Fauna Ryukyuana

ISSN 2187-6657
http://w3.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/naruse/lab/Fauna_Ryukyuana.html

Records of Notospermus tricuspidatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (Nemertea:
Pilidiophora) in Japanese waters, with a review of warm-water green-bodied
heteronemerteans from the Indo–West-Pacific
Hiroshi Kajihara1, Ira Hosokawa2, 3, Koji Hosokawa3 & Ryuta Yoshida4
1

Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan(e-mail: kazi@mail.sci.hokudai.ac.jp)
2
Kamiyama Elementary School, Hara 3-1, Yakushima, Kumage 891-4403, Kagoshima, Japan3
Mugio 318-9, Yakushima, Kumage 891-4402, Kagoshima, Japan
4
Iriomote Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Centre, University of the Ryukyus,
Uehara 870, Taketomi, Yaeyama 907-1541, Okinawa, Japan

Abstract. The heteronemertean Notospermus
tricuspidatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) [newJapanese name: mitsuyari-midori-himomushi] is
known to be distributed in the tropical Indo–WestPacific, but has not been formally reported fromJapanese waters based on voucher material. We
summarize records of the species based on recently
collected specimens in the Nansei Islands. A
specimen collected on Yakushima Island (ca. 30°N)
represents the northern limit of the species’
distribution. For facilitating future studies, asynonym list for the species is compiled based on
primary
literature;nominalspeciesofheteronemerteans with green body originallydescribed from the temperate to tropical Indo–WestPacific regions and their surrounding seas are listed
and tentatively classified into 11 forms.
Introduction
The tropical heteronemertean Notospermus
tricuspidatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) isconspicuous in having a uniformly dark-green bodywith a characteristic zigzag-shaped white marking
on the head. It is one of the most common
heteronemertean species distributed in warmer
waters in the Indo–West-Pacific, sometimes
annoying marine-aquarium fanciers by voraciously
eating up other creatures (e.g., gastropods) when it isunintentionally introduced into the tank via live
rocks, in which it can hide itself between narrowcrevices.
A similar, but rare form, Lineus albovittatus(Stimpson, 1855), was described from Okinawa(Stimpson 1855, 1857). It also has a uniformly green
body colour, but differs from N. tricuspidatus in thatthe white transverse line on the head is straight,
instead of a zigzag. Because these two forms had
been confused for a long time (Bürger 1890; Riser
1991), N. tricuspidatus was once believed to be
distributed in Japanese waters (Gibson 1995).

Actually, however, no nemertean with a zigzag
marking has ever been reported from Japanesewaters, meaning that there is no formal record of N.
tricuspidatus in Japan if it is a different species fromL. albovittatus (Kajihara 2007). Whether or not these
two forms belong to a single biological entity shouldbe tested in future molecular studies, but wetentatively regard N. tricuspidatus s.str. as
represented by individuals with a zigzag marking,while L. albovittatus as having a straight band.
Indeed, the latter species has been transferred toNotospermus by Chernyshev (2016) as N.
albovittatus.
We provide records of heteronemerteans with azigzag marking, referable to ‘true’ N. tricuspidatus
in the sense of this paper, for the first time fromJapanese waters based on voucher specimens. To
facilitate future studies, we furnish a revised
synonymy for N. tricuspidatus, as well as a list of
nominal species of heteronemerteans from the Indo–
West-Pacific that have a more-or-less similar bodycoloration as N. tricuspidatus, having uniformly
greenish body either with or without white markings.
Material and methods
Ribbon worms were collected intertidally andphotographed alive. Voucher specimens, preservedin 99% EtOH, were deposited in the Invertebrate
Collection of the Hokkaido University Museum(ICHUM), Sapporo, and the Ryukyu University
Museum, Fujukan (RUMF), Nishihara.
Results
Notospermus Huschke, 1830
Notospermus tricuspidatus (Quoy & Gaimard,
1833)[New Japanese name: mitsuyari-midori-himomushi][English name: king ribbonworm](Fig. 1)59

Borlasia tricuspidata Quoy & Gaimard, 1833, p. 289,
pl. 24, figs. 12–14, Guam.
Cerebratulus albo-vittatus [sic]: Bürger (1890), p. 11,
pl. 1, fig. 1, Indonesia (Ambon Island). [nonMeckelia albovittata Stimpson, 1855 from
Okinawa, Japan, nec Lineus albovittatus sensu
Iwata (1954) from Nakanoshima Island, Tokara
Islands, Kagoshima, Japan]
Lineus albovittatus: Bürger (1895), p. 31, pl. 2, fig.
5a, b, Indonesia (Atapupu, Timor), Fiji (Matuku),
Mauritius; Punnett (1900c), p. 826, Torres Strait;
Punnett (1903), p. 111, Maldives (Hulule, Male
Atoll); Punnett & Cooper (1909), p. 7, British
Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago,
Salomon Islands), Kenya (Wasini Island).
Lineus albo-vittatus [sic]: Punnett (1900a), p. 578, pl.
61, figs. 46, 47, New Caledonia (Lifou Island);
Staub (1900), p. 79, Indonesia (Ambon Island).
Lineus tricuspidatus: Gibson (1981), p. 206, figs.
21–25, Australia (Pelorus Island, Palm Island
Group; Michaelmas Reef, north of Cairns).
Notospermus tricuspidatus: Riser (1991), p. 435(based on literature); Gibson & Sundberg (2002),
p. 1788, fig. 2, Solomon Islands (Honiara, northof Guadalcanal); Paulay (2003), appendix 1,
Guam; Schwartz (2009), Federated States ofMicronesia (Kosrae), Australia (Pelorus Island);Chernyshev (2011), p. 22, fig. 1A, Vietnam (CùLao Thu Island).
?Notospermus cf. tricuspidatus: Norenburg (2009),
p. 557, Gulf of Mexico.
Material examined. Two specimens: ICHUM 5080,
intertidal under stone on sandy beach, 30°18′3″N,130°39′10″E, Harutahama, Yakushima Island, Japan,
3 August 2015, I. Hosokawa & K. Hosokawa leg.,posterior portion (few centimeters) preserved in 99%
EtOH, anterior body released; RUMF-ZN-00002,
among dead corals in reef area, 0–1 m depth,
Hoshizuna Beach, Sumiyoshi, Iriomote Island, Japan,
23 October 2014, R. Yoshida leg., preserved in 99%
EtOH.
Description. The specimen from Yakushima(ICHUM 5080) was 0.6–1.0 cm in width andexceeded 50 cm in length when stretched (Fig. 1A);
when contracted, the body can shrink to about 15 cm
long (Fig. 1B). The other specimen from Iriomote(RUMF-ZN-00002) lacked the posterior portion
when collected; it was 7 cm long and 3 mm wide. In
both specimens, the body is uniformly dark green.
The characteristic cephalic marking is comprised ofa white, transverse, zigzag line forming three wedges(two longer lateral ones and a short middle one) withthe acute angle directed anteriorly on both dorsal and60

ventral surface of the head, situated half way
between the anterior tip of the head and the level ofthe posterior end of the horizontal lateral cephalicslits. There is a short, white, longitudinal line near
the tip of the head on the middle line in ICHUM 5080
(Fig. 1C). In RUMF-ZN-00002, this is connected tothe middle wedge (Fig. 1D). In the normal creeping
mode, the head is wider than the succeeding body,isosceles-trapezoid in shape (shorter base anteriorly)
viewed dorsally, with its anterior edge conspicuously
notched. The edges of the cephalic slits are white.
There are numerous, small, black ocelli distributedon the dorso-lateral edges of the head (Fig. 1E). The
posterior portion is bluntly pointed, without caudal
cirrus.
Remarks. ICHUM 5080 from Yakushima (ca.
30°N), being ~50 cm in length, extends previous
records of the species in terms of the body size andnorthern limit of distribution. One of the specimens
reported by Bürger (1895), from Mauritius,
measuring 30–40 cm long in the living state, was thelongest previously recorded length. Anotherspecimen reported by Chernyshev (2011) from Cù
Lao Thu Island (ca. 10°N), Vietnam, represented thehitherto-confirmed northern-most record of thespecies in the sense of this paper.
Although no voucher specimens remain, theoccurrence of the species in Japanese waters has
been witnessed in Yakushima Island on 31 July 2009
(byK. Hosokawa, movie
availableat
http://yaplog.jp/yakushima/archive/19) and in the
Kerama Islands on 19 December 2011 (Atsushi Ono,pers.
comm.,
image
availableat
http://ononini.exblog.jp/16968525/).
Green heteronemerteans from the Indo–WestPacific and its surrounding seas
From the temperate to tropical Indo–West-Pacificand surrounding seas, two nominal species ofvalenciniids—Eupolia multiporata Punnett, 1900a(type locality: Rakaiya, Papua New Guinea) andBaseodiscus sordidus Punnett & Cooper, 1909 (typelocality: Praslin, Seychelles)—are known to have auniformly green body colour, although they can be
distinguished from Notospermus tricuspidatus andrelated forms by lacking horizontal lateral cephalicslits.
In this sea area, apart from Borlasia tricuspidata,
there are 20 nominal species of green-coloured
heteronemerteans having horizontal lateral cephalicslits, either with or without white markings. For the
purpose of facilitating taxon-name application inFauna Ryukyuana, 28: 59–65.

Fig. 1. Notospermus tricuspidatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833). A–C, ICHUM 5080; D, E, RUMF-ZN-00002. A, Entire
animal (lacking a posterior portion of ~10 cm long) when extended; B, contracted state; C, head, dorsal view, in normal
creeping mode; D, head, dorsal view, in anaesthetized state; E, head, lateral view, showing black ocelli.
1.
(). A–C, ICHUM 5080; D, E, RUMF-ZN-00002. A,
(
10 cm
); B,
; C,
; D,
; E,
,
.

future species-delimitation studies based onmolecular data, they are listed below.
1. Borlasia viridis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (typelocality: Port Jackson, Australia): body green; headwith white band, anteriorly twisted on mid line both
dorsally and ventrally; synonymized with Borlasia
tricuspidata Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 by Gibson(1981: 206), listed as Notospermus tricuspidatus(Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) by Gibson (1995: 312).
2. Cerebratulus albocirculus Iwata, 1957 (typelocality: Sagami Bay, Japan): in preserved state,body yellowish green; head dark green, with whitetransverse ring; listed as valid name in Gibson (1995:
328).
3. Cerebratulus bicornis Joubin & François, 1892

(type locality: Îlot Maître, near Nouméa, New
Caledonia): body greenish yellow; a single, black
pigment spot at tip of head; antero-lateral corners ofhead slightly protruded so that they look like a pairof ‘tentacles’; edges of head, including peripheries of
black spot, white; no caudal cirrus; listed as
Cerebratulus bicornis by Gibson (1995: 330) as avalid name.
4. Cerebratulus boutani Joubin, 1893 (typelocality: Red Sea): body olive green, ventrally
yellowish; with numerous white rings, the anteriormost one situated in middle of head; after the eighth
white ring, there are three, blue stripes on ventral
surface of body; listed as Lineus boutani (Joubin,1893) by Gibson (1995: 393) as a valid name. A[Record] Kajihara et al.: Records of Notospermus tricuspidatus from Japan61

similar form, Cerebratulus anas Joubin & François,1892 (type locality: Nouméa, New Caledonia), has a
black background body colour; this taxon has beensynonymised with Notospermus geniculatus (Delle
Chiaje, 1828) by Riser (1991: 427).
5. Cerebratulus glaucus Bürger, 1890 (typelocality: Sebira Island, Thousand Islands,
Indonesia): body dark green; head with yellowish(maybe whitish in living state) transverse dorsal
band; eyes numerous, arranged dorso-laterally onhead; listed as Lineus glaucus (Bürger, 1890) by
Gibson (1995: 396) as a valid name.
6. Cerebratulus insignis Punnett, 1900b (typelocality: Singapore): body olive green, ventrally
paler; broad white transverse band near tip of head,latter being nearly black; no eyes; caudal cirrus
present; listed as a valid species name in Gibson(1995: 336).
7. Cerebratulus psittacinus Bürger, 1890 (typelocality: Ambon Island, Indonesia): body variously
yellowish to brownish green, with numerous whiterings arranged at intervals on body; head withtransverse white line that is mid-dorsally projected
forward forming an inversed V shape; listed as
Lineus psittacinus (Bürger, 1890) by Gibson (1995:342) as a valid name.
8. Cerebratulus tigrinus Bürger, 1890 (typelocality: Ambon Island, Indonesia): basement bodycolour yellowish; except head, dorsally mottled withgreen to brown spots; no eyes; listed as a valid nameby Gibson (1995: 345).
9. Lineus fuscoviridis Takakura, 1898 (typelocality: Misaki, Japan): body variously pale green
to purplish dark green, without markings; brain
reddish; numerous, small, black eyes found in
cephalic slits and dorsal edges of tip of head;proboscis pale red in colour; listed as a valid species
by Gibson (1995: 396).
10. Lineus hancocki Punnett & Cooper, 1909
(type locality: Saint Brandon [Cargados Carajos],
Mauritius): body pale yellow green in preserved
state; although not mentioned in the text, a transverseband is depicted in a figure (Punnett & Cooper 1909,
pl. 1, fig. 6b); listed as a valid name in Gibson (1995:
397).
11. Lineus indicus Punnett & Cooper, 1909 (typelocality: Amirante Islands, Seychelles): body palegreen in preserved state; it is stated in the text that on
the dorsal surface of the head, “there is a thin whitecollar running across the brain-region” (Punnett &Cooper 1909: 9), although the “collar” is notillustrated on the figure (Punnett & Cooper, 1909, pl.
1, fig. 2, the only illustration of the species includedin the original description is a ventro-lateral view);
62

listed as a valid name in Gibson (1995: 397).
12. Lineus mitellatus Takakura, 1898 (typelocality: Misaki, Japan): body variously pale green
to dark purple; with numerous white rings [Note:
Takakura (1898) gave a distinction between N.
geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) from theMediterranean in that the white rings are dorsallycontinuous in L. mitellatus, whereas these are middorsally interrupted in N. geniculatus]; synonymised
with Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828)
by Riser (1991: 427).
13. Lineus orientalis Punnett & Cooper, 1909
(type locality: Coëtivy Island, Seychelles): bodybrown-green, paler ventrally, without markings; noeyes; listed as a valid name by Gibson (1995: 400).
14. Meckelia albovittata Stimpson, 1855 (typelocality: Okinawa, Japan): body slender, “grassgreen; head truncated, a little narrower than the body,margined with white and crossed by a white band ata point about the middle of the lateral fissures”(Stimpson 1855: 382); synonymized with
Notospermus tricuspidatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
by Riser (1991: 435).
15. Meckelia ceylanica Schmarda, 1859 (typelocality: Sri Lanka): body dirty brownish green; nowhite markings; no caudal cirrus; horizontal lateralcephalic slits reddish; listed as Micrura ceylanica(Schmarda, 1859) by Gibson (1995: 416) as a valid
name.
16. Meckelia macrostoma Schmarda, 1859 (typelocality: Auckland, New Zealand): body greenish
dark blue, without markings; no caudal cirrus; listed
as Cerebratulus macrostomus (Schmarda, 1859) byGibson (1995: 339) as a valid name.
17. Meckelia trigonocephala Schmarda, 1859
(type locality: Sri Lanka): body olive green; no white
markings; no caudal cirrus; horizontal lateralcephalic slits rose red; listed as Micrura
trigonocephala (Schmarda, 1859) by Gibson (1995:
420) as a valid name.
18. Micrura tridacnae Gibson, 1981 (typelocality: Townsville, Australia): body dorsally brightpea-green, ventrally pale blue-green, with numerous
white rings; a broader white band situated anterior tobrain, mid-dorsally shifted forward; numerous eyesarranged above and below cephalic slits; small
caudal cirrus present; synonymised with
Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) byRiser (1991: 427).
19. Nemertes collaris Schmarda, 1859 (typelocality: Sri Lanka): body dark green; head separated
from body by a white line [Note: The line does notappear to be continuous on the dorsal surface,according to the illustration (Schmarda 1859, pl. 9,

Fauna Ryukyuana, 28: 59–65.

fig. 98)]; numerous eyes on dorsal side of head; listed
as Lineus collaris (Schmarda, 1859) by Gibson(1995: 394) as a valid name.
20. Uricholemma nigricans Sundberg & Gibson,
1995 (type locality: Little Armstrong Bay, Rottnest
Island, Western Australia): body variably black withgreenish-blue tinge or deep green, both with clear
white margin on anterior tip of head; no eyes; nocaudal cirrus (Sundberg & Gibson 1995).
These green-bodied forms from the Indo–WestPacific can be classified into the following 11 forms.
Form 1. Without marking—Meckelia ceylanica
Schmarda, 1859; Meckelia macrostoma Schmarda,
1859; Meckelia trigonocephala Schmarda, 1859;
Lineus fuscoviridis Takakura, 1898; Lineus
orientalis Punnett & Cooper, 1909.
Form 2. With single, straight cephalic band; nowhite rings on the body—Meckelia albovittata
Stimpson, 1855; Nemertes collaris Schmarda, 1859;
Cerebratulus glaucus Bürger, 1890; Lineus hancocki
Punnett & Cooper, 1909; Lineus indicus Punnett &Cooper, 1909; Cerebratulus arbocirculus Iwata,1957. Some specimens corresponding to this form
have been collected in Vietnam, which should bereferred to as Notospermus albovittatus (Chernyshev
2016).
Form 3. With single cephalic band twisted
anteriorly on midline; no white rings on the body—
Borlasia viridis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833. [Takakura(1898) mentioned a variety of Lineus mitellatus that
conforms to this form]
Form 4. With single cephalic band twisted
anteriorly three times; no white rings on the body—
Borlasia tricuspidata Quoy & Gaimard, 1833. This
form corresponds to Notospermus tricuspidatus.
Form 5. With numerous white rings; anteriormost ring straight—Cerebratulus boutani Joubin,1893 [Cerebratulus anas Joubin & François, 1892].
A green variety, possibly referable to Cerebratulus
boutani, has been collected in Japanese waters(Kajihara & Yoshida pers. obs.). An orange variety
has been found in China (S. Sun pers. comm.).
Form 6. With numerous white rings; anteriormost ring twisted forward on midline—Cerebratulus
psittacinus Bürger, 1890; Lineus mitellatus Takakura,
1898;
Micruratridacnae
Gibson,1981.
Notospermus geniculatus as currently diagnosed
corresponds to this form, but it appears to be acomplex of multiple cryptic species (M. Schwartz
pers. comm.). Since the type locality is Naples, Italy(Delle Chiaje 1828), the name geniculatus (-a, -um)
will be applied only to the population within the
Mediterranean.
Form 7. With black pigment spot at tip of head—

Cerebratulus bicornis Joubin & François, 1892.
Form 8. Head with white band; caudal cirrus
present—Cerebratulus insignis Punnett, 1900.
Form 9. Body yellowish, dorsally withgreen/brown mottles—Cerebratulus tigrinus Bürger,
1890.
Form 10. Body white, with green cephalic patch
and broad mid-dorsal stripe, corresponding to‘Lineus albovittatus’ sensu Iwata (1954). No
nominal species is currently assigned for this form.
Some specimens have recently been found in
Vietnam (Chernyshev 2016).
Form 11. Body variously deep green or blackwith greenish-blue tinge, with clear white margin on
anterior tip of head—Uricholemma nigricans
Sundberg & Gibson, 1995.
Notospermus tricuspidatus (Form 4) may beeither closely related to, or even conspecific with,Forms 2 and/or 3, whereas Forms 7–11 are unlikely
to belong to Notospermus. Future studies should
elucidate the actual species diversity of these forms
based on DNA sequence data and high-quality digital
images of specimens from wide zoogeographic
ranges.
Acknowledgments
We thank Atsushi Ono (Dive Service Ono Ni-ni,
Zamami, Okinawa) for information about the
specimens he observed in the Kerama Islands;
Megan L. Schwartz (University of Washington,
Seattle), Alexei V. Chernyshev (A.V. Zhirmunsky
Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostok), andShichun Sun (Ocean University of China, Qingdao)
for their constructive discussion during preparationof the manuscript; Jon L. Norenburg (Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.) and Alexei V.
Chernyshev for their comments to improve an earlier
version of the manuscript; and Tohru Naruse(Tropical Biosphere Research Center, Iriomote
Station, University of the Ryukyus) for keeping thevoucher specimen at RUMF.
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Magazine, Tokyo, 10: 38–44, 116–120, 184–187,
331–337, 424–429. [In Japanese]
ミ ツ ヤ リ ミ ド リ ヒ モ ム シ ( 新 称 )Notospermus tricuspidatus (Quoy &Gaimard, 1833) (紐形動物: 担帽類) の日本からの記録, 及びインド西太平洋産暖海性緑色
異紐虫類に関する論評
柁原宏 ·細川粋楽1

2,3·細川浩司 ·吉田隆太
34〒060-0810 札幌市北区北 10 条西 8 丁目
北海道大学理学部 (e-mail:kazi@mail.sci.hokudai.ac.jp)
2〒891-4403 鹿児島県熊毛郡屋久島町原 3­1
屋久島町立神山小学校
3〒891-4402 鹿児島県熊毛郡屋久島町麦生
318-9
4〒907-1541 沖縄県八重山郡竹富町字上原 870
琉球大学熱帯生物圏研究センター西表研究施設
1.
()
Notospermus tricuspidatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
,
.
(

)
.

(

30

)
.
.
20
,

11

.
: 2015: 2016: 2016

8
1
2

16
13
3

[Record] Kajihara et al.: Records of Notospermus tricuspidatus from Japan

65