metal applications. The first single resonant design is for long-range RFID
applications, whereas the second dual-resonant design targeted for wide-band purposes. Both designs are free of external matching components, the second design utilizes dual-stub matching. Both designs are
based on the planar inverted L antenna (PILA), in which the planar radiator is placed on top of the ground plane. The tags operate in the passive mode. The first design achieves a measured reading distance of 15.2
m at 872 MHz. For the second design, the achieved maximum read range is 7.2 m, and a minimum read range of 3.0 m within 902 MHz - 958 MHz. Both tags are designed to operate in the passive mode. The used
PCB substrate is the commercially available and widely used FR-4.

11:00 A WiFi-Based System for Ice Monitoring in Harsh Environment Using 2.7 GHz Microwave Sensor
Dima Kilani (The University of British Columbia, Canada); Aaryaman Shah and Fatemeh Niknahad (University of British Columbia, Canada); Mohammad H. Zarifi (The
University of British Columbia, Canada)
The integration of microwave sensors within wireless sensor nodes (WSN) enables remote real-time monitoring and detection across diverse sectors. However, the conventional use of a bulky vector network analyzer(VNA) to stimulate the microwave sensor poses limitations for practical applications. This paper presents a WSN utilizing a microwave sensor integrated with a readout printed circuit board (PCB) that inherently
excites the sensor eliminating the need for a VNA. The microwave sensor is designed to monitor ice accumulation in harsh environment and is composed of three split-ring resonator tags coupled to the transmission
line. The data collected from the microwave sensor is processed and sampled using the integrated readout (PCB), and transmitted to the server via a WiFi module. The WSN has been successfully tested within atemperature range of 20◦C to -40◦C and a frequency range of 1.75 GHz to 2.8 GHz.

11:20 Compact 868 MHz RFID-Based Antenna for Queen Bee Identification and Location Inside Hives
Marta Cabedo-Fabrés (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain); Laura Pérez Beltrán (Universitat Politècnica de Valéncia, Spain); José Lorenzo López and Javier
Fernández Caballero (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain); Miguel Ferrando-Bataller (Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain); Leandro Juan-Llacer(Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain); Karim Belhaki Rivas (Association for Beekeeping Innovation and Development, Spain); Manuel Delgado-Restituto (Instituteof Microelectronics of Seville, Spain)
The traditional method of identifying and locating queen bees within a hive involves laborious and time-consuming processes, such as visual inspections and paint marking on the thorax. In contrast, this work
focuses on leveraging RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) technology to streamline this task. A compact antenna, intended for use in conjunction with a commercial transponder, is designed and manufactured.
The dimensions of the antenna are 3.09 x 2.61 mm, making it suitable for placement on the thorax of a queen bee. This antenna provides sufficient range for the identification and location of queen bees from theexterior of hives, even in hives with maximum dimensions of approximately 54 cm. Measurement reveal that the antenna's range increases when located inside the hive compared to open space. Furthermore, theeffectiveness of the antenna in locating queen bees is assessed by conducting extensive measurements within the honeycomb where the bee is situated.

11:40 Efficient Wireless Power Transfer to an Ultra-Miniaturized Antenna for Future Cardiac Leadless Pacemaker
Farooq Faisal (National Institute of Scientific Research Montreal, Canada); Ahmed Moulay (INRS (EMT), Canada); Mohamed Chaker (INRS, Canada); Tarek Djerafi(Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Canada)
An ultra-wideband antenna with an ultra-miniaturized size of only 10.66 mm3 is proposed for a leadless pacemaker. The antenna was integrated with the dummy electronics of an LP to consider the components'
effects. The specific absorption rates were found in the safety limits. The antenna is tested by experiments in minced pork and the measured results are found in close agreement with simulation results. To convert
the received radio frequency (RF) energy into direct current (DC), a multi-section rectifier with a wideband functionality was integrated with the proposed antenna. To improve the RF-dc conversion efficiency of therectifier, spatial power combining techniques have been employed. In these techniques, two signals (1.5 GHz and 1.52 GHz) components have been generated separately and transmitted through an ultra-wideband
horn antenna. It is observed that transferring two signals improved the received dc voltage by 28.2 % compared to using a single frequency.

12:00 Challenges and Limits of Designing Wide Band and Efficient Compact Superdirective Antenna
Abdellah Touhami (University RENNNES1, France); Sylvain Collardey (University of Rennes 1, France); Ala Sharaiha (Université de Rennes & IETR, France)
The design of efficient and wideband superdirective array is a challenging task. The challenges lie in the inverse proportionality between the maximal directivity in one hand and the efficiency as well as the impedance
bandwidth in the other hand. In this paper we present a simple optimization strategy to address these issues. It consists of two key elements: the embedding of passive loads inside the antenna structure to ensurea wideband behaviour and the optimization of the array realized gain instead of its directivity. Such optimization allows establishing a best trade-off between the array performances. The proposed method is used
afterwards for designing a two elements array with a separation distance of d = 0.1λ. The simulations show that the array presents a wide impedance bandwidth of 11.8%, a large −1 dB bandwidth of directivity andgain of 18.2% and 13.6% respectively and a high total efficiency > 80 %.

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
CS23b: Recent Advances on Propagation Research and Its Impact on Localizations (continued)
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Christian Gentner (German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany), Wei Wang (Chang'an University, China)
10:40 SARFID for Fine-Scale Localization of Passive Backscattering Devices at 2.4 GHz ISM Band
Andrea Motroni, Glauco Cecchi, Alice Buffi and Paolo Nepa (University of Pisa, Italy)
Indoor localization systems have gained prominence across various industries for their ability to determine the location of objects, people, vehicles, and assets. This paper delves into the localization of 2.4 GHz
passive devices based on modulated backscattering communications with a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) approach, traditionally associated with UHF-RFID (Ultra-High-Frequency Radio Frequency IDentification)
devices at around 900 MHz. The shift from 900 MHz band to the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial-Scientific-Medical) band necessitates considerations on the effects of the higher frequency on localization accuracy, antenna
trajectory parameters, and synthetic array aperture. This study aims to understand the advantages and challenges of applying these techniques in an unexplored frequency range and discusses potential applications.

11:00 Path Loss Modeling for Air-To-Ground Channels in a Suburban Environment
Sander Coene (Universiteit Gent, Belgium); Achiel Colpaert (KU Leuven, Belgium); Emmeric Tanghe (Ghent University, Belgium); David Plets (Ghent University - imec,
Belgium); Zhuangzhuang Cui and Sofie Pollin (KU Leuven, Belgium); Wout Joseph (Ghent University/IMEC, Belgium)
In the context of intelligent transportation systems and smart cities, vehicle-to-vehicle communications will play a major role in providing localized information services. Unmanned aerial vehicles are an important partof this infrastructure, as they provide flexibility and enable demand-based (re)deployment of network nodes. However, these drone-based scenarios have unique propagation channel characteristics that are not yet
fully explored. In this paper, we investigate channels measured between a ground base station and drone-mounted platform, emulating air-to-ground communications at different heights and for different propagation
conditions. Using a log-distance path loss model, we obtain line-of-sight path loss exponents of 6.3-8.4, increasing with height (12.1-49.2m). Vegetation obstruction resulted in values 15.0 and 13.2, at 33 m and 49
m heights, respectively. Addition of an angle-dependent loss component improved the fit slightly in only two scenarios. Its new component exponent was statistically significant at a 5% significance level in only halfof the cases.

11:20 Mixture Density Networks for Multipath Assisted Positioning-Based Fingerprinting
Markus Ulmschneider, Christian Gentner and Armin Dammann (German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany)
In multipath assisted positioning schemes, the spatial information contained in multipath propagation of wireless radio systems is exploited for localization of a receiver. However, such schemes suffer from a highcomputational complexity. We have proposed before a fingerprinting localization system based on multipath assisted positioning, where the fingerprinting database is encoded in a deep neural network (DNN).
Within this paper, we propose and evaluate a mixture density network approach in our DNN to analyze ambiguities among fingerprints at different locations. We show that our scheme shows a very good positioning
performance with an error of around 2m for the most part, while having a low computational complexity in the online stage and a very low effort compared to traditional fingerprinting schemes.

11:40 Angle of Arrival Measurements with Ultra-Wide Band Transceivers: Design and Evaluation
Josef Krska (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic); Christian Gentner (German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany); Vaclav Navratil (Czech Technical
University in Prague, Czech Republic)
Ultra-wide Band (UWB) positioning systems estimate the user's position from several time-based measurements. While usually achieving decimeter-level accuracy, enhancing the measurements by additional
measurements, such as Angle of Arrival (AoA), should improve the positioning performance and robustness. In this work, the design of our custom UWB-AoA board capable of time-based and angle-based
measurements is presented. The board contained two DW1000 UWB transceiver chips with a common clock source and with independent communication interfaces, enabling parallel control of the chips. The AoA
measurements using Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) and Phase Difference of Arrival (PDoA) methods are discussed. The AoA estimation accuracy using TDoA and PDoA is evaluated experimentally with turntable
experiments, done for several antenna configurations. The results show that with PDoA measurements it is possible to achieve AoA errors with 6.1 degrees standard deviation and +0.73 degrees mean for halfwavelength antenna separation and even better for longer antenna separations.

12:00 Characterization of Propagation from Measurements at Sub-THz for ISAC Applications in an Emulated Dynamic Industrial Scenario
Diego Andrés Dupleich (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany & Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Germany); Alexander Ebert, Yanneck VölkerSchöneberg and Damir Sitdikov (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Mate Boban (Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf GmbH, Germany); Giovanni Del Galdo(Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS & Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Reiner S. Thomä (Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany)
The large blocks of free instantaneous bandwidth at (sub-)THz and the utilization of high gain radio interfaces makes the (sub-)THz suitable for sensing applications. In this paper we present the analysis of novel
dual-polarized double directional measurements at 190~GHz in an industrial setting with integrated sensing and communication applications in view. The set-up consists of a bi-static configuration emulating two
access points with beam-steering capabilities in a machine room. One access point serves a machine with a wireless link, while the other access point senses the environment to detect moving objects. The objective
is to detect possible obstructions that could interrupt the communication link or cause accidents on the production line. The results have shown that the system aspects as narrow beams and large bandwidths allow
the early identification of objects in the environment from the measured channel impulse response.

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
E01: Inverse Scattering and Imaging for Biomedical Applications
T06 Biomedical and health / / Electromagnetics
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy), Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações, Portugal)
10:40 Optimal Design of Planar Micro-NMR Coils for High Signal-To-Noise Ratio
Natachai Terawatsakul and Alireza Saberkari (Linköping University, Sweden); Morgan Madec (iCube, France)
This paper introduces a design methodology for optimizing a micro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) planar coil to ensure maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in NMR systems. Although the SNR is influenced bymultiple factors, some remain nearly impossible to model using electromagnetic simulators. To address this challenge, we propose the coil performance factor (CPF) concept, which exclusively considers coil-relatedparameters. Utilizing this methodology, we evaluated multiple planar coils, each with varying turn numbers, trace widths, and shapes but maintaining a diameter consistent with 5 mm, within an identical environment.
Notably, unlike coils designed for other applications prioritizing high-quality factor (Q), NMR coils necessitate a balance between high homogeneity and other factors. Comparative analysis revealed that the optimized
octagonal coil, comprising 3 turns and a 0.27 mm trace width, exhibited a CPF of 0.0214 millitesla per the square root of Kelvin ohms, while the high-Q coil demonstrated 0.0102.

11:00 Assessment of the Feasibility of Breast Lesion Detection with Contrast Source Inversion for Microwave Tomography: A Virtual Experiment
Alessandra Ronca (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM) & Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Alessandro Arduino, Luca Zilberti and Oriano Bottauscio (INRIM, Italy);
Gianluigi Tiberi (London South Bank University, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & UBT - Umbria Bioengineering Technologies, Italy)
In this paper, the microwave tomography performed using the contrast source inversion method was investigated. A two-dimensional model problem, composed of a cylindrical phantom positioned at the center of thereceiving antennas' circular distribution, provided the setup for virtual experiments. Both a homogeneous phantom, with electrical properties that approximate the ones of a dense breast, and several heterogeneous
phantoms, with an inclusion whose high electrical properties simulate those of a breast lesion, were considered. The effect of the initial guess on the reconstruction of the homogeneous phantom was assessed fora first investigation. Then, the detectability of the inclusion in the heterogeneous phantom was tested varying its size, position, and electrical properties. Results suggested that a priori information is useful to build arobust initial guess. The inclusion was detectable in the permittivity maps independently of the considered dimension and position, whereas structured noise was predominant in the conductivity maps.

11:20 Estimating the Signal Strength for Microwave Breast Cancer Detection with a Magnetic Near-Field Applicator in Air
Christoph Jannick Salomon, Nikola Petrovic and Per Olov Risman (Mälardalen University, Sweden)
In this paper, we present a numerical simulation scenario to estimate the signal strength of a tumor in a microwave detection scenario containing a magnetic near-field applicator and a quarter-wave dipole astransmitter and receiver, respectively. Two different receiver orientations are tested on two different breast phantoms representing high-adipose and low-adipose bulk breast tissue. The tumor signal strength isestimated by subtracting the received signals acquired with and without a tumor being present. The results indicate that in the horizontally aligned receiver case, the presence of a tumor can be estimated from thereceiver positions exhibiting the highest difference signals. The strongest difference signals however do not occur at the frequency of operation but below. The other cases are not conclusive, but a stronger tumor
signal was received with the horizontally aligned receiver than with the vertically aligned one throughout.

11:40 Huygens Principle Imaging Method Powered by Deep Learning for Brain Stroke Classification
Moein Movafagh (London South Bank University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Navid Ghavami (Umbria Bioengineering Technology (UBT), United Kingdom (GreatBritain)); Gianluigi Tiberi (London South Bank University, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & UBT - Umbria Bioengineering Technologies, Italy); Mirco Cosottini (University of
Pisa, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Sandra Dudley-McEvoy and Mohammad Ghavami (London South Bank University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In our study, we investigate the potential of deep learning to elevate the effectiveness of the Huygens principle (HP) imaging method in detecting brain strokes. While HP has proven successful in breast cancer
imaging, it faces some challenges when applied to more complex structures such as the brain. To overcome these challenges, we use Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations to build a comprehensive
dataset. Subsequently, we employ the U-net model to map HP-generated images to strokes, yielding impressive results. Our findings indicate an accuracy rate of 93.2% for the brain phantom, showcasing thepromising prospect of this approach for brain imaging enhancement.

12:00 A Smart Convenient Rewriting of the Inverse Scattering Equations for the 3D Scalar Problem
Martina Teresa Bevacqua (Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy); Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy)
The contribution addresses the tridimensional inverse scattering scalar problem, by introducing a new smart rewriting of the scattering equations such to reduce the degree of nonlinearity of the inverse problem.
The analysis of the norm of the relevant internal radiation operator is performed in comparison with the standard one. This analysis can open the way for exploring new possibilities and opportunities for imaging anddetection of unknown targets.

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
E05: Periodic Structures for mmWave and THz Applications
T07 THz and high frequency technologies / / Electromagnetics
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Alexandros Feresidis (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Agnese Mazzinghi (University of Florence, Italy)
10:40 From Bulk Toward Micro-Structured TiO_2 Ceramics for All-Dielectric Metamaterials at Terahertz Frequencies
Djihad Amina Djemmah (C2N, France); Delphine Gourdonnaud (Université de Limoges, France); Pierre-Marie Geffroy (SPCTS - UMR CNRS 7315 - University of Limoges,
France); Jean-Francois Roux (Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, France); Fayçal Bouamrane (Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS, France); Eric Akmansoy (Université Paris Sud& Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, France)
In this study, we aimed to develop high permittivity TiO2 ceramics ideal for the fabrication of All-Dielectric Meta- materials operational in the terahertz frequency. TiO2 ceramic pellets are fabricated from a commercial
powder. A comparative analysis was conducted between Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) and conventional sintering process. Characterizations were then carried out in the range of 0.2 to 1.4 THz using THz timedomain spectroscopy. We observed that the samples fabricated by the spark plasma sintering and post-annealing treatment exhibit a high refractive permittivity associated with minimal loss (ε′ ≈ 100 and tan δ<0.015). These characteristics make these samples optimal candidates for achieving a negative refractive index in all-dielectric metamaterials. In addition, two micro-structuring processes were investigated for therealization of metamaterials operating in the terahertz range: micro-molding and direct T iO2 etching by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP).

11:00 On the Rigorous Design of Graphene-Based Periodic Structures Exploiting the Fundamental Resonances
Pablo H. Zapata Cano (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); Stamatis A. Amanatiadis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki & Ormylia Foundation, Greece);
Zaharias D. Zaharis and Traianos Yioultsis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); Pavlos Lazaridis (University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom (Great Britain));Nikolaos V. Kantartzis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece)
The electromagnetic response of graphene plasmonic scatterers is realized in the present work by exploiting their natural modes. Initially, a formulation to extract the latter is presented, where the planar material
is modeled as an equivalent surface current. Then, a simple disk scatterer is considered and the fundamental modes are evaluated to distinguish them between edge and bulk ones, taking into account the field
distribution. Moreover, the resonance frequencies for the case of incident plane-wave scattering are connected to the characteristics of the fundamental modes. Finally, a periodic array of graphene scatterers isinvestigated to highlight the additional plasmonic coupling resonances, corresponding to natural modes of different attributes.

11:20 SIW Slot Leaky-Wave Antenna Using Low-Index Metamaterial
Amir Jafargholi and Romain Fleury (EPFL, Switzerland)This paper presents a wideband leaky-wave substrate-integrated wave guide (SIW) slot antenna. The proposed structure comprises slots loaded with a low-index metamaterial (MTM). The MTM is realized using
an array of thin wires. Loading the antenna with low-index material not only improves the antenna's impedance bandwidth but also improves radiation, introducing a slight variation in the main lobe direction as thefrequency changes. This is a feature that is challenging to attain with conventional leaky-wave antennas. The antenna operating frequency covers the frequency range of 25.2 to 33.5 GHz, with a bandwidth of 28.3%.
Based on the proposed SIW slot antenna, a 16-element leaky-wave antenna with a maximum gain of 14.2 dBi is presented. The final prototype is a single-layer, compact, and cost-effective structure.

11:40 Design of Novel Fully Metallic mm-Wave Reflectarray Antenna
Savvas Chalkidis and Evangelos Vassos (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Thomas Whittaker and William Whittow (Loughborough University,
United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Alexandros Feresidis (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The design of a novel fully metallic reflectarray antenna at millimetre-wave frequencies is presented. The reflectarray consists of 3-D metallic unit cells resembling four layers of thick metallic patches connected bymetallic vias. Full phase control and low losses are achieved by generating numerous unit cells with different combinations of the patches' size. Simulations have been carried out using CST Microwave Studio and
TICRA QUPES to evaluate the response of the unit cells and the proposed reflectarray. The unconventional multi-layer design suggested can be implemented by exploiting recently emerged additive manufacturing
techniques. In terms of the reflectarray performance, the operating frequency is centered at 30GHz whilst the directivity is approximately 28dBi.

12:00 A Novel Topologically Protected Hollow Dielectric Waveguide for Robust mmWave Guiding
Menglin Chen (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong); Rui Zhou (Central China Normal University, Hong Kong)
Waveguide devices are fundamental components in microwave systems. While operation frequencies of communication systems are migrating to millimeter wave regime, it makes design requirements for electronic
components more demanding. With the rapid development of topological photonics, it has been found that topology of artificial structures can provide prospects for optical circuits to achieve unprecedented features.
Inspired by the idea of topology, here, we propose a new protection mechanism for hollow dielectric waveguides to achieve robust millimeter wave propagation against path bends or defects. By decorating theboundaries of the conventional waveguide with valley photonic crystals, topologically protected hybrid modes consisting of transverse electric modes and valley edge states are generated. The proposed waveguideis highly compatible with substrate-integrated waveguide technology. Our work provides a novel method of leveraging topological effects from optics to millimeter wave engineering and significantly expands theapplication scope of topological devices in millimeter wave regime.

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
E10b: Electromagnetic Modelling and Analytical Methods (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Electromagnetics
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Pilar Castillo-Tapia (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden), Andrea Neto (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
10:40 Radiation Efficiency Cost of Optimal Current Density Generating Specific Far-Field Pattern
Miloslav Capek and Lukas Jelinek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic)
This paper addresses the question of how closely can a prescribed far field be generated by the current density optimal in radiation efficiency. Two types of current optimization problems are introduced and solved
with the tools of convex programming. The theory is demonstrated in several examples utilizing in-house software tools. The complexity of the problems is discussed, showing that the complete problem, including anunspecified phase of the desired far field, is an NP-hard problem, requiring one of the iterative approaches known in the literature.

11:00 Analytical Circuit Models: From Purely Spatial to Space-Time Structures
Carlos Molero and Salvador Moreno-Rodríguez (University of Granada, Spain); Antonio Alex-Amor (Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Spain); Pablo Padilla (University ofGranada, Spain); Juan Valenzuela-Valdés (Universidad de Granada, Spain)
This work presents an insight into a theoretical framework for deriving fully-analytical and multi-modal equivalent circuits for periodic structures, FSSs and general metasurfaces. By including time as a new variable,
the classical version of the model can be extended from the analysis of purely spatial structures to time- and spacetime-varying metasurfaces. Several kind of periodic structures are considered from the circuit pointof view along the document, being periodic in space, time and spacetime. The performance the analytical circuits is validated via external full-wave solvers, leading the models to become an excellent tool to explore
novel and advanced spacetime scenarios.

11:20 Proving the Circular Polarization of the Fundamental Modes in Rotationally Symmetric Waveguides
Gines Garcia-Contreras (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain); Juan Córcoles and Jorge A Ruiz-Cruz (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
Second-order symmetric waveguides are especially suitable for dual polarization applications, since they present clear, mathematically proven, degeneracy schemes in their spectrum. In this work we will prove that,in second order rotationally-symmetric waveguides, the fundamental mode presents circular polarization in the circumcenter of the cross-section for any symmetry factor greater than three, and regardless of its
geometry. Moreover we will show that certain mode classes do not carry any power at the circumcenter.

11:40 Efficient Analysis Method for Artificial Dielectric Layers with Vertical Metal Inclusions
Alexander J van Katwijk, Andrea Neto and Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Artificial dielectric superstrates have recently been studied due to their ability to enhance the bandwidth and scanning range of antenna arrays. One such superstrate consists of artificial dielectric layers (ADLs)
and forms an effective medium that is anisotropic, which enables a larger scanning volume without supporting surface waves. When arrays that employ these ADLs scan to large angles on the diagonal plane, thisanisotropy increases the cross-polarization of the array. This problem can be reduced by introducing vertical metal pins in the ADL superstrate which enables control over the vertical component of the permittivity
tensor. This work shows an ongoing effort to develop an efficient analysis method based on a spectral domain method of moments. Entire-domain basis functions are used in a hybrid cartesian and cylindricalcoordinate system to accurately model the currents on the structure under plane wave incidence.

12:00 Numerical Results on the Use of the L-SVD Approach for the Solution of the Inverse Source Problem from Amplitude-Only Data
Amedeo Capozzoli (Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy); Ilaria Catapano (IREA-CNR, Italy); Claudio Curcio (Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy); Giuseppe Esposito
and Gianluca Gennarelli (IREA-CNR, Italy); Angelo Liseno (Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy); Giovanni Ludeno (IREA-CNR, Italy); Francesco Soldovieri (CNR, Italy)
We consider a Learned Singular Value Decomposition (L-SVD) approach to face a canonical 2D scalar inverse source problem from amplitude-only, far-field data. We compare the reconstruction performance of
L-SVD from amplitude-only data against the Truncated SVD (TSVD) regularized inversion using amplitude and phase (complex) information. The numerical tests show that phaseless L-SVD provides, with a proper
training on a well-organized dataset accommodating significant a priori information on the set of relevant unknown current distributions, superior performance as compared to TSVD.

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
IW12: Teleco Renta: An opportunity to conduct research in Spain
Adrián Amor Martín
Room: M2

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
IW5: From Planar Antennas to Multi-Beam Phased Array Systems, Celestia
Room: M3
10:40 Planar Antennas and Electronic Steerable Antennas Applications
Presenter: Manuel J. González; Alberto Pellón (CELESTIA TTI)

11:25 Multi-Beam Phased Array Systems for SatCom Gateway Applications
Presenters: Ed Totten; Daniel White; Colum Tucker (CELESTIA UK)

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
A08b: Leaky-wave antennas (continued)
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / / Antennas
Room: M4
Chairs: Jose-Luis Gómez-Tornero (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain), Edoardo Negri (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
10:40 Proactively Conformed Near-Field Focused Modulated Leaky-Wave Antennas
Jose-Luis Gómez-Tornero (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain)
The simultaneous use of conformation of a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) and local modulation of its leaky mode, is proposed for near-field focusing. Theoretical expressions are derived to obtain the local tapering of
the complex propagation constant along the conformal shape, in order to focus the radiation at the desired coordinates. A design example with a curved tapered slitted leaky waveguide is illustrated to validate thistheory, showing good agreement between theory and full-wave simulations. Finally, potential applications of curved near-field focused proactively conformed LWAs are discussed.

11:00 High Efficiency Groove Gap Waveguide Leaky Wave Antenna Array with Flat Top Radiation Pattern
Nelson Castro and Eva Rajo-Iglesias (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)
The combination of two leaky wave antennas implemented in Groove Gap Waveguide (GGWG) technology is proposed in this work as a simple way to obtain a flat-top radiation pattern. The design consists of two
stacked GGWG leaky wave antennas with different pointing directions and full control on the amplitude distribution of the field to achieve low side-lobes and high radiation efficiency. GGWG technology allows thesimple combination of the two antennas by stacking them and adding a coupler.

11:20 Hybrid Metal-Graphene Unit Cells for THz Reconfigurable Leaky-Wave Antennas
Edoardo Negri (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Walter Fuscaldo (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy); Marco Toni, Paolo Burghignoli and Alessandro
Galli (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
Graphene terahertz (THz) antennas are a subject of intense research due to the tunable properties of graphene that may allow for realizing dynamically steering planar antennas. Still, most of these studies remain
at a theoretical level due to the very high ohmic losses exhibited by graphene at THz frequencies. In this work, we propose an original metasurface based on a hybrid metal--graphene unit cell that can profitably be
used to realize a high-directivity reconfigurable Fabry--Perot cavity leaky-wave antenna. It is shown that by controlling the graphene filling factor of the unit cell it is possible to achieve a satisfactory trade-off between
the range of reconfigurability and the antenna directivity. Preliminary results are obtained with a rigorous leaky-wave analysis and compared with full-wave simulations.

11:40 Beam Steerable Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Composite Right/Left Handed Leaky-Wave Antenna Using Field Programmable Microwave
Substrate
Shahinshah Ali (Lakehead University, Canada)This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a novel leaky wave antenna (LWA) incorporating field-programmable microwave substrate (FPMS) unit cells. Integrating cross-shaped slots on a HalfMode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) the impedance of the propagating wave has been carefully modulated to achieve the desired antenna performance. The presence of FPMS unit cells on the antenna
structure allows the control of the substrate properties that helps in steering the main antenna beam around broadside direction. The simulated results demonstrate 72 degree of steering with stable impedance
response. The applicability of the design is also validated with the help of an actual prototype which provides decent radiation performance. The proposed antenna could prove to be a stepping-stone towards othersmart antenna systems that rely on FPMS technology.

12:00 Open Stopband Suppression of Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Theory of Small Reflections
Feiyu Ge and Shunli Li (Southeast University, China); Hongxin Zhao (State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, China); Xiaoxing Yin (State Key
Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, China)
A technology based on theory of small reflections for open stopband suppression in the periodic leaky-wave antennas (PLWA) is present. The open stopband suppression is realized by the superposition andcancellation of multiple reflected waves generated by discontinuities of periodic structures. Through modifying the discontinuities, the phase and amplitude of each reflected wave could be modulated separately withina certain frequency band. Choosing the proper phase and amplitude of reflected waves, the total reflected wave could be reduced to a low level, even to zero, and then, the abnormally large reflection in the open
stopband is suppressed. Two spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPP) based PLWA are developed to verify the technology. The results show that good VSWRs and radiation performances are achieved when the
beam scans through broadside direction. This technology could have applications in the design of various types of PLWA, such as microstrip, waveguide, and SSPP PLWAs.

Wednesday, March 20 10:40 - 12:20
SW12b: Open Source Electromagnetic Modelling Tools (continued)
Room: Fyne
Chairs: Francesco Lisi (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Timothy Pelham (University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain))10:40 "HERAS: Heriot-Watt Reflector Antenna Solver (Part 2) (Www.github.com/Microwave-Antenna-Engineering-Group-HWU/HERAS)"Francesco Lisi (Heriot-Watt University, UK)

11:20 LyceanEM (Documentation.lyceanem.com)
Presenter: Timothy Pelham (Bristol University, UK)

Wednesday, March 20 13:10 - 14:40
PA4: Poster session on mm-wave and sub mm-wave Antennas I
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Antennas
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Daniel E. Serup (Aalborg University, Denmark), A. B. (Bart) Smolders (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
A Linear Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Array Antenna Using Heterogeneous Beam Element Technology

12

Yinglu Wan, Shaowei Liao, Yuqi Wang, Wenquan Che and Quan Xue (South China University of Technology, China)
Heterogeneous beam element (HBE) technology leverages the pattern shape of each element as a novel design degree of freedom (DoF) to enhance the scanning performance of phased array antennas (PAAs).
Through strategic arrangements of HBEs, this technology effectively synthesizes a wide average active element pattern (AAEP), enabling wide-angle scanning. This study presents a novel HBE configuration thatfacilitates customized tilted element beams by controlling the current distribution on the radiating section. Based on the HBEs, the performance of a 4-element linear PAA is evaluated. Simulation results indicate thatthe 4-element linear HBE-based PAA (HBE PAA) can enhance the scan range from 60 to 70° within the 5G mmWave band (24.25-29.5 GHz, 19.5%) at the cost of a broadside gain loss of less than 1 dB compared
to its standard counterpart using standard dipole elements.

A Fully Additive Manufactured D-Band SIW Antenna 1
Chao Gu (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Zhiwei Zhang (China); Fan Qin (Xidian University, China); Fei Cheng (Sichuan University, China);
Xiaobang Shang (National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Simon Cotton (Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Jawad Ullah(Ulster University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Abraham Contreras (Nano Dimension, Germany)
This paper presents a D-band horn antenna designed using the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique. The horn's flare can be adjusted by controlling the substrate thickness using an additive manufacturing
process. To increase the antenna directivity, a dielectric loading and two-element stacking are employed. Additionally, the metal vias for conventional SIW can be replaced with solid metal walls to reduce leakage
loss. The antenna has wideband impedance bandwidth over the full D band. Through simulation, we have achieved a gain higher than 7 dBi over the operating band. A SIW-to-waveguide transition is integrated in
the single-layer design for ease of measurement. The fabricated antenna shows good dimensional accuracy with the smallest feature size of less than 0.2 mm. This study is the first demonstration that the additive
manufacturing process can produce D-band integrated antennas for system-in-package (SiP) applications while providing end-fire radiation capabilities.

A Two-Port Metamaterial Antenna for mm-Wave 5G MIMO Applications with Enhanced Bandwidth and Gain
Hlias Tzouras (' University of Patras', Greece); Stavros Koulouridis (University of Patras, Greece)2

A two-port wideband Multiple Input Multiple Output antenna with a metamaterial surface for mm-Wave 5G MIMO Applications is proposed. The MIMO antenna has a compact size of 10x 20x 0.78 mm^3 and isrealized using Rogers Duroid 5880 substrate. Each one of the radiation elements is composed of a square cut at the corners, patch antenna. In addition, three metasurface array structures of 8x2 metacells areused at the same level with the radiation elements and consequently the impedance bandwidth and the isolation are improved . The performance of the antenna is investigated in terms of MIMO parameters suchas Envelope Correlation Coefficient and Diversity Gain . The proposed two-port metamaterial antenna achieves impedance bandwidth 3.37 GHz or 12.48%, an overall Peak Realized Gain of 10.02 dB and isolation
between antenna elements bigger than 20 dB. Additionally, the calculated MIMO performance parameters confirms satisfactory behavior οf the proposed antenna.

Prototype of Multi-Sector Indoor mmW Base Station Based on 5G NR Beam Control 19
Yuki Inoue (NTT DOCOMO, INC., Japan); Yasuko Kimura (NTT DoCoMo, Inc., Japan); Masashi Yamamoto and Keiya Uchida (NTT DOCOMO, INC., Japan); Hiroyuki Arai
(Yokohama National University, Japan)
High-frequency radio waves such as millimeter waves and terahertz waves, which are used in the 5G and beyond, have a wide bandwidth enabling high-speed and high-capacity communications. Because of theirstrong linearity, there is a trend toward large-scale arraying of base stations. However, the increase in the size of the array antenna, calibration circuits, and circuit size, as well as the increase in power consumption,
will be affected by the increase in the calculation load due to larger antennas and digitalization. This has become a challenge to widespread use of millimeter-wave band base stations. To address these issues, wedeveloped a 5G multi-sector antenna indoor base station that efficiently delivers radio waves over a wide area with a small number of base station units. This paper introduces a multi-sector antenna indoor basestation prototype based on 5G NR beam control and presents experimental results.

A Simple Technique to Maximize Isolation in Compact mmWaves Antenna Arrays

18

Amélia Ramos (Universidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal); Tiago Varum and João Matos (Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Aveiro,
Portugal)
The 5G Era is demanding better and more reliable communication systems. Microstrip antenna arrays operating in mmWaves play an important role in achieving the required performance, however they impose agreat deal of design challenges. Besides, densely populated communication environments force those who design RF systems to miniaturize. The impact of reducing the distance between elements in microstrip
antenna arrays is very noticeable in isolation. This work studies a method to maximize isolation in very compact antenna arrays. It consists of a direct 45° rotation of the radiating elements and the goal is to test
whether it is possible to obtain similar isolation levels in very compact antenna arrays using this technique in comparison with the traditional patches' layout and 0.5λ interelement spacing. This strategy presents agood compromise since it did not damage the antenna's performance and it has improved isolation from 11.2 dB to 15.7 dB.

Detailed Design Procedure for Low-Cost High-Efficiency 3D Printed Transmitarray Antennas for mm-Wave Applications
Daniel E. Serup, Shuai Zhang and Gert Pedersen (Aalborg University, Denmark)4

In this work, a measurement-validated mm-wave 3D-printed transmitarray antenna together with a detailed description of its design procedure will be presented. The purpose is to provide the reader with acomprehensive all-in-one guide for the transmitarray design process to allow for rapid deployment of cheap 3D-printed transmitarray antennas. The description will provide an example of a unit element and detail themathematics required to calculate and realize a transmitarray transmission surface. Additionally, the paper will present a design example of an mm-wave 3D-printed transmitarray realization of the proposed antenna
structure with accompanying measurement validation of its performance. The measurement shows extremely good agreement with the simulation and confirms the proposed design methods' ability to provide cheapand easily manufacturable 3D-printed transmitarray antennas, even for mm-wave frequencies.

3D Printed Horn Antennas for Millimeter Wave and Sub-THz Bands 25
Lauri Vähä-Savo and Iida Luoma (Aalto University, Finland); Clemens Icheln (Aalto University & School of Electrical Engineering, Finland); Katsuyuki Haneda (Aalto
University, Finland)
3D printing has grown in popularity in many fields including antenna manufacturing. Fast and low-cost prototyping of lightweight product is desired for many electronic applications. This paper presents Ka- and D-band
vertically polarized sectoral horn antennas, which are manufactured using 3D printing technologies. Dimensions of both antennas are based on reference metallic antennas. 3D printed antennas are compared againstmetallic antennas in terms of reflection coefficient, maximum realized gain and half-power beamwidth to show their efficacy. The 3D printed antennas at both bands reproduce the beam shapes of the respective
metallic reference antenna while their maximum realized gain is on average 3 dB lower than the reference due to surface roughness and different feeding structures that affect matching.

A Novel GO Analysis Tool for GRIN Lenses Based on the Fast Sweeping Method

5Ilir Gashi (University of Siena, Italy); Anastasios Paraskevopoulos (NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Informatics & Telecommunications, Greece & University of Siena, Italy);
Stefano Maci and Matteo Albani (University of Siena, Italy)
Additive manufacturing has facilitated the straightforward development and prototyping of Graded Index (GRIN) lenses. These lenses are constructed using inhomogeneous dielectric materials and leverage arefractive index gradient to manipulate the path of light within the lens. This technology allows for creating lenses with flat surfaces and a high level of design flexibility. The Fast Sweeping Method (FSM) is a numericalapproach designed to efficiently address both wavefront propagation and field amplitude in GRIN lenses. The utility of the FSM is evaluated by establishing its accuracy and effectiveness, making it a viable alternative
to traditional ray-tracing methods. Due to its robust performance, FSM emerges as a strong candidate for serving as the analytical engine in an optimization process for the automatic design of GRIN lenses.

5x7 Nolen Matrix in K-Band Implemented in Rectangular Waveguide

10

Miguel Angel Fuentes-Pascual (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) & Antennas and Propagation Laboratory (APL), Spain); Mariano Baquero-Escudero(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain); Miguel Ferrando-Rocher (Universitat Politècnica de València & Antennas and Propagation Lab, Spain); Jose I HerranzHerruzo (Universitat Politècnica de València & APL - iTEAM, Spain); Alejandro Valero-Nogueira (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain)
In this work, the design of a 5x7 Nolen Matrix (NM) at 26 GHz with a rectangular waveguide is presented. At first, the array weights are chosen in order to achieve the desired beams. Using these weights, andordering them optimally, a theoretical calculation of the NM coupling coefficients and phase shifter values is done. The size of the rectangular waveguide is chosen with the goal of reducing loss and dispersion effects.
Couplers and phase shifters are designed with such a rectangular waveguide in a plane-E orientation. Matching networks at the input and output waveguides are also designed to permit connecting the standard
rectangular waveguide WR34 at inputs and to connect the outputs to the array elements. A full electromagnetic simulation of the designed MN has been carried out, with promising results.

Analysis and Design of Robust Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Using a Statistical Approach 6
Luca Stefanini (Roma Tre University, Italy); Davide Ramaccia (RomaTre University, Italy); Mirko Barbuto (Niccolò Cusano University, Italy); Mohsen Karamirad (Roma Tre
University, Italy); Michela Longhi (Niccolò Cusano University, Italy); Alessio Monti (Roma Tre University, Italy); Stefano Vellucci (Niccolò Cusano University, Italy);
Alessandro Toscano and Filiberto Bilotti (Roma Tre University, Italy)
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) and Smart Skins are well-established metasurface-based technologies for the wireless electromagnetic environments of the future. Despite the accurate modeling andfabrication techniques of such devices, their performances may be affected by unpredictable mutual coupling, fabrication defects, mechanical and thermal/mechanical stress that change the local response of themetasurface, realizing an electromagnetic roughness of the surface properties. In this contribution, we statistically model such electromagnetic roughness to predict the modifications to the local surface impedance.
We derive a profile transformation function for the surface impedance that allows making the RIS more resilient to such unpredictable defects. A proper set of numerical simulations demonstrates the robustness ofsuch design considering an anomalous reflective metasurface operating at 10 GHz.

Pixel Antenna Design for mm-Wave Wireless Communications to Achieve Wide Scanning 9
Gabriele Federico (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands); Diego Caratelli (The Antenna Company, The Netherlands); Pierre-Etienne Portalier (Xlim,
France); A. B. (Bart) Smolders (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands); Bernard Jecko (XLIM, France)
In this paper, we illustrate the feasibility of achieving extensive scan capabilities through the integration of a pixel antenna into a radiating matrix, designed for millimeter-wave communications. The antenna element
is a combination of a capacitively coupled patch antenna and a partially reflective surface, that operates in the frequency range between 27 GHz and 29 GHz. Whit the integration of a linear matrix, we can achieve ascan range from -74^o to +74^o. In an 8 x 8 matrix, the scan range extends from -63^o to +63^o in the \phi = 0^o-plane and from -57^o to +57^o in the \phi = 90^o-plane, with only a 3 dB scan loss. The planar matrix
is arranged in a triangular grid, which significantly reduces mutual coupling with adjacent elements when compared to the regular grid.

A Dual Linearly Polarized Array for 5G FR2 21
Marco Simone (University of Catania, Italy); Santi Concetto Pavone (Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy); Matteo Bruno Lodi (University of Cagliari, Italy); Nicola Curreli(Italian Institute of Technology, Italy); Giacomo Muntoni and Alessandro Fanti (University of Cagliari, Italy); Gino Sorbello (University of Catania, Italy); Giuseppe
Mazzarella (University of Cagliari, Italy)
A dual linear polarized antenna array for the mm-wave 5G. The antenna element is a cross-dipole, suitable to obtain two orthogonal radiated fields, independently steerable in array arrangement. The design isconceived to allow its manufacturing in PCB technology, so that the main focus of the work is to simplify as much as possible the geometry and the constructive critical issues. The antenna conductors and the feeding
network (engineered in coplanar waveguide technology) are realized in the same laminate, and a second board is applied onto to implement the balun. This upper dielectric layer acts as superstrate on the dipoles.
The overall structure, which consists of two printed circuit board laminates and a low-loss resin layer that holds them together, is less than 2 mm thick. The antenna has a 7% bandwidth around 27.28 GHz, and asteering capability which covers a ±30% angular width for both the linear polarizations.

A Novel Precise Approach for Digital Metasurface Configuration for Sensing Application 14
AmirMasood Bagheri (5GIC & 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Seyed Ehsan Hosseininejad,
Gabriele Gradoni and Pei Xiao (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation Centre, Institute forCommunication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A novel mathematical approach is proposed for the placement of unit-cells at digital metasurfaces with applications in holography, imaging, coverage improvement and antenna array. As a proof of concept, the idea
is applied to a simple unit-cell capable of providing 180 degrees of phase difference between two states of it. Used unit-cell is working at 90GHz although the idea can be used in any other frequencies. It has beenshown that the proposed method is capable of providing better results compare to conventional techniques in terms of concentration of intensity and quality of produced field pattern.

RFID-Based Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Towards Wireless and Ultra-Low-Power Reconfigurability 17
Francesco Lestini and Gaetano Marrocco (University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy); Cecilia Occhiuzzi (University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy)
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are innovative smart surfaces, composed by several tunable sub-wavelength scatterers, which provide the capability to control the wireless propagation environment.
However, RIS widespread adoption faces obstacles such as high-power requirements for the driving hardware and the need for physical wires for reprogramming. In this study, we propose an architecture thatleverages Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antennas as wireless controllers for RIS unit cells. The rationale is that modern RFID Integrated Circuits (ICs) are programmable and can act as DC power sources
using a coin battery. The proposed architecture could significantly reduce costs compared to traditional reprogramming hardware, eliminating the need for physical wiring. As a preliminary proof of concept, wedeveloped a Yagi-Uda antenna with pattern reconfiguration capabilities. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of this approach, with a close match between simulations and measurements. Future research will
explore the potential of battery-less ICs for this application.

Low-Cost 3-D Printed Lens Antenna for Ka-Band Connectivity Applications 11
Kamil Trzebiatowski and Weronika Kalista (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland); Mateusz Rzymowski (Gdansk University of Technology & WiComm Center of
Excellence, Poland); Lukasz Kulas and Krzysztof Nyka (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland)This paper discusses the use of low-cost 3-D printing technology to fabricate dielectric lenses for Ka-band wireless networks. A low-cost FDM alternative to previously presented 3-D printed lens in SLA technology
with high performance resin is presented. The presented approach has been demonstrated for a 39 GHz MU-MIMO antenna array modified to realize multibeam or switched-beam antenna that can support demanding
energy-efficient applications in millimeter waves. The impact of different 3-D printing settings on the lens performance is also investigated. The results demonstrate that with proper printing settings, low-cost 3-D
printed lenses created using FDM process are a viable alternative for high-frequency applications.

Design of Wide Band Multi-Lens Focal Plane Arrays for the TIFUUN Instrument

3

Shahab Oddin Dabironezare (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Alexandra Mavropoulou (European Space Agency, The Netherlands); Jochem Baselmans(SRON, The Netherlands); Akira Endo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Terahertz Integral Field Unit with Universal Nanotechnology (TIFUUN) is a wideband spectral mapper operating at (sub)-millimeter wavelengths. The instrument is under development for ground-based astronomy
and will be deployed to the ASTE telescope in Chile. In this work, the building blocks for TIFUUN's wideband (2:1) mappers are discussed. These components are based on multi-lens focal plane arrays of leaky
lens antennas coupled to filter banks based on Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors. Two types of multi-lens architecture are proposed and designed here: i) an array of leaky antenna feeders below a hyperhemispherical lens coupled to a plano-convex lens to achieve wide band operation with moderate scanning capabilities, and ii) focal plane arrays of leaky lens antennas coupled to a plano-convex lens to achieve
wide scanning and moderate wide band operation. These architectures are optimized to enlarge their field-of-views and operation bandwidths using a rapid kernel based on a field matching technique.

Wideband Dual-Polarized Lens Antenna for Future mm-Wave Applications 23
Valentina Cicchetti (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yang Hao (Queen Mary University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A wideband dual-polarized lens antenna, useful for future millimeter wave applications, is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular waveguide, a rectangular-to-circular transition, acircular waveguide, a conical reflector, and a dielectric lens with a spherical-axicon section to enhance the performance of the radiating structure. The antenna operates in the frequency range of 190-300 GHz,
providing a maximum gain of 9 dBi in the azimuthal plane. CST Studio Suite, employing a locally conformal full-wave finite integration technique (FIT), was utilized to design and characterize the antenna. The
structure offers the advantages of robustness, cost-effectiveness, and ease of fabrication in waveguide configurations.

A Wideband 3D Printed Digital Metasurface Transmitarrray Antenna for mm-Wave Applications 15
Gazali Bashir (IIT JAMMU & None, India); Amit Kumar Singh (IIT Patna, India); Ankit Dubey (Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, India)
A low cost dual polarized 3D printed digital metasurface transmitarray antenna for mm-wave applications is presented in this paper. The unit cell element is composed of a dielectric prorated elliptical cylinder with asquare base. The height of the elliptical cylinder is varied to control the transmission phase of the incoming electromagnetic wave. Four quantized phase state (00, 01, 10 and 11) are obtained by varying the heightof the unit cell. A 4.5λo × 4.5λo transmitarray is deigned and illuminated by the wide-band 3d printed horn antenna. The measured results show a wide-band performance with a 3 dB gain bandwidth of 33 %. A
measured peak gain of 20 dBi is obtained at 30 GHz corresponding to an aperture efficiency of 38%

A Compact High-Gain 28 GHz Antenna Array for Beyond 5G Wireless Networks 24
Ieuan Meates (Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Shaker Alkaraki (University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Muhammad Aslam(Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Qammer H Abbasi (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); David Andrew Evans and Syeda
Fizzah Jilani (Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper a novel, high-gain corporate-fed 16-element circular patch array featuring a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed and parasitic loop is proposed for beyond 5G and future 6G applications. An ultra-thin Rogers
RO4003C substrate of 0.02 mm thickness is used, and the overall size of the antenna is 31.09 × 41.45 mm. The proposed antenna operates at 28 GHz and achieves a bandwidth of 220 MHz between 27.84 GHz
and 28.12 GHz, with a maximum realized gain of 16.85 dBi at 28.05 GHz. The antenna prototype was fabricated using an HPC Laser Cutter (LSE110 Fibre Engraver model). The proposed antenna array is well-fitted
for high-gain line-of-sight communication links at the 28GHz band.

A Comparative Study of Decoupling Techniques for Waveguide Slot Array Antennas 7
Mu Fang (Chalmers University of Technology & Chalmers, Sweden); Jian Yang and Ashraf Uz Zaman (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)
In this paper, we present a comparative study of three decoupling techniques for waveguide slot array antennas, including half wall, corrugation and fence. Their decoupling efficacy and impact on element patterns
are investigated under two typical element spacings: 0.5λ0 and 1λ0. A summary highlighting the differences among these decoupling techniques is provided to gain insight into which specific application scenarios
are best suited for each technique.

Terahertz Microstrip Leaky-Wave Antenna for WR1.0 Band 16
Thomas Haddad and Rihab Hamad (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany); Hacer Kaya (Löwenstein Medical SE Co. KG, Germany); Mohamed Damerji and Andreas
Stöhr (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
This paper presents the first THz periodic microstrip Leaky-wave antenna (LWA) with a suppressed open stopband for WR1.0 band between 0.75 and 1.1 THz for future communication applications. The designed
20-unit cell LWA on 20 µm InP substrate has been simulated in CST. The return loss is better than 17 dB, and the insertion loss is higher than 20 dB for the whole domain. Furthermore, the LWA has a maximum
total efficiency of 76.12% at 0.77 THz. In addition, the beam steering capabilities show a scanning range of 92° in the WR1.0 band when sweeping the frequency from 0.75 THz (-35°) to 1.1 THz (57°). On the other
hand, the realized gain varies between 12.6 and 14.1 dBi at 0.75 and 1.0 THz, respectively. Finally, the paper discusses a concept to enable the fabrication of very thin InP substrate and a technique to facilitate thecharacterization on wide InP substrate.

Effect of Phase Errors on Performance of Ka-Band Reflectarray with DRA Unit Cells 13
Irina Munina (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland); Igor Grigoriev (St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI, Russia); Garret O Donnell (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland)This paper focuses on investigating the impact of phase errors in 1-bit unit cells on the directional properties of a reflectarray antenna. The simulations were conducted for reflectarray antennas using unit cells withvarying numbers of phase states, specifically focusing on 1-bit unit cells with two-phase states. Each unit cell comprises an aperture-coupled dielectric resonator antenna with a pin-diode serving as the switchingelement. The performance of these unit cells was examined under different incident angles of electromagnetic waves. It was observed that when the unit cell operates at incidence angles exceeding 45°, significant
phase errors occur, resulting in elevated side lobe levels in the reflectarray antenna. To mitigate this issue, phase error compensation was explored to reduce the side lobe levels of the reflectarray antenna.

A Wideband Aperture-Shared Dual-Polarized End-Fire Antenna with Low Profile and High Isolation 8
Liangying Li, Shaowei Liao, Yinglu Wan, Wenquan Che and Quan Xue (South China University of Technology, China)
This paper proposes a new wideband aperture-shared dual-polarized end-fire antenna for millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications. Firstly, a reshaped quasi-PIFA element with L-probe feeding is adopted to produce
end-fire single vertical polarization (VP) radiation. A pair of dual-layer patches are then loaded in front of the quasi-PIFA element, which serve as both resonator and director towards simultaneous impedance
bandwidth and gain improvement. U-slot is further introduced to the quasi-PIFA element to broaden the impedance bandwidth. This results in a low profile, wideband and high gain VP end-fire element. Secondly,
based on the single VP end-fire antenna element, by using the two VP elements' dual-layer patches as the two arms of a dipole with horizontal polarization (HP), a dual-polarized element can be realized. The
dual-layer patches function as both the resonator/director of VP and the radiator of HP, leading to a compact dual-polarized design with good performances.

Design and Investigation of 2x2 Dielectric Resonator Antennas Array for Sub-THz Applications 22
Muhammad Faisal Bashir (IHP - Leibniz-Institut Fuer Innovative Mikroelektronik, Germany); Matthias Wietstruck (IHP, Germany)
A 2x2 dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) array consisting of four high-resistivity silicon rectangular radiating structures, is designed. The radiating structures are placed upon a low-resistivity silicon block. All fourantennas are aperture-coupled fed by four microstrip (MS) feedlines, with a ground reflector between the MS feedlines and the antennas. The antenna elements of the array have S11 <-10 dB from 220 GHz to 260
GHz and the realized gain at 240 GHz is 11.1 dB. Overall, the realized gain of the array is above 10.5 dB from 235GHz to 245 GHz.

Beam-Steerable Microstrip-Line Based Leaky Wave Antenna with Reconfigurable Slits 20
Yujiro Kushiyama (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan)
In this study, we propose a leaky wave antenna capable of forming beams through radiation from slits on a microstrip line, with the beam direction adjustable based on the pattern of the slits. The pattern of the slits
can be changed by the opening and closing of switches loaded onto the slits, and the patterns are determined from the desired beam angle. Based on this proposed structure, we designed an antenna with 16 slits
operating at 28 GHz. The initial design exhibits large reflection coefficients when forming beams in the 0◦ direction. In order to reduce the reflection, we added matching slots in the microstrip line and adjusted theslot length to suppress the reflection. The final antenna shows the beam scanning capability from −30◦ to +30◦ by setting the radiation phase of the slits.

Amplitude-Tapered Half-Mode Gap Waveguide Distribution Network for Flat Panel Antennas

29

Adrián Castellá-Montoro (INSA Rennes, France); Miguel Ferrando-Rocher (Universitat Politècnica de València & Antennas and Propagation Lab, Spain); Jose I HerranzHerruzo (Universitat Politècnica de València & APL - iTEAM, Spain); Alejandro Valero-Nogueira (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain)
This communication centers around the design and evaluation of a feeding network for a slot array antenna utilizing Gap Waveguide (GW) technology. The core innovation lies in the integration of a single-layer
amplitude-tapering network within a Half-Mode Groove Gap Waveguide (HM-GGW), resulting in a compact, low-sidelobe feeding network. This design holds great promise for applications requiring high gain andminimal interference. Simulated results reveal a reduction in sidelobe levels compared to uniform arrays. What sets this approach apart is its cost-effective, additive manufacturing potential, which simplifies fabricationand enhances practicality. The work underscores the significance of this technology in modern wireless communication systems, particularly in the millimeter-wave band, and highlights the potential for mass
production.

Wednesday, March 20 13:10 - 14:40
PA6: Poster session on Metamaterials and metasurface antennas and systems
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Antennas
Room: Expo/Poster
Chair: Oskar Zetterstrom (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
Orthogonal Coding for Millimeter-Wave Imaging Using MIMO Dynamic Metasurface Apertures

30

Vasiliki Skouroliakou, Amir Masoud Molaei, María García Fernández, Guillermo Alvarez Narciandi and Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom(Great Britain))
The recent advent of dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs) as a millimeter-wave computational imaging (CI) platform has mitigated the hardware limitations of traditional imaging systems in terms of acquisitiontime, flexibility and cost. Considering a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system fully realized by DMA panels, real-time simultaneous data acquisition can occur by adopting an orthogonal coded approach
which enables concurrent transmission and reception by all DMA panels. The image is then reconstructed in the frequency domain by utilizing a signal decompression step that enables the use of a range migration
algorithm (RMA) for the compressed signal received by the DMA panels. In that way, the time for the signal processing layer is also significantly reduced compared to the traditional image reconstruction methods
usually applied to DMA-based systems. Simulation results of resolution targets are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the suggested technique.

An Eigenvector-Supported Optimization Method for Holographic-Based Leaky Wave Antennas 28
Thomas Frey (University Ulm - Institute of Microwave Engineering, Germany); Maximilian Döring and Christian Waldschmidt (University of Ulm, Germany); Tobias Chaloun(Hensoldt Sensors GmbH, Germany & University of UIm, Institute of Microwave Engineering, Germany)
A novel eigenvector-supported optimization method for holographic-based leaky wave antennas is presented. To assign the analytical impedance tensor hologram onto a pixel geometry, a 3D-eigenmode tensor
database is utilized. The optimization process calculates the pixel orientation angles of the analytical tensor and the assigned eigenmode impedance tensor based on their respective eigenvectors for each unit cell.
If a pixel angle deviation is observed, the correction algorithm is applied to minimize the error between the analytical tensor and the eigenmode tensor. This results in an optimized impedance tensor hologram anda more accurate realization of the anisotropy degree through the corresponding pixel geometry parameters. Employing the eigenvector-based optimization approach, a holographic-based leaky wave antenna isfabricated on a fused silica wafer for an operational frequency of 160GHz. The far field measurements show a gain of 33.2dBi, leading to an aperture efficiency of 34.6% and a side-lobe level of −29dB at 160GHz.

Dual-Polarization Multi-Functional Metasurface for Wireless Communications 38
Guangwei Yang (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China); Juan A. Vásquez Peralvo (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg); Lei Wang (Heriot-Watt University,
United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Symeon Chatzinotas (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
In this paper, a reconfigurable multi-functional metasurface with dual-polarization is presented for operating reflective wave independently. In this design, a simple structure is applied to realize multi-function
characteristics, where is composed of the cross patch printed on the thin substrate, four pin diodes and the controlling devices. To show the design performance, the metasurface is simulated to verify the application,
which can achieve dual-polarization beam steering, linear polarization (LP) converting to right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), respectively. Therefore, the proposed
design can be the candidate of the terminal device for future wireless communication due to its multi-functionality and reconfigurability.

A High Gain Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SSPPs) Antenna Based on a Metamaterial-Inspired Substrate Integrated Waveguide
Yibo Ning and Zhirun Hu (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain))37

This article presents a high gain broadside radiation antenna based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). It is designed on the metamaterial-inspired substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) with two rows
broadside-coupled complementary split ring resonators (BC-CSRRs). The overall dimension of the SSPPs antenna is 1.15λ×0.61λ×0.04λ. The gain is more than 9.19 dBi and achieve 11 dBi at 23 GHz. The proposed
SSPPs antenna has the merits of high gain, low cost and easy fabrication. Such antennas will be highly desirable in millimetre-wave applications.

A Pattern-Reconfigurable Water Antenna Based on the Fabry-Perot Cavity 33
Fan Qin, Yifei Liu and Xuan Zhang (Xidian University, China); Chao Gu (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper, a distilled water antenna with pattern-reconfigurable characteristics based on the Fabry-Perot cavity (FPC) is presented. The proposed antenna consists of a water source antenna, a two-layer waterpartially reflective surface (WPRS) and a water ground plane (WGP). An FPC is constructed between WPRS and WGP to increase antenna directivity. Periodic air lattices are embedded in the top layer of WPRS toadjust the reflection coefficient of WPRS. By injecting distilled water into different WPRS layers, three working states of wide-beam, pencil-beam and bi-directional pencil-beam are obtained. The simulations verify
the design, showing that the pattern reconfiguration is achieved successfully. The peak gain reaches 10.66 dBi. The proposed method has unique features of flexible pattern reconfiguration, high-gain, low-cost andoptically transparent .

Experimental Results for Carbon Nanotube-Sheet Based Microstrip Patch Antenna 35
Aakash Bansal and Thomas Whittaker (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Peter Hansen (Hive Composites Ltd, United Kingdom (Great Britain));William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The paper presents the potential of carbon nanotube-sheet (CNS) for microstrip antennas. A 20 μm CNS was measured for conductivity using a single post dielectric resonator (SiPDR), and then a microstrip patch
was fabricated on a Rogers RT5880 substrate. The measured results of the patch antenna showed good agreement with the simulated version using the CNS measured conductivity. Results were also compared tothe simulated PEC version for comparison.

Metasurface-Based Bessel-Beam Launcher with 100λ Non-Diffractive Range 29
Konstantinos D. Paschaloudis (Université de Rennes, CNRS, IETR, France); Ravel C. M. Pimenta (Aix-Marseille Université, France); David González-Ovejero (Centre
National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France); Gabriel Soriano (Aix-Marseille University, France); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164,
France)This work presents the design of a metasurface-based Bessel beam launcher in Ka-band. The launcher uses a modulated metasurface to generate the non-diffractive beam in its near-field. The key advantage of the
proposed structure is the large non-diffractive range. The radial size of launcher rises up to 8.75λ, while the axicon angle decreases to θα = 5o to achieve the high non-diffractive range. Full-wave numerical resultsvalidate the operation of the systems.

Anisotropic Circularly Polarising Graded Index Lenses Enabling High Gain CP Antennas

27

Thomas Whittaker (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Evangelos Vassos and Alexandros Feresidis (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom(Great Britain)); William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents the theory and design of a circularly polarising lens utilising anisotropic metamaterials. This design combines the functionality of a lens and a polarisation converter into a single device whichcuts down on cost, size, weight and material losses. Theory of the design is presented along with a simulated demonstrator. Anisotropic metamaterials are utilised to create a 90° phase shift between orthogonal
wave components to generate circular polarisation. The lens can be fed with a wide range on antenna sources angled at a 45° offset. An example lens was designed in the K-band (18 - 30 GHz) and was capable ofachieving high directivity values, between 22.8 dBi and 23.3 dBi, with a wide circular polarisation bandwidth of 9.8 GHz.

Study of the Frequency Dispersion of 3D-Printed Dielectric Crystals for Dielectric Resonator Antenna Applications

32Gaëtan Antoine (ISAE-SUPAERO, France); Romain Pascaud (ISAE-SUPAERO, Université de Toulouse, France); Christophe Morlaas and Alexandre Chabory (ENAC,
France); Vincent Laquerbe (CNES, France); Gautier Mazingue (Anywaves, France)
In this paper, the study of simple cubic (SC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) crystals, in addition to the use of the plane wave expansion method allows us to understand the dispersive behavior of electrically-large
unit cells. From numerical analyzes, we demonstrate that we can take this dispersive behavior into account for the design of a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) made up of electrically-large 3D-printed SC unit cells.

Generation of Narrow Divergence Angle OAM Beams for mmWave Communication Links Using Metasurface

26

Mustafa Khalid Taher Al-Nuaimi (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & Wireless Communications Research Group, United Kingdom (Great Britain));William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Guan-Long Huang and Rui-Sen Chen (Foshan University, China)
This paper presents an efficient and fast strategy to generate single and multiple non-diffractive narrow divergence angle orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams for the 80 to 100 GHz millimeter wave band using
a single circularly polarized (CP) feed and single layer reflectarray metasurface (RAMS). Then to generate four OAM beams, a 1-bit binary coding sequence with 10101010 based on the chessboard configuration
was added to achieve the phase distribution required for generation of four OAM beams each with small divergence angle. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed strategy, single and multiple OAM beams
RAMS were designed and fabricated. Both simulation and measured results demonstrated that the proposed strategy is efficient and can reduce the divergence angle of conventional OAM beams from 32o to 7o. In
addition, the OAM beam gain improved by 4 ~ 8 dB with mode purity greater than 91%.

User and Passive Beam Scheduling Scheme for Liquid Crystal IRS-Assisted mmWave Communications
Keiji Yoshikawa, Takuya Ohto and Takahiro Hayashi (KDDI Research, Inc., Japan)

31Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) have been considered a strong solution for coverage holes in millimeter wave communication. We focus on liquid crystal (LC) IRS, which has low power consumption. However,it has a longer response time to change the reflection direction than the symbol length in new radio (NR). Generally, user scheduling at an NR BS is performed on a time-division basis, assuming instantaneous
beam switching. However, during the response time of the LC IRS, the radio waves are not reflected in the desired direction, resulting in a decrease in throughput. This paper proposes a user selection and reflection
direction control method to improve the throughput reduction in an environment with an LC IRS. The proposed method formulates the problem to optimize the reflection pattern and switching timing, considering theloss due to switching. Simulation evaluations demonstrate the improvement in throughput in an environment with an LC IRS.

An Efficient Wireless Power Transfer System Using Transmission and Reflection Characteristics of Metamaterial 34
Tarakeswar Shaw (Postdoctoral Researcher, Uppsala University, Sweden); Pratim Dasmahapatra (University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, India); Bappaditya Mandal(Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden); Debasis Mitra (Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, India); Robin Augustine (Uppsala University,
Sweden)In a study to improve Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system efficiency, metamaterials (MTMs) were used for their transmission and reflection attributes. The design minimizes losses from scattered beams awayfrom the transmitter (Tx), boosting efficiency. A 1x5 MTM grid array directs scattering from the Tx towards the Receiver (Rx). A 4x4 MTM slab boosts coupling between Tx and Rx. Operating in the 2.45 GHz industrial,
scientific, and medical (ISM) bands, comparisons were made with and without metamaterials. Results show a 23% efficiency increase at 75 mm when using MTMs, indicating a notable efficiency advancement withthis MTM-based approach.

On-Chip mm-Wave Artificial Magnetic Conductor Backed Dipole Antenna on Low-Ohmic Substrate 36
Armen Harutyunyan (Barkhausen Institut, Germany); Padmanava Sen (Research Group Leader, Barkhausen Institut gGmbH, Germany)
The paper presents an on-chip mm-wave dipole antenna working at 61 GHz. It utilizes artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) surface to boost the gain and efficiency. It is designed for the integration on low-ohmic
substrate in 22-nm FDSOI process. In order to create a fabrication tolerant AMC surface, an enhanced Jerusalem cross (JC) structure is used as a unit cell. AMC unit cell design procedure is analyzed for the lowohmic substrate. The procedure is later used to optimize the antenna design. Deploying a 8 by 3 AMC array, 0.5 dBi antenna gain and 42% efficiency have been achieved on high conductivity substrate. Considering
the importance of ground plane in on-chip antenna design, its impact on the antenna performance is also discussed. To the best of authors' knowledge, such a structure is proposed for the first time in an on-chipantenna.

Wednesday, March 20 13:10 - 14:40
PA8: Poster session on Antenna systems
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / / Antennas
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Luigi Boccia (University of Calabria, Italy), Simona Bruni (IMST GmbH, Germany)
Design and Measurement of a 2x2 Array of Coaxial Periodic Leaky-Wave Antennas 50
Syed Osama Kamal and Lai Bun Lok (University College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A 2x2 array of coaxial periodic leaky-wave antennas at X-band has been designed, fabricated and measured. It achieved a gain of more than 10 dBi at 9.8 GHz, input return loss better than 10 dB from 8 GHz to 12
GHz (other than the broadside frequency) and a 3 dB beamwidth of 9 degrees. The sidelobe level is better than 10 dB from 8 GHz to 10.5 GHz. The antenna also achieved a reduced open stopband attenuation at
9.8 GHz. A beam scanning range of 35 degrees from backward to forward direction over a 4 GHz span was measured. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results was obtained.

Dual-Polarized Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna with High Isolation for Polarimetric Radar 56
Iram Shahzadi (The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Alexander Thorburn Don, Jr., Maksim Kuznetcov and Symon K. Podilchak (University of
Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Polarimetric radar systems use dual-polarized antennas to send and receive orthogonally polarized signals, and this can enable detection of target characteristics. This not only enhances the reliability of the radar, but
improves the ability to differentiate objects, like vehicles, humans, and stationary items, in particular, by analyzing the polarization responses. In the context of a millimeter-wave frequency-modulated continuous wave
(FMCW) radar system, a novel dual-polarized antenna concept which is suitable for both single-input single-output (SISO) and single-input multiple-output (SIMO) setups is demonstrated. This designed antenna,
which is a single-layer structure using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology, consists of a network of two-dimensional sub-arrays arranged in a crossshaped configuration and the design is extended toan array for angular target tracking. Moreover, the measured FMCW radar system successfully estimated the target parameters, including range and angular position.

Flexible Antenna with Microfluidics for the Quantification of Liquid Micro-Volumes

39

Giulio M. Bianco (University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy); Gaetano Marrocco (University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy)
Microfluidics has been a significant technology for over a decade, particularly in medical and wearable devices. It allows for the manipulation of small amounts of fluid in a confined space and can synergize with
auto-tuning microchips that are able to modify their internal capacitance to maximize power delivery to the antenna. Hence, the first prototype of an auto-tuning RFID sensor exploiting a microfluidic channel isdesigned, manufactured, and tested in this contribution. A small liquid volume of 1050 µL is successfully monitored by the auto-tuning sensor in a continuous way when using 155-µm- and 775-µm-thick microfluidic.
The investigated technology could be used to monitor sweating in pathological conditions according to the point-of-care paradigm or estimate food degradation through smart packaging.

An IQ Modulator-Based RF Phase Shifter

40

Xu Qin (University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin, China); Zhiwei Zhang (Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou, China); Chao Gu and Adrian D McKernan (Queen's
University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents a design of a radio frequency phase shifter based on an IQ modulator. In contrast to traditional phase shifter architectures, this design employs an off-the-shelf quadrature modulator featuring
a wide operating frequency range and attractive power consumption to achieve phase-shifting functionality. The performance of the proposed approach is validated through a case study involving Analog Devices'
AD8349 chip, and the measured results show a full 360◦ phase tuning range. The findings indicate that despite inherent performance deviations in IQ modulator IC for phase shifter design, these discrepancies can beeffectively mitigated through calibration algorithms, facilitating precise phase control. This design offers advantages such as low cost, compact size, and broad operational bandwidth, making it suitable for applications
like smart antennas.

Low-Profile Electrically Small Antenna with Pattern and Polarization Diversity 43
Abel Abdul Zandamela and Nicola Marchetti (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland); Adam Narbudowicz (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & Wroclaw University of Science andTechnology, Poland)
A low-profile electrically small antenna capable of pattern and polarization diversity is presented in this paper. The cavity model analysis is used to describe the antenna design concept, where a step-by-step surface
current distribution-based approach is applied to discuss the antenna diversity characteristics. Rectangular and V-like shaped slits are used for isolation enhancement and antenna miniaturization, respectively. It isdemonstrated that the antenna can generate multiple patterns to enable good coverage across the elevation plane, with linear and circularly polarized patterns. In contrast, an omnidirectional pattern is produced withhorizontal polarization. The design is planar and operates at 3.75 GHz, with 0.35λ diameter and 0.016λ profile. The −10 dB impedance bandwidth covers 20MHz, and the peak realized gain is 2.94 dBi

Bandwidth-Enhanced Compact Beamsteering Antenna for IoT Platforms 42
Abel Abdul Zandamela and Nicola Marchetti (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland); Adam Narbudowicz (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & Wroclaw University of Science andTechnology, Poland)
A technique to enhance the bandwidth characteristics of spherical modes-based beamsteering antennas is investigated in this work. The solution comprises a top-loaded monopole, a shorted ring antenna, and ametasurface layer used for bandwidth enhancement. It is demonstrated that the proposed antenna solution can scan continuously across the entire azimuthal plane. The antenna operates at the centre frequency of
4.42 GHz, where the size with respect to wavelength is 0.73λ × 0.73λ × 0.18λ. The overlapping −10 dB impedance bandwidth covers 265 MHz, where the total efficiency stays above 77%. Owing to its compact size,
low profile, and enhanced bandwidth performance, the design is proposed as a good candidate to enable advanced modern wireless applications in small-scale Internet of Things (IoT) platforms.

Compact Size Frequency-Agile Antenna Enabling Multi-Mode Functionality for Internet of Things Applications 45
Wahaj Abbas Awan (Chungbuk National University, Korea (South)); Qasid Hussain (Chungbuk National University, South Korea, Korea (South)); Anees Abbas and Md.
Abu Sufian (Chungbuk National University, Korea (South)); Niamat Hussain (Sejong University, Korea (South)); Sangmin Lee (Korea National University of Transportation,
Korea (South)); Nam Kim (Chungbuk National University, Korea (South))
To meet the multiband operation by Internet of Things (IoT) applications, a compact size antenna is presented in this manuscript. The antenna is capable of reconfiguring its operational frequency by switching thestate of diode along with multimode operation among broadband, dual band and tri-band. The compactness is achieved using serpentine shape stubs without compromising the overall performance of antenna interms of gain and bandwidth. The results show that the proposed work is capable of working for frequencies of 4-7 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 2.6 GHz, 2.45 GHz, 2.1 GHz, and 1.8 GHz that correspond to C-band, 5G-ub-6-GHz,
Wi-Max, ISM-band and LTE applications. The analysis of antenna performance involves evaluating its impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation pattern, and a comparison is carried out with cutting-edge antennas
to demonstrate the potential of the proposed research.

Sidelobe Suppression and Bandwidth Enhancement of Series-Fed Patch Antenna Arrays Using Coplanar Ground Conductor 41
Thipamas Phakaew (King Mongkuts University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand); Suramate Chalermwisutkul (King Mongkut's University of Technology North
Bangkok & The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, Thailand)
Sidelobe suppression and bandwidth enhancement technique for a series-fed 1x4 microstrip patch antenna array is proposed. The array designed with the proposed technique is a modification of a series-fed antenna
array comprising four microstrip patch elements connected together via a single straight transmission line fed by a grounded coplanar waveguide port. Sidelobe suppression was achieved with amplitude tapering andby surrounding the radiating elements with a coplanar ground conductor. The proposed antenna offers a wide impedance bandwidth from 9.25 GHz to 9.81GHz, a gain of 13.79 dBi, a sidelobe level of 21.80 dB anda half power beam width of 20.39° at the center frequency of 9.55 GHz. The proposed technique provides a good solution for applications requiring a wideband series-fed antenna array with a low sidelobe level.

Whip Antenna Miniaturization at VHF Band Using Magneto-Dielectric Materials 48
Lotfi Batel (CEA-Leti, France); Jean-François Pintos and Christophe Delaveaud (CEA-LETI, France)
This article presents a strategy of miniaturization for electrically small wire antennas using Magneto Dielectric Material. The loading strategy is studied in order to strengthen the interaction of antenna's radiation fields
with the properties of the material. Typically, with this particular technique, the electrical size of a Whip antenna are significantly reduced (factor 5.6) in the VHF frequency band to reach a λ_0/22 height

Octagonal Patch Tag Antenna and 3 × 3 Array Locator for DoA Applications 52
Ottavio Crisafulli (Università Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Davide Guarnera (University of Reggio Calabria Mediterranea, Italy); Giuseppe Giammello (Universityof Catania, Italy); Andrea Francesco Morabito (University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Santi Concetto Pavone (Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy); Loreto Di
Donato and Gino Sorbello (University of Catania, Italy)
In this paper, a new circular polarized microstrip antenna with an octagonal patch for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) application is presented. In the antenna configuration, a two-layer stack-up between the patch andground plane has been exploited to simplify the routing of the grounded coplanar waveguides (GCW) on the back of the antenna. This configuration ensures minimal crosstalk in the 3 × 3 array arrangement. A circular
via fence has been used to emulate the behavior of a coaxial cable, effectively mitigating the inductive effects of the probe. The comparison between measurements and simulations has been performed with good
agreement between measured and simulated radiation patterns.

Development of Passive Chipless RFID Temperature Sensor 53
Hafsa Anam, Syed Muzahir Abbas, Iain B. Collings and Subhas Mukhopadhyay (Macquarie University, Australia)
This research presents a low-cost solution towards passive identification and sensing of temperature for multi-applications being vital enablers to sense remote parameters in pervasive artificial intelligent networks.
The paper provides a glimpse of temperature sensitive tags with varying parameters, number of bits and layout. Two different techniques are encountered for temperature sensing outcomes, later their behavior
towards varying temperature is analyzed. In first technique, a stanyl Polyamide is used as temperature sensitive material; filled in between unique identifier bit slots in CRFID tag. Whereas temperature dependent
substrate is used in the second technique for three different bit combination tags. Multi-bit tag yielding 2-bits, 4-bits and 10-bits response are analyzed for tagging and temperature sensing. Sensor tag can be deployed
for solo applications as well as multi-parametric analysis. Ultimately, robust, printable, low-cost flexible tags are suitable for irregular surfaces for temperature sensing and tracking of goods for long-term RF sensing
applications.

Towards Array and Curve Analysis: Flexible Passive Chipless RFID Tags

54

Hafsa Anam, Syed Muzahir Abbas and Subhas Mukhopadhyay (Macquarie University, Australia)
This research is intended to characterize the performance of chipless RFID tags for curved surface utilizing array-based structures. It covers design of tag, simulation results of proposed array tag, fabrication, andexperimental results of bent/curved chipless RFID tags. Semi octagonal shape passive chipless RFID tags have been fabricated using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate with silver nano particle-based ink as
top layer both as single unit tag having 10-bit data and 5 x 5 array-based structures. Extensive simulation and experimental results detail out the response of array based chipless RFID tag along with bending effects.
Complete analysis and study of folding effects provides an alteration in radar cross section (RCS) of chip-free tag along with variation in bending radius of the tag. A bend radius of (100mm to 3mm) for material under
test (MUT) is analyzed. The original single unit tag has dimensions of (13mm x 7mm), whereas 5 x 5....

A Near-Field Focusing Circularly Polarized Radial Line Slot Array Antenna 46
Liyuan Zhong and Shufeng Zheng (Xidian University, China); Qi Luo (University of Herfordshire, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Chao Gu (Queen's University Belfast,
United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Hangqi Yang (Xidian University, China); Yanxiang Yi (Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, China)
This paper presents the implementation of a near-field focusing (NFF) antenna on basis of radial line slot array (RLSA). The proposed NFF-RLSA antenna is derived from the conventional single-layer spiral-patterned
RLSA with circular polarizations, and near-field focused radiation characteristics is realized by adjusting the arrangements of radiating slot pairs and hence the amplitude and phase distribution of RLSA aperture. The
designed NFF-RLSA antenna is 14.4λ0 in diameter and 0.17λ0 in height, where λ0 donates the wavelength in free space at the operating frequency, namely 10GHz. Simulation results show that the focus spot is
22.5λ0 away from the antenna aperture, while a focusing gain of 31.2dBi is achieved, and the size of focus spot is 2.48λ0 in width and 11.3λ0 in depth of focus, respectively.

An Annular Ring Shorted Logarithmic Spiral Antenna with Planar Integrated Feed 49
Ayush Seth (Entuple Technologies Private Limited, India); Kush Parikh (Entuple Technologies, India)
A novel concept of overall lateral and normal dimensions reduction of a spiral antenna is described in this work. Specifically we try to use a combination of techniques that complement each other to achieve overallprofile reduction. A microstrip line that is integrated into the annular ring shorted logarithmic spiral is used as a feed to achieve size reduction. A prototype of is fabricated and tested. Simulation and measured results
are discussed. Impedance and axial ratio bandwidth of 260.9% are achieved. Limitations and their potential causes are elaborated.

Miniaturized and Lightweight ESPAR Antenna for WSN and IoT Applications 51
Luiza Leszkowska and Mateusz Czelen (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland); Mateusz Rzymowski (Gdansk University of Technology & WiComm Center of
Excellence, Poland); Krzysztof Nyka and Lukasz Kulas (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland)
A new compact ESPAR antenna is investigated in this paper. The proposed antenna has 12 directional radiation patterns based on 12 passive elements and can be successfully used in Wireless Sensor Network
applications. In proposed antenna design, the possibilities of 3D printing were used to implement a dielectric miniaturization overlay that allowed for reducing antenna occupied area by almost 60% and antenna profileby 27% in comparison to the standard ESPAR antenna. The total dimensions of the antenna are 98 mm in diameter and 20.25 mm in height, while the weight of the antenna is only 86 g, which makes it much moresuitable for potential use in UAV-based wireless communication applications.

Performance Estimation of In-Vessel Resonant Communications 58
Vitalii Kirillov, Dmitry Kozlov, Holger Claussen and Senad Bulja (Tyndall National Institute, Ireland)This paper presents simulation and experimental results for the estimation of in-vessel resonant communications performance. The efficiency of the excitation of cavity resonators filled with lossy liquids is analyzed.
Further, the influence of antenna sizes and dielectric properties of liquids on the transmission characteristics between two antennas is investigated. Finally, measurements of monopole antennas located inside a tap
water-filled barrel were performed. It is demonstrated that the determination of optimal antenna size providing communication links is one of the most important practical tasks for the development of an in-vessel
communication system.

A Systematic Design Method of Miniaturizing Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Theory of Characteristic Modes
Angel Abreu and Mahrukh Khan (The College of New Jersey, USA)55

A systematic design method of miniaturizing microstrip patch antenna using characteristic modes has been presented. The TCM is applied to investigate and control the currents to excite the lowest resonance modeof the rectangular patch. The first current mode, J1, showed horizontal current distribution, and J2 showed current distribution in the vertical direction of the width of the patch. A systematic analysis has been done to
procure the desired excitement of the specific modes. The slot etching was used to elongate the current path first in vertical and then in horizontal directions of the width of the patch. The successful excitation of thelowest resonant mode, i.e., J1, was achieved by etching a slot parallel to the direction of J1. After optimization, the final version showed 60 % miniaturization than the original rectangular patch size with no significant
deterioration in performance.

Bandwidth Manipulated Leaky-Wave Antenna Using a Sinusoidal Ridge in Folded Substrate Integrated Waveguide 57
Adan Simon El Hadri (Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Samuel Arthur Rotenberg, George Goussetis and Lei Wang (Heriot-Watt University, United
Kingdom (Great Britain))
The impedance bandwidth for leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) is usually very broad, leading to wide signal interference from unwanted spectrums. For instance, the uplink signals will cause jamming effect to thedownlink for Satellite communication systems. Hence, an integrated LWA with a bandpass filter is proposed in this paper. A folded substrate integrated waveguide (FSIW) LWA is utilized to reduce the SIW width
to build a 2D LWA array with low side lobes. Periodic fan-shaped slots are etched on the top of the FSIW for circular polarization in a band centered at 11.5 GHz. A bandpass filter is investigated by elaborating
a sinusoidal ridge in the FSIW LWA. It has been successfully validated through full-wave simulation that the bandpass filtering can be manipulated by varying the amplitude of the sine curve, whereas the circularpolarization is well maintained. The proposed antenna is a very promising candidate for next-generation satellite communication systems.

Design of a Semitransparent Dual-Mode Filter for Antenna Applications
Luis Inclan-Sanchez (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)

44

A new dual-mode filter that allows the passage of most of the visible light is designed in this paper. The proposed filter is based on a square ring resonator that is perturbed by a square patch at its corner. The filter
is designed using a metallic mesh that produces the effect of its metallic surfaces but has sufficient spacing to offer optical transparency greater than 75%. The manufacture of the filter through 3D printing allows thesubstrate to be eliminated, thereby reducing its insertion losses to 1.5 dB. The selective filter offers a flat passband frequency response with a 3 dB fractional bandwidth of more than 8% and rejection levels greaterthan 20 dB. This work allows the integration of this device together with optically transparent antennas to add filtering functionality to systems that require transparency due to their location.

A Compact Flexible BLE Antenna for a Remote-Control Application 47
Ihsan El Masri (4MOD Technology, France); Jean-Philippe Coupez (IMT ATlantique/ Lab-STICC, France)
This paper presents simulations and measurements of compact flexible antennas printed on environmentally friendly substrates. These antennas have been designed for a green Remote-Control Unit (RCU)
application. First, we present the state of the art of flexible antennas. Then, we present the design of a compact meander dipole at the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) frequency (2.45 GHz), highlighting the constraints
induced by surrounding elements. Simulation and measurement results are presented, showing the antenna's performance respectively in free space and within an RCU casing. The effects of the casing and of apartial ground plane on the antenna's resonance frequency and radiation pattern are analyzed. This study concludes by emphasizing the potential of the proposed antenna solution for integration into remote control
units and IoT devices and suggests perspectives for further optimization.

Wednesday, March 20 13:10 - 14:40
PE3: Poster Session on Electromagnetics II/ / Electromagnetics

Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Davide Comite (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy), Riccardo Ozzola (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Cost-Efficient Large-Scale Re-Design of Multi-Band Antennas Using Orthogonal Scaling Directions

64

Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska and Slawomir Koziel (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland)This paper proposes a novel and cost-efficient technique for multi-band antenna re-design. The keystone of our method is identification of a set of orthogonal scaling directions, which allow for approximately
independent relocation of individual center frequencies. Large-scale design adjustment along these vectors is interleaved with local tuning, executed to correct unavoidable scaling errors and to improve the primaryperformance parameters. The scaling and correction steps are iterated until convergence. The presented procedure has been validated using two microstrip antennas, both re-designed for target frequencies
unattainable through traditional tuning techniques. The obtained results corroborate the ability of our algorithm to precisely control the operating conditions, as well as low running cost corresponding to just about 170
EM simulations of the antenna under design.

Polarization Insensitive Broadband Frequency Selective Rasorber with Improved Selectivity for Stealth Applications

65

Baisakhi Bandyopadhyay, Arun Kumar Shahi, Alka Dileep, Mondeep Saikia and Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India)
This article describes a broadband polarization insensitive Absorption-Transmission-Absorption (A-T-A) rasorber for stealth applications. The proposed structure is a two tiered structure comprised of one lossy layer
with lumped resistors for broadband absorption and one lossless layer for transmission. Under normal incidence, the proposed rasorber has two absorption bands and one transmission band (A-T-A), with the firstabsorption band being from 4.12 GHz to 7.85 GHz with 62.32% of bandwidth and the second absorption band being from 9.3 GHz to 13.82 GHz with 39.1% of bandwidth. The transmission band spans from 8.22-8.84
GHz with 7.26% fractional transmission bandwidth with improved selectivity and the lowest IL of 1.64 dB at 8.49 GHz. The measured reflection and transmission coefficients of the structure correspond well with theresults of the simulation when fabrication and alignment errors being taken into account.

Metamaterial-Based Ku-Band Flat-Panel High-Gain Antenna for Satcom Applications 72
Muhammad S Rabbani (Plextek, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); James R Henderson (Queen Mary University of London & Plextek, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents a circularly polarised (CP) high-gain (+23 dBi) Fabry-Perot resonant cavity (F-PRC) type antenna design at Ku-band (12-18 GHz) for satellite communications (satcom). The antenna operates at
12.4 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth. The F-PRC comprises a partially reflective surface (PRS) and a metallic ground plane. The F-PRC is excited by a CP microstrip patch antenna placed at the ground centre. The
simulated realised gain is over +20 dBi and total efficiency is better than 90% over the band of interest.

RIS-Enabled Near-Field Localization with EMI 61
Saber Hassouna (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Muhammad Ali Jamshed (University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (GreatBritain)); Masood Ur-Rehman, Muhammad Ali Imran and Qammer H Abbasi (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))Controlling the characteristics of electromagnetic signals in terms of scattering, reflection, and refraction can be achieved through the utilization of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS). This research delves into theassessment of both communication and localization performance, using the achievable data rate and the position error bound (PEB) respectively for random and positional RIS configurations. Previous investigations
have overlooked the presence of electromagnetic interference (EMI), which encompasses unavoidable incoming waves from external sources. Our study takes EMI into account when modelling the system, focusing
on a single-user single-input single-output (SISO) communication system. The presence of EMI significantly affects communication and localization performance, emphasizing the importance of addressing thisperformance degradation in the existing literature. This underscores the need to develop more realistic algorithms and frameworks for RIS technology.

Analysis of the Interaction of Laser-Induced Solid-State Plasma with Electromagnetic Waves in Silicon Waveguides at 67-220 GHz 59
Mehrdad Rezaei Golghand and Alireza Madannejad (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Umer Shah (Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden); Joachim
Oberhammer (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
This study investigates the influence of laser parameters on electromagnetic wave attenuation within a silicon waveguide over a wide frequency range of 67-220 GHz using 3-D full-wave simulations. A 10-layer
cylindrical model mimicking the energy distribution of a Gaussian laser beam shape is utilized for the analysis. The conductivity of each layer is calculated, and the S-parameters are simulated via CST Studio Suite.
Significantly different attenuation levels are observed for different laser wavelengths used in this study. A 980 nm laser resulted in a substantially higher attenuation comparison to a 405 nm laser which had a minimal
impact. Furthermore, by increasing the laser intensity, an increase in attenuation is observed. Moreover, the low level of simulated return loss indicates that solid-state plasma absorption dominates the reflections.

Development of an Ultrawideband Wire-Grid Polarizer Measurement Standard for Focus Beam System Cross-Polarization Calibration 70
Jeffrey P. Massman (United States Air Force Insititute of Technology & United States Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors Directorate, USA); Michael J Havrilla (Air
Force Institute of Technology, USA)This paper introduces an ultrawideband wire-grid polarizer measurement standard for focus beam system cross-polarization calibration. The low-cost design enables polarimetric calibration techniques of precision
non-destructive material measurements. Principles from wire-grid polarizers and A-sandwich radomes are combined to develop a highly planar standard. An infinite array simulation is included to predict the insertion
loss and cross-polarization isolation from 0.1-100 GHz at incidence angles from 0-60 degrees. The design is physically realizable with a specialized printed circuit board technique allowing for low-cost manufacturing
and electrically significant polarizer calibration standards. A prototype 12in x 12in design is fabricated and mechanically assessed to determine tolerances. Finally, a time-domain gated response isolation scheme isused to characterize the prototype RF performance from 3-18 GHz. The design introduced in this paper may be extended to achieve wire-grid polarizer measurement standards more than 48in diameter for calibrationfrom very low frequencies all the way through W-band.

Electromagnetic Modelling in Modern Vehicles: A Pathway to Efficiency and Performance 62
Shiyu Zhang, Emma Kowalczuk, Christopher Davenport, Shaozhen Zhu, Alex Ibbotson, George De Bolla, Aitor Muñoz Lao and Ailian Cai (Jaguar Land Rover, United
Kingdom (Great Britain))
The rapid development of modern vehicles has brought significant challenges and opportunities within electromagnetic (EM) design. This paper presents the contributions of simulation tools in assessing vehicle
electromagnetic performance. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to cable coupling is discussed. The study also examines effect of the low-emission (Low-E) coatings on vehicle glazing on in-cabin antenna
performance. Furthermore, the paper presents how simulation methods can be used to evaluate installed antenna propagation performance in real-world traffic environments.

Design of a Conformal and Low-Frequency Metasurface for Magnetic Field Shielding in Wireless Power Transfer Systems 63
Valeria Lazzoni (University of Pisa & Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per Le Telecomunicazioni, Italy); Alessandro Luigi Dellabate and Danilo Brizi (University of
Pisa, Italy); Agostino Monorchio (University of Pisa & CNIT, Italy)
This paper investigates the use of an arbitrarily conformal and low-frequency metasurface for magnetic field shielding in WPT systems. Firstly, we carry out the metasurface design by employing an analytical
approach, which enables the manipulation of its response, despite the finite nature of the array and the near-field excitation. In particular, we are able to set a 180° phase shift between the current flowing in the WPTactive RF driver and those in the metasurface unit-cells. In this way, the metasurface, by interacting with the driver, will produce a magnetic field opposite to the inducing one, accomplishing the desired shielding
behavior. The results, obtained through accurate full-wave simulations, show that is possible to achieve a maximum level of shielding effectiveness of approximately 8 dB. The study demonstrates the potential
application of conformal magnetic metasurfaces for enhancing WPT systems safety, thereby addressing certain constraints associated with existing devices

Concentration Detection of Sodium Chloride and Glucose Solutions Using an IDC-Based Microwave Sensor with Eliminating Environmental Effects
Haneul Woo (Yonsei University, Korea (South)); Hee-Jo Lee (Daegu University, Korea (South)); Jong-Gwan Yook (Yonsei University, Korea (South))68

In this paper, a microwave sensor based on Interdigital Capacitor (IDC) structure using a switching circuit is proposed for the non-invasive detection of sodium chloride (NaCl) and glucose concentrations. Sodium
chloride and glucose concentrations were set at 500-900 mg/dL and 0-400 mg/dL, respectively, considering the substances in human blood. The sensor could detect the concentration via a fluidic channel, which inthe strongest electric field region of the resonator. A switching circuit was used to eliminate environmental effects, and according to the experimental results, the proposed sensor exhibited an increase in reflection
coefficient of 0.41 dB and 1.43 dB for sodium chloride and glucose solutions, respectively. Furthermore, reproducibility was confirmed by conducting measurements ten times for each concentration.

Highly Reflective, Low-Loss, Homogenized Fishnet Metasurfaces at Terahertz: Design and Experiment

74

Walter Fuscaldo (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy); Francesco Maita (IMM-CNR, Italy); Luca Maiolo (CNR-IMM, Italy); Romeo Beccherelli (Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy); Dimitrios Zografopoulos (CNR-IMM, Italy)
A metasurface based on a fishnet-like unit cell is designed, realized, and measured at terahertz frequencies through time-domain spectroscopy in reflection mode. While most of fishnet-like metasurfaces are designedin the resonant regime (i.e, with (p=\lambda), (p) and (\lambda), being the period and the free-space wavelength), the proposed one is designed in the homogenized regime (i.e, with (p\ll\lambda)). Experimental
results show that the proposed metasurface exhibits very high reflectivity, which makes it particularly attractive for the design of high-gain Fabry--Perot cavity leaky-wave antennas.

Flexible and Transparent Metamaterial Absorber Using Metal Mesh Structure75

Daecheon Lim (Chung-Ang University, Korea (South)); Tae-Yeob Kim (Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea (South)); Sungjoon Lim (Chung-Ang
University, Korea (South))
In this paper, we introduce a transparent and flexible metamaterial absorber using a screen-printed metal mesh structure. This metamaterial absorber is implemented on PET film through screen printing, providing
flexibility and the capability to absorb electromagnetic waves even in a bent state. To ensure consistent performance even when bent, we designed metamaterial pattern based on a circular sector structure thatis insensitive to the angle of incidence. We measured reflection and transmission coefficients of the fabricated prototype in a far-field environment, confirming its absorption efficiency as an electromagnetic wave
absorber. In the measurement results, this absorber exhibited an absorptivity of approximately 95% at 9.2 GHz in the flat state, with reflected waves decreasing by -15 dB and transmitted waves decreasing by -20
dB. Furthermore, it demonstrated an absorptivity of over 90% in the TE mode and over 85% in the TM mode at 9.22 GHz in the bent state.

High-Order Quasi-Elliptical Bandpass FSS Based on Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Technology for 60 GHz Applications

66

Hao Jiang (South China University of Technology & School of Electronic and Information Engineering, China); Yinghao Zhang, Yuqi Wang, Shaowei Liao and Quan Xue(South China University of Technology, China)
This paper presents a high-order quasi-elliptical bandpass frequency-selective surface (FSS) using substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology for 60 GHz applications. First, a planar double-layer criss-crossslot FSS is employed to achieve second-order bandpass characteristics and introduce a low-frequency transmission zero (TZ). Second, a long-period SIW FSS, composed of four identical criss-cross slot elements
within a single period, is utilized to introduce an additional high-frequency TZ, thereby realizing a high roll-off feature. Third, additional planar octagonal slot elements are integrated into the long-period SIW FSS to
excite higher-frequency resonant modes, and a semiopen SIW cavity is utilized to improve high-frequency out-of-band rejection. Simulation results are presented to validate the outstanding performance proposed
two FSSs, including the wide passband, low insertion loss, and dual passband with quasi-elliptical response.

Design of Intelligent Reflective Surface Unit Cell for 5G mmWave Applications 71
Mirza Shujaat Ali, Jalil ur Rehman Kazim, Farooq A Tahir, Muhammad Ali Imran and Qammer Abbasi (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents a single bit millimeter wave (mmWave) intelligent reflective surface (IRS) unit cell for use in 5G communication enhancement. A PIN diode switch is used to introduce a 180o phase shift inreflection mode between ON and OFF state. The geometry of the top layer of the unit cell allows for transverse electric (TE) polarized reflection with an angular stability of 30o, both in azimuth and elevation plane. The
design is intended for use in the n257 FR-2 band for 5G applications with the center frequency at 28 GHz. The proposed unit cell design covers a bandwidth of 3 GHz while achieving the required phase differenceof 180o ± 20o. The magnitude of reflection is greater than 78.5% throughout the band. These performance characteristics allow the proposed unit cell to be useful in digitally programmable metasurface applications
with features such as beam focusing, beam steering and beam scattering.

An Angularly Stable Wideband Low Profile Single-Layer Linear to Circular Polarization Converter for Millimeter Wave Satellite Communications
Javid Ahmad Ganie and Kushmanda Saurav (Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, India)

67

This paper presents a wideband linear-to-circular polarization (LP to CP) converter, utilizing a single-layer substrate and offering exceptional angular stability. The proposed converter achieves a generous 3-dB
axial ratio bandwidth of 29% within the frequency span of 29.5 - 39.5 GHz. The unit cell dimensions for the LP to CP converter are 0.38λ x 0.38λ x 0.15λ (λ corresponds to the frequency of 30 GHz) . Notably, thedesign demonstrates remarkable angular stability, reaching 50° and 60° for TE and TM polarizations, respectively. To enhance practical utility, we integrate a wideband Vivaldi antenna with the LP to CP converter,
resulting in a wideband CP antenna. The wideband Vivaldi CP antenna exhibits an axial ratio and 1-dB gain bandwidth of 16.5% and 12.5%, respectively. This wideband CP antenna holds promise for measuring CP
characteristics and serving as a feed source for high-gain transmitarrays.

Frequency-Selective Surface Generating Two-Band Pseudo-Elliptic Frequency Response 60
Dmitry E Zelenchuk (Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Lyudmila Mospan (Computational Electromagnetics Lab, Ukraine)
A novel frequency-selective surface (FSS) is introduced in this paper. The structure proposed is a single-sided printed circuit board (PCB) that generates a pseudo-elliptic type response with two closely spaced
passbands. Such a multi-band operating regime is realized owing to additional higher modes excited in the meander-like apertures and involved in electromagnetic interaction. Passbands at the response are
independently tuned by adjusting the geometrical parameters of the aperture. Numerical and measured data for X-band FSS are presented for different angles of incidence. Due to the high selectivity, a small
frequency ratio of 1.27 for central frequencies of passbands of 4.2% and 5.5% bandwidths is achieved.

Ultra Wide Dynamic Range High Power RF Rectifier 73
Xiaochen Yu (National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan & University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Jinyao Zhang, Minzhang Liu and Yi Huang (University ofLiverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Ta-Jen Yen (National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan); Jiafeng Zhou (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A new high-power RF-to-DC rectifier applied to wireless power transfer (WPT) with ultra-wide input power dynamic range is proposed in this paper. GaN (gallium nitride) HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) is
utilized to realize rectification at 12W high power and a Schottky diode is used for lower-power rectification. Excellent switching between the two circuits' rectification modes is achieved by adding a circulator. The
rectifier has a 30 dB dynamic range with an efficiency of over 50% at 2.4 GHz.

Enhancing Signal Transmission in Energy-Saving Glass Through Tri-Bandpass Frequency Selective Surface Design 69
Zifeng Wan (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Farhad Ghorbani, Yi Huang and Jiafeng Zhou (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (GreatBritain))This study introduces a tri-bandpass frequency selective surface applied to ESG. The design incorporates a square loop and two hexagonal loop slots etched into the metallic coating to enable the transmission of
sub-bands of 5G signals and common UMTS signals. Simulation results demonstrate that the -3dB range effectively encompasses the frequency bands of 700MHz, 1.9GHz, and 3.5GHz. Furthermore, the study also
proposed an optimized approach involving the selective removal of additional lines along the middle of both hexagon sides from the coating to enhance current distribution. The improved transmission coefficient
has a significant improvement at bandwidths of 1.9GHz and 3.5GHz while constraining total coating removal to a mere 13.8%. This achievement ensures favorable signal transmission for 5G and UMTS signals,
preserves thermal insulation properties, and holds significant promise for enhancing signal performance in ESG applications.

Wednesday, March 20 13:10 - 14:40
PM2: Poster Session on Measurements II
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / / Measurements
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Jayakrishnan Methapettyparambu Purushothama (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United
Kingdom (Great Britain))

Using a Radio-Frequency System on a Chip in the Development of a Phased Radio Array for the Bustling Universe Radio Survey Telescope in Taiwan

76

Homin Jiang (Academia Sinica, Taiwan)
The Bustling Universe Radio Survey Telescope in Taiwan (BURSTT) employs the Xilinx ZCU216 RFSoC FPGA board as its digital backend. In this study, we used a firmware library available on an online
community(called Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research) for hardware implementation. The FPGA board used in the BURSTT accommodates 16-channel analog-to-digital inputs,
samples data at 1600 MHz, and has a bandwidth of 800 MHz. Phase alignment, which is key to the success of radio telescopes, was verified through cross-correlation tests for the same device and between different
devices. Phase closure was successfully achieved for three inputs in two devices, which indicated system readiness. An optimal power input level, which is crucial for achieving optimal system performance, wasidentified. The successful acquisition of spectra from 16 on-site inputs confirmed the applicability of the RFSoC chip in phased systems with a single device or multiple devices.

Design Effects of the Junction Contour of a Blended Rolled Edge Compact Range Reflector 77
Marc Dirix (Antenna Systems Solutions, Spain); Stuart F Gregson (Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper is an extension of the authors prior work examining the design and optimisation of blended rolled edge (BRE) compact antenna test ranges (CATR) using evolutionary algorithms. The authors existing
approach was initially improved and extended to provide broadband optimization of blended rolled edge (BRE) CATRs including refining the algorithm to take account of and reducing chamber wall illumination which
is a recognized deficiency of the BRE CATR approach. In this paper the design approach is further extended to include the junction contour which in this study is adapted to remove the discontinuity in the reflector
surface that is typically present in BRE CATRs, and further increases the available CATR design envelope. Worthwhile improvements in predicted QZ performance are obtained together with a further reduction inchamber wall illumination. These are highlighted together with the important reduction in the BRE reflector volume and mass.

Leveraging Radar Back-Scattered Data for Classification of Imaging Targets

78

Rahul Sharma and Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Employing deep learning methodologies for computer vision tasks, particularly in the domain of radar image analysis, necessitates access to a large and diverse dataset. The creation of such a dataset often entails
the intricate task of reconstructing images from raw radar back-scattered data. This reconstruction process involves handling substantial data volumes, which can be computationally intensive and time-consuming.
In this research, a deep learning framework is proposed for target classification utilizing solely the radar back-scattered data, completely bypassing the need for image reconstruction procedure, thereby significantly
reducing the classification time. To make the dataset generation easier, a computational imaging numerical model is employed. Subsequently, the deep learning model is trained using this dataset, and following thetraining phase, it is tested with novel radar back-scattered data. The results confirm the benefit of training a deep learning model to perform image identification tasks based on radar back-scattered signatures.

Validation of the DTU ETC Scattering Test Facility for Radar Cross Section Measurements
Rasmus E. Jacobsen and Samel Arslanagić (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)79

Accurate measurements of electromagnetic wave scattering is essential in many applications including radars, antennas, and metasurfaces, among others. In this work, we use the recently established DTU
Electromagnetic Test Centre Scattering Test Facility to measure the monostatic radar cross section (RCS) of well-known objects with the purpose of validating the facility. The achieved results for metallic spheres ofvarious sizes demonstrate measurable RCS levels down to -50 dBsm (-70 dBsm) with an accuracy of ±0.5 dB (±2 dB) from 4 GHz to 18 GHz. A rectangular metallic plate with a larger RCS was also characterized in
the Ku-band. The initial measurements exhibit a dynamic range of 80 dB with ±2 dB accuracy for the upper and lower RCS levels. Future works involve lower-frequency RCS measurements and further analysis of
the dynamic range and the obtained results will be presented at the conference together with the RCS measurements of complex scatterers.

Dielectric Characterization of Materials at 5G mm-Wave Frequencies 80
Rocio Rodriguez-Cano (Aalborg University, Denmark); Steven Perini and Michael T Lanagan (The Pennsylvania State University, USA)The development of the next-generation 5G wireless networks depends critically on the engineering of optimized highfrequency devices, employing dielectric materials. This work presents a comprehensive broadband
dielectric characterization of polymers, ceramics and glasses from 5 GHz until 115 GHz. Various measurement techniques including split-post, split cavity, open resonator and free-space transmission are utilized
to obtain wideband spectra. The frequency-dependent permittivity and loss tangent are analyzed to identify suitable candidate materials exhibiting minimal dispersion and loss in the 5G millimeter-wave bands. The
characterization reveals almost constant permittivity and a loss tangent that increases linearly with the frequency.

Detection Capability of a CNN-Based Imageless Millimeter Wave System for Static Concealed Objects 81
Hadi Mahdipour (University of Oviedo, Spain); Jaime Laviada (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain); Fernando Las-Heras (University of Oviedo, Spain)
Regarding the benefits of millimeter-wave (MMW) systems such as cost-effective, easy to use and safety for humans, this paper proposes an imageless concealed object detection system based on MMW radar andconvolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed method is an accurate, portable, compact, real-time, without impeding the privacy of the people, and capable to detect different metallic and non-metallic objects
system. A static person with different concealed objects in different angle of view is captured by the MMW radar and the captured data is fed to a CNN after some preprocessing (mapping from captured fast-slow time
domain to range-doppler domain) to detect the concealed object. Different parts of the proposed system, including new structure of CNN, data augmentation (for the CNN training) and background removing steps,
are designed to achieve the aforementioned. Experimental results show efficiency of the different parts of the proposed method resulting in a promising detection capability.

Near-Field Bistatic Microwave Imaging with Dynamic Metasurface Antennas 82
Amir Masoud Molaei (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); The Viet Hoang (Novocomms Limited, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Thomas
Fromenteze (University of Limoges & Xlim Research Institute CNRS, France); Vasiliki Skouroliakou (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Rupesh
Kumar (WSI, SRM University AP, India); Mengran Zhao (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & Xi'an Jiaotong University, China); María García
Fernández, Guillermo Alvarez Narciandi, Vincent Fusco and Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In recent decades, microwave imaging technology has been used in a variety of applications including security, medicine, nondestructive testing and structural health monitoring. Traditional microwave imaging
systems often suffer from drawbacks such as long acquisition times and complex array structures. To address these issues, this paper introduces a panel-to-panel microwave computational imaging (CI) techniquefor near-field operation using dynamic metasurface antennas for both transmission and reception, enhancing system diversity and enabling real-time applications. The paper also outlines mathematical models forthree-dimensional image reconstruction algorithms tailored to this scenario. The results of numerical and electromagnetic simulations show the feasibility of this approach for CI-based imaging, with both Fourier andleast squares-based image reconstruction techniques.

Uncertainties in the Estimation of the Gain of a Standard Gain Horn in the Frequency Range of 90 GHz to 140 GHz 83
Purnima Yadav, Laurens A. Bronckers, A. B. (Bart) Smolders and Ad Reniers (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
This paper examines the validity of employing the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) on-axis gain calibration curves as a standard reference, as specified in the commercial Standard Gain Horn (SGH) antenna
datasheets, for the frequency range of 90 GHz to 140 GHz for antenna gain measurements. We present a comprehensive analysis of the on-axis gain calibration curve characteristics and the dimensions of the SGH
antenna by employing three different dimensional measurement techniques and quantifying the discrepancies in comparison to the on-axis calibration curve found in datasheets. Additionally, we demonstrate that
inaccuracies in the dimensional data provided in the commercial SGH antenna datasheet can lead to a gain deviation of ±1 dB from the anticipated gain. We validate the on-axis gain curves obtained from simulationby conducting measurements in a spherical anechoic chamber.

Complex Permittivity Extraction of Typical Wooden Furniture Materials Based on Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization over 40-50 GHz
Pan Li, Yu Shao and Ran Xu (Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China)

84

In order to facilitate the study of indoor propagation characteristics of millimeter waves, it is necessary to extract electromagnetic parameters of indoor materials in the millimeter wave frequency band. It is understoodthat there is currently limited research on the electromagnetic characteristics of materials with the same material and different internal structures. In the 40-50 GHz frequency band, the free-space method is used
to measure three types of materials: plywood, particle wood, and solid wood. To avoid the ripples and ambiguity problems in the common methods, we propose a multi-objective particle swarm optimization scheme
to extract the dielectric constant and conductivity of the materials using the measured values and formula calculated values at 30° incidence angle. Comparing with measurements at other incidence angles, theextraction results are validated and analyzed, and the fitting curve shows good results.

Assessing Performance of Transparent Conductive Films for Microwave Industrial Applications

85

Anastasios Paraskevopoulos (NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Informatics & Telecommunications, Athens, Greece); Dimitrios C. Tzarouchis (University of Pennsylvania,
USA); Maria Koutsoupidou (King's College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Konstantinos Dovelos (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain));Panagiotis Kosmas (Kings College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Shimul Saha (SEMwaves Ltd., United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Efthymios Kallos (Medical
Wireless Sensing Ltd. - Meta Materials Inc., United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Ragip Pala (Meta Materials Inc., USA); George Palikaras (Meta Materials Inc., Canada); Fotis
Lazarakis (NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Informatics & Telecommunications, Greece); Antonis A Alexandridis (NCSR Demokritos, Greece)
Transparent conductive films (TCFs) are gaining increasing attention in microwave industrial applications such as indoor signal coverage for 5G, transparent antennas etc. This work discusses methods to predict andassess performance of such TCF-based applications, which can be useful in their design and characterization stage, respectively.

Quiet-Zone Profiling in a mmWave Spherical Anechoic Chamber: An Evaluation Approach

86

Naila Rubab, Laurens A. Bronckers, A. B. (Bart) Smolders and Ad Reniers (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands); Antonius Johannes van den Biggelaar(ANTENNEX, The Netherlands)
To ensure effective plane wave illumination of an antenna under test in an Anechoic Chamber(AC), a specific region known as the Quiet Zone(QZ) is typically specified. conventional ACs often employ the industrystandard free-space voltage standing wave method utilizing a horn antenna for the QZ characterization. However, to define the QZ in distinctive AC designs, it is essential to assess scanning methodologies that alignwith their unique working characterization mechanisms. In the mmWave spherical AC at Eindhoven University of Technology a planar scanning methodology using open-ended waveguide antenna has been explored
to determine its applicability for the QZ assessment. An evaluation approach, incorporating spatial spread factor and probe pattern compensation, is first analyzed on a digital twin simulations and subsequently
applied on practical measurements to study the chamber behaviour. The agreement between the simulated and measured results validates the proposed planar scanning methodology and the evaluation approachfor the QZ assessment.

Over-The-Air Testing Environments with Spatial-Directional Selectivity for Characterizing Wireless Devices and Systems

87

Andrés Alayón Glazunov (Linköping University, Sweden)
Various over-the-air (OTA) testing environments are presented, focusing on their capability to produce single- or multidirectional channels, i.e., producing a single path or multipath components. The OTA systems are
discussed in terms of the chambers used, either anechoic, reverberation, or hybrid, and the capabilities to produce different channels. It is suggested that future developments in OTA testing technology will require
the development of smart testing environments that can accommodate the diverse increasing demands of emerging applications.

Study on Antenna-Phantom Model of Aperture Antennas for SAR Analysis 88
Wenfu Fu (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Bo Xu (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Sailing He (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
In the conventional model to explain the antenna-phantom interaction for specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis, antenna structures are treated as perfect electric conductors. However, such a model does not suffice
to analyze complementary antenna structures, i.e., aperture antennas. In this paper, an antenna-phantom model for aperture antennas is introduced considering the tangential electric field generated by the equivalentmagnetic currents as the primary contributor to the peak SAR level. When the out-of-phase tangential electric field of the second-order modes for a slot antenna is achieved, the peak 10-g SAR levels are lower thanthat is caused by a conventional slot antenna with the first-order mode in the same condition due to destructive superposition. Therefore, the proposed antenna-phantom model is helpful to guide the aperture antenna
design for the SAR compliance purposes.

A Wideband Free Space Material Characterization Method for Extracting Dielectric Permittivity 89
Orestis Christogeorgos (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Ernest Okon (University of Bedfordshire, United Kingdom (Great Britain));
Yang Hao (Queen Mary University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The extraction of dielectric properties of materials has been central to the antennas and propagation community, especially since the introduction of metamaterials and/or engineered materials with desired
electromagnetic response. These materials can help with enhancing the performance of existing designs and provide capabilities that are unobtainable with conventional materials. As such, it becomes very importantto characterize these new materials and through measurements, extract their dielectric properties with a high degree of certainty. Here, we propose a non-destructive and easy to implement methodology forcharacterizing the dielectric properties of different types of materials, including two types of Radiation Absorbent Materials (RAM) and extract the corresponding effective dielectric permittivity for each case in the 10− 18 GHz range.

Wednesday, March 20 13:10 - 14:40
PP02: Poster session on Propagation II/ / Propagation
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Thomas F. Eibert (Technical University of Munich (TUM) & Chair of High-Frequency Engineering (HFT), Germany), Guido Valerio (Sorbonne Université, France)
Improving Air-Writing Accuracy Through Data Regression and Interpolation in a Single Radar System
Seungheon Kwak, Chanul Park and Seongwook Lee (Chung-Ang University, Korea (South))107

In the radar-based air-writing, the hand movement may not be completely detected depending on the transmission cycle of the radar waveform, which potentially reduces the legibility of the air-writing results.
Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method of interpolating the unmeasured portions of the air-writing using polynomial regression. First, using a radar sensor, we acquire range and angle detection results for handmotion over time. Then, the trajectory of the hand motion is expressed in two-dimensional distance coordinates using the range and angle information. Subsequently, the polynomial regression is used to derive therelationship between the observation time and the change of distance coordinates in each dimension. Next, we interpolate the unmeasured portions using the derived regression model and generate the interpolated
air-writing results. Finally, to verify the performance of the proposed method, the recognition accuracy of non-interpolated and interpolated air-writing results is evaluated.

Pathloss-Based Non-Line-Of-Sight Identification in an Indoor Environment: An Experimental Study 102
Muhammad Asim (Information Technology University, Pakistan); Muhammad Ozair Iqbal (Information Technology University Lahore, Pakistan); Waqas Aman (HBKU,
Qatar); Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman (Information Technology University, Pakistan); Qammer Abbasi (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
We report the findings of an experimental study on the problem of line-of-sight (LOS)/non-line-of-sight (NLOS) classification in an indoor environment. Specifically, we deploy a pair of NI 2901 USRP software-definedradios (SDR) in a large hall, which communicate on a center frequency of 2.4 GHz, using three different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The receive SDR constructs a dataset of pathloss measurements from thereceived signal as it moves across 15 equi-spaced positions on a 1D grid (for both LOS and NLOS scenarios). This allows us to estimate the pathloss parameters using the least-squares method to construct aparameterized pathloss model for a binary hypothesis test (BHT) for NLOS identification. Since the pathloss measurements slightly deviate from Gaussian distribution, we also feed our custom dataset to a range ofmachine learning (ML) algorithms. It turns out that the performance of the ML algorithms is only slightly superior to the Neyman-Pearson-based BHT.

Feasibility Study of Joint Modeling of Environmental and Morphological Effects for WBAN 92
Badre Youssef (Télécom ParisTech-Institut Mines-Télécom & LTCI, France); Christophe Roblin (Telecom Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris & LTCI - Institut MinesTélécom, France)
In this article, we assess the feasibility of the joint modeling of the effects of the environment and morphology in the context of the Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) for the scenario based approach in the
1st Ultra Wide Band (UWB) sub-band [3.1, 4.8] GHz. Previous works have enabled to obtain important representative statistical samples for these two variables, to our knowledge not reached to date for WBAN

communications, with a dedicated methodology combining simulations results and experimental designs supported by measurements. Our approach is to combine these variables in a disjointed manner in order toextract a more complete model and naturally limit the simulations campaigns to a reference subject for all the environments to be considered. Thus, for a given subject we therefore estimate the propagation channeltransfer function from its on-body contribution and that of the environment obtained with the reference subject. This feasibility study is the first step in extracting interesting future models and a huge saving of time.
The comparison results obtained between the estimated transfer function and the nominally calculated one highlight fairly small differences in the majority of cases, which is encouraging for the use of this simplifying
approach.

Multipath Model Improvement for Automotive Radar Application 105
Antonin Locatelli (ENAC, France); Jose Luis Alvarez-Perez (University of Alcala, Spain); Alexander Yarovoy (TU Delft, The Netherlands)Multi-path propagation over asphalt road surfaces at automotive radar frequencies is studied. A new expression for the reflection coefficient from asphalt which takes into account asphalt surface roughness is
proposed. The classic tworay method to take into account the multi-path is improved using antenna radiation patterns and the antenna tilt. A new method to estimate elevation of a reflector above road surface basedon reflectivity variations is proposed.

Measurement-Based Channel Characteristics for Air-To-Ground Communications Under Rural Areas 100
Xuchao Ye, Hanpeng Li, Kai Mao, Qiuming Zhu, Farman Ali, Xiao-min Chen, Yanheng Qiu and Hangang Li (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China)
As an important part of the beyond fifth generation (B5G) and sixth generation (6G) network, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication has been widely used in various application scenarios. The measurement
and analysis of UAV air-to-ground (A2G) channel characteristics is vital to the design of future UAV communication systems. In this paper, we introduce a channel sounder that supports real-time measurements but
has smaller data storage sizes. The developed channel sounder is used to carry out channel measurement campaigns in two typical rural scenarios, i.e., farmland and river. Based on the measurement data, somekey channel characteristics, including multipath components (MPCs) and path loss (PL), are analyzed and compared. The results can provide a valuable reference for UAV channel modeling and UAV communication
system design in rural areas.

Antenna Pattern Tracking Algorithm for Low Terahertz Communications 101
Lorenz Helmut Wolfgang Löser, Tobias Doeker and Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany)In this paper, a novel beam tracking algorithm is presented which is based on the change of the path loss. Due to the movement, the antenna gain is different as the angle of departure and angle of arrival changes.
The proposed algorithm draws conclusions to the angular change from information about the measured gain difference. However, in order to provide a unique solution and directly get information about the angular
direction of the movement, at least one additional antenna has to be added. By means of simulations, it is shown that the proposed algorithm works perfectly for line-of-sight and with some constraints also for nonline-of-sight cases.

Electromagnetic Beerline Cleaning Using Radio Frequency Signals 109
Maksim Kuznetcov (Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Symon K. Podilchak (University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Louis Arnold
and David Arnold (Beerline Wizard, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this work, a study on radio frequency (RF) beer-cleaning has been reported. Particularly, a device used to generate pulse-wide modulation (PWM) signals and a simple antenna dipole wound around the beer pipe
was shown to mitigate yeast generation. This setup not only reduces and simplifies maintenance of the pipes but also can reduce operating costs. A particular study was investigated using a 60 V PWM signal ranging
from 1.6 to 6 KHz. This not only reduced the yeast waste by about 75% but also improved the manual cleaning cycles from 1 week to 4 weeks.

Comparison of Propagation Characteristics Between 5G Bands in a Reflective Industrial Environment 99
Nora Meyne (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany); Johannes Dommel (Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Germany); Thomas Kleine-Ostmann(Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany); Martin Kasparick (Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute & Technical University Berlin, Germany)
New frequency bands, such as the upper mid-band from 7 to 24 GHz, are currently heavily discussed for 5G and beyond, not least for industrial use cases. This study examines the propagation characteristics withina reflective industrial environment, with a specific focus on parts of this novel frequency band (10-12 GHz). Through a dedicated measurement campaign, we compare signal attenuation and delay spread in different
settings using channel-sounding equipment in the 5G bands FR1, FR2, and upper mid-band. We give particular attention to both, the impact of reflective industrial environments and the effect of different blockage
scenarios, for example, from metal plates or human blockage. In addition, we compare the propagation characteristics using functional measurements for FR1, providing insights into the performance using realistic
hardware.

Synthesis of Drop Counter Rain Rate from a Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge 97
Armando Rocha (University of Aveiro & Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal); José E. Silva (Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal); Susana Mota (University of Aveiro &Institute of Telecommunications, Portugal)
Earth-Satellite propagation models for Ka-band and above require measured rain rate statistics, preferably locally, with an integration time of 1 minute. In this paper we explore the possibility of deriving 1 minuteintegrated precipitation rate time series using a rain gauge tipping bucket and evaluate the performance with a co-sited drop counter rain gauge. The method consists of distributing, using several algorithms, a fixed
number of drops corresponding to a tip of the tipping bucket in the interval between two tips. The performance of the retrieval is compared with the results obtained with a co-located drop counter on a per-day timeseries basis, time correlation and in terms of the CCDFs, using more than two hundred days with rain events. The results are promising, offering reasonable confidence in using a tipping bucket device as a backup.

Designing a Data Pre-Processing Tool for MEO Satellites Propagation Measurements 95
Marlene Gomes Brás (University of Aveiro and Institute of Telecommunications, Portugal); Susana Mota (University of Aveiro & Institute of Telecommunications, Portugal);
Armando Rocha (University of Aveiro & Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal)
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite constellations have revolutionized global communications, offering reduced latency and extensive coverage compared to traditional geostationary satellites. However, thesesystems are vulnerable to atmospheric conditions that can deteriorate signal quality and impact the service performance. This article focuses on the planning strategy of a tool to facilitate the pre-processing of dataacquired in the framework of an experimental propagation program with the O3b MEO satellites constellation. These measurements capture valuable insights into atmospheric phenomena, particularly the signal
attenuation dependency with the azimuth and elevation - a critical aspect of this kind of satellite communication. The designed tool streamlines data processing and facilitates the extraction of attenuation-related
information.

AlphaSat Ka-Band and Q-Band Receiving Station in Rome: Measurements and Data Analysis 96
Stefano Barbieri (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Fernando Consalvi (FUB, Italy); Gianmarco Fusco (Istituto Superiore delle Comunicazione e delle Tecnologiedell'Informazione, Italy); Marianna Biscarini (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Lorenzo Luini and Carlo Riva (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
The AlphaSat TDP#5 experiment, dedicated to Prof. Aldo Paraboni, is an Italian Space Agency (ASI) science experiment to investigate radio propagation channel in the Ka and Q bands. Sapienza University ofRome, in collaboration with the Higher Institute of Communications and Information Technology (ISCTI) and the Ugo Bordoni Foundation (FUB), has joined the experiment with two receivers, one for each frequency,
installed at the Ministry of Business and Made in Italy (MIMIT) in Rome. In this paper, we present a methodology for the retrieval of the excess attenuation and tropospheric scintillation from the Alphasat received
beacon signal at Ka and Q band. Scintillation amplitude results in clear-air condition acquired over three months are compared with the ITU-R model. Experiment characteristics and data processing details are alsopresented.

Comparison of Indoor Propagation Channels at 28 GHz and 140 GHz Bands 103
Mar Francis De Guzman (Aalto University, Finland & Advanced Science and Technology Institute, Philippines); Katsuyuki Haneda (Aalto University, Finland)
In this paper, a comparison between the measured 28GHz and 140GHz channels in an entrance hall is presented. The path loss, angular spread, delay spread, and composite power angular spectrum (PAS) areevaluated and compared with reference indoor channels in an office, existing model, and shopping mall. The existing model and office path loss curves align with the path loss of line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS(NLOS) links, respectively. When using the full dynamic range, the angular spread does not change with frequency, while the delay spread decreases with frequency in the entrance hall. The differences in angularspread and delay spread vary between the entrance hall and other indoor environments due to differences in layout. The composite PAS at both bands are similar for both LOS and NLOS links. The channels havelarger angular and delay spread at 140GHz than 28GHz when the same dynamic range is used.

Radiometeorological Forecasts for Satellite Links Operations: Validation with Measurements from BepiColombo Mission

93

Simone Bellofiore and Marianna Biscarini (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Maria Montagna (VisionSpace @ European Space Agency (ESA/ESOC),); Saverio Di
Fabio and Livio Bernardini (CETEMPS, Italy); Paolo Antonelli and Paolo Scaccia (AdaptiveMeteo, Italy); Davide Comite (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
This work describes the experimental validation of a radio-meteorological operative model-chain: The first weather-forecast-driven tool for the optimization of satellite links for Ka-band deep-space missions. The
proposed model-chain has the capability to provide daily forecast statistics of radiopropagation variables customized on the specific transmission day, thus allowing dynamic link optimization. The radio-meteorologicaloperative chain is tested with two different global scale data for the model-chain initialization (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction,
NCEP). The optimization results are compared with the optimization performed with standard ITU-R annual statistics and with the link data collected during the operations of the BepiColombo ESA mission to Mercury.
The results confirm the great advantage (in terms of received data-volume) deriving from the usage of a radiometeorological operative model chain for the optimization of the satellite link, confirming the theoreticalestimation provided by feasibility and design studies.

Modeling Atmospheric Effects on over Land UHF Propagation Links

94

Abby R Anderson (US Naval Research Laboratory, USA); Chris Anderson (National Telecommunications and Information Administration & Institute for Telecommunication
Sciences, USA); Henry S. Owen (HS Owen LLC, USA)
Propagation modeling for over land paths has historically been performed using semi-empirical models. These models capture median propagation expected over a month or season; however, they cannot model
expected propagation for smaller time scales. Variability in atmospheric conditions, which influences radio frequency electromagnetic propagation, occurs on time scales of minutes to hours. Deterministic models,such as parabolic equation (PE) models, are required to accurately capture the effects of atmospheric variability on these small timescales; however, these models are traditionally used only in maritime environments.
In this manuscript we evaluate the performance of a PE model for two over land propagation paths. Propagation measurement data and atmospheric model data were collected in July 2022 for 43.5 and 112 km UHF
links. Ducting conditions are found to exist approximately 20% of the time. Evaluation of PE model output demonstrates accurate characterization of the measured ≈10 dB magnitude variability in received signal level.

Large-Scale Site Diversity Experiment in Ljubljana and Budapest at Ka-Band with Alphasat Satellite 91
Arsim Kelmendi (Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia); László Csurgai-Horváth (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary); Mihael Mohorcic (Jozef Stefan
Institute & Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Slovenia); Ales Svigelj and Tomaz Javornik (Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia); Andrej Hrovat (Jožef Stefan
Institute, Slovenia)
High throughput satellite communication systems, need to utilize less congested high frequency bands, such as Ka- and Q-bands and above with a large available radio channel bandwidth. However, the disadvantage
of radio wave propagation at these frequencies is the increased attenuation and impairment caused from tropospheric phenomena, in particular by rainfall. Site diversity is an efficient technique to mitigate theattenuation due to rain. In this paper, we present the performance evaluation of the large-scale dual site diversity system based on the long-term beacon signal measurement of geosynchronous Alphasat satellite at
19.701 GHz between the Earth stations in Ljubljana and Budapest. The statistical analysis of one-year measurement of rain attenuation of the site diversity system is presented. The results show that the mitigationof the rain attenuation in site diversity is significant.

Analysis of the Effects of Rainwater Covered Bumper on the Automotive Radar Signals 108
Nancy Modi, Mahesh Kumar Busineni and Jayanta Mukherjee (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India)
This paper studies the effect of the rainwater covered bumper on the automotive radar signal. The rainwater on the painted bumper is modeled in two ways: continuous thin layer and droplets. In the continuous
thin layer approach, a uniform water layer is considered on the painted bumper's surface. In contrast, for the droplet approach, multiple hemispheres with equal diameter and spacing are considered on the painted
bumper's surface. Moreover, to replicate a real scenario, the presented study considers a water covered painted bumper near a radar antenna. Different cases are studied using the transmission coefficient, Sparameter, and gain parameters to analyze the effect of rainwater on the radar performance. Based on this study, it is found that the transmission through the continuous thin film of water is better than that of droplets.
Also, this study aids in selecting the appropriate paint layer such that transmission through the bumper is significant.

Machine Learning Approaches for EM Signature Analysis in Chipless RFID Technology 90
Nadeem Rather and Roy B. V. B. Simorangkir (Tyndall National Institute, Ireland); John Laurence Buckley (Tyndall National Institute & University College Cork, Ireland);
Brendan O'Flynn (Tyndall National Institude, Ireland); Salvatore Tedesco (Tyndall National Institute, Ireland)
In this paper, for the first time, we provide a comprehensive review of Machine Learning (ML) approaches in Chipless Radio Frequency Identification (CRFID) technology, which is a fast-developing sector withapplications in inventory management, anti-counterfeiting, health monitoring, and environmental monitoring, to name a few. ML techniques are rapidly being integrated to improve CRFID systems' capabilities forrobust detection of information. The combination of ML with CRFID technology is presented, examining various ML approaches, applications, challenges, and future perspectives. It is observed that ML has beensuccessfully deployed in CRFID with high accuracy in the detection of information from CRFID tags. Challenges, such as data quality, security, and scalability are identified. The literature currently struggles in theapplication of ML models on high-capacity tags, and lacks standardized data collection and sharing methodologies. We suggest the development of common data collection protocols, data sharing initiatives, andcollaboration to establish a cohesive framework.

Investigating the Interference Induced by NGSO Constellations on GSO System Ground Stations: A Simulation Approach
Enrico Polo (Politecnico di Milano, Italy); Luis D. Emiliani (SES S.A., Luxembourg); Lorenzo Luini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)

98

This contribution describes the development and application of a physically-based simulator to investigate the interference caused by NGSO satellite constellations onto GSO fixed-satellite services. The simulator
calculates the yearly statistics of the Carrier to Interference Ratio (CI) of the gateway link of a GSO system ground station, considering all the variables at play, including the impact of precipitation. The analysis relieson the principle of protection of GSO systems by means of an exclusion zone, defined via an avoidance angle (alpha) and limiting the maximum number of NGSO satellites that can concurrently transmit in the areaof the GSO ground station, Max_co_freq. Preliminary results, reported as a function of alpha and Max_co_freq, show the usefulness of the CI results to design future NGSO constellations while limiting their impact
on GSO systems.

Annual Statistics from 5 Years of 1-Minute Rainfall Rate Measurements at a Specific Site in Bolivia
Gustavo Siles and Noelia Ayllon (Universidad Privada Boliviana, Bolivia)

104

1-minute precipitation data is crucial for evaluating the accuracy of rainfall rate prediction methods. In this paper, we present findings after conducting a 5-year rainfall rate measurement campaign at a single site in
Bolivia, spanning from September 2018 to August 2023. Additionally, we utilized 6 years of 15-minute rainfall data from a nearby site. The widely-accepted EXCELL RCS model, with slight adjustments to account forthe specific geographical characteristics of the study area, was applied to convert rainfall rate cumulative distributions from 15-minutes to 1-minute. The accuracy analysis performed reveals that long-term statistics ofrain intensity predicted by the currently adopted version of the ITU-R P.837 model closely match the experimental results. The results indicate that the mean and RMS values of the relative error remain below 10%.
This similarity is particularly notable when we incorporate monthly mean local values of surface temperature and rainfall amounts into the ITU-R model.

Comparison Between ERA5 Cloud Parameters and Rainfall Rate in Madrid 106
Ana Benarroch (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Gustavo Siles and Mishel Cuiza (Universidad Privada Boliviana, Bolivia); Jose M Riera (Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
This ongoing study, conducted at UPM, investigates the relationship between rainfall rate and cloud parameters, leveraging data sourced from ERA5 and experimental rainfall rate measurements collected with adisdrometer. The findings presented in this paper have been obtained using a comprehensive dataset spanning 6 years, including total cloud liquid water, cloud base height, total cloud cover, and rainfall rate. The
statistical analysis presented comprises cumulative distributions, histograms, as well as scatter plots of the ERA5 cloud parameters against both the hourly average and maximum hourly rainfall rates. It has beenfound that low values of total cloud liquid water and cloud base height are more probable with simultaneous rain occurrence, whereas total cloud cover yields values equal or close to one, which is its highest value.

Wednesday, March 20 13:10 - 14:40
WG Propagation: WG meeting
Room: M4

Wednesday, March 20 13:10 - 14:40
CM-SI: CM-SIG Characteristic Modes Special Interest Group.
//
Room: Fyne

Wednesday, March 20 14:40 - 15:20
IN5: Terahertz Antennas and Systems for Space Applications; Dr. Goutam Chattopadhyay, NASA-JPL, USA//
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France), Jiro Hirokawa (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

Wednesday, March 20 14:40 - 15:20
IN7: Spaceborne antenna testing: Status, Perspectives and Challenges; Dr. Luis Rolo, ESTEC, ESA, The
Netherlands//
Room: M1
Chairs: Olav Breinbjerg (ElMaReCo, Denmark), Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy)

Wednesday, March 20 15:20 - 16:00
IN6: Optical Antenna Systems for THz Communications and Sensing; Prof. Nuria Llombart, Tu Delft,
Netherlands//
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France), Jiro Hirokawa (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

Wednesday, March 20 15:20 - 16:00
IN8: How Compressive Sensing Approaches Can Enhance RF Hardware Capability; Dr. Brian E. Fischer,
Resonant Sciences, USA//
Room: M1
Chairs: Olav Breinbjerg (ElMaReCo, Denmark), Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy)

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
SWM: In Memory of Ross Stone//
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Stefania Monni (TNO Defence Security and Safety, The Netherlands), Branislav Notaros (Colorado State University at Fort Collins, USA)Time

Duration

Title

Presenter(s)Institute

16:30

5 minsIntroductory remarks

Stefania Monni (EurAAP); Branislav Notaros (IEEE AP-S)

16:35

15 mins

Ross contribution to IEEE AP-S

Branislav Notaros

IEEE AP-S

16:50

15 mins

Ross contribution to EurAAP

Stefania Monni; Cyril Mangenot

EurAAP

17:05

15 minRoss contribution to URSIPeter van Daele

URSI

17:20

15 minRoss contribution to RoE

Oscar Quevedo Teruel

EurAAP

17:35

15 mins

Ross contribution to IEEE AP-S, ESoA

Stefano Maci

IEEE AP-S, EurAAP

17:50

15 mins

Ross family memory

Sue Stone18:0510 mins

Remembering Ross, conversation with the audienceAll

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
M3: Innovative Approaches for Antenna Measurements
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / / Measurements
Room: M1
Chairs: Stuart F Gregson (Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Shintaro Hisatake (Gifu University, Japan)
16:30 Enhancing THz Antenna Characterization Precision in WR-1.5 Band Using Vacuum Waveguide Flange
Marius Kretschmann (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany); Thomas Zwick (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany); Akanksha Bhutani (Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Germany)
Measurement fixture for free-space characterization of dielectric resonator antennas up to the THz frequency range is presented. By using a modified waveguide flange with vacuum channels, environmental influencesin the half-space of the antenna are minimized. The concept is verified by characterizing a dielectric resonator antenna in the WR-1.5 frequency band. S-parameters of the vacuum flange are measured to perform ade-embedding of the RF losses of the holder.

16:50 A Demonstration of Diffraction-Limited Images Using a CMOS Chessboard Array at THz Frequencies
Martijn Hoogelander, Robbin van Dijk, Nuria LLombart, Marco Spirito and Maria Alonso-delPino (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
This paper presents the diffraction-limited terahertz imaging capabilities of a silicon-integrated focal plane array (FPA) of antenna-coupled direct-detectors. The FPA prototype is a tightly sampled, 12-pixel array thatwas developed in a 22 nm CMOS technology and covers a relative bandwidth of 3:1, from 200 GHz to 600 GHz. A quasi-optical (QO) system has been developed to realize images with a dynamic range of 25dB,
a resolution of 2.1 mm and a beam overlap around 1.4 dB at 400GHz.The images created by this QO system will be the first demonstration of a diffraction-limited FPA imager at THz frequencies, making it very
attractive for future commercial THz imaging applications.

17:10 Dielectric Characterization of Adhesives for THz Packaging in WR6.5, WR3.4 and WR2.2 Bands
Georg Gramlich and Kilian Speder (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany); Martin Roemhild (University of Stuttgart, Germany); Holger Baur (University Stuttgart,
Germany); Norbert Fruehauf (University of Stuttgart, Germany); Thomas Zwick (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany); Akanksha Bhutani (Karlsruhe Instituteof Technology, Germany)
This study presents, for the first time to our knowledge, measurements of permittivity and loss tangent ranging from 110 GHz to 500 GHz for technical adhesives. Measurements were conducted using the material
characterization kits by Swissto12. To ensure a high accuracy, the samples were carefully prepared to achieve optimal surface parallelism, since any deviation in thickness measurement directly affects the derived
values of permittivity and loss tangent. For validation purposes, we measured reference materials and benchmarked our findings against independent research, proving the precision of our measurements. Our
observations showed nearly constant permittivity in the WR 6.5, WR 3.4, and WR 2.2 bands for all adhesives. Specifically, for UV adhesives NEA 121 and NEA 123M, as well as the single-component epoxy EP501,
a permittivity of 3.0 was identified, while for the two-component epoxy Duralco 4460, an er of 2.8 was determined.

17:30 Numerical Assessment of a Cognitive Chamber: TMz Case
Christophe Craeye (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium); Sidina Wane (eV-Technologies, France); Khaldoun Alkhalifeh and Denis Tihon (Université Catholique deLouvain, Belgium)
A numerical analysis based on the Method of Moments is conducted to study the feasibility of absorbing chambers made of arrays of metallic elements, named here as cognitive chambers. The array is covering
the inner surface of a perfectly conducting cylindrical shield. The analysis is so far limited to the TM^z case. Very low perturbation of the field from a device under test, represented by a collection of axial dipoles isobserved. The non-disturbance of the incident fields correlates well with a criterion based on the active impedance. A significant dependence of the optimal load impedance versus azimuthal and axial modes has
been observed.

17:50 Highly Precised and Efficient Robot-Based ESPAR Antenna Measurements in Realistic Environments
Mateusz Groth, Kamil Domanski, Krzysztof Nyka and Lukasz Kulas (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland)
In this paper, we present a novel approach utilizing a small Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) equipped with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology to facilitate large-scale outdoor automatedmeasurements. The system employs dedicated software and measurement scripts to autonomously navigate the robot along predefined routes, stopping at multiple points for data collection. This method minimizes
observational error and enables the efficient verification and validation of DoA and positioning algorithms. We provide a detailed overview of the robot's architecture, operating modes, and system performance,
demonstrating its capability to achieve high accuracy and repeatability in measurements. Additionally, we present results from a DoA estimation experiment using an electronically steerable parasitic array radiator(ESPAR) antenna, showcasing the system's ability to provide precise and consistent measurements across various transmission module heights.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
CS34: Propagation measurements and modelling for RIS-aided wireless communications
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Placido Mursia (NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany), Enrico M. Vitucci (University of Bologna, Italy)
16:30 RIS with Practical Reflection Coefficients: Modeling and Experimental Measurements
Lin Cao, Haifan Yin, Xilong Pei and Li Tan (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China)
In this paper, we consider reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)-aided wireless communication systems, where the reflection coefficients suffer from the realistic limitations of non-uniform amplitudes and insufficientphase shifting capabilities. We introduce a reflection coefficient model for RIS based on measurements, accounting for these practical factors. We then propose a group-based query algorithm that takes the imperfectcoefficients into consideration while calculating the reflection coefficients. We analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm and derive a closed-form expression of the received power. The performance gainsof our proposed algorithm are confirmed in simulations. Finally, we validate the proposed theoretical results by experiments with our fabricated RIS prototype system. The simulation and measurement results match
well with the theoretical analysis.

16:50 An Automated Over-The-Air Radiated Testing Platform for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
Yifa Li (Aalborg University, USA); Fengchun Zhang, Kim Olesen, Ying Zhinong and Gert Pedersen (Aalborg University, Denmark); Wei Fan (Southeast University, China)

Inquest to enhance wireless communication capabilities, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has emerged as a technology of immense promise. Armed with the beamforming capabilities, RIS can intelligently
engineer and control wireless propagation environments. Consequently, an in-depth knowledge of RIS radiation characteristics has become important. This paper presents an automated over-theair (OTA) radiatedtesting platform designed for characterizing RIS radiation. Operating in an anechoic chamber setup in a fully automated manner, the platform system utilizes multiple probes to expedite testing and employs a vector
network analyzer (VNA) for testing signal measurement and recording. Controlled by a programmed controller, the system efficiently manages RIS operation with predefined code-book while the controller directs
the system to conduct radiation measurements. To validate the designed testing platform system, RIS beam steering radiation measurements were conducted using a 2-bit 10 × 10 RIS. The measured results
demonstrate the capabilities and reliability of the automated testing system.

17:10 Validating Properties of RIS Channel Models with Prototypical Measurements
Kevin Weinberger (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany); Simon Tewes (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany); Aydin Sezgin (RUB, Germany)
The integration of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) holds substantial promise for revolutionizing 6G wireless networks, offering unprecedented capabilities for real-time control over communication
environments. However, determining optimal RIS configurations remains a pivotal challenge, necessitating the development of accurate analytical models. While theoretically derived models provide valuable insights,
their potentially idealistic assumptions do not always translate well to practical measurements. This becomes especially problematic in mobile environments, where signals arrive from various directions. This study
deploys an RIS prototype on a turntable, capturing the RIS channels' dependency on the angle of incoming signals. The difference between theory and practice is bridged by refining a model with angle-dependent
reflection coefficients. The improved model exhibits a significantly closer alignment with real-world measurements. Analysis of the reflect coefficients reveals that non-perpendicular receiver angles can induce anadditional attenuation of up to -14.5dB. Additionally, we note significant phase shift deviations, varying for each reflect element.

17:30 Empirical Validation of the Impedance-Based RIS Channel Model in an Indoor Scattering Environment
Placido Mursia (NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany); Taghrid Mazloum (CEA- LETI, France); Frederic Munoz (CEA LETI & University of Grenoble-Alpes, France);
Vincenzo Sciancalepore (NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany); Gabriele Gradoni (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Raffaele D'Errico (CEA,
LETI & Université Grenoble-Alpes, France); Marco Di Renzo (Paris-Saclay University / CNRS, France); Xavier Costa-Perez (ICREA and i2cat & NEC Laboratories Europe,
Spain); Antonio Clemente (CEA-Leti, France); Geoffroy Lerosey (Greenerwave, France)
Ensuring the precision of channel modeling plays a pivotal role in the development of wireless communication systems, and this requirement remains a persistent challenge within the realm of networks supported
by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS). Achieving a comprehensive and reliable understanding of channel behavior in RIS-aided networks is an ongoing and complex issue that demands further exploration. In
this paper, we empirically validate a recently-proposed impedance-based RIS channel model that accounts for the mutual coupling at the antenna array and precisely models the presence of scattering objects within
the environment as a discrete array of loaded dipoles. To this end, we exploit real-life channel measurements collected in an office environment to demonstrate the validity of such a model and its applicability in apractical scenario. Finally, we provide numerical results demonstrating that designing the RIS configuration based upon such model leads to superior performance as compared to reference schemes.

17:50 RIS Performance in a Comprehensive Fading Environment
Pedro Marcio Raposo Pereira (National Institute of Telecommunications, Brazil); Rausley Adriano Amaral de Souza (National Institute of Telecommunications (INATEL),
Brazil); Michel Daoud Yacoub (State University of Campinas, Brazil); Yonghui Li (University of Sydney, Australia)
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) as a promising technology that can enhance the wireless communication performance by softening the harshness of the
propagation conditions of the environment. However, the impact of mobility on RIS-assisted communication systems remains a critical yet understudied aspect. In this article, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of
RIS- enabled systems under various fading conditions, considering the influence of phase noise and the role of the direct channel. We investigate scenarios with both static and mobile receiving terminals, highlighting
the interplay between fading, phase noise, and the effects of the direct channel. Our findings reveal the significance of effectively managing phase noise to optimize RIS configurations, whose vulnerability becomes
more evident in the presence of higher order modulations.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
P09: Rain attenuation
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Propagation
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Ana Benarroch (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain), Lorenzo Luini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
16:30 Variability of Rain Attenuation at Millimeter Waves Due to Fluctuations of the Drop Size Distribution
Leyre Egozcue-Angulo (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Ignacio Mata-Alonso (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain); Jose M Riera, Domingo Pimienta-delValle and Ana Benarroch (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
Rain attenuation at millimeter waves is progressively more influenced by the Drop Size Distributions (DSD) as the frequency gets higher. This paper continues the work carried out on DSD data gathered in Madrid,
Spain, over a long period of 15 years. Rain specific attenuation in the frequency range 30-300 GHz has been calculated using the DSD data and extinction cross-sections obtained for horizontal and vertical polarization
using electromagnetic simulations. Previous results showed a significant variability around its reference value obtained from the rainfall rate. This variability was attributed to DSD fluctuations. This attribution isanalyzed in the present study, that addresses three additional aspects: the relation between the variability parameter V and the rainfall rate; the average DSD obtained for different ranges of V; and finally the seasonalvariations of the two previous ones. The paper includes some examples of application of the Gaussian model proposed for the parameter V,

16:50 Rain Attenuation at Millimeter Waves in Different Climatic Zones Estimated from Drop Size Distributions
Ignacio Mata-Alonso (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain); Jose M Riera (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Lorenzo Luini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy);Hong Yin Lam (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia); Domingo Pimienta-del-Valle (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
Rain attenuation at millimeter waves is progressively more influenced by the Drop Size Distributions (DSD). In this paper, DSD data collected in Madrid, Spain, with continental climate; Milan, Italy, with Mediterranean
climate; and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with tropical climate are used to study this effect. The first two sites use the same model of laser disdrometer whereas the equipment available at Kuala Lumpur is an impact
disdrometer. Rain specific attenuation at different frequencies (30-300 GHz) as well as rainfall rate have been calculated. The data have then been used to assess the validity of the ITU-R Rec. P.838-3 model.
Results show that the ITU-R model tends to underestimate the specific attenuation, and confirm a significant variability around its reference value obtained from the rainfall rate, with a similar extent in Madrid andMilan, and a different trend in Kuala Lumpur, attributed to the different disdrometer and to the tropical climate.

17:10 Ka-Band Rain Attenuation Derived from a MEO Satellite Constellation
Lorenzo Luini, Carlo Riva, Francesco Capelletti and Alef Comisso (Politecnico di Milano, Italy); Armando Rocha (University of Aveiro & Instituto de Telecomunicações,Portugal); Susana Mota (University of Aveiro & Institute of Telecommunications, Portugal); Marlene Gomes Brás (University of Aveiro and Institute of Telecommunications,Portugal); Marianna Biscarini and Stefano Barbieri (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Fernando Consalvi (FUB, Italy); Antonio Martellucci (European Space Agency,
The Netherlands)
A procedure to extract rain attenuation from MEO satellite signals is presented in the framework of MEKaP (MEO Ka-band Propagation), a European Space Agency (ESA) funded project. This task, far from beinga trivial one, involves removing from the received signal the effects induced by the presence of gases along the path, by the change in the distance to the satellite and by the variation of the onboard antenna gain
as perceived at the ground station. To this aim, ancillary data are exploited, such as satellite ephemeris, ERA5 products and some basic information on the onboard antenna. Some preliminary examples of the rain
attenuation derived in three sites with different climatic conditions (Milan and Rome, Italy; Aveiro, Portugal) are reported, showing the effectiveness of the proposed procedure, which will be applied to all the datacollected during the experimental campaign (from 1/1/2022 to 31/12/2023) to produce rain attenuation statistics.

17:30 Rain Attenuation at mmWave and Optical Bands from Visibility and Rainfall Intensity Measurements
Elizabeth Verdugo (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy & PUC RIO, Brazil); Lorenzo Luini and Carlo Riva (Politecnico di Milano, Italy); Luiz da Silva Mello (CETUCPUC-Rio & Inmetro, Brazil); Laura Resteghini (Huawei Technologies, European Research Center, Italy); Renato Lombardi (Milan Microwave Competence Center, Italy);Angelo Milani (Huawei Technologies, Italy); Roberto Nebuloni (Ieiit - Cnr, Italy)
Wireless communications at very high frequencies from mmWave to Free-Space Optics (FSO) dramatically increase link capacity, but their performance falls under adverse weather. Existing global models for rain
attenuation, such as the Rec. ITU-R 838-3 are straightforward as they rely on statistics of rainfall intensity only, but they do not capture the complexity of rain microphysics. This study investigates the potential ofvisibility measurements to enhance the understanding of rain attenuation. Specifically, we show the preliminary results of an experimental study in Milan started in late 2022 involving colocated E-band (83 GHz) and
FSO links (1.550 μm) as well as visibility and rainfall sensors on either side of the links. Rainfall intensity and visibility, though correlated, get scattered during heavy rain, probably due to the microphysical effects.
Moreover, the accuracy of mmWave and FSO rainfall attenuation from visibility and rainfall is comparable.

17:50 Predicting Rain Attenuation at D Band for 6G Backhaul Link Design: A Frequency Scaling ApproachFrancesco Capelletti (Politecnico di Milano, Italy); Giuseppe Roveda (Huawei Microwave Centre, Italy); Roberto Nebuloni (Ieiit - Cnr, Italy); Lorenzo Luini (Politecnico di
Milano, Italy)
A frequency scaling model is presented for predicting rain-induced attenuation affecting a short terrestrial link operating at D band, to be potentially used as backhaul link in future sixth generation (6G) networks. The
methodology, which aims at estimating rain attenuation at a target higher frequency from measurements collected at a lower band, requires as input local rain rate time series and defines a scaling ratio dependent on
the specific attenuations at the two frequencies. Data from a long-term propagation study, conducted in collaboration between Politecnico di Milano and Huawei, are employed to assess the accuracy of the proposedmodel in scaling rain attenuation from E band (83 GHz) to D band (156 GHz). Results indicate high prediction accuracy. This corroborates its use as a tool to fill the current lack of tropospheric impairment data at
carrier frequencies not currently licensed but to be potentially employed in the upcoming 6G networks.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
A07: Lens antennas
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Erio Gandini (ESA - European Space Agency, The Netherlands), Andrea Neto (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
16:30 A Wideband Half-Circle Metasurface Augmented Luneburg Lens for Millimeter-Wave Applications
Bader Alali (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Dmitry E Zelenchuk (Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Muhammad
Ali Babar Abbasi (Queen's University Belfast & The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (ECIT), United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Irina
Munina (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland)This paper presents a method for the design of a wideband two-dimensional (2D) metasurface Luneburg lens antenna optimized for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. The metasurface, with overall dimensionsof 12 x 200 mm, operates in a reflective mode and consists of an 80-element array of Phoenix unit cells. We demonstrated that the 2D metasurface Luneburg lens antenna can steer the radiated beam with awideband performance of 24-38 GHz. It is shown that the steering angle can be controlled to a desired direction within an angular range of 75 degrees, contingent on the distribution of phasing elements and theposition of the feeding source. In specific cases, we demonstrate beam-steering towards 0, 30, and 45 degrees, achieved when the feeding source is oriented at -15 degrees as well as towards 0, 15, and 45 degrees
achieved when the feeding source is oriented at -30 degrees.

16:50 Metal-Only Additive-Manufactured Geodesic Lens Antennas for the mmWave Band
Jose Rico-Fernandez (Northern Waves AB, Sweden); Pilar Castillo-Tapia, Sarah E Clendinning, Qiao Chen and Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute ofTechnology, Sweden)
This paper evaluates the suitability of additive manufacturing, with AlSi10Mg using the Laser Powder-Bed Fusion (LPBF) technique, for geodesic lens antennas. This evaluation is carried out with three different
geodesic lens antennas operating in Ka- V- and G-band. In the Ka-band, an elliptically-compressed geodesic lens antenna was designed, manufactured and tested; in the V-band, the experimental results of ageodesic lens array antenna composed of four elements are shown. These two designs were manufactured monolithically to avoid leakage and misalignment between the plates. Finally, the challenges of additive
manufacturing at G-band are discussed. A dual-polarized geodesic Luneburg lens antenna working at 122.5 GHz has been produced in three parts, so polishing can be carried out to reduce the surface roughness.
The overall results corroborate that additive manufacturing with the LPBF technique is a promising method to produce metal-only solutions for geodesic lens antennas in the millimetre-wave regime.

17:10 On the Design of Wide-Scanning Lenses with Integrated Focal Arrays
Dunja Lončarević, Shahab Oddin Dabironezare, Andrea Neto and Nuria LLombart (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
The optimization of an integrated homogeneous lens over a wide angular region (-60,60)° is presented. The optimization is conducted in terms of the aperture efficiency which is obtained by resorting to the antenna
in reception methodology. The optimization procedure is sequential. Firstly, the shape of the lens is optimized for 30° scanning, and then the position of the feed and its tilt are optimized for such fixed lens shape.
The reported results show that a nearly-flat aperture efficiency is achieved for wide-angle scanning for different values of the permittivity and the diameter of the lens. In order to compare the explored integrated
homogeneous lens design with the spherical lenses found in literature, the aperture efficiency with respect to the antenna aperture as a whole is defined. With this metric, it is shown that for a fixed volume thepresented design achieves higher aperture efficiency, owing to the integrated focal array.

17:30 Fully Metallic Wideband Lens Design Using a Highly Refractive Glide-Symmetric Unit Cell at W-Band
Sergio Garcia-Martinez (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Adrián Tamayo-Domínguez and Pablo Sanchez-Olivares (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain)
This paper presents the design of Luneburg lens at W-band using a fully metallic periodic structure. The use of glide symmetry in the unit cell produces a highly isotropic behavior; however, conventional shaped
holes such as circular and square holes do not present a sufficient refractive index for the design of this type of lenses. A cross-shaped hole is proposed to significantly increase the obtainable refractive index while
maintaining an isotropic behavior. By terminating the holey metasurface with a flare and feeding it with multiple waveguides, a high efficiency multibeam antenna with 45º scanning range is achieved without scanninglosses.

17:50 A Cylindrical Mismatched Luneburg Lens Implemented on PCB at V-Band
Vincent Kaschten, Dimitri Lederer and Christophe Craeye (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium)
We implement a cylindrical mismatched Luneburg lens at V-band, following the related theory and design rules. The lens has a relative dielectric permittivity of 2.6 at its edge, while the exterior medium is air. The
implementation is done on a Printed Circuit Board, and includes the lens itself as well as Substrate-Integrated Waveguides acting as feeds and a transition from Grounded Co-planar Waveguide transmission lines
to the feeds. The whole structure is fabricated as a single-piece board with standard processes. Measurements confirm that this design can produce a fan-shaped beam at multiple excitation points covering a 40
degrees angular range.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
E04: Electromagnetic Imaging
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications / / Electromagnetics
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Ilaria Catapano (IREA-CNR, Italy), Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
16:30 Towards Optimal Binary Patterns for Compressive Terahertz Single-Pixel Imaging
Adolphe Ndagijimana (Public University of Navarre, Spain); Iñigo Ederra (Universidad Pública de Navarra & Institute of Smart Cities, Universidad Pública de Navarra,
Spain); Miguel Heredia Conde (Center for Sensorsystems (ZESS), University of Siegen, Germany)
Terahertz (THz) radiation's properties make it ideal for various imaging applications. However, creating simple, cost-effective, and high-resolution THz array detectors is challenging. Mechanical scanning is commonlyused but creates a trade-off between frame rate and resolution. Fortunately, Compressive Sensing (CS) offers a solution by reducing the required number of measurements needed compared to Shannon-Nyquist's
sampling theory. CS-THz imaging is usually implemented using a single-pixel camera with spatial modulation patterns, mostly binary patterns. However, the non-uniform and diffraction propagation present in the THz
range affects the mutual coherence of the resulting sensing matrices resulting in image reconstruction degradation. In this paper, we introduce an optimization procedure for generating binary patterns that considerTHz diffraction and non-uniform illumination of the mask. The produced sensing matrices exhibit low coherence compared to other typical binary sensing matrices, resulting in a higher reconstruction performance
than all others.

16:50 Contactless 3D Subsurface Imaging: Considerations to Set the Measurement Spacing
Gianluca Gennarelli, Giovanni Ludeno and Giuseppe Esposito (IREA-CNR, Italy); Rosa Scapaticci (CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Italy); Francesco Soldovieri(CNR, Italy); Ilaria Catapano (IREA-CNR, Italy)
Nowadays, contactless subsurface imaging deserves huge attention thanks to the availability of autonomous moving platforms, which simplify and speed up the measurement stage. However, some constraints ariseon the number of scattered field samples that can be collected and thus on the achievable imaging capabilities. By focusing the attention on the three-dimensional imaging performed using a multi-monostatic ground
penetrating radar system, this communication deals with a criterion to properly define the spatial offset among the measurement points. Synthetic data are used to assess the effectiveness of the provided criterion
and investigate how the data under-sampling affects the imaging performance.

17:10 A Case Study of Misalignment Errors for Range-Migration-Based Microwave Imaging with Multistatic Dynamic Metasurface Apertures
Vasiliki Skouroliakou, Amir Masoud Molaei, María García Fernández, Guillermo Alvarez Narciandi and Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom(Great Britain))In this paper, we study the effect of antenna positioning errors for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dynamic metasurface aperture (DMA) system. In this case, the term antenna refers to transmitting or receiving
DMA panels that comprise the imaging system. The range migration algorithm (RMA) along with a multistatic-to-monostatic (MTM) interpolation step is employed to address the image reconstruction step. Both the
RMA and the MTM steps entail knowledge of the precise locations of the panels with respect of the center of the investigation domain. However, in practical applications, this requirement is not always met anddisplacement errors can be present. In this work, we study the behavior of the proposed DMA-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) computational imaging (CI) system and image reconstruction algorithm
under various range displacement or rotational errors.

17:30 GPR Imaging Relying on Frequency-Diverse Compressive Antennas
María García Fernández, Guillermo Alvarez Narciandi and Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems have demonstrated their ability to successfully detect both metallic and non-metallic targets, making them very attractive for multiple applications. In addition, the use ofsynthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques enables GPR systems to retrieve high-resolution images of buried targets. However, the dense sampling required by GPR-SAR systems limits their survey speed or resultsin high-complexity hardware. Computational imaging (CI) has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome some of the drawbacks of SAR-based systems. CI enables a significantly faster survey relying oncompressive antennas that compress the scene information into a single channel (or a reduced number of them). This contribution proposes, for the first time, the idea of resorting to CI for GPR, and presents afrequency-diverse compressive antenna specifically tailored for GPR applications working at S- and C-bands. In addition, the feasibility of imaging buried targets from a single acquisition is successfully demonstrated.

17:50 Preliminary Description of a 2D Near-Field Electromagnetic Imaging Database
Seth J Cathers, Ben J Martin, Noah Stieler, Ian Jeffrey and Colin Gilmore (University of Manitoba, Canada)
With the goal of improving machine learning approaches in inverse scattering, we overview an experimental data set collected with a near-field microwave imaging system. Machine learning approaches often train
solely on synthetic data, and one of the reasons for this is that no experimentally-derived public data set exists. The imaging system consists of 24 antennas surrounding the imaging region, connected via a switch toa vector network analyzer. The data set contains over 1000 full Scattering parameter scans of three targets from 3-5 GHz. In this work, we show preliminary results of a direct data-to-image inversion algorithm.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
CS21: mm-Wave Antennas for Radar Applications
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Marta Martínez-Vázquez (Renesas Electronics, Germany), Eva Rajo-Iglesias (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)
16:30 Imaging Radar Frontend with SIW Feeding Networks
Marta Martínez-Vázquez and Stephan Renner (Renesas Electronics, Germany); Rakesh Kumar, Alok Prakash Joshi and Anamika Verma (Renesas Electronics, India);
Akshay Ashok Hublikar (Renesas Electronivcs, India)
Using radar for imaging implies increasing the number of transmit and receive channels, which complicates the routing of the signals to the antennas. This paper shows a practical implementation of a 12x12 imaging
radar with patch antennas using SIW lines to optimize the performance.

16:50 New Efficient Waveguide Antenna for Future Automotive Radar Applications
Simona Bruni, Markus Krengel, Oliver Litschke and Aline Friedrich (IMST GmbH, Germany); Marta Martínez-Vázquez (Renesas Electronics, Germany)
This paper presents the design and the realized prototype of a slotted air-waveguide antenna based on a new technology concept. The antenna is designed combining standard Printed Circuit Board technology(PCB) and a metal frame to cover the 76-81 GHz band for automotive radar applications. Although low cost PCBs are used, the performance of the antenna is comparable to that of a slotted air waveguide antenna.
It will be shown that this concept can be used on the next generation MMICs with launcher in package.

17:10 From mmWave Radar Nodes to Multistatic Arrays: Design Considerations and Applications
Ignacio Sardinero-Meirás, Ignacio E. López-Delgado and Elías Antolinos (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Francisco N. Pérez-Fernández (Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid & Georgia Institute of Technology, Spain); Marta Ferreras (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Lorena María Pérez-Eijo (Universidade deVigo, Spain); Marcos Arias and Borja Gonzalez-Valdes (University of Vigo, Spain); Jesús Grajal (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)

The potential of single-node mmWave radar systems can be expanded with more sophisticated configurations: multi-frequency, multistatic, or phased-array radars. Several radar nodes have been designed withemphasis on transitioning to multistatic or phased-array configurations. This approach involves addressing critical factors often overlooked by commercial radar systems, including synchronization and data handling.
This paper presents a 120 GHz phased-array radar, comprising 15 individual nodes. Additionally, we highlight the potential advantages of incorporating phased-arrays and multistatic radars in biomedical andstructural health monitoring applications.

17:30 Low-Cost Coaxial Slot Array Antenna for E-Band Automotive Corner Radar Applications Based on Gap Waveguide MLW Technology
Juan Luis Albadalejo Lijarcio (Chalmers University of Technology & Gapwaves AB, Sweden); Abbas Vosoogh and Carlo Bencivenni (Gapwaves AB, Sweden); Ashraf Uz
Zaman (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)
This paper presents an E-band automotive radar antenna based on multilayer waveguide (MLW) technology. The electromagnetic fields propagate through a low-loss air-filled coaxial transmission line created by
the stacking of three separate metal sheets. The fundamental antenna element consist of a single side-fed column composed of six in-line slots. An electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is integrated along thetransmission lines in order to mitigate the unwanted leakage resulting from small air-gaps between the metal sheets. The fabrication of the prototype was realized by using the quick and cost-effective 3D chemical
etching process, which has proven to be highly suitable for large-scale production. The measurement results for both radiation pattern and reflection coefficient exhibit a good agreement with the corresponding
simulations within the operating frequency band ranging from 76 to 81 GHz.

17:50 Effects of Bumper Integration on Low-, Mid-, and High-Resolution Imaging Radars
Dominik Schwarz, Matthias Linder, Ron Riekenbrauck and Robin Bord (Ulm University, Germany); Christian Waldschmidt (University of Ulm, Germany)
Radar sensors are widely used for driver assistance systems as they enable an accurate perception of the surroundings. Typically, the sensors are hidden behind bumpers or radomes. Since the bumper affects not
only the receive power but also the DoA estimation, the bumper is typically taken into account in the calibration. Thus, a re-calibration is required after a bumper change or paint job. In this work, the influence of the
bumper on the DoA estimation performance and radar image quality is compared for low-, mid-, and high-resolution sensors. As reference, a setup without bumper is deployed and no re-calibrations are conducted.
The degradation due to a muddy bumper that cannot be included in the calibration is analyzed. In all cases, the high-resolution radar shows the greatest robustness, with a DoA estimation error of only 0.2° for the
muddy bumper, compared to 0.8° and 22° for the mid- and low-resolution sensor.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
P06: Body propagation, sensing and communication
T06 Biomedical and health / / Propagation
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal), Pyry Kiviharju (Aalto University, Finland)
16:30 Localization of a Nasogastric Feeding Tube Using High-Frequency Harmonic Radar - a Feasibility Study
Lieke A. M. Geubbels, Ad Reniers and Rob Mestrom (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Certain patients, for instance, preterm born babies (neonates), are not capable of feeding themselves. These patients can be helped by getting enteral nutrition by means of a nasogastric feeding tube. When inserted,the location of the feeding tube is obtained via so-called bedside methods. However, these localization techniques are not accurate enough which introduces health risks for the patients. Therefore, a new localization
technique is desired to minimize or eliminate the misplacement of the feeding tube. For this purpose, we introduce a high-frequency harmonic radar localization system consisting of an out-of-body transceiver and apassive electromagnetic reflector that is located at the distal end of the feeding tube. By means of a link budget, such a system with a transmitted power of 30 dBm is proven to be feasible for an operation frequency
in the industrial, scientific, medical band of 5.75 GHz (second harmonic of 11.5 GHz) for neonatal patients.

16:50 Development of Tissue Emulatory Models/Phantoms of Lungs at Microwave Frequency for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Laya Joseph (FTE, Angstrom Laboratory, Lägerhyddsvägen 1 & Uppsala University, Sweden); Arvind Selvan Chezhian (Uppsala University, Sweden); Thiemo Voigt (RISE
Computer Science & Uppsala University, Sweden); Mauricio D Perez (Uppsala University, Department of Electrical Engineering); Robin Augustine (Uppsala University,
Sweden)Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a severe and life-threatening condition when our lungs are injured by infection or trauma. In this paper, we discuss human lung emulators or phantoms with similar dielectric
properties of human lungs to study and treat ARDS as testing precursors. We have developed two semi-solid inflated and deflated lung phantoms to analyze the respiratory distress due to the change in the lungpermittivity. The size, shape and volume of the phantoms are chosen from the study done on 166 patients' CT image sets. The performance of the phantoms is carried out by measuring the dielectric properties atfrequency range 0.5 - 10 GHz using an open-ended coaxial slim probe technique by Agilent Keysight Technologies. The measured data is compared with Istituto di Fisica Applicata "Nello Carrara" (IFAC) database.
The measured dielectric properties of emulatory models show good degree of alliance with respect to the IFAC data.

17:10 Potential of Polarized MIMO in In-Body to Out-Body Radio Links
Pyry Kiviharju (Aalto University, Finland); Kenichi Takizawa (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan); Clemens Icheln (Aalto University &School of Electrical Engineering, Finland); Katsuyuki Haneda (Aalto University, Finland)
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is considered to be a viable method for spectral efficiency and capacity enhancement in wireless communications. This article presents characterization of a polarized
MIMO radio channel for wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) application. A full-wave simulation method for 3-by-3 MIMO systems is presented. Furthermore, channel eigenvalue ratios and capacity are derived
from channel matrices simulated at five different locations inside a realistic human body model. The results show that also the second and third eigenvalue of the channel matrix contribute to the overall channel
performance. Furthermore, using polarized MIMO increases the channel capacity compared to SISO.

17:30 Antenna Position Layout and Frequency Impact on Tumor Detection in Microwave Breast Imaging
Raquel A. Martins (Instituto de Telecomunicações/Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal); Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes,
Portugal); Jorge R. Costa (Instituto de Telecomunicações / ISCTE-IUL, Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Instituto Superior Tecnico,Portugal)
We present a systematic study in which we assess the antenna position layout and frequency point distribution of a MWI system, that can potentially improve tumor detection and minimize acquisition time. To thisend, we performed measurements on a dry MW setup, using a slot-based antenna in the [2-5] GHz frequency range to scan an anthropomorphic breast phantom, with two different tumor positions, for 40 angular
positions. Imaging and tumor-to-clutter ratio metric showed that there is a specific number of angular positions and frequency points beyond which the quality of imaging results does not increase substantially. We
found the optimal frequency band for this kind of setup and that the use of lower frequencies seems more beneficial than the use of higher ones. Moreover, distributions of antenna position other from the regularcircular one, should be explored further since it showed a decrease of imaging artefacts.

17:50 A Time-Efficient Model for Estimating Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer to Biomedical Implants
Brendan Callaghan (TYNDALL NATIONAL INSTITUTE, Ireland); Dinesh R. Gawade (Tyndall National Institute, Ireland); Sanjeev Kumar (Tyndall National Institute &University College Cork, Ireland); Daniel OHare (Tyndall National Institute and University College Cork, Ireland); John Laurence Buckley (Tyndall National Institute &University College Cork, Ireland)This paper presents a time-efficient, far-field analytical model for wireless power transfer in the human body for biomedical implantable applications. The proposed method presents a means of rapidly computing
received RF power levels in an implantable device compared to finite-element methods. For the first time, the Cole-Cole Dispersion Model and Transfer Matrix Method are combined to model frequency dependent
dielectric and signal reflection losses in a multi-layered biological tissue structure. This model can be applied to any arbitrary N-layer biological tissue profile. The model was validated using Ansys HFSS at 403.5

MHz, and can estimate the received RF power at the implant with a mean error of 3.27 dB, compared to FEM methods. In addition, the presented model computes in a fraction of the time, 280 ms versus 39 minutes,
for the studied simulation test-case. This model is useful for preliminary analysis of potential performance of implantable devices.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
A23: Antenna modelling techniques
T07 THz and high frequency technologies / / Antennas
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Marcus C Walden (Plextek, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Arthur D Yaghjian (Electromagnetics Research Consultant, USA)
16:30 Generalized Far-Field Distance of Antennas and the Concept of Classical Photons
Arthur D Yaghjian (Electromagnetics Research Consultant, USA)
A generalized far-field (Rayleigh) distance is derived for a frequency-domain or time-domain antenna in terms of the radius of the significant reactive power of the antenna, where this radius is given in terms of the
maximum degree number of the significant spherical waves in the far field of the antenna. Although pulses from finite-radiated-energy, finite-extent sources are always dispersive, and the far fields of "electromagnetic
missiles" produced by such sources must decay, it is shown that wavelength-size wavepackets with a well-defined center frequency can remain localized in free-space for a limited amount of travel time and distance.
These quasi-monochromatic "classical photons" are used, along with Planck's constant, to determine the electromagnetic energy density below which quantum scattering theory, rather than the classical Maxwell
equations, may be required to determine electromagnetic scattering.

16:50 Adaptive Polynomial Chaos Expansion for Uncertainty Quantification of SubTHz Horn Antennas with Flat-Top Radiation Patterns
Aristeides D Papadopoulos (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Greece); Yihan Ma (University of Hertfordshire, Greece); Qi Luo (University of
Herfordshire, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); George C. Alexandropoulos (University of Athens, Greece)
Sub-terahertz (subTHz) antennas will play an important role in the next generations of wireless communications. Since the physical antenna size is proportional to the wavelength at its targeted central operation
frequency, when comes to the subTHz frequency spectrum, the antenna fabrication tolerance needs to be accurately considered during the design stage. The classic approach to studying the average performanceof the design considering fabrication tolerances is through the use of the Monte Carlo (MC) Method. In this paper, we propose an adaptive polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) method for the uncertainty quantificationof subTHz horn antennas with flat-top radiation patterns. The proposed method builds a surrogate model of the antenna's response to electromagnetic excitation and estimates its statistical moments with accuracy
close to the reference MC method, but with a much smaller computational complexity of roughly two orders of magnitude. This complexity gain claim is supported by the presented numerical experiments.

17:10 Analysis of Radiating Transverse Slot Unit Cell and Reflection Cancellation at D-Band
Usman Shehryar, Jian Yang and Ashraf Uz Zaman (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)
The purpose of this paper is to analyze and propose a design for a transverse slot on a parallel plate waveguide (PPWG) as a unit cell. It aims to study radiation coupling and reflections at the radiating slot. It also
aims to propose a design of a unit cell for cancellation of reflections near the coupling slot to relax fabrication constraints at sub-THz frequencies. The study employed simulations in commercial software CST toinvestigate the design. The analysis revealed that coupling levels vary based on different widths of radiating transverse slot (RTS). Additionally, the proposed design with edge reflection cancellation notch successfully
canceled reflections near the coupling slot that is suitable for manufacturing at sub-THz frequencies. The array of these RTS unit cells can provide directive beam with high efficiency. The precise knowledge of thecharacteristics of RTS unit cell is beneficial in the design of an planner array.

17:30 The Kootwijk VLF Antenna: A Numerical Model
Marcus C Walden (Plextek, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The first documented numerical modelling of the historical Kootwijk VLF antenna is presented. Simulations using NEC-5 show the operation of this electrically short antenna at resonance. Simulation results agreewith theoretical expectations but indicate the radiation efficiency - although comparable with other antenna systems of the same historical era - is lower than it potentially could be. Potential causes of the low radiation
efficiency are discussed. This modelling also provides further validation of the relatively new NEC-5 simulation software on a complex antenna design having substantially different wire diameters at acute angles.

17:50 Modeling of Quasi-Optical Systems and Measurements with a Cobot in the J-Band
Gregory Gaudin (IMT Atlantique & Terakalis, France); Daniel Bourreau, Clément Henry and Alain Peden (IMT Atlantique, France)
Terahertz waves bring together the assets of microwave and infrared waves and open up new possibilities in structure analysis and material characterization. In order to optimize a J-band material characterization
bench (220-330 GHz), this work proposes a novel simulation tool based on a Gaussian beam formalism enabling the modeling and design of large size quasi-optical components. Numerical results showing theapplicability of this framework in the modeling of a J-band lens antenna are provided and validated through measurements performed with a robotic bench.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
A22: Modelling and design techniques for lens antennas
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Antennas
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Pilar Castillo-Tapia (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden), Caspar M Coco Martin (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
16:30 Experimental Validation of Ray-Tracing and Physical-Optics Model for Geodesic H-Plane Horn Antennas
Mingzheng Chen (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Francisco Mesa (University of Seville, Spain); Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
Sweden)In this contribution, we provide an experimental validation of a ray-tracing and physical-optics model for geodesic horn antennas. The proposed model employs a ray-tracing technique to obtain electric fields inthe horn aperture and applies the field equivalence principle in physical optics to evaluate the three-dimensional radiation characteristics of the geodesic horn antennas. The numerical results agree well with themeasurements in terms of radiation patterns in the uv-plane, the principal E- and H-plane patterns, and directivities.

16:50 Analysis and Design of mmWave Wideband Artificial Dielectric Flat Lens Antenna
Caspar M Coco Martin, Weiya Hu and Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
We present the design of a wideband flat lens based on artificial dielectric layers (ADLs). To achieve a large bandwidth, true-time-delay phase shift is implemented across the lens aperture, without any phasewrapping. The lens is based on ADLs, which are an arrangement of sub-wavelength metal patches embedded in a host dielectric, designed to locally control the effective permittivity of the lens and to reduce thelens thickness. An efficient modelling procedure is introduced to simulate the lens, which combines ray tracing in anisotropic and inhomogeneous materials, equivalent transmission line models of ADLs, and physical
optics. A lens operating from 30 to 60 GHz, with a diameter of 6 wavelengths at the highest frequency and maximum directivity of 25 dB, is designed, manufactured and tested.

17:10 Tailoring the Performance of Geodesic Lens Antennas by Defining Their Footprint
Sarah E Clendinning and Oskar Zetterstrom (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Jose Rico-Fernandez (Northern Waves AB, Sweden); Francisco Mesa
(University of Seville, Spain); Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
This paper discusses non-rotationally symmetric geodesic lens antennas. By defining the shape of the lens footprint, additional degrees of freedom are introduced into the design process, allowing for further tailoringof the electromagnetic performance of the lens while simultaneously reducing the volume occupied by the lens. An in-house ray-tracing model for geodesic lenses has been developed to analyze this class of lenses.
Examples showing the effect of modifying the lens profile are presented, with a more detailed discussion on profile presenting improved side-lobe levels at the extreme ports. The examples presented operate at
30GHz.

17:30 Flat Gradient Index Lenses with Planar or Spherical Output Wavefront
Daniele Cavallo, Weiya Hu and Caspar M Coco Martin (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
A semi-analytical method is presented for the design of gradient index (GRIN) flat lenses. Closed-form expressions are derived to define the refractive index distribution of the lens, for several cases: collimating
lenses with on-axis feed, collimating lenses with off-axis feed, lenses converting spherical wavefronts with different wavenumbers, lenses changing the focal number of a quasi-optical systems, Fresnel zone lenses.
The design equations are validated by ray-tracing simulations in inhomogeneous media, implemented by numerical solution of the Eikonal equation.

17:50 Ray-Tracing Model for the Design and Efficiency Calculation of a Monolithic Geodesic Lens Array Antenna
Pilar Castillo-Tapia (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Jose Rico-Fernandez (Northern Waves AB, Sweden); Francisco Mesa (University of Seville, Spain);
Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
We propose the use of a generalized ray-tracing model to design geodesic lens array antennas. This model is capable of computing the radiation patterns and taking into account losses due to finite conductivity
and surface roughness, which are essential when producing prototypes as single monolithic pieces. The ray-tracing model is used to design a modified Rinehart-Luneburg lens that shows very good agreement withsimulations while significantly decreasing computation time. The profile of the lens is designed in such a way that it can be vertically stacked in an array and produced as a single piece. The lens array antenna is
manufactured as a single monolithic piece using the laser powder-bed fusion technique. The tests of this prototype validate the use of additive manufacturing for geodesic lens antennas operating in V-band.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
SW9: Rydberg Atom-Based Sensors: Transforming Measurements and Detection of Radio-Frequency Fields
and Communication Signals
Room: M2
Chair: Joshua Gordon (US National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA)
16:30 Rydberg Atom-Based Sensors
Chris Holloway (NIST)

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
E11: Fundamental Research and Emerging Technology
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / / Electromagnetics
Room: M3
Chairs: Jordan Budhu (Virginia Tech, USA), Anthony Grbic (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA)
16:30 Isometric Symmetries in Non-Reflecting Structures
Roee Geva and Raphael Kastner (Tel Aviv University, Israel); Mario Silveirinha (University of Lisbon - Instituto Telecomunicacoes, Portugal)
Non-reflective electromagnetic systems remain unaltered under sequential application of duality and certain geometrical operators. The latter are classifies as the two non-overlapping cases: (1) P . T . D symmetriccases of the mirror type and (2) the rotational R. T . D symmetric cases that include self-dual structures. Out of these two building blocks, a host of complex structures can be synthesized, adhering to arbitrary design
constraints.

16:50 Exact Maxwell Solution for Arbitrary Transverse Electric Multipole Radiation for Spherical Electric Current Density
David A. Garren (Naval Postgraduate School, USA)
A recent analysis has examined a possible new type of magnetic antenna design wherein the electric current flows on the surface of a sphere in the azimuthal direction such that the magnitude of the electric
current density is proportional to the sine of the spherical polar angle. The developed analytical derivations gave an exact solution of Maxwell's equations for the electro-magnetic (EM) fields for all space, and thecorresponding theoretical profile for the radiation resistance was shown to give approximately equal amplitude resonances over a multitude of frequency octaves. In the present investigation, the electric currents thatflow on the surface of a sphere are permitted to be non-uniform via calculations in terms of vector spherical harmonic (VSH) series. The resulting analysis yields exact transverse electric (TE) solutions of Maxwell'sequations for these more general electric current profiles.

17:10 Bound States in the Continuum in Cylindrical Impedance Surface Cavities
Rasmus E. Jacobsen and Samel Arslanagić (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)Bound states in the continuum are highly localized modes, which are typically found in periodic photonic structures as well as multilayer structures utilizing exotic materials. However, recent efforts have demonstrated
versions of such states in single dielectric and metallic resonators, as well as in cavity slabs formed by surface impedance sheets. Although the latter represents a simple configuration with many interesting properties,
it is not suitable for free-space excitations due to large sizes of the underlying impedance surfaces. Presently, we investigate open cavities made of single cylindrical impedance surfaces for extreme field localizations.
When the resonances in the cavity and the impedance surface overlap, a bound state in the continuum emerges. The resonant properties are investigated analytically and numerically showing large quality factor andgreat field localization. The proposed resonator may find applications within filters, antennas, sensing and nonlinear devices.

17:30 Observation of Exceptional Points in Parity-Time Symmetric Coupled Impedance SheetsAfshin Abbaszadeh and Jordan Budhu (Virginia Tech, USA)
Two identical impedance sheets separated by a subwavelength distance form a coupled waveguide system. If the impedance sheets also employ balanced gain and loss forming a parity-time (PT) symmetric system,
an exceptional point can be observed. Exceptional points are points in the parameter space of the coupled mode system (balanced loss/gain factor) where both the eigenmodes and the eigenvalues coalesce forming
an overall lossless degenerate mode. The dispersion relation is derived in two ways: (1) by considering the mathematical form of propagating modes and applying the PT-symmetric impedance boundary conditions,and (2) by transmission line modeling and the transverse resonance condition. Identical results are obtained using the two approaches. To validate the obtained results, modal analysis in COMSOL Multiphysics isused. The modal electric field profiles and complex wavenumbers are plotted against the loss/gain factor. It is shown that at the exceptional point, both the eigenmodes and the eigenvalues coalesce.

17:50 Preliminary Study on Gain Maximization via Density-Based Topology Optimization
Jonas Tucek, Miloslav Capek and Lukas Jelinek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic)
Density formulation of topology optimization is utilized within method-of-moments formalism to optimize antenna gain. The structure of the problem's solution space is outlined and compared to a solution space
formed by Q-factor minimization. Dependence of antenna gain on ohmic losses includes additional complexity to the optimization problem and may negatively influence the progress of the optimization in early stages.
The influence of the utilized interpolation scheme is also investigated. Optimized designs from the current state of the formulation are also presented.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
E12: Novel Materials, Metamaterials, and Metasurfaces II
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Electromagnetics
Room: M4
Chairs: Davide Ramaccia (RomaTre University, Italy), Sajjad Taravati (University of Southampton & University of Oxford, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
16:30 Reducing the Cross-Polarization Levels in Artificial Dielectric Layers for Wideband Arrays
Alexander J van Katwijk (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Giovanni Toso (European Space Agency, ESA ESTEC, The Netherlands); Daniele Cavallo(Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Wide-scanning arrays often use dielectric superstrates above the radiating aperture as wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) structures. Artificial dielectric layers (ADLs) are an example of WAIM that can be
exploited to improve the scan range and the bandwidth in broadband arrays. However, WAIM structures can also affect the polarization purity of the array. The characteristic cross-polarization (X-pol) of an ideal
linearly polarized current sheet in the presence of ADLs is investigated. The primary mechanism that causes increased X-pol is highlighted. We then propose an approach to reduce the X-pol by the inclusion ofvertical vias within the WAIM to control the vertical component of the permittivity tensor. The intrinsic X-pol performance of artificial dielectrics with and without vias is also experimentally verified by placing the WAIM
above an open-ended waveguide acting as an ideal linearly polarized source.

16:50 Nonreciprocal Phase-Shifting in Linear Magnet-Free Reconfigurable Temporal Loops
Sajjad Taravati (University of Southampton & University of Oxford, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Recently, nonreciprocal (NR) phase shifters have attracted a surge of interest thanks to the advent of NR electromagnetic systems, such as NR metasurfaces, nonreciprocal-beam antennas, and invisibility cloaks. To
overcome the limitations associated with conventional technologies for realizing NR phase shifters and gyrators, here we propose a magnet-free NR phase shifter comprising temporal loops. The proposed temporaldevice is lightweight and offers low-profile and linear responses. Such a unique nonmagnetic NR device operates based on the generation of time-harmonic signals and destructive/constructive interferences forthe spurious side-band and targeted time harmonics (THs), respectively, at different locations of the structure. We utilize a time-harmonic signal to temporally modulate varactor diodes and control the phase andfrequency of two temporal loops. Our temporal NR phase shifter is equipped with low insertion loss, and high power handling. Furthermore, this controllable NR phase shifter is compatible with integrated circuit
technology.

17:10 Time-Modulated Metasurface-Based System for the Generation of False Radar Targets
Xinyu Fang (Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China); Mengmeng Li (Nanjing University of Science and Technology & Communication Engineering, China);
Shiyuan Li (University of Science and Technology of China, China); Davide Ramaccia (RomaTre University, Italy); Alessandro Toscano and Filiberto Bilotti (Roma Tre
University, Italy); Dazhi Ding (Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China)
A novel concept is introduced here for thwarting the linear frequency modulated (LFM) radar's susceptibility to false target jamming. This innovative approach involves the creation of a non-uniform frequency timemodulated metasurface (NF-MTS). The NF-MTS consists of numerous distinct elements, each undergoing individual temporal modulation at varying frequencies. This intricate system empowers the generation of
spurious targets strategically positioned within the radar's range profile. The capability to control the modulation patterns of each metasurface element, coupled with the collective non-uniform frequency response
across the entire surface, endows the NF-MTS with superior performance in the manipulation of false targets from diverse observation angles. This approach surpasses conventional metasurface-based false target
jamming, which relies solely on uniform frequency time modulation, by offering a significantly enhanced and more adaptable capacity for the manipulation of scattered radar signals.

17:30 Compact Dual-Band Crossover with Enhanced Band Ratio Using Interdigital Capacitor for 5G Applications
Abdulkadir Bello Shallah (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia & Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Malaysia); Farid Zubir (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia& Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Malaysia); Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim and Osman Bin Ayop (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia)
This research paper introduces a compact dual-band crossover optimized for the lower 5G frequency of 0.7 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The design utilizes T-shaped transmission lines (TLs) with folded arms and stubs
to reduce size and integrates metamaterial (MTM) structures with Interdigital capacitor (IDC) unit cells, achieving an impressive 84% size reduction. The crossover operates on a Rogers RT5880 substrate and issimulated using CST-MW Studio.

17:50 GPS Interference Cancellation Using Magneto-Dielectric Metamaterials
Amir Jafargholi and Romain Fleury (EPFL, Switzerland)This paper presents a new method and structure to suppress unwanted interference in conventional Global Positioning System (GPS) applications. In contrast to traditional antennas that usually utilize high-impedance
structures with limited enhancement or the arrays that employ null-steering techniques at the expense of increasing complexity and cost, here, a single-element circularly polarized truncated microstrip patch antenna
is loaded by a magneto-dielectric metamaterial (MTM). The antenna constitutes a simple microstrip patch radially loaded by a magneto-dielectric MTM cover. The simulations show that thanks to the magnetic
behavior of the capacitively-loaded loop (CLL), the CLL is an effective structure to suppress the unwanted incident plane wave up to 30 dB. The proposed antenna has a cylindrical shape with a radius and height of
0.29 of operating wavelength, while the gain and efficiency of 6.8 dBi and 89% are obtained.

Wednesday, March 20 16:30 - 18:10
WG Measurements: WG meeting//
Room: Fyne

Thursday, March 21

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
SW2a: Activities of ITU-R Study Group 3 on radio wave propagation
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Clare Allen (Ofcom, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Carol D Wilson (CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia)
8:30 Introduction to ITU, SG 3 and Working Methods
Presenters: David Botha, Clare Allen (ITU, Switzerland; Ofcom, UK)

8:55 WP 3J - Propagation Fundamentals - Key Recommendations and Topics
Presenter: Laurent Castanet

9:20 WP 3K - Point-To-Area Propagation - Key Recommendations and Topics
Presenter: Paul McKenna

9:45 WP 3L - Ionospheric Propagation and Radio Noise - Key Recommendations and Topics
Presenter: Angelo Canavitsas

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
CS22a: Quantum Electromagnetics - From Photonics to Quantum Computing
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Electromagnetics
Room: M1
Chairs: Gabriele Gradoni (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Paolo Rocca (University of Trento & ELEDIA Research Center, Italy)
8:30 Development of an Analytical Quantum Full-Wave Solution for a Transmon Qubit in a 3D Cavity
Soomin Moon and Thomas E. Roth (Purdue University, USA)
Circuit quantum electrodynamics is one of the most promising platforms for building quantum information processors. To meet the stringent performance requirements, high-fidelity general-purpose numerical methods
are increasingly needed to improve designs. Currently, there exist a limited number of methods for analyzing these systems and they suffer from problematic efficiency limitations. One challenge in developing more
efficient methods is the lack of available reference data that can be generated to validate them. Here, we develop an analytical quantum full-wave solution for a transmon qubit in a 3D cavity that can validate
numerical methods in the future. We start by reviewing the basics of the field-based quantization method used before showing how classical electromagnetic theories can be used to analytically evaluate all field-based
parameters in our formulation. We validate our analytical solution by calculating experimentally-relevant system parameters and comparing against approaches that use numerical EM eigenmodes in their solution.

8:50 The Predictions of Quantum and Classical Models for the Thermal Energy Emitted in the Sub-mm Ranges by Doped Silicon
Andrea Neto, Juan Bueno and Yanwen Chen (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
The thermal energy expected to be radiated by silicon samples according to the classical Plank's model and according to a newly developed classic model are compared. To this goal samples of different doping levels
are considered. The expected differences are in measurable ranges. Accordingly a plan is presented for the experimental comparison for frequencies of interest for a large number of the sensing and communication
applications: the few hundreds of GHz band. The samples are kept at room temperature, their thermal radiation is captured by open ended waveguides and is then detected via power detectors. Unfortunately the
first campaign of measured showed a problem with the minimal resolution of the read out. New measurements should be available at the time of the conference.

9:10 Quantum and Thermal Noise Engineering with Metamaterials
Iñigo Liberal (Public University of Navarre, Spain)
Quantum metamaterials offer multiple possibilities for the generation of non-classical light and the engineering of quantum and thermal noise. In our talk, we will review our latest advanced in the topic, describing how
temporal metamaterials enable the generation of squeezed states of light, how antireflection temporal coatings facilitate quantum state frequency shifting and ultra-fast switching without thermal noise amplification,
as well as the design of optical amplifiers with and enhanced noise performance based on noise correlations.

9:30 Quantum Optimisation of Reconfigurable Surfaces in Complex Propagation Environments
Emanuel Colella (CNIT, Parma & Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Italy); Luca Bastianelli (Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy); Mohsen Khalily (University ofSurrey & 5G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Franco Moglie (Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy);
Zhen Peng (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA); Gabriele Gradoni (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The design and analysis of reconfigurable meta-surfaces operating within rich multi-path propagation fading is of crucial importance for the development of real-life programmable electromagnetic environments.
Previous work has shown that impedance-based channel models under rich multi-path propagation possess an isomorphism with Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) Hamiltonians. We focus on received power minimisation,
which is equivalent to the hard-to-solve task task of finding the ground state of the SK Hamiltonian. It has been recently discovered that the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) predicts the groundstate of SK Hamiltonians accurately. However, the landscape parameters of QAOA are dependent on the specific realisation of the random SK Hamiltonian, which hinders the full usage of quantum hardware to
optimise reconfigurable surfaces dynamically. We show by Montecarlo simulations that a concentration property cures this impediment thus making QAOA an excellent candidate for surface optimisation under fastmulti-path fading.

9:50 Real-System Variational Quantum Eigensolver for Electromagnetic Waveguides: A Benchmark Study
Emanuel Colella (CNIT, Parma & Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Italy); Spencer Beloin (Naval Surface Warfare Center, Italy); Luca Bastianelli (Università Politecnicadelle Marche, Italy); Valter Mariani Primiani (Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy); Franco Moglie (Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy); Gabriele Gradoni(University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Current NIQST machines have a relatively small number of qubits and a limited circuit depth. In this regard, a class of quantum variational algorithms (VQAs) have been developed to be able to split the computational
cost between classical and quantum hardware. In this study, the VQE algorithm has been used in order to solve the problem of propagation modes in rectangular waveguides described analytically by the Helmholtz
partial differential equation. The IBM quantum device called manila was used in these calculations to provide noise present in physical hardware. In order to implement the VQE, IBM's proprietary framework called
Qiskit has been used. The results show good agreement between calculations run on simulated quantum hardware and those run on real quantum hardware. This agreement between theory and experiment isevidence that high fidelity modeling of electromagnetic fields utilizing quantum hardware is possible.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
A03a: Antenna analysis and design for sub-6GHz
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Christophe Delaveaud (CEA-LETI, France), Federico Puggelli (University of Siena, Italy)
8:30 Low-Profiled Wideband Dual-Polarized Conformal Antenna Array
Zhan Chen, Wei Hu and Yuchen Gao (Xidian University, China); Lehu Wen (Brunel University London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Qi Luo (University of Herfordshire,
United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A novel wideband dual-polarized conformal antenna array with low profile is presented by using dual characteristic modes (CMs) in this paper. First, by utilizing two set of orthogonal CMs that operate at the adjacentbands, a wide impedance bandwidth with dual-polarized operation is achieved in the antenna element design. Then, a columnar surface bending study is performed, leading to the development of a 4×5 cylindricalconformal array. The suggested conformal array exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth of 10.4%, a high polarized isolation of 15.1 dB and a low profile of 1.3mm (0.015λ), under 100-mm (1.16λ) radius of curvature.
Such a low-profile wideband dual-polarized conformal antenna array provides an attractive option for contemporary and future communications systems.

8:50 Loaded and Load-Less Supergain Parasitic End-Fire Arrays
Alessio Tornese (Université Grenoble Alpes & CEA Leti, France); Antonio Clemente (CEA-Leti, France); Christophe Delaveaud (CEA-LETI, France)
This paper introduces a compact three-bent-dipole end-fire array operating at 916 MHz, exhibiting remarkably high realized gain in relation to its electrical size. The optimization process maximizes directive properties
in a chosen direction while upholding high efficiency as a constraint. Complex excitation coefficients are transformed into equivalent impedance loads for implementing a parasitic array. Two antennas are designed,
fabricated, and characterized. For the first prototype (loaded), the central element is actively fed, and the external elements are loaded with reactive components. A second prototype (load-less) is designed toincorporate the required complex excitations by adjusting the imaginary parts of the dipoles. Both array versions are matched with a T-match on the active elements. Experimental results reveal outstanding agreement
between simulations and measurements. A peak realized gain of 8.9 dBi at 910 MHz is achieved for the parasitic loaded array, and 8.3 dBi at 911 MHz for the load-less array.

9:10 The Role of Ground Currents in the Co-Simulation of Matching Components and Layout Models in Matching Circuit Optimization
Sergei Kosulnikov, Mikko Honkala and Jussi Rahola (Optenni Ltd, Finland)Components exhibiting high ground currents can introduce inaccuracies in the modeling of matching circuits if these ground currents are not accounted for in the simulation. In this paper, we provide a comparative
analysis of two different techniques for simulating matching components and a layout model of a printed circuit board. Our discussion incorporates a suggested figure of merit for the estimation of a component's
ground current. We illustrate with a practical example how the omission of ground currents can influence the accuracy of the estimated matching performance. We provide an example based on a co-simulation model
integrating full-wave electromagnetic model of the layout and circuit models of the matching components. Our findings underscore the importance for modeling ground currents, as this aspect can have a crucial
impact on practical implementations for antenna matching circuits.

9:30 Circular Loop Antennas with Quasi-Two Sources for Broadband Circular Polarization
Kazuhide Hirose and Mitsuki Hirose (Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan); Hisamatsu Nakano (Hosei University, Japan)
Three loop antennas are analyzed using the moment method for an increase in a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth. Each antenna is excited with a branched feedline vertical to the ground plane. First, circular and square(reference) loop antennas are investigated to compare the radiation characteristics. It is found that the present and reference antennas have axial ratio bandwidths of 17% and 12%, respectively. Subsequently, thepresent wire loop is replaced with a plate one. It is revealed that the plate-loop antenna shows an axial ratio bandwidth of 28%, wider than the reference antenna by a factor of two.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
CS8: Advanced mm-Wave Substrate Integrated Antennas and Systems for Future Wireless Communication
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chair: Ya Fei Wu (UESTC, China)
8:30 Milimeter-Wave 3D Folded Strip Antennas and Arrays: Diverse Polarizations Realization Under Robust Input Impedance
Jun Xu, Xiaoyue Xia, Zhi Hao Jiang and Dongze Zheng (Southeast University, China); Yan Huang (Southeast University, Nanjing, China); Kwai-Man Luk (City University ofHong Kong, Hong Kong); Wei Hong (Southeast University, China)
A folded strip radiating element is developed for millimeter-wave applications. Configuration and operating mechanism of the proposed millimeter-wave folded strip radiating element are firstly clarified. Then, threedifferently polarized Ka-band 3D folded strip antennas, i.e., horizontal linearly polarized (LP) antenna, 45° LP antenna and circularly polarized (CP) antenna, are designed by simply modifying the radiating strips
without large impact on the input impedance. Each of the designed antenna element is used to construct a 2×2-element array, and all these three differently polarized array antennas are fabricated and measured.
The measured results indicate that, the proposed three array antennas own merits such as wide operating band, low-profile, low-cost, etc., thus, should be promising for many millimeter-wave applications.

8:50 Optimization of Contiguously Clustered Multibeam Scanning Planar Array for 5G/6G Application
Yuhan Fan (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
The design of a physically continuous clustered planar array capable of generating multiple scanning beams is addressed. An optimal beam is afforded by predefined excitation coefficients at the element level(EL) while compromised scanning beams are synthesized by aggregating array elements into physically contiguous subarrays and with only additional phase shifters at the subarray level (SL). The beam scanning
synthesis problem is formulated as a pattern-matching problem and then relaxed and simplified as a weighted clustering problem, which can be solved by the weighted clustering method to yield an optimal trade-off
solution between architecture complexity and matching with respect to the reference pattern. Afterwards, phase coefficients at the SL for compromised scanning beams can be quickly computed according to obtained
cluster centroids. Numerical results of a large-scale planar array are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

9:10 A Wideband Filtering Linear-To-Circular Polarization Converter for Ka-Band Satellite Communication
Xin Ran Li (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China); Hong Bin Wang, Ya Fei Wu and Yu Jian Cheng (UESTC, China)
In this paper, a wideband filtering linear-to-circular polarization converter (LCPC) for Ka-band satellite communication is presented. The proposed converter element consists of two-layer PCBs. To achieve the filteringfunction, the upper board is a frequency selective surface (FSS) and the lower is a LCPC. Both of two structures have wideband characteristics. By co-design of both two boards, the proposed filtering converter
performs a wide 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and high frequency selectivity at the right side of the passband. The final prototype working at the center frequency of 32.5 GHz is fabricated and measured. The
measured results have a good agreement with the simulated ones. The relative 3-dB bandwidths of the passband and AR are 12.3% and 15.4% respectively, where the overlapping bandwidth is 12.3%. Besides, atransmission zero at 36.5 GHz to enhance filtering performance is achieved. This design is suitable for the satellite communication.

9:30 Generation of Highly-Pure OAM Beams with Simple Slotted SIW Antenna Array
Yuvraj Baburao Dhanade (Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India); Amalendu Patnaik (IIT Roorkee, India)
In this paper, the design and analysis of a slotted substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna array for the generation of orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams is presented. The antenna comprises fourU-shaped slots that act as radiators and are placed in a sequentially rotated manner in the top metal plane of the SIW to radiate vortex waves. The proposed antenna array can generate first-order OAM beams with
+1 and -1 modes simultaneously, and most importantly, the mode purity of the generated OAM beams is high. Compared to the traditional circular arrays utilized for OAM generation, the proposed antenna uses a
simple feeding scheme that doesn't require any external phase shifter, which paves a new way to design the antennas generating OAM.

9:50 Dual-Resonance SIW-Based Reflectarray Unit Cell for Broadband Applications
Andrés Gómez-Álvarez (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain); Nicolò Delmonte (University of Pavia, Italy); Lorenzo Silvestri (Università di Pavia, Italy); Maurizio Bozzi(University of Pavia, Italy); Manuel Arrebola and Marcos R. Pino (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain)
A novel concept is introduced for a reflectarray unit cell based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology in Ku band. Two half-mode resonances are excited inside a slot-coupled single-layer SIW cavity.
The two are independently tunable through two tuning vias, allowing for simple broadband design optimizations. This structure achieves more than a full cycle of phase shifting from 15.5 GHz to 22 GHz, for a 35%
bandwidth. The use of a resonant cavity also introduces excellent angular stability to the cell response across the band.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
A18: Algorithms, modelling and system analysis for aerospace systems
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Carolina Tienda (Airbus Defence and Space, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Mark Whale (TICRA, Denmark)8:30 Uncertainty Quantification for the Reflector Antenna in the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer
Tonny Rubæk and Mustafa Murat Bilgic (TICRA, Denmark); Roberto Mizzoni (Italy); Vincenzo Lubrano (Thales Alenia Space Italy, Italy); Benedetta Fiorelli (European
Space Agency, The Netherlands)
The European Space Agency is currently working on realizing the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) which is a satellite-based multi-frequency microwave radiometer and one of the most ambitious
missions of the Copernicus space segment. In this paper, results from the uncertainty-quantification analyses that have been carried out for the CIMR reflector antenna are presented. The analyses focus on theeffects of random distortions of the facets of the reflector surface and on distortions of the geometry in the reflective mesh which will make up the surface of the reflector. It is shown that distortion of the surface facets
has a greater impact on the antenna parameters than changes in the mesh geometry. As expected, the impact is significantly greater at the high frequencies than at the lower frequencies.

8:50 Self-Interference Suppression for SatCom Active Antenna Arrays Through Joint Transmit and Receive Beamforming
Teanette van der Spuy (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden & Satcube AB, Sweden); Rob Maaskant (CHALMERS, Sweden); Marianna Ivashina (Chalmers
University of Technology, Sweden); Lukas Nystrom (Satcube AB, Sweden); Thomas Eriksson (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)
A novel joint transmit and receive beamformer algorithm to suppress self-interference (SI) in shared aperture full duplex active antennas for LEO user terminals is presented. The algorithm ensures regulatory radiation
mask compliance while also maximizing realized gain for a given SI level. Simulation results for a 1024-element Vivaldi array at Ku-band illustrate the trade-off between achievable SI suppression and gain. In theabsence of frequency diplexers or isolators, a total isolation in excess of 100 dB over scan angles of 5◦ − 60◦ is achieved, with an isolation of 5 dB at broadside, while the per-channel coupled power levels at the inputof the LNAs are suppressed by 5 dB through transmit beamforming over the entire scan range.

9:10 Active Antenna Design for Lunar-Based Detection of Global 21cm-Signals from the Dark Ages
Jordi C.F. Zandboer (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands); David S Prinsloo (ASTRON & Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, The Netherlands);
Ulf Johannsen (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands); Mark Bentum (Eindhoven University of Technology & ASTRON, The Netherlands)
This paper concerns the parameters, simulations and techniques involved in designing an active antenna system for detection of global 21cm-signals originating from the Dark Ages at the Lunar far side. A 10.5 m
diameter equiangular spiral plate antenna is fashioned to operate from 10 to 70 MHz whilst maintaining a virtually frequency-independent impedance characteristic and radiation pattern. Combined with the stable andlow noise performance of the measured PHA-13LN+ amplifier evaluation board, the simulations show that the full active antenna system is well suited to the science objective of this paper.

9:30 Method of Moment Simulation of Full Arctic Weather Satellite Structure
Roland Albers (University of Bern, Switzerland); Mustafa Murat Bilgic and Mark Whale (TICRA, Denmark); Axel Murk (IAP, Switzerland)
The Arctic Weather Satellite is a single payload prototype for a meteorological constellation of SmallSats called EPS-Sterna. Previous analysis showed that the Arctic Weather Satellite radiometer suffers fromsignificant spillover in the 54 GHz band. To accurately model the scattering of the spillover, new analysis using method of moments was conducted including the structure of the instrument. This paper details theresults of these simulations and the resulting mitigation of the spillover.

9:50 On the Cost-Effectiveness of Using Beamforming at the Ground Station for Aeronautical Communications
Ayten Guerbuez (German Aerospace Center, Germany); Alexander Steingass (DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany); Dennis Becker (German Aerospace Center (DLR),
Germany)
In recent years, beamforming techniques have become increasingly popular, primarily because of their ability to enhance the performance of communication systems. These techniques might also yield improvements
in aeronautical communications systems. However, the deployment of beamforming techniques comes with additional cost. In this paper, we assess the cost-effectiveness of employing beamforming techniques for
air-ground communications to determine its feasibility. The study compares the antenna gain-cost ratio of using beamforming techniques to using a single-omnidirectional antenna. The cost function is determinedby both the number of antenna elements in a single station and the total number of ground stations needed to cover an area. The cost-effectiveness evaluations are conducted for two use cases: The L-band Digital
Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS) and the implementation of beamforming at higher frequencies. According to the cost-effectiveness metric defined in this paper, beamforming is not cost-effective at
frequencies below 4 GHz, including LDACS.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
SW7a: Stand on the IEEE Antennas & Propagation Standards
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy), Vikass Monebhurrun (SUPELEC, France), Vince Rodriguez (NSI-MI Technologies & University of Mississippi, USA)

8:30 Introduction to IEEE SA & AP-S Standards
Presenter: Vikass Monebhurrun (CentraleSupélec)9:10 IEEE Terminology Standards: IEEE Std 145 & IEEE Std 211
Presenter: Vikass Monebhurrun (CentraleSupélec)9:40 IEEE P2816: Computational Standard
Presenter: Vikass Monebhurrun (CentraleSupélec)Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
A01a: Sensing, communication and identification antennas and systems
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / / Antennas
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Luis Jofre (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain), Yang Miao (University of Twente, The Netherlands)
8:30 Millimeter-Wave Uniform Amplitude SIW Series Power Divider for 2D Leaky-Wave Antenna Arrays
Weiguang Song, George Goussetis and Lei Wang (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper proposes a millimeter-wave uniform amplitude substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) series power divider for 2D leaky-wave antenna arrays, which is built by connecting 10 elaborately designed unit cells
in series. The unit cell consists of an SIW to slot and microstrip line coupling structure, which can be further extended to a low-cost phase shifter by introducing varactors or other active components. Theoreticalanalysis is made firstly to specify the necessary conditions for uniform amplitude power division. A full wave simulation is conducted to extract the normalized admittance and transmission characteristics of the unit
cell. A 1-to-10 SIW series power divider is implemented by connecting unit cells with aimed transmission characteristics. The proposed uniform amplitude SIW series power divider for 2D leaky-wave antennas works
between 24 GHz and 29 GHz, which is competitive for millimeter-wave communication and wireless power transfer systems.

8:50 Design of Broadband Stacked Patch Microstrip Antennas Fed by Differential Microstrip Lines with Large Common-Mode Rejection
Ignacio Maria Delgado-Lozano and Armando Fernández (Universidad de Sevilla, Spain); Rafael R. Boix (University of Seville, Spain); Vicente Losada and Francisco
Medina (University of Sevilla, Spain)
This paper proposes the design of broadband microstrip antennas fed by differential microstrip lines with a feeding scheme that ensures a large common-mode rejection provided by its own geometrical construction.
The broadband antennas are made of two capacitively coupled rectangular stacked patches excited through a rectangular aperture by a short-circuited differential microstrip line.
A two-port feeding mechanism involving a 180◦ hybrid is introduced, which makes it possible to analyze and measure the excitation of the differential-mode in the first port, and the rejection of the common-mode in
the second port.
2×2 arrays of these antennas are presented in which each antenna is excited by a 180◦ hybrid only supporting the differential mode excitation. Single antennas and arrays are designed at center frequencies of 2.5,
5.5 and 9GHz. Fractional bandwidths larger than 30% are typically achieved, and gains around 14 dBi are attained in the array cases.

9:10 Generation of Non-Diffractive Bessel Beams for Near-Field Links Applications Using Meta-Axicons
Ravel C. M. Pimenta (Aix-Marseille Université, France); Gabriel Soriano (Aix-Marseille University, France); Matthieu Bertrand (Thales Research and Technology, France);
Konstantinos D. Paschaloudis (Université de Rennes, CNRS, IETR, France); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164, France); Myriam Zerrad (AixMarseille Université, France); Claude Amra (CNRS & Aix Marseille University, France)
This contribution explores the generation of a linearly-polarized Bessel-Gauss beam generated by a fully dielectric metasurface axicon (meta-axicon) illuminated with a Gaussian beam. It is shown that this Bessel
launcher generates a beam with similar characteristics as compared to the one that would be radiated by an ideal aperture. A theoretical model is presented, which allows to estimate the wireless power transfer
efficiency (WPTE) of a system composed of two identical such launchers. We investigate the radiated fields, both in the direct and spectral domains obtained with the model and full-wave simulations.

9:30 Dual-Polarized OAM Antenna with Frequency and Mode Agility for Intelligent OAM Communications
Hassan Naseri Gheisanab (University of Quebec, INRS, Canada); Peyman Pourmohammadi and Noureddine Melouki (University of Quebec INRS, Canada); Fahad
Ahmed (University of Quebec, Canada & INRS, Canada); Amjad Iqbal and Tayeb Denidni (INRS, Canada)
A new dual-polarized Orbital Angular Momentum antenna is proposed with the capability of mode and frequency reconfigurability to pave the way for designing smarter OAM communication systems. At the firststep, a dual-polarized Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is introduced. Later, a 2×2 Uniform Circular Array (UCA) is considered using the mentioned MIMO antennas. Since each MIMO antenna owns
two input ports, two 2×2 sub-UCA is obtained having orthogonal polarizations. Reconfigurable feeding networks can produce the necessary phase gradients for generating OAM modes +1 and -1 in each sub-UCA.
Frequency-tunability of the structure is achieved due to the frequency-adjustability of MIMO antennas as well. According to the simulated results, the frequency tuning range is from 3.8 GHz up to 4.4 GHz, preserving
the OAM characteristics. Maximum gains over 6.75 dBi are achieved over the band.

9:50 Low-Profile Multibeam Beam-Scanning Antenna for Vehicular Radar Systems
Siyuan Lei, Gao Wei, Kangkang Han, Tiancheng Qiu and Min Wang (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China)
In this work, a novel low-profile multibeam beam-scanning antenna (BSA) based on a Luneburg lens (LL) beamforming network (BFN) for vehicular radar applications is proposed. The antenna is composed of threeparts, concluding seven microstrip line input ports, an LL BFN, and eleven high-scanning rate leaky-wave antennas. The gradient index of the LL beamforming network is achieved by discretizing the LL into a seriesof concentric rings filled with air. To obtain a larger scanning range of the BSA, the spoof surface plasmon polaritons transmission line is used to achieve higher scanning rate. The proposed antenna is designed in
X-band. The simulated results demonstrate that the antenna achieves a beam-scanning range of -54° to 62° in the H-plane and a multibeam coverage range of 88° in the E-plane with the realized antenna gain morethan 10 dBi from 8 to 11 GHz.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
M4: Measurements, characterization and apparatus
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / / Measurements
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Alexander H. Paulus (Technical University of Munich, Germany), Alexander Schuchinsky (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain))8:30 Inverse Source-Based Three-Antenna Methods in the near Field
Alexander H. Paulus (Technical University of Munich, Germany); Thomas F. Eibert (Technical University of Munich (TUM) & Chair of High-Frequency Engineering (HFT),
Germany)
The two- and three-antenna methods are well established measurement techniques for determining the gains of unknown antennas under test (AUTs) without the need for a known probe antenna. In its original
versions, both approaches require far-field (FF) conditions and can only be approximately applied to near-field (NF) antenna measurements. We present a three-antenna method suitable for any measurement
distance, including NF measurements. Based on an inverse-source formulation, nonlinear systems of equations corresponding to an NF FF transformation (NFFFT) with unknown probe behavior are formulated andsolved via two iterative approaches. Simulations indicate that accurate results can be obtained despite the inherent nonconvexity of the problem even at close distances where the classical three-antenna method ishighly imprecise.

8:50 Exploring Uniformity of Reverberation Chambers: Insights from Antenna Reflection Coefficient
Nazanin Farid (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands); Jonas Fridén (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Marianna Ivashina (Chalmers University of Technology,
Sweden); A. B. (Bart) Smolders and Laurens A. Bronckers (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Reverberation chambers are widely recognized as a time-efficient testing facility for various applications. The spatial uniformity based on the power transfer function is a critical characteristic of the chamber that
affects the measurement uncertainty. To gain more insights into the chamber behavior we introduce a complementary metric: the K-gamma factor. This metric, inspired by the well-established K-factor, quantifies
the unstirred contributions of the chamber for each antenna individually and is highly sensitive to the chamber configuration and antenna placement. Analyzing this metric can help identify any undesired effect, suchas specular reflections, and, ultimately, improve measurement accuracy. To highlight the usefulness of this metric, two different loading configurations of a reverberation chamber at millimeter-wave frequencies areevaluated as examples.

9:10 Numerical Study of the Dielectric Properties of Lung Tissue Measured with Two Different Open-Ended Coaxial Probes
Fabiana Capitanio and Klementina Vidjak (Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy); Flavia Liporace and Marta Cavagnaro (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
The open-ended coaxial probe technique is a widely used technique for microwave characterization of different materials, especially biological tissues. The measurements with this technique can be performed withdifferent types of probes which enable measurements in different frequency ranges. However, the size of the sensing volume of the probe changes with its diameter, and this can become a drawback of the techniquewhen measuring heterogenous media where different inclusions are present. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the probes themselves, to understand how the presence of inclusions influences the bulk
properties perceived by the probe. To this end, in this work two probes, with different diameters, were numerically modelled and the influence of the proximity of inclusions to the probe's aperture was studied. Finally,an explicit expression for bulk properties depending on the distance and properties of the inclusion is obtained.

9:30 Quad-Junction Self-Biased Circulator with Wide Operational Bandwidth
Lingqi Kong, Yi Huang and Alexander Schuchinsky (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The choice of hexaferrites has always been crucial in the design of self-biased circulators, as it directly affects the device's performance. The available hexaferrite materials are only suitable for operation in highfrequency bands. At low frequencies, they often cause high insertion loss (IL) and limited bandwidth. This paper introduces a novel approach to the design of self-biased circulators. Parallel connection of two
hexaferrite junctions with opposite directions of internal magnetic bias achieves a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 3.67% for self-biased circulators operating in the C-band. This FBW is 2.5 times the traditional singlejunction self-biased circulators. The self-biased circulator presented in this paper, operating in the frequency range of 5.35-5.55GHz, exhibits return loss (RL) and isolation both exceeding 20dB, with insertion loss
below 1dB over 50% of the operational bandwidth.

9:50 Phase-Variation Microwave Displacement Sensor with High Resolution, Sensitivity, and Dynamic Range
Amirhossein Karami-Horestani (CIMITEC, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica & Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain); Ferran Paredes (Universitat Autonoma deBarcelona, Spain); Ferran Martín (Universidad autónoma de Barcelona, Spain)
A microwave displacement sensor based on the phase of the reflection coefficient of a transmission line is presented in this paper. The proposed sensor consists of a static part, which is a microstrip line terminatedwith a matched load, and a movable part, consisting of two resonators with two different resonance frequencies. The movable part is placed on top of the reader with a small airgap between them, and it can movealong the microstrip line. Two single-frequency signals with frequencies equal to the resonance frequencies of the resonators are injected into the input port of the reader. The phase of the reflection coefficient of thesignal at higher frequency is used to improve resolution and sensitivity, whereas the phase of the reflection coefficient of the signal with lower frequency is used to enhance the dynamic range.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
P10a: mmWave and THz propagation modeling and measurements
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Propagation
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Bo Kum Jung (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany), Lorenzo Luini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
8:30 Automatic Planning Algorithm of 300 GHz Backhaul Links Using Mesh Topology
Yunming Liu, Bo Kum Jung and Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany)
In 5G and beyond, cell sites are expected to be deployed ultra-densely in order to provide users the possibility of high data transmission. Providing fiber backhaul links to all new cell sites is costly and time-consuming.
Wireless backhaul links in the terahertz band are expected to be a strong alternative to traditional fiber backhaul links. Planning THz backhaul links in urban scenarios with numerous cell sites is especially achallenging task to complete manually. Therefore, there is a need to design an automatic planning tool for those backhaul links. In this paper, an automatic planning algorithm of 300 GHz backhaul links in a meshform is introduced. The performance of the algorithm will then be analyzed using an in-house developed simulation tool, known as SiMoNe.

8:50 Cloud Attenuation in the Q Band: Estimation from Experimental Data of Excess Attenuation
Domingo Pimienta-del-Valle (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Gustavo Siles (Universidad Privada Boliviana, Bolivia); Jose M Riera (Universidad Politécnica deMadrid, Spain); Pedro Garcia-del-Pino (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain)
Although rain is the main atmospheric impairment to millimeter waves, the adverse impact of clouds becomes more relevant. This contribution presents a study carried out at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,in which cloud attenuation has been estimated from 5-year of experimental data of excess attenuation, gathered with a Q-band beacon receiver, using a novel method to separate the contribution of clouds in theabsence of rain in site and along the path. In this method, different ancillary data obtained from co-located instruments- a disdrometer and a Ka-band beacon receiver- are used to detect in-site rain, whereas possible
rain events along the path are detected from fade slope information, since fade slope is expected to be higher with rain than with cloud attenuation. Results are compared with available cloud attenuation models
including the recently published Rec. ITU-R P.840-9.

9:10 Performance Analysis of THz Backhaul Links Assisted by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Bo Kum Jung and Thomas Kürner (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany)
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) are one attractive key technology for future mobile communications. It is expected to bring numerous benefits to shaping wireless channels favorably by providing anomalousreflection. Apparently, THz backhaul link is conceived as one of the future application scenarios of RIS. Using RIS, more cell sites can be facilitated to have their backhaul links wirelessly via one reflection by RIS.
This paper presents an algorithm to find additional THz backhaul links under the given THz backhaul network that can potentially be operated by the use of RIS. The feasibility and performance of those THz backhaul
links are assessed by simulations comparing the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio in various simulation set-ups.

9:30 Direct Clustering and Multi-Path Component Identification on THz Channel Measurements in a Factory Environment
Mengfan Wu, Tommaso Zugno and Mate Boban (Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf GmbH, Germany); Falko Dressler (TU Berlin, Germany)
Multi-path components pose both a challenge and an opportunity in high-frequency wireless communication, especially in environments with complex propagation conditions. In this paper, we derive a clustering
algorithm to be applied directly to the measurements of indoor THz propagation. We show that such method does not require preprocessing to identify the peaks of multi-path components, but rather extract the time
range of clustered multipath components in measurements. Ray-tracing experiments are performed together with classic clustering methods to validate our solution on the corresponding measurements. Our solution
facilitates the identification of both clusters and multi-path components directly on measurements without the need to reconstruct scenario in ray-tracing to identify the sources of specular components.

9:50 Dual-Band MmWave Measurements of Human Body Scattering and Blockage Effects Using Distributed Beamforming for ISAC Applications
Yang Miao (University of Twente, The Netherlands); Minseok Kim (Niigata University, Japan); CheChia Kang (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan); Naoya Suzuki(Niigata University, Japan); Sofie Pollin (KU Leuven, Belgium); Jun-ichi Takada (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)
The millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems are designed for shorter transmission distances and with directive beams. Their performances are easily impacted by the presence of human. Although the impact of single
human body blocking the direct path between mmWave transmitter and receiver has been investigated in literature, the effect of multiple humans as not only blocker but also reflector/scatterer is lacking. It is also
crucial to study human scattering and blockage effects altogether in distributed multi-input multi-output (MIMO) setups exploiting mono-/bi-/multi-static links. We present our distributed multi-static double-directional
measurement using a 24/60 GHz dual-band channel sounder with commercial phased arrays. We've performed novel quasi-static measurements with the presence of up to 3 persons standing at diverse locations
with various facing directions. The measurement setup also incorporated four distributed depth-cameras to capture groundtruth. The angular-delay domain power spectra of the distributed links at the concurrent dual
bands are visualized and insights are given.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
E02a: Computational Electromagnetics
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Electromagnetics
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Christophe Craeye (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium), Giuseppe Pettanice (University of L'Aquila, Italy)
8:30 Efficient NUFFT-Based Spectral Domain Method of Moments Analysis of Multilayered Periodic Structures with Subsectional Basis Functions
Juan Córcoles (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Miguel Camacho (Universidad de Sevilla, Spain); Rafael R. Boix (University of Seville, Spain)
In this communication a novel spectral domain Method of Moments (MoM) implementation is presented which employs asymmetric rooftop basis functions defined by a non-uniform cartesian mesh. Such a mesh
can be tailored to any Manhattan-type metalization or aperture in such a way that rooftops basis functions represent either the unknown electric or magnetic current excited by an incoming plane wave. The slowly
convergent double infinite summations resulting from the use of the spectral version of the MoM are calculated exploiting Non-Uniform Fast Fourier Transforms (NUFFT). This implementation has been used toanalyze several representative examples of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) and reflectarray antennas (RA) showing three orders of magnitude acceleration when compared to the brute-force summation-based
approach and two orders of magnitude when compared to commercial software.

8:50 Crank-Nicolson FDTD Method in Media Described by Time-Fractional Constitutive Relations
Damian Trofimowicz and Tomasz P Stefanski (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland); Jacek Gulgowski (University of Gdansk, Poland)
In this contribution, we present the Crank-Nicolson finite-difference time-domain (CN-FDTD) method implemented for simulations of the wave propagation in media described by time-fractional (TF) constitutive
relations. That is, the considered constitutive relations involve fractional-order (FO) derivatives based on the Grunwald-Letnikov definition allowing to describe hereditary properties and memory effects of media andprocesses. Therefore, the TF constitutive relations allow for the inclusion of diffusion processes in a dielectric response, which are modelled mathematically by the diffusion-wave equation. We formulate fundamental
equations of the proposed CN-FDTD method and, then, we execute simulations which confirm its accuracy and applicability. The proposed method is useful for researchers investigating numerical techniques inmedia described by FO derivatives.

9:10 Efficient Optimization-Assisted Full-Wave MoM Unit-Cell Design for Dual-Band Transmitarrays
Juan Córcoles (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações, Portugal); Miguel Camacho (Universidad de
Sevilla, Spain); Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal); Jorge R. Costa (Instituto de Telecomunicações / ISCTE-IUL,Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal); Rafael R. Boix (University of Seville, Spain)
In dual-band transmitarrays, unit-cell design becomes more challenging, since simultaneous and related strict phase specifications at both bands must be met (e.g., to enable beam-steering trough mechanicaldisplacement of the feed). In this work, we present an efficient methodology for unit-cell design based on an ad-hoc implementation of the spectral-domain method of moments (SD-MoM), which computes the fullwave unit-cell response at an affordable computational expense (two to four orders of magnitude lower than general-purpose commercial software). An innovative approach consisting of a genetic-algorithm assisted
search of unit-cell solutions is carried out. This approach can be applied because of the efficiency and full-wave accuracy provided by SD-MoM in each fitness function evaluation. As an application example, a set ofunit cells is designed to operate in the satellite communications Ka-bands 19.7-20.2 GHz and 29.5-30 GHz. The achieved unit cells have a much lower profile than previous designs for the same bands.

9:30 Dispersion Curve Calculation Using the Method of Moments: The Impact of Macro Basis Functions
Denis Tihon, Modeste Bodehou and Christophe Craeye (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium)
The Method of Moments is a powerful tool for computing the dispersion curves of open and possibly lossy structures. However, the brute-force computation of the dispersion curves associated to a 2D periodic
structure using the Method of Moments can be computationally intensive. One way to accelerate the computation is to reduce the number of unknowns used to model the periodic structure using Macro Basis
Functions (MBFs). In this paper, we investigate the error introduced by the use of MBFs when computing the dispersion curves of printed periodic structure on a layered substrate. We study both the impact of theselected set of excitations used to build the MBFs and, for a given set of excitations, the impact of the number of MBFs used to model the printed patches. From the obtained results, practical rules are proposed formetasurface-type periodic array of printed patches.

9:50 Improved PEEC Modeling of Antennas Through Time-Dependent Partial Elements
Fabrizio Loreto and Giuseppe Pettanice (University of L'Aquila, Italy); Martin Štumpf (Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic); Albert Ruehli (Missouri University of
Science and Tech, Jordan); Jonas Ekman (Lulea University of Technology, Sweden); Giulio Antonini (Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Italy)
Over the last twenty years, the evolution of communications has extended the systems' operating frequency range to the tens of GHz. In this framework, time domain integral equation-based (TDIE) methods forantenna modeling have gained increasing interest. Among them, the Partial Elements Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method turns out to be attractive for its capability to provide compact circuit models. Similarly toother integral equation-based methods, like the method of moments (MoM) in the time domain (TD), the PEEC method can suffer from late-time instabilities. This work shows that a rigorous computation of thetime-dependent partial elements leads to an improved TD formulation of the PEEC method that exhibits better behavior at high frequencies. This is the fundamental premise for having more stable results, preventing
the late-time instabilities from appearing in the time domain.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
A06a: Advances in reflectarray antennas for wave control, space and 5G applications
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / / AntennasRoom: M2
Chairs: Manuel Arrebola (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain), Pablo Camacho (Polytechnique Montreal, Canada)
8:30 Large and Deployable Multi-Faceted Antennas Based on Single-Layer Reflectarrays
Borja Imaz-Lueje (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain); Daniel Martinez-de-Rioja (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Marcos R. Pino and Manuel Arrebola(Universidad de Oviedo, Spain)
This paper presents two designs of electrically large multi-faceted structures composed by reflectarray panels. The former comprises rectangular panels assembled edge-to- edge following a parabolic profile along
the largest dimension of the aperture. The latter is composed of panels with different shapes, arranged to mimic the equivalent reflector in multiple planes. Both antennas operate in the Ka-band using a simple cellbased on a single-layer substrate. The multi-faceted designs exhibit a substantial enhancement in the gain bandwidth compared to a conventional deployable reflectarray, maintaining the low-profile storage load andlow losses of this type of antenna technology.

8:50 Direct Optimisation of a Five-State Reconfigurable Reflectarray for 5G Applications
Mustafa Murat Bilgic and Min Zhou (TICRA, Denmark)This paper presents the preliminary design of a reconfigurable reflectarray using a direct optimisation approach, which has not been done before. The reflectarray employs a five-state configuration based on anaperture-coupled stacked patch element, offering phase quantisation within a 320◦ dynamic range. It perates in the 24.5-27.5 GHz band and is tailored for 5G applications. Several reflectarrays have been optimisedto achieve beam scanning over ±70◦ with strict side lobe suppression. The study confirms the suitability of this array element for beam-steering reflectarrays and highlights the simplicity of using the direct optimisation
approach in antenna design.

9:10 3-D Reflectarray Unit Cell with Wideband Performance and Integrated Sensing Capability
Angel Palomares-Caballero (IETR-INSA Rennes, France); Carlos Molero and Pablo Padilla (University of Granada, Spain); María García-Vigueras (IETR-INSA Rennes,
France); Raphael Gillard (IETR & INSA, France)
A reflectarray unit cell design with sensing capability at millimeter-wave frequencies is presented in this paper. The proposed unit cell is based on slotlines spatially arranged in 3-D. There are different parts that
conform the reflectarray unit cell, these are: an impedance transformer, a main slotline, an EBG filter and a sensing zone. By modifying the length of the main slotline, phase tuning of the reflected wave is achieved
while preserving good level of reflection. Moreover, the phase response is linear in the frequency range that goes from 30 GHz to 50 GHz. To implement the sensing function, the EBG filter is placed after the main
slotline to allow some level of leakage through the unit cell. The simulated results show that depending on the angular direction of an incident wave, there is a certain phase difference value among the sensors
located in the sensing zone of the unit cell.

9:30 Large, Multi-Faceted Reflectarray with Quasi-Constant Directivity in the V-Band
Pablo Camacho (Polytechnique Montreal, Canada); Karim Glatre (MDA Corporation, Canada); Elham Baladi (École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada); Mohammad S.
Sharawi (Blue Origin LLC, USA)This work presents the simulations of an electrically large, multi-faceted reflectarray with a quasi-constant directivity of 44 dBi in the V-band. The paper shows the performance of an equivalent planar reflectarray tocontrast the results. The comparison shows that the multi-faceted reflectarray renders a reduction in phase error. Moreover, this configuration increases the bandwidth up to the Q-band. It achieves a directivity ofaround 40 dB in contrast to the noisy radiation pattern from the equivalent planar reflectarray.

9:50 Multibeam Compact Dual Reflectarray Antenna for High-Throughput Satellites in Ka-Band
Daniel Martinez-de-Rioja (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Eduardo Martinez-de-Rioja (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain); Yolanda Rodriguez-Vaqueiro,
Antonio Pino and Carlos Mosquera (University of Vigo, Spain); Jose A. Encinar (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain); Giovanni Toso (European Space Agency, ESA
ESTEC, The Netherlands)
This contribution describes the design of a dual-reflector multibeam antenna based on a parabolic polarizing main reflector with a flat reflectarray subreflector. This antenna concept is proposed to produce multiple
beams in orthogonal CP for enabling broadband satellite communications in Ka-band. The antenna generates two orthogonal beams per feed at transmit (19.7 GHz) and receive (29.5 GHz) frequencies in Ka-band,
which would make it possible to reduce by half the number of conventional reflector antennas required onboard the satellite to produce the same multispot coverage. The antenna generates a set of high-gain circularly
polarized beams when illuminated by dual-linearly polarized feed-horns, which avoids the use of linear-to-circular polarizers in the feed-chains.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
CS33a: Multiscale, Multiphysics and Unconventional Techniques for Electromagnetic Imaging
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Electromagnetics
Room: M3
Chairs: Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy), Rosa Scapaticci (CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Italy)
8:30 A Mild Data-Driven Approach Based on a Lebesgue-Space Inversion Procedure for Microwave Imaging Applications
Claudio Estatico, Valentina Schenone, Alessandro Fedeli and Andrea Randazzo (University of Genoa, Italy)
In this paper, a mild data driven inversion technique for microwave imaging applications is proposed. The developed approach relies upon the use of a variable-exponent inversion procedure, in which a-priori
information about the class of inspected targets is included through a data-driven regularization term. The developed technique has been preliminarily tested considering the characterization of inclusions in partiallyknown host structures, showing enhanced reconstruction capabilities with respect to the bare inversion scheme.

8:50 Recent Advances in Multiscale-Multiphysics Inverse Scattering
Marco Salucci (ELEDIA Research Center, Italy); Lorenzo Poli (ELEDIA Research Center, University of Trento, Italy); Samantha Lusa (ELEDIA Research Center, Italy);
Zhichao Lin (Tsinghua University, Italy); Maokun Li (Tsinghua University, China); Andrea Massa (University of Trento, Italy)
An innovative inverse scattering (IS) methodology is presented for imaging targets within inhomogeneous media. It consists of a joint inversion scheme enabling the simultaneous processing of electromagnetic (EM)and acoustic (AC) data while iteratively zooming on the detected region-of-interest (RoI) in which the scatterer has been detected. Robust and reliable guesses are yielded thanks to the combination of multiphysics
data, providing complementary information on the imaged domain, with the available a-priori knowledge of the reference inhomogeneous distribution. Furthermore, the integration within a multiscale procedure allows
one to keep the ratio between unknowns and data as low as possible, thus counteracting the non-linearity while further regularizing the inversion thanks to the introduction of progressively-acquired information. A
preliminary numerical benchmark is shown to assess the capabilities of the proposed multiscale-multiphysics methodology.

9:10 Advancements in Broadband Electromagnetic Sensing for Food Quality Control
Sonia Zappia (IREA-CNR, Italy); Sabrina Zumbo (University of Naples Federico II & Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy); Noemi Zeni (Federico II Universityof Naples, Italy); Alessio Buzzin and Antonio Mastrandrea (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Marco Ricci (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Ilaria Catapano (IREA-CNR,
Italy); Rosa Scapaticci (CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Italy); Nicola Pasquino (University of Naples Federico II, Italy); Nicola Lovecchio (Sapienza University ofRome Italy, Italy); Jorge A. Tobon Vasquez (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Gennaro Bellizzi (University of Naples Federico II, Italy); Marta Cavagnaro (Sapienza University ofRome, Italy); Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Lorenzo Crocco (CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Italy)

The problem of quality control is of one the most relevant issues in food industry, because it impacts both consumers safety and manufacturers reliability. While current technologies have reduced this issue, accidents
still occur, especially due to the difficulty of detecting low-density contaminants. To cope with this problem, electromagnetic sensing techniques can provide a viable solution, thanks to the non-negligible electric
contrast existing when low-density materials are immersed in food items. In this respect, the authors of this contribution have proposed the synergic use of terahertz and microwaves frequencies, in order to both
exploit the high spatial resolution of THz images and the capability of inspecting items in-depth using microwaves. In this paper, the ongoing work concerned with THz time continuous monitoring, experimental
demonstration of a low complexity microwave imaging algorithm, as well as with the use of machine-learning techniques to process microwave data will be described.

9:30 An Electric Properties Tomography Approach Inspired by the Boundary Element Method
Luca Zilberti, Alessandro Arduino, Umberto Zanovello and Oriano Bottauscio (INRIM, Italy)
A novel approach to perform Electric Properties Tomography starting from data collected during a Magnetic Resonance Imaging exam is proposed. The underlying theory, inspired by the Boundary Element Method,
is described, and the reliability of the proposed approach is evaluated through a virtual experiment. Promising results are obtained.

9:50 Generating a Library of Head Phantoms for Microwave Imaging Using Spherical Harmonic Approximation
Anja R Kovačević and Darko Ninković (University of Belgrade, Serbia); Lorenzo Crocco (CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Italy); Branko Kolundzija and Marija
Stevanovic (University of Belgrade, Serbia)
A novel method for generating a library of numerical head phantoms is presented. The parent model is created by parametrizing head tissue boundaries defined in the NEVA woman's model using spherical harmonic
approximation. The parent model was then modified by stochastically altering the expansion coefficients. Electromagnetic simulations of the parent and modified model showed a notable difference in the scatteringparameters. A large dataset essential for implementing microwave imaging algorithms based on artificial intelligence can be created using the proposed technique.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
A10: Metasurfaces and resonant cavity antennas
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Antennas
Room: M4
Chairs: Ahmed A Kishk (Concordia University, Canada), Davide Ramaccia (RomaTre University, Italy)
8:30 Multi-Feed Resonant Cavity Antenna with In-Antenna Power Combination for mm-Wave Communication
Khushboo Singh (University of Technology Sydney, Australia & Macquarie University, Australia); Manik Attygalle (DST Group Edinburgh, Australia); Dush Thalakotuna andKaru Esselle (University of Technology Sydney, Australia)
In this paper, an on-chip dielectric resonator-fed millimeter-wave high-gain antenna system with in-antenna power combining capability is presented. A low-profile resonant cavity antenna (RCA) is fed by multiple
spherical dielectric resonators (DRs), demonstrating its multi-feed capabilities. Each of the DR is fed by two microstrip resonators on a planar circuit board. The design incorporates a printed superstrate as a partiallyreflecting superstrate (PRS), reducing the antenna's overall size and profile. The antenna exhibits a wide band matching and measured results are in concurrence with the simulations.

8:50 Analysis and Design of Metasurface Antennas Based on Temporal Metastructures
Luca Stefanini (Roma Tre University, Italy); Davide Ramaccia (RomaTre University, Italy); Mirko Barbuto (Niccolò Cusano University, Italy); Mohsen Karamirad (Roma Tre
University, Italy); Michela Longhi (Niccolò Cusano University, Italy); Alessio Monti ("Roma Tre" University, Italy); Stefano Vellucci (Niccolò Cusano University, Italy);
Alessandro Toscano (Roma Tre University, Italy); Andrea Alù (CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, USA); Vincenzo Galdi (University of Sannio, Italy); Filiberto
Bilotti (Roma Tre University, Italy)
In this contribution, we present the analysis and design of a novel class of metasurface-based antennas, whose radiative capabilities are enabled by temporal (time-switched) metamaterials. In particular, we consider
a thin metasurface supporting the propagation of a surface wave that can switch instantaneously from a finite capacitive value of the surface impedance to an open circuit, resulting in a temporal interface. We
demonstrate that after the temporal switch of the metasurface properties, the surface wave is instantaneously coupled to free space realizing a highly directive beam in end-fire direction. Thanks to wavenumber
conservation across a temporal interface, we demonstrate that the proposed metasurface-based antenna can radiate at a much higher frequency with respect to the source frequency. Analytical formulations andnumerical simulations are provided to predict and verify the frequency upshift and the radiation characteristics of the proposed novel antenna.

9:10 Curved Electromagnetic Skins for Urban Scenarios
Michele Beccaria (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Angelo Freni (Università degli studi Firenze, Italy); Agnese Mazzinghi (University of Florence, Italy); Andrea Massaccesi andPaola Pirinoli (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
Recently, the possibility of increasing the performance of 5G and beyond wireless networks with the use of "smart electromagnetic skin," able to provide coverage in blind zones for a base station, is becoming an
object of several studies. In this framework, the use of a curved configuration, which can be easily integrated into a cylindrical radome enclosing a street light or traffic light pole, is analyzed. The obtained numericalresults prove that the proposed solution guarantees performance even better than a planar configuration occupying the same volume, with further advantages. In fact, it is simpler to mount, it has a lower visual
impact, and it does not suffer from the influence of the supporting structure.

9:30 "The Diminished Edge Diffraction Effect Bull's Eye Antenna "Christineh Shahbazian and Ahmed A Kishk (Concordia University, Canada)This paper describes the Bull's Eye antenna operating at the V-band and featuring three concentric narrow grooves. The design includes two extended grooves close to the antenna rim with a depth of a quarter
wavelength depth to reduce edge diffraction, which enhances the radiation pattern. An analytical approach is used to obtain the radiation pattern. The analysis is based on resampling the grooves with magnetic
current rings. A comparison is made between circular and rectangular waveguides on the center to excite the antenna. Finally, the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the radiation patterns are measured and will begiven during the presentation. The antenna is simulated using CST Microwave Studio, and there is a good match between the simulation and measured results.

9:50 Fabry-Perot Antenna with High-Permittivity Grounded Walls for Side Lobe Level Reduction
Edoardo Giusti and Danilo Brizi (University of Pisa, Italy); Agostino Monorchio (University of Pisa & CNIT, Italy)
In this paper, a compact 3λ×3λ Fabry-Perot antenna with high permittivity grounded walls is proposed. The use of high permittivity materials as the cavity side walls, when backed by an opportune metallic sheet,allows a significant enhancement in the overall radiating performance. In particular, while both gain and Half Power Bandwidth improvements can be achieved also by sealing the cavity with purely metal walls,
nevertheless, with grounded HPMs, a dramatic reduction of the Side Lobe Level can be accomplished. Indeed, the high value of the dielectric constant of the walls material makes them closely approximating the
behavior of an ideal perfect magnetic conductor at the selected working frequency, with an extremely reduced thickness and large angular stability. By comparing the purely metallic with the grounded HPM walls
configurations, we observed a maximum reduction in the SLL value for both the E and H planes, respectively of 15.9 and 16.2 dB.

Thursday, March 21 8:30 - 10:10
A25: Additive manufactured antennas
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / AntennasRoom: Fyne
Chairs: Jeff Fordham (USA), Francesco Prudenzano (Politecnico di Bari, Italy)
8:30 Long Slot Dielectric-Loaded Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on 3D Printing Technology
Ali Araghi (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS),
United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Rahim Tafazolli (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Substrate integrated waveguides (SIW) technology is employed to design a uniform long slot leaky-wave antenna (LWA) in millimeter-wave (mmWave) band. The structure is then loaded by a 3D printed sinusoidal
periodic pattern of Photopolymer VeroClear dielectric. This makes a periodic LWA which means that it is possible to regulate a desired higher order space harmonic to form the beam and to tilt it to the direction ofinterest. To showcase the practicality of method, the dielectric pattern is designed in such a way that the beam is tilted to the backward-quadrant at (math\theta_m=-15^\circ) at f=35 GHz. The structure is fabricatedand the S-parameters are measured which shows a good agreement with the simulated results.

8:50 3D Printed Cascaded Cavity-Backed Millimeter-Wave Filtering Antenna
Bing Xue (Aalto University, Finland); Fan Jiang (Guangdong University of Technology, China); Katsuyuki Haneda (Aalto University, Finland); Xiantao Yang (University ofLiverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Clemens Icheln (Aalto University & School of Electrical Engineering, Finland)
In this manuscript, a cascaded filtering antenna structure is proposed. To realize this concept, we leverage the cavity-backed slot antenna as a foundation and take advantage of cutoff frequencies of waveguides toachieve it in the millimeter-wave (mmW) bands. The working principle and parameter analyses are introduced. Subsequently, we present the fabrication process and measurement results, which are then comparedwith simulation results. The obtained results demonstrate acceptable performance in terms of reflection coefficients and radiation patterns. Furthermore, by comparing our proposed antenna with published works, wehighlight its advantages in terms of out-of-band rejection and similar beam width in E-plane and H-plane.

9:10 Design and Characterization of a Flexible Fabry-Perot Antenna Fabricated Using Conductive Inkjet Printing
Francesco Anelli, Antonella Maria Loconsole, Andrea Annunziato, Vito Vincenzo Francione and Francesco Prudenzano (Politecnico di Bari, Italy)
The broadband directivity of a trapezoidal coplanar waveguide fed monopole antenna is enhanced by leveraging Fabry-Perot resonance. The single layer partially reflective surface consists of printed square patches.
The fabrication involves the use of inkjet printing with silver-based conductive ink to obtain a low-profile partially Fabry-Perot resonator antenna, suitable for conformal and wearable applications. Our measurements
demonstrate that the designed inkjet-printed Fabry-Perot resonator antenna exhibits a wide 3-dB gain bandwidth and a maximum gain of 10.6 dBi.

9:30 3D-Printed Circular Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Enhanced Axial Ratio Bandwidth Using Anisotropic Material
Sebastian Diaz (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile); Romain Pascaud (ISAE-SUPAERO, Université de Toulouse, France); Gaëtan Antoine (ISAESUPAERO, France); Christophe Morlaas and Alexandre Chabory (ENAC, France); Francisco Pizarro (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile)
In this article, we propose a wideband circularly polarized (CP) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). The CP bandwidth is achieved by combining two stacked anisotropic DRAs, which are fed by a simple aperturecoupling feed. Using this straightforward technique, it is possible to increase the axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). The DRA is designed to be manufactured using low-cost 3D-printing dielectric filaments and a low-cost
3D-printing additive manufacturing process. The final design achieves an ARBW of over twenty percent, which is approximately three times larger than that of the single CP DRA.

9:50 Additively Manufactured Horn Antennas
Jeff Fordham (USA); Jon Swarner, Eric Kim, Griffin Fox and Corey Agan (NSI-MI Technologies, USA)
Additive manufacturing methods have proven to offer many advantages in manufacturing a wide range of products. These methods have advantages of rapid prototyping, rapid production, and the ability to produce
mechanical parts that cannot be realized with subtractive methods. Recent work toward the development of horn antennas produced using additive methods has been accomplished. The methods have been shown
to produce horn antennas capable of meeting a variety of applications where accuracy and repeatability are key metrics. A comparison of methods is presented along with advantages and disadvantages

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
SW2b: Activities of ITU-R Study Group 3 on radio wave propagation (continued)
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Clare Allen (Ofcom, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Carol D Wilson (CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia)
10:40 WP 3M - Point-To-Point and Earth-Space Propagation - Key Recommendations and Topics
Presenter: Richard Rudd

11:05 SG3 Software, Experimental Data and Model Testing - How to Contribute
Presenter: Antonio Martellucci

11:30 SW2 Panel Discussion - Future Requirements
Moderator: Carol Wilson

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
CS22b: Quantum Electromagnetics - From Photonics to Quantum Computing (continued)
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Electromagnetics
Room: M1
Chairs: Gabriele Gradoni (University of Surrey, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Paolo Rocca (University of Trento & ELEDIA Research Center, Italy)
10:40 Optimized Design Parameters for a Flux-Driven SNAIL-Based Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifier
Michael Haider, Yongjie Yuan and Christian Jirauschek (Technical University of Munich, Germany)
We present an analytic approach for finding optimized design parameters for flux-driven traveling-wave parametric amplifiers with superconducting nonlinear asymmetric inductive elements. The parameter to be
optimized, i.e., the gain coefficient, is extracted from a Hamiltonian quantum model for three-wave mixing flux-driven amplifiers. Analytic expressions for the nonlinear coefficients up to the third order in the currentphase relation are derived. The minimum potential energy can be solved by finding the roots of a polynomial function. Candidates for optimal operation points are identified by minimizing the residual cross-phasemodulation while at the same time maximizing the gain coefficient. Finally, the gain of a TWPA implementation with optimized parameters is evaluated using a quantum model, including substrate losses and chromatic
dispersion.

11:00 A Quantum Optimization Method for Antenna Array Thinning
Luca Tosi (ELEDIA Research Center, Italy); Paolo Rocca (University of Trento & ELEDIA Research Center, Italy)
An innovative design methodology based on a hybrid quantum computing technique aimed at optimizing the thinning configuration of the array elements for interference suppression purposes is presented in thiswork. The optimization approach exploits the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and a set of selected numerical results, carried out through a quantum computer emulator, is discussed to pointout the peculiarities of the proposed method.

11:20 A Modelling Scheme for the Nonclassical Optical Response in the Nanosphere on Mirror Structure
Xuezhi Zheng (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium); Xiaotian Yan (KU Leuven, Belgium); Guy Vandenbosch (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium)
Within the framework of the T-matrix method, we present a modeling tool that predicts the optical response from the Nanosphere-on-Mirror (NSoM) construct. The nonclassical effects in metals are accounted for by
the nonlocal hydrodynamic Drude model (NLHDM). Two essential elements in the T-matrix method, i.e., the T-matrix of the sphere and the R matrix accounting for the effects of the mirror, have been fully upgradedto include longitudinal waves for the NLHDM. The proposed tool is quantitatively validated both in the near and the far field by an in-house developed Boundary Element solver for the NLHDM where the gap between
the sphere and the mirror is as small as 1 nm.

11:40 Non-Reciprocity in a Three-Mode Quantum Magnomechanical System with Magnetostrictive Interaction
Muhib Ullah (Zhejiang University, China); Said Mikki (University of Illinois Urbana Champaign Institute, China)
We demonstrate non-reciprocity through the utilization of the nonlinear magnetostrictive interaction within a ferrimagnetic material enclosed within a magnomechanical cavity system. This system comprises two cavity
modes, a magnonic mode, and phononic modes. Externally, it is driven by two classical electromagnetic fields: a strong driving field and a weak probe field. Internally, a Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) sphere is subjected
to a strong magnetic field, resulting in a significant number of spins generating phonon modes within the YIG sphere. These phonon modes are coupled to magnons through the magnetostrictive nonlinear interaction.
Furthermore, magnons interact with cavity microwave photons through a magnetic dipole interaction. The nonlinear magnetostrictive interaction induces a phase shift in the cavity's photons, causing the breaking oftime-reversal symmetry and ultimately leading to the observed non-reciprocal phenomenon in our hybrid magnomechanical cavity system.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
A03b: Antenna analysis and design for sub-6GHz (continued)
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Christophe Delaveaud (CEA-LETI, France), Federico Puggelli (University of Siena, Italy)
10:40 An Upper Bound for Envelope Correlation Coefficient of Antenna Clusters
Vojtech Neuman, Miloslav Capek and Lukas Jelinek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic)
A method for finding the upper bound on the envelope correlation coefficient for an arbitrary number of antenna clusters is introduced. In the described case, the envelope correlation coefficient depends on applied
feeding. The theory below shows a matrix description of the problem, which overcomes the need for repeated evaluations of far-field integration for different feeding vectors. This work further presents a formula forfinding the highest possible value of the envelope correlation coefficient when the feeding of one antenna cluster is fixed and only the feeding weights of the second one can be manipulated. The proposed theory is
shown in a simple example of six parallel dipoles divided into three antenna clusters.

11:00 Radiation Resistance Enhancement Techniques for Ultracompact Half-Wavelength Helical Omnidirectional Circularly Polarized Antennas
Wei Lin and Huacheng Li (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong); Zhenxin Hu (School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, China)
This paper demonstrates the techniques that effectively enhance the radiation resistance of a conventional λ0/2 omnidirectional circularly polarized (OCP) normal mode helical antenna. The original single-arm OCP
antenna, although has a very compact size, only exhibits an extremely low radiation resistance that makes it impossible for practical applications. To sufficiently enhance the radiation resistance while maintaining acompact size, innovative techniques as folding the radiator, adding near-field coupled parasitic elements and their hybrid combination have been successfully developed. An OCP antenna based on above techniques
has been designed. Results show that the radiation resistance has a substantial enhancement from 3.5 to 80 ohms. Meanwhile, the overall size is still ultracompact, e. g., only 0.0006 λ03. It is electrically small withthe ka value less than 0.42. These techniques are generally effective approaches that also enable a fundamental understanding of the methodology to enhance radiation resistance of small antennas.

11:20 Low-Profile In-Band Pattern Diversity Antenna with Improved Bandwidth
Chunxu Mao (South China University of Technology, China); Long Zhang (Shenzhen University, China); Xiuyin Zhang (South China University of Technology, China)
In this paper, a low-profile, pattern diversity antenna with improved bandwidth and isolation is proposed for wireless and Internet-of-Thing (IoT) applications. The antenna is composed of a pair of shorted patches withfour stubs, a hybrid ring coupler, and a pair of hairpin resonators. The coupler is to provide the shorted patch pair with in-phase and out-of-phase excitations, generating the unidirectional radiation and omni-directionalradiations, respectively. In order to enhance the bandwidths, two hairpin resonators are integrated and coupled with the shorted patches through coupling slots, generating 2nd-order filtering responses. As a result,the impedance bandwidths of the two operating modes are significantly improved without increasing antenna's thickness. The antenna is prototyped with the concept verified, exhibiting a good impedance bandwidth(4.9-5.1 GHz) when the antenna is working at different modes (uni-directional or omni-directional). The isolation between the two ports is about 30 dB.

11:40 High Gain and Dual Band SIW-Fed Stacked Conical DRA for 5G NR FR1 Application
Sidhartha Kumar Sahu (IIT Guwahati, India); Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum and Ramesh Kumar Sonkar (Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India)
This work presents a high gain and dual band slotted Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) fed Dielectric Resonator Antenna(DRA). In this study, integrating both these technologies, an antenna with high gain anddual bandwidth is proposed. A stacked conical DRA structure is placed on SIW to attain high gain. A superstrate is placed above the stacked conical DRA to increase the antenna's directivity. The simulation resultshows that the proposed antenna can operate for dual-band with the bandwidth of 210 MHz (5.24 - 5.45 GHz) and 60 MHz (6.10 - 6.16 GHz). This antenna is linearly polarized and shows a peak total gain of 9.62
dBi. The co-polarization and cross-polarization differences are above 50 dB for the E-plane and H-plane. The DRA is fabricated using 3D printing. The measurements are done for antenna prototype. It is suitable for
5G New Radio (NR) Frequency Range 1 (FR1) n46 and n96 bands.

12:00 Wireless Re-Configurable Intelligent Surface for Sub 6 GHz 5G Frequency
Vladimir Lenets, Vladislav Popov, Mikhail Odit, Jean-Baptiste Gros and Geoffroy Lerosey (Greenerwave, France)
The advent of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) promises a transformative leap in wireless communication and electromagnetic systems. However, the complexities and costs associated with cableconnections and intricate control mechanisms have hindered their practical deployment.
In this paper, we introduce the concept of wireless RIS, revolutionizing the control and power supply through electromagnetic waves, drawing inspiration from legacy telecommunication standards such as GSM. We
leverage a patch-based RFID tag integrated into the RIS design to demonstrate the feasibility of this wireless vision.
This research showcases the potential of wireless RIS to reshape the landscape of wireless communication and electromagnetic systems, offering a glimpse of a promising future in the domain.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
A11: Developments in mm-wave antennas
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Koh Hashimoto (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Jose Luis Masa-Campos (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
10:40 Millimeter-Wave Corporate-Fed Slot Array Antenna Fed by Partially Dielectric-Filled Transmission LineKoh Hashimoto (Toshiba Corporation, Japan)
Corporate-fed array antennas can direct the main beam toward the boresight regardless of the frequency. Reduction of the transmission loss in corporate-fed arrays is one of the key issues because corporate-fed
arrays have longer feed lines than series-fed arrays. Although the configuration using hollow waveguides can achieve low loss, the manufacturing cost and difficulty of production are problematic. On the other hand,microstrip antennas, which can be manufactured at low cost, are not suitable for the millimeter-wave band, where transmission loss is large. In this paper, cost-effective partially dielectric-filled transmission lines withcharacteristics intermediate between hollow waveguides and printed transmission lines are applied to a corporate-fed array antenna. A design of a 16×16-element corporate-fed slot array antenna is presented.

11:00 A Low-Profile Wide-Scan Magneto-Electric Dipole Antenna for 5G mm-Wave Communications
Maximilian Döring and Nico Kästle (University of Ulm, Germany); Thomas Frey (University Ulm - Institute of Microwave Engineering, Germany); Felix Matt (Ulm University,
Germany); Christian Waldschmidt (University of Ulm, Germany); Tobias Chaloun (Hensoldt Sensors GmbH, Germany & University of UIm, Institute of Microwave
Engineering, Germany)
A low-profile magneto-electric dipole antenna for 5G communication networks is presented. The novel unit cell design exhibits a low complexity, facilitating a straightforward fabrication process. The antenna design
operates from 24.25 GHz to 29.5 GHz, covering multiple frequency bands in the 5G New Radio Frequency Range 2. Across the operating band, a scan volume of up to 60° in the E- and 30° in the H-plane isachieved. The unit cell design was initially subjected to an infinite array analysis for optimization, followed by the fabrication of an 11 × 11 prototype antenna to validate the simulation results. The measured impedance
bandwidth and the antenna gain are in good agreement with the simulations. The scan capability of the proposed magneto-electric dipole is validated through embedded element pattern measurements at 24.25 GHz,
27 GHz, and 29.5 GHz.

11:20 Pinwheel-Shaped Polarizer for Generating Dual-Circularly Polarized Conical Radiation Patterns in the Ka-Band
Javier Melendro-Jimenez (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Pablo Sanchez-Olivares and Adrián Tamayo-Domínguez (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain);
Sergio Garcia-Martinez and Jose Luis Masa-Campos (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
In this contribution, the design of a 3D-printed dual-mode anisotropic dielectric polarizer is presented for millimeter-wave applications within the Ka-band (28-30 GHz). The dielectric polarizer, fed by a conical hornantenna, can convert the linearly polarized conical radiation patterns obtained when exciting TE01 and TM01 modes into right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) and left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) conicalradiation patterns, respectively. The horn antenna is fed by a mode-converter with two input ports and one output port. When TE10 mode is excited at input port 1, TE01 mode is radiated by the horn, and the polarizer
converts the phi-polarized wave into a RHCP wave. Conversely, when TE10 is excited at input port 2, TM01 mode is radiated by the horn, and the polarizer converts the linearly theta- polarized wave into a LHCP
wave. Simulated results show an axial ratio (AR) below 2 dB across the entire frequency range for dual-mode operation.

11:40 A Multilayer Dual-Polarized Stacked Patch Antenna with Enhanced Port Isolation for mmWave Highly Integrated Applications
Qingling Yang, Yi Wang and Qingchun You (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Lehu Wen (Brunel University London, United Kingdom (GreatBritain)); Sampson Zhenhua Hu (Novocomms Ltd, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper introduces a dual-polarized stacked patch antenna for millimeter-wave (mmWave) antenna-in-package (AiP) applications, utilizing a multilayer stack-up consisting of 14 metallic layers. In order to ensurehigh port isolation even at large scan angles of ±60 degrees, a metallic isolation wall is introduced into the feed cavity. The prototyping process utilizes high density interconnect (HDI) technology due to its ability tocreate densely populated microvias. This paper details the working principle, design process, fabrication details, and measurement results of the antenna. The results demonstrate that the designed AiP operates in
the frequency range of 24.25-27.5 GHz with an isolation of 28 dB between the ports within the antenna element. Additionally, the antenna exhibits stable radiation patterns and low cross-polarization levels of lessthan -19 dB over the operation bandwidth.

12:00 Mutual Coupling Reduction in 5G MIMO Antenna Using Dielectric Bridge and Superstrate
Oludayo Sokunbi and Ahmed A Kishk (Concordia University, Canada)
A dielectric bridge and superstrate are combined to reduce the mutual coupling between 4- and 8-element ME-Dipole antenna at the millimetre-wave (MMW) frequency range of 52-66 GHz (15.2 % bandwidth). The
dielectric bridge consists of a carefully inserted metallic plate inside a high dielectric substrate material. This combination is inserted on top of 15-row vias between the 4 and 8 antenna elements. When the superstrateis placed at 2.5 mm (0.5 ) ( λ is the free-space wavelength at the center frequency of 62 GHz) above the 4- and 8-element antenna, a maximum mutual coupling of 70 dB and 55 dB is achieved within the 4-element
and 8-antenna ME Dipole antenna, respectively, in the H-plane. The edge-to-edge separation between the elements is 0.62 mm (0.12λ ). The radiation pattern, S-parameters, and surface current of the reference andproposed antenna are compared to validate the proposed technique.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
CS4: Antennas for Radio Astronomy
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Quentin Gueuning (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), David S Prinsloo (ASTRON & Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, The
Netherlands)
10:40 Analysis of a Small LOFAR Low-Band Test Array Using a Sky Map, Simulated Embedded Element Patterns and Measured LNA-Impedances
Michel Arts (ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, The Netherlands); Mark Ruiter and Paulus Kruger (ASTRON, The Netherlands); David S Prinsloo(ASTRON & Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, The Netherlands); Mark Bentum (Eindhoven University of Technology & ASTRON, The Netherlands); A. B. (Bart)
Smolders (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
This paper describes the analysis of a nine element test array of inverted V-antennas for the frequency range 20-90 MHz. The array is used as a small radio telescope. The purpose of this test array is to verify asystem model using simulated embedded element patterns and measured impedances of the low noise amplifiers in a representative system. The output power of the array is measured over a period of 24 hours.
This measurement will be compared with a simulation where the output power due to the sky noise as a function of time is calculated. Results for 35, 55 and 70 MHz showed an agreement between measurements
and simulations within 1 dB.

11:00 Mitigating Zenith Blindness from Mutual Coupling in a Sunflower Phased Array
Dominic Anstey, John Cumner, Quentin Gueuning, Oscar OHara and Eloy de Lera Acedo (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Anthony Keith Brown(University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Andrew Faulkner, Fred Dulwich and Paul Scott (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Great Britain))

The most recent Aperture Array Verification System for the SKA-Low, AAVS3, has been designed with a regular sunflower head ‘Vogel' layout with a 19 m radius. We use a fast Method-of-Moments solver toinvestigate the effects of mutual coupling of this style of regular layout in comparison to a more randomised layout. We show that this layout produces a blind spot at zenith at 125 MHz, where the embedded element
pattern and station beam show a drop of around 5 dB. We then demonstrate that randomising the locations of the elements reduces the scale of this drop in beam, with greater randomisation producing greater
reduction. We find that randomising each element position within an area of around 1.5 m radius is sufficient to eliminate this blind spot.

11:20 A Performance Comparison of Sub-Octave Band Corrugated Horns to a Quadruple-Ridged Flared Horn for the ngVLA Radio Telescope
Robert Lehmensiek (National Radio Astronomy Observatory, USA & Stellenbosch University, South Africa); Dirk de Villiers (Stellenbosch University, South Africa)
The radiation performance of quadruple-ridged flared horns (QRFHs) has in recent years improved greatly due to the more detailed geometries, such as the addition of corrugation rings in the aperture plane(enhanced performance at the lower part of the frequency band) and the addition of dielectric material in the throat of the horn (for improved upper-frequency performance). Over a narrower frequency band, theQRFH can achieve performance levels that are similar to those of the sub-octave band corrugated horns. This is shown in this paper for the lowest (3:1) frequency band of the ngVLA radio telescope.

11:40 The Hydrogen Intensity Real-Time Analysis eXperiment: Overview and Status Update
Anthony Walters and Keshav Bechoo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Shruti Bhatporia (University of Cape Town, South Africa); H. Cynthia Chiang (McGill
University, Canada); Devin Crichton (ETH Zürich, Switzerland); Jacobus Diener (Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana); Sindhu
Gaddam (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Kit Gerodias (McGill University, Canada); Austin Gumba (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Neeraj Gupta(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, India); Surajit Kalita (University of Cape Town, South Africa); Emily Kuhn (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory,USA); Martin Kunz (Université de Genève, Switzerland); Kavilan Moodley and Warren Naidoo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Viraj Nistane (Université deGenève, Switzerland); Tasmiya Papiah (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Aditi Pattabhiraman (Stanford University, USA); Aritha Pillay (Durban University ofTechnology, South Africa); Alice Pisani (Flatiron Institute, USA); Isibabale Qhoboshiyane (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Alexandre Refregier (ETH Zürich,
Switzerland); Edwin Retana-Montenegro (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Benjamin Saliwanchik (Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA); Ajith Sampath andTsepo Sekhoasha (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Mugundhan Vijayaraghavan (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden); Amanda Weltman (University ofCape Town, South Africa)
The Hydrogen Intensity Real-time Analysis eXperiment (HIRAX) will be a large interferometric array of drift-scan radio telescopes designed to map the large-scale spatial fluctuations of neutral hydrogen in the
Universe, in order to better understand the nature of dark energy. It will operate between 400-800 MHz, and is currently under construction in the Karoo desert of South Africa. It will also be a powerful tool forstudying astronomical transients and the evolution of galaxies. Here we present an overview of the project, its anticipated deployment timelines, and highlight some of the characterisation and calibration efforts thatare currently underway, or planned for the future.

12:00 CSIRO Radio Astronomy Receiver Update - Ultra Wideband and Phased Array Feeds
Alex Dunning and Steve Barker (CSIRO, Australia); Michael Bourne (CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia); Mark Bowen (CSIRO, Australia); Nick Carter andSantiago Castillo (CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia); Aaron Chippendale, Yoon Chung, Paul Doherty, Douglas B Hayman and Daniel George (CSIRO,
Australia); Kanapathippillai Jeganathan (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia); Simon Mackay, Natasha Maimbo, Les Reilly,
Paul Roberts, Peter Roush, Sean Severs and Robert Shaw (CSIRO, Australia); Ken Smart (CSIRO Space and Astronomy, Australia); Stephanie Smith (CSIRO &Astronomy and Space Science, Australia); John Tuthill, Tasso Tzioumis and Jason van Aardt (CSIRO, Australia)
We present details on recent ultra wideband receiver development at CSIRO for the Parkes radio telescope, Effelsberg radio telescope and ngVLA with almost constant beamwidth achieved up to a 6:1 bandwidth. A
large field of view cryogenic phased array feed for the Parkes radio telescope is also discussed.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
SW7b: Stand on the IEEE Antennas & Propagation Standards (continued)
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy), Vikass Monebhurrun (SUPELEC, France), Vince Rodriguez (NSI-MI Technologies & University of Mississippi, USA)
10:40 IEEE Std 149: Recommended Practice for Antenna Measurements
Presenter: Vince Rodriguez (NSI-MI/AMETEK)

11:30 IEEE Std 1720: Recommended Practice for Near-Field Antenna Measurements
Presenter: Lars Foged (MVG-Group)

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
A01b: Sensing, communication and identification antennas and systems (continued)
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / / Antennas
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Luis Jofre (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain), Yang Miao (University of Twente, The Netherlands)
10:40 Tiled Subarray Design for Multibeam Joint Communication and Sensing
Hadi Alidoustaghdam, Andre Kokkeler and Yang Miao (University of Twente, The Netherlands)
The multibeam technology is a promising solution for joint communication and sensing (JCAS) in a base station (BS). Tiling of apertures with rectangular, hexagonal, and circular boundaries is studied which improves
cost-efficiency, modularity, and scalability of the design. The optimization of tiling configuration considers the matching of the communication channel and the ambiguity function of sensing before and after tiling. The
performance metrics are the capacity for communication and the maximum side lobe level (MSLL)s of the array radiation pattern for sensing. The numerical results show that the tiling of various apertures with 64
antennas does not influence the capacity of communication largely. Only-communication, only-sensing, and JCAS apertures are compared in regard to the MSLL, where the aperture for only-sensing has the lowest
MSLL without deteriorating the capacity of communication. The metrics show the tiled aperture with a hexagonal boundary has the best JCAS performance.

11:00 Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna Extending NLOS Short-Distance Vehicular Communication with Orbital Angular Momentum Modes
Luis Jofre (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain)
The ability to utilize resources to meet the need of growing diversity in services and user behavior marks the future of cognitive wireless communication systems. Cognitive wireless technologies for vehicularcommunications, in combination with Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) modes aim at extending direct Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) short-distance communications for smart mobility. In this regard, OAM antennas needto be developed to support these technologies. To this end, here we describe a compact antenna supporting the first OAM modes. Also, the antenna properties are discussed and are numerically and experimentally
validated for OAM modes of l = ±1. Particularly, for the considered OAM modes, the antenna achieves more than500 MHz operation bandwidth at the frequency of operation of 3.5 GHz. Also, for l = ±1 OAM modes,
the null beamwidth aligns precisely with the anticipated dimensions theoretically computed.

11:20 Roof-Glass Integrated Antenna for Vehicular GNSS Applications
Hanieh Aliakbari (Lund University, Sweden); Xiaotian Li and Christian Lötbäck (Volvo Car Corporation, Sweden); Buon Kiong Lau (Lund University, Sweden)
In this paper, a wideband circularly polarized antenna is designed for integration into the glass roof of a modern car for GNSS positioning applications. Characteristic mode analysis is used to obtain more physicalinsight into the problem and hence satisfy the polarization and bandwidth requirements. The antenna has a low profile and uses a single coplanar waveguide feed to cover all GNSS bands. The measured 10 dB
impedance bandwidth of the prototype is 52% and the 3 dB axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth is 39%. Full-car simulation results are presented for different antenna positions on the roof. It is shown that the middle andrear-right positions are preferred in terms of the AR performance.

11:40 Traveling-Wave Fed Dielectric Rod Antenna for 3D Scanning MIMO Sensor
Alexander Khripkov (Huawei Technologies LTD, Finland)
Designed multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar antennas, enabling beamshaping and beam tilting for uniform indoor area coverage. Guidelines and design steps for travelingwave fed dielectric rod antenna are provided. 62 GHz MIMO mmWave radar antenna design and topology described, illustrating achievable performance of the indoor radar, featuring human presence perception,accurate positioning and trajectory tracking; functional area customization, precise subdivision of spaces and scenes and AI super-sensing recognition

12:00 Array-Fed Transmitarray with Designated Beam Directions and Coverages
Xin Guo (Ministerial Key Laboratory, JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China); Liting Zhu and Wen Wu (Nanjing University of Science andTechnology, China)
An array-fed transmitarray is proposed to radiate various beams with designated directions and coverages. It is proposed based on the superposition principle. An array is used as the feed. When the feed sources
are excited individually, multiple elemental beams pointing at different angles are generated. Then the expected beam can be obtained by adding up these elemental beams. The detailed and effective control ofbeam directions and coverages are put forward. Flattop beams and multi-beams with different coverages and directions are finally designed for validation.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
CS41: Electrically Small Antenna Measurement Technique
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Fabien Ferrero (Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, LEAT & CREMANT, France), Adam Narbudowicz (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & Wroclaw University of Science andTechnology, Poland)
10:40 UnderGround-To-AboveGround IoT Communication Links Insurance at 915 MHz Using LoRa Technology
Saeed Haydhah (Concordia University, Canada); Xavier Bernard (Lynkz Instruments, Canada)
At 915 MHz, this study proposes sophisticated wire- less insurance approaches for UnderGround-to-AboveGround (UG-to-AG) communications. Antenna solutions were proposed to ensure the availability of the
UG-to-AG link in the face of soil fluctuations and uncertain sensor orientations. IoUT antennas must be constructed to be as compact as possible while consuming the least amount of power possible. The difficulties
in designing IoUT antennas were also discussed. It was discovered that the soil properties must be properly examined in order to construct the appropriate antenna. Finally, a measuring approach for IoUT antennas
at Ultra-High Frequencies is proposed in order to show underground antenna performance and robustness under various soil conditions.

11:00 VHF/UHF Antenna Measurements Based on Multi Probe Array Technology
Francesco Saccardi (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy); Andrea Giacomini (Microwave Vision Italy SRL, Italy); Nicolas Gross and Thierry Blin (MVG Industries, France); Per
Iversen (Orbit/FR, USA); Lars Foged (Microwave Vision Italy, Italy)
Accurately measuring the radiation characteristics of electrically small antennas, particularly those with low directivity, presents a challenge due to the inevitable coupling between the antenna, the measurement
chamber, and the associated equipment. This challenge becomes even more pronounced when dealing with antennas operating at frequencies in the VHF/UHF range, which introduces complexity to the measurement
instrumentation, testing chamber, and the absorbing materials used. Spherical Near Field (SNF) testing techniques are widely recognized as the most precise and suitable methods for such measurements, primarily
because they allow for the overall system dimensions to be minimized. The application of a multiprobe acquisition further enhances the compactness and efficiency of these measurement setups. This paper provides
an in-depth investigation of measurement accuracy for low-directivity antennas at VHF/UHF frequencies using multiprobe systems. Specifically, the main errors contributions affecting the measurement uncertainty of
the radiation pattern and gain are discussed and analyzed.

11:20 Design of Electrically Small Antennas and Radiation Efficiency Measurement Using MQFM with Radian Wheeler Cap Sizes
Marwan Jadid and Christophe Delaveaud (CEA-LETI, France)
The Modified Quality Factor Method (MQFM) was revisited in this paper to measure electrically small antennas (ESAs) radiation efficiency. The method is used to measure the radiation efficiency for three ESAs ofmaximum electrical dimension λ/12 at frequencies 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 2400 MHz using three Wheeler caps, each having the exact size of the radian sphere (λ/2π) at the considered antenna operating frequency.
The measurement results show agreement with simulations.

11:40 Contactless Impedance and Far-Field Characterization of Electrically Small Antennas
Majid Manteghi (Virginia Tech, USA)
Due to their small size and versatility, electrically small antennas (ESAs) must be precisely characterized in modern wireless communication systems. Traditional methods involving direct cable connections are
susceptible to induced currents, resulting in imprecise input impedance and far-field radiation pattern measurements. This paper presents a novel contactless measurement technique that employs an oscilloscope tocapture the time-domain impulse response of ESAs, mitigating induced current issues and enabling precise impedance measurement. In addition, we present an indirect method for characterizing far-field patterns
and polarization, thereby enhancing the ESA's characterization. Our contactless method is adaptable to various ESA designs and frequencies and offers versatility and non-intrusiveness. Experimental results validate
the efficacy of our method, which represents a significant advance in ESA characterization for wireless system design optimization.

12:00 Cost-Effective Dual Circularly Polarized Antennas for Phase Calibration
Rasmus Luomaniemi, Riku Kormilainen and Mikko K. Leino (Radientum Oy, Finland)
The relative phase of the measured electric field components needs to be known accurately when measuring certain antenna parameters, for example, radiation patterns of circularly polarized antennas. Typicalmethods for phase calibration are expensive and do not necessarily suit very well for cases where the measurement setup is changed occasionally for only a small number of measurements. This work presents
a cost-effective dual circularly polarized PCB antenna that can be easily designed for different operation frequencies. The design method and measured antenna properties are presented along with the method todetermine and apply phase correction to improve phase accuracy of antenna measurements.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
P10b: mmWave and THz propagation modeling and measurements (continued)
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Propagation
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Bo Kum Jung (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany), Lorenzo Luini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
10:40 Empirical Path Loss Model and Small-Scale Fading Statistics in an Indoor Office Environment in 6 and 37 GHz Shared Bands
Ruoyu Sun and Dorin G Viorel (CableLabs, USA); Wilhelm Keusgen (Technische Universität Berlin, Germany); Ruth G Gebremedhin (New York University, USA)The low-cost 6-GHz unlicensed and 37-GHz shared spectra are of interest for operators to deploy hotspot 5G/6G or Wi-Fi for Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) and mobile services. The wireless propagation channel
determines the coverage, capacity, radio link design, and network planning. CableLabs conducted a measurement campaign in an indoor-office environment to study the channel characteristics. The measurement
data, path loss models, and small-scale fading statistics are presented. The channel sounding system uses 500 MHz bandwidth centered at 6.175 and 37.3 GHz. The receiver was mounted near the ceiling mimicking
BS or AP and the transmitter was 1.1 m above ground mimicking cellphone or laptop. 76 test positions were measured with distances 3-85 m in line-of-sight (LOS), obstructed-LOS (OLOS), non-LOS (NLOS), anddeep NLOS conditions. The experimental path loss models, K-factor, root-mean-square delay spread (RMS-DS), and angular spread (RMS-AS) are reported and compared with the 3GPP TR 38.901 models.

11:00 Validation of Ray-Tracing Simulated Channels for Massive MIMO Systems at Millimeter-Wave Bands
Jingyun Di (Aalborg University, Germany); Zhiqiang Yuan (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Denmark & Aalborg University, Denmark); Yejian Lyu andFengchun Zhang (Aalborg University, Denmark); Wei Fan (Southeast University, China)
Employing large-scale antenna configuration is seen as a key enabling radio technology for 5G and beyond communication systems. This work presents validation of a home-developed ray tracing (RT) tool for
massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands. For this purpose, a channel sounding campaign in an indoor entrance scenario using a massive MIMO
systems based on virtual array concept is presented. The channel measurement of 6 GHz bandwidth (26.5-32.5 GHz) is first demonstrated, with a virtual uniform circular array (UCA) consisting of 720 antenna
elements located at the transmitter position on the turntable and one antenna at the receiver position. The impact of order of interactions e.g. reflections and diffractions on the channel impulse responses (CIRs) isanalyzed in the RT simulation. The comparison between RT simulated and measured results shows a reasonable level of agreement.

11:20 Exploiting Numerical Weather Prediction Data for Radiopropagation Modeling of SatCom Links
Roberto Nebuloni (Ieiit - Cnr, Italy); Marianna Biscarini (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Laura Dossi (CNR-IEIIT, Italy); Saverio Di Fabio (CETEMPS, Italy); Paolo
Scaccia and Paolo Antonelli (AdaptiveMeteo, Italy); Livio Bernardini (CETEMPS, Italy); Carlo Riva and Lorenzo Luini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
Propagation data based on numerical weather pre- diction (NWP) models are not mature for an operational use in applications such as adaptive fade mitigation in SatCom systems. However, these datasets areuseful in the design and system simulation stage. In the framework of the RadioSatMet ESA-founded project, we have developed a software tool that includes a parametric radiopropagation model (PRM) for Earthto-space links based on NWP data for the atmospheric channel assessment. We run the tool and generated 28-days time series of path attenuation components over a large continental area. Here we describe the
NWP+PRM modeling chain and compare the synthetic path attenuation data obtained by our tool with beacon measurements collected during the Alphasat experiment

11:40 Wind-Induced Backscatter Clustering from Vegetation at W-Band
Mario Vala (Instituto de Telecomunicações de Portugal, Portugal); João Ricardo Reis (Instituto de Telecomunicações and Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal); Joao M.
Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal); Nuno R. Leonor (Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (IPL) & Instituto de Telecomunicações(IT), Leiria, Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal); Rafael F. S. Caldeirinha (Polytechnic Institute of Leiria &Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal)
In this paper, the wind-induced backscattering from vegetation at W-band frequencies is studied and characterised through practical validation in a controlled environment. Wideband analyses of the backscatterclustering from a simple tree show that leaves and trunk play an import role in the generation of diffuse scattering which is the dominant propagation mechanism in random scattering media. Multiple internal reflections
may introduce tails in the power delay profile, yielding a radar signature of about twice the dimensions of the tree canopy. Also, wideband signal statics are affected in the presence of wind.

12:00 E-Band Measured Propagation Characteristics for Urban Backhaul Communications
Bofan Wu, Haifeng Mou, Hang Yang, Zhenyang Guo, Xianbing Zou and Xiang Gao (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China)
E-band millimeter-wave (mm-wave), due to its large bandwidth, is considered promising for building high-speed wireless backhauls. However, link availability and transmission rate can be greatly affected by E-band
propagation characteristics. In the paper, we study E-band propagation in urban backhaul scenarios and evaluate system performance. We conducted channel measurements in a campus environment, where onground pole-mounted backhauling and rooftop outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) scenarios were considered. Based on the measurement data, we find that the measured E-band pathloss is close to free-space propagation
loss. Additionally, there is an around 4-dB penetration loss caused by glass window in the O2I propagation. Fading is found to be severe in the on-ground scenario, but insignificant in the rooftop O2I link. Performance
evaluation shows that an uncoded rate of 3 Gbps can be easily achieved over a 750-MHz bandwidth. The results help understand E-band propagation characteristics and are useful for backhaul system design.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
E02b: Computational Electromagnetics (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Electromagnetics
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Giuseppe Vecchi (Politecnico di Torino, Italy), Jong-Gwan Yook (Yonsei University, Korea (South))
10:40 Frequency-Domain TLM Method with Cartesian Block Meshing
Abdelrahman Abdallah Ijjeh (Université Cote d'Azur, France); Marylène Cueille (University of Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS, France); Soukaina Mifdal (Université Coted'Azur, France); Jean-Lou Dubard (UCA, LEAT, France); Michel Ney (IMT Atlantique, France)
A frequency-domain TLM with Cartesian block meshing scheme is presented in this article. This approach allows arbitrary Cartesian non-structured local mesh refinement in critical regions (e.g., discontinuities
and important fine details). This versatile meshing technique is very useful in handling multiscale problems without exhausting computational resources. Moreover, this proposed approach permits the computationof the EM-fields at specific frequencies using fast linear-solvers without the need to run many time-domain iterations especially for highly resonating structures. Simulation experiments and comparison to othercomputational EM schemes are presented to show the validity and the performance of the proposed approach.

11:00 Stabilization of EFIE-IBC by Spatial Filtering
Margaux Bruliard and Giuseppe Vecchi (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
Impedance Boundary Condition (IBC) is a widely used approximation in the analysis of metasurfaces, and it greatly simplifies the design process. However, for some ranges of impedance values of practical interestin metasurface applications, the Integral Equation formulation has shown instabilities. This contribution proposes a way to improve that shortcoming; the method is based on the property of the involved operators andthe nature of the IBC approximation

11:20 Mixed Spatial-Spectral Domain Integral Equation Solver for Higher-Order Boundary Conditions in Electromagnetics
Jordan R. Dugan, Tom Smy and Shulabh Gupta (Carleton University, Canada)
Higher-order boundary conditions are a useful tool for simplification of complex electromagnetic problems. Recently, a systematic technique, known as the Extended GSTC method, has been developed for simulating
spatially dispersive metasurfaces using higher-order boundary conditions. In general, if we want to perfectly capture the angular scattering response of a metasurface using higher-order boundary conditions, it would
require the computation of derivatives of infinite order. Therefore, achieving a good approximation of the metasurface scattering response may require the calculation of numerical derivatives up to a prohibitively highorder, leading to an ill-conditioned system of equations. Here we develop a mixed spatial-spectral Integral Equation (IE) solver in 2D that allows for the simulation of electromagnetic problems involving higher-orderboundary conditions without the explicit computation of any numerical derivatives.

11:40 A Higher-Order Spectral Element Method to Model Eccentric Anisotropic Two-Layer Waveguides via Conformal Transformation Optics
Raul Oliveira Ribeiro (Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); Guilherme Simon da Rosa (São Paulo State University, Brazil); Jose R Bergmann (PUC-Rio,
Brazil); Fernando Teixeira (The Ohio State University, USA)
We present an improved spectral element method (SEM) to analyze eccentric two-layer waveguides filled with anisotropic non-reciprocal media. The formulation employs conformal transformation optics (TO) theory
to map the original eccentric waveguide into an equivalent concentric problem. The TO is extended to include non-symmetric and non-Hermitian media tensors. In the concentric domain, we apply higher-order
two-dimensional basis functions associated with the zeros of the completed Lobatto polynomial to model the fields. We validated our approach against finite-element method (FEM) solutions, and the preliminary
results show that our technique requires far fewer degrees of freedom than FEM.

12:00 Generalized Transition Matrix Model Using Characteristic Basis Function Method for Open-Ended Cavities
Inhwan Kim and Hyeong-Rae Im (Yonsei University, Korea (South)); Ic-Pyo Hong (Kongju National University, Korea (South)); Hyunsoo Lee (Inha University, Korea(South)); Jong-Gwan Yook (Yonsei University, Korea (South))This paper proposes a novel method for large open-ended cavity problems using generalized transition matrix (GTM) method accelerated by the characteristic basis function method (CBFM). The electric surface
currents on both exterior and interior walls of a cavity are represented by the characteristic basis functions (CBFs), resulting in the compression of the number of unknowns. The paper introduces the GTM model
formulation with the CBFs. The GTM model is calculated efficiently using the CBFs, which has lower computational complexity. The numerical results are also introduced using an example of open-ended cavity
structure, and evaluated computational efficiency compared with the conventional method.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
A06b: Advances in reflectarray antennas for wave control, space and 5G applications (continued)
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / / Antennas
Room: M2
Chairs: Manuel Arrebola (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain), Pablo Camacho (Polytechnique Montreal, Canada)
10:40 Folded Dielectric Reflectarray with Spherical Polarizer
Andrea Massaccesi and Michele Beccaria (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Agnese Mazzinghi (University of Florence, Italy); Angelo Freni (Università degli studi Firenze, Italy);
Paola Pirinoli (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
A novel folded reflectarray, distinguished by the use of dielectric resonator elements and the integration of a spherical polarizer realized with a metalized plastic structure, is presented in this work. The adopted unit
cell consists of a rectangular dielectric resonator placed over a thin substrate. It is designed to produce the required phase shift between the incident and the reflected field and to twist the field polarization by 90
degrees. To reduce the thickness of the reflecting surface, a 3D-printable dielectric material with a high value of the dielectric constant is used. Additionally, a spherical polarizer is exploited to enhance the reflectarray
bandwidth compared to a flat configuration. Preliminary results on the design of a 408-element circular reflectarray demonstrate very good performance, with a gain of 28.2 dBi and a 1-dB bandwidth of 14.2%.

11:00 Experimental Validation of Reflectarray-Based Base Station Antenna for Simultaneous Front- and Radio Back-Haul Links in mm-Wave FrequenciesÁlvaro F. Vaquero (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain); Borja Imaz-Lueje (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain); Marcos R. Pino and Manuel Arrebola (Universidad de Oviedo,
Spain)
This work presents a reflectarray designed for indoor base station operation in mm-Wave bands. The reflectarray operates in dual orthogonal polarization (either circular or linear), using one polarization to create a
femtocell tailored to the specific scenario, while the orthogonal polarization establishes a high-gain link with an external base station. Thus, a single antenna is utilized to simultaneously establish both the Front- andBack-haul links. The Front-haul design involves shaping the near field, achieved through synthesis techniques, while the Back-haul is addressed analytically. A design operating with two orthogonal linear polarizations
is performed. The physical elements are implemented using a two-layer unit cell based on coplanar dipoles. The manufactured demonstrator closely aligns with simulations, showing that such antennas offer potential
solutions in mm-Wave communication to enhance indoor coverage where polarization diversity is unnecessary. Furthermore, they enable a dual Front-haul and Back-haul link.

11:20 A Wideband Reflectarray with Reconfigurable Polarization and Beam-Scanning by Using Liquid Crystal Delay Line for Millimeter-Wave
Peyman Aghabeyki and Shuai Zhang (Aalborg University, Denmark)A wideband reflective unit cell based on aperturecoupled delay line is proposed that leverages the Liquid Crystal (LC) technology and controls the vertical and horizontal polarizations separately. By illuminating theunit cell with linear slant polarization and controlling the phase of vertical and horizontal polarization components through separate delay lines, the phase and polarization of the reflective wave can be dynamicallycontrolled. The proposed unit cell can generate Right-hand and Left-Hand circular, +45 Linear, and +135 Linear polarizations with 360˚ phase shift control. A 20×20 element Reflectarray (RA) is simulated, andbeam-steering is demonstrated for different polarizations only by using a single polarized horn feed. For circular polarization mode, the RA archives ±45˚ beam-steering range with a maximum 24.7 dBi realized gain,
20% Axial Ratio bandwidth, and 15% gain bandwidth in boresight at 29 GHz.

11:40 Dual-Band Reflectarray-Based Electromagnetic Skin to Provide Millimeter-Wave Coverage in the 28/60-GHz Bands
Jorge Vallejo, Eduardo Martinez-de-Rioja and Ana Arboleya (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain)
In this contribution, a low-profile dual-band smart electromagnetic skin (SES) is proposed to improve wireless communications in millimeter-wave 5G. The SES is based on a single-layer reflectarray panel that canoperate simultaneously at the 28 and 60 GHz bands. The reflectarray unit-cell consists of a central lower frequency element which is surrounded by four higher frequency elements. The SES has been designed
to provide a different coverage for each frequency (i.e., two separate beams with different pointing directions). A beamforming technique has been applied to broaden the beams in azimuth and achieve a wider
coverage. The proposed device can be used to enable wireless communications in millimeter-wave 5G by providing enhanced coverage in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios.

12:00 A High-Efficiency Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna Using Two Types of Active Unit Cells
Yong-Hyun Nam (Hongik University, Korea (South)); Sun-Gyu Lee (Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea (South)); Jeong-Hae Lee (Hongik
University, Korea (South))
A reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) using two types of active unit cells is presented for high efficiency and simplification of the bias circuit. By combining two types of 1-bit active unit cell, a quasi 2-bit RRA is
designed, which achieves four quantized phase states. In particular, this RRA is confirmed to have quantization efficiency equal to the ideal 2-bit for specific angle and similar to 1-bit for the other angles. The quasi
2-bit RRAs for two specific angles of 0° and 20° in the E-plane are simulated at 10.1 GHz, and the aperture efficiencies are calculated to be 35.0% and 37.4%, respectively. Compared to 1-bit RRA, the improvementof aperture efficiency is confirmed to be 73.3% for the 0° beam and 86.1% for the 20° beam, respectively.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
CS33b: Multiscale, Multiphysics and Unconventional Techniques for Electromagnetic Imaging (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Electromagnetics
Room: M3
Chairs: Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy), Rosa Scapaticci (CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Italy)
10:40 Nonlinear Correction of the Direct Inverse Problem Solution in Real-Time Imaging
Cristina Origlia, David O. Rodriguez-Duarte and Jorge A. Tobon Vasquez (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Natalia Nikolova (McMaster University, Canada); Francesca Vipiana(Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
This paper proposes a direct method for quantitative real-time imaging based on a nonlinear correction of the approximate linearized imaging kernel. The correction process relies on a pseudo-Rytov approximation
employing the ratio between the total and incident fields in the scattering model, which can be estimated analytically. Unlike traditional iterative algorithms, there is no need for multiple computations of the direct
scattering model, gaining computational speed and robustness to numerical inaccuracies. First, a fast direct inversion algorithm based on the Born approximation provides the initial guess for the permittivity
distribution; this study employs the Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (TSVD) and an in-house finite element-based solver to compute the imaging operator. Then, the field correction factor is transferred onto
the object's permittivity to enhance its quantitative accuracy. The proposal viability is verified in 2D synthetic experiments at microwave frequencies, verifying improvements in the reconstructed unknown permittivity.

11:00 Supervised Learning Applied to Microwave Imaging System Calibration
Ben J Martin, Seth J Cathers, Ian Jeffrey and Colin Gilmore (University of Manitoba, Canada)
Near-field microwave imaging systems seek a quantitative reconstruction of the permittivity in a region of interest. These systems measure raw S-parameters which contain the effects of antennas, cables, and othernon-ideal aspects of the imaging system. Imaging algorithms use a computational forward model to make images, often assuming that fields are measured at points. In the absence of a sufficiently complex forward
model that can model the physical system perfectly, these S-parameters need to be calibrated to facilitate the reconstruction. Herein, using a data set with three known targets over 300 collected S-parameter/electricfield pairs, we evaluate a novel calibration method via supervised learning with a U-Net neural network

11:20 Microwave Inversion of Measured S-Parameters Using a Thin-Wire Antenna Model
Lucas Banting, Ian Jeffrey and Joe LoVetri (University of Manitoba, Canada)
An imaging procedure based on the minimization of an objective function that incorporates measured S-parameters is presented. Experimentally measured S-parameters are used to link modelled incident andreflected power waves at the antenna ports. The S-parameter objective function is incorporated into the Contrast Source Inversion method. A sub-grid thin-wire model is used to model these incident and reflected
power waves. The new procedure is used to image a simple breast phantom, consisting of a tumour within a homogeneous fat region, placed within an air-based quasi-resonant breast imaging chamber. Single
frequency S-parameters measurements at the ports of 24 half-loop antennas on the chamber walls constitutes the inversion data. The thin-wire antenna model, which reduces modelling error, together with the new
objective function, lessens the burden on calibration procedures that often fail when the objective function is formulated using field components. Experimental results show promising imaging performance over a large
frequency band.

11:40 Deep-Learning Optimized Reconfigurable Metasurface for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Johannes Müller (University of Bremen & Fraunhofer MEVIS, Germany); Martina Falchi (University of Pisa, Italy); Endri Stoja (Fraunhofer FHR, Germany); Simon
Konstandin (Fraunhofer MEVIS, Germany); Matthias Günther (Fraunhofer Mevis, Bremen, Germany); Danilo Brizi and Pierpaolo Usai (University of Pisa, Italy); Agostino
Monorchio (University of Pisa & CNIT, Italy); Dennis Philipp (Fraunhofer MEVIS, Germany)In this work, a one-dimensional metasurface prototype (N = 14) is presented that is digitally controlled in combination with deep learning (DL)-driven optimization. Both, the forward and inverse problem are addressed.
The forward problem, involving the mapping of capacitance values to a desired magnetic field distribution, is well-posed and can be effectively solved through a variety of methods. The inverse problem, i.e., deriving
capacitance values from observed magnetic fields, is tackled by deep learning, specifically through a Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs) approach. The feasibility of training a neural network with simulation data,
achieving sufficient agreement between numerical and experimental results is demonstrated. Deep learning-driven optimization of MTMs in MRI applications holds a huge potential for many applications in the futureand it represents a significant step towards bridging the gap between simulated and experimental results.

12:00 Impact of Antenna Radiation Pattern Linear Phase Shift in SAR Image Quality
Alicia Flórez Berdasco (University of Oviedo, Spain); Jaime Laviada (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain); Fernando Las-Heras (University of Oviedo, Spain)
The effect of linear phase changes along the antenna radiation pattern beamwidth on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is evaluated by means of electromagnetic simulations. Electromagnetic images havebeen obtained for a set of linear phase offsets to characterize the effect of the non-uniform phase of the antenna radiation pattern on this type of measurements. From the study, a maximum threshold has been
established to avoid target displacement and distortion, and thus, prevent the degradation of the electromagnetic image quality.

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
IW8: Regulatory and Performance Testing Considerations for Future Wireless Communication Technologies,
ETS-Lindgren
Room: M4
10:40 Wi-Fi 6E/7: Amazing New Frontiers and Challenges
Presenter: Bill Koerner (Keysight Technologies)

11:15 Continued Evaluation of the Modern 5G Millimeter Wave Antenna Array Evaluation in Near- and Far-Field Environments
Presenter: Jari Vikstedt (ETS-Lindgren)

11:50 Trials and Tribulations of a Wireless and Digital Services Test Lab
Presenter: Daniel Churchill (Cambridge Consultants)

Thursday, March 21 10:40 - 12:20
WG Active Array Antennas: WG meeting
Room: Fyne

Thursday, March 21 13:10 - 14:40
PA1: Poster session on Antennas for biomedical and health applications
T06 Biomedical and health / / Antennas
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Erdem Cil (University of Rennes 1, France), Joseph Costantine (American University of Beirut, Lebanon)
Omnidirectional Cylindrical Dielectirc Resonator Antenna for off & on Body Communications

1

Tarek Saleh Abdou (The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Salam Khamas (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
An innovative millimetre wave (mmWave) cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for off/on-body communication is presented. The proposed antenna offers broadside and omnidirectional patterns at two
different frequency bands and make use of a planar feed network. The omnidirectional radiation has been achieved with a gain of 4.53 dBi and an impedance bandwidth of 2.1% by exciting the HEM21δ omnidirectionalmode at 25.5 GHz. In addition, the HEM111 fundamental mode has been excited to provide broadside radiation at 21.5 GHz. This dual-band performance was confirmed by measurements, exhibiting high agreementwith simulations. Therefore, the proposed configuration is flexible and suitable for both on-body and off-body communications.

Dual-Band 3-D MIMO Antenna for Deep Tissue Devices

2

Amjad Iqbal (INRS, Canada); Penchala Reddy Sura (Visvodaya Engineering College, India); Muath Al-Hasan (Al Ain University, United Arab Emirates); Ismail Ben
Mabrouk (Al Ain University & Princeton University, United Arab Emirates); Tayeb Denidni (INRS, Canada)
In this paper, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) capsule endoscopic antenna is proposed for the 915 and 2450 MHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands. The single element of the MIMO antenna
system has a small size of 5×4.75×0.1 mm3. It has simulated 10-dB bandwidths of 90 and 730 MHz at the low-frequency (915 MHz) and high-frequency (2.45 GHz) bands, respectively. Then, four elements arearranged in a cubical form to develop a quad-element MIMO antenna. The proposed three-dimensional (3-D) MIMO antenna has an overall size of 5×5×4.75 mm3. It has simulated realized gains of -28.85 and -20.68
dBi at 915 and 2450 MHz, respectively. The proposed antenna is designed and integrated into a capsule device. The other parts of the capsule device include batteries, a camera, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), a
printed circuit board (PCB), and surface-mounted devices (SMDs). The endoscope is placed in the human model's stomach.

Eco-Friendly and Conformable PIFA Based on PEDOT: PSS and a Sustainable Chitosan Substrate for 5G Communications 4
Ilaria Marasco (Politecnico di Bari, Italy); Gaia de Marzo (Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy); Giovanni Niro (Politecnico di Bari, Italy); Francesco Rizzi (Istituto Italiano diTecnologia, Italy); Antonella D'Orazio and Marco Grande (Politecnico di Bari, Italy); Massimo De Vittorio (Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy)
According to many institutions, the number of connected devices will be 125 billion in 2030. Hence, the need to minimize the environmental impact of the plastics derived from circuitry is self-evident. In this context,
we present the design, fabrication and characterization of an eco-friendly and conformable Planar Inverted-F Antenna made of a conductive polymer blend based on PEDOT: PSS and placed on a sustainablechitosan substrate. The characterization of the fabricated prototypes is fully in line with the numerical simulations. This work shows the potentiality of the combination of the PEDOT: PSS and chitosan substrate forthe realization of a new class of eco-friendly antennas for health monitoring sensors.

Phase Variation of Ingestible Dipole, Loop, and Patch Antennas in Gastrointestinal Tract 5
Erdem Cil (University of Rennes 1, France); Denys Nikolayev (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique (IETR) - UMR CNRS 6164, France)
This paper examines the behavior of magnitude and phase of reflection coefficient of ingestible antennas in the gastrointestinal tract for the purpose of sensing and distinguishing the gastrointestinal tissues. In thiscontext, the paper presents the changes in these parameters for three common antenna types (dipole, loop, patch) in the interval of electromagnetic properties of the gastrointestinal tissues. The antennas operate
in the 433 MHz ISM Band and conform to the inner surface of polylactic-acid capsules with shell thicknesses of 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mm. They are optimized in a homogeneous spherical phantom having time-averaged
electromagnetic properties of gastrointestinal tissues. The changes in the magnitude and phase are presented in the intervals of 57-72 for relative permittivity and 0.5-2.1 S/m for the conductivity. The results showthat the phase varies in wider intervals than the magnitude, indicating that it is better to track the phase for distinguishing the gastrointestinal tissues.

Monitoring Eye States Based on Transparent and Flexible Antenna in WBAN 6
Yu Yang and Yu Shao (Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China); Yu Yao (University of Sussex, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yanyang Zhang(Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China)
With the development of wireless body area network (WBAN), the integration of transparent and flexible antennas into wearable devices has been widely studied. Transparent and flexible antennas can be compatible
with devices of different shapes, sizes and materials, achieving device miniaturization. Wearable antennas can achieve lightweight, flexible, low-cost, and portable wireless communication and sensing. This letter
aims to design and fabricate a transparent and flexible monopole antenna operating at 5.8 GHz, fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW). We selected 650-nm-thick indium tin oxide (ITO) as conductors and 0.125-mm-thickpolyethylene terephthalate(PET) as substrate. The antenna's surface resistance is 2-3 (Ω/sq), the average transparency is 73%, and the gain at 5.8 GHz is 1.074 dBi. We integrate this antenna into the lens for eye
states monitoring and use vector network analyzer to measure return loss in three states: closing, opening, and blinking. And after data processing, the blinking frequency can be accurately calculated.

Miniaturised Magnetic Antenna for Wireless Implanted Medical Device 7
Mélusine Pigeon (University of Bath, Bath, UK); John Barton (Tyndall National Institute, Ireland)This paper presents a miniaturised magnetic antenna that can be used for Wireless Implanted Medical device (WIMD). This antenna is designed for data transmission. The miniaturisation factor achieved is 1/9th of
the size of a loop antenna in free space. The antenna was designed to work at Ultra High Frequency (UHF) frequencies range with an UHF Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip. This design could be used forother frequency ranges. Due to the high miniaturization factor the performances of the antenna are impacted but a read range of up to 80mm was achieved within a simplified phantom representing blood and fat.

Development of a Wearable IoT-Optimized Textile Antenna with Low Specific Absorption Rate in Three Frequency Bands 8
Niamat Hussain (Sejong University, Korea (South)); Md. Abu Sufian, Anees Abbas and Jaemin Lee (Chungbuk National University, Korea (South)); Seonggyoon Park
(Kongju National University, Korea (South)); Nam Kim (Chungbuk National University, Korea (South))This paper introduces a textile antenna designed for wearable Internet-of-Things (IoT) use, employing a slotted patch configuration. The antenna is constructed on standard textile material and operates within crucial
IoT frequency bands, encompassing the 1.9 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz band of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), 5G-sub-6-GHz, and industrial, scientific, and medical radio bands, respectively.
Antenna offers -10 dB impedance bandwidths corresponding to 7.34, 3.4, and 5.03% with respect to resonating frequencies while having radiation efficiencies of 64.2, 76.2, and 75.9 %, respectively. This antenna
have a high gain of 5.04, 6.35, and 6.9 dBi at first, second and third resonance, respectively. Most notably, it maintains relatively low specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.7 W/kg, 1.04 W/kg, and 0.532 W/kg when
averaged across 1 gram of tissue. These features make the proposed textile antenna well-suited for wearable IoT applications.

Embroidered Antenna-Based Sensor for Real-Time Natremia Monitoring 10
Mariam El gharbi (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain); Raul Fernandez-Garcia (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain); Ignacio Gil (Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, Spain)
This paper presents a feasibility study of a textile antenna-based sensor to monitor natremia levels in real-time. The proposed device is composed of a square ring implemented on a textile substrate to detect different
concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl). The textile substrate can absorb different concentration solutions of sodium through a square ring slot which contains maximum electric field distribution. Consequently,
the dielectric properties of the substrate are changed according to the properties of the liquid absorbed in the sensing area. The designed antenna-based sensor is optimized to operate at 2.4GHz. The results
demonstrated the capability of the proposed antenna sensor to detect different natremia levels, including hyponatremia (110-130mmol/L), normonatremia (135-145mmol/L) and hypernatremia (150-170mmol/L), witha sensitivity of 39 kHz/(mg/dL). In addition to its capacity for detecting varying sodium concentrations associated with different natremia levels, the proposed antenna sensor offers several advantages, including low
cost, compact size and simplistic design.

A Compact Implantable Camera Integrated MIMO Antenna with Polarization Diversity for Wireless-Capsule-Endoscopy Applications

11

Muhammad Qamar (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Kamil Yavuz Kapusuz (Ghent University & IMEC, Belgium); Mohamed Thaha andAkram Alomainy (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper, we present the development and performance evaluation of a MIMO ultra-compact camera-integrated antenna, uniquely equipped with polarization diversity. This antenna is designed for seamlessintegration into a pill-shaped capsule, custom-tailored for ingestible and implantable applications at 868 MHz. Extensive numerical analysis substantiates the antenna's robust impedance and radiation characteristics
across diverse body tissues. Additionally, MIMO analysis affirms the appropriateness of this design for high-data-rate wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) systems.

Textile Waveguide Antennas for On-Body Sensor and Communication Systems

12

Davorin Mikulic, Davor Bonefačić, Juraj Bartolić and Zvonimir Sipus (University of Zagreb, Croatia)
The integration of on-body sensors and communication networks is increasingly vital in fields such as sports, healthcare, elderly people support and military services. This paper explores the design and evaluationof textile waveguide antennas for on-body communication, focusing on efficient wave launching and performance assessment. The proposed miniaturized textile bidirectional waveguide antenna offers compact
dimensions without sacrificing performance, thus advancing on-body communication technology.

Design of an UWB Conformal Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy

13

Chang Liu, Abdullah Alshammari and Abdulwahab Alghamdi (Durham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Amjad Iqbal (INRS, Canada); Ismail Ben Mabrouk (AlAin University & Princeton University, United Arab Emirates)
This paper introduces a novel, compact antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE), operating at the 915 MHz, Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency band. The suggested antenna achieves Ultra
Wide-Band (UWB) operation. This design allows the antenna to operate across a broad frequency range from 0.59 to 1.36 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 96.25% centered at 0.8 GHz. The antenna's large
bandwidth is able to provide higher channel capacity and address frequency detuning issues. A compact design, measuring 30.5mm × 9mm × 0.04mm, is achieved by implementing a meander path shape. This
design achieves an average peak gain of up to -45.93 dBi. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is evaluated to be 0.0002W/Kg. The findings demonstrate that, under various scenarios, the designed antenna maintains
communication at distances exceeding 6 meters, with a 15 dB margin.

Miniaturization of Wireless Power Transfer for Implantable Devices Using Voltage Doubler Rectifier 14
Abdenasser Lamkaddem (Carlos III University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain); Ahmed El Yousfi (Universidad Carlos III De Madrid, Spain); Vicente González Posadas(Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain); Daniel Segovia-Vargas (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain)
In this paper, we present a new and high efficient wireless power transfer system for biomedical implants. The system composes of a dual-band implantable antenna, a wearable patch antenna, and a voltage doubler
rectifier. The transmitter has an impedance bandwidth below -10 dB from 1.461 up to 1.48 GHz. On the other hand, the dual-band receiver has a 23.4 % and 16.5 % impedance bandwidths at 915 MHz (the industrial,
scientific and medical -ISM) and 1.47 GHz, respectively. Good agreement has been observed between the measured results inside minced pork and salmon fish. Finally, a 8.7 x 3.15 mm2 ultra-small rectifier has
been developed to be integrated with the implantable device for wireless power transfer purposes.

Sensitivity of the Dielectric Spectroscopy with the Microwave Thermal Ablation Antenna to the Immersion Depth and Longitudinal Dimension of the Measured Media
15

Klementina Vidjak (Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy); Marta Cavagnaro (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
Microwave thermal ablation is an electromagnetic-based technique for treating malignant tissue. However, the success of such treatment highly depends on the design of the ablation antenna, it's positioning in thetargeted tissue and the matching of the antenna into the tissue. The common parameter on which all three conditions depend are the dielectric properties of the tissue. Therefore, to improve the ablation technique it
would be beneficiary to develop a methodology for in-situ real-time dielectric spectroscopy with the ablation antenna itself. Until now, some studies dealing with this type of measurements have been published, but
further analysis of the factors influencing the measurements need to be performed. In this work, the sensitivity of dielectric spectroscopy with asymmetric dipole applicators operating at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz in respect
to their immersion depth into the tissue and the longitudinal dimension of the tissue was studied numerically.

Miniaturized Implantable Antenna with Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Characteristics for Leadless Pacemakers 3
Abdulwahab Alghamdi, Abdullah Alshammari and Liu Chang (Durham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Amjad Iqbal (INRS, Canada); Ismail Ben Mabrouk (AlAin University & Princeton University, United Arab Emirates)
This article presents a miniaturized antenna with a broad bandwidth tailored for use in cardiac leadless pacemakers. The proposed antenna has a compact size with a footprint of 9.44 mm3, and an ultra-wide
bandwidth of 3380 MHz, which effectively mitigates detuning effects. This bandwidth covers the frequencies from 0.77 GHz to 4.15 GHz, ensuring optimal performance across medical frequency bands, including ISM,
Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS), and the midfield bands. The achievement of this ultra-wide bandwidth is attributed to the insertion of a meandered line in the ground plane and a large rectangular slot
in the patch. Furthermore, to ensure patient safety, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) examinations were conducted within a homogeneous heart phantom (HHP). In this HHP scenario, the proposed antenna, housed
within a dummy leadless pacemaker, demonstrated high gain values of -27.5 dBi, -27.7 dBi, and -30.5 dBi at 0.915 GHz, 1.4 GHz, and 2.45 GHz, respectively.

CVNN Approach for Microwave Imaging Applications in Brain Cancer: Preliminary Results
Sandra Costanzo and Alexandra Flores (University of Calabria, Italy)

9

The application of Complex-Valued Neural Network (CVNN) is proposed in this work to significantly enhance the image quality derived from the solution of Inverse Scattering Problem (ISP) which are faced withQuadratic Born Iterative Method (BIM). The proposed approach takes advantage from the exploitation of the full information contained into complex-valued data inherent to the microwave imaging context, thus
leading to directly reconstruct the conductivity parameter.

Thursday, March 21 13:10 - 14:40
PA3: Poster session on mm-wave and sub mm-wave Antennas II
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Antennas
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Michael A Dittman (Michigan State University, USA), Charikleia Tzimoragka (Université de Rennes, France)
Dynamic Programming-Based Beam Codebook Design for mmWave Multi-Antenna Module in Mobile Devices 38
Bing-Jia Chen (Academia Sinica, Taiwan); Yun-Ting Tsai and Sheng-Yeh Yang (National Taiwan University, Taiwan); Sung Mao Liao, Chien Ming Hsu and Chuanchien
Huang (Taiwan); Kuo-Chu Liao (AsusTek Computer, Inc., Taiwan); Shih-Yuan Chen (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)
Beam codebook design is essential for enhancing the signal spherical coverage of multi-antenna module in mobile mmWave devices. Meanwhile, power consumption of the antenna module poses a significant
challenge for 5G/B5G mobile devices. Therefore, the trade-off between power saving and degradation in spherical coverage gain should be simultaneously considered in the beam codebook design. In this paper,a dynamic programming (DP)-based algorithm is proposed to address this issue by hybridizing the full-chain and sub-chain codebooks in two schemes. The first scheme aims to minimize the degradation in thespherical coverage gain under a specific power saving ratio, while the second focuses on improving the power saving ratio given the level of degradation in the spherical coverage gain. The optimal beam codebooks
thus obtained that the proposed DP-based algorithm achieves over 10% more power saving and less degradation in coverage gain, respectively, in the two schemes compared to the sub-chain codebook.

Design of Ultra-Wideband Dual-Polarized Corrugated Horn Antenna for 5G Application

22

Nan Hu (A-INFO INC, USA); Shuang Liu, Jianrui Liu and Lixin Zhao (Chengdu A-INFO Inc., China); Wenqing Xie (A-INFO Inc., China)
An ultra-wideband(UWB) dual-polarized corrugated horn antenna is proposed in this paper. The operating frequency band is 24-50GHz, covering the 5G communication frequency band. This antenna makes up
for the deficiency of the traditional horn antenna in bandwidth and radiation characteristics. The combination structure of quad-ridge corrugated horn antenna and orthomode transducer(OMT) is used to realize the
UWB, dual-polarization and high isolation radiation characteristics. In practical application, the waveguide coaxial transfer structure is required for installation and connection. The measured results meet the design
requirements. The measured VSWR results are 2.2 Max., the port isolation results are -30dB Max. The proposed antenna has good far field characteristics. The gain results are 20dB Typ. and the cross polarization
isolation are -35dB Max. The proposed horn antenna has been processed and applied in the practical systems.

A Wearable Open-Ring Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Frequency Reconfiguration 37
Xuewen Jiang and Zhijiao Chen (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China); Benito Sanz-Izquierdo (University of Kent, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A wearable open-ring dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with frequency reconfiguration is proposed in this paper. The travelling wave mode inside DRA is utilized to achieve wideband characteristic. By varying theinsertion depth of the feeding probe, three different operating frequencies can be realized located at 21.2 GHz, 26.3 GHz and 32.7 GHz, respectively. The three operating bands achieve relative bandwidths of 15.6%(19.5 GHz - 22.8 GHz), 12.9% (24.6 GHz - 28 GHz) and 12.2% (30.7 GHz - 34.7 GHz), covering several frequency ranges from K band to Ka band. The simple structure and compact size of the proposed antennapresent great potential in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) body area network (BAN) applications.

A 2x2 Dual-Band Open Loop Array with Circular Polarisation

25

Erendira Merlos-Garza and Rola Saad (The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Salam Khamas (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (GreatBritain))
A novel dual band circularly polarised mmWave open circular loop antenna array is proposed. The antenna has been fabricated on a double sided Rogers RT5880 substrate with a double-sided parallel strip line
(DSPSL) and mounted in a three layer Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) case. The microstrip array offers an average gain of 13.85 dBi, impedance bandwidths of 4.60% and 3.55% at 30 GHz and 34 GHz respectively,
and a CP bandwidth of 10.16%. Close agreement has been achieved between measured and simulated results

5G Millimeter-Wave Reflectarray Antenna Design with a Good Gain-Filtering Characteristic Based on a High-Efficiency Polarization Converter
Wen Fu, Gert Pedersen and Shuai Zhang (Aalborg University, Denmark)31

A shuttle-shaped polarization converter with high-efficiency is designed in the paper, which can operate at 5G millimeter wave and can realize polarization conversion rate (PCR) over 90% from 27.7 GHz to 29.2
GHz. Rotating the polarization converter unit clockwise results in another unit with the same reflection coefficient and a phase difference of 180 degrees. Based on these two units, a high gain reflectarray antenna(RA) with a good and stable gain-filtering characteristic is presented. The maximum realized gain is 23.7 dBi at 28.5 GHz. For a beam at any angle, the realized gain versus frequency exhibits a filter-like curve with azero.

Beam-Tilted All-Metal Radial-Line Slot Array Antenna with Uniform Spacing 20
Jose I Herranz-Herruzo (Universitat Politècnica de València & APL - iTEAM, Spain); Alejandro Valero-Nogueira (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain); MiguelFerrando-Rocher (Universitat Politècnica de València & Antennas and Propagation Lab, Spain)
This communication proposes an all-metal radial-line slot array antenna with a tilted beam, intended to mm-wave communications. Instead of modifying the array spacing along the beam tilt plane, an azimuthal
variation of the propagation constant within the feeding waveguide is introduced. With this aim, the parallel-plate waveguide is loaded with a non-uniform bed of nails, tailoring each pin height accordingly. The
operation principle and the design guidelines of this uniformly-spaced array are explained, and the beam-tilting performance is assessed.

A Single-Layer Quadruple-Band Millimeter-Wave Antenna Using Split-Rings for 5G Application 18
Nan Hu (A-INFO INC, USA); Shuang Liu, Jianrui Liu and Lixin Zhao (Chengdu A-INFO Inc., China); Wenqing Xie (A-INFO Inc., China)
This manuscript presents a single-layer quadruple-band millimeter-wave antenna for 5G application. Its upper layer is made up of a hexagonal patch fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line. By etching two symmetric split-ringslots on the hexagonal patch, it allows to operate at three frequencies which are 27.5 GHz, 44.6 GHz, and 50.7 GHz. Then, a pair of L-shaped branches are coupled on both sides of the microstrip line to realize theresonance point of 36.7 GHz. The gains at these four frequencies respectively are 6.4 dBi, 7.6 dBi, 9.2 dBi, and 7.1 dBi while the -10 dB impendence bandwidth cover 27.2 GHz-27.8 GHz, 37.3 GHz-37.6 GHz, 44.3
GHz-44.9 GHz, and 50.1-51.7 GHz. These results indicate that the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for 5G millimeter-wave applications.

1-Bit RIS Unit Cell with Mechanical Reconfiguration at 28 GHz

21

Marcos Baena-Molina (University of Granada, Spain); Angel Palomares-Caballero (IETR-INSA Rennes, France); Ginés Martínez-García, Rubén Padial-Allué and Pablo
Padilla (University of Granada, Spain); Juan Valenzuela-Valdés (Universidad de Granada, Spain)
In this paper, a mechanically tunable unit cell for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is presented. The RIS unit cell design is based on a metallic cylinder with a metallic cone-shaped element placed at one
end. Thanks to the two positions provided by the mechanically reconfigurable cylinder, the cone-shaped element produces a phase shift in reflection of 180\textsuperscript{o} at 28 GHz and therefore, giving the 1-bitreconfiguration. A comparison of the cone-shaped element with other types of geometries such as a cube and a cylinder has been performed. Besides, in view of the unit cell design, a cost-effective fabrication using
3-D printing and spray metallization is considered. A study of dimensional tolerances and conductivity values for the proposed RIS unit cell is done. The simulated results show the robustness of the RIS unit cell forboth main dimensions and conductivity values for a frequency range between 25 GHz and 30 GHz.

Impact of the Antenna Topology on the Combination of Full-Duplex Spatial Modulation and RF Energy Harvesting 34
Andriamanohisoa Hery Zo Jean Baptiste (Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRIA, CITI, France); Florin Hutu (Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Inria, CITI, France); Guillaume Villemaud(Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRIA, CITI, France)
In the context of full-duplex spatial modulation (FDSM) systems, this paper proposes a strategy that exploits the subset of antenna that is not used by the transmitter nor by the receiver to perform RF energy
harvesting (RFEH). Through the mutual coupling effect, the transmitting antenna transfers a part of its power to the other antennas. Our idea is to recycle this power in complement to the ambient RF sources. Our
study shows that the level of the available power may be greater than the RF ambient sources. The impact of the spacing d between the elements of an array of four antennas on the performance of the FDSM-RFEH
was studied. By analysing the transfer coefficients extracted form S-parameters simulations, the role of each antenna(emission, reception, RF energy harvesting) may be established.

A Millimeter-Wave Binary Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface on a Low-Cost FR4 Substrate 19
Chen-Yi Chang (Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan); Hsi-Tseng Chou (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)
In this work, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is designed and implemented on a FR4 dielectric substrate for cost-effective fabrication to improve the electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation degradation in anindoor environment at the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band from 27.9 GHz to 28.5 GHz. The proposed reflecting element is an impedance tunable slot-based structure that can provide low reflection loss
and binary phase modulation. A modified analytic model of RIS based on the discrete summation of elemental complex radio cross sections (RCSs) is developed for easy RIS pattern estimation and optimization.
Numerical results of RIS multi-beam patterns are presented to demonstrate its feasibility.

Broadband Waveguide Magneto-Electric Dipole Antenna for F-Band Applications 26
Felix Matt and David Zimmermann (Ulm University, Germany); Maximilian Döring and Christian Waldschmidt (University of Ulm, Germany)
This paper describes a waveguide-fed magneto-electric dipole with a relative bandwidth of 46 %. The antenna has been milled from an aluminum block, constructed as two half-shells, and is fed by a standard
WR8 rectangular waveguide. The antenna element is coupled to the waveguide through an aperture, allowing for a low profile configuration. This, combined with the choice of aluminum material as a good thermal
conductor, makes the antenna an attractive option for industrial and high power radar or future 6G applications. The full-wave simulation results were validated through far-field antenna measurements. The antenna
exhibits a gain of 10 dBi with unidirectional radiation pattern and its impedance bandwidth and 3 dB gain bandwidth cover the entire F-band from 90 GHz to 140 GHz.

Shorted Stacked Patch Array for Photonic Beam Steering at mm-Waves

28

Charikleia Tzimoragka (Université de Rennes, France); Ronan Sauleau (University of Rennes 1, France); Mehdi Alouini (Institut de Physique de Rennes - Université
Rennes 1 - CNRS, France); Cyril Paranthoen (FOTON-INSA lab, France); David González-Ovejero (Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France)
We present the design of a mm-wave phased array antenna enabled by photonic beam steering. The mm-wave signal is generated by InP uni-traveling-carrier (UTC) photodiodes within the photonic integrated chip(PIC). The antenna array consists of four sub-arrays, each comprising two stacked patch elements. The bottom patch is shorted to create a compact element, enabling a half-wavelength spacing in the scanningplane. This configuration results in a relatively wide scanning range of +/-30° without significant sidelobe levels. The complexity of this structure lies in the heterogeneous integration of the InP chip with the antenna
array and biasing network, all printed on a low-loss substrate with low relative permittivity. The proposed array exhibits a simulated peak directivity of 16 dBi and an impedance and -3 dB gain bandwidth ranging from43.8 GHz to 58.8 GHz.

MIMO Array Decoupling with SSR Structure in Joint Communication and Sensing System
Zizhen Zhang and Zhirun Hu (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain))

30

The weight-beamforming algorithm utilized in the joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system has shown promise in mitigating system coupling. However, the algorithm's tendency to set excessive frequency
nulls can lead to signal loss. Consequently, this work examines the decoupling process from the perspective of antenna array design and proposes a MIMO antenna array design scheme that operates in the 28
GHz frequency band. This design scheme effectively addresses the coupling issue between the transmitting and receiving antennas by integrating it with beamforming algorithms. By employing SSR metasurface
decoupling structures, this approach significantly reduces coupling by approximately 33 dB, resulting in improved system performance and the preservation of transmission information.

Study of Environmentally-Friendly Radomes Using Cork-Rubber Composites for 5G Backhaul Links at E-Band 32
Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal); Eduardo Motta Cruz (Radio Frequency Systems, France); Jorge R. Costa(Instituto de Telecomunicações / ISCTE-IUL, Portugal); Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações, Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de
Telecomunicacoes, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal)
Polymer-based materials face increasing limitations imposed by European legislation due to their environmental impact, namely carbon footprint and recycling capabilities. Radome antennas often use these materials
due to their electrical and mechanical properties and, therefore, there is a search for alternative dielectrics. Here, we evaluate the performance of cork + nitrile rubber and cork + chloroprene rubber composites to be
used in radomes at E-band for 5G backhaul communications. Both materials present a dielectric constant of around 1.6 and a loss tangent of 5×10-2 at 50 GHz. We fabricate a 1ft reflector antenna which we covered
with a cork-rubber radome. We measure the radiation pattern and isotropic gain across the 71-86 GHz frequency band, Results indicate that the cross-polarization slightly deteriorates with the use of cork+rubber andthe gain drops by around 1 dB, when compared to an ABS radome used by Radio Frequency Systems.

Self-Isolated MIMO Antenna Using SIW Cavity Antenna for Dual-Band (28, 38 GHz) Applications 33
Mahesh Kumar Busineni, Nancy Modi and Jayanta Mukherjee (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India)
This paper introduces a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna for dual-band applications. The antenna comprises a SIW cavity and a rectangular ring slot on the top metal layer for the radiation. Two different
modes, i.e., TM100 patch mode and half-TE310 cavity mode, are excited in the cavity so that the antenna operates in 28/38 GHz band. Also, the radiation mechanism of the proposed SIW antenna with its electricand magnetic field distributions is provided. The single antenna element achieves a fractional bandwidth of 6.65% (26.91-28.76 GHz) and 1.45% (37.71-38.25 GHz) at the two resonant frequencies. Also, the peak
gain of 6.57 dBi and 4.56 dBi is achieved in their respective bands. Further, utilizing the SIW cavity property of self-isolation, a four-element MIMO antenna is presented. The MIMO antenna exhibits the fractional
bandwidth of 6.69% and 1.23% with minimum port-to-port isolation of 28.48 dB and 22.45 dB within the operating bands.

Frequency Reconfigurable Flexible Printed Antenna Based on Non-Volatile RF Switches for Wearable Applications 24
Yize Li (The University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Xiaoyu Xiao, Zirui Zhang and Zhirun Hu (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents an innovative frequency-reconfigurable, flexible printed inverted F-shaped monopole antenna, explicitly engineered for wearable applications, and designed to operate across multiple bands
without necessitating complex structures or exhaustive optimizations. Constructed on a pliable Kapton substrate and utilizing non-volatile RF switches, the antenna can function assertively across four distinct operating
modes, rendering dynamic frequency responses in the L-band, S-band, and C-band. This versatile approach is apt for a range of applications, from weather radar systems to global navigation satellite systems, whilst
potentially integrating with wearable technologies. Notably, the employment of non-volatile switches obviates the need for static power during mode switches, markedly minimizing DC power consumption.

Beam Steering Range Enhancement of Bifocal Reflectarray Using Irregular Distribution of Meta-Atoms 16
Mustafa Khalid Taher Al-Nuaimi (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & Wireless Communications Research Group, United Kingdom (Great Britain));William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Guan-Long Huang and Rui-Sen Chen (Foshan University, China)
The beam steering range improvement in this work is realized via breaking the symmetry (periodicity) along x- and y-axes and using an irregular (aperiodic) distribution of meta-atoms on the BiRA aperture. Thisis accomplished without the need to optimize the reflection phase using complicated and time-consuming algorithms. The geometric phased meta-atoms of the proposed irregular BiRA are distributed without any
transitional periodicity in the xy-plane in a way similar to the distribution of seeds of a sunflower. Bifocal parabolic phase distribution is imposed on all the aperiodic geometric phased meta-atoms across the irregular
BiRA aperture. It is shown that the proposed BiRA with irregular distribution of geometric phased meta-atoms can realize 140o (±70o) beam steering range (with less than 3 dB gain loss) from 14 GHz to 24 GHz. The
maximum measured gain is 26.8 dBi at 19 GHz, and a maximum aperture efficiency of 50.9%.

Embedded Graded Index Lens for Mitigating the Phase Error of an SIW Horn Lens Antenna 23
Hossein Eskandari and William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A graded index lens embedded in the body of a substrate-integrated waveguide horn antenna is designed using transformation optics to mitigate the phase error at the antenna aperture. A conformal transformation
is established in the design procedure, which leads to an all-dielectric inhomogeneous medium that can be realized by perforating a Rogers RO4350B substrate. Compared to the conventional horn antenna with the
optimum length, the proposed lens antenna is 30% shorter and enhances the directivity by a value of 2.5 dB at 40 GHz.

Sub-THz Spatially Modulated Beam Splitting Reflectors for Potential RIS Implementations

35

Tung Duy Phan and Jaakko Palosaari (University of Oulu, Finland); Di Kong (University of Oulu, China); Tuomo Siponkosk, Sami Myllymaki, Marko E Leinonen, Aarno
Pärssinen and Jari Juuti (University of Oulu, Finland); Ping Jack Soh (University of Oulu & Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Finland)
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) promise to revolutionize wireless communications by creating a smart electromagnetic environment. They facilitate beamsplitting and beamsteering of EM waves in subTHz communications. In this work, we design and demonstrate concept of a spatially modulated RIS that can potentially operate as a reconfigurable beam splitter. Unlike traditional reflectors based on resonating
structures, this design uses non-resonating elements, offering broader operational frequency range with potential variable-frequency beamscanning. The proposed structures are first theoretically designed using
theoretical calculations, followed by simulations and experimental validations. By adjusting only the element spacing, it can split a 150 GHz normal incident wave into multiple beams at varying reflection angles. Suchmulti-beam control capability in reflectors promises a potential pathway towards enabling reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in future joint communications and sensing systems.

Sub-THz On-Chip CPW Monopole on InP with Cross-Shaped Slot for Bandwidth Enhancement 27
Andrzej Dudek (AGH University Krakow, Poland); Abdullah Al-Khalidi (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Krzysztof Wincza (AGH University of
Science and Technology, Poland); Mahmoud Wagih (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))THz communications call for highly integrated wireless chips. This paper presents the first, on-chip sub-THz coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed monopole antenna covering the full J-band (220-330 GHz), on an Indium
Phosphide (InP) substrate. The antenna is designed on a high-permittivity Indium Phosphide (InP) dielectric substrate with a single layer of metallization. Targeting multi-GBPS communication applications, theantenna is designed to have an S11 bandwidth covering 230-330 GHz. Through the addition of a cross-shaped slot to the monopole's radiator, the fractional bandwidth is improved by nearly three-fold, from 11.1%
to 29.6%. The designed antenna features stable radiation patterns throughout the entire operational frequency range, with a single element gain over 3.8 dBi, while maintaining a small footprint of 330 µm x 225 µm(0.25λ × 0.17λ0 at 230 GHz).

MIMO Signals Processing Utilizing Optical Crossbar Linear Operator

36

Ronis Maximidis, Stefanos Kovaios and Ioannis Roumpos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); Apostolos Tsakyridis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, CIRI,
Greece); Georgе Giamougiannis, Miltiadis Moralis-Pegios, Dimitra Ketzaki and Nikos Pleros (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece)
This paper introduces an innovative photonic MIMO processing architecture through the adaptation of a crossbar linear operator. The merits of this approach, such as restorable fidelity and reduced programming
complexity, are highlighted. Experimental validation is conducted using a 4x4 integrated crossbar photonic chip, resulting in the reporting of an 8.4 dB power tunability and a complete pi-phase shift for every node,validating in this way the tunable weight matrix implementation. Furthermore, the paper outlines the potential directions for further enhanced performance.

Wideband Array Antenna with Single-Layer Feeding Network at Ka-Band

17

Ying Sun and Peiye Liu (Aalborg University, Denmark); Ondřej Franek (Aalborg University & APMS Section, Denmark); Gert Pedersen and Shuai Zhang (Aalborg
University, Denmark)This work presents a wideband slot array antenna with a single-layer feeding network at Ka-band for the fixed wireless communication system. To improve the bandwidth, the circular arm dipole slot is used as theradiating element, fed by open-ended rectangular waveguides. Then, a combination of the ridged waveguide and the hollow waveguide is implemented to realize the corresponding one-to-one excitation between the
output ports of the feeding network and the radiation slots. The 4 by 4 slot array antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of 34.3% with a reflection coefficient remaining below -14dB, reasonably good radiation patterns,
and a total efficiency of over 90%.

Wideband Aperture-Coupled Array Design for Automotive Radar Applications 39
Lazaros Alexios Iliadis and Achilles D. Boursianis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); Panagiotis Sarigiannidis (University of Western Macedonia, Greece);
Zaharias D. Zaharis and Sotirios Sotiroudis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); Maria S. Papadopoulou (International Hellenic University & Aristotle University ofThessaloniki, Greece); Christos Christodoulou (The University of New Mexico, USA); Sotirios Goudos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece)
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) technology has been developed to improve driver safety and is a major part of today's autonomous vehicle functionalities. Automotive radars operate as core sensors
in modern ADAS systems since they can detect the speed and range of objects near the vehicle. This work uses a recent variant of the Runge-Kutta algorithm, namely RUN, to design an aperture-coupled antenna
array for automotive radars. The proposed array consists of five U-shaped patch elements and achieves low return loss, high gain, and high efficiency at 77 GHz - 81 GHz.

Thursday, March 21 13:10 - 14:40
PA5: Poster session on Sub-6GHz antennas for terrestrial networks
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / / Antennas
Room: Expo/Poster
Chairs: Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Sarah E Clendinning (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
High-Gain Shared-Aperture Patch Phased Array and Reflectarray Antenna 61
Senlin Lu and Shi-Wei Qu (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China)
A dual-band shared-aperture antenna, integrating a patch phased array and a reflectarray antenna (RA), is presented in this paper. The X-band phased array uses stacked patches as radiators, while the Ka-band
RA also employs patches but with various sizes to achieve desired phase compensation, placing above the X-band array. In addition, the upper ones of stacked patches serve as the ground plane for Ka-band RA
operation. Due to this configuration, the X-/Ka-band shared-aperture operation is realized with high-gain property. The proposed shared-aperture antenna achieves an active VSWR below 3 in 10.2 ~ 12 GHz during±45° beam scanning in E/H planes. Moreover, the 3-dB gain bandwidth is 16.6% (27.1 ~ 32.0 GHz), with a peak gain of 26.2 dBi at 29 GHz, corresponding to an aperture efficiency of 53%.

DC Bias Routing Design for Wideband Reconfigurable Transmitarray Based on 1-Bit Phase-Switching Elements
Bo-Ting Lin, Sheng-Wei Wu and Shih-Yuan Chen (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)

51

DC bias routing design is critical but challenging for a wideband reconfigurable transmitarray (RTA) to control unit cells without compromising performance. To analyze the impact of routing and to eliminate the needfor discrete RF choke components, three common routing rules are first summarized, followed by a proposed advanced rule: to disperse the modal deterioration areas of each mode. Based on these rules, four DC
bias routing cases are designed for an RTA composed of 8-by-8 wideband 1-bit phasing elements (based on our previous work) and analyzed using modal deterioration analysis. The simulated radiation patterns of
the 8-by-8 RTA under the four routing cases are compared to assess the impact of different routing strategies. The results are coherent with the modal deterioration analysis and verify that the proposed routing rule
is beneficial for wideband RTA design in keeping the radiation performance unaffected without using discrete components for RF choking.

Characterization of All-Metal Multi-Feed Antenna for High Power Applications 54
Alessandro Garufo (TNO Defense Safety and Security, The Netherlands); Erwin M. Suijker (TNO, The Netherlands); Diogo C. Ribeiro and Christian Trampuz (TNO
Defense Safety and Security, The Netherlands); Stefania Monni (TNO Defence Security and Safety, The Netherlands)
An all-metal antenna with multiple feeding points for high power applications is presented in this paper. The radiating element is a stacked patch fed by coupled slots, and it is composed only by stacked metal layers
realized by milling machining, ensuring a reliable thermal behaviour of the antenna for high input power level applications. The multi-feed strategy of the antenna is realized on a multi-layer substrate, enclosed in a
metal cavity within the antenna structure, supporting four striplines feeding the slots. such transmission lines are meant to be connected to four HPAs. The demonstrator is a stand-alone radiating element, which has
been retuned from the radiating element designed in array environment in order to support an EIRP of 30dBW over a wide scanning range, max s = 50 for all '-planes, over 15% bandwidth.

A Dual-Port Antenna for Colinearly Polarized Full Duplex and Pattern Reconfigurable Applications 42
Yuqi Wang, Quan Xue, Zhipeng Hu and Shaowei Liao (South China University of Technology, China)
This article introduces a symmetrical dual-port antenna designed to operate under distinct excitation strategies for two specific purposes. First, it enables co-polarized in-band monostatic full-duplex communication by
independently operating the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) channels. Second, it exhibits radiation pattern reconfigurability when the two ports collaborate with different phase differences. Regarding the decouplingmechanism, the mutual coupling is suppressed based on the odd and even modes, by incorporating an LC resonator. It not only achieves antenna decoupling but also enables pattern reconfigurability. The antenna
can realize main beam scanning between the broadside (odd mode) and end-fire (even mode) directions, maintaining stable active reflection coefficients and cross-polarization levels. The proposed versatile antennaserves as a good candidate for multi-scenario applications and array setups.

Pulse Preserving Capability of an Ultrawideband Dispersive Dielectric Resonator Antenna 48
Xiantao Yang and Yi Huang (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Elliot L. Bennett (The University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Ilkan
Calisir and Jianliang Xiao (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The pulse preserving capability in terms of system fidelity factor (SFF) of a new ultrawideband dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) made of a dispersive material is evaluated in this paper. The proposed antenna isdeveloped based on a special frequency-dependent dispersive material whose relative permittivity is inversely proportional to the frequency square. Due to the small variation of gain and stable radiation pattern of the
proposed antenna, the calculated SFF is very close to unity, showing the high quality of pulse transmission through the proposed antenna system. Overall, the proposed antenna shows ultrawide bandwidth, stableradiation pattern and gain, and excellent pulse-preserving capability, which is promising for future wideband high-speed wireless communication systems.

Bifunctional Stubs Enabled MIMO System for Wideband Mobile 5G and Wi-Fi 6E Applications 40
Zhipeng Hu, Quan Xue and Yuqi Wang (South China University of Technology, China); Xuekang Liu (University of kent, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Zhiheng Zhou

(South China University of Technology, China)
A dual-function grounded stubs (DFGSs) structure is presented to demonstrate the design philosophy of wideband radiation enhancement and coupling suppression simultaneously. It improves the impedance
matching and bandwidth under multi-resonant modes enabled by DFGSs while maintaining a good isolation level across the operating band. To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the operating mechanisms,
a 4 × 4 MIMO antenna system is prototyped. Measured results show good agreement with simulations. A straightforward working mechanism, with the merits of enhanced radiation properties and compatibility withrims, exhibits a promising solution for future Wi-Fi 6/6E and 5G NR MIMO modularized integration design.

Analysis and Measurement of Key Performance Indicators for MIMO Antennas

57

Ossian Kynman (Umeå University & Abracon LLC, Sweden); Jonatan Lindahl and Jonas Starck (Abracon LLC, Sweden); Claes Beckman (KTH Royal Institute ofTechnology, Sweden)
Predicting the performance of antenna arrays designed for MIMO communications is difficult. To determine the benefits that additional antenna elements may provide to a wireless system, the statistical correlation
between the signals received from the antennas needs to be evaluated. In 2003 Blanch, proposed a simple method to estimate the correlation coefficient from S-parameters and in 2005 Hallbjorner proposed amodified version including the effect of antenna efficiency. We investigate the validity of these methods. Three different antenna arrays, with four elements each, and with varying efficiency and mutual coupling
were designed, manufactured and measured. The method proposed by Blanch was found to be inaccurate whereas the Hallbjorner method produced better results but required determination of antenna efficiencies.
S-parameter measurements alone do not provide valid estimates of the MIMO performance of antenna arrays. In order to evaluate MIMO performance, the antenna efficiency is paramount and needs to be measured
accurately.

A Linearly Polarized Wideband Antenna with A Stable Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern

59

Hong-Tien Vu (Research Institute of Embedded Electronic Systems (IRSEEM), ESIGELEC & University of Rouen Normandy, France); Constant M. A. Niamien(Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, ESIGELEC/IRSEEM, Rouen, France)
This paper presents a wideband linearly polarized antenna with a stable omnidirectional radiation pattern. The proposed technique combines linear parasitic radiators with a main dipole to create and control additional
resonant modes. This enlarges the impedance bandwidth while maintaining linear polarization and stable radiation characteristics over a broad- covered band. Simulations and experiments confirm these results ona fabricated prototype showing a wide impedance bandwidth of 41% (0.65 - 0.99 GHz), a stable omnidirectional radiation pattern, and a high efficiency of 80%.

A Cascaded Resonator Decoupling Network for Two Filtering Antennas with Adjacent Operating Bands 43
Qian Jianfeng and Benito Sanz-Izquierdo (University of Kent, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Steven Shichang Gao (Chinese University of Hong Kong, China); Hanyang
Wang (Huawei Technologies, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper, the mutual coupling problem between two adjacent-band filtering antennas is addressed. A coupled-resonator DN is co-designed with the coupled filtering antennas with little effect on the original filtering
responses. By connecting this network to the coupled antennas in parallel, the mutual coupling between two 2nd order filtering antennas can be suppressed dramatically, even when they are operating over the closely
arranged frequency bands. A step-by-step realization of the DN is provided. To verify the concept, a prototype of decoupled antennas using the DN is presented. Full-wave simulations and measurements indicatethat this coupled-resonator DN can enhance the isolation between two filtering antennas up to 30 dB with little effect on the filtering performance of each antenna for both in-band and adjacent-band operations.

A High Efficiency and Ultra-Wideband Rectenna for RF Energy Harvesting Application 49
Meghdad Khodaei (University of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada); Halim Boutayeb (Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada); Larbi Talbi (University of Quebec Outaouais, Canada)
In this letter, an ultra wideband rectenna using a novel wideband matching circuit for energy harvesting systems is proposed. A new simple and wide band matching circuit configuration that operates from 0.9 to 2.5
GHz is connected to an ultra wideband (UWB) antenna to make a rectenna system. Simulation results of proposed rectenna exhibits good matching performance (S11 <-10 dB) and a high RF-dc conversion efficiency(>55%) throughout a broad frequency range from 0.9 to 2.5 GHz, covering GSM, Wi-Fi, and WLAN bands. The maximum efficiency of the rectenna is around 61% an output voltage is over 1.9 Volt, for an input powerof 10dBm and load resistance of 750Ω. Based on the proposed structure for matching scheme, a highly efficient UWB rectenna over a wide frequency band is achievable with stable high efficiency.

Circularly Polarized Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Array Based on Heterogeneous Beam Element 41
Jia Wei, Shaowei Liao, Yinglu Wan, Quan Xue and Wenquan Che (South China University of Technology, China)
A circularly polarized (CP) phased array antennas (PAA) based on wide heterogeneous beam elements (HBEs) is presented to realize wide-angle scanning for the first time. The proposed HBEs PAA is formed by
two elements at two sides with inclined beams and two elements between two sides elements with broadside beams. A 5-GHz CP HBE antenna with wide beamwidth is designed, whose beam can be inclined up to
50° by loading a parasitic director. Then, based on it, a 1×4-element HBE PAA is designed, fabricated, and measured, whose 3-dB gain fluctuation and 3-dB axial ratio scanning range reaches ±80° (±14° wider thanits standard counterpart) with 8.3 dBi broadsides scanning gain (1.2dB lower than its standard counterpart). To the authors' best knowledge, compared with the former linear CP PAA with similar amount of elements,
the proposed design shows the widest scanning range.

Highly Transparent and Efficient Flexible Antenna for Vehicle-To-Everything (V2X) Applications 56
Mehmet Emre Eralp (Middle East Technical University & Accelerate Simulation Technologies, Turkey); Ozlem Aydin Civi (Middle East Technical University, Turkey);
Reyhan Baktur (Utah State University, USA)This paper presents a single-sided planar transparent monopole antenna for vehicle-to-everything application. The fundamental limiting factor for the antenna's efficiency is studied, and a simple yet effective antenna
topology as well as methods to improve antenna's efficiency are presented. Low-cost fabrication methods are proposed and the antenna prototypes are projected to have optical transparency as high as 90% andefficiency higher than reported prior art.

A Reactively Coupled Bi-Directional Dual CP Antenna 45
Ratul De (Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India); Mahesh P Abegaonkar (IIT Delhi, India); Ananjan Basu (Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India)
This paper presents the design of a bi-directional, dual CP antenna at S band. It is a two layer structure and reactive coupling is used to excite the antenna. This antenna provides a bandwidth of 100 MHz, a maximum
gain of 6.2 dBi in the positive z direction and 4.84 dBi in the negative z direction at 2.27 GHz. It produces RHCP in the +z direction and LHCP in the -z direction. This antenna can find applications in situations where
two orthogonal polarizations are required in two different directions. It can also be used for communication in tunnels and in corridors.

Super-Realized Gain Huygens Antennas 44
Donal P Lynch (Queen's University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Vincent Fusco (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Manos M. Tentzeris(Georgia Institute of Technology, USA); Stylianos D. Asimonis (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This study presents a superdirective antenna array specifically designed for the sub-6 5G frequency range, incorporating pioneering Huygens antenna elements. The optimized structure achieves a realized gainthat surpasses Harrington's well-known maximum theoretical limit for antenna directivity, effectively addressing practical concerns related to ohmic and return losses. Additionally, the compact size of the proposed
antenna array, as opposed to a uniform linear array, offers the potential to fabricate highly radiation-efficient, high-directivity antennas in a compact form.

A Decoupling Scheme for Closely Spaced Microstrip Patch Antenna 47
Rupa Laller and Mahesh P Abegaonkar (IIT Delhi, India); Ananjan Basu (Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India)
This article introduces a simple decoupling method aimed at achieving high isolation among closely spaced antennas. The study focuses on evaluating the impact of the gap between antenna elements on coupling
for an H-plane array antenna. The decoupling structure comprises transmission line resonators and vias, which effectively mitigate coupling when two antennas are positioned with a minimal 2 mm edge-to-edge
separation. The inclusion of resonators effectively diminishes the coupling between these antennas. To affirm the practical utility of this configuration, the design is implemented and rigorously validated throughmeasurements. The proposed structure demonstrates an impressive 40 dB isolation with a gain of 2.3 dBi. Furthermore, a three-element array is examined to confirm the effectiveness of this proposed approach forlinear element arrays.

Design of the 3D-Printed Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna for WLAN Applications

62

Zhenyi Shou and Zhipeng Wu (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Hanyang Wang (Huawei Technologies, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Hai
Zhou (Huawei Technology (UK), United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Meng Hou (Huawei Technologies CO., LTD, China)
A probe-fed 3D-printed rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) for 2.4/5.2-GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is demonstrated in this study. It validates the first successful utilization ofBarium Titanate (BaTiO3) powder and UV-curing resin in conjunction with Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA) 3D printing technology to create a ceramic DRA with a dielectric constant of 8. Through using notchedslots and a metal strip on the antenna structure, three distinct modes within the designed RDRA are excited, achieving complete coverage of the 2.4/5.2-GHz frequency bands. A strong agreement between thesimulated and measured results is achieved, highlighting the potential of the SLA technique for future DRA designs and applications.

Low-Profile Super-Realised Gain Antennas

60

James Moore and Aaron M Graham (Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Manos M. Tentzeris (Georgia Institute of Technology, USA); Vincent
Fusco and Stylianos D. Asimonis (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This study introduces an novel approach to the design of low-profile superdirective antenna arrays, employing parasitic elements. The proposed design concept was verified through the analysis of a two-element
antenna array consisting of strip dipoles, operating at a frequency of 3.5 GHz within the sub-6 5G frequency band. The antenna array was optimized for realized gain, a key antenna parameter considering bothohmic and return losses. The design parameters included the lengths and widths of the strip dipoles, along with a reactance load connected to the parasitic element. The driven element was excited by a sinusoidal
voltage signal with a magnitude of 1 V, eliminating the need for amplifiers, attenuators, phase shifters, or impedance matching networks. Results demonstrated that this design concept enables the achievement ofsuperdirectivity, with inter-element distances as small as 0.1λ, resulting in low-profile, compact, high directional antenna systems.

Realizing Flat-Top Radiation Pattern with Sharp Cutoff for Reducing Lobing Fades

50

Mohammad Hossein Amini and Amirhossein Ghasemi (TeleMonTech Inc., Canada); Maryam Khodadadi and Alireza Mallahzadeh (University of Surrey, United Kingdom(Great Britain)); Mohsen Khalily (University of Surrey & 5G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper, synthesis of the flat-top radiation pattern with sharp cutoff for reducing the lobing fades due to the presence of the earth is investigated. To this end, first the propagation factor is investigated. Then basedon the propagation factor, the antenna pattern is examined at different levels of the cutoff to achieve a flat-top radiation with low level of lobing fades. Finally, synthesizing the desired radiation pattern is investigatedthrough Woodward-Lawson method. Our studies reveal that that antenna with large length (>12λ) provides the desired flat-top pattern with the appropriate cutoff. The aperture distribution of the desired pattern isprovided and discussed.

Beam Steering Performance Improvements Using a Layered Permittivity Dielectric 46
Stefan Andersson and Jari Holopainen (Aalto University, Finland); Matti Kuosmanen (Aalto University & Saab Finland Oy, Finland)This paper presents simulated performance improvements utilizing a layered dielectric for a truncated tapered slotline array targeted in the 2 -- 7~GHz frequency range. It will be shown that a dielectric loading may
significantly improve the bandwidth and beam-steering characteristics of the antenna array. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that a layered dielectric structure with different permittivities can further improve theperformance compared to a homogeneous dielectric. Namely, the antenna with layered dielectrics display a further increase in bandwidth and wider beam steering angles in the H-plane.

A Wideband Circularly Polarized Filtering Array Antenna Using Dual-Layer Circular Cross Slotted Patch 55
Min Wang and Hao Zhang (Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China); Nan Hu (A-INFO INC, China); Wenqing Xie (A-INFO Inc., China); Shu-Lin
Chen (University of Technology, Sydney, Australia); Zhengchuan Chen (Chongqing University, China)
The array element consists of a feeding structure designed as a 2-way power division with a 90° phase difference and a dual-layer patch structure. An aperture-couple driven patch spatially placed between theparasitic patch and feeding structure is used to introduce magnetic coupling with parasitic patch for a resonant mode at high frequency and a radiation null. Meanwhile, four arc-shaped patches fitted with four shorting
via surround the driven patch to generate electric coupling with it. It allows to achieve a resonant mode at low frequencies and a radiation null to improve the bandwidth. Then, a four-way sequential rotation feed
network is designed with the same amplitude and a 90° clockwise incremental phase, which is fed a 2×2-element circularly polarized filtering array antenna. The results demonstrate that the array achieves a 3 dB
gain bandwidth of 22.9% and the axial ratio bandwidth of 22.0%.

Design of a Dual-Polarization Ultra-Wideband Horn Antenna 58
Nan Hu (A-INFO INC, USA); Shuang Liu, Jianrui Liu and Lixin Zhao (Chengdu A-INFO Inc., China); Wenqing Xie (A-INFO Inc., China)
A dual-polarization ultra-wideband(UWB) horn antenna is proposed in this paper. This antenna uses quad-ridge structure to achieve broadband and dual-polarization characteristics. In order to reduce the overall
weight, there is no metal wall structure and part of the ridge structure which has little effect on the electric field is removed.The operating frequency band is 1-20GHz. The measured VSWR results are 2 Typ., the port
isolation results are less than -25dB, the gain results are 10dB Typ. and the cross polarization isolation are less than -20dB. The weight is around 0.56 Kg around. The proposed antenna has been processed andapplied in measured systems.

DRL-Based Sidelobe Suppression for Multi-Focus Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface 53
Wei Wang (University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Peizheng Li (Toshiba Europe Ltd., United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Angela Doufexi and Mark Beach(University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology is receiving significant attention as a key enabling technology for 6G communications, with much attention given to coverage infill and wireless power transfer.
However, relatively little attention has been paid to the radiation pattern fidelity, for example, sidelobe suppression. When considering multi-user coverage infill, direct beam pattern synthesis using superposition can
result in undesirable sidelobe levels. To address this issue, this paper introduces and applies deep reinforcement learning (DRL) as a means to optimize the far-field pattern, offering a 4dB reduction in the unwanted
sidelobe levels, thereby improving energy efficiency and decreasing the co-channel interference levels.

Wideband Decoupling Smartphone Antenna with Integrated Metal Rim 52
Yi-Min Gan and Qing-Xin Chu (South China University of Technology, China)
A wideband decoupling four-element multipleinput-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna based on Common and Differential Mode (CDM) impedances Analysis for 5G smartphones is proposed. For the antenna pairs, inhigh frequency band, self-decoupling is realized. In low frequency and, a shorting stripe is added to adjust CM and DM impedances so that they can be close to each other and high isolation is obtained. Finally, theisolation is better than 13 dB in the whole operating band (3.3-5.0 GHz). The model is also fabricated and measured, and both simulated and measured results are discussed.

Thursday, March 21 13:10 - 14:40
PP03: Poster session on Propagation III/ / Propagation
Room: Expo/Poster
Chair: Enrico Polo (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
Wideband Characterization of Wireless Power Transfer in Ventilation (HVAC) Ducts for the Internet of Things and Smart Buildings 69
Guillaume Villemaud (Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRIA, CITI, France); Regis Rousseau and Jules-Henri Paques (Univ Lyon, France)This study aims at demonstrating the potential efficiency of a wideband wireless power transfer system used to remotely feed communicating objects through radiowave propagation in ventilation ducts. After justifying
and describing such a system, an OFDM-based channel sounding experimentation is detailed and some results are analyzed to deeply characterize the channel both in frequency and time. Finally, the impact of the
waveform and of the load of the rectifier is also studied in order to show clearly the key parameters influencing the global efficiency of this system.

A Deep Split-Step Wavelet Model for the Long-Range Propagation

67

Thomas Bonnafont (Lab-STICC & ENSTA Bretagne, France); Benjamin Chauvel and Abdelmalek Toumi (ENSTA Bretagne, France)
This article presents a new approach based on a deep-learning method using a U-Net architecture to generate electromagnetic propagation over a specific terrain. For this purpose, the learning dataset is constructed
artificially using a fast split-step wavelet (SSW) method. For this phase, the synthetic 1D profiles are randomly generated from rectangle and triangle shapes. This latter allows for conveying the "staircase" model
used in SSW. To ensure a precise sampling of the underlying manifold, the study employs Latin Hypercube Sampling. To achieve robust and precise predictions, a specific loss function is proposed. To evaluate thisapproach, numerical tests are realized. These tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in realistic terrain.

Propagation Path Analysis with Propagation QUBO Model in Urban Area

78

Keita Fujita, Keisuke Hayashi and Tetsuro Imai (Tokyo Denki University, Japan); Wataru Yamada and Minoru Inomata (NTT, Japan)
At present, model for radio propagation path finding that can be applied to quantum annealing (QA) has been proposed (Propagation QUBO model). The model is that finds for a propagation path with the minimum
propagation loss between transmitter (Tx) to receiver (Rx) at a given number of scattering times, ⯑. Here, the maximum number of scatterings that should be considered in propagation path finding when applying the
proposed model to a real environment is unknown. The probability of the existence of a propagation path with a low scattering frequency is expected to decrease as the distance between Tx and Rx increases. In thispaper, "desired propagation path" is defined as the propagation path that radio wave can reach Rx with a set number of scattering, and spatial distribution characteristics of Rx where desired propagation path exists
are evaluated in urban Macro-cell environment.

Effect of Wave Polarization in On-Body Propagation for the 2.4, 24 and 60 GHz ISM Bands

81

Wasi Ur Rehman Khan and Max James Ammann (Technological University Dublin, Ireland); William G. Scanlon (Tyndall National Institute, Ireland)
A skin-based phantom is used to numerically model on-body propagation at three different frequencies, 2.4, 24 and 60 GHz. Linearly-polarized open-ended waveguides are used as antennas. The influence ofpolarization on path gain and antenna radiation efficiency are analyzed. The results show that path gain is highly sensitive to the antenna/body separation at 24 and 60 GHz

Modeling Received Power from 4G and 5G Networks in Greece Using Machine Learning 65
Vasileios P. Rekkas and Sotirios Sotiroudis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); George Tsoulos and Georgia E. Athanasiadou (University of Peloponnese,
Greece); Achilles D. Boursianis and Zaharias D. Zaharis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); Panagiotis Sarigiannidis (University of Western Macedonia,
Greece); Christos Christodoulou (The University of New Mexico, USA); Sotirios Goudos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece)
Wireless propagation modeling is crucial for designing 5G networks and deploying base stations. Traditional models are constrained by different propagation environments, and deterministic models using ray tracing
demand extensive computational resources. In recent years, advances in data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) have significantly improved the fitting of intelligent propagation models for 5G systems. Using artificial
intelligence (AI) and substantial measured data, we conduct a comparative study of various machine learning (ML) models to perform accurate regression predictions for Reference Signal Receiving Power (RSRP).
The results of the proposed ML models are compared and analyzed, exhibiting great accuracy in the prediction of RSRP values in a diverse range of urban, suburban, and rural environments.

Target Classification Through ISAR for Autonomous Vehicles Based on Federated Learning 68
Vincenzo Violi (university of Pisa & universitmediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy); Pierpaolo Usai and Danilo Brizi (University of Pisa, Italy); Gurtaj Singh (University
Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Marco Fisichella (L3S Research Center, Germany); Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Agostino Monorchio(University of Pisa & CNIT, Italy)
This study explores the use of Federated Learning (FL) in classifying ISAR images for autonomous driving. Automotive radar systems, operating at millimeter-wave frequencies, offer critical safety features. ISAR
images are powerful for target recognition but pose challenges in real-world scenarios. FL, a decentralized training approach, is employed for data privacy while maintaining competitive accuracy. Our findings revealthat FL achieves commendable performance compared to centralized models, ensuring data confidentiality by keeping the information on local devices and centrally sharing only the model weights. In conclusion,
this research demonstrates FL's potential in improving ISAR-based target classification for autonomous driving, making it suitable for privacy-sensitive applications.

SINTEC Comparative Body-Centric Communication Study: Bluetooth Vs Fat-Intrabody Communication 73
Mauricio D Perez (Uppsala University, Department of Electrical Engineering); Bappaditya Mandal, Pramod K B Rangaiah, Laya Joseph and Robin Augustine (Uppsala
University, Sweden)
Here we present a comparative study between Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and fat-intrabody communication (Fat-IBC) done with two advanced torso phantom models and two human volunteers, representing low-fat
and high-fat content, in the context of the H2020-funded project SINTEC. The phantom tests were done in a small made-for-the-job semi-shielded chamber with the possibility of suppressing the surface wave in
the air-skin surface. Two Fat-IBC antennas were designed and they were found to perform better than the BLE one both on phantom and volunteers in most cases, particularly in the front-to-back (10 - 20 dB times
better). Fat-IBC propagation mechanism and surface wave suppression need to be further studied, but the current results are positive on the significance of the Fat-IBC mechanism to reduce surface leakage andassociated security/safety concerns in body-centric communication scenarios.

Empirical Characterization of Doppler in Industrial Wireless Channels 74
Dreyelian Morejon Betancourt, Jon Montalban and Eneko Iradier (University of the Basque Country, Spain); Mohamed Kashef (National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), USA); Richard Candell (National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA); Pablo Angueira (University of the Basque Country, Spain)
This paper analyzes the temporal variation of the radio propagation channel in industrial environments. The results have been obtained by processing empirical data from the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST) in a field measurement campaign, at different industrial premises, with various dimensions and clutter densities. The paper analyzes the shape of the Doppler spectra and related parameters suchas Doppler bandwidth and coherence time. The results are supplemented with maximum Delay Times and RMS Delay Spread data. The influence of factors such as the operational frequency band, environment,
and polarization is also analyzed.

Indoor Localization of Smartphones Thanks to Zero-Energy-Devices Beacons 71
Shanglin Yang (INSA Lyon, Inria & Orange Labs, France); Yohann Benedic (Orange Innovation, France); Dinh-Thuy Phan-Huy (Orange, France); Jean-Marie Gorce(INSA-Lyon & CITI, Inria, France); Guillaume Villemaud (Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRIA, CITI, France)
In this paper, we present a novel ultra-low power method of indoor localization of smartphones (SM) based on zero-energy-devices (ZEDs) beacons instead of active wireless beacons. The ZED backscatters ambient
waves from base stations (BSs) of the cellular network. The smartphone detects the ZED message in the variations of received ambient signal from the BS. Thanks to a ray-tracing based propagation simulation
tool, we accurately simulate the ambient waves from a BS of Orange 4G commercial network, inside an existing large building covered with ZED beacons. Our first performance evaluation study, in a realistic andchallenging propagation scenario, shows that the proposed localization system enables to locate in which room is the smartphone.

Electromagnetic Detection and Identification of Perturbed Wire Resonators 79
Qingyan Zhu, Oleksiy Sydoruk and Richard R. A. Syms (Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The resonances of metal wire resonators may change due to a localized variation of the surrounding dielectric, coupling to nearby resonators, or the introduction of bends. We used shifts in the resonant frequencies todetect and identify perturbed wire resonators. In this paper, we present measurements, a perturbation model based on a lumped-element circuit, and full-wave simulations of perturbed resonators. Resonances of four
resonators with different structures and perturbations were excited with near-field probes, and the variations of normalized resonant frequency with perturbation position were shown to agree with the results obtained
from full-wave simulations. The experimental and simulated data match the perturbation theory, which suggests the feasibility of identifying perturbed metal resonators by exciting and detecting their resonances.

Brain Hemorrhage Detection Using Antenna System Integrated with Imaging Algorithm

75

Bishakha Biswas (Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, India); Adarsh Singh (IIEST, India); Debasis Mitra (Indian Institute of Engineering
Science & Technology, Shibpur, India); Bappaditya Mandal (Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden); Robin Augustine (Uppsala University, Sweden)
Brain bleeding, also known as hemorrhage, is a potentially fatal condition. A four-antenna system for brain hemorrhage imaging has been introduced, which offers a more accessible and faster diagnosis. Microwave
imaging has been utilized for over a decade to diagnose health-related issues, providing a more convenient alternative to traditional imaging procedures. Hemorrhage poses a significant risk to life, and this streamlined
system, consisting of just four antennas and a highly efficient imaging algorithm, can effectively detect the presence of blood clots or blood pools within the skull.

Supervised Machine Learning for Breast Cancer Detection Using Microwave Imaging in the Frequency Domain

64

Marwa Dridi (SogetiLabs Research and Innovation, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France); Leila Gharsalli (Polytechnic Institute of Advanced Sciences (IPSA), France)
Due to its non-invasive and non-ionizing properties, microwave imaging has emerged as an efficient alternative to conventional screening techniques. This paper presents a Supervised Machine Learning (ML)framework for Breast Microwave classification where chosen features rely on measured scattering (S-parameters) in the frequency domain. An open source dataset from the university of Manitoba based on apreclinical Breast Microwave Imaging (BMI) system using breast phantoms (UM-BMID) is considered to illustrate that problem of detecting whether a tumor exists or not. The obtained results with maximum achieved
accuracy of 98% highlight the relevance of the frequency domain features by comparing them to previously published results where features were chosen in the time domain and show the potential advantages ofapplying ML classification methods in that BMI system.

Filter Integrated Microstrip 3-Port Power Combiner

66

Nisamol Thevaruparambu Abdul Nazer (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany); Bernhard E. J. Scheible (Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences,
Germany); Rahul Yadav (Technische Universität Darmstadt & Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen-Friedberg, Germany); Marie Kristin Czwalinna (Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron, Germany); Holger Schlarb (Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Germany); Andreas Penirschke (Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences,
Germany)
Modern wireless communication systems demand the integration of filter-to-signal combiner circuits owing to a significant rise in enthusiasm for the integration of frequency-dependent circuits in a single network. The
proposed circuits are important since it has the capacity to incorporate signal frequency filtering of thirty-five harmonics with high-end suppression and power combining capabilities below 2 GHz. The radial microstrip
transmission line has been designed to ensure compactness when the filter resonator units are integrated into the circuit. The design, analysis, and practical verification of the circuit have also been presented. The
scaled version of the proposed circuit would be the most suitable solution for the high-frequency noise rejection

Generation of Electromagnetic Exposure Maps for 5G Communications 77
Esteban Egea-Lopez (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Spain); Mohammed Mallik (Institute Mines Telecom, IMT Nord Europe & IRCICA, IEMN, France);
Laurent Clavier (Institut Mines-Telecom, IMT Nord Europe, France); Davy P Gaillot (University of Lille, France)
Monitoring human exposure to electro magnetic field sources is a growing concern. An approach for the evaluation of exposure is the generation of radio-frequency electro-magnetic fields (RF EMF) exposure maps
via simulation, which is complex due to the need to simulate the multiple sources involved. As an alternative, it has been explored the automatic generation of EMF exposure maps by machine learning (ML) methods
using as input the measurements from sensors located in the area of interest. These methods, due to the scarcity of measurements, still require simulation for generating the dataset for training the algorithms. In thispaper we describe how to generate exposure maps for 5G networks with our ray-tracing tool Opal, to generate a large number of EMF maps that can be used to train ML algorithms. We describe how we generatethem without the need to execute demanding higher level simulations whose details are not necessary.

Analytical Fitting of Dielectric Response of Basal Cell Carcinoma 70
Enrico Mattana, Matteo Bruno Lodi, Giuseppe Mazzarella and Alessandro Fanti (University of Cagliari, Italy)
Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging are non-ionizing and non-invasive tools to investigate skin. It is therefore necessary to accurately describe the dielectric response of both skin and basal cell carcinoma in theTHz range. Due to the high sensitivity of THz radiation to polar substances and the significant water content in the skin, the traditional model to describe its dielectric permittivity has been the double Debye one. This
paper shows that a third order Cole-Cole model has the potential to accurately approximate the dielectric permittivity of both skin and basal cell carcinoma. We fitted experimental data taken from the literature using
a genetic algorithm routine and we found a minimum root-mean-square error of 0.0466, which is approximately two order of magnitude less than the dielectric permittivity. The proposed third order Cole-Cole model
could be used to advance THz-based technologies for skin cancers diagnosis.

Advances in Core-Shell Nanocrystals: A Multiphysics Approach to Multispectral Electromagnetic Shielding 63
Nicola Curreli (Italian Institute of Technology, Italy); Matteo Bruno Lodi and Alessandro Fanti (University of Cagliari, Italy)
The proliferation of electronic devices operating across a wide spectrum of frequencies has given rise to a multitude of new applications. However, it has also led to a significant increase in electromagnetic interference,
resulting in unwanted effects, such as device malfunctions and human exposure to electromagnetic radiation. To mitigate these effects, there is a growing demand for multispectral shielding materials in various
domains, including electronics, healthcare, defense, and aerospace. Existing shielding materials are typically tailored for specific frequency bands, and the need for materials that can effectively attenuate radiation
across multiple bands is pressing. In this paper, we explore the design and simulation of novel multispectral shielding nanomaterials for a wide range of frequencies, from microwave to ultraviolet. We specificallyinvestigate the optical properties and electromagnetic responses of core-shell nanoparticles. Our study provides insights into the development of advanced shielding materials capable of addressing multispectral
challenges in contemporary applications.

Propagation Modeling in an Indoor Environment at Sub-THz Frequencies Based on Ray Tracing 72
Nektarios Moraitis (National Technical University of Athens & Institute of Communications and Computers Systems, Greece); Konstantina Nikita (National Technical
University of Athens, Greece)
This paper presents extensive deterministic simulations in an indoor environment at sub-THz frequencies. All the relative wideband parameters of the channel are determined and assessed, including the timedelay and spatial characteristics. It is demonstrated that simulations with an accurate description of the materials and representation of the propagation environment produce reliable results, given the fact that theparameters, obtained from the simulation study, are found to be consistent with measurement results that exist in the literature for similar indoor locations. The root-mean-square delay spread exhibits values in therange of 0.6-5.4 ns and 1.7-23.0 ns, for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, respectively. A multi-cluster model characterizes very well the power delay profiles of the indoor channel, which
are found to be formed by 3 up to 4, and 5 up to 7 cluster groups for LOS and NLOS conditions, respectively. All the relative clusters and ray's decay patterns, as well as their inter-arrival times are also evaluated.

Best Practices for Accurate Results Using Numerical Solvers for Microwave Body Screening 76
Raquel A. Martins (Instituto de Telecomunicações/Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal); Daniela M. Godinho (Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica - Faculdade deCiências - Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal); Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal); Matteo Savazzi (Universidade
de Lisboa, Portugal); Jorge R. Costa (Instituto de Telecomunicações / ISCTE-IUL, Portugal); Raquel C. Conceição (Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica,
Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal)
In this paper, we indicate best practices that should be observed when using numerical solvers for microwave body sensing. We show the impact of not minding these aspects in the case of microwave breast
scanning using the Computer Simulation Technology tool. To this end we simulate a homogeneous breast with a 5-mm radius spherical tumor placed inside. The breast is illuminated by a broadband antenna that
operates in the 2-6 GHz band. The scattering parameters are then processed to reconstruct the reflectivity map of the breast. The results highlight that the conclusions drawn from simulations may be misleading or
meaningless when the solver type or positioning of model elements (body and antennas) are not carefully applied. This is particularly critical when considering more complex scenarios, such as inhomogeneous or
multilayer body models.

Microwave Sensor for Detection of Optical Transparent Foreign Body in Soft Tissue: Eye 80
Soroush Rasti Boroujeni (Pigeon Comm Inc., Canada); Javad Ebrahimi (KU Leuven, Belgium)This paper introduces a novel sensor for detecting toxic metals in the human eye. The sensor is a microwave open-ended circular waveguide that excites the dominant modes TE11, TM01 within a probe. By covering

the eye with the opening aperture, the sensor can detect changes in the reflection parameters caused by the presence of foreign metal objects in the eye. The proposed sensor is capable of detecting cylindricalshaped
foreign bodies as small as 2 mm in length and located 1 cm deep within the eye. The sensor was validated through ex-vivo measurements on a cadaveric pig eye using a WR90 rectangular waveguide at the x-band.
A small piece of glass with dimensions less than 5 mm was inserted at a depth of 1 cm, and the sensor was able to detect it successfully.

Thursday, March 21 13:10 - 14:40
PS1: Best Paper Awards//
Room: Expo/Poster
Analysis and Design of mmWave Wideband Artificial Dielectric Flat Lens Antenna
Caspar M Coco Martin (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Weiya Hu (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Daniele Cavallo (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

Generation of Narrow Divergence Angle OAM Beams for mmWave Communication Links Using Metasurface
Mustafa Khalid Taher Al-Nuaimi (Loughborough University, United Kingdom); William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom); Guan-Long Huang and Rui-Sen Chen (Foshan University, China)

Low-Profiled Wideband Dual-Polarized Conformal Antenna Array
Zhan Chen (Xidian University, China); Wei Hu (Xidian University, China); Yuchen Gao (Xidian University, China); Lehu Wen (Brunel University London, United Kingdom); Qi Luo (University of Herfordshire, United
Kingdom)

Beam Steering Range Enhancement of Bifocal Reflectarray Using Irregular Distribution of Meta-Atoms
Mustafa Khalid Taher Al-Nuaimi (Loughborough University, United Kingdom); William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom); Guan-Long Huang (Foshan University, China); Rui-Sen Chen (Foshan
University, China)

Compact Dual-Band Dual-Polarization Feed for Broadband Communication Satellites
Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France)

Flexible Antenna with Microfluidics for the Quantification of Liquid Micro-Volumes
Giulio M. Bianco (University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy); Gaetano Marrocco (University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy)

Feed Assembly Development for INCUS
Gaurangi Gupta (NASA Jet Propulsory Laboraty & Caltech, USA); Paolo Focardi (NASA Jet Propulsory Laboraty & Caltech, USA)High Data-Rate Sub-THz Coherent Near-Field Wireless Links Enabled by Spline-Profile Bessel Launchers
Jérôme Taillieu (University of Rennes 1, France); David González-Ovejero (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, France); Walter Fuscaldo (Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, CNR, Italy); Laurent
Bramerie (Foton CNRS UMR & ENSSAT / Université de Rennes 1, France); Paul Desombre (IETR/CentraleSupélec, France); Mathilde Gay(ENSSAT /Université de Rennes 1, France); Mehdi Alouini (Institut dePhysique de Rennes - Université Rennes 1 - CNRS, France); Haifa Farès (Centrale Supélec, France); Yves Louet (CentraleSupelec, France);Mauro Ettorre (Michigan State University, USA)

A Completely Overlapped Ku- and Ka-Band Dual-Polarized Phased Array for Simultaneous Terrestrial and Satellite Communications
Bumhyun Kim (Pohang University of Science and Technology POSTECH, Korea (South)); Wonbin Hong (Pohang University of Science and Technology POSTECH, Korea (South))Characterization of a D-Band Active Transmitarray System for Efficient Point-To-Point Links
Francesco Foglia Manzillo (CEA-LETI, France); Jose Luis Gonzalez Jimenez (Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA-LETI, France); Abdelaziz Hamani (CEA, France); Alexandre Siligaris(CEA-LETI, Minatec, France);
Antonio Clemente (CEA-LETI, France)

Optimizing RF Energy Harvesting in IoT: A Machine Learning Estimation Considering Polarization Effects
Khatereh Nadali (Technological University Dublin, Ireland); Adnan Shahid (Gent University - IMEC, Belgium); Nicolas Claus (Ghent University & IMEC, Belgium); Sam Lemey (Ghent University & IMEC, Belgium);
Patrick Van Torre (Ghent University, Belgium); Max James Ammann (Technological University Dublin, Ireland)

Quantification and Correction of Signal Averaging with On-The-Fly Sampling in Near-Field Antenna Measurements
Olav Breinbjerg (ElMaReCo, Denmark)Application of Compressed Sensing to Antenna Far-Field Calibration in an Extrapolation Range
Zhong Chen (ETS-Lindgren, USA); Yibo Wang (ETS Lindgren, USA)

Characterization of Typical Instantaneous Exposure and Usage Scenarios in the Vicinity of 5G Massive-MIMO Base Stations
Anna-Malin Schiffarth (RWTH Aachen University, Germany); Thanh Tam Julian Ta (RWTH Aachen University, Germany); Lisa-Marie Schilling (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Christian Bornkessel(Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Matthias Hein (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Dirk Heberling (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)

A Demonstration of Diffraction-Limited Images Using a CMOS Chessboard Array at THz Frequencies
Martijn Hoogelander (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Robbin van Dijk (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Nuria LLombart (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Marco
Spirito (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Maria Alonso-del Pino (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

Grid-Free Harmonic Retrieval and Model Order Selection Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Steffen Schieler (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Sebastian Semper (Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany); Reza Faramarzahanagri (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Michael
Döbereiner (Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS & Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Christian Schneider (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Reiner S. Thomä (Ilmenau University ofTechnology, Germany)

Channel Characterization and Modeling for Wireless MIMO Communication Systems in Intersection Scenarios
Deyuan Zhao (Southeast University, China); Chen Huang (Purple Mountain Laboratories & Southeast University, China); Cheng-Xiang Wang (Southeast University, China & Purple Mountain Laboratories, China);
Junling Li, Zhongyu Qian and Wenqi Zhou (Southeast University, China)

Cloud Attenuation in the Q Band: Estimation from Experimental Data of Excess Attenuation
Domingo Pimienta-del-Valle (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Gustavo Siles (Universidad Privada Boliviana, Bolivia); Jose M Riera (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain); Pedro Garcia-del-Pino(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain)

RIS-Based Over-The-Air Channel Equalization in Resource-Constrained Wireless Networks
Hugo Prodhomme (CNRS, France); Mohammadreza F. Imani (Arizona State University, USA); Sergi Abadal (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) & NaNoNetwoking Center in Catalunya (N3Cat), Spain);
Philipp del Hougne (CNRS, Univ Rennes, France)

Advanced Microwave Radiometry: Refining Sun-Tracking Technique for Atmospheric Attenuation Retrieval and Sun Brightness Temperature Estimation
Giovanni Stazi and Marianna Biscarini (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Luca Milani (European Space Agency, Germany); George Brost (Air Force Research Laboratory, USA)

Rigorous Susceptibility-Based Design of Generalized Huygens' Metasurface Radomes
Amit Shaham (Technion, Israel), Ariel Epstein, (Technion, Israel)

A Multi-Region Hierarchical Preconditioning Scheme for the MoM Simulation of Complex Composite Structures
Víctor Martín (Universidad de Extremadura, Spain), Jose M. Taboada (University of Extremadura, Spain), Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)

Radiation Control by Space-Time-Modulated Anisotropic Impedance Surfaces
Oscar Senlis, (University Rennes, CNRS, IETR, France), David González-Ovejero (Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique - CNRS, France), Mauro Ettorre (Michigan State University, USA), Vincent Laquerbe(CNES, France), Pouliguen Philippe (DGA, France)

Spectral Domain Green's Function of an Infinite Dipole with Non-Zero Metal Thickness
Erik Speksnijder (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Riccardo Ozzola (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Andrea Neto (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

Emulating Spatial Dispersion Using Non-Spatially Dispersive Periodic Metasurfaces
Jordan R. Dugan (Carleton University, Canada), Tom Smy (Carleton University, Canada), Shulabh Gupta (Carleton University, Canada)

Experimental Analysis of Physical Interacting Objects of a Building at mmWave Frequencies
Hedieh Khosravi (Lund University, Sweden); Xuesong Cai (Lund University, Sweden); Fredrik Tufvesson (Lund University, Sweden)

Reduced-Order Maximum Determinant Sampling Grids by Acquisition of Additional Arbitrary Sampling Points on an Optimized Path
Henrik Jansen (RWTH Aachen University, Germany); Roland Moch (RWTH Aachen University, Germany); Dirk Heberling (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)

Thursday, March 21 14:40 - 15:20
IN9: Versatile metagratings for diverse field manipulation; Prof. Ariel Epstein, Technion – Israel Institute ofTechnology, Israel//
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Zvonimir Sipus (University of Zagreb, Croatia), Richard W Ziolkowski (University of Arizona, USA & University of Arizona, USA)

Thursday, March 21 14:40 - 15:20
IN12: Filtering Antenna Techniques for 5G/B5G Wireless Communication Applications; Prof. Wenquan Che,
South China University of Technology, China
Room: M1
Chairs: Astrid Algaba-Brazález (Ericsson AB, Sweden), Luigi Boccia (University of Calabria, Italy)

Thursday, March 21 15:20 - 16:00
IN10: Perfectly-Matched Metamaterials; Prof. Anthony Grbic, University of Michigan, USA
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Zvonimir Sipus (University of Zagreb, Croatia), Richard W Ziolkowski (University of Arizona, USA & University of Arizona, USA)

Thursday, March 21 15:20 - 16:00
IN11: Crafting the Future of Smart EM Environments Through the System-by-Design - The SEME@Trentino
Initiative; Prof. Paolo Rocca, University of Trento, Italy
Room: M1
Chairs: Astrid Algaba-Brazález (Ericsson AB, Sweden), Luigi Boccia (University of Calabria, Italy)

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
SW4: EurAAP Early Careers and Women in Antennas and Propagation
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Davide Comite (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy), Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
16:30 Brief Presentation of the ECAP and WiAP WGs
Presenters: Davide Comite; Francesca Vipiana (Sapienza, University of Rome and Politecnico di Torino,Italy)

16:40 (Nearly) Four Decades in the Antennas and Propagation Community
Presenter: Anja Skrivervik (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzeralnd)

17:10 Preparing the Workforce of Tomorrow
Presenter: Lucy van der Tas (European Space Agency, The Netherlands)

17:40 Beyond Antennas: Challenges and Rewards of an Engineer's Life
Presenter: Marta Martinez-Vázquez (Renesas Electronics, Düsseldorf, Germany)

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
CS18: Characteristic Modes Analysis for Next-Generation Wireless Technologies
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / Convened Session / Electromagnetics
Room: M1
Chairs: Mats Gustafsson (Lund University, Sweden), Kurt Schab (Santa Clara University, USA)
16:30 Metasurfaces Meet Characteristic Modes
Feng Han Lin, YiHui Zhu, Yi An Mao, Jia Fan Gao and Si Yu Miao (ShanghaiTech University, China); Yi Zheng (Shanghaitech University, China); Tong Wu (ShanghaiTech
University, China)
This paper briefly reviews the recent development of metasurface (MTS) antennas with the aid of characteristic mode analysis (CMA), focusing on the unique advantages and new explanations offered by CMA
for modeling an MTS, simplifying the analysis, mode excitation, mode manipulation and mode synthesis. Examples of multi-mode MTS antennas are given in three different levels, including MTS antenna element,
MTS antenna array and multi-port MTS antenna for bandwidth enhancement, pattern mitigation, isolation improvement, accelerated analysis and clearer physical understanding. Future directions are also briefly
introduced.

16:50 Circularly Polarized Transmitarray Design Using Characteristic Modes Theory
Francesco Alessio Dicandia (National Research Council (CNR), Italy); Simone Genovesi (University of Pisa, Italy)
A novel strategy for the design of a circularly polarized (CP) transmitarray (TA) is proposed by resorting to the characteristic modes theory (CMT). The described TA working principle relies on the use of two
transmitting unit cells that support a pair of characteristic modes characterized by either right-handed CP (RHCP) or left-handed CP (LHCP) scattered field. The measured results emphasized a notable 3 dB gain
bandwidth of 15.22 % (7.77 GHz - 9.05 GHz) and a maximum TA gain of around 22 dBic at 8 GHz.

17:10 Generation of a Square Multi-Mode Multi-Port Aperture Antenna by Selective Modal Excitation
Tim Hahn (Leibniz University Hannover, Germany); Dirk Manteuffel (University of Hannover, Germany)
A methodology for the generation of a multi-mode multi-port aperture antenna is proposed based on the selective excitation of magnetic current modes. The magnetic current modes are determined based on theanalytical solution of waveguide modes with the same aperture dimensions. An excitation technique for the modal magnetic aperture currents is shown by placing multiple ports within the aperture. Guidelines for the
port placement within the aperture are given based on the magnetic current distribution. Further, a feeding network topology is proposed to selectively excite the magnetic current modes of the aperture. The theory
is evaluated and validated by an analysis of the radiation patterns of the individual antenna ports as well as an investigation of the envelope correlation coefficient of the radiation patterns. It is shown that the excited
far-fields are orthogonal, which confirms the claimed selective excitation of the magnetic current modes.

17:30 Circularly Polarized Sub-THz Antenna Design for Distributed Deployment
Yuyan Cao (Lund University, Sweden); Maciej Wojnowski (Infineon Technologies, Germany); Buon Kiong Lau (Lund University, Sweden)
Sub-THz deployment is challenging due to high propagation losses, necessitating dense deployment. To reduce cost, RF signal can be distributed via plastic fiber to remote radio units to increase coverage area. In
this paper, we propose an antenna-in-package concept for the single-layer substrate on low-cost embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) packages. To suppress the distortion in the broadside pattern from thecoplanar waveguide feed line, the circularly polarized patch antenna is surrounded by an integrated loop structure. The loop also enhances the antenna bandwidth by adding a second resonance. Simulation results
show that the proposed antenna offers broadside coverage with the 10 dB impedance and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths of 14.2% and 11.2% at 145 GHz, as well as realized gain of 7.8 dBi. The antenna shows goodpromise for array implementation on eWLB packages.

17:50 Material-Independent Scattering Formulations of Characteristic Modes
Kurt Schab (Santa Clara University, USA); Miloslav Capek and Lukas Jelinek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic); Johan Lundgren and Mats
Gustafsson (Lund University, Sweden)
Various approaches to extending characteristic mode analysis to the study of arbitrary material bodies are reviewed. Recent work on a scattering-based formulation's general features, extensibility to cases involving

complex background media, application to periodic systems, and acceleration via iterative methods are summarized. Emphasis is placed on unifying these features and extensions of characteristic mode analysis
under a single, general framework. Implementation details are briefly discussed, highlighting the computational strengths and weaknesses of the scattering formulation as compared to the well-known impedance
formulation.

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
A02: Emerging antenna technologies for sub-6GHz
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Sumin David Joseph (The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Haim Matzner (HIT-Holon Institute of Technology, Israel)
16:30 A Low Profile Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Filtering Antenna with No Extra Circuit
Xuekang Liu (University of kent, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Benito Sanz-Izquierdo (University of Kent, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Steven Shichang Gao(Chinese University of Hong Kong, China)
This research introduces an innovative, compact dual-band dual-polarized antenna equipped with filtering capabilities for 5G sub-6GHz base stations. Using the concept of multipath coupling, two controllable radiation
nulls are achieved independently. The antenna's impedance bandwidth is widened by skillfully exciting the anti-phase TM22 mode and shifting it to a lower frequency band while preserving other resonant modes.
Additionally, incorporating four shorted strips around the radiator effectively increases the average half power beamwidth in the higher frequency band from 51° to 61°. Finally, the integration of two wide-band planarbaluns, linked to the input terminals of the differentially fed antenna, results in the creation of this dual-polarized filtering antenna with dual operating frequency bands. Experimental prototypes of the antenna element
and 1×4 array were fabricated and tested. The reflection coefficients demonstrate the antenna's functionality across the 3.24-3.90 GHz (18.5%) and 4.74-5.06 GHz (6.5%) frequency bands, maintaining |S11| < -14
dB. Additionally, a high isolation level of 31 dB was measured from the input ports.

16:50 Subsampling Time-Modulated Array for Reduced Hardware down Conversion and Beamforming
Sumin David Joseph (The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Edward Ball and Alan Tennant (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A Subsampling Time Modulated Array (STMA) with eight elements at 2.4 GHz is introduced to reduce the hardware complexity in a conventional analog beamformer. By applying the concept of TMA in a SDR based
downconverter, the proposed RF hardware can perform beamforming and down conversion with a minimal circuitry. Experimental tests confirm the ability of the hardware to steer the desired incoming RF receive
beam at the carrier frequency and resolve it at the subsampled intermediate frequency IF output. The analysis extends to the correlation between the hardware of the STMA and the performance of sidelobe levels
within the array. The beam steering capability of each harmonic beams and the corresponding side lobe levels is also analyzed. The proposed STMA system with beamforming and down conversion is suitable for
future receiver systems to reduce the complexity and power consumption.

17:10 Spherical Active Frequency-Selective Surface for 3-D Beam-Scanning Antenna
Ali Hassan (Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Syria)
This paper presents a novel design of active frequency-selective surface (AFSS) in a spherical form where an omnidirectional planar monopole antenna is placed at the sphere's center. The proposed design canachieve beam steering in both the azimuth and elevation planes. Hexagonal cells are used with incorporated high frequency PIN-Diodes to form the spherical (AFSS) surface. Every cell can reflect incident EM waves
in the operating frequency band when diodes are in ON state and be transparent when diodes are in OFF state. The antenna beam is formed by activating the appropriate cells and making a dish reflector which is
focusing the EM waves in the desired direction. The reflecting dish can be formed freely from any part of the spherical (AFSS) surface for realizing the switched beam antenna.

17:30 Two-Dimensional, Un-Equal, Series Power Dividers for Feeding Antenna Arrays
Haim Matzner (HIT-Holon Institute of Technology, Israel)Two-dimensional, un-equal, series power dividers based on microstrip line sections and quadrature couplers are proposed. The dividers can easily be designed to feed two-dimensional antenna arrays with specified
amplitudes excitations and equal phases for each element at the center frequency. The design method is presented, together with a simple example of a 4 x 4 microstrip antenna array fed by the proposed divider
with binomial distribution. The performance of the couplers is first analyzed by the MATHEMATICA (Wolfram) software, and then checked by the Keysight Advanced Design System software (ADS). The simulationof the microstrip array antenna is performed by the CST Microwave Studio software. The bandwidth of the antenna is approximately 10% at 1.9 GHz.

17:50 A Four-Channel In-Band Full-Duplex (IBFD) Antenna System with Shared Radiation Aperture
Yuenian Chen (University of Technology Sydney, Australia); Can Ding (University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia); He Zhu (CSIRO, Australia); Ying Liu (Xidian
University, China); Y. Jay Guo (University of Technology Sydney, Australia)
A four-channel in-band full-duplex (IBFD) antenna array system with shared radiation aperture based on common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) combination is developed in this paper. The IBFD antenna
system B is created by two subarrays. Exciting any of the four input ports simultaneously excites one subarray in CM and the other subarray in DM. The inclusion of both CM and DM in both the xoz and yoz planes
leads to identical radiation patterns when any of the four ports are excited. The IBFD antenna system designed, fabricated, and measured to verify the effectiveness of the method. The isolation between any two
ports is >38 dB within the bandwidth of 3.3 - 3.8 GHz (14.4%). The gains of all four ports are > 8 dBi with large cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) > 20 dB.

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
A28: Antennas for 5G and beyond
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Ioannis Illiopoulos (Tno, The Netherlands), Lucas Nogueira Ribeiro (Ericsson Antenna Technology GmbH, Germany)
16:30 Antenna and Mechanical Co-Design for Auto-Beam-Tracking in Backhaul Systems
Enlin Wang (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden); Anders Wennergren, Henrik Stalrud, Carlo Bencivenni and Esperanza Alfonso (Gapwaves AB, Sweden);
Ashraf Uz Zaman and Jian Yang (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)
This paper addresses the electrical-mechanical co-design challenges of beam alignment in ultra-high-gain antennas due to mast sway by adopting a defocusing strategy for the reflector antenna feed in order
to meet the requirements of 5G mmWave backhaul communication systems. Three automatic beam tracking methods have been investigated and evaluated: a sensor-motor-based control method, a gear-driven
compensation method by using a secondary mast as a reference, and a gravity-driven pendulum method that leverages gravitational force as the reference. Detailed description of the integrated design approachcombining both antenna design and mechanical structure is given in the paper, providing potential platform for further improved system developments.

16:50 A High-Isolation Dual-Band Base Station Antenna Design for Full Duplex Technologies
Lucas Nogueira Ribeiro (Ericsson Antenna Technology GmbH, Germany); Duy Hai Nguyen (Ericsson Antenna System Germany GmbH, Germany); Philipp Gentner(Ericsson Antenna Technology Germany GmbH, Germany); Maximilian Göttl (Ericsson, Germany)

Full duplex schemes technologies have considerable potential to improve the performance of future generations of mobile communication systems. While promising, these technologies face several challenges,
particularly self- and cross-link- interference. This paper addresses the self-interference issue, which can severely impact the performance of full duplex systems. A novel dual-band antenna architecture tailored forfull duplex systems is presented alongside the design of two shielding structures and their performance are evaluated in electromagnetic simulation software. The simulation results indicate that the isolation between
a transmit beam and a receive radio branch can reach more than 80 dB over a support of 500 MHz for different beam steering directions.

17:10 Base Station Radome Design for 5G and Beyond
Lauri Vähä-Savo (Aalto University, Finland); Nasrin Shoghi Badr (Aalto University); Clemens Icheln (Aalto University & School of Electrical Engineering, Finland);
Katsuyuki Haneda (Aalto University, Finland)
Increasing data use forces mobile communication to move higher carrier frequencies. The 71-76 GHz band has been newly assigned for communication use. The base station needs radome for protection against
the environment. At millimeter waves, the thickness of the radome may become significant compared to the wavelength, making the radome design more challenging. In this manuscript, we design and manufacture
two planar radomes, i.e., a single-layer radome and an A-sandwich radome with dielectric lenses. These two radomes are evaluated using maximum realized gain and a new metric {\it gain envelope variation}. The
A-sandwich lens radome achieves higher realized gains with smaller gain envelope variation than traditional single-layer radome.

17:30 Ground Base Station Antenna Design for Air-To-Ground Communications
Lucas Nogueira Ribeiro (Ericsson Antenna Technology GmbH, Germany); Sertan Hastürkoglu and Jan Grävendieck (Ericsson Antenna Systems, Germany)
The sixth generation (6G) of mobile communication networks aims to bring innovations in mobile broadband solutions and airborne communications. This paper proposes an antenna solution for direct air-to-ground(ATG) communications, particularly focusing on the challenges and potential of the digital airspace vision. The intra- and inter-cell interference caused by sidelobes of ground base station (BS) antennas and the
bandwidth constraints at sub-6 GHz bands are important limitations. The paper introduces a ground BS antenna design for the 5.9-8.5 GHz band. The main contributions include wide-band, high-isolation antenna
array concept for the ground BS antenna, along with an analysis of how the antenna array dimension affects the signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio and throughput in ATG systems.

17:50 Indoor Wireless Signal Modeling with Smooth Surface Diffraction Effects
Ruichen Wang, Samuel J Audia and Dinesh Manocha (University of Maryland, USA)We introduce a novel algorithm that enhances the accuracy of electromagnetic field simulations in indoor environments by incorporating the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (UTD) for surface diffraction.
The additional phenomenology is important for the design of modern wireless systems and allows us to capture the effects of more complex scene geometries. Central to our methodology is the Dynamic CoherenceBased EM Ray Tracing Simulator, which we have augmented with smooth surface UTD. We validate our additions by comparing them to analytical solutions of a sphere, method of moments solutions from FEKO,
and ray-traced indoor scenes from WinProp. Our algorithm improves shadow region predicted powers by about 5dB compared to our previous work, and captures nuanced field effects beyond shadow boundaries.
This paper underscores the performance benefits of our method (60% faster computation time compared to WinProp under default settings), emphasizing its potential to revolutionize indoor wireless system design
and testing.

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
A17: Deployable antenna solutions for space applications
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Paolo Focardi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory & California Institute of Technology, USA), German Augusto Ramirez Arroyave (EPFL - École Polytechnique Fédérale deLausanne & Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Switzerland)
16:30 Feed Assembly Development for INCUS
Gaurangi Gupta (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, USA); Paolo Focardi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory & California Institute of Technology, USA)
INCUS (INvestigation of Convective UpdraftS) is an Earth Science project approved by NASA in 2022. The goal of the mission is to study in detail how water vapor and droplets move inside tropical storms andthunderstorms and understand their effects on weather and climate models. To carry out this study, the mission will use three almost identical SmallSats, each one equipped with a Ka-band radar heritage of Raincube.
The deployable mesh reflector antenna is a new 1.6 m design provided by Tendeg. This paper presents the general architecture of the three observatories with particular emphasis on the radar antenna subsystemdesign. In particular, the approach used to design and fabricate the feed assembly will be presented along with measured and calculated RF performance parameters.

16:50 Series-Fed Loop Antenna Array Deployable by a Scissors Mechanism
German Augusto Ramirez Arroyave (EPFL - École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne & Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Switzerland); Anja K. Skrivervik (EPFL,
Switzerland); Javier Leonardo Araque Quijano (Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia)
A series-fed loop antenna array, deployable by means of a scissors-type stretchable mechanism is presented. The antenna topology uses a continuous conductor with proper size to produce in-phase vertical currents
that creates a highly directive pattern. The design methodology and simple guidelines for obtaining desired input impedance, gain and front-to-backlobe-ratio (FBR) are presented. A wire prototype was realized as
proof of concept, demonstrating input impedance and radiation characteristics according to expectations.

17:10 Design and Test of a UHF Deployable Conical Log Spiral Antenna for Small Satellites
Lewis Raymond Williams (University of Oslo, Norway); Karina Hoel (FFI & University of Oslo, Norway); Lars Erling Bråten (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment(FFI), Norway); Bendik Sagsveen (FFI, Norway)
The design and experimental test results for a deployable broadband conical log spiral antenna intended for small satellites are presented. A performance trade-off was conducted, resulting in a feasible mechanicaldesign whilst retaining good radiation characteristics. A deployment mechanism is proposed, and electrical and mechanical prototypes manufactured. The antenna has a measured directivity of approximately 6 dBifrom 600 to 1500 MHz and is well matched at 100 Ω input impedance.

17:30 RF Modelling and Validation of the Breadboard Antenna of the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer
Cecilia Cappellin and Pasquale Giuseppe Nicolaci (TICRA, Denmark); Roberto Mizzoni (Italy); Cyril Mangenot (Api-Space, France); Vincenzo Lubrano and Eva Trippanera(Thales Alenia Space Italy, Italy); Leri Datashvili (Large Space Structures (LSS) GmbH, Germany); Benedetta Fiorelli (European Space Agency, The Netherlands)
A 1.4 m representative breadboard of the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) mesh reflector antenna was manufactured and its radiated field was measured using the planar near-field scanner of
TASI in Rome. In this paper we describe the RF modelling of the CIMR breadboard in its measurement conditions and correlate the measured fields with the predicted fields in Ka bands.

17:50 The Novel Method for Deployable Parabolic Reflector Based on Uchiwa Origami
Amit Kumar Baghel (AVENIDA DE ARTUR RAVARA 4 1ESQ & IT AVEIRO, Portugal); Vinicius Magno Uchoa Lima Oliveira (University of Aveiro & Instituto de
Telecomunicações, Portugal); Pedro Pinho (UA - Universidade de Aveiro & IT - Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal); Nuno Borges Carvalho (Universidade de Aveiro,
Portugal & Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal)
In this paper the authors proposed a novel method for the deploying parabolic reflector antenna (PRA). The idea of the same comes from the Japanese silk fan called Uchiwa. The PRA is designed for 2.45 GHz
frequency of operation with F/D = 0.5 having diameter (D) = 1.3 m. The PRA surface is broken down in 18 segments. While deployment, the first segment is fixed and the other segments are moved in the steps of
200 with the help of stepper motor. For the fully deployability, the segments are attached at the back with the closing and opening V-shaped hinge. The proposed method uses mechanical robust items rather thanthe spring mechanism, thus making it more reliable solution for the deployment. For lower D of 0.5 m and same F/D ratio, the volume occupied by the structure is less than 1.5 U (10 × 10 × 15 cm3 ).

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
P02: Imaging, detection and estimation
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications / / Propagation
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal), Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações, Portugal)
16:30 Multistatic OFDM Radar Fusion of MUSIC-Based Angle Estimation
Martin Willame (Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) & Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium); Hasan Can Yildirim (Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB),
Belgium); Laurent Storrer (Univesité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium); François Horlin (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium); Jerome Louveaux (Université catholiquede Louvain, Belgium)This study investigates the problem of angle-based localization of multiple targets using a multistatic OFDM radar. Although the maximum likelihood (ML) approach can be employed to merge data from different radarpairs, this method requires a high complexity multi-dimensional search process. The multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm simplifies the complexity to a two-dimensional search, but no framework is derived
for combining MUSIC pseudo-spectrums in a multistatic configuration. This paper exploits the relationship between MUSIC and ML estimators to approximate the multidimensional ML parameter estimation with aweighted combination of MUSIC pseudo-spectrum. This enables the computation of a likelihood map on which a peak selection is applied for target detection. In addition to reducing the computational complexity, theproposed method relies only on transmitting the estimated channel covariance matrices of each radar pair to the central processor. A numerical analysis is conducted to assess the benefits of the proposed fusion.

16:50 Learning-Based Procedures for Inverse Design of Electromagnetic Devices: A Preliminary Investigation
Roberta Palmeri (IREA-CNR, Napoli, Italy); Álvaro Yago Ruiz (CNR, National Research Council, Italy); Rosa Scapaticci (CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Italy);Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Lorenzo Crocco (CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Italy)
The concept of Inverse Design (ID) has grown in the last years in many branches of engineering. In this contribution, the possibility of performing optimal ID within the inverse scattering (IS) framework is presented.
In particular, the possibility of exploiting deep learning (DL) based approaches is discussed by focusing on the joint exploitation of the most suitable DL architecture and IS techniques.

17:10 Feature Selection for Identifying Optimal Microwave Frequencies to Detect Floating Macroplastic Litter in C and X Bands
Tomás Soares da Costa (ULisboa - Instituto Superior Técnico & Instituto Telecomunicações, Portugal); Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval, Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de
Telecomunicacoes, Portugal); Mario Vala (Instituto de Telecomunicações de Portugal, Portugal); Nuno R. Leonor (Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (IPL) & Instituto de
Telecomunicações (IT), Leiria, Portugal); Jorge R. Costa (Instituto de Telecomunicações / ISCTE-IUL, Portugal); Paulo Marques (ISEL-IT Lisboa, Portugal); Antonio A
Moreira (IST - University of Lisbon & Instituto de Telecomunicações/ Lisbon, Portugal); Rafael F. S. Caldeirinha (Polytechnic Institute of Leiria & Instituto de
Telecomunicações, Portugal); Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações, Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Instituto
Superior Tecnico, Portugal); Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France); Peter de Maagt (European Space Agency, The Netherlands)
Recently, the utilisation of microwave (MW) frequencies in remote sensing has emerged as a promising and complementary technology to optical methods for effectively detecting and monitoring floating plastic litter.
Still, there is a scarce number of existing studies evaluating the optimal MW band for detection, in particular making use of machine learning (ML) techniques. To contribute to contribute to this topic, we propose andadapt the use of a simple and reliable feature selection (FS) algorithm based on the weighted principal component analysis (WPCA) to study the backscattering response in C and X-bands of floating macroplastic
clusters (made of plastic bottles, straws, lids, and cylinder foams). Specific backscattering radio measurements were carried out in a controllable indoor scenario that mimics deep sea conditions. The results attained
show that, under the tested conditions, that X-band is preferable and that the floating macroplastics shows a consistent behaviour through the MW frequencies.

17:30 Measuring and Modelling the Scattering Parameters of the Wet Radome of the Swiss Weather Radars
Philipp Joachim Schmid (University of Bern, Switzerland); Maurizio Sartori (Meteoswiss, Switzerland); Marco Gabella (Meteoswiss, Germany); Matthias Renker(Armasuisse, Switzerland); Mikko Kotiranta and Axel Murk (University of Bern, Switzerland)
The radome of weather radars can be covered with a layer of water, degrading the quality of the radar products. Considering a simplified setup with a planar sample of the Swiss weather radar's radome, we measureand model analytically the scattering parameters of the multilayered structure, with and without water. The measured reflectance of the dry radome sample is consistent with the one modelled according to the
manufacturer specifications. As regards the wet radome sample, for thick layers the distribution of the water complies with the model's hypothesis of a homogeneous film of uniform thickness. Qualitative agreement
is also found for the meteorologically relevant thin layers, but because the water forms droplets the quantitative comparison is limited. GRASP antenna simulations of the wet radome complement the study for a more
realistic setup with a spherical radome.

17:50 Mechanical Vibrations on a Deployable Nanosatellite Antenna: SAR Performance Analysis
Andrew C M Austin and Timothy Pelham (University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Simone Mencarelli (The University of Auckland, New Zealand); Annalisa
Tresoldi (University of Auckland, New Zealand); Mohammed Dabboor (Environment and Climate Change Canada, Government of Canada, Canada); Guglielmo Aglietti(University of Auckland, New Zealand); Michael J Neve (The University of Auckland, New Zealand)
The mechanical vibrations of a high-strain glass-fibre composite deployable X-band antenna structure are investigated using a finite element method. The antenna is approximately 2 m x 0.3 m, and exhibits natural
frequencies at 2.8 Hz and 7.6 Hz. The radiation patterns for a reflectarray formed from the structure are calculated using a ray-tracing approach for the nominal and mechanically deformed cases. The mechanically
deformed antenna pattern is defocused, and a synthetic aperture radar system model shows this reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of a point scattering target by approximately 6 dB.

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
CS29: Propagation for Integrated Sensing and Communication
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Yang Miao (University of Twente, The Netherlands), Carsten Jan Smeenk (Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits & TU Ilmenau, Germany)
16:30 AI-Based Environment Segmentation Using a Context-Aware Channel SounderAnuraag Bodi and Samuel Berweger (NIST, USA); Raied Caromi (National Institute of Standard and Technology, USA); Jihoon Bang, Jelena Senic and Camillo Gentile(NIST, USA)We describe how the data acquired from the camera and Lidar systems of our context-aware radio-frequency (RF) channel sounder is used to reconstruct a 3D mesh of the surrounding environment, segmented
and classified into discrete objects. First, the images captured by the camera are segmented into objects through an AI-based algorithm. Then the segmented images are projected onto the point cloud captured by
the Lidar. Since the receiver end of the channel sounder is mounted on a mobile robot, the data is acquired in the local coordinate system and so must be transformed to a global coordinate system to synthesize asingle, holistic point cloud of the environment. Finally, the synthesized point cloud is tessellated into a 3D mesh. The segmented mesh can be used for the automated - i.e., without human analysis -reduction of thedata acquired by the RF system of the sounder into an object-specific channel model.

16:50 Physics-Informed Generative Neural Networks for RF Propagation Prediction with Application to Indoor Body Perception
Federica Fieramosca (Politecnico di Milano, Italy); Vittorio Rampa (National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Italy); Michele D'Amico (Politecnico di Milano, Italy); Stefano
Savazzi (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR, Italy)
Electromagnetic (EM) body models designed to predict the Radio-Frequency (RF) propagation are time-consuming methods which prevent their adoption in strict real-time computational imaging problems, suchas localization and human body sensing. Physics-informed Generative Neural Network (GNN) models have been recently proposed to reproduce a EM effects, namely to simulate or reconstruct missing data or
samples by incorporating relevant EM principles and constraints. The paper discusses a variational auto-encoder (VAE) model which is trained to reproduce the effects of human motions on the EM field, namely thechannel state information (CSI), as well as incorporate EM body diffraction concepts. Proposed EM-informed generative models are verified against both classical diffraction-based EM tools and full-wave EM bodysimulations.

17:10 Computer Vision Enabled Sub-THz Radio Channel Characterization of Dynamic Objects
Ankit Regmi, Praneeth Susarla, Peize Zhang and Nuutti Tervo (University of Oulu, Finland); Miguel Bordallo Lopez (University of Oulu, Finland & VTT Technical ResearchCentre of Finland Ltd., Finland); Olli Silvén (University of Oulu, Finland); Pekka Kyösti (Keysight Technologies & University of Oulu, Finland); Marko E Leinonen and Aarno
Pärssinen (University of Oulu, Finland)To enable a wide range of joint communications and sensing applications, future channel models must support dynamic variations of the propagation environment. Moreover, when discovering sensing applications,
it is essential to connect physical objects and actions to the radio channel characteristics. In this paper, we perform computer vision (CV) aided automatic mapping and showcase that channel measurements can belinked to the dynamic actions and objects in the environment, thus supporting sensing applications. The proposed method employs a vector network analyzer-based channel measurement system operating at 300
GHz and a camera to enable CV for tracking the object in the radio link. Using human hand as the blockage object, the CV-extracted coordinates and the measured channel responses are combined to generate radio
channel footprints for different hand movements.

17:30 Accurate Time Synchronization Exploiting Integrated Sensing and Communication
Davide Scazzoli, Francesco Linsalata, Dario Tagliaferri, Maurizio Magarini and Umberto Spagnolini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
The design of waveforms catering to both communication and sensing functionalities emerges as a pivotal aspect in Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems. The Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM), currently used for communication purposes, requires accurate time synchronization. This paper presents an experimental exploration of a novel ISAC waveform, which superimposes the legacy
OFDM onto a low power and wide bandwidth signal, with the specific focus being synchronizing transmitters and receivers. Our proposed method requires a simple yet effective correlation technique with thetransmitted low power signal to identify OFDM symbols timing at the communication receiver. The experimental results shows the superiority of our approach compared to the state of the art, showcasing enhanced
accuracy, also in harsh channel conditions, compared to the existing synchronization methods. Our approach leverages the processing typically done to sense the environment for the goal of synchronisation, reusing
computationally expensive results for multiple purposes.

17:50 Multi-Scattering Centers Extraction and Modeling for ISAC Channel Modeling
Yi Chen (Huawei Technologies CO. LTD., China); Ziming Yu (Huawei Technologies CO., LTD, China); Jia He, Wenfei Yang, Jian Li and Guangjian Wang (Huawei
Technologies Co., Ltd., China)
Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), has many potential applications, like localization, environment reconstruction, identification, and communication assistance purposes. Also, it has been adopted as oneof the key 6 usage scenarios specified in IMT-2030 (6G) framework by ITU. ISAC performance evaluation depends critically on channel modeling, but because traditional models are oriented only to communication,such models cannot meet the requirements imposed by ISAC. Consequently, we need to explore a new channel model for ISAC. In this paper, we first present a hybrid channel modeling method that incorporates
statistical and deterministic modeling. This modeling method independently considers sensing targets and background channels, and adopts the multi-scattering center theory to model the target's electromagnetic
features. Second, we present multi-scattering center model and parameter extraction algorithm, which are then verified through electromagnetic (EM) simulation.

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
A20: Biomedical and health
T06 Biomedical and health / / Antennas
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Giovanni Buonanno (University of Calabria, Italy), Giuseppe Vecchi (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
16:30 Errors Correlation in Near-Field Focused Arrays for Biosafe Microwave Applications
Sandra Costanzo and Giovanni Buonanno (University of Calabria, Italy)
The most common errors in antenna arrays are those affecting the magnitudes and phases of the excitation coefficients, as well as those related to faults occurring in the radiating elements. Such errors can affectthe performance of near-field focused arrays by causing relatively high levels of the electric field even into unwanted regions. Obviously, this aspect is also harmful in receiving mode. This can be a severe problem if
applied to a biomedical context, where field levels must be properly controlled to ensure biological integrity. Correlations between magnitude errors as well as between phase errors are analysed in the present work,
to take into account simultaneous effects produced by the same components and/or phenomena.

16:50 Stretchable Multi-Band Radio Frequency Sensor for Strain Measurement
Zaynab Attoun, Youssef Tawk, Joseph Costantine and Elie Shammas (American University of Beirut, Lebanon)
A stretchable Radio Frequency (RF) tension sensor is presented in this paper. The sensor is based on a filter that, in the absence of strain, operates as a dual band-pass filter at 1.2 GHz and 1.95 GHz and a dualband-stop filter at 1.67 GHz and 2.27 GHz. Two logarithmically scaled spiral-shaped Defected Ground Structures (DGS) are etched from the ground planes of a Coplanar Waveguide Transmission Line (CPW) toproduce the dual band-stop operation. In addition, two U-shaped slot capacitors are etched from the feeding line of the CPW to ensure the appropriate operation of the filter when stretched. The magnitudes of thereflection and transmission coefficients undergo a gradual shift in their operational frequencies, which corresponds to the degree of stretching. The filter is fabricated and tested in different stretching states where its
ability to accurately sense the applied strain level is validated.

17:10 Compact Antenna Solutions for Data Transmission Using Fat-Intrabody Communication (Fat-IBC)
Rossella Gaffoglio (Fondazione LINKS, Italy); Giorgio Giordanengo (LINKS Foundation, Italy); Giuseppe Musacchio Adorisio (Fondazione LINKS, Italy); Bappaditya
Mandal, Johan Engstrand and Robin Augustine (Uppsala University, Sweden); Giuseppe Vecchi (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
Fat intra-body communication (Fat-IBC) is a novel communication technique aiming at exploiting the very low electrical conductivity of subcutaneous fat tissue to convey electromagnetic signals among implantable
and wearable biomedical devices. This paper describes the design of two on-body antenna solutions, optimized to transmit signals along the body exploiting the subcutaneous fat tissue as a communication channel.
The designed antennas have been fabricated and tested on a three-layer phantom model emulating the dielectric properties of skin, fat and muscle, inserted in a portable chamber to reduce external interference andminimize alternative propagation paths, i.e., outside the fat channel. Preliminary data rate transmission measurements computed using two Raspberry Pi units allowed link speeds in the range of 90 Mbps for one of
the two considered antenna pairs, demonstrating the ability of the designed solution to efficiently couple the radiation into the tissue-mimicking phantoms and transmit signals through the fat layer.

17:30 The Impact of a Phantom's Size on the Performance of an Implanted Antenna
Mohammed Aldosari (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain) & Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia); Salam Khamas (University of
Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This study investigates the impact of the size of a tissue-equivalent phantom on the implanted antenna performance at 2.45 GHz. A planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), which is implanted in a single layer of skin at a
depth of 4 mm, has been selected to investigate the impact of the phantom's size on the antenna's impedance matching, radiation efficiency, realized gain, and radiation pattern. Furthermore, a minimum phantom
size that can provide an accurate model of the body, or semi-infinite phantom, has been suggested. In addition, the reliability of the suggested phantom model has been examined using different implanted antennas
and compared with a semi-infinite model, as well as recommended models in the literature.

17:50 Quad-Band Meandered Implantable Planar Inverted-F Antenna for Wireless Brain Health Monitoring
Uzman Ali (Tampere University, Finland); Muhammad Waqas Ahmad Khan (Tampere University, Sweden); Nikta Pournoori, Leena Ukkonen, Lauri Sydänheimo and Toni
Björninen (Tampere University, Finland)We've developed and optimized a quad-band meandered implantable Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) for brain health monitoring. By utilizing numerical optimization and full-wave EM simulations, we successfully
enabled operation across four vital healthcare communication bands: Medical Device Radiocommunication Service (MedRadio) band (401-406 MHz), Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) band (1427-1432
MHz), and Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands (902.8-928 MHz, 2400-2483.5 MHz) with reflection coefficients below -10 dB. Employing meandered miniaturization techniques reduced antenna size. A
biocompatible silicone coating safeguards against direct body contact, and Rogers RO3210 high-permittivity substrate was employed. We utilized a 7-layer human head model, implanting the antenna at a depth of
13.25 mm within the cranial cavity's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) layer, resulting in an antenna volume of 11×19.8×1.8 mm³.

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
P01: Channel modeling and measurements
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / / Propagation
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Raffaele D'Errico (CEA, LETI & Université Grenoble-Alpes, France), Ruth G Gebremedhin (New York University, USA)
16:30 5G Radio Channel Characterization in an Underground Mining Environment
Marko E Leinonen and Veikko Hovinen (University of Oulu, Finland); Risto Vuohtoniemi (Centre for Wireless Communications, Finland); Aarno Pärssinen (University ofOulu, Finland)
The development and usage of wireless communication systems in underground mines are essential for the digitalization of the mining industry. The 5G systems have been widely deployed at frequency range 1(FR1) below 6 GHz as terrestrial networks. The first 5G network installations have been done for underground mines but the optimized 5G network planning in the mine requires a specific understanding of the radio
propagation characteristics of the mine tunnels.
This paper provides radio channel measurement results for 5G FR1 and FR2 bands from the underground mine tunnels of Sandvik's test mine. In a cross-section scenario, the 5G signal travels up to 18 meters fromthe main tunnel to the side tunnel at FR1, but only 6 meters at FR2. The signal blocking in different scoop positions of the loader at FR1 was measured, and the topmost position attenuates the signal by 10 to 15 dB.

16:50 Grid-Free Harmonic Retrieval and Model Order Selection Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Steffen Schieler (Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Sebastian Semper (Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany); Reza Faramarzahanagri (Technische
Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Michael Döbereiner (Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS & Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Christian Schneider(Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany); Reiner S. Thomä (Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany)
Harmonic retrieval techniques are the foundation of radio channel sounding, estimation and modeling. This paper introduces a Deep Learning approach for joint delay- and Doppler estimation from frequency andtime samples of a radio channel transfer function.
Our work estimates the two-dimensional parameters from a signal containing an unknown number of paths. Compared to existing deep learning-based methods, the signal parameters are not estimated via
classification but in a quasi-grid-free manner. This alleviates the bias, spectral leakage, and ghost targets that grid-based approaches produce. The proposed architecture also reliably estimates the number of pathsin the measurement. Hence, it jointly solves the model order selection and parameter estimation task. Additionally, we propose a multi-channel windowing of the data to increase the estimator's robustness.
We compare the performance to other harmonic retrieval methods and integrate it into an existing maximum likelihood estimator for efficient initialization of a gradient-based iteration.

17:10 Scenario Classification and Channel Modeling for MIMO Communications in Suburban Road Scenarios
Deyuan Zhao (Southeast University, China); Chen Huang (Purple Mountain Laboratories & Southeast University, China); Cheng-Xiang Wang (Southeast University, China& Purple Mountain Laboratories, China); Junling Li (Southeast University, China)
Suburban road scenario is one of the most typical communication scenarios for the sixth generation (6G) wireless communications. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a more thorough investigation and modelingof suburban road wireless channels. Physical environmental factors, including building height and width, usually have a significant influence on channel characteristics. In this paper, through an analysis of physicalenvironmental factors and channel characteristics, we classify the suburban road scenarios into two sub-scenarios, i.e., main roads and branch roads. Subsequently, we propose specific channel models for eachsub-scenario. To validate the accuracy of our proposed channel models, we compare synthetic data generated by these models with channel data collected from practical communication networks in Meishan City.
Furthermore, we conduct a comparative analysis of channel characteristics for all types of suburban road scenarios to verify the effectiveness of the classification.

17:30 Frequency Domain Channel Characteristics in an Outdoor-To-Indoor Environment at 6 and 37 GHz
Ruth G Gebremedhin (New York University, USA); Ruoyu Sun and Dorin G Viorel (CableLabs, USA); Wilhelm Keusgen (Technische Universität Berlin, Germany)
Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) aims to provide users with high data rates. The unlicensed 6-GHz band (5.925 - 7.125 GHz) and the shared lower-37-GHz band (37.0 - 37.6 GHz) are considered for FWA due totheir low cost and high bandwidth availability. We studied the frequency domain characteristics of multiple outdoor-to-indoor channel realizations at 6.175 and 37.3 GHz, emulating FWA scenarios. Channel transfer
functions from a measurement campaign were analyzed to study the impact of frequency-selective fading on OFDM. Power flatness within each subcarrier and power variation across multiple subcarriers werestudied. Subcarrier channels were generally flat-fading with a 95% probability of less than 1 dB variation. Channel power gain across subcarriers followed a Log-Normal distribution with an average standard deviationof 3.2 and 5.2 for outdoor and indoor receivers, respectively. The channel was more dispersive at 37 GHz compared to 6 GHz with respect to both intra-subcarrier power flatness and power gain variation acrosssubcarriers.

17:50 Analysis of 5G Channel Characteristics Based on Ray Tracing for the Straight Tunnel of High Speed Railway
Lei Liu, Bo Ai and Yuanyuan Qiao (Beijing Jiaotong University, China)
The tunnel is one of the most important scenarios for high-speed railway (HSR). However, it exists many gaps about the coverage, the path loss and the number of signal paths in the HSR tunnel. In this paper, wefirst simulate the coverage of base station (BS) at the 2.6, 3.5 and 4.9 GHz by the ray tracing (RT) simulator, when the BS is arranged outside the tunnel. Simulation results show that the BS outside the tunnel cancover more than 200 meters of the tunnel. And decreasing the elevation angle between the BS and the tunnel can increase the covered tunnel distance of the BS. Moreover, we propose the three-slope path loss
model to predict signal attenuation at different areas for the tunnel scenario. Finally, we analyze the number of signal paths and find that the multipath effect is more severe at the tunnel entrance, rather than inside
the tunnel.

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
A24: Superdirectivity and synthesis techniques
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Antennas
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Richard W Ziolkowski (University of Arizona, USA & University of Arizona, USA)
16:30 Self-Resonant Broadside-Radiating Superdirective Unidirectional Mixed-Multipole Antennas
Richard W Ziolkowski (University of Arizona, USA)
Two 28 GHz broadside-radiating unidirectional mixed-multipole antenna (UMMA) designs are presented. These UMMAs are self-resonant metamorphoses of previously reported systems. Both versions are matched
to a 50 ohm source. Details of their directivity, front-to-back ratio, realized gain, and radiation efficiency performance characteristics are reported. It is demonstrated that both of them are superdirective, highly efficientand have interesting bandwidths. Their intrinsic attributes surpass several recognized bounds. These results add further credence to the fact that superdirective systems with useful properties are indeed practical incontradistinction to the general perception that they are not.

16:50 Synthesis of Flat-Top Beams Based on Modified Chebyshev Polynomials
Goran Molnar and Marko Matijaščić (Ericsson Nikola Tesla d. d. & Research and Development Centre, Croatia)
Real-time beamforming applications require computationally efficient methods for the beampattern synthesis. This feature is usually met by analytical techniques or simple iterative procedures. On the other hand,
many of these applications utilize flat-top beampatterns with adjustable parameters. In this paper, we present an analytical method for the design of symmetrical linear arrays which form flat-top beampatterns. The
method is based on matching the array factor with a given polynomial, thus ensuring a closed form expression for array's weights. To obtain flat-top beampatterns with adjustable sidelobe level and beamwidth, we
use a modification of Chebyshev polynomials. To adjust the beampatterns, we provide two straightforward procedures, one for a given sidelobe level and the other for a given beamwidth.

17:10 Optimization of Super-Directive Linear Arrays with Differential Evolution for High Realized Gain
Ihsan Kanbaz (Gazi University, Turkey); Okan Yurduseven and Michail Matthaiou (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Due to the low impedance and high feeding currents, it is naturally challenging to design super-directive antenna arrays that perfectly match the feed line, and this becomes almost impossible as the number of
elements increases. In this paper, we assert that it is crucial to consider the trade-off between directivity and overall efficiency (to achieve high realized gain) before employing super-directive arrays in real-world
applications. Given this trade-off (high directivity and low mismatch for high realized gain), a 4-element dipole array (unit array) is optimized using the differential evolution (DE) algorithm. Then, the performance of
the unit array in subarray configuration scenarios is analyzed. Finally, the obtained parameters are verified using the CST full-wave simulation software. The results clearly indicate that the proposed unit array is astrong candidate for dense array applications, particularly in the context of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), thanks to its notable high gain and efficiency.

17:30 Superdirective Broadside-Radiating Unidirectional Mixed-Multipole Antenna Arrays
Richard W Ziolkowski (University of Arizona, USA)A realistic superdirective broadside-radiating unidirectional mixed-multipole antenna (UMMA) design is presented and then used as the radiators of two two-element arrays. The single and two element systems
are self-resonant in the 5G 28 GHz band being matched to 75 ohm sources without any intervening matching networks. Details of the designs along with their key performance attributes: directivity, realized gain,
front-to-back ratio, radiation efficiency, and bandwidth, are given. It is demonstrated that these systems are not only highly efficient and have usable bandwidths, but they are all superdirective with their directivities
surpassing several recognized bounds. They also further the recognition that traditional perceptions of superdirective systems being impractical are no longer tenable.

17:50 Design Recommendations for Minimal Antenna Mutual Coupling Using Current Optimization
Hannes Bartle (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne & ClearSpace SA, Switzerland); Jakub Liška and Miloslav Capek (Czech Technical University in Prague,
Czech Republic); Anja K. Skrivervik (EPFL, Switzerland); Lukas Jelinek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic)
This work addresses a first attempt at using current density optimization algorithms to gain insight into the relation between maximum achievable gain in a given direction and the mutual coupling to another antenna
nearby. The methodology is presented on the example of the coupling between two patch antennas placed above an infinite ground plane. The optimized antenna gain is shown to have a strong relation to thegeometry of the problem. The obtained insight is then formulated into design recommendations that can help in an actual design.

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
M2: MIMO, OTA and 6G Antenna Testing
T09 Fundamental research and emerging technologies / / Measurements
Room: M2
Chairs: Andrés Alayón Glazunov (Linköping University, Sweden), Thorsten Hertel (Keysight Technologies, USA)
16:30 A Novel MIMO OTA Methodology for UE Performance TestingThorsten Hertel (Keysight Technologies, USA); Lassi Hentila (Keysight Technologies, Finland); Jukka Kyröläinen (Keysight Technologies Finland oy, Finland); Pekka
Kyösti (Keysight Technologies & University of Oulu, Finland); Huaizhi Yang (Keysight Technologies China co. ltd, China)
This paper provides an overview of a novel MIMO OTA methodology using dynamic channel models and link adaptation being developed for CTIA's NR FR1 MIMO OTA performance test plan using dynamic channel
models with link adaptation. The test setup comprises a base station emulator, fading/channel emulator, anechoic chamber, and probe antennas. Purpose of the testing is to evaluate UE antenna system and its
overall adaptation to transitions and time variant radio environments. Initial end-to-end measurement results are provided that clearly demonstrate the efficacy of this test methodology.

16:50 Real-Time Near-Field Measurements of mmWave Devices Using a Metasurface and IR Camera
Johan Lundgren (Lund University, Sweden); Torleif Martin (Qamcom Research and Technology, Sweden); Hamza Khalid and Deyu Tu (Linköping University, Sweden);Daniel Sjöberg and Mats Gustafsson (Lund University, Sweden); Isak Engquist (Linköping University, Sweden)
With a metasurface consisting of elements absorbing incident mmWaves and an infrared camera tracking temperature evolution, this paper introduces an alternative approach to rapidly image incident power density.
This offers an effective non-contact assessment of power levels without direct antenna connections for validating and characterizing radiating devices operating in the mmWave regime. We display how the techniqueof the metasurface along with modulating the transmit signal enables the detection of typical mmWave power levels rapidly by demonstrating it in the Ka-band for fault detection on a 16 x 16 element phased array
antenna and incident power density imaging in the near-field of a mobile phone mock-up. Both time and frequency domain analyses can be employed for processing and comprehension of the results.

17:10 Data-Driven Optimization of an Array of Steered Sub-Arrays for Enhanced Fairness in MU-MIMO
Noud Kanters (University of Twente, The Netherlands); Andrés Alayón Glazunov (Linköping University, Sweden)
This paper investigates arrays of steered sub-arrays (SAs) in multi-user scenarios. We optimize the SA steering angles based on rate-based and gain-based objective functions which naturally balance aggregate
system performance and user fairness. Numerical simulations show that, compared to a full-digital array with the same number of RF-chains, rate-optimized arrays increase the array gain in small sector scenariosand compensate for low element gains in large sector scenarios. An array with 4-element SAs achieves the highest rate at all sectors at both low and high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Improvements vary from

2% (120-degree sector, high SNR) to 113% (30-degree sector, low SNR). Hence, adjusting the steering angles to the long-term channel statistics yields significant rate improvements if users are confined to a small
sector, without sacrificing performance if this is not the case. Similar results are obtained for gain-based optimized arrays, which is important and convenient for array design.

17:30 K-Factor Evaluation in a Hybrid Reverberation Chamber plus CATR OTA Testing Setup
Alejandro Antón Ruiz (University of Twente, The Netherlands); Samar Hosseinzadegan (Bluetest, Sweden); John Kvarnstrand and Klas Arvidsson (Bluetest AB, Sweden);Andrés Alayón Glazunov (Linköping University, Sweden)
This paper investigates achieving diverse K-factors using a Reverberation Chamber (RC) with a Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR) system. It explores six hybrid "RC plus CATR" configurations, involving different
excitations of the Rich Isotropic Multipath (RIMP) field and CATR-generated plane waves, with some setups including absorbers. A fixed horn antenna points towards the CATR in all configurations. The study foundthat the null hypothesis of Rayleigh or Rician probability distributions for received signal envelope could not be rejected, with RIMP setups primarily conforming to Rayleigh distribution and all setups showing Rician
distribution. Various K-factors were obtained, but no generalizable method for achieving the desired K-factor was identified. The paper also estimates K-factor as a function of frequency in the 24.25-29.5 GHz band.
Smaller K-factors exhibit larger fluctuations, while larger K-factors remain relatively stable, with consistent fluctuations across the frequency range.

17:50 Optimization of the TRP Evaluation in Anechoic-Reverberation Hybrid Chamber
Pavlo Krasov and Oleg Iupikov (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden); Rob Maaskant (CHALMERS, Sweden); Jonas Fridén (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Marianna
Ivashina (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)
A hybrid, reconfigurable anechoic-reverberation antenna measurement chamber has recently been introduced. The chamber is developed for fast characterization of the active antenna radiated power and directive
characteristics in a single measurement environment. In the present work, we propose optimizations of the hybrid chamber design in the configuration that uses E-field scanner. Introducing the wedge reflector in thechamber allows for a reduction in the total number of acquisition samples four times compared to λ/2 spaced scan during the total radiated power (TRP) measurements.

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
ESoA: ESoA Board//
Room: M3

Thursday, March 21 16:30 - 18:10
E09: Frequency Selective Surfaces
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Electromagnetics
Room: M4
Chairs: Agostino Monorchio (Pisa University, Sweden), Jesús Sánchez-Pastor (Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany)
16:30 Design of an L-S-Band Frequency Selective Rasorber for Dual-Band Absorption and In-Band Transmission
Francesca Pascarella and Danilo Brizi (University of Pisa, Italy); Agostino Monorchio (University of Pisa & CNIT, Italy)
In this paper, a passive Frequency Selective Rasorber (FSR) for dual-band absorption and in-band transmission operating in the L and S bands is presented. The proposed FSR consists of two lossy Frequency
Selective Surface (FSS) layers and a lossless FSS layer, with opportune substrates between them for a total thickness of 32 mm. The design procedure of each layer is investigated, and full-wave simulations are
performed. The lossy FSSs comprise a modified square loop element loaded with lumped elements. On the other hand, the lossless FSS layer includes a band-pass filter made of a square patch inserted in aconnected grid. The simulated results show that the proposed FSR achieves a transmission band from 2.4 to 2.9 GHz with a minimum insertion loss of 1.4 dB. The dual-band absorption covers the range from 0.8-1
GHz and from 3.4-3.9 GHz. Furthermore, the presented structure exhibits stable performance against oblique incidences.

16:50 Double-Layer Frequency Selective Surface-Based Corner Reflector for Indoor Self-Localization Systems in the W-Band
Jesús Sánchez-Pastor (Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany); Martin Schüßler (TU Darmstadt, Germany); Rolf Jakoby (Institute for Microwave Engineering and
Photonics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany); Alejandro Jiménez-Sáez (Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany)
One possibility to enable low complexity and robust indoor self-localization systems operating at the W-band (75 GHz to 110 GHz) is the deployment of chipless infrastructure. To do so, frequency-coded radartargets are placed in designated coordinates, where a stopband structure is placed into the aperture of a metallic corner reflector (CR). In this work, an alternative is presented by designing a passband double-layer
frequency selective surface (FSS) and assembling it in the shape of a CR. The FSS is formed by a Jerusalem cross on one side and a square ring on the other side. The measured resonance frequency, fres, differs
for both transverse electric (92 GHz) and transverse magnetic (79 GHz) plane waves, which is attributed to manufacturing tolerances. Regardless, the fres shifts less than 3.5% up to 45° for both polarizations. The
resulting CR assembly presents a notch as frequency-coded response between 80 GHz to 90 GHz

17:10 Analysis and Design of a Wideband Jaumann-Like Radar Absorber Offering High Angular Stability and Polarization Insensitivity
Aqsa Ahmad (The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Callum J Hodgkinson (University of Edinburgh & Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom(Great Britain)); Dimitris E. Anagnostou (Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Symon K. Podilchak (University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (GreatBritain))A circuit model of a frequency selective rabsorber exhibiting absorption properties in a wide frequency band (1 to 11 GHz) and a transmission window around 5.5 GHz is developed. The structure offers wideband
absorption, low insertion losses, and polarization insensitivity to incident TM and TE fields. In addition, the three-layer structure is symmetric and defined by a compact Jaumann-like stack-up of PCBs and is composedof two resistive layers placed on top of a lossless layer. The resistive layers are defined by a Jerusalem cross surrounded by a square-ring structure and tapered dipole arms in both the horizontal and verticalplanes. This symmetry supports the noted polarization insensitivity. The unit cell of the bottom metamaterial layer (also referred to as the lossless layer) is composed of a small square-ring slot bridged with the same
capacitors as the upper resistive layers.

17:30 Progressive Ultra-Wideband Circularly Periodic High Impedance Surface Integrated with a Spiral Antenna
Kshitij Lele and Chris Bartone (Ohio University, USA)A progressive ultra-wideband (UWB) circularly periodic High Impedance Surface (HIS) is designed and integrated with a UWB spiral antenna while maintaining a low height profile. The HIS is designed to perform
across the full frequency range between 1.1-8.0GHz. The proposed design methodology divides the HIS into two zones - heterogenous and homogenous zones. In the heterogenous zone, multiple HIS rings aredesigned at specific frequencies across the band with the zero-degree reflection-phase of each ring coinciding with a frequency represented by the ring's circumference. The homogenous zone consists of multiple
rings designed for a single frequency to provide additional frequency and spatial coverage. The UWB HIS is integrated with a spiral antenna placed at a height of 1/10th wavelength above the HIS and is enclosed in
an aluminum cavity to further suppress back-lobe radiation. S11, gain and radiation patterns are presented to demonstrate UWB performance of the full antenna structure.

17:50 Multifunctional Linear Dichroism and Polarization Transforming Metasurface for mm-Wave Application
Ahsaan Gul Hassan (National University of Science and Technology, Pakistan); Anum Zulqarnain and Muhammad Danial Shafi (National University of Sciences andTechnology NUST, Pakistan); Adnan Nadeem (School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan.); Sultan Shoaib (Wrexham
Glyndwr University & HITEC University Taxila, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Imran Shoaib (Queen Mary University of London, London, UK); Mohaira Ahmad (National

University of Sciences & Technology, Pakistan); Nosherwan Shoaib (School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan.)In this paper, a multifunctional metasurface is designed and developed to achieve linear-to-linear (LP-LP) and linear-to-circular (LP-CP) polarization conversion along with linear dichroism functionality. The proposed
metasurface consists of split ring resonator structures printed on the top layer which perform the LP-LP, LP-CP, and absorption at two distinct frequency bands. Overall, the polarization conversion ratio (PCR) forcross-polarization conversion is greater than 90 %. The absorption ratio for linear dichroism in TM mode is higher than 85%, while the axial ratio for circular polarization conversion is less than 3 dB. The proposed
metasurface can be utilized in wireless communication and satellite communication applications.

Friday, March 22

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
SW10a: Sub-Terahertz Antenna and Packaging Solutions for Future Radar and Wireless Communication
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Akanksha Bhutani (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany), Matthias Wietstruck (IHP, Germany)
8:30 Advancements in Sub-THz Antenna and Package Integration for Miniaturized Surface Mount Device Modules Up to 420 GHz - Part II
Presenter: Akanksha Bhutani (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT)

9:00 SiGe BiCMOS and Wafer-Level Packaging Technologies for Sub-THz Applications
Presenter: Matthias Wietstruck (IHP - Leibniz Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik)

9:30 Towards Achieving Reliable On-Wafer Measurement of Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Planar Circuits
Presenter: Xiaobang Shang (National Physical Laboratory, UK)

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
CS30a: Approaching optimal performance through automated design techniques
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: M1
Chairs: Miloslav Capek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic), Johan Lundgren (Lund University, Sweden)
8:30 Unconventional Surrogate-Assisted Approaches to EM-Driven Antenna Design. Modeling and Optimization: Global, Multi-Objective, Statistical
Slawomir Koziel and Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland)
Design of contemporary antenna systems relies heavily on full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation tools. EM analysis ensures reliability but tends to be computationally expensive, which becomes a serious issue
in the context of design automation. In recent years, utilization of surrogate modeling methods has been fostered to alleviate the cost-related difficulties. Yet, the existing procedures typically follow a few major
approaches, e.g., different architectural variations of deep neural networks, hyper-parameter/model adjustments in Bayesian optimization, or more or less standard machine learning frameworks. This paper reviews
several unconventional surrogate-assisted techniques that employ less common algorithmic tools such as the response feature technology, domain confinement, dimensionality reduction, or supplementary inverse
predictors. We demonstrate how these tools can be incorporated into practical procedures for global and multi-criterial optimization, statistical analysis, and design-oriented behavioral modeling. A discussion of thealgorithm operating principles is supplemented by antenna design cases.

8:50 Additively Manufactured Waveguide Hybrid Septum Coupler Optimized Using Machine Learning
Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France); Mobayode Akinsolu (Wrexham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Jose Rico-Fernandez (Northern Waves AB, Sweden); Bo
Liu (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Jean-Christophe Angevain (ESA, The Netherlands)
This paper describes a waveguide septum coupler design having a smooth profile well suited for additive manufacturing. The large aperture of this hybrid coupler is shaped with even-degree Legendre polynomials.
Machine learning-assisted global optimization is employed to extend the operating bandwidth of the component. A design in K-band is detailed and a prototype is manufactured and tested. The experimental results
confirm an improvement of 19% in operating bandwidth compared to the previously reported design in the same band while keeping all other key properties mostly unchanged, specifically the physical dimensions.
The use of additive manufacturing leads to a mechanically simple and lightweight component of interest for the design of integrated microwave devices, such as beamforming networks and compact feed systems.

9:10 On Efficient Representations of Frequency Dependent Far-Field Information for Array Antennas
Lars Jonsson (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Harald Hultin (KTH Royal Institute of Technology & Saab AB, Sweden)
This paper investigates the number of required data points to accurately represent the vector far-field information over the radiation sphere and its frequency variation for array antennas. The method needs to be
explicit in terms of the excitation of the elements.
We compare representations of far-field data on the sphere with two different approaches to spherical wave expansion representations and apply a data-driven model-order reduction to find a small-size representation.
As is well known, a spherical wave expansion strongly reduces the number of required data points. Here, we show that accounting for the phase center of the elements further strongly reduces the number of required
coefficients in the tested cases. The Loewner framework data-driven model-order reduction shrinks the required far-field data by an additional factor of 8-14 per mode coefficients, depending on the acceptable levelof error. This reduction works well for the two investigated cases.

9:30 Validating Convex Optimization of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces via Measurements
Hans-Dieter Lang (OST Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil & ICOM Institute for Communication Systems, Switzerland); Michel A Nyffenegger,
Sven Keller, Patrik Stöckli and Nathan Hoffman (OST Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Switzerland); Heinz Mathis (OST--Eastern
Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland); Xingqi Zhang (University of Alberta, Canada)
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) can be designed in various ways. A previously proposed semidefinite relaxation-based optimization method for maximizing power transfer efficiency showed promise, butearlier results were only theoretical. This paper evaluates a small RIS at 3.55GHz, the center of the 5G band "n78", for practical verification of this method. The presented results not only empirically confirm thedesired performance of the optimized RIS, but also affirm the optimality of the resulting reactance values. Additionally, this paper discusses several practical aspects of RIS design and measurement, such as theoperation of varactor diodes and time gating to omit the direct line-of-sight (LOS) path.

9:50 Alternate Optimization with Deep Learning to Design Beam Deflector Under Aperiodic Near-Field Coupling Conditions
Qimin Ding, Guobin Wan, Nan Wang and Xin Ma (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China)
When designing metasurface beam deflectors, the near-field coupling under aperiodic conditions is significantly different from that under periodic conditions, and the electromagnetic (EM) responses are distorted
which finally leads to an inaccurate design result. A deep learning (DL) model is proposed to estimate the EM responses of each metasurface element in the deflector under aperiodic conditions, and an alternate
optimization (AO) process is used to determine the arrangement for elements so that the real responses of these elements can be aligned with the design target. The proposed method is validated by both transmissive
and reflective deflectors in microwave bands. Simulation results show that the DL model can estimate the responses of elements accurately in aperiodic conditions. Also, compared with conventional optimization with
time-consuming full-wave simulation, the AO based on the DL model can design the deflector in just several iterations with 3^\circ error of phase responses.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
CS43a: COST-INTERACT, Propagation Measurement and Modelling for 6G and Beyond
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Xuesong Cai (Lund University, Sweden), Golsa Ghiaasi (Silicon Austria Lab, Austria), Richard Rudd (Plum Consulting Ltd, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
8:30 On the Importance of Scattering from Poles in Ray Tracing Simulations
Remco Heijs (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands); Gerhard Steinbock (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Martin Johansson (Ericsson Research, Sweden); BengtErik Olsson (Ericsson AB, Sweden); A. B. (Bart) Smolders (Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)
For enhancing the latest mobile networks, a more precise approximation of ray propagation in complex environments is necessary to position base stations and optimize network performance. The scattering from acylindrical metallic object, which could represent lampposts, poles of traffic signs or flag poles, is implemented in ray tracing simulations. In this paper, the addition of cylindrical metallic objects in ray tracing simulations
is done via analytically derivable radar cross-sections. Furthermore, objects are decomposed to utilize plane wave excitation in the near field of the object. Implementing this approach results in an augmentation of
the channel richness and increases the best available path gain. The comparison of simulation results to measurements clearly indicates that poles contribute significantly and should not be ignored in ray tracing
simulations.

8:50 Millimeter-Wave and Sub-THz Channel Measurements and Characterization Analysis in a Street Canyon Scenario
Amar Al-Jzari, Jiahao Hu and Sana Salous (Durham University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Wireless communication systems that operate at frequencies higher than 100 GHz are becoming increasingly important in the future due to the availability of wide unused bandwidth (BW) that supports high data
rates. In this paper, propagation characteristics of the E-band and D-band are compared based on wideband channel measurements conducted in an outdoor environment for both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-LoS(NLoS) scenarios. The channel statistics including the power delay profile (PDP), path loss (PL), Root Mean Square (RMS) Delay Spread (DS), and Ricean K factor (KF) are presented and analyzed. In addition, thepath loss exponents in both frequency bands estimated using the close-in (CI) and floating-intercept (FI) models are presented.

9:10 A Deep Learning Based Surface Current Generation Method for Scattering Modeling at Terahertz Band
Zhao Zhang, Danping He, Ke Guan and Ben Chen (Beijing Jiaotong University, China); Jianwu Dou (ZTE Corporation, China); Wei E. I. Sha (Zhejiang University, China);
Zhangdui Zhong (Beijing Jiaotong University, China)
The terahertz band is an important candidate frequency band for next-generation communications. Due to comparable wavelength to surface undulation, scattering modeling becomes the core part of the propagation
mechanism characterization. In this paper, a deep learning model is proposed to learn the generation paradigm of surface currents (SC) under multiple input factors. Then, based on the generated SC, we use the
dyadic Green's function to reconstruct the scattered electric field in the incidence plane and scattering hemisphere space. Experiments, among which the root mean square error of SC and electric field amplitude
draws to 1.33∼4.41 dB and 1.55∼6.10 dB respectively, demonstrate the excellent generation ability of the proposed model and the feasibility of scattering reconstruction based on induced currents. This deterministic
modeling approach can be used to generate SC distribution and scattering beams of a specific surface more efficiently compared with full-wave simulation, providing a novel direction for scattering modeling.

9:30 Propagation Study of Vision-Based RIS Beam Tracking for mmWave Communications
Juan D Sanchez, Xuesong Cai and Fredrik Tufvesson (Lund University, Sweden)
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces have emerged as a technology with the potential to enhance wireless communication performance for 5G and beyond. This paper focuses on analyzing the multipath componentsthat arise from the insertion of such a device into the wireless channel. A computer vision-based beam tracking algorithm was used for continuously steering the reconfigurable intelligent surface towards the target.
The results show that a reconfigurable intelligent surface can provide additional multipath components whose corresponding power contribution could be crucial to overcome blockage situations. A received power
boost of up to 3 dB can be perceived in both line-of-sight and non line-of-sight regions.

9:50 Feasibility of High Throughput Wireless Communication Above 100 GHz in Indoor Scenarios
Christina Larsson (Ericsson Research & Ericsson AB, Sweden); Bengt-Erik Olsson (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Henrik Asplund (Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB, Sweden)
In this paper, we compare measured pathloss results from two indoor scenarios at 143 GHz with a simplified link budget to visualize the feasibility of high throughput wireless communication at these high frequencies.
The paper concludes that the high-throughput communication can be achieved in indoor open areas, even if the Tx and Rx is not in LOS, but the increased penetration loss at these high frequencies together
with a limited link budget make coverage though even thin indoor walls difficult and hence coverage predictions without floorplans difficult. The high penetration losses must also be considered if indoor stochastic
propagation models above 100 GHz should be developed.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
CS48: MIMO Beamforming Design and Optimization in future 6G Wireless Systems
T02 Mm-wave for terrestrial networks 5G/6G / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Paul Zheng (RWTH Aachen University, Germany), Yao Zhu (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
8:30 Beamforming Orthogonality in Coupled Directional Modulation Arrays
Jiayu Hou, Haijun Fan and Yuan Ding (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yue Xiao (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,
China); Symon K. Podilchak (University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper studies the orthogonality in a directional modulation (DM) transmitter equipped with an antenna array whose mutual coupling is considered. The antenna coupling will generate backward waves at thepower amplifier (PA) outputs. This dynamic interaction will drive the PA load away from the system characteristic impedance thus introducing the load-pulling effect to the system which would result in the distortion
to the DM system orthogonality. When the antenna coupling is considered, for a certain target user, the leakage radiation from the information beams designed for other users and from the generated artificial noise
would become the interference to this user, and in one example given in this paper, the signal to interference ratios (SIR) of around 20 dB are observed. This compromise of the DM orthogonality would put a
performance upper limit to a DM system with coupled antenna array.

8:50 Cooperative Power Control and Beamforming Design for Multi-Source Enabled Wireless Power Transfer Networks
Xiaopeng Yuan, Huanyu Zhang, Paul Zheng and Anke Schmeink (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)In this paper, we study wireless power transfer (WPT) network with multiple WPT stations and multiple low-power devices. With installed uniform linear antenna array, WPT stations emit independent radio-frequency(RF) signals for cooperatively harvesting all devices. Analog beamforming has been applied for efficiently concentrating the emitted energy. Combining beamforming with multi-source WPT, we characterize out theharvested power for each device based on a practically nonlinear energy harvesting (EH) model. Allowing different beamforming schemes in multiple time slots, we formulate a joint power control and beamforming
design problem fairly maximizing the total harvested energy at all devices. To tackle the problem non-convexity, we apply proved convexity in both antenna gain model and nonlinear EH model, and build convex
problem approximation, which enables an iterative algorithm efficiently converging to a suboptimal solution. At last, we verify our proposed algorithm and highlight the WPT profits of our proposed solution via
numerical results.

9:10 Joint Resource Allocation and Beamforming Design for Secure Short Packet Communication in RIS-Aided MISO Systems
Wei Gao (Wuhan University, China); Cunxiang Wang (Ministry of Industy and Information Technology, China); Jie Wang (School of Electronic Information, WuHan
University, China); Yulin Hu (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)In this work, we consider the physical-layer security problem in multi-user secure RIS-aided MISO short packet communication systems. To enhance the secrecy transmission rate, a novel Riemannian conjugate
gradient (RCG) based joint optimization algorithm is proposed for blocklength, beamforming, and RIS phase shift optimization, while subject to resource limitation, unit norm, and unit modulus constraints. Morespecifically, we first derive the closed-form expression of blocklength and convert the original problem to a more manageable form, which only involves beamforming and RIS phase design. To address the unit norm
and unit modulus constraints, the RCG algorithm is utilized for beamforming and RIS phase shift joint optimization. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outperformance the baseline scheme.

9:30 Joint Wide Illumination and Null Insertion Design in RIS-Assisted System
Xinyi Lin, Ziyi Zhou and Lei Zhang (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Anvar Tukmanov (BT, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Qammer H Abbasi and
Muhammad Ali Imran (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper, we focus on reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided wide illumination and null insertion design. This design can be applied in cellular networks, broadcasting, and radar systems, enabling multiple
wide null and illumination at arbitrary directions. Our objective is to minimize the deviation between the target and practical pattern by designing the passive beamforming at RIS, while the RIS unit modulus weights
constraint is illustrated. To tackle the non-convex problem, the low-complexity alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm is proposed. The augmented objective function is first formulated withintroduced auxiliary variables, which is then rephrased as a Lagrangian function. By alternatively updating the variables, the objective function converges with the optimized RIS phase shifts. The convergence of
simulation results proves the validity of our proposed algorithm, and the proposed algorithm matches the desired and actual power patterns well under different numbers and sizes of illumination and null areas.

9:50 A Varactor-Based Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Concept for 5G/6G mm-Wave Applications
Yuqing Zhu, Artem Vilenskiy, Oleg Iupikov and Pavlo Krasov (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden); Thomas Emanuelsson (Ericsson AB, Sweden); Gregor Lasser
and Marianna Ivashina (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)
A varactor-based reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) concept is presented for low-cost, high-precision beamforming of 5G/6G mm-waves. To enable this, we maximize the RIS unit cell (UC) phase coverage by (i)employing a varactor diode-tuned slotted-patch UC, and (ii) adding a metallic loop and via fence across the UC boundary, which also improves the bandwidth and angular insensitivity. In an infinite RIS environment,
the UC exhibits a phase coverage of 330.7 degrees while maintaining the insensitivity of reflection coefficients up to 50-degree elevation angle. This UC design demonstrates a phase coverage that exceeds 315
degrees with under 0.7-dB reflection loss across a 11.6% bandwidth, where the capacitance tuning ratio of the considered commercial off-the-shelf varactor diode is only 1.8. A 15×15 RIS model with a 3-bit phase
quantization is used for beam steering performance validation; it predicts the realized gain of 19.5 dBi for the 30-degree beam-steering direction at 28 GHz.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
CS15: GigaScale Antenna Arrays for Space based Solar PowerT03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Xiaodong Chen (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Timothy Pelham (University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
8:30 Time-Modulated Arrays for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer in Near-FieldÁlvaro Pendás-Recondo (University of Oviedo, Spain); Rafael González Ayestarán and Jesús López-Fernández (Universidad de Oviedo, Spain)
A novel approach for enabling Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) through Time Modulated Arrays (TMAs) is proposed. The presented system employs a transmitting TMA basedon periodic Sum-of Weighted-Cosine (SWC) pulses with a Single-Sideband (SSB) modulation for maximum power efficiency. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is achieved through Near-Field Focus (NFF) of thetransmitted array, while Information Transfer (IT) is performed based on Frequency Domain Index Modulation (FDIM). An application example is studied for two users.

8:50 Validation of a Large Retrodirective CASSIOPeiA Solar Power Satellite Antenna Array
Neil Buchanan (Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Yat Hin Chan (Queens University Belfast & ECIT, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Hossein
Mardani and Dmitry E Zelenchuk (Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
The CASSIOPeiA Solar power satellite (SPS) helix antenna array has been shown to provide a viable concept for the SPS. The important feature of the CASSIOPeiA antenna is that it can provide 360 degrees
azimuth electronic beam steering, pointing a highly directional beam, to a rectenna farm on earth. Modelling of the CASSIOPeiA antenna to date has only included setting up pre-defined phase/amplitude distributions
across the array. These results are promising but to model the array for retrodirective operation, the phase distributions across the array need to be determined from phase conjugation of a received pilot tone. Thismode of operation, to our knowledge, has never been theoretically validated within the triple dipole beam steering configuration of the CASSIOPeiA. In this paper we present the first simulated validation of a 10,000
unit cell (100x100) CASSIOPeiA array as a retrodirective antenna, providing a well-defined steerable main beam and good sidelobe suppression.

9:10 Large and Simple Phased Array System at 28 GHz for Beam Wireless Power Transfer
Naoki Shinohara, Bo Yang and Wenyi Shao (Kyoto University, Japan)
Space-based solar power (SBSP) is envisioned as a future CO2-free power station in space. One of the critical technologies for SBSP is beam wireless power transfer (WPT). In this paper, we present the developmentof a new large and straightforward phased array system operating at 28GHz, designed for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). We believe that SWIPT is a crucial step toward realizing
SBSP. This paper introduces the developed phased array, focusing on its applications in SWIPT as a business system and its potential as the primary technology for SBSP, the largest anticipated application of WPT.

9:30 An Overview of Gigascale Antenna Arrays and Electromagnetics for Space Based Solar Power
Timothy Pelham (University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Xiaodong Chen (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Brian S Collins(BSC Associates Ltd & Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Clive Parini (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (GreatBritain)); Anthony Keith Brown (University of Manchester, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Gigascale antenna arrays (3 to 4 orders of magnitude more elements than the largest ever built) are a critical component of proposed space-based solar power (SBSP) systems. The transmitting antenna arraysin orbit are expected to be up to 3 km2, while the receiving arrays on Earth have been proposed at up to 77 km2. There are many challenges and risks in the design, modelling, operation and deployment of thegigascale antenna arrays in the SBSP system. This paper highlights these challenges and risks, reviews existing solution and proposes novel approaches.

9:50 A Digital Beamforming Antenna for Space Based Solar Power Transmitting ArrayLong Qian, Jin Zhang, Chao Shu, Noaman Nasser, Brian Collins and Xiaodong Chen (Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents a beam-steerable quadrifilar helix antenna (QHA) on an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) surface for space based solar power application. The AMC surface is composed of 8 × 8 square unit
cells to suppress the surface current. By controlling the input phases to the QHA ports through a digital beamforming circuit, the circular polarized (CP) patterns can be steered within upper half space. To verify theworking mechanism, two passive phase feeding networks are employed in the measurement of the proposed QHA at 5.8GHz. The measured results show the proposed antenna can steer the beam from boresight
to 26 degree in elevation without dropping the gain, while keeping the sidelobe level to -8.1dB.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
CS1a: Advances in Microwave and mmWave Wireless Power Transfer
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Chaoyun Song (King's College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Mahmoud Wagih (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
8:30 Microwave to mmWave Wireless Power Transfer: An Overview of the Design Challenges with a Focus on UK-Based R&D
Mahmoud Wagih (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Chaoyun Song (King's College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
Microwave and mmWave wireless power transfer (WPT) continues to attract significant interest. This paper presents an overview of selected UK-based activities in WPT and energy harvesting, and highlights the
emerging research trends and future directions, with focus on mmWave power transfer. The justification for mmWave power transfer, fueled by beyond-5G hardware, is first introduced. Rectenna and WPT-specificinnovations such as beam-forming, bandwidth enhancement, and frequency scanning are then highlighted. The developments are then reviewed from an application perspective, highlighting the novel material andimplementations of rectennas, along with the outstanding research challenges. Quantitative performance comparisons are presented summarizing state-of-the-art rectifiers, rectennas, and antennas.

8:50 Single-Branch Hybrid Resistance Compression Technique for Enhanced Rectifier Performance
Furong Yang (King's College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Apostolos Georgiadis (United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Spyridon Nektarios Daskalakis (Heriot-Watt
University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Kyriaki Niotaki (Telecom Paris & Institut Polytechnique de Paris, France); Yichao Hu (Imperial College London, United
Kingdom (Great Britain)); Jichao Yang (Cornell University, USA); Chaoyun Song (King's College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain))In this paper, we introduce a novel resistance compression technique which is termed as the Single-branch Hybrid Resistance Compression Technique (SHRCT) aimed at enhancing the performance of rectifiers.
While the conventional Resistance Compression Network (RCN) mitigates non-linear impedance variation effects in rectifier circuits, ensuring stable operation under varying input power and load resistance conditions,
it typically necessitates at least two branches and consequently multiple surface-mount devices (SMD), resulting in substantial power losses. The introduction of SHRCT revolutionizes resistance compression byeliminating the need for multiple branches, thus reducing the requirement for SMDs, and improving overall efficiency.

9:10 Far-Field Beam Wireless Power Transfer with Combination of Beam Forming and Optical Target Detection
Naoki Shinohara, Bo Yang and Katsumi Kawai (Kyoto University, Japan)
Far-field wireless power transfer (WPT) is an efficient unconscious wireless power system with high efficiency. The present study used optical target-detecting and beam-forming technology to build an unconscious
WPT tracking system. The coordinate position of the target is obtained from the image recognition module and transformed into the phase information of the phased array, which transmits microwave waves beyond
the target position by controlling the microwave beam. The camera and microcomputer unit are adopted to control the beam in the proposed system. Here, the transmitting array receives the voltage data from therectenna array via Bluetooth low energy. Then, the transmitting array readjusts the amplitude and the phase. The transmitting system can also adjust the phase with a resolution of 0.09 degree. We showed that asmartphone can be charged at a transmission distance of 40 cm.

9:30 Substrate-Integrated Mode Composite WaveguideChun-Mei Liu (École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada); Ke Wu (Polytechnique Montréal, Canada)This work introduces a metallo-dielectric mode-composite waveguide (MCW) architecture, which consists of an inner substrate-integrated non-radiative dielectric (SINRD) waveguide operating in LSM01 mode ina terahertz (THz) band and an outer partially perforated substrate-integrated waveguide (PPSIW) operating in TE10 mode in a millimeter-wave (mmW) band. This arrangement is set to create and optimize two
integrated guided-wave structures in both frequency bands, which is believed to exhibit the highest density waveguide integration of this type. SINRD waveguide shows a promising potential in making THz integrated
circuits and systems because of its low conductor loss performance. SIW still maintains its advantages in the development of mm-W band circuits and systems. The operating frequency bands of such an apertureshared SINRD waveguide and PPSIW are independently adjustable. The proposed MCW architecture presents an attractive option for the design of future highly integrated circuits and systems.

9:50 Design of Dual-Band CPW Rectenna for Wireless Power Transmission
Zeyu Liu, Jingchen Wang, Eng Gee Lim and Mark Leach (Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China); Zhao Wang (Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University & University ofLiverpool, China); Zhenzhen Jiang (Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University & University of Liverpool, China); Yi Huang (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This article features a compact four-port dual-band Co-Planer Waveguide (CPW) rectenna. The two bands (2 3 GHz) and (5 6.5 GHz) of the proposed antenna are cover the standard WI-FI bands (2.412 2.484 GHz)
and WLAN bands (5.745 5.825 GHz). The gain of the proposed antenna is 3.72 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 3.73 dBi at 5.8 GHz. A double voltage rectifying circuit with a load of 6.2 kΩ is designed to achieve relatively highpower conversion efficiency. When the input power is 0 dBm, the proposed rectifier can achieve RF-to-DC efficiencies of 66% at 2.4 GHz and 58% at 5.8 GHz. The combined output voltage can reach to 10 V, which
is suitable for wireless charging in Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
CS12a: AMTA Session: Robotic Antenna Measurements
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Joshua Gordon (US National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA), Roland Moch (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
8:30 A High-Precision Approach to Eliminate Positioning Errors in Radar Calibrations
Matthias Linder, Dominik Schwarz, Robin Bord and Nico Riese (Ulm University, Germany); Christian Waldschmidt (University of Ulm, Germany)
To improve the angular separation capability of radar sensors, large apertures with respect to the wavelength are increasingly used. With the help of MIMO operation, even larger virtual apertures than the physicalones are realized. This improvement in performance requires an extremely accurate calibration setup in order to avoid systematic errors and to achieve the best possible performance of the sensor. Thus, roboticarms are increasingly used for accurate characterizations of antennas due to their high position accuracy. In this work, an efficient method for the alignment of radar sensor and radar target is outlined which is within
the repeatability range of the robot arm deployed for calibration measurements amounting to only 50 micro meters.

8:50 Rapid Automated Antenna Alignment on Robotic Antenna Ranges
Benjamin L Moser (National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA); Joshua Gordon (US National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA)
We present methods to automate antenna-probe alignment on a robotic antenna range using iterative fitting methods. Pose measurements are used to characterize offsets to the robot motion frame and the end
effector measurement frame with minimal additional information. The fitted offsets are then used to solve the inverse kinematics problem to align the antennas. We detail variations of the approach that use externalor controller-integrated kinematic models. Experimental alignments for a 3-pair antenna measurement were performed on the Large Antenna Positioning System (LAPS) robot antenna range with this technique,resulting in 7.59 um RMS position error and 40.7 urad RMS rotation error.

9:10 Characterisation of a D-Band Horn Antenna: Comparison of Near-Field and OTA Measurements
Asad Husein, Kimmo Rasilainen and Klaus Nevala (University of Oulu, Finland); Jani Kallankari, Sami Laukkanen and Veli-Matti Niemitalo (Verkotan Ltd., Finland); Aarno
Pärssinen and Marko E Leinonen (University of Oulu, Finland)
The small wavelength, typically in the range of millimeters to micrometers, makes characterisation of antennas at sub-THz band of frequencies particularly challenging as it requires measurement systems to accurately
capture the details of the antenna radiation patterns. Additionally, sub-THz signals experience significant free-space path loss, making it harder to measure radiation patterns accurately over reasonable distances.
This paper presents the characterisation of a D-band (110- 170 GHz) horn antenna having nominal gain of 25 dBi using both planar near-field and over-the-air far-field measurement techniques. The E-plane co-polar
patterns are determined from both measurement techniques and compared to electromagnetic simulations. Analysis of measured results is carried out to illustrate the validation of the planar near-field and OTA
measurement systems at sub-THz frequencies.

9:30 Use of Model Based Systems Engineering and Development in the Design of a Commercial Nose-Radome Test System Employing a Multi-Axis Cobot
Stuart F Gregson (Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Dennis Lewis (Boeing, USA); Patrick Schluper and Greg Hindman (Next Phase
Measurements, USA)The move towards antenna measurement ranges employing multi-axis industrial robotic positioners that provide a near limitless degree of flexibility in terms of measurement types and scan geometries complicatesdesign and development tasks. The available flexibility and ability to continuously adapt and refine the acquisitions results in an ongoing need to evaluate each unique setup and application. Model based Systems
Engineering and Development (MBSE/MBD) techniques can be employed to dramatically reduce the time, cost, and effort of developing and validating new measurement scenarios. This paper illustrates the use of
MBSE in the implementation of a new nose-mounted radome test system employing industrial multi-axis robots. In this novel application, a collaborative robot (Cobot) is used to emulate a classical antenna gimbal,
requiring extensive use of MBSE to develop and verify the measurement and control sub-systems.

9:50 Reduced-Order Maximum Determinant Sampling Grids by Acquisition of Additional Arbitrary Sampling Points on an Optimized Path
Henrik Jansen, Roland Moch and Dirk Heberling (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
A maximum determinant sampling grid (MDSG) presents a fully determinant non-redundant sampling grid for spherical near-field antenna measurements which can be efficiently measured using robot-based antenna
measurement systems. Although the position of the sampling points is determined by the sampling grid, the sequence of data acquisition can still be optimized to reduce measurement time. A new trajectory
optimization approach is proposed which reduces sharp curves in the path at the cost of a longer total path length. It is shown that this approach significantly increases the average path speed and reduces themeasurement time for sparse grids compared to an optimization for the shortest path. Furthermore, the acquisition of additional sampling points on the resulting path is investigated, allowing for lower-order MDSGs
without sacrificing accuracy of the transformation results. As a result, this combination allows to reduce the measurement time by more than 60 % compared to conventional equiangular measurements.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
CS19a: Fundamental challenges and novel methodologies in the next-generation computational
electromagnetics
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Electromagnetics
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Zhen Peng (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA), Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
8:30 The d'Alembertian Representation of Green's Functions and Evaluation of Surface Integrals over Non-Parallel Planes
Elizabeth Bleszynski (Monopole Resesarch, USA); Marek Bleszynski (Monopole Resaearch, USA); Thomas Jaroszewicz (Monopole Research, USA)
We present progress in analytic evaluation, in the static limit, of matrix elements of electromagnetic operators for the RWG basis functions located on non-coplanar planes. Our method employs the previously reportedd'Alembertian represen- tation of Green's function g, such that a certain d'Alembert-type operator, when acting on an auxiliary function Φ, reproduces g. Integration by parts allows then converting four-fold surface
integrals to double integrals of Π (which turns out to be a fairly simple expression involving only elementary functions) over perimeters of the triangles. Here we describe our ongoing work on two approaches reducing
the latter double integral to a single numerical integral.

8:50 Surface Partial Differential Equations and Its Applications to Scattering Problems
Felipe Vico (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain); Miguel Ferrando-Bataller and Eva Antonino-Daviu (Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain); Marta CabedoFabrés (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain)
Curved spaces, such as surfaces, provide a rich setting for the study of partial differential equations (PDEs). Building upon the extensive research conducted on PDEs in flat spaces, the extension of these equations
to curved spaces has garnered considerable attention in the field of mathematics. One prominent example is the Laplace Beltrami equation. In this work, we employ efficient direct solvers to obtain solutions for PDEs
on surfaces and demonstrate their applicability in solving conventional electromagnetic scattering problems.

9:10 Modal Analysis of Thermal Noise from Lossy Dielectric Medium
Jean Cavillot (Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium); Denis Tihon (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium); Eloy de Lera Acedo (University of Cambridge,
United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Christophe Craeye (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium)
The modal characterization of the thermal noise generated by lossy dielectric media can be used to improve the design of antenna arrays and improve the overall system performance. In this paper we study thethermal noise generated above a circular ground plane by a lossy semi-infinite medium. To do so, we consider an array of infinitesimal dipoles above the ground plane. The fields generated by the dipoles in presenceof the finite ground plane are computed using the Method of Moments and used to compute the power dissipated by the dielectric medium. Combining the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to Lorentz reciprocity, thenoise correlation matrix at the location of the dipoles is obtained. Using this matrix, we apply the eigenmode decomposition to obtain a modal representation of the noise. We show that increasing the size of theground plane decreases the noise power and increases its coherence, potentially facilitating its filtering.

9:30 Combined Ray-Tracing and Physical-Optics Model for Flat-Aperture PPW Lens Antennas
Mingzheng Chen (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Francisco Mesa (University of Seville, Spain); Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
Sweden)This paper proposes a combined ray-tracing and physical-optics model to analyze parallel-plate-waveguide lens antennas with a flat aperture. A family of rays is traced from the source to a set of target points on
the lens radiating aperture, giving a description of the aperture electric field. On the basis of the physical-optics approximation, an equivalent magnetic current is then assumed and used to evaluate the far-fieldradiation characteristics in every direction. This numerical approach is validated by applying it to a particular planar Mikaelian lens antenna and comparing the results with those obtained using a commercial full-wave
simulator.

9:50 Platform-Aware Optimization of Conformal Antenna Array via Simulated Bifurcation
Qi Jian Lim (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA); Incheol Jung (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA); Hong-Wei Gao (Beijing Institute ofTechnology, China); Zhen Peng (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA)In this paper, we introduce a platform-aware, quantum-inspired optimization framework for large conformal antenna arrays. The proposed work starts with the calculation of element-wise radiation vectors by leveraging
recent advances in the domain decomposition method and reduced order model. Subsequently, we introduce a modified Simulated Bifurcation algorithm, which is capable of finding the optimal excitation vector of alarge-scale array within 10 to 50 milliseconds. To illustrate the effectiveness of our methodology, we demonstrate its performance across various array synthesis and optimization scenarios, including array thinningfor planar antenna arrays, maximum gain optimization with conformal arrays, and enabling multiple beamforming capabilities on large platforms.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
SW6a: Recent advances in antenna measurement traceability and uncertainty at reduced distances
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Dennis Lewis (Boeing, USA), Janet O'Neil (ETS-Lindgren, USA)
8:30 Real World Challenges with Antenna Calibration in Industry
Presenter: Dennis Lewis (Boeing, USA)

9:15 Evaluation/Comparison of Post Processing Techniques for Antenna Gain Extrapolation Measurements
Presenter: Zhong Chen (ETS-Lindgren, USA)

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
CS26a: COST Session CA18223 (SyMat) Modeling and Applications of Higher Symmetries
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Sara Mugnaini (OneWeb Communication Ltd, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Eva Rajo-Iglesias (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)
8:30 Glide-Symmetric SIH Unit Cells Implemented in Parallel-Plate Waveguides at mmWaves
Andrés Biedma-Pérez and Cleofás Segura-Gómez (University of Granada, Spain); Angel Palomares-Caballero (IETR-INSA Rennes, France); Juan Valenzuela-Valdés(Universidad de Granada, Spain); Pablo Padilla (University of Granada, Spain)
This work studies the behaviours of unit cells based on substrate integrated holes (SIH) in parallel-plate waveguides (PPW). The basic SIH unit cell has been improved through the incorporation of a metallic patch.
A comparison between the perfect dielectric hollow with patch unit cell and a SIH with patch unit cell has been carried out. The unit cell dimensions are used to study the different effective refractive indices. Highorder symmetries as a means to control dispersion and effective refractive indices are also introduced. By applying glide symmetry on different planes, we aim to enhance the effective refractive index and reduce
dispersion across different frequency ranges. It is demonstrated that 1D glide-symmetric configurations reduce dispersion at higher frequencies, while 2D glide-symmetric configurations are able to reduce dispersion
at high frequencies and also, to increase the effective refractive index simultaneously.

8:50 On the Use of Resonant Cavities for Experimental Validation of the Dispersion Diagram of Periodic Glide Symmetric Waveguides
Nelson Castro (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain); Miguel Saavedra-Melo and Filippo Capolino (University of California, Irvine, USA); Eva Rajo-Iglesias (University
Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)
This article presents a discussion on the synthetic technique to experimentally determine the wavenumber dispersion diagram of modes in periodic waveguides with glide symmetry. The method involves reconstructing
the dispersion diagram using resonance frequencies obtained from a cavity created from the waveguide. The variation in the number of resonances required for periodic structures with glide symmetry, in contrast to
the non-glide scenario, is the main topic of exploration. We also verify the proposed modification of the method through simulations involving an ideal cavity.

9:10 Higher Symmetries in Hexagonal Periodic Structures
Oskar Zetterstrom (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Francisco Mesa (University of Seville, Spain); Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
Sweden)We study higher-symmetric periodic structures with hexagonal lattice arrangement. We define three ways to synthesize a glide symmetry in a hexagonal lattice. If the periodic motifs have sufficient symmetry, thethree resulting structures are related through a rotation. Furthermore, we define two ways of synthesizing a mirrored half-turn symmetry in a hexagonal lattice. Again, if the periodic motifs have sufficient symmetry,
the two resulting structures are related through a rotation. We analyze a structure with mirrored half-turn symmetry and compare its response to that of a periodic structure with conventional hexagonal symmetry. The
mirrored half-turn-symmetric structure provides a higher effective refractive index for the same geometrical dimensional. As a result, the higher-symmetric structure is useful for devices in future wireless applications.

9:30 Wiener-Hopf Type Analysis of PTD Symmetric Waveguides: A Novel Methodology Procedure
Xenofon Mitsalas, Enrica Martini and Stefano Maci (University of Siena, Italy)
The current paper analyses the wave propagation and excitation mechanisms on parity time-reversal duality (PTD) symmetric waveguide structures on the basis of the Wiener-Hopf technique. It aims to propose
an efficient procedure for investigating complex PTD symmetric structures in the spectral domain, covering both planar and cylindrical configurations. The adopted formulation enables the physical interpretation ofsolution regarding field components and potential functions.

9:50 Efficient Numerical Computation of Dispersion Diagrams for Glide-Symmetric Periodic Structures with a Hexagonal Lattice
Martin Petek (Politecnico di Torino, Italy & KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Jorge A. Tobon Vasquez (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Guido Valerio (Sorbonne
Université, France); Francisco Mesa (University of Seville, Spain); Oscar Quevedo-Teruel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden); Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di
Torino, Italy)
In this work, we present a modeling methodology to solve the eigenvalue problem for periodic structures with a hexagonal lattice. The method is based on the previously proposed multi-modal transfer matrix method,which is a hybrid method that takes into account the coupling between the multiple modes of the ports surrounding the single unit cell. Commercial software can be used to obtain the generalized scattering parameterswhich are used to solve the eigenvalue problem of the periodic structure. This approach has the ability to obtain complex solutions. Here, we extend the multimodal transfer matrix method to the efficient solutionof the resulting eigenvalue problem for the case of a hexagonal lattice, detailing the selection of the appropriate supercells and the appropriate irreducible Brillouin zones. Two types of structures are analyzed: amirror-symmetric structure and a glide-symmetric structure. Very good agreement is obtained for real solutions with commercial software.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
A15a: Developments in antenna arrays
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Antennas
Room: M2
Chairs: Yanki Aslan (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Christopher G Hynes (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
8:30 Multiple-User Full-Duplex Hybrid Beamforming Design for mmWave Systems with A Joint Interference Cancellation Design
Xinping Xia, Jianing Zhao, Xuenan Ni, Yunfei Wang and Jianyi Zhou (Southeast University, China)
With the continuous growth of capacity demand, millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been considered as one of the primary research focuses of the next sixth
generation (6G) wireless communication networks. Full-duplex (FD) technology can further enhance the capacity of mmWave massive MIMO systems. However, the strong self-interference (SI) and inter-userinterference (IUI) severely limit the performance of multiple-user (MU) FD mmWave massive MIMO systems. In this paper, a hybrid beamforming (HBF) scheme with joint optimization is proposed for MU FD mmWave
massive MIMO systems. The Lagrange multiplier method is adopted to minimize the interference energy. Then, considering the power consumption problem of massive MIMO systems at the base station (BS), thebeamforming matrixes are decomposed into analog and digital parts based on the manifold optimization-alternating minimization (MO-AltMin) algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed system has madegood achievements in interference cancellation.

8:50 Extending Spectral Factorization to the 2-D Mask-Constrained Power Synthesis of Shaped Beams with Arbitrary Footprints
Giada Maria Battaglia (Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy); Andrea Francesco Morabito (University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy); Roberta Palmeri(IREA-CNR, Napoli, Italy); Tommaso Isernia (University of Reggio Calabria, Italy)
A new method is proposed for the mask-constrained power synthesis of planar sources and exemplified for antenna arrays. In particular, by resorting to recent results achieved in the Phase Retrieval of radiatedpower patterns exploiting only one measurement surface, we extend the Spectral Factorization method to the case of 2-D shaped beams having arbitrary footprints. The presented method is fast and effective as it
avoids exploiting global optimization algorithms, and it also allows identifying the minimum number of array elements (i.e., the minimum source size) required in order to fulfill the 2-D power-pattern mask.

9:10 Impact of Deformations on Beamforming Performance of Uniform Rectangular Arrays
Jiahao Wang and Koen Mouthaan (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
Phased arrays often use a uniform rectangular array (URA) with phasing of the elements. In large phased arrays, deformations may occur due to fabrication tolerances and other influences, which will cause errors in
the position of the antenna elements. The impact of such errors on the antenna pattern can be analyzed by sampling the distribution of the deformations and computing the mean radiation pattern (MRP). However,this will be time-consuming when the number of elements is large and it will not give much insight into the impact of the deformations. Here, an analytical expression is presented for the MRP of a deformed URA
considering different distributions of the deformation in x, y, and z including uniform distribution, normal distribution, and triangular distribution. The analytical expression is further used to investigate the impact of thedeformation on the pattern and the gain of the array under different distributions.

9:30 Beamforming Optimization for Full-Duplex Relay in SIC-Enhanced Cooperative NOMA System
Xuenan Ni, Jianing Zhao, Xiaoying Zhang, Xinping Xia and Jianyi Zhou (Southeast University, China)
In this paper, a beamforming optimization method for a full-duplex relay in a SIC-enhanced cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system is proposed, in which the information contained in the signaltransferred by the relay is utilized to enhance the successive interference cancellation (SIC) performance at the local "target user". The beamforming optimization problem is considered in a specific scenario thatinvolves maximizing the rate of the target user while only ensuring the business requirements of the remote "conditional user". This paper demonstrates that this optimization problem can be formulated as asemidefinite relaxation (SDR) problem. The results indicate that the proposed beamforming optimization method can enhance the rate of the target user and the system sum capacity.

9:50 Tapering Impact on the Spatial and Frequency Responses of Broadband Asymmetrically Routed Phased Arrays
Duccio Delfini, Nuutti Tervo, Muhammad Yasir Javed, Marko E Leinonen and Aarno Pärssinen (University of Oulu, Finland)
Asymmetrical feeding networks can be used to amplify the beam squint phenomena of the phased arrays and to make their frequency domain behavior very angle-dependent. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate
the analogy between the far field of a side-fed uniform linear array (ULA) and its frequency response in the beam steering direction. Indeed, by using simplified array equations, we show that the beam pattern ofan asymmetrical series-fed ULA is similar to the frequency response observed at the steering angle. Furthermore, we show that amplitude tapering which is used to reduce the sidelobe level (SLL) of the array also
reduces the corresponding sidebands of the frequency response in the given steering angle, to facilitate frequency domain filtering. Moreover, a modified tapering method is introduced to showcase the generality of
the analysis.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
SW8a: Waveguide Antenna Array Technologies for Space and Beyond
Room: M3
Chairs: Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France), Yi Wang (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
8:30 Welcome Introduction
Presenter: Yi Wang (The University of Birmingham, UK)

8:35 Waveguide Slot Array Antennas by Diffusion Bonding of Laminated Thin Plates
Presenter: Jiro Hirokawa (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

9:05 Gap Waveguide Technology for mm-Wave Antennas
Presenter: Ashraf Uz Zaman (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)

9:35 Design and Development of Full-Metal Planar Array Antennas
Presenter: Jifu Huang (Ningbo University, China)

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
CS14a: Shape-morphing metamaterials, antennas and electromagnetic components
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / Convened Session / Electromagnetics

Room: M4
Chairs: Alex W Powell (University of Exeter, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Christopher Stevens (University of Oxford, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
8:30 Enabling Shape Morphing Communications at mmWave with Spray on Antenna Arrays
Rola Saad (The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Benedict EG Davies and Stephen Henthorn (University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (GreatBritain))
Flexible and shape-morphing antennas have increasing applications in soft robotics and future factories, but fabricating them at mmWave frequencies for high throughput is a challenge, especially as higher gain
is often required to overcome pathloss. Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) has been used to produce two different designs of mmWave antennas on different flexible substrates. The designs are simulated, fabricated andmeasured, demonstrating simulated gains of 8.4dBi and 5.3dBi on Rogers and Kapton, respectively. When flexed, the design on polyimide showed 20% change in operating frequency.

8:50 Ambient Pressure Responsive Shape-Morphing Electromagnetic Components
Alex W Powell (University of Exeter, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This work presents the concept of active electromagnetic components whose response is driven by a new class of shape-morphing materials, which dramatically reconfigure their geometry in response to changes
in the ambient pressure of their environment. We discuss, and experimentally demonstrate examples of these components including deployable antennas and wireless, battery free ambient pressure sensors. This
principle can be used to design soft, deployable components for applications that will experience large pressure gradients, such as satellites, underwater vehicles and pressurized tanks and pipes.

9:10 Hybrid Reconfigurable Reflective Metasurface with Both Phase and Space Modulation
Kyounghwan Kim and Ratanak Phon (Chung-Ang University, Korea (South)); Park Eiyong (University of Chung-Ang, Korea (South)); Sungjoon Lim (Chung-Ang University,
Korea (South))
Reconfigurable reflective metasurfaces offer diverse functionalities to manipulate the incident electromagnetic waves. They generally employ phase modulation using positive-intrinsic-negative diodes to achieve
beam steering functions. With only phase modulation, however, the metasurfaces can only reflect the beams to discrete angles that are determined by the size of the unit cell. In this work, we propose a hybrid
reconfigurable reflective metasurface using both phase and space modulation for a reflection enhancement. We theoretically and numerically demonstrated the function, and experimentally verified it using a 4D
printed structure for space modulation. The metasurface is expected to be used in 5G/6G indoor wireless communications as an intelligent reflecting surface.

9:30 Optimal Morphing Metasurface Lens for Next Generation RF Sensing and Communications
Aakash Bansal (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Robert Hewson and Matthew Santer (Imperial College London, United Kingdom (GreatBritain)); William Whittow (Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper introduces a new intelligent 3D metasurface with mechanical morphing abilities to act as an RF beam-steering lens and manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves for applications in RF sensing andcommunications. The mechanical metasurface can be controlled using low-power actuators on the sides to deform the surface and mechanically move the lens structure. The metasurface is fed with a horn antenna
and the mechanical movement of the lens with respect to the horn feed provides a beam-steering function. In this paper, a beam-steering of ± 30° is achieved within simulations with a mechanical movement of ± 40
mm. Furthermore, the 1D lens created using the shape morphing metasurface offers a gain enhancement of approximately 8 dBi throughout the frequency band.

9:50 Time-Modulated Metasurface for Harmonic Signals Frequency Conversion
Tanguy Lopez (ONERA & LEME, France); Thomas Lepetit (ONERA, France); Badreddine Ratni (Univ Paris Nanterre, France); Shah Nawaz Burokur (LEME, France)
Radar stealth relies on various deception and camouflage strategies. However, at the lower frequencies used by long-range surveillance systems, there are still very few functional strategies. The emergenceof metasurfaces fortunately brought hopeful new horizons to this issue. In parallel, thanks to the integration of time-based elements, metasurface research has reached new heights in the last few years. One
subsequent feature of particular interest in this work is the frequency shifting of waves granted by time modulation. In radar stealth context, such mechanism can be harnessed to serve Doppler cloaking strategies.
By compensating the Doppler shift induced by the target's movement, one can tamper with velocity readings. This work therefore focuses on the development of a frequency-converting metasurface, evaluating its
frequency shifting abilities along with some undesired effects, notably induced by incomplete phase variations and the use of varactor diodes and their parasitic resistive elements.

Friday, March 22 8:30 - 10:10
RoE: RoE meeting//
Room: Fyne

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
SW10b: Sub-Terahertz Antenna and Packaging Solutions for Future Radar and Wireless Communication(continued)
Room: Lomond Auditorium
Chairs: Akanksha Bhutani (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany), Matthias Wietstruck (IHP, Germany)
10:40 Antennas and Systems at Sub-THz Frequencies for Space Applications
Presenter: Goutam Chattopadhyay (NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory)

11:30 Silicon-Micromachined THz Antennas and Systems
Joachim Oberhammer (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
CS30b: Approaching optimal performance through automated design techniques (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: M1
Chairs: Miloslav Capek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic), Johan Lundgren (Lund University, Sweden)10:40 Overview of State-Of-The-Art Methods for Determining Performance Bounds on Electromagnetic Systems
Kurt Schab (Santa Clara University, USA); Miloslav Capek and Lukas Jelinek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic); Johan Lundgren and Mats
Gustafsson (Lund University, Sweden)
Motivations for studying physical bounds in electromagnetics are reviewed, with emphasis on applications involving the assessment of automated (inverse) design algorithms. Details are given for two broad classesof commonly used bounds: those based on sum-rules and those based on single-frequency source-based optimization. Applications in inverse design and open problems are discussed.

11:00 Fundamental Limits on Characteristic Modes
Mats Gustafsson (Lund University, Sweden); Miloslav Capek and Lukas Jelinek (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic); Johan Lundgren (Lund
University, Sweden); Kurt Schab (Santa Clara University, USA)
Characteristic modes (CM) is a powerful technique to analyze and design antennas and scatterers. In this paper, we show how the slope of characteristic eigenvalue traces is constrained for all possible designs that
fit within a given design region. The results are based on reformulating the frequency derivative of the CM eigenvalues as an optimization problem over the current density in the design region. The results show thatthe slope of the eigenvalues are constrained similar to antenna Q-factors. They also show that resonances must be approached from the capacitive side for electrically small to medium-sized objects.

11:20 Automated Design and Characterization of a Scalar Metasurface Antenna Radiating a Linearly-Polarized Broadside Beam
Marcello Zucchi (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Andrea Scarabosio (LINKS Foundation, Italy); Francesco Vernì (Huawei Technologies, Italy); Lucia Teodorani (Politecnico di
Torino, Italy); Giorgio Giordanengo (LINKS Foundation, Italy); Giuseppe Vecchi (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
We present the automated design of a broadside-radiating, linearly-polarized metasurface antenna. The design is carried out with a numerical optimization procedure based on the equivalent surface current only.
A non-linear conjugate gradient algorithm is applied to minimize an objective function that includes both realizability and far field requirements. A suitable configuration of circular unit cells, chosen from a databaseof precomputed shapes, is then used to implement the antenna. The proposed antenna has a diameter ≈12λ, working at a frequency of 23 GHz. The obtained design has been validated with commercial software
simulations, then prototyped and tested.

11:40 Port Generation for Multi-Mode Multi-Port Antennas Based on Group Theory
Lukas Warkentin (Leibniz University Hannover, Germany); Dirk Manteuffel (University of Hannover, Germany)
A port generation method for Multi-Mode Multi-Port Antennas is explained with focus on easy feasibility. This port generation method uses the symmetry of a given antenna structure. With this method it is possible tocreate the maximum number of uncorrelated antenna ports. As an example, port configurations for a cuboidal antenna are calculated.

12:00 Optimization of Loads for Antenna-Based Scattering Systems Using Feedforward Neural Networks
Aleksandr D. Kuznetsov and Jari Holopainen (Aalto University, Finland); Ville Viikari (Aalto University & School of Electrical Engineering, Finland)
In this paper, we optimize the passive loads of a scattering system consisting of multiple coupled antennas using multi-layer feedforward neural networks. The developed in this study architectures, trained to solvea classification task, predict the load impedance values connected to unit antenna scatterers based on the bistatic radar cross-section of a structure. Trained networks exhibit potential in optimizing load values for
scattering redirection among predefined directions. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, two multi-layer feedforward neural networks are trained and used to predict proper load impedances fordifferent scattering objectives. Additionally, existing limitations of the method usage are discussed with the potential ways to mitigate them.

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
CS43b: COST-INTERACT, Propagation Measurement and Modelling for 6G and Beyond (continued)
T01 Sub-6 GHz for terrestrial networks (5G/6G) / Convened Session / Propagation
Room: Alsh 1
Chairs: Xuesong Cai (Lund University, Sweden), Golsa Ghiaasi (Silicon Austria Lab, Austria), Richard Rudd (Plum Consulting Ltd, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
10:40 Channel Measurements and Characterization in Industrial Environment at 60 GHz
Jiri Blumenstein (Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic); Josef Vychodil (Brno University of Technology & BUT Brno, Czech Republic); Radek Zavorka, Jan
Bolcek and Malek Abdulmalek Ali (Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic); Golsa Ghiaasi (Silicon Austria Lab, Austria); Roman Marsalek (Brno University ofTechnology, Czech Republic)
This paper presents novel channel sounding and parametrization campaign outcomes in terms of both Doppler and delay statistics. The utilized frequency band is centered at 60 GHz with a 500 MHz of bandwidth.
The experimentation is conducted within an industrial setting featuring a substan- tial presence of highly reflective metallic surfaces. We utilize our developed Orthogonal time-frequency space (OTFS)-based channelsounder/communication device. The presented sounding campaign encompasses a range of diverse human activities conducted during the measurement procedures

11:00 Comparison of Sub-THz Radio Channel Characteristics at 158 GHz and 300 GHz in a Shopping Mall Scenario
Alper Schultze, Mathis Schmieder, Ramez Askar and Michael Peter (Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute, Germany); Wilhelm Keusgen(Technische Universität Berlin, Germany); Taro Eichler (Rohde & Schwarz, Germany)
This paper compares the sub-THz radio channel characteristics at 158 GHz and 300 GHz in a shopping mall scenario by extracting three different path loss models and various channel parameters. The path loss
models extracted are two single frequency models, that include the close-in (CI) and floating-intercept (FI) model, and the alpha-beta-gamma (ABG) model being a multi frequency model. The extracted channel
parameters include K-factor, delay spread and angular spread. The extraction of mentioned models and parameters is based on two measurement campaigns executed at the mentioned center frequencies in thesame shopping mall like environment with a time-domain correlative channel sounder. The subsequent comparison gives an assessment on the extracted path loss models and the multipath behaviour of the sub-THz
radio channel. The paper presents for the first time a comparison between a D-band and H/J-band channel measurements taken both in the same shopping mall environment.

11:20 Machine Learning Approach to Delay Spread Estimation in Industrial Environments
Mohammad Hossein zadeh, Simone Del Prete, Franco Fuschini, Marina Barbiroli, Enrico M. Vitucci and Vittorio Degli-Esposti (University of Bologna, Italy)
Delay spread is a measure of the multipath characteristics of the wireless channel and predicting it is very important as the time dispersion of the wireless channel leads to intersymbol interference and thus signal
distortion. Existing models dealing with delay spread estimation are basically lacking in flexibility, as they tackle specific deterministic cases. In this work, a flexible approach machine learning tool for the assessmentof delay spread values in an industrial environment is presented. The model is tailored to the industrial environment characterized by few macro-parameters, where wireless technologies have been gaining increasing
importance in the development of next-generation smart factories. Machine learning is leveraged to get flexibility and fast predictions, i.e. to evaluate the delay spread value based on the geometry of the environment.
Results show good performance and confirm the overall physical soundness of the tool.

11:40 A Study on Satellite-To-Ground Propagation in Urban Environment
Nicolò Cenni, Vittorio Degli-Esposti, Enrico M. Vitucci, Franco Fuschini and Marina Barbiroli (University of Bologna, Italy)
Non-Terrestrial Networks are going to play an important role in future 6G wireless networks as they can enhance global connectivity in cooperation with terrestrial networks. In order to properly design and deploy nonterrestrial networks, the satellite-to-ground channel must be properly characterized, with particular focus on the urban environment. This paper uses a Ray-Tracing simulation tool to analyze the primary propagation
mechanisms and the behaviour of the Rician K-factor as a function of satellite position in a reference urban environment. Non-specular reflection due to surface irregularities emerges as a primary propagation

mechanism in non-line-of-sight cases. Additionally, the Rician K-factor shows a slight increase with the elevation angle, in contrast with previous studies.

12:00 Experimental Analysis of Physical Interacting Objects of a Building at mmWave Frequencies
Hedieh Khosravi, Xuesong Cai and Fredrik Tufvesson (Lund University, Sweden)
The evolution of multipath components (MPCs) in real radio channels is crucial for channel characterization, modeling, and multipath-assisted positioning. This paper provides an experimental analysis at millimeterwave (mmWave) frequencies of the behavior of MPCs originating from a standard building facade. Using a high resolution channel parameter estimation method, clustering, and tracking, we identify physicalinteracting points and analyze the lifetime and number of trackable MPCs. Our findings shed light on reflection patterns from standard building elements, highlighting the significant impact of these elements on
mmWave propagation modeling and positioning accuracy. The building wall under study is shown to have many distributed distinct backscattering points due to the windows highlighting the importance of including
those in channel models and ray tracing simulations.

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
A26: Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) technologies
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / / Antennas
Room: Alsh 2
Chairs: Julien de Rosny (CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, France), Raafat R. Mansour (University of Waterloo, Canada)
10:40 An Electromagnetic-Compliant Scattering Model for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Hussein Ezzeddine (ESPCI Paris & Institut Langevin, France); Abdelwaheb Ourir (Institut Langevin ESPCI Paris CNRS, France); Julien de Rosny (CNRS, ESPCI Paris,
PSL Research University, France)
This paper presents the development of a novel communication model for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted wireless systems, utilizing a 2D formulation of electromagnetic (EM) fields based on Green's
theorem. The proposed 2D model is both simple and accurate, adhering to the laws of electromagnetism for the generation, propagation, and scattering of EM fields. Specifically, we establish a direct relationshipbetween the scattered field and the current and impedance of the scattering antenna, resulting in a tractable expression for the total field scattered by the RIS. Moreover, our model successfully explains and analyzes
the various diffraction orders present in the scattered field. Through this analysis, we derive an analytical model that predicts and elucidates the different diffraction order components, including the central and replica
components. The presented communication model offers valuable insights and predictions for RIS-assisted wireless systems, paving the way for improved system design and performance optimization.

11:00 A Wideband Dual-Polarized 1-Bit Unit Cell for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Applications
Jalaledin Tayebpour and Raafat R. Mansour (University of Waterloo, Canada)
In this paper, a wideband 1-bit dual-polarized unit cell has been presented at Ku-band. It comprises three substrates and four metallic layers. The proposed structure uses polarization conversion technique, and outof phase characteristic of electric field in patch dominant mode to get two phase states. Using this characteristic provides the proposed structure with considerable bandwidth and accurate phase difference between
two states. Two PIN diodes are used as switches for two phase states. Activating one diode for each state results in the conversion of x-polarized to y-polarized (and vice versa) incident wave with a 180° phasedifference between the two states. Notably, only one control voltage suffices for both diodes, simplifying the design of the control system. The proposed structure has been simulated using CST software. Numericalresults show good matching and 180°±2° phase difference between two states from 11.2 GHz -14.2 GHz with 25 % relative bandwidth.

11:20 Non-Volatile Memristor-Based 1-Bit Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Towards a Greener 6G
Mohamed Elsaid Ghatas (INESCTEC and Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal); Luis M. Pessoa (INESC TEC & Faculty of Engineering, University ofPorto, Portugal)
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are in significant focus within 6G research. However, RISs face a power consumption challenge in the reconfigurable elements which may restrict its future scale-up tolarge areas. We address this issue by proposing a unit cell based on a non-volatile memristor-based switching mechanism. A 1-bit memristor-based reconfigurable RIS unit cell was designed in the Ka-band, andvalidated using CST and HFSS simulation platforms. The required control circuit to enable the digital control of the memristor has also been proposed. The proposed unit cell achieves losses of less than 1 dB over afrequency band of 25 - 28.3 GHz and a phase difference of 180° ± 20° at a central frequency of 26.7 GHz, with an operational bandwidth of approximately 1 GHz. Furthermore, an exemplary 8x8 RIS was designed
and simulated based on the proposed unit cell to demonstrate its capability to achieve beam steering.

11:40 1-Bit Graphene-Based Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Design in Ka-Band
Sofia Inacio (INESC TEC, Portugal); Luis M. Pessoa (INESC TEC & Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal)
This paper presents a 1-bit graphene-based reflective reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), namely a reflectarray antenna, that operates in the Ka-band (27-31GHz). The reflectarray unit-cell features a simple
structure with one metal layer, a Rogers RT5880 substrate and a Graphene Sandwich Structure (GSS) on top. The GSS comprises two layers of graphene separated by a diaphragm paper and a PVC layer toenhance its durability. The reflectarray can ensure a 1-bit phase shift resolution, by alternating the bias voltage applied to the graphene. The unit-cell simulation shows that the losses are around 3dB over the studied
band for both unit-cell states. An equivalent lumped circuit model is also presented to facilitate the analysis and design of GSS-based unit-cells. The full-wave simulation results of a 32x32 reflectarray indicate a gainof 25dBi for a steering angle of 10deg., displaying a 1dB gain bandwidth of 15%, confirming the promise of the graphene-based elements.

12:00 Improved Performance of a 1-Bit RIS by Using Two Switches per Bit Implementation
Fábio Martinho Cardoso (Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa & Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal); Sergio Matos (ISCTE-IUL / Instituto de Telecommunicações,Portugal); Luis M. Pessoa (INESC TEC & Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal); Antonio Clemente (CEA-Leti, France); Jorge R. Costa (Instituto de
Telecomunicações / ISCTE-IUL, Portugal); Carlos A. Fernandes (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal); Joao M. Felicio (Escola Naval,
Portugal & CINAV - Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal)
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) are an enabling technology widely investigated towards 6G. The viability of large active metasurfaces is constrained by the RF performance, cost, and power consumption.
The number of switches per unit cell is a key design parameter that designers aim to minimize following cost and power consumption drivers. However, an efficient use of the aperture is ultimately required andalthough a one-to-one correspondence between number of switches and phase-quantization bits seems intuitive, one may question its impact. Here we present a full-wave evaluation of a 30x30 1-bit reflective RIS,
implemented considering two pin diodes per unit cell. The RIS allows scanning up to 60 degrees from 28 to 29 GHz with a maximum aperture efficiency of 22%. This superior performance provides tantalizing
evidence that the multiple switches per bit approach should not be discarded a priori due to its apparent higher complexity.

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
CS46: GNSS Reflectometry Antenna Topics
T03 Aerospace, new space and non-terrestrial networks / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 1
Chairs: Philip Jales (Spire Global, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Manuel Martin-Neira (ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands)

10:40 Dual All Metal Patch Antenna for the HydroGNSS Mission
Martin J Unwin, Kevin Maynard, Patrick Hope, Reynolt de Vos van Steenwijk and David Sanderson (SSTL, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Manuel Martin-Neira (ESAESTEC, The Netherlands)
HydroGNSS is a small satellite mission under the ESA Scout Programme tapping into NewSpace, as part of ESA's FutureEO Programme, within a budget of €30m and a schedule of three years from mission kick-off
to launch. The mission comprises of two satellites using an innovative GNSS-Reflectometry instrument to collect parameters related to the Essential Climate Variables (ECVs): soil moisture, inundation, freeze/thaw,
biomass, ocean wind speed and sea ice extent. Previous GNSS Reflectometry antennas on UK-DMC on CYGNSS missions employed fixed arrays of single frequency, single polarisation patch elements. TDS-1 usedwide-band flared spiral array to give a wider bandwidth suitable for multiple frequencies. The HydroGNSS mission, however, requires dual polarisation and dual frequency reception. An array of four Dual All-Metal
Patch antennas was designed to cover GPS L1 and L5 bands and collect signals from both polarisations, with a feed network to phase and combine signals for the receiver.

11:00 Digital Beamformer for GNSS Reflectometry and Radio Occultation Applications
Neil Boasman (European Space Agency, The Netherlands); Manuel Martin-Neira (ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands); Salvatore D' Addio (European Space Agency, The
Netherlands)
This paper presents the specifications for the design and prototyping of a digital-beamforming processor demonstrator breadboard, suitable for new-space payloads, in LEO, for small/nano platforms, capable ofgenerating multiple simultaneous beams for GNSS Reflectometry and Radio-Occultation applications.
This constitutes the objective of an ESA technology activity which includes the development of on-board autonomous, dynamic digital beamforming with multiple beams for small/compact/low-power new-space
payloads, where a medium/large number of channels are supported. The main output of the activity consists of a representative digital beamforming breadboard demonstrator

11:20 CubeSat Formation Antenna Array Synchronization for GNSS-R
Laurent Paucot, Eliott Hubin and Maxime Drouguet (Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium); Volodymyr Kudriashov (ESA, Netherlands); Jan Thoemel (University of
Luxembourg, Luxembourg); Christophe Craeye (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium)This paper presents an approach to improving GNSS-R Earth observation resolution. The proposed method involves using a large antenna array comprising CubeSats flying in formation to synthetically increase theaperture. The paper discusses how the orbital constraints necessitate changes to the formation over time and require the formation plane to be inclined relative to the Earth's surface. The study examines a 1 km
resolution target, side lobe level restrictions, and the isotropy of the ground spot. Synchronization challenges are explored by characterizing an antenna array involving CubeSat prototypes.

11:40 Antenna Digital Beamforming on Spire's GNSS-Reflectometry CubeSat Constellation
Philip Jales (Spire Global, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Takayuki Yuasa (Spire Global Singapore, Singapore); Surabhi Guruprasad and Oleguer Nogués-Correig (Spire
Global UK, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Jessica Cartwright (Spire Global Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
Spire operates a constellation of satellites that perform remote sensing of the Earth using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. Spire's STRATOS payload has been modified for sensing using
GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R). This has found successful application in sensing ocean wind / wave state and for retrieving volumetric soil moisture amongst others physical properties. In this paper the motivation forusing antenna digital beamforming is described. The design elements that have been added, include the internal calibration, the digital signal processing and phase control. The calibration method uses the injection ofa spread-spectrum signal into each of the radio inputs. This allows for absolute and relative calibration of signal amplitude and phase. A novel RF coupling device is devised to make a realisable RF coupler multitudeof input channels. The scheme is tested on a two antenna system and the expected 3 dB improvement in receiver sensitivity is demonstrated.

12:00 Low-Cost Hybrid Additive Manufacturing of a Miniaturized Dual Band Stacked Patch Antenna for GNSS Applications
Simon P Hehenberger (DLR- German Aerospace Center & TU Delft, Germany); Stefano Caizzone (German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany); Alexander Yarovoy (TU
Delft, The Netherlands)
The utilization of low-cost hybrid additive manufacturing equipment for creating a fully integrated patch antenna system is demonstrated. A miniaturized stacked dual-band patch antenna for GNSS applications
with integrated feed, amplifier, matching, and bias network is considered. Design and manufacturing challenges due to the peculiarities of hybrid additive manufacturing like anisotropic substrates, thermal curing
steps, and low layer adhesion between different materials are discussed and solutions proposed. In this paper, the passive part of the antenna is manufactured and its measured performance is compared to results
obtained via numerical simulations. An excellent agreement between simulation and measurement of the passive antenna is observed. The results of the fully integrated and active antenna will be demonstrated at
the conference.

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
CS1b: Advances in Microwave and mmWave Wireless Power Transfer (continued)
T04 RF sensing for automotive, security, IoT, and other applications / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Boisdale 2
Chairs: Chaoyun Song (King's College London, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Mahmoud Wagih (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
10:40 A Compact Microwave Rectifier for Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting Applications
Gholamhosein Moloudian (Tyndall National Institute, Ireland); Sanjeev Kumar (Tyndall National Institute & University College Cork, Ireland); Brendan O'Flynn (Tyndall
National Institude, Ireland); John Laurence Buckley (Tyndall National Institute & University College Cork, Ireland)This paper presents a microwave rectifier with compact size and high efficiency for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting and low-power internet of things (IoT) applications. The proposed rectifier consists of amatching network, a doubler rectifier, a lowpass (LPF) structure and a low-power electronic circuit. An LPF structure is employed to pass a direct current (DC) rectified signal and to control harmonics which increases
the output voltage (VOUT−DC) as well as power conversion efficiency (PCE). The proposed rectifier is designed to operate at f = 1.8 GHz which shows a maximum PCE of 62% for an RF input power (PIN) level of 8
dBm and optimum load (RL) of 820 Ω. A DC-DC boost converter and a super capacitor (COUT = 370 μF) is employed to deliver sufficient DC voltage to power a low-power electronic circuit. The proposed rectifier isdemonstrated to be capable of powering a low-power circuit at varying PIN levels. The developed rectifier can be used in RF energy harvesting and wireless power transmission systems to power sensor nodes and
IoT devices.

11:00 Matching Network Elimination in Multiband Metasurface-Structured Rectennas for Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting
Wenzhang Zhang (Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University & University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Rui Pei (Donghua University, China); Jinyao Zhang(University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Bintao Hu (Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China); Jiafeng Zhou (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom(Great Britain))This paper presents a multiband metasurface-structured rectenna without using an impedance matching network for wireless power transfer and energy harvesting applications. The impedance matching network for
nonlinear devices like rectifiers in multi- or broadband frequency bands is difficult to design, so matching network elimination can improve the conversion efficiency of the rectenna. Due to the special properties of ametasurface-structured antenna (which can potentially excite multiple frequency bands and tune the ratio between different frequencies), it becomes an appropriate candidate to achieve the high impedance values
at different frequency bands to realize the matching network elimination in WPT and EH operating frequency bands. The simulated and measured results verify that this proposed rectenna can operate at 0.9, 1.4 and2.45 GHz without the need for a matching network. In addition, the conversion efficiency of this rectenna is around 50%, 60%, and 40% at 0.9, 1.4, and 2.45 GHz.

11:20 A mmWave Leaky-Wave Antenna for Efficiency Enhanced Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer and Communication
Shan Han (Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Miguel Poveda-García (Technical University of Cartagena, Spain); Yuan Ding, George Goussetis andLei Wang (Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
A mmWave near-field-focused and beam steerable circularly polarized (CP) leaky-wave antenna (LWA) for wirelesses power transfer (WPT) with multiple users and communication is presented. The proposed designis achieved by etching uniform fan-shaped slots in a rectangular substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The slots are elaborately designed and positioned for beam focusing at a desired focal distance of 0.5 m.
Compared to the conventional LWA, the power density of the proposed design is enhanced by 1.4 dB. It allows a dual beam scanning propriety with a wide angular coverage of 43.18˚ and 33˚ in near field and far
field, respectively. The proposed design benefits WPT systems by eliminating the beam forming network and offering wide power coverage. Moreover, it offers high realized no less than 12.62 dBi in the bandwidth of
22.5 GHz to 26 GHz. Hence, the LWA proposed is a promising transmitter candidate for integrated WPT and communication.

11:40 Power Handling Test of a L-Band Antenna Using Infrared Thermography
Adrien Laffont and Stéphane Fauré (Anyfields, France); Gautier Mazingue (Anywaves, France)
This paper presents power handling tests performed on an antenna using infrared thermography. Infrared thermography measurement allows to quickly verify that the antenna radiation is not affected by the powerincrease. The tests are carried out on an L-band antenna for a maximum input power of 6.3 W at its frequency of interest of 1.7 GHz.

12:00 Plug-In Plug-Out Multibeam Dielectric Rod Antenna for Target Dedicated mm-Wave RF-WPT Applications
Amir Mohsen Ahmadi Najafabadi (EPFL, Switzerland & CSEM SA, Switzerland); German Augusto Ramirez Arroyave (EPFL - École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne& Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Switzerland); Mohsen Ghorbanpoor (ETHZ, Switzerland); Alexander Vorobyov (CSEM & Center Suisse d'Electronique et deMicrotechnique SA, Switzerland); Pascal Nussbaum (CSEM, Switzerland); Anja K. Skrivervik (EPFL, Switzerland)This paper introduces a beam-adjustable multibeam dielectric rod antenna for mm-wave RF-WPT applications. The unique multibeam setup allows the generation of several adjustable beams simultaneously. This isconceptualized by utilizing three and five rods to create a beam coverage between −30° to 30 ° in the azimuth plane. In the proposed configuration, the peak gain value of each generated beam is 13 dBi at 23.8 GHz.
A gain value above 12 dBi is maintained between 20 GHz and 24 GHz. The Rexolite rod is fed through an annular slot fabricated on a Rogers RO4003 substrate. The adjustable nature of this configuration makes
the solution agile, with the possibility of adaptation to different scenarios either by altering the number of unit elements employed or their orientation. This capability, together with the low cost of the proposed solution,
makes it a promising power delivery solution for Internet of Things (IoT).

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
CS12b: AMTA Session: Robotic Antenna Measurements (continued)
T05 Positioning, localization, identification & tracking / Convened Session / Measurements
Room: Carron 1
Chairs: Joshua Gordon (US National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA), Roland Moch (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
10:40 KRISS Robot-Based Antenna Measurement System
Jae-Yong Kwon (Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Korea (South)); Woohyun Chung and Chihyun Cho (Korea Research Institute of Standard andScience, Korea (South))
A Robot-based antenna measurement system is proposed. The system configuration and initial operating procedure are briefly introduced. Three models of robots were tested their positional accuracy using a laser
tracker. The vertical and horizontal accuracies of robots are within ± 0.15 mm in the working distance of 400 mm. We performed three-antenna method and present the preliminary antenna gain data of one KRISS
W-band standard gain horn antenna to compare the measurement accuracy of KR-MANMS with a conventional full anechoic chamber.

11:00 Robotic Antenna Characterization System Based on Wideband FMCW Transceiver Modules
Kristof Dausien (Ruhr University Bochum, Germany); Michael Tomasz Kleinschmidt (Ruhr Universität Bochum, Germany); Ilona Rolfes (Ruhr-Universität Bochum,
Germany); Nils Pohl (Ruhr-University Bochum & Fraunhofer FHR, Germany); Jan Barowski (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)
This paper evaluates an automated antenna characterization system with two robotic arms, performing measurements through the use of two wideband radar transceivers based on the frequency-modulated
continuous wave (FMCW) principle. For this purpose, a radar system is used that covers large parts of the D-band and can perform measurements in the frequency range from 126 GHz to 182 GHz. In contrast
to vector network analyzer (VNA) extension modules, the FMCW transceivers are lightweight, compact, and do not have sensitive RF cables to connect to the large host device. This allows for faster scanning,and better positioning accuracies and is much more cost efficient, providing an interesting solution in fabrication facilities. To demonstrate the capabilities, the paper presents antenna pattern measurements from 4
different (lens) antennas: an open waveguide, a 25 dBi horn antenna, a spherical (low gain), and an elliptic lens (high gain).

11:20 Safety Considerations for Robotic Antenna Measurement Systems
Chris Smith (NSI-MI Technologies, USA)This paper discusses safety considerations when using industrial robots as positioning devices in near field antenna measurement systems. Robotic systems allow for exceptional flexibility and speed but can alsopose hazards to both range personnel and test articles. Special consideration needs to be given to ensuring the motion profile of the robotic system stays within proscribed motion and velocity limits. Layered safetysystems including physical barriers, light curtains, LIDARs, software, and independent control safety features will be explored and will be presented to the reader with a holistic approach to safety.

11:40 Robotic near Field Scanning for High Throughput Phased Array Production Test
Ernestus J Vermeulen (NSI-MI Technologies Ametek & NSI-MI Technologies, USA); John Demas (NSI-MI Technologies, USA)
During the past 5 years robot based near field measurement systems have evolved and become increasingly used in the testing of phased array antennas. Robotic positioning systems offer greater positioning range
and flexibility than traditional scanning systems by allowing the use of different test tools and geometries. These benefits allow for faster and more efficient testing. For all the benefits they bring, robot based systems
have different facility interface and safety requirements that must be considered as part of specifying them for a particular test application. This paper provides a high-level comparison between traditional, and robot
based near field scanner systems and provides a high-level summary of the key benefits, limitations and unique attributes of robotic systems specifically focused on phased array production testing applications. It
also provides an example of how a robotic system was implemented to test phased array tiles for one application.

12:00 Robotic Arm-Based Antenna Metrology System for Aerospace Applications
Marie Piasecki (NASA, USA); Bryan Schoenholz and James Downey (NASA Glenn Research Center, USA); Christine Chevalier and Kevin Lambert (HX5 LLC, USA)
Robotic antenna metrology presents interesting opportunities to investigate novel approaches to traditional antenna and communication system evaluation. In 2018 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) began exploring the use of robotic measurement for antenna and communication system metrology to address unique needs for traceability and in situ testing of a novel
antenna for use in unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Since that initial development of the Portable Laser Guided Robotic Metrology (PLGRM) system many additional capabilities have been added to support a wide
variety of aerospace applications. This paper provides an overview of the system itself, existing capabilities, benefits over other measurement approaches, and future work.

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
CS19b: Fundamental challenges and novel methodologies in the next-generation computational
electromagnetics (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Electromagnetics
Room: Carron 2
Chairs: Zhen Peng (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA), Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
10:40 A Loop-Star Decomposition for the B-Spline Based Discretization of the Electric Field Integral Equation
Mohammad Mirmohammadsadeghi and Bernd Hofmann (Technical University of Munich, Germany); Thomas F. Eibert (Technical University of Munich (TUM) & Chair ofHigh-Frequency Engineering (HFT), Germany); Francesco P. Andriulli (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Simon B Adrian (Universität Rostock, Germany)
The electric field integral equation (EFIE) is widely employed to determine the field that is scattered from perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) structures. However, it is known to suffer from a low-frequency
breakdown. In order to overcome this breakdown for a B-spline based (isogeometric) discretization of arbitrary polynomial order of the EFIE employing the method of moments, we propose a loop-star decompositionof the discretized surface current density resulting in a preconditioner involving solely sparse matrices. The proposed decomposition is applicable to open and closed simply-connected surfaces described by a single
or by multiple patches. To verify the correctness of the proposed method, numerical examples are provided.

11:00 A Multi-Region Hierarchical Preconditioning Scheme for the MoM Simulation of Complex Composite Structures
Víctor Martín (Universidad de Extremadura, Spain); Jose M. Taboada (University of Extremadura, Spain); Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
The hierarchical quasi-Helmholtz decomposition multiresolution preconditioner has been widely studied and proven effective in addressing surface integral equation breakdowns and improving convergence inmultiscale problems, but, until now, it has been applied to perfect electrical conductors only. In this paper, we present a new methodology that utilizes this efficient preconditioner to solve complex geometries built ofpiecewise homogeneous composite objects that meet boundary conditions automatically. The proposed approach represents the first known use of a multi-level quasi-Helmholtz decomposition to solve objects with
dielectric junctions without resorting to weak enforcement of continuity or reducing the number of unknowns. Numerical examples show that this method can efficiently solve geometrically complex problems involving
multiple materials, including dielectrics and conductors.

11:20 Automatic MoM Source Integral Quadrature Selection via a Machine Learning Approach
Víctor Martín (Universidad de Extremadura, Spain); Marco Ricci (Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Donald Wilton (University of Houston, USA); William Johnson (Private
Consultant, USA); Francesca Vipiana (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
In this paper, a new technique, based on machine learning (ML) and dimensionality reduction, is proposed for drastically improving the performance in the evaluation of the singular and near singular potential integrals
in the method of moments (MoM). The MoM source surface integral is first reduced to a line integral via a dimensionality reduction method, and, then, an ML algorithm is trained on a set of line integrals evaluatedwith Gauss-Legendre (GL) quadrature schemes of different orders. Finally, the trained ML algorithm is used to determine the minimum number of GL sample points and weights required for each potential line integral
to get the requested accuracy.

11:40 Supervised Learning Based Real-Time Adaptive Beamforming On-Board Multibeam Satellites
Flor Ortiz, Juan A. Vásquez Peralvo, Jorge Querol, Eva Lagunas and Jorge L González-Rios (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg); Marcele O K Mendonça (Universityof Luxembourg & SNT, Luxembourg); Luis Manuel Garcés-Socarrás, Victor Monzon Baeza and Symeon Chatzinotas (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
Satellite communications (SatCom) are crucial for global connectivity, especially in the era of emerging technologies like 6G and narrowing the digital divide. Traditional SatCom systems struggle with efficient resource
management due to static multibeam configurations, hindering quality of service (QoS) amidst dynamic traffic demands. This paper introduces an innovative solution - real-time adaptive beamforming on multibeam
satellites with software-defined payloads in geostationary orbit (GEO). Utilizing a Direct Radiating Array (DRA) with circular polarization in the 17.7 - 20.2 GHz band, the paper outlines DRA design and a supervised
learning-based algorithm for on-board beamforming. This adaptive approach not only meets precise beam projection needs but also dynamically adjusts beamwidth, minimizes sidelobe levels (SLL), and optimizes
effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP).

12:00 Impact of the Unit Cell Distribution of 1-D Dynamic Metasurface Antennas on the Performance of a Computational Imaging System
Guillermo Alvarez Narciandi, María García Fernández and Okan Yurduseven (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))Computational imaging (CI) enables to bypass the significantly demanding sampling requirements imposed by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques. For that purpose, CI systems rely on compressive antennas
to achieve a physical-layer compression of the scene information. In this context, among the different compressive antenna implementations, dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs) are of significant interest due totheir compactness, ease of fabrication, and their ability to reconstruct the scene information without the need of large bandwidths. This contribution analyzes the impact of using different unit cell distributions for a 1-D
DMA on the performance of a single-pixel CI system. Results show that the use of a sparse unit cell distribution does not jeopardize the imaging performance of the system, and, in addition, it enables to reduce thehardware complexity of the antenna.

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
SW6b: Recent advances in antenna measurement traceability and uncertainty at reduced distances(continued)
Room: Dochart 1
Chairs: Dennis Lewis (Boeing, USA), Janet O'Neil (ETS-Lindgren, USA)
10:40 High-Accuracy Near-Field Calibration Techniques for Gain Reference Antennas
Presenter: Olav Breinbjerg (ElMaReCo, Denmark)11:25 Near-Field Antenna Gain Calibrations Employing Spherical Near-Field Techniques
Presenter: David Ulm (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany)

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
CS26b: COST Session CA18223 (SyMat) Modeling and Applications of Higher Symmetries (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / Convened Session / Antennas
Room: Dochart 2
Chairs: Sara Mugnaini (OneWeb Communication Ltd, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Eva Rajo-Iglesias (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)10:40 Ridge Gap Waveguide Implementation with a 3D Glide Symmetric Holey Metasurface for Slotted Antenna Array Feeding
Panagiotis Petroutsos and Stavros Koulouridis (University of Patras, Greece)
This work focuses on integrating Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) multi-layer glide symmetric holes (GSH) in a Ridge Gap Waveguide (RGW) feeding. The presented RGW structure consists of four stacked metal
layers. A formed path is generated between the bottom and top layer while each layer integrates a periodic pattern of holes. The integrated holes are arranged to configure a GSH metasurface. Glide symmetricmetasurface is used to form boundary conditions for RGW feeding, effectively dealing with energy leakage. Also, EBG conditions allow the assembly of distinct layers without any galvanic connection to be required.
In addition, the hole metasurface utilization takes advantage of larger periodicity and reduced milling depth, providing a related lower manufacturing cost. To highlight potential applications, a slot array antenna fedby the RGW with a 3D GSH configuration is presented. It covers an impedance bandwidth from 37.02GHz to 42.36GHz and provides a gain of over 11dB.

11:00 Glide-Symmetric Reconfigurable Substrate-Integrated Holey Waveguide
Boris Fischer, Julien Sarrazin and Guido Valerio (Sorbonne Université, France)
Glide-symmetric metasurfaces have been recently employed to realize integrated microwave devices exhibiting a reduced frequency dispersion and thus capable to operate in a wide band: planar lenses, gap
waveguides, filters. They have been successfully realized with fully metallic holey metasurfaces. However, substrate-integrated technology can be adopted to ease the fabrication of this class of devices by mimicking
drilled holes with tightly spaced metallized via holes. Here we investigate the possibility to reconfigure the unit cells of glide-symmetric substrate-integrated holey surfaces by modifying the effective height of its holes.
Since the height of the holes cannot be reconfigured after the realization of a device, we place a high-impedance surface close to the bottom of each hole and move it to achieve a variation of the effective reactive
load of each hole.

11:20 Thinned Connected Slot Array Design Using Higher Symmetries
Christos Monochristou (University of Rennes, France); Ronan Sauleau (University of Rennes 1, France); Mauro Ettorre (University of Rennes 1 & UMR CNRS 6164,
France)Arrays with a reduced number of active elements have garnered considerable attention due to their potential to simplify phased arrays while preserving their operational versatility. Nevertheless, most research hasconcentrated on numerical synthesis methods, with limited emphasis on the practical implementations of these arrays. In this work, we introduce realizable thinned arrays based on the connected slot architecture.
The unit-cell performance is enhanced with glide-symmetric artificial dielectric superstrates which enable the unidirectional radiation of the antenna and significantly increase its bandwidth. The thinned lattices aresynthesized using a compressive sensing algorithm which is integrated with a semi-analytical Method of Moments (MoM) for connected slot topologies. Consequently, the array's layout and the inter-element coupling
are accounted for during the optimization procedure. The resulting arrays are near-optimal, they demonstrate high efficiency and their realization is feasible.

11:40 All-Metal Glide-Symmetric Slotted Planar Antennas: Modal Analysis
Yuhuan Tong and Guido Valerio (Sorbonne Université, France); Beatrice Ambrogi (Sapienza University, Italy); Davide Comite (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
Glide-symmetric periodic structures have attracted increasing interest in the last decade thanks to their unconventional dispersion features. They have been proposed to design electromagnetic bandgap materials,
planar lenses, and, more generally, microwave and millimeter waves devices. A glide-symmetric load within a metallic waveguide produces linear dispersion within the first pass band, then an open stop-band withmaximized spectral width. The modes propagating within the structures become a slow wave and, therefore, an all-metal glide-symmetric load defines an artificial dielectric. This contribution proposes, for the firsttime, a preliminary dispersive analysis of the complex mode supported by an open glide-symmetric all-metal waveguide loaded with glide-symmetric corrugations. To this aim, an ad-hoc method-of-moments approachis introduced, whose results are compared with full-wave simulations achieved by implementing a Bloch analysis.

12:00 Design of Glide-Symmetric Dielectric Mikaelian Lens Antenna for K/Ka-Band
Jose-Manuel Poyanco (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain); Dubravko Tomić, Marko Bosiljevac and Zvonimir Sipus (University of Zagreb, Croatia); Eva Rajo-Iglesias(University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)
This paper outlines the optimization procedure for designing a planar dielectric Mikaelian lens with the emphasis on achieving one-dimensional beam steering. The lens unique flat shape is a key feature that enables
a straightforward and cost-effective planar feed. To verify the design procedure, a lens prototype made out of a dielectric glide-symmetric periodic structure embedded in a parallel plate waveguide is constructed.
The propagation constant and dielectric losses of the glide-symmetric periodic structure are analyzed using the rigorous coupled wave analysis method. The antenna design has a focused fan-shaped beam that canbe steered over a 100 degrees range through 11 ports, with scan loss below 3 dB. The Mikaelian lens has a flat feeding interface, minimizing the mutual coupling between ports. These characteristics have great
potential for realizing affordable multi-beam antennas for 5G/6G.

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
A15b: Developments in antenna arrays (continued)
T08 EM modelling and simulation tools / / Antennas
Room: M2
Chairs: Yanki Aslan (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Christopher G Hynes (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
10:40 Maximum Gain Estimates for Corporate-Fed Arrays
Christopher G Hynes and Rodney Vaughan (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
Unlike adaptive or reconfigurable systems such as phased arrays, the feed network can limit the maximum realized gain of fixed-beam corporate-fed arrays. For any corporate-fed array, the total transmission loss
increases with the array size, so for a fixed element gain, there is a maximum array gain for a given transmission loss. This paper derives accurate estimates for the maximum gain of a corporate-fed planar rectangularantenna array in terms of the performance of the feed network components and the array element. The theoretical results are validated using simulation.

11:00 Ultra-Wideband Wide-Scanning Dual-Polarized Vivaldi Antenna Unit with Novel Pendulum-Shaped Slots
Shigang Fang and Shi-Wei Qu (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China)
An ultra-wideband (UWB) wide-scanning dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna unit is proposed in this paper. Vivaldi antennas always suffer from the high-profile problem. As a solution, the novel pendulum-shaped slots
are designed, which notably reduces the profile and enhances the wide-scanning ability. Thus, the proposed dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna unit achieves ±60° beam scanning in E/H/D planes with an active VSWR
below 2.5 in 6~18GHz. The orthogonal port coupling during beam scanning is lower than -30dB in E/H planes, -10dB in D plane. Computed performances prove that the proposed dual-polarized antenna unit is ofgreat potential to be employed for large-scale Vivaldi arrays.

11:20 Array Scattering Synthesis for Anomalous Deflection Using Passive Aperiodic Loadings
Sravan Kumar Reddy Vuyyuru (Aalto University & Nokia Bell Labs, Finland); Risto Valkonen (Nokia Bell Labs, Finland); Do-Hoon Kwon (University of Massachusetts
Amherst, USA); Sergei Tretyakov (Aalto University, Finland)
Large-scale anomalous reflectors in reconfigurable intelligent surface applications require a scanning capability to deflect the beam to an arbitrary angle without incurring parasitic scattering. In this study, we propose
a design methodology for linear loaded antenna arrays by synthesizing the scattering characteristics with respect to impedance loads to attain perfect anomalous reflection. It relies on accurate prediction of theinduced element port currents and their associated scattering behavior for any given set of load impedances. We develop a linear array with a fixed half wavelength spacing for scanning into extreme deflection
angles. Using continuous and discretized load reactances, the tunability prospect of high-efficiency anomalous reflection is demonstrated.

11:40 Sunflower Array of Infinitesimal Dipoles for Constrained Antenna Modeling
Nehir Berk Onat (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands); Alexander Yarovoy (TU Delft, The Netherlands); Yanki Aslan (Delft University of Technology, TheNetherlands)
The sunflower array topology concept is introduced, for the first time, to the constrained infinitesimal dipole modeling (IDM) technique to increase the computational efficiency and reduce the modeling errors. The
concept is applied to embedded element pattern predictions via matrix inversion. A novel study on the impact of the type and orientation of the dipoles on the IDM performance in pattern mean square error (MSE)and stability against noise (linked to the matrix condition number) is conducted. A 5 by 5 patch antenna array modeled with 81 dipoles is used for demonstration. It is shown that using magnetic dipoles (oriented in
the direction of a radiating edge of the patch) in IDM yields the optimal performance. Besides, the sunflower topology significantly lowers the MSE (by 5 dB, on average), while reducing the condition number by afactor of 10.

12:00 Dual UWB Antennas on AoA Anchor Node
Hossein Raghib Hokmabadi, Khatereh Nadali and Patrick McEvoy (Technological University Dublin, Ireland); Sam Lemey (Ghent University, Belgium); Max James
Ammann (Technological University Dublin, Ireland)This paper investigates the performance impact of mounting UWB antennas on small anchor nodes for angle-of-arrival indoor positioning systems. A slot antenna and a monopole are designed to support UWBchannels 5 to 10 (6.2-8.6 GHz). The antennas are evaluated when connected to a 76.6 × 51.6 mm anchor node PCB. The study assesses the performance of compact slot and monopole antennas, complying withIEEE 802.15.4z-2020 standards. The results provide valuable insights into optimizing UWB antenna performance for AoA applications

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
SW8b: Waveguide Antenna Array Technologies for Space and Beyond (continued)
Room: M3
Chairs: Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, France), Yi Wang (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
10:40 Array Antennas for Space Applications
Presenter: Nelson Fonseca (Anywaves, Toulouse, France)

11:10 Long Slot Arrays for Space Applications
Presenter: Mauro Ettorre (Michigan State University, USA)11:40 Multi-Band and Wideband Waveguide Arrays for Satcom and 5G Backhaul
Presenter: Yi Wang (The University of Birmingham, UK)

12:05 SW8 Discussions

Friday, March 22 10:40 - 12:20
CS14b: Shape-morphing metamaterials, antennas and electromagnetic components (continued)
T10 Novel materials, metamaterials, metasurfaces and manufacturing processes / Convened Session / Electromagnetics
Room: M4
Chairs: Alex W Powell (University of Exeter, United Kingdom (Great Britain)), Christopher Stevens (University of Oxford, United Kingdom (Great Britain))
10:40 Reconfiguration of Electromagnetic Metasurfaces Using Tunable Shape Morphing Structures
David L West and William D Pavlick (Georgia Institute of Technology, USA); Jay S Sim, Jize Dai and Shuai Wu (Stanford University, USA); Jack Eichenberger (The Ohio
State University, USA); Ruike Renee Zhao (Stanford University, USA); Nima Ghalichechian (Georgia Institute of Technology, USA)
Reconfigurable metamaterials and metasurfaces are of interest for a variety of functionalities for next-generation communications and sensing. However, electronically controlling large arrays is difficult, and traditional
PCB technology has limited capabilities for conforming to curved surfaces. We demonstrate the use of novel magnetically reconfigurable shape morphing structures for metasurface applications. The reconfigurationis performed using a quasi-DC magnetic field, which decouples the electrical control problem from the electromagnetic design. In addition, the magnetic composite is flexible and can conform to various shapes. We
have previously demonstrated the use of these structures for reconfigurable on-off filters. We also demonstrate fully wrapped conformability to cylindrical shapes.

11:00 Multistable Structures for Deployable and Reconfigurable Antennas
Maria Sakovsky (Stanford University, USA); Joseph Costantine and Youssef Tawk (American University of Beirut, Lebanon)
This paper presents the integration of multi-stable structures in deployable antennas to reconfigure their performance characteristics. The integration of the multi-stability of structures into electromagnetic antenna
designs from the outset results in minimizing the need for actuation mechanisms and renders the reconfiguration passive. Furthermore, the paper delves into the mechanical aspects of multi-stability, describing how
materials with strain energy storage can exhibit multiple stable states due to pre-stress. It discusses various multi-stability mechanisms, including fiber-reinforced polymer composites and tape springs, which enableantennas to achieve stable geometric configurations. The paper also provides examples of bi-stable reconfigurable deployable antennas and explores the broader potential of multi-stable structures in shape-morphingsurfaces for future communication applications.

11:20 Analyzing the Performance of Phased Array Geometries with Aperture Projection Analysis
David Elliott Williamstyer (Hofstra University, USA); Ali Hajimiri (California Institute of Technology, USA)
Geometry plays an important role in phased array performance. There is thus an opportunity to improve array performance by including geometry as a design variable. This is the core idea in the emerging field of
shape-changing phased arrays. Therefore, formal analytic tools are needed for assessing the performance of different geometries. This work establishes a solid theoretical foundation for a commonly used analysis
technique, aperture projection analysis. Using this tool, the fundamental trade-offs between gain and steering range for common array geometries are explored. Analytic formulas of the maximum gain are establishedand numeric calculations directly compare the relationship between maximum gain and steering range. It is demonstrated that planar arrays have the highest gain, that spherical and cylindrical arrays have the highest
steering range, and conic arrays offer the best compromise.

11:40 Wideband Dual-Polarized 1-Bit Unit-Cell Design for mmWave Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
Gabriel G. Machado (Ulster University, United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Muhammad Ali Babar Abbasi (Queen's University Belfast & The Institute of Electronics,
Communications and Information Technology (ECIT), United Kingdom (Great Britain)); Adrian D McKernan and Chao Gu (Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom(Great Britain)); Dmitry E Zelenchuk (Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This study presents a novel reflective unit-cell with wideband characteristics at millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands for application in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS). The proposed unit-cell design

demonstrates through full-wave simulations a superior bandwidth performance over the 26.50-29.45 GHz, targeting the n257 band of mmWave 5G. The design was created for dual-polarization operation, eachcontrolled by a p-i-n diode to realise a 1-bit RIS. The design achieves impressive performance, maintaining a phase difference error within ±20 degrees across most of the 3 GHz bandwidth while reflecting over
80% of the energy. The increased reflectivity minimizes losses, while precise phase control improves beam pointing accuracy, crucial in low-complexity 1-bit systems. Numerical simulations also indicate that thisunit-cell performs effectively in a 6-layer PCB stack-up. A comparison with state-of-the-art unit-cells for RIS design is also presented, demonstrating the advantages of the proposed design in terms of bandwidth,dual-polarization operation, and phase accuracy.

12:00 Multi-Band Anisotropic Metasurface: Simultaneous Linear and Circular Polarization for Robust Satellite Communication
Humayun Zubair Khan, Farooq A Tahir, Abdul Jabbar, Qammer H Abbasi and Muhammad Ali Imran (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Great Britain))This paper presents a novel metasurface design for efficient polarization conversion in electromagnetic wave applications. To achieve linear-to-linear polarization (LLP) and linear-to-circular polarization (LCP)
conversions, the metasurface was meticulously engineered. The co-reflection and cross-reflection coefficients were carefully controlled to meet specific criteria for successful LCP conversion. The results
demonstrated that within the frequency bands of 11.02-11.88 GHz, 12.92-15.20 GHz, and 15.14-16.42 GHz, the metasurface effectively achieved LCP conversion with high efficiency, meeting the handedness
requirements for both left-circularly polarized (LHCP) and right-circularly polarized (RHCP) waves. The proposed design exhibited excellent performance not only for normal incidence but also at oblique incidence
angles of up to 45 degrees, ensuring its robustness in practical scenarios. This versatile metasurface design holds promise for a wide range of applications in satellite communications, offering efficient and stable
polarization conversion capabilities within multiple frequency bands.

Friday, March 22 12:40 - 13:10
CC: Closing cerimony
Room: Lomond Auditorium

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC07: Fundamental equations of electromagnetics from classical to quantum
Room: Alsh 1

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC08: Microwave Imaging and Sensing and their Innovative Applications
Room: Alsh 2

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC02: Optimal Antennas: Operators, Limits, and Design
Room: Boisdale 1

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC01: Modelling and Design of Space-Time Modulated Electromagnetic Structures
Room: Boisdale 2

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC05: AI Techniques for Microwave Antenna Design
Room: Carron 1

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC06: Machine Learning-Enabled Optimization and Synthesis of Metasurface Antennas
Room: Carron 2

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC04: Multibeam Antennas and Beamforming Networks
Room: Dochart 1

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC03: Advanced impedance matching and impedance analysis for antenna applications
Room: Dochart 2

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC09: Planar near-field measurements of phased array antennas in millimetre-wave bands
Room: M2

Friday, March 22 14:00 - 17:00
SC10: Spherical Near-Field Antenna Measurements – Theory and Practical Implementation
Room: M3