Media Discourse Analysis
メディアディスコース分析論
Analysing Discourse
Chapter 2

Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices

テキスト・社会出来事・社会習慣Version 3

Outline (Parts 1 - 6)
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1. Introduction
導入
2. Texts and social agents
テキストと社会的行為者
3. Social events, social practices, social structures
社会出来事・社会習慣・社会構造
4. Social practices
社会習慣5. Discourse as an element of social practices: (G/D/S)
社会習慣の要素としての言説 （ジャンル、言説、スタイル）
6. Text as action, representation, identification
行動・描写・同一視としてのテキスト

Outline (Parts 7 - 12) 7. Dialectical relations

弁証的関係
 8. Mediation
仲介・メディア化 9. Genre chains
ジャンル チェーン 10. Genres and governance
ジャンルと社会運営
 11. Genre mixing
ジャンル混合 12. Relational approach to text analysis
テキスト分析に対する関係的アプローチ

1. Introduction 導入
 Social life is made up of various kinds of socialevents.
 Social events often involve texts.

 Social events (and texts) have causes.

 There are two main kinds of causes:• (a) Social Structures and Social Practices• (b) Social Agents

2. Texts and social agents
テキストと社会的行為者
 Q. How much power do social agents have?

 A. Not totally free to act, but…

… not totally pre-determined either.
 This is also true about people making texts.

• [ The factory manager in Example 1 (p. 229) ]3. Social events, social practices, social structures

社会出来事・社会習慣・社会構造 Three levels of social reality:

Social structures (abstract, long-lived, stable)

Social practices (mediating /filtering)Social events (concrete, short-lived, variable)

3. Social events, social practices, social structures

社会出来事・社会習慣・社会構造 Language is part of social reality at each level.

Abstract,Long-lived,Stable

Concrete,Short-lived,Variable

Level of Social
Organization

Corresponding
Semiotic Element

Social Structures

Languages

Social Practices

Orders of Discourse

Social Events(Discourses,Genres, Styles)

Texts

3. Social events, social practices, social structures

社会出来事・社会習慣・社会構造 Orders of Discourse mediate between the abstract levelof languages and the concrete level of texts
 Q. What is an Order of Discourse ?

‘a network of social practices in its language aspect’‘the social organization and control of linguistic variation’‘a particular combination of discourses, genres and styles’

4. Social practices 社会習慣Q. What are social practices?
‘articulations (= connections) of different typesof elements of the social world which areassociated with particular areas of social life.’

4. Social practices 社会習慣
Five Elements Articulated in Social Practices

1. Action and Interaction
2. Social Relations
3. Persons(with beliefs, attitudes, histories, etc)

4. The Material World
5. Discourse
The relationship between these elements is dialectical

5. Discourse as an element of social practices:
genres, discourses, styles
社会習慣の要素としての言説 （ジャンル、言説、スタイル）
Discourse as an Element of Social Practices

GenresWays of (inter) acting

Discourses Ways of representing
StylesWays of being

interview, lecture
New Labour, NeoConservatism
manager, ‘flexible
worker’, freeter

6. Text as action, representation, identification

行動・描写・同一視としてのテキスト
 Theoretical Base = Michael Halliday• Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG)• Language is multi-functional• Three main functions of language• Representing the world• Making social relations & showing attitudes, etc.
• Organizing texts & connecting texts to contexts

6. Text as action, representation, identification

行動・描写・同一視としてのテキスト
Major Types of Text Meaning

Type of meaning

Corresponding
aspect of Discourse

ActionGenresRepresentation

Discourses

Identification

StylesTexts express these different meanings simultaneously

6. Text as action, representation, identification

行動・描写・同一視としてのテキスト
Questions for analysing a text
 How are the three meanings realized in the text?
 How is the text related to the concrete social event?

 How is the social event related to social practices?

• (What genres, discourses and styles are involved, andhow are they articulated with each other?)Outline (Parts 1 - 6)
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1. Introduction
導入
2. Texts and social agents
テキストと社会的行為者
3. Social events, social practices, social structures
社会出来事・社会習慣・社会構造
4. Social practices
社会習慣5. Discourse as an element of social practices: (G/D/S)
社会習慣の要素としての言説 （ジャンル、言説、スタイル）
6. Text as action, representation, identification
行動・描写・同一視としてのテキスト

Outline (Parts 7 - 12) 7. Dialectical relations

弁証的関係
 8. Mediation
仲介・メディア化 9. Genre chains
ジャンル チェーン 10. Genres and governance
ジャンルと社会運営
 11. Genre mixing
ジャンル混合 12. Relational approach to text analysis
テキスト分析に対する関係的アプローチ7. Dialectical relations 弁証的関係
 The dialectics of discourse

Discourses(representation)
enactedinculcatedrepresented

represented

inculcated?

Styles(identification)

enacted?

Genres(action)

8. Mediation 仲介・メディア化
 The relationship between texts and social

events is often complex, because texts areoften mediated (that is, they involve the use of(mass) media such as radio or television).
 The mediation of texts involves ‘movement of

meaning’ from one social practice, social
event or text to another one.
 Mediation often involves complex chains ornetworks of different types of texts.

Chains and networks
 In modern society, different social practices arechained or networked together.
 Social practices are chained and networked

across different domains and scales of social life.
 Texts are an important resource for chaining andnetworking social practices.
 The new capitalism (globalization) involves newpatterns of chains and networks of social
practices and of texts (genres, discourses, styles).

9. Genre chains ジャンル チェーン
 Genre chains occur where certain different

genres are regularly linked together withsystematic (= standard, regular) changes fromone genre to another.
 Example 1: Ethnographic interview

the ‘practical’ genre of factory management
the academic genre of ethnographic interview
the academic genre of writing a bookthe ‘management education’ genre
the genre of ‘governance’10. Genres and governance
ジャンルと社会運営
Governance =‘any activity within an institution ororganization directed at regulating or
managing some other (network of) social
practice(s).’10. Genres and governance ‘[Certain] Genres are important in sustaining theinstitutional structure of contemporary society’ A typical feature of genres of governance is thatthey show recontextualization.

再脈絡化

 Recontextualization =‘the appropriation (absorbing) of elements of one
social practice within another, placing the former
within the context of the latter, and transforming it
in particular ways in the process.’

10. Genres and governance
ジャンルと社会運営
 Genres of governance are mediated genres,designed for ‘action at a distance’.
Therefore, we can view ‘the [mass] media’as part of the apparatus of governance.

11. Genre mixing ジャンル混合
 A text may not be written or spoken in one

single genre. It may mix or hybridize two or
more different genres.
• Example 2 (Hungarian newspaper) Conversationalization

 Postmodern society = hybrid social practices

12. Relational approach to text analysis

テキスト分析に対する関係的アプローチ
 Text analysis must be done at severallevels.
 The relations between levels are mostimportant.

12. Relational approach to text analysis
Levels of Text Analysis
Social Structures

External

Social Practices
Social Events
Actions and Social Relations
Identification of Persons
Representations of the world

BOTH ! !

Discourse (Genres, Discourses, Styles)
Semantics

Internal

Grammar and Vocabulary
Phonology (of speech) & Graphology (of writing)Outline (Parts 1 - 6)
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1. Introduction
導入
2. Texts and social agents
テキストと社会的行為者
3. Social events, social practices, social structures
社会出来事・社会習慣・社会構造
4. Social practices
社会習慣5. Discourse as an element of social practices: (G/D/S)
社会習慣の要素としての言説 （ジャンル、言説、スタイル）
6. Text as action, representation, identification
行動・描写・同一視としてのテキスト

Outline (Parts 7 - 12) 7. Dialectical relations

弁証的関係
 8. Mediation
仲介・メディア化 9. Genre chains
ジャンル チェーン 10. Genres and governance
ジャンルと社会運営
 11. Genre mixing
ジャンル混合 12. Relational approach to text analysis
テキスト分析に対する関係的アプローチ