WORLD ENERGY BALANCES
2024 EDITION

Database documentation

World energy balances 2024 Edition

This documentation provides support information for the IEA World Energy
Balances

database.

This

document

can

be

found

onlineat:https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances
Please address your inquiries to stats@iea.org.

Please note that all IEA data is subject to the following Terms and Conditions

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found on the IEA’s website: https://www.iea.org/terms

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Table of contents
Changes from last edition ....................................................................................................... 4
Database structure ................................................................................................................... 5
Flow definitions ........................................................................................................................ 6
Product definitions ................................................................................................................. 25
Geographical coverage.......................................................................................................... 35
Country notes and sources ................................................................................................... 51
Notes on data quality ........................................................................................................... 632
Units and conversions ......................................................................................................... 638

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Abbreviations........................................................................................................................ 642

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Changes from last edition
Geographical coverage
In September 2023 the African Union became a full member of G20. Accordingly,
starting in this edition, it is included in the G20 aggregate for data starting in 1971.
In January 2024 Angola left the OPEC, the aggregate has been updated
accordingly for data starting in 1971.
The IEA continues to expand the coverage of its statistics reports and encourages
more countries to collaborate on data exchange. For this 2024 edition, the IEA
Secretariat has made detailed data available for Burkina Faso, Chad, Greenland,Mali, Mauritania and the Palestinian Authority, which are included as additional
memo countries.
For further details, please refer to the section on Geographical coverage.

Time
In a continuous effort to provide users with more timely data, the 2024 edition of

Full 2023 energy statistics tables and balances are available for 2 nonOECD countries: Brazil and Kenya.



Coverage of total electricity generation by product now including 19 nonOECD countries and regional aggregate for the IEA, OECD, G7 and EU.

Coverage of all energy supply flows is complete for 16 non-OECD countries
and some regional aggregates, such as the European Union.



In addition to supply, selected demand flows are available for OECD
countries in year 2023. As the full breakdown of final consumption flows
was not available for all countries, the flow "final consumption notelsewhere specified” has been adjusted by the IEA Secretariat toensure flows consistency.
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IEA’s World energy statistics includes for the most recent (2023) year:

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Database structure
The database World Energy Balances includes annual data for:


countries: 156 countries and 35 regional aggregates(see section Geographical coverage);years:

1960-2022 (OECD countries);
1971-2022 (non-OECD countries; regional aggregates; world);
2023 (provisional energy data).

The database includes the following four files:
WBAL.IVT

Summary energy balances
Energy balances in matrix form (19 product categories; 80 flows)(ktoe; TJ); Electricity and heat output by type of producer (10 flows)(GWh; TJ; ktoe).

WBIG.IVT

Extended energy balances

Energy balances in matrix form (68 products and 98 flows) (ktoe; TJ); Electricity
and heat output by type of producer (10 flows) (GWh; TJ; ktoe).
WIND.IVT

Indicators
83 energy, economic and coupled indicators (various units).

WCONV.IVT World conversion factors
net calorific values by flow for 15 coal products (toe/t; kJ/kg);
average net calorific values for 23 oil products and 5 biofuel
products (toe/t; kJ/kg); volume to mass ratio for 22 oil products and4 biofuel products (barrels/tonne); gross calorific values by flow for
natural gas (kJ/m3).
Detailed definitions of each flow and product are presented in sections Flow

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definitions and Product definitions.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Flow definitions

Flow

Production

Imports

Exports

International
marinebunkers

Short nameDefinition

INDPROD

Comprises the production of primary energy, i.e. hard coal, lignite, peat,
crude oil, NGLs, natural gas, biofuels and waste, nuclear, hydro,
geothermal, solar and the heat from heat pumps that is extracted from theambient environment (only heat generated from heat pumps that is sold tothird parties is included in the energy balance). Production is calculated after
removal of impurities (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). Calculation of
production of hydro, geothermal, etc. and nuclear electricity is explained
in section Units and conversions.

IMPORTS

Comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries of thecountry whether or not customs clearance has taken place.
For coal: Imports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from othercountries, whether or not there is an economic or customs union between
the relevant countries. Coal in transit should not be included.
For oil and natural gas: Quantities of crude oil and oil products imported underprocessing agreements (i.e. refining on account) are included. Quantities of oilin transit are excluded. Crude oil, NGL and natural gas are reported as comingfrom the country of origin; refinery feedstocks and oil products are reported
as coming from the country of last consignment. Imported LNG which isexported to another country after regasification is considered both as animport and as an export of gas.
For electricity: Amounts are considered as imported when they have crossed thenational territorial boundaries of the country. If electricity is “wheeled” or transited
through a country, the amount is shown as both an import and an export.

EXPORTS

Comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries of thecountry whether or not customs clearance has taken place.
For coal: Exports comprise the amount of fuels supplied to other countries,
whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the relevant
countries. Coal in transit should not be included.
For oil and natural gas: Quantities of crude oil and oil products exported underprocessing agreements (i.e. refining on account) are included. Re-exports ofoil imported for processing within bonded areas are shown as an export ofproduct from the processing country to the final destination. Imported LNG
which is exported to another country after regasification is considered bothas an import and as an export of gas.
For electricity: Amounts are considered as exported when they have crossed thenational territorial boundaries of the country. If electricity is “wheeled” or transited
through a country, the amount is shown as both an import and an export.

MARBUNK

Covers those quantities delivered to ships of all flags that are engaged ininternational navigation. The international navigation may take place at sea, on
inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships
engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split isdetermined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by theflag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing vessels and by militaryforces is also excluded. See domestic navigation, fishing and non-specified(other).

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SupplyWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Flow

Short nameDefinition

International
aviationbunkers

Stockchanges

Total energy
supplyTransfers

Statisticaldifferences

AVBUNK

Includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for international aviation. Fuels
used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded. The
domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departureand landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. For many
countries this incorrectly excludes fuel used by domestically owned carriers
for their international departures.
International aviation bunkers are excluded from the supply at the country
and regional level, but not for world, where they are included in transport
under World aviation bunkers.

STOCKCHA

Reflects the difference between opening stock levels on the first day of theyear and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national
territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation industries andlarge consumers. A stock build is shown as a negative number, and a stock
draw as a positive number.

TES

Total energy supply (TES) is made up of production + imports - exports international marine bunkers - international aviation bunkers ± stockchanges. Note, exports, bunkers and stock changes incorporate thealgebraic sign directly in the number.
For World, TES is defined as production + imports - exports ± stockchanges. Note, exports, bunkers and stock changes incorporate thealgebraic sign directly in the number.

TRANSFER

Comprises interproduct transfers, products transferred and recycled
products.
Interproduct transfers results from reclassification of products either because
their specification has changed or because they are blended into anotherproduct, e.g. kerosene may be reclassified as gasoil after blending with thelatter in order to meet its winter diesel specification. The net balance ofinterproduct transfers is zero.
Products transferred is intended for oil products imported for further
processing in refineries. For example, fuel oil imported for upgrading in arefinery is transferred to the feedstocks category.
Recycled products are finished products which pass a second time throughthe marketing network, after having been once delivered to final consumers(e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed).

STATDIFF

Includes the sum of the unexplained statistical differences for individual
fuels, as they appear in the basic energy statistics. It also includes thestatistical differences that arise because of the variety of conversion factors
in the coal and oil columns.

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International marine bunkers are excluded from the supply at the country
and regional level, but not for world, where they are included in transport
under World marine bunkers.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation processes

Transformation
processes

Main activity
producer electricity
plantsAutoproducer
electricity plants

Main activity
producer CHP plants

Autoproducer CHP
plantsMain activity
producer heat plants

Short nameDefinition

TOTTRANF

Transformation processes comprise the conversion of primary formsof energy to secondary and further transformation (e.g. coking coal tocoke, crude oil to oil products, and fuel oil to electricity). Inputs totransformation processes are shown as negative numbers and output
from the process is shown as a positive number. Transformation
losses will appear in the “total” column as negative numbers.

MAINELEC

Refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If
one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs andoutputs cannot be distinguished on a unit basis) then the wholeplant is designated as a CHP plant. Main activity producers
generate electricity for sale to third parties, as their primaryactivity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that thesale need not take place through the public grid.

AUTOELEC

Refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If
one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs andoutputs cannot be distinguished on a unit basis) then the wholeplant is designated as a CHP plant. Autoproducer undertakings
generate electricity wholly or partly for their own use as an activity
which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or
publicly owned.

MAINCHP

Refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat andelectricity (sometimes referred to as co-generation power
stations). If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are ona unit basis rather than on a plant basis. However, if data are notavailable on a unit basis, the convention for defining a CHP plant
noted above should be adopted. Main activity producers generate
electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primaryactivity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that thesale need not take place through the public grid.

AUTOCHP

Refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat andelectricity (sometimes referred to as co-generation power
stations). If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are ona unit basis rather than on a plant basis. However, if data are notavailable on a unit basis, the convention for defining a CHP plant
noted above should be adopted. Note that for autoproducer CHP
plants, all fuel inputs to electricity production are taken into
account, while only the part of fuel inputs to heat sold is shown.
Fuel inputs for the production of heat consumed within the
autoproducer's establishment are not included here but areincluded with figures for the final consumption of fuels in theappropriate consuming sector. Autoproducer undertakings
generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use
as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may beprivately or publicly owned.

MAINHEAT

Refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers)
designed to produce heat only and who sell heat to a third party(e.g. residential, commercial or industrial consumers) under theprovisions of a contract. Main activity producers generate heat forsale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may beprivately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take placethrough the public grid.

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FlowWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Short nameDefinition

AUTOHEAT

Refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers)
designed to produce heat only and who sell heat to a third party(e.g. residential, commercial or industrial consumers) under theprovisions of a contract. Autoproducer undertakings generate
heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which
supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly
owned.

Heat pumps

THEAT

Includes heat produced by heat pumps in transformation. Heatpumps that are operated within the residential sector where theheat is not sold are not considered a transformation process andare not included here – the electricity consumption would appear
as residential use.

Electric boilers

TBOILER

Includes electric boilers used to produce heat.

Chemical heat forelectricity production

TELE

Includes heat from chemical processes that is used to generate
electricity.

Blast furnaces

TBLASTFUR

Includes the production of recovered gases (e.g. blast furnace gas
and oxygen steel furnace gas). The production of pig-iron from ironore in blast furnaces uses fuels for supporting the blast furnace
charge and providing heat and carbon for the reduction of the ironore. Accounting for the calorific content of the fuels entering theprocess is a complex matter as transformation (into blast furnace gas)and consumption (heat of combustion) occur simultaneously. Somecarbon is also retained in the pig-iron; almost all of this reappears
later in the oxygen steel furnace gas (or converter gas) when the pigiron is converted to steel. In the 1992/1993 annual questionnaires,
member countries were asked for the first time to report intransformation processes the quantities of all fuels (e.g. pulverisedcoal injection [PCI] coal, coke oven coke, natural gas and oil) entering
blast furnaces and the quantity of blast furnace gas and oxygen steel
furnace gas produced. The IEA Secretariat then needed to split these
inputs into the transformation and consumption components. The
transformation component is shown in the row blast furnaces in thecolumn appropriate for the fuel, and the consumption component isshown in the row iron and steel, in the column appropriate for the fuel.
The IEA Secretariat decided to assume a transformation efficiency
such that the carbon input into the blast furnaces should equal the
carbon output. This is roughly equivalent to assuming an energy
transformation efficiency of 40%.

Gas works

TGASWKS

Includes the manufacture of town gas. Note: in the summarybalances this item also includes other gases blended with naturalgas (TBLENDGAS).

Coke ovens

TCOKEOVS

Includes the manufacture of coke and coke oven gas.

Patent fuel plants

TPATFUEL

Includes the manufacture of patent fuels.

BKB/peat briquetteplantsTBKB

Includes the manufacture of BKB and peat briquettes.

Oil refineries

TREFINER

Covers the use transformation of hydrocarbons for the manufacture offinished oil products.

Petrochemical plants

TPETCHEM

Covers backflows returned from the petrochemical industry. Notethat backflows from oil products that are used for non-energy

Autoproducer heatplants

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FlowWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Flow

Short nameDefinition
purposes (i.e. white spirit and lubricants) are not included here,
but in non-energy use.

Coal liquefaction
plantsTCOALLIQ

Includes coal, oil and tar sands used to produce synthetic oil.

Gas-to-liquids (GTL)
plantsTGTL

Includes natural gas used as feedstock for the conversion toliquids, e.g. the quantities of fuel entering the methanol production
process for transformation into methanol.

For blended naturalgas

TBLENDGAS

Includes other gases that are blended with natural gas.

Charcoal production
plantsTCHARCOAL

Non-specified(transformation)

TNONSPEC

Includes the transformation of solid biofuels into charcoal.
Includes the transformation of natural gas for hydrogen
manufacture and other non-specified transformation.

Flows used in the summary balances
Liquefaction plants

LIQUEFAC

Is equal to the sum of TCOALLIQ and TGTL.

Other transformation

TNONSPEC

Is equal to the sum of TCHARCOAL and TNONSPEC.

Energy industry own use and Losses
Short nameDefinition

TOTENGY

Energy industry own use covers the amount of fuels used by theenergy producing industries (e.g. for heating, lighting andoperation of all equipment used in the extraction process, fortraction and for distribution).
It includes energy consumed by energy industries for heating,pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions
05, 06, 19 and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721].

Coal mines

EMINES

Represents the energy which is used directly within the coalindustry for hard coal and lignite mining. It excludes coal burnedin pithead power stations (included under electricity plants intransformation processes) and free allocations to miners andtheir families (considered as part of household consumption andtherefore included under residential).

Oil and gas
extraction

EOILGASEX

Represents the energy which is used for oil and gas extraction.
Flared gas is not included.

Blast furnaces

EBLASTFUR

Represents the energy which is used in blast furnaces.

Gas works

EGASWKS

Represents the energy which is used in gas works.

Gasification plants
for biogases

EBIOGAS

Represents own consumption of biogas necessary to support
temperatures needed for anaerobic fermentation.

Coke ovens

ECOKEOVS

Represents the energy used in coke ovens.

Patent fuel plants

EPATFUEL

Represents the energy used in patent fuel plants.

Energy industry own
use

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FlowWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Flow

Short nameDefinition

BKB/peat briquetteplants

EBKB

Represents the energy used in BKB and peat briquette plants.

Oil refineries

EREFINER

Represents the energy used in refineries for the operation ofequipment, heating and lighting.

Coal liquefaction
plantsECOALLIQ

Represents the energy used in coal liquefaction plants.

Liquefaction(LNG)/regasification
plants

ELNG

Represents the energy used in LNG and regasification plants.

Gas-to-liquids (GTL)
plants

EGTL

Represents the energy used in gas-to-liquids plants.

Own use inelectricity, CHP andheat plants

EPOWERPLT

Represents the energy used in electricity, CHP and heat plants.

Pumped storage
plantsEPUMPST

Represents electricity consumed in hydro-electric plants forpumped storage.

Nuclear industry

ENUC

Represents the energy used in the nuclear industry.

Charcoal production
plantsECHARCOAL

Represents the energy used in charcoal production plants.

Non-specified(energy)

ENONSPEC

Represents use in non-specified energy sector.

LossesDISTLOSS

Represents losses in energy distribution, transmission andtransport.

Flow used in the summary balances

OWNUSEIs equal to the sum of EMINES, EOILGASEX, EBLASTFUR,
EGASWKS, EBIOGAS, ECOKEOVS, EPATFUEL, EBKB,EREFINER, ECOALLIQ, ELNG, EGTL, EPOWERPLT,EPUMPST, ENUC, ECHARCOAL, ENONSPEC.

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Energy industry own
useWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Final consumption
Flow

Short nameDefinition

TFC

Is the sum of the consumption in the end-use sectors andfor non-energy use. Energy used for transformation
processes and for own use of the energy producing
industries is excluded. Final consumption reflects for themost part deliveries to consumers (see note on stockchanges).
Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not includedin final consumption (see from other sources under supply
and petrochemical plants in transformation).
Note that international aviation bunkers and international
marine bunkers are not included in final consumption except
for the world total, where they are reported as world aviation
bunkers and world marine bunkers in transport.

Industry

TOTIND

Industry consumption is specified by sub-sector as listed
below. Energy used for transport by industry is not included
here but is reported under transport. Non-energy use inindustry is excluded from industry and reported separately.

Mining and quarrying

MINING[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 07 and 08 and Group 099] Mining(excluding fuels) and quarrying.

Construction

CONSTRUC[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 41 to 43]

Total final consumption

Manufacturing refers to the sum of the following industrial
sub-sectors:

Manufacturing

MANUFACTIron and steel

IRONSTL[ISIC Rev. 4 Group 241 and Class 2431]

Chemical andpetrochemical

CHEMICAL[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 20 and 21] Excluding petrochemical
feedstocks.

Non-ferrous metals

NONFERR[ISIC Rev. 4 Group 242 and Class 2432] Basic industries.

Non-metallic minerals

NONMET[ISIC Rev. 4 Division 23] Such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc.

Transport equipment

TRANSEQ[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 29 and 30]

Machinery

MACHINE[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 25 to 28] Fabricated metal products,
machinery and equipment other than transport equipment.

Food and tobacco

FOODPRO[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 10 to 12]

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• Iron and steel• Chemical and petrochemical• Non-ferrous metals• Non-metallic minerals• Transport equipment• Machinery• Food and tobacco• Paper, pulp and print• Wood and wood products• Textile and leather
Definitions of the sub-sectors can be found under the listingfor each respective sub-sector below.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Short nameDefinition

Paper, pulp and print

PAPERPRO[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 17 and 18]

Wood and wood
products

WOODPRO[ISIC Rev. 4 Division 16] Wood and wood products otherthan pulp and paper.

Textile and leather

TEXTILES[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 13 to 15]

INONSPEC

Including but not limited to: [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 22, 31
and 32] Any industry not included above. Note: Most
countries have difficulties supplying an industrial breakdown
for all fuels. In these cases, the non-specified (industry) row
has been used. Regional aggregates of industrial
consumption should therefore be used with caution.

TOTTRANS

Consumption in transport covers all transport activity (inmobile engines) regardless of the economic sector to which
it is contributing (except for military fuel use) [ISIC Rev. 4
Divisions 49 to 51], and is specified below. Non-energy use
in transport is excluded from transport and reported
separately.

WORLDAV

Covers fuels delivered to aircraft of all countries that are
engaged in international aviation (international aviation
bunkers) for the world total.
World aviation bunkers is not applicable for individual countries
and regions and is included in transport for the world total.
Note that for World, total energy supply includes
international aviation bunkers.

DOMESAIR

Includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for domestic
aviation - commercial, private, agricultural, etc. It includes use
for purposes other than flying, e.g. bench testing of engines,
but not airline use of fuel for road transport. The
domestic/international split should be determined on the basisof departure and landing locations and not by the nationalityof the airline. Note that this may include journeys of
considerable length between two airports in a country (e.g.
San Francisco to Honolulu). For many countries thisincorrectly includes fuel used by domestically owned carriers
for outbound international traffic.

Road

ROAD

Includes fuels used in road vehicles as well as agriculturaland industrial highway use. Excludes military consumption
as well as motor gasoline used in stationary engines anddiesel oil for use in tractors that are not for highway use.

Rail

RAIL

Includes quantities used in rail traffic, including industrial
railways, and in rail transport laid in public roads as part ofurban or suburban transport systems (trams, metro, etc.).

PIPELINE

Includes energy used in the support and operation of pipelinestransporting gases, liquids, slurries and other commodities,
including the energy used for pump stations and maintenanceof the pipeline. Energy for the pipeline distribution of natural
gas or coal gases, hot water or steam (ISIC Rev. 4 Division 35)
from the distributor to final users is excluded and should bereported in energy industry own use, while the energy used forthe final distribution of water (ISIC Rev. 4 Division 36) tohousehold, industrial, commercial and other users should be

Industry not elsewhere
specified

Transport

World aviation bunkers

Domestic aviation

Pipeline transport

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FlowWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Flow

Short nameDefinition

WORLDMAR

Includes fuels delivered to ships of all flags not engaged ininternational navigation (international marine bunkers) for
the world total.
World marine bunkers is not applicable for individual
countries and regions and is included in transport for theworld total.
Note that for World, total energy supply includes
international marine bunkers.

DOMESNAV

Includes fuels delivered to vessels of all flags not engaged
in international navigation (see international marine
bunkers). The domestic/international split should bedetermined on the basis of port of departure and port ofarrival and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Note that
this may include journeys of considerable length between
two ports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu). Fuelused for ocean, coastal and inland fishing and militaryconsumption are excluded;

TRNONSPE

Includes all transport not elsewhere specified. Note:international marine bunkers and international aviation
bunkers are shown in supply and are not included intransport as part of final consumption at a country level(except for the world total).

Residential

RESIDENT

Includes consumption by households, excluding fuels used
for transport. Includes households with employed persons[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 97 and 98], which is a small part of
total residential consumption.

Commercial and public
services

COMMPUB[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55-56, 5866, 68-75, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-96
and 99]AGRICULT

Includes deliveries to users classified as agriculture, hunting
and forestry by the ISIC, and therefore includes energy
consumed by such users whether for traction (excluding
agricultural highway use), power or heating (agricultural anddomestic) [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 01 and 02].

FISHING

Includes fuels used for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing.
Fishing covers fuels delivered to ships of all flags that haverefuelled in the country (including international fishing) as
well as energy used in the fishing industry [ISIC Rev. 4
Division 03].

ONONSPEC

Includes all fuel use not elsewhere specified as well as
consumption in the above-designated categories for which
separate figures have not been provided. Military fuel use forall mobile and stationary consumption is included here (e.g.
ships, aircraft, road and energy used in living quarters)
regardless of whether the fuel delivered is for the military ofthat country or for the military of another country.

World marine bunkers

Domestic navigation

Transport not elsewhere
specified

Agriculture/forestry

Fishing

Final consumption notelsewhere specified

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included in commercial/public services. Losses occurring
during the transport between distributor and final users should
be reported as losses.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Short nameDefinitionNon-energy use

NONENUSE

Covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in the
different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel ortransformed into another fuel. Non-energy use is shown
separately in final consumption under the heading non-energyuse.
Note that for biofuels, only the amounts specifically used forenergy purposes (a small part of the total) are included in
the energy statistics. Therefore, the non-energy use of
biomass is not taken into consideration and the quantities
are null by definition.

Non-energy use
industry/transformation/energy

NEINTREN

Non-energy in industry, transformation processes andenergy industry own use.

Memo: Non-energy use
in industry

NEIND

Non-energy in industry (please see above for more details
on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
in iron and steel

NEIRONSTL

Non-energy use in iron and steel (please see above formore details on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
chemical/petrochemical

NECHEM

Fuels used for chemical feedstocks and non–energy productsin the petro-chemical industry, which includes cracking andreforming processes for the purpose of producing ethylene,
propylene, butylene, synthesis gas, aromatics, butadene andother hydrocarbon-based raw materials in processes such as
steam cracking, aromatics plants and steam reforming [part of
ISIC Rev. 4 Group 201].
Note: this flow was called “of which petrochemical
feedstocks” in previous editions.

Memo: Non-energy use
in non-ferrous metals

NENONFERR

Non-energy use in non-ferrous metals (please see above formore details on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
in non-metallic minerals

NENONMET

Non-energy use in non-metallic minerals (please see above
for more details on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
in transport equipment

NETRANSEQ

Non-energy use in transport equipment (please see above
for more details on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
in machinery

NEMACHINE

Non-energy use in machinery (please see above for moredetails on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
in mining and quarrying

NEMINING

Non-energy use in mining and quarrying (please see above
for more details on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
infood/beverages/tobacco

NEFOODPRO

Non-energy use in food/beverages/tobacco (please see
above for more details on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
in paper/pulp and printing

NEPAPERPRO

Non-energy use in paper/pulp and printing (please see
above for more details on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
in wood and wood
products

NEWOODPRO

Non-energy use in wood and wood products (please see
above for more details on industry sub-sector definitions).

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FlowWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Flow

Short nameDefinition

Memo: Non-energy use
in construction

NECONSTRUC

Non-energy use in construction (please see above for moredetails on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
in textiles and leather

NETEXTILES

Non-energy use in textiles and leather (please see above
for more details on industry sub-sector definitions).

Memo: Non-energy use
in non-specified industry

NEINONSPEC

Non-energy use in non-specified industry (please see above
for more details on industry sub-sector definitions).

Non-energy use in transport

NETRANS

Non-energy use in transport.

Non-energy use in other

NEOTHER

Non-energy use in other sectors such as residential,commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry and fishing.

Electricity output (GWh)
Flow

Short nameDefinition

Electricity output (GWh)

ELOUTPUT

Shows the total number of GWh generated by power plants
separated into electricity plants and CHP plants. Contrary to
the Energy Statistics, electricity production for hydropumped storage is excluded within the Energy Balances.

Electricity output (GWh) main activity producer
electricity plants

ELMAINE

Electricity output (GWh) autoproducer electricity plants

ELAUTOE

Electricity output (GWh) -main
activity producer CHP plants

ELMAINC

Electricity output (GWh) autoproducer CHP plants

ELAUTOCHeat output
Short nameHeat output

HEATOUTHeat output-main activity
producer CHP plants

HEMAINC

Heat output-autoproducer
CHP plants

HEAUTOCHeat output-main activity
producer heat plants

HEMAINH

Heat output-autoproducer
heat plants

HEAUTOHDefinition
Shows the total heat generated by plants separated into
CHP plants and heat plants.

PAGE | 16

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FlowWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Other flows
Flow

Short nameDefinition

Flow used in the summary balances

Memo: Iron and steel, blast
furnaces and coke ovens

Is equal to IRONSTL – ( TBLASTFUR +TCOKEOVS + EBLASTFUR + ECOKEOVS ).
Negative signs are due to the convention used forthe transformation flows, where a negative signshows an input to transformation.

MIRONSTL

Conversion factors
Calorific values, expressed in tonne of oil equivalent/tonne and kilojoules/kilogramme represent
the average gross energy content minus the latent heat of vaporisation of 1 unit of mass; volume tomass for oil products is expressed in barrels/tonne.
Short nameDefinition

Average net calorific value

NAVERAGE

Available for primary and secondary oil products,
liquid biofuels and charcoal.

NCV of production

NINDPROD

Available for coal products, peat, oil shale, andprimary oil products.

NCV of other sources

NOSOURCES

Available for coal products, peat, oil shale, andprimary oil products.

NCV of imports

NIMPORTS

Available for coal products, peat, oil shale, andprimary oil products.

NCV of exports

NEXPORTS

Available for coal products, peat, oil shale, andprimary oil products.

NCV of coke ovens

NCOKEOVS

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

NCV of blast furnaces

NBLAST

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

NCV in main activity producer
electricity plants

NMAIN

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

NCV in autoproducer electricity
plantsNAUTOELEC

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

NCV in main activity CHP plants

NMAINCHP

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

NCV in autoproducer CHP
plantsNAUTOCHP

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

NCV in main activity heat plants

NMAINHEAT

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

NCV in autoproducer heatplantsNAUTOHEAT

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

NCV in industry

NIND

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

NCV for other uses

NOTHER

Only available for coal products, peat, oil shale.

PAGE | 17

IEA. All rights reserved.

Flow

Flow

Short nameDefinition

Volume to mass ratio

BBLTONRATIOThis ratio (barrels/tonne), inverse of density, is used
to calculate the oil demand by product (in barrels)presented within the World Energy Statistics files.

GCV of production

GINDPROD

Only available for natural gas.

GCV of imports

GIMPORTS

Only available for natural gas.

GCV of exports

GEXPORTS

Only available for natural gas.

GCV of consumption

GFINCONS

Only available for natural gas.

PAGE | 18

IEA. All rights reserved.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Indicators
Flow

Short name

Notes

Total energy supply(TES) (Mtoe)

TES

Total energy supply, expressed in Mtoe.

Total final consumption(TFC) (Mtoe)

TFC

Total final consumption, expressed in Mtoe.
For OECD countries:

Population (millions)POP

The main source of these series is the OECD National
Accounts Statistics database. Missing data (especially for
years 1960-1969) are estimated using growth rates fromWorld Development Indicators, The World Bank,
Washington D.C database.
For non-OECD countries:
The main source of the population data is World
Development Indicators, The World Bank, Washington
D.C., 2023.
Population data for Cyprus 1 are taken from the Eurostat
online database.
GDP data are derived from three sources:
International Monetary Fund. 2024. World
Economic Outlook, April 2023: Steady but slow:
resilience amid divergence. Washington, DC. (IMF
WEO)
World Development Indicators. 2024. Washington,
D.C. :The World Bank. (WB WDI)CEPII – CHELEM database. 2024. (CHELEM)

GDP (billion USD, 2015
prices and exchange
rates)

Data from IMF WEO are used as a primary source for theperiod starting in 1980; if not available, data gaps are filled
based on the other sources, based on data availability andthe hierarchy described below:
GDP

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Data from IMF WEO
WDI growth rates applied to IMF WEO data
Data from WB WDI for countries not included in
IMF WEO for any year
CHELEM growth rates applied to IMF WEO data
Data from CHELEM

Data in year n are rebased to 2015 using nominal GDP
figures and real growth using following formula:1

Please refer to the section on Geographical coverage.
PAGE | 19

IEA. All rights reserved.

𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐏𝐏𝐧𝐧 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦∗ Real_GDP_growth𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Flow

Short name

Notes
Please note that the regional totals shown for OECD andother regions were calculated by summing individual
countries’ GDP data. This calculation yields slightly
different results to the GDP totals published by primarysources.
GDPPPP figures are derived using same sources andmethodology as for GDP USD.
Data in year n are rebased to 2015 using nominal GDP
figures and real growth using following formula:

GDP (billion USD, 2015
prices and PPPs)

GDPPPPInternational price comparisons based on exchange rates
may not reflect the relative purchasing power in eachcurrency. PPPs are the rates of currency conversion that
equalize the purchasing power of different currencies by
eliminating the differences in price levels between
countries. In their simplest form, PPPs are simply pricerelatives that show the ratio of the prices in national
currencies of the same good or service in different
countries.

Energy production (Mtoe)

INDPROD

Total primary energy production, expressed in Mtoe.

Net imports (Mtoe)

NETIMP

Imports minus exports for total energy, expressed in Mtoe.

Oil supply (Mtoe)

OILTES

Primary supply of oil, expressed in Mtoe.

Net oil imports (Mtoe)

OILIMP

Imports of oil minus exports of oil, expressed in Mtoe.

Electricity generation(TWh)

ELOUTPUT

Shows the total amount of electricity generated by power
plants separated into electricity plants and CHP plants,
expressed in TWh.

Electricity consumption(TWh)

ELECONS

Domestic consumption, i.e. gross production + imports exports - losses, expressed in TWh.

Total self-sufficiency

TOTSELF

Production divided by TES expressed as a ratio.

Coal self-sufficiency

COALSELF

Production divided by TES expressed as a ratio. Includes
coal, peat and oil shale.

Oil self-sufficiency

OILSELF

Production divided by TES expressed as a ratio.

Gas self-sufficiency

GASSELF

Production divided by TES expressed as a ratio.

Share of fossil in TESFOSSILTESTES of fossil fuels divided by total TES expressed as aratio. Fossil fuels include coal, oil shale, peat and peat
products, oil and natural gas.

FOSSILELE

Output of electricity produced based on fossil fuels divided
by total output of electricity expressed as a ratio. Fossil
fuels include coal, oil shale, peat and peat products, oiland natural gas.

Share of fossil inelectricity generation

PAGE | 20

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𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐏𝐏𝐧𝐧 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦∗ Real_GDP_growth𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Short name

Notes

RENTES

Renewable sources TES divided by total TES, expressed
as a ratio. Renewable sources include hydro, geothermal,
solar, wind, tide, wave, biofuels and the renewable fractionof municipal waste.

Share of renewablesources in electricity
generation

RENEL

Output of electricity produced from renewable sources
divided by total output of electricity, expressed as a ratio.
Renewable sources include electricity from hydro,
geothermal, solar, wind, tide, wave, biofuels and therenewable fraction of municipal waste.

TES/populationTESPOP

Expressed as toe per capita.

TES/GDPTESGDP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD. Based onnational GDP.

TES/GDP PPPTESGDPPPP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD PPP.

GDP/TESGDPTES

Expressed as thousand 2015 USD per toe. Based onnational GDP.

GDP/TESGDPPPPTES

Expressed as thousand 2015 USD PPP per toe.

Oil supply/population

OILSUPPOP

Expressed as toe per capita.

Oil supply/GDP

OILSUPGDP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD. Based onnational GDP.

Oil supply/GDP PPPOILSUPGDPPPP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD PPP.

Net oil imports/GDP

OILIMPGDP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD. Based onnational GDP.

Net oil imports/GDP PPPOILIMPGDPPPP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD PPP.

Electricity
consumption/population

ELEPOP

Expressed as kWh per capita.
Electricity consumption equals domestic supply less losses.

Electricity
consumption/GDP

ELEGDP

Expressed as kWh per 2015 USD. Based on national GDP.
Electricity consumption equals domestic supply less losses.

Electricity
consumption/GDP PPP

ELEGDPPPP

Expressed as kWh per 2015 USD.
Electricity consumption equals domestic supply lesslosses.

TFC/population

TFCPOP

Expressed as toe per capita.

TFC/GDPTFCGDP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD. Based onnational GDP.

TFC/GDP PPPTFCGDPPPP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD PPP.

Transport/population

TRANPOP

Expressed as toe per capita.

Transport/GDP

TRANGDP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD. Based onnational GDP.

Transport/GDP PPP

TRANGDPPPP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD PPP.

Share of renewablesources in TES

PAGE | 21

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FlowWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Short name

Notes

Residential/populationRESPOP

Expressed as toe per capita.

Residential/GDP

RESGDP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD. Based onnational GDP.

Residential/GDP PPPRESGDPPPP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD PPP.

Services/population

SERVPOP

Expressed as toe per capita.

Services /GDPSERVGDP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD. Based onnational GDP.

Services /GDP PPPSERVGDPPPP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD PPP.

Industry/population

INDPOP

Expressed as toe per capita.

Industry/GDP

INDGDP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD. Based onnational GDP.

Industry/GDP PPPINDGDPPPP

Expressed as toe per thousand 2015 USD PPP.

Total energy supply(TES) (PJ)

TESJ

Total final consumption(TFC) (PJ)

TFCJ

Energy production (PJ)

INDPRODJSame as other indicator but expressed in petajoules.

Net imports (PJ)

NETIMPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in petajoules.

Oil supply (PJ)

OILTESJSame as other indicator but expressed in petajoules.

Net oil imports (PJ)

OILIMPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in petajoules.

TES/population(GJ per capita)

TESPOPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in gigajoules per
capita.

TES/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD)TESGDPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD.

TES/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD PPP)TESGDPPPPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD PPP.

GDP/TES(2015 USD per MJ)

GDPTESJSame as other indicator but expressed in 2015 USD per
megajoule.

GDP/TES(2015 USD PPP per MJ)

GDPPPPTESJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in 2015 USD PPP
per megajoule.

Oil supply/population(GJ per capita)

OILSUPPOPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in gigajoules per
capita.

Oil supply/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD)OILSUPGDPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD.

Same as other indicator but expressed in petajoules.
Same as other indicator but expressed in petajoules.

PAGE | 22

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FlowWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Short nameNotes

Oil supply/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD PPP)OSUPGDPPPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD PPP.

Net oil imports/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD)OILIMPGDPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD.

Net oil imports/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD PPP)OIMPGDPPPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD PPP.

TFC/population(GJ per capita)

TFCPOPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in gigajoules per
capita.

TFC/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD)TFCGDPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD.

TFC/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD PPP)TFCGDPPPPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD PPP.

Transport/population(GJ per capita)

TRANPOPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in gigajoules per
capita.

Transport/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD)

TRANGDPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD.

Transport/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD PPP)

TRANGDPPPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD PPP.

Residential/population(GJ per capita)

RESPOPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in gigajoules per
capita.

Residential/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD)RESGDPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD.

Residential/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD PPP)RESGDPPPPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD PPP.

Services/population(GJ per capita)

SERVPOPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in gigajoules per
capita.

Services/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD)SERVGDPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD.

Services/GDP (MJ per2015 USD PPP)SERVGDPPPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD PPP.

Industry/population(GJ per capita)

INDPOPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in gigajoules per
capita.

Industry/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD)INDGDPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD.

Industry/GDP(MJ per 2015 USD PPP)INDGDPPPPJ

Same as other indicator but expressed in megajoules per2015 USD PPP.

Industrial production
index (2015=100)

IPI

Only available for OECD countries.
The main source of these series is the OECD database
Main Economic Indicators, July 2022. Industrial production
PAGE | 23

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FlowWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Flow

Short name

Notes

Index of industry
consumption/industrial
production

INDIPIFor OECD countries only
Expressed as an index where 2015=100.

Index of industry oil
consumption/industrial
production

OILINDIPIFor OECD countries only
Expressed as an index where 2015=100.

Total thermal efficiencyof electricity only plants(main and auto) (%)

THERMELE

Total thermal efficiencyof electricity and heatplants (%)

THERMEFF

PAGE | 24

IEA. All rights reserved.

refers to the goods produced by establishments engaged
in mining (including oil extraction), manufacturing, andproduction of electricity, gas and water. These are
Sections B, C, D and E of ISIC Rev. 4 or NACE Rev. 2
classifications. From 1991, the industrial production index
for Germany refers to unified Germany and has been
linked to the series for western Germany. Data for Mexico
include construction (Section F). For OECD Total andOECD Europe, the IPI has been chain linked and data
refer to all OECD countries from 1990 onwards; prior to1990 Chile, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,
Israel, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia andSwitzerland are not included.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Product definitions

Product

Short nameDefinition

HARDCOALThis item is only used if the detailed breakdown is not available. It
includes anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal.
Hard coal refers to coal of gross calorific value greater than 24 MJ/kg(~5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis and with a mean
random reflectance of vitrinite of at least 0.6. Hard coal may include
coals with a GCV greater than or equal to 24 MJ/kg and a mean Rr <0.6%. Hard coal is the sum of anthracite, coking coal, otherbituminous coal and for some countries, prior to 1978, hard coalincludes subbituminous coal.

BROWN

This item is only used if the detailed breakdown is not available. It
includes lignite and sub-bituminous coal.
Brown coal is the sum of lignite and sub-bituminous coal. For somecountries prior to 1978 brown coal excludes sub-bituminous coal.

ANTCOAL

Anthracite is a high rank coal used for industrial and residential
applications. It is generally less than 10% volatile matter and a high carbon
content (about 90% fixed carbon). Its gross calorific value is greater than
24 000 kJ/kg on an ash-free but moist basis.

COKCOAL

Coking coal refers to bituminous coal with a quality that allows the
production of a coke suitable to support a blast furnace charge. Its
gross calorific value is equal to or greater than 24 000 kJ/kg on an
ash-free but moist basis.

Other bituminous
coal

BITCOAL

Other bituminous coal is used mainly for steam raising and spaceheating purposes and includes all bituminous coal that is notincluded under coking coal nor anthracite. It is usually more than
10% volatile matter and a relatively high carbon content (less than
90% fixed carbon). Its gross calorific value is greater than
24 000 kJ/kg on an ash-free but moist basis.

Sub-bituminous
coal

SUBCOAL

Sub-bituminous coal includes non-agglomerating coals with a grosscalorific value between 20 000 kJ/kg and 24 000 kJ/kg containing morethan 31% volatile matter on a dry mineral matter free basis.

LigniteLIGNITE

Lignite is a non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value ofless than 20 000 kJ/kg and greater than 31% volatile matter on a dry
mineral matter free basis.

Patent fuel

PATFUEL

Patent fuel is a composition fuel manufactured from hard coal fineswith the addition of a binding agent. The amount of patent fuelproduced may, therefore, be slightly higher than the actual amount ofcoal consumed in the transformation process. Consumption of patent
fuels during the patent fuel manufacturing process is included underenergy industry own use.

Coke oven coke

OVENCOKE

Coke oven coke is the solid product obtained from the carbonisation ofcoal, principally coking coal, at high temperature. It is low in moisture
content and volatile matter. Coke oven coke is used mainly in the iron andHard coal (if nodetail)Brown coal (if nodetail)Anthracite

Coking coal

PAGE | 25

IEA. All rights reserved.

CoalWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Product

Short nameDefinitionGASCOKEGas coke is a by-product of hard coal used for the production of town
gas in gas works. Gas coke is used for heating purposes. Energy
industry own use includes the consumption of gas coke at gas
works.

COALTAR

Coal tar is a result of the destructive distillation of bituminous coal or of
the low-temperature carbonisation of brown coal. Coal tar is the liquid
by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke in the coke ovenprocess. Coal tar can be further distilled into different organic products(e.g. benzene, toluene, naphthalene), which normally would bereported as a feedstock to the petrochemical industry.

BKB

Brown coal briquettes are composition fuels manufactured from lignite,produced by briquetting under high pressure with or without theaddition of a binding agent. The heading energy industry own use
includes consumption by briquetting plants.

Gas works gas

GASWKSGS

Gas works gas covers all types of gas produced in public utility or
private plants, whose main purpose is the manufacture, transport anddistribution of gas. It includes gas produced by carbonisation (including
gas produced by coke ovens and transferred to gas works), by total
gasification (with or without enrichment with oil products) and byreforming and simple mixing of gases and/or air.

Coke oven gas

COKEOVGS

Coke oven gas is obtained as a by-product of the manufacture of cokeoven coke for the production of iron and steel.

BLFURGS

Blast furnace gas is produced during the combustion of coke in blast
furnaces in the iron and steel industry. It is recovered and used as afuel, partly within the plant and partly in other steel industry processes
or in power stations equipped to burn it.

OGASES

By-product of the production of steel in an oxygen furnace,
recovered on leaving the furnace. The gases are also known as
converter gas, LD gas or BOS gas. The quantity of recuperated fuelshould be reported on a gross calorific value basis. Also covers nonspecified manufactured gases not mentioned above, such as
combustible gases of solid carbonaceous origin recovered frommanufacturing and chemical processes not elsewhere defined.

Gas coke

Coal tar

BKB

Blast furnace gas

Other recovered
gases

PAGE | 26

IEA. All rights reserved.

steel industry, acting as energy source and chemical agent. Also included
are semi-coke (a solid product obtained from the carbonisation of coal at a
low temperature), lignite coke (a semi-coke made from lignite), cokebreeze and foundry coke. The heading energy industry own use includes
the consumption at the coking plants themselves. Consumption in the ironand steel industry does not include coke converted into blast furnace gas.
To obtain the total consumption of coke oven coke in the iron and steel
industry, the quantities converted into blast furnace gas have to be added(these are included in blast furnaces).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Peat and peat products
Product

Short nameDefinition

Peat

PEAT

Peat is a combustible soft, porous or compressed, fossil sedimentarydeposit of plant origin with high water content (up to 90% in the raw
state), easily cut, of light to dark brown colour. Peat used for nonenergy purposes is not included here. Milled peat is included here.

Peat products

PEATPROD

Products such as peat briquettes derived directly or indirectly fromsod peat and milled peat.

Oil shale
Product

Oil shale and oil
sands

Short name

OILSHALE

Definition
Oil shale and oil sands are sedimentary rock which contains organic
matter in the form of kerogen. Kerogen is a waxy hydrocarbon-richmaterial regarded as a precursor of petroleum. Oil shale may beburned directly or processed by heating to extract shale oil. Oilshale and tar sands used as inputs for other transformation
processes are also included here (this includes the portion
consumed in the transformation process). Shale oil and otherproducts derived from liquefaction are included in from othersources under crude oil (other hydrocarbons).

Natural gas

Natural gas

Short name

NATGAS

Definition
Natural gas comprises gases, occurring in underground deposits,
whether liquefied or gaseous, consisting mainly of methane. It
includes "non-associated" gas originating from fields producing
hydrocarbons only in gaseous form; "associated" gas produced inassociation with crude oil; and methane recovered from coalmines (colliery gas) or from coal seams (coal seam gas).
Production represents dry marketable production within nationalboundaries, including offshore production and is measured after
purification and extraction of NGL and sulphur. It includes
quantities used within the natural gas industry; in gas extraction,
pipeline systems and processing plants. Quantities of gas that are
re-injected, vented or flared are excluded.

PAGE | 27

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Product

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Product

Short nameDefinition

Crude/NGL/feedstocks(if no detail)CRNGFEEDThis item is only used if the detailed breakdown is not available.
It includes crude oil, natural gas liquids, refinery feedstocks,
additives/blending components and other hydrocarbons.

CRUDEOIL

Crude oil is a mineral oil consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons
of natural origin and associated impurities, such as sulphur. It
exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperaturesand pressure and its physical characteristics (density, viscosity,etc.) are highly variable. It includes field or lease condensates(separator liquids) which are recovered from associated andnon-associated gas where it is commingled with the commercial
crude oil stream.

NGL

NGL are the liquid or liquefied hydrocarbons recovered fromnatural gas in separation facilities or gas processing plants.
Natural gas liquids include ethane, propane, butane (normal andiso-), (iso) pentane and pentanes plus (sometimes referred to asnatural gasoline or plant condensate).

REFFEEDS

A refinery feedstock is a processed oil destined for further
processing (e.g. straight run fuel oil or vacuum gas oil) otherthan blending in the refining industry. It is transformed into one
or more components and/or finished products. With further
processing, it will be transformed into one or more components
and/or finished products. This definition also covers returns
from the petrochemical industry to the refining industry (e.g.
pyrolysis gasoline, C4 fractions, gasoil and fuel oil fractions)

ADDITIVE

Additives are non-hydrocarbon substances added to or blended
with a product to modify its properties, for example, to improveits combustion characteristics. Alcohols and ethers (MTBE,
methyl tertiary-butyl ether) and chemical alloys such as
tetraethyl lead are included here. The biomass fractions ofbiogasoline, biodiesel and ethanol are not included here, but
under liquid biofuels. This differs from the presentation of
additives in the Oil Information publication.

NONCRUDE

This category includes synthetic crude oil from tar sands, shaleoil, etc., liquids from coal liquefaction, output of liquids fromnatural gas conversion into gasoline, hydrogen and emulsified
oils (e.g. Orimulsion).

Crude oil

Natural gas liquids

Refinery feedstocks

Additives/blending
components

Other hydrocarbons

PAGE | 28

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Crude, NGL, refinery feedstocks

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil products
Short nameDefinition

Refinery gas

REFINGAS

Refinery gas is defined as non-condensable gas obtained during
distillation of crude oil or treatment of oil products (e.g. cracking) in
refineries. It consists mainly of hydrogen, methane, ethane andolefins. It also includes gases which are returned from thepetrochemical industry. Refinery gas production refers to grossproduction. Own consumption is shown separately under oil
refineries in energy industry own use.

EthaneETHANE

Ethane is a naturally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C2H6). It
is a colourless paraffinic gas which is extracted from natural gas
and refinery gas streams.

LPG

Liquefied petroleum gases are the light hydrocarbon fraction of theparaffin series, derived from refinery processes, crude oil
stabilisation plants and natural gas processing plants, comprisingpropane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) or a combination of the two.
They could also include propylene, butylene, isobutene andisobutylene. LPGs are normally liquefied under pressure fortransportation and storage.

NONBIOGASO

Motor gasoline is light hydrocarbon oil for use in internal combustion
engines such as motor vehicles, excluding aircraft. Motor gasoline isdistilled between 35oC and 215oC and is used as a fuel for land
based spark ignition engines. Motor gasoline may include additives,
oxygenates and octane enhancers, including lead compounds suchas TEL (tetraethyl lead) and TML (tetramethyl lead). Motor gasoline
excluding biofuels does not include the liquid biofuel or ethanol
blended with gasoline - see liquid biofuels.

AVGAS

Aviation gasoline is motor spirit prepared especially for aviation
piston engines, with an octane number suited to the engine, afreezing point of -60oC, and a distillation range usually within thelimits of 30oC and 180oC.

JETGAS

Gasoline type jet fuel includes all light hydrocarbon oils for use inaviation turbine power units, which distil between 100oC and 250oC.
This fuel is obtained by blending kerosenes and gasoline or
naphthas in such a way that the aromatic content does not exceed
25% in volume, and the vapour pressure is between 13.7 kPa and20.6 kPa. Additives can be included to improve fuel stability andcombustibility.

NONBIOJETKKerosene type jet fuel is a medium distillate used for aviation turbine
power units. It has the same distillation characteristics and flash point
as kerosene (between 150oC and 300oC but not generally above
250oC). In addition, it has particular specifications (such as freezing
point) which are established by the International Air Transport
Association (IATA). It includes kerosene blending components.
Kerosene type jet fuel excluding biofuels does not include the liquidbiofuels blended with jet kerosene.

OTHKERO

Kerosene (other than kerosene used for aircraft transport which isincluded with aviation fuels) comprises refined petroleum distillateintermediate in volatility between gasoline and gas/diesel oil. It is amedium oil distilling between 150oC and 300oC.

Liquefiedpetroleum gases(LPG)

Motor gasoline
excl. biofuels

Aviation gasoline

Gasoline type jet
fuel

Kerosene type jet
fuel excl. biofuels

Other kerosene

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Product

Product

Short nameDefinition

Gas/diesel oil
excl. biofuels

NONBIODIES

Gas/diesel oil includes heavy gas oils. Gas oils are obtained from thelowest fraction from atmospheric distillation of crude oil, while heavy
gas oils are obtained by vacuum redistillation of the residual fromatmospheric distillation. Gas/diesel oil distils between 180oC and
380oC. Several grades are available depending on uses: diesel oil fordiesel compression ignition (cars, trucks, marine, etc.), light heating
oil for industrial and commercial uses, and other gas oil including
heavy gas oils which distil between 380oC and 540oC and which areused as petrochemical feedstocks. Gas/diesel oil excluding biofuels
does not include the liquid biofuels blended with gas/diesel oil – seeliquid biofuels.

Fuel oil

RESFUEL

Fuel oil defines oils that make up the distillation residue. It comprises
all residual fuel oils, including those obtained by blending. Its
kinematic viscosity is above 10 cSt at 80oC. The flash point is always
above 50oC and the density is always higher than 0.90 kg/l.

NAPHTHA

Naphtha is a feedstock destined either for the petrochemical industry(e.g. ethylene manufacture or aromatics production) or for gasoline
production by reforming or isomerisation within the refinery. Naphtha
comprises material that distils between 30oC and 210oC. Naphtha
imported for blending is shown as an import of naphtha, and thenshown in the transfers row as a negative entry for naphtha and apositive entry for the corresponding finished product (e.g. gasoline).

WHITESPWhite spirit and industrial spirit (SBP) are refined distillateintermediates with a distillation in the naphtha/kerosene range. White
spirit has a flash point above 30oC and a distillation range of 135oC
to 200oC. Industrial Spirit (SBP) comprises light oils distilling between
30oC and 200oC, with a temperature difference between 5% volume
and 90% volume distillation points, including losses, of not more than
60oC. In other words, SBP is a light oil of narrower cut than motor
spirit. There are seven or eight grades of industrial spirit, dependingon the position of the cut in the distillation range defined above.

LUBRIC

Lubricants are hydrocarbons produced from distillate or residue; they
are mainly used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces. This
category includes all finished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil
to cylinder oil, and those used in greases, including motor oils and all
grades of lubricating oil base stocks.

BITUMEN

Bitumen is a solid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon with a colloidal
structure that is brown to black in colour. It is obtained by vacuum
distillation of oil residues from atmospheric distillation of crude oil.
Bitumen is often referred to as asphalt and is primarily used forsurfacing of roads and for roofing material. This category includes
fluidised and cut back bitumen.

PARWAX

Paraffin waxes are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. These waxes
are residues extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils, and they have a
crystalline structure which is more or less fine according to the grade.
Their main characteristics are that they are colourless, odourless andtranslucent, with a melting point above 45oC.

NaphthaWhite spirit &industrial spirit(SBP)

Lubricants

BitumenParaffin waxes

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IEA. All rights reserved.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Product

Petroleum coke

Other oil products

Short nameDefinition

PETCOKEPetroleum coke is defined as a black solid residue, obtained mainly
by cracking and carbonising of petroleum derived feedstocks,
vacuum bottoms, tar and pitches in processes such as delayed
coking or fluid coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95%) andhas a low ash content. It is used as a feedstock in coke ovens for the
steel industry, for heating purposes, for electrode manufacture andfor production of chemicals. The two most important qualities are"green coke" and "calcined coke". This category also includes"catalyst coke" deposited on the catalyst during refining processes:
this coke is not recoverable and is usually burned as refinery fuel.

ONONSPEC

Other oil products not classified above (e.g. tar, sulphur and grease)
are included here. This category also includes aromatics (e.g. BTX or
benzene, toluene and xylene) and olefins (e.g. propylene) produced
within refineries.

Biofuels and Waste

Industrial waste

Municipal waste(renewable)

Municipal waste(non-renewable)

Primary solid
biofuels

Biogases

Short nameDefinition

INDWASTE

Industrial waste of non-renewable origin consists of solid and liquid
products (e.g. tyres) combusted directly, usually in specialised
plants, to produce heat and/or power. Renewable industrial waste is
not included here, but with solid biofuels, biogases or liquid biofuels.

MUNWASTER

Municipal waste consists of products that are combusted directly to
produce heat and/or power and comprises wastes produced byhouseholds, industry, hospitals and the tertiary sector that arecollected by local authorities for incineration at specific installations.
Municipal waste is split into renewable and non-renewable.

MUNWASTEN

Municipal waste consists of products that are combusted directly to
produce heat and/or power and comprises wastes produced byhouseholds, industry, hospitals and the tertiary sector that arecollected by local authorities for incineration at specific installations.
Municipal waste is split into renewable and non-renewable.

PRIMSBIO

Primary solid biofuels is defined as any plant matter used directly as
fuel or converted into other forms before combustion. This covers amultitude of woody materials generated by industrial process orprovided directly by forestry and agriculture (firewood, wood chips,
bark, sawdust, shavings, chips, sulphite lyes also known as black
liquor, animal materials/wastes and other solid biofuels).
Note that for biofuels, only the amounts of biomass specifically used
for energy purposes (a small part of the total) are included in theenergy statistics. Therefore, the non-energy use of biomass is nottaken into consideration and the quantities are null by definition.

BIOGASES

Biogases are gases arising from the anaerobic fermentation of
biomass and the gasification of solid biomass (including biomass in
wastes). The biogases from anaerobic fermentation are composed
principally of methane and carbon dioxide and comprise landfill gas,
sewage sludge gas and other biogases from anaerobic fermentation.
Biogases can also be produced from thermal processes (bygasification or pyrolysis) of biomass and are mixtures containinghydrogen and carbon monoxide (usually known as syngas) alongwith other components. These gases may be further processed to

PAGE | 31

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Product

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Product

Short nameDefinition
modify their composition and can be further processed to produce
substitute natural gas.
Biogases are used mainly as a fuel but can be used as a chemical
feedstock.

BIOGASOL

Biogasoline includes bioethanol (ethanol produced from biomass
and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste), biomethanol (methanol
produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste),bioETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the basis ofbioethanol; the percentage by volume of bioETBE that is calculated
as biofuel is 47%) and bioMTBE (methyl-tertio-butyl-ether producedon the basis of biomethanol: the percentage by volume of bioMTBE
that is calculated as biofuel is 36%). Biogasoline includes theamounts that are blended into the gasoline - it does not include thetotal volume of gasoline into which the biogasoline is blended.

Biodiesels

BIODIESEL

Biodiesels includes biodiesel (a methyl-ester produced fromvegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality), biodimethylether(dimethylether produced from biomass), Fischer Tropsch (Fischer
Tropsch produced from biomass), cold pressed bio-oil (oil produced
from oil seed through mechanical processing only) and all otherliquid biofuels which are added to, blended with or used straight astransport diesel. Biodiesels includes the amounts that are blended
into the diesel - it does not include the total volume of diesel into
which the biodiesel is blended.

Bio jet kerosene

BIOJETKERO

Liquid biofuels derived from biomass and blended with or replacing
jet kerosene.

Other liquidbiofuels

OBIOLIQ

Other liquid biofuels include liquid biofuels not reported in either
biogasoline or biodiesels.

Non-specified
primary biofuels
and waste

RENEWNSThis item is used when the detailed breakdown for primary biofuels
and waste is not available.

Charcoal

CHARCOAL

It covers the solid residue of the destructive distillation and pyrolysis
of wood and other vegetal material.

MRENEWIs equal to the direct sum of HYDRO, GEOTHERM, SOLARPV,SOLARTH, TIDE, WIND, MUNWASTER, PRIMSBIO, BIOGASES,
BIOGASOL, BIODIESEL, OBIOLIQ, RENEWNS and CHARCOAL.
Note that it does not include any estimation of the amount ofelectricity and heat derived from renewable sources.

Biogasoline

Memo:
Renewables

Electricity and Heat
Short nameDefinition

Elec/heat output
from non-specified
manufactured
gases

MANGASThis item is only used if the detailed breakdown is not available. It
includes coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and other recovered
gases. Gas works gas is not included here.

Heat output from
non-specified
combustible fuels

HEATNSThis item is only used if the detailed breakdown is not available.

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Product

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Product

Short nameDefinition

Nuclear

NUCLEAR

Energy released by nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.

Hydro

HYDRO

Hydro energy represents the potential and kinetic energy of water
converted into electricity in hydroelectric plants.

Geothermal

GEOTHERM

Geothermal energy is the energy available as heat emitted fromwithin the earth’s crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is
exploited at suitable sites:
•
•

Solar
photovoltaics

SOLARPVfor electricity generation using dry stream or high enthalpy brine
after flashingdirectly as heat for district heating, agriculture, etc.

Electricity from photovoltaic cells.
Solar energy is the solar radiation exploited for hot water productionand electricity generation, by:flat plate collectors, mainly of the thermosyphon type, fordomestic hot water or for the seasonal heating of swimmingpools• solar thermal-electric plants
Passive solar energy for the direct heating, cooling and lighting ofdwellings or other buildings is not included.

Solar thermal

SOLARTHTide, wave and
ocean

TIDE

Tide, wave and ocean represents the mechanical energy derived fromtidal movement, wave motion or ocean current and exploited forelectricity generation.

Wind

WIND

Wind energy represents the kinetic energy of wind exploited forelectricity generation in wind turbines.

Other sources

OTHER

Other sources includes production not included elsewhere such asfuel cells.

ELECTR

Gross electricity production is measured at the terminals of allalternator sets in a station; it therefore includes the energy taken bystation auxiliaries and losses in transformers that are considered
integral parts of the station.
The difference between gross and net production is generally
estimated as 7% for conventional thermal stations, 1% for hydrostations, and 6% for nuclear, geothermal and solar stations.
Production in hydro stations includes production from pumped
storage plants.

HEAT

Heat production includes all heat produced by main activity producer
CHP and heat plants, as well as heat sold by autoproducer CHP andheat plants to third parties.
Fuels used to produce quantities of heat for sale are included in thetransformation processes under the rows CHP plants and Heatplants. The use of fuels for heat which is not sold is included under
the sectors in which the fuel use occurs. Data on heat have become
available in different years for different countries and thus any
aggregated data should be used with caution.

Electricity

Heat

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IEA. All rights reserved.

•

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Products for summary balances
Short nameDefinition

Coal and coal products

COAL

Is equal to the sum of HARDCOAL, BROWN, ANTCOAL,
COKCOAL, BITCOAL, SUBCOAL, LIGNITE, PATFUEL,OVENCOKE, GASCOKE, COALTAR, BKB, GASWKSGS,
COKEOVGS, BLFURGS, OXYSTGS and MANGAS.

Peat and peat products

PEAT

Is equal to PEAT and PEATPROD.

Oil shale and oil sands

OILSHALE

Is equal to OILSHALE.

Crude, NGL and feedstocks

CRNGFEEDIs equal to the sum of CRNGFEED, CRUDEOIL, NGL,REFFEEDS, ADDITIVE and NONCRUDE.

Oil products

TOTPRODS

Is equal to the sum of REFINGAS, ETHANE, LPG,NONBIOGASO, AVGAS, JETGAS, JETKERO, OTHKERO,NONBIODIES, RESFUEL, NAPHTHA, WHITESP, LUBRIC,
BITUMEN, PARWAX, PETCOKE and ONONSPEC.

Natural gas

NATGASIs equal to NATGAS .

Nuclear

NUCLEARIs equal to NUCLEAR.

Hydro

HYDRO

Is equal to HYDRO.

Geothermal

GEOTHERM

Is equal to GEOTHERM.

Solar/wind/other

SOLWIND

Is equal to the sum of SOLARPV, SOLARTH, TIDE, WIND
and OTHER.

Biofuels and waste

COMRENEWIs equal to the sum of INDWASTE, MUNWASTER,MUNWASTEN, PRIMSBIO, BIOGASES, BIOGASOL,
BIODIESEL, OBIOLIQ, RENEWNS and CHARCOAL.

Heat production from nonspecified combustible fuels

HEATNSIs equal to HEATNS.

Electricity

ELECTRIs equal to ELECTR.

Heat

HEAT

Is equal to HEAT.

TOTAL

Is equal to TOTAL of all the previous energy sources.
Is also equal to the sum of MTOTSOLID, MTOTOIL,
NATGAS, NUCLEAR, HYDRO, COMRENEW and
MTOTOTHER.

Memo: Renewables

MRENEWIs equal to the sum of HYDRO, GEOTHERM, SOLARPV,SOLARTH, TIDE, WIND, MUNWASTER, PRIMSBIO,BIOGASES, BIOGASOL, BIODIESEL, OBIOLIQ,RENEWNS and CHARCOAL.

Memo: Coal, peat and oil
shale

MTOTSOLID

Is equal to the sum of COAL, PEAT and OILSHALE.

Memo: Primary andsecondary oil

MTOTOILIs equal to the sum of CRNGFEED and TOTPRODS.

Memo: Geothermal,
solar/wind/other, heat, electricity

MTOTOTHER

Is equal to the sum of GEOTHERM, SOLARWIND, HEAT
and ELECTR.

Total

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Product

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Geographical coverage
Geographical divisions
This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to thedelimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In
this publication, ‘country’ refers to country, economy or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960
for OECD countries, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regional aggregates, unless otherwise
specified.
Country/Region

Short nameDefinition

World

WORLD

Includes OECD Total; Africa; non-OECD Asia (excluding
China); China (P.R. of China and Hong Kong, China); NonOECD Americas; Middle East; Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia;
World aviation bunkers and World marine bunkers. It is also thesum of Africa (UN), Americas (UN), Asia (UN), Europe (UN),
Oceania (UN), World aviation bunkers and World marine
bunkers.

OECD Americas

OECDAM

Includes Canada; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Mexico and theUnited States.

OECD Asia Oceania

OECDAO

Includes Australia; Israel 1; Japan; Korea and New Zealand.

OECDEUR

Includes Austria; Belgium; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia;
Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland;
Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; the Netherlands; Norway;
Poland; Portugal; the Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden;
Switzerland; the Republic of Türkiye and the United Kingdom.
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia are included starting in
1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are
included in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former
Yugoslavia.

Africa

AFRICA

Includes Algeria; Angola; Benin; Botswana; Cameroon;
Republic of Congo (Congo); Côte d’Ivoire; Democratic Republicof Congo; Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; the Kingdom ofEswatini; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Kenya; Libya; Madagascar;
Mauritius; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia (from 1991); Niger;
Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan,
United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania); Togo; Tunisia;
Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe and Other Africa.
Note that Africa is identical to Memo: Africa (UN).

Non-OECD Americas

LATAMER

Includes Argentina; Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia);
Brazil; Cuba; Curaçao 2; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El

OECD Europe

The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of suchdata by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the WestBank under the terms of international law.
2
Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint
Maarten, with the remaining islands joining the Netherlands as special municipalities. From 2012 onwards, data now account
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1World energy balances 2024 Edition

Country/Region

Short nameDefinition

MIDEAST

Includes Bahrain; Islamic Republic of Iran; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait;
Lebanon; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syrian Arab Republic;
United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

EURASIA

Includes Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia andHerzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus 3; the Republic of North
Macedonia (North Macedonia); Georgia; Gibraltar; Kazakhstan;
Kosovo 4; Kyrgyzstan; Malta; Republic of Moldova (Moldova);
Montenegro; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia 5; Tajikistan;
Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Former Soviet Union (prior
to 1990) and Former Yugoslavia (prior to 1990).
Prior to 1990, data for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included
in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former
Yugoslavia.

Non-OECD Asia
(excluding China)

ASIA

Includes Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia (from 1995);
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; India; Indonesia; Lao
People’s Democratic Republic (from 2000); Malaysia; Mongolia(from 1985); Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Singapore;
Sri Lanka; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; Viet Nam and Other non–OECD Asia.

China (P.R. of China
and Hong Kong,
China)CHINAREG

Includes the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong,
China.

WORLDMARDue to the structure of the database, World marine bunkers arereported both as a flow and as an entity similar to a country or aregion. World marine bunkers represent the sum ofInternational marine bunkers from all countries. Therefore,‘World marine bunkers’ is not applicable for individual countries
and regions, and it is included in transport for the world total.

WORLDAVDue to the structure of the database, World aviation bunkers
are reported both as a flow and as an entity similar to a country
or a region. World aviation bunkers represent the sum ofInternational aviation bunkers from all countries. Therefore,‘World aviation bunkers’ is not applicable for individual countries
and regions, and it is included in transport for the world total.

Middle East

Non-OECD Europe
and Eurasia

World marine
bunkers

World aviation
bunkers

for the energy statistics of Curaçao Island only. Prior to 2012, data remain unchanged and still cover the entire territory of theformer Netherlands Antilles.
3
Note by the Republic of Türkiye (Türkiye):
The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single
authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiye shallpreserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union:
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. The information inthis document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
4
This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution
1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.
5
Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.
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IEA. All rights reserved.

Salvador; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica;
Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname (from 2000);
Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay; Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela(Venezuela) and Other non-OECD Americas.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Short name

Albania

ALBANIA

Algeria

ALGERIA

AngolaANGOLA

Definition

Argentina

ARGENTINA

Argentina is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it isincluded in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 and for theentire time series.

Armenia

ARMENIA

Data for Armenia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.

Australia

AUSTRALI

Excludes the overseas territories.
Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30 June Y
are labelled as year Y.

Austria

AUSTRIA

Azerbaijan

AZERBAIJAN

Bahrain

BAHRAIN

Bangladesh

BANGLADESH

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30 June Y
are labelled as year Y.

Belarus

BELARUS

Data for Belarus are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.

Belgium

BELGIUM

Benin

BENIN

Plurinational State of
Bolivia

BOLIVIA

Bosnia andHerzegovina

BOSNIAHERZ

Botswana

BOTSWANA

BrazilBRAZIL

Brunei Darussalam

BRUNEI

Bulgaria

BULGARIA

Cambodia

CAMBODIA

Cameroon

CAMEROON

Data for Azerbaijan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.

Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina are available starting in 1990.
Prior to that, they are included in Former Yugoslavia.

Brazil is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it isincluded in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 and for theentire time series.

Data for Cambodia are available starting in 1995. Prior to that,they are included in Other Asia.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Country/Region

World energy balances 2024 Edition

CanadaShort nameDefinition

CANADA

CHILE

Data start in 1971.
Chile is currently seeking accession to full IEA membership(Accession country), therefore it is included in the IEA andAccession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family), fordata starting in 1971 and for the entire time series.

CHINA

People’s Republic of China is currently an IEA Association
country, therefore it is included in the IEA andAccession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family), fordata starting in 1971 and for the entire time series.

Colombia

COLOMBIA

Data start in 1971. Data for Colombia prior to 1990 in the Oil
Information may be different from those in World Energy
Statistics due to a change in reporting methodology.
Colombia is currently seeking accession to full IEA membership(Accession country), therefore it is included in the IEA andAccession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family), fordata starting in 1971 and for the entire time series.

Republic of Congo

CONGO

Chile

People’s Republic of
China

Costa Rica

COSTARICA

Côte d’Ivoire

COTEIVOIRE

Croatia

CROATIA

Cuba

CUBA

Curaçao/Netherlands
AntillesCyprusCosta Rica, which is currently seeking accession to full IEA
membership (Accession country), is now included in the IEA
and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family).
Costa Rica joined the OECD in May 2021; data are now
included in the applicable OECD aggregates.

Data for Croatia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they
are included in Former Yugoslavia.

CURACAO

The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010,
resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint
Maarten, with the remaining islands joining the Netherlands as
special municipalities. From 2012 onwards, data now accountfor the energy statistics of Curaçao Island only. Prior to 2012,
data remain unchanged and still cover the entire territory of theformer Netherlands Antilles.

CYPRUS

Note by the Republic of Türkiye (Türkiye):
The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus”
relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single
authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people
on the Island. Türkiye recognizes the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution
is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiye shallpreserve its position concerning the “Cyprus” issue.
Note by all the European Union Member States of theOECD and the European Union:
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of theUnited Nations with the exception of Türkiye. The information inthis report relates to the area under the effective control of theGovernment of the Republic of Cyprus.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Country/Region

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Short name

Czech Republic

CZECH

Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea

KOREADPR

Democratic Republicof Congo

CONGOREP

Denmark

DENMARK

Dominican Republic

DOMINICANR

EcuadorECUADOR

Definition
Data start in 1971.

Excludes Greenland and the Faroe Islands, except prior to
1990, where data on oil for Greenland were included with theDanish statistics.

Data for Egypt are reported on a fiscal year basis. By
convention, data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y andends on 30 June Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
Egypt is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it isincluded in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 and for theentire time series.

Egypt

EGYPT

El Salvador

ELSALVADOR

Equatorial Guinea

EQGUINEA

Eritrea

ERITREA

Data for Eritrea are available from 1992. Prior to that, they areincluded in Ethiopia.

Estonia

ESTONIA

Data start in 1990. Prior to that, they are included within Former
Soviet Union.

Kingdom of Eswatini

ESWATINI

Ethiopia

ETHIOPIA

Finland

FINLAND

Ethiopia energy data include Eritrea from 1971 to 1991. From
1992, the two countries are reported separately.
Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1
are labelled as year Y.

Includes Monaco and excludes the overseas collectivities: New
Caledonia; French Polynesia; Saint Barthélemy; Saint Martin;
Saint Pierre and Miquelon; and Wallis and Futuna. Energy data
for the following overseas departments: Guadeloupe; French
Guiana; Martinique; Mayotte; and Réunion are included for theyears from 2011 onwards, and excluded for earlier years.

France

FRANCE

Gabon

GABON

Georgia

GEORGIA

Data for Georgia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.

Germany

GERMANY

Includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970 onwards.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Country/Region

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Short name

Ghana

GHANA

Gibraltar

GIBRALTAR

GreeceGREECE

GuatemalaGUATEMALA

GuyanaGUYANA

Haiti

HAITI

Honduras

HONDURAS

Hong Kong, China

HONGKONG

Hungary

HUNGARY

IcelandICELAND

Definition

Data start in 1965.

INDIA

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March
Y+1 are labelled as year Y. This convention is different from theone used by Government of India, whereby fiscal year starts on
1 April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y+1.
India is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it isincluded in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 and for theentire time series

Indonesia

INDONESIA

Indonesia is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it isincluded in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 and for theentire time series.

Islamic Republic of
Iran

IRAN

Data are reported according to the Iranian calendar year. By
convention data for the year that starts on 20 March Y and ends
on 19 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.

Iraq

IRAQ

IrelandIRELAND

India

IsraelISRAELThe statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the
responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of suchdata by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of theGolan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in theWest Bank under the terms of international law.
Data start in 1971.
Israel is currently seeking accession to full IEA membership(Accession country), therefore it is included in the IEA andAccession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family), fordata starting in 1971 and for the entire time series.

Italy

ITALY

Includes San Marino and the Holy See.

Jamaica

JAMAICA

Japan

JAPAN

Includes Okinawa.
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IEA. All rights reserved.

Country/Region

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Country/Region

Short nameDefinition
Starting 1990, data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By
convention data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y andends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.

JordanJORDAN

Kazakhstan

KAZAKHSTAN

Data for Kazakhstan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.

Kenya

KENYA

Kenya joined the IEA as an Association country in June 2023.
Accordingly, it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association
countries aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 andfor the entire time series.

Korea

KOREA

Data start in 1971.

KosovoKOSOVO

Data for Kosovo are available starting in 2000. Between 1990
and 1999, data for Kosovo are included in Serbia. Prior to 1990,
they are included in Former Yugoslavia.

KuwaitKUWAIT

Kyrgyzstan

KYRGYZSTAN

Data for Kyrgyzstan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.

LatviaLATVIA

Latvia, which is currently seeking accession to full IEA
membership (Accession country), is now included in the IEA
and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family).
Data for Latvia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they
are included in Former Soviet Union.

Lao People's
Democratic Republic

LAO

Data start in 2000. Prior to that, they are included in the Other
non-OECD Asia region.

LebanonLEBANON

Libya

LIBYA

Lithuania

LITHUANIA

Luxembourg

LUXEMBOU

Madagascar

MADAGASCAR

Malaysia

MALAYSIA

Malta

MALTA

Mauritius

MAURITIUS

MexicoMEXICO

Data start in 1971.

Republic of Moldova

MOLDOVA

Data for Moldova are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.
PAGE | 41

IEA. All rights reserved.

Lithuania joined the IEA in February 2022; Accordingly,
Lithuania is included in the IEA member countries aggregate(IEA Total) for data starting in 1990.
Data for Lithuania are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Short nameDefinition

Mongolia

MONGOLIA

Data for Mongolia are available starting in 1985. Prior to that,they are included in Other Asia.

Montenegro

MONTENEGRO

Data for Montenegro are available starting in 2005. Between
1990 and 2004, data for Montenegro are included in Serbia.
Prior to 1990, they are included in Former Yugoslavia.

Morocco

MOROCCOMorocco is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it isincluded in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 and for theentire time series.

Mozambique

MOZAMBIQUE

Myanmar

MYANMAR

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March
Y+1 are labelled as year Y.

Namibia

NAMIBIA

Electricity data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By
convention data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y andends on 31 June Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
Data for Namibia are available starting in 1991. Prior to that,data are included in Other Africa.

Nepal

NEPAL

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1
are labelled as year Y.

Netherlands

NETHLAND

Excludes Suriname, Aruba and the other former Netherland
Antilles (Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Saint Eustatius and Sint
Maarten).

New Zealand

NZ

Nicaragua

NICARAGUA

Niger

NIGER

Nigeria

NIGERIA

Republic of North
Macedonia

NORTHMACED

NorwayNORWAYOman

OMAN

Pakistan

PAKISTAN

PanamaPANAMA

Paraguay

PARAGUAY

Peru

PERU

Philippines

PHILIPPINE

Data for the Republic of North Macedonia (North Macedonia)
are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Yugoslavia.

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1
are labelled as year Y.

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Country/Region

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Short name

PolandPOLAND

Portugal

PORTUGAL

Qatar

QATAR

Romania

ROMANIA

Russian Federation

RUSSIA

RwandaRWANDA

Saudi Arabia

SAUDIARABI

Definition

Includes the Azores and Madeira.

Data for Russia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they
are included in Former Soviet Union.

SenegalSENEGAL

Senegal joined the IEA as an Association country in June 2023.
Accordingly, it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association
countries aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 andfor the entire time series.

SerbiaSERBIA

Data for Serbia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they
are included in Former Yugoslavia. Serbia includes Montenegro
until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.

Singapore

SINGAPORE

Singapore is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it isincluded in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 and for theentire time series.

Slovak Republic

SLOVAKIA

Data start in 1971.

Slovenia

SLOVENIA

Data start in 1990. Prior to that, they are included within Former
Yugoslavia.

South Africa

SOUTHAFRIC

Nuclear and Hydro electricity generation data are reported on afiscal year basis, beginning on the 1 April Y and ending on the
31 March Y+1.
South Africa is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it
is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 and for theentire time series.

South Sudan

SSUDAN

Data for South Sudan are available from 2012. Prior to 2012,
they are included in Sudan.

Spain

SPAIN

Includes the Canary Islands.

Sri Lanka

SRILANKA

Sudan

SUDAN

South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011.
From 2012, data for South Sudan are reported separately.

Suriname

SURINAME

Data for Suriname are available starting in 2000. Prior to that, they
are included in Other Non-OECD Americas.

Sweden

SWEDEN

Switzerland

SWITLAND

Includes Liechtenstein for the oil data. Data for other fuels do
not include Liechtenstein.
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Country/Region

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Short name

Syrian Arab
Republic

SYRIA

Chinese Taipei

TAIPEI

Tajikistan

TAJIKISTAN

United Republic of
Tanzania

TANZANIA

Thailand

THAILAND

Togo

TOGO

Trinidad and Tobago

TRINIDAD

Tunisia

TUNISIA

Republic of Türkiye

TURKEY

Turkmenistan

TURKMENIST

UgandaUGANDA

UkraineUKRAINE

United Arab Emirates

UAE

Definition

Data for Tajikistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.

Thailand is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it isincluded in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1971 and for theentire time series.

Data for Turkmenistan are available starting in 1990. Prior tothat, they are included in Former Soviet Union.

Data for Ukraine are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Ukraine is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it isincluded in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate (IEA Family), for data starting in 1990 and for theentire time series.

United Kingdom

UK

Shipments of coal and oil to the Channel Islands and the Isle ofMan from the United Kingdom are not classed as exports. Supplies
of coal and oil to these islands are, therefore, included as part ofUK supply. Exports of natural gas to the Isle of Man are included
with the exports to Ireland.
As of the 1st of February 2020, the United Kingdom (UK) is nolonger part of the European Union (EU) and has entered into atransition period until 31 December 2020.
In this publication with data up to 2020, the UK is still includedin the EU28 aggregate. However, it is excluded from the
EU27_2020 aggregate.

United States

USA

Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia but generally
excludes all territories, and all trade between the U.S. and its
territories. Oil statistics include Guam, Puerto Rico 6 and theInputs to and outputs from electricity and heat generation up to 2016, and natural gas data for the entire time series for
Puerto Rico are included under Other non-OECD Americas.

6

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Country/Region

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Country/Region

Short nameDefinition
United States Virgin Islands; trade statistics for coal include
international trade to and from Puerto Rico and the United States
Virgin Islands. Starting with 2017 data, inputs to and outputs fromelectricity and heat generation include Puerto Rico.

UruguayURUGUAY

Uzbekistan

UZBEKISTAN

Bolivarian Republicof Venezuela

VENEZUELA

Viet Nam

VIETNAM

Yemen

YEMEN

ZambiaZAMBIA

Zimbabwe

ZIMBABWE

Data for Uzbekistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,they are included in Former Soviet Union.

Former Soviet Union(if no detail)

FSUND

Before 1990, includes Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Estonia;
Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Republic ofMoldova; Russian Federation; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan;
Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

Former Yugoslavia(if no detail)YUGOND

Before 1990, includes Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia;
Republic of North Macedonia (North Macedonia); Kosovo;Montenegro; Slovenia; and Serbia.

Other Africa

Other non-OECD
Americas

OTHERAFRICOTHERLATIN

Includes Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cape Verde; Central African
Republic; Chad; Comoros; Djibouti; Gambia; Guinea; GuineaBissau; Lesotho; Liberia; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Namibia(until 1990); Réunion (until 2010); Sao Tome and Principe;
Seychelles; Sierra Leone; and Somalia.
Includes Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas;
Barbados; Belize; Bermuda; Bonaire; British Virgin Islands;
Cayman Islands; Dominica; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); French
Guiana (until 2010); Grenada; Guadeloupe (until 2010);
Martinique (until 2010); Montserrat; Puerto Rico 7 (for naturalgas); Saba (from 2012); Saint Eustatius (from 2012); Saint Kitts
and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines; Sint Maarten (from 2012);
Suriname (until 1999); and the Turks and Caicos Islands.

Other non-OECD
Asia

OTHERASIA

Includes Afghanistan; Bhutan; Cambodia (until 1994); Cook
Islands; Timor Leste; Fiji; French Polynesia; Kiribati; Lao
People’s Democratic Republic (until 1999); Macau, China;
Maldives; Mongolia (until 1984); New Caledonia; Palau (from1994); Papua New Guinea; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Tonga
and Vanuatu.

Memo: Burkina Faso

MBURKINAFA

Burkina Faso data are also included in the Other Africa region.

Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are included under the United States. Inputs to and outputs fromelectricity and heat generation up to 2016, and natural gas data for the entire time series are included under Other nonOECD Americas.
PAGE | 45

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7

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Country/Region

Short nameDefinition

Memo: Chad

MCHAD

Chad data are also included in the Other Africa region.

Memo: Greenland

MGREENLAND

Data start in 2004. Prior to 1990, data on oil for Greenland were
included with the Danish statistics, within the OECD region.
They are not included in any region after 1990.

Memo: Mali

MMALI

Data start in 2000. Mali data are also included in the Other
Africa region.

Memo: Mauritania

MMAURITANI

Mauritania data are also included in the Other Africa region.

Memo: Palestinian
Authority

MPALESTINE

Data start in 2001.

UNAFRICA

Includes Algeria; Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso;
Burundi; Cabo Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad;
Comoros; the Republic of the Congo (Congo); Côte d’Ivoire; theDemocratic Republic of the Congo; Djibouti; Egypt; Equatorial
Guinea; Eritrea; the Kingdom of Eswatini; Ethiopia; Gabon;
Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho;
Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius;
Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Réunion (until2010); Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal;
the Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa;
South Sudan (from 2012), Sudan; the United Republic of Tanzania(Tanzania); Togo; Tunisia; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe.
Note that Memo: Africa (UN) is identical to Africa.

UNAMERICAS

Includes Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Aruba; the Bahamas;
Barbados; Belize; Bermuda; the Plurinational State of Bolivia(Bolivia); Bonaire (from 2012); the British Virgin Islands; Brazil;
Canada; the Cayman Islands; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba;
Curaçao 8; Dominica; the Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El
Salvador; the Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Guatemala; French
Guiana (until 2010); Grenada; Guadeloupe (until 2010); Guyana;
Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Martinique (until 2010); Mexico;Montserrat; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Puerto Rico(for natural gas) 9; Saba (from 2012); Saint Kitts and Nevis;
Saint Lucia; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines; Sint Eustatius (from 2012); Sint Maarten (from2012); Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; the Turks and Caicos
Islands; the United States; Uruguay; the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela (Venezuela).

Memo: Africa (UN)Memo: Americas(UN)

The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010 resulting in two new ‘constituent countries’ (Curaçao and Sint
Maarten) with the other islands joining The Netherlands as “special municipalities’. However, due to lack of detailed data the
IEA Secretariat’s data and estimates under the “Netherlands Antilles” still refer to the whole territory of the Netherlands
Antilles as it was known prior to 10 October 2010 up to the end of 2011. Data refer only to the island of Curaçao from 2012.
The other islands of the former Netherlands Antilles are added to Other non-OECD Americas from 2012.
9
Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are included under the United States.
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8

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Country/Region

Short nameDefinition

UNASIATOT

Data for Asia (UN) are available from 1990.
Includes Afghanistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Bangladesh;
Bhutan; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; the People’s Republic ofChina; Cyprus 10; Georgia; Hong Kong, China; India; Indonesia; theIslamic Republic of Iran; Iraq; Israel 11; Japan; Jordan; theDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea; Korea; Kazakhstan;
Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Lebanon;
Macau, China; Malaysia; the Maldives; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal;
Oman; Pakistan; the Philippines; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Singapore;
Sri Lanka; the Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Chinese Taipei;
Thailand; Timor-Leste; the Republic of Türkiye; Turkmenistan; theUnited Arab Emirates; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; and Yemen.

Memo: Europe (UN)UNEUROPE

Data for Europe (UN) are available from 1990.
Includes Albania; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia andHerzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; the Czech Republic; Denmark;Estonia; Finland; the Republic of North Macedonia (North
Macedonia); France; Germany; Gibraltar; Greece; Hungary;
Iceland; Ireland; Italy; Kosovo12; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg;
Malta; the Republic of Moldova (Moldova); Montenegro; theNetherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; the RussianFederation; Serbia13; the Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain;
Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; the United Kingdom.

Memo: Oceania (UN)UNOCEANIA

Includes Australia; New Zealand; Cook Islands; Fiji; French
Polynesia; Kiribati; New Caledonia; Palau; Papua New Guinea;
Samoa; the Solomon Islands; Tonga; Vanuatu.

Memo: OECD Total

OECDTOT

Includes Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile; Colombia;
Costa Rica; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland;
France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel;
Italy; Japan; Korea; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Mexico; theNetherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; theSlovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; theRepublic of Türkiye; the United Kingdom and the United States.
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia are included starting in
1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are
included in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former
Yugoslavia.

Memo: Non-OECD
Total

NOECDTOT

Includes Africa; Asia (excluding China); China (P.R. of China
and Hong Kong, China); Non-OECD Americas; Middle East andNon-OECD Europe and Eurasia.

IEATOT

Includes Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; the Czech
Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany;
Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Korea; Lithuania;
Luxembourg; Mexico; the Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway;
Poland; Portugal; the Slovak Republic; Spain; Sweden;
Switzerland; the Republic of Türkiye; the United Kingdom andthe United States.

Memo: Asia (UN)Memo: IEA Total

Refer to the country note for Cyprus earlier in this section.
Refer to the country note for Israel earlier in this section.
12
This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution
1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.
13
Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.
10

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11World energy balances 2024 Edition

Country/Region

Short nameDefinition
Estonia is included starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for
Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union.

IEAFAMILY

Includes: IEA member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Korea, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands,
New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Republic of Türkiye, theUnited Kingdom and the United States; Accession countries:
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Israel and Latvia; Association
countries: Argentina, Brazil, the People’s Republic of China,
Egypt, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Singapore, South Africa,
Thailand, Ukraine, Kenya and Senegal.

EU27_2020

Includes Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus 14; theCzech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany;
Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg;
Malta; the Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; the Slovak
Republic; Slovenia; Spain and Sweden.
Please note that in the interest of having comparable data, allthese countries are included since 1990 despite different entry
dates into the European Union.

Memo: European
Union - 28

EU28

Refers to the EU27 with the addition of the United Kingdom.
Includes Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; the Czech
Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany;
Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg;
Malta; the Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; the Slovak
Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden and the United Kingdom 15.
Please note that in the interest of having comparable data, allthese countries are included since 1990 despite different entry
dates into the European Union.

Memo: FSU 15

MFSU15

Includes the Former Soviet Union with all 15 countries for all
years

Memo: Former
Yugoslavia

MYUGO

Includes Former Yugoslavia (if no detail); Bosnia andHerzegovina; Croatia; the Republic of North Macedonia (North
Macedonia); Kosovo; Montenegro; Slovenia and Serbia

Memo: OPEC

OPEC

Includes Algeria; Republic of the Congo; Equatorial Guinea;
Gabon; the Islamic Republic of Iran; Iraq; Kuwait; Libya;
Nigeria; Saudi Arabia; the United Arab Emirates; the Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela). 16

Memo: ASEANMASEAN

Data start in 2000. Includes: Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia; Lao
People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Philippines;
Singapore; Thailand; and Viet Nam.

Memo: G7

MG7

Includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom
and United States.

Memo: IEA andAccession/Associatio
n countries

Memo: European
Union - 27

Refer to the country note for Cyprus earlier in this section.
As of the 1st of February 2020, the United Kingdom (UK) is no longer part of the European Union (EU) and has entered intoa transition period until 31 December 2020.
16
The OPEC aggregate is calculated based on the constant composition of countries listed, regardless of their year ofaccession to the organisation.
14

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15

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Country/Region
Memo: G8

Memo: G20

Short nameDefinition

MG8

Includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, RussianFederation, United Kingdom and United States.

MG20

Includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China (P.R. of China
and Hong Kong, China), India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico,
Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Türkiye, UnitedStates, European Union – 28 and African Union.

17

Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia: Andorra; Faroe Islands (after 1990);
Palestinian Authority; Liechtenstein (except for oil data) 17; Svalbard; Jan
Mayen Islands;

Africa: British Indian Ocean Territory; French Southern and Antarctic Lands;
Mayotte; Saint Helena; Western Sahara;

Non-OECD Americas: Bouvet Island; Saint Barthélemy; Greenland (after1990); Saint Martin (French Part); South Georgia and the South Sandwich
Islands;



Non-OECD Asia excluding China: American Samoa; Cocos (Keeling)
Islands; Christmas Island; Heard Island and McDonald Islands;
Marshall Islands; Micronesia (Federated States of); Nauru; Niue; Norfolk
Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Pitcairn; Tokelau; Tuvalu; United States
Minor Outlying Islands; Wallis and Futuna Islands.

World: Antarctica.

Oil data for Liechtenstein are included under Switzerland.
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IEA. All rights reserved.

Please note that the following countries and territories have not been considered:World energy balances 2024 Edition

Fiscal year
This table lists the countries for which data are reported on a fiscal year basis. More information on
beginning and end of fiscal years by country is reported in the column ‘Definition’.
This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to thedelimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In
this publication, ‘country’ refers to country, economy or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960
for OECD countries, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regional aggregates, unless otherwise
specified.
Short nameDefinition

Australia

AUSTRALI

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30 June Y
are labelled as year Y.

Bangladesh

BANGLADESH

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30 June Y
are labelled as year Y.

Egypt

EGYPT

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1
are labelled as year Y.

Ethiopia

ETHIOPIA

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1
are labelled as year Y.

India

INDIA

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1
are labelled as year Y. This convention is different from the oneused by Government of India, whereby fiscal year starts on 1
April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y+1.

Islamic Republicof Iran

IRAN

Data are reported according to the Iranian calendar year. By
convention data for the year that starts on 20 March Y and ends
on 19 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.

Japan

JAPAN

Starting 1990, data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By
convention, data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y andends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.

Myanmar

MYANMAR

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1
are labelled as year Y.

Namibia

NAMIBIA

Electricity data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention
data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 31
June Y+1 are labelled as year Y.

Nepal

NEPAL

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1
are labelled as year Y.

Pakistan

PAKISTAN

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1
are labelled as year Y.

South Africa

SOUTHAFRIC

Nuclear and Hydro electricity generation data are reported on afiscal year basis, beginning on the 1 April Y and ending on
31 March Y+1.
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Country/Region

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Country notes and sourcesOECD countries
General notes
The notes given in this document refer to data for the years 1960 to 2023
published in the on-line data service. In general, more detailed notes are available
for data starting in 1990.
Data are obtained through annual submission of five fuel questionnaires fromnational administrations, as indicated for each country in the section on sources.
In some instances it has been necessary for the IEA Secretariat to estimate somedata; explanations of the estimates are provided in the country notes. For more
information on fuel-specific methodologies, please refer to the IEA information
publications (Oil information, Natural Gas information, Coal information, Electricity
information and Renewables information). Energy data reported for 2023 (shownas 2023p) in the final release are provisional supply and demand data based on
submissions received in early 2024 and on monthly submissions to the IEA frommember countries.
This section lists a few specific notes that apply to all countries, and it is followed
by a time series of comprehensive country-specific notes by fuel and flow.
Prior to 1974, most fuel inputs and electricity and heat outputs for autoproducers
are included in main activity producers. The figures for the quantities of fuels used
for the generation of electricity and heat and the corresponding outputs in CHP
and heat plants should be used with caution. Despite estimates introduced by the
IEA Secretariat, inputs and outputs are not always consistent. Please refer tonotes below under Electricity and heat.
Data for anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal andlignite are available separately from 1978. Prior to 1978, only data for hard coaland brown coal (lignite/sub-bituminous coal) are available.
In 1996, the IEA Secretariat extensively revised data on coal and coke use in blast

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furnaces, and in the iron and steel industry (for those countries with blast furnaces),

World energy balances 2024 Edition

based on data provided to the OECD Steel Committee and other sources. The
quantities of fuels transformed into blast furnace gas have been estimated by the
IEA Secretariat based on its blast furnace model.
For biofuels and waste (i.e. solid biofuels, biogases, liquid biofuels, industrial
waste and municipal waste), there may be breaks in time series between 1988
and 1989, as in 1997 the IEA Secretariat extensively revised these data based ondata from Eurostat (for the EU-15 member countries) and on other nationalsources for other OECD member countries, and data from Eurostat weregenerally available from 1989. Generally, data on biofuels and waste are reported

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in non-specified prior to 1989.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Australia
SourceDepartment of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Canberra.

General notes
All data refer to the fiscal year (e.g. July 2020 to June 2021 for 2021).
Starting with the 2013 edition and following, data for Australia were revised backto 2003 due to the adoption of the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting(NGER) as the main energy consumption data source for the Australian Energy
Statistics. As a result, there are breaks in the time series for many data between
2002 and 2003. The revisions have also introduced some methodological issues,
including identifying inputs and outputs to certain transformation processes suchas gas works plants, electricity plants and CHP plants. Energy industry own use
and inputs to the transformation processes are sometimes not reported separately
in the correct categories. More detail is given in the notes below.

Coal
General notes
Stock change and statistical difference are both subject to further review for black
coal grade by the Australian administration.
Due to confidentiality reasons, for other bituminous coal, subbituminous coal,lignite and coal tar the Australian administration submits subtotals of demandflows but not their breakdown. As a result, since the 2020 edition, part of thedemand side data for these products have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat
for the years from 2018 onwards.
From the 2020 edition, part of the demand side for anthracite is confidential.
Some of the quantities reported under “Industry, not elsewhere specified” could
refer to other flows.
In the 2021 edition, the split between underground and surface production of
coking coal and other bituminous coal was revised back to 2015 based on new
available data.
In the 2017 edition, the Australian administration revised data on coal tar back to

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2010 resulting in breaks in time series between 2009 and 2010.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2016 edition, extensive revisions were made to 2010 to 2013 data for many
primary and manufactured products causing breaks in production, trade andconsumption between 2009 and 2010. Time series which begin in 2010 may bereported in other flows until 2009. 2014 data were reported on the same basis as2010 to 2013.
In the 2015 edition, increases of production and consumption of other bituminous
coal for 2013 are due to both new mine capacity and improved classification data.
In the 2016 edition, these revisions were extended back to 2010. Apparent
switching between sub-bituminous coal and other bituminous coal between
2009 and 2010 suggests that some other bituminous coal was reported as subbituminous coal prior to this, across several flows.
Reclassification of some coal types in the 2013 edition were calculated on anenergy basis and resulted in a net increase of quantities of primary coal from 2003
to 2011.
Breaks in the time series for gas works gas between 2008 and 2009 are due toa change of survey, while reduced production and consumption between 2006
and 2008 are due to the removal of some natural gas inputs.
Data on blast furnace gas for electricity production by autoproducers begins in
1986.
Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous coal.

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, large stock change in coking and other bituminous coalreflects significant drawdown of stocks for 2022.
In the 2023 edition, other bituminous coal and coking coal production for 2017and 2018 were revised due to updated commodities statistics. As a result, also
stock change figures have been realigned from 2017 onwards due to new
available information.
In 2018, a substantial stock draw of coking coal followed a 2017 stock build
caused by meteorological phenomena.
The decrease of lignite production and consumption in 2017 and 2018 was dueto the closure of brown coal fired Hazelwood power plant in early 2017,

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contributing to a higher consumption of other bituminous coal.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Only anthracite trade is reported separately; the remainder that is consumed
domestically is included with other bituminous coal due to confidentiality
requirements. There were no recorded anthracite exports or estimated anthracite
production in 2018.
Anthracite production data are unavailable and are therefore estimated by theAustralian administration as a balance of trade and consumption. There is novisibility over stock movements of this fuel.
Registers show large sporadic shipments of anthracite rather than steady supply
streams.
Export trade in coke oven coke between 2005 and 2011 exists, but data areunavailable for reasons of confidentiality. From 2012 onward exports are
estimated by the Australian administration but without providing information on thedestination country.

Transformation
In the 2023 edition, the consumption of other bituminous coal in main activity
producer electricity plants has been revised from 2017 onwards in line withadministrative reporting.
In 2015, a new plant within the mining sector started its operations increasing theconsumption of coke oven coke.
The one company producing BKB closed its operation during 2015. As such,production and consumption declined significantly.
For 2003 to 2012, coke oven gas reported as energy industry own-use inelectricity or CHP plants is used for generation purposes, while natural gas used
for own-use plant support is reported in the transformation sector.
Natural gas consumed to fuel the distribution of natural gas in natural gas
networks is reported as transformation for gas works gas production until 2005.
The drop in BKB production in 2004 was due to a fire in the main production plant.

Consumption
Decline in coking coal use alongside rising steel production appears
commensurate with process changes in Iron and Steel sector.
In the 2016 edition, revisions for 2010 onwards have increased the quantities of

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sub-bituminous coal and decreased the quantities of other bituminous coalWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

being used in the non-metallic minerals industry as more accurate information has
become available.
Consumption in wood and wood products is included in paper, pulp and print from2001 onwards.

Oil
General notes
In the 2023 edition, the Australian administration introduced revisions for someconsumption series back to 2009 due to improved estimates in line with NGER
data. This may result in breaks between 2009 and 2010.
In the 2022 edition, the Australian administration introduced further revisions due
to a change in reporting methods, which included mandatory reporting obligation
for refineries and companies in the oil sector, resulting in a break in series between
2016 and 2017.
From the 2022 edition onwards, data for white spirit, naphtha and bitumen(except for trade data for the latter) are included in other oil products due toconfidentiality from 2019 onwards. Refinery outputs for aviation gasoline areconfidential and included in other oil products starting from 2020 data.
In the 2024 edition (i.e. starting from 2022 data), data for petroleum coke areconfidential and included in other oil products too. Finally, 2022 data for refinery
feedstocks (except for product transfers) are also confidential.
There are breaks in series between 2017 and 2018 due to a change in reporting
methods, which includes new mandatory reporting for refineries and companies in
the oil sector.
Moreover, in the 2019 edition the Australian administration introduced several
revisions to the time series back to 2011 as a result of new and updated data
sources becoming available.
In 2017, the Australian administration added new companies to their reporting.
This primarily impacts the stocks of motor gasoline and gas/diesel oil.
Between 2009 and 2010 some breaks in time series may occur due to changes inmethodologies and to improved data sources, with major revisions explained

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below.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Other hydrocarbons reported under from other sources natural gas correspondto hydrogen used in refineries from 2011 to 2016, also represented as the output
of non-specified transformation in the balances format.
An in-depth review of Australian oil statistics, in particular investigation of amounts
currently reported under recycled products as well as statistical differences formotor gasoline and bitumen, is on-going and may result in further improvementsin the next editions.

SupplyThe declines in refinery output and exports of refined products in 2021 are theresult of refinery closures.
In the 2022, 2023 and 2024 editions, refinery fuel use of fuel oil in 2020, 2021
and 2022 are confidential.
In the 2023 and 2024 editions, refinery fuel use of other oil products in 2021 and2022 includes fuel oil and unclassified fuels.
In the 2022 and 2023 editions, stock changes are confidential for other kerosene(2020 and 2021) and gas/diesel oil (partially for 2020 and 2021). Where
appropriate, these are included in other oil products. Stock breaks may therefore
appear.
Part of LPG exports in 2019 is confidential.
In 2019, refinery output of other oil products increased as a result of higher
consumption in oil and gas extraction and improved data collection.
In 2018, production of NGL declined as a result of product reclassification where
quantities of condensate had previously been included and now moved to crude
oil.
Crude oil production and imports continued to decline in 2016 following theclosure of domestic refining capacity in New South Wales (Kurnell Refinery) andQueensland (Bulwer Island Refinery). Refinery outputs also fell as a result. These
two sites have been converted to import terminals helping Australia expanding its
import capacity. As a result refined products imports increased considerably in
2016.
From 2010 crude oil production estimates for selected companies have been
replaced by actual data.

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Imports of fuel oil have been estimated by the Australian administration.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2015 data, fuel oil imports dropped significantly due to the closure of thetwo large consumers of this product, the Gove alumina refinery and the Point
Henry aluminium smelter.
There is a break in the time series for crude oil and NGL between 2001 and 2002.
The drop in the production of crude oil in 1999 is due to a gas explosion at theLongford plant.
Prior to 1992, part of the NGL production is included in crude oil.

Transformation
There is a break in the refinery balance between 2010 and 2011 due to thereclassification of a facility from upstream to downstream.
As a result of a new methodology adopted to split gas/diesel oil inputs between
main activity and autoproducer plants, breaks in series appear between 2009 and2010.

Consumption
In the 2022 edition, due to improved data and mandatory reporting, the Australianadministration introduced revisions from 2016 onwards for LPG, motor gasoline,
gas/diesel oil, kerosene type jet fuel, fuel oil, lubricants and other oil
products.
In the 2021 edition, due to a change in the reporting methods, the Australianadministration has reallocated some consumption of LPG, other kerosene, fueloil and other oil products from the commercial and public services sector to notelsewhere specified (energy) for 2018 data onwards.
In the 2021 edition, consumption of LPG, gas/diesel oil and other oil productsin oil and gas extraction increased owing to new facilities going online in 2019.
In the 2021 edition, non-energy use of white spirit and bitumen in not elsewhere
specified (industry) are included in other oil products due to confidentiality.
In the 2021 edition, there is a break between 2018 and 2019 in the transport sector
consumption notably for LPG, gas/diesel oil, kerosene type jet fuel and fuel oil.
The Australian administration intends to submit historical revisions in the 2022
edition.
In 2018 fuel oil consumption in the commercial and public services sector

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increased due to the inclusion of data for a new water and waste services facility.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2017 the Queensland Nickel refinery closed down and the Portland Aluminium
refinery was reduced for an extended period due to a power fault. As a result fueloil consumption in the non-ferrous metal sector declined in 2017.
In the 2019 edition the bitumen time series was revised with higher levels of
consumption for 2015 and 2016. This is based on the monthly AustralianPetroleum Statistics which now has better coverage of the consumption data.
Breaks in the time series appear between 2009 and 2010 in transport consumption
due to a change in methodology.

Natural gas
General notes
In the 2020 edition, the Australian administration reallocated quantities in the
consumption side, based on analysis of new data and to be consistent with
Australian Energy Statistics. Additionally, revisions were made to trade flows
based on a revised methodology for calculating the volumes of imports andexports.
In the 2019 edition, the Australian administration proceeded to major revisions on
the supply side from 2013 onwards due to a change in methodology on production
quantities and more recent sources on calorific values. Additionally the Oil andgas extraction, and Liquefaction (LNG)/regasification plants on the demand side
were revised from 2003 onwards, which resulted in increased statisticaldifferences.
In the 2016 edition, the Australian administration revised natural gas demanddata for some flows back to 2010, resulting in breaks in time series between 2009
and 2010.
In 2015, the Australian administration revised production and certain consumption
data back to 2006. The production figures now include previously uncaptured
flows.
Prior to 1991 natural gas data include ethane.

SupplyIn the 2023 edition, Opening/Closing stock level and Stock changes are reported

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for the first time with data available back to 2002. In the 2022 edition, historicalWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

revisions were made to gas vented and gas flared back to 1990 due to new
methodology.
The GCV of inland consumption (calculated) has been falling since 2017 due toincreases in liquefaction and the volume lost during this process.
For 2018, there is a continuation of the increase in indigenous production (+15%)
and exports (+18%) of gas, which started in 2017 due to the LNG exporting
capacity coming online in 2016 and 2017.
Around 30% of the production (mainly coal seam gas) is estimated by theAustralian administration.

Transformation
From 2011 to 2016, the Non-specified transformation of natural gas represents
amounts used to produce hydrogen for hydrodesulphurization in refineries.
Until 2005, natural gas consumed to fuel the distribution of natural gas in natural
gas networks was reported as transformation for gas works gas production.

Consumption
There is a break in the time series between 2021 and 2022 in the Transport Sector
due to a change in estimation methodology.Consumption in the residential andagriculture/forestry sectors is estimated by the Australian administration based onmodels.
There are breaks between 2002 and 2003 in due to major revisions made in the
Oil and gas extraction, and Liquefaction (LNG)/regasification plants in the context
of the 2019 edition.
Between 2009 and 2010 some breaks in time series may occur due to changes inmethodologies and to improved data sources. Revisions to the consumption data
include changes to energy use in liquefaction plants, and a shift of gas works gas(transformation) to non-specified energy from 2006 onwards. Revisions toprevious years are pending.
Between 2001 and 2002 there are breaks in time series for consumption data due
to an industry structural shift and changes in methodology.
Data for 1999 and 2000 end-use consumption are estimated by the Australian

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administration.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2018 edition, biogases were revised downward by the Australianadministration back to 2015 as a result of the removal on 1 July 2015 of a
production subsidy for domestic ethanol. The subsidy was equal to the excise rateon unleaded petrol.
A large biogas production facility did not report any production in 2016-2017. In
2017, this led to reductions in the consumption of biogases in auto CHP plants
and the commercial and public services sector.
Increases in production of solid biofuels since 2014 are related to incentives
under the Renewable Energy Target legislation, which went into effect in 2001 andaims to increase the share of electricity generation from renewable sources. Moreinformation is available here: http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/RET.
The data for biogasoline and biodiesel are not available before 2003 and 2004
respectively.
From 1996, a different industry consumption breakdown for biofuels and waste isavailable and leads to breaks in time series.

SupplyBiogas production data at sewage treatment works are not available.
Indigenous production of biodiesel has decreased substantially starting with 2016
data because one of the major biodiesel producers ceased production in January
2016. The trend continues in 2017, when, according to Bioenergy Australia, low
oil prices and higher feedstock prices created a difficult market for the remaining
biodiesel producers. The trend continues in 2018 data.
Production of biogasoline (ethanol) decreased since the Ethanol Production
Grants Programme ended on 30 June 2015. On 1 July 2015, the fuel excise on
domestically produced ethanol was reduced to zero and will be increased by 2.5
cents per litre until it reaches 12.5 cents per litre. Additionally, 2017 quantities
were also affected by low oil prices.

Consumption
In the 2018 edition, solid biofuels were revised back to 2010 by the Australian

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administration, expanding the scope from the revisions in the 2016 and 2017

World energy balances 2024 Edition

editions to indigenous production and consumption sectors which weren’t
previously revised. This results in a break in time series between 2009 and 2010.
In the 2017 edition of this publication, there has been a revision to the time seriesof solid biofuels consumption in “Paper, pulp and printing” sector. This timeseries has been revised back to 2010 resulting in break in time series between
2009 and 2010.
In the 2016 edition of this publication, the Australian administration revised
primary solid biofuels back to 2010 which impact mostly final consumption infood and tobacco. This created breaks in time series.
The consumption data of biogases in industry is not available before 2003.

Electricity and heat
General notes
Calculated calorific values of combustible fuels are reported in gross values byAustralia due to the lack on determining the moisture content of the fuels.
In the 2016 edition, several combustible fuel electricity production time series aswell as some electricity consumption time series were revised by the Australianadministration back to 2010 in order to limit the use of estimated data and are
causing some breaks.
From 1992 onwards, heat data are not available as there is insufficient data toreport what little heat is sold in Australia.

SupplyData for production of electricity from wind are available from 1994.
Data for electricity production from solar photovoltaic start in 1992 and from solar
thermal in 2003.

Transformation
For 2018 data, electricity output from lignite declined due to the closure of the

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Hazelwood power plant. In addition, there was no output from BKB due to theWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

closure of both Hazelwood power plant, and the only briquette manufacturer inAustralia.
Fuels used for generation by autoproducers represent single fuel-fired units only.
The use of fuel in multi-fired units operated by autoproducers is included inindustry consumption.
In the 2018 edition, new methodologies were introduced by the Australianadministration for reporting electricity production from solar sources. First, themethodology for reporting electricity production from solar PV and solar thermal
was changed between 2009 and 2010, resulting in a break in time series. Prior to2010, the ratio of electricity production from solar thermal to total solar was
assumed to be the same each year. After 2010, solar PV autoproducer electricity
production is the residual after the main activity solar PV and solar thermal are
deducted from total solar production. There is an additional break in time series
between 2013 and 2014 for solar production when a new methodology for
determining large-scale solar PV production was introduced for main activity
solar PV plants.
In the 2017 edition, following an extended review of past data, the Australianadministration revised electricity outputs of blast furnace gas autoproducer
electricity plants for the period 2003-2004 and of autoproducer CHP plants fuelledby other oil products for 2009, resulting in more realistic efficiency rates for theseplants.
In 2002, the Australian administration started to use a new survey methodology
and reclassified the types of plants between main activity producers andautoproducers.
Prior to 1995, electricity production from biogases is included in natural gas.
Prior to 1986, inputs and outputs from autoproducer CHP plants are not available.

Consumption
The 2021-2023 editions incorporate successive revisions to sectoral consumption
provided by the Australian administration. These affected data back to 2009
(2021-2022 editions), and 2015 (2023 edition). In particular, data for Construction
were significantly revised in the 2022 edition. This also affected transmission anddistribution losses which act as a balancing item. Breaks may occur between 2008

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and 2009.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The significant growth in electricity consumption at LNG/regasification plants in2016 and 2017, is due to the commencement of large-scale production atAustralia’s new east coast LNG plants.
From 1990 to 2008, electricity consumption in wood and wood products is included
together with paper, pulp and printing.
Prior to 2006, electricity consumption in mining and quarrying includes
consumption in liquefaction/regasification plants.
The direct use of solar heat (mostly domestic solar panels) is available from 1974.
Electricity consumption in coke ovens has been estimated by the Australianadministration from 1974 to 1999.
Prior to 1974, the breakdown of electricity consumption in industry and energy
sub-sectors is not available and energy industry consumption is included inindustry.
Electricity consumption in the non-specified transport sector represents transport
support services, including those for air and water transport, and for transport formining operations.
Prior to 1971 electricity consumption in the commercial and public services sector
is included in industry.
Reported electricity consumption in the oil and gas extraction sector may include

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some consumption in LNG/regasification plants.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Austria
SourceBundesanstalt Statistik Österreich, Vienna.

General notes
Starting with the 2016 edition and following, widespread data revisions werereceived due to enhanced reporting from 2005 onwards as a consequence ofimproved Austrian Final Energy Consumption surveys. For some time series,
these revisions were extrapolated back to 1990. As a consequence, there may be
breaks between 2004 and 2005, and 1989 and 1990. For more details on themethodologies in the revisions in the energy balance, there is more information
here:http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&Revisio
nSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=036412
For more details on the methodologies related to consumption in households,
there is more information here:
http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSele
ctionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=078265

Coal
General notes
In the 2021 edition, revisions were made in several products for the period 20052018, most of them were small in absolute and/or relative value.
In the 2019 edition, revisions concerning the iron and steel industry were received
for data since 2005. The revisions impacted the energy sector for coke oven gas
and blast furnace gas.
In 2018 data, blast furnace gas decreased following maintenance work in one of
the blast furnaces. Additionally, other recovered gases (LD-gas) are reported
separately following an improvement in reporting from the 2020 edition (inprevious editions it was reported under blast furnace gas).
The last lignite mine closed in the second quarter of 2004 and lignite use for

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power generation ceased in 2006.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Since 1996, gas works gas data are reported with natural gas because it isdistributed in the same network. The amount of gas works gas is negligible andit is mostly consumed by households.
“Trockenkohle” is included with BKB because of its high calorific value.

SupplyIn 2018 there were high values of patent fuel imported and consumed in the paper
and pulp industry, which was not the case in 2019.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the final energy consumption in industry and other sectors ofseveral products was revised for 2020 due to new available information fromnational surveys.
One of the revisions made in the 2021 edition was the reallocation of somequantities from Blast furnace (energy) to Coke oven (Energy) for the products
blast furnace gas, coke oven gas and other recovered gases.
Among the revisions made in the 2021 edition, some quantities of coke oven cokewere reallocated from the industry Iron & Steel (TFC) to the category Non-Energy
Use-Chemical/ Petrochemical.

Oil
General notes
In the 2024 edition, 2023 provisional data for secondary products are estimatedbased by the IEA secretariat based on monthly submissions by the country.
In the 2022 edition, revisions in the time series for gas/diesel oil deliveries forinternational marine bunkers appear as a result of a change in the methodology
reported by the Federal Environment Agency to Statistics Austria. As aconsequence of this change in methodology, revisions also appear for gas/diesel
oil consumption in road transport and domestic navigation from 1990 onwards.

SupplyIn 2023p, the increase in bio gasoline supply is due to an increase in the amounts

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that can legally be blended with non-bio gasoline.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2022, the decrease in crude oil inputs to refineries and gas/diesel oil refinery
output is due to an accident which primarily impacted inputs of the former andoutputs of the latter.
In the 2021 edition, the Austrian administration revised the stock levels (national
territory) of motor gasoline (from 2006 onwards) and fuel oil (from 2005
onwards) but with the stock changes preserved as in the previous edition. A stock
break appears for fuel oil between 2004 and 2005.
In the 2016 edition, exports of naphtha are no longer reported from 2014, pastvalues may refer to exports of petrochemical raw material.
Deliveries of gas/diesel to international marine bunkers were revised back to 1990
after implementation of a new study results.
Prior to 1990, a portion of naphtha is included with other oil products.

Transformation
In the 2019 edition the administration incorporated revisions as a result of
improved reporting from the refinery to Statistics Austria. As a result there may be
breaks in the time series between 2004 and 2005.

Natural gas
SupplyIn the 2023 edition, trade data was revised back to 2005 due to a change inmethodology to eliminate the reporting of transit trade. This results in no exports
reported and a decrease in imports. In the 2022 edition, the time series for
Opening and Closing stock level (National Territory) was revised in Terajoules
from 1990 onwards due to new information becoming available from data
providers.
Export amounts are calculated by the national administration by subtracting stockchanges and domestic consumption from import figures.

Transformation
In the 2018 edition, the time series for blast furnaces was reclassified from 1990
onwards, and thus moved from the Transformation to the Energy sector. This has

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resulted in increasing the efficiency of the blast furnaces process.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Between 1995 and 1996 there is a break in time series for autoproducer electricity
and CHP plants due to the availability of more detailed data.

Consumption
In the 2019 edition, Austrian administration revised oil and gas extraction and oil
refinery natural gas consumption data for 2005 onwards based on data reported
to the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). Additionally, it revised data since 2005
for other sectors’ flows since 2005 and industry sector since 2012 based on a
combination of the results of sample surveys and data from the regulator.
Any inconsistencies in the time series for commercial/public services until 2011
are the result of this sub-sector being computed as a residual. Since 2012 thecommercial/public services consumption figures are surveyed annually and theconsumption quantities in small and medium enterprises in industry are theprojected results of biannual sample surveys. The increase in pipeline transport
consumption for 2013 is due to a new methodology of data collection. Historicalrevisions are pending. Prior to 2000, differences due to measurement are included
with distribution losses.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Data for 1986 to 1989 for solid biofuels, industrial waste, biogases and liquidbiofuels are IEA Secretariat estimates based on information published by OSTAT
in Energieversongung Österreichs Endgültige Energiebilanz.

Consumption
In the 2016 edition, improvement in the iron and steel industry data have allowed
more precision in the consumption, among other for industrial waste in blast
furnaces.
In the 2016 edition, the consumption of solid biofuels in the residential sector

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was revised down from 2005 data.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Electricity and heat
SupplyAmounts for both net electricity production and plant own use are calculated by
the Austrian administration by applying a fixed percentage multiplier to the grossproduction of all plants in the public grid, regardless of plant type or fuel.
Electricity production from geothermal main electricity plants only refers toelectricity that is fed into the grid. Total production is not known as these plants
are below the reporting threshold.
For 2023p, electricity generation from batteries is not available.Transformation

For 2020, the decrease in electricity and heat output from other bituminous coal
was in part due to the closure of a power plant.
Electricity only plant data may include some CHP plants operating in electricity
only mode. In addition, fuel inputs to and electricity outputs from CHP plants are
re-allocated from CHP to electricity-only plants if the implied CHP efficiency would
fall below 75%.
Fluctuating efficiencies from year to year for solid biofuel and industrial waste
plants are related to operational decisions which are governed by a formula
described in the Standard documentation Meta information on Energy balances
for Austria and the Laender of Austria published in June 2016 on the Statistics
Austria website.
In the 2018 edition, electricity production from municipal waste main activity
electricity plants was revised from 2003-2009. Additionally, electricity production
from municipal waste main activity CHP plants was revised in 2014.
A large autoproducer electricity plant was reclassified as an autoproducer CHP
plant and therefore creates a break in time series for municipal waste in 2011.
In 2009, inputs of other oil products to autoproducer CHP plants werereclassified as refinery gas and natural gas.
Due to a change in the survey methodology, the heat produced in small plants(capacity inferior to 1 MW) is not reported starting in 2002.
Heat from chemical processes used for electricity production is available from
2000.

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Electricity generation from geothermal started in 2002.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Prior to 2002, data for biogases only include plants of 1 MW or larger.
Prior to 1981, inputs to main activity producer electricity plants include inputs to
CHP plants. All electricity production by CHP plants is included in electricity plants,
and only production from combustible fuel sources is taken into account.
Autoproducer CHP heat production is included in main activity producer CHP
plants. For heat, own use is included in distribution losses.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, Austria revised transport data back to 2017 based on new
information available.
In the 2020 edition, Austria revised consumption data back to 2013 based on a
new methodology for disaggregating consumption across sectors.
In the 2020 edition, a large portion of electricity consumption in blast furnaces wasreallocated to iron and steel sector from 1990 to 2004. This creates breaks inseries in these timeseries between 2004 and 2005. Revisions to data for 2005
onwards are expected in a future edition.
Electricity consumption in Road includes trams, trolleybuses, subways,
cableways, chair- and drag-lifts, as well as 100% electric vehicles.
In the 2019 edition, Austria revised data back to 2005 in order to presentinternational reporting as consistent as possible with the national energy balances.
In addition, consumption figures were revised based on more recent surveys ofenergy consumption in small and medium sized enterprises. Outliers and theextrapolation methodology will be revised following the results of the next survey.
Electricity consumption in oil refineries includes consumption in gas works plants
prior to 1991.
From 1990 to 2009, small amounts of electricity used in heat pumps have been
included in the residential sector.
Starting in 1990, consumption of electricity in the field of electricity supply, district
heating and water supply are included in other energy industry own use, prior tothat it was included in commercial/public services.
Also prior to 1991, electricity consumption in the iron and steel industry includes

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consumption in coke ovens and blast furnaces.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Belgium
SourceFOD Economie - SPF Economie, DG Energy, Brussels.

Coal
General notes
Trade flows for anthracite include transit trade. This will be amended in the next
publication.
Oil shales and sub-bituminous coal have been grouped due to confidentiality
reasons.
In the 2020 edition, data from 2013 was revised, and sub-bituminous coal figures
are now reported under this category, whilst previously they were under otherbituminous coal. BKB figures has been also revised back to 2013.
In the 2016 edition, improved data collection has led to some breaks in time series.
These revisions include hard coal classifications, products and processes in
integrated iron and steel manufacture and may be extended further back in future
editions.
Data for anthracite prior to 2014 may include a small portion of other bituminous
coal.
Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous coal.
Other bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal data reported in from othersources refer to coal recuperated from coal dumps.

SupplySupply-side data are obtained through surveying questionnaires instead ofcustoms data.
Transit trade is excluded. For each country (trade partner), the imported andexported quantities are compared and cleared. In the case of Belgium, thisdecreases the final figure of exports. 2019 data shows a rise in exports of otherbituminous coal; the imports decreased during that year but some companies
continued to export the stocks originated from those countries in 2019, leading to

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this rise.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2019 edition, the calorific values of imported bituminous coal were revised
upwards by the Belgian administration since 2015, resulting in a significant
increase in the coal primary energy supply. Historical revisions are pending.
Conventional production of other bituminous coal ceased on 31 August 1992.

Transformation
A significant portion of the coke oven gas produced in the coke ovens is fed backto the coke ovens as an energy source (reported in the energy sector/coke ovensflow). This quantity should be taken into account when calculating the energy
efficiency of coking processes.
In the 2019 edition, anthracite previously reported as consumption in the iron andsteel industry was reclassified as part of the transformation process in blast
furnaces since 2013.
In 2016, the decrease of other bituminous coal inputs to main activity producer
electricity plants was due to the permanent closure of Langerlo, Belgium’s lastcoal-fired main activity electricity.
In 2015, the decrease of coke oven gas inputs to autoproducer CHP plants is due
to a power plant closure in 2015.
In 2014 and 2015, coking coal inputs to coke ovens decreased due to a cokeoven closure in June 2014.
In 2014, the decrease of other bituminous coal inputs to main activity producer
electricity plants is due to a power plant closure in 2014.

Consumption
In the 2021 edition, consumption of other bituminous coal in the sectors ofTransport/Rail and Other sectors/Agriculture were included starting in 2015.
In the 2018 edition, industrial consumption for the period 2013 through 2015 wasrevised for coking coal and anthracite, as more accurate consumption data became
available. Data for coking coal prior to 2013 may include a small portion ofanthracite.
The decrease of other bituminous coal and coke oven coke in the iron and steel
industry in 2002 is due to the closure of several plants.
The use of coke oven gas in chemical and petrochemical activities ceased in

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1996.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil
General notes
Between 2008 and 2009 breaks in series occur for naphtha and LPG in bothtransformation and final consumption in the petrochemical sector as a result of
methodological improvements made by the Belgian administration.
Data on biofuels are not available before 2009.
Other hydrocarbons correspond to pure hydrogen used in refineries.

SupplyFollowing a change in legislation, there is an increase in blended biodiesel in2020.
In the 2022 edition, the Belgian administration revised petroleum coke imports
and inland deliveries from 2015 onwards.
In 2019, the increase in refinery gross output of petroleum coke is due to a new
delayed coker unit.
In 2018, increase in imports and deliveries for international marine bunkers ofresidual fuel oil is due to the inclusion of volumes of aromatic oils.
In 2017 new legislation increased the biofuel blending target for motor gasoline
from 4% of volume to 8.5% of volume. As part of this E10 gasoline was introduced
and became the new standard product in the country.
In the 2019 edition, the Belgian administration included new companies in theirreporting; some of which are particularly active in the production and trade of
lubricants and bitumen.
Consumption in international marine bunkers dipped in 2014 and 2015 due to theclosure of several bunkering companies. During 2015 these were replaced by newcompanies which became fully operational in 2016.
Starting from 2013, a new data source was introduced for petroleum coke trade.

Transformation
In 2017 the upgrade project of Antwerp refinery and petrochemical plant wascompleted. Two key projects were completed: new refinery capacity for the

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conversion of heavy fuel oil into low sulphur light products and increasing steam

World energy balances 2024 Edition

cracker flexibility to maximize the processing of low cost advantaged feedstock.
The latter is reflected in feedstock needs. Output of lighter end products as wellas petroleum coke is impacted by these upgrades.
In 2002, patent fuel plants used fuel oil to increase the calorific value of patent
fuel.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the Belgian administration revised the consumption data from2009 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, the Belgian administration revised the consumption data for
lubricants from 2010 onwards as a result of the identification of new active
players in the market. Breaks may occur in the series between 2009 and 2010.
In 2018, a project in a petrochemical plant in Antwerp has started in which refinery
gases are treated to recover valuable hydrocarbons. These quantities arereported under LPG and reflect the increase observed for non-energy use in the
petrochemical industry in 2018.
The decrease of fuel oil in industry consumption since 1993 is due to theintroduction of an excise tax as well as increased use of natural gas.

Natural gas
General Notes
In the 2022 edition, historical revisions were made back to 2013 due to betterdata availability and harmonisation with other gas data.

SupplySince 2020, the consistent increase of from other sources – renewables is an
expected trend as more injection points of biomethane become active andincrease production. The trade data from 2018 onwards include transit figures asa result of a change in methodology.
Since 2009 gas trade in Belgium includes imported LNG which is regasified and

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subsequently exported to other countries.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2019 edition, the LNG consumption data in international marine bunkers are
confidential.

Transformation
New reporting of blast furnaces in the 2022 edition, this is linked to the recent
installation of a DRI-plant which uses natural gas to replace coal for the reductionof iron ore.
The Belgian administration is in the process of revising 2010 and 2011transformation sector data. As such, an unusually high quantity of natural gas isreported under not elsewhere specified (transformation).
Between 2008 and 2009, there is a break in efficiency of natural gas autoproducer
CHP plants due to a change in methodology regarding the reporting of unsold
heat.

Consumption
In 2018 refinery gas started being further purified into products, leading to a higher
consumption by oil refineries.
Consumption in the transport equipment sector decreased in 2015 due to theclosure of a large industry of this sector in December 2014.
In 2003, the large decrease in non-specified industry consumption is due toimprovements in data collection.
Since 2000, natural gas began to replace blast furnace gas in the iron and steel
industry.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Renewable municipal waste includes a share of renewable industrial waste.
Data for biodiesels and biogasoline are available starting in 2009.
In the 2023 edition, Belgium revised data back to 2004 due to improved data

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availability and change of methodology.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyThe increase in imports of industrial and municipal waste for 2022 is due to new
information available in the 2024 edition. However, as of the July release, 2023
preliminary data are not available yet and the Belgian administration provided
precautious estimates.
In the 2024 edition, due to the closure of the Max Green biomass plant inRodenhuize, the 2023p imports and use in transformation of primary solid
biofuels has decreased significantly.
Data on pure biogasoline and biodiesels trade are not available for 2009 and2010.

Transformation
In 2015, part of the law regulating the blending of biodiesel with diesel was
temporarily suspended but in 2016, this law was reinstated.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, improvements in methodology and classification of thestatistics collected by a data provider resulted in new consumption flows andbreaks in the time series of some industrial subsectors of primary solid biofuels
for 2022.
Consumption of bioethanol increased in 2017 due to legislation coming into effecton 1 January 2017, which increased the blending obligation for gasoline products.
Industrial waste consumption in the chemical sector started in 2011.
Other liquid biofuels consumed in power plants reported before 2011 can include
biodiesel.
New data on consumption cause breaks in time series for primary solid biofuels
between 2011 and 2012.

Electricity and heat
General notes
In the 2022 edition, Belgium revised data back to 2014 due to improved data

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availability, and improved natural gas data.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 and 2020 editions, Belgium revised data back to 2010 and 2014
respectively.

SupplyIn the 2023 edition, transmission and distribution losses of heat were revised backto 2014 due to new measurements of heat losses. Data before 2014 will not berevised.
In 2019, the increase in electricity exports is mainly due to the opening of the
NEMO-Link interconnector between Belgium and the United Kingdom.
Electricity production from other sources mainly comprises production at a gas
expansion station with heat recovery and at a hydraulic turbine in a waste water
treatment plant.
From 2013 onwards, reported heat distribution losses decreased due to a more
precise estimation method.
The production of electricity from wind is available from 1987.

Transformation
Changes in ownership resulted in production by Autoproducer CHP plants with
Municipal Waste in 2022.Values of other bituminous coal input and output for
Autoproducer CHP plants were adjusted due to confidentiality reasons for 2022,
2021, 2020 and 2019.
In 2020 and 2018, electricity output from nuclear decreased due to outages at anumber of reactors.
Langerlo, Belgium’s last coal-fired main activity electricity producer closed
permanently in March 2016.
Heat production from chemical processes used for electricity production isavailable from 2005.
In 2012, heat production from chemical sources has been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.
Offshore wind production in Belgium commenced in 2009. Data are available

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from2010.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Prior to 2009 some unsold heat was reported in natural gas autoproducer CHP
plants, together with the associated natural gas input. This causes the drop in
efficiency in 2009.
In 2007 data, no information was available on heat production in main activity CHP
plants for industrial waste.
In 2003, combustion of municipal waste for electricity and heat generation
purposes increased significantly. However, because a large portion of the heatproduced is not used (sold), plant efficiencies dropped significantly between 2002
and 2003.
In 2000, most autoproducer electricity plants using combustible fuels werereclassified as autoproducer CHP plants; the heat production from these plants
was used for internal industrial processes and not sold to third parties until 2005.
For 1998 and 1999, electricity production at main activity producer CHP plants
with annual heat output below 0.5 TJ is reported with main activity producer
electricity only plants.
Prior to 1982, electricity production in main activity producer CHP plants is
included in production from electricity plants. Also, inputs of fuels for electricity
generation in main activity producer electricity plants include inputs for heatproduction in CHP plants.

Consumption
For 2022, a change in methodology by one data provider to calculate electricity
consumption in the residential sector contributed to a drop of consumption. Prior
to 2022, solar PV production of small-scale PV-installations (PV < 10 kW) wereadded to the consumption figures in the residential sector.
In the 2023 edition, heat consumption was revised back to 2014 due to newmeasurements of heat losses.
In 2018, the methodology use to allocating heat consumption between theresidential, commercial and public services, and agriculture and forestry sectors
by one data provider was changed, resulting in some breaks in-series.
Electricity consumption in Road includes some consumption by electricity vehicles(EVs), based on vehicles numbers distances travelled. However, coverage ofhybrid vehicles varies across regions. In addition, not all charging is included.

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Therefore, some consumption by EVs is still included under Residential.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2019 edition, revisions were implemented for the direct use of solar thermal
in other sectors back to 2010 due to improved data availability.
For 2012, electricity consumption in the mining and quarrying sector has been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
For 2012, oil refineries electricity consumption has been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat based on refinery activity data. Part of the estimated amount has been
removed from consumption in the chemical and petrochemical sector.
Breaks in time series may exist between 2007 and 2008 due to revisions of theClassification of the Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE)
classifications.
There is no heat consumption starting in 2007 in the iron and steel industry
because the installation concerned became an autoproducer in July 2006 and the

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heat is no longer sold.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

CanadaSourceNatural Resources Canada, Ottawa.

General notes
In the 2018 edition, data for Canada were revised back to 2005 following a ten
year revision of the Report on Energy Supply and Demand (RESD), the main setof Canadian annual data. The revision standardizes the methodology used for the
IEA data submission and has mainly affected the demand side. Additional details
are given under each fuel.
From the 2014 edition, the Canadian administration revised time series back to
2005, using additional data from the Annual Industrial Consumption of Energy, theAnnual Survey of Secondary Distributors, the Report on Energy Supply and
Demand and the Natural Resources Canada Office of Energy Efficiency. Breaks
in time series also between appear 1989 and 1990, due to changes inmethodology, incorporated in 2002.

Coal
General notes
The 2022 edition includes revisions to coal production starting in 2015.
The 2021 edition includes some revised data as the methodology implemented in
the previous edition was further refined by the Canadian administration.
The 2020 edition includes revisions for all the time series by the Canadianadministration as more accurate data was available.
Significant statistical differences can be observed for several coal products. Thisis under investigation and further improvements are expected in further editions.
In the 2018 edition, data for Canada were revised back to 2005 following a ten
year revision of the Report on Energy Supply and Demand (RESD), the main setof Canadian annual data. The revision standardizes the methodology used for the
IEA data submission and has mainly affected the demand side.
In the 2017 edition, due to the extensive revisions of the Report on Energy Supply

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and Demand (RESD), significant statistical differences can be observed for several

World energy balances 2024 Editioncoal products for the period 2005-2015. In the 2016 and 2017 edition, extensive
revisions for the period 2005 to 2015 were received as more data became available
due to improvements in data collection.
In the 2014 and 2015 editions, some revisions to the 2004 to 2006 data werereceived in addition to some time series and products for 2007 to 2011.
From the 2014 edition, the Canadian administration revised time series back to
2005, using additional data from the Annual Industrial Consumption of Energy, theAnnual Survey of Secondary Distributors, the Report on Energy Supply and
Demand and the Natural Resources Canada Office of Energy Efficiency. Breaks
in time series also between appear 1989 and 1990, due to changes inmethodology, incorporated in 2002.
Due to a Canadian confidentiality law, it is not possible for the Canadianadministration to submit disaggregated time series for all of the coal types.
Between 2002 and 2006, the IEA Secretariat has estimated some of the missing
time series. The data for 2007 onwards are given directly as reported, howeverdata may be present in non-representative products, and additionally these ad hoc
reclassification methodologies contribute significantly to larger than normal
statistical differences across products.
At this point in time, oil shale and oil sands data are not submitted, and thisenergy source is deemed to enter the supply stream as shale oil (otherhydrocarbons).

SupplyProduction of other bituminous coal increases considerably in preliminary 2022
data due to the reopening of some mines (Westmoreland's coal valley mine andVista coal mine) while production of sub-bituminous coal decreases due to theclosure of other mines (Highvale mine and Sheernees mine).
In the 2023 edition, total imports and exports as well as imports by origin andexports by destination of coking coal, other bituminous coal and coke ovencoke were revised for 2019 and 2020 by the Canadian administration.
Due to confidentiality constraints, from 2014 the breakdown of production by typeof coal is estimated by the Canadian administration, while stock changes and

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statistical differences are estimated since 2001.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In December 2018, Canada announced regulations to phase-out traditional coalfired electricity by 2030.
Injection of pulverized coal into blast furnaces (PCI) occurs, but is not available for
confidentiality reasons. Coals consumed in this manner are reported in the ironand steel industry along with other consumption.
Before 1978, lignite inputs to main activity producer heat plants are included in
final consumption. Starting in 1979, these inputs are included in main activity
producer electricity plants.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the Canadian administration reported a new consumption oflignite in non-energy use for 2020 and 2021. The exact classification of this use
is under discussion and may be subject to changes in the following editions.
In the 2023 edition, the Canadian administration revised the methodology to reportdisaggregated final consumption of coal in order to better reflect official data whilestill protecting confidentiality. This led to revisions of non-energy and industry
consumption flows of many primary and secondary coal products for 2019 and2020.
Data of consumption of anthracite in the iron & steel sector is confidential. The
Canadian administration provides an estimate.
Since 2001, consumption of anthracite in non-energy use is estimated by the
Canadian administration.
Due to the unavailability of data, non-energy use of coke oven coke and hardcoal is included with final consumption sectors prior to 1978 and 1980,
respectively.

Oil
General notes
For 2023p, notable shifts in annual supply and demand-side balances can beobserved. This includes the decline in exports and increased consumption ofother oil products, as well as reduced refinery output and consumption ofaviation gasoline, amongst others. Changes are expected once 2023 data will

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be finalised for the April 2025 publication.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2024 edition, several breaks can be observed for petroleum coke due tothe new reporting methodology of the Canadian administration.
Several breaks in series appear between 2018 and 2019 due to the new Monthly
Refined Petroleum Products (MRPP) survey launched by the Canadianadministration in the beginning of 2019. The survey, redesigned to better reflect
the evolution of the refined petroleum industry, includes greater coverage of all
products.
The 2018 edition includes numerous time series revisions for the years 20052016. This is due to the 10 year revision of the Report on Energy Supply and
Demand, which is the main set of Canadian annual data. The majority of theserevisions were applied to the demand side.
In the 2016 edition, the Canadian administration was able to reconcile somehistorical inconsistencies by reporting inputs and outputs to upgraders. In the
supply side, these quantities are reported under other hydrocarbons. In the
demand side, they are reported under the respective output products (refinery
gas, road diesel, and petroleum coke).
Time series for other non-specified oil products may fluctuate as they havebeen computed as residuals.
Receipts from non-reporting companies are currently represented in the statisticaldifference flow, work is ongoing with the Canadian administration to address gaps
in the coverage that lead to increasing statistical differences.

SupplyIn the 2023 edition, significant shifts in the balances of refinery gas, petroleum
coke and other oil products are reported by the Canadian administration from2019 data onwards, in line with the revisions in the MRPP.
In the 2023 edition, LPG exports from 2019 onwards have been eliminated,following determination by the Canadian administration that the previous
estimation method was overstating the total volume of exports.
In the 2022 edition, the Canadian administration no longer reports imports ofadditives/oxygenates from 2019 onwards. As these amounts refer tohydrocarbon-based motor gasoline blending components, they are therefore

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included in the imports of this oil product.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The Sturgeon refinery began operations in late 2017. The refinery produced its
first diesel fuel in December 2017. It primarily processed synthetic crude oil but
has successfully transitioned to bitumen.
In the 2018 edition the domestic supply of crude oil was revised due overallrevisions to the Report on Energy Supply and Demand and the inclusion of
additional data sources in the reporting.
From 2014 data the Canadian administration started using customs based trade
data to report crude oil imports. In the 2017 edition, crude oil imports data havebeen revised back to 2005 following this methodology. Some revisions to importsof secondary products have already been made and further revisions are
expected.
Condensates and pentanes plus are included in crude oil from 2005, in NGL 1990
to 2004 and in LPG prior to 1990. Historical revisions are pending.
From 2005 primary oil products include direct imports of condensates by crude oil
producers.
Production of other hydrocarbons represents synthetic crude oil produced fromtar sands.
From 2005, other hydrocarbons from other sources natural gas corresponds tonatural gas used for the upgrading of synthetic crude oil (reported under GTL
transformation in the natural gas consumption data) and natural gas used to
upgrade petroleum products (reported under non-specified transformation in thenatural gas consumption data). Revisions to this flow were introduced in the 2019
edition. From 1990 to 2005, these quantities are reported in indigenous productionof other hydrocarbons. Prior to 1990, they are included in the natural gas supply.
Imports of other hydrocarbons from 1994 to 2000 correspond to orimulsion
imports from Venezuela.
Refinery output from gas/diesel oil and petroleum coke includes output from oilsands and upgraders.
The Canadian administration is currently unable to provide a figure for thedomestic production of additives, but is working on solutions which will make thispossible. Meanwhile, significant statistical differences can be observed for several

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secondary oil products.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In the 2023 edition, the Canadian administration reallocated inputs of other oil
products for electricity production in main activity producers to motor gasoline
from 2005 onwards.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the Canadian administration reported data for energy-use inwood and wood products from 2005 onwards for other kerosene.
In the 2024 edition, the Canadian administration revised consumption ofgas/diesel oil for energy-use in oil and gas extraction from 2005 onwards.
In the 2023 edition, the Canadian administration reported data for energy-use iniron and steel and chemical (including petrochemical) from at least 2017 onwards
for other kerosene, gas/diesel oil and fuel oil. Data for previous years remain
confidential or not available.
In the 2023 edition, the Canadian administration revised the split of deliveries ofaviation fuels between international and domestic aviation from 2004 onwards.
Furthermore, consumption for military use is reported under not elsewhere
specified (transport) from 2004 onwards.
In the 2022 edition, the Canadian administration reports refinery gas, gas/diesel
oil and petroleum coke consumption by crude bitumen upgraders in the oil/gas
extraction sector from 2019 onwards.
In the 2022 edition, the Canadian administration provides newly-available data for
petroleum coke consumption for energy-use in non-ferrous metals, chemical andiron and steel sectors from 2019 onwards. Prior to 2019, they remain confidential.
In the 2021 edition, the Canadian administration has moved the consumption ofaviation gasoline from commercial and public services to domestic aviation from2013 onwards. Similarly, consumption of jet kerosene in non-specified (industry)has been moved to domestic aviation from 2013 onwards.
In 2019, the increase in refinery fuel use of refinery gas is due to the inclusion ofrefinery fuel used by upgraders. Prior to 2019, this is included in the oil and gas
extraction sector.
In the 2020 edition in order to increase consistency with IEA’s Energy Efficiency
Indicators methodology, the Canadian administration has moved the consumption

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of motor gasoline and gas/diesel oil from commercial and public services toWorld energy balances 2024 Editionroad transport. Moreover, consumption of jet kerosene in commercial and public
services has been moved to domestic aviation.
Due to confidentiality issues, consumption data for selected products and flows,
such as fuel oil and gas/diesel consumption in iron and steel from 2009 up to atleast 2016, are not available. For the same reason, selected products may include
estimates provided by the Canadian administration, such as Fuel Oil and Bitumen
data for 2014.
In the 2019 edition the data series for consumption in oil and gas extraction wasrevised back to 2005 by the Canadian administration as new data sources meanta more accurate distribution between this sector and mining is now possible.
International marine bunkers are included with inland waterways prior to 1978.

Natural gas
General notes
In the 2019 edition, the Canadian administration proceeded to data revisions from2005 onwards based on the revised source statistics from Statistics Canada andwith the aim of achieving greater consistency with the Energy Efficiency Indicators
data submission to IEA.

SupplyIndigenous production is measured by the Canadian administration by upscaling
the marketable production by approximately 11% to account for own-use in theextraction process.
Associated gas has been estimated by the Canadian administration for 2016 and2017.
Prior to 2005, non-associated gas production data includes colliery gas as well as
associated gas produced in Alberta.

Transformation
For 2000, the increase in main activity producer electricity is due to new generation
plants in Alberta and Ontario.
Due to confidentiality reasons, the Canadian administration estimated natural gas

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consumption in oil refineries for the 2014-2017.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Gas-to-liquids (transformation) represents quantities of natural gas consumed in
the production of synthetic crude oil.
Non-specified transformation represents quantities of natural gas used for the
upgrading of refined oil products.

Consumption
In the 2019 edition, the oil and gas extraction consumption was revised back to2005 in order to more accurately separate it from other mining/extractive activities.
In the 2019 edition, an improved methodology was applied to industry sector for2005 onwards resulting in a share of the not elsewhere specified (industry) being
allocated to various industrial sub-sectors and creating breaks between 2004 and2005.
Distribution losses flow is computed as a balancing variable.
Due to confidentiality reasons, the Canadian administration estimated natural gas
consumption in the following sectors for 2014-2017: iron and steel, non-ferrous
metal, transport equipment and machinery.
For 2011, the increase consumption by non-metallic mineral production is due toswitching from coal to natural gas in cement manufacturing.
Prior to 1990 data for consumption of natural gas for construction are notavailable.
Prior to 1978, consumption in non-specified industry includes gas used as fuel inoil refineries.
Prior to 1978, agriculture is included in industry, and no detailed industry sub-sector
data are available.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2023 edition, some values for biogases, renewable municipal waste andnon-renewable municipal waste were revised. The revisions are mainly in thetransformation sector and cover the years 1990-2021.
In the 2022 edition, solid biofuels were significantly revised starting from 2016 dueto the utilization of new data sources. This may lead to data breaks in the

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transformation sector between 2015 and 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The split of municipal waste reported assumes 65% renewable and 35% nonrenewable.
The IEA Secretariat has estimated the data for biogases, industrial andmunicipal waste from 1990 to 2004, biogasoline (ethanol) from 1998 to 2004
based on information supplied by Natural Resources Canada.

SupplyCanadian biodiesel production increased significantly in 2014 because a large
producer came online at the end of 2013. In 2016 again, there was a big increasein production of biodiesel due to a large plant coming online in Alberta. This isalso the reason for the increase in export, as Canada exports most of its biodiesel
to the US.
There were no exports of biogasoline since 2013.

Consumption
In the 2022 edition, due to the utilisation of new data sources, data breaks arevisible between 2004 and 2005 for solid biofuels.

Electricity and heat
General notes
In the 2020 edition, the Canadian administration provided revised data back to2005 based on revised methodologies and sectoral alignments, and to incorporate
additional data.
In previous editions, the Canadian administration also undertook revisions ofmany parts of the electricity time series back to 2005, based on the results of theReport on Energy Supply and Demand in Canada (RESD). In particular, revisions
were made on the inputs and outputs of power plants fuelled by combustible fuels
and on the breakdown of final electricity consumption, resulting in possible breaks
in time series.

SupplyPAGE | 88

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In 2019, the Annapolis Royal tidal power station closed.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2018 edition, revisions were made to electricity production from wind backto 2013.
For 2017 onwards, fluctuations in electricity output from nuclear occur in part due
to reactor refurbishment works. Staggered maintenance across various reactors
is scheduled for Darlington (2017-2027) and Bruce (2020-2034) power generation
stations.
Discrepancies occur between respective reported figures for electricity trade
between Canada and the US from 2016 onwards.
Autoproducer solar PV electricity generation is available from 2016. Prior to 2016,
data are included in main activity producers. As a result, a break in series occurs
for main activity producer solar generation between 2015 and 2016.
Starting in 2009, a new source has been used for electricity production from solar,
wind, and tide. This new source covers production from solar and wind only fromplants with capacity higher than 500 kW.
Heat production includes heat produced by nuclear power stations for distribution
to other consumers up to 1997.
Electricity production from other sources mainly refers to steam and waste heat.

Transformation
For the 2022 edition, the Canadian Administration submitted revised data for solid
biofuel, due to the incorporation of data from the Industrial Consumption ofEnergy survey alongside existing data from the Annual Electric Thermal
Generating Stations survey.
For autoproducers generating electricity with process steam produced from
biofuels and waste, the energy required to produce the initial steam is not taken
into account by the Canadian administration and as a result the efficiencies areoverstated.
In the 2016 edition of this publication, there was a reclassification from
autoproducer to main activity producer for plants fuelled by biogases andmunicipal waste.
The breakdown of electricity and heat generation between natural gas and oil
products in main activity producer CHP plants has been estimated by the
Canadian administration starting in 1990. This may cause breaks in the time series

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between 1989 and 1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Net electricity production by autoproducers prior to 1990 includes production fromcombustible fuel sources only.
Inputs of fuels to heat plants are not available for 1979 to 1987.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the Canadian Administration used revised consumption databack to 2000, drawing on more detailed sectoral classification data available in
the Industrial Consumption of Energy (ICE) survey.
Electricity consumption in road refers to consumption in establishments primarily
engaged in truck transport services; the operation of urban, interurban and ruraltransport systems (including urban rail); school buses; charter and sightseeing
buses, taxis and limousine services.
In the 2020 edition, data for several sectors were revised back to 2005 to improveaccuracy and alignment with ISIC classifications. In particular, data previously
reported under “non-specified” sectors were reallocated to specific sectors, andimprovements were made to transmission and distribution losses. As a result,some breaks may occur between 2004 and 2005.
In 2017, the decrease in electricity consumption in the chemicals sector ispartially due to a large consumer having been rotated out of the source sample
survey used to compile the data.
Prior to 2005, transmission and distribution losses of electricity could include
statistical difference for certain years.
Consumption of electricity in oil and gas extraction is not available prior to 1987.
Consumption of electricity in coal mines is not available between 1982 and 1986.
Breaks in the time series occur between 1973 and 1974 in agriculture/forestry,

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and between 1987 and 1988 in the industry sector.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Chile
SourceEnergía Abierta, Comisión Nacional de Energía, Ministerio de Energía, Santiago.

General notes
Data are available starting in 1971.
Most of 2023 provisional data is estimated by the IEA Secretariat. 2023p oil data
is based on monthly submissions by the country.
In the 2024 edition, estimations to the 2022 and 2023 data were necessary to bemade by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2017 edition, data for 2014 and 2015 were revised to replace figurespreviously estimated by the Secretariat.
From 1990, consumption in paper and pulp includes forestry and consumption inagriculture is included in non-specified industry. In general, a new methodology
has been applied for data since 1990, leading to other breaks in time series
between 1989 and 1990.

Coal
General notes
Other bituminous coal data includes sub-bituminous coal, if present. For 2024
edition, sub-bituminous coal is reported for the first time.
In the 2023 edition, gas works gas balance has been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.

SupplyFor 2024 edition, imports and consumption of sub-bituminous coal are reported
for the first time.
In the 2023 edition, stock change data for all products and trade data for coke

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oven coke for 2022 were not yet available to the Chilean administration.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, imports and consumption of anthracite are reported for the
first time. The time series has been completed back to 2015.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, Coke oven gas was estimated by the IEA Secretariat for thedata year 2022 based on the “Balance Nacional de Energía”.
Since 1990, consumption in paper and pulp includes forestry and consumption inagriculture is included in non-specified industry. In general, a new methodology
has been applied for data since 1990, leading to other breaks in series between
1989 and 1990.

Oil
General notes
There are breaks in time series between 2008 and 2009 due to a change inmethodology by the Chilean administration.

SupplyReceipts from other sources of other hydrocarbons correspond to natural gas usedin refineries. These quantities are the results of not-elsewhere specified
transformation in the Balances format.

Consumption
Starting with 2017 reference year data the administration can now identify
consumption in construction and agriculture. Prior to these quantities werereported under not elsewhere specified.

Natural gas
General notes
The 2017 and 2018 values for not elsewhere specified trans-formation and oil
refineries have been estimated by the IEA secretariat.

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Chile started reporting exports of natural gas with 2016 data.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Data representing LPG injected into the natural gas distribution network areavailable starting in 2009. They are reported in from other sources - oil.

Transformation
For 2009 and 2010, inputs of natural gas to autoproducer CHP plants were
estimated by the Chilean administration. For other years, these inputs are includedin autoproducer electricity consumption.
Not elsewhere specified transformation represents natural gas that is blended
with refinery gas.

Consumption
Natural gas used for oil and gas extraction is included in gas consumption forenergy use in oil refineries.
Non-specified transport corresponds to marine transport.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2024 edition, the 2022 and 2023p figures have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat based on a combination of preliminary supply side data, submitted forthis cycle and the 2022 energy balances published by the Ministry of Energy.

SupplyIn 2021, there is no supply, transformation or energy/end use of Charcoal andMunicipal Waste.
Production of landfill gas ceased from 2001 - 2014 as landfill sites stopped
producing adequate gas to continue collection.

Transformation
In 2021, the input in main activity producer electricity – solar thermal and the solar
collectors installed surface have been estimated by IEA secretariat
A new survey on primary solid biofuels causes breaks in production and input to

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autoproducer CHP between 2011 and 2012.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
Charcoal production and consumption have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat until 2013. From 2014 data, only solid biofuels input to charcoal
production plant is estimated.
The Chilean administration applied a new revised methodology for final
consumption of primary solid biofuels. This may lead to data breaks in timeseries between 2013 and 2014.

Electricity and heat
SupplyElectricity production from geothermal started at Cerro Pabellón in 2017.
In 2014, the Chilean administration applied a new methodology in the reporting ofelectricity generation from solar PV and wind, resulting in breaks in time series
between 2013 and 2014. Revisions for previous years are pending.
The majority of electricity generation from other sources is from a conveyor belttransporting crushed rock from high altitude to lower altitude in a mine. A small
amount from waste heat is also included.
Solar thermal heat production has been estimated by the IEA Secretariat using
data published by Chilean ministry of energy.
Heat production from solid biofuels and biogas use in Main CHP plants is notavailable.
Electricity production from autoproducer hydro is self-declared, and as such,
subject to variation.

Transformation
For 2019, the increase in electricity output from natural gas and the decrease in
output from coal were due to the closure of some coal-fired power plants, and theresumption of natural gas imports from Argentina.
For 2014, data on inputs to transformation processes were taken from thepublished energy balance, and the output was estimated based on the efficiency
reported in previous years.

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Electricity production from other bituminous coal includes sub-bituminous coal.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Production of chemical heat used for electricity generation started in 2013.
Besides chemical heat, data for heat production in CHP and heat plants are notavailable.
Increases in electricity from natural gas in 2010 are due to the openings of new
LNG terminals.
The split of electricity generation by main activity and autoproducer by fuel was
estimated by the Chilean administration for the period 1990 to 2003.
The variability of electricity output from oil products is in part due to the fact that
oil-fired power plants are used for backup generation.

Consumption
Consumption in agriculture/forestry, and construction are available from 2017. For
prior years, data are reported under Industry (non-specified).
Electricity consumption in mining and quarrying includes: coal mining; industry(non-specified) includes food, beverages, and tobacco; and wood and wood
products; commercial and public services includes gas works.
Increases in electricity consumption in the road transport sector from 2014
onwards are the result of a new estimation methodology, while electric vehicles
used for the transportation of ores are reported as consumption within the mining
and quarrying industry.
Disaggregated data on solar thermal consumption by sector are not available.
Therefore, all consumption is allocated to the non-specified other sector.

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Prior to 2009, most statistical differences are included in distribution losses.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Colombia
Sources
Sources for 2019 onwards:
Ministry of Mines and Energy, Bogota.

Sources 1992 to 2018:
Energy-Economic

Information

System

Latin(SIEE),

AmericanEnergyOrganization (OLADE), Quito, accessed April 2020: http://sier.olade.org/.
Online statistics, Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME) Ministerio de
Minas y Energía, Bogotá, various editions up to 2018.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Mines and Energy, Energy Information
Department, Bogotá.
Statistics 1996-2018, Sistema de Información Eléctrico Colombiano, Ministry ofMines and Energy, Bogotá, online statistics, various editions up to 2018.
Sistema de Información de Petróleo y Gas Colombiano, Ministry of Mines andEnergy, Bogotá, online statistics, various editions up to 2016.
Informe de Sostenibilidad 2018, Refinería de Cartagena S.A.S.
Información de mercado, IncoAsfalto, Cundinamarca, acessed in May 2020:
http://www.incoasfaltos.com/
Resultados

Trimestrales,

Ecopetrol,

Bogotá,accessed

in

April

2020:

https://www.ecopetrol.com.co.
Informe Estadístico Petrolero, Asociación Colombiana del Petróleo (ACP),
Bogotá, accessed in April 2020: https://acp.com.co/.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Boletin Minero-Energético, Ministerio de Minas y Energía, Bogotá, December
1991.
Estadísticas Minero-Energéticas 1940-1990, Ministerio de Minas y Energía,

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Bogotá, 1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Estadísticas Básicas del Sector Carbón, Carbocol, Oficina de Planeación, Bogotá,
various editions from 1980 to 1988.
Colombia Estadística 1985, DANE, Bogotá, 1970 to 1983 and 1987.
Informe Anual, Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos, Bogotá, 1979, 1980, 1981 and1985.
Estadísticas de la Industria Petrolera Colombiana Bogotá 1979-1984, Empresa
Colombiana de Petróleos, Bogotá, 1985.
Informe Estadístico Sector Eléctrico Colombiano, Government of Colombia,
Bogotá, 1987 and 1988.
La Electrificación en Colombia 1984-1985, Instituto Colombiano de Energía
Eléctrica, Bogotá, 1986.
Balances Energéticos 1975-1986, Ministerio de Minas y Energía, Bogotá, 1987.
Energía y Minas Para el Progreso Social 1982-1986, Ministerio de Minas yEnergía, Bogotá, 1987.

Sources for Biofuels and waste:
Ministry of Mines and Energy, Energy Information Department, Bogotá.

General notes
Data for Colombia are available starting in 1971.
Colombia joined the OECD in April 2020. Colombia submitted questionnaires withdata for 2019 starting in 2021 edition.
2023 provisional data is estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Due to lack of available
information, many values have been kept equal to 2022.
In the 2024 edition, most of the 2022 data have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat based on a combination of preliminary supply side data, submitted forthis cycle and the 2022 energy balances published by the Colombian Unidad dePlaneación Minero Energética (UPME). In the 2023 edition, most of the 2021 data
have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on a combination of preliminary
supply side data, submitted during the 2021/22 cycle, the 2021 energy balances
published by the Colombian Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME)
and the partial submission by the Colombian administration during the 2022/23

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cycle.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Historical revisions were not provided and some breaks in the time series canappear for 2018/2019.
Due to the new questionnaire layout used, minor revisions occurred for years
1990-2018, leading to minor breaks in the time series for 1989/1990.
In the 2020 edition, data for solar photovoltaic and biogas were added, based on
new information from Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME) and theInternational Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
In the 2020 edition, the oil balance was revised based on new information from
UPME, Asociación Colombiana del Petróleo (ACP), Refinería de Cartagena andEcopetrol. Time series for paraffin waxes, bitumen and lubricants are now
available from 1992 onwards. Petroleum coke data are available from 2016
onwards. Data for non-specified oil products are partially estimated by the IEA
Secretariat, and include products such as arotar, slop, sulphur and propylene.
Naphtha is revised from 2008 onwards to reflect UPME and Ecopetrol information
on exports and imports. Transfers of naphtha for crude oil dilution are estimatedby the IEA Secretariat. Crude oil stock changes and transfers are revised from2010 onwards, as well as 2010-2013 supply and refinery input of crude oil to take
into account the latest information from UPME.
In the 2020 edition, the correction of discrepancies in biodiesel and ethanol data
leads to revisions in biodiesel, ethanol, diesel and motor gasoline data from 2005
onwards.
In the 2018 edition, time series for the period 2013-2016 were revised based on
new energy balances received from UPME. Breaks in time series may occur
between 2012 and 2013.

Coal
General notes
In the 2024 edition, The IEA Secretariat revised the historical time series of the
net calorific value of production for coke oven coke, to better reflect informationfrom Colombian producers. As a result, the IEA Secretariat estimated also coking
coal input in coke ovens transformation and coking coal production for the entire
time series, to ensure consistency of the coking coal balance and coke ovens

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transformation efficiency.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the production of anthracite,coke oven gas and blast furnace since it was not reported by the country.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the production of bituminous
coal between 2020 to 2022 due to the lack of available information.
In the 2022 edition, coking coal production was estimated by the IEA Secretariat
for the data year 2020.

Consumption
Data for non-energy use is not currently available.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the distribution of demand ofbituminous coal in the industry sector and other sectors for 2022 to avoid breaks
in the time series.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the use of coke oven coke inthe blast furnace transformation and the industry sector based on OLADE’s report.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the 2020 figures of industry
consumption for coking coal and other bituminous coal based on informationfrom the energy balance and the Statistical Bulletin published by UPME.

Oil
General notes
In the 2022 edition, data for Colombia prior to 1990 in the Oil Information may bedifferent from those in World Energy Statistics due to a change in reporting
methodology. The data from 1990 onwards reflect the conventions andmethodologies of the IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual oil questionnaire. As such,there may be breaks between 1989 and 1990.
In the 2021 edition, data for lubricants and paraffin wax are estimated by the
IEA Secretariat.

SupplyIn the 2022 edition, the Colombian administration reported stock changes in 2021
for several oil products. The stock change of crude oil in 2020 and 2021 may
include some missing coverage in indigenous production. From 2010, products

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transferred of refinery feedstocks refer to naphtha blended with crude oil forWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

dilution at refineries. Stock changes of some primary and secondary oil products
are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

Consumption
Consumption of jet kerosene for international aviation may include consumption
for domestic aviation. Crude oil may be used at refineries to support refinery
operations. From 1990 onwards, these are reflected in the statistical difference.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2024 edition, the 2022 data for municipal waste, primary solid biofuels,
charcoal and some electricity generation and capacity figures have been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on a combination of preliminary supply
side data, submitted for this cycle and the 2022 energy balances published by the
Colombian Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME).
2021 data are estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on OLADE and theFederación Nacional de Biocombustibles de Colombia for liquid biofuels.

Natural gas
General notes
In the 2024 edition, no 2022 natural gas data was submitted to the IEA from the
Ministry of Mines and Energy, therefore extensive estimations were required tobe made by the IEA Secretariat. The estimations were made using a number ofdifferent sources including the Colombia Aggregated National Energy Balance,
Colombia Natural Gas Market Manager Annual Report, data from otherinternational organizations, and data from the other fuel questionnaires that were
submitted.
In the 2023 edition, revisions were made back to 2006 for many flows in Final

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Consumption to align the data with the historical data of the Colombia

World energy balances 2024 Edition

administration. This has resulted in a break in the time series bewteen 2005 and2006.

Electricity and heat
GeneralIn the 2024 edition, some 2022 data were estimated by the IEA Secretariat basedon the energy balances published by the Colombian Unidad de Planeación Minero
Energética (UPME), data submitted by the Colombian Administration and othersources.
In the 2023 edition, 2021 data for fuel inputs and electricity outputs fromcombustible fuel fired power plants have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat
based on the 2021 energy balances published by the Colombian Unidad dePlaneación Minero Energética (UPME) and data submitted by the Colombian
Administration.

SupplyDue to the lack of detailed electricity own use data, net electricity generation andelectricity own use by source have been estimated based on the total reported
net to gross ratio for each year. Revisions are pending.

Transformation
Prior to 2019, inputs of residual fuel oil, non bio gas/diesel oil, and otherkerosene to electricity generation are reported under the relevant fuel. However,
the associated outputs are reported in aggregated format under other oil
products. Historical revisions are pending.
Data for blast furnace gas use in autoproducer electricity plants have been

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estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Costa Rica
Sources
Sources for 2016 onwards:
Secretaría Planificación Subsector Energía (SEPSE), San José
Organización latinoamericana de Energía (OLADE), Sistema de Información
Energética de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, Quito

Sources up to 2015:
Direct communication with the Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, San José.
Balance Energético Nacional, Secretaría Planificación Subsector Energía(SEPSE), San José, various editions.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

General notes
Data for Costa Rica are available starting in 1971. For all fuels, data for 2022 and2023p are largely estimated by the IEA Secretariat by considering various
sources.
Costa Rica joined the OECD in May 2021. Costa Rica submitted questionnaires
with data for 2020 starting with the 2022 edition.
In the 2022 edition, data were largely revised across all fuels for years 2016 to
2019, leading to large breaks in 2015/2016.
In the 2020 edition, due to clarification given by Secretaría Planificación delSubsector Energía (SEPSE), data for coke oven coke were revised to zero andcorresponding figures reported as petroleum coke, for use in the cement industry.
In the 2020 edition, crude oil transfers and stock changes are revised between
2013 and 2015 to reflect the blending of remaining crude oil inventories withproducts after the closure of the refinery in 2011. As a result of this revision, NGL
data is no longer reported. Transfers of fuel oil to gasoil are estimated in 2016 and2017, while 2018 transfers data is reported by SEPSE.
Data previously reported in non-specified (other) consumption of gasoil is now

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reported in the construction sector from 2005.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2019 edition, the IEA integrated revisions received from the country for theyears 2006-2016. Most changes are for primary solid biofuels.

Coal
General notes
In the 2024 edition, no data were reported by march, leading to estimate all thevalues from different sources (UN COMTRADE and OLADE mainly).
Other bituminous coal and anthracite are reported together until 2015 andseparated from 2016.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, 2022 consumption data is estimated based on the 2022
national balance published by OLADE.

Oil
General notes
In the 2023 edition, the Costa Rican administration revised some data from 2016
onwards as a result of an update to the National Transport Survey that contained
greater detail of sales made by RECOPE, the state oil company, to direct
consumers. Breaks may occur between 2015 and 2016.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, 2022 consumption data is estimated based on the 2022
national balance published by OLADE.
In the 2022 edition, non-energy consumption of bitumen is reported inconstruction for the time series. Previously, they were reported in non-energy use

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in industry/transformation/energy.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Biofuels and waste
General notes
For the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated all the 2022 and 2023p data
based on various secondary sources, as there was no submission of data fromthe Costa Rica administration.
Costa Rica joined the OECD in May 2021 and submitted questionnaires startingwith the 2020 data cycle. Historical revisions were provided starting from 2016.
Some breaks in the time series can appear for 2015/2016 and the most significant
regard solar PV, solid biofuels and charcoal.

Transformation
Solid biofuels CHP auto-producers are classified as electricity auto-producers
before 2016.

Electricity and heat
SupplyDue to the lack of detailed electricity own use data, net electricity generation andelectricity own use by source have been estimated based on the total reported
net-to-gross ratio for each year. Revisions are pending.
Thermal electricity generation can show variation as the majority of electricity
output is produced from hydro and wind.

Transformation
Prior to 2016, inputs of residual fuel oil and non-bio gas/diesel oil to electricity
generation are reported under the relevant fuel. However, the associated outputs
are reported in aggregated format under other oil products. Historical revisions

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are pending.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Czech Republic
SourcesCzech Statistical Office, Prague.
Ministry of Industry and Trade, Prague.

General notes
Due to ongoing review of energy data for 2010-2014, revisions have been madein the 2017 edition. Full details are given under each fuel.
Data are available starting in 1971.

Coal
General notes
Other bituminous coal data include sub-bituminous coal for all years if present.
The production and use of gas works gas ceased in 2020.
In the 2023 edition, the Czech Statistical Office revised coking coal andother bituminous coal imports for 2019 and 2020 as some coking coal wasreclassified during resale within the country and consumed as other bituminouscoal.
In the 2022 edition, calorific values were revised for the historical time seriesleading to revised input to main electricity producer plants and TES.
In the 2018 edition, data for the Czech Republic were revised back to 2010 basedon administrative data causing breaks in time series between 2009 and 2010.
These revisions impacted mainly industrial consumption for lignite, BKB andother recovered gases.
In the 2017 edition, coal consumption in the residential sector has been revisedback to 2010 due to a new survey in households made by Czech Statistical Office,creating breaks in time series between 2009 and 2010.
Increased production and consumption of other recovered gases in 2014 is due
to improved tracking of by-products from various transformation processes. Tail

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gases from the production of carbon black from coal tar are reported here, as areWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

off gases from the manufacture and cleaning of syngas from lignite for an IGCC
plant.
Coal which had been previously classified as sub-bituminous coal until the 2008
edition is now reported under lignite for all years.
Revisions by the Czech administration have resulted in some breaks in time series
between 2001 and 2002.
Data for 1990 to 1995 were estimated based on the Czech publication Energy
Economy Year Book.
In 1995, town gas production (included in gas works gas) ceased.
Since 2010 BKB includes multipurpose brown coal dust for both supply andconsumption.

SupplyIn the 2021 edition, revisions were made for the period 2010-2018 to theconsumption of other bituminous coal and lignite in Main Activity Producer CHP
Plants and Main Activity Producer Electricity Plants. Only the structure changed,
the total did not change. Revisions were also made to the calorific values of theseproducts and flows for the same time period.
Mining in Lazy Mine was lowered until the closure of the mine in November 2019.
This shows in the decrease of production of coking coal.
Imports of lignite for the year 2019p are expected to be revised upward in thenext edition as more comprehensive data will be available.
Other recovered gases are combustible gases obtained during the production ofgas works gas and as a result of chemical processes.
Production from other sources of other bituminous coal is from coal slurries.
A portion of other bituminous coal reported under from other sources for theperiod 2010-2015 correspond to reclassified coking coal.
Statistical differences for coking coal for the period 2010-2015 are partly due tothe reclassification of coking coal to other bituminous coal.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, most of the consumption of other bituminous coal in Mining

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and quarrying between 2016 and 2020 was removed as the Czech StatisticalWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Office discovered it was non-energy consumption already reported in the relevantflow.
In the 2023 edition, a new consumer of pulverized lignite (reported under BKB)
was identified in Mining and quarrying sector, from 2011 onwards.
In the 2019 edition, coke oven gas in energy own-use consumed by electricity,
CHP and heat plants was revised for 2016 resulting in a break in the series.
In the 2015 edition, improved reporting enabled revisions to be made for certain
primary coal consumption flows between 2010 and 2012.
In the 2014 edition, residential consumption for the period 1990 through 2011 wasrevised for other bituminous coal, lignite, coke oven coke and BKB, as moreaccurate consumption data became available.
Due to economic restructuring in consumption in the late 1990s (big state
enterprises subdividing and/or privatising and the utilisation of new technologies
by businesses), there may be breaks in time series in these sectors.

Oil
General notes
Data prior to 1994 are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In 2016 both Czech refineries were affected by accidents which resulted indecreased refinery throughput, increased refinery losses and a large decrease inimports of crude oil offset by increased imports of finished products. The second
accident affected the ethylene production unit and led to decreased activity in the
petrochemical sector.
In 2017, the units previously affected by accidents were upgraded and operations
resumed with increased output.

SupplyAdditives from other sources renewables include bioETBE intended for blending
with non-bio gasoline.

Transformation
From 2002 data onwards, some amounts of fuel oil have been reclassified under

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other products. This change mainly affects the transformation sector.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
Between 1998 and 1999, breaks in gas/diesel final consumption time series are
due to a new data management system implemented by the Czech administration.

Natural gas
General notes
Between 1993 and 1994 there are some breaks in time series due to a change inthe energy balance methodology between former Czechoslovakia and the Czech
Republic. Since 1993, data have been officially submitted by the Czech Statistical
Office.

SupplyFrom 2013 all non-associated gas production was reclassified as colliery gas
production.

Transformation
In the 2022 edition, the large increase in inputs for electricity generation in
autoproducers is due to the cessation of energy gas production (gas works gas)in one company and its replacement by natural gas.
In 1996 natural gas inputs into gas works (transformation) ended.

Consumption
There is a break in time series in the industry and transformation sectors between
2009 and 2010 due to new available data from distribution companies.
Starting with 2008 data, hydrogen production is reported in chemical andpetrochemical feedstocks as non-energy use. Up to 2007, chemical andpetrochemical consumption includes both energy and non-energy use.

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Prior to 1994 data in transport sector are for former Czechoslovakia.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Biofuels and waste
General notes
The restructuring of the Czech electricity market leads to breaks in the time series
in all sectors between 1998 and 1999.
Data for municipal waste and solid biofuels are not available prior to 1990 andliquid biofuels data are not available prior to 1992.

SupplyIn 2024 edition, 2023p biogases data are confirmed by the national authorities.
Historical time series will be revised in the next publication.
The increase in the consumption of industrial wastes (non-renewable) in the
non-metallic minerals sector in 2018 is related to increased demand from cementcompanies.

Transformation
For 2016 data, an increased excise duty was imposed on biofuels, causing adecline in consumption.
In 2016, a main activity producer CHP incineration plant fired by municipal waste
was in test operation at Chotikov.

Consumption
In the 2017 edition, due to a new survey in households made by the Czech
Statistical Office in 2015 (ENERGO 2015), solid biofuels consumption inresidential sector has been considerably revised upwards since 1990.
Hospital waste previously reported as municipal waste is reported underindustrial waste since 2008.
New survey systems cause breaks in final consumption in 1999 and in 2002.
Breaks in both supply and consumption of biofuels and waste occur again in 2003.

Electricity and heat
General notes

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In the 2021 edition, there were revisions for solar thermal from 2006 to 2018.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2017 edition, data for the Czech Republic were revised back to 2010 due tothe acquisition of new administrative data, allowing access to more accurate anddetailed data sources. As a result, there are breaks in several time series between
2009 and 2010.
Data from 1990 onwards have been officially submitted by the Czech
administration. This may lead to breaks in time series between 1989 and 1990.
Electricity statistics from 1971 to 1989 have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat
except for final consumption and trade which were submitted by the Czech
administration.
For 2017, apparent declines in autoproducer heat production by the chemical andpetrochemical sector, and in consumption by petroleum refineries, occur due tothe incorporation of an oil refinery into a neighbouring petrochemical enterprise.

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, autoproducer electricity plant using “heat from chemicalsources” was reported for the first time, thanks to data coverage improving.
Electricity from other sources includes output from ammonia, Styrofoam-derived
liquid waste, unipetrol fuel gas, waste heat, and pressure reduction turbines on
gas pipelines.
The amount of heat reported under other sources is primarily waste heat fromthe glass industry until 2009.
From 1999 onwards, small amounts of heat have been exported to the Slovak
Republic.

Transformation
For 2020 data onwards, a new method was used to allocate data between
electricity only and CHP plants. This result in some breaks between 2019 and2020.
In the 2020 edition, a revision of the methodology for reporting the production of
autoproducer plants running on combustible fuels removed multiple breaks intime series between 2009 and 2010 for CHP and electricity-only plants that wereintroduced in the 2017 edition.
For 2017, heat production from electric boilers and heat pumps is based on new

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survey data, whereas, data for prior years have been estimated by the Czech

World energy balances 2024 Edition

administration. As a result, some breaks in series may occur. Historic revisions
are pending.
Electricity generated from waste heat in CHP plants is included with the total
production from combustible fuels.
Data on heat own use and heat imports start in 2010 and 2009 respectively,
following extensive revisions by the Czech administration in the 2017 edition due
to the acquisition of new administrative data. Prior to this period, data are notavailable due to lack of sources.
The production of electricity reported in the category other fuel sources refers toelectricity produced from turbines driven by the mixture of air, ammonia and othernon-coal gases derived from the petrochemical industry.
From 2014, some autoproducer heat plants production figures became too small
to appear in data collected.
From 2012 data, new autoproducer heat plants were added to the data collection,
causing a break in time series.
In 2012, a main activity producer electricity plant using solid biofuels started to
produce also heat and was reclassified as main activity CHP plant.
A different reporting methodology used by the Czech administration for biofuels
and waste causes some breaks in time series between 2002 and 2003.
In 1999 and 2000, various big enterprises have been divided, sold and merged.
This causes breaks in the time series of all types of plants.
Industrial waste use in main activity producer electricity plants is included withsolid biofuels from 1996.
Data on biogases and waste used in main activity producer CHP and
autoproducer heat plants start in 1993.
Prior to 1990, electricity production in main activity producer CHP and
autoproducer CHP plants is included in main activity producer electricity plants.
Prior to 1990, heat production excludes heat sold by industry. In addition, heatproduction prior to 1990 is reported under main activity heat plants because thebreakdown by producer and plant type is not available before then.
The breakdown of net electricity production by source is not available prior to

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1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Data on heat production, and the corresponding fuel inputs, have been estimatedfrom 1980 to 1989 based on consumption in residential and commercial/public
services. Prior to that, inputs are included in industry.

Consumption
Data on electricity consumption by cable cars (reported under non-specified
transport) are available from 2017.

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Data for direct use of solar energy are available from 2003.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Denmark
SourceDanish Energy Agency, Copenhagen.

General notes
In the 2004 edition, major revisions were made by the Danish administration for
the 1990 to 2001 data, which may cause breaks in time series between 1989 and
1990.

Coal
General notes
In the 2023 edition, the Danish Energy Agency informed us that they received new
data regarding other bituminous coal and coke oven coke for two years before
the latest submission year, and that this is likely to happen also in future cycles.
The revisions concerned several flows of other bituminous coal balance for theyears from 2018 to 2020, including stock change and transformation, and industry
use of other bituminous coal and coke oven coke for 2019 and 2020.
Furthermore, several calorific values of other bituminous coal were modified
from 2019 onwards.
In the 2020 edition, the historical series for gas works gas have been revised andset to 0 for all flows. After a revision of the definitions it was concluded that there
is no gas works gas transformation taking place in Denmark.

SupplyTrade data for other bituminous coal might include transit trade.
A large increase of steam coal imports in 2003 was related to a drought inScandinavia. Thermal power plants were operated more intensively to replacehydro-generated electricity that was consumed in the country. Additionally, morecoal-generated electricity was exported to other countries in the region. Significant
fluctuations in demand are also evident for other years for similar reasons,
including 2006 and 2013, but exist to a lesser extent.
Declines in stocks of steam coal stem from extensive deployment of renewable

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generation technologies and policy to further reduce Denmark’s utilisation of coal-World energy balances 2024 Edition

fired power and implement co-firing with renewable fuels as a part of their Energy
Strategy 2050.

Oil
General notes
In the 2020 edition, as a result of resolved confidentiality issues, biogasoline andbiodiesel are reported separately from 2012 onwards.
Starting with 2013 data the Danish administration reports products transferred torefinery feedstocks. In previous years refinery output is reported net of producttransfers.
Between 1995 and 2004, other hydrocarbon imports and inputs to main activity
producer CHP plants represent orimulsion.
From 1990 onwards, Greenland and the Danish Faroes are not included in the oil
data.
Information on waste oil recycling and final consumption begins in 1989 and isreported in other oil products.
In 1988, consumption of gasoline type jet fuel ceased.
As of 1987, separate data for paraffin waxes are no longer available.
Prior to 1975, refinery gas is reported net of consumption in refineries.

SupplyIn the 2023 edition, the Danish administration revised the supply data of motor
gasoline as early as 2008.
Quantities of other hydrocarbons represent natural gas used by refineries.

Transformation
Due to improved survey methods, inputs to electricity and heat generation havebeen reclassified, causing a break in time series between 1993 and 1994. The oil
inputs used in industrial sub-sectors for producing surplus heat, which is delivered
to district heating networks, are allocated to these industrial sub-sectors.
In 1994, the marked increase in inputs to CHP production is due to increased

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electricity exports to Norway.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

From 1974 to 1979, consumption of fuel oil for the CHP production by
autoproducers has been estimated.

Consumption
Consumption data are based on a detailed survey sent to companies in Denmark
every other year. For non-survey years, the consumption figures are estimated by
the Danish Energy Agency
White spirit and lubricants deliveries are estimated by Denmark.
For 1994 and 1995, industry detail is based on a new survey.
Prior to 1990, gas/diesel oil and fuel oil consumption for fishing are included indomestic navigation

Natural gas
Transformation
In Edition 2020, gas works (transformation) were revised due to a change in thereporting methodology.

Consumption
The consumption of LNG for marine transport and international marine bunkers is
not reported due to confidentiality.
The breakdown for industrial consumption for the latest year is estimated by theDanish administration using the previous year’s industry sector sub-sectoral
shares and updated the following year.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2024 edition, the Danish administration estimated solar thermal final
consumption and municipal waste (renewable and non-) exports for 2022 asequal to 2021, because these data are not available by the time of the publication.

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They are likely to be revised in the next ones.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In the 2022 edition, the 2020 figure of heat generation from biogas heat
autoproducer plants has been estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
From 2012, biodiesel production is confidential and gathered with imports.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, consumption of biogases in road transport between 2018 and2021 has been revised to 0 due to new available information and to avoid double
counting of quantities already injected in the natural gas grid.
In the 2020 edition, the consumption of municipal wastes in the commercial andpublic services sector for 2017 data was revised.
In the 2016 edition, the Danish administration revised energy consumption inindustry sectors causing some breaks in solid biofuels consumption between
2010 and 2011.
The data on the consumption of municipal waste in the industry sector aredelayed by one year and the Danish administration duplicates the previous year’s
data until the data become available.
The Danish administration estimates the growth in consumption of solid biofuelsin the industry sector for the most recent year based on the growth in thetransformation sector.

Electricity and heat
General notes
In the 2020 edition, there were revisions from 2010 to 2017 for solid biofuels,
biogases and solar thermal.
Heat data are not available prior to 1976.

SupplyFor 2019 data, the increase in heat output from electric boilers and heat pumps
was due to the opening of new facilities. This also contributed to an increase in

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the coefficient of performance for heat pumps between 2018 and 2019.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2017, the declines in electricity and heat output from other bituminous coaland the corresponding increases in output from solid biofuels are attributable tofuel switching in co-fired plants.
The amount of heat reported under other sources is heat recovered from industrial
processes and sold for district heating.
Heat produced for sale by heat pumps starts in 1994.
Geothermal and solar heat production for sale is available from 1989.
From 1984 onwards, small amounts of heat have been imported from Germany.
The production of electricity from wind is available from 1978.

Transformation
Efficiency of solid biofuels autoproducer heat plants dropped in 2022. Revisions
are pending.
Fish oil used in main activity producer heat plants is included with solid biofuels.
Due to the high number of heating companies burning wood chips that are
equipped with boilers with flue-gas condensation, the solid biofuels heat plants
show a high efficiency. The efficiency decline evident in 2016 was due to two lessefficient plants switching to biofuels.
For some years, heat plants fired by natural gas, municipal waste, solid biofuels,
biogases, and other oil products show efficiencies greater than 100%, on a net
calorific value basis, due to the use of condensing boilers and other flue gas
condensation technologies that recover the latent heat of vaporisation. Inclusionof small quantities of heat output from oil used alongside municipal waste in data
for municipal waste may also affect efficiencies.
Biodiesels and biogasoline consumption for electricity and heat production arereported under other liquid biofuels, for confidentiality reasons.
Data for other liquid biofuels main activity heat plants are available back to 1994.

Consumption
For 2020, the breakdown of electricity and heat total final consumption isestimated by the Danish administration based on 2019 data and will be revised in

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the following reporting cycle once their new industry survey results are released.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2016 edition, the Danish administration revised electricity and heatconsumption in the industry sector from 1990.
Transmission and distribution losses of electricity are calculated as a residual.
The direct use of solar thermal energy is available from 1978.
Electricity consumption in non-specified industry includes consumption in district

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heating plants and for the distribution of electricity.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Estonia
SourceStatistics Estonia, Tallinn.

General notes
Data for Estonia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Soviet Union.

Coal
General notes
Fuels reported as coke oven gas and gas works gas are the gaseous byproducts of oil shale liquefaction. Shale oil production has two technologies: solid
heat carrier (SHC) and gas generators (GG). SHC output byproduct (in addition tooil shale) is semi-coke oven gas, which is categorized under coke oven gas. The
GG byproducts (in addition to oil shale, fenols) are generator gas, which iscategorized under gas work gas and semi-coke, which is categorized under cokeoven coke. Inputs of oil shale to “coal liquefaction plants” are the inputs for
retorting in liquefaction plants. These definitions and classification were applied to
all the time series, back to 1990, in the 2024 edition.
In the 2024 edition, the Estonian administration revised oil shale inputs in thetransformation sector since 1990. Thanks to these revisions, the IEA Secretariat
is now reporting an aggregated input to Coal liquefaction plants (Transformation)
instead of a breakdown between Coke ovens, Gas works and Coal liquefaction
plants as was done in previous editions.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat has further aligned the reporting of calorificvalues of oil shale to the figures provided by the Estonian administration. This led
to revisions in energy terms of production and demand flows for 2019 and 2020and of all types of electricity and heat producers but main activity electricity plantsfrom 1990 onwards.
In the 2023 edition, the Estonian administration revised peat production, stockchanges and consumption in main activity producer heat for 2020 due to new

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available information.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2019, the production and consumption of oil shale decreased significantly. Thiswas due to two factors: CO2 and Russian electricity prices made the power
generation from this fuel less accessible to the market; and at the same time
Estonia was developing a strategy to reduce the direct burning of oil shale into
electricity.
In the 2013 edition, data for oil shale production for the period 1991 to 1997 wererevised to match Estonian GHG National Inventory values. Consumption dataremained unchanged.

SupplyIndigenous production of peat products stopped in 2017.

Oil
General notes
In the 2024 edition, fuel oil inputs to main activity heat plants in 2022 include fueloil produced from oil shale.
In the 2021 edition, the Estonian administration submitted some revisions forresidential consumption data and corrections in the historical time series. Thisaffects gas/diesel oil, in particular.
In 2012 data, breaks in time series occur for trade figures, now including reexports, and for international bunkers.
For 1990 to 2007, oil data are based on direct communication with Statistics
Estonia and UNECE.

Natural gas
Consumption
Consumption reported under not elsewhere specified (Energy) represents
consumption of different activities of companies in the energy sector (NACE 35)
for own uses without transformation.
There are inconsistencies in the time series for residential consumption as this
sector is computed as a residual.
In 2014 Estonia’s main company in the chemical and petrochemical sector ceased

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activity, resulting in no non-energy use of natural gas.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2009 Estonia’s main producer of fertilisers ceased activity, resulting in a sharp
decrease in the non-energy use of natural gas. The plant reopened in 2012.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2021 edition, revisions were made in main activity producers burningmunicipal wastes from 2015 to 2018.
In the 2021 edition, revisions were made in electricity plants burning solid
biofuels in 2017 and 2018.
In the 2021 edition, revisions were made in main activity producers burningindustrial waste (non-renewable) from 2016 to 2018.
In the 2021 edition, there were revisions in the non-metallic minerals sector from2015 to 2018 for industrial waste (non-renewable) and municipal wastes.
In the 2021 edition, there was a revision in the wood and wood products sector for
primary solid biofuels (excluding charcoal) in 2017.
Data for biogases include landfill gas starting in 2005.

Electricity and heat
General notes
In the 2022 edition, the Estonian Administration revised historical data, inparticular, for oil shale, coke oven gas, and gas works gas, in order to betteralign data with that reported by companies under the EU Emissions Trading
System (ETS).

Transformation
In 2019, electricity output from oil shale decreased. This was in part due to higher
carbon pricing, and the availability of low cost electricity imports.
In the 2020 and 2021 editions, reporting methodologies were aligned with therequirements for physical energy flow accounts (PEFA). As a result, some breaks
in series occur between 2015 and 2016. In particular, for renewable municipal
waste, coke oven gas, and industrial waste.

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Electricity output from solar is available from 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Fuels reported as coke oven coke and gas works gas are the solid and gaseous
by-products of oil shale liquefaction, and main activity heat and electricity
generation from these fuels is tightly associated with liquefaction plants.
Inputs of fuel oil and gas works gas to transformation processes include shaleoil.
In the 2018 edition, the surge in main activity heat from solid biofuels was related
to reclassification from autoproducer heat plants, where previously autoproducer
own use heat and associated fuel inputs are not reported, and the fuelconsumption appears in the main economic activity of the autoproducer.
From 1990 to 1999, some of the electricity and heat production are reported underother oil products while the inputs are reported under the individual fuels.

Consumption
From 2021 onwards, electricity consumption previously reported under Transport(non-specified) is reported Commercial and public services.
Electricity consumption in the non-specified energy sector includes consumption
in the Classification of the Economic Activities in the European Community(NACE) 3512 and 3513 categories.
Electricity consumption in road mainly refers to trolley buses.

Trade
For electricity, trade data are reported on the basis of commercial transactions.
Therefore, data may not reflect actual physical exchanges, or include all trade
partners. The Estonian Administration hopes to revise these data in a coming

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cycle.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Finland
SourceStatistics Finland, Helsinki.

General notes
In 2014, a new survey system and a reclassification of the data lead to breaks inthe time series between 1999 and 2000 for most products and sectors. The new
survey system is more detailed and has better product coverage, especially inelectricity, CHP and heat production, as well as in industry.

Coal
General notes
Other recovered gases refer to the gaseous by-products of the ferrochrome
production process.
Coal tar used for non-energy purposes or exported is not reported in either
production or consumption.
In the 2015 edition, revisions were received for some consumption flows of otherbituminous coal and coke oven coke, while other recovered gases (fromferrochromium manufacture) were reported separately for the first time, withrevisions back to 2000. Prior to 2000, off-gases from ferrochromium manufacture
are included in blast furnace gas, and inputs of coke oven coke for ferrochromium
manufacture in inputs to blast furnaces instead of non-specified transformation.
Prior to 2008, peat products are included with peat data.
A large increase of steam coal imports in 2003 is related to a drought inScandinavia. Thermal power plants were operated more intensively to replacehydro-generated electricity that is consumed in the country. Additionally, morecoal-generated electricity was exported to other countries in the region.
The increase of other bituminous coal inputs into main activity producer
electricity plants from 1993 to 1994 was due to coal replacing imported electricity
and hydro power.
Production of gas works gas ceased in April 1994.

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Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous coal.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyPeat products refer to peat briquettes and pellets, which were supplied from oldstocks for 2019 and 2020.

Transformation
In the 2023 edition, anthracite consumption was reallocated from “Not elsewhere
specified (Transformation)” to final consumption in iron and steel industry from2013 to 2017 according to IRES guidelines on the reporting of coal products used
as reductants (mostly for the manufacture of iron and steel).
The consumption of other bituminous coal in the energy sector (own use inelectricity, CHP and heat plants) covers the use of coal in the pilot phase of a new
power plant (the amount of coal was not used for producing any useful heat orelectricity).
In 2017, the consumption of coal in main activity producer electricity plants
decreased considerably following the move of a large plant to the national capacity
reserve.
The significant increases and decreases of other bituminous coal inputs intomain activity producer electricity plants from year to year are due to coal replacing
imported electricity and hydro power.
Likewise, peat production is highly dependent upon favourable weather conditions
and the pricing of other fuels. The decrease in peat and other bituminous coalusage in main activity electricity plants in 2008 was due to record electricity
generation from hydro plants. A similar circumstance occurred in 2012.
The first coking plant started operation in 1987, hence imports of coking coal andproduction of coke oven coke and coke oven gas started in that year.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the Finnish administration introduced the reporting of blast
furnace gas in “Not elsewhere specified (Energy industry own use)” from 2015.
This quantity covers the amount of blast furnace gas used to support the energy
consumption of the preparation process of the PCI-coal injection.
Some consumption of other bituminous coal is reported for the first time in 2019

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as energy industry own use. This covers the use of coal in the pilot phase of a newWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

power plant (the amount of coal was not used for producing any useful heat orelectricity).
Food, tobacco and beverages reports 1kt consumption of coke oven coke in 2019
after zero in 2018. This is due to rounding (2018: 0,46 kt and 2019: 0,72 kt).

Oil
General notes
In the 2023 edition, the Finnish administration revised the output and refinery fueluse of refinery gas from 2007 onwards to exclude gas by-products.
The 2018 edition includes revisions to data for several products from 1999
onwards.
Several revisions to petrochemical data were introduced, including a
reclassification of quantities between energy and non-energy use. Further
revisions are pending.
In spring 2015, the Porvoo refinery had the largest shut down in its history for
maintenance works. This is the reason for the large decrease in refinery
throughput in 2015.
In 2014, the Finnish administration revised the time series for refinery gas from2000 and included flaring of petrochemical gases under distribution losses.
Prior to 2002, petroleum coke used as refinery fuel was included with refinerygas.
In 1995, there is a break in time series for oil products trade due to the aligning of
the National Board of Customs trade data collection system with the European
Union’s Intrastat system.
Other hydrocarbons reported under from other sources natural gas correspondto hydrogen used in refineries, also represented as the output of non-specified
transformation in the balances format.

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In 2021, refinery output declined due to a 12-week refinery maintenance outage.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the Finnish administration acquired more accurate information
and revised the gas/diesel consumption in the agriculture/forestry from 2010
onwards. This also affected figures in not elsewhere specified (industry) sector as
the previously unknown quantities of agricultural consumption were partly
allocated to this sector.
Data on non-energy transformation of naphtha in the petrochemical sector is now
available from 1990 onwards.
Due to a new calculation model, there is a break in fuel oil other consumption
between 1998 and 1999.

Natural gas
General notes
Finland imports LNG since September 2016. Before 2018 there was only one
company operating in this market, LNG supply data was thus confidential andexcluded from the supply side flows.
Between 1999 and 2000 there are some breaks in the time series due to a new
survey system and a reclassification of the data.

SupplyData for international marine bunkers consumption started being reported in 2017.
The opening and closing stock levels data are confidential and stock changes datafor 2017 are estimates by the Finnish administration. Transformation
Non-specified transformation data represent natural gas used for hydrogen
manufacture. This hydrogen is used for hydrodesulphurization and hydrocracking
in oil refineries

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, an update to methodology related to the hydrogenation
process in refineries resulted in revisions to not elsewhere specified(transformation), oil refineries, and distribution losses back to 2007.
In the 2023 edition, revisions were made to chemical and petrochemical and

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agriculture/forestry back to 2015.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Distribution losses include the quantities of boil-off natural gas originating fromthe natural evaporation of LNG in tanks.
Not elsewhere specified (transport) includes LNG consumption for domestic
navigation.
Since 1995 data, the breakdown between residential and commercial/public
services is available due to a new system of data collection.
Prior to 1989, natural gas consumption in residential and agriculture/forestry had
been estimated by the Finnish administration.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In 2023 edition, solid biofuels trade methodology was revised. The administration
reported that the new estimation method was developed in cooperation with the
Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) and that was not possible to revise thetime series before 2018. Therefore, data breaks might appear between 2017 and2018
Prior to 2004, industrial waste also included other energy forms such ashydrogen, heat from chemical processes, natural gas and blast furnace gas.
Data for biogases and industrial waste are available from 1996.

SupplyDue to confidentiality, the biodiesel production includes trade figures and stockchanges starting with 2015 data. Biogasoline import for the same time period
covers production, exports and stock changes.
In the 2024 edition, for the first time imports of liquified biomethane have beenreported, for 2022.
In the 2022 final edition, the administration changed the methodology to estimate
primary solid biofuels trade data for 2021p. For this reason, a break in the timeseries appears between 2020 and 2021p. In future editions, the administration willrevise historical data.

Transformation

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The use of charcoal in blast furnaces started in 2018 on a test basis.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The amount of biodiesel used for blending with diesel fell greatly in 2016 afterrecord levels for the past two years. Annual variation in the consumption of
biofuels is possible and caused by Finland’s biofuel legislation, which gives
distributors the possibility to fulfil the bio obligation flexibly in advance.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the increase of industrial waste consumption in commercial
and public services for 2022 is due to the use of plastic waste as fuel for a newplant.
In 2023 edition, a plant consuming industrial waste and municipal waste werereclassified from ”Not elsewhere specified” to ”Commercial and Public Services”
for the entire time series starting in 2000 and 2008, respectively.
Starting in 2017, the large increase of biogas consumption in the paper, pulp andprinting industry is due to a change in process in the industry. Wood was gasified
and replaced natural gas or oil.

Electricity and heat
SupplyFor the 2023 edition, heat production by autoproducers in NACE divisions 36-38
was reallocated from Industry (non-specified) to Commerical and public services.
Electricity production in Finland is affected by connection to the Nord Pool power
exchange. In periods of high rainfall, it is more economic to import electricity fromother Nordic countries than to produce it. Therefore, production and trade aresubject to variability.
Net and gross heat production are equal, no own use is reported. Heat productionin Finland is reported as net.
Other sources include hydrogen, purchased steam, and heat recovered from fluegas scrubbers. For 2017, the increase in heat production from other sources isdue to the reporting of heat recovered from flue gas scrubbers for the first time.
The increasing heat production from heat pumps in 2007 and 2008 is from the
new Katri Vala district heating and cooling plant.
Heat from chemical processes and associated electricity generation are available

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from 2000.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In 2022, refinery gas input to main activity heat plants was partially replaced byfuel gas produced from Naphtha and LPG.
For 2020 onwards, data for plants containing at least one CHP unit have beenreported under CHP. Prior to 2020, electricity plants data may include some CHP
plants operating in electricity only mode, and heat plants data may include some
CHP plants operating in heat--only mode.
In the 2017 edition, fuel inputs and heat production from peat main activity heatplants have been revised since 2000 as new data became available for small peat
heat plant units.
In the 2016 edition, the allocation of solar photovoltaic between main activity andautoproducer plants was revised.
From 2014 data, an autoproducer in the field of iron and steel industry running oncoke oven gases and blast furnace gases was sold and is now reported as
main-activity producer.
The increase in heat production from municipal waste in 2014 is due to the
opening of a new plant.
In 2014, the new consumption of other liquid biofuels in main activity electricity
plant corresponds to biopyrolysis oil made from wood chips.
Data on peat products electricity and heat generation are available since 2008.
Prior to that, they are included in peat.
Heat output from autoproducer CHP plants is available starting in 1996 and from
autoproducer heat plants starting in 2000; corresponding inputs may be underreported.
Before 1999, all electricity production from autoproducers running on fuelwood isallocated to CHP plants.
Electricity and heat production from biogases are available from 1996.
Prior to 1992, outputs from the use of combustible renewables and waste to
generate electricity and/or heat were included in peat. Therefore, the IEA
Secretariat estimated the breakdown of outputs from municipal waste and solid

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biofuels based on reported inputs.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Inputs of liquid fuels and natural gas to CHP plants are included with the inputsof these fuels to main activity producer electricity only and heat only plants prior
to 1978.
Electricity production from biofuels and waste is not available between 1974 and1976.

Consumption
Electricity consumption in road is based on estimates by the Finnish VTT research
centre, and includes all electricity consumption by electric vehicles, both 100%
electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids.
In the 2017 edition and following, an extended review of NACE sector encoding
by the Finnish administration resulted in the revision of the sectoral heatconsumption time series back to 2007, leading to breaks in time series between
2006 and 2007 in some heat consumption sectors.
In 2016, the production of heat by autoproducers in the oil refineries sector
ceased, following a change of ownership of some plants and their reclassificationas main activity producers. This reclassification also resulted in an increase inreported heat consumption by oil refineries, as heat previously produced andconsumed by oil refineries is now purchased.
Between 2013 and 2014, heat consumption in the paper, pulp and printing sector
shows an apparent decline because a power plant came under the ownership ofa paper and pulp company.
A new survey of the agriculture and forestry sector leads to breaks in theelectricity consumption between 2007 and 2008.
The split of heat consumption in the different industry sectors is available startingfrom 2007. Prior to that, it is aggregated in non-specified industry.
Prior to 2000, consumption of heat in consumption in agriculture/forestry andcommercial/public services is included under industry non-specified.
Consumption of electricity in the industry sub-sector machinery includes

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consumption in transport equipment prior to 1995.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

FranceSourceMinistère de la Transition Écologique et Solidaire, Paris.

General notes
In the 2018 edition, data for France were revised back to 2011 following changes
in methodology and procedures used by the energy statistics sub-department(SDSE) within the Ministry for the ecological and inclusive transition. As a result,
the revisions, to bring the reporting more in line with the international standards,
impacted all fuels. Additional details are given under each fuel.
From 2012, the energy consumption is more detailed due to a more precise
national survey.
From 2011 data onwards, France now includes Monaco, and the following
overseas departments (Guadeloupe; French Guiana; Martinique; Mayotte; andRéunion); and excludes the overseas collectivities (New Caledonia; French
Polynesia; Saint Barthélemy; Saint Martin; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; and Wallis
and Futuna).

Coal
General notes
In the 2023 edition, due to confidentiality reasons the balance of coking coal has
been merged with other bituminous coal for the year 2021. In particular,
consumption of coking coal in coke ovens (transformation) is reported in otherbituminous coal consumption in blast furnaces (transformation).
Due to confidentiality reasons, some demand flows have been merged for the
products other bituminous coal and anthracite, starting in 2020. Thoseaggregations are: paper, pulp and printing, food, beverage and tobacco, and notelsewhere specified (industry); machinery, non-ferrous metals and non-metallic
minerals.
Due to confidentiality reasons, some demand flows have been merged for the
products lignite and BKB, starting in 2020. The flows merged are iron & steel,

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chemical and petrochemical, non-ferrous metals and non-metallic minerals.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Due to confidentiality reasons, the industry consumption flows of iron and steel,chemical and petrochemical and non-ferrous metals have been merged for cokeoven coke, starting in 2020.
Due to confidentiality reasons, blast furnace gas includes blast furnaces gas,coke oven gas and other recovered gases from 2018 onwards. Thisaggregation may lead to unusual figures and efficiencies in the energy balance
and CO2 emissions.
The losses of blast furnace gas, coke oven gas and other recovered gases
are included under statistical difference until 2016. From 2017 onwards theselosses are reported under “other energy uses”.
In 2018 edition, the calorific value of coking coal has been revised in agreementwith Eurostat and the IEA. The revision was made for the period 1990 to 2016.
In the 2017 edition, the French administration undertook comprehensive revisions
on sectoral coal consumption back to 2011. Starting this edition, new information
became available for anthracite, BKB and other recovered gases.
From 2012, the energy consumption is more detailed due to a more precise
national survey.
Prior to 2011, other manufactured gases (oxygen steel furnace gas) are includedin blast furnace gas.
For 1989 to 1998, the IEA Secretariat has estimated industry consumption basedon Consommations d’Energie dans l‘Industrie, SESSI.
Prior to 1985, consumption of colliery gas is included with the use of coke ovengas by autoproducers.
Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous coal.

SupplyIn the 2023 edition, for the year 2021 and preliminary 2022 data the production ofcoke oven coke has been merged with stock changes for confidentiality reasons.

Transformation
In the 2021 edition, revisions were made on the split of other bituminous coalbetween Main Activity Producer Electricity Plants and Main Activity Producer CHP

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Plants for the period 2011-2018.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, following a methodological change, a power plant was
reallocated from main activity producer to autoproducer. Hence, there is no more
figure for other manufactured gases in the first. This was done for 2018 and2019.
In 2017 the use of other bituminous coal into transformation for electricity
increased by more than 20% to compensate lower generation from nuclear andhydro plants.
In 2016 the company that consumed blast furnace gas for electricity and heatgeneration ceased its activity.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat qualified all the demand of otherbituminous coal for 2023 preliminary data as not available because it is notpossible to perform some methodological adjustments regarding blast furnaces
transformation use and iron and steel final consumption without the full commodity
balance.
In the 2018 edition, the split of energy consumption between the residential sector
and the commerce and public services sector has been revised back to 1990 by
the French administration for other bituminous coal, lignite, coke oven coke,
BKB and patent fuel.
Blast furnace gas and coke oven gas used for energy purposes in blast furnaces
are no longer reported under the iron and steel industry. As of the 2018 edition
these quantities are reported under the energy sector.
Final consumption in industry is estimated by the Secretariat from 1986 to 2001
for some products.

Oil
General notes
In the 2024 edition, the French administration revised supply and consumption ofgas/diesel oil from 2011 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, the French administration revised the deliveries of gas/diesel
oil and fuel oil for international marine bunkers and consumption in domestic
navigation from 2011 onwards as a result of a change in methodology and

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improved data for the overseas territories.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Statistical differences observed for motor gasoline and naphtha are partly due to theabsence of a specific naphtha category in the customs classification.
Statistical differences appear for other products as a result of different definitions
used for this residual category between the customs, refineries, power plants andpetrochemical industry.
From 2013, information is available for imports of condensates used by the
petrochemical sector. These are reported under imports of NGL, interproducttransfers of NGL to other oil products, and consumption of other products.
From 1991, additives and oxygenates data are available.

SupplyThe high statistical difference for fuel oil is under investigation by the Frenchadministration and revisions are expected next cycle.
In the 2024 edition, the French administration started reporting supply anddeliveries of bio jet kerosene.
Due to classification issues noted by the French administration, there is a large
statistical difference for other kerosene in 2020.
Breaks in trade and transfers of refinery feedstocks, naphtha, gas/diesel oil andfuel oil occur in 2020 due to new reallocation following customs information
obtained by the French administration.
The decrease in output of naphtha in 2019 is due to refinery maintenanceshutdowns, particularly of the Grandpuits refinery with the drilling of the Ile-deFrance pipeline (PLIF).
Higher than usual seasonal maintenance in the spring of 2018 impacted refinery
intake and output.
From 2009, transfers of kerosene type jet fuel to white spirit correspond tokerosene used as a base for making white spirit.
From 2008 data, refinery intake of refinery feedstock and refinery output of
refinery gas output figures exclude natural gas used in the steam reformer of theGonfreville refinery.
From 2008 data, ethane refinery output is reported

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From 2002 data onwards, ethylene produced in Lacq is not included in NGL.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

From 1998 data, a different treatment of transfers was adopted. Imported oil
products needing further refinery processing are no longer reported as refinery
feedstock imports but as oil product imports and products transferred. Fuel oil
includes part of the amounts previously reported in other oil products from 1999
and various other products from 2001.

Transformation
Starting in 2012, separate data on main activity heat plants inputs are available.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the French administration reallocated the consumption of
petroleum coke in non-ferrous metals from energy use to non-energy use from2011 onwards. There is no change to total inland demand as a result.
In the 2021 edition, the French administration revised the consumption split ofkerosene type jet fuel between international and domestic aviation from 2011
onwards, taking into account non-commercial flights and resulting in an increasein the consumption share for domestic aviation.
From 2018, due to a reclassification of a power plant from the main electricity
production sector to the chemicals sector, a decrease in inputs of refinery gas formain activity plants for CHP production is observed and complemented by anincrease in its consumption for energy use in the chemical sector.
From 2018, consumption of gas/diesel oil in bakeries is reported in food,beverage and tobacco. In previous years, this consumption is included incommercial and public services.
In 2018, there is a decrease in deliveries to the petrochemical sector due to plant
shutdowns for maintenance.
The breakdown between international and domestic marine bunkers is estimatedby the French administration.
Between 2005 and 2006, a break is visible in LPG time series, as consumption
from one chemical company was re-classified from energy use to non-energy use.
Breaks in LPG time series also appear in 2001 due to improved data collection.
From 2000 data, petroleum coke consumption in the non-ferrous metals industry
is no longer available separately. Prior to 1982, no breakdown between energy

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and non-energy use is available for this product.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

From 1998 data, military consumption of kerosene type jet fuel is reported
separately from domestic aviation.
Prior to 1988, LPG includes ethane consumption.
Prior to 1985, the residential sector consumption of gas/diesel oil is reported
under the commerce/public services sector, as no separate data were available.

Natural gas
General notes
Between 2017 and 2018, there are some breaks in the time series throughout
consumption due to a new methodology for preparing the natural gas
balances.Until 2007, some statistical differences reported by the French utilities
were included in distribution losses. Since 2008, these amounts are included
under statistical differences.
Between 1999 and 2000, there are some breaks in time series due to a new
methodology for preparing the natural gas balances.
The data include the French overseas departments, however natural gas isneither produced, nor consumed in these departments.

SupplyThe total imports and exports data include transit amounts.
From 1990 to 1998, statistical difference includes gas consumption which is notbroken down by sector.

Consumption
Not elsewhere specified (transport) is consumption for maritime transport, prior to2018 this data were included in commercial and public services.
In the 2020 edition, commercial and public services, and residential was revised
from 1990 to 1999 due to new data becoming available.
The increase in natural gas consumption in the electricity sector for 2016 and2017 has been mainly driven by the decrease in nuclear generation due tomaintenance operations, which was compensated by gas-fired power plants.Gas

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for pipelines is included in distribution losses.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Between 2005 and 2006, there is a break in the time series of the industry subsectors.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2018 edition, following an analysis of biogases in the energy sector by the
French administration, there are revisions in biogas indigenous production, inputs
to the transformation sector, heat production and final consumption back to 2005.
Electricity production from biogases is revised back to 2011. This causes breaks
in time series between 2004 and 2005 as well as 2010 and 2011.
Indigenous production, transformation and final consumption of industrial waste
are reported from 2013. In the 2018 edition, indigenous production andtransformation of industrial waste were added from 2007 - 2012. It follows that
there is a break in time series between 2012 and 2013.
In the 2018 edition, solid biofuels’ indigenous production and inputs to main activity
and autoproducer heat plants have been revised back to 2007 Electricity
production has been revised back to 2013. This causes breaks in time series
between 2006 and 2007 as well as 2012 and 2013.
In the 2018 edition, indigenous production and inputs to main activity heat plants
have been revised back to 2007 for municipal waste. Electricity production has
been revised back to 2011. This causes breaks in time series between 2006 and2007 as well as 2010 and 2011.
Prior to 2007, production and consumption of industrial waste were included inmunicipal waste.

Transformation
Plants using municipal waste were reclassified as autoproducer CHP plants from1995, which leads to a break in time series.
Breaks in time series in 2005 for municipal waste and solid biofuels are causedby sectoral reclassifications.

Consumption
A revision of the solid biofuels and biogases time series created breaks in the

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direct use time series between 2004 and 2005.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The breakdown of the final energy consumption of biogases was estimated by
the French administration from 1970 to 2003.

Electricity and heat
SupplyIn the 2019 edition, heat supply and consumption data were revised due toimproved information on heat production from renewables.
All solar photovoltaic plants with capacity above 1 MWp are considered as main
activity producers, while all plants with capacity below that value are considered
autoproducers.
Electricity production from other sources is available starting in 2007, representing
production of electricity from purchased steam, and from 2018, hydrogen. The
input is shown under non-specified transformation.
Data on electricity production from wind are available from 1990.

Transformation
In the 2021 edition, some main activity producers were reclassified as
autoproducers.
For 2018, inputs and outputs of coke oven gas, and other recovered gases areincluded under blast furnace gas for confidentially purposes.
The methodology for reporting inputs to CHP plants is under currently underreview by the French administration and historical revisions are expected.
For the 2018 edition, revisions for heat production in all plant types were received
and accepted for many fuels from 2007 onwards, with the exception of naturalgas, where the planned revisions for 2007 and 2008 are still pending
implementation by the Secretariat.
In the 2018 edition, electricity production from hydro was revised back to the year
2000, in some cases only amounting to plant reclassification.
Electricity production from the Bouillante geothermal main electricity plant in
Guadeloupe is included from 2011 onwards, when data coverage for France isextended to include the overseas departments. Electricity production from
autoproducer geothermal started in 2011 and stopped in 2012 due to the

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maintenance of the only plant. This production restarted in 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The amount of heat not sold in autoproducer plants is included in total heatproduction up to 2007.
In 2005, autoproducer CHP efficiencies for biogases drop due to the opening ofa larger, less efficient plant.
From 2000 several plants have been reclassified from electricity only to CHP
plants. This causes breaks in the time series between 1999 and 2000.
Prior to 2000, inputs and outputs of oil products are not available separately andare reported together under other oil products. From 2000 to 2008, there arefurther classification problems for inputs and outputs of electricity and heat fromoil products. The French administration is working to reconcile their data collection
methods for the inputs and the outputs for electricity generation.
A new method of survey and a reclassification between main activity producer
electricity plants and autoproducer electricity plants may cause breaks in the timeseries for other bituminous coal between 1998 and 1999.
There was re-classification on autoproducer plants using municipal waste in
1995, which leads to a break in the time series.
Net electricity production by autoproducer CHP plants is available from 1989.
Net electricity production by autoproducers prior to 1983 includes production
from combustible fuel sources only.

Consumption
In the 2021 edition, data were revised back to 2011 by the French administration
to replace data from statistical surveys with new administrative data.
In the 2019 edition, revisions for 2011 onwards were received for all electricity
consumption flows, based on a correction to a survey. This has introduced a wider
statistical difference than previously published, and is under review.
In the 2018 edition, revisions for 2011 onwards were received for all electricity
consumption flows, based on an improved survey. This has led to breaks in timeseries between 2010 and 2011. Similarly, heat consumption from 2007 onwards
was revised to account for autoproducer own use heat generation in its correct
economic activity.
In the 2017 edition, the French administration undertook comprehensive revisions
on sectoral electricity consumption time series, for some sectors revising back to

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1990. Electricity consumption at railway and bus stations, shipping piers andWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

airports is no longer included in the transport sector but in the commercial andpublic services sector. Road electricity consumption has also been revised backto 1990, following an extended review of NACE sector encoding by theadministration. These revisions created breaks in time series for several sectors,
which the administration anticipates to address in subsequent reporting cycles.
For the 2014 edition of this publication, the French administration revised
electricity consumption data in the agriculture and forestry sector back to 2004,
resulting in breaks in time series.
Electricity consumption in Road includes consumption by 100% electric vehicles.
These amounts are estimated by the French Administration based on vehicle
numbers, and expected electricity usage. Consumption includes domestic
charging - however, these amounts are currently subtracted from non-specified
transport, rather than residential consumption.
Consumption of electricity in uranium treatment plants is confidential for theperiod 2003 through 2010, and unavailable prior to 1980.
Data on transmission and distribution losses for heat are available only startingfrom 2007. Prior to that, they were included in final consumption.
Prior to 2005, all the geothermal heat consumption was reported as direct use.
From 2005 data, some quantities are reported as output of heat plants, resulting
in breaks in time series for production, transformation and consumption.
Electricity consumption in non-specified transport refers to ski lifts.
Prior to 2011, electricity consumption in (sub)-urban and national rail is based onhigh voltage electricity supply to the rail sector. From 2011 onwards, consumptionin (sub)-urban rail is based on electricity used for propulsion by the main operator,and estimates for the other operators.
Consumption of electricity for oil and gas extraction includes that used in oil
refineries from 1988 to 2000.
Non-specified other consumption includes exports to Monaco prior to 1992 anddefence-related activities, among others.
The industry classifications used by the French administration were changed in
1986.
There are major breaks in the time series in 1965 when more detailed breakdown

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of data on electricity consumption became available.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Germany
SourceFederal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Berlin.

General notes
Data starts in 1960. German data include the new federal states of Germany from1970 onwards.

Coal
General notes
Comprehensive official data are only collected for the aggregate of hard coal. Dueto the unavailability of detailed data, the split into anthracite, coking coal andother bituminous coal is partly estimated by the national administration.
Generally, demand data for the latest reporting year are not available at the timeof the initial data collection and are estimated by the German administration.
Therefore, every cycle the German administration revises several flows intransformation, energy industry own use and final consumption, as it happened
for 2020 figures in the 2023 edition.
In the 2014 edition, significant revisions were submitted for all primary coal types,
derived products and manufactured gases for the period 2003 to 2011 as previous
estimations were updated with more accurate information. Revisions primarily
affected consumption, including industry and other sectors; but also supply,
statistical differences and weighted calorific values.
Up to 2002, other bituminous coal includes anthracite.
Between 1998 and 2005, breaks in time series may occur for coke oven gas andblast furnace gas.
Between 1990 and 1992, breaks in time series may occur due to earlier
reclassification of several sectors by the German administration; this particularly

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affects BKB, lignite and coke oven coke.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyHard coal mining in Germany ceased in 2018 with the last two hard coal mines
being closed on December 21, 2018 due to profitability reasons. Anthracite,
coking coal and other bituminous coal show null production in 2019.
Data on stock changes in the coal production sector (provided individually for allcoal products) are no longer available from 2019 onwards as the companies inthis sector no longer operate. For the other sectors (electricity and heat producers,
and industry), data on stock changes are only available for hard coal as anaggregate, and that is all reported under other bituminous coal.

Transformation
Breaks in time series between 2014 and 2015 for coke oven gas and blast
furnace gas are due to a reclassification of main activity producers andautoproducers.
In 1997, BKB inputs to gas works plants stopped.
For some years of the period 1990-2002, discrepancies can appear between the
publications Coal Information and Electricity Information in Electricity and CHP
plants for the products lignite, gas works gas, coke oven gas and blast furnace
gas.

Consumption
Consumption of non-renewable municipal waste and other solid biofuels as a
reductant occurs in German blast furnaces, but is not currently quantified.
Likewise, coal tar is a by-product of coke ovens, but not currently reported.
The data providers for the commercial and residential sectors were coal producers
and import statistics, the first reporting the biggest amounts. As the hard coalproduction ceased in Germany, coal producer do not longer operate, and this data
is not available from 2019. As consequence, the year 2019 shows a significant
decrease in consumption in these sectors. In 2019, there was no increase in theimports delivered to these sectors.

Oil
General notes
In 2018, there are breaks in time series for several products due to methodological

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changes involving the inclusion of companies with olefin plants into the reportingWorld energy balances 2024 Editiongroup and the possibility to identify semi-finished products as deliveries to themarket.
In 2016 the German administration reclassified the consumption of a chemicalcompany from fuel oil to other oil products. This leads to a decrease in the
supply and consumption of fuel oil with a corresponding increase for other oil
products. Due to the assumptions made by the German administration about theenergy consumption of the respective products, this also creates a break in timeseries in the split between energy and non-energy consumption for the chemical
sector.
In 2016 there are breaks in time series for white spirit due to improved data
coverage.
From 2000 data, part of the product Andere Rückstände (other residues) is
included with fuel oil instead of other oil products.
Starting from 1994 data, there has been a reclassification of jet gasoline to
kerosene type jet fuel.
Prior to 1979 data, other products include paraffin waxes, bitumen, white spirit& SBP and lubricants for eastern Germany.
The methodology to determine net calorific values has been changed for 2015
data. The values for crude oil and refinery feedstocks were revised back to 2003.

Transformation
In 2018, owing to methodological changes, inputs of motor gasoline fortransformation use in the petrochemical industry are reported for the first time.

Consumption
In 2018, owing to methodological changes, consumption data for motor gasoline
in the chemical and petrochemical industry as well as in non-specified industry arereported for the first time.
In 2018, consumption data for motor gasoline and gas/diesel oil in construction
and agriculture/forestry are reported where they had previously been subsumed
within the commercial and public services sector.
Between 2002 and 2003, breaks in time series in consumption data are due tostructural changes in energy statistics following the newly introduced Energy

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Statistics Act.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 1995 data, a break in gas/diesel oil consumption occurs as a result of analignment with the Classification of the Economic Activities in the European
Community (NACE).
Beginning in 1994, final consumption by individual sector has been improved due
to new survey methods instituted by the Minerölwirtschaftsverband.
In 1989, end-use consumption of gas/diesel oil decreased due to an exceptionallywarm winter and a lowering of consumer stocks.
Prior to 1980 data, consumption of fuel oil in blast furnaces was included in theiron and steel sector
Prior to 1970 data, consumption of refinery gas in the chemical industry is
included with refineries' own consumption.

Natural gas
General notes
Between 2009 and 2010, there is a break in time series due to a new, morecomprehensive legal framework that resulted in methodological changes for
production and new calorific values for natural gas.

SupplyStarting in 2016, due to a change in the reporting methodology, Imports andExports no longer include transit volumes, as was the case up until 2015.
Since 2018 onwards, indigenous production is being phased out, leading to adecrease in non-associated gas

Transformation
For 2021 data onwards, the methodology of reporting main activity producer CHP
plants was updated to include biomethane that is injected into the natural gas
grid.
In 2003, there is a break in time series for input to electricity and CHP plants (bothautoproducers and main activity producers).
Prior to 1995, inputs of natural gas for main activity producer heat plants are

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included with main activity producer CHP plants.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
Between 2021 and 2022, there is a break in the time series for agriculture/forestry
due to an adjustment to the methodology.
Since 2018, gas distribution networks are included in pipeline transport, while it
was only covering transmission networks before.
Since 2003, consumption in non-specified other, which were previously estimated,
are no longer shown, and losses data have been included in statistical differences.
Since 2003, gas consumption in coke ovens (transformation) was negligible.
Between 2002 and 2003, there are breaks in time series for some sectors due tomodifications in reporting methodology.
Between 1994 and 1995, there are some breaks in time series due to the fact thatthe industry sub-sector breakdown is based on the 1995 NACE classification.
Also, prior to 1995, end-use consumption data are based on Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Energiebilanzen.
Before 1970 there is no detailed breakdown available for the industry sector withthe exception of iron and steel and chemical and petrochemical industries.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Generally, data for the latest reporting year are preliminary and likely to be revisedin the following publication. For example, this is the case of the many revisions for2021 figures in the 2024 edition.
In the 2024 edition, the German administration submitted solar photovoltaic
capacity according to the new categories PV<30 kW and PV 30-1000 kW only forthe years 2021 and 2022, causing a break in the time series between 2020 and
2021. For the years before 2021 the data are likely to be revised in the next cycle.
Germany started to report injection of biogas in the natural gas grid in 2021 only.
Previously, the biogas blended with natural gas was reported under biogas. For
this reason, several energy flows dropped significantly in 2021.
In the 2020 edition, there was a revision of nearly all renewables data back to
2003, basically related to error correction and new information. This leads to a

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break in series between 2002 and 2003.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Starting with the 2020 edition, final consumption in the agriculture sector is now
reported separately. Previously, it was included in commercial and public services.
Starting in 2008, municipal waste and industrial waste data were collected
separately. This leads to breaks in the time series between 2007 and 2008.
Between 1996 and 1997, a new survey for renewables causes breaks in the timeseries.

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, the German administration revised the production figures ofrenewable industrial waste (part of solid biofuels) for 2021, increasing it
considerably, due to the availability of more detailed information. This causes a
break in the time series between 2020 and 2021.
Trade data for biogasoline are available from 2004 and for biodiesels from 2003.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the big decrease of primary solid biofuels in industry
consumption between 2023p and 2022 will be revised in the next publication when
the German administration will obtain final 2022 data.
Increased consumption of industrial wastes (non-renewable) in the non-metallic
minerals sector in 2018 is related to increased cement production due to a highlevel of activity in the construction sector.
For solid biofuels consumption in the commercial and public services sector, newdata were derived in cooperation with the Federal Research Institute for Rural
Areas, Forestry and Fisheries by applying a different calculation approach basedon the total demand for material and energy use of the resource wood in Germany.
This had resulted in break in time series between 2013 and 2014.

Electricity and heat
General notes
In the 2014 edition, the German administration performed some major revisions
back to 2003. This led to breaks in the time series between 2002 and 2003.
The German administration has changed the methodology for reporting heat over

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time:World energy balances 2024 Edition

Starting in 2007, more information is available on main activity heat plants andadditional inputs started to be reported for this category. This causes breaks intime series between 2006 and 2007.
Between 2003 and 2006, autoproducer heat output was provided, but no inputs.
Between 2002 and 2003 and between 2003 and 2004, breaks in time series occur,due to the implementation of the Energy Statistics Act, collection concerning heatproduced in heat plants and district heating plants became more efficient and more
complete.
Prior to 1970, heat production and consumption have been estimated by the
Secretariat based on Energie-bilanz der Bundesrepublic für das Jahr 1990
provided by the German Institute for Economic Research.

SupplyFrom 2018 onwards, own use of electricity at main electricity geothermal plants
includes electricity used for pumping.
In some instances, electricity generation from nuclear, hydro, solar, wind andbiogases in autoproducer electricity plants is confidential or not available andtherefore is included in main activity producer electricity plants.
For 2017 onwards, own-use consumption of electricity by wind plants is assumed
to be 2% at onshore and 1.5% for off-shore wind farms. For prior years, own-use
only included electricity drawn from the grid while the turbines were not in
operation.
Since 2011, due to a reclassification of wind energy and solar photovoltaic in
the official data of the German Federal Statistical Office, the production is now
only reported under main activity producer plants.
Electricity production from other sources is available starting in 2003. This refers
to the production of electricity from turbines which are located at pressure drops
in fluid transport and from purchased waste heat.
Prior to 1991, electricity trade data includes only trade of the Former Federal
Republic of Germany.
Data on electricity production from wind and solar are available from 1986 and1990, respectively.

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Starting in 1984, small amounts of heat have been exported to Denmark.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
For 2022, the decrease in electricity output from nuclear was due to the closureof the Grohnde, Gundremmingen C and Brokdorf power plants.
For 2018, the increase in electricity output from solar PV was in part due higher
than average solar radiation during that year.
For 2018, the increase in heat output from biogases was mainly due to anincrease in survey coverage following an amendment to the Energy Statistics Law
in 2017
Electricity inputs to both mixed hydro and pure pumped storage pumping plants
are reported under inputs to pure pumped storage.
Detailed data by fuel are not available for total heat production. The non-allocatedpart is reported as heat production from non-specified combustible fuels.
Weather conditions were not favourable for wind and solar generation in 2016.
In 2015, a reclassification of some main activity producer electricity and CHP
plants to autoproducer CHP plants powered by coke oven gas results in a breakin time series for this period. Similarly, a reclassification of blast furnace gas main
activity electricity plants into autoproducer plants results in a break in time series
for the same period.
From 2003 onwards, all heat production in autoproducers is considered as nonsold (i.e. for self-use) and, therefore, not reported. Inputs for this heat production
are no longer reported in the transformation sector.
For 2002 and 2003, the German administration did not submit the breakdown ofelectricity and heat production from combustible fuels. The data were estimatedas follows: renewables and waste were taken from the Renewables and Waste
Questionnaire and the other combustible fuels were estimated pro rata based on
2001 estimates.
Prior to 2003, electricity production in electricity plants includes production from
CHP plants and heat production in CHP plants includes production from heatplants.
Due to the implementation of the Energy Statistics Act, collection concerning heatproduced in heat plants and district heating plants became more efficient andmore complete. This leads to breaks in time series between 2002 and 2003 andPAGE | 148

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between 2003 and 2004.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

A new survey for the renewable products can cause breaks in the time series
between 1998 and 1999.
Prior to 1993, all heat production from BKB/peat briquettes is included in main
activity producer CHP plants.

Consumption
Increases in 2016 electricity generation by auto-producers within the transport
equipment sector are due to reclassification from main activity generation, rather
than development of new plant.
More information on district heat became available, causing breaks in the timeseries between 2006 and 2007.
Data on geothermal heat production and direct consumption are only available
starting in 2003.
Data for electricity consumption in the commercial and public services sector
include the construction and agriculture/forestry sectors (prior to 2010), as well as
the fishing sector (all years).
In 2000, revisions from the German administration to the electricity consumption
data may cause breaks in the time series.
In 1995, the German Federal Statistics Office reclassified some industrial
branches which may cause a break in time series in industry sub-sectors.
Between 1971 and 1980 electricity consumption in coal mines includes

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consumption in coke ovens and BKB plants.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

GreeceSourceMinistry for Environment and Energy, Athens.

Coal
SupplyIn 2019 data there was a significant decrease in lignite production andconsumption due to less power generation in the country using this fuel.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the Greek administration reallocated the industrial
consumption of other bituminous coal and lignite in non-metallic minerals sector
to mining and quarrying from 2017 to 2020, due to the change of a NACE code ofa company.

Oil
General notes
In the 2016 edition, the Greek administration reclassified gasoline-type jet fuel asaviation gasoline starting from 2009 data.
Between 2012 and 2013, breaks time in time series for biodiesel, lubricants andstocks appear due to the introduction of a new reporting system.

SupplyCrude oil production stopped on 30 November 1998 and started again in
December 1999.
From 1986 data onwards, information on refinery feedstocks is available.

Transformation
From 1990 onwards, there has been an increased use of refinery gas in electricity

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generation, replacing fuel oil.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
In 2021, due to improvements by the Greek administration, the share of LPG
consumption in Non-specified (industry) declined due to better allocation into thevarious specific sub-sectors within the industry.
In 2020, consumption of gas/diesel oil in electricity/CHP/heat plants (energy
sector) refers to quantities used to support operations of a lignite plant. For
previous years, they are reported in the transformation sector as inputs for CHP
production in main activity plants.
In 2013 data, the drop of gas/diesel oil residential consumption is linked withchanges in the taxation of heating oil.
From 1993 data onwards, more information is available on the allocation of fuel oil
to specific industrial sub-sectors. Fuel oil consumption in the agriculture andresidential sectors has been replaced by gas/diesel oil starting in 1993.
Prior to 1987 data, consumption in the commerce/public services sector is
included with residential. Peaks in residential sector consumption in 1978 and1982 are due to unusually cold winters.

Natural gas
General notes
Natural gas produced in Greece has a higher than average gross calorific value
due to a high content of C2/C4 hydrocarbons.
In the 2020 edition, due to more disaggregated data and a revised methodology,
years 2017 and 2018 are not comparable to time-series prior to this.

SupplyThe significant increase of Total Exports in 2022 is due to the regasificaiton andsubsequent export of LNG Imports.
Stocks (Held abroad) refers to stocks of natural gas held in underground storage
facilities in Italy and Bulgaria.
In November 1998 the indigenous production of natural gas stopped in andstarted again in December 1999.
In 1997, Greece started importing natural gas as a result of a new operational

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pipeline between Russia and Greece.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2020, the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TPA) became operational, running throughGreece to Albania and Italy. Moreover, the Interconnector Greece – Bulgaria (IBG)
pipeline was connected to the TPA and became operational in 2022.

Consumption
Prior to 2017, consumption of liquefaction (LNG) / regasification plants is includedin the transmission and distribution losses flow.
Between 2021 and 2020 there is a break in the time series for many flows in theindustry sector due to more detailed data becoming available.
In 2011 there is a break in time series for the non-ferrous metals due to a new
methodology for measuring gas consumption in this sub-sector.
For 1998 data, consumption in the residential sector is included withcommercial/public services.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
New information on solid biofuels is available from 1996 and leads to breaks
between 1995 and 1996.
Data for biogases are available from 1990 and data for industrial waste from1992.
In 2024 edition, 2022 liquid biofuels data have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.

SupplyIndigenous production and domestic supply of industrial waste have been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2019p.
Indigenous production of solid biofuels is estimated by the IEA Secretariat for2015 based on consumption.

Transformation
The big increase in delivery of industrial waste to autoproducer CHP plant in

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2010 is mainly due to the opening of a new plant.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Inputs of solid biofuels to charcoal production are estimated for 2007 to 2010 by
the IEA Secretariat assuming an efficiency of 40%.
Industrial waste used in autoproducer CHP plants decreased substantially in2006 because a plant closed.

Consumption
Solid biofuels consumption in commercial/public services is included inresidential until 2011.
The consumption of solid biofuels in the paper, pulp and printing industry is notavailable from 2003 to 2012.

Electricity and heat
SupplyIn the 2020 edition, revisions for 1998 – 2017 of the indigenous production of solar
thermal are the result of a revision of the latest data on solar thermal efficiency.
For 2016, gross electricity generation from combustible fuels in main activity
electricity and autoproducer CHP units was estimated by the IEA Secretariat,
based upon the gross to net ratio for combustible fuels for these plant types in2015. This increase in production was assigned to lignite-fired and natural gasfired plant.

Transformation
Prior to 2020, use of gas/diesel oil to support operations (rather than generate
power) at lignite-fired Main CHP plant operations was reported as atransformation input.
Data on heat outputs from natural gas--fired Autoproducer CHP plants areavailable from 2020.
In 2008 a new plant using refinery gas started operating in an experimental
phase, causing a low efficiency.
Production and consumption of distributed heat (heat sold) that is produced fromlignite is available from 1997.
Data for biofuels and waste input and output to transformation are available fromPAGE | 153

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1992.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
In 2018, breaks in consumption occur across several sectors due to improved
disaggregation. This allowed consumption previously reported under industry(non-specified) to be reported in the appropriate subsectors.
In 2018, the increase in efficiency at industrial waste-fired autoproducer CHP
plants was due to increased generation of unsold heat.
Prior to 2018, electricity consumption in the fishing sector was included inagriculture and forestry, and/or industry – non-specified.
Transmission and distribution losses of electricity increased from 2013 onwards
due to growth in non-technical losses. Reported losses for 2017 deviate from thistrend, showing a noticeable decline compared with adjacent year however, datafor 2017 are under review.
Electricity consumption in road is available from 2013. This refers to consumption
by public transport vehicles (e.g. trolley buses). Electricity consumption by private
electric vehicles is insignificant and not included.
A break in time series exists between 1991 and 1992 for electricity consumption
in transport.
Direct use of geothermal heat in residential is available starting in 2004.
Electricity consumption in iron and steel and in the non-ferrous metals industry

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prior to 1971 has been estimated by the Secretariat.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Hungary
SourceHungarian Energy and Public Utility Regulatory Authority, Budapest.

General notes
Data are available starting in 1965.
The Hungarian administration submitted questionnaires to the IEA Secretariat for
the first time with 1993 data.

Coal
General notes
The main iron and steel company in Hungary has decreased its operations in
2022, leading to a drop in coking coal and coke oven coke use in transformationand in coke oven gas and blast furnace gas production and consumption.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat has further aligned the reporting of calorificvalues to the figures provided by the Hungarian administration. This led torevisions in energy terms of main activity producer electricity and CHP plants forlignite and of BKB imports and industry consumption from 2017 to 2020.
In the 2020 edition, revisions back to 2014 were done for blast furnace gas toreport separately the energy consumption for the support of blast furnaces.
Previously, this consumption was reported as final consumption in the industry
iron & steel.
From 1992, the production of sub-bituminous coal has been included with lignite
due to the low quality of the coal. From 1990 to 1999, the use of this domestic coalin main activity producer electricity and CHP plants has also been reclassified tolignite. Since 2017, imports, transformation and consumption of sub-bituminous
coal was reclassified as lignite by the Hungarian administration to align withforeign trade statistics.

Transformation
Some CHP units consuming blast furnace gas and coke oven gas were under

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maintenance in 2018.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2017, a main activity CHP plant using other bituminous coal was merged withan industrial unit of the pulp, paper and print sector and was since reclassified as
an autoproducer.
Autoproducer heat and power plants using coke oven gas and blast furnace gas
were reclassified in 1998 as main activity power plants.

Consumption
In the 2022 edition, revisions back to 2017 were made for the non-metallic
minerals industry, by reallocating some quantities previously reported as lignite
to BKB.
The cement industry in Hungary is progressively replacing the consumption of coalby waste. This situation is translated to a decreasing trend in consumption of otherbituminous coal in the non-metallic minerals industry.
The consumption of coal tar in the category Non-Energy Use (petrochemical
sector) increases in the year 2019. In previous years, CO2 quotes prevented
companies of this sector from using more coal tar, but in 2019 they installed new
CO2 filters, that enabled them to use more coal tar keeping CO2 emission on thesame level.

Oil
General notes
From 2010, from other sources - natural gas of other hydrocarbons correspondto hydrogen used in refineries for hydrodesulphurization, also represented as theoutput of non-specified transformation in the balances format.
Starting from 1998, data for additives and aviation gasoline are available.
In the 2022 edition, other oil products include ethylene, toluene, sulphur and
FCC residue from 2012 onwards.
From 1994 onwards, other products include aromatics and other products thatwere previously included mainly under white spirit. Prior to 1993, white spirit isincluded in motor gasoline. Data for refinery gas, paraffin waxes and lubricants

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are partly estimated by the Secretariat.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyIn 2020, changes in the national legislation mandated an increase in the minimum
blending of biofuels.

Consumption
In the 2016 and 2017 editions, revisions to consumption data back to 2010 were
provided by the Hungarian administration following a survey introduced in 2014.
This results in breaks in time series between 2009 and 2010.

Natural gas
General notes
Since 2022, one CHP plant has been reclassified to an autoproducer electricity
plant.
Between 2012 and 2013 there are some breaks in time series for the energy,transport and industry sectors consumption due to a new methodology. Historicalrevisions are pending.
Between 1996 and 1997 some breaks in time series exist due to a new
methodology applied by the Hungarian administration.

SupplyIn 2022, the value reported for stock change (cushion gas) in TJ is due to atechnical reclassification.
Between 2015 and 2016 there is a break in the time series for Imports and Exports
due to a new methodology which eliminates the reporting of transit trade.

Transformation
Since 2010, data reported for non-specified transformation represent natural gas
used for hydrogen manufacture used in refineries for hydrodesulphurization. Prior
to this year, these quantities are reported under oil refineries.
Since 1997 two autoproducer heat plants have been reclassified to main activity

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producer heat plants.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
Beginning in 2016, electricity consumption under the non-specified other sector
includes military usage, following recent clearance to disseminate these data.
Prior to 2004 iron and steel consumption includes transformation of natural gas inblast furnaces (transformation).

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Data for biogases are available from 2000; for industrial waste from 2003; forbiodiesel production from 2007.

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, the Hungarian administration informed us that the decrease inproduction of primary solid biofuels for 2023p is caused by a significant drop inelectricity generation from biomass as well as demand for heating.
In the 2024 edition, the Foreign Trade Statistics improved the data coverage ofprimary solid biofuels imports and exports. That led to increased trade volumes
for 2022.
A 2012 change in biogasoline reporting methodology results in break in timeseries between 2011 and 2012.

Consumption
In 2019, increased consumption in the non-metallic minerals sector for solid
biofuels and municipal wastes is related to fuel switching from coal.
In the 2018 edition, the Hungarian administration has revised solid biofuelsconsumption in other sectors back to 2005 based on the new survey from
Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO). This resulted in break in time series
between 2004 and 2005.
A new reporting methodology for the direct use of geothermal energy was applied

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from 2014 resulting in break in time series between 2013 and 2014.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Electricity and heat
SupplyFor 2017 onwards, inputs and outputs from power plants are reported at a unit
level, while for prior years, data are reported at a plant level. As a result, breaks
in series are observed between 2016 and 2017. In particular, for electricity output
from main activity producer CHP and main activity producer nuclear power plants,
and for heat output from industrial waste at autoproducer CHP and autoproducer
heat plants.
In 2017, a main activity producer CHP plant was reclassified as an autoproducer.
As a result, declines are observed in heat production from other bituminous coaland industrial waste, as heat reported as previously sold may now be considered
as used onsite.
Other sources electricity and heat production is available from 2013 andrepresents generation from residual tail gases from the manufacturing of soot aswell as from hydrogen.
Geothermal heat production from main activity producer heat plants is available
from 1995.
Nuclear electricity production in main activity producer electricity plants isavailable from 1983.

Transformation
In 2022, the decrease in electricity output from geothermal was due to the plant
not being in operation for several months.
In 2020, the efficiency of blast furnace gas- and coke oven gas-fired main heatplants was revised downwards back to 2017 to better reflect trade of coal gases
and hot air between adjacent facilities.
In 2019, some breaks in series occur for plants fired by biogas and solid biofuels
due to changes in plant classifications, and CHP methodologies.
In late 2017, a new geothermal power plant began operations.
For 2017, the decline in heat production from industrial waste is partly due to thereclassification of a main activity producer as an autoproducer.
Heat and electricity consumption by military services is reported under Other

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sectors - non-specified for the first time in 2015. The change is due to the recentWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

authorization to disseminate these data. Previously they were included under
Commercial and public services.
From 2014 data onwards, more data suppliers were involved in submitting energy
data to the national administration, causing new autoproducer time series toappear for geothermal and industrial waste plants.
In 2014 data, some CHP plants running on solid biofuels produced only heat andwere reclassified to heat plants.
The Hungarian administration reclassified some of their plants between 1996 and2000, which may lead to breaks in the time series.
Prior to 2000, electricity output from sub-bituminous coal is included with lignite.
Data on electricity and heat production from solid biofuels in autoproducer CHP
plants are available from 1995.
Autoproducer electricity, CHP, and heat plants using coke oven gas and blast
furnace gas were reclassified as main activity power plants in 1998.

Consumption
For 2020 onwards, electricity consumption in Road also includes plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles (PHEV).
Data for direct use of solar thermal heat are available from 2001 and from 1990

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for geothermal heat.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Iceland
SourceNational Energy Authority, Reykjavik.

General notes
Prior to 1970, final consumption includes inputs and outputs to heat production.
The industrial classifications used by the Icelandic administration were changed
in 1987.
Data for 2023p is estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

Coal
General notes
Data on stock changes of anthracite and coke oven coke are not available. The
statistical difference could include that flow.
For anthracite and coke oven coke, preliminary 2023 data on imports and inland
consumption are estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on trade data ofinternational sources.
The industrial classifications used by the Icelandic administration were changed
in 1987.
Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous coal.
Prior to 1970, final consumption includes inputs and outputs to heat production.

Consumption
Anthracite is used as a carbon donor in silicon metal and ferrosilicon production
plants. In the 2021 edition, the quantities involved in these processes werereallocated

from

TFC/Iron

&

Steel

to

Non-Energy

Use

Industry/Transformation/Energy for the period 2016-2018.
Coke oven coke is used as carbon donor for ferrosilicon production. In the 2021
edition, the quantities involved in this process were reallocated from TFC/Iron &Steel to Non-Energy Use Industry/Transformation/Energy for the period 2016-

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2018.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Final consumption increased in 2000 as a new iron and steel plant came on-line.

Oil
General notes
In the 2023 edition, the Icelandic administration provided data for petroleum coke
imports and non-energy use in non-ferrous metals from 1990 to 2009.
In the 2024 edition, stock breaks appear for the following products in the following
years: LPG (between 2019 and 2020), gas/diesel oil (between 2018 and 2019)and fuel oil (between 2016 and 2017). Revisions are expected next cycle.
In the 2022 edition, some supply flows from 2015 to 2019 are estimated by the
IEA Secretariat, in particular stock changes and imports.
Between 2015 and 2016, there are breaks for several products due to a change
in the methodology by the Icelandic administration.
In 2014, the Icelandic administration revised petroleum coke data from 1990 to
exclude imports of anodes for the aluminium industry.
Oil supply and consumption data for 2008 and 2009 are estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.

Consumption
The use of fuel oil in Iceland territorial waters was banned in 2020 unlessscrubbers are used. This explains the decrease in fuel oil consumption for energyuse in the fishing industry.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2023 edition, municipal waste was significantly revised from 1993 to 2013
according to new data coming from the Environment Agency of Iceland.
2021 biodiesel data are zero since the product was imported blended with fossil
fuels products.

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2023p data for biogas have been set equal to 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2020 edition, the time series for solid biofuels was revised.
2013 is the first year of data availability for the supply and consumption of solid
biofuels.

Consumption
Biodiesel consumption data for 2014 are estimated by the Icelandic
administration based on 2013.
Biogases used for transport purposes were reported for the first time in 2007.

Electricity and heat
General notes
Some data for 2023p are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
For the 2022 and 2021 editions, the Icelandic Admistration revised data back to2007 due to improved methodologies.

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, net electricity production from combustible fuels was estimatedusing historical values of own use.
In the 2022 and 2023 edition, geothermal data related to the demand side of thecommodity balance were revised starting from 2007. Therefore, data breaks might
appear between 2006 and 2007.
The rise in heat supply in 2018 is due to an increase in the number of residential
and commercial connections to new and existing district heating networks.
The increase in hydro and geothermal electricity production from 2007 is due tothe expansion of the aluminium industry.
The increase in geothermal electricity production in 2018 is due to a new 90MW
power plant, half of which came online in 2017, and half in 2018.
From 2016 onwards, the decline in electricity production from wind is due to a

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combination of lower wind speeds and lower installed capacity.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In the 2024 edition, input of diesel (kt) in main activity heat producers wasestimated using a default net calorific value.
From 2017 onwards, due to data quality issues, the reported efficiency of electricboilers exceeds 100%. Revisions are pending.
For 2016, access to improved data revealed considerably better heat plant
efficiencies than previously inferred, with increases in heat production seen during
this period.
From 2013 data, the Hellisheidi geothermal power plant, previously reported
under main activity electricity plant, was categorised as main activity CHP plant.
Heat production from municipal waste is available from 1993 and stops in 2010.
In 1998, 60 MW of generating capacity was installed in the geothermal CHP plant
at Nesjavellir. Since the plant was inoperable for four months, production ofgeothermal heat decreased compared to 1997. The extra electricity capacity
caused electricity production from geothermal to almost double over the same
period.
Electricity production from geothermal sources in main activity producer CHP
plants is available from 1992.

Consumption
The increase in electricity consumption in the non-metallic minerals sector from2017 onwards is due to the opening of a silicon production facility, PCC Bakki.
The significant increase in electricity consumption in the commercial and public
services sector from 2015 onwards is due to the growth of cryptocurrency mining.
In the 2015 edition, the heat consumption breakdown by sector for the years 1990
onwards has become available following reviews by the Icelandic administration. In
addition, heat consumption was revised significantly upwards as more information
became available. This has caused large breaks in time series across the heatbalance between 1989 and 1990.
Direct use of geothermal in the industrial sector is reported under non-specified
industry, as the Icelandic administration decided not to estimate the allocation

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amongst the sub-sectors of industry.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Revisions in direct use of geothermal heat starting in 2013 create breaks in timeseries between 2012 and 2013.
Electricity consumption in non-specified transport includes consumption for
ferries and cruise lines.
Non-specified consumption of electricity within the energy sector refers mainly tothe use of electricity by the geothermal industry to pump hot water fromunderground sources, and from 1991, also includes electricity used for thetransport by pipeline of hot water from Nesjavellir to Reykjavik.
The increase of electricity consumption in the construction sector from 2004 to2007 is due to the drilling of tunnels for the Kárahnjúkar power plant.
The consumption of electricity reported in non-specified other corresponds to a
NATO base at Keflavik airport which closed in 2005.
Prior to 1990, all heat for space heating was reported in residential.
The residential sector includes agriculture prior to 1983.
Prior to 1970, total final consumption includes inputs to and outputs from heatproduction and non-energy use. After 1970, data on inputs and outputs in CHP
plants and in main activity producer heat plants (district heat plants) and for non-

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energy use are separately specified.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Ireland
Sources
Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, Dublin.
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, Cork.

Coal
General notes
In the 2023 edition, other bituminous coal demand statistics were revised from1990 to 2020 as a result of the business Energy Use Survey run by the Central
Statistics Office (CSO). Furthermore, also the calorific values and energy inputs
of other bituminous coal imports and input to main activity producer electricity
plants were revised from 2013 onwards due to a review of the data under the
Emission Trading Scheme.
In the 2023, SEAI revised of anthracite and BKB imports, stock change (only foranthracite) and residential consumption due to new available information.
In the 2022 edition, the Irish administration modified the methodology to estimate
supply of solid fuels. Consequently, revisions were made back to 2011 foranthracite, other bituminous coal and BKB.
In the 2021 edition, SEAI revised their methodology for anthracite imports. The
figures for the years 2012 to 2018 were revised up and are now aligned with thosefrom the Central Statistics Office of Ireland. The difference with the old values was
assigned to the residential sector.
In the 2021 edition, SEAI revised other bituminous coal consumption by sector
for the period 2005-2011. The same methodology that was used from 2012 wasapplied to the period 2005-2011 to align the time series.
Due to confidentiality reasons, patent fuel quantities are reported aggregated toanthracite figures.
Due to confidentiality reasons, inputs of anthracite, other bituminous coal andpeat briquettes for patent fuel transformation are reported with residential
consumption.
Prior to 1990, any imports of BKB were included with imports of peat products,

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as is the case for consumption.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The calorific value for peat production is weighted according to the origin: sod peat
and milled peat. Sod peat has a higher calorific value than milled peat. In 2019,
the production of milled peat decreased while sod peat stayed stable; this resulted
in an overall higher weighted value.

SupplyIreland stopped harvesting lower value milled peat in 2020 and will phase out
production of peat briquettes by 2024.
Due to confidentiality reasons, anthracite imports include patent fuel imports.
Rainfall in 2012 led to the lowest peat harvest since IEA records began in 1960,
requiring large stock drawdown and increased use of biofuels for electricity
generation. In 2013, production targets were met before the end of the year
however production continued in order to further build stocks to alleviate thepotential impacts of future weather events.
Low production of peat in 1985 was due to a poor “harvest”, due to an unusually
wet summer.
Production data for peat products (briquettes) are available from 1975.

Transformation
From 2018 the consumption of other bituminous coal decreases significantly asa result of the decline in coal-fired power generation. Imports of this productdecrease accordingly.
A reclassification caused a break in the time series for peat consumption in theenergy industry own use in BKB/peat product plants from 1989 to 1990.
The production of gas works gas ceased in 1987 due to fuel switching to natural
gas.
Other bituminous coal inputs to main activity producer electricity plants
increased from 1986 due to three new generating units at Moneypoint coming online.

Consumption
Disaggregated final consumption for 2022 has been estimated by the IEAPAGE | 167

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Secretariat based on the final consumption share by sector in 2021.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The decrease in residential consumption of anthracite in 2019 is consequence of
warmer weather, among other reasons.
The consumption of other bituminous coal and peat in the food, tobacco andbeverages industry stopped in 2019.

Oil
General notes
Ireland started the production of co-processed biodiesel in 2021 which will result
in refinery intake of biofuels. In the 2024 edition this is reflected for 2023p data inthe data and revisions are expected next cycle.
In the 2018 edition the Irish administration revised the methodology for reporting
final consumption of oil products. This leads to some breaks in series between
2015 and 2016.
From other sources - natural gas of other hydrocarbons correspond to natural
gas blended with refinery gas.
For confidentiality reasons, inputs of petroleum coke into patent fueltransformation are reported with residential consumption.

SupplyIn the 2020 edition, the Irish administration revised gas/diesel oil and fuel oil
consumption in international marine bunkers from 2006 onwards.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the Irish administration reviewed its methodology forgas/diesel oil which leads to an important increase for agriculture/forestry in
2022. Revisions are expected next cycle as quantities will be reallocated to theresidential sector.
In the 2021 edition, oil consumption data were revised back to 1990 by the Irish
administration to incorporate the results of the Business Energy Use Survey(BEUS), which provided a level of detail not previously available.
In 2014, the drop of fuel oil consumption in non-metallic minerals sector is linked
with the replacement of HFO boilers by natural gas boilers as the primary source

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of steam for alumina production.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2013 and 2014, bitumen consumption data are not available and calculated as
residual.
Between 2008 and 2009, there is a break in time series for gas/diesel oil, LPG,
kerosene-type jet fuel and petroleum coke due to a new methodology being
applied to sectoral demand by Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI). This change also
explains breaks between 2006 and 2007 for bitumen, lubricants, white spirit,and paraffin waxes.
Between 1989 and 1990, breaks in time series appear for consumption ofgas/diesel oil, LPG, other kerosene and fuel oil as a result of a detailed
consumption survey done for 1993. Data for historical years back to 1990 wererevised by the national administration based on the results of this survey.
From 1986, gas/diesel oil consumption in the agricultural sector is available.
From 1970 to 1977, the split between commercial and public services andagricultural use of other kerosene has been estimated by the Secretariat.
Consumption in commercial/public services includes quantities used by stateowned agricultural companies.

Natural gas
General notes
Since April 2017 there is no gas storage facility in Ireland.

SupplyNatural gas production has been increasing since 2015, as the Corrib Gas field
began production at the end of that year. Production from the field peaked in 2017and is expected to decline through the 2020s.
Since 1996, the increase in imports is due to the depletion of the Kinsale gas field
and the availability of a new pipeline system to the United Kingdom.

Transformation
Since 2006, a different methodology for allocating unsold steam from
autoproducer CHP is used.
Non specified transformation corresponds to natural gas blended with refinery

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gas.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
In the 2020 edition, the results of the Business Energy Use Survey (BEUS) from2009 to 2017, published by the Central Statistics Office, were used as a new basis
for the breakdown of energy use in the consumption sector. Additionally, data wasrevised for the 2001 to 2009 period in order to avoid a timeseries break.
In the 2019 edition, the Irish administration revised the distribution losses basedon new data coming from the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), which had aknock-on effect in the final consumption data, primarily for the industry sector.
In 2011 the increase in non-ferrous metals consumption is due to a fuel switch tonatural gas.
Since 2009, the disaggregation of consumption into all the industry sub sectors
excluding non-ferrous metals is done according to data from the Census ofIndustrial Production (CIP). The last energy consumption data available from the
CIP are from 2009 and therefore the 2009-2015 subsector breakdown is the same
every year.
In 2007 the increase in machinery consumption is due to changes in industry subsector structure and fuel usage.
In 2004, there is a break in the time series in food, beverages and tobacco
consumption due to a change in methodology.
In 2003, feedstock use in the chemical and petrochemical industry stopped due tothe shutdown of a fertiliser plant.
In 2001, natural gas consumption in the iron and steel industry stopped due tothe shutdown of Ireland’s main steel plant.
Prior to 1986, detailed consumption figures for the use of natural gas in industry
and other sectors are not available.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Data for municipal waste are available from 2009.

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Data for solid biofuels and biogases are available from 1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyIn 2022 edition, biogasoline production figures were revised. The production
started in 2017.
In 2020, a new biodiesel plant began to produce.
Due to increased demand from a second waste to energy electricity plant whichbegan operation in 2017, production of municipal waste increased sharply
starting in late 2017.
Prior to 2011, production and trade of biogasoline and biodiesels cannot be
distinguished due to confidentiality issues.

Transformation
In 2022 edition, 2019 solar PV generation figures were significantly revised.
In 2020, biogas started to be blended with natural gas in the main network.
Starting in 2016, the increase of electricity production of solid biofuels is a resultof a decarbonisation programme and comes from a plant which is co-firing peatand biomass.
In 2012 and 2013, the renewable fraction of tyre-derived fuel (12%) used by acement plant was reported by the administration under renewable municipal
waste; the non-renewable fraction (88%) was reported under industrial waste.

Consumption
In the 2021 edition, there were revisions to the residential sector for solid biofuels(excluding charcoal).
In the 2020 edition, Ireland started reporting Pipeline transport based on the
Emissions Trading Scheme data, available since 2005. The increase in 2016 isdue to the coming on stream of the Corrib gas field.
The Biofuels Obligation Scheme places an obligation on suppliers of mineral oil toensure that 8.695% (by volume) of the gas/diesel oil they place on the market in
Ireland is produced from renewable sources, e.g. bioethanol and biodiesel. The
obligation was increased from the 1st January, 2017, from the previous level of

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6.383%.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Despite the Biofuels Obligation Scheme, bioethanol consumption decreased in2017 because there was a reduction in overall motor gasoline use and of fueltourism.
Increases in biodiesel consumption in 2017 are related to the Biofuels Obligation
Scheme and to increases in road freight, which is heavily dependent on diesel oil.
The consumption of pure biodiesel in the industry sector and in road transportrefers to one site, which is no longer in operation since 2014.

Electricity and heat
SupplyIn the 2019 edition, revisions were made by the Irish administration for theindigenous production of solar thermal for the years 2011 – 2016.
Electricity production from wind begins in 1992 and from biogases in 1996. For
wind, data for autoproducers are included in main activity producers prior to 2002
for confidentiality reasons.

Transformation
In 2018 and 2019, electricity output from other bituminous coal declined due toa shutdown at Moneypoint power station.
In 2017, a new municipal waste-fired main activity producer electricity plant(Dublin waste-to-energy) began operations.
In the 2016 edition, revisions were introduced in the electricity generation by fuelfrom 2010 due to improved data available from the transmission system operator.
In 2015, a new combined cycle gas turbine plant began commercial operations at
Great Island power station, replacing the existing heavy fuel oil power plant.
In 2012, a new municipal waste-fired main activity producer electricity plant(Meath waste-to-energy) began operations.
In 2011, very little electricity was produced from pumped hydro following
Turlough Hill, Ireland’s pumped storage station, being taken offline in late 2010 up
until February 2012. The 2011 values appear as zero due to rounding.
From 1984 to 1989, inputs of hard coal in autoproducer CHP plants have been

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estimated by the Secretariat.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
Not elsewhere specified in industry refers to Other Manufacturing (NACE 31-33,
12 & 15) and Rubber and Plastic Products (NACE 22)
In the 2024 edition, electricity consumption data were revised back to 1990 thanks
to the Central Statistics Office of Ireland gaining access to the metered electricity
data, which allowed them to reweight a number of categories.
In the 2021 edition, electricity consumption data were revised back to 1990 toincorporate the results of the Business Energy Use Survey (BEUS), which
provided a level of detail not previously available.
In 2004, the increase of electricity consumption is due to the new light rail transit
system in Dublin.
The decrease of electricity consumption in the iron and steel sector from 2001
onwards is due to Ireland’s main steel plant ceasing production.
Prior to 1990, electricity consumption in agriculture/forestry is included withresidential.
Electricity consumption in the iron and steel industry includes consumption in the
non-ferrous metals industry prior to 1990.
Data for direct use of geothermal heat and solar thermal heat are available fromPAGE | 173

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1989 and 1990, respectively.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

IsraelSourceIsrael Central Bureau of Statistics, Jerusalem.

General notes
Data are available starting in 1971.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of therelevant Israeli administration. The use of such data by the OECD and/or the IEA
is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli
settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Due to the unavailability of data for certain fuels, IEA estimations are also present
in Israel data. In particular this is valid for oil data in 2014 and 2015, natural gas
data from 2012 onwards, renewables and waste data in 2013.

Coal
Transformation
For preliminary 2023 data, use of other bituminous coal in the transformation
sector and oil shale and oil sands supply and demand has been estimated by
the IEA Secretariat.
In 2018 (data year) the methodology for calculating consumption in thetransformation sector (electricity and heat producers) was modified. This createsa break in the time series between 2017 and 2018.

Oil
General notes
Supply data for 2013 to 2020 have been provided by the Israel Central Bureau of
Statistics. Demand data for 2013 to 2020 was revised and estimated based on
Israel’s national energy balance and the partial data made available by the Israel
Central Bureau of Statistics. As a result, breaks in time series may appear

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between 2012 and 2013.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Israel’s national energy balance aggregates bitumen, petroleum coke and otheroil products. The split of these products was estimated by the IEA secretariat for
all flows.
The split of refinery output and consumption between kerosene type jet fuel andother kerosene was also estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Supply and consumption of kerosene type jet fuel for 2011 and 2012 have been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
From 2007 to 2009, oil data are estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on
information from the Ministry of National Infrastructures.

SupplyIn 2018 the CDU 3 unit and hydrocracker facility at Bazan refinery was under
maintenance. In 2017 the catalytic reformer unit underwent maintenance.
Quantities of other hydrocarbons represent natural gas used in refineries,
including for the operation of the cogeneration power stations.
From 2010 onwards, white spirit is included in other products.

Transformation
In 2017 Bazan refinery underwent maintenance to upgrade its continuous catalytic
reformer, isomerization units and the naphtha catalytic hydrotreating unit.

Consumption
From 2015, energy use of gas/diesel oil and other kerosene in Not elsewhere
specified (Other sectors) are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
From 2013, consumption data are based on a new and detailed classification
system and on estimations made by the Israeli administration.

Natural gas
General notes
Since 2012, all natural gas data, except inputs to electricity production and oil
refineries, have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
The 2021 edition includes 2019 data and revisions in consumption based on the

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Energy Balances published by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). As aWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

result, breaks in time series appear between 2012 and 2013. More specifically,
this revision impacted oil refineries, the industry sector and other sectors. Finally,
all industry is categorised as non-specified industry and all other sectors as nonspecified other, because no disaggregation is available.

SupplyImports of natural gas began in 2008.

Transformation
In the 2017 edition, the Israeli administration revised transformation sector databack to 2013, introducing breaks in the series between 2012 and 2013.
In the 2019 edition, the not elsewhere specified (transformation) since 2013 refers
to quantities of natural gas used for the generation of hydrogen, which issubsequently used for hydrodesulphurization in oil refineries. In the previous
editions, these figures were reported as energy consumption of gas in oil
refineries.
In the 2019 edition the 2016 and 2017 data for inputs to electricity production were
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Data for 2023p are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Data on imports and consumption of charcoal are estimated since 1992 using datafrom the Forestry Production and Trade database from the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations.

Electricity and heat
General notes
Data for 2023p are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

SupplyPAGE | 176

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Electricity production from wind begins in 2001.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Autoproducer electricity generation from chemical heat (production of sulphuricacid) occurs, but is not reported separately or included elsewhere in national
totals, prior to 2017.
For 2020, transmission and distribution losses for electricity include losses
incurred during the operation of pumped hydro facilities.

Transformation
For the 2018 reporting cycle, Israel revised their methodology to better reflect
actual plant classifications. As a result, breaks in series occur between 2017 and2018 for output from all plant types.
Prior to 2018, inputs to autoproducer CHP plants (then reported under auto
electricity plants) included inputs used to generate unsold heat. As a result, there
is an apparent increase in efficiency for some fuels between 2017 and 2018.
For 2017 data and onwards, due to confidentiality concerns, electricity production
reported under auto producer wind includes generation from main activity wind,
total hydro, and autoproducer biogases. Similarly, for 2016 data, reported auto
producer solar PV generation includes total generation from hydro and wind.
For 2013 and 2014, other oil products inputs to autoproducer electricity plants
were estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Data on heat production from main CHP plants are not available.

Consumption
For 2022, Electricity transmission and distribution losses were estimated by the
IEA Secretariat.
Solar thermal indigenous production and direct consumption have been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat from 2012 to 2017, using data published in the
IEA-Solar Heating and Cooling Programme Annual Report. These estimations
may create breaks in time series between 2011 and 2012 as well as 2017 and2018.
For 2013 onwards, for reasons of confidentiality, electricity consumption in nonferrous metals is included under mining and quarrying, and consumption inchemical (including petrochemical) and construction is included under not

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elsewhere specified (industry).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For 2013, and 2015 onwards, the split of electricity consumption in industry has
been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. In addition, electricity consumption inagriculture and forestry for 2015 onwards has also been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.
Electricity own use, as well as transmission and distribution losses were

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estimated by the IEA Secretariat from 2010 to 2012.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Italy
Sources
Ministry of Economic Development, Rome.
Terna, Rome.

General note
A change in methodology lead to breaks in time series for industry andtransformation between 2003 and 2004.

Coal
General notes
The increase in production of coke oven gas in 2012 was the consequence ofimprovements in scope of reporting. As such, coke oven gas data in prior years
should be viewed as under-representing production and consumption, and cokeoven efficiencies will likewise appear lower than actual.
Due to a change in the survey system, breaks in time series may occur between
1997 and 1998 for final consumption.
From 1986 onwards, figures from lignite are given using the same methodology
as in the Bilancio Energetico Nazionale.

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, preliminary blast furnace and other recovered gas
production for 2023 has been estimated by the IEA Secretariat due to low reported
blast furnace efficiency.
In the 2018 edition, production of coke oven coke, coke oven gas, coal tar andother recovered gases was revised back to 2014 due to new available
information. The revisions increased efficiencies of coke ovens and blast furnaces
and led to breaks between 2013 and 2014.
Other bituminous coal production ceased in 2016 due to the closure of the one

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coal mine in 2015.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
Breaks in the time series between 2014 and 2015 for coke oven gas, blast
furnace gas and other recovered gases are due to a reclassification of main
activity producers and autoproducers.
Prior to 2009, sub-bituminous coal used in main activity electricity plants was
included with other bituminous coal consumption.
For data since 2001, calorific values for imports of other bituminous coal and subbituminous coal are derived from inputs to main activity electricity generation.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, final consumption of anthracite is reported for 2021 for the
first time due to improvements in the collection of data by the Italian administration.
In 1991, all industrial activities were reclassified on the basis of ISTAT/NACE 91.
This has implied some transfers of activities which may result in some anomalies
between 1991 and earlier years.

Oil
General notes
For crude oil, statistical difference may arise as trade corresponding to stock held
for Austria and Germany in the Port of Trieste are not included.
Inputs to electricity and heat generation have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat for the years 1984 to 1997 based on submissions of the Electricity andheat Questionnaire. All other data for the years 1992 to 1997 and the detailed
consumption breakdown for other years have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat based on Bilancio Energetico Nazionale.

SupplyDue to an improvement of reporting by the Italian administration, indigenous
production of NGL is reported separately from crude oil starting in 2020.
Indigenous production of other hydrocarbons in 2020 is from the Gorgoglione

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field in Basilicata.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, due to a new calculation methodology adopted by the Italianadministration, product transfers appear for the first time in 2019 for motor
gasoline, kerosene type jet fuel, gas/diesel oil and fuel oil.
In 2016 and 2017, the closure of the Val d’Agri oil centre lasting several months
led to a decrease in production of crude oil.
From 2009 onwards, transfers of lubricants could not be disaggregated fromrefinery output data.
From 2004 onwards, increased production of non-specified oil products is due
to methodological changes.
A new survey to determine the split between international marine bunkers anddomestic navigation caused a break in time series for gas/diesel oil in 1999 andfuel oil in 1996.

Consumption
Due to new information collected by the Italian administration, breaks appear
between 2021 and 2022 for sectoral demand data of refinery gas.
For gas/diesel oil, non-specified use is included in commercial/public services.
Between 1998 and 1999, due to new surveys, breaks appear in the consumption
time series.

Natural gas
SupplyIn 2021, Exports increased substantially due to the TAP pipeline beginning
operations.

Transformation
Prior to 2008, inputs of natural gas to all heat production in industry were reported
in final consumption.
Between 2003 and 2004 there are breaks in time series in industry andtransformation due to a new data reporting methodology
From 2000 to 2002, for confidentiality reasons, autoproducers are included in main

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activity producer plants.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 1996 the production of gas works gas from natural gas in gas works(transformation) ceased.

Consumption
Between 2020 and 2021 there is a break in the time series across total final
consumption due to a change in methodology to improve data quality and aligndata between natural gas TSOs and operators collecting data in the distribution
network.
In the 2021 Edition, following a new source of data and a change of methodology,
the flows oil and gas extraction and gas inputs to oil refineries were revised from2011 onwards.
Since 2007, a more detailed breakdown of consumption for energy industry own
use is available.

Biofuels and waste
SupplyBiogasoline includes bio-ETBE.
From 2014, a distinction between trade and production became available for otherliquid biofuels.

Transformation
The revisions to the transformation sector for many fuels for 2021 and the breakin the time series with 2020 are due to the change in methodology for reporting
main activity producers and autoproducers consumption described in theelectricity section.
In 2018, a new biomethane plant was installed leading to increases in biogas
blending with natural gas.
2017 is the first year that biogas is blended with natural gas.
In 2008, data for biofuels and waste were reclassified, which results in several

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breaks in the time series for transformation.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the drop in residential consumption of primary solid biofuels
for 2022 reflects the results of a new survey on energy consumption inhouseholds.
In the 2024 edition, the new reporting of primary solid biofuels in not elsewhere
specified in the energy sector for 2021 and 2022 refers to NACE codes
35.1/35.11/35.30.From the 2018 data onwards, the increase in biodiesel demandis related to blending obligations.
The final consumption of biogas has been constant from 2013 to 2015, as thesefigures are the result of a survey which is not carried out annually. Figures are
expected to be revised after the next survey.
In the 2016 edition, the methodology used to calculate solid biofuelsconsumption in the residential sector for 2002 to 2014 was updated and thiscreated a break in time series between 2001 and 2002. This also affects theindigenous production of solid biofuels. The revisions were limited backwards to2002 because of reliability issues.

Electricity and heat
General notes
As of 2021, an alignment with international energy statistics standards in thedefinition of main activity producer and autoproducer caused a shift of production
from main activity producer to autoproducer and vice versa. This leads to breaks
in time series.
Prior to 2021, heat produced by Autoproducer includes all heat produced andauto consumed. As of 2021, heat sold only by Autoproducers is reported. Breaks
may occur in time series.

SupplyPrior to 2021, electricity generated by autoproducers using solar PV is included
under main activity producers.
Prior to 2021, data on transmission and distribution losses of heat consisted ofheat units only. As of 2021, also transmission and distribution losses from CHP

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units are included. This leads to breaks in time series between 2020 and 2021.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For 2020, electricity output from autoproducer wind was reported for the first timein several years due to a reclassification of the producer type.
For 2017, more information became available on fossil fuel use in heat plants
allowing additional inputs to be reported for this category. This causes breaks intime series between 2016 and 2017.
The production of electricity reported in the category other fuel sources refers toelectricity produced from turbines which are located at pressure drops in fluid
transport.
The methodology of data collection for photovoltaic electricity productionchanged in 2009 and the distinction between main activity and autoproducer
plants could not be determined, causing a break in the time series.
Due to the aggregation of rounded values, from 2007-2016, total electricity output
may differ slightly from the sum of the output from the individual fuels.

Transformation
For 2018, the decrease in electricity output from Solar PV was due to lower thansolar radiation.
Prior to 2000, electricity used for pumped storage (mixed plants) is included
under used for pumped storage (pure hydro pumping plants).
In 2016, the decline in autoproducer electricity generation and sold heatproduction by oil refineries is partly due to the activities of these units being split
off and reclassified as main activity enterprises.
The methodology of data collection for the geothermal sector changed in 2010,
causing a break in time series between 2009 and 2010.
Prior to 2009, sub-bituminous coal used in main activity electricity plants was
included under other bituminous coal.
With the introduction of a new survey in 2008, amounts of naphtha and otherkerosene that were previously included in other oil products have been reported
separately in autoproducer CHP plants.
Prior to 2004, electricity production from orimulsion is confidential and isincluded with fuel oil.
Heat production is reported starting in 2004 and includes self-generation in

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industry.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

From 2000 onwards, the Italian administration defines electricity and heatproduction from autoproducers as generation from producers that consume morethan 70% of their own electricity production. However, for the 2000 to 2002 period,
all electricity production from autoproducers is reported with main activity
producers.
The breakdown of renewables and waste inputs into electricity, heat and CHP
plants is available from 1989 only. Prior to that year, the total of the different fuels
involved is reported as non-specified renewables.
Prior to 1984, net electricity production by autoproducers includes production fromcombustible fuel sources only.

Consumption
Prior to 2021, heat consumed by Autoproducer includes heat which is auto
consumed. As of 2021, purchased heat only is reported.
For the 2021 edition, the Italian Administration changed system of reporting used
to categorise consumption based on economic activity (from ATECUE95 to
ATECO2007). As a result, breaks in series occur between 2018 and 2019.
Historical revisions are pending.
Some breaks in-series for heat consumption are observed between 2017 and2018. This is because some large heat producers reported consumption of heatin 2018 in sectors different to those they had reported in previous years.
Non-specified energy industry own use includes electricity consumption for blast
furnaces. From 2000, it also includes consumption for the distribution of gas andprior to 1989 consumption for uranium extraction.
The breakdown of heat consumption by sector is estimated by the Italianadministration.
Revisions of the final consumption of heat by the Italian administration led tobreaks between 2010 and 2011.
From 1981, consumption of electricity in transport includes electricity used for

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pumping in oil pipelines.

World energy balances 2024 EditionJapan
SourceThe Institute of Energy Economics Japan, Tokyo.

General notes
In the 2019 edition, data for Japan were revised back to 1990 based on new
methodology. Additional details are given under each fuel.
From 1990, data are reported on a fiscal year basis (e.g. April 2015 to March 2016
for 2015).
Consumption data for commercial/public services may include consumption insmall and medium-sized industries. The Japanese administration expects that thisshortcoming will be corrected in the near future.

Coal
General notes
Other bituminous coal includes sub-bituminous coal.
The net calorific values for coal and coal products have been recalculated by the
IEA Secretariat based upon gross values submitted by Japan.
In the 2023 edition, the Japanese administration revised several flows foranthracite, other bituminous coal and coke oven coke for 2020 due to new
available information. Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous
coal.

SupplyIn the 2022 edition, revisions were made by the Japanese administration toimports by origin and exports by destination, back to 1990.
In the 2020, revisions were made by the Japanese administration to the importsof other bituminous coal for the years 1991, 2015 and 2017.
Statistical differences for hard coal include stock changes since 2001. Large
positive differences for several years since 2004 are partly due to stock build by

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final consumers.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
Coke oven cokepreliminary use in the transformation sector for 2023 has been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.The inputs of coke oven coke to blast furnaces
as well as the final consumption of coke oven coke in the iron and steel industry
have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat since 1990.
From 1998, inputs of coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and other recovered
gases into autoproducer electricity plants include the amount used to produce
electricity with TRT technology (Top pressure Recovery Turbines) which waspreviously included in industry.
Inputs of manufactured gases (coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and otherrecovered gases) to main activity electricity and heat plants are calculated basedon outputs and using efficiencies of main activity producers from other fuels. For
autoproducers, the specific inputs are known, however the specific electricity
production by each gas is estimated based on a pro-rata of the total electricity
generation from all gas types.
Coal injected in blast furnaces (PCI) is classified as coking coal in order to beconsistent with Japanese trade statistics.
In 2016 the liberation of the power market resulted in electricity autoproducers
becoming main activity producers.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, non-energy use in chemical and petrochemical sector of cokeoven coke was revised from 1994 to 1998 due to new available information.
In the 2020 edition, anthracite consumption in agriculture/forestry has beenrevised.
In the 2020 edition, after investigation by the Japanese administration the coal tar
previously reported under total final consumption in the chemical sector has beenreallocated under the category non-energy use.
In the 2019 edition coal tar consumption in the chemical and petrochemical

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industry was estimated by the IEA since 1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil
General notes
In the 2022 and 2023 editions, data for Japan were revised back to 1990 by theJapanese administration due to revisions in Japan's Energy Balance Table.
In the 2021 edition, the Japanese administration revised several NCVs of bothprimary and secondary oil products back to 1990 as a result of improved
calculation methods. The Japanese administration reviews calorific values every
few years, with the other recent revisions occurring in 2005, 2013 and 2016.

SupplyIn 2018 refinery runs were impacted by heavier than usual maintenance season.
The high statistical difference for crude oil in 2013 and 2014 is explained by large
amount of stocks held on board incoming vessels in port or at mooring in March2014 (end of Japan’s 2013 financial year). These amounts are included in thestock change but not in the imports in 2013 annual data.
Orimulsion was imported for electricity generation between 1991 and 2006.

Transformation
Other hydrocarbons in non-specified transformation represents orimulsion burnt
for power generation. Historical revisions are pending.
In 2016 the liberalisation of the power market resulted in electricity autoproducers
becoming main activity producers.

Consumption
Due to the data being in fiscal years, the impact of COVID-19 is visible in 2019 asoil consumption in some sectors decreased between January and March 2020.
Oil consumption continued to fall in 2018 as more nuclear capacity came backonline.
Demand for heating oil and other kerosene fell driven by a warmer than usual
winter in 2018.
Road consumption, is based on the “Automobile fuel consumption survey” fromPAGE | 188

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the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Lubricants consumption is estimated by the Japanese administration since 2000.

Natural gas
General notes
The 2022 edition contains minor revisions to time series which go back to 1990
for imports and stock levels. These reflect the revisions in the Energy Balance
Table from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, which is the data source.
The 2019 edition contains major revisions to time series which go back to 1990.
These reflect the revisions in the Energy Balance Table from the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry, which is the data source.
Since 1990 most of the gas works gas production and consumption has been
included with natural gas.

SupplyIn the 2019 edition, indigenous production, receipts from other sources, importdata, stock changes and stock levels were revised back to 1990.

Transformation
In the 2019 edition, main activity and autoproducer electricity plants were revisedback to 1990. Similarly, flows of the energy sector were revised back up to 1990.

Consumption
In the 2019 edition, own consumption in electricity, CHP and heat plants was
subject to a major revision since 1990.
In the 2019 edition, all the transport sector, industry sector and other sectors flows
were revised back to 1990.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2024 edition, the Japanese administration revised several supply anddemand flows for industrial waste, municipal waste and primary solid biofuels

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for variable time periods, even starting in 1990, due to new available information.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For the 2024 edition, zero production of biogasoline in 2021 and 2022 wasconfirmed by the Japanese administration.
In the 2019 edition, data for Japan were revised back to 1990 based on new
methodology.
There was a large revision in municipal waste data in the 2016 edition of thispublication. This revision has removed data for municipal waste for the entire
time series up to 2010.
For municipal waste data, the breakdown between renewable and nonrenewable municipal waste is estimated by the IEA Secretariat assuming a 50%
split in transformation and supply.

Transformation
Input data of solid biofuels to charcoal production are estimated by the IEA
Secretariat assuming an efficiency of 40%.
In the 2024 edition, the amount of biogasoline blended with fossil fuels in 2023p
is estimated by the IEA Secretariat to ensure consistency with the data reported
in the Oil questionnaire. Furthermore, in 2023p for the first time the Japaneseadministration reported bioethanol data.
In the 2024 edition, the amount of biogases blended with natural gas in the gas
grid in 2022 is estimated by the Japanese administration as equal to 2021,
because the actual quantity is unknown by the time of the publication. This is likely
to be revised in the next publications.
The industrial waste consumption in the non-specified transformation sector
surged in 2013, because of the increase in use of waste plastics for cokeproduction.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, 2023p final consumption of geothermal energy has been
estimated equal to 2022 by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2020 edition, there are revisions in the consumption of solar thermal in the

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commercial and public services and residential sectors in 1990 - 2004.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Electricity and heat
SupplyIn the 2019 edition, electricity data were revised back to 1990 to include
additional autoproducer production previously excluded.
Due to the liberalisation of the electricity market in April 2016 some generation
previously reported under autoproducer plants is reported as main activity
producer from 2016 onwards. As a result, breaks in series occur between 2015
and 2016. In particular, for solar PV and wind.
In the 2019 edition, the methodology used to estimate heat production from othersources was revised.
Generation of electricity and heat from combustible fuels is calculated byremoving electricity and heat generation from other sources, such as wind, solar
and nuclear, making it a residual item. Splits between combustible fuel types andconsumption flows are also calculated.
Due to the events related to the March 2011 tsunami, the Japanese administration
decided to scale back the level of their nuclear programme. As a consequence,
there was no nuclear electricity generation in 2014. The nuclear electricity
generation started again at a greatly reduced scale in 2015, while significant
increases were observed in 2017 and 2018, with generation resuming at several
facilities (2017: Takahama 3 and 4, Ooi 3, and Genkai 3; 2018: Genkai 4, Ikata 3,
Ooi 4). In 2020, output decreased due to inspections at some plants.
Other sources electricity represents electricity generated with purchased steam.
Other sources heat represents heat derived from waste heat.
Net and gross electricity generation from autoproducers are equal, as no
information is collected concerning autoproducer own use.
Own use at main electricity plants has been constant since 2015, as data are nolonger available following liberalisation.
Data for electric boilers include heat pumps. For this reason, calculated
efficiencies exceed 100% for some years.
Autoproducer solar photovoltaic capacity is derived from data from the Japaneseadministration as well as the IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA-

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PVPS) report, “Trends in Photovoltaic Applications” published in 2019.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Data on electricity production from wind began in 1992.
Heat produced for sale in main activity producer heat plants from waste heat andfrom electric boilers is available from 1977 and 1983, respectively.

Transformation
The Japanese Administrations attributes heat outputs (with the exception of heatfrom electric boilers) to individual fuels based on their share of inputs, assuming
efficiencies are 100% or less. As a result, fuel specific transformation efficiencies
may not reflect actual efficiencies.
Data on heat produced for sale by autoproducer heat plants are not available.
Fuels used and corresponding electricity and heat produced in CHP plants are notincluded in the CHP data time series, but instead are reported as separate
electricity or heat components, leading to some plant efficiency figures not to beaccurately calculated.Inputs of biofuels and waste for electricity production andrelated outputs are available from 1982.
Net electricity production by autoproducers prior to 1982 includes production fromcombustible fuel sources only.
Between 1972 and 1976, the use of combustible fuels in main activity producer
heat plants is included in non-specified.

Consumption
In the 2020 edition, there are revisions in the consumption of solar thermal in thecommercial and public services and residential sectors in 1990 - 2004.
Consumption of electricity in non-specified industry includes wood and wood

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products and construction prior to 1982.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Korea
Sources
Korea Energy Economics Institute, Ulsan.
Korea National Oil Corporation, Ulsan.

General notes
Data are available starting in 1971.
Until the 2023 edition, data for 2002 onwards had been reported on a different
basis, causing breaks in time series between 2001 and 2002, especially for inputs
and outputs to electricity generation and consumption in the iron and steel
industry. For the 2024 edition, the Korean administration has undertaken a major
historical revision, erasing most of these time breaks.
Heat and power plants with secondary oil products may show implausible
transformation efficiencies or encounter missing inputs/outputs. This can be
attributed to different sources when compiling commodity statistics. Oil statistics
are based on standards by the Korea National Oil Corporation whereas electricity
statistics rely on surveys from heat and power plants.

Coal
General notes
Data for coal and coal products from 1971 to 2001 are based on information
provided by the Korean administration, as well as information from the Yearbook
of Energy Statistics 2002, the Yearbook of Coal Statistics 2001 (both from the
Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy), and Statistics of Electric Power in
Korea 2001 (from the Korea Electric Power Corporation). During this period,
import data by coal type were estimated by the IEA Secretariat, based on statisticsof the exporting countries.
Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous coal.

Transformation
From the 2024 edition of the database onwards, the IEA and the Korean

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administration adjusted the quantity of coke oven coke in output of coke ovens inWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

order to keep energy efficiency of coke ovens below 100% in 2015 and in theyears before 2010.
Statistical differences for manufactured gases for 2012 are partly the result ofclassification issues. The Korean administration is working to improve reporting of
coal-derived gases production and consumption.

Consumption
In the anthracite balance, the category Non-specified (Industry) includes
manufacture of cement, lime, plaster and its products, and small businesses.
Currently the breakdown of those is not available.
The consumption of other bituminous coal in the Food, beverages and tobacco
industry stopped in 2018.
Data on blast furnace gas used for energy purposes in blast furnaces prior to2007 are reported in the iron and steel industry.
Consumption of imported coke oven coke starting in 2002 is reported under nonspecified industry.
Consumption of manufactured gases in the iron and steel industry starting in
2002 includes the consumption in blast furnaces, oxygen steel furnaces and otheriron and steel processing plants.

Oil
SupplyThere are breaks in transfers of several oil products in 2020 owing to a change inthe reporting methodology of a refinery that expanded its chemical plant.
The production of heavy distillates has been declining due to the expansion ofheavy oil upgrading facilities.
In 2017, due to constraints to imports of condensate, Korean refineries used
naphtha into the refinery process.
From 1997, stock levels include vessel stocks.

Transformation
Fuel input to heat and power plants in electricity and oil statistics may show

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discrepancies due to different sources in compiling commodity statistics. OilWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

statistics are based on standards by the Korea National Oil Corporation whereas
electricity statistics rely on surveys from heat and power plants.
In particular, inputs of fuel oil to autoproducer electricity and autoproducer CHP
are included with final consumption.

Consumption
Due to the change in the reporting methodology of a refinery, some breaks may
appear between 2019 and 2020, in particular for consumption in Chemical(including petrochemical) industry.
From 1990 to 1995, kerosene type jet fuel split between international civil
aviation and domestic air transport has been estimated.

Natural gas
GeneralIn the 2024 edition, general revisions were made for the entre time series, 1990
to 2022. The revisions were made due to new more reliable data sources being
used and a change in methodology to provide more detailed data.

SupplySince 2013, receipts from other sources – oil is estimated using the historical
relationship with the Oil Questionnaire and extrapolating.
Korea reports production of natural gas since 2005.
The receipts from other sources from 2006 to 2012 represent the amount of LPG
that are either blended with natural gas or are directly used in city gas distribution
networks.

Transformation
Consumption in not elsehwere specified (Transformation) represents gas that isused in hydrogen fuel cell generators.

Consumption
Prior to 2015, energy industry own use in liquefaction plants included losses and

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measuring errors.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

From 1993 to 2006, consumption of natural gas in transport equipment is includedin the machinery flow.
From 1987 to 1991, the breakdown of final consumption has been estimated by
the IEA Secretariat, as well as the residential subsector for 1992.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated industry consumption ofindustrial waste for 2023p equal to 2022 and, to avoid a large statisticaldifference, indigenous production on the supply side.
In the 2024 edition, the Korean administration revised the capacity of hydro andwind for their entire time series, due to new available information.
Due to the change of reporting methodology, breaks in time series may occur
between 2013-2014 and 2014-2015.
Heat data are available starting in 1993.

Transformation
Inputs to autoproducer heat plants have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat
because of efficiency issues for municipal waste prior to 2011 and in 2012 and forbiogas in 2008, 2011 and 2012.
New plants were included in the Korean survey creating breaks in time series in2011.
In 2007, some main activity heatplants and autoproducers in thecommercial/public services sector were reclassified as main activity CHP plants,
resulting in a break in the time series between 2006 and 2007 for biogases.

Electricity and heat
General notes
In the 2024 edition, heat production data were revised for all years starting from1990. The revised data shows considerably higher levels of heat production
compared to previous records. Heat production for numerous products was backcalculated using fuel input as a basis. These revisions may have established fixed

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efficiencies that resemble default values in the calculations. The KoreanWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

administration continues its efforts to enhance data quality, and revisions may bemade in upcoming cycles.
The significant increase in heat production, supply and consequently consumption
from 2016 to 2017 can primarily be attributed to the uncertain data situation ofheat production and heat sold from autoproducer plants. These figures are
estimated by the Korean administration, as pointed out above, mainly by taking
fuel input as a basis.
Electricity statistics from 1971 to 1993 have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat
based on the Korean National Statistics. Data from 1994 have been submitted by
the Korean administration. This leads to breaks in time series between 1993 and1994.

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, portions of electricity production from combustible fuels in
autoproducer CHP plants were reallocated to autoproducer electricity plants for all
years beginning in 1990.
The own use of heat in heat plants is very irregular due to a lack of data.
Electricity generation reported under other sources is from fuel cells.
Production of tidal electricity began in 2013.
Data for heat from chemical processes that is sold are available from 2008.
Data for electricity production using heat from chemical processes in copperand zinc plants are available from 2005. The corresponding heat inputs were
estimated until 2013 data. In 2014, the company concerned switched to diesel oil
for electricity generation.

Transformation
For 2020, the increase in electricity output from nuclear was due to the 1.4 GW
reactor (Singori #4) coming online, as well as higher utilisation rates. For 2018,
the decrease in electricity output from nuclear was due to a combination of
shutdowns for maintenance, and the closure of the Kori and Wolseong nuclear
power plants in June 2017 and June 2018 respectively.
For 2018, the increase in heat production from natural gas was in part due to thecommencement

andexpansionofoperations

at

two

CHP

plants

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(Hwaseong Dongtan and Anyang).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For 2017, the decrease in electricity production from residual fuel oil is due tothe closure of two main activity producer plants.
Some discrepancies exist between data reported for residual fuel oil in the oil
databases and the electricity and heat databases. The Korean administration
hopes to remedy this situation in a coming cycle.
Data for electricity and heat production by autoproducers using natural gas andliquid fuels are available from 2000.
In 2000, the Korean administration started to report heat statistics for some heatplants which were not reported before.
Between 1993 and 1999, the breakdown of heat output by type of fuel was
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

Consumption
Data for direct use of geothermal heat are available from 2002. Geothermal
direct use data are overstated as it refers to heat production by geothermal heatpumps, which include inputs of electricity and/or gas in the transformation process.
Heat consumption by subsector was reclassified in 2010 due to new information
available on heat sales from autoproducers to end-users by sector.
Prior to 2008, sales of electricity by Korea’s main electricity distributor, KEPCO,
to the non-ferrous metals sector are included in iron and steel consumption.
Data on production and consumption of electricity and heat in oil refineries and
LNG liquefaction/regasification plants are included in the industry sector. From2007, oil refinery electricity and heat production and consumption started to bereported under the correct energy sector.
Data for heat consumption by sector are available from 2000.
Data for electricity consumption in the transport equipment sector are included in

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machinery from 1994 to 1999.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

LatviaSourceCentral Statistical Bureau, Riga.

General notes
Data for Latvia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Soviet Union in the publication World Energy Statistics.
Breaks in the time series appear for inputs to and outputs from electricity and heatgeneration between 2016 and 2017 due to a change in methodology. This is mostnotable for main activity producer CHP and Heat plants. Data for 2017 onwards
are reported on a unit basis, whereas data for previous years are reported on aplant basis.

Coal
SupplyThe increase of distribution losses for peat in 2003 is due to a fire in one of thewarehouses.

Transformation
In 2024, calorific values of peat used for producing peat briquettes were revisedfor years 2020 and 2021, thus bringing the transformation process efficiency backto feasible levels from these years onwards.

Consumption
The drop in the iron and steel industry in 2014 is due to the bankruptcy of the major
company in the market.

Oil
SupplyOther hydrocarbons data represent shale oil.
In 2020, changes in the national legislation mandated an increase in the minimum

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blending of biofuels.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2018, amendments to the legislation mandated a biofuel blending target of atleast 4.5% of volume for gas/diesel oil used in temperate and severe winterconditions leading respectively to an increase of its consumption for roadtransport.
In 2018 one of the main players in marine bunkering at Latvia’s largest port ceased
operations. As a result deliveries of oil products to marine bunkers decreased inthat year. As of 2019 the issues have been resolved and bunkering activity has
resumed.

Consumption
In 2023p, the decrease in fuel oil consumption for international marine bunkers isdue to supply from Russia being stopped.
In 2020, consumption of LPG in fishing is reported for the first time as a company
changed its type of activity from NACE 1020 to NACE 0311.
Consumption of LPG and bitumen in mining/quarrying are reported for the firsttime as an asphalt concrete plant started operating in 2020.

Natural gas
Consumption
The consumption in the iron and steel industry decreased in 2014 due to thebankruptcy of the major company in the market.

Transformation
In 2017 there was a steep decrease/break reported in main activity producer CHP
consumption and a respective increase/break in main activity producer heatconsumption due to the classification of natural gas inputs according to theindividual units of the plants instead of the plants as a whole that was previously
used.

Biofuels and waste
SupplyFor 2018 data, the increase in the indigenous production of solid biofuels is due

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to wood pellet production.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2017, a biodiesel producer exported amounts produced in 2017 and also someamounts from stocks.

Transformation
Heat production from solid biofuels has increased in 2021 due to a colder heating
season. Moreover, many heat producers have increased their input of biofuels
compared to other fossil fuels.
Due to a reclassification in 2004, there was break in time series of electricity
production from autoproducer electricity plant fuelled by biogas between 2003 and2004.

Consumption
The increase in consumption of solid biofuels in not elsewhere specified(industry) in 2018 is related to increases in the manufacture of furniture sector.
The increase in inland consumption of biodiesel in 2018 data is related to theimplementation of favourable legislation (the “Biofuel Law”).
From 2014 to 2017, biodiesel consumption has been decreasing due to policies
which support the sale of arctic diesel fuel without renewable additives.

Electricity and heat
SupplyIn 2019, the first large-scale main activity solar thermal district heating plant
opened in Latvia.
For 2017, higher rainfall resulted in a significant increase in electricity output fromhydro, and a decrease in both imports of electricity and output from combustible
fuels.
Heat production from other sources represents waste heat recovered fromindustry, and heat produced by condensing economisers.

Transformation
From 2012 onwards, the increase in electricity production from solid biofuels isdue to the deployment of six new main activity producer CHP plants running on

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wood chips.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
Prior to 2020 data, all electricity consumption in the Energy sector was includedin own use of electricity in power plants
Prior to 2015 data, electricity consumed by trams at one of Latvia’s three tram
operators was included under road.
For 2012, the increase in electricity consumption in the iron and steel sector is due

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to a facility switching from an open hearth furnace to an electric arc furnace.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Lithuania
SourceStatistics Lithuania, Vilnius.

General notes
Data for Lithuania are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Soviet Union in the publication World Energy Statistics.

Oil
SupplyIn 2020, changes in the national legislation mandated an increase in the minimum
blending of biofuels.

Natural gas
SupplyThe export quantities since 2014 represent imported LNG which is regasified andsubsequently exported to other countries.

Transformation
Not elsewhere specified (transformation) data represent natural gas used formethanol manufacture, which is used as input in oil refineries.

Consumption
Natural gas consumption for power generation has been falling significantly from2010 onwards as gas-fired power and heating plants are being retired, largely
replaced by biomass.
There is a break between 2010 and 2011 in the not elsewhere specified (energy)
timeseries due to natural gas being consumed for heat that was used to destroy
radioactive waste after the decommissioning of the only Lithuanian nuclear plant

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at the end of 2009.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Biofuels and waste
SupplyIn 2019, the increase in the indigenous production of industrial waste (nonrenewable) is the result of increased data availability.
The production of charcoal has been over-estimated prior to 2017 due to the factthat it was not possible to report data less than 1 kt.
Starting from 2016, some industrial waste (renewable) was collected via sorting.
These wastes consist of non-recyclable paper, textiles and wood wastes and theirproduction is included in solid biofuels.

Transformation
In 2020, the Kaunas Cogeneration Power Plant, which produces energy fromindustrial and municipal waste, became operational. This led to an increase ofheat and electricity generated from these products.
The Fortum Klaipėda CHP plant produces electricity and heat from industrial
waste (non-renewable), municipal waste and solid biofuels since the end of
2013. Since its inception, structural optimisation has been sought. Additionally,
before 2016, calorific values of the fuels were calculated by taking samples of fuels
and after this period, calculations were made from steam. For these reasons, there
are fluctuations in fuel inputs, energy production and fuel ratios between
industrial waste (non-renewable), municipal waste and solid biofuels since2013.
In 2013, an incinerator combusting industrial waste (non-renewable) andmunicipal waste began operations.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated biogases final consumption in

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industry and other sectors for 2023p.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Electricity and heat
SupplyIn 2021, there is an increase of electricity and heat production from industrial andmunicipal wastes. This is due to the Vilnius CHP plant becoming operative.
In 2021, heat production from natural gas and fuel oil increased due to some heatplants using significantly more these fuels.
In 2020, there is a spike of heat production from autoproducers heat plants incommercial and public services sector. This is due to Forest Investment plant thatchanged NACE classification

Transformation
For 2022, the decrease of heat output from chemical heat and electricity
production from chemical heat is due to the disruption of raw materials supply forthe chemical industry. In 2009, the Ignalina nuclear power plant, the only nuclear
plant in Lithuania, closed.
In March 2017, the Geoterma geothermal heat plant, the only geothermal heat

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plant in Lithuania, closed.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Luxembourg
SourceSTATEC, Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques du GrandDuché du Luxembourg, Luxembourg.

Coal
General notes
For the 2011 edition, the Luxembourgian administration revised the time series
from 2000 for most coal and coal products. Time series for BKB consumption
were revised from 1990.
Prior to 1978, some sub-bituminous coal may be included in hard coal.
Steel production from blast furnaces ceased at the end of 1997.

Oil
Consumption
In the late 1970s, the reduction in consumption of fuel oil in the iron and steel
industry was due to substitution by coal.

SupplyExports of bitumen and LPG include transit trade. The Luxembourgish
administration is currently investigating, and revisions are expected next cycle.

Natural gas
General notes
In 1982 there is a break in the time series in transformation and industry due to achange in methodology.

Transformation
In the 2017 edition a main activity producer CHP plant was reclassified as one
main activity electricity producer plant and one main activity producer heat plant.

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Data were revised back to 2014.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Since 2002, the increase in the transformation sector is due to a new 350-MW
combined cycle power plant.
The last main activity producer electricity gas-consuming plant closed in 2016.

Consumption
Between 2020 and 2021 there is a break in the time series of the industry sector
due to a change in methodology in which energy consumption is estimated at thecompany level and a NACE reallocation of notable companies.
In 2015, Luxembourg integrated supplementary data from ETS companies andindustrial consumption was revised back to the year 2000.
Since 2012, the methodology to determine final consumption was changed inorder to integrate basic data from National Accounts.
Since 2000, a more detailed breakdown of final consumption data is available due
to a change in methodology.
Since 2000, consumption in the non-ferrous metals sub-sector is included in ironand steel for reasons of confidentiality.
Since 2000 consumption in not elsewhere specified (Industry) includes activity ofcompanies reclassified to preserve the confidentiality.
Prior to 2000, residential consumption includes consumption in commercial/public
services and agriculture/forestry.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
The Luxembourgian administration started including trade figure of wood chips intrade figure of solid biofuels from 2015 data. This creates breaks in time series
between 2014 and 2015.
Data on solid biofuels are available from 1992.

SupplyThere was a fire at the co-digestion plant Itzig in September 2018. The plant was
not reopened until October 2019, causing a decrease in biogas production

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(specifically: other biogases from anaerobic fermentation).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In the end of 2018, there was a fire in one of the main biogas plants and it has
been off for most of 2019. The most notable effect has been on biogas blending.
In 2011, the blending of biogases with natural gas started.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, values for ambient heat in the Residential sector were revisedback to 2013 due to a new data source.

Electricity and heat
General notes
In the 2024 edition, several values for 2021 were revised thanks to new
information available.
Data for solar thermal are available starting in 2001 and for solar PV starting in2000.
A revision in the classification of power plants by type and the production andconsumption data for both electricity and heat back to 2000 causes breaks in thetime series.

SupplyMost of the hydro production shown for Luxembourg is from the Vianden pumped
storage plant and is exported directly to Germany.
There were some repairs on the upper basin of the pumped storage site at
Vianden in 2019 leading to a reduction in electricity production. The full storage
capacity was not available during this period.
In the 2017 edition, following plant reclassification, heat production by main
activity plants was revised from 2011 onwards.
Starting in 2005, data for electricity transmission and distribution losses wereobtained from the network operator. Prior to that, they were estimated by the

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Luxembourgian administration.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For Main CHP, own use data are not available for solid biofuels- or natural
gas-fired plants.

Transformation
A natural gas fired, main activity electricity plant (TGV Twinerg) closed in 2016.
The production of electricity from solid biofuels from 2013 corresponds to the
opening of a new plant burning wood wastes.
Data on electricity production from biogases are available from 1998 and heatproduction from 2010.
In 2002, the increase in electricity production is due to a new natural gas
combined cycle power plant.
At the end of 1997, the iron and steel industry stopped production of electricity.
Electricity data for natural gas autoproducer CHP plants are available starting in
1995, and for main activity CHP plants starting in 1996.
Prior to 1990, net electricity production by autoproducers includes production
from combustible fuel sources only.

Consumption
Heat consumption in industry and commercial and public services is estimatedbased on National Accounts. When not available, heat consumption figures for themost recent year reported are estimated based on data for the preceding year.
In 2015, the observed declines in the heat used in the textiles and leather andchemical and petrochemical sectors lead to the closure of two industrial main CHP
plants. The heating needs of these sectors were met through direct purchase ofnatural gas, due in part to attractive pricing during this period.
In 2015, following the procurement of new information, data for heat distribution
losses and heat consumption in industry and energy sectors were revised from2000 onwards.
A change in the data source caused some breaks in the industry electricity
consumption time series between 2010 and 2011.
The breakdown of electricity consumption in industry is not available from 1990

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to 1999.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

MexicoSourceSecretaría de Energía, Mexico City.

General notes
Data are available starting in 1971.
The Mexican administration submitted data directly by questionnaire for the firsttime with 1992 data. As a result, some breaks in time series may occur between
1991 and 1992. For prior years, data are partly estimated based on the publication
Balance Nacional - Energía.
In the 2016 edition, the Mexican administration completed a major work on
revisions of the time series back to 1990. Revisions for some products include
reporting of new consumption flows, increased quantities of coal and higher
calorific values, resulting in increases of total primary energy supply.

Coal
General notes
The IEA Secretariat has estimated preliminary data for 2023 for most of the flowsof the following coal products: coking coal, other bituminous coals, coking
coke, coal tar, coke oven gas and blast furnaces. This is due to out-of-range
efficiencies in both coke ovens and blast furnaces, as well as extremely disruptive
variations. In the 2024 edition, several products were estimated for the data year
2022, based on the growth rate that came from the “Balance Nacional de Energía”
published by the “Secretaría de Energía”.
In the 2023 edition, the Mexican administration revised production, blast furnace
use in transformation, coke oven energy industry own use and final consumptionof coke oven coke for 2020 due to new available information.
The time series for blast furnace gas and inputs of coke oven coke to blast
furnaces start in 1991.
Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous coal.

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated coke oven coke

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production, transformation and energy use for the data year 2022 based on theWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

figures for “coque de carbón” of the “Balance Nacional de Energía” published by
the “Secretaría de Energía”.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated coke oven gas production for2022 was estimated by the IEA Secretariat proportionally to the coking coal input
to coke ovens to keep the efficiency of the coke oven within the acceptable range.
In the 2023 edition, other bituminous coal imports for 2021, including imports bycountry of origin, have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated coke oven coke production
based on the figures for “coque de carbón” of the Balance Nacional de Energía
2021 published by the Secretaría de Energía.
In the 2023 edition, blast furnace gas production for 2021 was estimated by the
IEA Secretariat proportionally to the coke oven coke input to blast furnaces inorder to keep the efficiency of the blast furnaces within the acceptable range.
Many coal mining units reduced production during 2019, specifically mines in
Coahuilla (the largest coal producer state). This is reflected in the production
figures of coking coal and sub-bituminous coal for that year.
Imports by country of origin for other bituminous coal and coking coal for 2016
have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat, based on partner data.
Blast furnace gas production and consumption have been estimated by the IEA
for 1990 to 2017 based on inputs of coke oven coke to blast furnaces.
Coke oven coke production was estimated by the IEA for some years between
1999 and 2012 based off historical and commodities data, as were inputs of coking
coal to coke ovens between 1990 and 2012.
The methodology currently used by Mexico to estimate production of coal tar andcoke oven gas for recent years uses coke oven coke production as a guide. Thiswas extended to the time series from 1990 to 2001, and to the years where cokeoven coke production was estimated by the IEA.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the distribution of demand ofcoke oven gas and blast furnace gas in transformation and Iron and Steel final

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consumption for 2022 to avoid breaks in the time series.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the coking coal consumption
on the coke ovens for the data year 2022 following the growth rate from the“Balance Nacional de Energía” published by the “Secretaría de Energía”.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the distribution of demand ofcoke oven gas and blast furnace gas in transformation, energy industry own use
and iron and steel final consumption for 2021 to avoid breaks in the time series.
The category Non-specified (Industry) in the coking coal balance includes theindustries of transport equipment, chemical, food and glass. Disaggregated values
are not available.
Use of pulverised coal injection in blast furnaces occurs in Mexico, but is not
currently reported.
Oxygen steel furnace gas production and production of other recovered gases
occur as by-products of heavy industry, but are not reported.
For coking coal, amounts reported for consumption in main activity electricity
generation and associated imports for the years 2003 to 2016 have beenreallocated to other bituminous coal by the IEA Secretariat.

Oil
General notes
In the 2024 edition, 2023 preliminary data is calculated by the IEA secretariat
based on monthly submissions by the country.
In the 2021, 2022 and 2023 editions, data from 2018 onwards are partly-estimatedby the IEA Secretariat based on the IEA Monthly Oil Statistics, the Mexican
Secretaría de Energía (SENER) national energy balance and submissions by the
Mexican administration..
In the 2016 edition, major revisions were carried by the Ministry of Energy on thetime series back to 1990 based on updated information available from PEMEX,
the Mexican Institute of Petroleum and the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE).
Revisions include notably crude production, refinery output, gas separation plant
production, autoproducer generation and road consumption.
New data reported as additives from 1990 correspond to methyl tertiary butyl

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ether.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

From 1993, data for production from other sources (natural gas) of otherhydrocarbons correspond to hydrogen used at the Minatitlan refinery, also
represented as the output of non-specified transformation in the balances format.
The split between domestic and international aviation consumption of kerosenetype jet fuel is not available. By default, all kerosene-type jet fuel consumption isreported under international aviation.

SupplyIn 2017 Minatitlán refinery was offline for several months and later operating well
below capacity as a result of an accident on site. The refinery at Tula was also
temporarily offline. Both these events impact refinery throughput in 2018.
Refinery intake of crude oil was estimated by the IEA Secretariat for the years
2016, 2017 and 2018 based on growth rates from SENER and PEMEX publisheddata.
In 2017, production of crude oil and NGL was impacted by heavy maintenanceat the Ku-Maloob-Zaap field and decline at the Cantarell field in the Gulf Mexico
which was affected by several force majeur events.
For 2017 import data of LPG, naphtha, road diesel and fuel oil, the received
data was supplemented with estimates by the IEA Secretariat based on publisheddata from SENER.
2017 to 2022 imports of petroleum coke were estimated by the IEA Secretariat
based on information from the U.S. Energy Information Agency and the nationalenergy balance.
From 2016 onwards trade information is based on daily customs data now
available to the Ministry of Energy. Historical revisions are pending.
The large refinery losses from 2005 onwards are the result of the downward
revisions to refinery output of gas/diesel oil carried out in 2017.
NGL production reported in the IEA publications may be different from what isreported in the Mexican energy publications as the IEA includes in its oil dataliquids produced in conjunction with natural gas.
In the 2016 edition, main revisions were carried to NGL, LPG, naphtha, ethane
supply. New data became available on input of NGL to refineries prior to 2011.

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Data on ethane production from gas separation plants (positive transfers fromWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

NGL) was revised upwards for 1990 to 1998. LPG gas separation plant production
was revised down. Naphtha refinery output was revised upwards from 1990.

Transformation
2020 to 2022 inputs to natural gas blending plants were estimated based on thenational energy balance.
For several months in 2017, the Salina Cruz refinery was under extensive
maintenance following operational problems and structural damage as a result of
the September 2017 earthquake.
The Madero refinery closed for maintenance in August 2017 and remained close
through the start of 2018.
2017 refinery gross output of gas/diesel oil, bitumen, lubricants and paraffinwaxes was estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on SENER and PEMEX
published data.
In the 2016 edition, data for crude oil refinery input and refinery output ofgas/diesel, naphtha, refinery gas, bitumen, paraffin wax and other products
were revised back to 1990 (see general notes).
Data for fuel oil and gas/diesel inputs to autoproducer CHP generation areavailable from 1999.
In 2003, a new facility was added to a refinery to produce petroleum coke.

Consumption
2017 consumption of naphtha for feedstock purposes in the chemical andpetrochemical sector was estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on ethylene
production figures.
Consumption of motor gasoline and road diesel was impacted by changes tofuel subsidies introduced on January 1, 2017.
Consumption of lubricants and bitumen for 2017 was estimated by the IEA
Secretariat based on sales data from SENER.
In

the

2016

edition,naphthanon-energy

use

consumption

in

the

chemical/industry was revised significantly revised down from 1990 to 2008 based

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on PEMEX information.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2016 edition, gas/diesel and motor gasoline road consumption data wererevised back to 1990 based on updated information from the Mexican Institute ofPetroleum and PEMEX.
Consumption of lubricants, bitumen and paraffin waxes are available from 1990
and petroleum coke from 1993.
Prior to 1987, the split of LPG consumption between residential andcommercial/public services has been estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

Natural gas
General notes
Supply data for 2021 and 2022 are partly estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Natural gas reported in the IEA publications may be different from what isreported in the Mexican energy publications, as IEA includes only dry gas andexcludes natural gas liquids, which are considered as part of oil.

Consumption
Losses and pipeline transport have been included in oil and gas extraction.
From 1993 to 1999, part of energy industry own use and non-specified industry
data were estimated.
Since 1993, the breakdown of the energy sector and of other sectors is available.

Biofuels and waste
General notes2021 data were estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
For the 2020 July edition, new data supplied by the Mexican administration for2018 and 2019 were incorporated in place of previous estimates.
The Mexican administration believes the fuels categorised as industrial wastes(non-renewable) are likely residual gas, however more investigation is needed.

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Revisions, if applicable, are expected next cycle.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyPrior to 2017 data, some bagasse production has been attributed to other vegetal
materials and residues. This causes a break in series between 2016 and 2017.
Revisions prior to 2017 are expected in the future.
Data for bagasse production are available from 2008.

Transformation
In the 2024 edition, main activity producer electricity input and output andautoproducer electricity use of primary solid biofuels for 2022 have been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on information from the national energybalance 2022 published by the Secretaria de Energia (SENER).
In the 2022 edition, solar PV capacity data for 2019 and 2020 and wind capacityfor 2020 were estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated final energy consumption ofindustrial waste in the transport sector for 2023p as zero.
Increased consumption in the industry and transformation sectors for solid
biofuels in 2017 is attributed to bagasse.
Data for solid biofuels used in autoproducer electricity plants from 1991 to 2005
have been estimated by the Mexican administration.
Data on biogases consumption are available from 1997.

Electricity and heat
General notes
In the 2023 and 2024 edition, some 2021 and 2022 data were estimated by the
IEA Secretariat based on the Balance Nacional de Energía 2021, and othersources.
In the 2023 edition, data for 2018-2020 were revised based on new data provided
by the Mexican administration.
For the 2022 edition, due to data availability issues, some data provided by the

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Mexican administration for 2020 were equal to the values for previous years.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For the 2020 July edition, new data supplied by the Mexican administration for2018 and 2019 were incorporated in place of previous estimates.
The Mexican administration is currently undertaking revisions of the electricity
time series back to 1996. Revisions include changes on inputs and outputs on
power plants fuelled mainly by combustible fuels and the reclassification of mainelectricity plants previously reporting sub-bituminous coal as fuel to otherbituminous coal for the period 2003-2015.

SupplyElectricity generation from other sources mainly represents generation fromrecovered waste heat from industry, and also a small amount of electricity
production from regenerative braking in suburban trains.
The decrease in electricity produced from wind in 2017 is due to an earthquake
which damaged infrastructure in the south of the country.
Production of main activity producer electricity plants from wind is available from1994.
Electricity production from wind and solar photovoltaic is available from 1990.
Discrepancies occur between respective reported figures for electricity trade
between the US and Mexico from 2013 onwards.

Transformation
New autoproducer electricity plants fuelled with coke oven gases were put online in 1999.
Electricity production from solid biofuels and biogases data are available
respectively from 1991 and 1997.

Consumption
Some electricity consumption in energy industry is included in the industry subsector where it was generated (e.g. the chemical industry, as well as in nonspecified industry).

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Direct use of solar thermal heat is available from 1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Netherlands
SourceThe Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics, The Hague.

General notes
The Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics has conducted reviews and revisionsof their energy balance three times; in 2005, 2011 and 2015. The 2005 revisions
were to improve basic energy statistics, particularly with respect to carbon andCO2 reporting, while the 2011 revisions were part of a harmonization program withinternational energy statistics. The 2015 revisions were the result of increased
data collection, availability of new source information, and further alignment withinternational energy definitions. More details are available here: www.cbs.nl.

Coal
General notes
International trade into and through the hub ports of Amsterdam and Rotterdam iscomplicated by the capacity to purchase coal directly at these points. The majority
of coal passing through these ports is intended for consumption in European
countries other than the Netherlands, which is neither the country of origin or
destination, therefore these data have been removed where possible. In the 2019
edition, the Central Bureau of Statistics proceeded to major revisions of trade andstock changes for anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal and lignite since1990. Imports now should only relate to coal for inland consumption according toEurostat’s statistical regulation, thus eliminating transits to other countries andstock changes of trading companies.
In the 2023 edition, there were small revisions of production, trade, transformationand final consumption flows for several products between 2015 and 2020, due toimproved statistical methodology and new available information.
Following revisions made in the previous edition to data for 1995 onwards, thisedition includes further revisions made by the Dutch administration for the period
1990 to 1994. These revisions are the result of increased data collection,
availability of new source information, and further alignment with international

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energy standards.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyIn the 2023 edition, some imports and the blast furnace (transformation)
consumption of anthracite for 2012 and 2013 were re-allocated to coking coal,
due to new information available.
In the 2013 edition, non-specified exports for 2011 were estimated by the Central
Bureau of Statistics due to a lack of information from key market players.
For data prior to 2011, stock changes for primary coal types were estimated by
the Dutch administration based on trade and consumption data.
For 1984 to 1986, production from other sources of other bituminous coal
represents a stock of “smalls” washed for re-use.

Transformation
In the 2023 edition, the Dutch administration extended the revisions of blast
furnaces, coke ovens and iron and steel flows back to 1990. These affected cokeoven gas and blast furnace gas energy industry own use and final consumption
in iron and steel industry.
In the 2022 edition, revisions back to 2015 were made in the reporting of blast
furnaces, coke ovens and iron and steel industry, due to improved observationsof an industrial complex.
At the end of 2015 three low-efficiency plants running on bituminous coal input
closed down. In the course of 2017 another two old installations ceased operating.
These closures were part of the so-called Agreement on Energy for Sustainable
Growth in the Netherlands agreed upon by the Social and Economic Council of
the Netherlands (SER) and more than forty representative organisations andstakeholders.

Consumption
In 2019, the consumption of lignite decreased significantly as result of a company
partly ceasing activities. That company totally ceased its activities in 2020.

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Prior to 1989, non-energy use is included with industry consumption.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil
General notes
In 2017, large amounts of fuel oil were reclassified as other products due to theirchemical properties.
Data for gas/diesel road consumption become more difficult to collect in 2013, as
the distinction in taxation between road diesel and gasoil was abolished.
Following revisions made in the previous edition to data for 1995 onwards, thisedition includes further revisions made by the Dutch administration for the period
1990 to 1994. These revisions are the result of increased data collection,
availability of new source information, and further alignment with internationalenergy definitions
Motor gasoline includes other light oils until 1990.
Some breaks in time series occur in 1990 when the Dutch administration started
to report the petrochemical industry according to IEA methodology.
From 1990 onwards, naphtha includes aromatics, naphtha and other light oils.
Some non-specified trade flows by countries are negative, probably due tobalancing totals by products. The issue is currently being investigated with country
reporting authorities.

SupplyTrends in the supply of other oil products in 2020 are confirmed by the Dutch
administration to be the result of companies sometimes reporting highly-aromatic
fuel oil into this category.
In the 2021 edition, stock changes of bitumen for 2018 and 2019 are estimatedby the IEA Secretariat.
Data for deliveries of fuel oil to international marine bunkers were revised
downwards in the 2019 edition back to 2015. This was due to an improvement in
the underlying data and figures available to CBS Statistics Netherlands.
In 2017 the main plant producing lubricants closed as a result there is no more

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refinery gross output of this product.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the Dutch administration introduced several revisions back to
1990, in particular for gas/diesel oil sectoral inland consumption. The bottom-up
analyses were done on the basis of new research of this oil product’s use bymobile equipment.
Consumption of fuel oil for fishing in 2020 is zero as fishing boats switched togas/diesel oil.
In the 2019 edition several revisions were introduced to flows relating to thechemical and petrochemical industry. Energy consumption in the chemicalindustry has been revised upwards back to 2012, following an internal audit of thedata that revealed gaps in coverage. Non-energy consumption in the chemicalindustry has been revised downwards back to 1990 following a review of the datasubmitted by one of the main companies.
Refinery gas includes chemical gas and is included in chemical industry
consumption.

Natural gas
General notes
In the 2018 edition, the Dutch administration revised the supply side data for 19902016 in order to (i) better account for flows from underground storages which used
to be incorporated in the indigenous production data, and also (ii) handle
inflows/outflows of natural gas stored in Germany as imports/exports.
In the 2019 edition, the Dutch administration revised the opening and closing stocklevels based on a dedicated questionnaire used. Additionally, industrial
consumption was revised since 2012 based on inputs coming from the Emissions
Trading Scheme (ETS) data
Between 1981 and 1982, and between 1983 and 1984 there are breaks in timeseries due to the introduction of more comprehensive surveys on end-use
consumption.

SupplyLNG Imports data are obtained directly from customs by Statistics Netherlands,
as a result there may be the reporting of imports from countries which do not

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produce natural gas.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2023 edition, trade methodology was updated to eliminate the reporting oftransit trade with Belgium, this has resulted in a break in the time series between
2016 and 2017.
In 2015 and 2016, there are reported imports and exports to/from Netherlands.
This gas comes from underground storages located in neighbouring countries.
This data will be revised in the next data cycle to eliminate this confusing reporting.
A production cap of natural gas was set by the government in 2015, which has
been extended and gradually tightened for 2016, 2017 and 2018.

In the past, the amounts reported under indigenous production also included
quantities coming from stock changes. The reason was that the Dutch
administration could not distinguish between quantities of natural gas fallingunder marketable production and amounts being moved from offshore fields toonshore fields without undergoing any purification and/or other necessary
production processes. From 2015, the data reported distinguish between amounts
to be reported as production and amounts that should be classified as stockchanges.
International marine bunkers were reported for the first time in the 2019 edition.

Transformation
Data for non-specified (energy own-use) represent natural gas combusted by the
distribution operator for the purpose of operating the gas distribution grid.
The 2009 increase in input to main activity electricity producer consumption is dueto the opening of a new plant in the second half of 2008.

Consumption
Data for the non-specified (other) non-energy userepresent the volume of gas
injected as cushion gas in a new underground storage.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2024 edition, the Dutch administration revised several flows and products
from 2015 due to both new available information and changes in their data

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extraction processes.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyIn the 2024 edition, production of other vegetal materials and residues (part ofsolid biofuels) was revised by the Dutch administration for 2021 to ensure
consistency with the data from the new biomass questionnaire. This causes a
break in the time series between 2020 and 2021, but the same approach is likely
to be extended back to 2015 data in the next cycle.
Increases in biodiesel production for 2017 are related to increased capacity ofexisting plants and increased demand.
From 2009 to 2012, and again from 2014 the production and trade of purebiogasoline were confidential; net imports were estimated by the Dutch
administration based on consumption.

Transformation
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the 2023 preliminary
consumption of industrial waste as input to electricity and heat plants.
In the 2024 edition, biogasoline and biodisesls blended with fossil fuels in 2023p
are estimated by the IEA Secretariat to ensure consistency with the data reported
in the Oil questionnaire. As result, for biodiesels the IEA Secretariat estimatedalso exports for 2023p to avoid a large statistical difference.
In the 2024 edition, for 2023p use of primary solid biofuels as input to electricity
and heat plants has decreased due to the surge in modern renewables generation.
The imports of wood pellets are up in 2018 due to the renewed subsidy for cofiring of biomass at energy plants.
In 2017, the increase in heat production from solid biofuels in main activity CHP
plants is because there were two additional companies reporting data.
Trade data for municipal waste are available from 2011.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, industry use of industrial waste for 2023p was estimated by
the IEA Secretariat equal to 2022
In the 2020 edition, there was a revision from 1990 to 2017 of the consumption of

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solid biofuels in the residential sector.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

From 2014, a better allocation of heat own-use was available for biogas digester
prewarming, and in municipal waste burning plants for flue gas cleaning.
The final consumption of solid biofuels in the residential and agriculture sector
increased in 2014 and again in 2016 due to the results of new surveys andparameters.

Electricity and heat
General notes
In the 2016 and 2017 editions, data for the years 1990-2013 were revised by the
Dutch administration following an extended review of old national publications andnew data obtained from grid operators.

SupplyIn 2019, the Dutch administration revised transmission and distribution losses ofheat back to 2015 to incorporate improved data. As a result, there a break
between 2014 and 2015. Historical revisions are pending.
For 2018, the increase in electricity output from Solar PV autoproducer electricity
plants is in part due to the inclusion of solar on industry surveys. As a result
autoproduction in various industries was captured for the first time.
For 2018, the declines in heat generation from municipal waste, and heat used
for electricity generation, and also the increase in electricity output from municipal
waste, are due to a change in ownership of a company which sold heat.
Data on heat production from chemical sources are available from 2017.
The decrease in electricity production from nuclear power in 1997, 2013, and2017 is due to maintenance shutdowns at the Netherlands’ only nuclear power
plant.
Electricity from other sources represents generation from expansion gases andchemical waste gases.
The large increase in electricity trade in 1999 is due to the liberalisation of the
Dutch electricity market. Until 2003, trade data are based on contracted quantities

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instead of physical flows.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The increase of heat produced in main heat plants in 1995 is due to a change inownership of one large installation, resulting in its reclassification from being an
autoproducer to a main activity plant.
Electricity production from solar photovoltaic is available from 1990.

Transformation
For 2019, the increases in electricity output from other sources, and heat output
from chemical heat are in part due to improved data availability.
Data on electricity and heat output from industrial waste are available from 2015.
In mid-2017, two other bituminous coal-fired power stations closed, as a result
output from other bituminous coal declined in 2018. Another plant closed in-late
2019.
The efficiency of blast furnace gas-fired autoproducer CHP plants increases
between 2015 and 2016 due to improved methods for allocating inputs between
sold and unsold heat.
Heat output from chemical heat, and other sources is available from 2015.
Electricity output from other sources refers to production from expansion gases
and recovered heat.
Heat used for electricity production represents waste heat bought from otherindustries that was generated from combustible fuels. The corresponding
electricity output is included with that of natural gas.
Autoproducer heat plants using refinery gases are included with autoproducer
CHP plants because data are considered confidential for 1990.
Heat production in commercial and public services includes production inagriculture.
All municipal waste autoproducer electricity and heat only plants have been
reclassified by Statistics Netherlands as autoproducer CHP from 2012, causing
breaks in the time series.
Prior to 2008, a few small autoproducer electricity plants using solid biofuels
were included with main activity plants for reasons of confidentiality.
In 2006, some municipal waste plants changed ownership and were reclassified

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from electricity only to CHP plants as they started heat projects.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

A new main activity producer CHP plant fuelled by refinery gas started up in 1999
and there was a fuel reclassification in 2000.
For natural gas, all electricity production prior to 1998 is included in CHP plants.
For biofuels and waste, all electricity and heat produced prior to 1995 is includedin CHP plants.
Data for heat produced from biofuels and waste are available from 1990.
Prior to 1990, all electricity and heat produced from coal is included in CHP plants.
Inputs of hard coal for electricity production from 1981 to 1989 in terajoules (TJ)
are estimated by the Secretariat based on data submitted in kilotonnes (kt) by the
Dutch administration.
Net electricity production by autoproducers prior to 1988 includes production fromcombustible fuel sources only.
Data for heat production by fuel in heat plants prior to 1987 are estimated by the
Secretariat based on fuel inputs submitted by the Dutch administration.
Data for heat production from main activity producer CHP plants and heat plants
are available from 1982.
Prior to 1982, electricity production from and inputs to main activity producer CHP
plants are included with main activity producer electricity plants.
For 1970 to 1973, electricity output from autoproducer CHP plants has been
included with main activity producer CHP plants.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the Dutch Administration revised data for electricity
consumption in the Blast furnace and Iron and steel sectors for the period
1990-2014. This followed revisions to data for 2015-2019 in the 2022 edition.
In 2018, the decrease in heat used for electricity generation was due to the closureof a large installation.
In 2018, there were four new geothermal installations producing heat which
warmed greenhouses. As in the past, these would be categorised in the agriculture

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and forestry sector.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For data from 2015 onwards, there is improved data availability for heat. This
causes breaks in series for transmission and distribution losses, and heatconsumption in the non-ferrous metals sectors.
Increasing electricity consumption in agriculture andforestry is due to expansionof greenhouse farming.
Direct use of geothermal heat in agriculture/forestry starting in 2008 is due to a
new project extracting deep geothermal heat. The heat produced has been used
for heating greenhouses.
Prior to 1979, electricity consumption in agriculture is included in commercial and

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public services.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

New Zealand
SourceMinistry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Wellington.

General notes
Prior to 1994, data refer to fiscal year (April 1993 to March 1994 for 1993). From
1994, data refer to calendar year.

Coal
General notes
In the 2023 edition, the calorific values of sub-bituminous coal for all flows wererevised by the New Zealand administration for 2019 and 2020, due to a correctionin the reporting methodology of one major producer.
In the 2021 edition, the New Zealand administration provided revisions for someflows back to 2009.
In the 2020 edition, the New Zealand administration has done historical revisions
on the data as a new data system and methodology was implemented.
In the 2020 edition, some high statistical differences can be found for many
types of coal in various time periods.
Peat, although produced in New Zealand, is not used as a fuel, and is used for
agricultural purposes only.
In the 2014 edition, the definition of hard coal was aligned with the International
Recommendations for Energy Statistics. Prior to this, hard coal for New Zealandfrom 1960 to 1977 had contained sub-bituminous coal. The portion of subbituminous coal production and residential consumption has been estimated by
the IEA Secretariat for this period and moved to brown coal.
In the 2011 edition, the New Zealand administration has revised some of the coal,natural gas, oil, renewable and electricity time series back to 1990.

SupplyIn the 2021, a mine was reclassified from other bituminous coal to sub-

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bituminous coal. The time series was revised accordingly.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2018 a mine of other bituminous coal that was not in production in 2017
restarted activity.
In 2017 the underground mine producing coking coal switched to opencast
operation.
The decrease of other bituminous coal production in 2015 is due to a temporary
shutdown in one of the coal mines at the beginning of 2015 and another one at
the end of 2015.
A detailed breakdown of exports of coking coal by country of destination between
2001 and 2011 is estimated by the IEA, based on secondary sources and partner
data.

Transformation
Sub-bituminous coal inputs into coke ovens refers to coal that is merged withiron sands and limestone to form the inputs for the multi-hearth-furnaces, kilns andmelters that produce direct reduced iron (Glenbrook Steel Site), with off-gases andsupplemental and natural gas driving CHP plants. This method, while not the
typical iron and steel process, produces similar by-products. The sub-bituminous
coal inputs are reported under coke oven coke transformation and the resulting
off-gases are reported as production of coke oven gas and blast furnace gas.
Blast furnace gas production and distribution losses prior to 1998 are IEA
Secretariat estimates. Portions of this gas will have been used for energy
purposes in the multi-hearth furnaces or elsewhere in the plant. Sometransformation efficiencies will appear higher than normal due to non-reporting ofcertain inputs, including some confidential data.

Consumption
In the 2020 edition, some quantities of sub-bituminous coal that were previously
reported under other bituminous coal were moved under sub-bituminous coal.
This reclassification led to a break in the consumption time series between 2018and 2019 as the new classification starts in 2019.
In 2018, some other bituminous coal quantities previously reported under nonspecified were reallocated into industry sectors.
In final consumption, some industry data are reported in non-specified industry for

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confidentiality reasons.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2014, the increase in consumption of sub-bituminous coal in mines included
the combustion of some unsold coal fines for safety reasons.
Prior to 2010, the construction sector is included with commercial/public services.
Prior to 2009, mining and quarrying is included in agriculture.

Oil
General notes
In the 2024 edition, 2023 provisional data is estimated by the IEA secretariat
based on monthly submissions by the country.
Breaks appear between 2017 and 2018 for other oil products as a result of
improved reporting infrastructure by the New Zealander administration.
For 2016, the following data were estimated by the IEA Secretariat: consumptionof lubricants; imports of bitumen; and refinery output, and interproduct transfersof other oil products.
For 2015, the following data were estimated by the IEA Secretariat: stock changes
and consumption of lubricants; consumption of bitumen, and all figures for
petroleum coke and other oil products.
From 1998, gas/diesel oil includes light fuel oil. Until 1997, light fuel oil is underfuel oil.
Until 1997, other hydrocarbons from natural gas sources correspond to synthetic
gasoline production (ceased in February 1997).
For reasons of confidentiality, beginning in 1994, the New Zealand administration
no longer reports data on the production of methanol.

SupplyIn the 2022 edition, receipts from renewables of biodiesel for blending withtransport fuels are not available for 2019 and 2020 according to the New
Zealander administration. This can result in unexpected supply values. Revisions
are expected next cycle.
In the 2021 edition, the New Zealander administration revised stock changes forseveral primary and secondary oil products for as early as 2014 onwards.

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In 2019, New Zealand no longer produces lubricants.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Between 2013 and 2014, the jump in imports of kerosene-type jet fuel can be
explained by an anticipated strike at the refineries.

Transformation
New Zealand’s last major refinery (Marsden Point refinery) ceased operations in
2022, leading to the disappearance of most of the transformation activity from2023 on.
In 2020, gas/diesel oil inputs for electricity production are confirmed by the New
Zealander administration to be higher than usual due to generator testing.
Furthermore, input of gas/diesel oil for CHP production in 2020 is zero.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the consumption of motor
gasoline and gas/diesel oil in domestic navigation and residential sectors in
2021. Quantities in domestic navigation include oil products purchased at service
stations and used for recreational marine purposes.
Between 2009 and 2010, a break in time series appears for demand of gas/diesel
as the administration changed its methodology for commercial/public services
For 1960 to 1973, consumption data have been estimated by the Secretariat.

Natural gas
General notes
2018 data were estimated based on monthly data submitted to the IEA Secretariat.

SupplyThere are neither imports nor exports of natural gas for New Zealand.

Transformation
The large 1998 increase in input to autoproducer CHP plants is due to two new
autoproducer CHP plants.

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In February 1997, production of synthetic gasoline from natural gas ended.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
Between 2012 and 2013 there are breaks in time series for the final consumption
breakdown due to the introduction of a new survey.
In 2005, the decline in chemical and petrochemical industry consumption was dueto the closure of the Motunui methanol production plant, which was then reopenedin late 2008.
Prior to 2003, gas consumed in industry includes some gas for energy industry
own-use. Since 1990, detailed consumption breakdown for industry is available.
From 1977 to 1979 and from 1986 to 1989, losses are included in statisticaldifferences.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
For the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated all the 2023p figures based on
various sources as there was no submission of 2023 preliminary data.
In the 2024 edition, the New Zealand administration revised supply and final
consumption of primary solid biofuels and added charcoal data for the entire
time series, due to new available information.
As of the 2024 edition, biodiesel data are not available for 2007, 2008 and 2016.
In the 2020 edition, extensive revisions were made for the time series back to
1990. The majority of the revisions were related to transiting the New Zealand datasystem from excel based to R based.
For the 2019 edition, the New Zealand administration submitted extensive
revisions back to 1990 following an internal review of their systems andmethodologies.
Due to improved wood data collection starting with 2016 data, increases in solid
biofuels in transformation, supply and consumption may not be a true increase
but more representative of increased data survey respondents. This results in a

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break in time series between 2015 and 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In the 2022 edition, data on fuel input and electricity generation from solid
biofuels CHP auto-producers were revised thanks to a multi-year programme ofwork that the administration undertook to improve solid biofuels statistics.
In the 2019 edition, data on electricity production from biogases were significantly
revised by the New Zealand administration following an internal review of systems
and methodologies.

Consumption
In the 2020 edition, the repetition of data is an estimate by the New Zealandadministration for the consumption of biogases in the food, beverages andtobacco sector for the years 1990 to 2018 due to unavailability of data. The sameis true for the consumption of biogases in the commercial and public services
sector from 2007 to 2018.

Electricity and heat
General notes
For the 2020 and 2019 editions, the New Zealand administration submitted
extensive revisions back to 1990 following an internal review of their systems andmethodologies. For solar PV, the source data, Electricity Market Information,changed their entire time series. Data may be further revised in future editions.
There are several breaks in the time series between 1987 and 1988 due to areorganisation of government departments during 1987.

SupplyHeat outputs from main activity and autoproducer CHP plants are not available.
Electricity and heat production from other sources represents waste heatrecovered and used for electricity production. This includes heat recovered fromchemical processes at acid plants in the fertiliser industry, where sulphur is themain input.
Only net electricity production is collected for some plants such as combustible
fuels autoproducer CHP and electricity plants. As a result, electricity own use in

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these plants is estimated by the New Zealand administration.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
For 2018, a shortage of natural gas resulted in decreased use of natural gas forelectricity generation, and increased use of sub-bituminous coal.
In late 2015, two natural gas fired power stations used for baseload demandclosed. As the remaining natural gas-fired plants are used more for peak demand,
there is a reduction in generation efficiency between 2015 and 2016.
Stable efficiencies are reported for a range of fuels and plant types based on
historical estimates by the New Zealand administration including biogas
autoproducer chp and electricity plants, gas/diesel oil main activity producer CHP
and autoproducer chp plants as well as natural gas autoproducer electricity
plants.
In 1999, a reclassification of autoproducer plants causes some breaks in the timeseries.
Data for geothermal electricity production by autoproducers are available from
1990.
The New Zealand administration has updated efficiencies for electricity
production from geothermal heat from 10% to 15% from 1990 onwards; thiscauses a break in the time series between 1989 and 1990.
In the 2018 edition, revisions in electricity production in hydro plants back to 2002
are related to a change in methodology. This results in a break in time series
between 2001 and 2002.
Electricity production by autoproducers from natural gas and from oil has been
estimated by the Secretariat from 1970 to 1973.

Consumption
The only remaining oil refinery closed during 2022.
A new survey starting with the 2013 data can cause breaks in data for final
consumption of electricity.
The consumption of electricity by the transport sector is collected under theAustralian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) 2006
system’s “Transport, Postal and Warehousing” category. As this covers
commercial services as well as transport, MBIE estimates the amount of this thatcan be allocated to transport. At present this data does not allow for the

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disaggregation by transport sub-sector.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Beginning in 2013, the falling electricity consumption in the pulp, paper andprinting sector follows with the permanent closure of a paper machine in one of
New Zealand’s larger energy users, following decreased demand for newsprint.
Data on direct use of geothermal heat are available from 1990 and direct use ofsolar thermal heat from 2002.
From 1974 to 1993 transmission and distribution losses include statisticaldifferences.
The classifications used by the administration of New Zealand were changed in
1991.
Electricity consumption in pulp, paper and printing is included in wood and wood

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products prior to 1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

NorwaySourceStatistics Norway, Oslo.

General Notes
In the 2018 edition, data for Norway were revised back to 2010, following the
introduction of a new system for energy balances and energy accounts. Breaks inseries may appear between 2009 and 2010 as a result. For more detailed
information regarding the methodological changes, please refer to the
documentation of statistics production since statistics year 2010 on the Statistics
Norway website. At the time of writing, the document was available in Norwegianas “Dokumentasjon av statistikkproduksjonen fra statistikkår 2010 og fremover”.

Coal
General notes
Other bituminous coal includes lignite.
Production of coking coal, coke oven coke and coke oven gas ceased in thelate 1980s.

SupplyIn 2022 a large blast furnace gas producer that did not operate in 2020 and 2021
restarted production and sales of blast furnace gas.
A downward trend of other bituminous coal production started in 2017.
The decrease of other bituminous coal production in 2015 is due to a temporary
shutdown in one of the coal mines.
The decrease of other bituminous coal production in 2005 is due to a fire in oneof the coal mines; this entailed a break in the production for a large part of theyear.

Consumption
In 2022, a company restarted operating of a blast furnace after the closure in 2020 and sold part

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of the produced blast furnace gas to the chemical industry.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil
General notes
In the 2022 and 2023 editions, as part of the continuing efforts for data
improvement, the Norwegian administration introduced revisions back to 2010 due
to methodological changes and new sources. There may be breaks for someproducts and flows between 2009 and 2010. Additional revisions are expected in
the next edition.
Prior to 1990, ethane is included with LPG.

SupplyIn the 2023 edition, the Norwegian administration introduced revisions back to2010 for indigenous production and exports of crude oil. There may be breaks
between 2009 and 2010.
Due to refinery maintenance, refinery output of several oil products decreased in2019.
In the 2021 edition, indigenous production of additives/oxygenates decreased
due to a change in reporting methodology by the Norwegian administration.
In 2017 the Goliat field was offline from September through October for planned
and unplanned maintenance.
Crude oil production includes condensates.
Starting with 2014 data, Statistics Norway has changed the source for annual
crude oil exports to include shipping information collected by the National
Petroleum Directorate.
Starting from 2014 data, there is a break in naphtha supply time series due to achange in reporting methodology adopted by Statistics Norway.
Prior to 2002 data, a part of LPG exports was reported as NGL exports.
Since 1986, imports of refinery feedstocks are reported under the relevant oil
product imports.

Transformation
In 2016 the Slagen refinery underwent maintenance which led to a decrease in

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refinery throughput for that year.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2014, the strong decrease in crude oil refinery intake is linked to heavy
maintenance work carried in the refineries in fall 2014.
Starting with 1990 data, gas/diesel oil used for autoproduced electricity on oil andgas platforms are reported under energy industry own use.
From 1970 to 1975, gas/diesel oil for electricity generation has been estimatedby the Secretariat.

Consumption
Starting in 2021, it is mandatory in Norway to blend biodiesel to non-biodiesel for
use within non-road transport sectors.
In the 2022 edition, the Norwegian administration revised consumption data forseveral sub-sectors, most notably for gas/diesel oil, motor gasoline andkerosene type jet fuel, from 2020 onwards.
Use of oil products for heating in households is no longer allowed; hence, theconsumption of oil products in the residential sector declined in 2019.
Data on naphtha consumption in Norway are currently unavailable.
Consumption of lubricants is reported within industry, as no further breakdown isavailable.
In 2003 and 1993 data, breaks in time series appear for consumption in thechemical/petrochemical industry due to newly available information.
Prior to 2000, gas/diesel oil used in fishing is included in agriculture/forestry.

Natural gas
General notes
For Norway, the supply of natural gas is the residual of two very large and opposite
amounts: indigenous production and exports. As a result, large statisticaldifferences in some years may lead to discrepancies in the growth rates of supply
and demand of natural gas.

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Since 2008 data on opening and closing stock levels are available.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In the 2023 edition, revisions were made from 2010 to 2020 which re-allocated oil
refineries to electricity, chp, and heat which aligns with the correct reporting
methodology.
Since 2007, natural gas inputs to all electricity and CHP plants are included in
autoproducer electricity plants for confidentiality reasons.
The last main activity electricity producer closed down in 2016.

Consumption
Prior to 2008, natural gas amounts used in gas extraction by offshore platforms
were not included in production data.
Since 2002 domestic navigation is included under non-specified transport.
The 2007 increase in non-specified transport is due to the wider use of gaspowered sea vessels.
Before 2000, energy use in oil and gas extraction also included some final
consumption amounts.
In 1992 the increase in oil and gas extraction is due to the start-up of new fields.
Consumption for pipeline transport is included in energy industry own use.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Some of the data reported under solid biofuels excluding charcoal includes
charcoal. Efforts are being made by the Norwegian administration to separate thisdata in the future.
Due to new available information, in the 2024 edition the Norwegian administration
revised several supply and demand flow from 2018 to 2021 and electricity
production from main activity and auto producers for 2020 and 2021 for industrial
waste, municipal wastes, primary solid biofuels, biogases, biodiesel, otherliquid biofuels, hydro and solar PV.
Prior to 2007, equal shares of renewable and non-renewable municipal waste
were estimated because the actual split was not known.

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Data for industrial waste and biogases are available from 1991.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyThe data for the indigenous production of biogases is based on consumption
data.
In 2014, the biodiesel production facility closed.
Data for liquid biofuels imports are available starting in 2006.

Transformation
Increased heat production from biogases and other liquid biofuels in 2018 isrelated to replacing fossil fuels.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the big changes in commercial and public services
consumption of non-renewable municipal wastes, primary solid biofuels andbiogases between 2023p and 2022 will be revised in the next publication when
the Norwegian administration will obtain final 2022 data.
In the 2024 edition, for the first time the Norwegian administration reported
biogases blended in the natural gas grid for 2022 and consumption of liquified
biomethane added to LNG for maritime transport in 2019 and 2022.
In the 2024 edition, the amount of biogases reported for commercial and public
services in 2022 is likely to be too low and will be revised by the Norwegianadministration in the next publications.
Charcoal consumption data in residential were first reported in the 2022 edition,
only for the preliminary 2021 data, and then for the whole time series in the 2023
edition.
From 2019, data for solid biofuels in the industry sector replaces coal/coke as a
reductant. This is seen in the chemical/petrochemical and iron and steel sectors.
Decreases in the consumption of solid biofuels in the chemical/petrochemical,
non-metallic minerals and food, beverages and tobacco in 2018 are related to thefact that charcoal was included before but now it has been deducted.
Distribution losses for biogases are included in commercial/public services prior

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to 2003.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Electricity and heat
SupplyIn the 2023 edition, the Norwegian Administration revised heat production fromheat pumps and other sources, for the years 2010-2017, to remove amounts
used for district cooling.
Solar electricity production in the residential sector is available from 2018.
However, it only refers to electricity sold – it does not include electricity generated
and consumed by households themselves.
The electricity generated from other sources represents electricity from waste
heat.
Prior to 2009, transmission and distribution losses include statistical differences.
Heat produced by autoproducer heat plants from chemical processes and fromother sources and used for electricity production has been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat for the period 1990 to 2006.
Electricity production from wind is available from 1993.
Data for heat production from heat pumps and electric boilers (including theelectricity used for this production) are available from 1989.
Data for heat production are not available prior to 1983.

Transformation
In September 2020, a fire occured at a natural gas fired power plant. As a result,lower electricity output from natural gas was observed in 2021 and early 2022.
Prior to 2018, heat output from heat pumps included district cooling. Electricity
inputs to heat pumps run in cooling mode is included for all years. Revisions are
pending.
Increased heat production from biogases and other liquid biofuels in 2018 isrelated to replacing fossil fuels.
For 2017, the apparent increase in heat output from solid biofuel-fired Main CHP
plants is due to a plant reclassification.
In the 2016 edition, Norway corrected the industrial waste consumption in heat

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plants, and reclassified some the corresponding heat output under other sources.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Starting in 2007, data for natural gas electricity and CHP plants are aggregatedin autoproducer electricity plants for confidentiality reasons. The revisions
received for the 2018 edition partially altered these data for the period 2010 to2016, but no explanations were given.
Breaks in the time series between 1996 and 1997 and between 2001 and 2002
and now 2009 and 2010 are due to a reclassification of main activity producers
and autoproducers. This includes the apparent cessation of autoproducer
pumped hydro and hydro electricity generation since 2010, where thisgeneration has been reclassified as main activity.
Data for heat production from biogases are available from 1995.
Prior to 1991, net electricity production by autoproducers by industry sub-sector
was estimated by the Secretariat based on data submitted by the Norwegianadministration.
Data on inputs and outputs in heat plants are not available prior to 1983 for main
activity heat plants and prior to 1988 for autoproducer heat plants.

Consumption
Electricity consumption in road refers to calculated consumption for fully electricvehicles and hybrids. This consumption is removed from residential andcommercial and public services consumption where relevant.
For the 2019 edition, heat consumption in the chemical (incl. petrochemical) andcommercial and public services sectors was revised back to 2007. Historicalrevisions for other sectors are pending. As a result, breaks in series occur for heatconsumption in some sectors between 2016 and 2017.
Consumption of electricity for pipeline transport is included in oil and gas
extraction.
The breakdown of heat consumption by industry sub-sector was expanded in

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1992, reclassified in 1994 and collected by a new reporting system in 1997.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

PolandSourceCentral Statistical Office, Warsaw.

Coal
General notes
Other recovered gases which appear in the balances as output from blast
furnaces also include off-gases from zinc and copper smelting, ceramics kilns andsteel production, thus artificially increasing the overall efficiency of blast furnaces
when calculated.
The decrease in exports and consumption of coking coal, as well as the stock
built in 2019 are consequence of a reduction of the external and internal demandof iron and steel, which was impacted, among other factors, by the carbon andelectricity prices.
Patent fuel trade data may include transit trade.
Prior to 2016 data, other bituminous coal includes anthracite.

Transformation
In 2019 the use of other bituminous coal for electricity generation decreased asconsequence of high CO2 prices and high mining costs, which made morecompetitive other generation technologies such as natural gas or renewables, aswell as electricity imports.
The decrease in the consumption of lignite in Main Activity Producer CHP Plants
in 2019 is a result of the shutdown of a large power unit for renovation.
For the year 2015, there is production of gas works gas but no reporting of any
input to that process. The LPG input was too small to be appeared (less than 0,5);
until 2016, the reported numbers were rounded to the nearest whole number in
the Joint Annual Questionnaires.
For the 2018 and 2019 editions, the Central Statistical Office has revised their
methodology which accounts for sold heat produced from autoproducer heatplants using coking coal and other bituminous coal, resulting in lower, but more

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accurate data for 2007 onwards.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
In the 2022 edition, revisions were made in for 2017-2019 coke oven coke. This
product is used as a reducing agent for the production of zinc concentrates. In
previous years, it was treated as energy use. The values are currently shown as
non-energy use.
Introduction of anti-smog resolution led to reduction of hard coal consumption inhouseholds in 2019.
Inputs of coke oven coke into blast furnaces and consumption in the iron andsteel sector were estimated in 2019 so as to keep the efficiency of blast furnaces
at 40%. Part of the large decrease in the iron and steel sector consumption canbe explained by that estimation.
Consumption in agriculture/forestry for BKB, and own use in power stations forlignite are residual flows, so may contain statistical differences and otherconsumption not reported elsewhere. As a consequence, changes in these timeseries may not be wholly representative of the activities shown.
Prior to 2010, own use in coal mines included workers’ take home allowance,
which should be included in residential consumption.

Oil
General notes
From 1997, receipts from other sources (natural gas) of other hydrocarbons
correspond to the natural gas used in the hydrocracking unit in refineries, also
represented as the output of non-specified transformation in the balances format.

SupplyOutput of petroleum coke is produced from a new refinery plant installed at theend of 2019.
Between 2016 and 2017, a break in series for stocks of refinery feedstocks
results from a change in reporting methodology.
In 2018 new legislation introduced a biofuel blending obligation for liquid fuels.
The effects of this policy can be seen throughout 2017, as companies prepared
for the implementation of the new directive, and in 2018 once the directive came

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into force.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In 2017 lower refinery activity is linked to maintenance activities at several refineryinstallations across the country.
Prior to 1998, inputs of gas/diesel oil and heavy fuel oil to autoproducer CHP in
petroleum refineries have been included in the transformation.

Consumption
In 2016 regulatory changes affecting the customs and tax authorities meant that
consumption of fuel in the informal economy decreased.
In 2015, a new flue-gas desulphurisation unit was installed. As this unit facilitateshigh sulphur fuel oil burning in place of natural gas, this explains the increase infuel oil consumption in oil refineries.

Natural gas
SupplyExports include natural gas that is injected into underground storage facilities
abroad. This process was very economically favourable for the years 2016 – 2020.
Exports include all the natural gas sold by companies operating in Poland (theseare mainly re-exports).
Natural gas reported in associated production contains some heavierhydrocarbons. This results in a high gross calorific value for production.

Transformation
Non-specified transformation data represent natural gas used for hydrogen
manufacture. This hydrogen is used for hydrodesulphurization in oil refineries.
In 2013 and 2014 some CHP plants were used as backup reserve plants, resulting
in a decrease in consumption under main activity producers CHP plants.
In 2004 and 2005 small amounts of natural gas were used to start up main activity
electricity plants.
In the 2017 data, local small-CHP & heat plants were reclassified from thecommercial/public services to the transformation sector and the residential sub-

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sector.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
Distribution losses may include some statistical differences.
Non-specified energy includes gas used for heating and pumping operations in the
distribution network.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Several breaks in the industrial waste time series are caused by difficulties in theclassification of wastes.
In the 2018 edition, solid biofuels were corrected for 2015 data.
There is a break in time series between 2015 and 2016 for biogases due toreclassification from autoproducer to main activity plants.
The increases in municipal wastes starting in 2016 are related to two new plants.
Data on biodiesels are available from 2005; biogasoline data from 2003; andother liquid biofuels data from 2009.
In 2008, a new questionnaire was launched which increased the coverage of
renewable and waste data.

SupplyUnder current Polish law, only producers and importers of biodiesel are obliged
to fulfil the National Indicative Target of share of biofuels in the total usage oftransportation fuels. Since the regulation is currently not applied to retail
distributors they, for economic reason, rather export the biodiesel than sell it
domestically. This results in low domestic consumption and increase of exports in2016.
Production of other liquid biofuels increased in 2015 because new companies
started to report their biofuels production to the Polish administration.

Transformation
In 2017, heat production from autoproducer CHP and heat plants burning

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municipal wastes increased due to two new plants.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Before 2000, industrial waste was used interchangeably with light fuel oil in someplants, which might result in breaks in the time series.

Consumption
The decrease in the consumption of biodiesel in the road sector in 2017 is related
to an unfavourable pricing scheme on the domestic market, causing consumers
to choose diesel and producers to export or blend the biodiesel they produced.
The consumption of solid biofuels in non-metallic minerals decreased in 2017
because modern clinker ovens have been replacing solid biofuels withmunicipal wastes.
Increases in consumption of biodiesel in 2016 are related to a policy change inthe middle of the year.
Data for biogases refer only to the gas from fermentation of biomass.
Until 1998, data for industrial waste include other recovered gases which haveto be reported in Coal questionnaire, causing a break between 1997 and 1998.
Between 1992 and 1993, due to data availability, there is a large increase in solid
biofuels for residential, commercial/public services and agriculture/forestry.

Electricity and heat
General notes
Prior to 2010, heat supply and consumption can include autoproducers unsold
heat. Previous attempts to address such issue may have caused breaks for heatproduction and fuel in autoproducer heat plants (1993) and in autoproducer CHP
plants, and for heat consumption in industry sub-sectors.

SupplyElectricity and heat from chemical heat and other sources are available from 2011.
Prior to that, these amounts could be included under different categories.
Heat distribution losses are available from 2004. Prior to that they are included inconsumption.

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Heat production from heat pumps is available from 2009.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
For 2019, the increase in electricity output from industrial waste was in part due
to the opening of a new waste-to-energy plant in late 2018.
In 2019, electricity output from solid biofuels increased following the introductionof a new state support scheme. In 2016, output declined following a reduction instate support for biomass co-firing.
For the 2017 edition, the Polish administration revised electricity production datafrom power plants run by combustible fuels, reclassifying those that werepreviously reported as main activity CHP as main activity electricity plants. These
revisions mainly affected coal-fired power plants and created breaks in time series
from 2004 onwards.
In the 2017 edition, the Polish administration reclassified some amounts ofelectricity consumption from chemical and petrochemical sector to oil refineries,
following access to improved survey methods.
Due to a reclassification of plant types, there is a break in time series in 2015 forthe generation of heat in autoproducer CHP plants in the iron and steel sector.
In 2014 and 2008, a number of CHP plants were reclassified from autoproducer
to main activity producer due to an industry re-organisation.
Prior to 2013, electricity used for pumped storage (mixed plants) is included underused for pumped storage (pure hydro pumping plants).
Data for direct use of geothermal heat are available from 2000 and direct use ofsolar thermal heat in commercial/public services from 2002 and in residentialfrom 2009.
Heat consumption in energy industry own use includes process heat not soldbefore 1995.
Data for electricity production in autoproducer electricity plants are available from1986.

Consumption
Electricity consumption in Road refers to consumption in designated publiccharging spots. Charging of vehicles in a residential setting is included in

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Residential consumption.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Portugal
SourceDireção-Geral de Energia e Geologia, Lisbon.

Coal
General notes
Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous coal.

Transformation
In 2022, the production of electricity from coal stopped as the last coal-fired power
station closed in November 2021.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the General Directorate of Energy and Geology reallocatedindustry consumption of anthracite, for 2014 and 2015, and coke oven coke,from 2014 onwards, from chemical and petrochemical and non-metallic minerals
to iron and steel to better align with the National Energy Balances and the National
Accounts Statistics.
Between 1997 and 2001 gas works gas was gradually replaced by natural gas
in the commercial/public service and residential sectors.
The production of pig iron ceased in the first quarter of 2001, leading to decreases
in supply and consumption of coking coal, coke oven coke, coke oven gas andblast furnace gas in 2001.

Oil
General notes
The increase in refinery throughput in 2015 is a result of increased refinery
capacity linked to the expansion of the Sines refinery.
A new hydrocracking unit started operations in Sines Refinery in April 2013. This
explains the 2013 increase in refinery feedstock imports, as well as middle

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distillate production.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SupplyProduction from other sources (natural gas) of other hydrocarbons corresponds
to hydrogen used in refineries, also represented as the output of non-specified
transformation in the balances format.
Scheduled refinery maintenance lasting two months in 2018 affected the
production and exports of secondary oil products.

Consumption
Due to an investment to increase capacity, petrochemical plant operations were
stopped for almost five months, thereby decreasing the consumption of naphthaand LPG for non-energy use in 2018.
Consumption of gas/diesel oil in industry and commercial/public services
represents diesel use in mobile fleets.

Natural gas
SupplyIn February 1997, Portugal started to import natural gas.
The surge in 2017 imports is attributed to the consumption of gas-fired power
plants that filled in the gap of decreased hydro-generation due to a drought.

Transformation
Since 2012, data reported for non-specified transformation represent natural gas
used for hydrogen manufacture. Prior to this year, these quantities are reported
under oil refineries.
The 2002 decrease in natural gas used for gas works (transformation) is due tothe closing of the Lisbon gas works plant in May 2001.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Data for solid biofuels were revised in a previous publication by the National
administration from 1990 to 2001, which may result in breaks in time series

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between 1989 and 1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Data are available from 1994 for biogases, from 1999 for municipal waste andfrom 2003 for industrial waste.

Consumption
The use of biogasoline for blending decreased in 2017 because it is no longer
compulsory to use biofuels in gasoline.
Data for solid biofuels were further revised based on a new survey on industry,
resulting in breaks in sub-sectoral consumption for 2012.
Between 2009 and 2010 a new survey on energy consumption in households
creates a break in time series in the solid biofuels consumption in residential timeseries.

Electricity and heat
SupplyData for production of electricity from solar photovoltaic and wind are available
from 1989.
The large decrease in electricity output from hydro for 2017 is due to decreased
rainfall.

Transformation
In 2019 and 2020, one of the two other bituminous coal-fired plants in Portugal
operated with reduced output. The plant permanently closed in late 2020.
In the 2017 edition, the data for production of electricity by autoproducer hydroplants were revised between 1990 and 1999, according to a new national
methodology.
For 2016 data onwards, heat and electricity production from chemical sources
have been reclassified as autoproducer CHP production from industrial waste,causing cessation of the heat and electricity generated from heat from chemical
processes time series, and causing breaks in the industrial waste time series
between 2015 and 2016.
In 2007, some power plants that were previously reported as main activity CHP

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have been reclassified as autoproducer CHP.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2007, the power station that burns industrial waste started to work as a CHP
plant, whereas previously it was only producing electricity.
New plants fuelled by solid biofuels and by municipal waste started in 1999.
Prior to 1992, data for electricity production by autoproducers include production
from combustible fuel sources only.
Electricity production from other oil products refers to methanol.
Data for production of electricity in main activity producer CHP plants and theassociated fuel inputs are not available prior to 1980.

Consumption
For autoproducers, due to the legal status of most CHP Autoproducer plants, heatconsumed corresponds in most cases to the sector where heat is generated.
In April 2021, an oil refinery shut down which led to a decrease in heatconsumption in 2021 and 2022.
In the 2017 edition, the Portuguese administration reclassified some amounts ofheat consumption from the residential to the commercial and public services
sector for the period 1998 to 2014 following a new national methodology.Data for
direct use of solar thermal heat is available from 1989 and direct use of

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geothermal heat from 1994.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Slovak Republic
SourceStatistical Office of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava.

General notes
Data are available starting in 1971.
The Slovak Republic became a separate state in 1993 and harmonised its
statistics to EU standards in 2000. These two facts lead to several breaks in timeseries between 1992 and 1993, and between 2000 and 2001.

Coal
General notes
BKB includes peat products.
In 2019 there is a general decrease in coal supply affecting all products, which isdriven by less coal-fired power generation and reduced operation in the iron &steel sector.
Data for anthracite, patent fuel and coal tar all begin in 2005. Prior to this,anthracite was included with other hard coals, and patent fuel and coal tar data
were not reported.
Since 2005, data for coal tar and patent fuel are based solely on trade receipts.
Production of coal tar which is consumed within the national boundary is notreported. Consumption of patent fuel adopts the residual methodology forstatistical differences described above.
Breaks in time series may exist between 2000 and 2001 as the result of theimplementation of a new survey system.
Commercial/public services also includes statistical differences for otherbituminous coal, lignite, patent fuel and coke oven coke from 1980 onwards
and BKB from 1989 onwards.

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Coal mining is scheduled to end in the Slovak Republic by 2023.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil
General notes
Starting with 2016 data ethane is included with refinery gas.
From 2001 onwards, kerosene type jet fuel includes small amounts of otherkerosene.

Transformation
In 2018, one of the companies changed its status from main activity producer CHP
plant to autoproducer CHP plant, resulting in a decrease in refinery gas and fueloil consumption for main activity producer CHP.
Between 2008 and 2009, one of the companies changed its status from
autoproducer CHP plant to main activity producer CHP plant, resulting in adecrease in fuel oil consumption for autoproducer CHP.

Consumption
In 2018, one of the companies changed its status from main activity producer CHP
plant to autoproducer CHP plant, resulting in an increase in fuel oil consumption
in the chemical and petrochemical industry.
For gas/diesel oil, road data include rail use.
Small quantities of kerosene-type jet fuel used for domestic aviation are included
in international aviation bunkers data.
Data for energy use of white spirit are not available.

Natural gas
General notes
In the 2024 edition, 2022 data were submitted with an updated methodology
leading to a minor break in the time series for some flows between 2021 and 2022.
In the next edition a revision is expected to eliminate these breaks. Data for

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transmission and distribution losses were not available between 2009 and 2013.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Between 1970 and 1971 and between 1978 and 1979, there are breaks in timeseries due to a revision of data for 1968-1969 and 1979-92 made in 2003. Data
for 1970 were estimated by the Secretariat.

SupplyIn 2002 the gross calorific value (GCV) of production increased significantly as
extraction from a field with a low GCV ended.
Imports include gas used for pipeline compressor stations.

Transformation
In 2014, the decrease in autoproducer CHP plants consumption was due to a plantclosure.
Autoproducer electricity plants stopped operation in 2016.
Amounts in non-specified transformation represent natural gas used for hydrogen
manufacture. This hydrogen is used for hydrodesulphurization and forhydrocracking in oil refineries.

Consumption
In 2018, following a change in the nature of its economic activity (as per the NACE
classification), a big consuming company is now accounted for in the natural gas
consumption for the mining sector, leading to a substantial increase.
In 2016, non-energy use of natural gas in the chemical and petrochemical industry
decreased due to a two-month stoppage in ammonia production.
In 2001, there is a break in time series for energy use in oil and gas extraction due
to the application of the IEA’s definition starting that year.
There are inconsistencies in the time series of commerce/public services as thissub-sector was computed as a residual.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Prior to 2001, the data reported as industrial waste include biogases and

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municipal waste.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
In 2024 edition, solid biofuels residential consumption data have been revised
since 2010 thanks to the cooperation between the National Statistical Office andthe Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHI) which launched a survey onbiomass consumption.

Electricity and heat
General notes
Data for solar photovoltaic are available from 2010.

SupplyFor 2018, heat supply of main activity producer CHP plants declined due to theclosure of a large producer in January 2018.
Electricity and heat from other sources refer to waste heat (flue gases).

Transformation
In the 2023 edition, heat supply from main activity nuclear CHP plants wasreclassified to main activity nuclear heat plants for all years starting from 2001.
In the 2023 edition, electricity supply from main activity nuclear CHP plants wasreclassified to main activity nuclear electricity plants for all years starting from2001.
For 2020, no municipal waste use is reported at autoproducer electricity plants
or autoproducer heat plants, as the plants reported the production under
autoproducer CHP.
For 2020, the efficiency of production using other bituminous coal at main
activity CHP plants is above the expected range. Conversely, for 2021, 2020 and
2019, the efficiency of heat production using biogas at main activity plants is far
below the expected range. The Slovak Administration is investigating theseissues. Revisions are pending.
For 2018, opposing trends in residual fuel oil use at Autoproducer and Main CHP

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plants are due to changes in plant classifications following a merger.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For 1990 to 2003, electricity and heat production from combustible fuels havebeen estimated based on the data on fuel inputs to electricity and heat plants
reported in the annual fuel questionnaires.
Prior to 2001, electricity generation from primary solid biofuels, municipal waste
and biogases are included with industrial waste.

Consumption
For 2018, the apparent decline in heat consumption in the oil refineries andchemical (incl. petrochemical) sectors is due to a merger between companies inthose sectors and a CHP plant.
For 2018, the increase in electricity consumption in the mining and quarrying
sector is because a larger consumer was reclassified.
The low electricity consumption in oil refineries in 2003 and 2004 is due to achange in ownership and work carried out on a refinery.
Data for direct use of geothermal heat are available from 2001 and direct use of

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solar thermal heat from 2005.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Slovenia
SourceStatistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana.

General notes
Breaks in the time series appear for inputs to and outputs from electricity
generation between 2017 and 2018 due to a change in methodology. This is mostnotable for lignite-fired main activity producer CHP and electricity only plants. Data
for 2018 onwards are reported on a unit basis, whereas data for previous years
are reported on a plant basis.
A new energy data collection system was implemented in January 2001, causing
some breaks in time series between 1999 and 2000.
Data for Slovenia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Yugoslavia.

Coal
Transformation
In the 2024 edition, lignite use in main activity producer electricity and CHP plants
decreased considerably in 2022 due to the Slovenian Government intention totransition away from coal-fired power plants.
From 2018, there is a change in methodology for reporting CHP generation whichreflects in new figures in only-electricity production. Revisions prior to 2018 are
not expected.
In 2015, one of the main activity electricity plants burning lignite ceased its
operations.

Oil
SupplyTime series for crude oil production and fuel oil for international marine bunkers

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end in 2021 because the corresponding activities stopped in 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Between 2013 and 2014, a break in imports and exports time series for kerosenetype jet fuel and fuel oil appears due to improvements in reporting methodology.
New trade corresponds to imports that are first stocked on Slovenian territory andlater re-exported.

Consumption
In the 2021 edition, there is a break between 2017 and 2018 for white spirit
whereby consumption is reported for various industry sub-sectors due to a change
in reporting methodology by the Slovenian administration.
Time series for motor gasoline and gas/diesel consumption in road fluctuate as
they are computed by the Slovenian administration as residual between the supply
and the total consumption of all other categories.

Natural gas
Transformation
In 2014, improvements in a main activity producer CHP plant resulted in a
substantial reduction of natural gas consumption in this sector.

Consumption
In 2011, the decrease in the chemical and petrochemcal sector non-energy use
consumption is due to minimal use of gas for production of methanol.
There are inconsistencies in the time series for commercial/public services as thissub-sector is computed by the Slovenian administration as a residual.

Biofuels and waste
SupplyIn the 2024 edition and only for 2022 data, more disaggregated information on
Solar photovoltaic autoproducer electricity plants were obtained by the
Slovenian Statistical Office. This results in a break in the time series of electricity
generation and capacity of the different types of Solar PV plants by capacity

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between 2021 and 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Solar PV autoproducer electricity production in Slovenia contains from 2019
onwards the share of self-consumption from Residential and Commercial andpublic services. This has not been the case between 2015 and 2018.

Consumption
As a result of a new survey on energy consumption in the services sector, in the2024 edition the Slovenian administration reported for the first time consumptionof solid biofuels in “Commercial and public services” for 2022.
Increases in consumption of biodiesel starting from 2017 are the result of anamended energy policy, which went into effect in mid-2017.
The break in time series between 2008 and 2009 for solid biofuels is due torevisions based on a new household survey which is to be carried out on an annual
basis.
Breaks in total final consumption for industrial waste prior to 2008 are a result ofa sectoral reclassification.

Electricity and heat
SupplySolar PV autoproducer electricity production in Slovenia contains from 2019
onwards the share of self-consumption from Residential and Commercial andpublic services. This has not been the case between 2015 and 2018.

Transformation
In 2018, Slovenia began gradually changing the sources of data for main heatplants from questionnaires to administrative sources. This change has resulted insome variation in reported efficiencies, in particular, for natural gas.

Consumption
Electricity consumption before 2022 that could not be allocated to a specific sector
was reported under commercial and public services. New surveys were able toallocate parts of the electricity consumption to additional sectors. Starting from2022, all electricity consumption that could not be allocated is reported under not

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elsewhere specified other).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Breaks occur between 2017 and 2018 for electricity consumption data (inparticular, for Machinery and Construction) due to a change in the sample frames
and sample sizes used in surveys.
Data on electricity consumption in Road are available from 2017.
In 2017, the apparent increase in electricity consumption in Rail is due to improved
data provided by a new survey launched by the Ministry of Infrastructure in 2018.
Direct use of solar thermal and geothermal heat is available from 2009.
Surveys for data on heat consumption are available from 2003 onwards for the
residential, industry and energy sectors. Prior to 2003, the data have been

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estimated by the Slovenian administration.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Spain
SourceMinisterio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, Madrid.

General notes
Spain is currently working on improving its data collection system. Therefore,
breaks in time series are present in the data and historical revisions are expectedin future editions.

Coal
General notes
The calorific values for sub-bituminous coal are correct on an as received basis,and comply with definitions of sub-bituminous coal on a moist, but ash freebasis.

SupplySince 2019, capacity of coke oven coke production has decreased in Spain. As aconsequence, the imports of coke oven coke have increased and the imports ofcoking coal have decreased.
Hard coal mining ceased in Spain at the end of 2018. Consequently, theproduction figures for other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal andanthracite are zero from 2019.
Import and exports figures include transit trade. This affects specially anthracite.
There is ongoing work to improve this situation.
The main coke oven coke producer closed in 2019, which meant a significant
reduction of the quantities of coke oven coke produced. This also affected the
coking coal imports.
Lignite mining ceased in 2008.

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Underground production of sub-bituminous coal ceased in 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
Half of the coal power plants closed in Spain in June 2020. Due to this great
reduction of the coal plants in Spain, figures in transformation have decreased
greatly, especially in Main Activity Producer and other bituminous coal.
The Main Activity Producer plant consuming coke oven gas has had several
stops within 2020, which have affected the consumption and the efficiency figures.
In 2018 edition, a reclassification of plants from autoproducer to main activity has
led to breaks between 2015 and 2016.

Consumption
Iron & steel production slowed down in 2019. As a result, energy consumption has
decreased this year in electricity, natural gas and all coal products related to this
sector (coking coal, coke oven coke, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas).
In the 2021 edition, blast furnace (energy) consumption has been revised back to
2003.

Oil
General notes
A change in the reporting system occurred mid-1996 resulting in some breaks intime series.

Transformation

In 2022, there is a break in the historical series for LPG due to a switch fromnatural gas to LPG made by one of the reporting CHP units.Consumption
The Spanish administration provides from 2022 a more detailed breakdown insome sectors such as non-bio gasoline consumption for domestic navigation.
A more detailed breakdown in some consumptions such as LPG, non-bio gasoline,
non-bio jet kerosene and non-bio gas/diesel oil used for refinery fuel appears in
2021 due to the inclusion of decimal points in the reporting.
Gas/diesel oil is no longer used in coal mines due to the cessation of coal mining
production in 2020.
A more detailed breakdown in some consumptions time series appears between

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2012 and 2013 due to an update and improvement in the reporting methodology.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Natural gas
General notes
Spain has implemented a new tool in data collection, so there are currently breaks
in the time series for 2014 and 2015 in transformation and industry respectively.

SupplyStarting in 2020, Spain was able to obtain information about international marine
bunkers, which led to a re-allocation of export flows initially included in Nonelsewhere Specified for the period of 2015 to 2019.

Transformation
The increase in the transformation sector consumption for 2017 comes from moregas-fired plants being used to compensate decreased hydro generation due to adrought.
Due to the implementation of an updated tool for gathering information onelectricity generation plants in 2013 many autoproducer electricity plants werereclassified as autoproducer CHP plants.
In 1997, the increase in input to main activity producer electricity is due to two
main activity producer electricity producers running on natural gas.
Between 1993 and 1994 there is a break in time series in autoproducer CHP plants
consumption, since a new survey revealed a large number of CHP autoproducers
that were previously included in industry consumption.
Since 1990 the decrease of natural gas inputs into gas works gas production isdue to the substitution of natural gas by manufactured gas.

Consumption
Between 2021 and 2022 there is a break in the time series fortransmission/distribution losses and pipeline transport in which some data wasreassigned from the former to the latter.
Between 2021 and 2022, there is a break in the time series for chemical andpetrochemical in which an increase in information lead to a decrease in energy

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use and an increase in non-energy use.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Since 2021, data reported in liquefaction / regasification plants represent LNG thatis used for cooldown of international ships.
Since 2001, the final consumption breakdown is estimated by the Spanish
administration.
Between 2005 and 2006 there are some breaks in time series for the energy
industry own use and for final consumption due to a change in the estimation
methodology.
Since 1988 the increase of natural gas used as feedstock is due to a substitutionof naphtha for the production of fertilisers.
Prior to 1982 natural gas consumption in textiles and leather, transportationequipment and machinery has been included in non-specified industry.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
Prior to 2018 data, other liquid biofuels data were included with solid biofuels.
A revision of the historical time series is expected in the future.

Transformation
In 2021 consumption of solid biofuels in MAP electricity increased due to a newplant becoming operative.
In the 2022 edition, thanks to a split of paper industrial waste between renewable
and non-renewable,some units reports

industrial waste in electricity

autoproducers. For this reason, in 2020 the electricity generation increased
greatly. In addition, in 2020 a CHP plant reported generation from hydrogenproduced through membrane systems using salt water reservoirs. This producthas been allocated to industrial waste since non-renewable electricity is used. For
2023 edition, it has been reported as “other sources”.
Heat production from renewable sources is mostly not sold to third parties but
rather, used for industrial purposes or consumed by heat production facilities.
2017 is the first year that data are available for the blending of biogas with naturalgas. An update to the time series is expected in the future.
Based on studies from the Institute of Cork, Wood and Charcoal (IPROCOR), thePAGE | 265

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efficiency of charcoal production plants is assumed to be 20%.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

From 2013 data, a revision of the industry sector of some companies causes
breaks in time series for solid biofuels, municipal waste and biogases.

Consumption
Increased consumption of biofuels from 2016 to 2017 is a result of increased
demand for motor gasoline/diesel.
Prior to 2006, inputs of biogases used to generate process heat were erroneously
included as inputs to transformation when they should have been reported in theappropriate industry in final consumption.
The breakdown of solid biofuels direct use in the industry sector prior to 1999 is
not available.

Electricity and heat
SupplyAs a result of the National Energy and Climate Plan wind and PV power andgeneration have increased significantly every year since 2018. Moreover, in thelast years, electricity production from autoproducer solar increased due to
implementation of a new regulation incentivising prosumption.
Electricity reported under other sources is from waste heat and hydrogen.
Transmission and distribution losses are estimated by the Spanish administration.
Data for electricity from solar thermal plants are available from 2007.
Starting in 2006, a new method was used to estimate the losses from final
consumption, resulting in a break in time series between 2005 and 2006.
From 2005, residential rooftop solar photovoltaic electricity production data,previously reported under autoproducer, are included in main activity electricity
plants according to the Spanish administration classification.
Electricity production from wind and solar are reported from 1989 when data
became available.

Transformation
Heat production from renewable sources is mostly not sold to third parties but

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rather, used for industrial purposes or consumed by heat production facilities.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Revisions are expected in the 2021 edition which include some heat production
from renewable sources.
In the 2020 edition, electricity generation for wind was revised from 1998 – 2017.
From 2017 onwards, more accurate data on inputs and outputs for pumped hydroare available. This improvement in data quality leads to an apparent increase inefficiency.
Prior to 2018, some industrial waste and other liquid biofuels used forelectricity and heat generation was reported under solid biofuels.
In the 2017 edition, a change in reporting methodology resulting in reclassificationof plants from autoproducer electricity to autoproducer CHP has led to breaks inelectricity production in autoproducer electricity plants between 2012 and 2013
and 2014 and 2015. The administration anticipates further revisions to the timeseries in subsequent cycles.
The National Energy Commission reclassified plants that consume biogases,
leading to breaks in time series between 2007 and 2008.
In 2000 and 2006, many plants were reclassified from main activity producer to
autoproducer or vice versa.
For 2004 and 2005, electricity production from gas/diesel oil is included with fueloil.
The large increase in electricity output from main activity producer electricity plants
fuelled by natural gas in 1997 is due to the opening of a new plant.
Prior to 1989 inputs and outputs from the use of biofuels and waste to generate
electricity and/or heat (i.e. comprising solid and liquid biofuels, industrial
waste, municipal waste and biogases) are reported under non-specified
biofuels and waste.
Prior to 1987 electricity production in main activity producer CHP plants is
included with production from main activity producer electricity plants.
From 1983, net electricity production by autoproducers has been estimated by
the Spanish administration, and includes production from combustible fuelsources only and net electricity production by autoproducer CHP plants is included

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in electricity plants.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
For 2022, the consumption on non-ferrous metals fell to almost half, due to thecontraction of the aluminium sector (the main company closed)
For 2021 data, all the sectors had their consumptions increased after COVID-19
pandemics which reduced the economic activities in 2020. Residential sector isthe main exception since it did not change much compared to 2020. Iron & Steel,
non-metallic minerals, food, beverages and tobacco, paper, pulp and printing andconstruction showed the highest increases with respect to 2019 data.
Consumption on non-ferrous metals was affected by the contraction of thealuminium sector. In the transport sector, road continued to increase due to thegrowth in the number of electric vehicles.
For 2019 data, some electricity consumption was reallocated from industry
non-specified to other sectors. As a result, apparent increases are observed for
sectors such as textiles and leather and wood and wood products.
Electricity consumption by electric road transport vehicles includes battery andelectric plug-ins, and is modelled based on vehicle registrations.
For 2012, the electricity consumption data are estimated by the Spanish
administration.
Data for direct use of geothermal and solar thermal heat are available from1990.
Electricity consumption under the non-specified industry category includes theconsumption for the manufacture of rubber and plastic products, furniture, repair
and installation of machinery and equipment (except repair and maintenance ofships and boats) and other manufacturing. This aligns with the Classification of
the Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) group code 22 andPAGE | 268

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31 to 33 (excluding class 33.15).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SwedenSources
Statistics Sweden, Örebro.
Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten), Eskilstuna.

Coal
General notes
Peat products data may be reported under the category of peat, particularly forimports.
In the 2024 edition, blast furnace gas production for 2020 and losses and ironand steel industry consumption for 2020 and 2021 were revised due to new
available information.
In the 2021 edition, there was a revision of the products included under gas works
gas. As a result, the figures for the years 2011 to 2018 were put to zero. Previously
this product included some mixture of LNG with air to form a product with lower
calorific value.
Autoproducer inputs to waste heat production that is sold are reported in therespective final consumption sectors and not in transformation.

SupplyOther bituminous coal production until 1992 is coal recovered during thequarrying of clay.

Transformation
The figures in the Transformation section for the products coke oven gas andblast furnace gas were estimated until 2018; from 2019 onwards the data is
obtained from surveys.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the Swedish administration revised the non-energy use andiron and steel industry consumption of coke oven coke for 2021 due to new

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available information.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Since edition 2021, the Swedish administration applied data perturbation to theconsumption of other bituminous coal and coke oven coke in Industry subsectors, despite not affecting total Industry consumption, for the years from 2019
onwards due to confidentiality reasons.

Oil
General notes
In 2017 Statistics Sweden added more companies to their new data collection
system; these have been progressively included in the reporting through 2018reference year data.
Swedish stock data include peacetime crisis stocks. Since these stocks may beheld in crude oil instead of oil products, there may be occurrences of negative
stock levels for products.
Data are available from 2003 for refinery gas and from 2000 for additives andethane.
Beginning in 2002, Sweden has changed some of the conversion factors for someproducts. That explains the small breaks in time series between 2001 and 2002.

SupplyIn 2019, outputs of several oil products decreased as a result of refinery
shutdowns lasting two months.
As reported by the Swedish administration, there is a break between 2019 and2020 in the refinery output of other oil products which relates to the productionof refinery feedstocks not included in the latter product category.
In 2018, due to a new data collection survey rolled out by Statistics Sweden which
has a higher level of detail available, transfer of refinery gas, naphtha and fueloil appear for the first time. Consequently, transfer of other products in 2018
dropped to nearly zero.
Quantities of receipts from other sources of other hydrocarbons correspond tonatural gas used by refineries.

Transformation
In 2014, gas/diesel oil inputs to main activity CHP electricity plants are

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confidential and aggregated with fuel oil.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2013 data, the drop in crude oil refinery intake is related with maintenance inAugust and September 2013 at the Swedish refineries.
From 2011, the country’s gas works plants stopped using naphtha.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, consumption of petroleum coke in 2021 are all reported in
non-specified (industry) as the Swedish government did not have the sectoral
breakdown at the time of reporting.
In 2020, the Swedish administration confirmed that all refinery gas is consumed
as refinery fuel. This change in reporting methodology possibly extends to 2018
and revisions are expected.
Starting from 1995 data, Sweden has changed its standard classification ofindustry sub-sectors
Between 1985 and 1986, there are breaks in consumption time series of fuel oil
due to more detailed reporting.
In 1984 data, consumption of other kerosene in the road sector is discontinued
due to product re-classification.

Natural gas
SupplyFrom Other Sources – Renewables estimated in 2022 edition using data from therenewables questionnaire.
Natural gas consumption in international marine bunkers are available for the firsttime for the year 2017.

Transformation
In the 2021 edition, there was a revision of the products included under gas works
gas. As a result, the figures for the years 2011 to 2018 were put to zero. Previously
this product included some mixture of LNG with air to form a lower calorie product.
Autoproducer inputs to waste-heat production that are sold are reported in the

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respective end-use sectors and not in the transformation sector.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
For 2013, data for the energy use of gas by oil refineries have been estimated by
the IEA Secretariat.
For 2008, data for total final consumption and its breakdown have been estimatedby the IEA Secretariat based on other Statistics Sweden publications.
For years prior to 1993, road transport is included in commercial/public services.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2024 edition, for the first time the Swedish administration reported supply
and demand of bio jet kerosene in 2023p.
In the 2024 edition, the AC capacity of solar photovoltaics subgroups (PV<30
kW, PV 30-1000 kW and PV1+MW) is smaller than the total solar photovoltaics
AC capacity reported, for the years from 2017 to 2021.
In the 2022 edition, the administration adopted a new data source for energy
consumption in industry. This has caused breaks in the time series and thepresence of new flows in 2020 in particular for solid biofuels, other liquidbiofuels and biogases.
New data in the 2020 edition for biodiesel in industry, transport and other sectors
for 2005 – 2017 are related to a new survey.
There are some breaks in time series between 2015 and 2016 in pumped hydro,
industrial waste and other liquid biofuels figures due to the lack of data. The
figures are expected to be modified in the 2018 edition.
From 1990 to 2006, municipal waste was reported as 60% non-renewable and40% renewable. In 2007, reanalysis of the waste revealed the content was 40%
non-renewable and 60% renewable. This was re-analysed again starting from2016 data, when the result of the analysis revealed the split should be 52%
renewable and 48% non-renewable. This results in breaks in the time series
between 2006 and 2007 and also 2015 and 2016 for both renewable and nonrenewable municipal waste.
In the 2018 edition, data for biodiesels were revised from 2006 to 2015 whilebiogasoline and bioethanol were revised from 2005 to 2015. The revisions

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affected indigenous production due to increased information about net trade, asWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

well as the transformation sector, for blending with motor gasoline/diesel/kerosene
and consumption in the road sector.

SupplyIn the 2022 edition, for industrial waste data the administration adopted thefigures from the survey “Quarterly Fuel Statistic“ while in the past the “Energy use
in manufacturing industry“ was used. This led to a break in the time series between
2019 and 2020.
Due to a change of tax regulations in 2017, it was no longer profitable to produce
fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in the same capacity as before, so there was adrop in biodiesel production. This drop in production was substituted by imports
to meet increased demand.
In the 2018 edition, trade data were added for primary solid biofuels startingfrom 2012. As the net trade used to be reported together with indigenous
production, this has resulted in a downward revision of indigenous production for
2012-2015.

Transformation
In the 2022 edition, electricity generation from industrial waste is reported but nocapacity installed is shown. This is because industrial waste is a secondary
product used in other non-specified plants.

Consumption
Starting in the 2023 edition, variable industry flows, depending on the product, forindustrial waste, municipal waste (renewable and non-), primary solid biofuels,
biogases, biodiesel and other liquid biofuels are confidential. However, their total
value is reported in not elsewhere specified industry, thus the reported total final
consumption is correct.
In the 2022 edition, industrial waste consumption in the industry sector nonspecified flow appears for the first time. Disaggregated data will be available infuture editions.
In the 2021 edition, there are revisions in the consumption of solid biofuels in the
agriculture/forestry sector starting in 2005 resulting in a break in series between
2004 and 2005. These revisions remove double counting with the residential

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sector.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Increased consumption of biogases in the industry sector in 2018 was because
several industries switched from natural gas to biogases.
Changes in tax regulations as of 1 July, 2018 has contributed to decreased
consumption of biodiesel in 2018 data.
Due to confidentiality issues, solid biofuels consumption in food, beverages andtobacco is reported with paper, pulp and printing for 2014 data.
Consumption data by sector for biogases are available from 2011.
In 2011 data, there was a change in the reporting methodology for consumptionof solid biofuels and waste in the residential sector, which is responsible for breaks
in time series between 2010 and 2011.
For biogases, the residential sector is used as a residual.

Electricity and heat
SupplyFor 2020, the cessation of electricity output from autoproducer hydro was due tothe plant no longer being classified in that category.
In the 2021 edition, upward revisions were applied to heat production andconsumption back to 1997, to incorporate new data on recovered flue gas heat.
Production is reported under heat from other sources.
For 2017 onwards, electricity inputs to and outputs from pumped hydro storage
plants are based on a revised methodology. As a result, breaks occur between
2016 and 2017. Prior to 2017, electricity inputs to mixed hydro storage plants arereported under pure pumped plants.
Inputs to heat pumps include heat recovered from industry and from ambient
sources (including sewage and seawater).
Ambient heat is shown as the indigenous production of heat.
Information on heat for sale produced in heat pumps and electric boilers isavailable starting in 1992.
Data on gross electricity production are sourced from an annual survey, while net
production is sourced from monthly surveys. As a result, implied own use may

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vary.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
For 2020, the decrease in electricity output from other bituminous coal was due
to a plant closure.
For 2020 onwards, the decrease in electricity output from nuclear is due to theclosure of two reactors, one in late 2019, and another in late 2020.
In Sweden, heat produced in heat pumps is sold to third parties (as district heat)and is therefore included in transformation.
Heat production from solid biofuels in autoproducer CHP includes waste heatand chemical heat.
For 2012 and 2013, small quantities of bio-methanol used to produce electricity
are included in other liquid biofuels, under production, as well as input andoutput of autoproducer CHP.
For 1997 and 1998, heat production from liquid fuels in main activity producer
CHP plants includes heat recovered from flue-gas condensing.
Prior to 1992, data on electricity production from biogases are included with solid
biofuels.
Heat produced for sale by autoproducer CHP plants is reported starting in 1992.
From 1987, the breakdown of net electricity production by industry for
autoproducer electricity plants is available.
Prior to 1987 net electricity production by autoproducer plants includes data for
CHP plants only.
Prior to 1980, heat produced in main activity producer heat plants is not available.
Prior to 1974, heat produced in main activity producer CHP plants is not available.

Consumption
Prior to 2022, electricity consumption in Road includes all energy consumption by
hybrid vehicles. The Swedish Administraiton revised historic data in the 2025
edition.
Disaggregated data for industrial heat demand became available from 2020, due
to a change of underlying data source. This lead to an increase in reported
demand compared with previous years. The Swedish Administration hopes to

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revise the historical timeseries in a future cycle.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption of electricity for distribution of district heat is included with otherenergy industry own use.
In 2014, consumption of electricity in the mining and quarrying and the paper,
pulp and printing sectors are confidential and were incorporated under the nonspecified industry sector.
Data on direct use of solar thermal are available from 1989.

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Consumption of heat in industry and other sectors is available from 1984.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Switzerland
Sources
Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), Ittigen.
Carbura - Swiss Organisation for the Compulsory Stockpiling of Oil Products,
Zurich.

General notes
From 1999, data on consumption result from a new survey and are not comparablewith data for previous years.

Coal
General notes
Calorific values for anthracite, other bituminous coal and coke oven coke aretaken from a common default figure. Calorific values for lignite are also default,
but are based on dried lignite fines which have a higher calorific value.

Consumption
From 1985, industrial consumption of gas works gas is reported in non-specified
industry to prevent the disclosure of commercially confidential data.
The allocation of consumption between certain coal types is estimated by the
Swiss administration.

Natural gas
General notes
Since the 2019 edition, the non-specified other flow is calculated as residual flow
for natural gas. Prior to this, the statistical differences used to be absorbed byagriculture/forestry.

Transformation
Since 2013 there are fluctuations in gas consumption of main activity producers

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CHP plants due to the fuel flexibility of a plant.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 1996, the increase of gas input to main activity CHP plants is due to more
complete accounting for all producing entities.

Consumption
Between 1977 and 1978, there are breaks in time series due to the introduction ofa new survey by industry type.

Oil
General notes
The statistical differences for gas/diesel oil are partly due to changes in consumer
stocks.
In 2004, petroleum coke production started due to the installation of a cracking
unit in a refinery
As of 1993, the Swiss administration has reported figures for naphtha that are netof quantities used for blending into motor gasoline. For 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999,
2001 and 2002 this reporting has led to negative production numbers for naphtha.
For these years, the IEA Secretariat has moved the data into transfers andreduced the production of motor gasoline by corresponding amounts.

SupplyThere is a break in stocks between 2017 and 2018 for refinery feedstocks as
more detailed information of refinery activity is collected by the national
administration.
In 2015, low refinery throughput is due to maintenance in May and June and to an
unplanned outage in October due to a leak in a heat exchanger at the Cressierrefinery. The closure of the Collombey refinery from March 2015 also contributed.
As a result, imports of many oil products increased in 2015.
The Collombey refinery remained closed in 2016, resulting in decreased refinery
throughput and increased imports in this year. Refinery output of petroleum coke
stopped as this product was only produced at the Collombey refinery.
Data for refinery losses at the remaining Cressier refinery are low and are underinvestigation.
Since 2013 oil importers are obliged to compensate parts of the CO2 emission that

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are produced by the transport fuels they sell. The biofuel components are exempt

World energy balances 2024 Edition

from this obligation, which together with tax exemptions on biofuels, partly explains
the increase in biofuel blending since.

Transformation
Gas/diesel oil non-specified transformation represents inputs to mobile andstationary power generators, of which the electricity output is unknown at thisstage.
In 2012, low refinery intake is due to the temporary shutdown of the refinery inCressier in the first semester of 2012 and maintenance at Collombey refinery.
In 1988, the reduction in refinery intake of refinery feedstocks in 1988 is partly
due to a switch to crude oil and partly to a shutdown for maintenance of a refinery.

Consumption
In 2022, increase of other oil products consumption includes benzene, technicalgasoline and mineral tar.
In the 2022 edition, the Swiss administration revised data from 2012 onwards forroad diesel consumption in rail and domestic navigation and motor gasoline
consumption in domestic navigation.
In the 2019 edition the Swiss administration revised data back to 1990 for roaddiesel consumption in rail and domestic navigation, and motor gasoline
consumption in domestic navigation.
In 1994, the increase in consumption of gas/diesel oil is due to consumer stockbuilding prior to the introduction of a value-added excise tax on heating fuels as of
1 January 1995.

Biofuels and waste
SupplyDue to favourable taxation in Switzerland, the imports of biodiesel andbioethanol intended to be blended with oil products increased significantly from2016 to 2017.
Due to a new program launched in September 2014 in which CO2 emissions due
to traffic can be compensated by substituting fossil gasoline and diesel by biofuels,
the imports and road consumption of biodiesels and biogasoline increased

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sharply starting in 2015.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In the 2020 edition, some significant revisions were in industrial waste (nonrenewable) from 2013 to 2015 for fuel input to autoproducer CHP plants because
one plant operator corrected its fuel input.

Consumption
Starting in 2018, several agricultural biogas plants installed a system to measureheat production. Previously, it was estimated. Due to measurements, they realised
they produce much more heat than estimated. This creates a break in series
between 2017 and 2018 data.
Consumption data for biogases in the transport sector are available from 1996 to2012 as a biogas fuel station had stopped selling biogas in 2013.

Electricity and heat
SupplyHeat production includes heat produced by nuclear power stations and distributed
to other consumers.
Data for electricity production from wind are available from 1996.
Data for solar electricity production by autoproducers are available from 1990.

Transformation
In the 2023 edition, the Swiss Administration revised data back to 2013 toincorporated updated plant-level data.
For 2021, the decrease in electricity output from nuclear was mainly due tomaintenance works at the Leibstadt power plant.
In the 2020 edition, some significant revisions were made to input of industrial
waste (non-renewable) to autoproducer CHP plants, for 2013 to 2015, because
one plant operator corrected its fuel input.
For 2019, gross heat production from heat pumps ceased following a decline in
2018. Two such facilities existed in Switzerland, the larger of which closed in 2018,
followed by the smaller in 2019.For 2016 and 2017, electricity output from nuclear

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sources declined due to shut downs at two of Switzerland’s five nuclear powerWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

plants (Beznau 1 and Leibstadt). For 2018, output increased due to higher
availability at these two plants.
Electricity used for pumped storage (pure hydro pumping plants) is included
under used for pumped storage (mixed plants).
In 2016, two new pumped hydroelectric plants went into operation.
For 2015, the large decline in electricity and heat production from industrial
waste is due to one large main activity CHP plant significantly reduces theiractivity. This plant eventually closed in 2016, further lowering electricity and heatgeneration for this fuel.
From 2012, the municipal waste autoproducer plant previously reported aselectricity plant met the CHP requirements and was reclassified as such.
Biogas is no longer being used for heat production as of 2011.
The decrease in the use of natural gas in main activity CHP plants in 2007 is
caused by the reduced operation of one plant after the start-up of a new wasteincineration plant and the shutting down of another plant. Use increases again in2008 due to the re-starting of a district heating plant.
The autoproducer heat plant that produced heat for sale using municipal waste
was closed in 2006.
The breakdown of electricity and heat generation from autoproducers by sector
is only partially available from 1990 to 1999, and is not available from 2000 to
2018.
Prior to 1978, data for heat output from CHP plants are not available.
The allocation of electricity production in main activity producer electricity only
and CHP plants between 1967 and 1973, and in main activity producer CHP and
autoproducer CHP plants in 1974 are Secretariat estimates.
All hydro electricity production is reported under large scale hydro (> 10 MW)
due to the fact that production data are not being collected by different size
capacity categories.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, modelling of electromobility was revised leading to changes in

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the sectoral breakdown. Additionally, the sectoral breakdown within the industry

World energy balances 2024 Edition

sector has been revised according to the latest information from the corresponding
survey.
In the 2023 edition, the Swiss Administration revised the breakdown of industrial
consumption data back to 1999 to incorporate data from the latest surveys. In
addition, electricity consumption by electric vehicles previous reported under the
Industry, Residential, and Commerical and public services sectors was reallocatedto Road.
Consumption in the transport equipment industry is included with machinery.
Geothermal direct use is overstated as it refers to heat production by geothermalheat pumps, which include inputs from electricity and/or gas in the transformation
process.
The breakdown of final consumption of electricity in the industry sector from 2000
to 2001 was estimated by the Secretariat.
Data for direct use of geothermal heat and solar thermal heat are available from1990.

Republic of Türkiye
Sources
Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı),Ankara.
Petrol İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.

Coal
General notes
In the 2024 edition, coal data for the Republic of Turkiye includes anthracite tradeand final consumption in the industry sector for year 2022. This is due to newly
reported data from the Turkish administration. The high statistical difference
observed for this product is due to inaccurate data reporting from the industry
sector, which reports part of the final consumption of anthracite as otherbituminous coal instead. For years previous to 2022, anthracite is included in

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other bituminous coal data for all flows as disaggregation is not provided.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated parts of the preliminary 2023
data.
In the 2018 edition, revisions were conducted by the Turkish administration backto 1990 impacting the transformation and industrial sector. The revisions in thetransformation sector were the result of new data submitted by the Turkish
Electricity Transmission Company (TECT).
In the 2017 edition, historical revisions on coal tar data were conducted by theTurkish administration due to new available information.
Data from 2012 onwards utilised the latest census data, causing breaks in timeseries between 2011 and 2012.
Data from 2008 are provided from the results of an improved questionnaire.
Significant changes occur in consumption patterns within the iron and steel
industry, coal mining as well as across industry, residential and commercial/public
services for other bituminous coal.
Calorific values for fuels used for electricity, CHP and heat plants are obtained
from data submitted to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) by
the Turkish Electricity Transmission Company, and these values may differ
significantly from production and import values provided by MENR, causing
imbalances for some years.
Production of gas works gas declined in 1989 due to plant closures; the last plantclosed in 1994. Use of gas coke and gas works gas ceased in 1994.
Due to government regulations in industry and residential, in particular, there has
been a shift from the use of domestically produced coal to imported coal andnatural gas.

Transformation
In the middle of 2014, most autoproducer plants in the Republic of Türkiye werereclassified as main activity producer due to a change in the legislation. Amongst
other things, this brought the reporting of unsold heat and prorated inputs in line

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with IEA methodology.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumption
In the 2023 and 2024 editions, other bituminous coal and lignite consumption inresidential and commercial and public services for 2021 and 2022 were estimatedby the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2018 edition, revisions on industrial coal consumption were conducted by theTurkish administration back to 2010 due to new available information.
Privatisation of state-owned coke ovens in recent years results in incomplete
information on coke oven gas distribution.
In the 2017 edition, consumption of sub-bituminous coal in construction has
been reclassified by the Turkish administration as consumption in the non-metallic
minerals industry.
In 2015, a new survey was introduced by the Turkish administration to collect moredetailed industrial consumption data, resulting in breaks in time series between
2014 and 2015.

Oil
General notes
In 2023p, the 14% increase in crude oil production is due to the start of new oilfields in the Eastern Anatolia region.
A project to upgrade the İzmit refinery was completed in 2015. This resulted inconsiderably higher refinery throughout in 2015, compared to previous years. The
project included a new unit to convert high sulphur fuel oil into higher grade
products, such as gas/diesel oil and motor gasoline, and producing petroleum
coke as a by-product.
In the 2016 edition, the Ministry of Energy revised time series for kerosene-type
jet fuel from 2013. Sales to foreign airlines, previously accounted for underexports, are now reported under international aviation according to the IEA
methodology. Data could not be revised for prior years. Exports of jet kerosene
up to 2012 years may include international aviation consumption.
In the 2016 edition, the Ministry of Energy revised crude oil net calorific values

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from 2010 due to a new methodology for calculating them.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Production from other sources (natural gas) of other hydrocarbons corresponds
to hydrogen used in refineries, also represented as the output of non-specified
transformation in the balances format.
From 2013, marine fuels are reported under fuel oil instead of gas/diesel oil.
From 2012, petroleum coke data are reported.

SupplyIn 2019, the increase in refinery throughput is due to the start-up of the new STARrefinery.
In 2018 Izmir refinery underwent maintenance for several months impacting theoverall throughput quantities.
In 2014, the drop in lubricants imports and consumption is related to a legislation
change effective 1st of January 2014 regarding base oil imports.
From 2012, new information on additives imports (MTBE) data became available.
From 2012, no exports breakdown is available for white spirit, lubricants,
bitumen and other products.
From 2010 data, more accurate NCVs for crude oil are available due to theimplementation of a new survey.
For the years 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984, international marine bunkers areincluded in exports.

Transformation
In 2021, there is an increase in inputs of naphtha for transformation in the
petrochemical industry as processed in the STAR refinery.
Gas/diesel oil and fuel oil consumed to produce electricity are used in both oil
and coal-fired plants.

Consumption
Consumption of white spirit and SBP decreased in 2022 due to newenvironmental regulations.
Consumption of biodiesel for road transport increased in 2018 due to legislation
coming into effect on 1 January 2018, which enforced a 0.5% blending obligation

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for gas/diesel oil.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2019 edition consumption of petroleum coke was reclassified from nonenergy to energy use.
For the 2015 data, new surveys were used to create a more detailed breakdownof the industry and other sectors. This led to breaks in time series between 2014
and 2015.
From 2014, information on gas/diesel consumption in fishing is available.
From 2013, additional information on petroleum coke cement consumption isavailable.
Prior to 2012, consumption of other oil products in the chemical sector was
included under non-specified industry.
Between 2010 and 2011, breaks in consumption time series for LPG, motor
gasoline and gas/diesel oil appear due to improved survey methods.
Between 1977 and 1978, the end-use classification of gas/diesel oil and fuel oil
were changed in the Turkish national statistics resulting in breaks in time series.

Natural gas
SupplyLNG Exports to Switzerland is natural gas that is sold to a Swiss-based company
by loading it on a cargo ship, the destination of consumption is unknown.
LNG Exports to Serbia are exported by road tanker.
Exports reported by the Turkish administration represent transit gas.
In 2008, there is a break in time series for stock changes due to a revision ofstorage capacity data.
In December 2016, the first Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU)
terminal started to work, allowing thus greater import quantities and stock levels.

Transformation
Non-specified transformation of natural gas represents amounts used to produce

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hydrogen for hydrocracking in refineries.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2018 edition, Turkish administration revised 2014 and 2015 data, as somemain activity producing plants in the Republic of Türkiye were reclassified as
autoproducers.

Consumption
In 2015, a new survey was introduced by the Turkish administration to collectindustrial consumption data, resulting in a substantial decrease of consumption
reported under non-specified industry.
In 2013, energy use of natural gas in blast furnaces was zero, as gas was
replaced by coal and coke.
From 2009, there are some breaks in time series across all sectors, asconsumption data started being collected by a different institution, the Turkish
Energy Market Regulatory Authority.
In 2006, there is a break in time series for non-energy use in chemical andpetrochemical industry due to improvements in the classification.
Prior to 2000, data for commercial/public services were included in the residential
sector.
Between 1999 and 2001, the decrease in natural gas chemical and petrochemical
feedstocks is linked to the activity of the fertiliser industry.
Since 1988, data for natural gas consumption in the chemical and petrochemicalindustry (for fertilisers) and in non-specified industry (dye industry) are available.
Non-specified industry includes the natural gas distributed by OIZ (Organised
Industrial Zones).

Biofuels and waste
General notes
The Turkish administration only intermittently surveys renewables and waste
used for power and heat. Due to this fact, some breaks may appear in the biofuels
and waste time series.

Transformation
Biodiesel blending with diesel increased in 2018 because there was a new policy

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requiring that diesel be blended with 5% biodiesel.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2017, the increase in electricity production in main activity producers burningsolid biofuels is related to new plants.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, data for geothermal consumption are confirmed by thenational authorities. Historical time series revisions will be implemented in the next
publication.
In the 2024 edition, data for solar thermal consumption in the industrial sector
were surveyed for the year 2022, deviating from the previous method of estimation
up to 2021. This adjustment may lead to data discontinuities between 2021 and2022. Time series revisions are expected in future publications.
Starting with 2018 data, new sub-sector data in the industry sector for industrial
waste (non-renewable) and solid biofuels is available as a result of a new
survey. Backward revisions will not be available in the future.
Prior to 1998, consumption in the wood and wood products sector includes thatof the paper, pulp and printing industry.

Electricity and heat
SupplyOther sources heat production represents recovered waste heat (steam) fromindustry, mainly from cement and glass manufacturing, while other sources
electricity is the proportion of generation by plant obtained from this heat.
Electricity production from wind is available starting in 1998.

Transformation
In 2021, the decrease in electricity generation from autoproducer hydro plants
was the result of a power plant being reclassified as a main activity producer.
In 2020, the decline in electricity production from lignite was due to temporaryplant closures for environmental refits.
In 2017, the increase in electricity production from solar PV main activity
producers is related to new plants coming online, mostly unlicensed.
In the 2006 edition, the Turkish Statistical Office started providing electricity and

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heat output on the basis of a new survey that revised time series back to 2000.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

This causes breaks in the time series between 1999 and 2000. Not all of the input
time series have been revised.
A new gas-fired main activity producer CHP plant was put into operation in 1999
and a new autoproducer electricity plant fuelled with coking coal started in 2000.
Data for blast furnace gas for electricity and heat generation are available from
1995.
Data on electricity generated from biofuels are available from 1991.
In 1995, the Turkish administration reclassified autoproducer plants by type andsource to be consistent with IEA definitions. This causes breaks between 1994
and 1995 for electricity production, most notably in plants fuelled by biogases.

Consumption
Prior to 2014, consumption data in the machinery sector includes transport
equipment.
Comprehensive data on electricity consumption are available from 1973. This

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causes a break in the time series between 1972 and 1973.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

United Kingdom
SourceDepartment for Energy Security and Net Zero, London.

Coal
General notes
In the 2024 edition, the UK administration revised and reallocated several flows in
supply, transformation and final consumption, since 2019 for other bituminous
coal, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas, or only for 2021 for patent fuels
and coke oven coke, due to new available information.
In the 2023 edition, the UK administration revised stock change of otherbituminous coal for 2020 due to new available information.
In the 2021 edition, BEIS revised the coal production by type (other bituminous
coal and coking coal) as a result of an update of their models. The revisions goback to 2016 and reallocate some production quantities from other bituminous
coal to coking coal. Some adjustments were done on TFC/Industry/ Not
elsewhere specified to adjust the statistical difference to the new production
figures.
Oxygen steel furnace gas data are reported with blast furnace gas rather thanas other recovered gases.
In the 2017 edition, calorific values of other bituminous coal were revised for theperiod 2002-2015 due to a change in the methodology, impacting all flows.
Prior to 1994, the consumption of substitute natural gas is included with natural
gas while its production is included with gas works gas.

SupplyUnderground production of coking coal increased in 2019 as Aberpergwm minecame back into operation in September 2018.
Underground production of other bituminous coal in 2016 decreased due to the

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closure of Hatfield, Thoresby and Kellingley mines.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In the 2024 edition, coke oven coke and coke oven gas production for 2022
have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2023 edition, the consumption of coke oven gas in autoproducer electricity,
CHP and heat plants and of blast furnace gas in autoproducers electricity plants
for 2019 and 2020 was revised by the UK administration due to new available
information. As a result, also final consumption in iron and steel industry wasrevised.
The consumption of solid biofuels increased in 2015, as the largest power stationin the UK converted a further unit from coal to biomass midyear, and thepreviously converted unit had a full year of operation in 2015 rather than just thelast few months of 2014.
The market decline in use of other bituminous coal from 2013 onwards forautoproducer electricity generation was due to a plant being sold to a dedicatedmain-activity electricity producer.

Consumption
In the 2023 edition, industry consumption of other bituminous coal in chemicaland petrochemical and food, beverages and tobacco for 2019 and 2020 was
revised by the UK administration due to improvements in the estimation
methodology.
Consumption shown for the commercial/public services includes consumption ofsome of non-specified other.

Oil
General notes
The UK classifies gas diesel oil into “white diesel” (identified with road diesel in
the IEA databases) and “red diesel” (identified with heating and other gasoil).
White diesel is taxed at a higher rate than red diesel. Due to a change in the tax
duty status of diesel oil, red diesel cannot be used for industrial or commercial
purposes in the UK since April 2022. Therefore, many demand flows have

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switched from “heating and other gasoil” to “road diesel” in 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

There is a break in series between 2015 and 2016 due to a change in methodology
and estimation process applied by the UK administration in the 2020 edition, which
involves including data from trade body members and major suppliers.
Breaks in time series occur for LPG between 2007 and 2008 due the inclusion of
additional information from the petrochemical sector.
For international marine bunkers and domestic navigation, a different bunkers
methodology is applied from 2008, in line with UK’s National Atmospheric
Emissions Inventory. From 2013 onwards, improved data are available forinternational marine bunkers. Deliveries to international marine bunkers may beunderestimated in previous years.
For consumption of oil products, the UK administration revised its methodology
from 2008 to better track consumption of imported oil products and domesticallyrefined oil products sold through third parties to final consumers.
Breaks in time series appear in 2013 for ethane, naphtha, white spirit,
lubricants, bitumen, petroleum coke and other oil products, as new
information became available on the energy use of these products.

SupplyIn the 2023 edition, the UK administration changed the methodology for capturing
NGL imports and transfers to the downstream sector (into LPG) in 2021. Theremay be breaks between 2020 and 2021.
In the 2021 edition, the UK administration revised the stock levels (national
territory) of motor gasoline and gas/diesel oil from 2015 onwards, resulting in a
stock break between 2014 and 2015.
Refinery output of ethane decreased in 2019 due to the closure of theMossmorran NGL plant.
Biodiesel blending notably increased in 2019 per the requirement of theRenewable Transport Fuel Obligation.
Indigenous production of crude oil and natural gas liquids increased in 2018
primarily due to multiple new projects coming online at the end of 2017.
Refinery output of total oil products decreased in 2018 due to relatively high levelsof maintenance throughout 2018.
From 2008 data on naphtha and motor gasoline better reflects the blending of

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these products. Breaks in series may appear between 2007 and 2008.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Between 2007 and 2008 breaks in time series appear for NGL as a result of the
UK administration obtaining additional information on the destination of some
upstream NGL. Previously classified as exports, these amounts now appear astransfers, mainly to LPG, then as consumption in the petrochemical sector.
Between 2002 and 2004 products transferred include backflows and interproducttransfers. From 2005 onwards backflows are estimated by the UK administration.
Condensates are reported in NGL from 1980 and in crude oil until 1979.
LPG includes ethane until 1980.
Other hydrocarbons, reported until 1994, correspond to bitumen production fromcoal.

Consumption
In 2021, there is a decline in non-energy use of naphtha in the chemical (including
petrochemical) sector as one of the largest petrochemical plants in the UK closeda major hydrocarbon cracker in late 2020 for maintenance but was not re-openedin 2021. Instead, it is now being converted to process ethane.
Breaks in time series may occur in the consumption of gas/diesel oil between
2011 and 2012, following the UK’s administration improved access to customs
trade data, in particular duty figures for demand in agriculture.

Natural gas
General notes
In the 2020 edition, revisions were made to years 2017 and 2018 to align with the
DUKES publications.
Since 1992, distribution losses include metering differences and losses due topipeline leakage.

SupplyIn the 2018 edition, UK administration revised the supply balance back to 2008 to
update Norwegian imports from two terminals previously reported as indigenous

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production.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2002, the increase in imports is due to increased supplies from the Norwegian
sector of the North Sea through the Vesterled pipeline, which was commissioned
in the 4th quarter of 2001.
In 2017 data the decreased closing stock level is related to the cessation ofstorage operations in Rough, UK’s single largest storage facility.

Transformation
The natural gas reported in coke-oven (transformation) is used to form synthetic
coke oven gas rather than undergoing a coking process.

Consumption
In the 2023 preliminary data, there is a break in the time series for transmission
and distribution losses and commercial and public services. This break will be
resolved in the next version.
Between 2015 and 2016 there are some breaks in the time series in the energy,
industry, and other sectors due to a change in methodology.
In the 2018 edition, natural gas consumption in the sectors of industry, residential,commercial/public services, was revised back to 2008 to include information fromother data sources such as the Purchases Inquiry, EU ETS and ONS Index ofServices and Production.
In the 2019 edition, the UK administration proceeded to revisions back to 2015
based on improved data from the Purchases Inquiry annual survey of the Officeof National Statistics (ONS).
Before 2008, the commercial sector consumption is included in non-specified
other, while that of public services is shown separately.
Between 2007 and 2008 there are some breaks in time series in sectoral
consumption due to a new methodology of data estimation.
Natural gas consumption includes substitute natural gas made at gas works andpiped into the natural gas distribution system.
Non-specified industry represent to sales by independent gas suppliers
unallocated by category.
Consumption by the mining and quarrying and the wood and wood products

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sectors is included in non-specified industry.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Non-specified energy includes gas used for heating and pumping operations in
the distribution network.

Biofuels and waste
General notes
In the 2024 edition, solar thermal data have been revised from 2008 onwards
due to an improved estimation methodology adopted by the UK administration.
In the 2024 edition, the UK administration added small amounts of renewableaviation turbine fuel imports and blending with fossil fuels in bio-jet kerosene,
since 2021.
In the 2024 edition, trade and consumption of biogasoline was revised by the UKadministration from 2018 onwards due to new available information. In addition tobioethanol, from this edition biogasoline includes also biomethanol, MTBE andbio-petrol.
In the 2024 edition, the Uk administration started reporting biodiesel used in
power generation, in CHP plants and supplied to non-road mobile machinery (innot elsewhere specified industry) from 2018 onwards.
In 2023 edition, all series for industrial waste have been back corrected to 2008.
In the 2022 edition, solid biofuels data were revised back to 2008. This causes
breaks in time series between 2007 and 2008.In the 2021 edition, revisions from2015 onward in municipal wastes were reflect a reclassification from nonrenewable to renewable based on the renewable portion of tires.
In the 2017 edition, the UK government revised the data time series for municipal
waste and solid biofuels back to 2001. As a result, breaks in time series may
occur between 2000 and 2001.

Transformation
Due to a change in sectoral allocation methodology, in the 2024 edition the UKadministration revised consumption in several types of electricity and heatproducers and in final consumption for industrial waste, municipal waste,biogases and primary solid biofuels for variable time periods, starting from2008.
In the 2023 edition, gross and net electricity production from combustible fuels in autoproducer

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electricity plants was revised back to 2018. Breaks in time series – also for the electricity own use

World energy balances 2024 Edition– may occur.From 2015, the UK administration started collecting data from the main-

activity solar PV companies. Prior to this, all data were included under
autoproducers.
The consumption of solid biofuels has increased in 2015, as the largest power
station in the UK halfway through the year converted a further unit from coal tobiomass, plus the previously converted unit had a full year of operation in 2015
rather than just the last few months of 2014.
Prior to 2013, due to data confidentiality reasons, one or two main-activity
municipal waste plants had to be included within the autoproducer plant
category. Since 2013, as there have been at least three main-activity companies,
these plants have been reclassified from autoproducer plant to main activity
electricity plant, with some CHP plants included under main electricity due toconfidentiality reasons.

Consumption
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the 2023 preliminary
consumption in commercial and public services for primary solid biofuels andbiogases as the in the data submitted by the UK administration commercial andpublic services included also use in agriculture.
In the 2024 edition, 2023p final consumption of municipal wastes and primarysolid biofuels includes heat generated by autoproducers.
In the 2024 edition, the UK administration added road transport consumption of
biogases and small amounts of biopropane and biobutane in other liquidbiofuels since 2018
In the 2023 edition, gross and net electricity production from combustible fuels in
autoproducer electricity plants was revised back to 2018. Breaks in time series –
also for the electricity own use – may occur.
In the 2022 edition, solid biofuels data were revised back to 2008. This causes
breaks in time series between 2007 and 2008.
In the 2021 edition, solar thermal reclassifications from residential to commercial
and public services in 2016 – 2018 represent new data on heating for publicswimming pools.
In the 2020 edition, there are some unusual patterns in the industry sector formunicipal wastes and solid biofuels, however revisions are expected in the

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following cycle.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2018 edition, following a review of the consumption of biogases andmunicipal wastes for 2015 and 2016 data, data that were allocated to othersectors have been reallocated to the industry sectors. This has caused a break intime series between 2014 and 2015.

Electricity and heat
General notes
For the United Kingdom, it is necessary to combine figures for main activity
producers and autoproducers in order to prevent the disclosure of information
relating to less than three electricity generating companies, since this informationis considered confidential. For this reason, data for main activity producer CHP
plants have been included with autoproducer CHP plants from 1988. Prior to 1988,
electricity output from CHP plants was included with autoproducer electricity
plants.
The re-organisation and subsequent privatisation of the electricity supply industry
in 1990 has resulted in some breaks in time series.

SupplyData for off-grid solar PV are currently not available in the United Kingdom but
the addition of this data is expected in the future.
Large declines in electricity generation from coal-fired power since 2013 are due
to concrete plans to phase out coal use for electricity generation entirely by 2025.
Alternative generation has been supplied by increases from other sources,
including biomass, natural gas, nuclear, solar and wind generation, andincreases in imports through undersea HVDC interconnectors.
Electricity production data for solar PV are available from 1999.
The launch of a feed-in-tariff scheme in April 2010 resulted in a rapid increase of
capacity and corresponding electricity production growth from solar PV in thefollowing years.
In 1996, the break in electricity production from nuclear is due to a reclassificationof plants from autoproducer to main activity producer plants.

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Data on electricity production from wind are available from 1989.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Transformation
In the 2023 edition, data on production from CHP plants were revised. As a results,
breaks in time series (in particular for coal gases) may occur between 2018 and2019.
In the 2022 edition, electricity generation from autoproducer wind plants wasrevised between 2018 and 2019. In 2019, a peak is visible because a large plant
was recorded as an autoproducer and in 2020 it was classified as a main activity
producer. The reason for this is that the plant was not covered by the survey ofmajor power producers until 2020, therefore administrative data were used in2019.
For 2021, the decrease in electricity output from nuclear was due to a highnumber of outages, and the commencement of defuelling at Dungeness B.
For 2019 onwards, the decline in output from other bituminous coal was due toplant closures (Fiddlers Ferry, Cottam, and Aberthaw).
For 2018-2020, the decrease in electricity output from nuclear was due to plant
outages for maintenance.
Electricity used for pumped storage (mixed plants) is included under used forpumped storage (pure hydro pumping plants) for confidentiality reasons.
In 2007, outputs of electricity from petroleum coke are included in fuel oil.
Prior to 2003, all outputs of electricity and heat from oil products are reported in
the other oil products category.
Heat production from autoproducers is available starting in 1999.
Inputs and output from natural gas for main activity producer electricity production
are included in autoproducer electricity for 1990 (for reasons of confidentiality).

Consumption
For the 2019 edition, a change in methodology was applied for heat consumption
figures from 2015 onwards. Due to new information regarding the purchasing andreselling of heat, consumption previously included under the Commercial andPublic services sector was reallocated to the Residential sector.
For 2017, the decrease in electricity consumption in mining and quarrying is due

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to omission of one company from dataset.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Prior to 2010, consumption in mining and quarrying is included in the non-metallic
minerals sector.
Electricity consumption in coal mines includes consumption in patent fuel plants.
Data for electricity consumption in transport was classified by sub-sector only
starting from 2004 resulting in a break in time series between 2003 and 2004. Prior
to 2004, non-specified transport includes consumption for traction by urban rails
and road vehicles, and consumption for non-traction by railways and bus stations
and airports. From 2004 onwards, road vehicles consumption is included underroad transport. Prior to 2004, electricity consumption in rail refers to industrial rail
only. From 2004 onwards it includes both industrial and urban rail.
Consumption in the machinery sub-sector includes that of the transport equipment
industry before 1996.
Starting in 1990, small amounts of electricity used in heat pumps have been
included in residential.
From 1984 onwards, the electricity consumption in the non-specified industry
sector includes that of the wood and wood products sub-sector (except 20102014, when estimates were supplied bu the UK) and unallocated consumption.
The unallocated consumption comes from data reported as ‘Other industries’ bycompanies and includes Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes 7, 22, 31,
32, 33.19, 36, 38.3.
Electricity consumption in energy non-specified sub-sector is primarily made upof ‘gas and electricity supply’ and includes Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
codes 24.46 and 35. However, prior to 1990, consumption in gas works includes
electricity use in the transmission/distribution of public supply gas.
For autoproducers, due to data availability constraints, heat is assumed to be

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consumed within the same sector as it is generated.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

United States
SourceUS Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.

General notes
Starting with 2017 data, inputs to and outputs from electricity and heat generation
include Puerto Rico.
End-use energy consumption data for the United States present a break in timeseries with historical data due to a change in methodology in 2014. The break intime series occurs between 2011 and 2012 for oil; and between 2001 and 2002
for electricity and natural gas. The new methodology is based on the last historicalyear of the most recent Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) publication. Changes occur
primarily in reported end-use energy consumption in the industrial sector and its
subsectors, including the non-manufacturing industries of mining, construction
and agriculture. Historical revisions are pending. Due to other changes in reporting
methodologies, there are numerous breaks in time series for the US data,
particularly in 1992, 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2013. Care should be taken whenevaluating consumption by sector since inputs of fuel to autoproducers areincluded in final consumption for some years. No data are available for mostenergy products in the construction and mining and quarrying industries.

Coal
General notes
The statistical difference for anthracite is significant for some parts of the timeseries as some consumption falls below the reporting thresholds, such as
residential usage. Additionally, some anthracite is exported blended with otherbituminous coal, and reported with the other fuel.
In the 2024 edition, preliminary consumption for 2023 was not included because
it generated very significant statistical differences.
In the 2024 edition, preliminary 2023 data for coke oven gas and blast furnaces

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gas are estimated by the IEA Secretariat

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The decrease in coking coal and coke oven coke consumption for preliminary
2022 data is due to the ceasing of operations of several coking facilities and ablast furnace plant between 2021 and 2022.
In the 2023 edition, preliminary 2022 data for coke oven gas and blast furnaces
gas are estimated by the IEA Secretariat
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the estimates for production,energy sector use and final consumption of coke oven gas and blast furnace
gas in 2020 due to new available information.
From the 2022 edition, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas production andmost consumption data are no longer available due to confidentiality.
Since the Energy Information administration (EIA) and the US Department ofCommerce do not collect separate data on patent fuel exports by country, totalexports data of patent fuel are included in the exports of other bituminous coal.
Coal tar as a by-product of coke ovens is not currently reported.
In 2002, the United States reported “synfuel” production as patent fuel for the firsttime. Prior to 2002, the consumption of this fuel was reported with otherbituminous coal. Production ceased in 2007 for economic reasons.
Hard coal data prior to 1978 may include sub-bituminous coal.

SupplyOther sources coal production represents coal production that does not havea Mine Health and Safety Administration (MSHA) identifier.
Other bituminous coal exports could include some anthracite quantities.
Anthracite is often blended with bituminous coal when exported.

Transformation
Anthracite calorific values for Main Activity & Other Uses is mainly Anthracite
waste coal. As such heat content is much lower than expected for this product.
Coking coal calorific values for coke ovens and blast furnaces are reported bymost data providers on an “dry heat content” basis rather than on an “as is” or “asreceived” basis. As such, they are on the higher end of the range expected for this

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product.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil
General notes
In the 2024 edition, the IEA secretariat revised data back to 2019 for NGL to reflecttransfers of NGL to crude oil reported by the US administration. The quantity of
NGL consumption has been reallocated to an interproduct transfer to LPG that isthen transferred to refinery feedstock and included in refinery intake. Revisions
are expected next cycle to properly reflect this transfer from NGL to crude oil with
the introduction of a new flow in the database.
In the 2018 edition, the US administration revised data back to 2011 for several
products owing to the introduction of a number of methodological changes. This
results in a number of breaks in the time series between 2010 and 2011,
particularly in the consumption data.
From 2011 onwards, olefins are reported under other oil products instead of
LPG.
Breaks in time series due to methodology improvements and newly available
information to the US administration also appear in historical data: in 1990 for fueloil (new methodology for marine bunkers); in 1992 for LPG/NGL (specificdensities); in 1993 for oxygenates (new collection system to accommodate therevised Clean Air Act); in 1994 for motor gasoline (new model from the US
Department of Transportation);in 1999-2000 for industry consumption (newavailable data from the 2002 MECS survey); in 2001 for fuel oil (changes inmethodology for classifying imports of unfinished oils) and in 2011 for refinery gas(new density).

SupplyFor 2023p, the IEA Secretariat adjusted non-bio diesel refinery gross output. The
figures will be subject to changes in the next publication with finalised data.
The US administration reports stocks of crude oil held in the United States onbehalf of Australia under official agreement in 2020.
Receipts (from non-specified sources) and trade of additives/oxygenates in 2020are not available as the EIA no longer collects information on ETBE and MTBE.
In the 2021 edition, receipts from other sources and total exports ofadditives/oxygenates have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2019

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based on information in the IEA Monthly Annual Oil Statistics.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, the refinery gross output of motor gasoline has been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2019 based on information in the IEA Monthly
Annual Oil Statistics.
In the 2021 edition, deliveries of gas/diesel oil for international marine bunkers
have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2019 based on information
provided by the EIA.
Deliveries to international marine bunkers of gas/diesel oil have been estimatedby the IEA Secretariat for 2016 and 2017 based on information provided by the
EIA.
In the 2018 edition, the breakdown of exports by destination of low sulphur fuel oil
and high sulphur fuel oil is not available. The time series was revised back to 2011.
Completion of the Utopia pipeline from Ohio to Ontario has facilitated more ethane
exports to Canada in 2018.
High statistical differences for crude oil represent “unaccounted for crude oil”, thedifference between the supply and disposition of crude oil.
From 2013, the US administration reports exports of refinery feedstocks, someof which were previously reported under white spirit and SBP.
Stocks changes for gas/diesel oil, fuel oil and petroleum coke were estimatedby the IEA Secretariat from 1996 onwards to include stock changes at utilities.

Transformation
From 2002 onwards, the IEA Secretariat has estimated the amounts of refinerygas used for autoproducer electricity production.

Consumption
In the 2024 edtion, NGL consumption in the petrochemical industry was revisedback to 2019 to reflect the transfer to crude oil reported by the US administration.
In the 2021 edition, consumption of motor gasoline for road transport and ofgas/diesel oil for rail transport have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat for2019 based on information provided by the EIA.
In the 2021 edition, non-energy use of gas/diesel oil in the chemical (including
petrochemical) sector has been estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2019 based

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on information provided by the EIA.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, consumption of petroleum coke in industry – not elsewhere
specified has been estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2019 based on information
provided by the EIAIn 2018 demand for petrochemical feedstocks derived from oil
products increased following new ethylene production capacity coming online andthe ramp up in polyethylene capacity. This trend is expected to continue through2019 as further ethylene capacity comes online.
Between 2010 and 2011, end-use energy consumption data for the United Statespresent a break in time series due to a change in methodology. For the period 20112016, quantities of non-energy use of LPG in chemical and petrochemical, and ofother oil products in non-specified industry have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.
From 2013 onwards, road use lubricants are reported under non energy
consumption in transport equipment, machinery, and wood and wood products.
Previously, such quantities were reported under non-specified industry.
From 1995 onwards, LPG inputs to gas works are included in industry.

Natural gas
General notes
Puerto Rico is currently not included in US data for natural gas with the exceptionof gas consumed for electricity generation. LNG imports into Puerto Rico arereported in the Other non-OECD Americas regional aggregate.

SupplyIn the 2017 edition of this publication, the indigenous production data for 2014 wasrevised by the US administration creating a break in the time series between 2013
and 2014 due to a change in the methodology. In addition, this increased thestatistical difference that remained high in 2015 and 2016.
The exports have been increasing since 2015, due to new liquefaction capacity(i.e. Sabine Pass) coming online at the end of that year.

Transformation
Since 2012, data reported under non-specified transformation represent natural
gas used for hydrogen manufacture. Prior to 2012, these quantities are reported

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under the chemical and petrochemical sector.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Between 1999 and 2000, there are some breaks in time series for thetransformation subsectors due to a new data reporting method.
Between 1990 and 2002, the amounts of gas works gas that are blended withnatural gas have been estimated on the basis of the output efficiency of theprocess.
Since 1989, consumption by autoproducer CHP plants is available, while
consumption by autoproducer electricity and main activity producer CHP plants isavailable since 1991. Prior to these years, these consumptions are included withindustry and commerce/public services.

Consumption
Between 2009 and 2010 then 2020 and 2021 there is a break in the time series
for construction due to a methodological change.
In the 2019 edition, revisions were made to the industry sector from 2015 onwards,
by reallocating natural gas consumption to the chemical and petrochemical subsector from other industrial sub-sectors.
Due to revisions made to the iron and steel model, there is a break in the timeseries between 2014 and 2015 for the consumption in blast furnaces (energy).
Until 2001, agriculture/forestry consumption is included under industry.
From 1995 to 2001, the detailed breakdown of industry consumption is estimatedby the Energy Information administration using the Manufacturing Energy
Consumption Survey (MECS), which is conducted quadrennially.
Prior to 1995 a detailed breakdown of industry consumption is not available(between 1990 and 1994, chemical consumption is estimated by the American
administration).
In 1991 data on natural gas use in the road sector were collected for the first time,and are not available for previous years.
Non-specified energy industry own use represents natural gas consumed for the
production of ethanol.

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Consumption in fisheries is included under industry.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Biofuels and waste
General notes
The EIA assumes all industrial waste is non-renewable.
In the 2023 edition, the biogasoline net calorific value time series has beenrevised since 2012 onwards. Previously, the gross calorific values were
erroneously reported.
In the 2022 edition, bio jet kerosene appears for the first time for the year 2021p.
The values will be subject to revisions in future editions.
Due to the change in reporting methodology for liquid biofuels, breaks in timeseries occur between 2009 and 2010. This is especially noticeable in thebiodiesel time series.

SupplyData for indigenous production and domestic supply of industrial waste havebeen estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2019p.
Data for production of industrial waste have been decreasing since May 2014
due to reclassification, resulting in a break in series between 2013 and 2014.
Indigenous production of biodiesel is estimated in 2010 based on the EIA’s
Monthly Energy Report.

Transformation
The EIA collects generation and consumption data from all plants 1 MW or morein capacity.

Consumption
Due to an improved estimation, there are some breaks in time series of theindustry sector and other sectors between 2009 and 2010: for industry,
geothermal, biogases and industrial waste (paper, pulp and printing); for other

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sectors, geothermal and solar thermal.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Electricity and heat
General notes
Geothermal supply and inputs to transformation data are estimated by the IEA
Secretariat starting in 2009 because of efficiency discrepancies.
Between 2001 and 2002, there are breaks in time series concerning the total
production of electricity and heat in the United States. Comprehensive data onelectricity and heat production and consumption in main activity producer
electricity, CHP and heat plants and autoproducer electricity and CHP plants are
not available for all years.

SupplyThere is a break in series for geothermal and solar thermal direct use data
between 2017 and 2018 as a new methodology for reporting these data wasadopted with 2018 data. There is an additional break in series between 2018 and2019e data for geothermal direct use, as the methodology has reverted to theprevious one.
The IEA Secretariat estimated US solar PV electricity generation from
autoproducers starting in 1999 by multiplying the dispersed and distributed PV
capacity estimated by the US administration by an average capacity factor of 12%.
The capacity factor was based on a report published in 2007 by the IEA
Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, Cost and Performance Trends in GridConnected Photovoltaic Systems and Case Studies. The corresponding
consumption of electricity has been included under non-specified other.
Data for electricity inputs to and outputs from pumped storage hydro plants
became available starting in 1987.
Discrepancies occur between respective reported figures for electricity trade
between the US and Mexico from 2013 onwards, and between the US and Canada
from 2016 onwards. This is in part due to a change in data source for US electricity
trade figures, which creates a break in series between 2015 and 2016.

Transformation
Electricity inputs to both mixed hydro and pure pumped storage pumping plants
are reported under inputs to pure pumped storage.

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Offshore wind production began in 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Beginning with 2016 data, the calculation for heat production in CHP plants haschanged, resulting in breaks in time series. The United States administration iscurrently unable to apply this methodology to historic years, so will only cover heatdata for 2016 onwards. As a result of this methodology change, several
combustible fuel power plants have their overall efficiency values increased,recording increased heat production. The previous methodology existed for theyears 2006 to 2015, so further breaks exist between 2005 and 2006.
For 2016, electricity and heat generation from some types of coal and someplant types were estimated by the IEA Secretariat, based on an initial submission
from the US administration and subsequent reclassification of portions of this coalbetween coal types.
Accurate accounting of coke oven gas and refinery gas inputs is not always
possible, which can lead to efficiencies of over 100% in main activity producer
CHP plants.
Other sources electricity production represents purchased steam and waste heatfrom industries.
The low efficiencies from 2011 for other bituminous coal autoproducer electricity
plants are due to the fact that one unit; the Albany Brewery Power Plant only
produces unsold heat, and is reported in the wrong category of plant.
From 2007 to 2009, heat from industrial waste includes recovered heat fromindustrial processes. From 2010, the electricity produced from recovered heat isreported under other sources.
The decline in patent fuel used for electricity production in 2008 and subsequent
cessation in 2009 is a result of the termination of the “synthetic fuel from coal” tax
credit in 2008, which had been in the order of $20 to $25 USD per tonne, and while
intended to deal with coal liquefaction and similar technologies, it had spawned anindustry of cosmetic upgrading as a tax minimisation vehicle.
From 2004 to 2013, the EIA reported electricity and heat production fromanthracite under other bituminous coal. The Secretariat estimated the split ofgeneration output by fuel type based on the assumption that the plant efficienciesof the aggregate are equal to that of each part.
Starting in 2002, autoproducer electricity output for oil includes generation fromrefinery gases with a low average calorific value. Prior to 2002, this output was

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not accounted for.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Prior to 2001, some data on plants consuming sub-bituminous coal and lignite
have been estimated by the Secretariat using information provided in the EIA’s
Annual Electricity Generator Report – Utility.
Data for peat are confidential between 1994 and 1998 and from 2000 are notreported.
Prior to 2000, autoproducers include small and independent power producers
which under IEA definitions are considered as main activity producers. Production
from these small and independent power producers accounts for about 25% ofreported production of electricity by autoproducers in the United States. This
reclassification causes breaks between 1999 and 2000.
In the 2003 edition, the United States administration reclassified some plants to
autoproducers. This reclassification causes more breaks between 1998 and 1999.
Data for heat produced in main activity producer heat plants are available from1992 to 1999, and for autoproducer CHP plants for 1989 to 1999.
From 1999 onwards, the fuel used in heat production by autoproducers is includedin final consumption because the US administration cannot distinguish between
the heat used directly on-site and the heat sold. Therefore, this may underestimate
the heat sold to third parties.
Prior to 1999, solar thermal electricity production includes generation fromnatural gas because some natural gas units are attached to solar thermal plants
and their production could not be separated.
Prior to 1991 some of the fuel inputs to electricity and heat production reported
for autoproducer plants are reported as final consumption in the particular
economic sector in which the autoproducer is operating.
Prior to 1989, there are no generation data available from autoproducers.
Sub-bituminous coal inputs for electricity and heat production are included in
hard coal before 1983.

Consumption
Consumption breakdown data for electricity are modelled based on data obtained
from the Annual Energy Outlook and conversion factors. These data are based on
fiscal values rather than physical tonnage, so if commodity prices increase or
decrease between AEO versions and the conversion factors are not updated,

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derived changes in consumption may appear that are not supported by physicalWorld energy balances 2024 Editionchanges in production, or actual changes in consumption. For example in 2016,
production of steel in electric arc furnaces increased by 6%, however consumptionof electricity in the iron and steel industry was reported as declining by 17%. In
addition, as the AEO models are revised annually, but the historical data are notnecessarily revised, regular breaks in-series can occur.
For the 2019 edition, the breakdown of final electricity consumption for 2017 wasbased on the results of the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) of 2018. The model
used in the 2018 edition of the Outlook was updated to incorporate the results ofthe 2014 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS). The MECS values
were last updated in 2010, and in the intervening period, several industries hadchanged significantly. For industry sub-sectors where disaggregated AEO2018
values are unavailable e.g. non-ferrous metals, textiles, and non-metallic minerals,
consumption was extrapolated from the MECS 2014 values at the same rate as
shipments in that industry. Breaks in time series occur across several sectors
between 2016 and 2017.
Similarly, the breakdown of final electricity consumption for 2015 was based on
the results of the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) of 2016. Breaks in time series
appear in the mining and agricultural electricity consumption sectors as a result of
introduction of individual industry benchmarking for 2015 results. Changes in ironand steel, and pulp and paper data from 2014 to 2015 are the result offundamental revisions of the iron and steel and pulp and paper models between
AEO2014 and AEO2016 as well as the use of individual industry benchmarking
for AEO2016. These changes are a few notable examples of series changes, andany series can change between AEO releases because of data updates andmethodology changes.
Electricity consumption in road includes all estimated consumption by electricvehicles (both 100% and plug-in hybrids).
Prior to 1991, total consumption of heat sold referred to consumption incommercial/public services.
No data are available for heat sold that is consumed in the residential andagriculture/forestry sectors for any year.
Data for direct use of solar thermal heat in residential are available from 1999.
Since 1995, heat consumption data by sector are no longer collected, and havebeen estimated by the Secretariat, resulting in breaks in time series between 1994

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and 1995, and 1999 and 2000.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Data for consumption of heat sold in industry are available from 1991 and in

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energy industry own use from 1992.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Non-OECD countries
General notes
In the references below, both the statistical year (2022) for which data are being
published in this edition, as well as publication dates of the many documents whichhave been consulted during the development of this publication are mentioned.
As a general rule, where specific documents or personal communications havebeen used, the date that is referenced is the date of publication of the document
or the date of the communication, whereas, where data received through thecompletion of questionnaires are mentioned, the date that is referenced is thestatistical year for which data are being published in this edition, namely 2022.
Data may not include all informal and/or illegal trade, production or consumptionof energy products, although the IEA Secretariat makes efforts to estimate thesewhere reliable information is available.
Energy data reported for 2023 (shown as 2023p) in the final release areprovisional supply data based on submissions received in early 2024 fromselected countries and on a set of secondary sources, as well as IEA Secretariat

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estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

General references
Global references
Annual Crude Steel production, World Steel Association, www.worldsteel.org.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2024.
Base

CHELEM-PIB,

Centred’EtudesProspectives

etd’Informations

Internationales (CEPII), Bureau van Dijk, Paris, 2008 to 2023.
Forestry Data, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome,
2024.
International

EnergyAnnual,EnergyInformation

Administration(EIA),

Washington, D.C., 1991 to 1994.
International Energy Data Report 1992, World Energy Council, London, 1993.
Les Centrales Nucléaires dans le Monde, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique,
Paris, various editions up to 2021.
Lund et. al, Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2020 Worldwide Review,
World Geothermal Congress, Reykjavik, 2020.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
Natural Gas Vehicles Statistics, International Association for Natural Gas
Vehicles, online database: www.iangv.org.
PIW’s Global Oil Stocks & Balances, New York, various issues to June 1995.
Solar Heat Worldwide, AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Gleisdorf,
IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, various editions up to 2023.
The LNG Industry, International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers(GIIGNL), Neuilly sur Seine, various editions up to 2023.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York, various editions up to 2023.
UN Comtrade, United States Statistical Division, from http://comtrade.un.org/.
World Development Indicators, The World Bank, Washington, various editions up
to 2023.

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Africa references

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Report July 1991-June 1992, South African Development Community(SADC), Gaborone, 1993.
Energy Statistics Yearbook 1990, South African Development Community(SADC), Luanda, 1992.
Forests and Biomass Sub-sector in Africa, African Energy Programme of theAfrican Development Bank, Abidjan, 1996.
Notes d'Information et Statistiques, Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique del'Ouest, Dakar, 1995.
SIE-Afrique (Systèmes d’Information Énergétique – Afrique), projet promu par
ECONOTEC et Institut de l’Energie et de l’Environnement de la Francophonie(IEPF), organe subsidiaire de l’Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie(OIF) up to 2009.
Statistiques économiques, Banque des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (BEAC), online
database 2011.

Asia Pacific References
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific
Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo.
ASEAN Energy Review 1995 Edition, ASEAN-EC Energy Management Training
and Research Centre (AEEMTRC), Jakarta, 1996.
Energy Indicators of Developing Member Countries, Asian Development Bank
(ADB), Manila, 1994.
Review of Wood Energy Data in RWEDP Member Countries, Regional Wood
Energy Development Programme in Asia, Food and Agriculture Organisation of
the United Nations, Bangkok, 1997.

Europe and Former Soviet Union references
Annual Bulletin of Coal Statistics for Europe, Economic Commission for Europe(ECE), Geneva, 1994.
Annual Bulletin of Electric Energy Statistics for Europe, Economic Commission for
Europe (ECE), Geneva, 1994.
Annual Bulletin of Gas Statistics for Europe, Economic Commission for Europe(ECE), Geneva, 1994.
Annual Bulletin of General Energy Statistics for Europe, Economic Commission

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IEA. All rights reserved.

for Europe (ECE), Geneva, 1994.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

CIS and East European Energy Databook, Eastern Bloc Research Ltd, Tolsta
Chaolais, various editions up to 2014.
Eastern Bloc Energy, Tadcaster, various issues up to May 1999.
External Trade of the CIS countries, The Interstate Statistical Committee of theCommonwealth of Independent States, Moscow, 2005.
Foreign Scouting Service, Commonwealth of Independent States, IHS Energy
Group – IEDS Petroconsultants, Geneva.
Global E&P Service, Commonwealth of Independent States, IHS Energy Group –IEDS Petroconsultants, Geneva.
Pirani et al, Russian and CIS Gas Markets and Their Impact on Europe, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 2009.
PlanEcon Energy Outlook for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Republics,
Washington, 2003.
PlanEcon Energy Outlook for the Former Soviet Republics, Washington, June
1995 and 1996.
Statistical Bulletin, The InterState Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of
Independent States, Moscow, 1993 and 1994.
Statistical Handbook 1993 - States of the Former USSR, The World Bank,
Washington, 1993.
Statistical Yearbook, The Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealthof Independent States, Moscow, various editions up to 2011.
Statistical Yearbook of the Member States of the CMEA, Council of Mutual
Economic Assistance (CMEA), Moscow, 1985 and 1990.

Latin America and Caribbean references
Centroamérica: Estadísticas de Hidrocarburos, Comisión Económica para
América y el Caribe (CEPAL), United Nations, Mexico, various editions up to 2021.
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito: http://sielac.olade.org/.

Middle East references
Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

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(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2021.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Arab Oil and Gas Directory, Arab Petroleum Research Centre, Paris, various
editions up to 2011.
Middle East Economic Survey (MEES), Nicosia, various issues to June 1999.
Prospects of Arab Petroleum Refining Industry, Organization of Arab Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OAPEC), Kuwait, 1990.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2020.

Note:
EU4Energy is a collaboration between the IEA, the European Union, Focus
Countries and other implementing parties, designed to support the aspirations ofFocus Countries to implement sustainable energy policies and foster co-operative
energy sector development at the regional level. The EU4Energy programme isfunded by European Union.
The first phase (2016-2022) was focused on the countries of the Eastern
Partnership (EaP) and Central Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine andUzbekistan.
The second phase (2021-2025) focuses solely on the six countries of the EU’s
Eastern Partnership: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, the Republic ofMoldova, and Ukraine.
The OLADE database was used for several Non-OECD Americas countries.
The UN database was the only source of information for time series of the countries
not listed individually and included in the regions Other Africa, Other non-OECD
Americas and Other non-OECD Asia. It was also used in a number of othercountries as a complementary data source.

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Energy Sub-Saharan Africa is a 4-year (2019-2023) EU-INTPA funded programme
aimed to create sustainable and inclusive economic growth in selected subSaharan African countries through energy sector transitions towards low-carbon
and climate-resilient energy systems based in renewable energy, while delivering
universal and affordable energy access. This will be achieved by helping theselected sub-Saharan African countries to develop enhanced energy statistics andenergy modelling capabilities, to improve tracking against energy-related NDCs,
SDGs, and other policy goals, as well as long-term energy planning. The ten
countries that have adhered to the programme are Benin, Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda andZambia.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Albania
General notes
Data for Albania are available starting in 1971.
Before 1993, large quantities of oil, widely reported to have moved through Albania
into Former Yugoslavia, are not included in oil trade. Although they might haverepresented up to 100% of domestic consumption levels, no reliable figures forthis trade are available.
Starting from 2011, motor gasoline consumption is reported in the residential
sector. This consumption corresponds to motor gasoline used in electricity
generators.

Sources
Sources 2011 to 2022:
Direct communication with the National Agency of Natural Resources, Tirana.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

Sources 2005 to 2010:
Energy Balances 2005-2010, Energy Department of the National Agency of
Natural Resources of Albania, Tirana.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 2004:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires 1994, 1995, 1998.
Energy Balances, National Agency of Energy of Albania, Tirana, 1999 to 2004.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
Aide Memoire of World Bank Mission to Albania May/June 1991.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical

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Division, New York.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on renewables.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Algeria
General notes
Data for Algeria are available starting in 1971.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensate. Field
condensate quantities are included with natural gas liquids.
Heavy crude oil was imported until 2019 for the production of bitumen. This isincluded in the crude oil series. Other non-specified oil products include ethylene,
white spirit, aromatics and very small quantities of aviation gasoline. MTBE isimported since 2020 as an additive for gasoline.
In the 2024 edition, information from Ministry of Energy and Mining and Sonatrach
led to the revision of natural gas stock changes and use in transport between 2013
and 2021, jet kerosene imports from 2020 onwards and the inclusion of MTBE
data in additives from 2020 onwards (2022 data is estimated by the IEA
Secretariat). Electricity use in oil and gas extraction is reported for the first time in
the 2024 edition (2022 data only). Bitumen, lubricants and other non-specified oil
products data has been revised from 2015 onwards, reflecting newly available
information from Sonatrach, AFREC, UN Comtrade and IEA Secretariat
estimates. For this reason, a structural break in data is possible between 2014
and 2015.
In the 2024 edition, newly available information led to the inclusion of a newrefinery feedstocks series from 2013 onwards. This series includes thereutilization of naphtha for the improvement of condensate and does not include
imports of heavy crude oil that took place until 2019 for the production of bitumen.
In previous editions, both these quantities were included in crude oil intake. For
this reason, crude oil and naphtha series were revised from 2013 onwards.

In the 2021 edition, newly available information lead to the report of the split
between international marine bunkers and domestic navigation for the first time.
In the 2021 edition, new use of official data on final consumption of natural gas led
to revisions in the breakdown by detailed industries between 2014 and 2018. Thismay cause breaks in time series between 2013 and 2014.
In 2018 Sonatrach, the national oil and gas company, acquired a refinery in Italy.
Crude oil input and refined oil products output, such as gas oil and gasoline, fromthis facility may be included in Algeria’s national production for 2018 and the first

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half of 2019. This activity stopped for the second semester of 2019.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2015 edition, revisions were made to the energy balances in 2009 and 2010
which add more detail for certain products and flows. This may result in breaks intime series between 2008 and 2009.

Sources
Sources 1990 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Mining, Algiers.
Bilan Energétique National, Ministry of Energy and Mining, Algiers, various
editions up to 2022.
Rapport Annuel, Sonatrach, Algiers, various editions up to 2022.
Bilan des Réalisations du secteur de l'Energie, Ministry of Energy and Mining,
Algiers, various editions up to 2018.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, accessed in
November 2023, from http://comtrade.un.org/.
Africa Energy Database, African Energy Commission, Algiers, accessed in
November 2023: https://au-afrec.org/data-statistics-energy-balances.

Sources up to 1989:
Annuaire Statistique de l'Algérie 1980-1984, Office National des Statistiques,
Algiers, 1985.
Bilan Energétique National, Gouvernement Algérien, Algiers, 1984.
Algérie Energie, Ministère de l'Energie et des Industries Chimiques etPétrochimiques, Algiers, 1979 to 1983.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Mining, Algiers.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

AngolaGeneral notes
Data for Angola are available starting in 1971.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensate. Field
condensate quantities are included with natural gas liquids.
The natural gas export terminal Soyo, which began operations in 2013 and halted
them in 2014, re-opened in 2016. Breaks in time series in natural gas export,
supply, and consumption can be observed between 2013 and 2017.
In the 2023 edition, electricity production from Solar PV was added. Moreover,total electricity production was revised with new information available.
In the 2023 edition, the time series of several oil products were revised with new
information available. These revisions allowed to reduce the statistical differencesof some of them.
In the 2022 edition, 2018 natural gas data were revised based on revisions to data
provided by Cedigaz.
In the 2021 edition, natural gas input to main activity producer electricity plants
was added from 2017-2019 to account for the operations of the Soyo Combined
Cycle thermal power plant. Consequently, all electricity flows have also beenrevised over this period.
In the 2021 edition, several data points were revised to better reflect data
published by Sonangol. They include: crude oil refinery input (2018), imports of
LPG, jet kerosene, other kerosene, motor gasoline, and gas/diesel oil (20162018), exports of jet kerosene and motor gasoline (2018), and jet kerosene
consumption (2018). Gas/diesel oil input to main activity electricity plants (20162018) and fuel oil production and international marine bunkers (2018) were also
affected by these revisions.
In the 2021 edition, 2018 hydroelectricity production was revised based onrevisions to data provided by the International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA).
In the 2019 edition, revisions to biofuels and waste data are due to revisions in

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population data for Angola.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 2003 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministério da Energia e Águas (Ministry of Energy
and Water), Luanda.
Renewable Energy in Angola - National Status Report, ALER, July 2022
Relatório Anual e Contas, Sonangol E.P, Luanda, various editions up to 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2022.
OAG (2021), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
Balanço da Produção & Informação sobre o Sector de Petróleo e Gás & Balanço
da Refinaria de Luanda, Ministério dos petróleos, Luanda, 2013.
Relatório de Actividades do Sector Petrolífero, Ministério dos petróleos, Luanda,
2007 and 2008 editions.
Annual Report, Southern African Power Pool, Harare, various editions up to 2012.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2002:
Direct communication with oil industry sources.
IEA Secretariat estimates.
Eskom Annual Statistical Yearbook, 1993, 1994, 1995 citing Empresa Nacionalde Electricidade as a source, Johannesburg, 1994-1996.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.

Sources up to 1991:
Le Pétrole et l'Industrie Pétrolière en Angola en 1985, Ambassade de France,

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Poste d'Expansion Economique de Luanda, Luanda, 1985.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources for biofuels and waste:
IEA Secretariat estimates based on 1991 data from African Energy Programme of
the African Development Bank, Forests and Biomass Sub-sector in Africa, Abidjan,

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1996.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Argentina
General notes
Data for Argentina are available starting in 1971.
In the 2021 edition, new use of customs information led to revisions of coal imports
between 2002 and 2018.
In the 2020 edition, Argentina’s 1971-2017 time series were revised across all
products after communication of revised historical balances from Secretaría deEnergía. Most of the revisions are based on those revised energy balances; others
are based on revisions from the IEA Secretariat after analysis of available
historical balance series. In detail:
Coke oven coke, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas data are estimated by the
IEA Secretariat from 2006 onwards.
Petroleum coke demand is estimated by the IEA Secretariat from 2006 onwards,
and trade is sourced from Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la
República from 2006 onwards.
Data on electricity demand by industrial sub-sector is available since 2015.
However, it reflects fixed shares of demand by sub-sector and does not reflectvariation of demand trends between sub-sectors over time. Electricity generation
by fossil source is estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on information of fuelinputs and generation by technology.
Biogas data includes biogases from thermal processes in the paper industry up to2013, and electricity generation data reported by CAMMESA from 2012. Refinery
feedstocks data is available from 1999.
Additives data contains MTBE from 1994 and other octane improvers from 2010
onwards. A structural break may exist between 2009 and 2010. Natural gas datacontains trade of wet gas and own use of wet gas in oil and gas extraction. Thiscan lead to statistical differences in the time series.
The Secretaría de Energía is developing its statistical system to collect further
data on final consumption data and its disaggregation by activity. This could leadto data revisions or breaks in time series in future editions.
Since 2010 a different methodology was adopted by Argentina for reporting
refinery flows leading to more detailed information (e.g. reprocessing of some oil

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products). This may result in breaks in time series between 2009 and 2010. Breaks

World energy balances 2024 Editionin time series may also exist between 1993 and 1994 due to the start of the data
series coverage of such refinery flows.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Economy, Secretaría de Energía,
Buenos Aires.
Balance Energético Nacional, Ministerio de Economía, Secretaría de Energía,
Buenos Aires, various editions up to 2022.
Informe del sector eléctrico, Ministerio de Planificación Federal, Inversión Pública
y Servicios, Secretaria de Energía, Dirección Nacional de Prospectiva, Buenos
Aires, various editions up to 2016.
Balance energético nacional, Serie 1960-2005, Secretaria de Energía, Buenos
Aires, 2006.
Información del mercado de hidrocarburos, Ministerio de Planificación Federal,
Inversión Pública y Servicios, Secretaria de Energía, Dirección Nacional deProspectiva, Buenos Aires, various editions up to 2022.
Informe Enargas, Enargas, Buenos Aires, various editions up to 2021.
ComEX, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República, Buenos
Aires, accessed in April 2023: http://www.comex.indec.org.ar.
Informe Anual 2021, Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico,
Buenos Aires.
Steel statistical Yearbook, World Steel Association, Brussel, last accessed in April
2023, http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/.
Anuario Estadístico, Cámara Argentina de la Industria del Aluminio y Metaes
Afines, Buenos Aires, various editions up to 2021.
Camara Argentina de Biocombustibles, online statistics, last accessed in 2011.
Informe del sector eléctrico, Ministerio de Economía, Secretaria de Energía,
Buenos Aires, 1986 to 2003.
Anuario de Combustibles, Ministerio de Economía, Secretaria de Energía,
Buenos Aires, 1980 to 2003.
Anuario Estadístico del sector energético Argentino, Instituto Argentino de la

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Energía “General Mosconi”, Buenos Aires, 2000.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Anuario Estadístico de la República Argentina, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y
Censos, Buenos Aires, September 1997.
Boletín Mensual de Combustibles, Ministerio de Obras y Servicios Públicos,
Secretaria de Energía, Buenos Aires, various editions.
Natural Gas Projection up to 2000, Gas del Estado Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1970,
1984 to 1986.
Anuario Estadístico de la República Argentina 1970-1981, Instituto Nacional de
Estadística y Censos, Secretaria de Planificación, Buenos Aires, 1982.
Plan Energético Nacional 1986-2000, Ministerio de Economía, Secretaría deEnergía, Subsecretaría de Planificación Energética, Buenos Aires, 1985.
Anuario Estadístico, Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales, Buenos Aires, 1984 to
1987.
Memoria y Balance General, Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales, Buenos Aires,

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1984 to 1986.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Armenia
General notes
Data for Armenia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Soviet Union.
Armenia is one of the 11 EU4Energy focus countries.
Some electricity data for 2023p are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2024 edition, LPG consumption in 2022 for the commercial and public
services sector is estimated by the Armenian administration using the same
growth rates as the residential sector. Revision could be made in future cycles.
In the 2021 edition, nuclear power efficiency data from 2014 onwards reported by
Armenia were used to calculate primary energy equivalent of nuclear power
generation. In previous years, IEA standard efficiency was used. As a result, thetime series of nuclear electricity generation in energy units were revised from 2014
to 2018.
In the 2021 edition, natural gas consumption was reclassified from not elsewhere
specified (other) to agriculture/forestry from 2017 onwards. Prior to 2017,consumption by not elsewhere specified (other) may include the consumption by
agriculture/forestry. In the 2020 edition, the National Statistical Service of Armenia
changed the methodology of classification of final sectors for natural gas. Thismight lead to breaks in time series for 2017-2018.
In the 2020 edition, the National Statistical Service of Armenia changed themethodology for electricity breakdown by consuming sectors. This might lead tobreaks in time series for 2017-2018.
In the 2020 edition, the National Statistical Service of Armenia revised primarysolid biofuels data from 2015 onwards. This might lead to breaks in time series
between 2014 and 2015.
From the 2017 edition onwards, more accurate data on electricity and CHP plants
became available. This might lead to breaks in time series for 2014-2015.
From the 2017 edition, survey data on the consumption of energy products inArmenia became available. Partial data were already available for 2014 for someproducts as Armenia ran a pilot survey. Prior to 2014, consumption data were not

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available and have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on supply.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Therefore, breaks in time series occur between 2013 and 2014, as well as 2014
and 2015; 2015 should be used as reference year.

Sources
Sources 2014 to 2022:
Direct communication with National Statistical Service, Yerevan.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2013:
Direct communication with National Statistical Service, Yerevan.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires on coal, electricity andheat, natural gas, oil.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1990 to 1991:
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires on renewables, since2014.
Prior to 2014: Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO),

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Rome, IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Azerbaijan
General notes
Data for Azerbaijan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included
in Former Soviet Union.
Azerbaijan is one of the 11 EU4Energy focus countries.
Field condensates from Azerbaijan’s Shah Deniz field are reported together with
NGLs.
Azerbaijan natural gas data are reported at temperature and pressure of 20°C and101.325 kPa, respectively.
Natural gas production data may differ from Azerbaijan national energy balance.
Natural gas produced and used in the oil and gas extraction industry is counted
by the IEA Secretariat in natural gas production.
In the 2024 edition, electricity production from autoproducer electricity plants wasreallocated from residential to commercial and public services for the entire
timeseries.
In the 2023 edition, the State Committee of Statistics and the Ministry of
Economics of Azerbaijan did not report any value for Natural Gas flared due tounavailability of the national data sources used in previous years. This creates a
break in the time series between 2020 and 2021 for this flow.
In the 2021 edition, net calorific values (NCVs) reported by Azerbaijan for oil wereused to convert physical data to energy units. In previous years, IEA standard
NCVs were used. As a result, the time series of primary and secondary oil
products were revised for varying periods between 1990 and 2018.
Breaks in time series appear for inputs and outputs of electricity, CHP and heatplants in Azerbaijan between 2006 and 2007 due to an improved data collection
methodology in the country from 2007 onwards.
For the purpose of calculating CO2 emissions, an allocation between domestic andinternational aviation consumption of jet kerosene was estimated by the IEA
Secretariat for 1990-2006 based on total aviation consumption reported by
Azerbaijan and the 2007 allocation.

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A break in time series may be observed between 2015 and 2016 consumption
data due to a household consumption survey.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 1990 to 2022:
Direct communication with the State Committee of Statistics and the Ministry of
Economics of Azerbaijan, Baku.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires, 1992 to 2020.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires on renewables, 20002020.

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Before 2000: IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Bahrain
General notes
Data for Bahrain are available starting in 1971.
Crude oil production includes half the production from the Abu Sa’fah field, whichis shared with Saudi Arabia.
Consumption of natural gas for autoproducer power generation may include
quantities used for non-power generation purposes.
In the 2024 edition, natural gas consumption in the energy sector as well as inputs
to power plants for 2022 is estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2023 edition, some of the 2021 official energy balances from the Bahrain
Open Data Portal were not available in time for publication. Flows for electricity
and natural gas were therefore estimated by the IEA Secretariat based, where
relevant, on International Trade Centre data, or on GDP and population
developments.
In the 2023 edition, new data for electricity generation from solar PV and windfrom 2018 onwards were added based on information from IRENA.
In the 2021 edition, crude oil imports and exports data from 2001 onwards wererevised as new information became available from National Oil and Gas Authority
of Bahrain (NOGA). This may create a break in time series between 2000 and
2001.
In the 2021 edition, the following products and flows were revised as new
information became available from National Oil and Gas Authority of Bahrain(NOGA): natural gas industrial consumption data from 2012 onwards; gas/diesel
oil international marine bunker consumption from 2010 onwards; fuel oilinternational marine bunker consumption from 1971 onwards; residential andcommercial and public services consumption of other kerosene from 2017
onwards; production of jet kerosene from 2017 onwards; and imports and nonenergy use consumption of bitumen from 2014 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, stock changes for fuel oil were revised based on JODI datafrom 2005 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, conversion factors (barrels/tonne) for all oil products wererevised as new information was provided by NOGA. This led to the revision of oil

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products data for the entire time series.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2020 edition, stock changes for LPG, motor gasoline and kerosene type jet
fuel were revised based on JODI data from 2009 onwards. New information from
Bahrain Open Data Portal led to the revision of exports of fuel oil from 2006 to2015. Natural gas stock changes from 2005 onwards were revised due to theclarification on the definition of published data by Central Informatics Organization.
In the 2019 edition, historical revisions in bitumen transfer data from 1988 onwards
have been made.
In the 2017 edition, historical revisions in LPG, naphtha and refinery gas data from2011 are consistent with official report from Bahrain National Gas Company.
Breaks in time series are observed in 2011 for LPG exports.
In the 2014 edition, estimations of the use of petroleum coke in the manufactureof aluminium have been made to track this consumption from 2000 onwards. This
may lead to breaks in time series between 1999 and 2000.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with National Oil and Gas Authority of Bahrain, Manama.
Bahrain Open Data Portal, accessed in June 2022: www.data.gov.bh.
JODI- Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), accessed
May 2022: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/.
Statistics 2005-2019, National Oil and Gas Authority of Bahrain, Manama.
EWA Statistics, Electricity and Water Authority- Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama,
various editions up to 2018.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2018.
Annual Pamphlet 2013-2017, Bahrain National Gas Company, Riffa.
Online statistics 2000-2017, Central Informatics Organization (CIO), Manama,
Kingdom of Bahrain.
Renewable capacity statistics 2021, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2021.
Statistics 2007 and 2008, Electricity & Water Authority, Manama.
Statistical Abstract, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003, Council of

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Ministers, Control Statistics Organisation, Manama, Bahrain.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Statistical Abstract 1990, Council of Ministers, Central Statistics Organisation,
Manama, 1991.
1986 Annual Report, Bahrain Monetary Agency, Manama, 1987.
B.S.C. Annual Report, Bahrain Petroleum Company, Manama, 1982-1984.
Foreign Trade Statistics, Council of Ministers, Central Statistics Organisation,
Manama, 1985.
Bahrain in Figures, Council of Ministers, Central Statistics Organisation, Manama,

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1983-1985.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Bangladesh
General notes
Data for Bangladesh are available starting in 1971.
Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. Data for 2021 correspond to 1 July 2020
– 30 June 2021.
Official data on electricity production provide net generation. The own use isestimated by the IEA Secretariat at 6% of the net electricity generation from 2008
onwards.
From 2000 onwards, due to the lack of official information, by convention, thefuelwood domestic usage is equally split between transformation and final
consumption.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the other bituminous coalbalance from 2020 onwards based on new information from the Statistical
Yearbook. However, additional revisions are foreseen for Imports and Industry
consumption in the next release.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the estimation of electricity
transmission and distribution losses based on new available information. As aresult, the statistical difference of the electricity balance has greatly improved.
In the 2024 edition, final energy consumption of diesel was revised, especially inthe transport sector, from 2018 onwards and, on the supply side, imports for 2018
only.
In the 2024, international aviation bunkers and domestic aviation of jet kerosene
was revised for 2020 and 2021 to better reflect the data of trusted internationalsources.
In the 2023 edition, electricity production, losses and final consumption wererevised from 2015 onwards due to new available information.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the estimations of main activity
producer consumption for diesel between 2004 and 2012 and for 2019 and 2020,
fuel oil between 2004 and 2011 and other bituminous coal for 2020, due to new
available information.
In the 2023 edition, other bituminous coal imports were revised for 2018 and 2019

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due to new available information and electricity output of main activity producer

World energy balances 2024 Edition

electricity plants was revised from 2016 onwards to better reflect official statistics
from the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BDPB).
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised imports of naphtha from 2012
onwards and final consumption in non-specified industry and non-energy use in
the chemical and petrochemical sector from 2013 onwards, due to new available
information from the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC).
In the 2021 edition, production and residential consumption of primary solid
biofuels including fuelwood, bagasse, vegetal materials and residues, animal
waste and charcoal were revised from 2000 onwards using data from the World
Health Organisation on reliance on biomass for cooking.
In the 2021 edition, electricity final consumption data were revised as new
information from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics became available.
In the 2020 edition, times series for electricity imports were revised from 2014 to2017 based on new data retrieved from the Bangladesh Power Development
Board. Breaks in time series may occur between 2013 and 2014.
In the 2014 edition, petroleum products time series were revised from 2004 to2012 based on new data retrieved from the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporationand the Eastern Refinery Limited. This may result in breaks in time series between
2004 and 2005 for primary and secondary oil products.
In the 2013 edition, electricity time series were revised from 2008 to 2011 basedon data retrieved from the Bangladesh Power Development Board. This may resultin breaks in time series between 2007 and 2008.

Sources
Sources 2008 to 2022:
Annual Report, PetroBangla - Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation,
Dhaka, various editions up to 2022.
Annual Report, Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), Dhaka, various
editions from 2007 to 2022.
Annual Report, Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO), Dhaka,various editions from 2008 to 2022.
Bangladesh Economic Review, Ministry of Finance, Dhaka, various editions fromPAGE | 335

IEA. All rights reserved.

2008 to 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Statistical Yearbook Bangladesh, Ministry of Planning, Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics, Dhaka, various editions up to 2022.
Coal Recent Mine Activities, Barapukuria Coal Mining Company Limited(BCMCL), Dhaka, various editions up to 2020.
Statement of total coal production, sale, delivery and stock position, Barapukuria
Coal Mining Company Limited (BCMCL), Dhaka, various editions up to 2021.
Production Activities, Eastern Refinery Limited, Chittagong, accessed in May
2023: erl.com.bd.
Commercial & Operation – Petroleum products, Bangladesh Petroleum
Corporation (BPC), Chittagong, accessed in May 2023: www.bpc.gov.bd.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions database, Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development, Paris, last accessed in May 2024.
Presentation of Air Transport statistical results, International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO), United Nations, New York, various editions up to 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1996 to 2007:
US Agency for International Development, Dhaka, 2003 to 2008.
IEA Secretariat estimates.
Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 1996 to 1999, Ministry of Planning,
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, 1997 to 2000.

Sources 1992 to 1995:
Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh, Ministry of Planning, Bangladesh Bureauof Statistics, Dhaka, 1986 to 1996.
The UN Energy Statistics Database.

Sources up to 1991:
Bangladesh Energy Balances 19761981, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka,
1982.
Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1976 to

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1991.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Monthly Statistical Bulletin of Bangladesh, Ministry of Planning, Bangladesh Bureauof Statistics, Statistics Division, Dhaka, June 1986 and October 1989.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
May 2023: http://www.fao.org/faostat.
World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, accessed in June 2023:
https://www.who.int/.

PAGE | 337

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

BelarusGeneral notes
Data for Belarus are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Soviet Union.
Belarus is one of the 11 EU4Energy focus countries.
Belarus natural gas data are reported at temperature and pressure of 20°C and101.325 kPa, respectively.
Belarus exports of other bituminous coal include re-export volumes.
In the 2024 edition, some data for 2022 have been taken from the national
statistical portal of Belarus. The available data pertains to production andconsumption flows of electricity and heat. Some breakdowns in various sectors
have been estimated based on data of previous years. Other data has been
estimated using the economic data as a proxy.
In the 2022 edition, there are breaks in the time series of biogases between 2019and 2020 for indigenous production, main activity producer electricity andcommercial and public services, due to new administrative data from the Ministryof Energy.
In the 2022 edition, trade, stock change and final consumption of charcoal wererevised from 2008 onwards based on new available information.
In the 2021 edition, for crude oil, jet fuel kerosene and other kerosene the IEA
secretariat substituted the standard net calorific values (NCVs) used in previous
years with the ones reported by Belarus. As a result, the time series in energy
units of these products were slightly revised between 1991 and 2018.
In the 2021 edition, some quantities of peat products were reclassified from
autoproducer to main activity producer heat plants in the period 1996-2011 due to
newly available information.
In the 2020 edition, the whole time series for natural gas liquids (NGL) was
revised to include the volumes of gas obtained in the process of oil stabilization.
In the 2020 edition, wood waste from furniture was reallocated to industrial waste
in primary solid biofuels from 2016 onwards. This may lead to breaks in the

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industrial waste time series between 2015 and 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2019 edition, coke oven coke use between 1998 and 2017 was revised as
non-energy use was formerly reported in the food, beverage and tobacco sector.
In the 2018 edition, several producers’ electricity plants were reclassified
according to the transition to a new classifier of economic activities. This mightlead to breaks in time series of autoproducers’ electricity plant and autoproducers’
CHP plant between 2016 and 2017.
In the 2016 edition, methane produced as a by-product during the petrochemicaltransformation of naphtha was re-classified by Belarus for the period 1998-2011from industrial waste to refinery gas. This may lead to breaks in time series
between 1997 and 1998.
Imports of refinery feedstocks were recorded for the first time in 2015.
Jet kerosene was reported under “other products” until 2012.
Breaks in time series appear in gas/diesel and fuel oil between 2011 and 2012 asa result of a new classification of industrial products (heating oil re-classified underhigh sulphur fuel oil).
Oil trade in 2010 shows a significant drop due to higher customs fee of imported
quantities of crude oil from Russian Federation.
Since January 2010, Belarus became a member of a Customs Union with Russia
and Kazakhstan. Breaks in trade time series and statistical differences appear
from 2009 to 2011 as the Customs progressively shifted from one accounting
system to another. Belarus reports all inputs and outputs to CHP and heat
autoproducer plants including those corresponding to own use of heat.

Sources
Sources 2021 to 2022:
National Statistical portal of the Republic of Belarus, www.belstat.gov.by
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1990 to 2020:
Direct communication with the National Statistical Committee of Belarus, Minsk.

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Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires on renewables.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Benin
General notes
Data for Benin are available starting in 1971.
Benin is one of the ten countries that benefit from EU Support to IEA Data for
Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa.
In the 2020 edition, times series were revised from 2011 to 2014 based on new
data received from the Ministry of Energy, Water, and Mines. Breaks in time series
may occur between 2010 and 2011.
In the 2019 edition, times series were revised from 2015 to 2017 based on new
data received from the Ministry of Energy, Water, and Mines. Breaks in time series
may occur between 2014 and 2015.
For 2021, the large decrease in the supply and consumption of gas/diesel oil
reflects trends shown in official statistics submitted by the Ministère de l’Energie /DGRE. These trends may reflect difficulties ascertaining the level of fuelsmuggling. The IEA Secretariat is monitoring the issue and may revise these data
in a future release.

Sources
Sources 1999 to 2022:
Direct communication with Ministère de l’Energie / DGRE, Cotonou, up to 2022
data.
Système d’Information Energétique du Bénin (SIE-Bénin) 2020, Direction
Générale de l’Energie, Ministère de l’Energie, de l’Eau et des Mines, Cotonou.
Atlas de l’énergie dans l’espace UEMOA – Rapport 2020, Institut de laFrancophonie pour le développement durable (IFDD), Québec.
Direct communication with the Ministère des Mines, de l’Energie et del’Hydraulique, Cotonou, and through the WEC-IEA Joint Energy Reporting Format
for Africa.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, accessed March

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2021, from http://comtrade.un.org/.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

CEDEAO-ECOWASandUEMOA,

accessed

in

May

2024:

https://eis.ecowas.int/rapport/bilan_desagrege .
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1998:
Direct communication with the Secretariat, Direction de l'Energie, Cotonou, 1999,
2000.
Direct communication with the electricity utility, Cotonou, 1998 to 1999.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
Rapport sur l’Etat de l’Economie Nationale, Ministère de l’Economie, Cotonou,
September 1993.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with the Secretariat, Direction de l'Energie, Cotonou.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
May 2024.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission, 2009-2010, submitted
by Ministère des Mines, de l’Energie et de l’Hydraulique, Cotonou.
Forests and Biomass Sub-sector in Africa, African Energy Programme of theAfrican Development Bank, Abidjan, 1996.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Bolivia
General notes
Data for Bolivia are available starting in 1971.
Blending of ethanol in gasoline started in 2018. Additives are also imported, with
imported quantities included in gasoline data.
Data on distribution losses of crude oil and oil products includes unexpected
positive or negative quantity variations in refineries, pipelines and tanks that are
not captured by the oil industry storage system measured in stock changes.
National authorities currently publish charcoal, fuel wood and bagasse data
combined in a single aggregate, using projections given the lack of detailed
information. This data can be revised in the future as the national authorities
develop their statistical system further.
The efficiency of natural gas based electricity generation has been continuously
increasing since 2011, in turn decreasing the gas grid emission factor. According
to information provided by Ministerio de Hidrocarburos, this is due to major actions
that are being deployed in Bolivia in order to upgrade existing natural gas power
plants to combined cycle.
In the 2024 edition, new information provided by Ministerio de Hidrocarburos led
to revisions in Electricity generation using Natural gas or Gas/Diesel oil as an
input, both in Main Activity electricity producer plants and in Autoproducer plants.
In the 2023 edition, new information provided by Autoridad de Fiscalización deElectricidad y Tecnología Nuclear led to revisions in Electricity generation in Main
Activity electricity producers using Gas/Diesel Oil as an input. Isolated Systems(Sistemas Aislados), which were underevaluated in previous editions, are now
fully included in the series.
In the 2023 edition, new data on biomass collected from OLADE led to revisionsin production and final consumption of Primary Solid Biofuels between years 2000
and 2005.
In the 2022 edition, new information provided by Ministerio de Hidrocarburos led
to important revisions in NGL, White Spirit, Fuel Oil and Other Non-Specified Oilproducts between 2006 and 2020. The IEA Secretariat now considers Gasolina
Blanca Estabilizada and Gasolina Rica en Isopentanos as NGL, and these

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products are reported as refinery intake. Crudo Reconstituido, a residual refineryWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

output, is now reported in Other Non-Specified Oil Products. Gasolina Blanca(Refinery White Spirit) volumes do not appear in IEA Secretariat data as they are
already reported in Motor Gasoline. Finally, the only transfer currently reported isfrom NGL to LPG.
In the 2022 edition, new information from Ministerio de Hidrocarburos led torevisions between 2000 and 2019. This may lead to breaks in time series of oil,natural gas and electricity between 1999 and 2000.
In the 2022 edition, new information on the split of natural gas input to main activity
and to autoproducer electricity plants became available since year 2000, leading
to revisions between 2000 and 2019.
In the 2022 edition, new information became available for Refinery gas production,
own use in oil refineries and losses, leading to revisions between 2000 and 2019.
More detailed data in energy balances provided by Ministerio de Hidrocarburos
led to revisions in jet kerosene consumption split between international anddomestic aviation.
In the 2022 edition, revisions to bagasse consumption in the Industry sector from
Ministerio de Hidrocarburos led to revised IEA estimations for bagasse production
in 2000-2019 time series.
In the 2021 edition, revisions to conversion factors of motor gasoline led to revised
total final consumption data between 2006 and 2018. Solid biofuels data was also
revised between 2014 and 2018. Communication with Ministerio de Hidrocarburos
also led to revisions to liquid biofuels data, with ethanol data available from 2018
onwards. Refinery gas data is estimated by the IEA secretariat from 2011
onwards, due to lack of national statistics available on refinery production and useof such gases.
In the 2020 edition, new information from Ministerio de Hidrocarburos, Instituto
Nacional de Estadistica and Autoridad de Fiscalizacion y Control Social deElectricidad led to revisions between 2006 and 2017. This may lead to breaks intime series of oil, natural gas and electricity between 2005 and 2006.
In the 2020 edition, anthracite imports data also became available since 2000.
In the 2020 edition, time series for solid biofuels were revised from 2000 to 2017
due to new information from Ministerio de Hidrocarburos, Autoridad deFiscalizacion y Control Social de Electricidad and Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO). Data is partially estimated by the IEA Secretariat. This may

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lead to breaks in the series between 1999 and 2000.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2020 edition, new information on the split between independent power
producers and autoproducers became available since 2015, leading to revisions
to autoproducer electricity generation and inputs to power generation.
Data for international aviation bunkers are estimated by the IEA Secretariat. New
information available in 2019 led to revisions of the data for 2005-2017 that may
lead to breaks in time series between 2004 and 2005.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Balance Energético Nacional, 2000-2022. Ministerio de Hidrocarburos, La Paz,
2023.
Anuario Estadístico, Autoridad de Fiscalización y Control Social de Electricidad,
La Paz, multiple editions up to 2022.
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in January 2024:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
Sistema de Comercio Exterior, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, La Paz,
accessed January 2023: https://www.ine.gob.bo/comex/
Estadísticas por Actividad Económica – Hidrocarburos, Instituto Nacional de
Estadística, La Paz, accessed January 2023: https://www.ine.gob.bo/
Boletín Estadístico, Yacimientios Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos, La Paz, 2008 to2015.
Anuario Estadístico, Agencia nacional de hidro­carburos, La Paz, various editions
from 2013 to 2014.
Anuario Estadístico, Ministerio de Hidrocarburos y Energía, La Paz, 2012.
Memoria Anual, Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga, La Paz, 2011.
Informe Estadístico, Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos, La Paz, various
editions from 1992 to 1998.
Anuario Estadístico, Superintendencia de Elec­tricidad, La Paz, various editions
from 1996 to 2007.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources up to 1991:
Boletín Estadístico 19731985, Banco Central de Bolivia, División de Estudios
Económicos, La Paz, 1986.
Diez Anos de Estadística Petrolera en Bolivia 1976-1986, Dirección dePlaneamiento, Division de Estadística, La Paz, 1987.
Empresa Nacional de Electricidad S.A. 1986 Ende Memoria, Empresa Nacionalde Electricidad, La Paz, 1987.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in January 2023:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
October 2020.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Bosnia and Herzegovina
General notes
Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they
are included in Former Yugoslavia.
In the 2023 edition, efforts have been made with Agency for Statistics of Bosnia
and Herzegovina to improve the statistics of blast furnaces. Current data resultsin unusually low efficiencies, and we expect revisions of these values in the 2024
edition.
In the 2022 edition, disaggregated coal data became available between
anthracite, other bituminous coal and coking coal. This also includes break down
information on consumption flow data such as energy industry own use of blast
furnace gas. This led to a break in the time series between 2019 and 2020.
In the 2022 edition, there was a break in the time series between 2019 and 2020
data for the input of combustible sources and its electricity and heat production
from autoproducers. This was a result of an error in recognition of autoproducer
from industry in the chemical and petrochemical sector that was corrected in
C2022 for 2020 with the plan for analysis and correction/revision of historical data.
In the 2021 edition, the net calorific values (NCVs) of crude oil reported by Bosnia
and Herzegovina were used to convert physical data to energy units. In previous
editions, IEA standard NCVs were used. As a result, the time series of crude oil inenergy units was revised from 2014 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, crude oil and oil products data are affected by the overhaul
works in the refinery of Brod. This might result in breaks in time series between
2018 and 2019.
In the 2020 edition, solid biofuels modelling by the Ministry of Foreign Trade andEconomic Relations led to new data starting in 2018. A break in time series may
occur between 2017 and 2018. Revisions for historical data may be communicatedin the future.
In the 2019 edition, data on electricity, CHP and heat were submitted by the
Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In the 2018 edition, data on blast furnace gas and coke oven gas production

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became available for 2016. Also, the calorific values of coking coal and coke ovenWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

coke were revised for 2014-2016. This may result in breaks in time series on theefficiencies of blast furnaces and coke ovens between 2013 and 2014.
In 2018, BHAS received technical expertise from the IEA Secretariat andreallocated inputs of sub-bituminous coal to electricity, CHP and heat plants tolignite for the period 2014-2016. This may lead to breaks in time series between
2013 and 2014.
In 2015, BHAS conducted their first household survey on biomass consumption.
Due to this newly available data, breaks in time series may occur between 2013
and 2014. In order to further improve the biomass data quality, they revised data
for the period 2014-2016.
In 2014, BHAS conducted their first survey on oil product consumption. Breaks intime series may occur between 2012 and 2013.
Until 2012, the source for crude oil and secondary oil products data is the
publication “Industrial Production Bosnia and Herzegovina 2012” and “Oil Trade
Data” both produced by the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Energy statistics are available from the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia andHerzegovina (BHAS) from 2008 for electricity and heat and from 2009 for coal andnatural gas. As a consequence, breaks in time series may occur between 2007
and 2008 for electricity and heat and 2008 and 2009 for other products.

Sources
Sources 2009 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Sarajevo.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
Energy Statistics: Oil products, Issue 1, Agency for Statistics of Bosnia andHerzegovina, Sarajevo.
PRODCOM Survey - Industrial Production, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2009 to
2012.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources 2006 to 2008:
European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, online
statistics, 2010.
Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity, online statistics, 2009.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2000 to 2005:
Energy Sector Study BiH, Third Electric Power Reconstruction Project, consortium
led by Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, Sarajevo, 2008.
Direct communication with the Joint Power Coordination Centre (JPCC).
Statistical Yearbook of BiH, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Federal Officeof Statistics, Sarajevo, 2008.
Power Generation and Transmission System in Bosnia Herzegovina, International
Management Group, European Commission, Sarajevo, November 2000.
Energy Outlook, Federal Ministry of Energy, Mining and Industry, Sarajevo,
December 2001.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,

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New York.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Botswana
General note
Data for Botswana are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, fuelwood data for residential consumption have been revisedusing information from the National Energy Use Survey. Moreover, fuelwood
inputs to charcoal production were revised as well.
In the 2023 edition, the entire time series of combustible renewables have beenrevised due to new information available.
In the 2022 edition, 2018 and 2019 aviation gasoline and non-bio jet kerosene
flows were revised based on data provided by the Botswana Department ofEnergy, Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources. Furthermore, otherbituminous coal exports (2017-2019) and production (2018) were revised to alignwith data published by Statistics Botswana.
In the 2021 edition, motor gasoline imports and road consumption were revised
from 1971-1980 to reflect trends in vehicle registrations published by Statistics
Botswana.
In the 2021 edition, data were added for gas/diesel oil and fuel oil electricity output
from main activity electricity plants for the years 1971-1980. This data werepreviously classified as electricity output from main activity electricity plants forother non-specified oil products. Based on this re-classification, revisions werealso made to gas/diesel oil and fuel oil input to main activity electricity plants andimports over the same time period.
In the 2021 edition, 2018 imports and road consumption of motor gasoline, 2018
imports and residential consumption of kerosene, 2018 imports and 2009-2018
consumption of gas/diesel oil, and 2018 production of other bituminous coal wererevised to align with data provided by the Botswana Department of Energy,
Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources.
In the 2021 edition, revisions were also made to other bituminous coal exports(2017-2018) and 2012 transformation in main activity electricity plants using data
provided by the United Nations Statistical Division. Furthermore, the 2018
electricity output from other bituminous coal was revised to reflect data available

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from the Botswana Power Corporation.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, solar thermal production and non-specified consumption data
were added for the years 2015-2018 to reflect newly accessed data from AEE –Institute for Sustainable Technologies.
Also in the 2021 edition, data provided by the United Nations Statistical Divisionwere added for charcoal production and consumption for the years 1990-2018.
New flows include charcoal production, residential consumption, and fuelwood
transformation in charcoal production plants. Consequently, fuelwood production
was also revised from 2004-2018 to incorporate this new data. Fuelwood
residential consumption from 2006-2018 was also revised to reflect trends in rural
population growth published by the World Bank.
In the 2020 edition, data for Botswana became available for the years 1971-1980,
allowing the IEA Secretariat to remove Botswana entirely from the Other Africa
region. Breaks in time series might occur between 1980 and 1981.

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Department of Energy, Ministry of Minerals, Energy
and Water Resources, Gaborone.
Annual Report, Botswana Power Corporation (BPC), Gaborone. Various editions
up to 2022. Note: BPC data are published on a fiscal year basis (April to March).
Index of Physical Volume of Mining Production 2023 Q4, Statistics Botswana, ,Gaborone
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, last access in 2024,
http://comtrade.un.org
Forestry Statistics, FAO, Rome, 2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD.Stat, Paris, last access in 2024
Solar Heat Worldwide, AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Gleisdorf,
IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, various editions up to 2023.
National

EnergyUse

Survey,Statistics

Botswana,

Gaborone.

https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/National%20Energy%20

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Use%20Survey%20%20Stats%20Brief%202023.pdf

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
Botswana Selected Environmental Indicators Digest 2020, Statistics Botswana,
Gaborone.
Transport and Infrastructure Stats Brief Quarter 4 2020, Statistics Botswana,
Gaborone.
Selected Statistical Indicators 1966-2016, Statistics Botswana, Gaborone.
Environment Statistics 2012, Botswana Central Statistics Office, Gaborone.
Botswana in Figures 2011, Botswana Central Statistics Office, Gaborone.
Statistical Yearbook 2010, Botswana Central Statistics Office, Gaborone.
Annual Report 2009, Department of Mines, Gaborone.
Energy Statistics, Central Statistics Office, Gaborone.

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IEA Secretariat Estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

BrazilGeneral notes
Data for Brazil are available starting in 1971.
Brazil joined the IEA as an Association country in October 2017.
Although IEA’s balance is based on Brazil’s national statistics, differences with thenational energy balance can be observed due to the different methodologies
adopted for reporting nuclear, chemical heat, natural gas, NGL production, nonenergy use and production process of liquid biofuels, renewables, blast furnaces
and coke ovens.
Crude oil data includes small amounts of oil shale.
The split between domestic and international marine bunkers is done based onflag (nationality) of ships.
In the IEA balance for Brazil, “Biogasoline” refers to anhydrous ethanol while“Other liquid biofuels” refers to hydrated ethanol. The national energy balance ofBrazil shows bioethanol as two separate products: anhydrous ethanol ("álcool
anidro", i.e. nearly pure ethanol, containing less than 1% of water) and hydrated
ethanol (“álcool hidratado”, i.e. a blend of ethanol and water, in the proportion of
about 95% to 5%, generally obtained from conventional distillation). Whileanhydrous ethanol is blended with gasoline (the blend sold at the pump generally
contains 27% of ethanol), hydrated ethanol is sold at separate pumps as a productby itself (álcool) to be used in flex fuel cars, i.e. vehicles that can run on any mix
of gasoline and ethanol.
Allocation of consumption to subsectors in national energy statistics is done
according to the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE). Energy
consumption in the tobacco, construction, transport machinery and machinery
sectors are included in “other industries” in national data, which is allocated in the
IEA Balance to non-specified industry. As such, consumption in the food andtobacco sector excludes the tobacco sector.
In the 2023 edition, the Ministry of Mines and Energy provided Solar Thermal data
for the period 1982-2022. Previous IEA Secretariat estimations were revised, andall data for this product are official from this edition on.
In the 2023 edition, the Ministry of Mines and Energy revised historical data for

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Natural Gas, Diesel Oil and Electricity consumption in the Oil and gas extraction

World energy balances 2024 Edition

sector. These data have been revised in our publications since year 2014, andrevisions for previous years are expected in coming editions.
In the 2022 edition, close cooperation with the Ministry of Mines and Energy led
to a revision in biogasoline and other liquid biofuels losses. These are now
exceptionally taken into account with the objective of reducing statisticaldifference. The key changes are that they now include losses in evaporation,leaks, accidents during the process of production and storage in addition to
distribution losses.
In the 2021 edition, close cooperation with the Ministry of Mines and Energy also
led to a series of revisions affecting oil and gas data, enhancing harmonization of
IEA data with national energy balances. The quantities of refinery input and output
now reflect those reported by the Ministry of Mines and Energy more accurately.
Wet gas losses in gas separation plants are now excluded from NGL production,
leading to revisions from 2011. Production of LPG and motor gasoline was also
revised to exclude the quantities resulting from naphtha processing by the
petrochemical industry, which are now included in transfers. The calorific valuesof natural gas, other non-specified oil products and natural gas liquids have also
been revised. As a result of these changes, production and transfers have beenrevised for LPG, motor gasoline and other non-specified oil products since 1971.
Refinery feedstocks have also been revised from 1971, with significantly lower
levels of refinery input.
The national energy balance of Brazil reports quantities of “Other non-renewable”
energy consumed by the chemical, cement, iron and steel, and other sectors forboth final consumption and autoproducer CHP generation. This combines a seriesof energy sources, such as tyre scrape, clay, blast furnace dust, tail gas, residual
gases, sulphur gases and other residues. Starting with the 2021 edition, theseproducts and their corresponding electricity generation are allocated to industrial
waste, except for the power inputs of the chemical sector, which are allocated toheat from chemical sources. This leads to a structural break in 2017, as generationfrom such energy sources in the iron and steel was not separated from blast
furnace gases before 2017.
In the 2021 edition, biogases from thermal processes include the amount of blast
furnace gases from charcoal, and the corresponding electricity generated fromthose gases, from 2012 onwards.
In the 2020 edition, new information became available, leading to revisions to
2016, 2017 and 2018 data in coal, gas oil and electricity. Data on biogas in

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transformation processes has been revised since 2008, oil product densities sinceWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

2014, and biodiesel and diesel data since 2011. Transfers of fuel oil and lubricants
have been revised since 2012.
In the 2015 edition, new information became available which explains the types of
product transfers within Brazilian refineries. The IEA attempted to reflect thesetransfers as accurately as possible.
Brazil produces a large share of its pig iron in blast furnaces that are fuelled andfed with charcoal. The blast furnace gases produced when charcoal is used as areagent in the blast furnaces are renewable products and they have been reported
in this publication under the product “Biogases from thermal processes”.
Add­itionally, only the part of these gases consumed for power generation (i.e.
energy purposes) has been ac­counted for in the transformation sector. The
remaining charcoal consumed in or used to heat the blast furnaces is reported in
final consumption under the iron and steel industry with no distinction between
transformation and final consumption.
Prior to the year 2000 blast furnace gases data availability is limited to the input toauto producer electricity plants. Therefore, from 1971 to 1999, the other flows (e.g.
production, consumption etc.) are IEA Secretariat estimates.
The Itaipu hydroelectric plant, operating since 1984 and located on the ParanáRiver (which forms the border of Brazil and Paraguay) was formed as a joint
venture between Eletrobrás and the Paraguayan government. Production isshared equally between Brazil and Paraguay.

Sources 1971 to 2023:
Direct communication with the Ministério de Minas e Energia, Brasília.
Sistema de Informações Energéticas (SIE Brasil), Ministério de Minas e Energia,
Brasilia, accessed in June 2024, https://www.mme.gov.br/SIEBRASIL/
Balanço Energético Nacional 2024, Ministério de Minas e Energia, accessed inJune 2024: https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/assuntos/secretarias/sntep/publicacoes/balancoenergetico-nacional/

Matriz Energética Nacional 2024, Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, accessed in
June

2024:

https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/balanco-

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energetico-nacional-2024

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Brunei Darussalam
General notes
Data for Brunei Darussalam are available starting in 1971.
By the time of the 2024 edition, the 2022 Energy Balance Table was not available.
As a consequence, for secondary oil products the majority of 2022 figures are
estimated with the data from the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual
energy questionnaires.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the supply and consumption
figures of refinery gas for 2020 and 2021 and fuel oil refinery production andexports for 2020.
In the 2023 edition, crude oil production, trade and refinery input for 2023 isestimated by the IEA Secretariat based on official statistics. Furthermore, nonspecified oil products in non-specified (Energy) for is estimated with economic
indicators of the country.
In the 2023 edition, lignite demand for autoproducers electricity plants and oil
refineries energy industry own use in 2020 and 2021 were estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the electricity output of main
activity producer CHP plants and autoproducer electricity plants for natural gas forthe whole time-series, to better reflect official statistics.
In 2019, a new refinery and petrochemical complex located at Pulau Muara Besarstarted operations. A new plant began producing electricity to supply it. This isreflected in the 2021 edition oil data as well as imports and use of lignite.
In the 2018 edition, Brunei Darussalam 2015 and 2016 energy balances were
established by the IEA Secretariat based on official energy balances submitted by
Ministry of Energy, Manpower and Industry.
In the 2009 edition, new information became available on the split in consumptionof refinery gas. This may lead to breaks in time series between 2008 and 2009.
In the 2008 edition, Brunei Darussalam confirmed that they stopped using fuel

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wood in 1992.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 2006 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy, Manpower and Industry, Bandar
Seri Begawan.
Direct communication with the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Tokyo.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific
Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo, 2009-2014, 2017-2022.
2015, 2016,2020 and 2021 Energy Balances, Ministry of Energy, Manpower andIndustry, Bandar Seri Begawan.
Direct communication with the Prime Minister's Office, Strategic Planning Division,
Bandar Seri Begawan.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2005:
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific
Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo, 2005.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
Direct communication with the Office of the Prime Minister, Petroleum Unit,
Bandar Seri Begawan.
Direct communication with the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Tokyo.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Development, Electrical Services
Department, Bandar Seri Begawan.
Brunei Statistical Yearbook, 1992 to 1994, Ministry of Finance, Statistics Section,
Bandar Seri Begawan, 1993, 1995.

Sources up to 1991:
Fifth National Development Plan 1986--1990, Ministry of Finance, Economic
Planning Unit, Bandar Seri Begawan, 1985.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,

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IEA. All rights reserved.

New York.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Bulgaria
General notes
Data for Bulgaria are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, new autoproducer electricity plants were reported in theindustry sector following a pilot annual survey to collect solar PV production andcapacity data from autoproducer plants.
In the 2022 edition, useful heat produced by nuclear plants was reclassified from
CHP to heat only. Therefore, all nuclear main activity producer CHP plant input
and output has been moved to nuclear main activity producer heat plants for theentire time series (1994-2019).
In the 2021 edition, the status of Bulgaria’s crude oil indigenous production data
was changed to confidential. A break in the time series may occur between 2018and 2019.
In the 2021 edition, net calorific values (NCVs) reported by Bulgaria were used toconvert physical data to energy units. In previous years, IEA standard NCVs wereused. As a result, the time series of primary and secondary oil products wererevised for varying periods between 1991 and 2018. Coal NCVs were also revised
from 2015 to 2018. Breaks in the time series may occur.
Data on the use of refused derived fuel (RDF) are included in Bulgaria’s waste
statistics since the 2020 edition. Thereby, the renewable part of this fuel isallocated to renewable municipal waste, while the non-renewable part is allocatedto industrial waste. In the 2021 edition, more information on these renewablewaste components became available from 2018, resulting in the reclassification ofsome non-renewable industrial waste. As the combustion of waste for power
generation in Bulgaria is experimental, breaks in the time series may occur. The
National Statistical Institute is currently reviewing their methodology for thisreporting.
Non-specified transformation of natural gas to other hydrocarbons corresponds tohydrogen used in refineries.
Bulgaria has re-classified black liquor from industrial waste to solid biofuels andthe renewable portion of tyres from industrial waste (non-renewable) to solid
biofuels (industrial waste – renewable part) from 2008. Breaks in time series may

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occur between 2007 and 2008.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

A break in the time series for natural gas stock changes may occur between 2003
and 2004 as cushion gas is excluded from 2004 onwards.

Sources
Sources 1990 to 2022:
Direct communication with the National Statistical Institute, Sofia.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
Energy Balances, National Statistical Institute, Sofia, 1995.

Sources up to 1990:
Energy Development of Bulgaria, Government of Bulgaria, Sofia, 1980 and 1984.
Energy in Bulgaria, Government of Bulgaria, Sofia, 1980 to 1983.
General Statistics in the Republic of Bulgaria 1989/1990, Government of Bulgaria,
Sofia, 1991.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires on renewables.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,

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New York.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Cambodia
General notes
Data for Cambodia are available starting in 1995. Prior to that, they are includedin Other Asia.
In the 2024 edition, 2021 and revised 2020 official energy balances from the
Ministry of Mines and Energy became available, which led to several revisions in
those two years. 2022 flows were estimated based on various sources, inparticular the reports of the Electricity Authority of Cambodia, which included
official 2022 and 2023 data.
In the 2023 edition, little official data was received. Therefore, it was necessary formuch of the 2021 data to be estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on available
secondary sources or, if not available, on economic developments.
In the 2022 edtion, 2018-2020 official energy balances from the Energy Statistics
Office of the Ministry of Mines and Energy became available. This led to a seriesof revisions and breaks in time series between 2017 and 2018.
In the 2021 edition, 2019 official energy balances from the Energy Statistics Officeof the Ministry of Mines and Energy were not available in time for publication. Mostflows were therefore estimated by the IEA Secretariat. For oil products, imports
and final use data are based, where relevant, on International Trade Centre data,or on GDP and population developments.
In the 2021 edition, total electricity, hydroelectricity, motor gasoline, jet kerosene,gas/diesel oil, LPG, fuel oil and sub-bituminous coal data for production, trade, as
well as use in the different economy sectors were revised from 2010 onwards as
new information became available from Economic Research Institute for ASEAN
and East Asia (ERIA). This leads to breaks in time series between 2009 and 2010.
In the 2021 edition, residential consumption of fuelwood and charcoal were reestimated from 1995 onwards using data from the World Health Organisation on
reliance on biomass for cooking.
In the 2020 edition, due to lack of official country data, the trade and final
consumption of oil products and coal have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2019 edition, information on stock changes for coal and some petroleum
products became available. This may lead to breaks in time series between 2016

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and 2017.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2018 edition, information on the split of consumption for some petroleum
products became available starting from 2016. This may lead in breaks in timeseries between 2015 and 2016.
In the 2015 edition, new information regarding the imports of petroleum products in
Cambodia from 2007 onwards became available. Data for these products wererevised accordingly and as a result, breaks in time series may occur for different
products between 2007 and 2013.

Sources
Sources from 1995 onward:
Direct communication with the Energy Statistics Office of the Ministry of Mines andEnergy, Phnom Penh.
Report on Power Sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia and Salient features ofPower Development in the Kingdom of Cambodia, Electricity Authority of
Cambodia, Phnom Penh, various editions.
Energy Demand and Supply of Cambodia 2010-2018, prepared by Ministry ofMines and Energy, Cambodia, and supported by the Economic Research Institutefor ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), Jakarta, February 2020.
Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 2021, United
Nations.
Trade Map, International Trade Centre, Geneva, accessed in May 2023:
http://www.intracen.org/.
Energy Balances 2018-2020, Energy Statistics Office of the Ministry of Mines andEnergy, Phnom Penh.
Cambodia National Energy Statistics 2016, Economic Research Institute for
ASEAN and East Asia, Jakarta.
Petroleum Products Imports Data from the Customs Office, General Departmentof Petroleum of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, 2014.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific
Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo, 1995-2011.
Direct communication with the Department of Energy, Ministry of Industry, Minesand Energy, Phnom Penh, 1995-2011.
Direct communication with the Department of Corporate Planning and Projects,

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Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, Phnom Penh, 1995-2011.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Direct communication with the Electricity Authority of Cambodia, Phnom Penh,
1995-2011.
Direct communication with Electricité du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, 1995-2011.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, accessed in June 2022:
https://www.who.int/.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Cameroon
General notes
Data for Cameroon are available starting in 1971.
In May 2019, a fire occurred at Cameroon’s only oil refinery, shutting down
processing operations. As 2019 data for oil products were not available at the timeof publication, the impact of this event was estimated in the 2021 edition. It was
assumed that refinery inputs and outputs would decrease proportionally, and that
deficits in supply would be filled by imports. As of 2023 edition (2021 data), it isconfirmed by national contacts that the refinery is still closed.
In the 2021 edition, NGL production and transfer to LPG were added for 2018 and2019. This new data corresponds to new extraction of LPG from the Sanaga Southgas fields.
In the 2021 edition, newly available data from the Cameroon National Institute of
Statistics resulted in the revision of crude oil imports (2012-2014, 2016-2018),
exports (2016-2018), and refinery input (2012-2014), LPG production (20112014), imports (2016-2018), and consumption flows (2014, 2016-2018), motor
gasoline production (2011-2014), imports (2017-2018), and road transport (20112014, 2016-2018), and electricity losses (2016-2018). Production of non-bio jet
kerosene, refinery gas, gas/diesel oil, and non-specified oil products was also
revised for 2012-2014 based on these changes. Breaks in the time series may
occur.
Also in the 2021 edition, natural gas production for 2016-2018 was revised tobetter reflect data provided by Cedigaz. Consequently, natural gas input toautoproducer electricity plants, electricity output, and electricity consumption flows
were revised slightly over the same period. Furthermore, bitumen imports andconsumption for 2012-2018 were revised based on trends observed in UN
Comtrade data. Finally, electricity output from hydro in 2016 was revised to matchdata published by Eneo. Breaks in the time series may occur.
Fuelwood production, transformation in charcoal plants, and consumption datafrom 2011 to 2014 were re-estimated in the 2021 edition in order to improve thequality of the time series for this product. Furthermore, data for bagasse
production and industrial consumption were added for 1997-2018 based on newly

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accessed data from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For the 2020 edition, 2016, 2017 and 2018 data were not available by the time
this publication was prepared. Data for those years were therefore estimated by
the IEA secretariat.
In 2018, Cameroon started to export LNG. The IEA Secretariat sources LNG datafrom Cedigaz publication. Breaks in time series might occur between 2017 and2018.
In the 2019 edition, OAG data was used to estimate the share of domestic andinternational bunkering for aviation fuel between 2005 and 2017. Breaks in timeseries might occur between 2004 and 2005. Additionally, solar photovoltaic
electricity generation was estimated based on IRENA data.
In the 2015 edition, new information regarding Cameroon became available. Data
points were revised accordingly, which may lead to breaks in times series between
2011 and 2012 for electricity own use and losses and between 2011 and 2011 forcrude oil trade and production.

Sources
Sources 2016 to 2022:
Direct communication with Ministère de l'Energie et de l'Eau, Yaoundé.
Annuaire Statistique du Cameroun, Institut National de la Statistique, Yaoundé,
2019 edition.
Recap on production, sales, and payments per fiscal year, Société Nationale desHydrocarbures (SNH), Yaoundé, various editions up to 2022.
Africa Energy Database, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2022.
OAG (2021), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser
Renewable energy statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2021.
Annual Report, Eneo, Yaoundé, various editions up to 2021.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New York, accessed April 2023,
from http://comtrade.un.org/.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources 1971 to 2015:
Direct communication with Ministère de l'Energie et de l'Eau, Yaoundé.
Annuaire Statistique du Cameroun, Institut National de la Statistique, Yaoundé,
2019 edition.
Annuaire Statistique sur le Commerce, CELSTAT, 2015.
Annual Report, Eneo, 2014.
Statistiques Annuelles, Société Nationale des Hydrocarbures (SNH), Yaoundé,
2013, 2014, 2015, 2016.
Statistiques économiques, Banque des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (BEAC), Paris,
online database, 2011.
Direct communication with Société Nationale de Raffinage (SONARA), Limbe.
Direct communication with Société Nationale d'Electricité du Cameroun (AES –SONEL), Douala.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with Ministère de l'Energie et de l'Eau, Yaoundé, for 2006
to 2010 data and 2015 data.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, , fromhttp://www.fao.org/faostat.
IEA Secretariat estimates based on 1991 data from Forests and Biomass Subsector in Africa, African Energy Programme of the African Development Bank,PAGE | 365

IEA. All rights reserved.

Abidjan, 1996.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

People’s Republic of China
General notes
Data for the People’s Republic of China (China) are available starting in 1971.
China joined the IEA as an Association country in November 2015.
In the 2021 edition, following results from the economic census, NBS supplied the
IEA with revisions to their 2014 – 2017 energy data, as well as their 2018 data.
The IEA Secretariat revised its data accordingly. All revisions showed rather smallchanges both on the supply and demand side for a number of energy products.
Between September 2015 and early 2016, NBS supplied the IEA with revisedenergy balances for 2000 to 2013 and the IEA revised its data accordingly.
All revisions showed significant changes both on the supply and demand side fora number of energy products, resulting in breaks in time series between 1999 and
2000.

Coal
NBS and IEA collaborate to provide additional detail on energy production,transformation and consumption of all five different types of coal (e.g. anthracite,
coking coal, other bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite). At the moment NBS
only provides quantities of raw coal and washed coal (split between cleaned coaland other washed coal) in their energy balances and the IEA Secretariat has
attributed these quantities to coking coal and other bituminous coal. It is expectedthat the continuing work to provide disaggregated data on the five different coals
will result in greater detail in future editions.
In the 2024 edition, the 2022 year-over-year decrease of net calorific values(NCVs) of coking coal used in coke ovens and other bituminous coal used in cokeovens, blast furnaces, main activity CHP plants, and industry was estimated by
the IEA Secretariat. This change in NCVs impacts all corresponding energy data.
In the 2018 edition, NBS changed the definition of cleaned coal and other washedcoal. Only the coal used for coking is called cleaned coal. This might result inbreaks in time series in coking coal between 2015 and 2016. As this change of
methodology resulted in uncertainty on the use of cleaned coal, the IEA
Secretariat estimated the use of coking coal in transformation and final

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consumption sectors.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2018 edition, based on new information, coal consumption in rail was
revised for the whole time series to reflect the fact that coal is used for otherusages than transport in the rail sector. The IEA Secretariat has allocated part ofthe coal reported under rail to other non-specified sectors for the period 19902003. For the period 2004-2016 the IEA Secretariat allocated the total amount ofcoal reported under rail to other non-specified sectors.
In the 2018 edition, based on new information, coal inputs to main activity heatplants and part of coal inputs to main activity electricity plants were allocated tomain activity CHP plants for the period 2005-2016.
Net calorific values (NCV) for coal inputs to power generation from 2000 are
estimated by applying assumptions used by China on the average thermal
efficiency of coal-fired power stations in these years. NCVs are also estimated forbituminous coal production from 2000 as well as for inputs to main activity CHP
plants from 2008.
Since 2000, imports and exports of cleaned coal are no longer reported in thenational energy balance of China. The IEA Secretariat has used secondary
sources of information to report this coking coal trade and corresponding
quantities have been removed from bituminous coal trade. Consumption of thiscoking coal is assumed to be in coke ovens.
The IEA data of coal stocks for the years 1985 and 1990 as well as coal production
for the years 1997-1999 are estimates and do not represent official data releasedby the Chinese government. Those estimates were based on the assumption thatcoal consumption statistics are more reliable than coal production statistics andthat the production-consumption relationship should maintain a balance over time.
In recent years, China has reported large increases in stocks for different types ofcoal. These stock increases are seen as consistent with trends in economic growthand development in China; however, information is currently lacking on the scaleof the infrastructure available for this magnitude of stock increases.
Data for coal trade in this publication may not match data from secondary sourcesof information.

Oil
Starting with 2010 data, NBS increased the level of detail of the national energybalance regarding oil products and coal gases. Breaks in time series may occur

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between 2009 and 2010.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In 2012, new information became available on how NBS accounts for international
aviation and marine bunkers in the China’s national energy balance. Previouslyinternational flights by Chinese airlines and ships had been excluded. A revised
methodology was implemented that includes fuel use for international airplanes
and ships, regardless of whether they are foreign- or China-owned.
Coal to liquids output was estimated based on projected production slate ofoperational coal-to-liquid plants.
In recent years, China has reported large increases in stocks for crude oil and oil
products. These stock increases are seen as consistent with trends in economic
growth and development in China; however, information is currently lacking on thescale of the infrastructure available for this magnitude of stock increases.
In the 2022 edition, a new methodology was developed to adjust refinery yields tocrude oil inputs to refinery. The refinery losses have been revised with this
implementation.
In the 2022 edition, jet kerosene international aviation bunkers were adjusted inline with the decrease in emissions observed for international flights. Similarly, jetkerosene consumption in the domestic aviation sector was also adjusted to mirror
the decrease observed in emissions from domestic flights.

Natural gas
In the 2018 edition, based on new information, natural gas inputs to main activity
heat plants and part of natural gas inputs to main activity electricity plants wereallocated to main activity CHP plants for the period 2005-2016.
In the 2012 edition, information became available on natural gas consumption in
public transportation in China. This consumption was added to the natural gas
time series to ensure proper coverage of the transport sector.
Coal to gas output is estimated based on operational capacity of coal-to-gas
plants.

Biofuels and waste
In the 2024 edition, estimates of residential consumption of primary solid biofuels
were revised from 2019-2022 to reflect trends in population with primary relianceon biomass for cooking as published by the World Health Organization.
In the 2024 edition, biogases production and demand data were revised from 2017

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to 2021 based on IEA Secretariat estimates. Biogases demand by sector was alsoWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

revised from 2010 to 2016 based on IEA Secretariat estimates and data previously
supplied by the China National Renewable Energy Centre.
In the 2024 edition, biodiesel production, trade, and final consumption wererevised starting in 2013 to align with data published by the USDA Foreign
Agriculture Service.
In 2016, the IEA has been working with the Institute of Built Environment ofTsinghua University, Beijing, to improve its data on biomass consumption in theresidential sector in China. Biomass figures have therefore been revised in the2016 edition back to 1997 to reflect the results of their study and of IEA analysis.
Information became available in 2012 from NBS on the production andconsumption of gangue, a mining waste product that has been classified asindustrial waste in the IEA energy balances. This quantity of industrial waste is not
likely to represent the only combustion of industrial waste in China; however,information is not available to provide more complete data on this activity.
Time series for liquid biofuels and biogases are based on secondary sources of
information and IEA Secretariat estimates. None of these time series are reported
in the national energy balance of China.

Electricity and heat
In the 2023 edition, electricity consumption in road transport was revised from
2000-2020 based on latest IEA Secretariat estimates.
In the 2018 edition, based on new information, heat production from main activity
heat plants using coal and natural gas and part of electricity production from main
activity electricity plants using coal and natural gas were attributed to main activity
CHP plants from 2005 onwards.
Estimates on the electricity consumption in road transportation are included,
starting with 2001 data.
Electricity production from pumped storage hydro is reported from 2010 onwards.
Time series for wind (prior to 2010), geothermal, solar photovoltaic and solar
thermal generation are based on secondary sources of information and IEASecretariat estimates. None of these time series are reported in the national

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energy balance of China.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 1990 to 2022:
China Energy Statistical Yearbook, National Bureau of Statistics, Beijing, various
editions up to 2024.
Direct communication with the China National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Beijing.
Direct communication with the China National Renewable Energy Centre(CNREC), National Energy Administration (NEA), Beijing.
China Customs Statistics, General Administration of Customs of the People's
Republicof

China,

Beijing,

accessed

in

March

2024:

english.customs.gov.cn/Statistics/.
Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2022 National
Economic and Social Development, National Bureau of Statistics of China,
Beijing, 2023.
Solar Heat Worldwide, AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Gleisdorf,
IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, various editions up to 2024.
China Electricity Council, online statistics, Beijing, accessed in April 2023.
Dow Jones McCloskey, Dow Jones Energy Limited, London, 2024.
Coal Industry Development Annual Report, China National Coal Association,
Beijing, various editions up to 2023.
China Natural Gas Development Report, Department of Petroleum and NaturalGas, National Energy Administration (NEA), Beijing, various editions up to 2022.
Trends in Photovoltaic Applications, International Energy Agency Photovoltaic
Power Systems Programme, 2013 edition.
Zhang G., Report on China’s Energy Development 2010, China’s National Energy
Administration, Beijing, editions 2009 to 2011.
Zheng et. al, Steady Industrialized Development of Geothermal Energy in China:
Country Update Report, Beijing, 2005-2009.
Lund et. al, Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2020 Worldwide Review,
World Geothermal Congress, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2020.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources up to 1990:
Electric Industry in China in 1987, Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power,
Department of Planning, Beijing, 1988.
Outline of Rational Utilization and Conservation of Energy in China, Bureau ofEnergy Conservation State Planning Commission, Beijing, June 1987.
China Coal Industry Yearbook, Ministry of Coal Industry, People's Republic ofChina, Beijing, 1983, 1984, 1985 and 2000.
Energy in China 1989, Ministry of Energy, People's Republic of China, Beijing,
1990.
China: A Statistics Survey 1975-1984, State Statistical Bureau, Beijing, 1985.
China Petro-Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC) Annual Report, SINOPEC, Beijing,
1987.
Almanac of China's Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, The Editorial Boardof the Almanac, Beijing, 1986.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with the Institute of Built Environment of Tsinghua
University, Beijing.
Direct communication with the China National Renewable Energy Centre(CNREC), National Energy Administration (NEA), Beijing.
People’s Republic of China – Biofuels Annual, Global Agriculture Information
Network (GAIN) Report, USDA Foreign Agriculture Service, Beijing, 2023 edition.
The Global Health Observatory, World Health Organization, accessed in March
2024: https://www.who.int/data/gho

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Congo
General notes
Data for the Republic of Congo are available starting in 1971.
In the 2020-2024 editions, no official annual oil and gas data were available for2018 onwards. The IEA Secretariat therefore estimated supply of oil and gas
based on data from the OPEC and Cedigaz, and consumption based on
population and economy growth where relevant. Electricity generation figures for
all years up to 2019 were obtained from the Ministère de l'Energie et del'Hydraulique. Large statistical differences occur in the data used to estimate
residual fuel oil for 2020 onwards. Electricity generation for 2020 onwards is basedon a combination of data from AFREC, Cedigaz and le ministère de l'Économie etdes Finances. The IEA Secretariat hopes to revise these in a coming cycle.
In the 2019 edition, new data were received from the Ministry of Energy andHydraulics for all products in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Breaks in time series might
appear between 2014 and 2015.
In the 2016 edition, time series for the period 2000-2012 were revised based onenergy balances received from the Ministry of Energy. Breaks in time series may
occur between 1999 and 2000.
The Imboulou Hydro Plant (120 MW) began operating in May 2011.

Sources
Sources 1971 onwards:
Direct communication with the Ministère de l'Energie et de l'Hydraulique,Brazzaville.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2023.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

PAGE | 372

IEA. All rights reserved.

Rapport annuel SIE-Congo up to 2014.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Direct communication with the Agence de Régulation de l’Aval Pétrolier,Brazzaville.
Les chiffres caractéristiques de la Société Nationale d’Électricité 2005-2011, SNE,
Brazzaville.
Note de conjuncture,

Ministère de l'économie et des Finances, Brazzaville,

various editions.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat.
Rapport annuel SIE-Congo up to 2014.
IEA Secretariat estimates up to 1999 based on 1991 data from Forests andBiomass Sub-sector in Africa, African Energy Programme of the African

PAGE | 373

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Development Bank, Abidjan, 1996.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Côte d’Ivoire
General notes
Data for Côte d’Ivoire are available starting in 1971.
In the 2021 edition, 2019 data were largely sourced from the Compagnie
Ivoirienne d'Electricité and the Direction Générale des Hydrocarbures.
In the 2021 edition, solar PV electricity generation was added starting in 2000
based on data provided by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
Furthermore, 2018 bitumen data was revised to reflect export data provided by
the UN Comtrade database. Breaks in the time series may occur between 2017and 2018.
In the 2021 edition, lubricants production and consumption (2010-2018) andgas/diesel oil consumption (2009-2018) were revised to represent the energy
system more accurately.
At the time of preparation of the 2021 edition, no official 2018 data were received
from the Direction de l’Energie. Thus, 2018 data have been sourced or estimatedbased on the Système d’Information Energétique – Union Economique etMonétaire Ouest-Africaine (SIE-UEMOA) web portal data. For several products,
breaks in the time series might occur between 2017 and 2018, and between 2014
and 2015.
In the 2020 edition, the energy industry own use of electricity from 2004 to 2017
was revised based on newly available information from SIE-UEMOA.
In the 2020 edition, hydropower electricity generation in 2016 and 2017 wasrevised based on newly available information from SIE-UEMOA.
In the 2020 edition, 2016 and 2017 final consumption of diesel was partiallyreallocated from non-specified industry to mining and quarrying based on newly
available information from SIE-UEMOA.
In the 2019 edition, revisions were received for 2016 data from the Direction del’Energie.

Sources
Sources 2013 to 2022:

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Direct communication with Direction de l’Energie, Abidjan.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Rapport Annuel 2022, Compagnie Ivoirienne d'Electricité, Abidjan, 2020.
Annuaire des Statistiques des Hydrocarbures en Côte d’Ivoire, Direction Générale
des Hydrocarbures, Abidjan, various editions up to 2023.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New York, accessed May 2023,
from http://comtrade.un.org/.
Statistiques, Système d’Information Energétique – Union Economique etMonétaire Ouest-Africaine (SIE-UEMOA), Ouagadougou, accessed in June 2022:
http://sie.uemoa.int/.
CEDEAO-ECOWAS,

accessed

in

May

2024:

https://eis.ecowas.int/rapport/bilan_desagrege.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission, 2017-2019, submitted
by Direction de l’Energie, Abidjan.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2009 to 2012:
Direct communication with Direction de l’Energie, Abidjan.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2005 to 2008:
World Energy Council-IEA Joint Energy Reporting Format for Africa, questionnaire
submitted by Direction de l’Energie, Abidjan.
Direct communication with Direction de l’Energie, Abidjan.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2002 to 2004:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Mines and Energy, Abidjan, 2005-2006,
and IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2001:
Direct communication with oil industry and the Ministry of Energy, Abidjan, July
2003.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Direct communication with Société Ivoirienne de Raffinage, Abidjan, 2004.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

La Côte d'Ivoire en chiffres, Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances, Abidjan,
1996-97 edition.
L'Energie en Afrique, IEPE/ENDA, Paris, 1995, in turn sourced from Ministère desMines et de l'Energie, Abidjan.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

Sources up to 1991:
Etudes & Conjoncture 1982-1986, Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances,
Direction de la Planification et de la Prévision, Abidjan, 1987.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with Direction de l’Energie, Abidjan.
Forests and Biomass Sub-sector in Africa, African Energy Programme of theAfrican Development Bank, Abidjan, 1996.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
March 2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

PAGE | 376

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Croatia
General notes
Data for Croatia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Yugoslavia.
Non-specified transformation of natural gas reported from 2007 refers to natural
gas used by refineries for hydrogen production.
Breaks in time series may appear between 2007 and 2008 as transit data ofelectricity trade are not available for years prior to 2008.
In 2022, the Croatian government reduced fees paid by fuel distributors for not
placing biofuels of the market which caused an important decrease of biofuelsdeliveries.
In 2022, the share of refinery output by product is different from historical years
due to the upgrading of technological processes within the Rijeka refinery.

Sources
Sources 1990 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Energy Institute “Hrvoje Požar”, Zagreb.
Direct communication with the Central Bureau of Statistics, Zagreb.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

PAGE | 377

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Cuba
General notes
Data for Cuba are available starting in 1971.
Figures for crude oil include additives added to reduce viscosity.
The IEA Secretariat did not obtain all official data for Cuba for 2022. As aconsequence, some data points for 2022 are based on the Latin American Energy
Organization’s (OLADE) balances or the IEA Secretariat’s estimates.
Official data updates for 2021 were integrated in the 2024 edition, leading torevisions of 2021 data.
In the 2022 edition, revisions have been made to fuel oil inputs to main activity
producer electricity plants in order to utilise published data since 2014.
In the 2018 edition, new information became available that led to revisions of thewind and solar PV data from 2000 to 2015.
Breaks in time series in the early 90s are assumed to be due to the codification
into law of the embargo imposed on Cuba in 1992.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Energy-Economic

Information

System(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyOrganization (OLADE), Quito, accessed December 2022: http://sielac.olade.org/.
Anuario Estadístico de Cuba, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, Havana, various
editions from 1998 to 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2021, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022.
Estadísticas Energéticas en la Revolución, Oficina National de Estadísticas,
Havana, September 2009 edition.
Compendio estadístico de energía de Cuba 1989, Comité Estatal de Estadísticas,
Havana, 1989.
Anuario Estadístico de Cuba, Comité Estatal de Estadísticas, Havana, various

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editions from 1978 to 1987.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Anuario Estadístico de Cuba, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, Havana, various
editions from 1998 to 2015.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Curaçao
General notes
Data for Curaçao are available starting in 1971.
2018 refinery inputs and outputs are estimated based by the IEA Secretariat. The
refinery has then been idle since 2019.
Oil demand is estimated based on economic indicators of the region. The
decrease in estimated consumption of non-bio gasoline from 2020 onwards isdriven by a decrease in the number of registered road vehicles following the
COVID-19 pandemic.
In the 2022 edition, some supply and demand flows of gasoline, gas/diesel, fueloil, lubricants and other non-specified oil products have been revised from 1997
onwards due to new available information on economic indicators of Curaçao.

In the 2020 edition, oil data between 2011 and 2016 as well as crude oil refinery
input for 2017 were revised to better reflect available Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A(PDVSA) data and to include trade information for petroleum coke and bitumen.
The Isla refinery did not operate for most of 2018, leading to a significant reduction
in refinery activity.
In the 2020 edition, new information from Aqualectra led to revisions from 2012
onwards to electricity generation from fossil sources and wind, as well as electricity
demand and diesel/fuel oil inputs to power generation.
In the 2018 edition, new sources became available that led to revisions of the solar
PV and wind data. This might lead to a break in time series between 2011 and2012.
The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new
constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, with the remaining islands
joining the Netherlands as special municipalities. The methodology for accounting
for the energy statistics of the Netherland Antilles has been revised in order tofollow the above-mentioned geographical changes. From 2012 onwards, data now
account for the energy statistics of Curaçao Island only. Prior to 2012, data remainunchanged and still cover the entire territory of the former Netherland Antilles. This

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leads to breaks in time series between 2011 and 2012.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

As the Isla refinery did not operate to its maximum capacity in 2010, a break intime series might occur in that year for crude oil and oil products.

Sources
Sources from 1997:
Informe de Gestión Anual, PDVSA - Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., Caracas,various editions up to 2016.
Informe del Comissario, PDVSA - Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., Caracas, 2017
edition.
Statistics by subject, Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao, CBS, Willemstad,
accessed June 2023: www.cbs.cw.
Aqualectra Annual Reports, Willemstad, annual editions from 2012.
Curaçao Environmental Statistics Compendium, Central Bureau of Statistics
Curaçao, Willemstad, annual editions up to 2020
Renewable energy statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022.
Renewable capacity statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022
The Economy of Curaçao and Sint Maarten in Data and Charts, Yearly Overview
2007-2019, Centrale Bank van Curaçao en Sint Maarten, Willemstad.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, accessed June
2023, from http://comtrade.un.org/.
Statistical indicators 1998-2010, Central Bank of Netherlands Antilles, Willemstad.
Direct communication with the Isla Refinery, Emmastad, Curaçao, up to 2008.
Statistical Information, Central Bureau of Statistics, Fort Amsterdam, up to 2008.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

CyprusGeneral notes
Note by the Republic of Türkiye (Türkiye):
The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southernpart of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek
Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context
of the United Nations, Türkiye shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus
issue”.
Note by all the European Union member states of the OECD and theEuropean Union:
The Republic of Cyprus is recognized by all members of the United Nations withthe exception of Türkiye. The information in this document relates to the area
under the effective control of the government of the Republic of Cyprus.
Data for Cyprus are available starting in 1971.

In the 2022 edition, the entire time series (2007-2019) of geothermal indigenous
production and final consumption in the residential sector were reclassified fromgeothermal energy to ambient heat by Cyprus. Consequently, these data are nolonger represented in the energy balance or statistics.
In the 2021 edition, net calorific values reported by Cyprus were used to convert
physical data to energy units. In previous years, IEA standard net calorific values
were used. As a result, the time series of liquefied petroleum gases, kerosene typejet fuel excluding biofuels, other kerosene, gas/diesel oil excluding biofuels, fueloil, lubricants, bitumen, and petroleum coke were revised from 1990-2018. Breaks
in the time series may occur between 1989 and 1990 for these products.
In the 2020 edition, the time series of primary solid biofuels were revised from2009-2010 based on newly available information. Breaks in the time series may

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IEA. All rights reserved.

occur between 2008 and 2009 for these products.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 1994 to 2022:
Direct communication with the statistical service of Cyprus, Nicosia.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
Electricity Authority of Cyprus Annual Report 1996, Electricity Authority of Cyprus,
Nicosia, 1997.

Sources up to 1993:
Electricity Authority of Cyprus Annual Report 1988, 1992, Electricity Authority ofCyprus, Nicosia, 1989 and 1993.
Industrial Statistics 1988, Ministry of Finance, Department of Statistics, Nicosia,
1989.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires on renewables.

PAGE | 383

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
General notes
Data for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea are available starting in 1971.
The sources cited below provide domestic supply data for DPR Korea. All otherflows are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2023 edition, revision was made for the electricity generation from otherbituminous coal from 2009 onwards to take into account thermal generation databy Statistics Korea. Following flows for other bituminous coal were also revised
from 2009 onwards: production was estimated using growth rate of coal Total
Energy Supply (TES) reported by Statistics Korea; input to power plant wasestimated using 28% fixed power efficiency.
In the 2021 edition, final consumption data of electricity, secondary oil products
and primary coal products are estimated from 2017 onwards based on economic
structure from neighbouring China provinces of Liaoning and Jilin.
In the 2021 edition, power efficiencies for other bituminous coal from 2009
onwards were adjusted to reflect the status of technology in DPR Korea.
In the 2020 edition, solar PV electricity generation was estimated from 2001
onwards, using IRENA data.
In the 2020 edition, 2016 anthracite production was revised, using data reportedby Statistics Korea.
In the 2019 edition, data for 2017 anthracite production by Statistics Korea
became available; as trade data are estimated based on reported importers’ data,
this might result in statistical differences.
In the 2014 edition, 2011 data for primary coals were revised based on new
information. This may lead to breaks in the time series between 2010 and 2011
and differences in trends compared to previous editions for some products.

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Major Statistics Indicators of North Korea, Statistics Korea, Seoul, various editions

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IEA. All rights reserved.

up to 2023.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

North Korea Statistics, Korean Statistical Information Service website, Seoul,
accessed in February 2024: www.kosis.kr.
Renewable capacity statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
January 2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Democratic Republic of the Congo
General notes
Data for the Democratic Republic of the Congo are available starting in 1971.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the ten countries that benefit fromEU Support to IEA Data for Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for SubSaharan Africa.
In the 2023 edition, data on the consumption, trade, own use, and transmission
and distribution losses of electricity were revised back to 2015 based on data fromthe Institut National de la Statistique, and the Autorité de Régulation du Secteurde l’Electricité.
In the 2021 edition, no official 2019 annual energy data was available. The IEA
Secretariat therefore estimated the 2019 dataset based on secondary sources anddata partially available on electricity generation and oil products.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA secretariat added available off-grid solar photovoltaic
from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) for 2011 – 2018.
In the 2019 edition, data became available for the split of consumption in industry.
Breaks in time series may occur between 2016 and 2017 for electricity data.
In the 2015 edition, new information and methodologies regarding solid biofuels
including charcoal became available. Breaks in time-series may occur between
2013 and 2014.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministère de l’Energie, Kinshasa Gombe.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission (AFREC), Algiers,
2014 to 2018.
Renewable energy statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
Rapport Annuel, Autorité de Régulation du Secteur de l’Electricité (ARE),

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Kinshasa, editions 2020 to 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annuaire Statistique RDC 2020, Institut National de la Statistique, Kinshasa, 2021.
Bulletin Mensuel d’Informations Statistiques, Banque Centrale du Congo,
Kinshasa, Mars 2024.
Politique Nationale de l’Energie de la République Démocratique du Congo (draft),
UNDP, 2022.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 2013:
Direct communication with the Ministère de l’Energie, Kinshasa Gombe.
Commission Nationale de l’Energie, Ministère de l’Energie, Kinshasa Gombe,
2005.
World Energy Council-IEA Joint Energy Reporting Format for Africa, 1999 to 2000.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
L'Energie en Afrique, IEPE/ENDA, Paris, 1995, in turn sourced from the Annuaire
Statistique Energétique 1990, Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands
Lacs, Bujumbura, 1990.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
April 2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission (AFREC), Algiers,
2014 to 2018.
IEA Secretariat estimates based on 1991 data from Forests and Biomass Subsector in Africa, African Energy Programme of the African Development Bank,PAGE | 387

IEA. All rights reserved.

Abidjan, 1996.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Dominican Republic
General notes
Data for the Dominican Republic are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, the solar thermal supply was not available at the time of
publication.
In the 2022 edition, the 2019 and 2020 national energy balance were not available
at the time of publication. Therefore, 2019 and 2020 flows have been estimatedby the IEA Secretariat, based on OLADE data or economic trends, where relevant.
In the 2021 edition, coking coal has been reclassified as petroleum coke following
information from the Comisión nacional de energía (CNE).
In the 2020 edition, data for the years 1998 to 2017 were revised following revisionof the official data from Comisión nacional de energía (CNE).
In the 2019 edition, a breakdown of transport consumption was added thanks to
new information from Comisión nacional de energía (CNE) starting in 1998.
In the 2017 edition, a breakdown of consumption data in industry, residential,commerce and services was added starting from 1998.
In the 2014 edition, the national energy balance was adopted as the primary data
source. This could lead to breaks in time series between 1997 and 1998 for someflows.

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Balance energia neta, Comisión nacional de energía, Santo Domingo, various
editions up to 2018.
Energy-Economic Information System (SIEE), Latin American Energy Organization(OLADE), Quito, accessed in April 2024: http://sier.olade.org/.
Importación de petróleo y derivados, Ministre de Industria y Comercio (MIC),
Santo Domingo, various editions up to 2012.
Capacidad instalada y generación del SENI por año, según tecnología, 2000-2010,
Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Santo Domingo.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Ecuador
General notes
Data for Ecuador are available starting in 1971.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensate. Field
condensate quantities are included with natural gas liquids.
In the 2024 edition, data from 2012 onwards was revised to reflect revisions to
official data from Ministerio de Energio y Minas. In particular, revisions were madeto natural gas production and flaring (2017 to 2021), crude oil imports (2021),
electricity data (2021), refinery gas production and own use (2012 to 2021),
gasoline production (2014) and new data on petroleum coke imports andconsumption (new series from 2012 onwards). Petroleum coke data from 2003 to2011 in this new series is sourced from the United Nations Comtrade databse.
Electricity generation from fuel oil (main activity) and diesel (autoproducers) was
also revised from 2015 onwards so that total electricity generation in Ecuador
matches the data of Ministerio de Energia y Minas.
In the 2022 edition, 2018 and 2019 data for Ecuador were revised to reflectrevisions of official data from the Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético.
This may lead to breaks in the time series between 2017 and 2018. In particular,
the biggest changes regard refinery gas production and use and diesel and fueloil final consumption in industry and commercial and public services.
In the 2020 edition, data for Ecuador were revised for the years 2000 to 2006,
following revision of official data from the Instituto de Investigación Geológico y
Energético. This may lead to breaks in the time series between 1999 and 2000.
Revisions also include non-energy use of oil products between 1992 and 1999 as
new information became available.
In the 2019 edition, data for Ecuador were revised for the years 2007 to 2016,
following revision of the official data from Instituto de Investigación Geológico y
Energético for national and international bunkers for oil products.
In the 2019 edition, solid biofuels data for the years 2007-2016 were revised. This

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leads to different figures compared to previous editions.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 2000 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético,
Quito.
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in April 2023:
http://sielac.olade.org

Balance Energético Nacional – Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético,
Quito, various editions up to 2022, last accessed in December 2023:
https://www.geoenergia.gob.ec/.
Informe Estadístico, & Informe Cifras Petroleras, Petroecuador, Empresa Estatal
Petróleos del Ecuador, Quito, various editions up to 2022.
Estadística del Sector Eléctrico Ecuatoriano, Agencia de Regulación y Control deElectricidad Arconel, Quito, various editions up to 2022.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, accessed November
2023, from http://comtrade.un.org/.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1999:
Ministerio de Energía y Minas.
Energy-Economic

Information

System(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyOrganization (OLADE), Quito: http://sier.olade.org/.
Cuentas Nacionales, Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito, various editions from1982 to 1987.
Memoria 1980-1984, Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito, 1985.
Ecuadorian Energy Balances 19741986, Instituto Nacional de Energía, Quito,
1987.
Informacion Estadística Mensual, No. 1610, Instituto Nacional de Energía, Quito,
1988.
Plan Maestro de Electrificación de Ecuador, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Quito,

PAGE | 390

IEA. All rights reserved.

1989.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Egypt
General notes
Data for Egypt are available starting in 1971.
Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. Data for 2022 correspond to 1 July 2022
- 30 June 2023.
In the 2024 edition data new information from CAPMAS became available to the
IEA Secretariat leading to revisions of the entire balance for 2020 and 2021.
In the 2024 edition, breakdown of electricity consumption by sector is available
from 2020 onwards.
Electricity generation data is estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2023p.
In the 2023 edition data was revised for the year 2021 and 2020 to respect the
fiscal year basis reporting of Egypt for secondary oil products and hydropower
production.
Stock changes may include informal trade.
In the 2022 edition, new information from CAPMAS became available to the IEA
Secretariat, leading to revisions in primary and secondary oil data for years 2018and 2019 as well as coal data for the same period. Trade data for these productaggregates has also been revised for the period 2014-2019.
In the 2022 edition, electricity output from natural gas plants was revised for theperiod 2008-2019 as new information regarding private sector power plants wascollected by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2022 edition, natural gas final consumption in road transport was revisedfor years 2018 and 2019 using new information provided by EGAS.
In the 2021 edition, new information became available to the IEA Secretariat,
leading to revision of trade and production for primary solid biofuels and charcoal
for the whole time series.
In the 2021 edition, due to a more accurate use of official data, gas condensate
data have been revised from 2014 to 2018.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised primary solid biofuel data back to

PAGE | 391

IEA. All rights reserved.

1971. Data are now based on the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO),

World energy balances 2024 Edition

growth of solid biofuels production and consumption. Charcoal production, tradeand use have been estimated based on FAO data.
In the 2020 edition, importation and consumption of other bituminous coal havebeen revised for the years 2014 to 2017, as new information became available.
This may lead to break in time series between 2013 and 2014.
In the 2020 edition, input of natural gas to power plants as well as natural gas final
consumption in 2017 were revised based on new data received from CAPMAS
and EGAS.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Central Agency for Public Mobilization andStatistics, Cairo, CAPMAS.
Direct communication with the Organisation for Energy Planning, Cairo.
Egypt Energy Balance, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statisitics(CAPMAS), various editions up to 2022.
Weather for Energy Tracker, International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, accessedin March 2023: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/weather-forenergy-tracker.
World Energy Council-IEA Joint Energy Reporting Format for Africa, 2000 to 2012.
Direct submission to the IEA Secretariat from the Ministry of Petroleum, Cairo.
Annual Report, Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS), Nasr City,
various editions up to 2018/2019.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in March 2023: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/ .
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2018.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2022.
Annual Report 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, Ministry of Petroleum, Egyptian General
Petroleum Corporation, Cairo, 1996, 1998 to 2000.
Annual Report of Electricity Statistics 1996/1997 to 2010/2011, Ministry ofElectricity and Energy, Egyptian Electricity Holding Company, Cairo, 1998 to

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IEA. All rights reserved.

2012.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Arab Oil and Gas, The Arab Petroleum Research Center, Paris, October 1997.
Middle East Economic Survey, Middle East Petroleum and Economic
Publications, Nicosia, February 1994, June 1996, March 1998.
A Survey of the Egyptian Oil Industry 1993, Embassy of the United States ofAmerica in Cairo, Cairo, 1994.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Annual Report of Electricity Statistics 1990/1991, Ministry of Electricity andEnergy, Egyptian Electricity Authority, Cairo, 1992.
Statistical Yearbook of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Central Agency for Public
Mobilisation and Statistics, Cairo, 1977 to 1986.
L'Electricité, l'Energie, et le Pétrole, République Arabe d'Egypte, Organisme
Général de l'Information, Cairo, 1990.
Annual Report, The Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation, Cairo, 1985.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
February 2021: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

PAGE | 393

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

El Salvador
General notes
Data for El Salvador are available starting in 1971.
In the 2021 edition, imports and exports of oil products were revised from 2013
onwards, to exclude transit trade.
In the 2020 edition, bagasse data were revised for the years 1998-2012 based on
new information from El Salvador’s Consejo Nacional de Energía (CNE) and IEASecretariat estimates. Data for coke oven coke and petroleum coke have beenrevised for the years 1994-2018 following new trade information from the Banco
Central de Reserva de El Salvador. Petroleum coke demand is estimated by the
IEA Secretariat.
In the 2019 edition, data for El Salvador for the years 2014 to 2016 have beenrevised across all products and flows following revision of the official data from El
Salvador’s CNE.
In the 2019 edition, solid biofuels data for the years 2000-2016 have been revised.
This leads to a break in time series between 1999 and 2000. Data from 2007
onwards were updated based on CNE’s balance. This leads to breaks in timeseries for wood and charcoal between 2006 and 2007, and between 2013 and2014 in which years El Salvador updated their data thanks to a new survey.
The only refinery in El Salvador shut down in 2012.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Balances Energéticos, Consejo Nacional de Energía (CNE), San Salvador, various
editions from 2007 to 2021.
Direct communication with the Consejo Nacional de Energia, San Salvador.
Boletín

deEstadísticas,

Superintendencia

GeneraldeElectricidadyTelecomunicaciones (SIGET), San Salvador, various editions from 1998 to 2021.
Energy-Economic

Information

System(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyOrganization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in March 2024: https://sielac.olade.org/.
Comercio Internacional de Mercancías, Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador,

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IEA. All rights reserved.

San Salvador, accessed in September 2021: http://www.bcr.gob.sv/comex/

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Centroamérica: estadísticas de hidrocarburos, Comisión Económica para
América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Mexico City, various editions from 20092017.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Balances Energéticos, Consejo Nacional de Energía (CNE), San Salvador, various
editions from 2007 to 2022.
Energy-Economic

Information

System(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyOrganization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in March 2024: https://sielac.olade.org/.

PAGE | 395

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Equatorial Guinea
General notes
Data for Equatorial Guinea are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, thanks to new information available from the Ministry of Minesand Hydrocarbons, the time series of natural gas supply was revised from 2018.
Moreover, the losses flow was added. As a result, statistical differences werereduced in some of these years.
In the 2023 edition, the time series of natural gas consumption in petrochemical
sector was heavily revised from 2009 with the split between petrochemical sector
and non-energy use (feedstock for methanol production). The natural gas used as
feedstock is estimated with a methane intensity coefficient typical of the industry.
At the moment, no data are available before 2009 causing a break in the timeseries.
In the 2023 edition, the time series of fuelwood has been revised with new data
available.
In the 2022 edition, the time series of several products were heavily revised basedon changes to the IEA Secretariat methodology and updated data received fromthe United Nations Statistical Division. These products and their respective startof revisions include: primary solid biofuels (1981), charcoal (1981), natural gas(1998), crude oil (2000), natural gas liquids (1995), liquified petroleum gas (1990),
motor gasoline (1990), jet kerosene (2000), other kerosene (2000), gas/diesel oil(1990), lubricants (2000), bitumen (2000) and electricity (1998).
In the 2021 edition, numerous revisions were made to reflect national data
published by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Guinea Ecuatorial (INEGE).
These revisions affect: crude oil production, exports, and energy industry own use(2006-2018), LPG exports and transfers (2006-2018), NGL transfers (2006-2018),
production, and exports (2017-2018), natural gas exports (2013-2018) and own
use in gas-to-liquids plants (2017-2018), motor gasoline imports and consumption(2017-2018), jet kerosene imports, international aviation bunkers,

andconsumption (2017-2018), other kerosene imports and residential consumption(2017-2018), gas/diesel oil input to electricity plants, output from electricity plants(2015-2018), and consumption (2017-2018), and finally, electricity use for oil and

PAGE | 396

IEA. All rights reserved.

gas extraction (2016-2018).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, several other gas/diesel oil flows were revised to betteraccommodate the information published by INEGE. Consumption data is now
sourced from OPEC for 2014-2015 and imports are now sourced from UNSD for
2017-2018.
Furthermore, revisions to OPEC data resulted in changes to natural gas
production (2012-2017) and exports (2012) in the 2021 edition. Other revisions tonatural gas flows include industry consumption (2016-2018) and LNG productionand exports (2007-2018). Finally, residential electricity consumption was also
revised from 2017-2018.

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Anuario Estadístico de Guinea Ecuatorial, Instituto Nacional de Estadística deGuinea Ecuatorial (INEGE), Malabo, various editions up to 2023.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York, various editions up to 2022.
The African Statistical Yearbook, African Development Bank Group, Abidjan,
various editions up to 2021.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission (AFREC), Algiers,
2000 to 2019.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, last accessin 2024.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2023.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF), Doha, various
editions up to 2023.
JODI Oil World Database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh, lastaccess in 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/.

PAGE | 397

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Eritrea
General notes
Data for Eritrea are available starting in 1992. Prior to 1992, data are included in
Ethiopia.
At the time of preparation of the 2024 edition, no official data were available from
Eritrea from 2019 to 2022. Official data were also not available for most products
and flows for 2018. As a consequence, the statistics and balances for 2018 to2019 have been mostly estimated based on data from the UNSD. Data for 2020
to 2022 have been estimated based on population growth for biomass andhousehold consumption, and GDP growth for other products.
In the 2022 edition, most products and flows were revised from 2011 to 2017
based on new data provided by the Ministry of Energy and Mines.
In the 2021 edition, 2018 data for jet kerosene and gas/diesel oil were revised
based on information provided by OAG and the Ministry of Energy and Mines,
respectively. This leads to breaks in time series. Uses of naphtha for electricity
generation for 2007-2009 were also revised due to new data available.
In the 2021 edition, main activity producer electricity output from solar PV (20112016) and non-specified oil products (2011-2018) was revised to reflect data
published by the African Development Bank Group (AFDB) and African Energy
Commission (AFREC). Solar PV electricity output for 2018 was also modified
based on revisions made by the International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA). Consequently, total electricity production and consumption flows wererevised from 2011-2018. Breaks in time series may occur.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat received from the Ministry of Energy and
Mines partial solar photovoltaic generation and other electricity and data as wellas oil products consumption figures for 2017, and fuel oil total consumption for2018. Based on this newly available information, the IEA Secretariat revised
imports of fuel oil, diesel, motor gasoline, lubricants and LPG for 2017 and importsof LPG and lubricants between 2011 and 2016. Furthermore, electricity generationfrom solar photovoltaics was revised in 2017, leading to a break in time series
between 2016 and 2017.
In the 2019 edition, OAG data were used to estimate the breakdown of aviation
fuels between domestic aviation and international aviation bunkers between 2005

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and 2017. Breaks in time series might occur between 2004 and 2005.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Solid biofuels consumption data have been periodically re-estimated by Eritrea.
This may result in breaks in time series for this product in 1998 and 2003.

Sources
Sources 2011 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Mines, Asmara.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division(UNSD), New York.
OAG (2021), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser
The African Statistical Yearbook, African Development Bank Group, Abidjan,
2021.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission (AFREC), Algiers,
2011 to 2019.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2010:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Mines, Asmara.

PAGE | 399

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Kingdom of Eswatini
General notes
Data for the Kingdom of Eswatini (Eswatini) are available starting in 1971.
Data from the Eswatini Electricity Company are reported on a fiscal year basis.
Data for 2020 correspond to 1 April 2020 – 31 March 2021. This source is used
for several electricity flows starting in 2005, including imports, losses, consumption(until 2015), and output from hydro.

Sources
Sources 2000 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy,
Mbabane.
Annual Report, Eswatini Electricity Company, Mbabane, various editions up to2022/2023.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission (AFREC), Algiers,
2000 to 2009.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1999:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy,

PAGE | 400

IEA. All rights reserved.

Mbabane.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
February 2023: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

PAGE | 401

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Ethiopia
General notes
Data for Ethiopia are available starting in 1971.
Ethiopia is one of the ten countries that benefit from EU Support to IEA Data for
Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa.
Ethiopia energy data include Eritrea from 1971 to 1991. From 1992 onwards, thetwo countries are reported separately.
Data are reported according to the Ethiopian financial year. For instance, 2021
data refers to the fiscal year starting on 1st of July 2021 and ending on 30th of June
2022, or 2014 in Ethiopian fiscal years.
At the time of preparation of the 2024 edition, limited 2022 data were available
from official sources. 2022 data for several products are therefore entirely
estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on economic indicators. 2021 data
estimated for the 2023 edition were replaced based on new data provided by the
Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Energy, hence the revisions in the database.
In the 2024 edition, some residential consumption of combustible renewables wasreallocated from primary solid biofuels to charcoal for the entire time series basedon IEA Secretariat estimates. Charcoal production and primary solid biofueltransformation in charcoal plants were also revised accordingly.
In the 2023 edition, data for charcoal and primary solid biofuels were revised forthe whole time series to more closely align with estimates from the Ministry of
Water, Irrigation, and Energy.
In the 2020 edition, solar photovoltaic off-grid generation was revised down
following revision by International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) of its
estimation.
In the 2020 edition, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) data wereused to estimate the split of aviation fuels between domestic aviation andinternational aviation bunkers from 2005 onwards. Breaks in time series mightoccur between 2004 and 2005.
In the 2017 edition, electricity data were revised based on ministry reporting split

PAGE | 402

IEA. All rights reserved.

between wind and geothermal production since 2011.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The Aluto Langano pilot geothermal power plant began an expansion project in2010. Breaks in geothermal time series can be seen in 2010 due to the plant beingout of commission.

Sources
Sources 2012 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Energy, Addis
Ababa.
Annual Report, National Bank of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, various editions up to
2021-2023.
Supply and Sales Data, Ethiopian Petroleum Supply Enterprise, Addis Ababa,
accessed May 2022: http://epse.gov.et/web/guest/supply-facts-and-figures.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
OAG (2018), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 2022, United
Nations, New York.
Existing Power Plants, Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, online database,2014, Addis Ababa.
Biomass Energy Strategy Formulation for Ethiopia, European Union Energy
initiative, in cooperation with the Ethiopian Ministry for Water and Energy,
Germany, 2013.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2012:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Mines and Energy, Addis Ababa.
Direct communication with the Energy Development Follow-up and Expansion
Department of the Ministry of Infrastructure, Addis Ababa, 2004 and 2005.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development,
Addis Ababa, 1998 to 2003.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

PAGE | 403

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources up to 1991:
Ten Years of Petroleum Imports, Refinery Products, and Exports, Ministry ofMines & Energy, Addis Ababa, 1989.
Energy Balance for the Year 1984, Ministry of Mines & Energy, Addis Ababa,
1985.
1983 Annual Report, National Bank of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 1984.
Quarterly Bulletin, National Bank of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, various editions from1980 to 1985.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Energy, Addis
Ababa.
Biomass Data 2007-2012, Ministry of Water and Energy, Addis Ababa, 2012.
IEA Secretariat estimates up to 2006 based on 1992 data from Eshetu and Bogale,
Power Restructuring in Ethiopia, AFREPREN, Nairobi, 1996.

PAGE | 404

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Gabon
General notes
Data for Gabon are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, electricity supply originally classified as electricity imports wasreallocated to domestic electricity output from hydro and diesel/gas oil fuelled
electricity plants (2013-2021). Electricity losses were also revised over the same
period.
At the time of publication of the 2024 edition, oil product production and importdata from the Ministère de l’Economie was only available up to September 2022.
The remaining months of 2022 were estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2022 edition, the IEA Secretariat obtained data on the oil sector in Gabon
in year 2020 through information published by the Ministère de l’Economie et dela Relance. This led to revisions in oil and oil products supply data between 2017and 2019.
In the 2021 edition, 2018 and 2019 data were not available by the time thispublication was prepared. Data were therefore estimated by the IEA secretariat.
New data from the SEEG led to revision of electricity data from 2016 to 2018.
The use of the AFREC questionnaire data for 2017 lead to break in time series for
LPG, non-bio gasoline, non-bio jet-kerosene, other kerosene and non-bio diesel.
In the 2018 edition, revisions to natural gas production were made from 2013 to2015. Breaks in time series can be seen from 2013 to 2014.
In the 2017 edition, revisions were made to the residential oil products
consumption from the time period of 2010 to 2014 to take into account newly
available data. This may result in a break in time series between 2009 and 2010
for LPG and kerosene. Revisions were made for crude oil production for the wholetime series.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Note sur le Secteur Pétrolier, Ministère de l’Economie et de la Relance de la

PAGE | 405

IEA. All rights reserved.

République Gabonaise, Libreville, various editions up to November 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Note de conjoncture sectorielle, Ministère de l’Economie et de la Relance de laRépublique Gabonaise, Libreville, various editions up to February 2023.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission (AFREC), Algiers,
2021.
Rapport annuel de la SEEG, Société d’Énergie et d’Eau du Gabon, Libreville,
various editions from 2000 to 2018.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2021.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2023.
OAG (2022), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
Tableau historique de production de 1957 à nos jours, Total Gabon, Port-Gentil,
online database, 2015.
Statistiques économiques, Banque des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (BEAC),
Bangui, online database, 2011.
Annuaire Statistique du Gabon, Ministère de l’économie, du commerce, del’industrie et du tourisme, Libreville, 2001 to 2007 and 2004 to 2008, 2011.
Direct communication with Direction Générale de l'Energie, Libreville, 2003 to
2008.
Direct communication with Société Gabonaise de Raffinage, Port Gentil, 1997,
2000 to 2006, 2008 to 2009.
Tableau de Bord de l'Economie, Situation 1997, Perspectives 1998-1999,
Direction Générale de l'Economie, Ministère des Finances, de l'Economie, duBudget et des participations, Libreville, 1998.
Rapport d'Activité, Banque Gabonaise de Développement, Libreville, 1985, 1990,
1992 and 1993.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

PAGE | 406

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources up to 1991:
Tableau de Bord de l'Economie, Situation 1983 Perspective 198485, Ministère del'Economie et des Finances, Direction Générale de l'Economie, Libreville, 1984.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
IEA Secretariat estimates based on 1991 data from Forests and Biomass Subsector in Africa, African Energy Programme of the African Development Bank,PAGE | 407

IEA. All rights reserved.

Abidjan, 1996.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Georgia
General notes
Data for Georgia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Soviet Union.
Georgia is one of the 11 EU4Energy focus countries.
Energy data for Georgia do not include Abkhazia and South Ossetia, except for
the electricity questionnaire. Part of the electricity generated in the Enguri HPP istransferred to Abkhazia and accounted for in the electricity balance as nonspecified consumption.
In 2015, a refinery started operating in Georgia.
For the period 2015-2017, trade of crude oil includes a share of crude oil blended
with fuel oil. This explains breaks in time series from 2014.
In 2015, trade of natural gas for the year might include re-export.
Between 2014 and 2015, a break in stock level time series appears for some oil
products as the National Statistical Office (GEOSTAT) received more detailed
information on stocks of oil products.
Between 2012 and 2013, breaks in time series may appear for some products, asdata collection and submission to the IEA became the responsibility of the National
Statistical Office (GEOSTAT), whereas it used to be done by the Energy Efficiency
Centre.
For the period 1990-2012, natural gas data are reported at temperature andpressure conditions of 20°C and 101.325 kPa, respectively.
Since 2011, heat production has stopped due to the shutdown of combined heatand power plants.

Sources
Sources 2015 to 2022:
Direct communication with GEOSTAT, Tbilisi.

PAGE | 408

IEA. All rights reserved.

Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources 2013 to 2014:
Direct communication with GEOSTAT, Tbilisi.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE questionnaires.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2008 to 2012:
Direct communication with the Energy Efficiency Centre Georgia, Tbilisi.
IEA Secretariat estimates.
Sources 1990 to 2008:
Official Energy Balance of Georgia 1990-1999, 2000-2008, Ministry of Economy
and Ministry of Energy, Tbilisi.

PAGE | 409

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Ghana
General notes
Data for Ghana are available starting in 1971.
Ghana is one of the ten countries that benefit from EU Support to IEA Data for
Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa.´In the 2024 edition, revisions to data between 2017 and 2021 took place basedon energy balance sheets from the Ghana Energy Database System. As a resultof these revisions between 2017 and 2021, data was added for LPG stockchanges,transformation

in

the

power

sector

and

use

in

transport,gasoline/kerosene/jet kerosene stock changes and gas/diesel oil and fuel oil stockchanges and own use. In 2021 and 2022, no imported crude oil was used in Temarefinery or for electricity generation. In 2022, the state-owned Tema refinery did
not operate. 2022 refinery intake of crude oil by privately-owned refineries is
estimated by the IEA secretariat. Bitumen data was revised from 1996 onwards
with updated imports data from the UN Comtrade database.
Production from the TEN field started in 2016 and from the Sankofa Gye Nyame(SGN) field in 2017. Two new producing wells were added to the SGN field in
2019. Breaks in time series might occur between 2016 and 2017 in crude oil
production, and between 2018 and 2019 for natural gas production.
In the 2022 edition, international marine bunkers and exports of gas/diesel oil(2017-2019) were revised to match data published by the Energy Commission.
Imports (2015-2019) and industry consumption (2017-2019) of fuel oil were also
revised based on new data in Energy Commission publications.
In the 2021 edition, data were added for main activity electricity plants andelectricity generation for LPG (2018-2019), gas/diesel oil (2011-2019), and fuel oil(2015-2019) based on new official sources. LPG consumption flows (2017-2018)
and fuel oil imports (2015-2018) were also affected. Furthermore, revisions weremade to reflect data provided by the United Nations Statistical Division for aviation
gasoline imports (2009-2018) and international aviation bunkers (1996-2018),
gas/diesel oil exports and international marine bunkers (2009-2018), and imports
and non-energy use of bitumen (1996-2018), lubricants (1999-2018), and non-

PAGE | 410

IEA. All rights reserved.

specified petroleum products (1996-2018).

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2019 edition, fuelwood time series from 2008 to 2016 were revised as
Ghana published new data. Breaks in time series might occur between 2007 and2008.
In 2014, Ghana started to exploit gas that was previously flared.
In the 2015 edition, primary solid biofuels figures for 2000-2012 were revised, as
new information became available. Breaks in time series might occur between
1999 and 2000.
In the 2014 edition, data were revised for electricity, oil products and biofuels until
2000 and from 2009 to 2012 based on new information received from the Energy
Commission. Breaks in time series may occur for these products.
In 2011, Ghana began oil production from the Jubilee fields, resulting in a change
in crude production and exports between 2010 and 2011.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Direct communication with the Energy Commission, Accra.
National Energy Statistics, Energy Commission, Accra, various editions up to2023.
Energy (Supply and Demand) Outlook for Ghana, Energy Commission, Accra,
various editions up to 2023.
Ghana Energy Database System (GhED), Energy Comission, Accra, accessed in
November 2023: https://gheatoolkit.energycom.gov.gh/.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, accessed January2024, from http://comtrade.un.org/.
Ghana Energy Statistics Handbook, Energy Commission, Accra, 2019.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission (AFREC), Algiers,
2015.
Detailed Statistics of Petroleum Products Consumption 1999-2008, National

PAGE | 411

IEA. All rights reserved.

Petroleum Authority, Accra, 2009.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

National Energy Statistics, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Accra, 2000.
Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Government of Ghana, Statistical Services, Accra,
March 1990, March 1991, March 1992, March 1995.
Energy Balances, Volta River Authority, Accra, various editions from 1970 to 1985.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
National Energy Statistics, Energy Commission, Accra, various editions up to2023.
Ghana Energy Database System (GhED), Energy Comission, Accra, accessed in
November 2023: https://gheatoolkit.energycom.gov.gh/.
Ministry of Mines and Energy.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

PAGE | 412

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Gibraltar
General notes
Data for Gibraltar are available starting in 1971.
Since the 2019 edition, data from 2016 onwards were estimated since no editionof the Abstract of Statistics has been published beyond 2016. Electricity
generation from fuel oil has been revised for 2016.
In the 2015 edition, the time series for residual fuel oil and gas/diesel oil consumed
as international marine bunkers were revised based on newly available
information.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Abstract of Statistics, Government of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, various editions up to2016.
Air traffic survey, Government of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, various editions up to 2022.
Gibraltar Port Authority, Activity, Gibraltar, various editions up to 2022.
Gibraltar Electricity Authority, Monthly amounts collected and billed in respect ofelectricity, Gibraltar, various editions up to 2022.
The LNG Industry, GIIGNL – International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas
Importers, Neuilly sur Seine, various editions up to 2022.

PAGE | 413

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

GuatemalaGeneral notes
Data for Guatemala are available starting in 1971. In the 2022 edition, electricity
generation in a new natural gas power plant is reported for the year 2020, for the
first time in the time series, to take into account new information provided by
Administrador del Mercado Mayorista. Natural gas production in Guatemala andconsumption in main activity electricity producers are therefore estimated for thatyear.
In the 2021 edition, there are revisions to the domestic consumption of jet
kerosene between 2005 and 2010. There may now be a break in time series
between 2004 and 2005. Additionally, international aviation bunkers values
between 2010 and 2012 were revised.
The 2021 edition also includes revisions to estimated solid biofuel electricity plant
outputs between 1986 and 1997. There are also revisions across the time series
for biogasoline production and exports, in order to change sources for thisinformation.
In the 2020 edition, data for 2001 to 2009 were revised to take into account new
information from the Ministry of Energy and Mines. Breaks in time series may
occur between 2000 and 2001.
In the 2019 edition, data on the production and export of liquid biofuels were added
for the years 2005-2017.
New information on the domestic consumption of jet kerosene became available
in the 2019 edition for the years 2010-2017. The consequent revisions may leadto break in time series between 2009 and 2010.
In the 2018 edition, data for 2010 to 2015 were revised to take into account new
information from the ministry of energy and mines.
Orimulsion was imported between 2004 and 2006 for electricity generation and isreported under “other hydrocarbons”.
Electricity generation from primary solid biofuels from 1998 to 2000 is in mobile
harvest year, which does not fully coincide with calendar year. Harvest year Y-1/Y
corresponds to year Y in IEA data.

PAGE | 414

IEA. All rights reserved.

The Texaco refinery in Escuintla ceased operations in 2002.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources:
Direct communication with the Dirección Nacional de Energía, Ministerio de
Energía y Minas, Guatemala City.
Energy-Economic
Organization

Information(OLADE),

SystemQuito,(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyaccessedin

February2022:

https://sielac.olade.org/.
Informe Balance Energético, 2001 to 2022, Ministry of Energy and Mines,
Guatemala City: http://mem.gob.gt/
Estadísticas de Hidrocarburos, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Guatemala City.
Matriz de Generación Eléctricia, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Guatemala City.
Estadísticas Energéticas – Subsector Eléctrico, Ministry of Energy and Mines,
Guatemala City.
Información Estadística, Administrador del Mercado Mayorista, Guatemala
City.Production, consumption, exports and imports of oil products, Ministry ofEnergy and Mines, Guatemala City, 2017, 2018.
Boletín Estadístico Generación de Energía, September 2018 edition, Centro
Guatemalteco de investigación y capacitación de la caña de azúcar, Guatemala
City.
Compendio Estadístico Ambiental 2012, Instituto Nacional de Estadística,
Guatemala City.
Ethanol and Potential Biodiesel in Guatemala GAIN Report, USDA Foreign
Agricultural Service, United States, 2011
OAG (2019), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.

PAGE | 415

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

GuyanaGeneral notes
Data for Guyana are available starting in 1971.
Guyana started extracting commercial grade crude oil from Liza oilfield in
December 2019.
In the 2024 edition, the strong increase in oil production continues its trajectory,
more than doubling compared to 2021. On the other hand, domestic consumption
declined due to the drop in non-energy use in the industrial sector. In the 2023
edition, sharp increases in primary oil production and trade as well as in secondary
oil demand are still due to the growing oil exploration and exploitation activities in
Guyana, which still have not reached full potential and are expected to keep
growing in coming years.
The 2022 edition shows the resulting increase of crude oil production and exports
in 2020 as well of non-specified oil products (mostly lubricants) used in theextraction operations.
The IEA Secretariat added Guyana energy data to the World Energy Statistics andBalances in the 2021 edition. In previous editions the data were included in “Other
non-OECD Americas” region.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Guyana Energy Agency Annual Report, 1994 to 2022, Guyana Energy Agency,
Georgetown, accessed in June 2024 https://gea.gov.gy
Annual Report, 2021 to 2023, Bank of Guyana, Georgetown
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in June 2024:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
Direct communication with the Guyana Energy Agency, Georgetown.

PAGE | 416

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Haiti
General notes
Data for Haiti are available starting in 1971.
Electricity data is reported on fiscal year basis from October of the previous year
till September of the considered year.
In the 2024 edition, the distribution losses for electricity were reallocated from2010 onwards, on the basis that the technical loss is equivalent to the loss of the
Caribbean countries, and the remainder corresponds to residential consumption.
In the 2023 edition, fossil fuel inputs to power generation for 2021 were estimatedby the IEA Secretariat due to national data not being available.
In the 2022 edition, inputs to power generation for 2020 were estimated by the IEA
Secretariat due to national data not being available at the time of publication.
In the 2022 edition, electricity generation data was revised for the year 2019 as
new data became available in Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances de laRépublique d’Haïti.
In the 2021 edition, inputs to power generation and electricity generation by sourcefor 2019 were estimated by the IEA Secretariat due to national data not being
available at the time of publication.
In the 2020 edition, inputs to power generation and generation by source were
updated from 2010 onwards to reflect information from the Ministry of Economy
and Finances. This may lead to breaks in time series between 2009 and 2010.
Imports of oil products were updated from 1998 to reflect new information from theCentral Bank of Haiti and available mirror trade information.
In the 2020 edition, solid biofuels data were also revised up to 2008 to reflectrevised information from Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE).
In the 2020 edition, liquid biofuels data were also added to reflect revised
information from OLADE. Ethanol production data starts in 2012, while import datafrom 2010 is sourced from the US Energy Information Administration.
Solar photovoltaic generation has been estimated by the IEA Secretariat using

PAGE | 417

IEA. All rights reserved.

OLADE capacity estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 2009 to 2022:
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in April 2024:
http://sier.olade.org/
Direct communication with Bureau des Mines et de l’Energie, Port-au-Prince.
Tableau de suivi du secteur électricité, Ministère de l’Economie et des Financesde la République d’Haïti, Port-au-Prince.
Importations de produits pétroliers, Banque de la République d'Haïti, Port-auPrince, accessed in April 2024: http://sier.olade.org/
Petroleum and Other Liquids exports by destination, US Energy Information
Administration (EIA), Washington DC, accessed in April 2024: http://www.eia.gov.
Rapport annuel, Annexe Statistique, Banque de la République d'Haïti, Port-auPrince, editions from 2011 to 2022.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2008:
Direct communication with Ministère des Travaux Publics, Transports etCommunications, Port-au-Prince.
Rapport annuel 2011, Annexe Statistique, Banque de la République d'Haïti, Portau-Prince.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2005 to 2007:
Energy-Economic

Information

System(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyOrganization (OLADE), Quito: http://sier.olade.org/.
Rapport annuel 2011, Annexe Statistique, Banque de la République d'Haïti, Portau-Prince.

Sources up to 2004:

PAGE | 418

IEA. All rights reserved.

Direct communication with Bureau des Mines et de l’Energie, Port-au-Prince.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Rapport annuel, Annexe Statistique, Banque de la République d'Haïti, Port-auPrince, editions 2003 and 2006.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Energy-Economic

Information

System(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyPAGE | 419

IEA. All rights reserved.

Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in July 2021: http://sier.olade.org/.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Honduras
General notes
Data for Honduras are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, information from the Central Bank of Honduras external tradesystem (SICE) became available for petroleum coke and coal imports. As a resultof this, petcoke imports are revised from 2013, inputs to power and electricity
generation are revised from 2019, and other bituminous coal imports and inputs
to power are revised from 2019. Information from the Central Bank of Honduras
on cement production also led to revised estimates of petcoke industrial
consumption in 2013, 2015, 2016 and from 2020 onwards.
In the 2024 edition, plant level information from ENEE resulted in a new biogas
electricity production series available from 2007, with the corresponding amounts
being removed from the previously existing primary solid biofuels series. Biogas
inputs to power are estimated by the IEA Secretariat. The completeness of thisseries is being monitored and further revisions are possible in the future.
In the 2023 edition, other bituminous coal and petroleum coke stock changes,
input to autoproducer electriicty plants, and output from autoproducer electricity
plants were estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2021 based on information
provided by the Honduras Secretaría de Estado en el Despacho de Energía.
In the 2022 edition, new official data for all energy products and flows fromSecretaría de Estado en el Despacho de Energía became available through thesieHONDURAS online platform, for the period 2010-2020. As a result of this,energy statistics and balances of these years have been completely revised.
In the 2021 edition, autoproducer electricity generation from bagasse and fuel oil
have been revised for years 2017 and 2018 to reflect new information oncogeneration. As a result of this, 2017 and 2018 inputs to autoproducer plants offuel oil have been revised, as well as 2017 total electricity generation.
In the 2020 edition, direct communication with the Secretaría de Estado en el
Despacho de Energía led to revisions of data since 2005. The revisions made tointegrate this information can lead to breaks in time series between 2004 and2005. Data for coke oven coke were revised to zero and corresponding amounts

PAGE | 420

IEA. All rights reserved.

subsequently re-allocated to petroleum coke.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 2005 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Secretaría de Estado en el Despacho de Energía,
Tegucigalpa.
Energy Information System of Honduras (sieHONDURAS), Secretaría de Energía,
Tegucigalpa, accessed in May 2022: https://siehonduras.olade.org/.
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in May 2022:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
Anuario

Estadístico,

Empresa

NacionaldeEnergía

Eléctrica(ENEE),

Tegucigalpa, several editions up to 2020.
Boletin Estadístico, Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE), Tegucigalpa,
several editions up to December 2022.
Honduras en Cifras, Banco Central de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, several editions
up to 2022.
Sistema Integrado de Comercio Exterior (SICE), Banco Central de Honduras,
Tegucigalpa, accessed in November 2023: https://sisee.bch.hn/SICE/.
OAG (2019), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser
Centroamérica: Estadísticas de Hidrocarburos, Comisión Económica para
América y el Caribe (CEPAL), United Nations, Mexico City, several editions up to2013.
Centroamérica: Estadísticas de Producción del Subsector Eléctrico, Comisión
Económica para América y el Caribe (CEPAL), United Nations, Mexico City,
several editions up to 2013.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 2005:
Directcommunication

with

Empresa

NacionaldeEnergía

Eléctrica,

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Comayagüela.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Direct Communication with the Secretariat de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente,
Tegucigalpa.
Energy-Economic

Information

System(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyPAGE | 422

IEA. All rights reserved.

Organization (OLADE), Quito: http://sier.olade.org/.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Hong Kong, China
General notes
Data for Hong Kong, China are available starting in 1971.
Due to lack of available data, the input of biogas to CHP plants may include biogas
used for industrial heat.
In the 2024 edition, 2020 and 2021 data has been revised to align IEA data with
APERC annual energy data questionnaires. This led to revisions of 2020 and 2021
data for most fuels with the exception of white spirit, lubricants, waxes, bitumen
and other non-specified oil products. Revisions are mostly minor, but have larger
impacts in natural gas imports and electricity data. For this reason, a structural
break can exist in the data between 2019 and 2020. However, data is not fullyaligned with APERC data, namely in the natural gas balance, waste and biogas
data, as well as gas/diesel oil demand. Hydro data is also included from 2020
onwards (hydropower plant in Tuen Mun coupled with a water treatment plant).
Gas/diesel oil use in road and industry in 2020 and 2021 is estimated by the IEA
secretariat. 2022 data is partially estimated by the IEA secretariat due to the lackof availability of APERC data for that year in this release. In the 2021 edition, the2000 to 2019 time series for fuel oil and diesel input to main activity plants wasrevised to include new information available on the split of the two fuels. Breaks
in time series may occur between 1999 and 2000. Prior to 2000, fuel oil input topower plants may include some quantities of diesel.
In the 2021 edition, consumption data for coal were revised over the whole timeseries to take into account information received from the Hong Kong Electrical andMechanical Services Department. The revisions result in higher use of coal forelectricity production, and very little use of coal in the industry sector.
In the 2021 edition, the naphtha time series was revised to represent the blending
to town gas more accurately.
Information on the solid biofuels and waste data was received from the local
contacts, which led to the revision of the fuelwood time series to zero as Hong
Kong, China, only uses charcoal.
The IEA Secretariat added data for solar PV electricity generation data from auto
producers in the 2021 edition, as available from APERC.

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In the 2021 edition, stock changes data for 2019 were estimated.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2020 edition, official data for stock changes of coal and oil products became
available for 2018. This may lead to breaks in time series between 2017 and 2018.
In the 2020 edition, data for electricity losses and own use breakdown became
available from 1996 onwards. For the period 1971-1995, electricity losses include
electricity own use.
In the 2016 edition, trade data for various petroleum products were revised basedon newly available information. Breaks in time series may occur between 2000
and 2001.
Imports of non-specified oil products used for non-energy purposes are estimatedby the IEA Secretariat based on fixed shares of the total imports reported.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Hong Kong Energy Statistics - Annual Report, Census and Statistics Department,
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, various editions up to 2022.
Direct communication with The Hongkong Electric Company, Ltd, Hong Kong.
China Light & Power - Annual Report, China Light & Power Group, Hong Kong,
several editions up to 2022.
China Light & Power – Facility Performance Statistics, China Light & Power Group,Hong Kong, several editions up to 2022.
Hong Kong Merchandise Trade Statistics – Domestic Exports and Reexports/Imports, Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region, various editions up to January 2024.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific
Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo, 2020-2021.
Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, Census and Statistics Department, Hong
Kong, various editions to 1994.
Towngas - Annual Report, The Hong Kong and China Gas Company Ltd., Hong

PAGE | 424

IEA. All rights reserved.

Kong, several editions up to 2013.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with the Hong Kong Electrical & Mechanical Services
Department, Government of Hong Kong.
Hong Kong Energy End-use Data, EMSD, The Electrical & Mechanical Services
Department, Government of Hong Kong, several editions up to 2022.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific
Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo, 2020-2021.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
Hong Kong Energy Statistics - Annual Report 2003.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

India
General notes
Data for India are available starting in 1971.
India joined the IEA as an Association country in March 2017.
Data are reported by India on a fiscal year basis. Data for 2022 correspond to
1 April 2022 – 31 March 2023. This convention is different from the one used byGovernment of India, whereby 2022 data would refer to fiscal year 1 April 2021 –31 March 2022.

Coal
In the 2024 edition new data became available from MOSPI regarding calorificvalues of coking coal, leading to breaks in time series between 2021 and 2022.
In the 2021 edition several transformation and consumption flows are based on
growth of total energy supply for a given product, as official data are not yet
available.
In the 2015 edition, significant revisions of the net calorific values of the different
types of coal were made for the whole time series, based on official data as wellas IEA and other experts’ estimates. As a result, there have been significant
changes for the coal data when presented in energy units, as well as in thecalculated efficiency of coal fired power generation. Data on the production andconsumption of secondary coal products may have also been revised as a result.
The net calorific values of coking coal, sub-bituminous coal and other bituminous
coal, were revised again in the 2018 edition to take into account more detailed
information on imports and IEA Secretariat experts estimates.
From 2008, due to a notable discrepancy between official coal imports from India
and coal exports to India as reported by trade partners, imports of coking coal andnon-coking coal are estimated by the IEA Secretariat, based on trade partners’
data. The breakdown of non-coking coal imports between bituminous coal andsub-bituminous coal is estimated from 2008. This could lead to breaks in timeseries between 2007 and 2008.
Coking coal figures for India do not align with IEA definitions as they include

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production of non-metallurgical coking coal reported by India.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Due to data limitations, IEA Secretariat estimates are used for some products andflows, including supply and demand of coke oven gas and blast furnace gas. Cokeoven coke production is estimated from 2006 based on growth of blast furnaceiron production, as official production data do not include production from small
private producers.

Oil
In the 2023 edition, non-bio jet kerosene consumption by international anddomestic aviation bunker were revised from 2018 using the OECD Air Transport
CO2 Emissions.
In the 2020 edition, input to autoproducers of electricity were revised from 2008
onwards based on data on their power generation reported by the Central
Electricity Authority. In parallel, several final consumption flows were revised toincorporate sales from retailers.
In the 2018 edition, petroleum coke consumption by the non-metallic mineralindustries was revised based on information on cement production estimated by
the IEA Secretariat based on United States Geological Survey Mineral Industry
Report on India. This may lead to breaks in time series as well as differences withprevious editions.
In the 2014 edition, information on stock changes of crude oil and oil products,
available from the JODI database from April 2011, was added. Breaks in timeseries may appear in stock changes between 2010 and 2011.
In the 2014 edition, refinery intake was split between crude oil and refinery
feedstocks from 1999 based on data available by the Ministry of Petroleum andNatural Gas. The refinery feedstocks reported by the IEA Secretariat correspondto the quantities officially reported as “other inputs” to Reliance Refineries. They
do not include additives and refinery feedstocks to other Indian refineries. Thesemissing inputs could reach up to 2.5 million tonnes.
Data for diesel consumption from 2008 are partially based on an official survey on
the end use of diesel retail sales. The IEA Secretariat classifies the diesel used in
mobile phone towers and non-industry power generators as input to autoproducer
electricity generation. A corresponding electricity output is estimated.
No NGL production is officially reported by India. The NGL production estimatedby the IEA Secretariat corresponds to the production of oil products from gas
separation plants, known in India as “fractionators”. In the IEA methodology, thePAGE | 427

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output of oil products from gas separation plants comes from an input of NGL andWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

the separation process is shown in the transfer row. Prior to 2005-2006, the splitof fractionator output between petroleum products is estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.
No breakdown of refinery fuel by products is currently officially available. Refinerygas production is estimated based on expected refinery output for the years where
using official data would lead to refinery gains. Due to notable breaks in official
data for fuel oil, consumption of fuel oil in international marine bunkers is estimatedbetween 1990 and 2002 based on industry sources and from 2003 onwards basedon Ministry of Shipping cargo data; final consumption of fuel oil is estimated from2004 based on 2003 data and official trends from Ministry of Petroleum andNatural Gas.

Natural gas
In the 2024 edition, new information became available regarding the consumptionof Natural gas in the Iron and Steel industries, leading to revision of quantities in
non-energy uses and energy uses from 2000 to 2022 data. Data for demand from2015 onward for natural gas was also revised based on new data from Petroleum
Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC).
In the 2020 edition, inputs to main activity producers of electricity were revised
from 2010 onwards, based on data reported by the Ministry of Petroleum andNatural Gas. Before 2010 inputs to main activity power plants are estimated by
the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2020 edition, use of natural gas in oil refineries was added from 2008
onwards based on data reported by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
Before 2008 there is no data reported for this flow.
In the 2020 edition, total final consumption of natural gas was revised from thestart of the time series based on data reported by the Ministry of Petroleum andNatural Gas.
Natural gas imports for India from 2008 onwards are based on Indian Customs
data, in order to include all LNG importers.
No data are officially available on the sectoral consumption of re-gasified LNG and

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city gas. The breakdown is estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Biofuels and waste
In the 2023 edition, consumption of primary sold biofuels by construction sector
was reallocated to non-metallic minerals sector for the whole time series based on
the fact that it is used to produce bricks.
In the 2023 editions, changes of methodology were implemented to revise the dataof off-grid solar PV generation and off-grid biogas production/consumption, thanks
to a study by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), funded by the Clean
Energy Transition Programme; solar PV generation by autoproducer from 2007
year onwards and biogas data from 2005 onwards were revised.
In the 2021 edition, changes of methodology were implemented to revise the dataof solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels, thanks to a study by TERI. The scope of datacollection for certain products is increased. Full time series were revised forfuelwood, agricultural residues, bagasse, biogases and bioethanol. For solid
biofuels, the magnitude of the revision is stronger for the historical data: from 20%
in the 1970s to less than 5% in the last five years.
Fuelwood supply is estimated using data from Forest Survey of India, especiallylooking at fuelwood used for energy usages. Residential consumption is estimatedbased on households’ reliance of fuelwood for cooking.
Transformation of fuelwood into charcoal is estimated based on an updated
efficiency factor expressed in mass unit and is then converted to energy unit.
The demand for charcoal is revised from 2001 onwards, creating a break in timeseries. The revision takes into account residential consumption of charcoal forcooking, estimated using households’ reliance on charcoal for cooking. Charcoal
not consumed by households is allocated to industry consumption. Industry
consumption of charcoal is not estimated before 2001.
Vegetal materials and residues’ supply is estimated using both data on agricultural
crops production from the Reserve Bank of India and the surplus availability factor
published by the Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council of
India. Agricultural residues consumption by households is estimated based on
their reliance of the latter for cooking.
Bagasse production of combined heat and power is estimated by recouping twosources of information. Bagasse production is estimated based on sugarcane
production considering both sugar processing units and jaggery units. As
electricity and heat are a by-products of these facilities, they are reported under

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the category auto-producer CHP plants. Electricity generation is estimated using

World energy balances 2024 Edition

CEA data and recouped with MNRE data on installed on-grid and off-grid capacity.
From 2016 onwards, surplus and non-surplus electricity generated are estimated.
Up to 2015, non-surplus electricity is estimated to ensure continuity of the timeseries. Electricity used to power the plants and electricity used for sugarprocessing are estimated in the balance by considering an average bagassebased processing unit. The heat produced from bagasse and directly used by thesugar industry is tracked by its bagasse input, measured as the residual bagasse
not used for electricity generation.
Biogas production scope is widened in the 2021 edition, covering not only thebiogas used in power production, but also estimating direct final consumption.
Anaerobic and thermal technologies to produce biogas are taken into account,using data published in the Annual Report of the Ministry of New and Renewables
Energy. Data includes the family scale biogas program, the community scalebiogas program, the bio-CNG and the biogas produced in industry. Thermal
gasification processes are also covered, based on installed capacity data
published by MNRE and IEA Secretariat estimation.
In the 2021 edition, bioethanol production figures are based on official data
published by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. Demand figures are
based on United States Department of Agriculture estimates for the calendar year.
Biodiesel demand and supply are based on the data published by the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture estimates for the calendar year.

Electricity and heat
In the 2023 edition, electricity generation from diesel have been estimated from2010 year onwards to have a reasonable power efficiency.
Data for total electricity generation include estimates for electricity generation fromdiesel by non-industrial autoproducers as well as off-grid electricity generationfrom renewable energy. 2020 data on the electricity consumption by industrial subsector are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Only information on total on-grid generation from renewables is officially available.
The breakdown between sources was estimated by the IEA Secretariat from 2007
using official data on capacities from MNRE. Total off-grid generation and split bysources are estimated based on capacities from 2007 onward.
Solar power generation data reported by CEA include both solar photovoltaic (PV)

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generation and concentrated solar power generation. It is currently reported in theWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

solar PV commodity balance. The IEA Secretariat solar thermal data only include
what derives from heat systems.
Output of biomass power generation and bagasse co-generation is reported
altogether as output of autoproducer electricity plants. Up to 2015 data, it only
includes the surplus power generation sold to the grid. From 2016 onwards,
capacity data reported by MNRE include non surplus capacity; the output ofelectricity estimated by the IEA Secretariat therefore corresponds to the total
output of electricity. Breaks in time series occur between 2015 and 2016.
Estimates of solar thermal output up to 2012 may include systems that were outof operation. For this reason, a break in time series might occur between 2012
and 2013.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics andProgramme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi.
Energy Statistics, Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation, New Delhi, various editions up to 2024 (2022-2023 data).
Monthly Abstract of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Central Statistics Organisation,
Department of Statistics, New Delhi, various editions from 1984 to 2000.

Coal
Direct communication with the Coal Controller’s Organization, Ministry of Coal,
Government of India, Kolkata.
Coal Directory of India, Coal Controller's Organization, Ministry of Coal, Kolkata,various editions up to 2021.
Provisional Coal Statistics, Coal Controller's Organization, Ministry of Coal,
Kolkata, various editions up to 2022-23 (2022-2023 data).
Annual Review of Coal Statistics, Coal Controller's Organization, Ministry of Coal,

PAGE | 431

IEA. All rights reserved.

Kolkata, various editions from 1993-1994 to 1998-1999.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil and natural gas
Direct communication with the Economic Division and Petroleum Planning andAnalysis Cell, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India, New
Delhi.
Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics, Ministry of Petroleum and NaturalGas, New Delhi, various editions from 2000-01 to 2022-23.
Petroleum and Natural Gas data, website of Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell
(PPAC), Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, New Delhi, , last accessed in
March 2024.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD stats, Paris,
https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AIRTRANS_CO2, lastaccessed in March 2024.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh, lastaccessed in March 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/ .
Commodity-wise traffic handled at major ports 2002-03 to 2022-23 (p), website of
the Ministry of Shipping, New Delhi, shipping.nic.in, last accessed in March 2024.
OAG (2022), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton
Annual Report 1993-1994, 1998-1999, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas,
New Delhi, 1995, 2000.
All India Study on Sectoral Demand of Diesel and Petrol, Petroleum Planning andAnalysis Cell, Ministry of Petroleum and Gas, New Delhi, January 2014.
Report of the Working Group on Fertilizer Industry for the Twelfth Plan (2012-12
to 2016-17), Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemical & Fertilizers,
Government of India, New Delhi, 2012.
“Vision 2030”, Natural Gas Infrastructure in India, Report by Industry Group for
Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board, Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory
Board, New Delhi, May 2013.
Report of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Policy for Pooling of Natural Gas
Prices and Pool Operating Guidelines, Planning Commission, Government of

PAGE | 432

IEA. All rights reserved.

India, New Delhi, August 2011.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

LNG imports, website of the Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce andIndustry, New Delhi, http://commerce.nic.in/, last accessed in April 2020.
India – On the Move, World Bunkering, The International Bunker Industry
Association, London, spring 2012.

Biofuels and waste
Direct communication with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India, New Delhi.
Annual Report, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India,
New Delhi, various editions from 2008-2009 to 2022-2023.
India – Biofuels Annual, Global Agriculture Information Network (GAIN) Report,
USDA Foreign Agriculture Service, New Delhi, several editions from 2014 to
2023p.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, 2023.
Census of India report, Officer of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner,
Government of India, New Delhi, various editions from 1971 to 2011.
Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,
Government of India, New Delhi, various editions from 1987 to 2019.
Database on Indian Economy, Reserve Bank of India, Mumbai, various editions
from 1971 to 2019.
Physical Targets and Achievements During the 11th Plan, Ministry of New andRenewable Energy, Open Government Data Platform India, data.gov.in, accessedin April 2014.
Renewable Energy in India: Progress, Vision and Strategy, Ministry of New andRenewable Energy, New Delhi, 2010.
Annual Report 1994-1996, 1998-1999, Ministry of Energy, Department of
NonConventional Energy, New Delhi, 1996 and 1999.
Energy Data Directory, Yearbook "TEDDY", and Annual Report, The Energy andResources Institute "TERI", New Delhi, 19942000, 2014-15.
India’s Energy Sector, July 1995, Center for Monitoring Indian Economy PVT Ltd.,PAGE | 433

IEA. All rights reserved.

Bombay, 1995.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Monthly Review of the Indian Economy, Center for Monitoring Indian Economy
PVT Ltd., New Delhi, various issues from 1994 to June 1999.
Handbook of Sugar Statistics, Indian Sugar Mills Association, New Delhi, 201920.
Estimation of surplus crop residues in India for biofuel production, Technology
Information Forecasting and Assessment Council of India, Department of Scienceand Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, 2018.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates, based on a per capita average consumption fromvarious surveys and direct communication with the former Ministry of Nonconventional Energy Sources.

Electricity and heat
Direct communication with the Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power,
Government of India, New Delhi.
Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947-2023, Central Electricity Authority,
Ministry of Power, New Delhi, June 2023.
All India Electricity Statistics, General Review various editions from 1999 to 2023
(including 2021-2022 data), Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, New
Delhi.
Monthly Generation Review, Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, New
Delhi, several monthly reports up to March 2024.
Annual Survey of Industries Volume-I 2008-2009 to 2017-18. Ministry of Statistics
and Programme Implementation, Central Statistics Office, Kolkata.
Direct communication with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India, New Delhi.
Annual report, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, New
Delhi, various editions from 2008-09 to 2021-22.
Physical Targets and Achievements During the 11th Plan, Ministry of New andRenewable Energy, New Delhi, Open Government Data Platform India,

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IEA. All rights reserved.

data.gov.in, accessed in April 2014.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Renewable Energy in India: Progress, Vision and Strategy, Ministry of New andRenewable Energy, New Delhi, 2010.
Solar Heat Worldwide, AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Gleisdorf,
IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, various editions up to 2020.
Solar Water Heaters in India: Market Assessment studies and surveys for different
sectors and demand segments, report by GreenTech Knowledge Solutions,submitted to Project Management Unit, Global Solar Water Heating Project,
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi, January 2010.

Sources up to 1991:
Indian Oil Corporation Limited 1987-88 Annual Report, Indian Oil Corporation
Limited, New Delhi, 1989-1992.
Report 198687, Ministry of Energy, Department of Coal, New Delhi, 1981 to 1987.
Annual Report 1986-1987, Ministry of Energy, Department of NonConventional
Energy, New Delhi, 1987.
Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi, various editions from 1975 to1986.
Statistical Outline of India, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi, 1983, 1984, 1986,
1987.
Monthly Coal Bulletin, vol xxxvi no.2., Ministry of Labour, Directorate General of
Mines Safety, New Delhi, February 1986.
General Review, Public Electricity Supply, India Statistics, Central Electricity
Authority, New Delhi, 1982 to 1985.
Energy Data Directory, Yearbook “TEDDY”, and Annual Report, the Energy and

PAGE | 435

IEA. All rights reserved.

Resources Institute “TERI”, New Delhi, 1986-1988, 1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Indonesia
General notes
Data for Indonesia are available starting in 1971.
Indonesia joined the IEA as an Association country in November 2015.
The production and allocation of coal among the various coal types and products
are estimated by the IEA Secretariat due to data collection limitations.
The IEA Secretariat estimates coking coal production for the period from 2014
onwards. Breaks in time series may appear between 2013 and 2014. From 2011
onwards, coal exports data from BPS are used. This results in breaks in timeseries for 2010-2011.
Indonesia has started operating blast furnaces again in 2016. However, no
information is available to the IEA Secretariat to accurately report thesetransformation processes; the coal used in blast furnaces is therefore included in
the iron and steel sector.
In the 2024 edition, residential consumption of solid biofuels was revised
downwards. This adjustment was made based on official statistics reported in the
HEESI.
In 2022, coal consumption experienced a notable increase, particularly within the
non-ferrous metals sector. This surge can be partly attributed to heightened
activity in nickel smelters during the specified period.
In the 2022 edition, data reported for coal consumption in non-metallic minerals
industry might also include coal consumed in the textile and fertilizers sectors. Thismay create breaks in time series.
In the 2021 edition, new information on the use of biodiesel was available. This
allowed the Secretariat to estimate the part blended with diesel and allocate it tobiodiesel for 2019. In the time series up to 2018 included, some biodiesel
consumption data could still be included under gas/diesel. This leads to breaks intime series between 2018 and 2019.
In the 2021 edition, the ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources was able toretrieve information to split the electricity generation from biofuels and waste into

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the different sources. This leads to breaks in time series between 2018 and 2019.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2020 edition, new information on coal sales has led to revisions of the coalconsumption in industry, as well as to coal production, for both other bituminous
coal and sub-bituminous coal. This leads to breaks in time series between 1999
and 2000 as well as 2010 and 2011.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat integrated new information on theclassification of power plants for the year 2018. This might lead to breaks in timeseries between 2017 and 2018.
Further, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has, for 2018 data and forthe first time, provided the Secretariat with estimates for Indonesia’s off-grid
electricity production. This information has been added to the 2018 electricity data
and leads to breaks in time series, foremost but not exclusively for solid biofuelsdata.
In the 2019 edition, the IEA Secretariat came across new information regarding
the use of coal in Indonesia’s industry sector. First estimates of this use may leadto breaks in time series between 2015 and 2016, as well as between 2016 and2017.
In the 2018 edition, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources allocated power
generation from solid biofuels and waste to waste power plants according to new
information received from PLN. This leads to a break in time series between 2016
and 2017.
The data on electricity generation from other vegetal materials and residues
includes some electricity generation from waste until the year 2016.
In the 2015 edition, data reported for coal consumption in pulp and paper industry
might also include coal consumed in the textile and fertilizers sectors. This may
create breaks in time series.
Electricity consumption for the agricultural sector is estimated by the IEA
Secretariat from 2000 onwards. This may lead to breaks in time series between
1999 and 2000.

Sources
Sources 2008 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Data Centre and Information Technology

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(PUSDATIN), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia, PUSDATIN, Ministry ofEnergy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), Jakarta, various editions up to 2023.
Statistik, Minyak & Gas Bumi, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Resources (ESDM), Jakarta, various editions up to 2023.
Trade data on coal, charcoal for 1999-2022, website of the Central Bureau of
Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia (BPS), Jakarta.
PLN Statistics, PT.PLN (Persero), Jakarta, various editions up to 2023.
Irrigation management to increase agriculture production. Ministry of Agriculture
Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, 2012.
Direct communication with PT PLN (Persero), Jakarta.
Direct communication with the Indonesia Coal Mining Association, Jakarta.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2007:
Indonesia Mineral and Coal Statistics, Directorate of Coal and Mineral Resources,
Jakarta, 1998 to 2007.
Statistics on Electricity and Energy, 1998 to 2004, Directorate General of
Electricity and Energy Utilisation, Jakarta, 1999 to 2005.
Oil and Gas Statistics of Indonesia, Directorate General Oil and Gas, Jakarta,various editions 1981 to 2007.
The Petroleum Report Indonesia, various editions, US Embassy in Jakarta,
Jakarta, 1986 to 2008.
Oil and Gas Data Information, 6th Edition, Directorate General Oil and Gas,
Jakarta, 2002.
Statistik Perminyakan Indonesia 1995 to 1999, Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics,
Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Jakarta, 2001.
Neraca energy 2000, Energy Balance of Indonesia 2000, Asean Centre forEnergy, Jakarta.
Mining and Energy Yearbook, 1998, Ministry of Mines and Energy, Jakarta, 1998.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific

PAGE | 438

IEA. All rights reserved.

Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Direct communication with Directorate General of Coal and Mineral Resources,
Directorate General Oil and Gas, and Directorate General of Electricity and Energy
Utilisation of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta.
Direct communication with the Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics,
Jakarta, 2004 and 2005.
Direct communication with the ASEAN Centre for Energy, Jakarta, 2005.

Sources up to 1991:
Indonesian Financial Statistics, Bank of Indonesia, Jakarta, 1982.
Indikator Ekonomi 19801985, Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 1986.
Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia, Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 1978 to 1984 and1992.
Statistik Pertambangan Umum, 1973-1985, Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 1986.
Energy Planning for Development in Indonesia, Directorate General for Power,
Ministry of Mines and Energy, Jakarta, 1981.
Commercial Information, Electric Power Corporation, Perusahaan Umum Listrik
Negara, Jakarta, 1984, 1985.

Sources for Biofuels and waste:
Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia, PUSDATIN, Ministry ofEnergy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), Jakarta, various editions up to 2023.
GAIN Report - Indonesia biofuels Annual, United States Department ofAgriculture, Washington DC, various editions up to 2019.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
Direct communication with Indonesian Biofuel Producer Association (APROBI),
Jakarta.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Islamic Republic of Iran
General notes
Data for the Islamic Republic of Iran are available starting in 1971.
Data are reported according to the Iranian calendar year. Data for 2021
correspond to 21 March 2021 – 19 March 2022, which is Iranian year 1400.
Primary oil products (crude oil, NGL and condensates) data are estimated basedon data from OPEC, JODI, Kpler.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensate. Field
condensate quantities are included with natural gas liquids.
Statistical differences in the Islamic Republic of Iran statistics and balances can
include stock change for some coal and oil products.
At the time of preparation of the 2024 edition, the official 2022 energy balance of
the Islamic Republic of Iran was not available. Consequently, the statistics andbalances for 2022 have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2024 edition, electricity generation, losses and demand were revised for theperiod 2017-2021, due to newly available official data.
Electricity output from Geothermal sources has been reported as zero for 2022 in
the 2024 edition. However, this figure may be revised by the IEA Secretariat when
the status of the Meshginshahr (Sabalan) geothermal power plant is confirmed.
In the 2014 cycle, more detailed information for the consumption of coke ovencoke became available for 2009-2012. Breaks in time series may occur between
2008 and 2009.

Sources
Sources 1999 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy, Teheran.
Renewable energy statistics 2024, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, International Atomic Energy Agency,

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Vienna, 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Iran Electric Power Industry 2018-2019, Tavanir Holding Company, Tehran, 2021.
Energy Balance of Iran, Department of Energy, Teheran, various editions up to
the Iranian year 1393, Teheran.
Iran Electric Power Industry 2017-2019, Tavanir Holding Company, Tehran, 2021.
Export and Import data, Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration (IRICA),
Tehran, accessed in May 2021: https://www.irica.gov.ir/.
Production and Trade, 2017 and 2018 data, Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade,
Tehran, accessed in May 2021: https://en.mimt.gov.ir/.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in April 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2023.
Kpler.com, London, data obtained in April 2024.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2024.
World Development Indicators, The World Bank, Washington DC, various editions
up to 2023.
Statistical Report on 49 Years of Activities of Iran Electric Power Industry (19672015), Tavanir Holding Company, Tehran, 2016.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 1998:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy, Office of Deputy Minister for
Energy, Tehran, 1998.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Petroleum, Tehran, 1999.
Electric Power in Iran, Ministry of Energy, Power Planning Bureau, Statistics
Section, Tehran, 1992.

Sources up to 1991:
Electric Power in Iran, Ministry of Energy, Power Planning Bureau, Statistics

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Section, Tehran, 1967 to 1977, 1988, 1990, 1991.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy, Office of Deputy Minister for
Energy, Tehran, 1971 to 1991.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, 2000.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy, Teheran.

PAGE | 442

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Iraq
General notes
Data for Iraq are available starting in 1971.
Production of paraffin waxes might include other non-specified oil products.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensate. Field
condensate quantities are included in natural gas liquids.
Crude oil export data include back-blending of fuel oil.
As of the 2024 edition, imports of electricity from the Kurdistan region are
included into Imports in accordance with the methodology used by nationalsources.
Due to new available information from the Ministry of Electricity Annual Reports,in the 2024 edition the IEA Secretariat revised the whole electricity balance from2016 onwards. In particular, electricity imports have been substantially reduced
and substituted by a higher indigenous generation. Furthermore, the estimation
methodology of electricity generation and main activity producer inputs by fuel(natural gas, crude oil, diesel oil and fuel oil) was revised.
In the 2024 edition, crude oil refinery input for 2021 has been revised withinformation from official sources, while exports have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.
In the 2024 edition, diesel oil and fuel oil generation by main activity producer isavailable (estimated) from 2016 onwards. Furthermore, refinery production of both
oil products for 2021 has been revised due to new available information.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the estimation of natural gas
consumption in non-specified industry from 2016 onwards.
In the 2023 edition, Kerosene type Jet Fuel flows were revised back to 2017 basedon indications of multiple sources. This revision may lead to breaks in time series
between 2016 and 2017.
In the 2022 edition, multiple natural gas flows were revised from 2017 to 2019
based on data published by the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF).
In the 2022 edition, 2019 electricity production data were revised based on new

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data made available by the Iraq Ministry of Electricity.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, LPG supply and demand flows were reassessed and revised
from 1993 to 2006. Crude oil refinery input, input/output to/from electricity plants,
and transfers, fuel oil own use in refineries, input to electricity plants, and transfers,
and non-specified oil product electricity output may be affected over this period.
In the 2021 edition, gas/diesel oil and fuel oil input to electricity plants (2009-2018)
were revised to better reflect information provided by the Iraq Ministry of Electricity
for 2014-2017 and Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE) for 2009-2013, 2018. Gas/diesel oil imports (2011-2018)
were also revised based on data published by the Joint Organisations Data
Initiative (JODI). Reported consumption of gas/diesel oil (2011-2018) and fueloil/crude oil transfers (2016-2018) were impacted.
In the 2021 edition, production and non-energy use of paraffin wax and nonspecified oil products (2017-2018) and crude oil input to electricity plants (2018)
were revised based on newly available data from the Iraqi Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative (IEITI). Crude oil and non-specified oil product electricity
output (2018) were impacted.
In the 2021 edition, naphtha production and exports (2016-2018) were revised toreflect data published by Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC) and JODI, respectively. Naphtha and motor gasoline transfers wereaffected over the same period.
In the 2021 edition, jet kerosene international aviation bunkers and consumption
for domestic aviation (2010-2018) were revised based on information available
from OAG Aviation and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
In the 2020 edition, off-grid solar photovoltaics generation was added to thedataset for the years 2013-2018 based on International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA) estimations.
In the 2020 edition, the estimation of Iraq’s charcoal production data was revisedfor 1996-2018 to adjust the efficiency of the charcoal production process. This
revision may lead to breaks in time series between 1995 and 1996.
In the 2016 edition, data for electricity generation became available for 2010-2013.
Breaks in time series may occur between 2009 and 2010.
Destruction of Iraq’s largest refinery occurred in 2015, resulting in large decreases

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in oil products output in 2015.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 1998 to 2022:
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2022.
Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2022.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in June 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/.
GECF Annual Statistical Bulletin, Gas Exporting Countries Forum, Doha, various
edition up to 2023.
Annual Report, Iraq Ministry of Electricity, Baghdad, various editions up to 2022.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2011.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
Annual Report, Iraqi Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (IEITI), various
editions up to 2021.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions database, Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development, Paris, last accessed in May 2024.
OAG (2023), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 2023, United
Nations, New York.
Online Statistics, Iraq Ministry of Oil, Baghdad, accessed in April 2020.
Electricity Statistics, Central Statistical Organization (CSO) Iraq, Baghdad, various
editions up to 2022.
Oil Statistics, Central Statistical Organization (CSO) Iraq, Baghdad, various

PAGE | 445

IEA. All rights reserved.

editions up to 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Direct communication with the Ministry of Electricity, Baghdad.
Reconciliation Report, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) for Iraq,
various editions up to 2015.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Oil, Baghdad.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation
and with the Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology,
Baghdad.
Kpler.com, London, data obtained in May 2024.
Oil Production, Export, and Consumption Report, Ministry of Natural Resources
Kurdistan Regional Government, Erbil, various editions up to 2015.
Iraq Weekly Status Report, US Department of State, Washington DC, 2003 to2004.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1997:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Jamaica
General notes
Data for Jamaica are available starting in 1971.
In the 2022 edition, electricity generation in natural gas main activity producer
plants has been revised from year 2016, according to new information provided
by the Ministry of Science, Energy and Technology.
In the 2022 edition, electricity generation in wind and solar PV electricity plants
has been revised for years 2016 and 2019, according to new information provided
by the Ministry of Science, Energy and Technology.
In the 2021 edition, a number of oil products’ 2018 production data has beenrevised due to the newly published data, and details for domestic aviation havebeen included from 2017. Natural gas imports and inputs to electricity plants havealso been revised across the time series. The allocation of diesel to non-specified
industries has also been revised between 2004 and 2018, following new
information from the Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining ofJamaica.
In the 2021 edition, there is a break in the time series for solid biofuels as Jamaica
has revised their published 2019 consumption estimates for these products basedon a 2014 study. There are also series breaks for consumption allocations
between 2018 and 2019 for all fuels due to revision of industry classifications byJamaica.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised its estimations of the time seriesof bagasse, using information from the Latin American Energy Organization(OLADE), the Jamaica Sugar Industry Authority, and the International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA) data on capacity and electricity generation. As a result,electricity generation and inputs to power of bagasse are significantly lower thanin previous editions.
In the 2020 edition, fuel oil and diesel data between 1971 and 1989, as well as
electricity generation between 1971 and 1999 were also revised based onrevisions from OLADE. Naphtha data was revised to resolve past inconsistencies.
In the 2019 edition, the IEA incorporated revisions of 2016 data from the Ministryof Science, Technology, Energy and Mining of Jamaica. Major impact is the
addition of natural gas to the energy mix of the country that has retrofitted its power

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plants and started to import liquefied natural gas.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2019 edition, a revision of the electricity balance for the years 2011-2017
was implemented by the IEA to take into account more official data; it can lead tobreaks in time series in the electricity consumption data between 2010 and 2011,
as well as 2013 and 2014.
In the 2018 edition, information became available on charcoal and wood
production. This may lead to breaks in time series between 1989 and 1990 data.
In the 2016 edition, information became available on industrial consumption of oil
products and electricity. This may lead to breaks in time series between 2007 and2008 data.
Jamaica changed their reporting methodology for final energy consumption
starting with 2014 data. This leads to breaks in time series between 2013 and2014.
Electricity consumption of the residential sector might include small commercial
customers.

Sources
Sources 2007 to 2022:
National energy balance & various statistics, Ministry of Science, Energy andTechnology of Jamaica, Kingston, 2011-2022.
Annual report, Jamaica Public Service Company, Kingston, 2012-2022.
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in June 2024:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
Petroleum Industry Consumption Statistics Jamaica 2003-2008, Petroleum
Corporation of Jamaica, Kingston.
Import Statistics 2006-2007, Petrojam limited, Kingston.
Direct communication with the Office of Utilities Regulation, Kingston, 2008.

PAGE | 448

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources 1991 to 2006:
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in January 2022:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1990:
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in January 2022:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
National Energy Outlook 19851989, Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica,
Economics and Planning Division, Kingston, 1985.
Energy and Economic Review, Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica, Energy
Economics Department, Kingston, September 1986, December 1986 and March
1987.
Production Statistics 1988, Planning Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, 1989.
Statistical Digest, Research and Development Division, Bank of Jamaica,
Kingston, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1990.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in January 2022:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
Renewable energy statistics 2020, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2020.
Cane and sugar production in Jamaica 1975-2017, Jamaica Sugar Industry
Authority, Kingston.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

JordanGeneral notes
Data for Jordan are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, data from 2018 onwards have been revised due to new
available information from the Ministry of Energy. Additional revisions are
expected to be done in the next publication between 2018 and 2021.
In the 2023 edition, electricity demand data for 2020 and 2021 have been
estimated from Ministry of Energy information.
In the 2022 edition, some 2019 data for natural gas and primary and secondary
oil have been revised due to new available information from the Ministry of Energy.
At the time of preparation of the 2021 edition, 2019 official data for natural gas,
primary and secondary oil products, coal and biofuels have been not available yet.
Therefore, 2019 figures are entirely estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on
available secondary sources or, when other sources were not available, based on
economic developments.
In the 2020 edition, solid biofuels in 2016 and 2017 were revised based on newly
available information. This leads to a break in time series between 2015 and 2016.
In the 2020 edition, data across multiple products were revised based on newly
available information: namely, non-bio jet kerosene (from 2012), other kerosene,
motor gasoline and gas/diesel (from 2016), fuel oil (from 2014), and natural gas(from 2007).
In the 2018 edition, revisions in commercial and public services electricity
consumption lead to break in time series between 1992 and 1993.
Due to an attack on a major natural gas pipeline between Egypt and Jordan during
the 2011 revolution in Egypt, Jordan relied much more on fuel oil and diesel for
power generation between 2011 and 2014.
Jordan started importing coal products in 2012.

Sources
Sources 2005 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman.
Jordan Energy Balance, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman,

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various editions up to 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Report, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman, various
editions up to 2022.
Annual Report, Jordan Petroleum , Amman, 2022.
Brochure Energy, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman, various
editions up to 2020.
Energy Statistics, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman, various
tables accessed athttps://www.memr.gov.jo/Pages/viewpage.aspx?pageID=198.
Annual Report, National Electric Power Company, Amman, various editions up to2022.
Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 2022, United
Nations, New-York.
Statistical Yearbook, Department of Statistics (DoS), Amman, various editions up
to 2022.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2004:
Direct communication with the National Electric Power Company, Amman.
Annual Report, National Electric Power Company, Amman, 1996, 1997, 1999 to2004.
Annual Report 1992, 1993, Jordan Electricity Authority, Amman, 1993, 1994.
Energy and Electricity in Jordan 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, Jordan Electricity
Authority, Amman, 1993 to 1996.
Statistical Yearbook, 1994, Department of Statistics, Amman, 1995.
44th Annual Report for the year ending 31 December 1999, Jordan Petroleum
Refinery Company, Amman, 2000.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Monthly Statistical Bulletin, Central Bank of Jordan, Department of Research

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Studies, Amman, various issues.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Statistical Yearbook, Department of Statistics, Amman, 1985, 1986 and 1988.
1986 Annual Report, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman, 1987.
1989 Annual Report, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman, 1990.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Jordan Energy Balance, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman,
various editions up to 2018.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman.

PAGE | 452

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Kazakhstan
General notes
Data for Kazakhstan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included
in Former Soviet Union.
Kazakhstan was one of the 11 EU4Energy Phase 1 focus countries.
In the 2022 edition, data on final consumption of oil products in the domestic
aviation sector is not available for 2020. Furthermore, data on final consumptionof natural gas in the residential sector in 2019 was revised by the Committee on
Statistics of Kazakhstan.
In the 2020 edition, in the framework of the EU4Energy project, a methodologicalreview was conducted by the IEA Secretariat in cooperation with the Committee
on Statistics of Kazakhstan. This review led to revisions and to a break in timeseries between 2013 and 2014, in particular for coking coal, lignite, primary solid
biofuels and electricity. Domestic production of biodiesel, jet gas and otherkerosene was revised to zero. In future cycles, revisions to historical time series
can be anticipated. The IEA Secretariat is working with the Committee on Statisticsof Kazakhstan on the data collection forms to identify the origin of the large
statistical differences observed in the national official energy data.
In the 2016 edition, the Committee on Statistics of Kazakhstan introduced changes
in the forms used to collect energy data to align more closely with the International
Recommendations for Energy Statistics. In order to reduce burden on enterprises,
questions on supply were removed and supply data are now taken fromadministrative sources. As a consequence, breaks in time series appear for many
product and flows, both for supply and demand between 2014 and 2015 data.
From 2012 onwards, as a result of important work carried out jointly by theCommittee on Statistics and the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of
Kazakhstan,

the

IEA

Secretariat

was

able

to

switch

to

the

Joint

IEA/Eurostat/UNECE questionnaires as a primary source for Kazakhstan’s data.
Breaks in time series appear between 2011 and 2012 as a result of this change.
Some data for fuel inputs to CHP plants are estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Kazakhstan’s coal data are normally not disaggregated by coal type. The
disaggregation presented in the IEA energy balances is achieved by considering
the typical end uses for different types of coals. This may lead to large statistical

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differences for some types of coal.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Other bituminous and coking coal production data includes not marketableproduction.
In 2010, Kazakhstan became a member of a Customs Union with Russia andBelarus. Breaks in trade time series appear from 2009 to 2012 as the Customs
shifted from one accounting system to another.
Natural gas production excludes re-injection but, due to data limitations, may
include gas vented or flared. As a consequence, the data for natural gas use in oil
and gas extraction may also include these amounts.
In order to be consistent with the Customs Union agreements between Russia andKazakhstan, natural gas production and exports data include raw gas production
from the Karachaganak field (not marketable gas as per IEA definition).
Natural gas trade data have been revised by Kazakhstan leading to large
statistical differences for 2012 and 2013.
Revisions in aviation gasoline cause breaks in time series between 2014 and2015.

Sources
Sources 2012 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National
Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1993 to 2011:
Direct communication with the Agency on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
Astana.
Fuel and Energy Balance of Kazakhstan Republic, Agency on Statistics of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, various editions up to 2010.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires, 1993, 1995, 1997 to2009.
Statistical Yearbook “Kazakhstan in 2009”, Agency on Statistics of the Republic of

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Kazakhstan, Astana, 2010.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1990 to 1992:
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on renewables (2012-2020).
Fuel and Energy Balance of Kazakhstan Republic, Agency on Statistics of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, various editions up to 2010.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, 2000.

PAGE | 455

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Kenya
General notes
Data for Kenya are available starting in 1971.
Kenya is one of the ten countries that benefit from EU Support to IEA Data for
Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa.
Solar photovoltaic data comes from the International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA) estimations of the off-grid generation up to 2018.
In the 2024 edition, data for other bituminous coal and bitumen were revised backto 2006 and 2010, respectively. These revisions were made to align with timeseries data published in the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Statistical
Abstract.
In the 2024 edition, data for bio-gasoline (bioethanol) were added based on
publications by the Kenya Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority and
Ministry of Energy.
In the 2023 edition, IEA Secretariat estimates of charcoal and primary solid biofuel
production and consumption were revised for the entire time series.
In the 2022 edition, electricity data were revised from 2003 to 2019 to be reported
on a calendar year basis. In previous editions, electricity data were reported on afiscal year basis, beginning on 1 July and ending on 30 June of the subsequentyear.
In the 2022 edition, oil product data were revised to more accurately reflect the
final consumption by sector reported by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
In the 2021 edition, new information became available on the detailed generationof electricity from oil products. Generation per product is now available from 2016
onwards.
In the 2021 edition, new information became available on the food and tobacco
industry activity, leading to revisions of the estimations for energy consumption in
the sector from 1996 onward.
In the 2020 edition, refinery data have been revised from 2014 onwards, as the

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national refinery have stopped its activity in 2013.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2020 edition, new data regarding primary and secondary biofuels production
and consumption became available, leading to breaks in time series between
2017 and 2018.
In the 2014 edition, fuelwood and other vegetal matters and residues are
estimated based on 2000 data. Charcoal data are derived from the wood input tocharcoal production with assumed efficiency of 33%; bagasse production andinput to power plants is back-estimated from data on Mumias cogeneration.
In 2014, the Olkaria geothermal plant came online, significantly increasing thecountry’s geothermal electricity production capacity. Breaks in time series can beobserved between 2013 and 2014 in electricity output from geothermal energy.

Sources
Sources 2005 to 2022:
Economic Survey, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi, various editions
up to 2023.
Statistical Abstract, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi, various editions
up to 2023
Annual Report and Financial Statements, Kenya Power, various editions up to2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2021, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2021.
Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 2023, United
Nations, New York.
Direct communication with AFREPREN and Petroleum Institute of East Africa,
Nairobi, up to 2008.
Kenya, Facts and figures, 2006 Edition, Central Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi.
Annual Report and Accounts, 2006/07 to 2018/19, the Kenya Power & Lighting
Company Limited, Nairobi.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2004:

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Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy, Nairobi.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Economic Survey, 1995 to 2004, Central Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi.
Annual Report and Accounts, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/2004, 2004, 2005, theKenya Power & Lighting Company Limited, Nairobi.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.

Sources up to 1991:
Economic Survey, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, 1989.
Economic Survey 1991, Ministry of Planning and National Development, Central
Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi, 1992.
Kenya Statistical Digest, Ministry of Planning and National Development, Central
Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi, 1988.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Economic Survey, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi, various editions
up to 2023.
Energy and Petroleum Statistics Report for the Financial Year ended 30th June
2023, Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority, Nairobi, 2023.
Kenya Ethanol Cooking Fuel Masterplan, Ministry of Energy, Nairobi, 2021.
Bioenergy Strategy 2020-2027, Ministry of Energy, Nairobi, 2020.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed
February 2022: http://www.fao.org/faostat.
Data for 2000 are based on research carried out by the Ministry of Energy on
consumption of solid biofuels. The results of this research were published as partof a National Energy Policy initiative.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

KosovoGeneral notes
Data for Kosovo are available starting in 2000. Between 1990 and 1999, data for
Kosovo are included in Serbia. Prior to 1990, they are included in Former
Yugoslavia.
In 2021, imported and exported electricity present a significant increase withrespect to previous years, as Kosovo was used more as transit.
In 2011, electricity transit trade data became available. As a result, a break in timeseries occurs between 2010 and 2011.
In 2011, a desulphurization unit operated in Kosovo for a few months only. As aresult, breaks in time series occur in 2011 for transfer and refinery input of refinery
feedstocks as well as transfer and production of kerosene, gas/diesel oil and fueloil.
A break in time series between 2015 and 2016 may be observed in biofuels andwaste due to a survey conducted on household consumption.

Sources
Sources 2011 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, Pristina, since 2014.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Mining, Pristina, up to 2014.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

Sources 2003 to 2010:
Kosovo National Energy Balances, Ministry of Energy and Mining Department ofStrategy, Standards and Statistics, Pristina, 2003 to 2010.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2000 to 2002:

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

KuwaitGeneral notes
Data for Kuwait are available starting in 1971.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensate. Field
condensate quantities are included with natural gas liquids.
Data for crude oil production include 50 per cent of the output of the Neutral Zone
shared with Saudi Arabia.
Information for the use of ethane in the petrochemical sector is available from 2008
onwards. This may lead to breaks in time series for ethane and naphtha productionin the petrochemical industry and consumption between 2007 and 2008.
Electricity outputs from crude oil are not separated from other oil products
electricity output. Electricity own use by power plant prior to 2015 may include
electricity consumption by water desalination plant.
In the 2024 edition, contacts in the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
provided extensive data covering all primary and secondary oil products
production, trade and consumption for the period 2010-2022. This led to majorrevisions in historical series which greatly improve data quality published by the
IEA Secretariat. As a result, breaks might occur between 2009 and 2010 for some
fuels.
In the 2021 edition, natural gas production data were revised based on Cedigaz
data from 2009 onwards. Naphtha exports data were revised based on JODI datafrom 2009 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, following products and flows were revised as new information
became available from the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research: electricity
losses and final consumption data from 2014 onwards; electricity own use bypower plant from 2015 onwards to exclude electricity consumption by water
desalination plant; solar PV generation from 2016 onwards; and wind generationfrom 2013 onwards. The increase observed in Commercial and public services
final consumption between 2013 and 2014 is driven by the inclusion of
consumption in water desalination plants.
In the 2020 edition, complete official data from Kuwait about primary and secondary
oil for 2018 were not obtained in time for publication. The IEA Secretariat estimated

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the data based on secondary sources.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2020 edition, new data on fossil fuels’ input to electricity generation led torevisions of main activity electricity generation by fuel from 2007 onwards.
In the 2020 edition, due to newly available information, the use of ethane in the
petrochemical sector was revised from 2014 onwards.
In the 2020 edition, diesel exports, motor gasoline exports and stock changes wererevised based on JODI data from 2002 onwards. These may include small
quantities of aviation gasoline.
In the 2020 edition, electricity generation from solar photovoltaics and wind has
been estimated, based on the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
data.
In the 2018 edition, data became available for oil products consumption. Revisions
in oil products may be seen between 2012 and 2015.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR),
Kuwait City.
Electrical Energy Statistical Yearbook, Ministry of Electricity and Water, Kuwait
City, various editions up to 2023.
Annual Report, Kuwait National Petroleum Company, Ahmadi, various editions up
to 2018-2022.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2023.
Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2023.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in May 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/
Annual Statistical Abstract, Central Statistical Bureau, State of Kuwait, various

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editions up to 2017-2018.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2024.
Kpler.com, London, data obtained in April 2024.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, 2011 to 2018.
Annual Electrical Statistics, Ministry of Electricity and Water, Safat, various
editions up to 2009.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Oil and the Ministryof Electricity & Water, Kuwait City.
Monthly Digest of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Office, Kuwait,
1999.
A Survey of the Kuwait Oil Industry, Embassy of the United States of America in
Kuwait City, Kuwait, 1993.
Twelfth Annual Report 1991-1992, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Kuwait, 1993.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Quarterly Statistical Bulletin, Central Bank of Kuwait, Kuwait, various editions from1986 and 1987.
The Kuwaiti Economy, Central Bank of Kuwait, Kuwait City, various editions from1980 to 1985.
Annual Statistical Abstract, Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Office, Kuwait
City, 1986 and 1989.
Monthly Digest of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Office, Kuwait
City, various editions from 1986 to 1990.
Economic and Financial Bulletin Monthly, Central Bank of Kuwait, Kuwait City,
various editions from 1983 to 1986.

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Kuwait in Figures, National Bank of Kuwait, Kuwait City, 1986, 1987.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources for Biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, 2001.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Kyrgyzstan
General notes
Data for Kyrgyzstan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included
in Former Soviet Union.
Kyrgyzstan is one of the 11 EU4Energy focus countries.
From 2013 onwards, the main data sources for Kyrgyzstan are the annual
IEA/Eurostat/UNECE joint questionnaires sent by the National Statistical
Committee of Kyrgyzstan.
Several missing data points are estimated by the IEA Secretariat. The crude oil
input to refineries is estimated based on the refinery output. The output ofelectricity and heat production from combustible fuels is either estimated basedon previous years’ efficiencies or adjusted by the IEA Secretariat.
Motor gasoline and Gas/diesel consumption reported in other sectors than roadmight include road transport.
In the 2024 edition, jet kerosene consumed in international aviation bunkers is
included in domestic aviation for 2022.
In the 2014 edition, time series data for electricity, oil products, and coal products
for 2005 to 2011 were revised based on newly available information. This maylead to breaks in the time series for some products.

Sources
Sources 2013 to 2022:
Direct communication with the National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan,
Bishkek.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
Fuel & Energy Balances, National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek.
CIS and East European Energy Databook, Eastern Bloc Research Ltd, Tolsta
Chaolais, 2013 to 2014.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources 2007 to 2012:
Direct communication with the National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan,
Bishkek.
Direct communication with the Interstate Statistical Committee of theCommonwealth of Independent States, Moscow.
Fuel & Energy Balances, National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires for 2012.
CIS and East European Energy Databook, Eastern Bloc Research Ltd, Tolsta
Chaolais, 2008 to 2012.
Natural Gas Vehicles Statistics, International Association for Natural Gas
Vehicles, online database: www.iangv.org.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1993 to 2006:
CIS and East European Energy Databook, Eastern Bloc Research Ltd, Tolsta
Chaolais, various editions up to 2007.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires, 1993 to 2006.
Asian Development Bank, Mandaluyong.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1990 to 1992:
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires on renewables (20132020).
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Lao People’s Democratic Republic
General notes
The IEA Secretariat added the Lao People’s Democratic Republic energy datafrom 2000 onwards in the 2020 edition. Before 2000, data are included in the“Other non-OECD Asia” region.
Industry consumption reflects official statistics, for electricity consumption thislikely includes data centres and cryptocurrency mining operations.
In the 2023 edition there was a revision to the official LPG data for the years 2019and 2020.
Breaks in coal time series in 2014-2015 reflect the start in operations of the lignite
mine-mouth Hongsa Power Plant. While operation started in 2015, the last unit
started operation in the first quarter of 2016.

Sources
Sources 2016 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Mines, Vientiane.
Energy Demand and Supply of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic 2010-2018,

prepared by Ministry of Energy and Mines, Lao PDR, Vientiane, and supported by
the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), Jakarta,
February 2020.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2000 to 2015:
Lao PDR Energy Statistics 2018, prepared by Ministry of Energy and Mines, Lao
PDR, Vientiane, and supported by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN
and East Asia (ERIA), Jakarta, July 2018.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed inJune 2022: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

LebanonGeneral notes
Data for Lebanon are available starting in 1971.
Electricity produced from diesel private generators is not included in the 2024
edition. The IEA Secretariat will publish estimates in the next publication toaccount more accurately these private generators and oil products imports will be
updated accordingly.
In the 2023 edition, the steep decline in electricity production and consumption in
2021 occurred during a period marked by a serious shortage of the different types
of fuels used for the country's thermal power plants.
In the 2022 edition, many data on the electricity sector and oil products supply for
2020, usually provided by the Central Administration of Statistics, were notavailable. Thus, the IEA Secretariat estimated those 2020 statistics based on theavailable information.
In the 2021 edition, the use of landfill biogas for electricity generation in the landfillof Naameh is included for the first time. Data from the Central Administration of
Statistics shows that operations started during 2018.
In addition, wood imports from 1999 to 2016 have been revised to take into
account new information available from the Food and Agriculture Organisation(FAO).
In the 2020 edition, electricity production, losses and final consumption from 2012
onwards were revised due to new information from the Central Administration of
Statistics.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the electricity generated fromdiesel and fuel oil by main activity producers, from 1998 and from 2010 onwards
respectively.
In the 2020 edition, solar photovoltaics and wind electricity generation was
estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA) data.
In the 2020 edition, charcoal time series were revised for the period 1992-2003,

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due to new information from FAO.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated 2017 and 2018 wood imports
based on FAO imports data.
A significant share of electricity generated in Lebanon is produced using private
generators. The corresponding electricity outputs and inputs were estimated by
the IEA Secretariat based on Association Libanaise pour la Maîtrise de l’Energie
et l’Environnement (ALMEE) figures until 2014 and expert analysis for 2015 to2018.
Customs data for trade of oil products may be misleading due to the existence of
informal trade with neighbouring countries.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Direct communication with the Central Administration of Statistics, Beirut.
Les bilans énergétiques au Liban, Association Libanaise pour la Maîtrise del’Energie et de l’Environnement, Beirut, 2007 to 2015.
L’Energie au Liban, Association Libanaise pour la Maîtrise de l’Energie et del’Environnement, Beirut, 1994 to 2006.
L’Energie au Liban, le Défi, Association Libanaise pour la Maîtrise de l’Energie,
Beirut, December 1996.
Renewable energy statistics 2021, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2021.
Renewable capacity statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022
Thematic Time Series: Electricité du Liban (EDL) 1995-2021, Central
Administration of Statistics, Beirut.
Thematic Time Series: Imported Petroleum products 1995-2019, Central
Administration of Statistics, Beirut.
Solar Heat Worldwide, AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Gleisdorf,
IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, various editions up to 2023.
Renewable Energy in Lebanon in 2015, Association Libanaise pour la Maîtrise de

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l’Energie et de l’Environnement, Beirut.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Le marché du solaire thermique au Liban, Association Libanaise pour la Maîtrisede l’Energie et de l’Environnement, Beirut, 2010.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
May 2021: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Libya
General notes
Data for Libya are available starting in 1971.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensate. Field
condensate quantities are included with natural gas liquids.
In the 2024 edition, significant revisions from 2012 onwards were made to final
electricity consumption sectors to account for electricity theft in Libya. Significant
amounts were also allocated to the other non-specified sector. A more accurate
estimation will be provided in the next publication.
In the 2023 edition, significant revisions have been made to the natural gas
balance for the years 2015 to 2020. These revisions were prompted by the receiptof new information from Rystad regarding Mellitah Oil & Gas, a joint venture
between NOC Libya and ENI, which holds a dominant position in the gas
production sector. It is important to note that there are significant statisticaldifferences, particularly for the year 2020. These discrepancies primarily arise
from the lack of data quality in the demand information. Efforts are being made to
improve the overall data quality and address these issues.
In the 2022 edition, data on natural gas production (2005-2014) and consumption(2005-2019) were updated based on revisions from Cedigaz (2005-2014) and theGas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) (2016-2019).
In the 2021 edition, energy industry own use and consumption flows for natural
gas were revised from 2010-2018 to reflect newly accessed data published by the
GECF.
Also in the 2021 edition, non-energy use of naphtha was revised from 2011-2018
to reflect information on petrochemical production published by the Central Bankof Libya (CBL) and the National Oil Corporation. These revisions resulted inchanges to naphtha transfers, NGL transfers, and NGL production over the same
period.
In the 2021 edition, non-energy use of lubricants was revised from 2010-2011 tomatch data reported by CBL. Following years (2012-2018) were estimated to growwith the national economy. Lubricants imports were revised to reflect these

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changes in consumption.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Also in the 2021 edition, updates to 2018 ICAO data led to revisions in jet kerosene
exports, international aviation bunkers, and domestic aviation for 2018.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat started estimating the charcoal production
and consumption based on Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) data. This
led to revisions and breaks in time series between 2001 and 2002.
In the 2020 edition, the OPEC revised other kerosene production and importation
data up to 1995.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised its estimation methodology fornatural gas production; data were revised up to 2014.
In the 2019 edition, the IEA Secretariat started estimating domestic aviation. This
led to revisions and breaks in time series between 2004 and 2005.
Due to lack of official country data, oil products trade and solid biofuels data are
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Non-technical losses and data uncertainty result in break in time series forelectricity losses and statistical differences between 2011 and 2012.
Due to information on oil and electricity becoming available from 2006, breaks intime series may occur between 2005 and 2006.

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Statistical Bulletin, Central Bank of Libya, Tripoli, various editions up to 2019.
Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2023.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2023.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2018.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
GECF Annual Statistical Bulletin, Gas Exporting Countries Forum, Doha, 2022.
OAG (2021), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,

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Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 2019, United
Nations, New York.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
Bulletin Statistique Annuel, Comité Maghrébin d’électricité (COMELEC), Algiers,
various editions up to 2015.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy,
Tripoli, until 2015.
Annual Report, 2008, General Electricity Company (GECOL), Tripoli.
Statistical Abstract of Libya, 19th vol., Government of Libya, Tripoli, 1983.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
February 2023: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Madagascar
General notes
Madagascar data are available starting in 1971.
Significant amounts of coal are imported and consumed in Ambatovy mine, oneof the world’s largest lateritic nickel mines. This has a significant impact on theenergy supply requirements of Madagascar.
At the time of publication of the 2024 edition, the last official energy balance
available is for year 2019. Therefore, from 2020 onwards some data have been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2024 edition, some imports data for Diesel and Fuel Oil were revised, using
updated values from OMH.In the 2023 edition, some electricity data have beenrevised from 2020 due to new information available.
In the 2021 edition, complete data were available for 2019, but not for 2018.
Supply and demand of solid biofuels as well as demand and stock changes of oil
products, are estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2018.
Small quantities of anthracite imports could be included in other bituminous coalfrom 2011 onwards.
Oil demand fell significantly in 2002 due to the political and social situation at thetime.
The only refinery in Madagascar ceased its activities in 2004.

Sources
Sources 1995 to 2022:
Données statistiques, Officine Malgache des Hydrocarbures, Antananarivo, lastaccess in June 2024: http://www.omh.mg/.
Tableau de Bord Economique, Jirama, Antananarivo, last accessed in June 2024:
https://www.jirama.mg/
Tableau de Bord Economique, Instat, Antananarivo, last accessed in June 2024:

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https://www.instat.mg/

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Sustainability Report, Ambatovy Mine, Antananarivo, 2012 to 2022
editions.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, last access in 2024,
http://comtrade.un.org
Forestry Statistics, FAO, Rome, 2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat
Système d'Information Énergétique de Madagascar, Ministère de l'Énergie et deshydrocarbures, Antananarivo, last accessed in June 2022: http://www.energie.mg/
Bilan Energetique National, Ministère de l'Énergie et des hydrocarbures,
Antananarivo, various editions up to 2019
Bulletin du Marché Pétrolier, Ministère de l'Énergie et des hydrocarbures,
Antananarivo, various editions up to 2nd semester 2020: http://www.energie.mg/
Evolution annuelle des productions, ventes et nombre d'abonnés, Office deRégulation de l’Electricité, Antananarivo, last accessed in June 2022:
http://www.ore.mg/
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York, various editions up to 2020.
Tableau de Bord Economique, Institut National de la Statistique, Antananarivo,
January 2019.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2016 to 2017.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1971 to 1994:
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, accessed April 2020,
http://comtrade.un.org/.
The UN Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division, New York,various editions up to 2020.
Evolution annuelle des productions, ventes et nombre d'abonnés, Office deRégulation de l’Electricité, Antananarivo, http://www.ore.mg/

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Malaysia
General notes
Data for Malaysia are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, 2022 data is largely estimated by the IEA secretariat based on
secondary sources. Data for 2021 and before is based on official statistics(national balance of the Energy Commission).
For natural gas production from the Joint-Development Areas (JDA) with Thailand
and with Indonesia, Malaysia reports only the production that corresponds to
Malaysia. The rest is reported as imports. For the JDA with Viet Nam, theproduction reported includes all the gas produced.
LPG data may include ethane. Kerosene type jet fuel data may include aviation
gasoline. Other bituminous coal data may include other coal products.
In the 2023 edition, consumption of natural gas and biogas in autoproducer
electricity plants for 2023 were estimated by the IEA Secretariat to keep realistictransformation efficiencies. Furthermore, natural gas losses and biogas
production were also estimated.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated coke oven coke imports and use
in blast furnaces and, as a result, blast furnace gas production and use in iron andsteel industry from 2015 onwards due to new available information.
In the 2021 edition, naphtha, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin wax and petroleum cokedata from 2007 to 2009 were aggregated as other non-specified oil products.
In the 2020 edition, other vegetal material and residue flows from 1971 to 2008
were revised. Natural gas use in non-specified transformation from 2005 onwards
was revised as new information became available. Natural gas own use byliquefaction/regasification plants for 2017 was estimated due to the lack of
information.
In the 2019 edition, the whole time series of solid biofuels were revised in responseto the request raised by Energy Commission of Malaysia.
In the 2012 edition, new information on the solid biofuels final consumption
became available. This may lead to breaks in time series between 2008 and 2009.
Detailed information on oil products such as naphtha, petroleum coke, lubricants,

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bitumen and paraffin waxes is only available from 2007 to 2009. From 2010

World energy balances 2024 Edition

onwards, these quantities are presented in aggregate form under the category
other non-specified oil products.
From 2009 onwards, electricity generation from co-generators, small renewable
power producers and self-generators is available. As a consequence, breaks intime series may appear for electricity between 2008 and 2009.

Sources
Sources 2000 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Energy Commission, Putrajaya.
National Energy Balance, Malaysia, Energy Commission, Putrajaya, from 2009
Tenaga Nasional annual reports, from 2021.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in June 2023: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/ .
Presentation of Air Transport statistical results, International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO), United Nations, New York, various editions up to 2021.
Renewable energy statistics, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA),
Abu Dhabi.
Trade Map, International Trade Centre, Geneva, accessed in May 2023:
http://www.intracen.org/.
Integrated annual report, Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya, Kuala Lumpur, various
edition up to 2022.
Annual report, Suruhanjaya Tenaga Energy Commission, Putrajaya, various
edition up to 2021.
Steel statistical Yearbook, World Steel Association, Brussel, accessed in June
2023, http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/.
Electricity Supply Industry in Malaysia, Performance and Statistical Information,
Malaysia Energy Commission, Putrajaya, 2009 to 2016.
Electricity Supply Statistics, Malaysia Energy Information Hub, website:meih.st.gov.my, 2016.

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Monthly exports of oil palm products, Malaysia Palm Oil Board, Kuala Lumpur.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific
Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo, 2009, 2011.
National

EnergyBalance

Malaysia,

MinistryofEnergy,

Water

and

Communication, Kuala Lumpur, 2002 to 2008.

Sources up to 2000:
Direct communication with Petroliam Nacional Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, April 2001.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Monthly exports of oil palm products, Malaysia Palm Oil Board, Kuala Lumpur.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed inJune 2023: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Malta
General notes
Data for Malta are available starting in 1971.
In the 2022 edition, gross electricity generation from Solar PV autoproducers andseveral data points in electricity final consumption were revised for the years 2018and 2019, using new data provided by the National Statistics Office.
In the 2020 edition, biodiesel use was reclassified by the Central Office of
Statistics as transformation from 2016 onwards. This may lead to breaks in timeseries of transport, industry and other sector final consumption between 2015 and2016.
In the 2020 edition, for several oil products, the final consumption in transport,
industry and commerce, services and other sectors was also revised, for theperiod 2013-2016.
In 2017, Malta imported LNG for the first time. It is used in power generationengines that have been upgraded to operate on natural gas, from heavy fuel oil
previously. 2015 and 2016 data reflects this transition with high imports ofelectricity via the interconnector with Italy.
In the 2019 edition, oil products consumption data have been revised following theresults of a fuel survey conducted by the country in 2018.
In 2017, Malta carried out a household energy survey which led to revisions of thesolar thermal data series for 2010-2016. This may lead to breaks in time series
between 2009 and 2010.
In 2011, a new power generation station fuelled by biogas became operational in
Malta. This may lead to breaks in time series for some products and flows.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Direct communication with the National Statistics Office, Valletta.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on oil, 1995 to 1998,

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2000, 2001, 2005 to 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on electricity and heat,
1994 to 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, and 2005 to 2022.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on renewables, 2011 to2022.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on gas, 2022.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual questionnaire on coal, 1994, 1995.
Solar Heat Worldwide, AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Gleisdorf,
IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, various editions up to 2010.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Mauritius
General notes
Data for Mauritius are available starting in 1971.
In the 2021 edition, minor revisions were made to LPG imports (2017-2018), LPG
exports (2016), and stock changes of LPG, motor gasoline, gas/diesel oil,kerosene, and fuel oil (2010-2018). Revisions were also made to domestic
navigation for motor gasoline, gas/diesel oil, and fuel oil (2012-2018), and tointernational aviation bunkers, stock changes and domestic aviation for kerosene
type jet fuel (2016-2018).

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Public Utilities, Statistics Unit, PortLouis.
Statistics Mauritius website, under the Ministry of Public Utilities, Port Louis,
accessed in November 2023: https://statsmauritius.govmu.org/SitePages
Energy and Water Statistics, various editions up to 2020, Statistics Mauritius, PortLouis.
Industrial Policy and Strategic Plan for Mauritius 2020-2025, Ministry of Industrial
Development, SMEs and Cooperatives (Industrial Development Division), Port

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Louis.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Moldova
General notes
Data for Moldova are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Soviet Union.
Moldova is one of the 11 EU4Energy focus countries.
Official figures on natural gas imports, natural gas inputs to power plants, electricity
production, foreign trade and consumption are modified by the IEA Secretariat toinclude estimates for supply and demand for the districts from the left side of theriver Nistru and municipality Bender. Other energy production or consumption fromthese districts is not included in the Moldovan data. This may lead to breaks in thetime series for some products.
In the 2024 edition, preliminary 2023 figure for primary solid biofuels have been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2024 edition, consumption of other bituminous coal in non-metallic industryfor 2022 has been partially replaced by other fuels, like anthracite and petroleum
coke, but it also reflects the drop of cement production in the country. Instead, theincrease in residential use is due to the surge in price of other energy products.
In the 2024 edition, trade of motor gasoline from Romania to Ukraine is recordedin the database, in accordance with Moldovan national regulations – only goods
remaining on the national territory for less than 8 calendar days can be consideredin transit.
In the 2023 edition, data for capacity have been added. Data are obtained bymodifying official figures to include estimates from the districts from the left side of
the river Nistru and municipality Bender.
In the 2022 edition, 2019 and 2020 natural gas imports data was estimated due todata confidentiality.
Due to the inclusion of estimated data in the Moldova energy balance, indicators
for per capita energy consumption or energy intensity may appear inconsistent
with expected trends.
The National Bureau of Statistics has revised time series when possible to alignwith International Recommendations for Energy Statistics. As a consequence,breaks in time series may occur in 1993 for heat, in 2012 for aviation bunkers and

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in 2005 for other products. More survey data on solid biofuels, including wood,

World energy balances 2024 Edition

animal waste and other plant residues are available since 2010. As aconsequence, breaks in time series may occur in 2010 for primary solid biofuels.

Sources
Sources 2008 to 2022:
Excluding the districts from the left side of the river Nistru and municipality Bender:
Direct communication with the National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic ofMoldova, Chisinau.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
Related to the districts from the left side of the river Nistru and municipality Bender:
Direct communication with State Statistics Service of Ukraine for natural gas
imports.
Website of Moldelectrica, accessed in May 2024, https://moldelectrica.md/
Website of Ministry of Economic Development of Transnistrian Moldovian Republic,
accessed in May 2024, http://mer.gospmr.org
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2008:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on electricity and heat,1991 to 2008.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on natural gas, 1991 to
2008.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on coal, 1992 to 2008.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on oil, 1993 to 1998,
2001 to 2008.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Industry and Energy, Chisinau.
CIS and East European Energy Databook, Eastern Bloc Research Ltd, Tolsta
Chaolais, various editions up to 2011.

PAGE | 482

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources 1990 to 1991:
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE questionnaire on renewables.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

PAGE | 483

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Mongolia
General notes
Data for Mongolia are available starting in 1985. Prior to 1985, they are includedin the “Other non OECD Asia” aggregate.
In the 2023 edition, the coal balance for 2021 was estimated by the IEA
secretariat. The coal balance will be revised with official data in the next edition.
In the 2022 edition, disaggregated 2020 coal balance table comprising of hardcoal and brown coal data is provided by National Statistics Office of Mongolia. This
led to the breaks in time series between 2019 and 2020 for coking coal, bituminous
coal and lignite.
In the 2021 edition, 2017 and 2018 electricity generation from hydro, wind andsolar PV were revised as new data from Ministry of Energy became available.
In the 2018 edition, data for renewable electricity production became available.
This might create breaks in time series between 2002 and 2003.
In the 2015 edition, data allowing a disaggregation of coal by type became
available. In addition, time series were revised from 2005 forward. Breaks in timeseries between 2004 and 2005 may result.

Sources
Sources 1985 to 2022:
Direct communication with the National Statistics Office of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar.
Mongolian Statistical Information Service, National Statistical Office, Ulaanbaatar,
accessed in March 2024: www.1212.mn
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
Mongolian Statistical Yearbook, National Statistical Office, Ulaanbaatar, various
editions up to 2022.
Energy sector production data, Ministry of Energy, Ulaanbaatar, 2017 to 2022.
Mongolian Statistical Bulletin, December 2009, National Statistical Office,

PAGE | 484

IEA. All rights reserved.

Ulaanbaatar, 2009.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Online database, Asian Development Bank, Mandaluyong, accessed in 2006:
www.adb.org.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
March 2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat

PAGE | 485

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Montenegro
General notes
Data for Montenegro are available starting in 2005. Between 1990 and 2004, they
are included in Serbia. Prior to 1990, they are included in Former Yugoslavia.
In the 2023 edition, capacity data for solar photovoltaic for 2020 was revised due
to new information becoming available.
In the 2022 edition, 2020 electricity trade data include transit of electricity, which
was not considered for previous years. This led to breaks in the time series ofimports and exports of electricity between 2019 and 2020.
In the 2021 edition, lignite calorific values from 2016 to 2018 were revised due to
new information becoming available.
In the 2020 edition, the whole time series of solid biofuel transformation wererevised due to new information becoming available.
Charcoal imports data might include minor quantities of charcoal produced
domestically until the year 2017.
Breaks in time series appearing in solid biofuels between 2010 and 2011 can be
explained by a new survey carried out by Montenegro in 2013.
A survey on energy consumption in industry was conducted by Montenegro in2014. Breaks in time series may therefore occur between 2004 and 2005.

Sources
Sources 2005 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Statistical Office of Montenegro (MONSTAT),
Podgorica.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

Sources 2021:
Proposal for a decision on the Energy Balance of Montenegro for 2022,

PAGE | 486

IEA. All rights reserved.

www.gov.meWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

MoroccoGeneral notes
Data for Morocco are available starting in 1971.
Morocco joined the IEA as an Association country in November 2016.Morocco
started filling the five Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE questionnaires for the year 2015.
This may lead to breaks in time series between 2014 and 2015.
Crude oil consumption in the oil and gas sector corresponds to condensates.
In the 2024 edition, revisions were made for gross and net electricity production
from diesel, fuel oil and petcoke (from 1990 to 2012). This may lead to breaks intime series.
In the 2023 edition, revisions were made for rail transport (2021), gross and net
electricity production and electricity consumption (from 2004 to 2012). This maylead to breaks in time series.
In the 2022 edition, revisions were made to disaggregate autoproducer electricity
production from main activity electricity production for wind (2013-2019) and fueloil electricity only plants (2019). Breaks in time series may occur.
In the 2019 edition, revisions in solar thermal electricity production were made for2015 and 2016. This may lead to breaks in time series.
In the 2018 edition, revisions in biofuels were made for the period 2004-2014. This
may lead to breaks in time series between 2003 and 2004.
Data for autoproducer electricity are based on an old survey. Revisions are
expected in the next cycles. .
The

Samir-Mohammedia

refinery

expansionwascompleted

in

2009,

accommodating new feedstocks and additives. This may lead to breaks in timeseries between 2009 and 2010.
In August 2015, refinery activity stopped, causing significant decreases in refined

PAGE | 487

IEA. All rights reserved.

oil products production and breaks in time series between 2014, 2015, and 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 2015 to 2022 :Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

Sources 1992 to 2014:
Direct communication with Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, Direction desMines, Rabat.
Annuaire Statistique du Maroc, Haut-Commissariat au Plan, Direction de laStatistique, Rabat, 1980, 1984, 1986 to 2011.
Electricity consumption by economic sector from direct communication with Office
National de l’Electricité, Casablanca.

Sources up to 1991:
Rapport d'Activité 1992, Office National de l'Electricité, Casablanca, 1993.
Le Maroc en Chiffres 1986, Ministère du Plan, Direction de la Statistique, Rabat,
1987.
Rapport Annuel, Office National de Recherches et d'Exploitations Pétrolières,Rabat, 1984.
Rapport d'Activité du Secteur Pétrolier 1983, Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines,
Direction de l'Energie, Rabat, 1984.
Rapport sur les Données Energétiques Nationales 19791981, Ministère del'Energie et des Mines, Rabat, 1982.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on renewables (20152020).
Direct communication with Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, Direction desMines, Rabat.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.

PAGE | 488

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Mozambique
General notes
Data for Mozambique are available starting in 1971.
The Mozal aluminium smelter opened in 2000, leading to significant changes intrends of electricity demand.
In the 2023 edition, the time series of combustible renewables were revised from2011 due to new data available.
In the 2022 edition, new information from the Ministry of Energy became available
to the IEA regarding Kerosene-type Jet Fuel consumption in Mozambique, leading
to revisions of the time series between 2011 and 2019 for International Aviation
Bunkers and Domestic Aviation consumption.
In the 2021 edition, the Ministry of Energy revised its energy balances for 2011 –2018, leading to revisions of all products and flows. Breaks in time series mightoccur between 2010 and 2011. Data on bitumen importation and consumption,
bagasse production and electricity generation from bagasse were added for the
first time.
In the 2020 edition, petroleum coke data is included from 2000 onwards. Due tothe opening of a new pit in Moatize mine, breaks in time series may happen forcoal between 2016 and 2017.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with Ministério dos Recursos Minerais e Energia(MIREME), Maputo.
Direct communication with the National Petroleum Institute, Maputo.
Direct communication with the African Energy Commission (AFREC), Algiers.
Annual Statistical Yearbook 1993, 1994, 1995, Eskom, Johannesburg, 1994,
1995, 1996, citing Electricidade de Mozambique, Maputo, as source.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical

PAGE | 489

IEA. All rights reserved.

Division, New York.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Petroleum and Other Liquids exports by destination, US Energy Information
Administration (EIA), Washington DC, last access in 2024: http://www.eia.gov.
UN

Comtrade,

UnitedNations

Statistical

Division,

New

York,

2023:

http://comtrade.un.org/.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD.Stat, Paris, last access in 2024
OAG, Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation, Luton,www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat.
Direct communication with Ministério dos Recursos Minerais e Energia(MIREME), Maputo.

PAGE | 490

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Myanmar
General notes
Data for Myanmar are available starting in 1971.
Data from the Myanmar Central Statistical Organisation are reported on a fiscal
year basis, beginning on 1 April and ending on 31 March of the subsequent year.
In the 2024 edition there is a break in the time series between 2021 and 2022 due
to official data becoming available. This break is expected to be resolved in future
editions.
In the 2021 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised 2018 figures for indigenous
production of natural gas and 2017 and 2018 data for hydroelectricity due to new
information available from Myanmar Central Statistical Organisation.
In the 2021 edition, use of renewable municipal waste in main activity producer
electricity in 2017 and 2018 and, consequently, electricity generation was revisedby the IEA Secretariat based on data from the International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA). In the 2019 edition, a detailed breakdown by coal type data,
renewable data and some oil products data became available from 2016 onwards.
This might result in breaks in time series between 2015 and 2016.
In the 2018 edition, demand data for all energy products and coal trade data
became available for 2016. This might result in breaks in time series between 2015
and 2016.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Myanmar

Statistical

Information

Service,

Myanmar

CentralStatistical

Organisation, Nay Pyi Taw: https://www.mmsis.gov.mm/, accessed in May 2024.
Myanmar Statistical Yearbook, Myanmar Central Statistical Organization, Nay Pyi
Taw, various editions up to 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New York, accessed in May

PAGE | 491

IEA. All rights reserved.

2024, from http://comtrade.un.org/.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 2019, United
Nations, New York.
Direct communication with the Ministry of electricity and Energy, Oil and Gas
Planning Department, Nay Pyi Taw.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific
Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo, 2016, 2017.
Direct communication with the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ),
Tokyo, 2010-2014.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in June 2022: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/ .
Selected Indicators, Myanmar Central Statistical Organisation, Nay Pyi Taw:
www.csostat.gov.mm.
Oil and Thailand, Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy
Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, 2007 to 2013.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy, Planning Department,
Rangoon, 2006-2007.
Review of the Financial Economic and Social Conditions, Ministry of National
Planning and Economic Development, Central Statistical Organisation, Rangoon,
1995, 1996.
Statistical Yearbook, Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development,
Central Statistical Organisation, Rangoon, 1995, 1996.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
The ASEAN Energy Statistics Database.
Online database, Asian Development Bank, Mandaluyong.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2021.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Sectoral Energy Demand in Myanmar, UNDP Economic and Social Commission

PAGE | 492

IEA. All rights reserved.

for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 1992.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Selected Monthly Economic Indicators, paper no. 3, Ministry of Planning and
Finance, Central Statistical Organization, Rangoon, 1989.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Wood data have been submitted by the Ministry of Energy, Rangoon, from 1985
to 2003.
IEA Secretariat estimates based on 1990 data from UNDP Sixth Country
Programme Union of Myanmar, World Bank, Programme Sectoral Review of

PAGE | 493

IEA. All rights reserved.

Energy, by Sousing et. al., Washington DC, 1991.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Namibia
General notes
Data for Namibia are available starting in 1991. Prior to that, data are included in
the Other Africa region.
NamPower data are published on a fiscal year basis spanning from 1st of July Y1 to 30th of June Y. Data for 2021 coming from NamPower correspond to 1st July
2020 to 30th June 2021. This can explain inconsistencies between data sources.
In the 2024 edition, several time series have been revised thanks to new data
available coming from the Ministry of Energy. Breaks in time series may occur
after the introduction of these revisions. Solid Biomass and Charcoal time series
were revised starting from 2010 creating a significant break. For Electricity,disaggregation of the demand was added starting from 2010. Sub-bituminous
Coal, Aviation Gasoline, Jet Fuel and Diesel time series were revised from 2010.
Fuel Oil time series were revised from 2013. LPG time series were revised from2016. Gasoline data was revised from 2012.
In the 2022 edition, solar PV (2018-2019) and solid biofuels (2019) data wererevised based on new data made available by the International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), respectively.
Electricity final consumption data allocated to non-specified other sectors may
contain residential consumption of electricity.
In the 2020 edition, fuelwood production, fuelwood input to charcoal production
and charcoal production were revised from 1991 onwards based on Food andAgriculture Organisation (FAO) data.
In the 2020 edition, other vegetal matters and residues production and use wererevised from 2013 onwards based on population growth.
In the 2020 edition, LPG use was revised from 1996 onwards based on national
data on sales and economic growth, while imports were revised from 2016
onwards based on the United Nations Comtrade database.
In the 2018 edition, charcoal exports were revised from 2000 onwards based on

PAGE | 494

IEA. All rights reserved.

FAO data. This may create break in time series between 1999 and 2000.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 1991 to 2022:
NamPower Annual Report, Namibia Power Corporation, Windhoek, various
editions up to 2022.
Solar Heat Worldwide, AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Gleisdorf,
IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, various editions up to 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, IRENA
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division: http://comtrade.un.org/.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD.Stat, Paris, last access in 2024
Direct communication with the Ministry of Mines and Energy, Windhoek, up to2017.
Statistical Bulletin, 2006-2018, Electricity Control Board, Windhoek.
Namibia Energy Balance 2000-2014, Electricity Control Board, Windhoek.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
February 2022: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

PAGE | 495

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Nepal
General notes
Data for Nepal are available starting in 1971.
Data are reported by Nepal on a fiscal year basis. Data for 2021 correspond to
1 July 2021 – 30 June 2022.
In the 2024 edition, The Nepal Oil Company did not publish its annual report prior
to the release of this publication, so all oil products were estimated based on the
GDP growth rate.In the 2023 edition, official energy statistics and balances fromthe Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) became available foryears 2018, 2019 and 2020. Supply and demand data for these three years havebeen revised for all products. These data led to historical series revisions where
possible, using estimations from the IEA Secretariat. Solar Thermal data are now
included since year 2014. In addition, Hydro, Solar PV and Wind electricity
generation have been revised since year 2000 using WECS and IRENA data.
In the 2021 edition, trade of bitumen and bituminous coal from 2012 onwards wererevised based on official customs data.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Direct communication with the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat(WECS), Ministry of Water Resources, Kathmandu.
Energy Sector Synopsis Report 2022, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat(WECS), Kathmandu.
Imports

and

sales

from

annualreport,

Nepal

oil

Companyfrom:http://www.nea.org.np/annual_report
A Year in Review, Nepal Electricity Authority, Durbar Marg, Kathmandu, various
editions up to fiscal year 2021/22.
Economic Survey 2019/20, Ministry of Finance, Kathmandu.
Foreign Trade Statistics 2021/22, Department of Customs, Ministry of Finance,

PAGE | 496

IEA. All rights reserved.

Kathmandu.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 2022, United
Nations, New York.
Imports and Sales of Petroleum Products, Nepal Oil Corporation Limited,
Kathmandu, various editions up to 2022.
Energy Sector Synopsis Report, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat(WECS), Kathmandu, July 2010.
Renewable energy statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), 2022, Abu Dhabi.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1996:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS), Ministry of Water Resources,
Kathmandu.

PAGE | 497

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Nicaragua
General notes
Data for Nicaragua are available starting in 1971.
In the 2021 edition, 2018 data has been revised to include information from the
Ministerio de Energía y Minas, which was not available at the time of the 2020
edition’s publication. This revision affects most energy products and flows.
In addition specific revisions have been made to gasoline consumption from 2003
and jet fuel kerosene supply and consumption from 2010 to utilise the ministry’s
energy balance information and estimates for domestic aviation consumption andaviation bunkers have been revised from 2017. This may create a break in thetime series.
The 2021 edition also includes new national data on the use of animal waste forthe production of biogas in anaerobic bio-digesters. This creates a break in thetime series between 2018 and 2019 for solid biofuels.
In the 2020 edition, data between 2005 and 2017 were revised to account forenergy balance information available from the Ministerio de Energía y Minas. At
the time of publication, 2018 data were not fully available. For this reason, 2018
data published in 2020 included estimates from the Latin American Energy
Organization (OLADE).

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Balance Energético Nacional, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Managua, 2003 to
2022.
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in May 2024:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
Generación Bruta por Tipo de Planta, Instituto Nicaragüense de Energía,Managua,

editions

1991

to

2022,

last

accessed

in

May

2024:

PAGE | 498

IEA. All rights reserved.

https://www.ine.gob.ni/.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Consumo de Combustible por Tipo de Planta, Instituto Nicaragüense de Energía,Managua,

editions

1991

to

2022,

last

accessed

in

May

2024:

https://www.ine.gob.ni/.
Consumo nacional de hidrocarburos, Instituto Nicaragüense de Energía,Managua, various editions up to 2022, last accessed in

May 2024:

https://www.ine.gob.ni/
Importaciones de hidrocarburos, Instituto Nicaragüense de Energía, Managua,
editions 1998 to 2022, last accessed in May 2024: https://www.ine.gob.ni/.
Centroamérica: Estadísticas de Hidrocarburos, Comisión Económica para
América y el Caribe (CEPAL), United Nations, Mexico City, various editions up to2019.
Traffic Data, Empresa Administradora de Aeropuertos Internacionales, Managua,
accessed in April 2020: https://www.eaai.com.ni/
Estadísticas de los Hidrocarburos, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Managua, 2008
to 2017.
Balance Energético Nacional, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Managua, 1999 to2007.
Balance Energético Nacional, Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE), Dirección de
Políticas Energéticas, Managua, 2000 to 2005.
Estadísticas de Suministro de los Hidrocarburos, Instituto Nicaragüense deEnergía, Managua, 1999 to 2004.
Informe Anual 1996: Datos Estadísticos del Sector Eléctrico, INE, Managua, 1999.
OAG (2021), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, .
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD.Stat, Paris, accessed in May 2024:

PAGE | 499

IEA. All rights reserved.

https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AIRTRANS_CO2.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Niger
General notes
Data for Niger are available starting in 1971. Data prior to 2000 were added in the2021 edition and sourced from the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). Thisaddition led to breaks in time series between 2000 and 2001, particularly in solid
biofuels time series. In previous editions, data for this time period were includedin the “Other Africa” region.
In the 2023 edition, 2021 electricity generation data of secondary oil products arereported individually. Before 2021, individual secondary oil products data were notavailable and the total generation is reported under non-specified oil products for
all years. The division of electricity generation by main activity producers andautoproducers is also not available for 2016 to 2019 and has been estimatedbased on 2015 data.
In the 2023 edition, 2021 natural gas electricity generation efficiency has increased
from 13% to 22% resulting in a significant drop in the related electricity generation
emission factor. The underlying data have been collected from and confirmed by
the Niger Système d'Informations Energétiques de l'Union Economique etMonétaire Ouest-Africaine (SIE-UEMOA).
At the time of preparation of the 2021 edition, no official data were available from
Niger for 2017 to 2019. As a consequence, the statistics and balances for theseyears have been created based on available economic indicators from the United
Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) and newly available energy data from the
Système d'Informations Energétiques de l'Union Economique et Monétaire OuestAfricaine (SIE-UEMOA). Data for 2017 to 2019 have been revised to reflect thisnew source. Electricity flows, diesel flows, crude oil production, and LPG
consumption in electricity plants have also been revised for 2016.
In the 2019 edition, the IEA secretariat started to estimate domestic aviation. The
revisions made to integrate this information lead to breaks in time series between

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IEA. All rights reserved.

2000 and 2001.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Système d'Informations Energétiques de l'Union Economique et Monétaire OuestAfricaine (SIE-UEMOA), UEMOA Commission, Ouagadougou, last accessed inJune 2024: http://sie.uemoa.int/.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York, various editions up to 2023.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), 2024, Abu Dhabi.
OAG (2021), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Oil, Niamey.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:Système d'Informations Energétiques de l'Union Economique et Monétaire OuestAfricaine (SIE-UEMOA), UEMOA Commission, Ouagadougou, last accessed inJune 2024: http://sie.uemoa.int/.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Oil, Niamey.

PAGE | 501

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Nigeria
General notes
Data for Nigeria are available starting in 1971.
Nigeria is one of the ten countries that benefit from EU Support to IEA Data for
Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa.
In the 2024 edition, data on solid biofuels consumption in the residential sector
were revised downwards due to a new assumption about per capita consumption.
This revision follows the implementation of a bottom-up methodology, providing amore accurate estimation of biofuel usage.
Data sources used by IEA may not account for “unofficial” oil products exports toneighbouring countries.
Crude oil production and export data may include field condensate.
Statistical differences may include stocks and unofficial trade flows.
Inputs of motor gasoline and gas/diesel to back-up electricity generation, as wellas the associated electricity outputs, which may be substantial in Nigeria, may not
be properly reported.
In the 2023 edition, electricity generation data from 2020 for hydro and natural gas
are taken from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). Consequently, a data
break may appear between 2019 and 2020.
In the 2024 edition, bituminous coal consumption in the non-metallic minerals
sector was revised from 2000. Data are estimated with a bottom-up approachbased on cement production.
In the 2022 edition, gas/diesel oil consumption in the road transport sector was reestimated from 2018 to 2019 based on sectoral GDP growth reported by theCentral Bank of Nigeria.
In the 2022 edition, fuel oil, bitumen, and non-specified oil products production
was revised for 2019 based on data from the Joint Organisations Data Initiative(JODI). Consequently, non-specified oil products imports and transfers andrefinery feedstocks transfers and transformation were revised for 2019 based on
IEA Secretariat estimates and data from the Nigerian National Petroleum

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Corporation.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2019 edition, the IEA Secretariat started to estimate domestic aviation. The
revisions made to integrate this information led to breaks in time series between
2009 and 2010.
In the 2018 edition, new information became available through the department ofPetroleum Resources. Breaks in time series can be observed between 2009 and2010 for motor gasoline, jet kerosene, diesel, and fuel oil; and between 2013 and2014 for lubricants. Electricity losses have been fixed at 15% starting from 2007.
In the 2017 edition, new information became available through the Nigerian
National Petroleum Corporation for natural gas liquids. Break in time series canbe observed between 2012 and 2013.
In the 2017 edition, naphtha data were added. Breaks in time series can beobserved in other oil products and naphtha in 2003 and 2015.
In the 2015 edition, new information became available indicating that on-grid
power generation has been fuelled by natural gas for many years. This may leadto breaks in time series between 1996 and 1997.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Energy Commission of Nigeria, Abuja.
Direct communication with the African Energy Commission, Algiers, Algeria.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
Annual Petroleum Bulletin, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC),
Abuja, various editions from 1998 to 2020.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in April 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/2018 Oil and Gas Annual Report, Department of Petroleum Resources, Lagos.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2023.
Statistical Bulletin, Central Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, various editions from 2003 to

PAGE | 503

IEA. All rights reserved.

2023.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Monthly Petroleum Bulletin, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC),
Abuja, various edition up to December 2019.
Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 1995, Central Bank of Nigeria, Lagos,
1996.
Nigerian Petroleum News, Energy Publications, monthly reports, various issues
up to May 1998.
2022 Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), United
Nations, New York.
OAG (2020), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, Central Bank of Nigeria, Lagos,
various editions from 1981 to 1987.
Basic Energy Statistics for Nigeria, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation,
Lagos, 1984.
NNPC Annual Statistical Bulletin, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation,
Lagos, 1983 to 1987.
The Economic and Financial Review, Central Bank of Nigeria, Lagos, various
editions.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
IEA Secretariat estimates based on 1991 data from Forests and Biomass Subsector in Africa, African Energy Programme of the African Development Bank,
Abidjan, 1996.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, various

PAGE | 504

IEA. All rights reserved.

editions up to 2024.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Republic of North Macedonia
General notes
Data for North Macedonia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they areincluded in Former Yugoslavia.
North Macedonia changed the methodology for reporting autoproducer heatconsumption for own use in 2010, which can lead to breaks in time series between
2009 and 2010.
The refinery OKTA in North Macedonia was shut down in 2014. This may lead tobreaks in time series between 2013 and 2014.
The State Statistical Office revised the energy balances from 2005 to 2014 inaccordance with the survey conducted in 2014 on household energy consumption.
In the 2024 edition, the North Macedonian administration informed the IEA
Secretariat that consumption of aviation gasoline in non-energy use transport will
be reallocated to energy-use. Revisions are expected in the next publication.
In the 2023 edition, electricity imports and exports were revised from 2019 to 2020
to include transit trade. Electricity trade prior to 2019 represents net trade values
and does not include the amount in transit, leading to breaks in the time series
between 2018 and 2019.

Sources
Sources 1990 to 2022:
Direct communication with the State Statistical Office of North Macedonia,
Department for Environment, Energy and Transport, Skopje.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oman
General notes
Data for Oman are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat started estimating LNG consumption formarine bunkers. Data is only available for 2022 and revisions for previous years
are expected in the next publication.
The interconnected nature of the Mina-Al-Fahal and Suhar oil refineries isreflected in the fuel oil data, leading to breaks in time series for some products
between 2007 and 2008.
The 2021 edition includes revisions to crude oil refinery input in 2018, revisions togasoline imports for 2018, revisions to kerosene residential consumption acrossthe time series and revisions to jet fuel kerosene allocation between international
aviation bunkers and domestic aviation from 2009 onwards, in order to reflect new
information available and improved estimates. In the 2020 edition, solar
photovoltaic production was included from 2013 onwards, based on capacity datafrom the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
In the 2014 edition, data on electricity from the Authority for Electricity Regulation
became available; as a result, breaks in time series between 2004 and 2005 may
be observed.
In 2006, the Suhar Refinery came online. Breaks in time series may be observedin oil products between 2005 and 2006.

Sources
Sources 2005 to 2022:
Statistical Yearbook, National Centre for Statistics and Information (NSCI),
Muscat, various editions from 1999 to 2022.
Annual report, Authority for Electricity Regulation (AER), Oman, various editions
from 2005 to 2022.
Annual report, Oman LNG Company, Ghala, various editions from 2009 to 2022.
Annual Report, Central Bank of Oman, Muscat, various editions up to 2022.

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Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Online statistics, Sultanate of Oman, Ministry of Oil and Gas, last accessed inJune 2023: https://data.gov.om/
Renewable energy statistics 2021, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022.
Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2022.
The LNG Industry, International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers(GIIGNL), Neuilly sur Seine, 2005-2021.
OAG (2021), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2004:
Direct communication with the Ministry of National Economy, Muscat.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Oil and Gas, Muscat.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals, Muscat, 1997,
1998, and 1999.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Electricity & Water, Office of the Under
Secretary, Ruwi, 1998 to 2001.
Quarterly Bulletin December 1994, Central Bank of Oman, Muscat, 1995.
Annual Report, Central Bank of Oman, Muscat, 1993.
Statistical Yearbook, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, Ministry of Development, Muscat,
1995 to 1998.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Quarterly Bulletin, Central Bank of Oman, Muscat, 1986, 1987, 1989 and 1995.
Annual Report to His Majesty the Sultan of Oman, Department of Information andPublic Affairs, Petroleum Development, Muscat, 1981, 1982, and 1984.
Oman Facts and Figures 1986, Directorate General of National Statistics,
Development Council, Technical Secretariat, Muscat, 1987.
Quarterly Bulletin on Main Economic Indicators, Directorate General of National

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Statistics, Muscat, 1989.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Statistical Yearbook, Directorate General of National Statistics, Development

PAGE | 508

IEA. All rights reserved.

Council, Muscat, 1985, 1986, 1988 and 1992.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Pakistan
General notes
Data for Pakistan are available starting in 1971.
Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. Data for year Y represent the fiscal yearthat goes from 1st of July year Y to 30th of June year Y+1.
As Pakistan publishes oil products stock changes at an aggregated level, the IEA
Secretariat estimates detailed stock changes by product.
Own use of electricity by industries with autoproducer electricity plants may not be
captured.
For bitumen and lubricants, data for stock variations may include unreported tradeor consumption.
At the time of preparation of the 2023 edition, 2021 official data for Pakistan were
not available yet. 2021 data are therefore entirely estimated by the IEA Secretariat
based on available secondary sources.
In the 2021 edition, the 2018 figures of electricity, non-combustible renewables,
primary and secondary oil products, natural gas and coal products have beenrevised due to 2018 Energy Yearbook of Pakistan being available.
In the 2019 edition, various improvements were made in the following areas: oil
refineries own use of all products has been split more accurately between fuel oil,
LPG and refinery gas to take into account official data (2010-2016); official
information on LPG stock changes has been introduced (2010-2016); LPG
consumption in other non-specified sector has been revised to take into accountofficial data (2001-2016); motor gasoline data has been revised to include
production and imports of HOBC (High Octane Blending Component) as per
official information (1996-2016); and imports of LNG have been taken into accountbased on official information (2014-2016).
In the 2009 edition, time series data for natural gas for the years 2004-2007 wererevised due to the inclusion of the North-West Frontier Province data (now called
KPK) and Pakistan Steel Mills. Breaks in time series may occur between 2003 andPAGE | 509

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2004.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Energy Yearbook, Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry ofPetroleum and Natural Resources, Islamabad, various editions from 1979 to 2022.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022.
Pakistan Economic Survey 1994-1995, 1996, 1997, Government of Pakistan,Finance Division, Islamabad, 1995, 1997, 1998.
Statistical Supplement 1993/1994, Finance Division, Economic Adviser's Wing,
Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 1995.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Monthly Statistical Bulletin, no. 12, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Islamabad,
December 1989.
1986 Bulletin, State Bank of Pakistan, Islamabad, 1987.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
IEA Secretariat estimates based on 1991 data from Household Energy Strategy

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Study (HESS), Islamabad, 1991.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

PanamaGeneral notes
Data for Panama are available starting in 1971.
International aviation bunkers figures for jet kerosene may include exports.
Import figures for diesel and residual fuel oil are calculated by excluding bunkeruse.
In the 2022 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised fuel oil and diesel imports andinternational marine bunkers data for 2018 and 2019 due to newly available
information from Autoridad Marítima de Panamá.
In the 2021 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised electricity generation from oil
products from 2010 onwards. This can lead to a break in time series between 2009
and 2010.
In the 2021 edition, the final consumption of diesel in agriculture and forestry wasreclassified as fishing due to newly available information from the Compendio
Estadístico Energético.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised Panama data from 2010 onwards
based on the national energy balances from the Ministry of Economics andFinance. This might affect electricity trade and losses, motor gasoline stockchanges and road consumption, fuel oil imports and international marine bunkers,
bituminous coal imports and inputs to main activity producer electricity plants.
In the 2020 edition, the final consumption of motor gasoline in agriculture andforestry was reclassified as fishing due to newly available information from theCompendio Estadístico Energético.
In the 2020 edition, LPG imports, exports, stock changes, final consumption in
non-specified industry, in non-specified transport and in residential andcommercial and public services from 2010 onwards were revised due to newly
available data.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat reported use of coal in autoproducers
electricity plants as a new plant within the mining sector, Minera Panamá, started
its operations in 2018.
In the 2020 edition, due to the beginning of commercial operations of the Costa

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Norte plant on 1st of September 2018, the IEA Secretariat reported natural gas

World energy balances 2024 Edition

imports, use by main activity producers and corresponding electricity generationin 2018, based on available information from the Compendio Estadístico
Energético.
In the 2019 edition, time series for fuelwood data were revised based on data fromthe Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE). Break in time series can beobserved between 1999 and 2000.
From 2003 onwards, there has been no domestic production of oil products due
to refinery closure.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Compendio Estadístico Energético 1970-2022, Ministerio de Economía yFinanzas, Comisión de Política Energética, Panamá.
Boletín Estadístico Marítimo Portuario, Autoridad Marítima de Panamá (AMP),
Panamá, 2007 to 2022, www.amp.gob.pa.
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in March 2024:
http://sielac.olade.org/
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 2021 Annual Report, United
Nations, New York.
Energy Statistics Manual 2017, Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE),
Quito: http://www.olade.org/publicaciones/
OAG (2018), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
Annual Report, Canal de Panamá, Panamá, 2012.
US Energy Information Administration (EIA), Washington DC, marine bunkers

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data from 2001 to 2006.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Paraguay
General notes
Data for Paraguay are available starting in 1971.
The Itaipu hydroelectric plant, operating since 1984 and located on the ParanáRiver (which forms the border of Brazil and Paraguay) was formed as a joint
venture between Eletrobrás and the Paraguayan government.
Paraguay is ongoing harmonization efforts with IRES. This process is not yet
concluded and has so far applied to 2021 and 2022 data only. Revisions tohistorical data are possible in the future. In the 2024 edition, as a result of thisharmonisation, 2021 and 2022 data for different fuels include a breakdown ofindustrial consumption, information on aviation and marine bunkers, and new
information on biodiesel and electricity generation from bagasse, fuel wood andother biomass and residues. This leads to a structural break in data between 2020
and 2021. However, information on gas/diesel oil use in marine bunkers and indomestic navigation is also available for 2020. The new biodiesel time series isavailable from 2007 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, revisions to 2018 kerosene and jet kerosene data have beenmade. In addition, 2006-2009 data has been revised to reflect revisions on nationalenergy balances. These have led to changes to charcoal, gasoline, diesel, fuel oil
and ethanol flows. The 2021 edition also revises electricity data to include small
imports of electricity in 2005 and 2006.
In the 2020 edition, 2015 data on coal and fuel wood were revised, as well as 2013
data on electricity demand and 2012 data on diesel oil, due to revision of nationalenergy balances. Data was revised for lubricants from 2003, bitumen from 1994
and petroleum coke between 2013 and 2015 due to new information from Banco
Central del Paraguay. This may lead to break in time series.
Paraguay’s cement industry underwent a fuel switch from fuel oil to petroleum
coke. The consequent increase in petroleum coke imports and use is reflected in
the data. In the 2020 edition, imports data for 2014 and 2015 were revised basedon new trade information.
In the 2020 edition, new information on the industrial consumption of solid fuels
led to a reallocation of industrial consumption of charcoal and anthracite to theiron and steel industry. Paraguay is continuing to developing its statistical system

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further and additional data and sectoral disaggregation is likely to be available inWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

the future and taken into account in future editions. At present, there is no available
information on the capacity and generation of solar and wind power.
In the 2019 edition, wood data was revised for 2016 due to a revision of the wooddensity used by the source. This led to a break in time series between 2015 and2016.
In the 2019 edition, new information became available on the split between
international and domestic use of jet kerosene from 2005 onwards. The
consequent data revision may lead in break in time series between 2004 and2005.
In 2015, Paraguay surveyed the charcoal production plants. The results allowed
to correct the efficiency of the process down to 49%. This change is implemented
in the data from 2015 onwards and leads to a break in the time series of wood
input to charcoal production plants.
From 2006 onwards, there has been no output of oil products, due to refineryclosure.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Balance Energético Nacional, 1971-2022, Viceministerio de Energía y Minas,
Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Comunicaciones, San Lorenzo.
Direct communication with Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Comunicaciones, San
Lorenzo.
Serie detallada de Comercio Exterior, Banco Central del Paraguay, Asunción,
accessed in December 2023: www.bcp.gov.py
Boletín de Comercio Exterior – Trimestral, Banco Central del Paraguay, Asunción,
accessed in December 2023: www.bcp.gov.py
OAG (2018), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,

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Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Peru
General notes
Data for Peru are available starting in 1971.
The 2021 edition includes revisions to coke oven coke from 2012, to reclassify aproportion of this as petroleum coke in line with ministry published data. There arealso revisions to diesel stock changes from 2016 and non-specified oil production
and NGL transfers from 2010, to incorporate additional information reported in the
Balance Nacional de Energía.
In the 2020 edition, marine bunkers data for 2017 and 2018 is now reported by
the Ministerio de Energía y Minas, as well as 2018 aviation bunkers. Electricity
generation data is revised from 2016 to incorporate additional information from theAnuario Estadístico de Electricidad. NGL data was revised from 2004. Following
information from national energy balances, transfers have been revised andrefinery feedstocks data became available from 2012 onwards. Breaks in timeseries may occur between 2011 and 2012.
Liquid biofuels are included in the energy balances from 2010 onwards.
Between 2015 and 2016, there is a break in time series due to a restructuring ofenergy balance for demand side of energy products.
In the 2019 edition, an allocation between domestic and international aviation
consumption of jet kerosene was estimated by the IEA Secretariat since 2010 and
up to 2017. This may lead break in time series between 2009 and 2010.
In the 2018 edition, crude oil and NGL figures were revised for the years 20042015 due to change of the methodology. This may lead to different trends
compared to previous editions of this publication.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Direct communication with Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Oficina Técnica deEnergía, Lima.
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in January 20232:

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http://sielac.olade.org/.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Balance Nacional de Energía, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Lima, various
editions up to 2022.
Anuario Estadístico de Electricidad, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Lima, editions
2016 to 2022.
Anuario Estadístico de Hidrocarburos, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Lima,
edition 2022.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 2022 Annual Report, United
Nations, New York.
Hidrocarburos Estadisticas, Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía yMinería, Lima, 2012.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Philippines
General notes
Data for the Philippines are available starting in 1971.
In the 2023 edition, due to new available information, coke oven coke consumption
in blast furnaces (transformation) and blast furnace gas production andconsumption were revised to zero as well as coke oven coke imports from 1990
onwards, whereas non-energy use of sub-bituminous coal was added, from 1990
onwards.
In the 2021 edition, electricity consumption data for industry (1990-2011, 20162018), commercial and public services, agriculture and fishing sector (1990-2007)
were revised as new information from the Ministry of Energy became available.
Similarly, solid biofuels including fuelwood, bagasse, charcoal (1971-2018) andanimal waste (1990-2009), as well as liquid biofuels including biogasoline andbiodiesel (2005-2009, 2015, 2017) and municipal waste (2009) were revised as
new information from Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) became
available.
In the 2021 edition, other bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal data from 1990
onwards for supply side and input to power plants flow were revised as Ministry ofEnergy confirmed that only sub-bituminous coal is produced, traded andconsumed in the Philippines.
In the 2020 edition, electricity final consumption was revised from 2016 onwards
due to new information provided by the Department of Energy.
In the 2018 edition, data for 2012-2016 for bagasse has been revised. This maylead to breaks in time series between 2011 and 2012.

Sources
Sources 1990 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Department of Energy, Manila.
Energy Commodity Account (ECA) and Overall Energy Balance (OEB), 19902022 submitted by the Department of Energy, Manila.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation annual energy questionnaires, Asia Pacific

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Energy Research Centre (APERC), Tokyo.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Report, Semirara Mining Corporation, 2006-2022.
Dow Jones Coal Price and Industry Statistics, Dow Jones Energy Limited, London,
2024.
Steel statistical yearbook 1980-2023, World Steel Association, Brussels:www.worldsteel.org/statistics/.
Kpler.com, London, data obtained in June 2024.
Philippines Energy Bulletin 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, Manila.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1989:
Direct communication with the Office of Energy Affairs, Manila.
APEC Energy Statistics 1994, Tokyo, October 1996.
1990 Power Development Program (1990-2005), National Power Corporation,
Manila, 1990.
Philippine Medium-term Energy Plan 1988-1992, Office of Energy Affairs, Manila,
1989.
Philippine Statistical Yearbook 19771983, National Economic and Development
Authority, Manila.
1985 and 1989 Annual Report, National Power Corporation, Manila, 1986, 1990.
Philippine Economic Indicators, National Economic and Development Authority,
Manila, various editions of 1985.
Accomplishment Report: Energy SelfReliance 1973-1983, Ministry of Energy,
Manila, 1984.
Industrial Energy Profiles 19721979, vol. 14, Ministry of Energy, Manila, 1980.
National Energy Program, Ministry of Energy, Manila, 19821987 and 19861990.
Philippine Statistics 19741981, Ministry of Energy, Manila, 1982.
Energy Statistics, National Economic and Development Authority, Manila, 1983.

PAGE | 518

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Quarterly Review, Office of Energy Affairs, Manila, various editions.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

PAGE | 519

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Qatar
General notes
Data for Qatar are available starting in 1971.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensates.
Natural gas liquids (NGL) include field condensates, propane, butane and ethane
production from natural gas processing plants. NGL produced from liquefied
natural gas production plants and gas-to-liquids plants may be excluded.
Propane and butane from natural gas processing plants are transferred toliquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Ethane from natural gas processing plants istransferred to ethane.
Information on the use of LPG and ethane in the petrochemical sector is from 2005
onward. This may lead to breaks in time series for these products between 2004
and 2005.
In 2010, a new ethane cracker began operations in Ras Laffan, Qatar, withproduction capacity of 1.3 million tonnes per year. Breaks in time series in LPG
and ethane production can be seen between 2009 and 2010.
Electricity production from autoproducers includes generation by desalination
plants since 1988. Own use of electricity includes use by desalination plants sincea breakdown is not available. Electricity consumption in industry includes
electricity consumption by the energy sector.
Three satellite power stations located outside of Doha are included as mainelectricity producers up to 2014. In 2015, these power stations are not reported
and are likely included as part of RAF-A station as auto production.
In the 2024 edition, crude oil production data were revised for the period 20192021 using official data from Qatar Energy.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated the electricity consumption of
Qatar’s electric bus fleet. This is now reflected in Road Transport final
consumption for year 2022.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat undertook specific work to improve its
estimations on Qatar refinery output data. This resulted in major revisions in

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secondary oil products production data for the period 2017-2021. Users mayWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

observe data breaks between 2016 and 2017 for these products, as a result of
this methodology improvement.
In the 2023 edition, due to official data being unavailable to the IEA Secretariat,
primary and secondary oil products trade and demand data were estimated.
In the 2022 edition, NGL transfers to Ethane and Ethane non-energy use wererevised for the period 2011-2019, as new information from ethylene production
plants became available to the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2022 edition, Natural Gas consumption in Iron and Steel Industry data wererevised for the period 2006-2019, as new information from Qatar Steel became
available to the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2022 edition, Electricity Losses and Final Consumption were revised foryear 2018, as new information from Kahramaa became available to the IEA
Secretariat.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with Qatar Statistical Authority, Doha.
Direct communication with Qatar Energy, Doha.
Direct communication with Kahramaa, Qatar General Electricity and Water
Corporation, Doha.
Direct communication with National Minerals Information Center, U.S Geological
Survey, Reston.
Statistics Report, Kahramaa, Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation,
Doha, editions 2005 to 2008, 2010 to 2021.
Qatar in Figures, Qatar Statistics Authority, Doha, 2011-2022 editions.
Integrated Report, Qatar Petrochemical Company, Doha, various editions up to
2021.
Annual Report, Qatar Fertilizer Company, Doha, various editions up to 2022.
Annual Report, Industries Qatar, Doha, various editions up to 2022.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), accessed in

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April 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Electricity, 2011-2018.
Annual Report 2004-2022, Qatar Energy, Doha.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
The LNG Industry, International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers(GIIGNL), Neuilly sur Seine, various editions up to 2023.
Statistics Archives, World Steel Association, Brussels, www.worldsteel.org.
Sustainability Report 2019, Qatar Steel, Mesaieed.
Annual Statistical Abstract, Qatar Statistics Authority, Doha, 1994 to 2012.
Kpler.com, London, data obtained in May 2024.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Qatar General Petroleum Corporation 19811985, General Petroleum Corporation,
Doha, 1986.
Economic Survey of Qatar 1990, Ministry of Economy and Commerce,
Department of Economic Affairs, Doha, 1991.
Statistical Report 1987 Electricity & Water, Ministry of Electricity, Doha, 1988.
State of Qatar Seventh Annual Report 1983, Qatar Monetary Agency, Department

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of Research and Statistics, Doha, 1984.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Romania
General notes
Data for Romania are available starting in 1971.
Romania’s methodology for estimating indigenous production of geothermalenergy differs from the one that IEA has adopted. Therefore, data comparisons
between Romania and other countries might be misleading.
Data on quantities of coke oven coke used in blast furnaces do not correspond tothe official submission of the national administration, as they have been estimatedby the IEA Secretariat to ensure a carbon balance in the blast furnacetransformation.
For 2023p, data of electricity and heat generation from some products are notavailable.
In the 2021 edition, net calorific values (NCVs) reported by Romania were used toconvert physical data to energy units. In previous years, IEA standard NCVs wereused. As a result, the time series of primary and secondary oil products in energy
units were revised for varying periods between 1990 and 2018. Furthermore, theNCVs for coal products have been aligned to the reported ones, leading torevisions especially for the coal data in energy units used in power plants.
The break in time series for geothermal consumption in the Residential sector in2020 is due to reporting issues in Romania. Geothermal consumption in 2020 is
expected to be revised in the 2024 edition.
Heat production from Geothermal Autoproducer heat plants for 2018 and 2020 are
missing in the 2023 edition. Heat production values are expected to be revised in
the 2024 edition.
Disaggregated Heat production for preliminary 2022 data is estimated by the IEA
secretariat except of Natural Gas and Residual Fuel Oil.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with the National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest.

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Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Buletin Statistic de Informare Publica, Comisia Nationala Pentru Statistica,
Bucharest, various editions up to June 1995.
Renel Information Bulletin, Romanian Electricity Authority, Bucharest, 1990, 1991,
1992, 1993, 1994. Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste Romania, Comisia
Nationala Pentru Statistica, Bucharest, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991.

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Russian Federation
General notes
Data for the Russian Federation are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they
are included in Former Soviet Union.
For 2021,2022, and 2023p all data have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat,
based on official publically available sources.
For data prior to 2020, annual statistics are based on annual joint
IEA/Eurostat/UNECE questionnaires submissions received from Rosstat, theofficial data provider to the IEA. Data may differ from secondary sources, anddiscrepancies are being investigated.
In 2007, the Federal State Statistics Service introduced a new classification, theRussian Classification of Economic Activities (OKVED), oriented towards
harmonization with the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in theEuropean Community (NACE Rev.1). Data for the years prior to 2005 were
submitted to the IEA Secretariat according to the Russian Classification of theIndustries of the Economy (OKONKH). Therefore, breaks in time series for final
consumption sectors may occur between 2004 and 2005.

Coal
Coal statistics provided by Rosstat may differ from those collected by
Rosinformugol. Blast furnace gas values since 2012 utilise a different
methodology to that of prior years (where heat from other sources than blast
furnace gas had been attributed to blast furnace gas). Some coal trade frompartners of the Customs Union has been estimated by the IEA Secretariat andadditionally removed from indigenous production where it may be reported in dataof other organisations.

Oil
For 2020, due to data availability, sectoral demand trends have been kept uniform
for a given oil product. Furthermore, stock changes for several oil products havebeen used as a balancing item or kept zero.
Due to the classification system (Russian Classification of Product by Economic
Activities) used by the Russian administration, breaks between 2017 and 2018

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occur in the time series of some products. In particular, there is a break in stocks

World energy balances 2024 Edition

for other oil products between 2017 and 2018 and an absence of data for refinery
gas, which results in a reduction of total oil consumption in the chemical sector
and refinery fuel use from 2018 onwards.
In the 2019 edition, naphtha exports and non-energy consumption in the chemicaland petrochemical sector from 2011 to 2016 have been revised by the IEA
Secretariat based on information provided by Rosstat. Prior to 2011 domestic
consumption of naphtha was calculated as residual in the Russian balance and islikely to be overestimated.
Recent refinery upgrade projects have resulted in an increase in the production ofgasoline and diesel affecting the refinery yield spread in 2017 and onwards.
Condensate quantities reported by Rosstat are included under natural gas liquids(NGL) rather than crude oil.
Jet kerosene output is confidential and estimated based on historical refinery
throughput growth rate. No information on vacuum gas oil is available.
Jet kerosene consumption split between international and domestic aviation is
unknown so consumption is equally split between the two flows.
LPG refinery output may include output from gas separation plants.
Information on international marine bunkers consumption is submitted from 2010
with high fluctuation in time series.
From 2017, data for gas/diesel oil deliveries to international marine bunkers wasestimated by the IEA Secretariat.
2018 and 2019 data for non-energy use of LPG and white spirit in the chemicaland petrochemical sector were estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
2019 data for output and consumption of naphtha in the chemical sector were
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
2018 and 2019 data for gas/diesel, fuel oil and white spirit output were estimatedby the IEA Secretariat.
2018 and 2019 data for exports of gas/diesel oil, fuel oil and other oil products
were estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

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2019 data for output of other oil products was estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Restrictions on refuelling of international vessels in Russian ports were lifted in
December 2016 as a result consumption of oil products in navigation increased in
2017.
Interproduct transfers of jet kerosene to gas diesel oil represent quantities blended
with marine diesel to improve the cold flow properties of artic marine diesel.

Natural gas
In the 2021 edition, the Russian Federation revised 2018 natural gas stock levels,
leading to revised figures for 2018 statistical differences and total energy supply.
In the 2017 edition, the Russian Federation revised natural gas data back to 2013.
From 2009, all data concerning LNG trade and LNG production have been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Oil and gas extraction includes natural gas consumed by oil refineries.

Biofuels and waste
Charcoal data are reported with solid biofuels from 2010 to 2014.
Solid biofuels indigenous production and input to charcoal production plants are
estimated by the IEA Secretariat starting in 2015.
The geothermal input to main activity electricity plant was estimated by IEASecretariat for 2013 and 2014.

Electricity and heatFor 2020, due to data availability, for a given fuel, the ratio of electricity output by
plant type has been held at 2019 values. Similarly, the efficiencies of mostcombustible fuel plants have been kept at 2019 levels.
In 2017, the Russian administration transitioned to a new classification system(the new Russian National Classifier of Types of Economic Activity). As a result,some breaks in-series may occur between 2016 and 2017.
Data for electric boilers may include heat pumps, as disaggregated data for heatpumps are not collected by Rosstat.
The split between main activity producer and autoproducer plants, and electricity
only and CHP plants is as provided by Rosstat. This deviates significantly fromPAGE | 527

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the definitions used by the IEA.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For 2018, the decrease in heat consumption in the Machinery sector is due toreduced economic activity in that sector.
The decrease in heat output from gas/diesel oil in Autoproducer CHP plants from2016 onwards is due to fuel switching to natural gas.
The 2015 data for electricity and heat show a substantial drop in heat production
on autoproducer plants fuelled by natural gas. These figures have been confirmedby the Russian authorities.
The 2013 data for electricity and heat show a substantial drop in the efficiency of
autoproducer heat plants fuelled by natural gas as well as a decrease inproduction and consumption of heat. These figures have been confirmed by the
Russian authorities.
Heat from other sources is produced from recovered waste heat.

Sources
Sources 1990 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Department of Foreign Statistics and International
Cooperation from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), Moscow, RussianFederation.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
Energy trade: direct communication with the Federal State Statistics Service, July
1994.
Statistical Yearbook of Russia 1994. The State Committee of Statistics, Moscow,
1994.
The Russian Federation in 1992, Statistical Yearbook, the Federal State Statistics
Service, Moscow, 1993.
Russian Federation External Trade, annual and quarterly various editions, theFederal State Statistics Service, Moscow.
Statistical Bulletin, various editions, the State Committee of Statistics of the CIS,
Moscow, 1993, 1994.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Statistical Bulletin N° 3, the Federal State Statistics Service, Moscow, 1992.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Fuel and Energy Balance of Russia 1990, the Federal State Statistics Service,
Moscow, 1991.
Energetika, EnergoAtomisdat, Moscow, 1981 to 1987.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The Federal State Statistics Service.

PAGE | 529

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

RwandaGeneral notes
Rwanda data are available from 1971 onwards.
Prior to 2000, all data are based on the United Nations Statistics Division data and
IEA Secretariat estimates. Breaks in time series appear in UNSD data.
Trade of bituminous coal is based on the United Nations trade data. Peat
production is estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on Energy Planning
Department data.
In the 2022 edition, Electricity generation, trade and demand data were provided
by the Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) for years 2019 and 2020.
Electricity generation from regionally shared hydro power plants is now reported
in Hydro main activity producer electricity plants for years 2019 and 2020, while itis reported in Electricity imports until 2018. Data up to 2018 are estimated by the
IEA Secretariat based on UNSD data and data provided by the Energy Planning
Department, and have been revised by the IEA Secretariat.
In the 2022 edition, the IEA Secretariat received the Rwanda Household Survey
2019/2020 published by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). Thissurvey provides information on residential, commercial and industrial consumptionof biofuels for year 2020. Therefore the published 2020 data on biofuels demandis based on this source, and the time series has been revised according to current
information. Biofuels production data is still estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
The break observed in Charcoal production and Fuelwood input to charcoal
production plants time series between 1997 and 1998 is due to a break included
in data from FAO.
In the 2022 edition, Oil products trade and demand data in Rwanda for years 2019and 2020 were provided by RURA. From 2000 to 2009, oil products data aremainly extracted from the AFREC database. Between 2010 and 2015, most of oildata come from the Energy Planning Department. More recent data have been
estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on population, economic developments or
AFREC trends.
In the 2022 edition, Natural gas data for years 2019 and 2020 are estimated by
the IEA Secretariat based on RURA data regarding electricity generation in natural
gas power plants. Data up to 2018 are estimated by the IEA Secretariat using

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RURA, UNSD Energy Planning Department data.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Energy Planning Department.
Direct communication with the Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority.
Statistical Yearbook, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, various editions up
to 2022.
Africa Energy database, African Energy Commission, Algiers, accessed in April
2024.
Energy Statistics Yearbook 2020, United Nations, New York, 2022.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, accessed March
2021, from http://comtrade.un.org/.
Forestry

Statistics,

FAO,

Rome,

accessedin

October2023:

http://www.fao.org/faostat.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with the Energy Planning Department.
Rwanda Household Survey 2019/2020, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda,
Kigali, March 2021.
Forestry

Statistics,

FAO,

Rome,

accessedin

October2023:

http://www.fao.org/faostat.

PAGE | 531

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Saudi Arabia
General notes
Data for Saudi Arabia are available starting in 1971.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensate. Field
condensate quantities are included with natural gas liquids.
Data for crude oil production include 50 per cent of the output of the Neutral Zone,
shared with Kuwait. Similarly, crude oil production includes 50% of the output of
the Abu Safa field shared with Bahrain.
Natural gas consumption for oil and gas extraction may include quantities used inoil refineries.
In the 2024 edition, the 2022 annual report from the Saudi Arabian Monetary
Agency was not available. As a consequence, oil products refinery production
for 2022 has been mostly estimated based on secondary sources.
From the 2022 edition, fuels’ consumption for electricity generation for 2020, 2021
and 2022 was estimated by the IEA Secretariat because national sources did not
publish such statistics.
In the 2024 edition, LPG exports and non-energy use time series were revised
from 2000 onwards due to new available information.
In the 2023 edition, fuel oil consumption in industry for 2020 was revised due to
new available information.
In the 2022 edition, exports and non-energy use data for LPG and naphtha havebeen revised from 2000 onwards due to new available information. This might leadto breaks in both the time series between 1999 and 2000.
In the 2022 edition, bitumen production and imports data were revised from 1995
onwards to reflect official data more accurately. Similarly, crude oil consumption
in non-especified industry was revised fom 2017 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, data on fuel oil input to electricity production have been revisedfor 2012-2019 in light of new information on power generation.
In the 2020 edition, data on electricity as well as multiple products related to

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IEA. All rights reserved.

electricity generation (natural gas, crude oil, gas/diesel, fuel oil) were revised fromWorld energy balances 2024 Edition2012 onwards due to newly available information. This might lead to breaks in timeseries between 2011 and 2012.
In the 2020 edition, crude oil and gasoline stock changes have been revised due
to a change in methodology.
In the 2020 edition, new data became available, modifying the estimation ofnatural gas consumption as feedstock in ammonia and methanol manufacturefrom 2005 onwards. This may lead to breaks in the time series between 2004 and2005.
In the 2015 edition, new data became available, allowing the estimation of natural
gas consumption as a feedstock in ammonia and methanol manufacture from1990 to 2013. The remaining natural gas consumption has been allocated to thenon-specified industry sector. Breaks in time series may occur between 1989 and1990 for this reason.
Electricity production from autoproducers includes generation by desalination
plants since 1979.
Electricity end use specific to the agriculture and forestry sector has not beenreported since 2015.
New Yasref refinery in Yanbu came online in 2015 with 400 kbd refining capacity.
Breaks in time series for oil industry consumption of oil products and diesel output
from refineries may be observed between 2014 and 2015.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Annual Reports, Saudi ARAMCO, Dhahran, various editions up to 2023.
Annual Report, Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Research and Statistics
Department, Riyadh, various editions up to 2021.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in April 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/ .
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.

PAGE | 533

IEA. All rights reserved.

Kpler.com, London, data obtained in March 2024.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Air Transport CO2 Emissions database, Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development, Paris, last accessed in May 2024.
Statistical Yearbook of 2019, General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, Riyadh, issue number 54.
Electrical Energy Statistics, General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, Riyadh, various editions up to 2021.
Oil and Gas Statistics, General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
Riyadh, various editions up to 2021.
Renewable Energy Statistics, General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, Riyadh, various editions up to 2022.
Environment Economic Survey (Industry) 2017, General Authority for Statistics,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh.
Annual Statistical Booklet for Electricity and Seawater Desalination Industries,
Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority, Riyadh, various editions up to2019.
Annual Statistical Booklet for Electricity 2020, Water & Electricity and Regulatory
Authority, Riyadh.
Annual Report 2021, Water & Electricity and Regulatory Authority, Riyadh.
Annual Report, Saudi Electricity Company, Riyadh, various edition up to 2023.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2021.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2022.
Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2023.
Presentation of Air Transport statistical results, International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO), United Nations, New York, various editions up to 2022.
Nitrogenstatistics

andinformation,

US

Geological

Survey,Reston,www.usgs.gov.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Riyadh, 2009.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Middle East Petroleum Databook, FACTS Global Energy Group, Singapore, 2009
and 2010.
Electricity Growth and Development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia up to the year
from 1416H. (1996G.), 1420 H (1999/2000G) and 1423/1424 H (2003G), Ministryof Industry and Electricity, Riyadh, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004.
Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2022.
Direct communication from the Central Department of Statistics of the Ministry ofPlanning and oil industry sources, Riyadh.
A Survey of the Saudi Arabian Oil Industry 1993, Embassy of the United States ofAmerica in Riyadh, Riyadh, January 1994.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Annual Reports, Saudi ARAMCO, Dharhan, various editions.
Petroleum Statistical Bulletin 1983, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources,
Riyadh, 1984.
Achievement of the Development Plans 19701984, Ministry of Planning, Riyadh,
1985.
The 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Development Plans, Ministry of Planning, Riyadh, 1970,
1975, 1980 and 1985.
Annual Report, Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Research and Statistics
Department, Riyadh, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989.
Statistical Summary, Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Research and Statistics
Department, Riyadh, 1986.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, 2000.

PAGE | 535

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SenegalGeneral notes
Data for Senegal are available starting in 1971.
Senegal is one of the ten countries that benefit from EU Support to IEA Data for
Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa.
In the 2021 edition, previously reported hydroelectricity production was revised asimports from 2009 onwards, as the dam is not located within the borders of thecountry.
In addition, in the 2021 edition, the electricity output was split per oil product from2017 onwards thanks to new information available. Thanks to improvements inthe data collection system, the final consumption of electricity is monitored moreaccurately in 2019. This may lead in breaks in time series between 2018 and 2019.
Finally, in the 2021 edition, quantities of diesel used to start ignite the power plants
were reported for the first time, related to the 2019 diesel consumption.
In the 2020 edition, data for 2017 have been revised based on new data received
from the Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines.
In the 2018 edition, data for 2014 and 2015 are revised based on information
received from the Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines.
In the 2014 edition, the time series for solid biofuels were revised from 2009
onwards based on newly available information. Breaks in time series may occur
between 2008 and 2009.

Sources
Sources 2009 to 2022:
Direct communication with Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines, Dakar.
Bilans énergétiques du Sénégal 2009 to 2022, Direction de l’Energie, Dakar.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2008:
Bulletin mensuel des statistiques économiques, Agence national de la Statistique

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et de la Démographie (ANSD), Dakar, March 2009.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Direct communication with Ministère de l’Energie, Dakar.

Sources 2000 to 2007:
Bilans énergétiques du Sénégal 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, Direction de l’Energie,
Dakar.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 1999:
Direct communication with Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Industrie,
Direction de l’Energie, Dakar, 1997 to 2002.
Direct communication with Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Hydraulique,
Comité National des Hydrocarbures, Dakar, 2002.
Direct communication with Société Africaine de raffinage, Mbao.
Direct communication with the Société Nationale d'Electricité (SENELEC), Dakar.
Report of Senegal on the Inventory of Greenhouse Gases Sources, Ministère del'Environnement et de la Protection de la Nature, Dakar, 1994.
Direct communication with ENDA - Energy Program, Dakar, 1997.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

Sources up to 1991:
Situation Economique 1985, Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances, Direction

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IEA. All rights reserved.

de la Statistique, Dakar, 1986.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SerbiaGeneral notes
Data for Serbia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Yugoslavia.
Serbia energy data include Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999. Breaks
in time series for oil products and natural gas may appear between 2006 and 2007
due to newly available data for 2007.
Heat production from Autoproducers includes all heat produced.
In the 2024 edition, primary solid biofuels consumption in main activity producer
CHP and, consequently, its heat production for the years from 2019 to 2021 werereallocated to main activity producer heat due to new available information.
In the 2024 edition, preliminary data for 2023 coke oven coke were fully estimateddue to a low due to extremely low blast furnace efficiency. In the 2022 edition, theLignite input to Heat Autoproducers and the Lignite own use in BKB/peatbriquettes plants time series have been revised from 2014 to 2019, due to new
information provided by the Ministry of Mining and Energy and the Statistical Officeof the Republic of Serbia.
In the 2022 edition, the large increase observed in Primary solid biofuels final
consumption in the residential sector for year 2020 is due to a specific survey
carried out under the authority of the Ministry of Mining and Energy, concerning
only year 2020. This creates a break in-series with historic data.
In the 2021 edition, the time series for non-bio diesel consumption from 2016,lignite input into power plants from 2014, and inputs into blast furnaces from 2017
have been revised due to new information and improved methodologies.

Sources
Sources 1990 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Mining and Energy, Belgrade.
Direct communication with the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia,
Belgrade.

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Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Pilot study: Energy Balances (2007 and 2008) - Oil and Derivates of Oil, NaturalGas, Geothermal Energy and Energy Balance of the Republic of Serbia, Statistical
Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, 2009.
Direct communication with the Federal Ministry of Economy, Belgrade.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on renewables (19902021).
Direct communication with the Ministry of Mining and Energy, Belgrade.

PAGE | 539

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IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Singapore
General notes
Data for Singapore are available starting in 1971.
Singapore joined the IEA as an Association country in October 2016.
At the time of publication of the 2024 edition, refinery input and output figures for2022 were not available and they have therefore been estimated by IEASecretariat. These values may differ significantly from actual figures publishedlater in Singapore’s official sources. The 2021 refinery input and output became
available, leading to revisions of the numbers published in the 2023 edition.
In the 2022 edition, the 2006-2019 electricity road consumption data were revised
to take into account estimated Electric Vehicle (EV) consumption under transport
sector.
In the 2021 edition, the 2008-2019 exports data for aviation gasoline were revised
as new information became available.
The IEA Secretariat, the Energy Market Authority (EMA) and the National Climate
Change Secretariat (NCCS) have worked closely together on improving data
quality for Singapore. Therefore, breaks in time series between 2008 and 2009and differences in trends when compared to previous publications may occur forsome products.
From 2009, Singapore publishes splits of refinery output between light, middle andheavy distillates and residuum only. Further breakdown between products is
estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Singapore aggregates petrochemical andrefinery consumption. The split between refining and petrochemical consumption
is estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Refinery input is broken down between crude oil and feedstocks. Splits offeedstock by product are not provided by Singapore. By default, IEA estimatesthat feedstocks come from naphtha as a result of residual calculation plus
gas/diesel and fuel oil in equal proportions.
Other data remain aggregated due to lack of data availability. Electricity
consumption in the industry sector from 2005 includes electricity consumption byrefineries. Electricity consumption in transport includes all electricity consumption
at airport terminals. Municipal waste production and consumption may include

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biogas.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Refinery gas production and consumption may include syngas produced by the
petrochemical sector.
Due to Singapore’s large trade volume in comparison to its final consumption,slight misalignment of trade figures can have a significant impact on the energybalance of Singapore. The IEA Secretariat has adjusted total imports of gas/diesel
from 2009 onwards to match demand.
A coal-fired power plant started operations in 2013. This might lead to breaks in timeseries between 2012 and 2013.

Sources
Sources from 1992:
Direct communication with the Energy Market Authority, Singapore.
Direct communication with Enterprise Singapore, Singapore.
Direct communication with the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS),
Singapore, from 2013.
Direct communication with the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, from2011.
Singapore Energy Statistics, Energy Market Authority, Singapore, various editions
up to 2021.
Monthly oil statistics, Enterprise Singapore, 2011-2020.
Singstat Table Builder, Department of Statistics Singapore, Singapore, accessedin January 2022: https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg.
Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, Department of Statistics, Singapore, various
editions up to 2019.
Bunker sales, website of The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, accessedin January 2022: www.mpa.gov.sg.
Motor Vehicle Population by Type of Fuel Used, website of the Land Transport
Authority, Singapore, accessed in February 2022: www.lta.gov.sg.
Solid Waste Management Statistics, website of The Ministry of the Environment
and

Water

Resources,

Singapore,accessedin

February

2021:

PAGE | 541

IEA. All rights reserved.

http://app.mewr.gov.sg/

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Singapore Trade Statistics, International Enterprise Singapore (now EnterpriseSingapore), Singapore, various CD-ROM editions up to 2011.
Argus Fundamentals, Argus Media, London, various editions up to 2012.
Asia Pacific Databook, FACTS Global Energy, Singapore, various editions up to
2013.
The Strategist Oil Report, Singapore, various issues up to March 1999.
Petroleum in Singapore 1993/1994, Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, Singapore,
1994.
ASEAN-EC Energy Management and Research Training Centre (AEEMTRC),
Brussels, 1996.
Direct submissions from oil industry sources up to 1996.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
OECD (2024), OECD data explorer, Air transport CO2 emissions database
https://data-explorer.oecd.org/
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Monthly Digest of Statistics, Department of Statistics, Singapore, various editions
from 1987 to 1989.
Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 1975/1985, Department of Statistics, Singapore,
1986.
ASEAN Oil Movements and Factors Affecting IntraASEAN Oil Trade, Institute ofSoutheast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1988.
The Changing Structure of the Oil Market and Its Implications for Singapore's Oil
Industry, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1988.
Public Utilities Board Annual Report (1986 and 1989), Public Utilities Board,

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Singapore, 1987 and 1990.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Singapore Energy Statistics, Energy Market Authority, Singapore, various editions
up to 2021.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

South Africa
General notes
Data for South Africa are available starting in 1971.
South Africa became an IEA Association country in November 2018.
Data may be revised from Y-2 to Y to reflect the Y-2 and Y-1 energy balances
published by the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy as they become
available.

Coal
Outputs from gas-to-liquids and coal-to-liquids plants are presented in the“Transfers” flow.
Coking coal, coke oven coke, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas production andconsumption are estimated using reported crude steel production figures.
For the 2019 edition, the estimation methodology was changed for gas work gas,
which may lead to break in time series between 2009 and 2010. The IEA
Secretariat uses the industrial activity data reported by the World Steel Association
to estimate the consumption of the industry sector.
In the 2017 edition, new information became available which allowed theseparation of non-energy use of coal in Coal to Liquids (CTL) plants from the coalused for energy purposes in these same plants. Non-energy conversion
efficiencies for CTL plants in South Africa are assumed to be 60% in physical units.
Due to specific calorific values used for this specific process, the efficiency is 73%
in our energy balance format. This methodology may lead to breaks in time series
between 2010 and 2011 for these products and flows.
In the 2013 edition, breaks in time series may occur for anthracite and coking coalbetween 2009 and 2010 as new information became available. Prior to 2010,
coking coal data may include anthracite.

Oil
In the 2023 edition, the split of oil consumption between domestic and international
aviation was revised from 2013 onwards based on new information.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

In 2020 and 2021, oil production declined due to shutdowns at several refineries.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, the 2016-2019 inputs to refineries and outputs of refined oil
products for were revised to avoid refinery gains in energy terms. This may resultin high statistical difference for crude oil data.
In the 2019 edition, new information became available that led to changes in the
split of kerosene type jet fuel consumption in domestic aviation and international
bunker. Breaks in time series may occur between 2008 and 2009.
New information became available in 2015 on refinery output of lubricants. Data
have been revised from 1998. This may lead to breaks in time series between
1997 and 1998. Reported quantities of synthetic fuels output may not include
quantities from PetroSA.

Natural gas
In 2021, natural gas production declined as natural gas field feeding the Mossel
Bay GTL plant neared end-of-life.
In the 2014 edition, new information became available on consumption of natural
gas in industrial sectors. Breaks in time series may occur between 2009 and 2010.

Biofuels and waste
In the 2024 edition, the time series of charcoal and primary solid biofuels wererevised starting in 2000 using estimates from IEA Secretariat. Production,transformation, and consumption estimates were revised accordingly. Breaks intime series may occur between 1999 and 2000.
In the 2024 edition, the time series of black liquor was added starting in 2000 using
estimates from IEA Secretariat. The purpose is to better capture the bioenergy
input in the pulp and paper industry.
In the 2022 edition, the estimation methodology of bagasse and other vegetal
materials and residues (primary solid biofuels) was changed to utilize data fromthe Department of Mineral Resources and Energy, FAO, and IRENA. Breaks intime series may occur between 1998 and 1999.

Electricity and Heat
Nuclear and Hydro electricity generation data are reported on a fiscal year basis,beginning on the 1 April Y and ending on the 31 March Y+1.
In the 2024 edition, electricity generation from liquid fossil fuels (OCGT) was

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IEA. All rights reserved.

revised to align it with ESKOM reporting.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources from 2010 onwards:
Direct communication with the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy,
Pretoria, South Africa.
Energy balances, Department of Mineral Resources and Energy, Pretoria, 2010
to 2019.
Energy statistics: Supply and demand of petroleum products, Department ofMineral Resources and Energy, Pretoria, South Africa, up to 2021 edition.
Statistical release on electricity generated and available for distribution, Statistics
South Africa, Pretoria, up to 2022 2023 edition.
South African Statistics, Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, various editions up to
2022.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in February 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/ .
Annual Reports, South Africa Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA), Sandton,
up to 2022 edition.
Integrated Annual Reports, Electricity Supply Commission (ESKOM), Sandton, up
to 2023 edition.
Facts and Figures 2022, Minerals Council South Africa, Johannesburg, 2023.
Analyst Book, SASOL Limited Group, Johannesburg, various editions up to 2021.
Integrated Annual Reports, PetroSA, Parow, various editions up to 2018.
Steel statistical Yearbook, World Steel Association, Brussel, accessed in January2024, http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
Solar Heat Worldwide, AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Gleisdorf,
IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, various editions up to 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency

PAGE | 546

IEA. All rights reserved.

(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Coal, Metals & Mining Industry Pricing and News, McCloskey by OPIS, a Dow
Jones Company, 2023.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD, Paris, 2023
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2009:
Energy balances, Department of Minerals and Energy, Pretoria, 2003 to 2009.
Electricity generated and available for distribution, Statistics South Africa, Pretoria,
various editions up to 2009.
Direct communication with the Institute for Energy Studies, Rand Afrikaans
University, Pretoria, 1998 to 2001.
Digest of South African Energy Statistics 1998.
Direct communication with the Energy Research Institute, University of Cape
Town.
ESKOM Annual Report, Electricity Supply Commission (ESKOM), Sandton, 1992
to 1994.
Statistical Yearbook, Electricity Supply Commission (ESKOM), Sandton, 1992 to
1994.
South Africa’s Mineral Industry, Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs,
Braamfontein, 1995.
South African Energy Statistics, 1950-1993, Department of Mineral and Energy
Affairs, Pretoria, 1995.
Wholesale Trade Sales of Petroleum Products, Central Statistical Service,
Pretoria, 1995.
South African Coal Statistics 1994, South African Coal Report, Randburg, 1995.
Energy Balances in South Africa 1970-1993, Energy Research Institute,
Plumstead, 1995.

Sources up to 1991:
ESKOM Annual Report, Electricity Supply Commission (ESKOM), Sandton, 1989

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to 1991.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Statistical Yearbook, Electricity Supply Commission (ESKOM), Sandton, 1983 to
1991.
Statistical News Release 19811985, Central Statistical Service, Pretoria, various
editions from 1986 to 1989.
Annual Report Energy Affairs 1985, Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs,
Pretoria, 1986.
Energy Projections for South Africa (1985 Balance), Institute for Energy Studies,
Rand Afrikaans University, Pretoria, 1986.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with the Department of Energy, Pretoria, South Africa.
General Household Survey, Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, various edition up to2020.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
March 2022: http://www.fao.org/faostat.
South African Energy Statistics 1950-1989, No. 1, National Energy Council,
Pretoria, 1989.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

South Sudan
General notes
Data for South Sudan are available from 2012. Prior to 2012, they are included in
Sudan.
In the 2024, 2023, 2022 and 2021 editions, the IEA Secretariat did not receive
data related to 2022, 2021, 2020 or 2019 at the time of the publication; supply,transformation and use of energy have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat for2019 to 2022.
In the 2022 edition, multiple products and flows were revised for 2018 based on
new data provided by the African Energy Commission (AFREC).
In the 2021 edition, revisions to source data from 2016-2018 have resulted inchanges to several products, including crude oil, solar PV, electricity, LPG,
gas/diesel oil, and jet kerosene.
In the 2018 edition, revisions in 2015 data are due to new information available
through the AFREC questionnaire.
Crude oil production and exports were halted for most of 2012, and only continued
in April 2013. Both production and exports have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat for 2014.

Sources
Sources 2012 to 2022:
Africa Energy Database, African Energy Commission, Algiers, accessed in May
2022: https://au-afrec.org/en/energy-browser.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
The African Statistical Yearbook, African Development Bank Group, Abidjan,
2020.
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2012 to 2017.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Electricity, Dams, Irrigation and Water

PAGE | 549

IEA. All rights reserved.

Resources, Juba, South Sudan, up to January 2019.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

PAGE | 550

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Former Soviet Union
General notes
Data for the Former Soviet Union (FSU) are available starting in 1971 up to 1989.
Data for individual countries of the FSU are available starting in 1990, and mostof the information related to years 1990 and 1991 was estimated by the IEA
Secretariat. Because of large breaks in reporting occurring in the early 1990’s,
breaks in time series may occur in 1990 for all regional totals.
Coal production statistics refer to unwashed and unscreened coal up to 1990. IEA
coal statistics normally refer to coal after washing and screening for the removalof inorganic matter. Also, see notes under “Classification of Fuel Uses” and “Heat”,
in section on Notes on data quality.
The commodity balances presented for the FSU include IEA Secretariat estimatesof fuel consumption in the main categories of transformation. These estimates are
based on secondary sources and on isolated references in FSU literature.
In older editions of this publication, intra-FSU trade was excluded.

Sources
Sources up to 1989:
Statistical Yearbook, The State Committee for Statistics of the USSR, Moscow,various editions from 1980 to 1989.
External Trade of the Independent Republics and the Baltic States, 1990 and
1991, the State Committee of Statistics of the CIS, Moscow, 1992.
External Trade of the USSR, annual and quarterly, various editions, The State
Committee of Statistics of the USSR, Moscow, 1986 to 1990.
CIR Staff Paper no. 14, 28, 29, 30, 32 and 36, Center for International Research,
US Bureau of the Census, Washington DC, 1986, 1987 and 1988.

PAGE | 551

IEA. All rights reserved.

Yearbook on Foreign Trade, Ministry of Foreign Trade, Moscow, 1986.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sri Lanka
General notes
Data for Sri Lanka are available starting in 1971.
2022 data is estimated by the IEA Secretariat, taking secondary sources as abasis.
Refinery losses may include own use of refinery fuel.
Breaks in time series may occur between 1999 and 2000 due to newly available
energy balances provided by the Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority in 2009.
Stock changes may include statistical difference for several secondary oil products
until 2017.
In the 2023 edition, data from 2017 onwards were revised as new information
became available from Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority.
In the 2022 edition, data from 2011 onwards were revised as new information
became available from Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority.
In the 2021 edition, final consumption data for fuelwood in residential andcommercial and public services was estimated by the IEA Secretariat.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority, Colombo.
Sri Lanka Energy Balances 2000-2021, Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority,
Colombo.
Sri Lanka Annual Performance Report 2022, Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy
Authority, Colombo.
Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka 2011-2019, Central Bank of Sri Lanka,
Colombo.
Statistical Digest 2000-2020, Ceylon Electricity Board, Colombo.
Renewable capacity statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency

PAGE | 552

IEA. All rights reserved.

(IRENA), Abu Dhabi.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Direct communication with the Department of Census and Statistics, Battaramulla,
2003 to 2006.
Annual Report 1993, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo, July 1994.
Ceylon Electricity Board Sales and Generation Data Book, Battaramulla, 2022.
Ceylon Petroleum Corporation Annual Reports, Colombo, accessed June 2024:
https://ceypetco.gov.lk/annual-reports/.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Energy Balance Sheet 1991, 1992, Energy Unit, Ceylon Electricity Board,
Colombo, 1992, 1993.
Bulletin 1989, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo, July 1989.
Bulletin (monthly), Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo, May 1992.
Sectoral Energy Demand in Sri Lanka, UNDP Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 1992.
External Trade Statistics 1992, Government of Sri Lanka, Colombo, 1993.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Sri Lanka Energy Balances 1997-2020, Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority,
Colombo.
Energy Conservation Fund and Ceylon Electricity Board, Battaramulla.

PAGE | 553

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sudan
General notes
Data for Sudan are available starting in 1971. South Sudan became an
independent country on 9 July 2011. From 2012 onwards, data for South Sudan
are reported separately and therefore, breaks in the Sudan time series may occur
between 2011 and 2012.
At the time of publication of the 2024 edition, only data for some oil product imports
were available for 2022 from official sources. Therefore, most 2022 data isestimated by the IEA Secretariat.
The IEA Secretariat could not obtain official balances from Sudan for data after
2012. In the 2022 edition, data from the Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI)
Oil World database replaced oil product estimates when available for 2013 to2018. In the 2023 edition, data from the Central Bank of Sudan replaced oil supply
estimates when available for 2018 to 2021. If not covered by these sources, mostoil product data are estimated based on Organization of Arab Petroleum ExportingCountries (OAPEC) data, while some flows such as kerosene consumption anddiesel exports and bunkers have been estimated based on macroeconomic
indicators.

In the 2023 edition, electricity output and consumption data were revised to beconsistent with data published by the Central Bank of Sudan for 2014 to 2020. For
2018 to 2020, crude oil, gas/diesel oil, and fuel oil input to main activity electricity
plants were re-estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Before these periods, electricity
data are estimated based on Arab Union of Producers, Transporters andDistributors of Electricity (AUPTDE) data, when available.In the 2021 edition, 2018
jet kerosene flows were revised to reflect data made available by OAG. Breaks intime series may occur between 2017/2018. Revisions were also made to
lubricants consumption (1999-2005).
In the 2019 edition, due to revisions in the OAPEC data for oil products, breaks intime series might occurs from 2014 onward.
In the 2016 edition, new information on refinery activity became available. Breaks

PAGE | 554

IEA. All rights reserved.

in time series for oil products can be seen between 2015 and 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2015 edition, the Kosti power plant began operation in Sudan, with 500 MW
capacity. The plant uses crude oil for fuel, and break in time series can be seen
for crude oil imports and input into main activity power plants in 2015.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2022.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed May 2022: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/.
The African Statistical Yearbook, African Development Bank Group, Abidjan,
various editions up to 2020.
Africa Energy Portal, African Development Bank Group, Abidjan, accessed May
2022: https://africa-energy-portal.org/.
Foreign Trade Statistical Digest, Central Bank of Sudan, Khartoum, various
editions up to 4th Quarter 2022.
Annual Report, Central Bank of Sudan, Khartoum, various editions up to 2021.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York.
Presentation of Air Transport statistical results, International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO), United Nations, New York, various editions up to 2022.
OAG (2021), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2019.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Petroleum and the Ministry of water
resources, Irrigation & Electricity, Khartoum.
Sudanese Petroleum Corporation Statistics, Ministry of Petroleum, Khartoum,
May 2012.
AFREC energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2013.

PAGE | 555

IEA. All rights reserved.

Sudan Energy Handbook 2006, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Khartoum.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Foreign Trade Statistical Digest 1990, Government of Sudan, Khartoum, 1991.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Direct communication with the Ministry of water resources, Irrigation & Electricity,
Khartoum.
IEA Secretariat estimates based on 1990 data from Bhagavan (ed.) Energy Utilities

PAGE | 556

IEA. All rights reserved.

and Institutions in Africa, AFREPREN, Nairobi, 1996.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Suriname
General notes
Data for Suriname are available starting in 2000. Prior to 2000, data for Suriname
are included in the “Other non-OECD Americas” region.
In the 2021 edition, new information became available on crude oil refinery input
and transfers, which led to revisions to these flows from 2016 onwards. There
have also been revisions to both gasoline and diesel consumption flows from 2016
onwards to utilise new information. These changes may result in breaks in the timeseries.
In the 2020 edition, new information became available on electricity generationand consumption, as well as trade of oil products. This leads to revisions inelectricity generation since 2011, electricity consumption since 2013 and trade ofoil products since 2010. Breaks in time series may therefore occur in the timeseries.
In the 2019 edition, new information became available on the expansion of therefinery at Tout Lui Faut and the resulting increase in diesel and gasoline
production. The IEA Secretariat consequently revised 2015 and 2016 data. Thechange of data sources may cause break in time series and increased statisticaldifference.
The production of aluminium in Suriname stopped in 2015. However, this does notlead to a significant drop in electricity consumption in the industrial sector due tothe opening of a new gold mine. The gold mining sector consumes a significant
amount of the electricity produced in Suriname.
The electricity output from Afobaka dam is included in autoproducer generation up
to 2015 and in main activity from 2016 onwards, reflecting that it is no longer
related to another economic activity.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Environmental Statistics Publication, General Bureau of Statistics Suriname,Paramaribo, various editions up to 2022.

PAGE | 557

IEA. All rights reserved.

Direct communication with General Bureau of Statistics Suriname, Paramaribo.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Energy-Economic
Organization

Information(OLADE),

SystemQuito,(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyaccessedin

January2024,

https://sielac.olade.org/default.aspx
Renewable capacity statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi.

PAGE | 558

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Syrian Arab Republic
General notes
Data for the Syrian Arab Republic are available starting in 1971.
Imports of crude oil and secondary oil products may include informal imports.
Due to the on-going conflict in Syria, no official government data sources wereavailable since 2012.
Electricity losses may include electricity theft. Revisions are expected to be done
next cycle.
In the 2024 edition, electricity generation data has been revised from 2024
onwards due to new available data.
In the 2021 edition and 2022 edition, data are primarily based on secondary
sources, media reports and IEA Secretariat estimates.
In the 2021 edition, the import of crude oil as well as production and trade of LPG,
motor gasoline, naphtha, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and non-specified oil
products for 2018 were revised using newly available information from OAPEC.
In the 2021 edition, electricity distribution losses from 2009 onwards and final
consumption from 2011 onwards were revised due to a methodological change.
In the 2021 edition, fuelwood and charcoal data from 1971 onwards were revisedusing FAO data. This leads to break in time series between 1997 and 1998.
In the 2020 edition, the final consumption of LPG, motor gasoline, naphtha, jetfuel, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and non-specified oil products in 2016 and 2017 wasrevised due to new information from OAPEC.
In the 2019 edition, oil products consumption was revised from 2013 onwards
based on information from OAPEC.

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
After a decade of war: A comprenhensive assessment, European University
Institute, Florence, 2021

PAGE | 559

IEA. All rights reserved.

Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2022.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2022.
World Steel Statistical Yearbook, World Steel Association, Brussels, various
editions up to 2022.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2018.
Direct Communication with the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources,
Damascus, 2012.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York, various editions up to 2007.
Quarterly Bulletin, Central Bank of Syria, Research Department, Damascus, 2001.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Quarterly Bulletin, Central Bank of Syria, Research Department, Damascus, 1984.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed inJune 2022: http://www.fao.org/faostat

PAGE | 560

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Chinese Taipei
General notes
Data for Chinese Taipei are available starting in 1971.
Refinery gains observed across the time series are due to the fact that backflows
of LPG, fuel oil and motor gasoline are not accurately reported. The Bureau ofEnergy, Ministry of Economic Affairs asked the IEA Secretariat to reflect the data
as it is currently reported until it is able to align its reporting with international
recommendations.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat integrated revisions submitted by the
Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, for 1982-2020. The revisions
affect all products and years, as well as calorific values and densities.
In the 2021 edition, the IEA Secretariat integrated revisions submitted by the
Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, for 1982-2018. The revisions
affect all products and years, as well as calorific values and densities.
In the 2021 edition, the IEA Secretariat continued working with the Bureau ofEnergy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, to align methodologies and conversion
factors. As a consequence, the reporting of additives for the whole time series wasrevised.
In the 2021 edition, the Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs also
reported for the first time use of coke oven gas in the chemical and petrochemical
sector. Their work on coke oven gas also resulted in a revision of is calorific values
between 2005 and 2018.
In the 2020 edition, data for the period 2005-2017 were modified based onrevisions by the Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. This leads tobreaks in time series between 2004 and 2005, specifically in the power sector
where the split between autoproducers and main activity producer plants wasmade available. Revisions also affect crude oil input and additives in order toreflect the refinery sector more accurately.
In the 2018 edition, data were revised for the period 2002-2015 based on newbalances submitted by the Bureau of Energy and changes in methodology. Breaks
in time series might occur. Breaks in time series may also occur between 2010
and 2011 as more detailed information became available for refinery feedstocks

PAGE | 561

IEA. All rights reserved.

and oil products.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2012 edition, data for the period 1982-2009 were revised based on newbalances submitted by the Bureau of Energy. Breaks in time series may occur
between 1981 and 1982.

Sources
Sources 1982 to 2022:
Energy Balances in Taiwan, Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs,
Taipei City, various editions up to 2022.
Direct communication with the Taiwan Research Institute.
Direct communication with the electricity utilities, Taipei City.
Yearbook of Energy Statistics, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Taipei City,
1996.
The Energy Situation in Taiwan, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Energy Committee,
Taipei City, 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1992.
Industry of Free China 19751985, Council for Economic Planning andDevelopment, Taipei City, 1986.
Taiwan Statistical Data Book 19541985, Council for Economic Planning andDevelopment, Taipei City, 1986.
Energy Policy for the Taiwan Area, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Energy
Committee, Taipei City, 1984.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1981:
The Energy Situation in Taiwan, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Energy Committee,
Taipei City, 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1992.
Industry of Free China 19751985, Council for Economic Planning andDevelopment, Taipei, 1986.
Taiwan Statistical Data Book 19541985, Council for Economic Planning andDevelopment, Taipei City, 1986.
Energy Policy for the Taiwan Area, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Energy

PAGE | 562

IEA. All rights reserved.

Committee, Taipei City, 1984.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Energy Balances in Taiwan, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taipei City, 1980 to1981.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Energy Balances in Taiwan, Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs,
Taipei City.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

PAGE | 563

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Tajikistan
General notes
Data for Tajikistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Soviet Union.
Tajikistan is one of the 11 EU4Energy focus countries.
Electricity and heat production of other bituminous coal Autoproducer CHP plants
as well as electricity production of other bituminous coal Main CHP plants for 2021
and 2022 was estimated by the IEA secretariat. The IEA secretariat also estimatednet electricity production of Hydro Main electricity plants in 2021 and 2022 as well
as net heat and electricity production of combustible fuel plants in 2022..
In the 2022 edition, due to new information received by the statistics office, crude
oil production, bitumen imports and electricity generation by main activity producer
CHP plants using natural gas were revised for 2019 as well as the net calorificvalue of other bituminous coal for all flows from 2016 onwards.
In the 2020 and 2021 edition, a portion of crude oil imports and crude oil
production, respectively, were estimated by the IEA Secretariat to avoid refinery
gains. This may lead to breaks in the time series between 2017 and 2018 andbetween 2018 and 2019.
In the 2019 edition, new information on coal products became available to thestatistics office for 2016. This may lead to breaks in time series between 2015 and2016.

Sources
Sources 2015 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Statistical Agency under President of the Republicof Tajikistan, Dushanbe.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
IEA Secretariat estimates

Sources 1990 to 2014:
Direct communication with the Statistical Agency under President of the Republic

PAGE | 564

IEA. All rights reserved.

of Tajikistan, Dushanbe.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy ques-tionnaires, 1991 to 2007 and2014.
Online statistics, Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of
Tajikistan, Dushanbe.
Tajikistan in Figures, Statistical Agency under the President of Tajikistan,
Dushanbe, various editions up to 2014.
Energy and Communal Services in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: A Poverty and Social
Impact Assessment, UNDP Bratislava Regional Centre 2011.
CIS and East European Energy Databook, Eastern Bloc Research Ltd, Tolsta
Chaolais, various editions up to 2013.
Asian Development Bank Statistics, Mandaluyong, various editions up to 2014.
Natural Gas Vehicles Statistics, International Association for Natural Gas
Vehicles, online database: www.iangv.org
Industry of Tajikistan, Statistics, the State Committee on Statistics of the Republicof Tajikistan, Dushanbe, 2004.

PAGE | 565

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Tanzania
General notes
Data for Tanzania are available starting in 1971.
LPG data are reported on a fiscal year basis from 2012 to 2017. In the 2023
edition, LPG data were revised to reflect the calendar year data reported by the
Ministry of Finance starting from 2018.
In the 2024 edition, coal exports (2020-2021), electricity losses (2016-2019), andlubricants (2021-2022) were revised to align with data published by the Ministry of
Finance, National Bureau of Statistics, and Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory
Authority (EWURA), respectively.
In the 2024 edition, natural gas consumption by industrial sub-sector was revisedfor 2020-2021. Consumption that was previously allocated to “Industry notelsewhere specified” due to lack of detailed information was reallocated to therelevant industrial sub-sectors based on data published by EWURA. Before 2020,
all industrial natural gas consumption remains under “Industry not elsewhere
specified”, creating a time series break between 2019 and 2020.
In the 2023 edition, natural gas data were revised from 2014 to better align withvalues reported by the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Tanzania. Affectedflows include: production, input to electricity plants, non-specified industry
consumption, and electricity output from electricity plants. Electricity output fromelectricity plants consuming diesel and fuel oil were also revised.
In the 2023 edition, motor gasoline, gas/diesel oil, kerosene type jet fuel, and otherkerosene supply and demand data were revised to include localised imports
starting in 2012. Breaks in time series may occur between 2011 and 2012.
In the 2023 edition, data for other bituminous coal imports and exports were added
based on UN Comtrade statistics starting in 1995.
In the 2023 edition, several products and flows were re-estimated by the IEA
Secretariat, including fuel oil supply and demand (2004-2020), electricity
consumption by sector (2016-2020), and other bituminous coal consumption by
sector (1995-2020).
In the 2022 edition, motor gasoline data were revised from 2011-2019 to align with

PAGE | 566

IEA. All rights reserved.

the calendar year based on monthly import data published by EWURA.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, new information available led to revision of historical timeseries for solid biofuels.
In the 2019 edition, the IEA Secretariat came across new information on theshares of international and domestic aviation in Tanzania. The revisions made tointegrate this information led to breaks in time series between 2009 and 2010.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Annual Report, Bank of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, various editions up to 2023.
The Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance and Planning, Dodoma, various
editions up to 2022.
The Mid and Downstream Petroleum Sub Sector Performance Review Report,
Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority of the United Republic of
Tanzania, Dodoma, various editions up to 2022.
Electricity Sub-Sector Regulatory Performance Report, Energy and Water Utilities
Regulatory Authority of the United Republic of Tanzania, Dodoma, various
editions up to 2021/22.
EWURA Annual Report, Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority of theUnited Republic of Tanzania, Dodoma, various editions up to 2022.
Annual Report, Orca Exploration Group Inc., Tortola, British Virgin Islands, various
editions up to 2023.
Tanzania in Figures, Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam,various editions up to 2022.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD Data Explorer, Paris, accessed April 2024.
OAG, Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), 2021, OAG Aviation,
Luton, www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, accessed in May 2023:
http://comtrade.un.org/.Statisticalabstract,

Tanzania

National

Bureauof

Statistics, Dar es Salaam, various editions up to 2020.

PAGE | 567

IEA. All rights reserved.

Africa energy balances, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2019.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SAPP Annual Report 2008, Southern African Power Pool, Harare, online statistics,
2010-2011.
-Tanzanian Economic Trends, Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es
Salaam, 1991.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
April 2024.
Direct communication with Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Dar es Salaam, 2000.
Renewable energy statistics, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA),
Abu Dhabi, accessed in April 2024.

PAGE | 568

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Thailand
General notes
Data for Thailand are available starting in 1971.
Thailand joined the IEA as an Association country in November 2015.
Data for lubricants, refinery gas and non-specified oil products are not publishedby the Ministry of Energy and are estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Up to 2012
data, IEA Secretariat also estimated naphtha.
Data for production, own use and non-energy use of natural gas may include
propane, butane and ethane produced in gas separation plants.
Stock changes may include statistical difference for certain products.
For the first time, in 2022 data the Thailand energy balance reports disaggregatedfigures for stock change and statistical difference. Breaks in time series of theseflows may occur between 2021 and 2022.
In the 2024 edition, final consumption of natural gas in some industry sectors (ironand steel, non-metallic minerals, machinery and non-specified industry) and nonenergy use in the chemical and petrochemical sector have been estimated to
avoid unexplained breaks in their time series.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated production of diesel/gasoil for2022 based on official data from the Petroleum Institute of Thailand.
In the 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the consumption of gas/diesel oil
and fuel oil in main activity producer electricity consumption and the corresponding
electricity output from 2020 and 2019, respectively, to better reflect official datafrom the Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand and the Energy Policy &Planning Office of the Ministry of Energy. Furthermore, for the same years and forboth products, the IEA Secretariat revised the estimations of stock change and,
only for diesel, of non-specified industry consumption.
In the 2024 edition, the split between domestic and international aviation
consumption of jet kerosene has been revised from 2014 onwards due to new
available information.
In the 2023 edition, non-energy use of kerosene from 2016 onwards was reported

PAGE | 569

IEA. All rights reserved.

due to new available information.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2023 edition, coke oven coke and blast furnace gas were revised to zero by
the IEA Secretariat to reflect the absence of blast furnaces in the country.
In the 2022 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the methodology for reporting LPG
output from the condensate splitter and the corresponding field condensates input.
As a result, crude oil input to petrochemical plants between 2013 and 2019 has
been deleted, while input to oil refineries has been revised. This also led to theremoval of the time series on refinery feedstock production from other sources –oil products and transfers between 1996 and 2019, which also affected naphthaand LPG production figures between 1996 and 2019 and 2008 and 2019,respectively.
In the 2022 edition, NGL non-energy use in 2013 and 2014 was revised due to
new available information.
In the 2021 edition, natural gas consumption in the industry sector was revised toreflect official data more accurately.
In the 2021 electricity generation data for hydropower, fuel oil and otherbituminous coal plants were revised to take into account new information available
on the split between main activity and autoproducer plants.
Naphtha production data from 2018 onwards, motor gasoline from 2019 andgas/diesel oil for 2018 were estimated by the IEA Secretariat to avoid refinery
gains.
In the 2021 edition in an effort to report the consumption of aviation fuels moreaccurately across the time series, the IEA Secretariat estimated the split between
international and domestic aviation consumption prior to 2006
In the 2020 edition, motor gasoline, other kerosene and fuel oil total final
consumption as well as gas/diesel oil used in transformation processes wererevised to reflect official data more accurately.
In the 2020 edition, natural gas flows between 2014 and 2017 were revised as
new information on its consumption in the industry sector became available.
Electricity consumption in the rail sector between 2014 and 2017 was revised as
new information became available. Primary solid biofuel flows between 1989 and1994 were revised as new information became available.
In the 2014 edition, information became available for the consumption ofanthracite and lignite coal in industry. Breaks in time series may occur between

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IEA. All rights reserved.

2011 and 2012.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 2012 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy, Thailand, Bangkok.
Direct communication with the Petroleum Institute of Thailand, Bangkok.
Thailand Energy Statistics, Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy
Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to 2022.
Thailand Energy Balance Table, Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative
Energy Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to thepreliminary 2023.
Thailand Alternative Energy Situation, Ministry of Energy, Department of
Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to2022.
Energy Statistics of Thailand, Ministry of Energy, Energy Policy & Planning Office,Bangkok, various editions up to 2023.
Thailand’s Overall Petroleum Supply & Utilization, Petroleum Institute of Thailand,
Bangkok, various editions up to 2022.
Energy Statistics of Thailand 2023, Petroleum Institute of Thailand, Bangkok.
Thailand’s Petroleum & Petrochemical Statistics, Petroleum Institute of Thailand,
Bangkok, various editions up to 2022.
Key Statistical Data, Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand, Nonthaburi,
accessed in February 2024: www.egat.co.th..
Annual Report, Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand, Nonthaburi, various
editions up to 2022.
Thailand Energy Efficiency Situation, Ministry of Energy, Department of
Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to2017.
Kpler.com, London, data obtained in March 2024.
Presentation of Air Transport statistical results, International Civil Aviation

PAGE | 571

IEA. All rights reserved.

Organization (ICAO), United Nations, New York, various editions up to 2021.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Air Transport CO2 Emissions database, Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development, Paris, last accessed in May 2024.Steel statistical Yearbook,
World

Steel

Association,

Brussel,accessed

in

March

2024,

http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2002 to 2012:
Direct communication with the Petroleum Institute of Thailand, Bangkok, 2008 to2012.
Thailand Energy Situation, Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy
Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to 2012.
Key Statistical Data, Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand, Nonthaburi:
www.egat.co.th.
Thailand Alternative Energy Situation, Ministry of Energy, Department of
Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to
2012.
Electric Power in Thailand, Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy
Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to 2012.
Oil in Thailand, Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy Development
and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to 2012.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 2001:
Electric Power in Thailand, Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy, National
Energy Administration, Bangkok, 1985, 1986, 1988 to 2001.
Oil in Thailand, Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy, National Energy
Administration, Bangkok, 1979 to 2001.
Thailand Energy Situation, Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy, National
Energy Administration, Bangkok, 1978 to 2001.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Thailand Energy Statistics, Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy

PAGE | 572

IEA. All rights reserved.

Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to 2022.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Thailand Energy Balance Table, Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative
Energy Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to 2022.
Thailand Energy Situation, Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy
Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, 2002 to 2013.
Thailand Alternative Energy Situation, Ministry of Energy, Department of
Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Bangkok, various editions up to2022.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
March 2024.

PAGE | 573

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Togo
General notes
Data for Togo are available starting in 1971.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat accessed official data for the 2015-2022
period. Where possible, data for previous years have been substituted with official
data.
In the 2021 edition, newly available information led to the reporting of half of thehydroelectricity generation of Togo as exported to Benin, for the first time in 2019
data.
In the 2020 edition, solar photovoltaic off grid production was estimated by the IEA
Secretariat based on International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) capacities
from 2013 to 2018. In addition, Natural gas imports and use in electricity generation
are reported for the first time by Togo from 2014 onwards.
In the 2014 edition, Togo submitted official data for the years 2009-2012. Breaks
in time series between 2008 and 2009 may occur for this reason.

Sources
Sources 1999 to 2022:
Statistique du Togo, SIE-UEMOA web portal, http://sie.uemoa.int/, accessed in
May 2022.
Direct communication with Ministère de l'Equipement, des Mines, de l’Energie etdes Postes et Télécommunications, Lomé.
Renewable capacity statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023
Bilans Energétiques du Togo, Lomé, 1999 to 2012.
Rapport d’activités, Autorité de Réglementation du Secteur de l’Electricité (ARSE),
Lomé, various editions up to 2021.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1998:

PAGE | 574

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Trinidad and Tobago
General notes
Data for Trinidad and Tobago are available starting in 1971.
A new Gas-to-Liquids plant opened in 2021, converting natural gas to naphtha
and diesel.
Trinidad and Tobago’s only refinery closed in 2018.
Data for refinery gas production include losses inside the refinery up until the year
1999.
In the 2022 edition, part of the final consumption data of oil products for year 2019has been revised to use directly official data from the Ministry of Energy andEnergy Affairs. In cases where this has not been possible, 2019 data is estimatedbased on the total final consumption data by product available and the split into
sectors from 2018.
In the 2021 edition, electricity data for 2014 to 2017 was revised as new
information from the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE) became
available. Similarly, trade of oil products has been revised for 2014, 2016 and2018.
In the 2019 edition, new information became available from the Ministry of Energy
and Energy Affairs in order to disaggregate the losses from the refinery gas
production for 2000-2017.
In the 2014 edition, natural gas time series from 2000 were revised based on
newly available information on the definition of production of natural gas used by
Trinidad and Tobago (gross versus marketed production).

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs, Port of
Spain.
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in January 2024:

PAGE | 575

IEA. All rights reserved.

http://sielac.olade.org/.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Energy Industry Consolidated Monthly Bulletins, Ministry of Energy and Energy
Affairs, Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, various
editions up to 2022.
Annual Economic Survey, Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain,
1995 to 2022.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2024.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
January 2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2024.
The LNG Industry, GIIGNL – International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas
Importers, Neuilly sur Seine, various editions up to 2022.
Downstream Gas Industry Annual Report, Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs,
Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, various
editions up to 2012.
Petroleum Industry Monthly Bulletin, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources,
Port of Spain, various issues up to 1999.

Sources up to 1991:
Annual Statistical Digest, Central Statistical Office, Port of Spain, 1983, 1984.
History and Forecast, Electricity Commission, Port of Spain, 1987.
Annual Report, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Port of Spain, 1985,
1986.
The National Energy Balances 19791983, Ministry of Energy and Natural
Resources, Port of Spain, 1984.
Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission Annual Report, Trinidad and Tobago
Electricity Commission, Port of Spain, 1984, 1985.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome.
Energy-Economic

Information

System(SIEE),

Latin

AmericanEnergyPAGE | 576

IEA. All rights reserved.

Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in March 2021: http://sier.olade.org/

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Tunisia
General notes
Data for Tunisia are available starting in 1971.
A significant increase in electricity imports and decrease in electricity export isreported for 2021. This is due to the decrease of gas purchase from Algeria, which
reduced the electricity production from gas in Tunisia.
In the last years, T&D losses are quite high, reaching a maximum in 2021. As
tariffs rise and purchasing power decreases, customers are turning more andmore to practices of diverting electricity, leading to an increase in non-technicallosses.
In the 2024 edition, Solar PV generation data were revised downwards. Thisadjustment was prompted by the discovery of abnormally high production
estimates for Solar photovoltaic (autoproducers) in relation to the installedcapacity.
In the 2021 edition, net calorific values (NCVs) reported by Tunisia were used toconvert physical data to energy units. In previous years, IEA standard NCVs wereused. As a result, the time series of primary and secondary oil products in energy
units were revised for varying periods between 1990 and 2018.
In the 2015 edition, new information for lubricants and bitumen became available.
This may lead to breaks in the time series between 2009 and 2010.
A significant increase in crude oil production was reported for 2007 due to thestart-up of several new development wells and the beginning of production of the
Oudna field.
A shutdown of the Bizerte refinery occurred between March 2010 and June 2011,
resulting in breaks in time series for crude oil and oil products for the years 2009
to 2011.
In the 2009 edition, new data on charcoal production became available. A breakin time series for wood inputs and charcoal outputs can be observed between
2008 and 2009.
Revisions in heat data between 2013 and 2014 from the 2017 edition are based on

PAGE | 577

IEA. All rights reserved.

a survey of autoproducers.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 1992 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Observatoire National de l'Energie et des Mines,
Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et des Energies Renouvelables, Tunis.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
Rapport Annuel 2011, Société Tunisienne de l’Electricité et du Gaz, Tunis.
Online statistics, Société Tunisienne des Industries de Raffinage, Zarzouna, 2008
to 2009.
Statistiques d’Electricité du COMELEC, 2006, 2007, Comité Maghrébin del’Electricité.

Sources up to 1991:
Bilan Energétique de l'Année 1991, Banque Centrale de Tunisie, Tunis, 1992.
Rapport d'Activité 1990, Observatoire National de l'Energie, Agence pour laMaîtrise de l'Energie, Tunis, 1991.
Rapport Annuel 1990, Banque Centrale de Tunisie, Tunis, 1991.
Activités du Secteur Pétrolier en Tunisie, Banque Centrale de Tunisie, Tunis,
1987.
Statistiques Financières, Banque Centrale de Tunisie, Tunis, 1986.
Entreprise Tunisienne d'Activités Pétrolières (ETAP), Tunis, 1987.
Annuaire Statistique de la Tunisie, Institut National de la Statistique, Ministère duPlan, Tunis, 1985, 1986.
L'Economie de la Tunisie en Chiffres, Institut National de la Statistique, Tunis,
1984, 1985.
Activités et Comptes de Gestion, Société Tunisienne de l'Electricité et du Gaz,
Tunis, 1987.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on renewables since

PAGE | 578

IEA. All rights reserved.

2013.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Analyse du Bilan de Bois d’Energie et Identification d’un Plan d’Action, Ministry ofAgriculture, Tunis, 1998.

PAGE | 579

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Turkmenistan
General notes
Data for Turkmenistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they areincluded in Former Soviet Union.
Very little data from Turkmenistan are currently available. Supply data are
available from secondary sources and consumption is estimated. To indicate
uncertainty in the data, certain figures from 2015 onwards have deliberately been
kept equal to the previous year’s figures. This is the case of natural gas use intransformation and final consumption, input of crude oil to refineries, trade andoutput of secondary oil products from refineries, and the electricity and heatcommodity balances. As some flows fluctuate, while others have been kept flat, it
was also necessary to calculate some data, e.g. natural gas exports, as a residual
to maintain a consistent energy balance. Therefore, care should be taken wheninterpreting these data. The IEA Secretariat hopes to revise and improve thesedata in a coming cycle.
In the 2024 edition, supply and demand of Natural gas, and supply of electricity to
the country was revised based on new information found by the analysts of the
IEA.
In the 2023 edition, the split of jet kerosence between domestic and international
aviation was revised from 2016 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, information became available on the operations of a new gasto-liquids plant. Its output is reported in other hydrocarbons and then transferredto the corresponding secondary oil products.

Sources
Sources from 2016 onwards:
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2024.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in

PAGE | 580

IEA. All rights reserved.

February 2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York, accessed in February 2024.
Renewable capacity statistics 2024, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2024
Statistical Review of World Energy, Energy Institute, London, 2023 edition.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD, Paris, 2024
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 2015:
Turkmenistan Country Report, Turkmenenergo, Ashgabat, 2016.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2016.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, various
editions up to 2016.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York, various editions up to 2015.
CIS and East European Energy Databook, Eastern Bloc Research Ltd, Tolsta
Chaolais, various editions up to 2015.
Online database, Asian Development Bank, Mandaluyong.
Direct communication with the National Institute of Statistics and Forecasting of
Turkmenistan, Ashgabat, November 1999 and January 2001.

PAGE | 581

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

UgandaGeneral notes
Uganda data are available from 1971 onwards.
In the 2024 edition, data for other bituminous coal imports, other bituminous coalindustrial consumption and non-bio diesel/gas oil auto-producer electricity plants
were added from 2008 to 2022 based on industrial data provided by the Ministryof Energy and Mineral Development and IEA Secretariat estimates. Electricity
consumption in iron and steel, non-metallic minerals, food and tobacco, and nonspecified industries was also revised starting in 2000 based on IEA Secretariat
estimates.
In the 2023 edition, electricity data from 2000 to 2020 were revised for several
flows based on data provided by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development,
Electricity Regulatory Authority, and IEA Secretariat estimates.
In the 2023 edition, primary solid biofuels and charcoal data were revised for theentire time series based on IEA Secretariat estimates and data provided by the
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, andFood and Agriculture Organization.
In the 2022 edition, more detailed information on fuel consumption by industry
sub-sector was provided by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development for2020. For electricity and primary solid biofuels, all industry consumption isallocated to non-specified industry consumption up to 2020. It is disaggregatedinto specific sub-sectors in 2020, creating a break in the time series between 2019and 2020. For charcoal, liquefied petroleum gases, motor gasoline, otherkerosene, and gas/diesel oil, industry consumption was re-allocated from nonspecified industry to the sub-sector identified in the new 2020 data for the wholetime series.
In the 2021 edition, new data became available to the IEA secretariat, leading torevisions of the whole time series for solid biofuels (fuelwood, bagasse andcharcoal).
Also in the 2021 edition, new data available lead to revision of the oil products
from 2000 onward, and the addition of bitumen to the products for the whole timeseries. Electricity data were also revised for the whole time series.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated 2007 – 2018 data based on

PAGE | 582

IEA. All rights reserved.

AFREC and IRENA data.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2020 edition, the Secretariat estimated the share of domestic andinternational aviation consumption based on OAG data from 2005 onwards;
breaks in time series might occurs between 2004 and 2005.
Prior to 2007, data are based on the United Nations Statistics Division data and
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development,
Kampala.
Statistical Abstract, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Kampala,various editions up to 2022.
Electricity Statistics, Electricity Regulatory Authority, Kampala, Q4 2023 editions.
Africa Energy database, African Energy Commission, Algiers, accessed in April
2021.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu
Dhabi.
Statistical Abstract, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Kampala, various editions up to
2019.
Energy Statistics Yearbook 2016, United Nations, New York, 2019.
Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights database, 2018, OAG Aviation, Luton,
http://www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
Forestry

Statistics,

FAO,

Rome,

accessed

in

March

2024:

http://www.fao.org/faostat.

PAGE | 583

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

UkraineGeneral notes
Data for Ukraine are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in
Former Soviet Union.
Ukraine is one of the 11 EU4Energy focus countries.
Ukraine has been under martial law since Russia’s invasion in February 2022. As
a result, the State Statistics Service of Ukraine is no longer able to submit detailedenergy statistics to the IEA via the Annual Questionnaires. Therefore, data from2021 have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat using a variety of sources. In
particular, national activity information on industrial and services sectors has beenused to estimate demand. However, due to the difficulty associated with estimating
data in a wartime environment, several flows have been marked as “not available”
and/or reported at an aggregated level. This leads to breaks for some timeseries.
Due to limited information being available to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine
from part of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine and from theAutonomous Republic of Crimea, breaks in the time series occur after 2013 forcoal products and in 2016, for diesel energy industry own use.
The IEA Secretariat and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine have worked
closely on the revision of historical data. Therefore, breaks in time series may
occur between 2006 and 2007.
From 2007 onwards the transparency of data may be reduced because ofconfidentiality issues. For instance: peat includes lignite and patent fuel; otherkerosene includes aviation fuels (aviation gasoline, gasoline-type jet fuel andkerosene-type jet fuel) for the period 2007-2015; other products include petroleum
coke; since 2016 aviation fuels and kerosene are included in other products; since2017 bituminous coal includes anthracite.

Coal
IEA statistics refer to coal after washing and screening for the removal of inorganic
matter. Official Ukrainian coal statistics refer to unwashed and unscreened coalprior to 1995.
The decline in coal production observed since 2013 is the reflection of lack of data

PAGE | 584

IEA. All rights reserved.

availability in these regions, not of an actual decrease in coal production.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2022 edition and for the year 2020, coking coal production has been
reclassified as other bituminous coal production due to the lower quality of theextracted coal. This creates a break in the time series of indigenous production
between 2019 and 2020 for both coal products.
Anthracite supply and demand data since 2017 are included in other bituminous
coal due to confidentiality issues.
Bituminous coal from other sources refers to coal mined in informal sector.
Due to a plant closure in 2008, a stock of lignite/peat became available, without
details about its consumption. This may lead to breaks in time series and highstatistical difference for 2008.
Since 2013, quantities of other bituminous coal reported under patent fueltransformation are used to make briquettes from dust and due to confidentiality
and calorific value of this output, it is reported in peat products and not in patentfuel production.

Oil
From the 2020 edition, the Statistics Service of Ukraine is encountering
confidentiality issues that lead to lack of refinery output data availability. Since
2018 data, the resulting large refinery losses reflect the missing output data,
notably motor gasoline and gas/diesel oil. Part of the production of Ukraine’s
refinery is included with “other non-specified oil products”, for example all motor
gasoline produced in 2018, and part of this production in 2019. Because of this,from the 2022 edition the IEA Secretariat decided to report motor gasoline andgas/diesel oil production from 2018 onwards as confidential.
Large statistical differences exist for some oil products such as transport fuels andLPG. These are due to identified reporting issues in Ukraine. The State Statistics
Service of Ukraine continues to work with data providers to solve these issues.
Due to lack of disaggregated data, aviation fuels are included with “Other nonspecified oil products”.
In the 2017 edition, refinery inputs have been estimated for 2015 by the IEA
Secretariat based on supply to correct the disbalance between inputs and outputs;
discrepancies may appear in the 2015 refinery balance.
In the 2016 edition, refinery gas is reported in the transformation sector. A breakin time series and statistical difference appear as more information on the supply

PAGE | 585

IEA. All rights reserved.

side remains unavailable.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Quantities of other hydrocarbons reported correspond to petroleum cokeproduced from coal tar. This information is not available for 2016.

Natural gas
The data for the stock draw and statistical difference of natural gas in 2010 are aconsequence of the accounting method chosen by the Ukrainian administration toreflect the ruling of the Stockholm Arbitration Tribunal of March 30, 2010.
Gas stocks include stocks supplied to the Autonomous republic of Crimea.
Due to the new annual survey form, there was reclassification between main
activity producers and autoproducers in 2016.

Biofuels and waste
Charcoal production has included pyrolysis and calculated amounts of traditional
production since 2008.

Electricity and heat
Statistical difference for electricity includes electricity supplied to the Autonomous
Republic of Crimea and the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine.
In the 2016 edition, power plants have been reclassified due to the implementationof more detailed survey forms.

Sources
Sources 2022:
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 2007 to 2021:
Direct communication with the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Kiev.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 2006:

PAGE | 586

IEA. All rights reserved.

Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Direct communication with the Ministry of Statistics, Kiev, 1995.
Direct communication with the Coal Ministry, Kiev, 1995.
Direct communication with the National Dispatching Company, Kiev, 1995.
Direct communication with the State Mining University of Ukraine, Dnipopetrovsk,
1995, 1996.
Direct communication with Ukrgazprom (now Naftogaz), Kiev, February 1995.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Statistics of the Ukraine, Kiev, July 1994.
Ukraine in 1992, Statistical Handbook, Ministry of Statistics of the Ukraine, Kiev,
1993.
Ukraine Power Demand and Supply Options, The World Bank, Washington DC,
1993.
Power Industry in Ukraine, Ministry of Power and Electrification, Kiev, 1994.
Energy Issues Paper, Ministry of Economy, Kiev, March 1995.
Ukraine Energy Sector Statistical Review 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, The
World Bank Regional Office, Kiev, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998.
Global Energy Saving Strategy for Ukraine, Commission of the European
Communities, TACIS, Madrid, July 1995.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1990 to 1991:
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaire on renewables since2007.
Direct communication with the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Kiev.
The World Bank, Washington DC.

PAGE | 587

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

United Arab Emirates
General notes
Data for the United Arab Emirates are available starting in 1971.
Crude oil production and export data do not include field condensate. Field
condensate quantities are included with natural gas liquids.
In the 2024 edition, several flows for primary and secondary oil products for2021 and, sometimes, also for previous years, were revised based on the 2022
Oil, Gas and Coal Statistics report from the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics
Authority (FCSA), as it was not published last cycle for 2021 data. In particular, forjet kerosene, fuel oil, diesel oil and gasoline there were revisions of production
and imports from 2018 onwards. Furthermore, for the first time the IEA Secretariat
reported other hydrocarbons production and use as refinery input from 2020.
However, this product might be revised or reclassified in the next cycles whenmore information about its origin, composition and uses are available.
In the 2024 edition, non-energy use of natural gas was revised from 2013
onwards and for ethane and LPG starting in 2015, due to new available
information.
In the 2024 edition, other bituminous coal and coking coal imports and industry
consumption for 2020 and 2021, and for anthracite for 2021 only, were revised
due to new available information from the FCSA,
In the 2023 edition, primary and secondary oil products, natural gas and coal data
were mostly estimated by the IEA Secretariat because national sources did not
publish such statistics.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised all the time series of electricity
demand due to new available information from the FCSA.
In the 2023 edition, following the beginning of operations in 2020 of Barakah
nuclear power plant and Hassyan coal power plant, main activity producer
consumption and electricity generation for nuclear and coal were added for 2020
and 2021. Consequently, diesel consumption for electricity generation in 2020 was
revised.
In the 2023 edition, the FCSA revised the whole time series for electricity

PAGE | 588

IEA. All rights reserved.

production from solar photovoltaic.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2022 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised several supply and demand flows
of NGL, ethane, naphtha and LPG from 2015 and 2019 due to new available
information. Furthermore, crude oil refinery input in 2016 was revised to betterreflect official data from the FCSA.
In the 2021 edition, oil densities for several products were revised to align with the
UAE’s official values. This implies revisions especially to the NGL, LPG, lubricants,ethane and naphtha time series.
In the 2021 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised non-energy use final consumption
data for oil and gas in the petrochemical sector from 2015 to 2018, in order to take
into account developments in this sector in the UAE, including the third expansionof the Borouge Cracker in 2015. Products affected by these revisions are NGLs,
naphtha, ethane and LPG, as well as natural gas.
In the 2020 edition, production, trade and consumption flows of natural gas liquids,
crude oil and most of the secondary oil products have been revised due to newly
available information and historical changes from the Federal Competitivenessand Statistics Authority (FCSA) and from the Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC) for the period 1980-2017.
In the 2020 edition, new information on electricity was made available by the
FCSA. This led to revisions in production and imports series as well as natural gas
consumption for power generation from 2007 onwards.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated electricity own use in the powerand heat industry and electricity used for desalination, based on new information
made available by the FCSA from 2007 onwards. This might cause a break inelectricity own use time series between 2006 and 2007.
In the 2020 edition, wind production was estimated based on capacities publishedby the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), from 2013 onwards.
In the 2018 edition, information on asphalt, lubricants, and other oil products weremade available. Breaks in time series for these products can be seen between
2015 and 2016.
Sources for electricity data in 2016 show reclassification from other non-specified
consumption to commercial and public services. A break in time series can beobserved between 2015 and 2016.
In the 2018 edition, revisions in oil products supply and stocks can be observed

PAGE | 589

IEA. All rights reserved.

since 2009 due to newly available data.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2015 edition, time series for oil, gas, and coal data were revised according
to data from FCSA. Breaks in time series can be observed in 2009 for coal, crude
oil production and trade.
In 2015, Ruwais refining complex expansion was completed, significantly
increasing refined oil products production and oil industry own use of refinery
inputs.
In the 2013 edition, time series on electricity imports and exports were revised due
to new information available on international trade at the interconnectors for theUnited Arab Emirates. This may lead to revisions to these time series from 2007.
Time series revisions in natural gas liquids (NGL) production were advised by the
FCSA. Breaks in time series can be observed in 2011 for NGL.

Sources
Sources 1993 to 2022:
Direct communication with Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority(FCSA), Dubai.
Electricity Statistics, Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority (FCSA),
Dubai, various editions, data up to 2022.
Oil, Gas and Coal Statistics, Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority(FCSA), Dubai, various editions, data up to 2022.
Renewable Energy Statistics, Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority(FCSA), Dubai, various editions, data up to 2021.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
Renewable capacity statistics 2024, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023
Air Transport CO2 Emissions database, Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development, Paris, last accessed in May 2024.
Direct communication with the National Bureau of Statistics of the United ArabEmirates, Abu Dhabi.

PAGE | 590

IEA. All rights reserved.

Direct communication with United Arab Emirates Ministry of Energy, Dubai.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2023.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2021.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2023.
JODI Oil World database, Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), Riyadh,
accessed in May 2024: https://www.jodidata.org/oil/ .
Dow Jones Coal Price and Industry Statistics, Dow Jones Energy Limited, London,
2023.
International Trade Report, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Adelaide, various
editions up to 2019.
Statistical Data for Electricity and Water 2015-2014, United Arab Emirates Ministryof Energy, Dubai.
Statistical Report 1999-2017, Abu Dhabi Water & Electric Company (ADWEC),
Abu Dhabi, 2019.
Statistical Report, Emirates Water & Electric Company (EWEC), Abu Dhabi,
various editions up to 2022.
Statistical Leaflet, Emirates Water & Electric Company (EWEC), Abu Dhabi,
various editions up to 2023.
Annual Report, Regulation & Supervision Bureau of Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi,
various editions up to 2012.
Statistical Yearbook 1995, 1996, 1998, Department of Planning, Abu Dhabi, 1998,
2001.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Electricity and Water, Abu Dhabi, March
2001.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

PAGE | 591

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources up to 1992:
Annual Report 1998, Ministry of Electricity & Water, Dubai.
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, 1985 Annual Report, Abu Dhabi National Oil
Company, Abu Dhabi, 1986.
United Arab Emirates Statistical Review 1981, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral
Resources, Abu Dhabi, 1982.
Annual Statistical Abstract, Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Department,
Abu Dhabi, various editions from 1980 to 1993.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in
May 2023.

IEA Secretariat estimates.
Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on

PAGE | 592

IEA. All rights reserved.

Climate Change, Ministry of Energy, United Arab Emirates, 2006.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Uruguay
General notes
Data for Uruguay are available starting in 1971.
In the 2022 edition, LPG data for 2019 and petroleum coke data for 2018 and 2019
have been revised due to new available information on their calorific values for
those years.
In the 2021 edition, communication with the Dirección Nacional de Energía led todata revisions, increasing the detail of the energy balance. A methanol time series
is now available from 2010, included in biogasoline. Hydrogen production from apilot project is now available from 2016 and included in biogases. Biogas fromthermal processes in the paper industry is not reported separately for
confidentiality reasons; they are included with solid biofuels. As a result of thoseadditions, the series for primary solid biofuels and biogasoline are revised from2010 onwards. The series for naphtha is also revised from 1971 to 1989.
In the 2020 edition, historical data across multiple years and products were revised
in line with the latest historical data available from Dirección Nacional de Energía.
Data were revised from 1971 onwards for coal, oil, oil products and electricity,from 1981 onwards for hydro, from 1998 onwards for natural gas and from 2010
onwards for solar photovoltaic.
In 2017, La Teja refinery was mostly inactive which leads to sharp decrease inrefinery outputs. Refinery activity recovered in 2018.
The pronounced growth in production of biofuels and waste from 2007 to 2010
results from the development of the pulp and paper industry.
The power produced from the Salto Grande hydroelectric plant, located on the
Uruguay River between Concordia in Argentina and Salto in Uruguay is equallyshared between the two countries. Exports include power produced in Salto
Grande and exported to Argentina.
The refinery was shut down for maintenance in 1993-1994. This explains the low

PAGE | 593

IEA. All rights reserved.

refinery output observed in 1993 and the absence of output in 1994.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources from 1971:
Direct communication with Dirección Nacional de Energía, Ministerio de Industria,
Energía y Minería, Montevideo.
Balance Energético Nacional, Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería, Dirección
Nacional de Energía, Montevideo, 1971 to 2022.

PAGE | 594

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Uzbekistan
General notes
Data for Uzbekistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included
in Former Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the 11 EU4Energy focus countries.
In the 2024 edition, revisions to calorific values of crude oil, LPG, motor gasoline,
gas/diesel oil, fuel oil and petcoke took place from 2006 onwards to better reflect
the characteristics of local crude as well as national data on oil products. In the2024 edition, new information from theState Committee of the Republic of

Uzbekistan on Statistics led to a new series of electricity generation from solar andwind, as well as revisions to other bituminous coal inputs to power plants, total
electricity generation and the thermal split of power generation from 2012
onwards. A structural break in electricity generation from coal exists between 2018and 2019, due to better availability of data from 2019 onwards. 2021 crude oil
imports and 2022 production of other hydrocarbons (gas-to-liquids) are estimatedby the IEA secretariat. In the 2024 edition, data on oil products has been revised
from 2006 onwards. Oil product information between 2018 and 2020 has been
partially revised using new detailed information from the State Committee of the
Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics on products such as paraffin waxes,
lubricants and bitumen. As a result of this, some data has been re-estimated by
the IEA secretariat between 2014 and 2017. Natural gas production data for 2018and 2019 has been revised, as well as energy industry own use from 2018
onwards. From 2021 onwards, imports and exports of some oil products, e.g.
other kerosene, may include fuel in transit.
In the 2023 edition, data on the split between domestic and international aviation
were revised from 2013 onwards based on new information.
In the 2022 edition, the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on
Statistics submitted data on electricity, coal, natural gas and oil through the joint
IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires with improved disaggregationof data. This led to breaks in time series between 2019 and 2020.
In the 2021 edition, the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on
Statistics submitted data on electricity, coal, natural gas and oil through the joint
IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires, with revisions for thehistorical data of non-bio jet kerosene, diesel and bitumen. Revisions may also

PAGE | 595

IEA. All rights reserved.

affect diesel and gasoline between 2013 and 2016.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, new data available led to the addition of heat transmission anddistribution losses from 1990 onwards.
In the 2020 edition, the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on
Statistics submitted data on electricity, coal, natural gas and oil through the joint
IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires. Historical time series were
therefore revised by the IEA Secretariat from 1998 to 2017. Motor gasoline has
been further revised from 1990 onwards and aviation gasoline from 1996.
In the 2020 edition, data were first incorporated from the annual pilot fuel andenergy balances published by the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
on Statistics. As a result, demand data from 2018 onwards display improved
disaggregation, breaks in the time series occur between 2017 and 2018.
In the 2018 edition, data on heat were made available from the State Committeeof the Republic of Uzbekistan; breaks in time series may occur in 2008.
Prior to 2018, few data are available for biofuels and waste, natural gas demand,and non-energy oil products. As a result, supply data are based on from secondary
sources and consumption is estimated.
Fuel inputs to, and electricity and heat outputs from, power plants are estimatedby the IEA Secretariat, with estimates from 2018 onwards being better informedby data from State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Imports of crude oil are partially estimated by the IEA Secretariat, and may containother products which are inputs to the refining process.

Sources
Sources from 1998 onwards:
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires for electricity, coal, gas
and oil.
Socio-Economic situation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, State Committee of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, editions 2008 to 2022.
Pilot fuel and energy balance of the Republic of Uzbekistan, State Committee of
the Republic of Uzbekistan, editions 2018 to 2022.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, last

PAGE | 596

IEA. All rights reserved.

accessed in December2023: .

World energy balances 2024 Edition

UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New-York, accessed December
2023, from http://comtrade.un.org/.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD, Paris, 2023
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1990 to 1997:
Direct communication with the Interstate Statistical Committee of theCommonwealth of Independent States, Moscow.
Direct communication with the Institute of Power Engineering and Automation,
Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 1994, 1996, 1998 to 2003.
Joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE annual energy questionnaires, 1995 to 1997.
Online database, Asian Development Bank, Mandaluyong.
CIS and East European Energy Databook, Eastern Bloc Research Ltd, Tolsta
Chaolais, various editions up to 2014.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome.

PAGE | 597

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Venezuela
General notes
Data for Venezuela are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, the increase in natural gas demand is mainly driven by adecrease in statistical difference for this product.
In the 2023 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated natural gas losses in Venezuela
for the period 2015-2021.
In the 2023 edition, the production and exports of other bituminous coal wererevised for the period 2015-2021 thanks to newly available information.
In the 2023 edition, as for the previous three editions, no data were available from
Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) for 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Thus, allcrude oil and oil products data are estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on datafrom various secondary sources. Supply and demand data for these products has
been revised based on newly available data and information.
In the 2021 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised their estimates for LPG non-energy
use in the petrochemical sector for 2018 to account for the lack of feedstock
availability in the country.
In the 2020 edition, natural gas data were revised from 2008 onwards, following
new information from PDVSA on the industrial split of natural gas, and IEASecretariat estimates.
In the 2020 edition, the oil balance was revised in order to reflect the available
data from the Ministerio de Petróleos and PDVSA. As a result, a series of revisions
is listed below. Crude oil production, exports and refinery inputs were revised from1999 to reflect Petróleo y Otros Datos Estadísticos (PODE) information and
PDVSA information up to 2017. Orimulsion and lease condensate were revised
from 2001 onwards. Natural gas liquids were revised from 1999. Refinery
feedstocks were revised from 1999 to incorporate information from PODE andPDVSA; this includes multiple unspecified products, and leads to structural breaks
in the time series between 1998 and 1999. Feedstocks imports can also include
méthyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Ethane data are available from 1999 onwards.
Production problems led to propane having a significant role in petrochemical
activities. LPG data are available from 1999 onwards, and include propane, iso-

PAGE | 598

IEA. All rights reserved.

butane, normal-butane and propane-butane mixes. Naphtha data are available

World energy balances 2024 Edition

from 1999 onwards, including refinery production and natural gasoline/pentane
output from gas separation plants.
In the 2020 edition, an allocation between domestic and international aviation
consumption of jet kerosene was estimated by the IEA Secretariat since 2012.
This may lead break in time series between 2011 and 2012.
Motor gasoline production, transfers and use in road transport have been revised
from 1999 onwards. Transfers include residual naphtha only. Export is estimatedbetween 1999 and 2006. Import data from 2010-2017 are sourced from PDVSA.
Paraffin waxes, refinery gas and petcoke have been revised from 1999 to reflect
data from PODE. Exports are estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Other nonspecified oil products are partially estimated by the IEA Secretariat and include
multiple unspecified products, as well as sulphur. Fuel oil production and exports
are estimated by the IEA Secretariat from 2016 onwards. Diesel production isestimated from 2017 onwards.
The multiple revisions made in the 2020 edition lead to structural breaks between
1998 and 1999.
Up to 2017, crude oil production data are obtained from PDVSA with leasecondensate removed.
Lease condensate quantities are included in natural gas liquids (NGL) from 2000.
This may lead to breaks in time series between 1999 and 2000.
Revised data for the years 2005-2011 were provided by the Latin American
Energy Organization (OLADE). These revisions may lead to breaks in time series
between 2004 and 2005 and differences in trends in comparison to previous
editions.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in May 2024:
http://sielac.olade.org/.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2023.
Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) Annual Report, Petróleos de Venezuela,

PAGE | 599

IEA. All rights reserved.

Caracas, various editions up to 2017.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Rystad Energy, Oslo, data obtained in April 2024.
Gas Energy Latin America, Caracas, data obtained in May 2024.
Kpler.com, London, data obtained in May 2024.
Annual Report, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), United Nations,
New York, 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2023.
Dow Jones Coal Price and Industry Statistics, Dow Jones Energy Limited, London,
2023.
Petróleo y Otros Datos Estadísticos, Dirección General Sectorial de Hidrocarburos,
Caracas, 1983 to 1991, 1993 to 2004, 2007 to 2008, 2014.
Estadísticas consolidadas, Cámara Venezolana de la Industria Eléctrica,
Caracas, 1996 to 2007.
Oficina de operación de sistemas interconectados Venezuela, Caracas, 2008.
Balance Energético de Venezuela, Dirección de Planificación Energética,
Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Caracas, 1971 to 2005.
Transformando la energía en desarrollo social, CVG EDELCA Informe Anual,
2006.
Compendio Estadístico del Sector Eléctrico, Ministerio de Energía y Minas,
Dirección de Electricidad, Carbón y Otras Energías, Caracas, 1984, 1989, 1990,
1991.
Memoria y Cuenta, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Caracas, 1991.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Energy Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean (sieLAC), Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Quito, accessed in May 2023:
http://sielac.olade.org/

PAGE | 600

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Viet Nam
General notes
Data for Viet Nam are available starting in 1971.
Data for stock changes may contain statistical differences for some energy
products.
Data for international marine bunkers of fuel oil are estimated to be 80% of watertransport fuel oil consumption reported in Viet Nam energy balances since 1990.
The breakdown of natural gas input to main activity producer and autoproducer
electricity plants, and the corresponding electricity output have been estimated by
IEA Secretariat since 2011.
In the absence of detailed information, coal data are broken down by type by the
IEA Secretariat.
In the 2022 edition, new data source, Vietnam Energy Statistics, became available
for 2015-2019 and preliminary 2020 data. This led to a series of revisions for 20152019 data.
In the 2021 edition, data for 2016-2018 were revised as new information from Asia
Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) became available. This might lead to abreak in time series between 2015 and 2016 for the following products and flows:
anthracite, bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, solid biofuels, natural gas, crudeoil, NGL, LPG, motor gasoline, kerosene type jet fuel, other kerosene, gas/diesel,
fuel oil, lubricants, bitumen and electricity for production, trade, stock changes,
international/domestic bunkers, transformation, industry, transport, residential,commercial and agriculture sector.
In the 2021 edition, charcoal production and residential consumption data prior to2016 were revised using the charcoal production efficiency derived from therevised balances submitted by Viet Nam to APERC.
In the 2021 edition, peat production and import data from 2011 onwards wererevised to 0 based on new information from revised balances submitted by Viet
Nam to APERC.
In the 2021 edition, coking coal production data from 2011 onwards were retrieved
from Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel Joint Stock Company (TISCO). Input to coke

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IEA. All rights reserved.

oven of coking coal and iron and steel sector consumption of coke oven coke wereWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

then estimated. Coke oven coke trade data were revised using UN Comtrade
database.
In the 2021 edition, the revised balances submitted by Viet Nam to APERC include
new detailed information on solid and liquid biofuels produced and used in the
country. Detailed time series for bagasse, other solid vegetal matters andbiogasoline have been created for the years 2016 to 2019.
In the 2020 edition, data for condensate were revised from 2005 to 2014 basedon new information from APERC. Fuelwood input to charcoal production plantsfrom 2000 to 2014 were revised due to the revision of rural population data.
In the 2020 edition, new information on international/domestic aviation bunker andrail consumption became available in the 2018 Vietnam Energy Balance Tables.
In the 2019 edition, some 2015 and 2016 data were revised to adapt to Vietnam
Energy Balance Tables updated format. This may lead to breaks in time series forsome flows between 2014 and 2015.

Sources
Sources 2010 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC),Tokyo.
Vietnam Energy Statistics 2022, National Energy Efficiency Programme, Instituteof Energy, Ministry of Industry and Trade
Vietnam Energy Balance Tables, General Directorate of Energy, Ministry ofIndustry and Trade, Hanoi, various editions up to 2022.
Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel Joint Stock Company (TISCO), Thai Nguyen City.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New York, accessed in May
2024: http://comtrade.un.org/.
Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam & Statistical Handbook, General Statistics Officeof Vietnam (GSO), Hanoi, various editions up to 2014.

PAGE | 602

IEA. All rights reserved.

Yearbook, Vietnam Energy (Năng Lượng Việt Nam), Hanoi, 2012.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources 1992 to 2010:
Direct communication with the Institute of Energy and the Ministry of Industry andTrade, Hanoi.
Direct communication with the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC),Tokyo.
Vietnam Energy Balance Tables, General Directorate of Energy, Ministry ofIndustry and Trade, Hanoi, various editions up to 2010.
Annual Report 2006, Petrovietnam, Vietnam National Oil and Gas Group, Hanoi.
Direct communication with the Center for Energy-Environment Research andDevelopment, Pathumthami, 1997 to 1999.
Sectoral Energy Demand in Vietnam, UNDP Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 1992.
Energy Commodity Account of Vietnam 1992, Asian Development Bank, Manila,
1994.
World Economic Problems (20), National Centre for Social Sciences of the S.R.
Vietnam, Institute of World Economy, Hanoi, 1993.
Vietnam Energy Review, Institute of Energy, Hanoi, 1995, 1997, 1998.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
IEA Secretariat estimates based on data from Vietnam Energy Balance Tables

PAGE | 603

IEA. All rights reserved.

from Ministry of Industry and Trade, Hanoi, various editions up to 2019.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Yemen
General notes
Data for Yemen are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, electricity consumption data from 2021 onwards have beenrevised due to new available information from the Central Statistical Organization.
Revisions in electricity generation data are expected to be done in the next
publication.
Due to the ongoing conflict in Yemen, no official government data sources wereavailable since 2017. From the 2019 edition, data are primarily based on
secondary sources, media reports and IEA Secretariat estimates.
In the 2022 edition, crude oil production and refinery input figures as well as NGL
and oil products production were revised from 2016 onwards due to new available
information or revisions from secondary sources.
In the 2022 edition, the IEA Secretariat estimated crude oil, jet kerosene andnaphtha exports from 2016 onwards due to new information available.
In the 2021 edition, refinery production of LPG, motor gasoline, kerosene and fueloil has been revised by the IEA Secretariat from 2016 onwards due to new
information available.
In the 2021 edition, due to new available information the IEA Secretariat revised
charcoal figures from 1989 onwards.
In the 2020 edition, revisions to crude oil data in 2016 and 2017 and natural gas
data in 2017 are due to revisions in secondary sources.
In the 2020 edition, natural gas liquids production and corresponding processing
into LPG were revised from 2014 onwards based on IEA Secretariat oil and gas
experts’ estimates.
In the 2020 edition, solar photovoltaic electricity generation was revised by the IEA
Secretariat for 2016 and 2017 based on International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA) estimates.
In the 2018 edition, revisions to electricity inputs and consumption from 2014-2015

PAGE | 604

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are based on IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil and gas activity was halted in 2015 due to military conflict, affecting oil and oil
products data from 2015-2016. In 2016, no exports occurred.
Revisions to 2014 oil data are due to receipt of Ministry of Planning reports.
Oil and gas pipeline sabotage was reported in 2012 due to unrest in Yemen.
Breaks in time series between 2011 and 2012 as well as between 2012 and 2013
may be observed because of this.

Sources
Sources 2011 to 2022:
Statistical Yearbook, Central Statistical Organization, Yemen, 2022.
Annual Statistical Report, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC), Kuwait, various editions up to 2022.
Statistical Bulletin, Arab Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors ofElectricity (AUPTDE), Amman, various editions up to 2018.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2022.
Renewable energy statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New York, accessed in June
2023: http://comtrade.un.org/.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation,
Sana’a, until 2017.
Direct communication with Aden Refinery, Aden, until 2017.
Statistical Yearbook, Central Statistical Organization, Sana’a, various editions up
to 2013.
Petroleum Subsidies in Yemen, International Food Policy Research Institute(IFPRI), Washington DC, 2011.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1991 to 2010:

PAGE | 605

IEA. All rights reserved.

Yemen Petroleum Company, online statistics, Sana’a, 2010.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Oil & Gas in Figures 2001 – 2007, Ministry of Oil & Minerals, Statistics TechnicalCommittee, Yemen, Sana’a, 2008.
Oil, Gas and Minerals Statistics, Annual Bulletin 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and2006, Ministry of Oil & Minerals, Statistics Technical Committee, Yemen, Sana’a,
2001 to 2007.
Household Budget Survey 2005/2006, Central Statistical Organization, Sana’a.
Direct communications with the Yemen General Oil and Gas Corporation, thePublic Electricity Corporation, and the National Information Center, Sana’a, 2001.
Statistical Indicators in the Electricity Sector, Ministry of Planning and Development,
Central Statistical Organization, Sana’a, 1993.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources up to 1991:
Statistical Yearbook, Government of Yemen Arab Republic, Sana’a, 1988.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome.

PAGE | 606

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Former Yugoslavia
General notes
Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are available starting in
1990, and most of the information on 1990 and 1991 was estimated by the IEA
Secretariat. Because of large breaks in reporting which occurred in the early
1990’s, breaks in time series may occur in 1990 for all regional totals.

Sources
Sources up to 1989:
Statisticki

Godisnjak

Yugoslavije,

Socijalisticka

Federativna

Rebublika

Jugoslavija, Savezni Zavod Za Statistiku, Beograd, 1985 to 1991.
Indeks, Socijalisticka Federativna Rebublika Jugoslavija, Beograd, 1990, 1991,

PAGE | 607

IEA. All rights reserved.

1992.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

ZambiaGeneral notes
Data for Zambia are available starting in 1971.
Zambia is one of the ten countries that benefit from EU Support to IEA Data for
Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa.
In 2021, Indeni refinery closed. As a result, all oil products will be imported in thefollowing years.
In August 2016, a coal thermal power plant with an installed capacity of 300 MW
was commissioned in Maamba, Sinazongwe District.
Crude oil imports reported by Zambia’s Energy Regulation Board (ERB) include
petroleum feedstocks comprised of crude oil, naphtha, condensate, and gasoil.
In the 2024 edition, solid biofuels and charcoal data has been revised from 2000
onwards with data from AFREC, Ministry of Energy, FAO and IEA secretariat
estimates.
In the 2024 edition, imports of LPG and fuel oil for 2022 have been estimated by
the IEA secretariat. 2017-2021 data of kerosene and gas/diesel oil have beenrevised with information from the Energy Regulatory Board, as well as 2021 datafor bitumen and non-specified oil products.
In the 2024 edition, coal data has been revised using trade information from UN
Comtrade, partial production information from Ministry of Finance and National
Planning, estimated power inputs to power to Maamba power station and coalsales from Maamba coal mine. As a result of these revisions to coal data, imports
and exports have been revised from 2007 onwards, inputs to power from 2016
onwards, production from 2014 onwards and industrial consumption from 2007
onwards.
In the 2023 edition, many oil products flows were revised or added from 2017using official data reported by ERB.
In the 2021 edition, new information on the refinery activity available led torevisions of the inputs and outputs value in our data from 2016 onward.
In the 2021 edition, new information available led to revisions of the production of

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primary solid biofuels and charcoal from 2000 onward.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2015 edition, information on refinery yields was obtained and applied to therefinery production from 2001. Therefore, breaks in time series may occur
between 2000 and 2001.
A fire damaged the sole oil refinery (Indeni) in Zambia in 2000. Therefore, breaks
in time series may occur between 1999 and 2000, as well as between 2000 and
2001.

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Statistical Bulletin. Energy Regulation Board, Lusaka, various editions up to 2023.
Energy Sector Report. Energy Regulation Board, Lusaka, various editions up to
2022.
Petroleum Industry Statistics, Energy Regulation Board, Lusaka, various editions
up to 2023.
UN

Comtrade,

UnitedNations

Statistical

Division,

New

York,

2023:

http://comtrade.un.org/.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD.Stat, Paris, last access in 2024Institutional
Framework and Storage and Transportation Infrastructure of the Zambian
Petroleum Supply Chain (DRAFT), Government of the Republic of Zambia,
Lusaka, 2007.
Economic Report 2003, Ministry of Finance, Lusaka.
Energy Statistics Bulletin 1980-1999, Department of Energy, Lusaka, 2000.
AFREPREN, 2002.
Annual Statistical Yearbook 1993, 1994, 1995 (Consumption in Zambia
19781983), Eskom, Lusaka, 1984.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, accessed in

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IEA. All rights reserved.

2024: http://www.fao.org/faostat.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Forests and Biomass Sub-sector in Africa, African Energy Programme of theAfrican Development Bank, Abidjan, 1996.

PAGE | 610

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Zimbabwe
General notes
Data for Zimbabwe are available starting in 1971.
In the 2024 edition, residential consumption of fuelwood and other solid biomasshas been revised since year 2000. This revision causes a significant break for theyear 2000. New data come from an estimation model of IEA Secretariat.
In the 2023 edition, several oil products were revised from 2015, to better alignthe data with ZERA reports. In some cases, this leads to breaks in the time series
due to different aggregation methodologies across the reports.
In the 2022 edition, electricity supply and demand data were revised for year 2019,using new information provided by ZERA.
Supply side for coal products is estimated using trade figures and trade growthtrends. In the 2022 edition, when latest demand side data was not available a ratio
based on supply side growth is used. A mining company was commissioned in2011, leading to a rapid increase in coal production. Due to limited availability ofcoal consumption data, the IEA Secretariat has estimated coal stocks for
Zimbabwe. Breaks in time series may occur between 2013 and 2014 because of
this.
Supply side for oil products is estimated using trade figures and trade growthtrends. In the 2022 edition, when latest demand side data was not available a ratio
based on supply side growth is used.
Biofuels data is calculated based on the population growth rate when no official
sources is available.
More detailed data on energy consumption is available from the Census ofIndustrial Production (ZimStat) since 2009. Breaks in time series may occur
between 2008 and 2009 because of this.
More detailed data on road fuel imports is available since 2011. Breaks in time

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IEA. All rights reserved.

series may occur between 2010 and 2011 because of this.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 2006 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Power Development,
Harare.
Census of Industrial Production (CIP), Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency(ZimStat), Harare, various editions up to 2018.
Direct communication with the Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency (ZimStat),
Harare.
Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZimStat),
Harare, various editions up to Fourth Quarter 2022.
Annual Report, Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC), Harare, various editions from2010 up to 2012.
Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA) annual report, various editions up
to 2022.
UN Comtrade, United Nations Statistical Division, New York, accessed in June
2024: http://comtrade.un.org/
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD.Stat, Paris, last access in 2024
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1996 to 2005:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Power Development,
Harare.
Direct communication with the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA),
Harare, 2003, 2005, 2006.
African Economic Outlook 2004, OECD, Paris, 2004.
Direct communication with the Department of Energy Resources andDevelopment, February 2002, AFREPREN, Nairobi, 2002.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Harare,
1999, 2000.
Direct communication with the electricity utility, Zimbabwe.
Electricity Statistics Information, Central Statistical Office, Causeway, February

PAGE | 612

IEA. All rights reserved.

1998.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources 1992 to 1995:
Eskom Annual Statistical Yearbook 1993, 1994, 1995, Johannesburg, 1994, 1995,
1996, citing Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority, Harare as source.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York.

Sources up to 1991:
Zimbabwe Statistical Yearbook 1986, Central Statistical Office, Harare, 1990.
Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Central Statistical Office, Harare, 1990.
Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority Annual Report, Zimbabwe Electricity
Supply Authority, Harare, 1986 to 1991.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Forestry Statistics, FAO, Rome, accessed in June 2024
Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA) annual report, various editions up
to 2022.
Forests and Biomass Sub-sector in Africa, African Energy Programme of theAfrican Development Bank, Abidjan, 1996.

PAGE | 613

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Other Africa
General notes
Time series for this region are obtained by summing data corresponding toindividual countries (see lists in section I.5, Geographical coverage). As aconsequence, intra-regional trade is included as part of total trade. Therefore,
trade is likely to be overstated.
The UN Statistics Division Energy statistics database is the main data source forthe countries included in the region.
In the 2023 edition, an improved methodology in the data collection process fromUNSD database, implemented by the IEA Secretariat, allowed for major revisions
in most products and flows. Revisions in UNSD data have been taken into accountsince year 1990.In the 2022 edition, Kingdom of Eswatini, Madagascar, Rwanda
and Uganda were removed from the aggregate for the full time series and areavailable separately.
In the 2021 edition, Niger (previously included for 1971-1999 data), was removed
from the aggregate for the full time series and is available separately. Furthermore,
Djibouti statistics have been included for the period 1971-1989.
In the 2021 edition, new information on the industrial use of electricity, gasoline,
other kerosene, gas/diesel oil, petroleum coke, bitumen, bituminous coal andprimary solid biofuels resulted in a reallocation of industrial consumption flows
from 1990 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, newly available information regarding the conversion factorsof primary solid biofuels led to a revision of the whole time series.
In the 2020 edition, Equatorial Guinea data were removed from this aggregate forthe full time series; Botswana data were removed from 1971 to 1980.
In the 2019 edition, La Réunion data were removed from this aggregate from 2011
onwards. From 2011 onwards, they are included in French data. Breaks in timeseries might occur for biogas between 2010 and 2011.
In the 2015 edition, data for bagasse use in the transformation sector in
autoproducer electricity plants, main activity producer CHP plants andautoproducer CHP plants became available for the years 2011-2013. This may

PAGE | 614

IEA. All rights reserved.

lead to breaks in time series between 2010 and 2011.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources up to 2022:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York, last accessed in June 2024.
Renewable energy statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022.
Natural Gas in the World, Cedigaz, Paris, various editions up to 2021.
The LNG Industry, International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers(GIIGNL), Neuilly sur Seine, various editions up to 2021.
International Monetary Fund Country Reports on Chad, various editions up to
2016.Annual Statistical Bulletin, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), Vienna, various editions up to 2021.

PAGE | 615

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Other non-OECD Americas
General notes
Time series for this region are obtained by summing data corresponding toindividual countries (see lists in section I.5, Geographical coverage). As aconsequence, intra-regional trade is included as part of total trade. Therefore,
trade is likely to be overstated.
The UN Statistics Division Energy Statistics database is the main data source forthe countries not listed individually and included in the region.
From 2017 data onwards, Puerto Rican electricity generation and thecorresponding fuels’ consumption are included in the data submitted by the UnitedStates. This creates inconsistencies between supply and demand of natural gas
in Other non-OECD Americas from 2017, as natural gas trade statistics arereported in this regional aggregate, as well as breaks in electricity generation timeseries between 2016 and 2017. Puerto Rico coal trade data and all oil data from2002 are similarly reported by the United States and therefore not included in thisregional aggregate.
In the 2024 edition, UNSD data for non-OECD Americas countries were notavailable in time for the publication Latin America. For this reason, the IEA
Secretariat estimated the majority of products and flows based on economic
indicators, except for Kerosene-type jet fuel which was estimated based on thenumber of flights in the region.
In the 2023 edition, an improved methodology in the data collection process fromUNSD database, implemented by the IEA Secretariat, allowed for major revisions
in most products and flows. Revisions in UNSD data have been taken into accountsince year 1990.
In the 2022 edition, the whole time series of electricity consumption in nonspecified industry, commercial and public services and non-specified other weresignificantly revised due to new available information. Furthermore, we retrieved
new data on fuel oil imports and use in main activity producer electricity in Puerto
Rico between 1990 and 2002.
In the 2022, we added biogasoline and biodiesel statistics as new information

PAGE | 616

IEA. All rights reserved.

became available.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

In the 2021 edition, other bituminous coal input to main activity producer electricity
plants and the corresponding electricity output was revised from 2000 onwards
due to newly available data.
In the 2021 edition, new available information regarding the conversion factor of
fuelwood resulted in a revision of the whole time series.
The refinery in Aruba was shut down for 17 months in 2009-2011, then in
September 2012. This may lead to breaks in time series in 2010 as well as for theperiod 2011-2013.
Energy data for the French Départements d’Outre-Mer (Guadeloupe, Martiniqueand French Guyana) are included in Other non-OECD Americas until 2010. From2011 onwards, they are included in French data.
Energy data for Bonaire, Saba, Saint Eustratius and Sint Maarten are included in
Other non-OECD Americas since 2012.
Data for Suriname are no longer included in Other non-OECD Americas from 2000
onwards. This may lead to breaks in time series between 1999 and 2000.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York, accessed in June 2024.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
US

EnergyInformation

administration,

Washington

DC:

https://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=RQ.
Annual Statistical Digest, Central Bank of Aruba, Oranjestad, various editions up
to 2015.
The economy of Curaçao and Sint Maarten in Data and Charts Yearly Overview,
Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten, Willemstad, various editions up to
2018.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Other non-OECD Asia
General notes
Time series for this region are obtained by summing data corresponding toindividual countries (see lists in Geographical coverage section). As aconsequence, intra-regional trade is included as part of total trade. Therefore,
trade is likely to be overstated.
The UN Statistics Division Energy statistics database is the main data source forthe countries included in the region.
Data for 2022 data is estimated by the IEA Secretariat and will be updated in the2025 edition with official UNSD data.
In the 2023 edition, an improved methodology in the data collection process fromUNSD database, implemented by the IEA Secretariat, allowed for major revisions
in most products and flows. Revisions in UNSD data have been taken into accountsince year 1990. With those revision no more data on municipal waste wereavailable.
In the 2021 edition, new information on the industrial use of electricity, primarysolid biofuels and several secondary oil products led to a reallocation of industrial
consumption flows from 2000 onwards.
In the 2021 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised electricity generation from 2000
onwards, crude oil production from 2005 onwards, kerosene jet fuel consumption
in domestic aviation from 1971 to 1999 and in international aviation bunkers from2000 to 2010 due to new available information.
In the 2020 edition, Lao People’s Democratic Republic energy data from 2000
onwards were removed from the “Other non-OECD Asia” region and presented
individually.
In the 2020 edition, natural gas liquids (NGL) production from 2004 onwards wasrevised based on IEA Secretariat experts’ estimates. Electricity generation fromother liquid biofuels was re-estimated based on the revision of calorific values.
In the 2020 edition, data for the years 2000 to 2017 were modified based onrevisions in the UNSD database. The most notable revisions include: natural gas
own use in energy industry and total final consumption from 2000 to 2009; LPG
production and exports data from 2005 onwards; input of motor gasoline and fuel

PAGE | 618

IEA. All rights reserved.

oil to electricity autoproducers from 2007 to 2010; other vegetal material andWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

residue production and total final consumption from 2000 to 2010; and municipal
waste production and input to electricity autoproducers from 2001 onwards.
The opening of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal in Papua New Guinea in2014 may lead to breaks in time series for natural gas supply data.

Sources
Sources up to 2022:
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division,
New York, accessed in April 2023.
Renewable energy statistics 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2022.

PAGE | 619

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Additional statistics
For this 2024 edition, the IEA Secretariat ensured successful cooperation with
Burkina Faso, Chad, Greenland, Mali, Mauritania, and Palestinian Authority. For
this 2023 edition, their data are published as memo items, but will be fully
integrated in the databases and relevant aggregates in future years.
The IEA Secretariat is very grateful to statisticians in these countries, economies
and territories for their support to broaden the coverage.
Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Mauritania energy data are included in the Africa
region, as well as in “Other Africa”. Greenland energy data are not included in any
regional aggregate after 1990. Prior to 1990, Greenland data are included in
Denmark data.

Burkina Faso
General notes
Burkina Faso data are available starting in 2000.
In the 2021 edition, the IEA Secretariat obtained new data for the period 2010 –2018 from the Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine (UEMOA).
2002 and 2012 fuelwood production and input to charcoal production, as well as
charcoal production are official Ministère des Mines et de l’Energie data. 20032011 are estimated using official growth rate. From 2013 onwards, time series are
based on UEMOA published data.
Data for 2022 are estimated on a trend based on the latest figures based on datacollection from CEDEAO-ECOWAS, UEMOA and AFREC

Sources
Sources 2000 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministère de l’Energie, Ouagadougou.
CEDEAO-ECOWASandUEMOA,

accessedin

February

2023:

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IEA. All rights reserved.

https://eis.ecowas.int/rapport/bilan_desagrege .

World energy balances 2024 Edition

AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2000 to 2015.
Africa Energy Database, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2021.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical
Division, New York, various editions up to 2022.
Annuaire Statistique National, Institut National de la Statistique et de la
Démographie (INSD), Ouagadougou, 2008-2021.
Plan d’Actions National pour les Energies Renouvelables, Ministère des Mines etde l’Energie, Ouagadougou, 2015.
Rapport d'activités, Autorité de Régulation du Secteur de l'Energie (ARSE),
Ouagadougou, various editions up to 2022, accessed in June 2024:
https://www.arse.bf/spip.php?rubrique6
Rapport d'activités, Société Nationale d'Électricité (SONABEL), Ouagadougou,
various editions up to 2022, accessed in June 2024: https://www.sonabel.bf/nosrapports/
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
CEDEAO-ECOWAS and UEMOA, Ouagadougou, accessed in February 2023:
https://eis.ecowas.int/rapport/bilan_desagrege.
Plan d’Actions National pour les Energies Renouvelables, Ministère des Mines etde l’Energie, Ouagadougou, 2015.
AFREC Energy Database, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2024.
Forestry

Statistics,

FAO,

Rome,

accessed

in

May

2024:

http://www.fao.org/faostat.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Chad
General notes
Chad data are available from 1971 onwards.
Prior to 2000, all data are based on the United Nations Statistics Division data and

PAGE | 621

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 1971 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum
Direct communication with the Downstream Petroleum Sector Regulatory
Authority.
Chad Data Portal, African Development Bank Group, accessed in December
2020: https://chad.opendataforafrica.org/ .
CEDEAO-ECOWAS and UEMOA, accessed in May 2023: https://sie.uemoa.int/.
Note sur le secteur du pétrole, Ministry of Finance and Budget, N’Djamena,various edition up to 2019.
Africa Energy database, African Energy Commission, Algiers, accessed in June
2024.
The United Nations Energy Statistics Database, United Nations Statistical Division(UNSD), New York.
Forestry

Statistics,

FAO,

Rome,

accessed

in

June

2024:

http://www.fao.org/faostat.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Greenland
General notes
Greenland data are available starting in 2004.
In the 2019 edition, new information on final consumption of oil products andelectricity became available for the years 2013-2017. This might lead to break intime series between 2012 and 2013.
Between 2015 and 2017, the statistical difference reported in oil products reflects

PAGE | 622

IEA. All rights reserved.

the use of waste oil for energy production purposes.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Sources
Sources 2004 to 2021:
Statbank Greenland, Nuuk, accessed in April 2023, http://bank.stat.gl.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Research, Nuuk,
for data until 2016
Direct communication with Statistics Greenland, Nuuk, for data until 2016.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
Statbank Greenland, Nuuk, accessed in April 2023, http://bank.stat.gl.
Direct communication with the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Research, Nuuk,
for data until 2016
Direct communication with Statistics Greenland, Nuuk, for data until 2016.

Mali
General notes
Mali data are available starting in 2000.
Data for 2022 are estimated on a trend based on the latest figures from AFREC
and the national electricity company EDM.
In the 2021 edition, data for year 2019 are estimated based on the latest figures
published by AFREC. In addition, more than 99% of aviation gasoline has been
reclassified as jet kerosene thanks to new information made available by the
economy ministry.
In the 2020 edition, the IEA Secretariat obtained new data for the period 2010 –2018 from the SIE UEMOA. Breaks in time series might occur between 2009 and2010.

Sources
Sources 2000 to 2022:

PAGE | 623

IEA. All rights reserved.

Direct communication with the Ministère de l’Energie et de l’Eau, Bamako.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

SIE UEMOA website, Bamako, accessed in June 2023: https://sie.uemoa.int/.
Système d’Information Energétique du Mali 2014 and 2015, Ministère de l’Energie
et de l’Eau, Bamako, 2015 and 2017.
Rapport Annuel, Énergie du Mali, Bamako, 2011 to 2022 editions.
Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2000 to 2015.
Africa Energy Database, African Energy Commission, 2023.
Air Transport CO2 Emissions, OECD stats, Paris,
https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AIRTRANS_CO2, lastaccessed in May 2023.
Note

de

conjoncture,

Ministèredel’Economie

du

Mali,

2017-2018:https://www.finances.gouv.ml/search/node/conjoncture
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources for biofuels and waste:
AFREC Energy questionnaire, African Energy Commission, Algiers, 2000 to 2015.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Mauritania
General notes
Mauritania data are available from 1971 onwards.
Prior to 2000, all data are based on the United Nations Statistics Division data and
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Sources
Sources 2001 to 2022:
Direct communication with the Ministry of Oil, Mines and Energy (MPEM).
Direct communication with the Downstream Petroleum Sector Regulatory

PAGE | 624

IEA. All rights reserved.

Authority.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annuaire statistique, Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse
DémographiqueetEconomique,accessed

in

June

2023:

http://ansade.mr/index.php/publications/statistiques .
Société Mauritanienne d'Électricité (SOMELEC), accessed in June 2024:
https://www.somelec.mr/?q=node/1439
Africa Energy database, African Energy Commission, Algiers, accessed in June2024.
Renewable energy statistics 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2023.
Energy Statistics Dataflow 2021, United Nations, accessed in June 2023
https://data.un.org/SdmxBrowser/start .
Forestry

Statistics,

FAO,

Rome,

accessed

in

June

2023:

http://www.fao.org/faostat.
IEA Secretariat estimates.

Palestinian Authority
General notes
Palestinian Authority data are available starting in 2001.
Fuelwood data for the Palestinian Authority include charcoal.
In the 2021 edition, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics provided the IEA
Secretariat with their official densities and calorific values for oil products. This
new information available led to revisions across the time series for all oil products.
Further in the 2021 edition, new information on the production and consumptionof biogas became available and was integrated into Palestinian Authority’s energydata.
In the 2021 edition, the IEA Secretariat revised the 2012 consumption of diesel inresidential and in road to split out the use of diesel for private cars which was
included in the residential sector for this period.

Sources
Sources 2001 to 2022:

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IEA. All rights reserved.

Direct communication with the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Ramallah.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Annual Energy Tables and Energy Balance, Palestinian Central Bureau of
Statistics, Ramallah, various editions up to 2022.

PAGE | 626

IEA. All rights reserved.

IEA Secretariat estimates.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Methodological notes
This publication is based on the data in physical units of the IEA World Energy
Statistics publication, which follow the definitions of the United Nations
International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) 19 and on the IEA
energy balance methodology, briefly summarised below.

Energy balance: key concepts
Energy data are generally collected independently across different commodities.
Energy statistics are the simplest format to present all the data together,assembling the individual balances of all products, each expressed in its own
physical unit (e.g. TJ for natural gas, kt for coal, etc). These are called commodity
balances.
However, energy products can be converted into one another through a numberof transformation processes. Therefore, it is very useful to also develop one
comprehensive national energy balance, to understand how products aretransformed into one another, and to highlight the various relationships amongthem.
By presenting all the data in a common energy unit, the energy balance allows
users to see the total amount of energy used and the relative contribution of eachdifferent source, for the whole economy and for each individual consumption
sector; to compute the different fuel transformation efficiencies; to develop various
aggregated indicators (for example consumption per capita or per unit of GDP)and to estimate CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.
The energy balance is a natural starting point to study the evolution of thedomestic energy market, forecast energy demand, monitor impacts of energy
policies and assess potential areas for action. The statistician also uses the energybalance as a high-level check on the data accuracy, as large statistical differencesin energy units, apparent energy gains or large losses in transformation
processes, or large unexplained variations in shares or in high-level indicators may
all indicate underlying data problems.

https://unstats.un.org/UNSD/energy/ires/default.htm.

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IEA. All rights reserved.

19

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The energy balance takes the form of a matrix, where columns present all thedifferent energy sources (“products”) categories and rows represent all thedifferent“flows”,

grouped

in

three

main

blocks:energysupply,transformation/energy use and final consumption.
To develop an energy balance from the set of commodity balances, the two main
steps are: i) all the data are converted to a common energy unit – also allowing tocompute a “total” product; and ii) some re-formatting is performed to avoid double
counting when summing all products together. For example, for secondary
products (e.g. motor gasoline) the production appears in the production row incommodity balances, but is reported as an output of the relevant transformation(e.g. oil refineries) in an energy balance, where the production row only refers to
production of primary products (e.g. crude oil).
The methodological assumptions underlying energy balances, discussed in thenext section, are particularly important to understand differences across balances
derived by different national and international organisations starting from the sameenergy commodity data.

IEA energy balances methodology
The unit adopted by the IEA is the tonne of oil equivalent (toe), defined as
107 kilocalories (41.868 gigajoules). This quantity of energy is, within a few per
cent, equal to the net heat content of 1 tonne of crude oil. Conversion of the IEA
energy balances to other energy units would be straightforward.
The main methodological choices underlying energy balances that candifferentiate the final balances layout across organisations are: i) “net” versus“gross” energy content; ii) calorific values; and iii) primary energy conventions.

Net versus gross energy content
The IEA energy balances are based on a “net” energy content, which excludes
the energy lost to produce water vapour during combustion. All the elements ofthe energy balance are expressed on the same net basis to ensure comparability.
Even elements (e.g. natural gas) that in commodity balances may be already inenergy units but on a different basis (e.g. “gross”) are converted (e.g. from “gross”
to “net”).
The difference between the "net" and the "gross" calorific value for each fuel is the

PAGE | 628

IEA. All rights reserved.

latent heat of vaporisation of the water produced during combustion of the fuel.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For coal and oil, the net calorific value is about 5% less than gross, for most formsof natural and manufactured gas the difference is 9-10%, while for electricity andheat there is no difference as they are not combusted.

Calorific values
Generally, the IEA adopts country-specific, time-varying, and for some products
flow-dependent, net calorific values supplied by national administrations for mostproducts; and regional default values (in conjunction with Eurostat for theEuropean countries) for the oil products. More detailed explanations on the IEA
conversion to energy units for the different energy sources are given in Section 2,
Units and conversions.

Primary energy conventions
A very important methodological choice is the definition of the “primary energy
equivalent” for the electricity and heat produced from non-combustible sources,
such as nuclear, geothermal, solar, hydro, wind. The information collected isgenerally the amount of electricity and heat produced, represented in the balanceas an output of transformation. Conventions are needed to compute the mostappropriate corresponding primary energy, input to the transformation, both inform and in amount.
The principle adopted by the IEA is that the primary energy form is the firstenergy form downstream in the production process for which multiple energy uses
are practical. For example, the first energy form that can be used as energy in thecase of nuclear is the nuclear heat of the reactor, most of which is thentransformed into electricity. The application of this principle leads to the choice ofthe following primary energy forms:
Electricity for primary electricity (hydro, wind, tide/wave/ocean and solar
photovoltaic).



Heat for heat and secondary electricity (nuclear, geothermal and solar thermal).

Once the primary energy form is identified for all electricity and heat generated
from non-combustible sources, the IEA adopts the physical energy content
method to compute the corresponding primary energy equivalent amounts: theprimary energy equivalent is simply the physical energy content of the

PAGE | 629

IEA. All rights reserved.

corresponding primary energy form.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

For primary electricity, such as hydro and solar PV, as electricity is identified as
the primary energy form, the primary energy equivalent is simply the grosselectricity generated in the plant.
For nuclear electricity, the primary energy equivalent is the quantity of heatgenerated in the reactors. In the absence of country-specific information, the IEA
estimates the primary energy equivalent from the electricity generated byassuming an efficiency of 33%, derived as the average efficiency of nuclear power
plants across Europe. Note that the principle of using the heat from nuclear
reactors as the primary energy form for the energy statistics has an important
effect on any indicators of energy supply dependence. Under the present
convention, the primary nuclear heat appears as an indigenous resource.
However, the majority of countries using nuclear power import their nuclear fuel,and if this fact could be taken into account, it would lead to an increase in the
supply dependence on other countries.
For geothermal electricity, the primary energy equivalent is the quantity of heat
and a similar back-calculation is used where the quantities of steam supplied tothe plant are not measured, assuming a thermal efficiency of 10%. This figure is
only approximate and reflects the fact that the steam from geothermal sources isgenerally of low quality. If data for the steam input to geothermal power plants areavailable, they are used directly as primary energy equivalent.
Similarly, for solar thermal plants the heat supply is back-calculated assuming a
33% efficiency of conversion of heat into electricity, reflecting relatively low
working temperatures, although central receiver systems can reach higher
temperatures and therefore higher efficiencies.
In summary, for geothermal and solar thermal, if no country-specific information isreported, the primary energy equivalent is calculated using the following
efficiencies:


10% for geothermal electricity;

50% for geothermal heat;

33% for solar thermal electricity;

100% for solar thermal heat.

An alternative to the physical energy content method is the partial substitution
method, used in the past by the IEA. In this case, the primary energy equivalentof the electricity generated from non-combustible sources is computed as the
hypothetical amount of energy necessary to generate the same amount of

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IEA. All rights reserved.

electricity in thermal power plants, assuming an average generation efficiency.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The method was abandoned by the IEA and other organisations because it had
little meaning for countries with significant hydro electricity generation, andbecause the actual substitution values were hard to establish, as they depended
on the efficiency of the marginal electricity production. It also had unreal effects
on the energy balance, as transformation losses appeared without a physicalbasis.
Since the two methods differ significantly in the treatment of solar, hydro, etc., theshare of renewables in total energy supply varies depending on the method. To
interpret shares of various energy sources in total supply, it is important to

PAGE | 631

IEA. All rights reserved.

understand the conventions used to calculate the primary energy supply.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Notes on data quality
Methodology
For OECD Member countries, the data shown in this publication are based on
information provided in the five annual OECD questionnaires 20: “Oil”, “NaturalGas”, “Coal (Solid Fossil Fuels and Manufactured Gases)”, “Renewables andWastes” and “Electricity and Heat” completed by the national administrations. For
the member countries of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United
Nations (UNECE) and a few others, the data shown in this publication are mostly
based on information provided by the national administrations through the sameannual questionnaires. The commodity balances for all other countries are based
as much as possible on national official energy data, but also potentially on otherdata of heterogeneous nature, converted and adapted to fit the IEA format andmethodology.
Considerable effort has been made to ensure that the data presented in thispublication adhere to the IEA definitions reported in the section on Methodologicalnotes.

These

definitions,

based

on

the

UnitedNations

International

Recommendations for Energy Statistics 21, are used by most of the internationalorganisations that collect energy statistics.
Nevertheless, energy statistics at the national level are often collected using
criteria and definitions which differ, sometimes considerably, from those ofinternational organisations. This is especially true for non-OECD countries, which
are submitting data to the IEA on a voluntary basis. The IEA Secretariat has
identified and documented most of these differences and, where possible,
adjusted the data to meet international definitions.
Recognised differences occurring in specific countries are presented in the section
on Country notes and sources. Country notes present the most importantdeviations from the IEA methodology, and are by no means a comprehensive listof those. To ensure transparency, country notes also describe how data are
estimated or revised, where relevant for the data user.

21

See link to the annual questionnaires: https://www.iea.org/areas-of-work/data-and-statistics/questionnaires
https://unstats.un.org/UNSD/energy/ires/default.htm.

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20

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Estimation
In addition to adjustments addressing differences in definitions, estimations 22 aresometimes required to complete major aggregates, when key statistics are
missing.
The IEA secretariat has attempted to provide all the elements of energy balances
down to the level of final consumption, for all countries and years. Providing all theelements of supply, as well as all inputs and outputs of the main transformation
activities (such as oil refining and electricity generation), has often required
estimations. Estimations have been generally made after consultation withnational statistical offices, oil companies, electricity utilities and national orinternational energy experts.

Time series and political changes
The IEA secretariat reviews its databases each year. In the light of newassessments, important revisions may be made to time series of individual
countries during the course of this review. Therefore, some data in this publication
have been substantially revised with respect to previous editions. Please always
consult the section on Country notes and sources.
Generally speaking, energy statistics for some countries undergo continuouschanges in their coverage or methodology. Consequently, breaks in time series
are considered to be unavoidable.
For example, energy balances for the individual countries of the Former Soviet
Union and the Former Yugoslavia have been constructed since 1990 and are notavailable for previous years. These balances are generally based on official
submissions, but estimations also have been made by the IEA secretariat. The
section on Country notes and sources describes in detail these elements country
by country.

Classification of fuel uses
National statistical sources often lack adequate information on the consumption offuels in different categories of end use. Many countries do not conduct annual
surveys of consumption in the main sectors of economic activity, and published

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22
Data may not include all informal and/or illegal trade, production or consumption of energy products, although the IEA
Secretariat makes efforts to estimate these where reliable information is available.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

data may be based on out-of-date surveys. Therefore, sectoral disaggregation of
consumption should generally be interpreted with caution.
In countries of non-OECD Europe and Eurasia and in China, the sectoralclassification of fuel consumption before the reforms of the 1990’s significantly
differed from that of IRES. Sectoral consumption was defined according to theeconomic branch of the user, rather than according to the purpose or use of thefuel. For example, consumption of gasoline in the vehicle fleet of an enterprise
attached to the economic branch ‘Iron and steel’ was classified as consumption inthe ‘Iron and steel’ industry itself.
Where possible, data have been adjusted to fit international classifications, forexample by assuming that most gasoline is consumed in transport. However, it
has not been possible to reclassify products other than gasoline and jet fuel aseasily, and few other adjustments have been made to other products.

Imports and exports
For a given product, imports and exports may not sum up to zero at the world level
for a number of reasons. Fuels may be classified differently (i.e. fuel oil exports
may be reported as refinery feedstocks by the importing country; NGL exports may
be reported as LPG by the importing country, etc.). Other possible reasons include
discrepancies in conversion factors, inclusion of international bunkers in exports,
timing differences, data reported on a fiscal year basis instead of calendar year
for certain countries, and underreporting of imports and exports for fiscal reasons.

Specific issues by fuelCoal
Data on sectoral coal consumption are usually reported in metric tonnes. Net
calorific values of different coal types used in different end use sectors are notalways available. In the absence of specific information, the IEA secretariat
estimates end use net calorific values based on the available net calorific values
for production, imports and exports.

Oil
The IEA secretariat collects comprehensive statistics for oil supply and use,

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including oil for own use of refineries, oil delivered to international bunkers, and oilWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

used as petrochemical feedstock. National statistics often do not report all theseamounts.
Reported production of refined products may refer to net rather than gross refinery
output; consumption of oil products may be limited to sales to domestic markets
and may not include deliveries to international shipping or aircraft. Oil consumed
as petrochemical feedstock in integrated refinery/petrochemical complexes isoften not included in available official statistics.
Where possible, the IEA secretariat has estimated those unreported data, in
consultation with the oil industry. In the absence of any other indication, refinery
fuel use is estimated to be a percentage (e.g. 5%) of refinery throughput, andwhere possible, split between refinery gas and fuel oil. For a descripttion of someadjustments made to the sectoral consumption of oil products, see the above
section ‘Classification of fuel uses’.

Natural gas
Natural gas should be comprised mainly of methane; other gases, such as ethaneand heavier hydrocarbons, should be reported under the heading of ‘oil’. The IEA
defines natural gas production as the marketable production, i.e. net of field
losses, flaring, venting and re-injection.
However, the lack of adequate definitions makes it difficult or impossible to identify
all quantities of gas at all different stages of its separation into dry gas (methane)and heavier fractions. National data for natural gas do not always explicitly show
separate quantities for field losses, flaring, venting and re-injection.
Natural gas supply and demand statistics are normally reported in volumetric units
and it is difficult to obtain accurate data on the calorific value. In the absence ofspecific information, the IEA generally applies an average gross calorific value of
38 TJ/million m3.
For the countries that report natural gas data at temperature and pressure
conditions of 20°C and 101.325 kPa, the calorific values are about 1.7% lower
than the equivalent at temperature and pressure conditions of 15°C and 101.325
kPa. However, in energy terms no difference is observed between the tworeporting conditions as natural gas volumes measured at 20°C and 101.325 kPa
are 1.7% higher than natural gas volumes at 15°C and 101.325 kPa.
Reliable consumption data for natural gas at a disaggregated level are often

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difficult to find. This is especially true for some of the largest natural gas

World energy balances 2024 Edition

consuming countries in the Middle East. Therefore, industrial use of natural gas
for these countries is frequently missing from the data published here.

Electricity
The IEA classification shows ‘main activity producers’ separately from‘autoproducers’ of electricity and heat. An autoproducer of electricity is anestablishment which, in addition to its main activities, generates electricity whollyor partly for its own use. For non-OECD countries, data on autoproducers are notalways reported. In such cases, the quantities of fuels used as input to electricity
are included under the appropriate end-use sector.
When statistics of production of electricity from biofuels and waste are available,
they are included in total electricity production. However, these data are notcomprehensive; for example, much of the electricity generated from waste
biomass in sugar refining facilities remains unreported.
When unreported, inputs of fuels for electricity generation are estimated using
information on electricity output, fuel efficiency and type of generation capacity.

Heat
For heat, transition economies (countries of non-OECD Europe and Eurasia) andChina used to adopt a different methodology from that adopted in market
economies. They allocated the transformation of primary fuels (coal, oil and gas)by industry into heat for consumption on site to the transformation activity ‘heat
production’, not to industrial consumption, as in the IEA methodology 23. The
transformation output of Heat was then allocated to the various end use sectors.
The losses occurring in the transformation of fuels into heat in industry were notincluded in final consumption of industry.
Although a number of countries have recently switched to the practice ofinternational organisations, this important issue reduces the possibility of crosscountry comparisons for sectoral end use consumption between transition
economies and market economies.

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23 For autoproducer plants, the international methodology restricts the inclusion of heat in transformation processes to thatsold to third parties.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Biofuels and waste
The IEA publishes data on production, domestic supply and consumption of
biofuels and waste for all countries and all regions.
Data for non-OECD countries are often based on secondary sources and may beof variable quality, which makes comparisons between countries difficult. For
many countries, historical data are derived from surveys which were often
irregular, irreconcilable and conducted at a local rather than national level.
Where official data are incomplete or unavailable, the IEA Secretariat estimates
the time series based on economic indicators and secondary sources. Thoseestimated time series should be treated very cautiously. The chart below provides
a broad indication of the estimation methodology and of the data quality by region.
RegionMain source of data

Data quality

Exogenous variables

AfricaFAO database and AfDB

Low

Population growth rate

Non-OECD Americas

national and OLADE

High

None

Non-OECD Asia

surveyshigh to low

Population growth rate

Non-OECD Europe
and Eurasia

questionnaires and FAO

high to medium

None

Middle East

FAO

medium to low

None

Given the importance of vegetal fuels in the energy picture of many developing
countries, balances down to final consumption by end-use for individual products
or product categories have been compiled for all countries.
The IEA hopes that the inclusion of these data will encourage national
administrations and other agencies active in the field to enhance the level andquality of data collection and coverage for biofuels and waste. More details on themethodology used by each country may be provided on request and comments

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IEA. All rights reserved.

are welcome.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Units and conversions
General conversion factors for energy
TJ

Gcal

Mtoe

MBtu

GWh

1

2.3885x102

2.3885x10-5

9.478x102

2.778x10-1

4.1868x10-3

11.000x10-7

3.968

1.163x10-3

4.1868x104

1.000x1071

3.968x107

1.163x104

1.055x10-3

2.520x10-12.520x10-8

12.931x10-4

3.600

8.598x102

8.598x10-5

3.412x103

1

t

It

st

Ib

1

1.000x10-3

9.842x10-4

1.102x10-3

2.205

tonne (t)1.000x10319.842x10-1

1.1022.205x103

long ton (lt)1.016x103

1.016

1

1.120

2.240x103

short ton (st)9.072x102

9.072x10-1

8.929x10-1

12.000x103

pound (lb)4.536x10-1

4.536x10-4

4.464x10-45.000x10-4

1

To
From:

multiply by:terajoule (TJ)
gigacalorie (Gcal)
million tonnes of oil
equivalent (Mtoe)
million British thermal
units (MBtu)
gigawatt hour (GWh)

Conversion factors for masskg

To

multiply by:From:kilogramme (kg)Conversion factors for volume

From:

gal U.S.

gal U.K.

bbl

ft3

l

m3

multiply by:

U.S. gallon (gal U.S.)

1

8.327x10-1

2.381x10-2

1.337x10-1

3.785

3.785x10-3

U.K. gallon (gal U.K.)

1.201

1

2.859x10-2

1.605x10-1

4.546

4.546x10-3

barrel (bbl)4.200x101

3.497x101

1

5.615

1.590x102

1.590x10-1

cubic foot (ft3)

7.481

6.229

1.781x10-1

12.832x101

2.832x10-2

litre (l)2.642x10-12.200x10-1

6.290x10-3

3.531x10-2

11.000x10-3

cubic metre (m3)2.642x102

2.200x102

6.290

3.531x101

1.000x103

1

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ToWorld energy balances 2024 Edition

Decimal prefixes
101

deca (da)10-1

deci (d)102hecto (h)10-2centi (c)103kilo (k)10-3milli (m)106

mega (M)10-6

micro (µ)

109

giga (G)10-9nano (n)1012

tera (T)10-12

pico (p)1015

peta (P)10-15

femto (f)1018

exa (E)

10-18

atto (a)Energy content
Coal
Coal has separate net calorific values for production, imports, exports, inputs toelectricity/heat generation and coal used in coke ovens, blast furnaces andindustry.
For electricity/heat generation, coal inputs to each type of plant (i.e. main activity
electricity plant, autoproducer electricity plant, main activity CHP plant,
autoproducer CHP plant, main activity heat plant, autoproducer heat plant) areconverted to energy units using average factors calculated from the Annual
Electricity Questionnaire. All other flows are converted using an average net
calorific value.

Crude oilCountry-specific net calorific values (NCV) for production, imports and exports bycountry are used to calculate the balances. The average value is used to convert
all the other flows to heat values.

Gases
World Energy Statistics expresses the following gases in terajoules, using theirgross calorific value.
Gas data provided in joules should be converted as follows: Data in

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TJ / 41 868 = Data in Mtoe.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

To calculate the net heat content of a gas from its gross heat content, multiply thegross heat content by the appropriate following factor.
Gas

Ratio NCV to GCVNatural gas

0.9

Gas works gas

0.9

Coke oven gas

0.9

Blast furnace gas

1.0

Other recovered gases

1.0

Biofuels and waste
The heat content of primary solid biofuels, biogases, municipal waste andindustrial waste, expressed in terajoules on a net calorific value basis, is presented
in World Energy Statistics. The Secretariat does not receive information on
volumes and other characteristics of these fuels.
Data in TJ / 41 868 = Data in Mtoe. Data for charcoal are converted from tonnes
using the average net calorific values given in the electronic tables.
Unless country-specific information has been provided, data for biogasoline areconverted from tonnes using 26 800 kJ/kg. Biodiesels and other liquid biofuels are
assumed to have a net calorific value of 36 700 kJ/kg unless otherwise specified.

Oil products
For oil products, the IEA applies regional net calorific values (in conjunction with
Eurostat for the European countries), except for the individual countries listed in
the table at the end of this section.

Electricity
Figures for electricity production, trade, and final consumption are calculated using
the energy content of the electricity. Electricity is converted as follows: Data in
TWh x 0.086 = data in Mtoe.
Hydro-electricity production (excluding pumped storage) and electricity producedby other non-thermal means (wind, tide/wave/ocean, solar PV, etc.) are accounted
for similarly. Gross electricity generation in TWh x 0.086 = primary energy

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equivalent in Mtoe.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

The primary energy equivalent of nuclear electricity is calculated from the grossgeneration by assuming a 33% conversion efficiency. The calculation to be carriedout is the following: gross electricity generation in TWh x 0.086 / 0.33 = primaryenergy equivalent in Mtoe.
In the case of electricity produced from geothermal heat, if the actual geothermal
efficiency is not known, then the primary equivalent is calculated assuming anefficiency of 10%. The calculation to be carried out is the following: gross electricity
generation in TWh x 0.086 / 0.10 = primary energy equivalent in Mtoe.
For electricity produced from solar thermal heat, the primary equivalent iscalculated assuming an efficiency of 33% unless the actual efficiency is known.
The calculation to be carried out is the following: gross electricity generation in
TWh x 0.086 / 0.33 = primary energy equivalent in Mtoe.

Heat
Information on heat is supplied in terajoules and is converted as follows: Data in
TJ / 41 868 = Data in Mtoe.
In the case of heat produced in a geothermal plant, if the actual geothermal
efficiency is not known, then the primary equivalent is calculated assuming anefficiency of 50%. The calculation to be carried out is the following: Heat
production in TJ x 0.0000238 / 0.50 = primary energy equivalent in Mtoe.
For heat produced in a solar thermal plant, the primary equivalent is equal to theheat consumed. Data in TJ / 41 868 = data in Mtoe.
For direct use of geothermal and solar thermal heat, all the heat consumed isaccounted for in production and consumption.

ExamplesThe following examples indicate how to calculate the net calorific content (in ktoe)

From original units

To Mtoe (on a NCV basis)

Coking coal production (Poland) for 2016
in thousand tonnes

divide by 41 868 and then multiply by 29.606

Natural gas in terajoules (gross)multiply by 2.38846 x 10-5
and then multiply by 0.9

Motor gasoline (Poland) in thousand tonnes

divide by 41 868 and then multiply by 44.000

Heat in terajoules (net)multiply by 2.38846 x 10-5

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of the quantities expressed in original units in World Energy Statistics.

World energy balances 2024 Edition

Btu:
GWh:
kcal:
kg:
kJ:
Mt:
m3:
t:
TJ:
toe:
definition)

British thermal unit
gigawatt hourkilocalorie
kilogrammekilojoulemillion tonnes
cubic metre
metric ton = tonne = 1,000 kg
terajouletonne of oil equivalent = 107 kcal (International Steam Table calorie (1956)

CHP:
GCV:
GDP:
HHV:
LHV:
NCV:
PPP:
TES:

combined heat and powergross calorific value
gross domestic producthigher heating value = GCVlower heating value = NCV
net calorific value
purchasing power parity
total energy supply

AfDB:
EU-27:
FAO:
IEA:
IPCC:
ISIC:
OECD:
OLADE:UN:
UNIPEDE:

African Development Bank
European Union - 27
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
International Energy Agency
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeInternational Standard Industrial Classification
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
Organización Latinoamericana de Energía
United Nations
International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electrical Energy

c
e
..
x

confidential
estimated
not available
not applicable

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Abbreviations

Publisher’s pageIEA 2024. All rights reserved.
This publication reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat but does not necessarilyreflect those of individual IEA member countries. The IEA makes norepresentation or warranty, express or implied, in respect of the publication’scontents (including its completeness or accuracy) and shall not be responsible forany use of, or reliance on, the publication. Unless otherwise indicated, all materialpresented in figures and tables is derived from IEA data and analysis.
This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the statusof or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers andboundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
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