Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterTackling the Difficulties of Marine
Oil Spill Incidents:
Dual Aspect of Safety and Management

Takahiro Hagihara
Director, Operations Division
Maritime Disaster Prevention Center (MDPC)

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterContents

1. The Mission and Three Operational Capabilities of the MDPC
2. Types of Incidents Assumed and Aims
 Examples of past incidents Oil tanker D, accident with hazardous spill Oil tanker H, accident with explosion and fire
3. Safety in Ordinary Times and Safety in an Emergency
 Examples of guides for judging safe distance Toxic gas and flammable gas
4. Incident Management and Issue Management
 Operation of a mixed-team accident response headquarters
 Cloud-based crisis management pilot system

MaritimeDisaster
Prevention
CenterThe MDPC mission

 We provide education and training in worldstandard on-site tactics, methods for managing
operations of an accident response headquarters,
and other matters, for those with concerns
about incident or disaster response and training.

 We provide timely and effective disaster
response activities in case of an incident ordisaster befalling handlers of hazardous materials,
whether on sea, coastline, or on-shore, both inJapan and abroad.
 As representative of the parties responsible for fires, leaks,or other incidents, we are the only group in Japan with experiencein more than 170 disasters in the 41 years since our founding.

A crisis management solutions company

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterThe three Operational
Capabilities of the MDPC

 Safety measures capability
Confirming and establishing safety on the site of
an incident involving toxic or hazardous materials

 Firefighting capability
Firefighting activities and eliminating
the fire source on the site of an explosion or fire Cleanup capability
Detoxification andremoval of oil andother contaminantson the site ofpollution

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterTypes of incidents assumed and aims:
What you are asked to envision

Cause Simultaneous large-scale marine pollution incidents at coastal
petrochemical complexes, which may occur in case of a major
earthquake directly under Tokyo Metropolitan area oralong the Nankai-Tonankai troughSource Response to mixed pollutants when multiple polluters (facilities,ships, etc.) spill a mixture of black oil, clean oil, and chemicals(assumed to be like crude oil)
Focus
 Taking safety measures as initial response to a large-scale oil spill
accident, and operation of a mixed-team accident response
headquarters, treating mixed pollutants as equivalent to crude oilAims
 For future reference applicable to operation and management of
not only individual small-scale oil spills but also incidents involving
various pollutants, treat mixed pollutants of black/clean oil andchemicals from simultaneous leaks as equivalent to crude oil leaks

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterFixed-point measurement of atmospheric environmentin Edogawa Ward, Tokyo
Recording of non-methane (car exhaust gas, etc.) concentrations*

July 2, 11:30 to 12:00 noon
0 ppm→2,200 ppm

Source: Excerpted from Tokyo
Metropolitan Government materials.

*Total hydrocarbons = CH4 + Non-methane hydrocarbons

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterExample of fire and explosion
on oil tanker accident in port

Crude oil vapor near the ship hull leeward shield ignited and exploded○ Overview of Heim Vard tanker
35,000 GT, length 236 m, Norwegian registry○ Outbreake of incident/casualty
Occurred May 23, 1965 in the Muroran Port,
Hokkaido
Deaths: 8 crew members of Heim Vard, 2on a hawser boat
○ Weather conditions
Fair, westerly winds 3 to 4 m/s○ Description of accident
When the Heim Vard was berthing,it crashed into a mooring dolphinon the port side. Oil leaked fromthe tanker; and when a hawser
boat was laying booms, the oil
ignited near the bridge, causing
a fire on the sea surface.
Nippon Oil wharf

Muroran Port

Westerly winds 3 to 4 m/s(calm seas)

Hawser boat

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterDual aspect of on-site safety
Safety in ordinary times

Work environment management is regulated from the standpoint of occupationalsafety and health.

Safety in an emergency
Japan does not have regulations regarding standards or guidelines for work
environment safety applicable to work at sites of accidents (emergencies),
such as fires or spills of oil or hazardous materials, or at contaminated sites.

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterDual aspect of on-site safety

The standpoint ofoccupational health and safety
Safety in a work environment
with long working hours
Work environment
measurement
Permissible concentration(8 hours/day, 5 days/week)
Dust mask
Gas mask
Chemical protective
clothing
Preventing fire andexplosion

What is safety?

【Safety in ordinary times】

0【Safety in an emergency】
Safety of on-site workers
The minimum level of safety
necessary when taking
emergency measures
Work environment detection
Standards for concentrationof substances inan emergency situation
1 hour; 30 minutes;
15 minutes
Personal protective
equipment
Spill cleanup
Zoning Hot; warm; cold

Safe distance setting:
Examples of guides for concentration
ERPG 3: The maximum atmospheric concentration below which it is believed thatnearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without
experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
ERPG 2: The maximum atmospheric concentration below which it is believed thatnearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without
experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or
symptoms which could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG 1: The maximum atmospheric concentration below which it is believed thatnearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour
without experiencing other than mild, transient adverse health effects orwithout perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
Notes:*ERPG: Emergency Response Planning Guidelines;
levels set by the American Industrial Hygiene Association.
*TLV-TWA: Threshold limit value–time-weighted average (permissible concentration);the concentration for a conventional 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek,
to which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed,
day after day, for a working lifetime without adverse effect.

Benzene10 t
5 m/s

Simulation by ALOH
Note: Below is only a rough guideline; the important
thing is to have in mind the distance from the site.

Does this mean that, if
TWA 10 ppm is set as thesafe distance, emergency
response activities cannot
be conducted?

Approach to safe distance in an emergency:
The approach to short-term exposure can be applied as guides
for asking residents to evacuate or ordering evacuation
50 ppm forecast approx. 5 km

Reliability line

Permissible concentration (TLV-TWA)
10 ppm (Japan); 0.5 ppm (US)MaritimeDisasterPrevention
CenterIncident management
and issue management

The MDPC has
 a wealth of experience (failures and successes)on the front lines of incident sites (perspective of disaster site), and operations methodology specific to each site
(perspective of accident response headquarters).
Crisis management can therefore be conceptualized as follows:

Crisis Management＝Incident Management＋Issue Management
Issue management (accident response headquarters)
 Dealing with media, government, head office, etc.
 Dealing with many different issues and requests
from the incident site
 Providing operations, planning, logistics, andfinance/administration functions

OperationsPlanning

Logistics

Finance/administration

Large-scale
Medium-scale
Small-scale

Issue

SupportIncident management (incident site) The specific response procedures differ witheach incident
 The bad effects of repeated drills conducted
as mere formalities Divergence from world-standard tactics
 Acting only after waiting for instructions(command-centered crisis management)

CommandExamples of Incident Command System (ICS) modular organization structure forresponding to simultaneous marine pollution incidents

UACPlanning(P)

ICP
Operations Planning(P)(O)

Logistics(L)

Logistics(L)

Finance(F)

Finance(F)

B
B(O) (P)

S(L) (F)BSBB(O) (P)(L) (F)

ICP
Operations(O)

Planning(P)

Logistics(L)

Finance(F)Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterICS organizational structure

Unified Area Command
＝UAC

UAC

Incident Command Post
＝ICP

Planning(P)

ICP
Operations Planning(P)(O)

Logistics(L)

Finance(F)

ICP

Logistics(L)

Finance(F)

Operations Planning
(P)
(O)

ICP

Logistics(L)

Finance(F)

Operations Planning(P)(O)

Logistics(L)

Finance(F)△BASE○BASE

□BASE

▽BASE

▲BASE

▼BASE

(O) (P)(O) (P)(O) (P)(O) (P)(O)(O) (P)(O) (P)(L) (F)(L) (F)(L) (F)(L) (F)(L) (F)(L) (F)

B

B

B

B

B

B

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterFunctions required byaccident response headquarters◆ The functions for dealing with mattersin both ordinary times and emergencies
follow a similar approach
The Doers
1. Operations functions (TheDoers): Functions for responding to incidents
Examples: Firefighting activities by private firefighting (fire prevention) organization,and procedures for safe shutdown of factory function.
2. Planning functions (TheThinkers): Functions for planning short-, medium-, and longThe Thinkers
term responses
Examples: Determining the situation and sharing information to formulate an incident
action plan (IAP), the key leading to effective business continuity planning.
3. Logistics functions (TheGetters): Functions supporting all activities
The Getters
Examples: Obtaining the personnel, equipment, and materials for carrying out the IAP;
human resource management.
4. Finance/administration functions (ThePayers): General affairs functions for contracts,
The Payerspayment of fees, and public relations
Examples: Purchase contracts and payment for equipment and materials; internaland external public relations.

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
Center

14 Rules of ICS

1. Common terminology
2. Transfer of command
3. Chain of command and unity of command
4. Unified command
5. Management by objectives
6. Incident action plan
7. Modular organization
8. Management span of control
9. Integrated facilities management
10. Comprehensive resource management
11. Integrated communications
12. Information and intelligence management
13. Accountability
14. Dispatch/deployment

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterTactics
conferenceFormulation ofincident action plan (IAP)
Preparation
for planning
conference

Planning
conference

Preparation
for tactics
conference

IAP preparation
and approval

Incident
management
team conference

Briefing on
response actions

Strategyconference

Briefing session
on incident
Initial response
and assessment
Notifications
Incident
occurrence

Initial response actions

Preparatory
meeting forstrategy conference

Plan implementationand progressassessment

Actionstart/end

The “P” of planning
An IAP plays an important role indealing with incidents in the medium
to long term.
The IAP is prepared by the Incident
Command Post and approved by theUnified Area Command.
Each section conducts planning,forecasting coming changes in thesituation, confirming the available orobtainable resources, devisingstrategy, and carrying out tacticaloperations.

The rational processes for drawing
up an IAP are the “P” of planning.
Preserved as evidence in case of alegal battle.

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterICS Cloud service⇒ “Rule book” stipulating the 14 main rules⇒ Introduced and put in practice by the MDPCat accident sites for more than 10 years⇒ Manual detailing cumulative failures and successes

Cloud-based crisis
management pilot system
Today there are many information sharing tools and systems, but theICS Cloud is a “pilot” for operations management of an accident
response headquarters, following world-standard rules.
The system provides guidance from prompt initial response to business
continuity, by assisting with emergency response implementation andresponse/recovery planning while helping to manage resources andattendance of disaster prevention personnel, etc.

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
Center

MDPC-ICS SystemFeatures (1) Information sharing○ Information about the incident, the on-site situation, response situation,and other information can be shared with all parties concerned.

http://www.mdpc.or.jp/

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterMDPC-ICS System

Features (2) Modularization of organizationand personnel management○ By setting the necessary organizations (teams, groups, units, etc.)of the necessary scale in the necessary departments/divisions based on
the incident status, flexible response can be made to various incidents.

http://www.mdpc.or.jp/

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterMDPC-ICS System

Features (3) Preparing
incident action plan (IAP)○ An IAP can be prepared based on ICS rules and shared with all parties concerned.

http://www.mdpc.or.jp/

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterMDPC-ICS System

Features (4) Resource management
and cost calculation○ Thanks to unified management of assembled resources (personnel, ships, equipment
and materials, etc.), cleanup activities can be carried out effectively and efficiently.
○ The costs of emergency response activities can be calculated quickly.

http://www.mdpc.or.jp/

Maritime
DisasterPrevention
CenterMDPC-ICS System

Features (5) Creation of pages forpublic release○ By setting the entered information as either “public” or “nonpublic (internal use only),”
pages for the general public are automatically created using “public” data only.

http://www.mdpc.or.jp/