ISSN 2287-8971

Asia Pacific Civil Forum on Marine Litter

Marine Litter News
Volume 13 · Issue 2 · December 2021

03 Online Workshop to Help ImproveIndonesia’s Marine Debris Management

15 Australian Marine Debris Initiative
Database Now Used
by Regional Report Cards

06 The Important Role of Citizen Scienceto Combat Marine Litterand Ways It Can Transform Research

17 Combating Derelict Ghost Nets
in Penghu, Taiwan

09 UN ESCAP, Plymouth Marine Laboratory,
and PEMSEA Share Innovative Approaches
to Evidence-Based Plastic Pollution Prevention

20 Environmental Exhibit,
Illustrating the Future of Oceans,
Attracts 1,500 Visitors from Busan

1 1 Plastic Reduction Actions in Vietnam:
Insightful Learnings in Da Nang City

24 What’s at the Bottom of the Ocean?
Assessing Macro-Litteron Taiwan’s Seafloor

Recommended Citation for the whole volume:
Hong, Sunwook.(ed.) (Dec 2021). Marine Litter News from Asia Pacific Civil Forum on Marine Litter,Our Sea of East Asia Network, Vol. 13(2): 28p, Tongyeong, South Korea.

ISSN 2287-8971
Marine Litter News Vol. 13(2): 28p. December 2021.
© Asia Pacific Civil Forum on Marine Litter (APML)
The newsletter is biannually published by APML.

Preface

Marine Litter News

Dear readers,
As we inch closer to UNEA 5.2, my colleagues and I have found ourselves participating inmany regional and global efforts that not only take stock of the progress made so far, butalso of important tasks that must be high on the agenda for next February. The overall
consensus on the importance of UNEA 5.2 is louder than ever before. While many of us
remain clear-eyed about the formidable challenges that lie ahead, most of us believethat UNEA 5.2 can be a turning point that puts us on the right path. During this pivotal
time, I have often thought about what this might mean for us in the Asia-Pacific. The pathahead may not be crystal clear, but it has been apparent that coordinated regional action
on marine litter and plastic pollution is indispensable when creating practical andsustainable solutions. Thus, by providing a medium to share our latest activities in the
Asia-Pacific region, I, on behalf of the Asia Pacific Civil Forum on Marine Litter (APML),
hope that these articles will be informative to those within the Asia-Pacific region andalso to those beyond.
In this issue, we’ve included an article that summarized an online workshop hosted by
OSEAN, the Korean government, and the Indonesian government on strengthening andimproving Indonesia’s efforts on tackling marine litter and also an article on an environmental
exhibit hosted by OSEAN, KT&G and the Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation.
To further showcase non-governmental cooperation between Republic of Korea andIndonesia, and to underscore the importance of citizen science, an article from the Indonesian
Waste Platform is also included. An article provided by Partnerships in Environmental
Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) introduces innovative evidence-based
approaches to preventing plastic pollution and an article by GreenHub introduces plastic
reduction measures that were carried out with Da Nang stakeholders. In addition, ourAustralian member, Tangaroa Blue Foundation wrote an article on the versatility of theAustralian Marine Debris Initiative (AMDI) Database, and an article about efforts on combating
derelict ghost nets in Penghu, Taiwan was written by IndigoWaters Institute and those at
National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology’s Institute of Marine Affairs andBusiness Management. Lastly, but certainly not least, an article examining Taiwan’s
seafloor is also included and it is written by a master’s student at National Taiwan
University.
As an editor-in-chief, I am honored to help share these excellent articles with you and to
those who might want to learn more about the activities of our APML members. I hopethat you’ll enjoy these articles and know that we in the Asia-Pacific region are working
tirelessly to save our ocean and all living-beings that depend on it.

With much love and gratitude,

Sunny Hong2

Editor in Chief,
Sunwook Hong
Ph.D.,
President of OSEAN

Co-Editor,
Semee Rhee
Manager, International
Cooperation Divisionof OSEAN

Co-Editor,
Ning Yen
CEO and Co-Founder,
IndigoWaters InstituteActivities

Online Workshop to Help ImproveIndonesia’s Marine Debris Management
Yoonie Jang (Author) | Researcher, OSEAN | yoonie.jang@osean.net

Yuri Lee (Translator) | Researcher, OSEAN | yurilee@osean.net

The Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea Marine Environment Manage4

During the opening ceremony, Hong

ment Corporation (KOEM), the Indonesian Ministry of Maritime Investment Coordi4

Sunwook, Director of OSEAN, a non-nation and Our Sea of East Asia Network (OSEAN) held an online workshop for

profit independent research institutefour days from July 13 to 16 titled “2021 Strengthening and Improvement forin Korea, said, "we are all well aware of

Marine Litter Response in Indonesia.”

theWith 120 Indonesian maritime coordinators and local government officials incooperation when it comes to solving

attendance, the purpose of this workshop was to strengthen policy capacities
and to develop specialized technology as part of the 2019-2021 marine debris
management improvement project jointly carried out by the Indonesian government
and the Korean government. The main objective of this year’s project was toprovide training on marine debris monitoring methodologies to improve Indonesia'sability to manage marine debris.

importanceofmultinational

the problem of marine debris. The
problemofmarinedebrisisacommon problem facing all countries,and each country must share its
knowledge

and

do

its

best

by

harnessing its passion and potential.”

The workshop included lectures and discussions on the following topics:

In addition, Nani Hendiarti, Deputy
Minister for Environment and Forestry
in Indonesia, said that the problem ofDay 1 Sharing the current realities of Korea and Indonesia to solve its respective
marine debris problem;

marine debris must be solved not only
domestically but also through various

Day 2 Development of marine debris monitoring methods and on marine
microplastics;
Day 3 Utilization of citizen science for marine debris monitoring and developing
marine debris management policies; andDay 4 Raising public awareness on solving marine debris problems.

cooperative international activities.
She also noted that various studies
have

shown

problems

are

that

marinedebrisheightenedalongborders and underscored the need
for working together at the global

3

Activities
level to create synergies through various forms of cooperationand proper monitoring support systems. During the session
on international trends, there was a presentation on examining
UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) 5.2 and the anticipateddiscussions related to the possibility of a new international
treaty on marine plastics. Additionally, there was also apresentation introducing efforts in Asia helping to solve
problems regarding marine debris.
On the second day of the workshop, marine debris monitoring

During the fourth day of the workshop, both Korea andand microplastic sessions were held. OSEAN introduced theIndonesia shared their examples on raising awarenessdevelopment of Indonesia’s marine debris monitoringon marine debris. OSEAN shared a video introducing

methodology that has been conducted since 2019 and theartwork made out of marine debris created byresults of a pilot monitoring program that was conducted

OSEAN’s art director Kim Jung-Ah and Indonesia

along the coast of Labuan Bajo. Participants from Indonesia

introduced examples of marine debris education

also shared their monitoring methodologies conducted by

activities for children.

the Indonesian government and their research institutes, andalso shared the results of their surveys. Lastly, during the

In order to increase the effectiveness of the online

microplastics session, Dr. Shim Won-Joon and Dr. Hongworkshop, a website was created and was used for

Sang-Hee of Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology

providing lecture materials and answering questions.

(KIOST) announced important research results on international

The website’s menu included a workshop introduction,

microplastic research trends, sources, and effects.

schedule of the workshop, participant registration,lecture materials, lecturer introductions, and a Q&A

On the third day, sessions on citizen science and marine

function. Using the website, workshop participantsdebris policy were held. Internationally, citizen science iswere able to access the lectures by date and download

widely used in monitoring marine debris. To showcase thelecture materials. In addition, in the case of pre-recorded

importance of citizen science, details on Ocean Knights andlectures, videos were directly available on the website.

its implementation method were introduced. Ocean Knights

The most actively used feature was the Q&A function.

is a citizen science program conducted by OSEAN and it

Hosting an online workshop posed particular difficulties

implements citizen science efforts to tackle marine debris by

especially with asking questions and answering themusing drones, scuba diving, and smartphones. Following thein real time because there were more than 100

session on citizen science, a session on marine debris policy

participants. However, participants were able to ask

introduced an evaluation methodology for priority marine

questions on the website at any time, and lecturers

debris policies and provided participants with an opportunityand other participants were able to answer them.

to practice a desirability-feasibility evaluation. Furthermore,

Therefore, having this Q&A function allowed theparticipants of the workshop were given a chance to develop

workshop to proceed smoothly and ensured that all

marine debris policies using conceptual models and causal

questions asked by participants were answered.

chains. While practicing policy developments and evaluations,participants also shared the results of their priority policy
evaluations and marine debris policy alternatives using

Desirability

Google Forms.
4.7
Policy Group 1
Producer accountability
Policy Group 2
Direct control regulations

4.2
Policy Group 3Market-based instruments
Policy Group 4
Government support programs

3.7

3.0

3.5

4.0
Feasibility▲ An example of a desirability-feasibility evaluation result on marine plastics policies.
These results were produced by workshop participants.

4

Activities▲ Workshop website

Upon finishing the four-day workshop that consisted of lectures and discussions on improving marine debris management,Indonesian public officials and all the participants of the workshop gave high marks in workshop evaluations and were able toshore up their determination to further cooperate in tackling marine debris. On the last day of the workshop, Woo Dong-Sik,
the International Cooperation Policy Officer of the Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, said, "the results and implicationsof Indonesia's marine debris management improvement project over the last three years will be a big stepping stone for both
Korea and Indonesia’s cooperation in the future. By developing this cooperative effort, we hope that the marine debris
management improvement system will be successfully implemented and make meaningful contributions to help achieve
Indonesia’s marine debris management goals and we look forward to the continuous support and cooperation of bothgovernment officials from Korea and Indonesia.” Following the marine debris management improvement project, the Korean
Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries plans to select Indonesia's marine debris management improvement project as an important
official development assistance (ODA) project and hopes to promote meaningful support, including support for establishingan integrated waste management system encompassing islands, land and sea. Lastly, the Korean Ministry of Oceans andFisheries also hopes to promote other forms of cooperation to help Korea and Indonesia to carry out their common goals on
reducing marine plastic debris.

▲ Woo Dong-sik, the International Cooperation Policy Officer of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries,
concluded the workshop.

5

Activities

The Important Role of Citizen Scienceto Combat Marine Litter andWays It Can Transform Research
Nina van Toulon | Director, Indonesian Waste Platform | nina@indonesianwaste.org

Citizen science plays a key role in data collection and helps us to understand the presence and pathways of litter in theenvironment including land, rivers, lakes and the ocean. Citizen science encourages active public involvement in scientificresearch and it’s advancing due to growing stakeholder networks of civil society organisations and marine scientists
collaborating on professionalising citizen science.
Citizen science contributes to expanding data collection to a wider geographical area. Based on data analysis, campaigns
can be developed to address specific types of litter found in monitored areas, which contribute to advancing appliedscience.
Citizens engaging in litter clean-ups do not necessarily have the knowledge about scientific methods, monitoring protocols,
data analysis and reporting, and are met by skepticism from others. Therefore, collaboration between citizens and scientists
is key.
One example of such cross-sector collaboration is the Labuan Bajo monitoring program. Since 2021, the Korean Ministry of
Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) and Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation (KOEM) have supported Our Sea of
East Asia Network (OSEAN) and the Indonesian Waste Platform (IWP) on developing a comprehensive citizen science
program, which includes training on monitoring protocols and data logging.

An initial monitoring workshop was conducted by
OSEAN in October 2019 in Labuan Bajo, on Flores
Island in East Indonesia. In October 2020, the IWPteam conducted a second monitoring survey in thesame five locations with guidance from OSEAN. A

Kore Narine Environment
Management Corporation

report will soon be published in December 2021.

▲ Logos of Korean MOF, KOEM and NGOs participating in this project6

Activities▲ Field work in Labuan Bajo monitoring

Site Information
OrganizationDate

2021-09-11

Site

LUWANSA BEACH

IWP

Altitude8,5180177 5

Longitude

119.8726489

GPS
Name of team leader

ICHA

Number of participants

5

Start time

9.09 PMEnd time

10.35 PM

Temperature

31 C

Wind direction

120 ESEWind speed

1,2 M/S

Weather

SUNNY

Latest time of high tide

02.46PM

Others▲Transect location

Upon monitoring, campaign materials have been developed to address a particular item, abundantly found, washed ashoreon the beaches around Labuan Bajo. This particular item addressed in our campaign is an ice-pack used in subsistence
fishing communities across Indonesia. Fishermen use ice packed in single-use transparent plastic to cool their fish that they
have caught while out at sea. By the time fishermen return to the harbour, the ice is long melted and the remaining plastic
is discarded in the water. The bags are found in different levels of the water column and eventually end up on beaches. In
the water column the bags resemble jelly-fish and attract a diverse range of marine predators such as fish, birds, turtles, andvarious invertebrates including octopus, sea cucumbers, crabs, and amphipods that mistake these bags for jelly-fish andultimately ingest plastic.

7

Activities▲ Frozen ice in single-use plastic bags for cooling fish at sea sold in a Labuan Bajo shop, commonly used in subsistence fisheries▲ Single-use plastic ice bags washed ashore▲ Campaign leaflets

IWP hopes that this campaign will help mitigate the negligent disposal of
ice-packs in the waters of Indonesia. The campaign leaflet and video are
currently in circulation in fishing communities and the materials areavailable for free as an open access that can be downloaded from IWP’s
website (http://www.indonesianwaste.org/campaign-materials/). IWP hopes that
this campaign will raise awareness and encourage the participation ofother organisations to disseminate the materials in their respective
regions.

8

Activities

UN ESCAP, Plymouth Marine Laboratory,
and PEMSEA Share Innovative Approaches to
Evidence-Based Plastic Pollution Prevention
Reggie U. Olalia | Communications Specialist, PEMSEA | rolalia@pemsea.org

Over 60 percent of global plastic pollution in the marine environment have been attributed to come from South East
Asia, where cities are expanding, economies are growing, and urban waste management systems are struggling tokeep up. The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP), is spearheading
an initiative towards reducing the environmental impacts in ASEAN cities through “Closing the Loop (CTL),” a
project addressing plastic waste pollution and leakage into the marine environment.
The CTL Project is supported by the Government of Japan and works with several Japanese organizations such as
the Institute for Global Studies (IGES), to realize the Osaka Blue Ocean Vision—which aims to bring marine plastic
litter to zero by 2050.
On August 5, 2021, UNESCAP, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Partnerships in Environmental Management for
the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), IGES, University of Wageningen (WUR) in the Netherlands, and Viet Nam National
University (VNU) launched “Measure! Monitor! Manage! Innovative approaches to evidence-based plastic pollution
prevention,” an online learning collab that examined the process of tracking plastic pollution in cities and the oceanwith real-world applications, live demonstrations and a roundtable session.

9

Activities

The Closing the Loop approach seeks to understand how

This open-source, eLearning course by UN ESCAP iscities near the ocean can reduce their plastic pollution. It

available for free, requiring only a laptop with internet

centers around the themes of: measure and monitor

connection. While targeted for use by local government

through innovative and smart technologies, and with thisofficials, it is also available for the general public. The

information manage

through policy and investment

seven-module, 15-hour course is designed to facilitate

strateies. In project areas, this is actualized by creating acity-level local government capacity building for thebaseline assessment for measurement; implementing ameasurement and management of plastic pollution fromdigital mapping tool to enhance monitoring; and creatingland-based sources.

city action plans to guide management.
Through the Closing the Loop Project, cities should be
To date, this process has been implemented in four coutries:

able to establish data-driven policy making at the local

Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Da Nang (Viet Nam), Surabaya

levels. Viet Nam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand have(Indonesia), and Nakhon Si Thammarat (Thailand). A freealready developed national plans to which city-level

eLearning course: Cities and Marine Plastic Pollution:plans could contribute, and the Philippines is in the

Building a Circular Economy, has also been developed toadvanced stage of preparing one. It is hoped that more

help build capacity in local governments.

cities will be able to adapt the processes and tools createdthrough the Closing the Loop project, providing local

Measure! Monitor! Manage! to Address Plastic Pollution

actions to tackle the global crisis around marine plastic
pollution.

To measure means creating a baseline assessment. This is
an intensive and involved process, and is not intended to“Measure! Monitor! Manage!” is one of the pre-2021

be repeated annually. It involves a geographical assessment

East Asian Seas Congress “collabs” organized byof the path of plastic and potential leakage points, and an

PEMSEA and/or partners, and other organizations. The

assessment of existing recycling, plastic pollution prevention

2021 East Asian Seas Congress will be held virtually on

efforts, and national goals.

December 1-2, 2021, and hosted by the Royal Governmentof Cambodia. For more information, visit the EAS Congress

The digital mapping tool developed for monitoring

2021 website at https://eascongress2021.pemsea.org.

integrates satellite data, sensor data, and crowdsourcing.
Machine learning is used to identify plastic debris, and the

A recording of the session can be viewed here:

resulting data can produce a clear picture of local plastic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2owz8HT2xhw

hotspots. This all feeds into a plastic pollution calculator,
which finds that in Da Nang, Viet Nam, for example, 1.3% ofplastic waste becomes marine debris. Of this amount,
56.9% are plastic bags. The composition of plastic that
becomes marine waste is different than the overall plastic
composition, due to differences in recyclability and otherend-of-life treatments.
To manage plastic pollution, developing a city action planrequires identifying appropriate policy intervention priorities,
specific action plans, and investment strategies. Not only
do physical processes such as waste collection need funding
and planning, but should also include capacity building andtraining for local officials. As part of Closing the Loop, aneLearning course (https://www.unescap.org/projects/ctl/elearning)has been developed to help build this capacity.

10Activities

Plastic Reduction Actions in Vietnam:
Insightful Learnings in Da Nang City
Diep N. Tran | Program Officer, Centre for Supporting Green Development | diep.tran@greenhub.org.vn
Trang T.T. Nguyen | Co-Founder and Vice Director, Centre for Supporting Green Development | trang.nguyen@greenhub.org.vn

Da Nang is the largest coastal city and the leading industrial
center in central Vietnam. It lies at one end of the East-West
Economic Corridor connecting Vietnam with Laos, Thailand,and Myanmar. According to the Vietnam Government Statistical
Office, its urban population is 995,000 of its 1.1 million persons
in 2019, making it the city with the highest proportion of theurban population in Vietnam. From 2014 to 2019, Da Nang's
total municipal solid waste (MSW) generation climbed fromaround 770 tons per day to 1100-1150 tons per day.1 In otherwords, it has increased by 30% in five years while its population
increased by only 10%.2 Plastic waste now accounts for 18% of
the total MSW. The majority of plastic waste is sourced fromresidential areas, of which single-use plastic bags are the most

▲ Da Nang, Vietnam

common type (accounting for 48%), followed by plastic films(18%) and plastic bottles (7.5%).3

By 20302030 toto prevent
prevent and reduce ocean plastic
In December 2019, the Government of Vietnam set a clear vision: “Byfrom waste sources
sources onon landland andand activities
activities at
at sea,sea, toto eliminate
eliminate thethe useuse ofof single-use
single-use plastic
plastic products
products andwaste fromtourist attractions, accommodations andplastic bags from resorts, tourist
and otherother tourist
tourist service
service businesses
businesses along theensurewaste
in marine
protected areas .”4 In 2021, the Da Nang People’s Committee also issued
coast to ensureno plastic
no plastic
waste
in marinean Action Plan to manage marine plastic litter by 2025, with a vision towards 2030.5 However, the city still faces
significant challenges to achieve that vision, such as insufficient stakeholder coordination; unsustainable interventions;a shortage of human resources in its Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, inadequate
supervision; national strategies inconsistent with local guidelines; and limited capacity for waste treatment.
To address these challenges, the Centre for Supporting Green Development (GreenHub), a Vietnamese environmental
NGO is facilitating a locally-led, locally-owned systems approach to engage Da Nang stakeholders at a local levelin a highly structured collaborative effort. The following five actions through its “Local Solutions for Plastic Pollution”(LSPP) project are in progress to help advance and scale up efforts of stakeholder engagement for plastic waste
reduction.

1

Da Nang URENCO (2019). In-person interview.

2

Vietnam Government Statistical Office (2020). Da Nang city statistical yearbook 2020.

3

UNESCAP (2021). Closing The Loop On Plastic Pollution In Da Nang City, Viet Nam. Summary of Baseline Report.

4

Decision No. 1746/QD-TTg - the National Action Plan for Management of Marine Plastic Litter by 2030 dated December 4, 2019 by Prime
Minister of Vietnam.

5

Plan 122/KH-UBND. Action Plan to Manage Marine Plastic Litter in Da Nang City by 2025, With A Vision Towards 2030 dated June 24,
2021 by People’s Committee Danang City.

11

Activities

Starting With People: Building Capacity For Change
Greater collaboration, exchanges, and partnerships with the local government, business sector, informal economy
micro-enterprises, and Da Nang’s civil society are needed. Health impacts related to plastic pollution may also
require wider networking. For that purpose, LSPP engaged LINC, a US-based organization with expertise andthought leadership in systems thinking and locally-led development, to design and deliver a five-week remotetraining course on “Systems Thinking and Locally-Led Development.” Through this training, local development
practitioners build capacity that enables them to directly apply systems thinking methods and tools to their work.
Furthermore, the training also helps to enhance capacity for program design, make local leadership more effective,
improve cooperation, and increase the sustainability of results.

Designing A Science Approach For Evidence-Based Interventions
To lay the foundation for greater understanding and coordination and to accelerate the progress towards consistent
strategies, GreenHub led a baseline analysis of citizens working on plastic issues in Da Nang. The analysis included
desk-top research and key informant inputs on objectives, options to explore city-based information, as well as
documenting plastic waste and environmental issues. GreenHub also applied specific field approaches such as Focus
Group Discussions, KAP (Knowledge-Attitude-Practice) and KSP (Knowledge-Stake-Power) Interviews, and ThematicGroup Discussions. These methods led to community and network mapping, and identifying key organizational andindividual informants for urban project planning
To introduce stakeholders to network analysis and systems
mapping, GreenHub held a workshop that generated an initiallist of city-wide stakeholder organizations. The workshop also
included interviews with representatives of 42 organizations that
included government, development partners, private sector,
academic, and NGO actors. Upon conducting the interviews,
interviewees subsequently: (1) determined potential roles that
their respective organizations can play in relation to the LSPP
project; (2) rated and evaluated their level of capacity including
financial and human resources; and (3) identified key successfactors and barriers to achieving outcomes consistent withnational and municipal visions.

▲ A workshop to introduce stakeholders to network analysis
and systems mapping

Specific stakeholder issues, challenges, and roles at the level of organizations and individuals were analyzed. The stakeholder
mapping modality was adapted from the Source-to-Sea Framework for Marine Litter Prevention of the StockholmInternational Water Institute.6 Results showed that the main roles of stakeholders could be defined as either primary,enabling, or supporting, according to their degree of capacity and engagement needs:

6

Mathews, R. E., Tengberg, A., Sj din, J., & Liss-Lymer, B. (2019). Implementing the source-to-sea approach: A guide for practitioners.
Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), Stockholm.

12Activities

Primary stakeholders were identified as individuals, groups, or companies that directly benefit from intervention
strategies or those that exacerbate plastic pollution. In Da Nang, the primary stakeholders of the project wereresidents of Hai Chau districts and Cam Le districts and plastic circular economy start-ups.

Enabling stakeholders were institutions that provide the necessary conditions for the success of the project and thosethat are deeply engaged in behavioral changes, local knowledge access and the project’s sustainability over time. For
instance, local governments in Da Nang such as Da Nang Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Da
Nang Environmental Protection Agency are strong enablers in the management of plastic waste. Local massorganizations such as Women's Union, Youth Union, Fatherland Front Committee currently play key roles as well. The
private sector is also emerging as an important enabler through its business chains and companies, e.g. Da Nang
Urban Environment Limited Company (Da Nang URENCO), and EverGreen Labs. There is now increasing interest andactivity of business enterprises in Da Nang to work with government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on
plastic waste issues.

Supporting stakeholders were those with strategies and interventions aligned with plastic waste prevention andthose who bridge networks and stakeholders working on joint actions. At least 12 large projects are currently active
in solid waste and plastic waste management in Da Nang under the support of international organizations, andNGOs/CSOs. In addition, universities and institutions have conducted several awareness-raising activities in plastic
waste reduction and sustainable consumption, and have taken initial steps to study the harmful effects of
microplastics and plastic pollution on human health in Vietnam as well. All of these are key inputs that definecollaborative intervention strategies and also develop collective action.

▲ Specific stakeholder issues, challenges and roles at the level oforganizations and individuals were analysed

13

Activities

Developing “Buy-In” Through A Joint Action Plan To Coordinate Commitment
Stakeholder analysis showed a lack of effective coordination, data generation, integration, and exchanges between
organizations. Current coordination efforts tend to involve a core group of government, NGOs and mass organizations,
without significant engagement from the private sector. The private sector has not yet found it attractive to invest in
plastic waste value chains due to the lack of standards, uniformity in waste treatment, technological constraints,
especially in recycling and monitoring.
Tailored action planning for plastic waste management for district localities is a priority. A set of realistic targets were
established to provide some certainty for decision-makers and implementers to ensure effective action. At the sametime, long-term regulatory governance and financial frameworks were put in place to establish confidence as well as
to induce practical commitments. This Joint Action Plan envisions a range of government agencies on all levels, NGOs,
and private sector stakeholders joining their efforts for the next five years by avoiding duplication and bridging gaps inplastic waste reduction across the city’s districts. This development is a clear sign of the government’s intention to seek
direct partnership with other organizations at the local level. The Joint Action Plan is not only mission-orientated but
also requires local authorities to immediately deliver the targets for 2021 and 2022. Such political support at all levels is
an important motivation for an effective performance of plastic waste management at the local level. The approach
can be considered as an “innovative top-down” plan with more engaging participation among stakeholders andmobilization of further resources for plastic waste management apart from state funds.

Growing A Shared Digital Platform
The Da Nang government's determination to transform the city into a model “Environmental City” and “Smart City” isenabling drivers for plastic waste reduction. Therefore, conditions for digitizing the development of plastic waste
management information, and mapping of plastic waste flows and pollution are favorable. Several organizations andNGOs in Da Nang are already providing meaningful support through many projects, but there are still limitations in
information-sharing mechanisms among investors and projects to maximize their human and financial resources. The
coordination between local authorities and specialized agencies needs future development, including applying
information technology as shared databases, cloud, and mobile computing, innovative monitoring, and reducing
overlaps and gaps. A shared digital platform plays an increasingly important role when it comes to wider and deeper
integration of solutions. In this regard, Da Nang can deliver its potential as it ranked first for application and developmentof information technology in Vietnam for the 12th consecutive year.

Piloting Business Cases As “Proof Of Concept”
Practical models of plastic waste reduction have been demonstrated in several places in Vietnam. An increasing
number of projects have started to illustrate the valid business case of a circular economy along the plastic value chain.
However, to build local capacity and to showcase the business case to investors and decision-makers in Da Nang, pilots
or demonstration models are needed. These types of models will help raise awareness and the confidence in solutions
and technical know-how. These models can also promote learning from a local level to a national level and help establish
the right regulatory and operational environment needed for scaling up local solutions that enhance the consensus
and support among citizens. The project led by GreenHub with partners in Da Nang will therefore also pilot businesssolutions as a proof-of-concept for new strategies in plastic waste management.
The LSPP project is funded by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), implemented by GreenHub, Instituteof Strategy, Policy on Natural Resources and Environment (ISPONRE), Vietnam One Health University Network (VOHUN), andGimasys Co., Ltd. Find out more about our project on https://greenhub.org.vn/

14Activities

Australian Marine Debris
Initiative Database
Now Used by Regional Report Cards
Eleanor Pratt | Database Project Officer, Tangaroa Blue Foundation | eleanor@tangaroablue.org

The Australian Marine Debris Initiative (AMDI) Database
The AMDI Database is an online platform supported by Tangaroa Blue Foundationthat allows volunteers and organisations to submit and view data from beachand urban clean ups around Australia. Since 2004, over 19 million pieces of data
have been inputted into the AMDI Database which includes community
clean-ups and ReefClean monitoring events held throughout the Great Barrier
Reef World Heritage Area.
ReefClean launched in 2019 and is a five-year project funded by the AustralianGovernment’s Reef Trust. Among other services, this project has been designed
to collect scientifically rigorous marine debris survey data to be inputted into the
AMDI Database. Paired with community clean-ups, this data gives us a better
understanding of the primary sources of marine debris in each region. This canbe used to develop litter source reduction plans and influence management
practice changes around the country.

15

Activities

Regional Report Cards
Data from the AMDI Database is now being used by the Great

Across the Dry Tropics and MWI regions, most sites were

Barrier Reef Regional Report Card Network in their annual

graded from moderate to very good. However, key sites, forwaterway health Report Cards. Each Partnership in theexample Pioneer Bay in Airlie Beach, was graded as being in

Network is a consortium of regionally-specific organisations,poor condition, indicating that marine debris was putting

communities, natural resource management groups andhigh pressure on the local environment in 2019-20. This site isindustries, and government representatives.

a popular tourist destination and indicates a need for focusedsource reduction strategies and improved litter management.

The Report Cards grade different waterway health indicators,
such as coral cover and water quality, from A (very good) to E

The inclusion of AMDI data in the Regional Report Cards has(very poor), according to their current condition relative to ahighlighted areas of particular concern in each region andbaseline for that specific site.

represents an exciting new opportunity for engagement withlocal communities, governments, industries and businesses.

Grades for the total amount of litter collected from five sites inthe Dry Tropics region and 45 sites in the Mackay-WhitsundayIsaac (MWI) region were reported in the 2019-20 Report
Cards, released in mid-2021. Each site was graded based on
the level of pressure that marine debris was putting on theenvironment at that site as compared to the baseline. The
baseline was derived from data collected between 2014 and2018, representing the period before the Queensland
Government introduced restrictions on single-use plasticbags and the “Containers for Change” recycling scheme.

▲ Click here to view the marine debris results for
the Mackay-Whitsunday-Isaac Healthy Rivers to Reef Report Card(https://healthyriverstoreef.org.au/our-region/marine-debris/) andthe Dry Tropics for Healthy Waterways Report Card(https://drytropicshealthywaters.org/2019-2020-report-card/).

16

Activities

Combating Derelict Ghost Nets in
Penghu, Taiwan
Wen-Hong Liu | Professor and Director, IMABM, NKUST1 | andersonliu@nkust.edu.tw

Ying-Yi Kao | Project Manager, IMABM, NKUST1 | kaoyingyi@nkust.edu.tw

Kuo-Huan Ting | Assistant Professor, IMABM, NKUST1 | dgh0809@nkust.edu.tw

Wai-lam Wong | Project Assistant, IMABM, NKUST1 | wap4b025@nkust.edu.tw
Ning Yen | CEO, IndigoWaters Institute | ning@indigowaters.org

Located in the Taiwan strait, Penghu Islands are composed of
90 islands with an area of 127 km2. With a diverse seafloor
geography and abundant nutrients, Penghu is famous for its

1000meters

productive fishery resource and rich biodiversity. Among the

140

100,000 population in Penghu, over one-fifth of the inhabitants

120

are involved in fishing-related industries. Since gillnet fishery100

is characteristically low in cost and highly efficient, it has

Meters of ghost nets removed80

become the main fishing method for 404 vessels in Penghu.
However, the massive usage of gillnets cause bycatch of60

marine animals and continue to catch fish while being lost or

40

abandoned at sea. Consequently, the lost gillnets impact the20

health of habitats and fishery resources.

0
2018

2019

2020

2021

In the past three years, 320,000 meters of ghost nets havebeen removed in Penghu waters. Starting in 2018, the▲ Fig 1. In the past three years,
320,000 meters of ghost nets have been removed in the waters of Penghu

Penghu government initiated the “Twelve Arrows” policy
which aims to remove 240,000 meters of abandoned ghost
nests at sea. In cooperation with the Institute of Marine
Affairs and Business Management of National KaohsiungAs part of the removal project under the Twelve Arrows policy,

University of Science and Technology (NKUST), the government

NKUST also surveys the health index of coral reefs and records

of Penghu was able to reach its goal earlier than expected.

the quantity, net type, and location of removal into the

From 2018 to 2019, 161,100 meters of ghost nets weighing

geographic information system (GIS) to better understand the56,385 kg were removed, followed by the removal of 82,467

effect of removal work. Although the Penghu City government

meters of nets weighing 15,842 kg in 2020, and 125,000

started the removal work of ghost nets back in 1999, themeters weighing over 30,000kg in 2021.

government didn’t build a clear mechanism and also didn’t
understand the tangible benefits. With the scientific data, they
can now locate the hotspots, and compare the biota before
and after the removal. According to the analysis, the top three
types, occupying nearly 60% of the ghost nets, are multilayer
bottom gillnets (20.2%), big mesh drifts gillnets (20.1%), andsingle-layer bottom gillnets (18.5%). This information can beused as education and outreach materials to teach fishermen
and residents the consequence of abandoning fishing nets atsea.

1

Institute of Marine Affairs and Business Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology

17Activities

Unlike recreational diving, the removal of ghost nets faces
lots of risks and challenges. Even in seemingly clear areas,
the underwater visibility will suddenly become muddy
when the attachments and sand disperse from the net.
Sometimes ghost nets impede divers by entangling theirbodies or equipment and occasionally rusty metalcomponents even tear the suits of divers. Such
unpredictable conditions often make divers consume
more oxygen. Due to these factors, divers removing
ghost nets must be not only highly professional andexperienced, but also familiar with the area.
To expand the diving team and to ensure the safety of To
expand the diving team and to ensure the safety of divers
when removing ghost nets, NKUST compiled a “Guidebook
for Removing Underwater Ghost Nets in the Waters ofPenghu”. Moreover, the past two years, 28 volunteers wererecruited to complete a training exercise. In the guidebook,questions on professional skills such as planning underwater
surveys, identifying gear and habitat type, methods ofprotecting the underwater environment, and a questionon whether or not a diver has experience cooperating withother divers are listed for divers to answer. Therefore, bysystematically recording the knowledge and experience ofall participating divers, NKUST was able to outline fundamental
requirements for divers, create a risk management
scheme, and build training plans for future volunteers.
▲ Fig 2. Location of ghost nets removal in 2018-2020▲ Fig 3 Training for diving volunteers in Penghu

18

Activities

In addition, NKUST continues to assist the government of Penghu to further build on the reporting mechanism of lost gears
and ghost nets. To account for lost gears by fishermen at sea, incidents of propeller entanglements, and ghost nets detectedby divers, three hotlines are available for people to report. Once reported, information on the coordinates, approximate
depth, and the contact information of the reporter get recorded and the government will arrange a cleanup as soon as
possible.
Aside from ghost net removal work, NKUST also conducts marine environment education outreach programs. These
programs include talks, videos, picture books for kids, and a play called “Ghost Net Mission” to help children understand theimportance of the marine environment.

▲ Fig 4 NKUST and the theater team who performed “Ghost Net Mission”

The project of ghost net removal in Penghu includes the principles of prevention, mitigation, and finding solutions in accordancewith other countries and organizations who have been actively involved in tackling the issues of derelict fishing gears.
Prevention means to avoid derelict fishing gears entering the ocean; mitigation means to decrease the impact of derelict
fishing gears on the marine environment, and finding solutions mean to ultimately remove derelict fishing gear. Penghu has
been a great case that illustrates the importance of collecting ghost net removal data, creating a reporting mechanism forghost nets, merging public-private cooperation for ghost net removal, and providing outreach and education for fishermen
and children. Furthermore, the local government has also begun to introduce a gillnet marking system and buyback
measures for derelict fishing gear.
The practice in Penghu can be taken as an example for other Asian countries that also face a similar problem. We lookforward to contributing our experience in Penghu with other stakeholders, organizations such as GGGI, or policymakers ininternational meetings or working groups in the future. We believe that Taiwan can help create better management ofderelict fishing gear in the region and in neighboring regions as well.

19

Activities

Environmental Exhibit,
Illustrating the Future of Oceans,
Attracts 1,500 Visitors from Busan
Yoonie Jang (Author) | Researcher, OSEAN | yoonie.jang@osean.net
Yuri Lee (Translator) | Researcher, OSEAN | yurilee@osean.net

Photo: Kim Hoon, Hyun Jin

KT&G, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation

A total of ten artists: Kim Young-Min; Kim Jung-Ah; Kim(KOEM), and Our Sea of East Asia Network (OSEAN) held an

Ji-Hwan; Moon Hye-Jung; Seo Yong-Seon; Lee Kyung-Hee;environmental exhibit at KT&G Busan SangsangMadang for

Lee Doo-Seop; Jung Jae-Cheol; Jung Chae-Hee; Jung

16 days from September 3 to 18 as part of KT&G’s marine

Ha-Eung; and Team Booster, a marine exploration group,

ecosystem protection project. Ten renowned Korean artists

participated in the exhibit. The works displayed in the exhibit

participated and exhibited various works such as paintings,

consisted of individual and group works that visualized

sculptures, videos, and installation art under the theme ofmarine debris in artistic ways as well as photos and videos ofmarine pollution, marine debris and the creatures impacted

underwater debris purification activities and entangled

by such pollution. Approximately 1,500 visitors, mainly frommarine life taken by Team Booster. Artwork displayed in the

Busan, came to this exhibit.

exhibit were made from marine debris collected from thecoasts of Tongyeong and Busan and artistically incorporated

The exhibit was designed to examine the current state ofin the artwork by the artists.

marine pollution and to visualize a future where humans andoceans can coexist. By bringing art and marine debrisMore than 80 paintings, sculptures, videos, installation art,

together, it provided an informative opportunity for Busanand photographic works were exhibited on the 4th and 5th

residents to learn of the seriousness of marine environmental

floors of KT&G Busan Sangsangmadang. The work displayed

problems.

at the entrance of the exhibition hall called Dinner illustrated
plastic marine debris in the stomach of a mackerel on adinner table and as visitors further made their way inside theexhibition hall, a familiar painting depicting ten longevity
symbols greeted the visitors. While the well-known “TenLongevity Symbols” painting usually depicts animals andplants that live forever on a folding screen, the one exhibited
at Sangsangmadang looked different upon taking a closer
look. In place of animals and plants known for their longevity,
plastic garbage decorated the painting and it was titled The
New “Ten Longevity Symbols” Painting of Our Generation.
On the 5th floor, the cries of a sad whale filled the exhibition
hall. The message it seemed to be sending was clear. Also, to
add an element of unexpected surprise, there was a motion
detector that surprised visitors with trash before they
approached a painting of a sea to remind the visitors of our▲ Opening ceremony held on September 3rdat KT&G Busan Sangsangmadang

polluted waters.

20

Activities▲ Dinner(Kim Jeong-Ah / 63×63×16cm / Casted in Korean paper, watercolor, marine litter / 2007)▲ Empty seatⅡ(Kim Jeong-Ah / Variable installation / Acrylic, sea trash / 2017)▲ A panoramic view of the exhibition hall for Illustrating the Future of Oceans.
The artwork in the middle is Jeong Ha-Eung's “S.O.S.”(270x270x15cm / Driftwood collected in the ocean, trash, speakers, amplifiers, sound (whale sound) / 2021)

21

Activities▲ Breath Ⅱ / Port Ⅱ / MidsummerⅠ(Jung Jae-Chul / 3min 46sec, 3min 1sec, 6min 10sec / Short channel video, color, sound / 2018)

Photographs displayed during the exhibit were provided by Team Booster, amarine exploration group that dives to observe, record, and to share thecurrent state of the underwater environment. Displayed photos were of theunderwater purification activities conducted during the KT&G Marine Environment
Conservation Project. A variety of beautiful yet sad underwater images, including
pictures of coral reefs and fish and marine life suffering from marine litter suchas nets were also part of the exhibit. Team Booster, along with OSEAN, has been
engaging in various activities, such as publishing a second photographic
casebook documenting the impacts of marine litter on wildlife, and has also
been observing changes in the underwater environment to record them forscientific use and knowledge exchange.

▲ Anthropocene Existence(Collaboration by Seo Yong-Seon, Lee Kyung-Hee, and Jung Chae-Hee /Styrofoam, wood, materials collected from Jangmok Beach / 2021)▲ Your Amazing Abilities(Kim Young-Min / Variable Installation / Composite Materials / 2021)

22

Activities▲ The Marine Environment Conservation Project was carried out off
the coast of Tongyeong in August.

▲ Exhibited photograph of marine life being endangered by marine litter(Kwak Tae-Jin, I'm Watching Everything, 2021)

In addition to the exhibition of artworks, an opportunity to learn about marine litter and to experience beachcombing art wasalso provided. These experimental educational opportunities were led by instructors specializing in marine litter from Dream
Ocean Network, a non-profit organization, to enhance children's interest and their understanding of marine litter by using
various teaching tools such as puzzles and mazes. Beachcombing art was guided by professional instructors from Jaejudojoa
who work in Jeju Island by using discarded glass found along the beach. Instructors from Jaejudojoa melted glass and turned
them into materials that look like jewels which visitors then used to make different artistic pieces including brooches. Throughthese creative activities, children were able to learn about marine litter and upcycling.

The exhibit was also aimed at promoting the upcoming 7th International Marine
Debris Conference (IMDC). As the world's largest international conference on marine
litter, IMDCs have only been held in the United States so far, but the 7th conference
will be hosted in Korea by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries for the first timeoutside the United States. The 7th IMDC is expected to draw considerable international
attention and will be held in Busan in September of next year.
Through this exhibit, both visitors and artists underscored the importance of recognizing
the seriousness of marine litter. Kim Jung-Ah, the artistic director of OSEAN and aparticipating artist of the exhibit, said that the exhibition was special because she
could see the works of various artists and their artistic languages. She also addedthat fellow participating artists also wanted to show their deep gratitude for having achance to seriously think about the marine environment. Furthermore, OSEAN's
Director Hong Sunwook reminded everyone of the seriousness of marine litter andthat discussions on creating a new international instrument on marine litter is underway
at the United Nations. She further stated that she hopes the exhibit will serve as anopportunity for Busan residents to pay close attention to the issues regarding marine
litter and to the 7th IMDC. Lastly, a college student who came to see this exhibit fromIncheon said that he hopes to see more exhibits showcasing the seriousness ofmarine pollution through artistic works made of marine litter and said that he wasglad that he was able to come see the exhibit.

▲ "Make a face brooch with sea glass."
Experimental activities

23

Research

What’s at the Bottom of the Ocean?
Assessing Macro-Litter on Taiwan’s Seafloor
Jing Tang | Master’s student, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University | r08241205@ntu.edu.tw

The invisible crisis: neglected marine litter below the surface
Compared to floating debris and beach litter, seafloor debris has received
little attention due to the big challenges faced during seafloor surveys andalso due to its distance from shores, making it not readily observable.
Nevertheless, it has been suggested that 99.8% of plastic debris havesunken under the sea and have eventually reached the seabed after
vertical transportation, but there have only been 14.7% of all marine debris
studies focusing on seafloor debris. Moreover, efforts in studying seafloor
debris have been uneven in different areas. Most of these seafloor debris
studies have been conducted in the Mediterranean Sea, eastern Pacific
Ocean, and the western Atlantic Ocean. The amount, spatial patterns, andtypes of seafloor debris off Taiwan still remains unclear.
Thus, this study aims to (1) establish a standard monitoring procedure forseafloor debris collected from trawls in Taiwan, and (2) investigate possible
transport mechanisms to provide a baseline assessment for the Taiwanese
government.

▲ Fig. 1: The French beam trawl in New Ocean Researcher 1

Methods
Between 2019 to 2021, samples were collected from 32 to 3597 m by
French beam trawls with 12 mm mesh size and otter trawls with 20 mm
mesh size using National Taiwan University's R/V Ocean Researcher 1,
National Taiwan University's R/V New Ocean Researcher 1, and the Fisheries
Research Institute’s R/V Fishery Researcher 2 (Fig. 1). Forty-four trawls
were conducted in four geological characteristics (basin, ridge, shelf,
slope) and four regions (NE, NW, SE, SW) around Taiwan to examine if theseafloor heterogeneity and human activities in different regions had
impacts on the distribution of debris.
After the trawls arrived on the deck, the first step was to separate thedebris from creatures and mud. Second, phots were taken to help
researchers reconstruct the true conditions of each tow because thesamples were frozen until further analysis. Dry weights and numbers of thesamples were both documented to allow researchers to make a fullcomparison with other studies (Fig. 2).
As for classifications of the debris, we followed the handbook NOAA
published in 2013. There were seven components, including plastics,
metal, glass, rubber, processed lumber, cloths or fabrics, and others.
Forty-three detailed categories were used to identify the debris. For
practical needs, we add two additional categories: coal (e.g. clinker) andorganism (e.g. soybeans). All data were transformed to weight andnumbers per square kilometer.

24▲ Fig. 2: After removing the dirt,
every debris item was arranged and counted.

Research

All is not lost: visible assessment can help
The results indicate that 5,283 debris items and 1,167 kilograms per square kilometer on average were collected during the trawls.
Furthermore, plastics were collected in 84% of the trawls and accounted for 95% of debris items. Plastic fragments and plastic ropes werethe most popular items in the tows, and these two categories were also often found in over 50% of the trawls (Fig. 3). Moreover, plastic
ropes, plastic fragments, and plastic bags were found noticeably more than other items (Fig. 4).
Our study found that southwestern Taiwan tends to accumulate more sea-based debris, such as fishing lines, oil drums, and fabric gloves
used for fisheries. In this region, about half of the trawls found sea-based litter, which is significantly higher than in those of otherregions. Such results might be due to the shipping and fishing industries near Kaohsiung port, the largest international port in Taiwan(Fig. 5).
The debris in the continental shelf was slightly lighter and less than other habitats. Unlike the debris density in coastal areas around the
China Sea, the total density of debris and plastic density in Taiwan was higher, but lower than those in the deep-sea basin beneath the
Kuroshio Extension off of Japan.1 Furthermore, compared to the data from other studies in Taiwan, we found that the amount of seafloor
debris in Taiwan is as high as beach debris and sea debris along the coast even though the methods were different. These results shedlight on the importance of the litter transport mechanism and the need for further study.

Cloth or fabric

Coal

Glass

Metal

Organism

OthersPlastic

Processed Lumber

Rubber

100000

Plastic fragments, plastic rope are themost popular items.

20

Plastic rope, plastic fragments, and plasticbags were much more than other items.

numbers/km2

Frequency (total 44 tows)

Materials

1000

10
10

▲ Fig. 3: Plastic fragments were found in 26 tows; plastic ropes were found in 25 tows.

Nakajima et al., 2021

25

NA

Caps

Cigarettes

Lighters

Peanut hulls

Personal care products

Coal tar pitch

Porcelain fragments

Jars

Cherry tomatoes

Brick

Battery

Onionskin

Brass wire

Clinker ash

Other fabric items

Plastic utensils

Buoys and floats

Rubber fragments

LumberIron wire

Packing straps

Oil drums

Beverage bottles

Other rubber items

Wire rope

Towels and rags

Plastic gunny bags

Fabric gloves

Beverage cartons

Clothing and shoes

Other plastic itesms

Cups

Tapes

Glass fragments

Paper and cardboard

Glass beverage bottles

Cable ties

Non-nylon rope

Other metal items

Cans

Food wrappers

Metal fragments

Fishing lures and line

Bags

Soybeans

Fabric pieces

Balloons

Detailed categories▲ Fig. 4: Each color represented one material. Plastic items are in yellow.

▲ Fig. 5: Different colors represented different geological features.
The bigger the circle, the higher the density of seafloor debris.
The ratio of the black in each circle represented the ratio of the sea-based debris.

1

Coating material fragments

Detailed categories

Plastic fragments

Plastic rope and small net pieces

NA

Towels and rags

Peanut hulls

Porcelain fragments

Other fabric items

Personal care products

Jars

LumberLighters

OnionskinFabric gloves

Coal tar pitch

Clothing and shoes

Caps

Cigarettes

Clinker ash

BrickBuoys and floats

Cherry tomatoes

Battery

Balloons

Brass wire

Soybeans

Packing straps

Plastic utensils

Rubber fragments

Iron wire

Oil drums

Other rubber items

Cable ties

Metal fragments

Beverage bottles

Paper and cardboard

Cups

Wire rope

Beverage cartons

Plastic gunny bags

Cans

Non-nylon rope

Other metal items

Other plastic itesms

Tapes

Fabric pieces

Glass fragments

Bags

Fishing lures and line

Food wrappers

Glass beverage bottles

Coating material fragments

Plastic fragments

Plastic rope and small net pieces0

Two-minute video:
Investigating seafloor
marine litter in Taiwan

ISSN 2287-8971© Asia Pacific Civil Forum on Marine Litter (APML)
The newsletter is biannually published by APML.

Asia Pacific CIvil Forum on Marine LitterJapan Environmental Action Network (JEAN)Our Sea of East Asia Network (OSEAN)

202, Mansion SOPHIA,

101-210, Daim Sol County, 23-57 Jukrimsamro, Gwangdo,

3-4-12, Minami-Cho, Kokubunji-Shi, Tokyo, Japan

Tongyeong, Gyeongnam, South Korea

http://www.jean.jp

Cleanup@jean.jp

http://www.osean.net

osean@osean.net+81-42-322-0712+81-42-324-8252

82-55-649-5224+82-303-0001-4478

Taiwan Ocean Cleanup Alliance (TOCA)

Shanghai Rendu Ocean NPO Development Center

97057, No.87, Fuyang Rd., Hualien City, Hualien County,

Room 222, Building C, No.633, Eshan Rd, Shanghai, China,

TaiwanZip Code 200127

http:// www.icctaiwan.org.tw+886-3-857-8148

http://www.jintan.org

kuroshio@seed.net.tw

ICC Philippines

Kewkradong Bangladesh

Units 8 & 9, CCP Bay Terminal, CCP Complex, Roxas Blvd.,

C4 Arambag Eastern Housing, Mirpur-7, Dhaka 1216,

Pasay City, Philippines,

Bangladesh

http://sites.google.com/site/iccphilippines/home

Muntasir@gmail.com

B+88 01911 310 275

coastalcleanupphilippines@blogspot.com+63917 372 87.02

Tangaroa Blue Foundation
PO Box 757, Port Douglas, QLD 4877, Australia
www.tangaroablue.org

liuyonglun@163.com+86-21-61762119+886-3-857-8948

info@tangaroablue.org+61.410166684

iccphilippines@gmail.com

Ocean Conservancy
1300 19th Street, NW, 8th Floor, Washington, DC 20036, USA
www.oceanconservancy.org

cleanup@oceanconservancy.org+1-202-429-5609

Greenhub

CECR

Planning and Investment Ministry Building, 10th floor,

R.501-502, E1 Building, Trung Tu Diplomatic Compound,office 1008, 8b Ton That Thuyet, Hanoi, Vietnam

No 6 Dang Van Ngu, Dong Da, Ha Noi,Vietnam.

www.greenhub.org.vn

info@greenhub.org.vn+84 4 629 26764

www.cecr.vn

cecr.vn@gmail.com+84 243 972 8063/64.

Indonesian Waste Platform
www.indonesianwaste.org

nina@indonesianwaste.org+62 813-5344-6507

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