Vedic Accents in External Sandhi
The Vedic accents considered here are the udātta, anudātta, and the independent svarita. Theaccent-sandhi rules will be explained for the praśliṣṭa, abhinihita, and the kṣaipra sandhis. The
appendix contains the corresponding rules from the Aṣṭādhāyī and the Prātiśākhyas.

1. Praśliṣṭa Sandhi(a, ā) + (a, ā) => ā(i, ī) + (i, ī) => ī(u, ū) + (u, ū) => ū(a, ā) + (i, ī) => e(a, ā) + (u, ū) => o(a, ā) + (ṛ)=> ar(a, ā) + (e, ai) => ai(a, ā) + (o, au) => au
1.1 If both of the 2 vowels are anudātta the combined vowel is anudātta.
(anudātta, anudātta) => anudātta;[tvā | agne => tvāgne (RV 1.1.7); uśmási | iṣṭáye => uśmásīṣṭáye (RV 1.30.12); ánu | uṣásaḥ =>ánūṣásaḥ (RV 1.44.10)]
1.2 If at least one of the 2 vowels is udātta the accent of the combined vowel is udātta.
(Compare with PA 8.2.5, RVPr 3.11, TPr 10.10, VPr 4.132, CA 3.66)(anudātta, udātta) => udātta;[nā́ kasya | ádhi => nā́ kasyā́ dhi (RV 1.19.6); táva | ít => távét (RV 1.1.6); asya | ṛd́ dhiḥ =>asyárddhiḥ (TS 6.6.10.2)](udātta, anudātta) => udātta;[pitā́ | asi => pitā́ si (RV 1.31.10); abhí | īm = abhī́m (RV 1.51.2); ā́ | ihá => éhá (RV 1.1.2);
purú | urú => purū́ rú (RV 8.25.16); āgneyyā́ | ṛcā́ => āgneyyáṛcā (TS 3.1.6.1)](udātta, udātta) => udātta;[ihá | ā́ => ihā́ (RV 1.12.3); ihá | úpa => ihópa (RV 1.16.2); prá | étaśam => praítaśam (RV1.61.15); evá | ṛṣ́ iḥ => evárṣiḥ (TS 5.1.10.1](svarita, udātta) => udātta;[kvà | ávaram => kvā́ varam (RV 1.168.6); kvà | ít => kvét (RV 1.161.4); kvà | ékam =>kvaíkam (RV 10.85.19); kāryā̀ | íti => kāryéti (TS 7.5.5.1) ]Exception to rule 1.2 for RV, Śukla YV Saṁhitā, SV and AV:
1.3 Short i (udātta) + short i (anudātta) => ī (svarita); (Compare with PA 8.2.6, RVPr 3.13,VPr 4.133, CA 3.56)

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[diví-iva => divī̀va (RV 1.22.20); abhí | ihi => abhī̀hi (RV 1.80.3); diśí | itáḥ => diśī̀taḥ (AV11.2.12) ]Exception to rule 1.2 for Kṛṣṇa YV:
1.4 Short u (udātta) + short u (anudātta) => ū (svarita); (Compare with TPr 10.17)[dikṣú | upa-dádhāti => dikṣū̀ padádhāti (TS 5.5.5.4); sú-udgātā => sū̀ dgātā (TS 7.1.8.1)]
Exception to rule 1.2 for the Śatapatha Brāḥmaṇa of Śukla YV:
1.5 If the first vowel is udātta and the second vowel anudātta the combined vowel is svarita.
(udātta, anudātta) => svarita;[sá ná + evá => sá naìvá => sa̱ naiva̱ (MŚB 14.4.2.24)][aryamā́ + āyúr íti => aryamā̀ yúr íti => arya̱māyuri̱ ti (MŚB 13.5.1.18)]
1.6 If the first vowel is svarita and the second vowel is anudātta the accent of the combinedvowel is svarita. (Compare with RVPr 3.12, TPr 10.12, Vpr 4.131)(svarita, anudātta) => svarita;[kanyā̀ -iva => kanyèva (RV 1.123.10); yajyā̀ । eṣā́ => yajyaìṣā́ (TS 2.6.2.6); kvà | asyā́ ḥ =>kvā̀ syā́ ḥ (TS 5.7.4.2); chavyā̀ | upa-ā́ kṛtāya => chavyòpā́ kṛtāya (TS 5.7.20); pathyā̀ -iva =>pathyèva (MVS 11.5)]

2. Abhinihita / Abhinihata Sandhi
e + a => eo + a => oaḥ + a => o + a => o
2.1 If both of the 2 vowels are anudātta the accent of the combined vowel is anudātta.
(anudātta, anudātta) => anudātta;[ūtáye | asmín => ūtáye 'smín (RV 1.30.6); naḥ | ava => no 'va (RV 1.7.4)]
2.2 If at least one of the 2 vowels is udātta the accent of the combined vowel is udātta.
(anudātta, udātta) => udātta; (Compare with PA 8.2.5, RVPr 3.11, TPr 12.10, VPr 4.132, CA3.66)[sūnáve | ágne => sūnávé 'gne (RV 1.1.9); manyo | ávidhat => manyó 'vidhat (RV 10.83.1);gāyatríṇaḥ | árcanti => gāyatríṇó 'rcanti (RV 1.10.1)](udātta, udātta) => udātta; Compare with RVPr 3.11, TPr 12.10, VPr 4.132, CA 3.66)[juhūré | ávase => juhūré 'vase (RV 1.48.14); stháḥ | ávase => sthó 'vase (RV 1.17.2)](svarita, udātta) => udātta; (Compare with RVPr 3.11, TPr 12.11, VPr 4.131, CA 3.66)[adyūtyè | ávase => adyūtyé 'vase (RV 1.112.24); ukthyàḥ | átha => ukthyó 'tha (TS 7.1.5.4)](udātta, anudātta) => svarita; see 2.32

Exception to rule 2.2:
2.3 If the first vowel is udātta and the second vowel anudātta the accent of the combined vowel
is svarita. (Compare with PA 8.2.6; RVPr 3.3, 3.13; TPr 12.9; VPr 4.61, CA 3.55)(udātta, anudātta) => svarita;[té | avardhanta => tè 'vardhanta (RV 1.85.7); rāyáḥ | avániḥ => rāyò 'vániḥ (RV 1.4.10); sáḥ |abravī́t => sò 'bravī́t (TS 2.1.2.1); sáḥ | aracyata => sò 'rajyata (AV 15.8.1) ]2.4 If the first vowel is svarita and the second vowel is anudātta the accent of the combined
vowel is svarita. (Compare with RVPr 3.12, TPr 12.11)(svarita, anudātta) => svarita;[budhnyàḥ | ajáḥ => budhnyò 'jáḥ (RV 2.31.6); pitvàḥ | aviṣásya => pitvò 'viṣásya (RV 8.25.20);
madhavyàḥ | asāni => madhavyò 'sāni (TS 2.5.9.3)]

3. Kṣaipra Sandhi(i, ī) + vowel [other than (i, ī)] => y + vowel(u, ū) + vowel [other than (u, ū)] => v + vowel
3.1 If the first vowel is udātta and the second vowel anudātta the accent of the vowel after (y, v)
is svarita. (Compare with PA 8.2.4; RVPr 3.3, 3.13; TPr 10.16; VPr 4.47; CA 3.58)(udātta, anudātta) => svarita;[pra-yatí | adhvaré => prayaty àdhvaré (RV 1.16.3); nú | evá => nv èvá (RV 4.51.9); abhí |arcata => abhy àrcata (AV 7.82.12)]
3.2 The accent of the second vowel remains unchanged after the first vowel has been replacedby (y, v) when the two vowels have the following accents:(anudātta, anudātta) => anudātta;[pū́ rvāṇi | okyā̀ => pū́ rvāṇy okyā̀ (RV 8.25.17); bhū́ tu | eṣām => bhū́ tv eṣām (RV 1.94.12)](anudātta, udātta) => udātta;[jaráyantī | ā́ yuḥ => jaráyanty ā́ yuḥ (RV 1.92.10); mádhu | ágne => mádhv ágne (RV 1.14.10)](udātta, udātta) => udātta;[dhurí | úpa => dhury úpa (RV 1.151.4); nú | índra => nv índra (RV 1.165.5)]

AppendixPāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī (PA)उदात्तस्वरितयोययणः स्वरितोऽनु दात्तस्य ॥udāttasvaritayor yaṇaḥ svarito 'nudāttasya ||8.2.4||
A svarita accent replaces the anudātta which occurs (immediately) after a semivowel (yaṇaḥ)replacement of an udātta or svarita (vowel).
एकादे श उदात्तेनोदात्तः ॥3ekādeśa udāttenodāttaḥ ||8.2.5||
A single replacement (ekādeśaḥ) of an anudātta vowel with an udātta vowel becomes udātta.
स्वरितो वाऽनु दात्ते पदादौ ॥svarito vā 'nudātte padādau ||8.2.6||
The single replacement of an anudātta which is at the beginning of a word (padādau) and thepreceding udātta vowel optionally (vā) becomes svarita.

Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya (RVPr)
एकाक्षिसमावेशे पूवययोः स्वरितः स्विः ॥ekākṣarasamāveśe pūrvayoḥ svaritaḥ svaraḥ ||3.3||
When there is a combination of the first two accents (i. e., of the udātta and the anudātta) into
one syllable, (the resulting) accent is svarita.
उदात्तवत्येकीभाव उदात्तं संध्यमक्षिम् ॥udāttavatyekībhāva udāttaṁ saṁdhyam akṣaram ||3.11||
In a combination (of two vowels), one of which is udātta, the syllable resulting from thecombination is udātta.
अनु दात्तोदये पुनः स्वरितं स्वरितोपधे ॥anudāttodaye punaḥ svaritaṁ svaritopadhe ||3.12||
But (the result of the combination) is svarita, if (there is a combination of) a svarita with afollowing anudātta.
इकाियोश्च प्रश्लेषे क्षै प्राभभभनभितेषु च ।उदात्तपूवयरूपेषु शाकल्यस्यैवमाचिे त् ॥

ikārayoś ca praśleṣe kṣaiprābhinihiteṣu ca |udāttapūrvarūpeṣu śākalyasyaivam ācaret ||3.13||
One should, according to Śākalya, proceed in the same way (i. e., should regard the result of
the combination as svarita), in the contraction of two short i vowels and in the Kṣaipra andAbhinihita sandhis, if the first element (in the different combinations) is acute.

Taittirīya Prātiśākhya (TPr)अथैकमुभे॥athaikamubhe ||10.1||
Now for the combination of two vowels into one.
(Praśliṣṭa Sandhi 10.1-8)
दीर्गं समानाक्षिे सवणयपिे ॥
dīrghaṁ samānākṣare savarṇapare ||10.2||
In the case of a simple vowel, followed by a similar vowel, the product is long.
अथावणयपूवे॥athāvarṇapūrve |10.3||
Now for cases in which an a-vowel stands first.
4इवणयपि एकािम्॥
ivarṇapara ekāram ||10.4||
When an i-vowel follows, the product is e.
उवणयपि ओकािम्॥uvarṇapara okāram ||10.5||
When an u-vowel follows, the product is o.
एकािै कािपि ऐकािम्॥ekāraikārapara aikāram ||10.6||
When e or ai follows, the product is ai.
ओकािौकािपि औकािम्॥okāraukārapara aukāram ||10.7||
When o or au follows, the product is au.
अिमृकािपिे ॥aram ṛkārapare ||10.8||
When ṛ follows, the product is ar.
(Accent for the Praśliṣṭa sandhi)उदात्तमुदात्तवभत॥udāttam udāttavati ||10.10||
When an udātta enters into the combination, the result is udātta.
स्वरितानुदात्तसंभनपाते स्वरितम्॥
svaritānudāttasaṁnipāte svaritam ||10.12||
When svarita and anudātta are combined, the result is svarita.
(Kṣaipra sandhi)इवणोकािौ यवकािौ॥
ivarṇokārau yavakārau ||10.15||
An i-vowel and u become respectively y and v.
(Accent for the Kṣaipra sandhi)उदात्तयोश्च पिो ऽनुदात्तः स्वरितम्॥
udāttayoś ca paro ’nudāttaḥ svaritam ||10.16||
And, when they are udātta, a following anudātta becomes svarita.
(Accent for the Praśliṣṭa sandhi: u + u)ऊभावे च॥ūbhāve ca ||10.17||5

Also when ū is the product of the combination.
(Abhinihata sandhi)लुप्यते त्वकाि एकािौकािपू वयः ॥
lupyate tv akāra ekāraukārapūrvaḥ ||11.1||
But a is elided when preceded by e or o.
(Accent for the Abhinihata sandhi)तस्मिन्ननुदात्ते पूवय उदात्तः स्वरितम्॥tasminn anudātte pūrva udāttaḥ svaritam ||12.9||
When the elided a is anudātta, the preceding dipthong, if udātta, becomes svarita.
उदात्ते चानुदात्त उदात्तम्॥udātte cānudātta udāttam ||12.10||
When it is udātta, the preceding dipthong, if anudātta, becomes udātta.
स्वरितश्च सवयत्र स्वरितश्च सवयत्र॥
svaritaś ca sarvatra svaritaś ca sarvatra ||12.11||
As also, in every case, if svarita.

Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya (VPr)(Accent for the Kṣaipra sandhi)udāttasyāntaḥsthībhāvesvaritaṁ param anudāttam ||4.47||(Accent for the Abhnihita sandhi)
tau ced udāttāv anudātte svaritau ||4.61||(Accent for the Praśliṣṭa and Abhinihita sandhi)
svaritavān svaritaḥ ||4.131||udāttavānudāttaḥ ||4.132||ivarṇam ubhayato hrasvam udāttapūrvam anudāttaparaṁ svaritam ||4.133||

Caturadhyāyīkā (CA) (A Prātiśākhya of Atharvaveda)[udāttaḥ pūrvaḥ | paro 'anudāttaḥ | svaritaḥ sandhiḥ]An udātta preceding; an anudātta following; their combination svarita.
ekāraukārau padāntau parato 'kāraṁ so 'bhinihitaḥ ||3.55||
When an a is absorbed by a preceding final e or o the resulting svarita is abhinihita.
ikārayoḥ praśliṣṭaḥ ||3.56||
The svarita arising from the fusion of two short i is praśliṣṭa.
antaḥsthāpattāv udāttasyānudātte kṣaipraḥ ||3.58||
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The svarita arising upon the conversion into a semivowel of an udātta vowel before an anudāttais the kṣaipra.
ekādeśa udāttenodāttaḥ ||3.66||
A vowel produced by combination with an udātta is itself udātta.

ReferencesṚgveda Saṁhitā and Padapāṭha:http://www.detlef108.de/Rigveda.htm
http://www.detlef108.de/RVA-T-UTF8.html
Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya:
https://sites.google.com/view/rv-pratishakhya
The Rgveda Pratisakhya Vol III (1937/00/00) - English translation

Taittirīya Saṁhitā and Padapāṭha:http://www.parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx
Taittirīya Prātiśākhya:
The Tâittirîya-Prâtiçâkhya: With Its Commentary, the Tribhâshyaratna
Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya:
http://peterffreund.com/Vedic_Literature/shukl_yajur_veda_pratishakhya.htm
Indische Studien, Vierter Band, 1858, Albrecht Weber, Seiten 65-160 & 177-331
Śatapatha Accents (Bhāṣika Sūtra):https://sites.google.com/view/vedicrecitation/shukla-yajurveda/shatapatha-accents
https://sites.google.com/view/vedicrecitation/shukla-yajurveda/shatapatha-accents/bhashika-sutra
Caturadhyāyikā (A Prātiśākhya of Atharvaveda):
The Atharva-Veda Prâtiçâkhya Or Çâunakîyâ Caturâdhyâyikâ – William Dwight Whitney
http://peterffreund.com/Vedic_Literature/chaturadhyayi.htm

Last update by Detlef Eichler: 29 January 20217