ENG2003

2003 年度英語読解力考査
This is NOT the actual test.

PART 1

Text 1

Every day hundreds of millions of people all over the world are going hungry
because so much farmland is now being used to grow "feed grain" for animals rather
than "food grain" for people. Grain-fed cattle, pigs, sheep, and other livestock, in turn,are being consumed by the wealthiest people on the planet while the poor go hungry.
Affluent populations, especially in Europe, North America and Japan, devour the mostexpensive food products at the top of the global food hierarchy - namely, meat. Almost
without notice, world agriculture has completed a revolutionary shift away fromgrowing food grain for people to providing feed grain for animals. This shift presents
the planet with an alarming new problem, with consequences possibly far greater andlonger lasting than more visible events such as wars and natural disasters.
In the United States more than 70 percent of the grain produced is fed not to people
but to livestock. Furthermore, nearly 157 million tons of cereal, legumes, and vegetable
protein suitable for human consumption is fed each year to animals. This massive
amount of potential human nutrition ends up producing only 28 minion tons of animal
protein - meat - for people to eat. These huge losses of cereal food and vegetable protein
are increasingly mirrored in trends around the globe. In the developing world, forinstance, the share of grain fed to cattle has tripled since 1950 and now exceeds 21
percent of the total amount of grain produced. In China, the share of grain fed to cattle
has gone from 8 to 26 percent since 1960. During this same period, in Mexico, the sharerose from 5 to 45 percent, in Egypt from 3 to 31 percent, and in Thailand from 1 to 30
percent. The implication of this shift in food production can perhaps be better
understood by considering the fact that an acre of farmland used for growing cereal
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produces five times more protein than an acre used for meat production. An acre
devoted to legumes - such as beans - can produce 10 times more protein than one
devoted to meat. Finally, an acre of leafy vegetables offers 15 times more protein.
Tragically, 80 percent of the world's hungry children live in countries with foodsurpluses. Another irony of this food production system is that millions of wealthy
consumers in developed countries are dying from diseases of affluence - heart attacks,
strokes, cancer, and other illnesses - brought on by excessive eating of fatty grain-fed
beef and other meats. Meanwhile, the poor in the developing world are dying frompoverty - related diseases caused by a lack of affordable grain and vegetables.
Nonetheless, consuming large quantities of grain-fed beef and other meats is viewed bymany people as a basic right, and the ethical consequence of the meat culture arerarely discussed. In short, humans have yet to consider how the food preferences of theworld's wealthiest consumers are causing others to starve.

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46. What is the main point of this text?
a. Meat is nearly always harmful to the health of consumers.
b. People in poorer nations also should have the right to eat meat.
c. Eating meat rather than plant protein has serious ethical implications.
d. Not enough grain is being grown to meet global demand.
47. What does the writer imply about a continued increase in feed grain production?
a. It should pass unnoticed.
b. It may lead to new wars.
c. Its consequences may be severe.
d. It will cause serious environmental damage.
48. Why does the writer mention the United States?
a. It produces the greatest number of meat products in the world.
b. It has been the first to recognize the growing food crisis.
c. Its farmers are beginning to produce more food grain.
d. Its grain is mainly grow for animal consumption.
49. Which developing country grows the highest percentage of "feed grain" ascompared to ''food grain"?
a. China
b. Mexicoc. Egyptd. Thailand
50. Approximately how many times more protein does an acre of lettuce or cabbage
produce than an acre of feed grain?
a. Five times.
b. Ten times.
c. Fifteen times.
d. Twenty times.

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51. Which inference can be made from the fact that "80 percent of the world's hungry
children live in countries with food surpluses"?
a. Hungry children are living in countries all around the world.
b. The food distribution system in some countries is inadequate.
c. Corporations are mainly responsible for the global distribution of food.
d. National food production is the primary indicator of a country's health.
52. Which of the following ironies does the writer note in the last paragraph?
a. Too much meat consumption also harms the rich.
b. Many wealthy people actually want to consume less meat.
c. Farmers benefit the most from high meat consumption.
d. Disease of the poor could be cured by eating less meat.
53. The word "affluent" in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
a. highb. richc. dense
d. increasing
54. Which of the following phrases best describes how the text is organized?
a. The comparison of two points of view.
b. An argument with supporting evidence.
c. The careful description of a process.
d. A series of definitions and examples.
55. What is the author's overall tone in this text?
a. criticalb. sarcasticc. enthusiastic
d. optimistic

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Text 2Throughout the animal kingdom, power differences are built into the biology ofmales and females. In many insect species, females have the advantage. While males
often have only long enough to mate, females have long and varied roles. The mostfamous example is the black widow spider; after mating, the female often eats the male.
Among mammals, the physical advantages tend to run in the opposite direction, andmales tend to be considerably larger and stronger than females. These genderdifferences appear to have an adaptive and evolutionary role: Because males specialize
in protecting the young from outside threats, they need to be strong. By contrast, sincefemales spend most of their time taking care of infants, they can afford to be smaller
and less threatening. This difference between genders also makes sense when one
considers competition for food. If both sexes were large, more food would be needed tokeep everyone alive and fit, so it is easier for species that have these built-in genderdifferences to survive. Human beings, like most other mammals, fit this pattern.
Unfortunately, this sensible physical differentiation, which should benefit bothmales and females equally, can easily become a source of cultural exploitation. In manysocieties, the male power advantage is used to give them control over women's lives.
For instance, in much of Asia, women have far fewer life choices than men. In China,
far more female babies are aborted, abandoned, or given up for adoption than malebabies. Each year roughly one million Asian girls are forced into a kind of slavery. Thisis because in poorer countries such as India, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Myanmar,Thailand, and Sri Lanka, the sex industry is one of the most profitable markets. For
the most part, men are its profiteers and consumers; women its commodities.

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The other class of persons who are at a physical disadvantage - at least
temporarily are children. In most historical periods they have been exploited by adults
who needed extra pairs of hands to do work. According to some estimates, in Asia, eventoday, 40 million children under the age of fifteen have to work long hours in miserable
conditions for terrible pay. Children are also the most likely group to receiveinadequate nutrition and health care. The United Nations estimates that throughout
the world about 10 million children under the age of five die each year from simple
illnesses related to nutrition or the environment, such as diarrhea and breathingailments. The disadvantages that children face are found not only in the poorer
countries. As recently as 1990, for example, 13 million American Children lived inpoverty.
Of course, not all of the biological disadvantages are on the side of women andchildren. Children eventually grow up, and women tend to live longer than men - inmost developed countries, nearly seven years longer. Yet as a social ideal, equality is along way from being achieved, and biology too often still seems to be a form of humandestiny.

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56. What is this text mainly about?
a. The social disadvantages of children.
b. Why humans tend to be cruel to each other.
c. Why men and women should be treated equally.
d. The relation between biology and social inequality.
57. According to the text, which of the following statements is true of insects?
a. Females tend to have a biological advantage.
b. The main function of males is to protect females.
c. Males often take care of the children.
d. Females frequently eat male offspring.
58. How does the writer explain the rise of gender differences in mammals?
a. Male-female differences directly raise reproduction rates.
b. Male-female differences increase a species' chance for survival.
c. Male-female differences are randomly pre-determined.
d. Male-female differences socially strengthen each sex.
59. Which of the following is NOT referred to by the writer to support the point thatwomen in Asia are exploited?
a. The sex industry.
b. The abandonment of female babies.
c. The lower pay of female workers.
d. The different rates of adoption for male and female babies.
60. According to the text, how many children in Asia are forced to work in unfair
conditions?
a. 1 minionb. 10 millionc. 13 miniond. 40 million

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61. Why does the writer refer to American children in paragraph thee?
a. To show that oppressive conditions exist even in richer countries.
b. To suggest hat American society is often unfair.
c. To indicate that medical care needs to be improved worldwide.
d. To imply that many industrial societies abuse children as laborers.
62. Which fact does the writer mention that suggests women are not always at abiological disadvantage compared to men?
a. They die less often during birth.
b. They can better survive food shortages.
c. They are more emotionally balanced.
d. They tend to live longer.
63. The phrase ''built-in" underlined in paragraph one could best be replaced by whichof the following words?
a. incompatible
b. inaccessible
c. individual
d. innate
64. The word "miserable" underlined in paragraph three is closest in meaning towhich of the following?
a. chronicb. dreadfulc. extravagant
d. sympathetic
65. With which conclusion would the writer probably agree?
a. Social exploitation of females occurs in all species.
b. Children are more exploited today than in the past.
c. Societies need to improve the treatment of women and children.
d. Biological evolution will someday lead to greater social equality.

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PART 2次のテキストには 20 の空欄（66−85）があり、18 頁に各空欄に対する 4 つの選択肢が与えられています．最初に 1 度テキストを通読して、全体の意味を把握するようにつとめてください．その後、各空欄に最も適当と思われる選択肢を 1 つ選び、解答用カードの相当欄を鉛筆でぬってください．
Digital materials are made up of both the digital representations and theperceptible forms produced from them. A digital representation is a kind of "master," agenerator that _(66)_ you to make an indefinite _(67)_ of copies. There are two different
senses in which you might _(68)_ to make copies from a digital master. _(69)_ you canmake copies of the representation _(70)_ the electronic bits. (You do this when you
make a copy of a Microsoft Word file, for example.) _(71)_ you could also be said tomake copies from the digital representation when you create _(72)_ forms, say, byprinting your Microsoft Word file or _(73)_ it on your computer screen. It is this second_(74)_ of copying that is particularly interesting, _(75)_ this is how you go from the bits
to something you can read or hear.
This method of making copies is _(76)_ quite ancient. For several thousand years
at least, people _(77)_ how to create stamps, templates, or patterns from which a set ofnearly _(78)_ copies could be _(79)_. Coins are one of the first instance of this. _(80)_the fifth century B.C., gold and silver coins bearing inscriptions were minted frombronze dies. The use of seals and signet rings to impress a "signature" (or some otheridentifying mark) is _(81)_. The Louvre Museum, for example, has in its collection thecylindrical seal of an Akkadian scribe _(82)_ the twenty - third century B.C. Blockprinting, which _(83)_ carving text and images on a wood block, then inking the blockand transferring its images onto smooth surfaces (skins, fabric, or paper), was know in
the East as early as the eighth century. The same _(84)_ was widely available in theWest_(85)_ the fourteenth century.

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66. a. adjusts

67. a. degree

68. a. be saidb. allowsb. kindb. be saying

c. requests

c. numberc. being saidd. rejects

d. sized. say69. a. Alternatively

70. a. for itself

71. a. But

b. In fact

b. in itself

b. If

c. Namelyc. itselfc. Whend. On the one handd. on itself

d. Where

73. a. bringing

74. a. affect

72. a. perceptibleb. perceptedb. deliveringb. sense

c. perception

c. displaying

c. timed.. perceptive

d. supplying

d. trend

75. a. because

76. a. actually

77. a. been known

b. butb. approximately

b. have known

c. thenc. nearly

c. should have known

d. therefore

d. thoroughly

d. will have know

78. a. identical

79. a. managed

80. a. As long agob. illegible

b. manipulatedb. As long ago as

c . possible

c. maneuveredc. As long as

d. reliable

d. manufactured

d. Long ago as

81. a. even old

82. a. dated

83. a. connectedb. even older

b. datesb. describedc. older evenc. that dates fromc. involved

d. old evend. that is dated ind. pushed

84. a. technical

85. a. asb. technicality

b. at

c. technician

c. by

d. techniqued. onENG
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