Test Results: Working Fluids Tests

Horizontal heat mode

For the similar system, water canmaintain evaporator temperature(@ 250 W):
 1.6 times lower than Ethanol 1.3 times lower than Methanol

For the similar system, water canachieve total resistance (@ 250 W):
 2 times lower than Ethanol 1.5 times lower than Methanol

1Wick Flow Properties
Nickel wick

Titanium wick

80

60

7550

70

4065

3060

2055

1050

01100

600

700

800

900

1000

Sintering Temperature, ºCTC459 – 24 µm

TC200 – 17 µm

5% Up
Volumetric Shrinkage, %Porosity, %TILOP – 45 µmConditions: 900 - 950 °C / 1 hrMerits:
 High porosity with fine pore size
 Low thermal conductivity2

Small Scale Loop Heat Pipe Performance
250 mm
150 mm

10 mm

125 mm

30 mm
Flat Evaporator

Small scale prototype has:
 High heat flux capability
 High thermal resistancefor lower input powers

10 mm

Round evaporator

3

Loop heat pipe: Technology Comparison
32
1

Liquid Coolingsolution

Low heat flux
HP & Liquid
cooling comparable
LHP resistance
highHeat Pipesolution

Temperature, °C

160321140

HP120LCLHP#2100LHP#1

806040Amb

20mLHPsolution

High heat flux
LHP performs
superior than liquid& HP cooling

Medium heat flux
Liquid cooling
better than LHP andHP
HP resistance high

20 W/cm245 W/cm260 W/cm2002040Heat Load, W

60804

Loop heat pipe for multiple heat source cooling

Condenser - 2

Evaporator#1Condenser - 1
Liquid Line

Evaporator#2

Evaporator#3

Vapour Line

Loop heat pipe with Dual Evaporator
Details: Two separate loops
with separate evaporator
and single condenser

Fin-and-tube typecondenserHeat Pipe material: Copper
Wick material: Sinteredcopper (-350 Mesh number)
Working Fluid: Deionised,degassed and distilled water
Vapour line #1
Vapour line #2

Liquid line #1
Evaporator #1
Evaporator #2

Liquid line #2

Operating Configuration:
Condenser Above
Evaporators

Energy Conservation
Applications

7

Heat Pipe Snow Melting
System Using Geothermal Heat
Heat Pipes

Corrugated Flexible Heat Pipes,
Stainless steel & R-134a.
3 Hps / 1 hole Installation

Aomori city8

Heat Pipe Snow Melting System
Using Natural and Waste Heat
Heat Source: Electric Transformer

Heat Source: Waste Hot Spa Water

Heat Source: Underground Water

Heat Source: Storage
Solar Heat

Heat Source: Geothermal

Partial Heating
9

Snow damage prevention systemfor electric pole branch wire
Electric pole
Wire
Heat Pipe
Snow
Heat dissipation
Soil

Snow-melted hole

Thermalinsulation

Heat collection

Soil temperature : 2 to 6 deg.C

Snow melting for electric pole branchwire using a heat pipe.
A Photograph of Field test in Hokkaido
10Artificial Permafrost Storage System
Cold airCondenser
Thermal insulation

Coldstorage

Thermo-Siphon
Frozen soil

Freezing IndexFoodDefinition of Freezing Index:
Minus average temperature x days

Freezing Index (℃・Day)

1500

Edmonton
Anchorage
Moscow

1000

Φ46㎜ OD
heat pipes(216pcs)

HelsinkiObihiroToronto
New York
Stockholm
Aomori
MunichWarsaw

500

010152025

Warmest Monthly Average temperature ℃
11Natural Cold Energy Storage by Heat Pipes
for Data-Center in Cold Region
Data-Center may be constructed in the Cold Region
to conserve the Cooling Energy.
- Winter -Natural cold energy
Cooling Fins

- Summer -Fins
Vapor

Heat Pipe
GLGL

LiquidHeat Pipes

Servers

Ice

Ice storage

Heat pipe works.
(At Bottom heat mode)

Heat pipe does not work.
(At Top heat mode)

12Heat Pipe Ice Storage System for Data
Failure support requirement
CenterData Center: 200 kW~ 6 hours chiller downtime
Green datacenter
supportsystem

Indirect
Water-to-Air
Hx
Air mover(fan)No running
cost+
Smallersystemsize+
Lower
capital cost
nprp

Tcp-out = 32 ℃

Chiller
Tcp-in = 22 ℃

Cooling Tower

3 Way
controlvalve

Cold storage charging
during below zero
winter season
Indirect ice/water
toWater/Propylene
Glycol Hx

Cold storage
discharging line

ΔT =10℃22℃
32℃

32℃
22℃

Heat Pipe Ice Storage System
13

Double Loop Tube Heat Pipe for
Geothermal Extraction System

Electric Power : 168 KW
Impulse Turbine

Electric generator

Condenser & Reservoir
Vapor flow
Tv:200℃

Control
Valve

Hot water supply:
100℃ - 1,927KW

Corrugate
Heat pipe
OD:1m

PShowering nozzles

Le:1Km

Q: 2,095 KW
Geothermal temperature:400 ℃ Rock

L: 10Km

Liquid flow

14

Nuclear Fuel Cooling18

Proposed Heat Pipe ECCS System for BWR Plant
460MW-e BWR (Thermal Power:1,380KW)

Heat Pipe Condenser

Reactor Building
Vent
Concrete Chamber
Reactor Vessel
Vapor (282℃,ECCS/ Water
66.8Kg/cm2)
Spray for Chamber
Heat Pipe
Evaporator

Valve
Water
reservoir

Turbine Building
Turbine Generator

282℃

Fuel180℃

ECCS/ High Pressure
Water Spray for Core

Condenser
Control Rod

Water
Pump

Circulation Pump

Water

Suppression Pool
1,750 Ton

Water

Cooling
Pump
Sea
water
Inlet

Waste
Water

ECCS/ Low Pressure
Water Spray for Core19Summary of Heat Pipe ECCS Design
Vapor
Flow

Reservoir
Air Cooled Condenser

Gravity Water
Charge Tank

Water

Reactor
Vessel
Valve

Valve

LiquidFlow

Evaporator
with needle
Fuel RodPre-heating zone
Water Charge nozzle

20Summary Design of Heat Pipe Based ECCS
Air cooled condenser
Reactor vessel
Evaporator section

7m

Initial water charge system

Fuel rods

5m

Liquid line

Vapour line

17m

Concrete ChamberControl rods

21

Spent Fuel Cooling System by
Thermal Diode Heat Pipe
4m

Air Cooled Condenserof Heat Pipes(Thermal DiodeFunction)
Heat Pipes 1 inch SUS-Anmonium
12m x 12m

Water Pool
Spent Fuel Bundles (1,400Tons)
Water Level

10m
4.5m

22

Heat Pipe Specification
Flexible Corrugated heat pipes

Condenser
100mm

8mm

4m

Tube: SUS tube JIS G 3459-1976
25A Schedule 5s OD:34.0mm, ID:30.7mm, t:1.65mm 1.32Kg/m

Flexible region
Aluminumfins
1.5mm TEvaporator
6m
Working fluid: Ammonium

23