PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

Promoting Effective Pollution Response

Just When Is Oil Spill Preparedness Too
Expensive?
Petroleum Association of Japan Symposium
Richard H. Johnson - Technical Director
Tokyo, 28th January 2016

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness• Big Spills, Big Problems. Public up roar. Politically Unacceptable• Action – Industry & Govt
• 50 years of Evolution. A mature industry.
• Great Successes. Job done?
• Has the risk now passed? Can we take our foot off the gas?
• It costs money to be prepared. Budgets are tight.

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

128th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness
Tanker Spills >700 tonnes

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0
1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015

• Big Spills, Big Problems. Public up roar. Politically Unacceptable• Action – Industry & Govt
• 50 years of Evolution. A mature industry.
• Great Successes. Job done?
• Has the risk now passed? Can we take our foot off the gas?
• It costs money to be prepared. Budgets are tight.

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness
600
7-700 Tonnes
500>700 Tonnes

Number of spills

400

300

200

100

0
1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

• Big Spills, Big Problems. Public up roar. Politically Unacceptable• Action – Industry & Govt
• 50 years of Evolution. A mature industry.
• Great Successes. Job done?
• Has the risk now passed? Can we take our foot off the gas?
• It costs money to be prepared. Budgets are tight.

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

228th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness• Big Spills, Big Problems. Public up roar. Politically Unacceptable• Action – Industry & Govt
• 50 years of Evolution. A mature industry.
• Great Successes. Job done?
• Has the risk now passed? Can we take our foot off the gas?
• It costs money to be prepared. Budgets are tight.

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness

1970s
56%

1980s
21%

1990s
20%

2000s
3%

• Big Spills, Big Problems. Public up roar. Politically Unacceptable• Action – Industry & Govt
• 50 years of Evolution. A mature industry.
• Great Successes. Job done?
• Has the risk now passed? Can we take our foot off the gas?
• It costs money to be prepared. Budgets are tight.

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

328th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

Thousand Tonnes

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness
700

ATLANTIC EMPRESS
287,000 Tonnes

600
ABT SUMMER
260,000 Tonnes

500

CASTILLO DE BELLVER
252,000 Tonnes

400

300

KHARK 570,000 Tonnes

SEA EMPRESS
72,000 Tonnes

EXXON VALDEZ
37,000 Tonnes

PRESTIGE
63,000 Tonnes

200

ERIKA
20,000 Tonnes

HEBEI SPIRIT
11,000 Tonnes

100

0
1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

1,000 km Coastline. 10 Prefectures

2012

2015

AOMORI

100 kilometres

AKITA

Sea ofJapan

YAMAGATASADOISLANDNAKHODKA
Stern Section

WajimaNIIGATA
ToyamaBay

NAKHODKA
Bow Section

Kanazawa

TOYAMA

ISIKAWA

MikuniOKIISLANDS

WakasaBay

Pacific

FUKUI
Tokyo
Tsuruga

SHIMANE

TOTTORI
HYOGO

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

Ocean

Maizuru

KYOTO
Nagoya4

28th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

HEBEI SPIRIT• Spills happen• Understand the risk
• Citizens will be affected ( >100,000 claims)• Spills can be expensive ( >US$2 billion claimed)• Preparation is required to respond to such events• Preparation is needed to fund such events

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness• Oil Transportation• Oil transportation• Oil demand for our present way of life. Until Society changes its mind
• Oil ‐ demand for our present way of life. Until Society changes its mind
• Do we (government/industry/public) accept the risks?
• Do we (government/industry/public) accept the risks?
• Successful Transportation.
• Successful Transportation.
• Happy to invest to reap the benefits• Happy to invest to reap the benefits• Happy to invest to mitigate the consequences?
• Happy to invest to mitigate the consequences?

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

5PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness• Oil Transportation• All Shipping routes (90% commodities transported by sea)
• Oil demand for our present way of life. Until Society changes its mind
• All cargoes ‐ demand for our present way of life. Until Society changes its mind
• Do we (government/industry/public) accept the risks?
• Do we (government/industry/public) accept the risks?
• Successful Transportation.
• Successful Transportation.
• Happy to invest to reap the benefits• Happy to invest to reap the benefits• Happy to invest to mitigate the consequences?
• Happy to invest to mitigate the consequences?

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness• Oil Transportation• All Shipping routes (90% commodities transported by sea)
• Oil demand for our present way of life. Until Society changes its mind
• All cargoes ‐ demand for our present way of life. Until Society changes its mind
• Do we (government/industry/public) accept the risks?
• Do we (government/industry/public) accept the risks?
• Successful Transportation.
• Successful Transportation.
• Happy to invest to reap the benefits• Happy to invest to reap the benefits• Happy to invest to mitigate the consequences?
• Happy to invest to mitigate the consequences?

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

628th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

Preparedness in 2016: A risky business?

Tanker v Non-Tanker

80

70

Associatestatus (1999)

Number of incidents

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1991-1995

1996-2000

2001-2005

2006-20102011-2015

Preparedness in 2016: A risky business?
BREAKDOWN OF INCIDENT TYPE ATTENDED (2000‐2014)
Container
18%

Bulk carrier
23%

Tankers
35%

Other Nontankers
4%Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

Passengership
5%

General
cargo
15%

7

28th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

MEGA CONTAINERSHIPS

MaerskCONTAINERSHIP INCIDENTS

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

828th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

MEGA SHIPS

Number of > 60,000 GT Vessels

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

GT > 60,000 GT

MSC

MEGA SHIPS

NAME

GT

LENGTH (m)PASSENGERSOASIS OF THE SEAS

225,282

2009

360

6,296

HARMONY OF THE SEAS

227,700

2016

362

6,360

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

YEAR

9

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

COSTA CONCORDIACHEMICAL TANKER INCIDENTS

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

1028th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

The Arctic – Future Increase in shipping?
North West Passage: ~ 14,600 km
Northern Sea Route: ~ 11,900 km

Panama Canal: ~ 23,300 km

Suez Canal: ~ 22,200 km

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness• Tight budgets• Economic decline• Austerity• Oil prices down
• Priority of Services• What is the risk of an oil spill?

2016 = < US$30/bbl
1st time since 2004
Decrease of 70% in 15 monthsi.

What is the likelihood of an oil spill?

ii.

What is the consequence of an oil spill?

iii.

What is the consequence of an oil spill where there has been no
preparation?

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

1128th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

Preparedness in 2016: A risky business?

Shipping - Oil Spill Risk Factors
Risk = Probability x Consequence• Quantity of oil transported• (Tankers / non-tank vessels – bunkers)• Prevention measures• ….
• Probability of spill decreased?

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness
80
70

20 - 25 incidents per year

Number of incidents

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1991-1995

1996-2000

2001-2005

2006-20102011-2015• ITOPF Spill Response Activity• No. of spills over the years?
• Effort (relative in terms of effort) over the years?
• Risk the same? Risk changing?
• Consequences the same? Consequences changing?

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

1228th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness
ITOPF Spill Effort

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Sum of Spill Mandays

Linear (Sum of Spill Mandays)• ITOPF Spill Response Activity• No. of spills over the years?
• Effort (relative in terms of effort) over the years?
• Risk the same? Risk changing?
• Consequences the same? Consequences changing?

Preparedness in 2016: A risky business?

Preparing According to Risk
Risk = probability x consequence
Spill consequence determinants•

Amount of oil and rate of spillage•

Type of oil•

Characteristics of spill location•

Sensitive resources•

Weather and sea conditions– trajectory•

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

Efficiency of response / clean up

13

28th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

Preparedness
Effective response• Legal frameworks in place• Defined roles & responsibilities• Comprehensive, realistic contingency plans• Risk assessment (most likely / worst scenarios)• Appropriate equipment (maintained)• Tiered response• Regional agreements• Government & Industry partnerships• Trained & exercised• Lessons learned

International Convention on Oil Pollution
Preparedness, Response and Cooperation
OPRC 1990

Ratified by 103 States[20 Jan 2016]

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

1428th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

Regional Co-operation

Government & Industry Co-operation[20 Jan 2016]

International Conventions on Oil Pollution
Compensation - Tankers
1992 CLC & Fund

[20 Jan 2016]

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

15

28th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

International Conventions on Oil Pollution
Compensation – Non tankers
2001 Bunkers Convention[20 Jan 2016]

INdustry in 2016: A risky business?
Preparedness

TODAY?
Are you prepared?
Can you afford not to be prepared?
• What is today’s risk? Different to yesteryear?
• What is today’s consequence? Different to yesteryear?
• Different people have different measures of consequence• Sovereign state. Responsible for looking after nation’s citizens and coastline• Peoples livelihoods at stake• Neglect of duty. Voted out, lose power. Political• Private body. More expensive to clean up & compensate if ill prepared• Reputational damage. Share price down. Business bust. Financial• Environmental

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

16

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

Promoting Effective Pollution Response

Just When Is Oil Spill Preparedness
Too Expensive?

Promoting Effective Pollution Response

Just When Is Oil Spill Preparedness
Too Expensive?
Proportionate to Risk

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

1728th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

•

Much achieved – no room for complacency,
room for further improvement•

Commensurate / proportionate with risk

Spill Response – New Mobilisations(Nov. 2014 to Nov. 2015)
Date of incident

Name of ship

Location

Nature of incident

Warrenpoint, NI, UK

Ballast ops

GT
14,759DWT
5,125

P & I Club
North ofEngland

Product spilt
IFO

Eqpt Failure

59,831

104,707

Gard

Crude, White
Product

1

22 Oct 2014

SEATRUCK PANORAMA

2

04 Dec 2014

PHOENIX BETA*

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

3

09 Dec 2014

SOUTHERN STAR 7*

Sundarbans, Bangladesh

Sinking

4,702

4,220

Unknown

HFO

4

12 Dec 2014

LORD STAR

Brest, France

Grounding

43,65682,938Gard

IFO 380

513 Dec 2014

OCTBREEZE ISLAND

Paraná River, Argentina

Collision

23,264

38,278Gard

IFO 380

628 Dec 2015

HYUNDAI BRIDGE

Busan, South Korea

Collision

21,611

24,772

Skuld

IFO 180

702 Jan 2015

ALYARMOUK*

Horsburgh Light, Singapore

Collision

61,342116,039

North ofEnglandMadura Crude

8

03 Jan 2015

HOEGH OSAKASouthampton, UK

Grounding

517,770

16,886

Gard

None

9

11 Jan 2015

MOL EXPRESS

Bay of Tokyo, Japan

Grounding

53,822

63,046

Skuld

None

10

18 Feb 2015

LYSBLINK SEAWAYS

Kilchoan, Scotland, UK

Grounding

7,409

7,500

Skuld

Bunker

11

06 Mar 2015

NASSAU ENERGY*

Ras Ghareb, Egypt

Berthing
manoeuvres

57,925

107,181

Gard

None

12

09 Apr 2015

MARATHASSA

Vancouver, Canada

Equipment failure

43,22980.635

Standard

IFO 38013

11 May 2015

BUNGA LOTUS*

Paraná River, Argentina

Collision

11,92519,992

Britannia

HFO

14

02 Jun 2015

Falmouth Port Spill

Falmouth docks, UK

Equipment failure

-

-

-

HFO

15

17 Jul 2015

ALAM MANIS

Luzon, Philippines

Grounding

31,23855,652

UK

None

16

26 Jul 2015

SUNPOWER*Port of Huelva, Spain

Loading ops

3,691

4,999

Gard

Asphalt

17

27 Aug 2015

GREEN EGERSUND

18

02 Sept 2015

FINACIA 32

Gdynia Port, Poland

Allision

5,084

Ujung Kutonas, Indonesia

Grounding

3,141

6,120
-

Skuld

HFO

Shipowners

Bituminous coal

19

10 Sept 2015

CMA CGM BERLIOZ c/w
SANTA ELENA

Freeport terminal 1
Malta

Eqpt failure

73,15780,250London

HFO

20

16 Sept 2015

XENA*

Shanghai, P.R. China

Cargo

11,733

19,980Gard

Styrene21

06 Oct 2015

FLINTERSTAR c/w
AL ORAIQ

Zeebrugge, Belgium

Collision

6,577

9,122

QBE

IFO 38022

06 Oct 2015

HAIDAR

Barcarena, Pará, Brazil

Capsized

5,026

6,419

Al-Bahriah Ins& Reins

Livestock and
HFO

23

15 Oct 2015

NIJPTANGH

Cherbourg, France

Allision

1,403

2,743

Gard

MGO

24

17 Oct 2015

TOKYO SPIRIT*

Cascais, Lisbon, Portugal

Grounding

78,845

149,996

Gard

-

25

23 Oct 2015

LOS LLANITOS

Manzanillo, Mexico

Grounding

38,10571,665Britannia

Unknown oil

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

18

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

Spill Response – New Mobilisations(Nov. 2014 to Nov. 2015)• 25 Incidents• 8 Tanker Incidents• 16 Non‐tanker Incidents & 1 Other

SOUTHERN STAR 7: 9th December 2014

•
•
•
•
•

9th December 2014
Tanker collision on Shela River (Sundarbans region)
Oil release of 350 cbm of HFOInternationally important area of mangrove forest
ITOPF contacted by UK Government’s Department for International
Development (DFID) ‐ On site 6th January

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

1928th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

SOUTHERNSTAR 7The Sundarbans,
Bangladesh, 09.12.2014

Daily Star, Bangladesh

STRDEL/AFP/Getty ImageALYARMOUK ‐ Singapore, 2nd Jan. 2015

•
•
•
•

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

Tanker ALYAMOURK (61,342 GT)
Collision involving a bulk carrier 10 NM
off coast of Singapore
Spill of 4,500 MT Madura Crude(Specific gravity: 0.81)
Singapore MPA notified Malaysian andIndonesian Authorities of the incident.

20

28th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

ALYARMOUK ‐ Singapore, 2nd Jan. 2015

• After significant effort, on 10th Jan.
AM ITOPF undertook aerial
surveillance to the south-east of
the collision site, using OSRL’s
fixed wing aircaft from Singapore• No significant oil slicks wereobserved. A few small areas ofemulsified and black oil weresighted offshore > 40 NM from thenearest land

SUNPOWER,
PortofofHuelva,
Huelva,Spain,
Spain,26th
26thJuly
July2015
2015
SUNPOWER- Port• 26th July 2015
• Product tanker• Approx. 20 - 40 T of asphalt
spilled during loading
operations

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

21

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

FINACIA 32 - Java, Indonesia, 1st Sept. 2015
• Non-motorised barge FINACIA
32 ran aground in poor weather• South coast Ujung Kutonas
Peninsula, South-West Java
• All 7,500 MT cargo of unburnt
steam coal (“bituminous” coal)
was spilled• Approx. 50% of the cargo
initially reported as on the shore,with remainder presumed
submerged off the beach

HOEGH OSAKA ‐ Solent, 3rd Jan. 2015

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

22

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

FLINTERSTAR c/w AL ORAIQ Zeebrugge, Belgium, 6th Oct.2015

HAIDAR – Barcarena, Pará, Brazil, 6th Oct.2015

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

2328th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

CITY – Sakata, Japan, 10th Jan.2016• General cargo vessel• 4,359 GT

Ishigaki Is.

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

24

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

Promoting Effective Pollution Response

Just When Is Oil Spill Preparedness
Too Expensive?
Be Prepared! Proportionate to Risk!

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

25

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

ITOPF: Promoting Effective Spill Response (Five core services)

1. SPILL RESPONSE (OIL & HNS)
2. CLAIMS ANALYSIS & DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
3. CONTINGENCY PLANNING & ADVISORY WORK
4. TRAINING & EDUCATION
5. TECHNICAL INFORMATIONINFORMATION SERVICES• Website & WebGIS ‐ www.itopf.com• ITOPF publications (e.g. TIPS Series – 9 languages)• Databases with spill statistics• Comprehensive technical library

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

2628th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

INFORMATION SERVICES• Website & WebGIS ‐ www.itopf.com• ITOPF publications (e.g. TIPS Series – 9 languages)• Databases with spill statistics• Comprehensive technical library

Promoting Effective Pollution Response

Response to Marine Oil Spills Film SeriesRichard H. Johnson Technical Director
PAJ Symposium, Tokyo - 29th January 2016

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

2728th January 2016

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

I• 7 Films

TO• Free online

P• ITOPF App

F
• DVD

• English• French• Spanish• Portuguese• Korean• Chinese• Japanese• Arabic• Turkish• Introduction to Oil Spills (22 mins)• Aerial Surveillance (18 mins)• At‐Sea Response (24 mins)• Shoreline Clean‐Up (19 mins)• Waste management (18 mins)• Environmental Impacts (18 mins)• Oil Spill Compensation (26 mins)

www.itopf.com
F

I

L

M

S

I

T

O

P

F

M

S

www.itopf.com
F

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

I

L

28

PAJ Symposium 2016
Just When is Oil Spill Preparedness Too Expensive?

28th January 2016

ITOPF

1. NOT FOR PROFIT
2. SHIPPING INDUSTRY FUNDED
3. PROMOTE EFFECTIVE SPILL RESPONSE
4. OBJECTIVE TECHNICAL ADVICE ON SITE
5. FIVE CORE SERVICES

Richard H. Johnson
ITOPF Technical Director

29