COE NEWS

Newsletter of the Center for Strategic Development of Science andTechnology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)

Vol. 2 No. 1

Spring 2005

Creative Space: Concepts for the“Knowledge Civilization” Era
Andrzej P. Wierzbicki* and Yoshiteru
Nakamori*** Research Professor at the COE-Center, JAIST** Professor at the School of Knowledge
Science, JAIST
andrzej@jaist.ac.jp; nakamori@jaist.ac.jp
In the last decade of the 20th Century and in
the beginning years of the 21st, the needs of the
new knowledge economy motivated an actual
revolution in epistemology: many approaches toand theories of knowledge creation were
proposed, most coming from outside ofphilosophy. These include: the Shinayakana
Systems Approach of Sawaragi and Nakamori(1992); Knowledge Creating Company withSECI Spiral by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995);
and the Rational Theory of Intuition ofWierzbicki (1997). From philosophy came thetheory Science and Unconsciousness with
Process of Regress by Motycka (1998),
characterizing knowledge creation during ascientific revolution of a Kuhnian type; but
outside of philosophy we also saw theI5 Pentagram System of Nakamori (2000); theOPEC Spiral of Gasson (2004), and several
others.
Creative Space, a method of comparing andintegrating such theories, based on theconstruction of a network-like model of creative
processes, is proposed in a soon to be publishedbook. The method also helps us to obtain new
descriptions of other cases of knowledge
creation.
A fundamental observation is the emergenceof qualitatively new properties and concepts ofcomplicated systems, on higher levels ofcomplexity. This was substantiated rationally by
Continued on page 2

Guest Column:
What is the Information Architecture
and Knowledge Management (IAKM)
Program at Kent State University in a
Nutshell?
Michael JD Sutton, Assistant Professor at
IAKM, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
msutton2@kent.edu, http://iakm.kent.edu
JAIST has an exceptional and unique programin Knowledge Sciences. We would like to sharewith readers of COE Newsletter a description ofanother program that complements the work
being done at JAIST. The Master of Science inInformation Architecture and Knowledge
Management (IAKM) is an interdisciplinary
graduate degree program that encompasses three
specific emerging disciplines:♦ Information Architecture (IA)♦ Information Use (IU)
♦ Knowledge Management (KM)
Our target audiences are those students whowish to acquire practical skills andcompetencies as information architects,
usability engineers, and knowledge managers.
Continued on page 4

Inside this Issue
page 5:The Role of Intuition in the Creation of
Mathematical Knowledge
page 6:Introducing the On-going Research by
Research Assistants at the COE Center
page 8:♦ Upcoming Events♦ COE Center NewsJAIST-COE News
Strategic Development of Science and Technology

Spring, 2005
creation processes, can be also classified asrational, intuitive, and emotive elements of theepistemological dimension of knowledge
creation processes. This three-by-three matrix
constitutes the starting point of Creative Space,a network-like model of knowledge creation
processes that consists of nodes and transitions
between them and is a generalization of the
SECI Spiral of Nonaka and Takeuchi. The threenodes of rational, intuitive, and emotive
heritage of humanity are especially important:rational heritage corresponds to (most of) thethird world of Popper; emotive heritage
contains all human arts, but also the collective
unconscious of Jung; intuitive heritage
corresponds to the a priori synthetic judgmentsof Kant.
However, knowledge creation processes are
extremely diversified and many moredimensions of Creative Space are necessary todescribe them in detail. The starting point forsuch an extension is Nakamori’s I5 (Pentagram)
System. In total, at least ten dimensions ofCreative Space can be analyzed. All the analysisof the nodes and transitions in Creative Space
results in:
1. Three spirals of organizational knowledge
creation, typical for market-orientedorganizations: Oriental SECI Spiral (Nonaka
and Takeuchi), Occidental OPEC Spiral(Gasson), and Brainstorming DCCV Spiral(Kunifuji)
2. Three spirals of normal academic knowledge
creation, typical for normal scientificactivities at universities and research
institutes: Hermeneutic AIRE Spiral,
Experimental EEIS Spiral, Intersubjective
EDIS Spiral, which can be represented
together in the Triple Helix of Normal
Knowledge Creation, all proposed in ourbook
3. One spiral of revolutionary scientific creation
processes: ARME Spiral (Motycka)
4. Two general systemic models of knowledge
creation and integration: Shinayakana
Systems Approach (Sawaragi and Nakamori)and I5 (Pentagram) System (Nakamori).

Creative Space… (con’t)mathematical, hard systems theory (bifurcationand catastrophe theory, deterministic chaostheory, dissipative systems and stochastic chaos,and general complexity theory).Experimentally,
it was substantiated by technology (theconstruction of complex technological systems,
especially computer networks, have shown thepractical necessity of using emergencephenomena as a way of coping withcomplexity). These properties and concepts are
irreducible, thus in a sense, transcendental tothose used on lower levels of complexity. This
perspective has far reaching ontologicalconsequences, such as the possibility ofintegrating monism and dualism into emergent
pluralism. If new properties must necessarily
emerge on higher layers of complexity, there isno sense in disputing whether there is only
matter, or only spirit, or both matter and spirit.
Contemporary knowledge intelecommunications and in computational
complexity theory also leads us to anotherconclusion: that language is only an inadequate
code to describe much more complex reality,
simplifying the processing of information about
the real world at least 104 times. Therefore, it isobviously not possible to achieve absolutely
exact, objective truth and knowledge, but theimportance of truth, of objectivity, emerges on ahigher level of civilization development than justthe level of interpersonal communication.
The development of language was a great
simplification and a great evolutionary shortcut
which, however, suppressed the older but
cognitively stronger abilities of the humanmind. Intuition is such an ability – the ability of
preverbal, holistic, subconscious (orunconscious, or quasi-conscious) imagining andprocessing of sensory signals and memory
content, a historical remnant, left over from thepreverbal stage of human evolution. Thisdefinition has a strong explanatory power andallows us to draw practical and theoreticalconclusions. One of the latter is that tacitknowledge can be explained rationally andusefully subdivided into intuitive and emotive
knowledge.
Individual, group, and heritage knowledge,
elements of the social dimension of knowledge

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Spring, 2005

Creative Space… (con’t)
To illustrate one of the results, we present
on the next page the concept of The Triple Helix

Triple Helix of normal knowledge creation♦ the debate of an idea by a group of
researchers, the immersion of the resultsof the debate within the group with apossibility of repeated debate, theintuitive selection of such results of thedebate that might lead to new ideas in thecase of the Intersubjective EDIS Spiral.
The book also discusses a vision of the new
era of knowledge civilization, known also by
many other names – postindustrial, information,
postcapitalist, informational society, knowledge
based economy etc. The vision stresses that thisis a long-term historical structure in the
Braudelian sense that could last until the year
2100. The vision outlines the chances of solving
the current problems of humanity, but also
discusses the diverse dangers and threats
resulting from the main megatrends of this era.
A new integration of systems science at the
beginning of this new civilization era is
proposed, called in this book the informed
systems approach; in particular, it stresses
intercultural, interdisciplinary, open andinformed aspects.It is based on a newunderstanding of synergy, emergence andreductionism; also, a new perspective ofintercultural synthesis is proposed.

The triangles in Triple Helix represent thetransition Enlightenment (illumination, aha,eureka – having a bigger or smaller new idea)
which can occur in any of the three spirals, but
is common to all of them, thus the idea can beused afterwards in another spiral. Small circles
represent diverse transitions: analysis,
immersion, reflection in the Hermeneutic EAIR
Spiral; experiment, interpretation, selection in
the Experimental EEIS Spiral; debate,
immersion, selection in the Intersubjective EDIS
Spiral.
These three spirals of normal knowledge
creation in academia and research institutions
represent the most basic components of normal
knowledge creation:♦ the search (in literature and on the web)for results related to a creative idea, theinterpretation and analysis of the resultsof such search, the comparison of theresults with the tradition of a given field
and a deep intuitive reflection on thiscomparison that might lead to new ideas
in the case of Hermeneutic EAIR Spiral;♦ the experimental testing of a creative
idea, the interpretation of results of theexperiment, the intuitive selection of
results that might lead to new ideas in thecase of the Experimental EEIS Spiral;

Continued on page 4
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JAIST-COE News
Strategic Development of Science and Technology
Creative Space… (con’t)

Spring, 2005
virtual laboratories, road-mapping,brainstorming, gaming, and distance teaching isunderlined.
Our book, Creative Space, is the result of
one of the projects (SCP SC-2, “Theory ofKnowledge Expression and Integration”) of
JAIST’s COE program. We hope to publish it intime for the First World Congress ofInternational Federation of Systems Research in
Kobe, November 14-17, 2005.
‘Creative Space’ will be published in
Springer Verlag’s Computational Intelligence
Series in fall, 2005. Contact the authors formore information.

Existing experience in computerized
decision support and the concept of supporting
creativity leads us to the conclusion thatcomputerized support for creativity should be
more intensively developed. The original
concept of Ba might be extended, by adding
informational, social and psychological aspects
into the concept of Creative Environments.
Existing and needed computerized supports forcreativity are reviewed; the need of moredeveloped support for Web knowledge
acquisition, debating, experiment design and♦ Knowledge of Information-Intensive
Contexts, such as Business andGovernment♦ Knowledge of Information Processes,
such as Strategic Planning and ProjectManagement.

Guest Column… (con’t)
The target workplaces for our graduates areorganizations in the business, education,
government, industry and non-governmental
sectors, where efficient and effective access toand use of information and knowledge are thecritical success factors. Within a year we will beoffering an interdisciplinary doctorate program
through the College of Communication andInformation (CCI) at Kent State University.
All students are required to take an eightcourse, 24-credit core, providing an overview of
the information-related professions, information
processes and products and informationtechnology research. The core emphasizes thecollaboration of intellectual and computer-based
technologies, the importance of the user
perspective, professional standards, and the roleof research.

Information Architecture
IAKM defines the emerging discipline ofInformation Architecture as the art andscience of organizing information, designingcomputer interfaces, and human-computerinteraction to help information seekers solve
their information needs efficiently andeffectively. The IA offering encompasses thestudy of:♦ Information Design♦ Visual Communication Design for
Information Architects♦ Project Management and Deliverables♦ Online Branding♦ Content Management Systems♦ Interaction and User Experience
Design♦ Metadata, Thesauri and Ontologies♦ Writing for the Non-Linear Media♦ IA Successes and Failures: Best
Practices and Lessons Learned.

Core Subjects
The Information Architecture andKnowledge Management core provides
competencies in the following areas:♦ Intellectual Technologies, such as
Knowledge Organization, Packaging andRepurposing♦ Information Technologies, such as
Hardware and Software Applications♦ Knowledge of Information Needs, Uses
and Users

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JAIST-COE News
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Spring, 2005
♦ Business Intelligence / Competitive
Intelligence Analysis♦ Business Transformation (Process
Engineering and Workflow Management)♦ Data and Information Mining andKnowledge Discovery♦ Foundational Principles of Knowledge
Management♦ Leadership Competencies in KM♦ Knowledge Management and Learning
Organizations♦ Organizational Knowledge Management♦ Organizational Memory Management♦ Strategic Knowledge Management(Communities-of-Practice andCommunities-of-Interest)♦ KM Successes and Failures: Best
Practices and Lessons Learned.

Guest Column… (con’t)
Information Use
IAKM describes the emerging discipline ofInformation Use as the art and science of
information seeking behavior and of the use andusability of information as it is presented to
information seekers, particularly in assessing
the actual efficiency or effectiveness of
information systems and their interfaces. The IU
offering encompasses the study of:♦ User and Task Analysis for
Information Systems♦ Usability Engineering♦ Usability Laboratory♦ Information Needs, Uses and Users♦ Computer-Assisted Collaboration andVirtual Communities♦ Information Seeking Behavior♦ Human Information Processing♦ Methodologies and Software for
Usability Engineering and Evaluation♦ IU Successes and Failures: Best
Practices and Lessons Learned.

Faculty
At Kent State University the faculty of
IAKM is committed to equipping career seekers
and mid-career professionals with a structured
suite of courses leading to a specialization in
one of these three emerging disciplines. The
courses offered in IAKM, along with othercourses within the Kent State University, will
establish a strong foundation for informationand knowledge professionals preparing forcareers in the emergent knowledge economy.
Our goal is to build alliances andpartnerships with other faculties in institutions
such as JAIST. We hope we can find ways toshare our knowledge and research as well asbuild upon the strengths of our students. Pleasecontact the author for further information.

Knowledge Management
IAKM identifies Knowledge Management
to be an interdisciplinary management
framework for integrating and processingorganizational, group, and individual
knowledge. The effective adoption andexecution of KM may dramatically contribute to
the success of an organization’s goals, learning,
structural, and cultural transformation, andknowledge integration and processing. The KM
offering encompasses the study of:

Holton, Hanson ...). But there are alsodifficulties in describing the change ofmathematical knowledge with theories that werecreated based on examples from physicalscience, and it is difficult to include theconcepts of scientific revolution, paradigms,
scientific research programs, etc., into thedescription of mathematical knowledge.

The Role of Intuition in the Creationof Mathematical Knowledge
Zbigniew Król, Ph.D.
Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of thePolish Academy of Sciences and21st Century COE Program: Technology
Creation Based on Knowledge Science, JAIST(zbigkrol@wp.pl, zbigniew@jaist.ac.jp)

Continued on page 6

Many different theories of scientific change canbe found in the philosophy of science (Popper,
Kuhn, Lakatos, Toulmin, Fayerabend, Laudan,
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JAIST-COE News
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Spring, 2005
intuitive certainty– is given to the working
mathematician directly as ready-to-use andalready-present, without any previous
construction or act of consciousness. Some newmathematical theories are created as an attempt
to control such places. This phenomenon (whatis intuitively evident or given) we can call thehermeneutic horizon for contemporary
mathematics.
The second approach is a reconstruction of
the hermeneutic horizon in different historicalepochs. An effective method for such areconstruction is to compare the content of thehorizon in different epochs. As it turns out,
reconstructing the horizon for ancientmathematics helps to describe the horizon formodern mathematics, because of the striking
differences in what was evident tomathematicians in antiquity and what is evident
today. This enables the working mathematician
to broaden the field of possible mathematicalproblems and to create new theories.
During my short research stay at JAIST, I
will prepare a paper for a scientific journal andpresent a seminar on this subject.

The Role of Intuition… (con’t)
On the other hand, we also have many
theories concerning intuition in Western
philosophy. Intuition, and especiallymathematical intuition as a core factor in almost
every such theory, is recognized as a principal
source of rational knowledge (Plato, Aristotle,
Descartes, Kant, Husserl, Frege, Brouwer, etc.).
The literature on the role of intuition in thecreation of mathematical knowledge is
extensive. But it clearly shows that formulatinga theory of scientific change in terms of atheoretical explanation of patterns of scientificdevelopment will not do. One must test such atheory using historical case studies. This is a
predominant attitude, shared by many schools in
the philosophy of science.
My own method to describe mathematicalintuition uses two approaches. First of all, it ispossible to describe with pure mathematicalconsideration of formal languages those“places” within mathematical systems wherecertain essential factors in mathematicalreasoning, which can not be formalized, emerge.
In these places something – including an

Introducing the On-going Research by Research Assistants at the COE Center
1. Masao Usuki (PhD candidate at the Schoolof Knowledge Science; E-mail:usuki@jaist.ac.jp)

for communication in a distributed environment,
rather than face-to-face settings.

Title: Diagram Based Communication
Supporting Systems

2. Shoko Okutsu (PhD candidate at the
School of Knowledge Science; E-mail: sokutsu@jaist.ac.jp)

Keywords: Communication support system, Ba,
Visualization, Graph drawing, Diagram.

Title: Bridging the Gap between MOT
Education and Company Practice by means ofTacit Knowledge

Abstract: Multi-participant communication isrecognized to be an effective means of making
tacit knowledge explicit, an important step inthe knowledge structuring process. Our researchis concerned with systems that support thenotion of “Ba” for communication for academic
researchers. Specifically, we develop,
implement and evaluate systems, which makeautomatically the diagram that consists of theresearch data (graphs) and which provide a “Ba”

Keywords: Management of Technology(MOT), Tacit Knowledge
Abstract: MOT education is mainly intended
for experienced engineers and managers intechnology intensive companies, and it aims at
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Spring, 2005
Abstract: This research concentrates onunderstanding the situation and problems ofknowledge creators in scientific laboratories.
For that purpose, I survey the management andthe process of scientific knowledge creation in a
research institute by using comparison,classification, cross tabulation, and otheranalysis methods. This survey discovers someserious obstacles and hidden problems, such as
the unevenness of technical support among
different departments (schools), ignorance ofcooperation as one source of knowledge,
different requirements of foreign and Japanese
researchers, and so on. Based on the primarydata finding and using practical knowledge
creation models, such as Nonaka’s SECI modeland Nakamori’s i-system model, I present aframework to develop Laboratory Knowledge
Management System (LKMS) for more
effective knowledge management and better
creativity support.

Introducing the On-going Research… (con’t)transferring knowledge and skills acquired
during study into company practice. But it is noteasy to verify the effectiveness of MOT
education since practice contains muchtacitness, which is difficult to measure. This
research analyzes the tacit knowledge of MOT
education and practices both quantitatively andqualitatively. This complementary approach
attempts to bridge the gap between MOT
education and practice, and could improve thedesign of the educational programs.
3. Takashi Yoshinaga (PhD candidate at the
School of Knowledge Science; E-mail:tyoshina@jaist.ac.jp)
Title: Study on R&D Concept Making
Activities Using Six-Lenses Model
Keywords: Knowledge reframing, Six-lenses
model, Concept making

5. Yan Jie (PhD candidate at the School of
Knowledge Science; E-mail: yanjie@jaist.ac.jp)

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to findeffective innovational process of R&D concept.
This study focuses on knowledge reframing
process using Six-lenses interaction activities.

Title: A Study on Roadmapping System as a
Decision Making Process for Supporting
Scientific ResearchSix-lenses model developed by Kichiro Hayashi
is creative reframing guide using six
perspectives: Subject & Object, Future & Past,
and Analog & Digital.

Keywords: Management of Technology(MOT), Knowledge Management, Technology
Roadmapping, Integrated Decision Making.
Abstract: With the development of the internet,
researchers can easily obtain a great quantity ofdata and information on topic of interests.
However, sorting out to find a gap to researchremains nontrivial. My research attempts toconstruct a decision-making model to support
researcher in university context define a gap for
future research. For this purpose, I employ
technology roadmapping method.

4. Tian Jing (PhD candidate at the School of
Knowledge Science; E-mail:jtian@jaist.ac.jp)
Title: Knowledge Management and Creativity
Support in Academic Laboratories
Keywords: knowledge management, scientificknowledge creation, creativity support,
laboratory knowledge management

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Spring, 2005

Upcoming Events Co-Organized by the COE Center
2. 2005.11.14 ~ 17; The First World Congressof International Federation of Systems
Research, on ‘New Roles of Systems
Sciences for a Knowledge-based Society’.
The congress seeks to promote theestablishment of a scientific discipline
which promotes the creation, management,
integration, and application of knowledgebased, technology-supported society as an
option for dealing with the current problems
of mankind. Venue: Kobe, Japan. Deadlineof abstract submission: July 15, 2005. For
more information see
http://ifsr2005.jtbcom.co.jp

1. 2005.09.29 ~ 31; KSS2005: International
Symposia on Knowledge and Systems
Sciences. To be held jointly with the 19thInternational Workshop on Complex
Systems Modeling in IIASA (International
Institute for Applied Systems Analysis).
This symposia aims at discussing around thedisciplines of Knowledge science andSystems science, on novel ideas of using
them as a methodology or as a tool; and thepossibility of how the two fields can benefit
each other. Venue: Laxenburg, Austria. For
more information, see
http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~marek/wrksp/csm05/

COE Center News♦ Dr. Boumsoung Kim and Dr. Totok Hari Wibowo joined the COE Center as postdoctoral
researchers as of April 1, 2005.
♦ Dr. Zbigniew Król from the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of
Sciences was a visiting researcher at the COE Center from May 9 to June 9, 2005.

JAIST-COE News is published by the Center for Strategic Development of Science andTechnology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa
923-1292, Japan.
Questions, comments, article proposals and for more information about the JAIST-COE News,
contact Prof. Quamrul Hasan at hasan@jaist.ac.jp, tel. +81-761-51-1787 or Totok Hari Wibowo at
totoku@jaist.ac.jp, tel. +81-761-51-1790 or go to the link: www.jaist.ac.jp/coe/index.htm
Articles in this newsletter are based on a variety of sources. Signed articles reflect the views of theauthor. Unsigned articles are prepared by the editorial staff, which is solely responsible for theircontent.

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