＜「福島を伝える」科研費（課題番号16H03759 ）報告書用原稿＞

્‫ݧ‬ዴȷ્‫ݧ‬ᏡƷႆᙸƔǒҾ༪᧏ႆƷƸơǇǓǇư௒୰ဴ஧
ி㒔኱Ꮫ」ྜཎᏊຊ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ㸰㸮㸯㸯ᖺ࡟⚟ᓥཎⓎ஦ᨾࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠿ࡽࠊᨺᑕ⬟ࠊᨺᑕ⥺ࠊཎᏊຊ࡟ࡘ࠸୍࡚⯡ࡢ᪉࡟ヰࢆࡍࡿᶵ఍ࡀቑ࠼ࡓࠋ
ࠕཎⓎ஦ᨾ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓᨺᑕ⬟ởᰁ࡟ྥ࠿࠸࠶࠺࡟ࡣࠊࡲࡎࡣ
࣋ࢡࣞࣝ࡜࠿ࢩ࣮࣋ࣝࢺ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࢥࢺࣂࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࡞ࡌࢇ࡛ࡶࡽ࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸ࡘࡶゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ͆࡞ࡌࡳࡢ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡌࢇ࡛ࡶࡽ࠺͇ࡢࡣࠊ࡞࠿࡞࠿኱ኚ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᨺᑕ
⥺ࠊᨺᑕ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚඲ࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㡭࠿ࡽࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟▱㆑ࢆ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࠿▱ࡗ࡚㡬ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ͆࡞ࡌࡳࡢ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡌࢇ࡛ࡶࡽ࠺͇ࡢ࡟ᙺ࡟❧ࡘࡔࢁ࠺࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢࡀࠊᮏ✏࡟࡜ࡾ࠿࠿ࡗࡓືᶵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཎㄽᩥࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡟࢜
࣮ࣉ࡛ࣥ࢔ࢵࣉࡉࢀ࠾ࡾࠊ85/ ࢆ᥈ࡋฟࡋ࡚ᩥ⊩ࣜࢫࢺ࡟ධࢀ࡚࠾࠸ࡓࠋཎᏊࠊཎᏊ᰾ࠊ㟁Ꮚࠊ࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࠊ࣮࣋ࢱ⥺ࠊ࣐࢞ࣥ⥺ࠊ᰾ศ⿣࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ▱㆑ࡢ⏤᮶ࢆ῝ࡃ▱ࡾࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᪉࡟ᙺ❧ࡘࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᮏ✏࡟ฟ࡚ࡃࡿ࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ࢻⓗ࡞ヰࡢ኱㒊ศࡣࠊࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻ࣭࣮ࣟࢬⴭࠕཎᏊ⇿ᙎࡢㄌ⏕ ୖ ୗ ࠖ⣖ఀᅧᒇ᭩ᗑ㸯㸷㸷㸳ᖺ࠿ࡽࡢᘬ⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

્‫ݧ‬ዴȷ્‫ݧ‬ᏡƷႆᙸ㸯㸶㸷㸳ᖺࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࣞࣥࢺࢤࣥࡣࠊ┿✵⟶㸦ࢡࣝࢵࢡࢫ⟶㸧࡟㧗㟁ᅽࢆ࠿ࡅࠊ㝜ᴟ⥺࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࢞ࣛࢫቨ࡛⺯ගࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿᐇ㦂ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ┿✵⟶඲యࢆ㯮࠸⣬࡛そࡗ࡚࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ࠊഐࡽࡢ⺯ගᯈࡀගࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟Ẽࡀࡘ࠸ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㏱㐣ຊࡢᙉ࠸ఱ࠿ࡀ㯮࠸⣬ࢆ㏻ࡗ࡚⺯ගᯈࢆගࡽࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⺯ගᯈࡢ๓࡟ᡭࡢࡦࡽࢆ⨨ࡃ࡜㦵ࡢᙧࡀ㏱ࡅ࡚෗ࡗࡓࡾࡋࡓࠋ
ࣞࣥࢺࢤࣥࡣࡑࡢఱ࠿ࢆࠕX ⥺ࠖ࡜ྡ௜ࡅ࡚ㄽᩥ࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓ[1]ࠋࣞࣥࢺࢤࣥࡣ⥆ሗ࡛ࠊX ⥺ࡀ㏻ࡗࡓ✵Ẽࡣ୍᫬ⓗ࡟㏻㟁ᛶࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[2]ࠋ
㸯㸶㸷㸴ᖺࠊ⇥ගࡢ◊✲ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ≀⌮໬Ꮫ⪅࣋ࢡࣞࣝࡣࠊX ⥺ࡢⓎぢ࡟่⃭ࡉࢀࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ໬ྜ≀㸦◲㓟࢘ࣛࢽ࣒ࣝ࢝ࣜ࢘㸧࡟ኴ㝧ගࢆᙜ࡚࡚ࠊX ⥺ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺
࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿᐇ㦂ࢆࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊኳẼࡀⰋࡃ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ໬ྜ≀࡜෗┿஝ᯈࢆ㔜ࡡ࡚ᮘࡢᘬࡁฟࡋ࡟ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠾࠸ࡓࠋᩘ᪥ᚋࠊྲྀࡾฟࡋ࡚⌧ീࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜஝ᯈࡣᙉࡃឤගࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
࣋ࢡࣞࣝࡣࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ࡜࠸࠺≀㉁࠿ࡽ X ⥺ࡢࡼ࠺࡟෗┿஝ᯈࢆឤගࡉࡏࡿఱ࠿ࡀᨺฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋࡓ[3]ࠋ
୍᪉ࠊⱥᅜࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࢺ࣒ࢯࣥࡣ㸯㸶㸷㸵ᖺࠊ㝜ᴟ⥺࡟☢ሙࢆ࠿ࡅ࡚೫ྥࡉࡏࡿᐇ㦂࠿ࡽࠊ㝜ᴟ⥺ࡢṇయࡀ㈇ࡢ㟁Ⲵࢆᣢࡗࡓᚤ⢏Ꮚࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㟁Ꮚ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[4]ࠋ
࣋ࢡࣞࣝࡢⓎぢࢆᘬࡁ⥅࠸࡛͆࣋ࢡࣞࣝ⥺͇ࡢ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡓࡢࡣࠊࣃ࡛ࣜ◊✲⏕άࢆࡣࡌࡵࡓ
ࡤ࠿ࡾࡢ࣏࣮ࣛࣥࢻே࣐࣮࣭࣮ࣜ࢟ࣗࣜࡔࡗࡓࠋኵࡢࣆ࢚࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢟ࣗࣜࡣ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅࡛ࠊ✵Ẽ୰࡟࠾࠸ࡓ㟁ᴟᯈࡢ㛫ࢆ࣋ࢡࣞࣝ⥺ࡀ㏻㐣ࡍࡿ㝿࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿᚤᙅ㟁ὶࢆ࣮࢟ࣗࣜኵጔࡣࠊࡑࡢ⿦⨨ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞≀㉁ࡢᨺᑕάᛶࢆ

ᐃࡍࡿ⿦⨨ࢆ〇సࡋࡓࠋᐃࡋࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ໬ྜ≀࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊ

ࢺ࣒ࣜ࢘໬ྜ≀ࡶ࣋ࢡࣞࣝ⥺ࢆᨺฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢࡘࡅࡓ[5]ࠋ㸦ᨺᑕ⬟ radioactivity ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣ࣮࢟ࣗࣜኵጔࡀ౑࠸ጞࡵࡓࠋ㸧1࣮࢟ࣗࣜኵጔࡀὀ┠ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ㔠ᒓ࢘ࣛࣥࡢᨺᑕάᛶࡼࡾࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ㖔▼ࡢ᪉ࡀ࠿࡞ࡾ኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ
࡜ࡔࡗࡓࠋ࢘ࣛࣥ㖔▼ࡢ୰࡟ࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ௨እࡢᨺᑕάᛶ≀㉁ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓ࣮࢟ࣗࣜኵጔ
ࡣࠊᩘࢺࣥࡢ࢘ࣛࣥ㖔▼㸦ࣆࢵࢳࣈࣞࣥࢻ㸧ࢆฎ⌮ࡋ࡚ࠊᨺᑕάᛶࡢᙉ࠸㸰✀㢮ࡢᚤ㔞≀㉁ࢆᢳ
ฟࡋࠊ࣏ࣟࢽ࣒࢘࡜ࣛࢪ࣒࢘࡜ྡ๓ࢆࡘࡅ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓ㸦㸯㸷㸷㸶ᖺ㸧[6]ࠋ
࣮࢟ࣗࣜኵጔࡸⱥᅜ࡛ྠࡌࡃ࣋ࢡࣞࣝ⥺ࡢ◊✲ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡽࡣࠊ࣋ࢡࣞ
ࣝ⥺࡟ࡣ㸰✀㢮ࡢᨺᑕ⥺ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽࡀࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡣࠊ࢔࣑ࣝ⟩࡞࡝࡛ᐜ᫆࡟྾཰ࡉࢀ㏱㐣ຊࡢᙅ࠸ᨺᑕ⥺ࢆ͆࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺͇ࠊ࢔࣑ࣝ⟩࡛ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ྾཰ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᨺᑕ⥺ࢆ࣮͆࣋ࢱ⥺͇࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡓࠋ࣮࣋ࢱ⥺ࡣࠊ☢ሙࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜㝜ᴟ⥺࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟೫ྥࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㈇ࡢ㟁Ⲵࢆࡶࡘ㟁Ꮚ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓ[7]ࠋ
㸯㸷㸮㸮ᖺࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ໬Ꮫ⪅ࣦ࢕࣮ࣛࢻࡣࠊࣛࢪ࣒࢘ࡢ࣋ࢡࣞࣝ⥺࠿ࡽࠊⷧ࠸㖄࡛࢔ࣝࣇ࢓
⥺ࢆ㝖ࡁࠊࡉࡽ࡟☢ሙࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚࣮࣋ࢱ⥺ࢆ㝖࠸ࡓᚋ࡟ࡶࠊ┤㐍ᛶ࡛㏱㐣ຊࡢ࠶ࡿᨺᑕ⥺ࡀṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆⓎぢࡋࡓ[8]ࠋ㸯㸷㸮㸱ᖺࡢㄽᩥ࡛ࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡣࠊࡇࡢᨺᑕ⥺ࢆ“࣐࢞ࣥ⥺”࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡓࠋྠࡌㄽᩥ࡛ࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡣࠊᙉ࠸☢ሙࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐇ㦂࡛ࠊ࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࡀ࣮࣋ࢱ⥺࡜ࡣ཯ᑐ᪉ྥ
࡟᭤ࡀࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡘࡲࡾṇࡢ㟁Ⲵࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[9]ࠋҾ‫܇‬ȷҾ‫܇‬ఋƷᄂᆮƷƸơǇǓ㸯㸷ୡ⣖᭱ᚋࡢ㸳ᖺవࡾࡢ㛫࡟ࠊX ⥺ࠊᨺᑕ⬟ࠊ㟁Ꮚࠊ࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࠊ࣮࣋ࢱ⥺ࠊ࣐࢞ࣥ⥺࡜㔜せ࡞Ⓨぢࡀ┦ḟ࠸ࡔࠋᙜ᫬ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ≀㉁ࡣඖ⣲࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ඖ⣲ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡛ฟ᮶࡚࠸࡚ࠊඖ⣲ࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࡣ≉᭷࡞ཎᏊࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱ぢࡣ☜❧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋཎᏊࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞㔜ࡉࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕỈ⣲ཎᏊࡢ㔜ࡉࢆ㸯࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢ௚ࡢཎᏊࡢ㔜ࡉ㸦ཎᏊ㔞㸧ࡢᐃࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣟࢩ࢔

ࡢ໬Ꮫ⪅࣓ࣥࢹ࣮࢚ࣞࣇࡣ㸯㸶㸴㸷ᖺࠊᙜ᫬Ⓨぢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸴㸱ಶࡢඖ⣲ࢆࠊཎᏊ㔞ࡢ㡰࡟ඖ⣲ࢆ୪࡭࡚ࠕ࿘ᮇ⾲ࠖࢆⓎ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[10]ࠋᨺᑕ⥺ࡀཎᏊ࠿ࡽᨺฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿ࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛ᨺᑕ⥺ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡣ࣑ࢫࢸ࣮࡛ࣜ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᨺᑕ⬟࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᨺᑕ⥺ࡢṇయ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᛮ⣴࡜ᐇ㦂ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ
ཎᏊࡣࡑࢀࡲ࡛⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡟୙ኚ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚⾜ࡃࠋࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ࡜
ࢯࢹ࢕ࡣ㸯㸷㸮㸱ᖺࡢ⥲ㄝ࡛ࠊᨺᑕ⬟ࠊᨺᑕ⥺࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱ぢ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ“ཎᏊࡢᨺᑕᛶᔂቯ”࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆᥦၐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[11]ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊཎᏊࡀูࡢ≀㉁㸦ඖ⣲㸧ࡢཎᏊ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ᨺᑕ⥺ࡀᨺฟࡉࢀࠊᨺᑕάᛶࡢᙉࡉࡣඖࡢཎᏊࡢ㔞㸦ᩘ㸧࡟ẚ౛ࡍࡿࠋ᪂ࡓ࡟ฟ᮶ࡓཎᏊࡀᨺᑕᛶ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᏊ
ࡀᏞ࡟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊḟࡢᨺᑕᛶᔂቯࢆ⏕ࡌࡿࠋ࢘ࣛࣥࡸࢺ࣒ࣜ࢘࡜࠸ࡗࡓᑑ࿨ࡢ㛗࠸ᨺᑕᛶ≀㉁ࡣࠊ⮬↛⏺ࡢ୰࡛ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᔂቯ⣔ิࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࡢṇయࡀࡣࡗࡁࡾࡍࡿࡲ࡛࡟ࡣᑡࡋ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࡣࠊ㔜ࡉࡀỈ⣲ཎᏊࡢ⣙㸲ಸ࡛ࠊṇࡢ㟁Ⲵࡀ㸰༢఩࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡽࡣṇ࡟ᖏ㟁ࡋࡓ࣒࣊ࣜ࢘ཎᏊ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺
࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㸯㸷㸮㸷ᖺࡢỴࡵᡭ࡜࡞ࡗࡓᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࢆ࢞ࣛࢫ⟶࡟㞟ࡵ࡚Ⓨගࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢศᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ࣒࣊ࣜ࢘ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ[12]ࠋ
ᨺᑕ⬟ࠊᨺᑕ⥺ࡢṇయࡀᑡࡋࡎࡘ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ࡟ࡘࢀࠊᨺᑕ⥺ࡣཎᏊࡢᵓ㐀ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵࡢࢶ
࣮ࣝ㸦㐨ල㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ᭱ࡶ⏬ᮇⓗ࡞ᡂᯝࢆୖࡆࡓࡢࡣࠊ㔠⟩࡟࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࢆ↷ᑕࡋࡑࡢᩓ஘᪉ྥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ཎᏊࡢᵓ㐀ࢆㄪ࡭ࡓ㸯㸷㸯㸯ᖺࡢࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡽࡢᐇ㦂࡛࠶
ࡿ[13]ࠋཎᏊࡣ㟁Ẽⓗ࡟୰ᛶࡢ⢏Ꮚ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㈇ࡢ㟁Ⲵࢆᣢࡘ㟁Ꮚ࡜ࠊ㟁Ꮚࡢᩘ࡜ྠ㔞ࡢṇࡢ㟁Ⲵࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ㐀࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡣᐇドࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㟁ᏊࡢⓎ
2

ぢ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢺ࣒ࢯࣥࡣࠊṇࡢ㟁Ⲵࢆࡶࡘ⌫ᙧࡢᇶ㉁㸦⣲ᆅ㸧ࡢ୰࡟㟁ᏊࡀⅬࠎ࡜Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ͆ࡪ
࡝࠺ࣃ͇ࣥཎᏊࣔࢹࣝࢆᥦၐࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ>@ࠋࡪ࡝࠺ࣃࣥࣔࢹࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊཎᏊࡢ୰࡟୓㐢࡞ࡃ㟁Ⲵࡀศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ㟁Ꮚ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࡣࡿ࠿࡟㔜ࡓ࠸࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࡀ኱ࡁࡃᩓ஘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞
࠸࡜ணࡉࢀࡓࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࡣࠊ㔠⟩࡟↷ᑕࡋࡓ࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࡢ୰࡟ࡣᩓ஘ࡋ࡚㊴ࡡ㏉ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡶࡢࡀほࡉࢀࠊཎᏊ㉁㔞ࡢ኱㒊ศ࡜ṇࡢ㟁ⲴࡣཎᏊࡢ୰ᚰ㒊࡟㞟ࡲࡗ࡚᰾ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ

࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡓࠋ͆ཎᏊ᰾͇ࡢⓎぢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡣࠊṇࡢ㟁ⲴࢆࡶࡘཎᏊ᰾ࡢࡲࢃ
ࡾࢆࠊከᩘࡢ㟁Ꮚࡀᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ཎᏊࣔࢹࣝࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࠊㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ㸯㸷㸮㸲ᖺ࡟㛗ᒸ༙ኴ㑻ࡀᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ͆ᅵᫍᆺ͇ࣔࢹࣝ>@࡟ࡶゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ࡟ࡼࡿཎᏊࣔࢹࣝࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓࡢࡀࠊࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࡢ⌮ㄽ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅࣮࣎࢔ࡔࡗࡓࠋ
㸯㸷㸯㸱ᖺࡢㄽᩥ࡛࣮࣎࢔ࡣࠊඖ⣲࡟≉᭷࡞Ⓨගࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊྛ㟁Ꮚࡣࠕ㊴ࡧ
㊴ࡧࡢ㟁Ꮚ㌶㐨ࠖ࡟ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆᥦၐࡋࡓ>@ࠋ୰ᚰࡢཎᏊ᰾࡟ࡣࠊ࿘ᮇ⾲ࡢ␒ྕ㸦ཎᏊ␒ྕ㸧࡜ྠࡌࡔࡅࡢṇࡢ㟁Ⲵࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㟁Ẽⓗ࡟୰ᛶࡢཎᏊ࡛ࡣࠊྠࡌᩘࡢ㟁ᏊࡀཎᏊ᰾ࡢᅇࡾ
ࡢ㊴ࡧ㊴ࡧࡢ㌶㐨࡟ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋගࡸ⇕࡛ཎᏊࡀ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜ࠊ㟁Ꮚࡀ㌶㐨ࡢ㛫ࢆ㑄⛣ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿỴࡲࡗࡓ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢගࢆ྾཰ࡋࡓࡾᨺฟࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ཎᏊࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣎࢔
ࡢཎᏊࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛୙᫂ࡔࡗࡓⓎගࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆỈ⣲ཎᏊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠺ࡲࡃㄝ
࡛᫂ࡁࡓࠋ
࿘ᮇ⾲ࡢཎᏊ␒ྕࢆỴᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣཎᏊ᰾ࡢṇ㟁Ⲵࡢᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࣮࣎࢔ࡢཎᏊࣔࢹࣝࢆᐇドࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡢᘵᏊࡢ࣮ࣔࢬ࣮ࣜࡔࡗࡓࠋ࣮ࣔࢬ࣮ࣜࡣࠊྛඖ⣲࡟≉᭷࡞࢚ࢿࣝ
ࢠ࣮ࢆ♧ࡍ㹖⥺ࡢ◊✲࠿ࡽࠊཎᏊ␒ྕ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢඖ⣲ࡢཎᏊ᰾ࡀࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿṇ㟁Ⲵࡢᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ
࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ>@ࠋཎᏊ᰾ࡢṇ㟁Ⲵࡢṇయࡣఱࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᐇ㦂࠿ࡽࠊỈ⣲ࡢཎᏊ᰾࡜ྠࡌࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺
࡜ணࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࢆᐇドࡋࡓࡢࡶࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡣ㸯㸷㸯㸷ᖺࠊ❅⣲࢞ࢫ࡟࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࢆ↷ᑕࡋ࡚ࠊỈ⣲ࡢཎᏊ᰾࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⢏ᏊࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡢࢆほᐹࡋࡓ>@ࠋࡇࡢᐇ㦂ࡣࠊ᭱ึࡢேᕤⓗ࡞᰾ኚ᥮ᐇ㦂࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞཯ᛂࢆほᐹࡋࡓࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ㹌㸩ȘЍ㹍㸩㹮ࠋ㹮ࡣ㝧Ꮚ㸦ࣉࣟࢺࣥ㸧࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡽࢀࠊཎᏊ᰾ࡢṇ㟁Ⲵࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ⢏Ꮚ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ཎᏊ᰾࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢṧࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊཎᏊ㔞࡜ཎᏊ␒ྕ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ࡝࠺ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࠿࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸯㸷㸰㸮ᖺࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡣࠊཎᏊ᰾࡟ࡣ㝧Ꮚ࡜ྠࡌ㉁㔞ࢆࡶࡕ㟁Ẽⓗ࡟ࡣ୰ᛶࡢ⢏Ꮚࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆᥦၐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㟁Ⲵࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸୰ᛶᏊࢆほᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴ࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊ㸯㸷㸱㸰ᖺࠊࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡢᘵᏊࡢࢳࣕࢻ࢘࢕ࢵࢡࡀ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࡑࢀࢆᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡓࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛࡟ࠊ࢔ࣝࣇ
࢓⥺ࢆ࣒࣋ࣜࣜ࢘࡟࠶࡚ࡿ࡜ṇయ୙᫂ࡢ⢏ᏊࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࣒͆࣋ࣜࣜ࢘⥺͇࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢳࣕࢻ
࢘࢕ࢵࢡࡣࠊ࣒࣋ࣜࣜ࢘⥺ࢆࣃࣛࣇ࢕ࣥ࡟ᙜ࡚࡚ࠊࡣࡌࡁ㣕ࡤࡉࢀ࡚ฟ࡚ࡃࡿ㝧Ꮚࢆほᐹࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝧Ꮚࡢ㐠ື࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆㄪ࡭࡚ࠊ࣒࣋ࣜࣜ࢘⥺ࡀ㝧Ꮚ࡜ྠࡌ㔜ࡉ࡛㟁Ⲵࡢ࡞࠸⢏Ꮚࠊࡘࡲࡾ
୰ᛶᏊ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓ>@ࠋ୰ᛶᏊࡢⓎぢ࡟㸰㸮ᖺ࡯࡝ඛ❧ࡘ㸯㸷㸯㸱ᖺࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ⣔ิࡸࢺ࣒ࣜ࢘⣔ิࡢᨺᑕᛶᔂቯࡢ◊✲ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࣏࣮ࣛࣥࢻࡢ໬Ꮫ⪅ࣇ࢓ࣖࣥࢫ࡜࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢ໬Ꮫ⪅ࢯࢹ࢕ࡣࠊ୍㐃ࡢᨺᑕᛶ≀㉁ࡢ୰
࡟ࠊ㔜ࡉ㸦ཎᏊ㔞㸧ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢ໬Ꮫⓗ࡟ศ㞳࡛ࡁࡎ࿘ᮇ⾲࡛ྠࡌሙᡤ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࢆ࡯ࡰྠ᫬࡟ูࠎ࡟ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>㺂@ࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᨺᑕᛶ≀㉁ࢆࢯࢹ࢕ࡣࠊ࿘ᮇ⾲ࡢྠࡌ఩⨨㸦ඖ⣲㸧࡟࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽཎᏊ㔞ࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡋࠊ
͆ྠ఩య㸦LVRWRSHV㸧͇࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡓ>@ࠋ3ࣇ࢓ࣖࣥࢫࡸࢯࢹ࢕࡜ྠࡌ㡭ࠊ㟁ᏊࡢⓎぢ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢺ࣒ࢯࣥࡣࠊ┿✵⟶ࡢ୰࡛ࢿ࢜ࣥࡢṇ࢖࢜ࣥࢆ☢ሙ࡛೫ྥࡉࡏࡿ࡜㸰ࡘ࡟ศ㞳ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊࢿ࢜ࣥ࡜࠸࠺ඖ⣲࡟ཎᏊ㔞㸰㸮ࡢࢿ࢜ࣥ࡜
ཎᏊ㔞㸰㸰ࡢࢿ࢜ࣥ࡜࠸࠺͆Ᏻᐃྠ఩య͇ࡢᏑᅾࢆⓎぢࡋࡓ>@ࠋࢺ࣒ࢯࣥࡢᘵᏊࡢ࢔ࢫࢺࣥࡣࠊ
㟁ሙ࡜☢ሙࢆ⏝࠸࡚Ⲵ㟁⢏Ꮚࢆศ㞳ࡍࡿ㉁㔞ศᯒࡢᢏ⾡ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࠊሷ⣲ࡸỈ㖟࡞࡝ࡢඖ⣲ࡀᏳᐃྠ఩యࡢΰྜ≀࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ>@ࠋ୰ᛶᏊࡢⓎぢ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊྠ఩య࡜ࡣࠕཎᏊ᰾୰ࡢ㝧Ꮚࡢᩘࡀྠࡌ࡛୰ᛶᏊࡢᩘࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࠖ
࡜ุ᫂ࡋࡓࠋࣞࣥࢺࢤࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ㹖⥺ࡢⓎぢ࠿ࡽ㸲㸮ᖺ㏆ࡃࢆ⤒࡚ࠊᨺᑕ⬟ࠊᨺᑕ⥺ࡢṇయࠊཎᏊ࡜ཎᏊ᰾ࡢᵓ㐀ࡢᴫ␎ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ఋЎᘷƷႆᙸ
୰ᛶᏊࡣ㟁Ⲵࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊᐜ᫆࡟ཎᏊ᰾࡟྾཰ࡉࢀ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ྠ఩ඖ⣲ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ୰ᛶᏊࡢⓎぢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᨺᑕ⬟ࡢ◊✲ࡣ୍Ẽ࡟ᣑࡀࡗࡓࠋ㸯㸷㸱㸲ᖺࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࣇ࢙࣑ࣝࡢࢢ
࣮ࣝࣉࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ඖ⣲࡟୰ᛶᏊࢆ࠶࡚࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ᨺᑕᛶྠ఩ඖ⣲ࢆసࡿᐇ㦂ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࠶
ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊྠࡌᐇ㦂ࢆ኱⌮▼ࡢྎࡢୖ࡛ࡸࡗࡓሙྜ࡜ᮌ〇ࡢྎࡢୖ࡛ࡸࡗࡓሙྜ࡛⏕ᡂ≀ࡢᨺᑕάᛶࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ࡙࠸ࡓࠋᮌ〇ࡢ᪉ࡀ኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡔࡀ⌮⏤ࢆ⪃࠼࠶ࡄࡡ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡁࠊࣇ࢙ࣝ
࣑ࡣࡩ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⥺※࡜ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࡢ㛫࡟ࣃࣛࣇ࢕ࣥࢆ⨨࠸࡚ࡳࡓࡽࠊᨺᑕάᛶࡀࡣࡿ࠿࡟
ቑຍࡋࡓࠋỈࢆ⨨࠸࡚ࡳ࡚ࡶྠࡌࡇ࡜ࡀ㉳ࡁࡓࠋ࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺࡛࣒࣋ࣜࣜ࢘ࢆ྇࠸࡚ฟ࡚ࡃࡿฟ᮶
ࡓ࡚ࡢ୰ᛶᏊࡣࠊ㧗㏿࡛኱ࡁ࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊỈ⣲ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞≀㉁࡜⾪✺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀⴠࡕ࡚ప㏿࡟࡞ࡿࠋࣇ࢙࣑ࣝࡽࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓప㏿୰ᛶᏊࡢ᪉ࡀ୰ᛶᏊ཯ᛂ
ࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆⓎぢࡋࡓ[25]ࠋ
࢖ࢱࣜ࢔࡛ࡣ㸯㸷㸰㸰ᖺࠊ࣒ࢵࢯ࣮ࣜࢽࡀ㤳┦ࡢᗙ࡟╔࠸࡚ࠊ㸯㸷㸰㸷ᖺ࠿ࡽࣇ࢓ࢩࢫࢺඪ⊂⿢యไ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛ࡣࠊ㸯㸷㸱㸱ᖺࠊࣄࢵࢺ࣮ࣛࡀᨻᶒ࡟ࡘࡃ࡜ᅜ఍㆟஦ᇽ⅖ୖ஦௳ࢆࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡟ࢼࢳࢫ࡬ࡢࠗ඲ᶒጤ௵ἲ࠘ࡀసࡽࢀࢼࢳࢫඪ⊂⿢యไࡀసࡽࢀࡓࠋ࣒ࢵࢯ࣮ࣜࢽ࡜
ࣄࢺ࣮ࣛ࡜ࡢ௰ࡣࠊᙜึࡣⰋዲ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㸯㸷㸱㸴ᖺ࠿ࡽࡢࢫ࣌࢖ࣥෆᡓࠊ㸯㸷㸱㸶ᖺࡢ࣑ࣗࣥ࣊ࣥ఍ㄯ࡞࡝ࢆ⤒࡚┕཭㛵ಀ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔࡛ࡶࣘࢲࣖே㏕ᐖࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋࣇ࢙࣑ࣝࡣ
ኵேࡀࣘࢲࣖேࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ㸯㸷㸱㸶ᖺࡢࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹ཷ㈹ᘧࡢᶵ఍࡟୍ᐙࡣ⡿ᅜ࡬ஸ࿨ࡋࡓࠋ
ࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛ࡣࠊ໬Ꮫ⪅ࡢࣁ࣮ࣥ࡜≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡢ࣐࢖ࢺࢼ࣮ࡀ࢘ࣛࣥ࡟୰ᛶᏊࢆᙜ࡚࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ྠ఩య
ࢆసࡿᐇ㦂ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࢘ࣛࣥࡣ⮬↛⏺࡛ཎᏊ␒ྕࡢࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ඖ⣲࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠺ࡲࡃࡍࢀࡤ
࢘ࣛࣥࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ඖ⣲ࠊ㉸࢘ࣛࣥඖ⣲ࢆⓎぢ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࣐࢖ࢺࢼ࣮ࡣࣘࢲࣖேࡔࡗ
ࡓࡀ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜ࢔ᅜ⡠ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࣘࢲࣖே᤼᩺ἲࡢ㐺⏝ࢆචࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㸯㸷㸱㸶ᖺ㸱᭶ࡢ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜ࢔ేྜ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠸㌟࡟༴㝤ࡀ㏕ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛ࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ࡟ஸ࿨ࡋࡓࠋ
ࣁ࣮ࣥࡣ࡛࣋ࣝࣜࣥࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ࡟୰ᛶᏊࢆᙜ࡚ࡓᚋ࡟࢔ࣝࣇ࢓ᔂቯࢆ㸰ᅇ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚⏕ᡂࡍࡿࡣࡎ
ࡢࣛࢪ࣒࢘ࡢศ㞳ᐇ㦂ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊወጁ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ᝎࡲࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࠕࣛࢪ࣒࢘ࠖࡣ௚ࡢඖ⣲࡜ࡣᐜ᫆࡟ศ㞳࡛ࡁࡓࡶࡢࡢࣂ࣒ࣜ࢘࡜ศ㞳࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࣁ࣮ࣥࡣ⤖ᒁࠊ⏕ᡂࡋࡓࡶࡢࡣࣛࢪ࢘
࣒࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࣂ࣒࡛ࣜ࢘࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄽᩥࢆ㸯㸷㸱㸶ᖺᬽࢀ࡟ᢞ✏ࡍࡿ[26]ࠋ࣐࢖ࢺࢼ࣮ࡣࠊࢫ࢙࣮࢘
ࢹ࡛ࣥࡢࢡࣜࢫ࣐ࢫఇᬤඛ࡛ࣁ࣮ࣥ࠿ࡽࡢㄽᩥⲡ✏ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ࡜ࡁ࣐࢖ࢺࢼ࣮ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ
࡟ࡣࡓࡲࡓࡲࠊ⏚࡛ࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࡢ࣮࣎࢔ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛◊✲ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡢࣇࣜࢵࢩࣗࡀࢡࣜ
ࢫ࣐ࢫࢆ୍⥴࡟㐣ࡈࡋ࡟᮶࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣁ࣮ࣥࡢⓎぢࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࡢ஧ேࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠕཎᏊ᰾ࡢศ
⿣ࠖ࡜࠸࠺╔᝿ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠋࢡࣜࢫ࣐ࢫఇᬤ࠿ࡽࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࡟ᡠࡗࡓࣇࣜࢵࢩࣗࡣࠊ㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺ
4㸯᭶㸱᪥࡟࣮࣎࢔࡟఍ࡗ࡚ࠊࣁ࣮ࣥࡽࡢᐇ㦂࡜࢘ࣛࣥཎᏊ᰾ศ⿣ㄝࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ
ࠕ⚾ࡽࡣ࡞ࢇ࡚ࣂ࢝ࡔࡗࡓࢇࡔ㸟ࠖ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࣮࣎࢔ࡣࡍࡄ࡟⌮ゎࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
ࠕ࢘ࣛࣥࡢ↷ᑕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿ࢔ࣝ࢝ࣜᅵ㢮ࡢྠ఩ඖ⣲࡜ࡑࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࠖ࡜㢟ࡍࡿࣁ࣮ࣥ
ࡢㄽᩥࡣ㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺ㸯᭶㸴᪥࡟ࢻ࢖ࢶࡢᑓ㛛ㄅ࡟ฟ∧ࡉࢀࡓ[26]ࠋࠕ୰ᛶᏊ࡟ࡼࡿ࢘ࣛࣥࡢᔂቯ㸸᪂ࡓ࡞ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ᰾཯ᛂࠖ࡜㢟ࡍࡿ࣐࢖ࢺࢼ࣮ࡢ▷ሗ[27]ࡣ㸰᭶㸯㸯᪥࡟ࠊࠕ୰ᛶᏊ↷ᑕ࡟ࡼࡿ㔜࠸ཎᏊ᰾ࡢศ⿣࡟㛵ࡍࡿ≀⌮ⓗドᣐࠖ࡜㢟ࡍࡿࣇࣜࢵࢩࣗࡢ▷ሗ[28]ࡣ㸰᭶㸯㸶᪥࡟࡝ࡕࡽࡶⱥᅜ
ㄅ NATURE ࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡉࢀࡓࠋ࣐࢖ࢺࢼ࣮ࡣࠊ㸷㸰ಶࡢ㝧Ꮚࢆࡶࡘ࢘ࣛࣥࡢཎᏊ᰾ࡀ㸰ࡘ࡟๭ࢀࡓ
ࡽࠊ㟁Ẽⓗ࡞཯Ⓨຊ࡟ࡼࡿ᩿∦ࡢ㐠ື࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡣ⣙㸰൨㟁Ꮚ࣎ࣝࢺ࡜࡞ࡾ኱ኚ࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀ
ゎᨺࡉࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜ぢ✚ࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࣇࣜࢵࢩࣗࡣࠊ㟁㞳⟽୰ࡢ࢘ࣛࣥ࡟୰ᛶᏊࢆᙜ࡚࡚ࠊ
᰾ศ⿣∦ࡢ㟁㞳స⏝࡟ࡼࡾ࢔ࣝࣇ࢓⥺ࡼࡾ㸯㸮ಸ௨ୖ኱ࡁ࡞ಙྕࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛᰾ศ⿣ࡢ⌧㇟ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢㄽᩥ࡛ࡶࠊ㸰ḟ୰ᛶᏊࡢⓎ⏕ࡸ㐃㙐཯ᛂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ࡞࠸ࠋఋЎᘷᡲᦋӒࣖƷᄂᆮࣇࣜࢵࢩࣗ࠿ࡽ᰾ศ⿣ㄝࢆ⪺࠸ࡓ㸲᪥ᚋࡢ㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺ㸯᭶㸵᪥ࠊ࣮࣎࢔ࡣ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅࣮ࣟࢮࣥࣇ࢙ࣝࢺ࡜୍⥴࡟⯪࡛⡿ᅜ࡬ฟⓎࡋ㸯㸴᪥࡟ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࡬฿╔ࡋࡓࠋ⯪୰࡛࣮࣎࢔ࡣ᰾ศ⿣Ⓨぢࡢヰࢆ࣮ࣟࢮࣥࣇ࢙ࣝࢺ࡟⾜࠸ࠊ࣮ࣟࢮࣥࣇ࢙ࣝࢺࡣࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࡟╔࠸ࡓ᪥ࡢኤ᪉
࡟ࣉࣜࣥࢫࢺ࡛ࣥࡢຮᙉ఍࡛᰾ศ⿣Ⓨぢࡢሗ࿌ࢆࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᰾ศ⿣Ⓨぢࡢヰࡣ඲⡿࡟ᗈࡲࡗࡓࠋ࢘ࣛࣥ᰾ศ⿣ࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࢫ௨๓࠿ࡽࠊ୰ᛶᏊ࡟ࡼࡿ᰾ศ⿣㐃㙐཯ᛂࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊ
ࣁ࣮ࣥ࢞ࣜ⏕ࡲࢀࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࢩ࣮ࣛࢻࡔࡗࡓࠋࢩ࣮ࣛࢻࡣⱥᅜ࡟ஸ࿨ࡋࡓ㸯㸷㸱㸱ᖺ㸷᭶ࠊࠕ᰾ኚ᥮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆᡭ࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ᭶ᙳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࣛࢨࣇ࢛
࣮ࢻࡢㅮ₇グ஦࡟཯Ⓨࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ୰ᛶᏊࢆ⾪✺ࡉࡏ࡚ࠊ㸰ಶࡢ୰ᛶᏊࡀ㣕ࡧฟࡍࡼ࠺࡞཯ᛂࡀぢࡘ࠿ࢀࡤࠊ࠶ࡿ኱ࡁࡉࡢሢ࡛㐃㙐཯ᛂࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆᛮ࠸ࡘ࠸ࡓ࡜ᅇ㢳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[29]ࠋ
᰾ศ⿣㐃㙐཯ᛂࡀ㉳ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣࠊ୰ᛶᏊ࡜࢘ࣛࣥ࡜ࡢ᰾ศ⿣཯ᛂࡢ㉳ࡇࡋ᫆ࡉࢆ♧ࡍ᩿͆㠃✚͇࡜᰾ศ⿣ࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ㝿࡟᪂ࡓ࡟୰ᛶᏊࡀ࠸ࡃࡘᨺฟࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺͆㸰ḟ୰ᛶᏊⓎ⏕ᩘ͇࡟࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣࠊཎᏊ᰾୰ࡢ୰ᛶᏊᑐ㝧Ꮚẚࡢ኱ࡁ࡞࢘ࣛࣥཎᏊ᰾ࡀ๭ࢀࡿ࡜ࠊ୰
ᛶᏊᑐ㝧Ꮚࡢᑡࡋᑠࡉ࡞ཎᏊ᰾࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊవศ࡞୰ᛶᏊࡀᨺฟࡉࢀࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ⱥᅜ࠿ࡽ⡿ᅜ࡟⛣ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢩ࣮ࣛࢻࡣ࢘ࣛࣥ᰾ศ⿣ࡢヰࢆ⪺ࡃ࡜ࡓࡔࡕ࡟୰ᛶᏊⓎ⏕ᩘࡢᐇ㦂ࢆጞࡵࡓࠋ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔࠿ࡽࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࡟⛣ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡤ࠿ࡾࡢ୰ᛶᏊࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࣇ࢙࣑ࣝࡶ㐪࠺᪉ἲ࡛ᐇ㦂ࢆࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋࢩ࣮ࣛࢻࡽ࡜ࣇ࢙࣑ࣝࡽࡢᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺ㸲᭶㸯㸳᪥ࡢ
Physical Review ㄅ࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡉࢀࠊ࡝ࡕࡽࡶ᰾ศ⿣ᙜࡾ⣙㸰ಶ࡜࠸࠺⤖ㄽࡔࡗࡓ[30,31]ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࢟
࣮ࣗࣜኵጔࡢፉ፵࡛ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࢪ࣭࣮ࣙࣜ࢜࢟ࣗࣜࡶࠊ࣐࢖ࢺࢼ࣮ࡽࡢㄽᩥࢆㄞࢇ࡛᰾
ศ⿣㐃㙐཯ᛂࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆぢᢤࡁࠊ㸰ḟ୰ᛶᏊࡢᐇ㦂ࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊ㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺ㸲᭶㸰㸰᪥ࡢ NATURE
ㄅ࡟᰾ศ⿣ᙜࡾ㸱㸬㸳ಶ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓ[32]ࠋࢪ࣭࣮ࣙࣜ࢜࢟ࣗࣜࡢྠ൉ࡢ࣌ࣛࣥࡣࠊ᰾ศ
⿣㐃㙐཯ᛂࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞࢘ࣛࣥ㔞㸦࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⮫⏺㔞㸧ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ぢ✚ࡶࡾࢆ⾜࠸ኳ↛࢘ࣛࣥ㸲㸮ࢺࣥ࡜࠸࠺್ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[33]ࠋ
ࣇ࢙࣑ࣝ࡜ࢩ࣮ࣛࢻࡣࠊ᰾ศ⿣࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺୰ᛶᏊⓎ⏕ᩘࡢ᳨ドᐇ㦂ࡢᘏ㛗࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊኳ↛࢘ࣛࣥ5࡜ᬑ㏻ࡢỈ㸦㍍Ỉ㸧࡜ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚㐃㙐཯ᛂࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᐇ㦂࡟ඹྠ࡛ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋ᰾ศ⿣࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ㧗㏿୰ᛶᏊࢆ㍍Ỉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ῶ㏿ࡉࡏࠊ᰾ศ⿣ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ప㏿୰ᛶᏊ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢ᰾ศ⿣ࢆ㉳ࡇࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡸࡾ᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺኟࡲ࡛࡟ࠊỈ⣲࡟ࡼࡿ୰ᛶᏊࡢ྾཰ࡀ㑧㨱࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ኳ↛࢘ࣛࣥ࡜㍍Ỉࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡛ࡣ㐃㙐཯ᛂࡢᡂ❧ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜ุ᫂ࡋࡓ[34]ࠋ
㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺ㸷᭶࡟࣮࣎࢔ࡣ᰾ศ⿣࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ▱ぢ࡜⌮ㄽࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ⥲ㄝࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓ[35]ࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛࣮࣎࢔ࡣࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᰾ศ⿣᩿㠃✚ࢆప㏿୰ᛶᏊ࡛㸰㹼㸱ࣂ࣮ࣥࠊ㧗㏿୰ᛶᏊ࡛ࡣ㸮㸬㸳ࣂ࣮ࣥ࡜࠸࠺ぢ✚ࡶࡾࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊప㏿୰ᛶᏊ࡟ࡼࡿ᰾ศ⿣ࡣྠ఩యᏑᅾ
㔞ࡀ㸮㸬㸵㸣ࡢ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊᏑᅾ㔞㸷㸷㸬㸱㸣ࡢ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸶ࡣప㏿୰ᛶᏊ࡛ࡣ
᰾ศ⿣ࢆ㉳ࡇࡉ࡞࠸࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳ࡢప㏿୰ᛶᏊ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᰾ศ⿣᩿㠃✚ࡣ㸱㸮㸮࠿ࡽ㸲㸮㸮ࣂ࣮ࣥ࡜࠸࠺್࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
᩿͆㠃✚”࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ᰾཯ᛂࡢ㉳ࡇࡾࡸࡍࡉࢆ“ⓗࡢ኱ࡁࡉ”ࠊࡘࡲࡾཎᏊ᰾ࡢᢞᙳ㠃✚࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ㸯ࣂ࣮ࣥ㸻㸯×10-24 ᖹ᪉㹡㹫࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᰾ศ⿣᩿㠃✚ࠊᩓ஘᩿㠃✚ࠊ྾཰᩿㠃✚࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟᰾཯ᛂࡈ࡜࡟᩿㠃✚್ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᰾ศ⿣Ⓨぢࡢ᝟ሗࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅࡟ࡶ⛬࡞ࡃᒆ࠸࡚ᒃࡓࠋ࠸ࡕ᪩ࡃ◊✲࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࡢࡣࠊ
⌮໬Ꮫ◊✲ᡤࡢோ⛉ⰾ㞝ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ி㒔ᖇ኱≀⌮ᩍᐊࡢⲨᕝᩥ⟇ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡔࡗࡓࠋி㒔ᖇᅜ኱Ꮫࡢⴗཎᚨኴ㑻ࡽࡣ࢘ࣛࣥࡢ᰾ศ⿣࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺୰ᛶᏊⓎ⏕ᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸰㸬㸴ಶ࡜࠸࠺ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࢆ㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟ሗ࿌ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[36]ࠋࡲࡓࠊ⌮໬Ꮫ◊ࡢ⋢ᮌⱥᙪ࡜ⓙᕝ⌮ࡣ㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺ࠿ࡽ㸯㸷㸲㸮ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚᰾ศ⿣࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⥲ㄝࢆ᪥ᮏᩘᏛ≀⌮Ꮫ఍ㄅ࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[37,38]ࠋ⋢ᮌࡽࡢㄽᩥ࡟ࡣࠊ㐃㙐཯ᛂࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⪃ᐹࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊཎᏊ⇿ᙎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢゝཬࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

Ҿ‫܇‬༪࢐᧏ႆƷƸơǇǓࢩ࣮ࣛࢻࡣࠊ㸯㸷㸱㸱ᖺ࡟᰾ศ⿣㐃㙐཯ᛂࢆ╔᝿ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࠿ࡽࠊࢼࢳࢫࢻ࢖ࢶࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓරჾ
ࢆᡭ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᜍࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ᰾ศ⿣ࡢⓎぢ࡟ࡼࡾࠕཎᏊ⇿ᙎࠖࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀලయⓗ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ
ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟ඛࢇࡌࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ᡭࢆᡴࡘ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡣࡌࡵࠊࡲࡎ▱ࡾྜ࠸ࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡽ࡟᰾ศ⿣࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲⤖ᯝࢆⓎ⾲ࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ㄝᚓࢆࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᪧ▱ࡢ࢔࢖ࣥࢩ
ࣗࢱ࢖ࣥࢆゼၥࡋࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟㐜ࢀࢆ࡜ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡶ㐃㙐཯ᛂ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜࣮ࣝ
ࢬ࣋ࣝࢺ኱⤫㡿࡟㐍ゝࡍࡿᕤసࢆࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋ
㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺ㸷᭶㸯᪥ࠊࢼࢳࢫࢻ࢖ࢶࡀ࣏࣮ࣛࣥࢻ࡟౵ᨷࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡣࢻ࢖ࢶ
࡟ᐉᡓᕸ࿌ࡋ➨㸰ḟ኱ᡓࡀࡣࡌࡲࡗࡓࠋ࢔ࢪ࢔࡛ࡣ㸰ᖺ๓ࡢ㸯㸷㸱㸵ᖺ࠿ࡽ᪥୰ᡓதࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࡣࡲࡔཧᡓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࣮ࣝࢬ࣋ࣝࢺ኱⤫㡿ࡣ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡸ୰ᅜࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᨭ᥼ࡍࡿᨻ⟇ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
࢔࢖ࣥࢩࣗࢱ࢖ࣥࡢᡭ⣬[39]ࡢ᪥௜ࡣ㸯㸷㸱㸷ᖺ㸶᭶㸰᪥࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ௰௓⪅ࢨࢡࢫࡀᐇ㝿࡟኱⤫㡿࡟ᡭ⣬ࢆΏࡋࡓࡢࡣ㸯㸮᭶㸯㸯᪥ࡔࡗࡓࠋ኱⤫㡿ࡣࢨࢡࢫࡢヰࢆ⪺࠸࡚ࠊ㒊ୗ࡟᳨ウࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᣦ♧ࢆฟࡋࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠕ࢘ࣛࣥㅎၥጤဨ఍ࠖࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠋ࢔࢖ࣥࢩࣗࢱ࢖ࣥࡢᡭ⣬ࡣࠊ᰾ศ⿣ࡀⓎぢࡉࢀ࡚ேᕤⓗ࡞㐃㙐཯ᛂ࡟ᡂຌࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ
࡜ࠊ࠺ࡲࡃࡍࢀࡤ⇿ᙎ࡟ᛂ⏝࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ㈨※ࡢ☜ಖࡀ኱஦࡞ࡇ࡜ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ
࡛ࡶ◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔࠊ࡜࠸࠺ෆᐜࡔࡗࡓࠋᡭ⣬ࢆୗ᭩ࡁࡋࡓࡢࡣࢩ࣮ࣛࢻ࡛ࠕ⯪࡟✚ࢇ࡛⇿Ⓨࡉࡏࢀࡤ

ࢆ◚ቯ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ࡜᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⇿ᙎ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾཎᏊ⅔ࢆ⇿Ⓨࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡔࡗࡓࠋ
6㌷ࡢᢏ⾡⪅ࡶཧຍࡋࡓ࢘ࣛࣥㅎၥጤဨ఍ࡣࠊ⇿ᙎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᠜␲ⓗࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊ࡜ࡾ࠶࠼ࡎᇶ♏
◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿᚲせࢆㄆࡵ࡚ࠊࣇ࢙࣑ࣝࡀ୰ᚰ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓኳ↛࢘ࣛࣥཎᏊ⅔ࡢ◊✲࡟㈨㔠
᥼ຓࢆỴࡵࡓࠋࣇ࢙࣑ࣝ࡜ࢩ࣮ࣛࢻࡣࠊỈ㸦㍍Ỉ㸧ࢆ࠶ࡁࡽࡵࡓḟࡢ୰ᛶᏊῶ㏿ᮦೃ⿵࡜ࡋ࡚㯮㖄࡟┠ࢆ௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࢘ࣛࣥㅎၥጤဨ఍ࡢᨭ᥼ࢆᚓ࡚ኳ↛࢘ࣛࣥ࡜㯮㖄࡟ࡼࡿ᰾ศ⿣㐃㙐཯ᛂࡢᐇ㦂ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ
㸯㸶㸱㸶ᖺࡢࢡࣜࢫ࣐ࢫ࡟࣐࢖ࢺࢼ࣮࡜୍⥴࡟ࠕ᰾ศ⿣ࠖࢆ╔᝿ࡋࡓࣇࣜࢵࢩࣗࡣࠊ➨㸰ḟ኱ᡓࡀጞࡲࡿ┤๓࡟ࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࠿ࡽⱥᅜࡢࣂ࣮࣑࣒ࣥ࢞࡟⛣ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣇࣜࢵࢩࣗࡣࠊప㏿୰ᛶᏊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐃㙐཯ᛂ࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ᰾཯ᛂࡢ㐍⾜㏿ᗘࡀ㐜࠸ࡢ࡛⇿ᙎ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ᰾ศ⿣࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ㧗㏿୰ᛶᏊࡀ௚ࡢཎᏊ᰾࡜ᩓ஘ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚ప㏿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ḟࡢ᰾ศ⿣ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡲ࡛࡟㸯࣑ࣜ⛊࠿࠿ࡿ࡜ண

ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㏿ᗘࡔ࡜ࠊ᰾ศ⿣ࡀ

༑ศ㐍ࡴ๓࡟⿦⨨ࡀ㣕ࡧᩓࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊ㏻ᖖࡢ⇿ᙎ࡜ኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸⇿Ⓨ࡛⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ
ࣇࣜࢵࢩࣗࡣࠊࢼࢳࢫࢆ㏨ࢀ࡚ࢻ࢖ࢶ࠿ࡽࣂ࣮࣑࣒ࣥ࢞࡟᮶࡚࠸ࡓ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࣃ࢖࢚ࣝࢫ࡜୍⥴࡟㐃㙐཯ᛂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽⓗ᳨ウࢆࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊኳ↛࢘ࣛࣥ࠿ࡽ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳ࢆศ㞳ࡋࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳ࡔࡅ࡛㧗㏿୰ᛶᏊ཯ᛂࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜࡢࡳ⇿Ⓨⓗ࡞㐃㙐཯ᛂࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⤖ㄽࡋࡓࠋᏑ
ᅾ⋡ࡀ㸮㸬㸵㸣ࡢ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳ࢆṧࡾࡢ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸶࠿ࡽ㑅ࡾศࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡜ࢇ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃ኱ኚ࡞
సᴗ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㸯㸷㸲㸮ᖺ㸱᭶࡟㸰ேࡀࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࠕ࢘ࣛࣥࡢ᰾㐃㙐཯ᛂ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ㉸⇿ᙎࡢᵓ⠏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࢱ࢖ࢺࣝࡢぬ᭩࡛ࡣࠊ⣙㸳㹩㹥ࡢ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᰾ศ⿣⇿ᙎࡢ⇿Ⓨຊࡣࢲ࢖ࢼ࣐࢖ࢺᩘ㸯㸮㸮㸮ࢺࣥ࡟㐩ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜ぢ✚ࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ[40]ࠋ
ࣇࣜࢵࢩ࣭ࣗࣃ࢖࢚ࣝࢫぬ᭩ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓⱥᅜ⛉Ꮫ⏺ࡢ㔜㙠ࡽࡣࠊࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜኱ᛶࢆㄆ㆑ࡋࠊ◊✲⪅ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚ MAUD ጤဨ఍࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ≉ูጤဨ఍ࢆタ⨨ࡋ࡚㉸⇿ᙎࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ㉸⇿ᙎࡢᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࡣࠊ㧗㏿୰ᛶᏊ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳ࡢ᩿㠃✚ࡢ್࡜࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳ࡢศ㞳⃰⦰᪉ἲ࡟࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㸯㸷㸲㸯ᖺ㸱᭶⡿ᅜࡢ◊✲⪅࠿ࡽ᩿㠃✚࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀఏ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚
ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳࡟ࡼࡿ㉸⇿ᙎࡀ༑ศ࡟ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୰ᛶᏊࡢⓎぢ⪅ࢳࣕࢻ࢘࢕ࢵࢡࡣࠊ
ࠕ㸯㸷㸲㸯ᖺ᫓ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆぬ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠶ࡢ࡜ࡁ⚾ࡣࠊ᰾⇿ᙎࡣ༢࡟ྍ⬟࡞ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡔ࡜ᝅࡗࡓࠖ࡜ᚋ࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳ࡢ⃰⦰࡟ࡣࠕ⇕ᣑᩓἲࠖ࡜ࠕ࢞ࢫᣑᩓἲࠖࡀ᳨ウࡉࢀࠊ࢞ࢫᣑᩓἲࡀ᭷ᮃ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ㸯㸷㸲㸯ᖺ㸵᭶࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡓ MAUD ጤဨ఍ሗ࿌[41]࡛ࡣࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ⇿ᙎࡣᐇ⌧ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㸯㸯㹩㹥ࡢ࢘ࣛࣥᮦ
ᩱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⇿ᙎࡢጾຊࡣ TNT ⅆ⸆㸯㸶࢟ࣟࢺࣥ࡟┦ᙜࡋࠊࡇࡢᡓத࡟࠾࠸࡚Ỵᐃⓗ࡞⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡔࢁ࠺ࠊ࡜㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࢘ࣛࣥ⇿ᙎࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ MAUD ሗ࿌᭩ࡣ┤ࡕ࡟⡿ᅜࡢ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㛤Ⓨᗇ㸦OSRD㸧࡜࡟㏦ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛⡿ᅜᨻᗓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ࢘ࣛࣥ⇿ᙎィ⏬࡟ࡣᾘᴟⓗ࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜ⛉Ꮫ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑࣮㸦NAS㸧
ࡀ᰾ศ⿣ࡢ฼⏝࡟㛵ࡋ࡚సᡂࡋࡓ㸰ࡘࡢሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡣࠊ㐃㙐཯ᛂࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮※࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ฼⏝ࡀඃඛࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋMAUD ሗ࿌ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ OSRD ࡢ㈐௵⪅ࡔࡗࡓࣦ࢓ࢿࣂ࣮࣭ࣈࢵࢩࣗࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ⛉Ꮫ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑࣮㸦NAS㸧࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ሗ࿌᭩ࢆసᡂࡍࡿࡼ࠺せㄳࡋࡓࠋ㸯㸷㸲㸯ᖺ㸯㸯᭶㸴᪥௜ࡅࡢ NAS ➨㸱ሗ࿌᭩[42]࡛ࡣࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ㸰㸱㸳ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⇿ᙎࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ⃰⦰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ
ࠕ㐲ᚰศ㞳ἲࠖ࡜ࠕẼయᣑᩓἲࠖࡀࠕᐇ㝿ⓗ࡞ヨ㦂ࡢẁ㝵࡟ධࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࣈࢵࢩࣗࡣ㸯㸯᭶㸰㸵᪥࡟ NAS ➨㸱ሗ࿌᭩ࢆ࣮ࣝࢬ࣋ࣝࢺ኱⤫㡿࡟ᒆࡅࡓࠋࣈࢵࢩࣗࡣࡑࢀ
௨๓ࡢ㸯㸮᭶㸷᪥࡟ࡶ࣮ࣝࢬ࣋ࣝࢺ࡟఍ࡗ࡚ⱥᅜࡢ MAUD ሗ࿌࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࢬ
࣋ࣝࢺࡀ࠸ࡘࡢẁ㝵࡛Ỵᐃࢆୗࡋࡓ࠿ࡣᐃ࠿࡛࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟⡿ᅜࡢཎ⇿㛤Ⓨࡣࠊࠕ◊✲࠿ࡽ7㛤Ⓨ࡬ࠖ࡜㌿᥮ࡋࡓࠋࣈࢵࢩࣗࡣ㸯㸰᭶㸴᪥࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿᑓ㛛ᐙࢆ࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥ࡟㞟ࡵࠊ࢘ࣛࣥ◊✲ࢆ෌⦅ࡋཎ⇿㛤Ⓨ࡟඲ຊ࡛ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡇ࡜ࢆఏ࠼ࡓࠋ⩣᪥ࡢ㸯㸰᭶㸵᪥ࠊ᪥ᮏ㌷ࡢ┿⌔‴ᨷᧁ࡟ࡼࡾ⡿ᅜࡶᡓத࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
⡿ᅜ㝣㌷୺ᑟࡢ࣐ࣥࣁࢵࢱࣥィ⏬ࡀࠊཎ⇿〇㐀࡟ྥࡅ࡚ලయⓗ࡟ືࡁጞࡵࡿࡢࡣ㸯㸷㸲㸰ᖺࡢኟࡔࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㸱ᖺᚋࡢ㸯㸷㸲㸳ᖺ㸶᭶㸴᪥࡟ᗈᓥ࡬ࠊ㸷᪥࡟㛗ᓮ࡬ཎ⇿ࡀᢞୗࡉࢀࡿ
࡟࠸ࡓࡿࠋ

ᩥ⊩

1㸬Wilhelm C Röntgen (1895) Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.medic. Gesellschaft pp. 137–147.
http://www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es/Cristalografia/archivos_10/Uber_eine_neue_art_von_strahlen_ocr.pdf
㸦ⱥヂ㸧https://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/roentgen/roentgen.pdf㸦㑥ヂ㸧ᮌᮧ㇏ ヂ㸬≀⌮Ꮫྂ඾ㄽᩥྀ᭩ 7ࠊpp7-11ࠊᮾᾏ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1970.
㸦㑥ヂ㸧୰ᓮᫀ㞝 ヂࠊ୰ி኱Ꮫᩍ㣴ㄽྀ ➨ 37 ᕳ➨ 1 ྕࠊ1996 ᖺࠊ 117-124 㡫
https://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/contentscinii_20180213145502.pdf?id=ART0007377539

2㸬Wilhelm C Röntgen (1896) Ueber Eine neue Art von Strahlen. 2. Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger
Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 11–17.
http://www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es/Cristalografia/archivos_10/Uber_eine_neue_art_von_strahlen_ocr.pdf
㸦㑥ヂ㸧ᮌᮧ㇏ ヂ㸬≀⌮Ꮫྂ඾ㄽᩥྀ᭩ 7ࠊpp12-16ࠊᮾᾏ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1970.
㸦㑥ヂ㸧୰ᓮᫀ㞝 ヂࠊ୰ி኱Ꮫᩍ㣴ㄽྀ ➨ 37 ᕳ➨ 1 ྕࠊ1996 ᖺࠊ 117-124 㡫

3㸬Henri Becquerel (1896) Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence. Comptes Rendus. 122: 501–503.
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f503.image.langEN㸦ⱥヂ㸧http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html
㸦㑥ヂ㸧すᑿᡂᏊ ヂ㸬≀⌮Ꮫྂ඾ㄽᩥྀ᭩ 7ࠊpp43-45ࠊᮾᾏ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1970.
㸦㑥ヂ㸧୰ᓮᫀ㞝 ヂࠊ୰ி኱Ꮫᩍ㣴ㄽྀ ➨ 37 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕࠊ1996 ᖺࠊ 53-55 㡫https://chukyo-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=13220&file_id=20&file_no=1

4㸬Josef J Thomson (1897) Cathode Rays. The Electrician. 39: 104-109.
https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=vBZbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false

5㸬Marie Sklodowska-Curie (1898) Rayons émis par les composés de l'uranium et du thorium, Comptes
Rendus. 126: 1101-1103.
http://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Curie/Curie_pdf/CR1898_p1101.pdf
㸦ⱥヂ㸧https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/006/03/0094-0096
㸦㑥ヂ㸧すᑿᡂᏊ ヂ㸬≀⌮Ꮫྂ඾ㄽᩥྀ᭩ 7ࠊpp55-58ࠊᮾᾏ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1970.
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6㸬Pierre Curie, Marie Sklowdowska-Curie (1898) Sur une substance nouvelle radioactive contenue dans la
pechblende. Comptes Rendus. 127: 175-178
http://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Curie/Curie_pdf/CR1898_p175_178.pdf
㸦㑥ヂ㸧すᑿᡂᏊ ヂ㸬≀⌮Ꮫྂ඾ㄽᩥྀ᭩ 7ࠊpp61-63ࠊᮾᾏ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1970.

7㸬Earnest Rutherford (1899) Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It. Philosophical
Magazine, ser. 5, pp109-163
https://archive.org/details/londonedinburgh5471899lon/page/108
https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-Alpha&Beta.html

8㸬Paul Villard (1900) Sur la Réflexion et la Réfraction des Rayons Cathodiques et des Rayons Déviables
du Radium. Comptes Rendus, 130: 1010-1012.
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3086n/f1010.item

9㸬Earnest Rutherford (1903) The magnetic and electric deviation of the easily absorbed rays from radium,
Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 5, pp177–187.
https://archive.org/details/londonedinburgh651903lond/page/17610㸬Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ ɂ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜ (1869) ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ // ɀɭɪɧɚɥ
Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Vol. I. pp 60—77.
http://www.knigafund.ru/books/51872/read#page66

11㸬Earnest Rutherford and F. Soddy (1903) Radioactive Change. Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 5,
pp576–591.
https://archive.org/details/londonedinburgh651903lond/page/576㸦㑥ヂ㸧ⴛ἟࿴Ꮚ ヂࠊྂ඾ㄽᩥྀ᭩㸵ࠊpp125-141, ᮾᾏ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1970.
12㸬Earnest Rutherford and Thomas Royds. The Nature of D Particle from Radioactive Substances,
Philosophical Magazine, (6), 17, 281-286 (1909).
https://archive.org/details/londonedinburg6171909lond/page/280
㸦㑥ヂ㸧ⴛ἟࿴Ꮚ ヂࠊྂ඾ㄽᩥྀ᭩㸵ࠊpp167-172, ᮾᾏ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1970.
13㸬Earnest Rutherford (1911) The Scattering of Į and ȕ Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom.
Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 21, pp 669-688.
https://archive.org/details/londonedinburg6211911lond/page/668
https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911.html
㸦㑥ヂ㸧㎷ဴኵ ヂࠊྂ඾ㄽᩥྀ᭩ 9ࠊpp197-118, ᮾᾏ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1970.

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14㸬Josef J Thomson (1904) On the Structure of the Atom: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods ofOscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with
Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure. Philosophical Magazine, Ser 6, Vol 7, pp237265.
https://archive.org/details/londonedinburgh671904lond/page/n305

15㸬Hantaro Nagaoka (1904) Kinetics of a System of Particles illustrating the Line and the Band Spectrum
and the Phenomena of Radioactivity. Philosophical Magazine. Ser 6, Vol 7, pp 445-455.
https://archive.org/details/londonedinburgh671904lond/page/444

16㸬Niels Bohr (1913) On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. Philosophical Magazine. Ser 6, Vol 26,
pp 1-25.
https://archive.org/details/londonedinburg6261913lond/page/n11
http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13/eng.pdf

17㸬Henry Moseley (1913) The high-frequency spectra of the elements. Philosophical Magazine. Ser 6 Vol
26, pp1024–1034
https://archive.org/stream/londonedinburg6261913lond#page/1024/mode/2up
㸦㑥ヂ㸧㎷ဴኵ ヂࠊྂ඾ㄽᩥྀ᭩ 9ࠊpp145-155, ᮾᾏ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1970.

18㸬Earnest Rutherford (1919) Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect inNitrogen. Philosophical Magazine. Se 6th series, Vol 37, pp581-587.
https://archive.org/details/londonedinburg6371919lond/page/580

19㸬James Chadwick (1932) The Existence of a Neutron. Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 136, pp692-708.
http://www.cloudylabs.fr/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-existence-of-a-neutron-1932-Chadwick.pdf

20㸬Kasimir Fajans (1913) Die radioaktiven Umwandlungen und das periodische System der Elemente.
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, Nr. 46, pp422–439.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cber.19130460162
㸦ⱥᩥ㸧https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Fajans-Isotope.html

21㸬Frederick Soddy (1913a) The Radio Elements and the Periodic Law, Chem. News, Nr. 107, pp 97–99.
https://archive.org/details/chemicalnewsjou107londuoft/page/96

22㸬Frederick Soddy (1913b) Intra-atomic Charge. NATURE, No2301 Vol.92 399-400.
https://archive.org/stream/paper-doi-10_1038_092399c0/paper-doi-10_1038_092399c0_djvu.txt

23㸬Josef J Thomson (1913) Rays of positive electricity. Proc Royal Soc A 89, pp1-20.
10https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspa.1913.0057

24. Francis Aston (1920) Isotopes and atomic weights. Nature 105, p617.
https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Aston-MassSpec.html

25. Edoardo Amaldi, Oscar D’Agostino, Enrico Fermi, Bruno Pontecorvo, Franco Rasetti and Emilio Segre(1935) Artificial Radioactivity produced by Neutron Bombardment – II. Proc Royal Soc A 149:522-558.
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspa.1935.0080
㸦㑥ヂ㸧https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/subutsukaishi1927/9/8/9_8_372/_pdf/-char/en

26. Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlungdes Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle". Die Naturwissenschaften. 27 (1): 11–15
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF01488241.pdf
https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Hahn-fission-1939a/Hahn-fission-1939a.html

27.

Lisa Meitner and Otto Frisch (1939) Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear

Reaction. Nature, 143, 239-240.
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Begin/Nature_Meitner.shtml
28. Otto Frisch (1939) Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment.
Nature (London), Volume 143, p. 276
https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Frisch-Fission-1939.html

29. Spencer R Weart and Gertrud W Szilard (1978) Leo Szilard: His Version of Facts. MIT Press.
㸦㑥ヂ㸧అぢᗣ἞࣭అぢㅍ ヂࠊࢩ࣮ࣛࢻࡢドゝࠊࡳࡍࡎ᭩ᡣ 1982 ᖺ

30. Leo Szilard and Walter H Zinn (1939) Instantaneous Emission of Fast Neutrons in the Interaction of Slow
Neutrons with Uranium. Phys. Rev. 55, 799.
https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb1469125g/_1.pdf

31. Herbert L Anderson, Enrico Fermi and Henry B Hanstein (1939) Production of Neutrons in Uranium
Bombarded by Neutrons. Phys. Rev. 55, 797.
https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.55.797.2

32. Hans von Halban, Frederic Joliot-Curie and Lew Kowarski (1939) Number of Neutrons Liberated in the
Nuclear Fission of Uranium. Nature 143:680.
https://www.nature.com/articles/143680a0 㸦not open㸧

33. Francis Perrin (1939). Calcul relatif aux conditions eventuelles de transmutation en chaine de l'uranium".
11Comptes Rendus. 208: 1394–6.
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6238836c/f26.item

34. Herbert L Anderson, Enrico Fermi, Loe Szilard (1939) Neutron Production and Absorption in Uranium.
Physical Review, 56:284-286.
https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb01380563

35. Niels Bohr and John A Wheeler (1939) The Mechanism of Nuclear Fission. Phys. Rev. 56:426-450.
https://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.56.426
36. Tokutaro Hagiwara (1939) Liberation of neutrons in the nuclear explosion of uranium
irradiated by thermal neutrons The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan. 13(3):145-150.
https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/46555/1/rpcjpnv13fp145.pdf
37. ⋢ᮌⱥᙪࠊⓙᕝ⌮ (1939) ୰ᛶᏊ⾪ᧁ࡟౫ࡿ㔜࠸ཎᏊ᰾ࡢศ⿣㸬᪥ᮏᩘᏛ≀⌮Ꮫ఍ㄅࠊ➨ 13 ᕳ
4 ྕࠊpp277-293㸬
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/subutsukaishi1927/13/4/13_4_277/_pdf/-char/ja
38. ⓙᕝ⌮ࠊ⋢ᮌⱥᙪ (1940) ୰ᛶᏊ⾪ᧁ࡟౫ࡿ㔜࠸ཎᏊ᰾ࡢศ⿣ (II)㸬᪥ᮏᩘᏛ≀⌮Ꮫ఍ㄅࠊ➨14 ᕳ 1 ྕࠊpp106-121㸬
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/subutsukaishi1927/14/1/14_1_106/_pdf/-char/en

39. Letter from Albert Einstein to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 08/02/1939. Archival Research Catalog.
National Archives
https://web.archive.org/web/20130922132711/http://media.nara.gov/Public_Vaults/00762_.pdf

40. Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls (1940) The Frisch-Peierls Memorandm.
https://web.stanford.edu/class/history5n/FPmemo.pdf㸦㑥ヂ㸧ᒣᓮṇ຾ࠊ᪥㔝ᕝ㟼ᯞ㸬ࠕཎ⇿ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓࠖ㈨ᩱ㸯㸬㟷ᮌ᭩ᗑ 1997㸬

41. The MAUD Report, 1941 Report by MAUD Committee on the Use of Uranium for a Bomb
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Begin/MAUD.shtml

42㸬Report to the President of the National Academy of Sciences by the Academy Committee on Uranium.
Nov 6, 1941.
https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb525-The-Atomic-Bomb-and-the-End-of-World-WarII/documents/001b.pdf
㸦㑥ヂ㸸ᢤ⢋㸧ᒣᓮṇ຾ࠊ᪥㔝ᕝ㟼ᯞ㸬ࠕཎ⇿ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓࠖ㈨ᩱ 2㸬㟷ᮌ᭩ᗑ 1997㸬

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