Monumenta Nipponica Style Sheet

Eightieth Anniversary(1938–2018)

SOPHIA UNIVERSITY, TOKYO

Monumenta Nipponica Style Sheet
80th anniversary edition (September 2018)
Sophia University
7-1 Kioi-cho-, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102-8544
Tel: 81-3-3238-3543; Fax: 81-3-3238-3835
E-mail: monuedit@sophia.ac.jp
Website: http://dept.sophia.ac.jp/monumenta
Copyright 2018 by Sophia University, all rights reserved.
PRINTEd IN jAPAN

KOmIYAmA PRINTINg CO., TOKYOCONTENTS
1. GENERAL DIRECTIONS

1.1. Preparation of manuscripts
1.2. Copyright 1

1

2. OVERVIEW OF STYLISTIC CONVENTIONS

2.1. Italics/japanese Terms

2

2.2. macrons and Plurals
2.3. Romanization2

2.3.1. Word division

2.3.2. Use of hyphens

2

3

3

2.3.3. Romanization of Chinese and Korean names and terms

2.4. Names

4

2.5. Characters (Kanji/Kana)

44

2.6. Translation and Transcription of japanese Terms and Phrases

2.7. dates

5

2.8. Spelling, Punctuation, and Capitalization of Western Terms
2.9. Parts of a Book
2.10. Numbers

7

6

7

2.11. Transcription of Poetry

7

3. TREATMENT OF NAMES AND TERMS
3.1. Personal Names

8

3.1.1. Kami, Buddhist deities, etc.
3.1.2. “go” emperors
3.1.3. Honoriﬁcs

8

8

8

3.2. Companies, Publishers, Associations, Schools, museums
3.3. Archives and Published Collections

9

3.4. Prefectures, Provinces, Villages, Streets
3.5. Topographical Names

10

3.6. Religious Institutions and Palaces

11

10

5

8

3.7. Titles

11

3.7.1. Emperors, etc.

12

3.7.2. Retired emperors

1212

3.7.3. Titles using “-in”

13

3.7.4. Titles used as honoriﬁcs

13

3.7.5. Titles and epithets used as personal name13

3.7.6. Ranks

3.7.7. Religious titles

13

3.8. governmental divisions

14

3.8.1. Handling of bakufu, han, court, domain

14

3.8.2. Title of ofﬁcial doubling as name of ofﬁce

3.9. Periods

3.10. Events

14

15

3.11. Wars and Social movements

15

3.12. Religious groups and Followers

15

3.14. Cultural Schools and movements

16

3.13. Religious Terms

16

3.15. Edicts and Laws

17

3.16. Newspapers and journals

1417

3.17. Titles of Prose Works, Plays, manga, Anime 17
3.18. Titles of Poems

18

3.19. Titles of Paintings, Statues, Other Works of Art 19

3.20. Electronic databases

19

4. FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCE LIST: OVERVIEW
4.1. Basic Structure and Principles

20

4.2. Frequently Cited journals and Compendia 21
4.3. Title Format: Italics and Capitalization

4.4. Titles and Foreign Terms within Titles
4.4.1. Titles within titles

22

22

22

4.4.2. Foreign terms within English-language titles

4.5. Punctuation

23

4.5.1. Location of characters

234.5.2. Em-dash, nakaguro, brackets

4.5.3. multiple references in one note

4.6. Page and Volume Numbers

25

24

24

23

4.6.1. Page numbers

25

25

4.6.2. Volume numbers

4.6.3. Citations incorporating dates or document numbers in addition to page numbers
4.6.4. Pagination for traditionally bound works (wasōbon)4.7. multiple Works by the Same Author

27

4.8. Single Works with multiple Authors

4.9. Authors with Same Family Name 28

27

4.10. Works in japanese by Non-japanese Authors
4.11. Editors, Compilers, Translators

4.11.1. Citation by name of editor, etc.

26

29

28

29

4.11.2. Citation by name of author; name of editor included

29

4.11.3. Citation by name of author; name of editor included together
with additional data

30

4.12. Citations to Works Included in Compendia 30
5. FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCE LIST: EXAMPLES AND VARIATIONS

5.1. Autonomous Published Work (Individual Volume or Included in Compendium)with Known Author, Editor, Compiler, Translator
33

5.1.1. modern work, individual volume

5.1.2. modern work, included in compendium

33

33

5.2. Autonomous Published Work by Unknown Author or Better Known by Title 34
34

5.2.1. Author unknown

5.2.2. Premodern work commonly known by title rather than compiler’s name35

5.2.3. modern collectively authored work

5.3. Chapter in Edited Volume 35

5.4. Explanatory material Included in Edited Volume or Compendium 36

5.5. Article Published in journal or magazine 36
5.5.1. journal article

37

37

5.5.2. Articles published in installments
5.5.3. magazine article

5.6. Newspaper Articles

38

38

5.6.1. Unsigned newspaper article (print)
5.6.2. Signed newspaper article (print)

38

38

5.6.3. Newspaper article published electronically

5.7. Published documents

39

5.8. Unpublished Archival Sources

39

39

34

26

5.8.1. Longer sources

5.8.2. Shorter sources

40

40

5.9. dNS, dNK Hennen, dNK Bakumatsu

42

5.10. Citations to Taishō shinshū daizōkyō
5.11. dissertations

42

43

5.12. Unpublished Conference Presentations
5.13. Translated Works

43

5.13.1. Work without identiﬁable author

5.13.2. Literary work with known author
5.13.3. Nonﬁction

5.14. Book Reviews

43

44

44

5.15. Reprinted material 44

5.16. Electronic Sources

45

5.16.1. journal and magazine articles

45

5.16.2. Other material accessed online 46

44

43

1

1. GENERAL DIRECTIONS
1.1. Preparation of Manuscripts

manuscripts for consideration should be submitted electronically in both Word and PdF formats. manuscripts should be typed double-spaced with the right-hand margin unjustiﬁed;
this applies also to indented quotations and notes. In particular, it will be helpful if the following are attended to from the outset: (1) Notes should be numbered consecutively andpreferably located at the bottom of the page as footnotes. (2) A reference list should appear
at the end of the article and should include all works cited in footnotes; works without atleast one footnote citation should not be listed. See sections 4 and 5 below for speciﬁcations
regarding footnotes and reference list entries. (3) Kanji/kana should be included for japaneseand other East Asian names and terms, following mN’s style guidelines explained below.
When submitting a translation, please supply a copy of the text on which it is based. If you
wish to incorporate photographic or other illustrative material, please provide electronic
copies of this material and a list of accompanying citations. Note that email messages,
including attachments, should not exceed 7 mB; for the submission of ﬁles exceeding thislimit, please contact our ofﬁce.
manuscripts under consideration for publication are sent out to be read anonymously.
Authors are requested not to include their names on the title page or in running headers or
footers and to refrain from identifying themselves in the text or footnotes. After a manuscript has been accepted for publication, any citations or acknowledgments thus omitted
may be restored.

mN follows The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition (referred to below as CmS), formost questions of style and format. This style sheet covers primarily issues related to thepresentation of japan-related subject matter in English and stylistic policies particular to thejournal.

1.2. CopyrightThe copyright to articles and reviews published in Monumenta Nipponica belongs to thejournal. mN readily grants permission for the reprinting of published articles in anthologies
or other collections or for their reproduction for classroom use. Requests for permission forsuch uses should be sent by email to the mN ofﬁce (mnofﬁce@sophia.ac.jp).

manuscripts submitted should not have been published previously or circulated widely electronically, or be under consideration for publication elsewhere. We ask authors whose manuscripts or reviews have been accepted for publication not to distribute them in printed orelectronic form without our permission.

September 2018

2

2. OVERVIEW OF STYLISTIC CONVENTIONSThis section covers many of the issues frequently encountered in presenting japan-related
subject matter in English. For further details concerning the treatment of names and terms,
particularly with respect to capitalization, italicization, and hyphenation, see section 3
below.

2.1. Italics/Japanese Terms

Italicize japanese terms (and other foreign-language terms) except for those that haveentered the English language as indicated by their inclusion in standard English-language
reference works. For this purpose, mN primarily follows the usage in Merriam-Webster
Unabridged (see https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com) and also in certain cases adopts theusage in the Oxford English Dictionary.
However, note the following spellings adopted by mN regardless of their appearance in theabove sources:
kabuki, not Kabuki
bunraku, not Bunraku
romaji, not Romajinoh, not No, Nō, or Noh2.2. Macrons and Plurals

Provide macrons for all but anglicized words (shogun, daimyo, etc.). Place-names follow thesame principle (Ryukyu, Kanto, Osaka); consult Merriam-Webster and other standard Englishlanguage reference works. Quotations from a Western-language work that deviates fromthese principles should preserve its usage.

For japanese names and terms, including anglicized terms, use the same form as both singular and plural.
the two daimyo; the third, sixth, and seventh Tokugawa shogun

2.3. Romanization

Use the modiﬁed Hepburn style found in Kenkyusha’s New Japanese-English Dictionary.
Use “n” rather than “m” before syllables beginning with “m,” “b,” and “p,” and an apostrophe after “n” when it is part of the preceding syllable and the following syllable begins with“yo,” “yu,” or a vowel. Unless there is a strong possibility of confusion regarding units ofmeaning or pronunciation, mN prefers not to use an apostrophe or hyphen to separate twovowels.
Tenmu, Kanmu, kanpaku, Tenpyō, shinbun
Man’yōshū, in’ei 陰影, inin 委任

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Ninnōe, Aizen myōō, goemon
But (to avoid confusion)
Yuima-e 維摩会, e-iri kyōgenbon 絵入狂言本, go’on 五陰, Ka’ichi 嘉一, Kichibe’e
吉兵衛

Passages incorporating traditional orthography (rekishiteki kanazukai) should be romanizedaccording to their modern pronunciation. The accompanying japanese text will make clear
the particularities of the orthography.
omou 思ふ

Extended “a,” “e,” and “i” sounds in foreign japanized words (gairaigo) are best indicatedby a macron.
sentā センター

2.3.1. Word division

In romanizing titles and longer phrases, divide them according to units of meaning, but also
avoid long chains of syllables that readers may stumble over.
ōkeshin 応化身, ōke busshin 応化仏身
otogizōshi 御伽草子, Tsukiyo sōshi 月夜草子
Mikan otogizōshishū to kenkyū 未刊御伽草子集と研究
Sharebon kusazōshi shū 洒落本草双紙集
Tsurezuregusa 徒然草
Shingaku hayazomegusa 心学早染草
Goshūi waka shū 後拾遺和歌集, Goshūishū 後拾遺集

A unit beginning with a normally unvoiced consonant that is voiced (dakuon) in this context(sōshi: zōshi, hon: bon, kyō: gyō) should usually be joined to the preceding element. If, however, as is often the case with Buddhist texts, a title ending in hon 品 (chapter) or kyō 経(sutra) comprises several units of meaning, it is best to leave that element standing alone,even if it is voiced. (See also 2.6. Translation and Transcription of japanese Terms andPhrases.)
Hokkekyō 法華経, Yuimagyō 維摩経
Yakuōbon 薬王品, Daibadattabon 提婆達多品
Myōhō renge kyō 妙法蓮華経, Dai hannya haramitta kyō 大般若波羅蜜多経
Bussetsu tennyo jōbutsu kyō 仏説転女成仏経
Bussetsu tennyoshin gyō 仏説転女身経

2.3.2. Use of hyphens

Use hyphens sparingly. mN uses them primarily to set off elements afﬁxed to proper nouns.
(See also 3.1.3. Honoriﬁcs; 3.4. Prefectures, Provinces, Villages, Streets; 3.14. Cultural
Schools and movements.)
Kenreimon-in
gosuzaku-in
Tokinaga-kyō
Tsuda Baikei-sensei

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4

Inoue-hakase
gotō-ke
Nagano-ken
Shirakaba-ha

modifying terms such as ka or teki preferably should be combined directly with the preceding word. If the preceding word already incorporates a modiﬁer of this sort, the second may
be joined to it by a hyphen.
kindaiteki, kindaika
kindaika-teki hassō

Short but independent words may be joined directly to the preceding term if the two form anatural unit. Otherwise they are best left to stand alone.
prefectural histories (kenshi)
Saitama-ken shi, Saitama-ken shi shiryōshū
Jōchi Daigaku shi, Jōchi Daigaku shi shiryōshū

In a proper name where a term such as ken is combined with a modiﬁer such as ritsu, it willusually work best to treat the resulting compound as a separate unit.
Tōkyō Toritsu Toshokan
Ibaraki Kenritsu Hakubutsukan

2.3.3. Romanization of Chinese and Korean names and terms

Chinese and Korean names and terms appearing in japanese texts should be transcribedaccording to the rules of romanization for those languages. For the romanization of Chinese
names and terms, use Pinyin unless quoting a Western-language work that uses Wade-giles.
For Korean names and terms, use the McCune-Reischauer system.

2.4. Names

In general, follow standard practice for japanese names, giving family name ﬁrst, when citing either a japanese or an English-language work. But when citing a work by a nonjapanese national with a japanese name or a japanese national active chieﬂy overseas (orpublishing primarily in English), follow the usage of the work in question. (See also 4.10.
Works in japanese by Non-japanese Authors.)

For Fujiwara, minamoto, etc. used as an uji name, include “no” (Fujiwara no Teika,
minamoto no Sanetomo), but leave it out in the case of a family name (Fujiwara Seika).
Follow usage in Daijinmei jiten or Kokushi daijiten.

2.5. Characters (Kanji/Kana)

For japanese, Chinese, and Korean names and terms, provide characters at the ﬁrst mentionof a person, place-name, literary work, era name (nengō) up to meiji, or romanized term,with the following exceptions: do not give characters for anglicized names or terms or for
prefectures, provinces, major cities, or well-known topographical names.
If a name or term ﬁrst appears in a footnote and only later is mentioned in the text, provide
characters at that point as well.

September 2018

5mN follows the policy of recent major japanese compendia of classical works and uses
modern, abbreviated kanji forms, regardless of how they may appear in the original work
cited (this also includes Chinese and Korean sources). For phrases or terms in kana, follow
the original orthography, but do not use hentaigana except for the standard ゐ and ゑ.

2.6. Translation and Transcription of Japanese Terms and Phrases

Characters for names, terms, and longer phrases should follow immediately after the romanized version without any intervening punctuation or parentheses. If the japanese original(romaji + kanji/kana) of a translated term or phrase is given in parentheses after the English
translation, observe the following placement of quotation marks: when the parenthetical element is equivalent to only part of the translated phrase, include it within the quotation marks
enclosing the phrase; when the entire original of the translated phrase is provided, put theparenthetical element outside the quotation marks enclosing the phrase. (See also 2.11.
Transcription of Poetry.)
She describes it as “the living rhythm that occurs naturally (onozukara aru
おのづから有)” between heaven and earth.
It is, declares makuzu, “rooted in their private parts” (injo o ne toshite
陰所を根として).

When contrasting different readings of a term, use the following abbreviations:
Ch. Chinese

jp. japanese

Kr. Korean

Sk. Sanskrit

The term cited should follow immediately after the abbreviation without any intervening
punctuation.
Hossō (Ch. Faxiang)

When incorporating kanji, put them after the ﬁrst reading.

Hossō 法相 (Ch. Faxiang)
xinyuefu 新楽府 (jp. shingafu), or “new ballads”
Wenxuan 文選 (jp. Monzen, Selections of Literature)
Tipodaduo pin 提婆達多品 (jp. Daibadattabon), the “devadatta” chapter of the Lotus
Sutra

If the term is given in parentheses, put kanji immediately after the ﬁrst reading and separate
the remaining elements by commas.
“poems of admonition and instruction” ( fengyushi 風諭詩, jp. fūyushi)
Sutra on Transforming Women’s Bodies (Foshuo zhuan nüshen jing 仏説転女身経, jp.
Bussetsu tennyoshin gyō)Vimalakı-rti nirdeśa (Ch. Weimo jing 維摩経, jp. Yuimagyō)

2.7. Dates

When spelling out pre-1873 (traditional calendar) dates, use ordinal numbers for the namesof months and days; lowercase the numbers and the words “month” and “day.”third month, second day; second day of the third monthﬁrst month 1809; ﬁrst month of 1809

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dates may also be given in more compact, numerical form. In that case, give in the order
year, month, and day, separated by periods. Indicate an intercalary month by an “i” before
the month.
1712.1.12
1712.i1.12

Nengō should be capitalized in both text and citations. If the month and day are also
included, for simplicity use a numeral for the year rather than spell it out.
second day of the third month of Tenmei 2 (1782)
Rather thansecond day of the third month of the second year of Tenmei (1782)

When combining nengō and the equivalent Western year, list the nengō year ﬁrst.
Kenchō 6 (1254).5.5

Include kanji for pre-meiji nengō when ﬁrst mentioned.
Kenchō 建長 6 (1254).5.5

If the date appears in a translated passage, the equivalent year in the Western calendar
should be given in square brackets rather than parentheses.
“Thus the two countries have exchanged missives (shin 信) since the eighth year of
Ōei [1401].”

When spelling out post-1873 (gregorian calendar) dates, list in the order day, month, andyear; do not use commas.
24 August 1942

give spans of dates in full.

Emperor gouda 後宇多 (1267–1324; r. 1274–1287; retired emperor, 1301–1308 and
1318–1321)

2.8. Spelling, Punctuation, and Capitalization of Western Terms

mN generally follows the spellings in Merriam-Webster. Where more than one spelling isgiven for a word, mN usually adopts the ﬁrst spelling listed.
acknowledgment, adviser, beneﬁted, councillor, judgment, toward, traveled, worshiped

Note that CmS generally advises against hyphens in words with “anti,” “pre,” “non,” etc.
Adjectives using “quasi-,” however, keep the hyphen (consult the hyphenation table in CmSfor further information).
premodern, antiwar, nonviable (but non-ego), quasi-public

Use serial commas (i.e., insert a comma before the “and” in a series of three or more elements).
the third, sixth, and seventh Tokugawa shogun

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7

Terms capitalized include the names of continents. Attention should be paid to the differing
usage of certain terms appearing as a noun or adjective.

Asia, Asian
Orient, Oriental (n.), oriental (adj.), orientalism, Occident (n.), occidental (adj.),
West, Westerner, Western, but westernization, western japan
japonismejapanology, sinology, japanese studies

2.9. Parts of a Book

Terms designating the parts of a book are put in roman type, left lowercase, and not
enclosed in quotation marks. Chapter numbers in text references are given in arabic numerals.
In chapter 2, the author writes . . .
The introduction discusses . . .
For details, see appendix B.
The volume’s subject index and bibliography are . . .

2.10. Numbers

Spell out numbers 1 to 100 except for dates, percentages, and instances where numbers are
mentioned several times within a few lines of text. Use the word “percent” rather than thepercent symbol (%). Also spell out round multiples of those numbers up to 10,000. Spell out
people’s ages and centuries. (See also 4.6.1. Page numbers.)
six thousand
He was thirty-nine years old.
the eighteenth century
25 percent

2.11. Transcription of Poetryjapanese text should be provided together with a romanized version for any poetry (waka,
haiku, etc.) cited or translated. Capitalize only personal names and place-names.
五月雨をあつめてはやし最上川

samidare o / atsumete hayashi / Mogamigawa

In citing phrases from a japanese text, including poetry, when precedence is given to theromanized original, the English translation that follows in parentheses should not be
enclosed in quotation marks. When precedence is given to the English translation rather than
the japanese original, however, place the translated phrase inside quotation marks. (See also
3.18. Titles of Poems.)
hagi to tsuki 萩と月 (bush clover and moon)“bush clover and moon” (hagi to tsuki 萩と月)

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8

3. TREATMENT OF NAMES AND TERMS
mN generally follows the recommendations of CmS regarding capitalization, italicization,and hyphenation, but makes some adjustments to the particularities of japanese names andterms. mN also capitalizes romanized or translated japanese terms more frequently in text
than in the citation of the titles of japanese works in which those same terms occur. Notethat as a general principle, when in a descriptive context a term is treated as a proper nounand capitalized, it should not also be italicized. Likewise, an italicized generic term should
not be capitalized.

3.1. Personal Names

3.1.1. Kami, Buddhist deities, etc.

In text, capitalize all substantives and combine subunits into a single word. In citations, capitalize only the ﬁrst, personal-name element, lowercasing any descriptive elements that follow. (See also 3.13. Religious Terms.)
Amaterasu Ōmikami, but (in citation) “Kodai shinwa ni okeru Amaterasu ōmikami”
Susanoo no mikoto
Amenokoyane no mikoto
Sumiyoshi daimyōjin
Tōshō daigongen, but (in title or citation) Tōshō daigongen engi
Aizen myōō

3.1.2. “Go” emperors

Treat as one word without a break between “go” and the subsequent element.
godaigo, gomizunoo
goshirakawa, goshirakawa-in

3.1.3. Honorifics

make lowercase and attach to the preceding name by a hyphen; do the same in citations,where such honoriﬁcs are most likely to occur. (See also 3.7.2. Retired emperors; 3.7.3.
Titles using “-in.”)Kondō Bunjirō-kun
Tsuda Baikei-sensei shū
Yasunaga-kyō ki
Shinchō-kō kiKaguya-hime

3.2. Companies, Publishers, Associations, Schools, Museums

Capitalize each element of the names of companies, etc. and put in roman type; incorporate
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9

single-syllable elements such as “sha” or “kai” into the preceding word and treat multisyllable descriptive sufﬁxes as a separate element. do not use a hyphen.
Heibonsha
Chōsen Kyōikukai
meiji daigaku Bungakubu
Tōkyō daigaku Shuppankai
Seikadō Bunko
Tōyō Keiryōshi Shiryōkan

For names incorporating a place-name in which the macron is usually dropped, omit themacron if the translated version is used, but keep it in the japanese version.
University of Tokyo, but Tōkyō daigaku

For publishers, use modiﬁed Hepburn romanization to transcribe the original japanesename, even if a publisher uses a different romanization for its English name.
Shōgakukan (not Shogakukan or Shōgakkan)
Chūōkōronsha and Chūōkōron Shinsha (not Chuokoron-Shinsha)
Asahi Shinbunsha (not Asahi Shimbun Company)
Nihon Editā Sukūru (not japan Editors School)
mineruba Shobō (not minerva Shobo)

Note the following name changes for the University of Tokyo:

Tōkyō daigaku (to 1886 and again from 1947)
Teikoku daigaku (Imperial University; 1886–1897)
Tōkyō Teikoku daigaku (Tokyo Imperial University; from 1897, when Kyōto
Teikoku daigaku became the second imperial university, until 1947)

Retain capitalization of the names of companies, associations, schools, etc. in citations,
whether these are cited as author/editor or publisher, or mentioned within a title.
Dainihon Bōseki Rengōkai enkaku shi
Tōkyō Daigaku hyakunen shi

3.3. Archives and Published Collections

Capitalize all elements and put in roman type the names of archives that are discrete, identiﬁable units within an encompassing institution. When providing bibliographic information,
as a general principle use the japanese rather than an English name for the larger institution,
except for major national entities.
Yamazaki Bunko, juntendō daigaku
gotō-ke monjo, Aki Shiritsu Rekishi minzoku Shiryōkan
Tōji Hyakugō monjo, Kyōto Furitsu Sōgō Shiryōkan
Saitō makoto Kankei monjo, National diet Library

When referring to a published collection of documents (rather than a physical archive), as in
the Dai Nihon komonjo: Iewake series, italicize the name of the collection and lowercase thedescriptive element.
Tōdaiji monjo
Date-ke monjo

September 201810

3.4. Prefectures, Provinces, Villages, Streets

Capitalize each element when part of the proper name is in English.
Ibaraki Prefecture
Tanba Province
Tama district
Bunkyō WardŌmiya Avenue

Forms such as mito City, Hoshino Town, and Nagahama Village are best avoided as awkward in English. It is preferable to refer to the city of mito, town of Hoshino, and village of
Nagahama.

In transcribing japanese forms (used primarily in citations), for modern names join the termin question to the preceding proper name with a hyphen.
Ibaraki-ken
Tama-gunBunkyō-ku
mito-shi
Hoshino-chō
Nagahama-muraShinjuku-dōri

For premodern place-names incorporating “no,” do not hyphenate, but lowercase the element following “no”; in text treat the “no” and the following element as part of the nameand do not italicize.
Tanba no kuni
Tama no kōri

3.5. Topographical Names

As a general principle it is preferable not to duplicate in English a topographical term
already incorporated in the japanese name. Sometimes, however, this is the better choice so
as to avoid an unnatural-sounding japanese name. In such cases the problem can be alleviated by using the japanese term alone from its second appearance. Alternatively, thejapanese term may be used on its own and an explanation of what it is incorporated into thepassage where it is ﬁrst mentioned. For mountains, abbreviate mount and use a period.
Tama River
Akone Bay
Lake Biwa
mt. Fuji, not mt Fuji or mount Fuji
mt. Ōyama; Ōyama, the popular mountain pilgrimage site
But the musashi plain
The generic term is used here descriptively.

In romanizing japanese place-names in citations or as the original of a translated version, asa general practice attach “kawa,” “yama,” “san,” “ko,” and elements preﬁxed by “ga”
directly to the preceding name. For names incorporating “no,” separate the elements with
September 201811

spaces; “no” and the element following it are treated as part of the proper name and not italicized.
Arakawa
Asamayama
Fujisan
TakaosanTowadako
Adachigahara
Akone no ura

3.6. Religious Institutions and Palaces

For on’yomi names do not hyphenate single-syllable terms such as “ji,” “in,” and “gū.” In
the case of kun’yomi temple names, “tera” may also be attached to the preceding word, but it
often will sound more natural simply to substitute the English term. For shrine names
including two-element terms ( jingū, jinja, taisha, etc.), either substitute the English term or
treat the institutional element as part of the proper name by capitalizing it and putting it inroman type. In citations, lowercase the institutional element.
Kōfukuji, Kōfukuji Temple
Byōdōin, Byōdōin Temple
Kiyomizudera, Kiyomizu Temple
Tōshōgū Shrine
Kasuga Shrine, Kasuga Taisha, Kasuga Taisha Shrine, but (in citation) “Kasuga
taisha no kenchiku”
Yasukuni jinja, Yasukuni Shrine, but (in citation) “Yasukuni jinja ni okeru senbotsusha no gōshi kijun no keisei”
Ise jingū, Ise Shrines; Naikū, Naikū Shrine, the Inner Shrine; but (in citation) Ise
jingū no seiritsu

Follow the same principles for the names of palaces and similar structures.
Seiryōden Palace
Suzakumon gate, Suzaku gate

3.7. Titles

As a general principle, titles given in English are capitalized only when they precede and arepart of the name; used following the personal name, in apposition, or alone, they should belowercased.
governor-general Hasegawa Yoshimichi
Hasegawa Yoshimichi, governor-general of Korea
Premier Yoshida Shigeru
the postwar premier Yoshida Shigeru

In practice this means that, with rare exceptions, only titles that sound natural in English(emperor, premier, governor-general, etc.) will be capitalized. Romanized japanese titles orless familiar-sounding translations of japanese titles generally will work better in apposition

September 201812

and thus usually will not be capitalized. In citations of japanese works, titles should be lowercased except for any elements referring to geographic names.
the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu; Yoshimitsu, the third Ashikaga shogun
Tokugawa Nariaki, daimyo of the mito domain
the regent (sesshō) Fujiwara no Yoshifusa
Fujiwara no Norikiyo, lieutenant of the left division of the inner palace guards
the ﬁnance magistrate (kanjō bugyō) Ogiwara Shigehide
Kyoto governor (Kyōto shoshidai)
Osaka governor (Ōsaka jōdai)Also lowercase the title when it is used descriptively in combination with a place-name.
the Fushimi middle counselor (chūnagon)
the Nakanoin minister of the rightthe Ise vestal

3.7.1. Emperors, etc.

For emperors and princes, who do not have a family name, the japanese title may on occasion be used as part of the personal name, as when citing as an author.
Emperor Shōwa, the Shōwa emperor, Shōwa Tennō“Tennō” is capitalized when used as part of the name in text or when citing as an
author, but when it appears in the title of a Japanese work, it should be left lowercased: “Shōwa tennō no jidai.”

Crown Prince Naruhito, the crown prince
Emperors meiji and Taishō

3.7.2. Retired emperors

When the English translation of the title is used as part of the name, capitalize both words.
Retired Emperor gotoba

If the japanese form is used (as in a citation), leave it lowercased and attach it to the preceding name with a hyphen.
gotoba-in
Suzaku-in zuinō

3.7.3. Titles using “-in”

For posthumous names or court titles incorporating “-in” (sometimes used in English as
equivalent to a personal name), as with other honoriﬁcs attach with a hyphen to the preceding name. (By contrast, “-in” meaning temple should be joined directly to the temple name;see 3.6 Religious Institutions and Palaces).
Taitoku-in (Tokugawa Hidetada)
Kenreimon-in (Taira no Tokuko)
But
Byōdōin, daisen’in (the temples)

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3.7.4. Titles used as honorifics

Premodern historical and literary texts often use multiple honoriﬁc titles, epithets, andnames to refer to the same ﬁgure. In general, mN advises against overly literal use of titles
in addition to a proper name and recommends using the name by which a historical ﬁgure iscommonly known today rather than the various personal names or titles that may occur inhistorical sources. To avoid confusion, purely honoriﬁc titles incorporating an ofﬁce that is
no longer functional should not be translated literally.

Nijō Yoshimoto, Lord Nijō, or Lord Yoshimoto rather than gofukōon-in-dono
YoshimotoArai Hakuseki rather than Arai Kinmi, Arai Chikugo no kami, or Chikugo no kami
Avoid translating the honoriﬁc title “Chikugo no kami” as “governor of Chikugo
Province.”

3.7.5. Titles and epithets used as personal name

In some instances, historical ﬁgures are known primarily by their title or an epithet (this isoften the case with women in particular). In referring to such ﬁgures in the main text, capitalize and place in roman type the entire title or epithet, but in citations capitalize only theﬁrst element.
Hyōe no Tsubone
Kasuga no Tsubone
Sei Shōnagon
murasaki Shikibu, but (in citation) Murasaki shikibu nikki
ChūnagonNijō no Kisaki

3.7.6. Ranks

Ranks should be used sparingly in text. Keep lowercased in both text and citations; spell out
number.
junior fourth rank, lower grade; jushii ge

3.7.7. Religious titles

In most cases institutional religious titles will be used in apposition or descriptively. Theseshould be lowercased and the japanese equivalent, if included, put in italics. If the title
sounds natural in English and precedes the name, it should be capitalized and put in romantype.
Arakida Hisaoyu, associate chief priest (gonnegi) of the Ise Inner Shrine
Kōben Hosshinnō, abbot primate (zasu) of the Tendai sect; Abbot Primate Prince
Kōben

The institutional title is “abbot primate”; “hosshinnō” (“prince”), a title granted
imperial princes who have taken religious orders, is here treated as part of the nameand thus is also capitalized and put in roman type.

distinguish formal or institutionally descriptive titles (gonnegi, sendatsu, oshi, etc.) fromterms that indicate followers or practitioners of a particular sect or school, which arecapitalized and put in roman type (see 3.12. Religious groups and Followers).
September 2018

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3.8. Governmental Divisions

As a general principle, the English versions of the ofﬁcial names of governmental divisions
should be capitalized. mN prefers to do the same with romanized japanese versions and thus
also to put them in roman type. Retain lowercase in citations.
deliberative Council (Hyōjōsho)the government-general (Sōtokufu)
Western Studies Institute (Bansho Shirabesho)“Edo bakufu hyōjōsho ni okeru keiji jiken no shinri”
Chōsen sōtokufu kaigai keizai jōhō

3.8.1. Handling of bakufu, han, court, domain

As these are not the ofﬁcial names of a government body, mN treats them as generic terms
and lowercases them.
Tokugawa bakufu, Tokugawa shogunate
Chōshū han, Chōshū domain
the Kyoto court
Heian court life
Northern court, Southern court

Note that mN advises against the use of the English term “clan” to translate either han or uji(lineage).
3.8.2. Title of official doubling as name of office

The names of premodern government ofﬁces are often synonymous with the title of the ofﬁcial (or ofﬁcials) heading that ofﬁce. When referring to the ofﬁce, such terms should be capitalized and put in roman type; when used descriptively of an individual occupying theofﬁce, they should be lowercased and italicized.
Finance magistracy (Kanjō Bugyō)

An ofﬁce staffed by several magistrates and with a subordinate bureaucracy.

“Ogiwara Shigehide served as ﬁnance magistrate (kanjō bugyō) during the last yearsof the reign of the ﬁfth shogun.”Northern Town magistracy (Kita machi Bugyōsho)3.9. Periods

In addition to period names derived from proper nouns (e.g., Heian, Edo, etc.), which arecapitalized in both text and citations, mN capitalizes in text (but not in citations fromjapanese sources) the following established descriptive period names:
jōmon
Kofun, Tomb
Sengoku, Warring States
Nanboku-chō, but the period of Northern and Southern courts

The descriptive terms ritsuryō and bakumatsu are italicized and not capitalized.
September 2018

15

Terms such as “period,” “era,” or “dynasty” used in combination with period names are lowercased.
Sengoku period
genroku era
Kamakura period
Zhou dynasty

Nengō are treated as proper names and capitalized in both text and citations.

3.10. EventsThe English versions of the names of major historical and cultural events are capitalized intext. All elements of the romanized japanese version should be capitalized and put in romantype in text; in citations of japanese works, lowercase the descriptive element.
Kenmu Restoration, Kenmu Chūkōmeiji Restoration, meiji Ishin

When referring to the meiji Restoration, capitalize Restoration; when referring to the Allied
Occupation from 1945 to 1952, capitalize Occupation.
“At the time of the Restoration . . .”“during the Occupation . . .”3.11. Wars and Social Movements

The English versions of the names of wars and major uprisings or other social movements
are capitalized in text. The term “battle” is lowercased in the name of a battle incorporating
the place-name where it occurred. The romanized japanese versions should follow the same
principles. Attach terms such as “Ran” to the preceding proper name by “no” (no hyphen).

Ōnin War, Ōnin no Ran
Heiji War, Heiji Uprising, Heiji no Ranbattle of Sekigahara
Satsuma Rebellion (Seinan Sensō)Freedom and People’s Rights movement (jiyū minken Undō)
World War II (not World War Two, or WW2); the Paciﬁc War, Taiheiyō Sensō;Second World War, dainiji Sekai Taisen

In citations of japanese works, lowercase descriptive elements.
Dokyumento Taiheiyō sensō e no michi“Taiheiyō” is capitalized as a proper name.

Me de miru seinan sensō shimatsu ki“Seinan” is considered a descriptive term rather than a proper name.

3.12. Religious Groups and Followers

In English text, capitalize and put in roman type the names of religious sects and schools ofthought and the terms that indicate a follower or practitioner of the same. When citingjapanese works in which these terms appear, capitalize the names of speciﬁc religiousorganizations, but not the broader religious groupings or schools of thought to which they
belong.
September 2018

16

Buddhism, Shingon Buddhism, but esoteric Buddhism, (in citation) Kinsei bukkyō
no rekishi“Shinran to jōdo Shinshū no rekishi ni tsuite no gokai”
Shinto, Yuiitsu Shinto, but (in citation) “Kinsei shoki ni okeru Yuiitsu shintō notenkai”
Confucian, but (in citation) Kinsei no jukyō shisō
Christian, Kirishitan, but (in citation) Nihon kirisutokyō shi
Kokugakusha, Kokugaku scholar, but (in citation) Meiji ishin to kokugakusha
Onmyōji, Onmyōdō practitioner, but (in citation) Nihon onmyōdōshi sōsetsu
Shugenja, Shugendō adept, priest
Rangakusha, Rangaku scholar, but ranga (dutch-style painting)

3.13. Religious Terms

Capitalize the term “buddha” when it refers to Śākyamuni or is used in combination with thename of a speciﬁc buddha; leave lowercase when it is used generically. The same is true forbodhisattva. In citations butsu and bosatsu are lowercased.
Vairocana Buddha
gods and buddhas
buddhahood

Capitalize dharma and Law when they refer to the Buddhist Law. Lowercase most other
Buddhist terms, including both anglicized terms such as “nirvana” and “mandala” and translated terms such as “the ten good acts.” Capitalize “Way” and “Heaven” when they refer tothe Confucian and daoist concepts, but (following Merriam-Webster) lowercase the term“yin and yang” and put in roman type.

Capitalize and put in roman type the names of speciﬁc ceremonies and rituals; if the name of
the ceremony is best transcribed as two separate elements, capitalize each.
daijōsaiNinnōe, Butsumyōe, Butsumyō Sange
Boys’ day
New Year, New Year’s day

3.14. Cultural Schools and Movements

mN prefers to capitalize the names of distinct schools and movements. The term “school”
remains lowercased. In citations of japanese works, the names of cultural movements
should be lowercased, except for elements derived from proper names (including the namesof journals). When “ha” directly follows the name of the school, it should be attached by ahyphen, unless the combination of sounds results in it being changed to “pa” (e.g., Rinpa).
Kyoto school, Kyoto gakuha
Kano school, Kano-ha, Kano-style painting
Shirakaba school, Shirakaba-ha, “jendā no shiten kara mita Shirakaba-ha no bungaku”“Shirakaba” is the name of a journal from which the literary movement took its name.

japan Romantic school (Nihon Roman-ha), Nihon Roman-ha, “Nihon roman-ha tosensō”

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17

Naturalist (Shizenshugi) school, Shizenshugi school, but (in citation) Nihon shizenshugi no bungaku
Burai-ha; Folk Crafts movement (mingei undō)

3.15. Edicts and Laws

Formal or standardly accepted titles of edicts, treaties, etc. are capitalized and put in romantype and are not enclosed in quotation marks. Follow these principles for both English translations and the romanized japanese version, but lowercase such terms in citations ofjapanese works.
Imperial Rescript on Education (Kyōiku Chokugo)
Kyōiku Chokugo (Imperial Rescript on Education)
But(in citation) Meiji tennō to kyōiku chokugo

3.16. Newspapers and Journals

Capitalize the ﬁrst element and italicize. In the case of university journals (kiyō 紀要), capitalize all the elements of the name of the organization or school putting it out, but not otherwords. For the publisher, use the modiﬁed Hepburn romanization of the japanese name.
(See also 3.2. Companies, Publishers, Associations, Schools, museums.)
Meiji Daigaku Bungakubu kiyō
Asahi shinbun (the newspaper), Asahi Shinbunsha (the publisher)
Chūō kōron (the journal), Chūōkōron Shinsha (the publisher)

3.17. Titles of Prose Works, Plays, Manga, Anime

The titles of published “prose” works in japanese that are recognizable as individual entities, including short stories, essays, manga, and works mixing poetry and prose, preferablyshould be italicized, regardless of length and/or later inclusion in a larger work or series.
The titles of plays, movies, and anime are also italicized. Subsections of such works, including chapters and sections, are put in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. For works
in japanese, the general rule is to capitalize only the ﬁrst word and proper names. (See also
4.3. Title Format: Italics and Capitalization.)
Asaki yume mishi“Akone no ura kuden,” a subsection of Ise monogatari zuinō

Articles or features appearing in journals and newspapers are put in roman type and placed
inside quotation marks.

japanese characters should follow immediately after the ﬁrst mention of the romanized title.
If an English translation of the title is added in parentheses following the japanese title, it
should be put in roman type, without quotation marks, and with headline-style capitalization.

“Akone no ura kuden” 阿古根浦口伝 (Oral Transmission on Akone Bay), a subsectionof Ise monogatari zuinō 伊勢物語髄脳 (Essence of the Tales of Ise)

The japanese title should be given on ﬁrst mention of the work; if the English translation is
September 201818

used thereafter, the format should follow normal English-language conventions.

In the section following “Oral Transmission on Akone Bay,” the author of Essence of
the Tales of Ise takes up . . .

If the English title needs to be given priority (as, for instance, in references to a translation),put the italicized japanese title in parentheses.

3.18. Titles of Poems

Titles of poems are put in roman type and placed inside quotation marks. For the title injapanese, capitalize the ﬁrst word and any proper nouns. japanese characters should follow
the ﬁrst mention of the romanized title. do not use quotation marks for the English translation of the title given in parentheses after the japanese title, but do so if the translation isused thereafter as the main title.

If the poem has a formal title, all the main elements of the English version should be capitalized. If, however, a poem is referred to by its ﬁrst line rather than a title, or by a preface(“Composed at . . .”), which will often be the case with japanese waka and haiku, in the
English version capitalize only the ﬁrst word and any proper nouns.
“Shōkōchōka” 称皇朝歌 (Song in Praise of the Imperial dynasty)“Shiru shiranu” 知る知らぬ (Knowing and not knowing)First line of a poem from “Ise monogatari.”“Araumi ya” 荒海や (The rough sea)First line of a haiku by Bashō.

“mieshino no Omuro ga take ni” み吉野の小室が岳に (On mt. Omuro in beautiful
Yoshino)First line of a poem from “Kojiki.”

Characters should not be placed inside the quotation marks used to set off the romanized
title. If a poem is referred to initially by the English translation of the title, follow this withan italicized transcription of the original japanese title in parentheses. Capitalize the initialword and any proper names. (See also 2.11. Transcription of Poetry.)“Song in Praise of the Imperial dynasty” (Shōkōchōka 称皇朝歌)“Knowing and not knowing” (Shiru shiranu 知る知らぬ)“On mt. Omuro in beautiful Yoshino” (Mieshino no Omuro ga take ni
み吉野の小室が岳に)Poems from major imperial and private collections are generally cited by poem number. do
not use a comma between the collection name and poem number.
Goshūi waka shū 後拾遺和歌集 1042
Man’yōshū 万葉集 853–63
Kokin waka shū 古今和歌集 828

When citing a collection repeatedly, an acronym or shortened title may be used.
Man’yōshū 854; mYS 854
Kokin waka shū 827; Kokinshū 827; KKS 827

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3.19. Titles of Paintings, Statues, Other Works of Art

19

Capitalize and italicize the main elements of the English title; for romanized japanese titles,
italicize, but capitalize only the ﬁrst element and any proper names.
One Hundred Views; Fuji hakkei
Kudara kannon

3.20. Electronic Databases

Capitalize and put in roman type the name of a database. Follow the practice of the databasein question with regard to the treatment of non-japanese words such as “system” or “database.”
Teikoku gikai Kaigiroku Kensaku Shisutemu
Yomidas Rekishikan
Kikuzo II Visual

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4. FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCE LIST:OVERVIEW
4.1. Basic Structure and Principles

mN follows a “notes and bibliography” citation system based on CmS and, except for inbook reviews, uses footnotes rather than in-text citations.

The reference list, located at the end of the article, includes all works—and only thoseworks—cited in the footnotes. It contains the full relevant bibliographic data, including
characters for the titles and authors of works in japanese.

The footnotes do not duplicate this data, even in the case of the ﬁrst citation to a particular
work. They simply provide enough information, in an abbreviated form, to locate the workin the reference list. Where the author is known (“author” includes editors, compilers, andtranslators), for meiji and later works this information usually consists of the author’s family name and a shortened main title. For pre-meiji authors or when citing more than one
modern author with the same family name, use the full name. For works having no identiﬁable author, or for compilations commonly known by their title, only the (shortened) title isgiven.

A few types of sources are handled differently from the above-described system. For details,
see 5.6. Newspaper Articles; 5.7. Published documents; 5.8. Unpublished Archival Sources;
5.9. dNS, dNK Hennen, dNK Bakumatsu.

The reference list is organized alphabetically according to author’s family name and/or thetitle used in the notes. The ﬁrst-listed author’s name should be inverted for Western names,
but not for japanese or other East Asian names, which should be transcribed without acomma (see 2.4. Names). mN’s policy is to provide the information necessary to readily
locate a cited text, rather than to give all available bibliographic data about the work. The
place of publication is omitted in the case of books published by university presses (where it
is usually obvious). Since the majority of japanese books are published in Tokyo, the placeof publication is given for commercial presses only when they are located outside of Tokyo.
To avoid duplication, it is also omitted if the publisher is a local governmental body, such asa prefecture or city. If the place of publication is given, it should precede the publisher’sname and be followed by a colon. For japanese publishers, capitalize all elements of thename (see 3.2. Companies, Publishers, Associations, Schools, museums).

To check the reading of an author’s name or other publication data, mN frequently turns to
CiNii, the online union catalogue of works in the collections of japanese (and some overseas) universities provided by the National Institute of Informatics (Kokuritsu jōhōgaku
Kenkyūjo), and the National diet Library online catalogue. For pre-meiji materials, mN
often consults the databases provided by the National Institute of japanese Literature(Kokubungaku Kenkyū Shiryōkan).
CiNii: http://ci.nii.ac.jp

September 2018

National diet Library: http://ndl.go.jp
National Institute of japanese Literature: http://www.nijl.ac.jp

214.2. Frequently Cited Journals and Compendia

Bibliographic information for certain well-known journals and compendia is provided at theback of each issue of the journal under “Information for Readers and Contributors”; forworks cited from these series, data such as date of publication and publisher is therefore notincluded in the reference lists of individual articles. Acronyms are used for these series andfor the titles of some standard English-language journals in the ﬁeld. (See also 5.9. dNS,dNK Hennen, dNK Bakumatsu; 5.10. Citations to Taishō shinshū daizōkyō.)dNK Hennen
Dai Nihon komonjo: Hennen monjo 大日本古文書: 編年文書. Ed. Tōkyōdaigaku Shiryō Hensanjo 東京大学史料編纂所. 25 vols. Tōkyō daigaku
Shuppankai, 1901–1940.
dNK Iewake
Dai Nihon komonjo: Iewake monjo 大日本古文書: 家わけ文書. Ed. Tōkyōdaigaku Shiryō Hensanjo 東 京 大 学 史 料 編 纂 所 . Tōkyō daigaku
Shuppankai, 1955–.
dNK Bakumatsu
Dai Nihon komonjo: Bakumatsu gaikoku kankei monjo 大日本古文書:
幕末外国関係文書. Tōkyō daigaku Shiryō Hensanjo 東京大学史料編纂所.
Tōkyō daigaku Shuppankai, 1910–.
dNS
Dai Nihon shiryō 大日本史料. Ed. Tōkyō daigaku Shiryō Hensanjo
東京大学史料編纂所. Tōkyō daigaku Shuppankai, 1901–.
HjAS
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
jAS
Journal of Asian Studies
jjRS
Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
jjS
Journal of Japanese Studies
mN
Monumenta Nipponica
KST
Shintei zōho kokushi taikei 新訂増補国史大系. 66 vols. Yoshikawa
Kōbunkan, 1929–1964.
KT
Shinpen kokka taikan 新編国歌大観. 20 vols. Kadokawa Shoten, 1983–
1992.
NKBT
Nihon koten bungaku taikei 日本古典文学大系. 102 vols. Iwanami
Shoten, 1957–1967.
NKBZ
Nihon koten bungaku zenshū 日本古典文学全集. 51 vols. Shōgakukan,
1970–1976.
NST
Nihon shisō taikei 日本思想大系. 67 vols. Iwanami Shoten, 1970–1982.
SNKT
Shin Nihon koten bungaku taikei 新日本古典文学大系. 106 vols.
Iwanami Shoten, 1989–2005.

SNKZ

Shinpen Nihon koten bungaku zenshū 新編日本古典文学全集. 88 vols.
Shōgakukan, 1994–2001.
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22

T

T zuzō

Print version: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大蔵経. 88 vols. Taishō
Issaikyō Kankōkai, 1924–1932.
Online version: SAT daizōkyō Text database (SAT 大正新脩大蔵経
テキストデータベース). 2018 version. University of Tokyo. http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT.
Print version: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō zuzō 大正新脩大蔵経図像. 12
vols. Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai, 1933–1935.
Online version: SAT Taishōzō Image database (SAT 大正蔵図像 dB).
University of Tokyo. http://dzkimgs.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SATi/images.php.

If acronyms other than these are used in the footnotes for a repeatedly cited document collection or archive, put the acronym and the pertinent bibliographic data at the beginning of
the reference list.

4.3. Title Format: Italics and Capitalization

As a general principle, titles of larger, independent works (e.g., books and journals) are italicized; titles of smaller units contained within other works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are put in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. mN also italicizes thetitles of multivolume series (sōsho 叢書, zenshū 全集, kōza 講座, etc.) as well as the titles ofindividual works and volumes contained in them (see also 3.17. Titles of Prose Works,
Plays, manga, Anime). In both footnotes and the reference list, English-language titles arecapitalized headline style. For works in japanese, the general rule is to capitalize only theﬁrst word and proper nouns. However, some elements that are treated in English as part of aproper noun and would therefore be capitalized in the body of an article are left lowercasedin footnote citations and in the reference list (e.g., Murasaki shikibu nikki). (See individual
items in section 3 above.) For capitalization in languages other than English and japanese,follow the conventions for those languages as described in CmS.

4.4. Titles and Foreign Terms within Titles

mN follows the original in demarcating titles within titles or foreign terms within titles.
Where demarcation is needed, instead of reverse italics, treat as indicated below.

4.4.1. Titles within titles

mN uses quotation marks (not italics or reverse italics) to demarcate titles within titles of
either Western-language or japanese-language texts. For books, use double quotation marks
and for articles, single quotation marks. For japanese works, kagi kakko or brackets 「( 」,『』) in the character version follow the original.
(book)

Reading “The Tale of Genji”: Sources from the First Millennium“Shinkokinshū”: New Collection of Poems Ancient and Modern
Lust, Commerce, and Corruption: “An Account of What I Have Seen and Heard,” byan Edo Samurai
Norinaga to “Sandaikō”: Kinsei Nihon no shinwateki sekai zō 宣長と『三大考』: 近世
日本の神話的世界像

Gukanshō no kenkyū: Sono seiritsu to shisō 愚管抄の研究: その成立と思想“Gukanshō” is not set off in the original.

September 201823

(article)“The Flow-dynamics in Kawabata Yasunari’s ‘Snow Country’”“Readings from the Bamboo grove: A Translation of Sōgi’s ‘Oi no Susami’”“Nihon shoki to Kyūshū chihō no fudoki” 日本書紀と九州地方の風土記“Nihon shoki” is not set off in the original.

“Toshikage no kashū to nikki rui: ‘Utsuho monogatari’ Kurabiraki no maki no igi”
俊蔭の歌集と日記類:『うつほ物語』蔵開の巻の意義
The Japanese original sets off the book title but not that of a chapter within the book.
The romanized transcription capitalizes the ﬁrst word (“Kurabiraki”) of the latter.

4.4.2. Foreign terms within English-language titles

With japanese or other foreign terms found within the title of an English-language work,
follow the original with respect to whether or not to demarcate. If demarcating, use double
quotation marks in the case of a book title and single quotation marks in the case of an article title.
(book)

Embodying Difference: The Making of Burakumin in Modern Japan“Burakumin” is not set off in the original.

4.5. Punctuation

As a general principle, following CmS, in footnotes the elements are separated by commas,
while in the reference list the main elements are set off by periods. The main exception tothis latter convention is when the work cited is part of an edited volume or series or is atranslation. In these cases, the name of the editor, series, or translator and any other necessary information are given after the relevant title, separated from it by commas (see also
4.11. Editors, Compilers, Translators; 4.12. Citations to Works Included in Compendia).

Nishizawa, Tamotsu. “The Emergence of the Economic Science in japan and the
Evolution of Textbooks, 1860s–1930s.” In The Economic Reader: Textbooks,
Manuals and the Dissemination of the Economic Sciences during the Nineteenthand Early Twentieth Centuries, ed. massimo m. Augello and marco E. L. guidi,
pp. 305–23. London: Routledge, 2012.

4.5.1. Location of characters

In the reference list, characters should be given for the ﬁrst citation of an author’s name andof the title of a work; they should not be provided for the names of publishers. Charactersshould follow immediately after the romanized name or title, before periods or commas.
They should not be placed inside the quotation marks used to set off the romanized title ofan article or chapter.

( footnote)

Takeuchi, “Kansei kaikaku,” p. 4.

(reference list)

Takeuchi makoto 竹内誠. “Kansei kaikaku” 寛成改革. In vol. 12 of Iwanami kōza
September 2018

24

Nihon rekishi 岩波講座日本歴史, pp. 1–44. Iwanami Shoten, 1976.

Subsequent references to the same author should usually omit the characters, but if an authoror editor who is ﬁrst mentioned in a subordinate element of an entry later reappears as themain identifying element, repeat the kanji at that point as well. If a second entry referring to
the same compendium appears immediately after the ﬁrst, do not repeat the characters for it(see 4.7. multiple Works by the Same Author). If, however, the same compendium is citedin entries separated from each other, give the characters in each instance.

4.5.2. Em-dash, nakaguro, brackets

In the reference list, use colons to separate the main title and subtitle of the romanized andoriginal character versions of japanese works as well as Western-language works. The titlesof japanese works frequently contain various types of dashes. Because the em-dash (—) can
be confusing in a horizontal print format (it looks like the character 一 [ichi] ), mN avoids its
use, replacing it with a colon. Capitalize the ﬁrst word of the subtitle.

Suga Kikuko 菅基久子. Shinkei: Shūkyō to geijutsu 心敬: 宗教と芸術. Sōbunsha,
2000.

In the character version of a title, retain the nakaguro (・) used in japanese to separate twoitems, but replace it with a comma in the romanized version.

Sōgi 宗祇. Oi no susami 老のすさみ. In Chūsei hyōronshū: Karon, rengaron, nōgakuron
中世評論集: 歌論・連歌論・能楽論, ed. Shimazu Tadao 島津忠夫 et al., pp. 135–
212. Kadokawa Shoten, 1977.

Titles of japanese works frequently use various types of brackets to emphasize or set off aword. For the romanized transcription, convert these to single quotation marks in the case ofan article or chapter and double quotation marks in the case of a book. In the character version, use the standard single kagi kakko (「 」) in place of variant bracket forms used foremphasis. (See also 4.4.1. Titles within titles.)Hasebe Hiroshi 長谷部弘. “‘Ie’ o hikaku kenkyū suru shiten: Keizaishi kenkyū kara
no suketchi” ｢家｣を比較研究する視点: 経済史研究からのスケッチ. Kokusai hikaku
kenkyū 国際比較研究 8 (2012), pp. 195–201.
Azegami Naoki 畔上直樹. “Mura no chinju” to senzen Nihon: “Kokka shintō” nochiiki shakaishi「村の鎮守」と戦前日本:「国家神道」の地域社会史. Yūshisha, 2009.

4.5.3. Multiple references in one note

In footnotes, separate multiple references by a semicolon. do the same for multiple references to different volumes of the same work or when other elements, such as document oritem number, are included (see 4.6.3. Citations incorporating dates or document numbers in
addition to page numbers).
Sunaga, “Kansei-ki,” pp. 19, 23; Mōka-shi shi, vol. 3, p. 20.
Mōka-shi shi, vol. 1, pp. 54–56, 65; vol. 3, p. 20.
Nijō Yoshimoto, Tsukubashū 1415 (vol. 2, p. 129); 561 (vol. 1, p. 180); 631 (vol. 1,
p. 202).

September 201825

4.6. Page and Volume Numbers
4.6.1. Page numbers

Footnote citations should give only the speciﬁc page or pages pertinent to the issue underdiscussion. If the citation is to an entire article, there is no need to give inclusive paginationin the note, as that information is provided in the reference list entry. The reference list
should give the ﬁrst and last page numbers for both journal articles and chapters cited fromcollective or edited volumes. Inclusive pagination is not given for the compendia whose bibliographic information is listed in the back of each issue of the journal (see 4.2 Frequently
Cited journals and Compendia).

( footnote)

Nishiguchi, “‘Tennyo jōbutsu kyō’ ni tsuite,” p. 256.
Schiltz, “An ‘Ideal Bank of Issue,’” p. 190.

(reference list)

Nishiguchi junko 西口順子. “‘Tennyo jōbutsu kyō’ ni tsuite”「転女成仏経」について.
In vol. 2 of Chūsei kaiga no matorikkusu 中世絵画のマトリックス, ed. Sano
midori 佐野みどり et al., pp. 254–75. Seikansha, 2014.
Schiltz, michael. “An ‘Ideal Bank of Issue’: The Banque Nationale de Belgique as amodel for the Bank of japan.” Financial History Review 13:2 (2006), pp. 179–
96.

Both in footnotes and in the reference list, give full digits for numbers under 100.
pp. 6–17, 17–25, 65–67, 69–70.

For numbers 100 to 109, give full digits; for numbers 110 and above, drop the duplicatedhundreds digit. Follow the same principles for 200s, 300s, etc.
pp. 100–104, 185–95, 201–20.

4.6.2. Volume numbers

In footnotes, “vol.” is lowercased; so, too, in the reference list unless it is the ﬁrst item following a full stop. Use arabic numerals for volume numbers in both footnotes and the reference list. In the reference list, the words “vol.” and “no.” are omitted for periodicals. “Vol.”is also omitted for frequently cited compendia identiﬁed by an acronym. In both cases, thevolume number should follow immediately after the title or the acronym (without a comma).
For a work included in a frequently cited compendium, if it is one of two or more texts contained in the same volume, indicate that by “in”; omit “in” if the work occupies the entire
volume.
Sei Shōnagon 清少納言. Makura no sōshi 枕草紙. SNKZ 18.
Sei Shōnagon 清少納言. Makura no sōshi 枕草紙. In NKBT 19.
The volume also includes “Murasaki shikibu nikki.”

If only one volume of a multivolume work is cited in the course of an article, the reference
list may give bibliographic information for just that volume.

September 201826

( footnote)

Hiroshima-ken shi, pp. 101–20.

(reference list)

Hiroshima-ken shi: Tsūshi 広島県史: 通史. Vol. 3. Hiroshima-ken, 1981.

If more than one volume is cited, the reference list should provide information for the entire
work, including the total number of volumes and, if pertinent, the range of publication dates.

( footnote)

Hiroshima-ken shi, vol. 3, pp. 101–20; vol. 4, p. 45.

(reference list)

Hiroshima-ken shi: Tsūshi 広島県史: 通史. 7 vols. Hiroshima-ken, 1980–1984.

4.6.3. Citations incorporating dates or document numbers in addition to page numbers

If a footnote citation includes a date (such as for a diary entry) or document number, putthat information after the title. For a date, include a comma; document numbers should follow immediately after the title, without an intervening comma. The volume and page numbers should be given in parentheses, after the other information. (See also 4.12. Citations to
Works Included in Compendia; 5.7. Published documents; 5.10. Citations to Taishō shinshū
daizōkyō.)
Chōshūki, gen’ei 元永 2 (1119). 9.3–6 (vol. 1, pp. 160–61).
Kamakura ibun 7093, Kenchō 建長 1 (1249).7.23 (vol. 10, pp. 106–108).
Sugawara no michizane, Kanke bunsō 657, gangyō 元慶 8 (884).4.10 (p. 605); 660,
Ninna 仁和 2 (886). 7.13 (p. 608).
Nijō Yoshimoto, Tsukubashū 1415 (vol. 2, p. 129); 561 (vol. 1, p. 180); 631 (vol. 1,
p. 202).
Ōe no masafusa, Ganmonshū 2:4 (pp. 667–69).

4.6.4. Pagination for traditionally bound works (wasōbon)manuscripts and traditional block-printed works consisting of folded sheets bound together
with pagination on the central fold should be cited as folios. Use “a” for the front (left) side,“b” for the back (right) side; avoid the use of recto/verso. Refer to both kan and maki as“vol.”
fol. 49a, fol. 51b, fols. 50–53
vol. 1, fol. 49a

For unpaginated manuscripts, where possible supply the pertinent page number in square
brackets.
fol. [56b]( footnote)muro Kyūsō, Akō gijin roku, vol. 1, fol. 2a.

September 2018

(reference list)27

muro Kyūsō 室鳩巣. Akō gijin roku 赤穂義人録. 2 vols. Osaka: Akitaya Ichibe’e, 1868.

4.7. Multiple Works by the Same Author

If multiple works by the same author are cited, present them in the reference list in alphabetical order. Include kanji for the author and a series cited more than once only at ﬁrst
appearance (see 4.5.1. Location of characters).

Hirata Atsutane 平田篤胤. Sandaikō benben 三大考辨々. In vol. 7 of Shinshū Hirata
Atsutane zenshū 新修平田篤胤全集, pp. 241–64. meicho Shuppan, 1977.
Hirata Atsutane. Tama no mihashira 霊能真柱. In vol. 7 of Shinshū Hirata Atsutane
zenshū, pp. 87–190. meicho Shuppan, 1977.

If multiple editions of the same work are cited, add a simple identifying element, such as theeditor or series, in the footnotes. In the reference list, include kanji for the title of the work
only at its ﬁrst appearance.
( footnote)

Chikamatsu monzaemon, Uta nenbutsu (Wakatsuki), pp. 285–92.
Chikamatsu monzaemon, Uta nenbutsu (NKBZ), pp. 275–320.

(reference list)

Chikamatsu monzaemon 近松門左衛門. Onatsu Seijūrō gojūnenki uta nenbutsu
おなつ清十郎五十年忌歌念仏. In vol. 2 of Shōchū zen’yaku Chikamatsu kessaku
shū 詳註全訳近松傑作集, ed. Wakatsuki Yasuji 若月保治, pp. 281–350. Taiyōdō
Shoten, 1929.
Chikamatsu monzaemon. Onatsu Seijūrō gojūnenki uta nenbutsu. In NKBZ 43.

4.8. Single Works with Multiple Authors

For Western-language works with multiple authors, in the reference list only the name of
the ﬁrst author is inverted, with the family name preceding the personal name—which is set
off by commas. For works in East Asian languages by East Asian authors, follow standardpractice for names in those languages, with the family name preceding the personal nameand no intervening commas (see also 4.10. Works in japanese by Non-japanese Authors).

( footnote)

Saaler and Szpilman, Pan-Asianism, pp. 1–41.
Odake and Ōkubo, “Rai-ke jisai kumotsu,” pp. 311–15.

(reference list)

Saaler, Sven, and Christopher W. A. Szpilman, eds. Pan-Asianism: A Documentary
History (Volume 1: 1850–1920). Lanham, md: Rowman & Littleﬁeld, 2011.
Odake Sachiko 小竹佐知子 and Ōkubo Keiko 大久保恵子. “Rai-ke jisai kumotsu ni
okeru shinzoku kara no shokuhin zōtō” 頼家時祭供物における親族からの食品
贈答. Nihon Kasei Gakkai shi 日本家政学会誌 65:6 (2014), pp. 309–22.

September 2018

28

4.9. Authors with Same Family Name

If different works by authors with the same family name are cited, present them in the reference list in alphabetical order. In the footnotes, include the personal name for modern aswell as pre-meiji authors.
( footnote)

Rai Tsutomu, Nihon kangaku ronshū, pp. 517–18.
Rai Kiichi, Kinsei kōki Shushi gakuha, p. 24.

(reference list)

Rai Kiichi 頼祺一. Kinsei kōki Shushi gakuha no kenkyū 近世後期朱子学派の研究.
Hiroshima: Keisuisha, 1986.
Rai Tsutomu 頼惟勤. Nihon kangaku ronshū: Reishōryo sōroku 日本漢学論集:
嶺松廬叢録. Kyūko Shoin, 2003.

4.10. Works in Japanese by Non-Japanese Authors

For articles and books in japanese by authors with non-kanji-based names, give the originalWestern spelling, followed by romanization of the katakana rendering used in the piece inquestion, separating the two by a slash. For articles and books in japanese by Chinese andKorean authors, give the romanization in Chinese or Korean used by the author, followed bya romanized transcription of the japanese reading of the kanji. Separate the two by a slash
and in the reference list put the kanji after the second romanization.

( footnote)

Roberts/Robātsu, “Kinsei seiji,” p. 200.
Verschuer/Veashua, “jūroku seiki no enkai girei,” p. 360.
Tien/den, Kinsei Nihon, p. 50.
Heo/Kyo, “Inoue Enryō to Chōsen junkō,” p. 150.
Smith/Sumisu, “Ichiran zu no seijigaku.”(reference list)

Roberts, Luke S./Robātsu, Rūku S. ロバーツ、ルーク S. “Kinsei seiji ni okeru ‘omote’to ‘naishō’: matsugo yōshi o jirei ni” 近世政治における「表」と「内証」: 末期養子を事例に. In Shūhenshi kara zentaishi e: Chiiki to bunka 周辺史から全体史へ:
地域と文化, ed. Namikawa Kenji 浪川健治 et al., pp. 192–214. Osaka: Seibundō,
2009.
Verschuer, Charlotte von/Veashua, Sharurotte fon ヴェアシュア、シャルロッテ＝フォン. “jūroku seiki no enkai girei kara mita Shuhanron emaki” 十六世紀の宴会儀礼から見た酒飯論絵巻. In “Shuhanron emaki” eiin to kenkyū 『酒飯論絵巻』影印と研究, ed. Itō Nobuhiro 伊藤信博 et al., pp. 347–69. Kyoto: Rinsen
Shoten, 2015.
Tien Shin min/den Seimin 田世民. Kinsei Nihon ni okeru jurei juyō no kenkyū
近世日本における儒礼受容の研究. Perikansha, 2012.
Heo jihyang/Kyo Chika 許智香. “Inoue Enryō to Chōsen junkō, sono rekishiteki ichi
ni tsuite” 井上円了と朝鮮巡講, その歴史的位置について. Nihon shisōshi kenkyū
日本思想史研究 45 (2013), pp. 146–61.
Smith, Henry/Sumisu, Henrī スミス、ヘンリー. “Ichiran zu no seijigaku” 一覧図のSeptember 201829

政治学. In Chizu to ezu no seiji bunka shi 地図と絵図の政治文化史, ed. Kuroda
Hideo 黒田日出男, mary Elizabeth Berry メアリ・エリザベス・ベリー, and
Sugimoto Fumiko 杉本史子, pp. 103–34. Tōkyō daigaku Shuppankai, 2001.
In the case of editors, romanization of the katakana rendering of non-kanji-based
names is omitted.

When citing a work by a non-japanese national with a japanese name or a japanese national
active chieﬂy overseas (or publishing primarily in English), follow the usage of the work inquestion. (See 2.4. Names.)
Shirane, Haruo, and Tomi Suzuki, eds. Inventing the Classics: Modernity, National
Identity, and Japanese Literature. Stanford University Press, 2000.
Shirane, Haruo シラネ、ハルオ, and Suzuki Tomi 鈴木登美, eds. Sōzō sareta koten:
Kanon keisei, kokumin kokka, Nihon bungaku 創造された古典: カノン形成・国民
国家・日本文学. Shin’yōsha, 1999.

4.11. Editors, Compilers, Translators

The format for identifying an editor, compiler, or translator varies according to the nature of
the publication.
4.11.1. Citation by name of editor, etc.

If a work is cited under the name of someone other than the author, in the reference list that
information is given in abbreviated form after the name, separated from it by a comma andwith “ed.” (or “eds.”), “comp.,” or “trans.” lowercased. It is not necessary to include thisinformation in the footnotes.

( footnote)

Hisamatsu, Chūsei karonshū, p. 178.
Shirane and Suzuki, Inventing the Classics, pp. 32–38.
Hayashi, Tsūkō ichiran, vol. 5, pp. 555–64.
mcCullough, Tale of the Heike, p. 45.

(reference list)

Hisamatsu Sen’ichi 久松潜一, ed. Chūsei karonshū 中世歌論集. Iwanami Shoten, 1985.
Shirane, Haruo, and Tomi Suzuki, eds. Inventing the Classics: Modernity, National
Identity, and Japanese Literature. Stanford University Press, 2000.
Hayashi Fukusai 林復斎, comp. Tsūkō ichiran 通航一覧. 8 vols. Osaka: Seibundō,
1967.
mcCullough, Helen Craig, trans. The Tale of the Heike. Stanford University Press,
1988.

4.11.2. Citation by name of author; name of editor included

If the name of an editor or translator is included along with that of the author, the identiﬁcation of that individual follows the name of the work, separated from it by a period. Note thatwhen it precedes a name, the abbreviation “ed.” stands for “edited by” and therefore is not
used in the plural even when there are multiple editors. Information about volume numbers
follows the editor’s name.
September 2018

30

Kyokutei Bakin 曲亭馬琴. Kinsei mono no hon Edo sakusha burui 近世物之本
江戸作者部類. Ed. Tokuda Takeshi 徳田武. Iwanami Shoten, 2014.
Shimazaki Tōson. The Family. Trans. Cecilia Segawa Seigle. University of Tokyo
Press, 1976.
Fujiwara no Sanesuke 藤原実資. Shōyūki 小右記. Ed. Tōkyō daigaku Shiryō
Hensanjo 東京大学史料編纂所. Vol. 4. Dai Nihon kokiroku 大日本古記録. Iwanami
Shoten, 1967.

4.11.3. Citation by name of author; name of editor included together with additional data

If the work is part of a compendium or a volume consisting of more than one work and theeditor is responsible for editing the entire volume or compendium, the editor’s name should
follow the title of the compendium or overall volume, separated from it by a comma. (Seealso 4.12. Citations to Works Included in Compendia.)
Zuikei Shūhō 瑞渓周鳳. Zenrin kokuhōki 善隣国宝記. In Zenrin kokuhōki, Shintei
zoku zenrin kokuhōki 善隣国宝記・新訂続善隣国宝記, ed. Tanaka Takeo 田中健夫,
pp. 1–249. Shūseisha, 1995.
Senjun 専順. Katahashi かたはし. In vol. 3 of Renga ronshū 連歌論集, ed. Kidō Saizō
木藤才蔵, pp. 137–48. miyai Shoten, 1985.
Chikamatsu monzaemon 近松門左衛門. Onatsu Seijūrō gojūnenki uta nenbutsu
おなつ清十郎五十年忌歌念仏. In vol. 2 of Shōchū zen’yaku Chikamatsu kessaku
shū 詳註全訳近松傑作集, ed. Wakatsuki Yasuji 若月保治, pp. 281–350. Taiyōdō
Shoten, 1929.
juntoku Tennō 順徳天皇. Yakumo mishō 八雲御抄. In supplementary vol. 3 of Nihon
kagaku taikei 日本歌学大系, ed. Kyūsojin Hitaku 久曽神昇, pp. 187–447. Kazama
Shobō, 1978.
But
Nijō Yoshimoto 二条良基. Tsukubashū 菟玖波集. Ed. Fukui Kyūzō 福井久蔵. 2 vols.
Nihon koten zensho 日本古典全書. Asahi Shinbunsha, 1972.
The two volumes of Nijō Yoshimoto’s “Tsukubashū” are part of a series that does nothave volume numbers and the individual volumes of which have different editors.
Fukui is the editor only of “Tsukubashū.” The reference list entry thus follows the
4.11.2 format rather than the 4.11.3 one.

4.12. Citations to Works Included in Compendia

multivolume series (sōsho 叢書, zenshū 全集, kōza 講座, etc.) are a frequently encounteredfeature of japanese scholarship; these often have multiple editors and separate titles for volumes or for series within series. In principle it is preferable to give only the information necessary to locate the particular work cited rather than to include all such bibliographic data.

As a rule of thumb, include the editor or compiler’s name if the compendium is specialized
and the person named as editor or compiler likely was directly involved in putting it
together. The editor or compiler’s name may be omitted in the case of an editorial committee organized for the purpose of producing the compendium (XX Iinkai, YY Hensankai), or
if the name overlaps with that of the publisher (in which case the latter will sufﬁce). The
editor’s name may also be omitted if the compendium is large and well known and can bereadily located without it. If included, the editor’s name should be enclosed in commas andfollow the compendium’s title (see 4.5. Punctuation; 4.11. Editors, Compilers, Translators).
September 2018

31

If the piece cited does not occupy the entire volume, in the reference list indicate that by“in.” For citation of a single volume from a multivolume work, see also 4.6.2. Volume numbers.
( footnote)

Senjun, Katahashi, p. 146.
Rai Shunsui, Tōyū zakki, pp. 1212–13.

(reference list)

Senjun 専順. Katahashi かたはし. In vol. 3 of Renga ronshū 連歌論集, ed. Kidō Saizō
木藤才蔵, pp. 137–48. miyai Shoten, 1985.
The compendium is specialized, and the editor’s name is included.

Rai Shunsui 頼春水. Tōyū zakki 東遊雑記. In vol. 6 of Hiroshima-ken shi: Kinsei
shiryōhen 広島県史: 近世資料編, pp. 1209–17. Hiroshima-ken, 1987.
The citation is to a text contained in a volume that is one of several constituting a subunit of a multivolume series that does not have overall numbering. The total numberof volumes is thus not indicated, and the name of the subunit, “Kinsei shiryōhen,” istreated as a subtitle to that of the overall series. The name of the compiler is the sameas that of the publisher and thus is omitted.

In the case of a series within a larger series, each of which has separate numbering, or amultivolume work included in a compendium, only the volume number most pertinent to thetext at hand should be given in the footnotes. Sometimes a series does not have consecutive
numbering; even if it does, if the work can be located readily without the series name and/or
volume number, that information may be omitted from the reference list. Where it is necessary or desirable to include such information, resulting in the need to indicate the concurrent
existence of two different sets of volume numbers, in the reference list the compendium
volume numbers should follow directly after its name, without intervening punctuation or
the word “volume.”( footnote)

Konjaku 13:44 (vol. 3, pp. 268–69); 19:22 (vol. 4, pp. 264–65).
Takeuchi, “Kansei kaikaku,” pp. 10–21.
mukōyama gendayū, Edo jitsujō, vol. 3, p. 101.
Ogyū Sorai, Seidan, pp. 122–24.
Fujiwara no munetada, Chūyūki, Hōen 保延 3 (1136).7.20 (p. 204).
Nihon engyō taikei, vol. 3, p. 45; vol. 6, pp. 120–34.
Smith/Sumisu, “Hiroshige to Kiyochika,” p. 177.
Fujiokaya nikki, Tenpō 15 (1844).1.10 (pp. 413–14).

(reference list)

Konjaku monogatari shū 今昔物語集. 5 vols. NKBT 22–26.

The work occupies ﬁve volumes numbered 1 to 5 in the NKBT compendium. The footnote cites those volume numbers together with the “volume” (maki) and story numbers common across different editions. The reference list entry indicates the equivalent compendium volume numbers.
Takeuchi makoto 竹内誠. “Kansei kaikaku” 寛成改革. In vol. 12 of Iwanami kōza
Nihon rekishi 岩波講座日本歴史, pp. 1–44. Iwanami Shoten, 1976.
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Only the volume number within the overall series, vol. 12, is given; the informationthat it is also vol. 4 of the subunit “Kinsei” is omitted, as are the names of the editorsof the well-known series.
mukōyama gendayū 向山源太夫. Edo jitsujō Seisai zakki 江戸実情誠斎雑記. 4 vols.
Edo sōsho 江戸叢書. Edo Sōsho Kankōkai, 1916–1917.
The works included in the “Edo sōsho” series are combined with other works and distributed across different volumes of the series. Thus, in both the footnote and the reference list, only the volumes of the work in question (“Edo jitsujō Seisai zakki”) arereferred to, not those of the series as a whole. Seisai is the author’s “gō” (studioname) and thus is capitalized in the title. The name of the committee responsible forthe compilation coincides with that of the publisher and thus is omitted.
Ogyū Sorai 荻生徂徠. Seidan 政談. Ed. Hiraishi Naoaki 平石直昭. Heibonsha, 2011.
The work occupies a single volume within an ongoing episodic series. The name ofthe series and the work’s volume number within it are omitted.
Fujiwara no munetada 藤原宗忠. Chūyūki 中右記. Vol. 7. Zōho shiryō taisei
増補史料大成 15. Kyoto: Rinsen Shoten, 1965.
Only one volume of a multivolume courtier diary is cited in the course of the article;
the footnote does not include the volume number and gives instead the date of theentry. The reference list provides the relevant number of the diary (vol. 7) and indicates that this corresponds to vol. 15 of the “Zōho shiryō taisei” series.
Nihon engyō taikei: Shiryōhen (Kodai, chūsei) 日本塩業大系: 史料編 (古代・中世). 9

vols. Nihon Senbai Kōsha, 1976.

The series encompasses different levels of subsections. In the title, the nine-volume“Kodai, chūsei” subsection is put in parentheses to set it off within the larger“Shiryōhen” subsection.
Smith, Henry/Sumisu, Henrī スミス、ヘンリー. “Hiroshige to Kiyochika no meishozu
ni okeru jūkyū seikiteki shikaku” 広重と清親の名所図における十九世紀的視覚. In
vol. 1 of Edo kara Meiji e: Kindai no bijutsu 江戸から明治へ: 近代の美術, ed.
Takashina Shūji 高階秀爾 et al., Nihon bijutsu zenshū 日本美術全集 21, pp. 175–

80. Kōdansha, 1991.
Fujiokaya nikki 藤岡屋日記. Ed. Suzuki Tōzō 鈴木棠三 and Koike Shōtarō
小池章太郎. Vol. 2. Kinsei shomin seikatsu shiryō 近世庶民生活史料. San’ichi
Shobō, 1988.
One volume of many in an unnumbered series.

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5. FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCE LIST:
EXAMPLES AND VARIATIONS
5.1. Autonomous Published Work (Individual Volume or Included inCompendium) with Known Author, Editor, Compiler, Translator“Autonomous” refers here to texts written originally as independent pieces rather than as
chapters or subsections of a larger work or as periodical articles. mN italicizes the titles ofall such works, regardless of length (see 3.17. Titles of Prose Works, Plays, manga, Anime;
4.3. Title Format: Italics and Capitalization), but treatment of the author’s name varies
according to the criteria for citations indicated in 4.1. Basic Structure and Principles. The
reference list format will also vary depending on whether the work constitutes an individual
volume or is combined with other works or included in a compendium (see 4.12. Citations
to Works Included in Compendia).
5.1.1. Modern work, individual volume( footnote)

Hesselink, Dream of Christian Nagasaki, p. 42.
Suga, Shinkei, p. 120.
Ishida, Jigoku, p. 23.
mcCullough, Tale of the Heike, p. 125.

(reference list)

Hesselink, Reinier H. The Dream of Christian Nagasaki: World Trade and the Clashof Cultures. jefferson, NC: mcFarland Publishers, 2016.
Suga Kikuko 菅基久子. Shinkei: Shūkyō to geijutsu 心敬: 宗教と芸術. Sōbunsha,
2000.
Ishida mizumaro 石田瑞麿. Jigoku 地獄. Kyoto: Hōzōkan, 1985.
mcCullough, Helen Craig, trans. The Tale of the Heike. Stanford University Press,
1988.

5.1.2. Modern work, included in compendium( footnote)

Akutagawa, Hell Screen, pp. 182–84.
murakami, Andāguraundo, pp. 404–407.
Ballhatchet, Fukuzawa Yukichi, pp. 180–85.

(reference list)

Akutagawa Ryūnosuke. The Hell Screen. Trans. Takashi Kojima. In The World ofJapanese Fiction, ed. Yoshinobu Hakutani and Arthur O. Lewis, pp. 180–210.
New York: dutton, 1973.
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murakami Haruki. Andāguraundo アンダーグラウンド. Vol. 6 of Murakami Haruki
zensakuhin: 1990–2000 村上春樹全作品: 1990–2000. Kōdansha, 2002.
Ballhatchet, Helen, ed. Fukuzawa Yukichi on Women and the Family. Vol. 3 of The
Thought of Fukuzawa. Keio University Press, 2017.
As “Keio University Press” is a separate division devoted to publishing works in
English, the English name of the press is used instead of the Japanese.

5.2. Autonomous Published Work by Unknown Author or Better Knownby Title

This category includes both works for which there is no known author or compiler andworks (such as the imperial poetry collections or modern collectively authored works) thatare more commonly known by their title than by the compiler. In the latter case, it is possible to list the work by the name of the compiler, but often it will be simpler to list it insteadby the title. As with the other autonomous works discussed earlier, the titles of works in thiscategory are italicized. For citations of individual documents instead of works, see 5.7.
Published documents.
5.2.1. Author unknown( footnote)

Sesshū gappō ga tsuji, pp. 682–84.
Konjaku 13:44 (vol. 3, pp. 268–69); 19:22 (vol. 4, pp. 264–65).

(reference list)

Sesshū gappō ga tsuji 摂州合邦辻. In vol. 2 of Jōruri meisakushū 浄瑠璃名作集, pp.
682–710. Nihon meicho zenshū 日本名著全集. Nihon meicho Zenshū Kankōkai,1929.
Konjaku monogatari shū 今昔物語集. 5 vols. NKBT 22–26.

5.2.2. Premodern work commonly known by title rather than compiler’s name( footnote)

Tsūkō ichiran, pp. 220–24.
Ofuregaki, p. 135.
Hokuzanshō, p. 200.
Tokugawa jikki, vol. 7, p. 219; vol. 8, p. 282.
Nihon ryōiki 1:16 (pp. 151–52).

(reference list)

Tsūkō ichiran 通航一覧. Comp. Hayashi Fukusai 林復斎. Vol. 3. Osaka: Seibundō,
1967.
Ofuregaki Tenpō shūsei 御触書天保集成. Ed. Takayanagi Shinzō 高柳真三 and Ishii
Ryōsuke 石井良助. Vol. 1. Iwanami Shoten, 1937.
Hokuzanshō 北山抄. In vol. 3 of Shintō taikei: Chōgi saishi hen 神道大系: 朝儀祭祀編, pp. 139–231. Shintō Taikei Hensankai, 1992.
Tokugawa jikki 徳川実紀. 10 vols. KST 38–47.
Nihon ryōiki 日本霊異記. Comp. Keikai 景戒. SNKBT 30.

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Or, if priority is given to compiler/editor:

35( footnote)

Hayashi Fukusai, Tsūkō ichiran, pp. 220–24.
Takayanagi and Ishii, Ofuregaki, vol. 1, p. 135.
Keikai, Nihon ryōiki 1:16 (pp. 151–52).

(reference list)

Hayashi Fukusai 林復斎, comp. Tsūkō ichiran 通航一覧. Vol. 3. Osaka: Seibundō,
1967.
Takayanagi Shinzō 高柳真三 and Ishii Ryōsuke 石井良助, eds. Ofuregaki Tenpōshūsei 御触書天保集成. 2 vols. Iwanami Shoten, 1937.
Keikai 景戒, comp. Nihon ryōiki 日本霊異記. SNKBT 30.

5.2.3. Modern collectively authored work

The “editor” is often an editorial committee established for the purpose of publishing thework in question, or is the representative of such a committee. The committee’s name frequently coincides with the work’s title or the publisher’s name, and even when the name isthat of a representative individual, it can usually be omitted.
( footnote)

Dōshisha hyakunen shi, vol. 2, pp. 1502–503.
Mōka-shi shi, vol. 3, pp. 24–28.
Mito-shi shi, vol. 2:3, p. 35; vol. 3:3, pp. 12–25.
“Tōdaiji Hokke dōshu shūgi kiroku” 東大寺法華同衆衆議記録, Shōwa 正和 1 (1312).
9.14, Hyōgo-ken shi, vol. 5, p. 45.

(reference list)

Characters are given for the document name, since it will not appear in the reference
list. (See also 5.7. Published Documents.)

Dōshisha hyakunen shi 同志社百年史. 4 vols. Kyoto: dōshisha, 1979.
Mōka-shi shi 真岡市史. 8 vols. mōka-shi, 1985–1988.
Mito-shi shi 水戸市史. 9 vols. mito-shi, 1963–1998.

“Mito-shi shi” consists of three “volumes” (“jō,” “chū,” “ge”), but “chū” in fact
has ﬁve volumes and “ge” has three. In the reference list, the total number of volumes
is thus given as nine, and in the footnote, the third volume of “chū” is cited as “vol.
2:3,” etc.
Hyōgo-ken shi: Shiryōhen (Chūsei) 兵庫県史: 史料編 (中世). 9 vols. Hyōgo-ken,

1983–1997.

5.3. Chapter in Edited Volume

The title of the chapter is put in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks, and the title ofthe volume is italicized. In the reference list, the name(s) of the editor(s) of the volume
come after the title, separated from it by a comma, and inclusive page numbers for the chapter are provided.

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( footnote)Ii, “Toshikage no kashū,” p. 100.
Hurst, “‘Insei,’” p. 580.
Sakamoto, “State Shinto,” p. 290.

(reference list)

Ii Haruki 伊井春樹. “Toshikage no kashū to nikki rui: ‘Utsuho monogatari’
Kurabiraki no maki no igi” 俊蔭の歌集と日記類:『うつほ物語』蔵開の巻の意義.
In Chūko bungaku no keisei to tenkai: Ōchō bungaku zengo 中古文学の形成と展開: 王朝文学前後, ed. Inaga Keiji 稲賀敬二 and masuda motomu 増田欣, pp. 99–
123. Izumi Shoin, 1995.
Hurst, g. Cameron III. “‘Insei.’” In vol. 2 of Cambridge History of Japan, ed.
donald H. Shively and William H. mcCullough, pp. 576–643. Cambridge
University Press, 1999.
Sakamoto Koremaru. “The Structure of State Shinto: Its Creation, development anddemise.” In Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami, ed. john Breen and markTeeuwen, pp. 272–94. Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, 2000.
The Sakamoto article is by a Japanese scholar publishing primarily in Japanese andwas translated for this volume (translator not identiﬁed). Name order thus follows
Japanese usage, without a comma.

5.4. Explanatory Material Included in Edited Volume or Compendium

Put explanatory material such as a kaisetsu or background essay in roman type and place
inside quotation marks.
( footnote)

Kojima, “Kaisetsu,” p. 10.
Ikeda, “Kaisetsu,” p. 155.
miyachi, “Kokka shintō,” pp. 565–60.

(reference list)

Kojima Noriyuki 小島憲之. “Kaisetsu” 解説 (Kaifūsō, Bunka shūreishū, Honchōmonzui 懐風藻・文華秀麗集・本朝文粋). In NKBT 69.
Ikeda Keiko 池田敬子. “Kaisetsu” 解説 (Benkei monogatari 弁慶物語). In vol. 14 of
Kyōto Daigaku kokugo kokubun shiryō sōsho 京都大学国語国文資料叢書, ed.
Satake Akihiro 佐竹明広, pp. 151–86. Kyoto: Rinsen Shoten, 1979.
miyachi masato 宮地正人. “Kokka shintō keisei katei no mondaiten” 国家神道形成過程の問題点. In Shūkyō to kokka 宗教と国家, ed. Yasumaru Yoshio 安丸良夫
and miyachi masato, pp. 565–93. Nihon kindai shisō taikei 日本近代思想大系 5.
Iwanami Shoten, 1988.

5.5. Article Published in Journal or Magazine

The name of the article is put in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks; the name ofthe periodical is italicized (see 4.3. Title Format: Italics and Capitalization). If the number ofthe issue is given in addition to that of the volume, there is no need to include the month in
the date. If a journal is cited more than once, characters need to be given only for the ﬁrst
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instance (see 4.7. multiple Works by the Same Author). If two issues have been combined,
indicate this with a slash. If the journal or magazine is published both in print and electronically with identical contents, when citing follow the principles for print versions even if thearticle has been accessed electronically. For journals and magazines published only electronically, see 5.16. Electronic Sources.
5.5.1. Journal article( footnote)

Rai, “Bitō jishū no shokan,” part 2, pp. 21–24.
Ashida, “Fujiwara no Takamitsu,” p. 13.
Tonomura, “Forging the Past,” p. 72.
Tsuruta, “Flow-dynamics,” p. 255.

(reference list)

Rai Kiichi 頼祺一. “Bitō jishū no shokan” 尾藤二洲の書翰, part 2. Hiroshima
Daigaku Bungakubu kiyō 広島大学文学部紀要 29:1 (1970), pp. 19–51.
Ashida Kōichi 芦田耕一. “Fujiwara no Takamitsu ni okeru Yokawa to Tōnomine noichi” 藤原高光における横川と多武峰の位置. Kokugo to kokubungaku 国語と国文学
57:6 (1980), pp. 12–27.
Tonomura, Hitomi. “Forging the Past: medieval Counterfeit documents.” mN 40:1
(1985), pp. 69–96.
Tsuruta, Kinya. “The Flow-dynamics in Kawabata Yasunari’s ‘Snow Country.’” mN
26:3/4 (1971), pp. 251–65.

In the last two examples above of Japanese nationals publishing primarily in English,
the authors’ names are presented in Western order. (See also 4.10. Works in Japanese by
Non-Japanese Authors.)

5.5.2. Article published in installments

If an article is published over a number of installments, bibliographic data for the installments cited may be combined in one reference list entry.

( footnote)

Komonjo Kenkyūkai, “Shunpūkan shozō,” part 2, p. 9; part 4, p. 10.

(reference list)

Komonjo Kenkyūkai 古文書研究会. “Shunpūkan shozō ‘Baishi fujin’ shokan” 春風館
所蔵「梅颸夫人」書簡, parts 2–4. Kumo ka yama ka 雲か山か 34 (1994), pp. 8–
10; 36 (1995), pp. 8–9; 37 (1995), pp. 10–11.

If only a few installments are cited from an extensive series, it is also possible to list themseparately in the reference list. In that case, characters should be given only for the ﬁrst
entry.
( footnote)

Komonjo Kenkyūkai, “Shunpūkan shozō,” part 2, p. 10; part 3, p. 8.

September 201838(reference list)

Komonjo Kenkyūkai 古文書研究会. “Shunpūkan shozō ‘Baishi fujin’ shokan” 春風館
所蔵「梅颸夫人」書簡, part 2. Kumo ka yama ka 雲か山か 34 (1994), pp. 8–10.
Komonjo Kenkyūkai. “Shunpūkan shozō ‘Baishi fujin’ shokan,” part 3. Kumo ka
yama ka 36 (1995), pp. 8–9.

5.5.3. Magazine article

In contrast to scholarly and professional journals, which are commonly cited by volume
number, issue, and date, magazines are usually cited only by date. The article’s inclusive
range of pages may be omitted, since other materials often intervene.

( footnote)

Satō, “mori kantoku intabyū.”(reference list)

Satō Tadao 佐藤忠男. “mori kantoku intabyū” 森監督インタビュー. Shūkan jitsuwa
週刊実話, 1998.5.21.

5.6. Newspaper Articles

For newspaper articles, the full name of the author (if identiﬁed) and the full article title,
including characters in the case of japanese publications, are given in the footnotes, andthere is no corresponding entry in the reference list. Put titles in roman type and enclose inquotation marks; capitalize only the ﬁrst word and any term that used on its own would beconsidered a proper name. Italicize the name of the newspaper. Include only the article’s
date, not the page on which it appeared. In accordance with footnote format, separate theitems with commas. Where relevant, include the name of the edition at the end. For an article originally published solely in a print edition, follow the print citation format even if it
has been accessed through a digital database such as Yomidas Rekishikan. When citing anarticle published electronically, include the URL. Following CmS, mN recommends giving
URLs in shortened form and omitting the date the item was accessed. (See also 5.16.
Electronic Sources.)
5.6.1. Unsigned newspaper article (print)( footnote)“Kanseido takai kokusan no kyodai kagami” 完成度高い国産の巨大鏡, Asahi shinbun
朝日新聞, 1996.2.27, Osaka edition.
“The sale of bonds in exchange for ‘kinsatsu’ to English capitalists,” Japan Weekly
Mail, 1884.7.19.

5.6.2. Signed newspaper article (print)( footnote)

Norihiro Kato, “japan’s right-wing stirrings,” New York Times, 2014.2.12.
Reiji Yoshida, “Wide-ranging imperial reform likely too sensitive to tackle for now,”
Japan Times, 2016.10.16.

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Komatsu Takajirō 小松隆次郎, “junbi kōi mae demo sōsa taishō” 準備行為前でも捜査対象, Asahi shinbun 朝日新聞, 2017.4.22.

5.6.3. Newspaper article published electronically( footnote)

Sasagawa Shōhei 笹川翔平, “giron 1-jikan chō, kōkai wa A4-ban 2-mai: Seizen taiino yūshikisha kaigi 議論1時間超、公開はA4判2枚: 生前退位の有識者会議, Asahi
shinbun dejitaru 朝日新聞デジタル, 2016.10.24, http://digital.asahi.com.

5.7. Published Documents

When citing a speciﬁc published document, the relevant information (e.g., title, number,date) should be given in the footnotes; only the name of the volume in which it is publishedand the necessary bibliographic information about that volume should appear in the reference list. If the title of the document is given, it should be put in roman type and enclosed inquotation marks. The document number follows directly after the name of the collection inwhich the document is included without intervening punctuation. Volume and page numbers
follow, enclosed in parentheses. (See also 4.6.3. Citations incorporating dates or document
numbers in addition to page numbers.) If the same volume is cited repeatedly, an acronym
may be used in place of the full title (see 4.2. Frequently Cited journals and Compendia).
Citations to certain composite collections are handled differently (see 5.9. dNS, dNK
Hennen, dNK Bakumatsu).
( footnote)“Kantō migyōsho” 関東御教書, Shōwa 正和 3 (1314).10.10, Rikyū Hachimangūmonjo 6 (p. 626).

Document name and characters are given in the footnote, not the reference list. The
reference list entry will include the name of the collection in which it appears. The
footnote also includes the number of the document in the collection.
“Kuroda no shō shōkanra ukebumi” 黒田荘荘官等請文, jōan 承安 5 (1175).5.23,

Tōdaiji monjo 311 (vol. 12, pp. 18–19).

Or, in an abbreviated form by collection name and document number and date, without the
document name:
Rikyū Hachimangū monjo 6, Shōwa 正和 3 (1314).10.10 (p. 626).
Tōdaiji monjo 311, jōan 承安 5 (1175).5.23 (vol. 12, pp. 18–19).

(reference list)

Rikyū Hachimangū monjo 離宮八幡宮文書. In Ōyamazaki-chō shi: Shiryōhen 大山崎町史: 史料編, pp. 625–744. Kyoto: Ōyamazaki-chō Yakusho, 1981.
The document collection (“Rikyū Hachimangū monjo”) is published as one section ofa one-volume compendium.
Tōdaiji monjo 東大寺文書. 22 vols. dNK Iewake, part 18.

5.8. Unpublished Archival Sources

The format for the citation of unpublished materials varies according to their nature andlength. In both the footnotes and the reference list, the name of the archive holding the
September 201840

material should be put in roman type and capitalized headline style (“archive” includes bothcollections housed within an institution that may encompass several such collections anddedicated institutions; see 3.3. Archives and Published Collections). In the reference list,
give the location of the institution housing the archive and, for japanese sources, charactersfor the names of private archives and public ones below the prefectural level. Citations tosources in a digital archive should follow the same general format as for print sources, withthe relevant URL included in the reference list (see also 5.16. Electronic Sources).

5.8.1. Longer sources

Cite a longer source, such as a diary or treatise, by author and/or title in the footnotes andgive the full bibliographic information about it, including its archival location, in the reference list. Titles should be put in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks.

( footnote)

Hasegawa, “Sōjō.”mori, “Nichiroku,” Bunka 文化 2 (1805).12.11.
“Toyokazu-kō ki,” vol. 22, fols. 32–38, 47–50.

(reference list)

Hasegawa Yoshimichi 長谷川好道. “Sōjō zengosaku shiken” 騒擾善後策私見. Saitōmakoto Kankei monjo 斉藤実関係文書 68:6. National diet Library, Tokyo.

Treatise included in a named archival collection held at a library; document number
within the collection follows its name without intervening punctuation. The widelyused English name of the library is given, but the Japanese form (Kokuritsu
Toshokan) could be used instead. In that case, as it is a national institution characterswould not need to be added.
mori Yoshiki 森芳材. “Nichiroku” 日録 (1788, 1791, 1793, 1798–1807). 12 volumes.
In ﬁle K289 モリ. Kōchi Kenritsu Toshokan, Kōchi-shi.
Multivolume diary included in a larger ﬁle of documents rather than a namedarchival collection. Characters are omitted for the institution housing the materials
because it is a prefectural library.
“Toyokazu-kō ki” 豊策公紀. 81 vols. Tosa Yamauchi-ke Hōmotsu Shiryōkan
土佐山内家宝物資料館, Kōchi-shi.

5.8.2. Shorter sources

Shorter sources—documents such as letters, orders, contracts, etc.—should be cited in amanner comparable to published versions of such materials (see 5.7. Published documents).
Provide information about the source in the footnotes, including name, characters, and/or
document number where pertinent, together with the name of the archival collection. In thereference list, give only information about the archive. If the source has a title, put it inroman type and enclose in quotation marks; do not use quotation marks if the identiﬁcation
is descriptive, as with a letter.
( footnote)“Oboe” 覚, gotō-ke monjo 4941-1.

Brief document identiﬁed by generic title included in a named archival collection

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encompassed within an institution holding various such collections; document number is given in the footnote following the archive name.

Letter from Arai Hakuseki to Konoe Iehiro, Shōtoku 1 (1711).7.16, Yōmei Bunko
90005.

Letter in a dedicated archival collection; the document’s catalogue number, which follows the archive name, refers to the archive as a whole, not a subunit of it. If thenames of the sender and recipient have not been previously mentioned in the text,
characters for them should be included, as they will not appear in the reference list.
“Shikijitsu ni okeru kyōiku chokugo hōdoku nado ni kansuru ken” 式日ニ於ケル教育勅語奉読等ニ関スル件, Shōwa 11 (1936).9.10, jōchi daigaku Shishiryōshitsu.
Brief document without catalogue number, identiﬁed by heading and date, together
with the archive name.

Letter from Hermann Hoffmann to jesuit Superior general, 1913.4.1, ARSI jap
1002-XV, 15.
Letter with individual catalogue number in archival collection identiﬁed by acronym.

Report from Itō Kihachirō 伊東喜八郎, governor of Nagasaki Prefecture, to ministerof Education Kobashi Ichita 小橋一太, Shōwa 4 (1929).11.2, included in the ﬁle“Ōshima Kōtō jogakkō.”
The report is one of many documents included in a larger named ﬁle that serves as thelocator.
“Shichū torishimari kakitome,” Keiō 慶応 2 (1866).5.24.

(reference list)

gotō-ke monjo 後藤家文書. Aki Shiritsu Rekishi minzoku Shiryōkan 安芸市立歴史民俗資料館, Kōchi-ken.

Reference list includes only the name of the collection, the encompassing archive, andits location.
Yōmei Bunko 陽明文庫, Kyoto.
Only the archive name and its location are given.
jōchi daigaku Shishiryōshitsu 上智大学史資料室, jōchi daigaku 上智大学, Tokyo.

ARSI Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, Rome. Photographic copies housed atjōchi daigaku Shishiryōshitsu 上智大学史資料室, jōchi daigaku 上智大学,
Tokyo.
The acronym for the archival collection, together with its full name, is given at the
beginning of the reference list. Information that copies were accessed at a different
archive is also included.

“Ōshima Kōtō jogakkō nado shikinen sengū yōhaishiki fukyokō tenmatsu”
大島高等女学校等式年遷宮遙拝式不挙行顛末. National Archives of japan digital
Archive. http://digital.archives.go.jp.
The ﬁle is accessible electronically, but as it can be readily located by ﬁle name, thelong URL speciﬁc to it is not included. The English name of the national institution isused. It is not necessary to note the date the site was accessed. (See also 5.16.
Electronic Sources.)“Shichū torishimari kakitome” 市中取締書留. Vol. 219. In Kyūbaku hikitsugisho
旧幕府引継書. National diet Library digital Collections. http://dl.ndl.go.jp.

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5.9. DNS, DNK Hennen, DNK Bakumatsu

The compendia Dai Nihon shiryō, Dai Nihon komonjo: Hennen monjo, and Dai Nihon
komonjo: Bakumatsu gaikoku kankei monjo combine documents and excerpts from various
sources in a composite, chronologically organized format. As all three compendia are
included in mN’s list of frequently cited series (see 4.2. Frequently Cited journals andCompendia), all relevant information is given in the footnotes, and the compendia names aswell as any individual sources cited from them are omitted from the reference list. For
dNS, give the series and volume number immediately after the acronym; for the other twoseries, give the volume number. The date or section name follows, and the relevant page
numbers come at the end in parentheses.
( footnote)dNS 8:27, Entoku 延徳 1 (1489).4.13 (pp. 254–57).

“8” is the series number; “27” is the volume within that series.

dNS 12:26, “genna ninenmatsu zassai” 元和二年末雑載 (pp. 55–63).

The section cited brings together miscellaneous material at the end of the compilation
for Genna 2 (1616).
dNK Hennen 25, Tenpyō Hōji 天平宝字 2 (758).6.1 (p. 229).
“25” is the volume number.
dNK Bakumatsu 52, man’en 万延1 (1860).8.7 (pp. 430–35).

5.10. Citations to Taishō shinshū daizōkyō

The majority of the texts included in the compendium of Buddhist sources Taishō shinshū
daizōkyō 大正新脩大蔵経 (abbreviated as “T”) are sutras written in Chinese, but many ofthem are known in the japanese studies world by the japanese reading of the title. In thefootnotes, they may be cited by either the Chinese or the japanese reading; in the reference
list, give the alternative reading in parentheses after the characters. The footnotes should
give the pertinent page numbers (including the column, indicated by “a,” “b,” etc.). The reference list entry for the cited text should give the T number assigned to the text as well as
the volume number and inclusive pages for the text within the compendium. Follow thesame general principles for the image collection Taishō shinshū daizōkyō zuzō
大正新修大蔵経図像 (abbreviated as “T zuzō”). As pagination is the same in the printed andelectronic versions, the citation is the same for both. (See 4.2. Frequently Cited journals andCompendia.)( footnote)

Liudu ji jing, pp. 36c–37a.
Myōhō renge kyō, p. 55a.
Besson zakki.

(reference list)

Liudu ji jing 六度集経 (jp. Rokudo jikkyō). T 152 3:1a–52b.

152 is the number assigned to the text in the compendium; 3 is the compendium
volume; 1–52 are the inclusive page numbers of T 152 within vol. 3.
Myōhō renge kyō 妙法蓮華経 (Ch. Miaofa lianfa jing). T 262 9:1a–62c.
Besson zakki 別尊雑記. T zuzō 3007 3:38–46.
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433007 is the number assigned to “Besson zakki” as indicated in the index volume; 3 isthe volume number within the twelve-volume compendium “T zuzō”; 38–46 are theinclusive page numbers of “Besson zakki.”

5.11. Dissertations

The titles of dissertations, both in English and japanese, are put in roman type and placed
inside quotation marks. Capitalization is the same as for published works.

( footnote)

Innes, “door Ajar,” p. 110.
Kawamura, “Christian Lay Communities,” p. 55.
Kobayashi, “Kinsei busshitsu bunka,” p. 12.

(reference list)

Innes, Robert L. “The door Ajar: japan’s Foreign Trade in the SeventeenthCentury.” Phd dissertation, University of michigan, 1980.
Kawamura, Shinzō. “making Christian Lay Communities during the ‘ChristianCentury’ in japan: A Case Study of Takata district in Bungo.” Phd dissertation,
georgetown University, 1999.
Kobayashi Katsu 小林克. “Kinsei busshitsu bunka no kōkogakuteki kenkyū”
近世物質文化の考古学的研究. Phd dissertation, Nihon daigaku 日本大学, 2016.

5.12. Unpublished Conference Presentations

The titles of unpublished presentations are put in roman type and enclosed in quotation
marks. Capitalization is the same as for published works. The occasion, place, and dateshould be indicated.

( footnote)

Fukuda, “Keishō suru minzoku gakusha.”
Pradel, “Immigrant Kinship groups.”(reference list)

Fukuda Ajio 福田アジオ. “Keishō suru minzoku gakusha, hitei suru minzoku
gakusha” 継承する民俗学者・否定する民俗学者. Paper presented at the workshop“Bunjin kara gakusha e” 文人から学者へ, Kokugakuin daigaku 国学院大学,
Tokyo, 2017.1.26.
Pradel, Chari. “Immigrant Kinship groups and the making of the Tenjukoku Shūchō
mandara.” Paper presented at “Sophia University Institute of Comparative
Culture Lecture Series 2016,” Sophia University, Tokyo, 2016.12.1.

5.13. Translated Worksdepending on the nature of the work, priority may be given to either the name of the translator or that of the original author.

5.13.1. Work without identifiable author

give priority to the translator.

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( footnote)

mcCullough, Tale of the Heike, p. 157.

(reference list)

mcCullough, Helen Craig, trans. The Tale of the Heike. Stanford University Press, 1988.

5.13.2. Literary work with known author

The work should generally be listed under the original author’s name, with the translator’sname following the title.
( footnote)

Shimazaki, The Family, p. 25.

(reference list)

Shimazaki Tōson. The Family. Trans. Cecilia Segawa Seigle. University of Tokyo
Press, 1976.

5.13.3. Nonfiction

give priority to the original author.

( footnote)maruyama, Studies, pp. 45–54.
Kuroda, “Shinto,” p. 17.

(reference list)

maruyama masao. Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan. Trans.
mikiso Hane. University of Tokyo Press, 1974.
Kuroda Toshio. “Shinto in the History of japanese Religion.” Trans. james C.
dobbins and Suzanne gay. jjS 7:1 (1981), pp. 1–21.

5.14. Book Reviews

Book reviews that do not have formal titles should be cited using a shortened title of thebook under review; in the reference list, give the full title of the book, followed by its
author.
( footnote)

Köhn, review of Manga, p. 235.

(reference list)

Köhn, Stephan. Review of Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture andthe Kibyōshi of Edo Japan, by Adam Kern. mN 62:2 (2007), pp. 235–37.

5.15. Reprinted Material

For reprinted material, give the data for the author’s name and pagination as it appears in thereprinted version. Inclusive pagination for the original version is not needed, but use the title
format appropriate to the original form of publication.

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( footnote)

Takekoshi, “Yamaji Aizan-kun,” p. 420.

(reference list)

Takekoshi Yosaburō 竹越与三郎. “Yamaji Aizan-kun” 山路愛山君. Orig. pub. in Chūō
kōron 中央公論 (1910.9). Repr. in Yamaji Aizan shū 山路愛山集, ed. Ōkubo Toshiaki
大久保利謙, p. 420. Meiji bungaku zenshū 明治文学全集 35. Chikuma Shobō, 1965.
Because the work was originally written as a periodical article, the title is put inroman type and enclosed in quotation marks. Inclusive pagination (here, one pageonly) is given for the volume within the compendium in which it has been reprinted.

5.16. Electronic Sources

If a source that was originally printed or written on paper is accessed via a reproduction in adigital database, it may be cited in the same manner that the paper original would be; it is
not necessary to include a URL. A URL or dOI should be provided for a source that is only
available digitally or when the digital version differs in format from the print version. It is
not necessary to include the date the site was accessed.

5.16.1. Journal and magazine articles

For citations to articles available only electronically, include the dOI or URL in the reference list. When available, cite the dOI, which is more stable, rather than the URL.
Newspaper articles published electronically are handled somewhat differently (see 5.6.3.
Newspaper article published electronically).

( footnote)meeks, “Imagining Rāhula,” p. 149.
Kingston, “Nationalism in the Abe Era,” p. 3.
Karube, “Kōshitsu no dentō.”(reference list)

meeks, Lori. “Imagining Rāhula in medieval japan: The ‘Raun kōshiki.’” jjRS 43:1
(2016), pp. 131–51. dOI: 10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131–151.
Kingston, jeff. “Nationalism in the Abe Era.” Japan Focus 14:20.3 (2016.10).
apjjf.org.

The journal uses a tripart numbering system: volume, issue, number. As each article
is paginated separately, inclusive pagination is omitted.
Karube Tadashi 苅部直. “Kōshitsu no dentō o gendai ni dō ikasu ka: ‘Shōchō tennō’sengen no gan’i o yomitoku” 皇室の伝統を現代にどう生かすか:「象徴天皇」
宣言の含意を読み解く. Webronza. 2016.11.11. webronza.asahi.com.
The medium is a digital subunit of “Asahi shinbun” with the characteristics of anelectronic magazine; citation format follows that for a magazine article rather than anewspaper article, with a shortened footnote citation and full bibliographic data in
the reference list. No characters are given for the periodical title as it appears on thewebsite solely in romanized form.

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5.16.2. Other material accessed online

In citing materials from a digital archive or database, for footnotes use a shortened
name/title format in the same manner as for paper sources. Put titles in roman type andenclose in quotation marks. In the reference list entry, capitalize and put in roman type thename of the database or digital archive and add its URL. (See also 5.8. UnpublishedArchival Sources.)( footnote)“dai nanajūyon kai Teikoku gikai,” 1939.2.13.
Azegami, “‘modernization,’” pp. 2–3.

(reference list)“dai nanajūyon kai Teikoku gikai Shūgiin Seigan Iin daiichi Bunka kaigiroku dai nikai” 第七十四回帝国議会衆議院請願委員第一分科会議録第二回. Shōwa 昭和 14(1939). 2.13. Teikoku gikai Kaigiroku Kensaku Shisutemu 帝国議会会議録
検索システム. http://teikokugikai-i.ndl.go.jp.
The footnote gives an abbreviated title and the date of the Diet committee hearing
necessary to locate the pertinent information. The URL is for the overall site.

Azegami Naoki. “‘modernization’ (gendaika) and the Formation of Religious
Nationalism in Pre-war japanese Society.” Trans. Ioannis gaitanidis. 2011. Articles
in Translation, Kokugakuin digital museum. http://k-amc.kokugakuin.ac.jp.

September 2018