災害伝承を多様性の視点から考えるゲルスタ・ユリア
東北大学 災害科学国際研究所
災害文化アーカイブ研究分野
准教授

自己紹介
● 2008年 ドイツ・ベルリン自由大学入学
日本学、文化人類学を専攻● 2010～2011年 中央大学に留学
留学中に東日本大震災が起こった。
● 修士課程で研究を続け、2013年より半年間、上智大学の≪東北からの声≫プロジェクトに参加。ほぼ毎週末、被災者とのインタビューを実施。
● 2015年～ ベルリン自由大学博士課程
2017年、東北大学で研究活動
2019年4月 博士号取得● 2019年1月～東北大学災害科学国際研究所研究員● 2019年10月～東北大学災害科学国際研究所助教● 2024年２月～東北大学災害科学国際研究所准教授

Disaster as asocialphenomenon
災害は自然
なものでは
なくて社会
的なもので
ある

Disaster Risk = hazard ×
exposure × vulnerability
災害リスク＝ハザードｘエ
クスポージャー×脆弱性

United Nations Office forDisaster Risk Reduction(UNDRR)（例：火山噴火で人的な被害がなければ、一般的にそれは災害ではなく、自然現象と考えられている。）

減災（防災）の基本的な考え：

ハザードを完全に防ぐことは難しい/できないが、災害を防ぐことができる。

しかし、そのためにハードな防災（堤防等）が足りない。
➞防災教育と災害伝承の重要性。

日本の災害伝承・文化的記憶

日本は他国と比べても、災害伝承・
災害文化的記憶（保存等）のトップランナー

本研究の課題：• 誰が、どのような教訓を、誰のために伝承するのか？
• （伝承館はどのようなナラティブを発信するのか）• （県、市町村、民間の展示の違いと特徴を明らかにする）• （日本の災害文化の特徴は。海外との違いと共通点は？）• （防災教育という点での可能性）

Disaster Memorial Museums pre and post 3.11. 行
政関係の伝承館/Disaster Memorial Museum
Figures made by Elizabeth Maly; Julia Gerster &Elizabeth Maly (2022) Japan’s Disaster Memorial
Museums and framing 3.11: Othering the Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear disaster in cultural memory,
Contemporary Japan, 34:2, 187-209, DOI:
10.1080/18692729.2022.2112479

なぜ伝承館の分析は大事なのか？

• 客観的な知の位置づけ（というイメージがある）• ミュジアムの展示は、政治的・文化的に特殊な環境に埋め込まれた交渉の産物である（Rigney 2016, 70）。
• 特定の出来事の記憶が、より広い（国の）ナラティブにどのように統合されるかを示すものである。
• “ミュジアムを支配することは、まさにコミュニティとその価
値感と真実の表象を支配することを意味する" (Duncan 1995, 8)。
• 「社会が自らを（…）公的に提示できる」場所でもある。ミュジアムは文化を強固にし，他のものにはほとんどない形で，文化に具体性を与えている」（Dubin 1999, 3）．
• ミュジアムは記憶の容器であり、社会のために記憶する（Abt2011, 2011）。同時に、社会がある出来事をどのように記憶する、あるいは思い出すのかを形成するものである。

東日本大震災に関する
公的な災害伝承館の特徴

東日本大震災に関する伝承館のカテゴリ• 県立：県で受けた被害や復興の情報• 市町村: 市町村への影響• 震災遺構: 震災遺構で起こったレス
キューまでの出来事=>地域的な、部分的な物語⇒東日本大震災、津波、原子力災害の「全体的な複合災害」を展示す
る伝承館がない⇒原子力災害を語る伝承館が非常に
少ない

Name

Operator and location

Focus of the exhibition

Mission Statement/ Description as stated by the facility.
*translated from Japanese by the authors

Julia Gerster & Elizabeth Maly
(2022) Japan’s Disaster
Memorial Museums andframing 3.11: Othering the
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
disaster in cultural memory,
Contemporary Japan, 34:2,
187-209, DOI:
10.1080/18692729.2022.2112
479

Iwate Prefecture
1. Iwate Tsunami
Memorial Museum

Iwate Prefecture(Location:
Rikuzentakata City)

Overview on impact of tsunami andearthquake on Iwate Prefecture, public
response and scientific background ofearthquakes and tsunamis.

Protecting lives, and living together with the ocean and earth. To never again experience the sadness of the Great East Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami. (…)The Iwate Tsunami Memorial will share the wisdom of our predecessors, the reality of theGreat
East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami and the lessons we’ve learned with the world to become a society strong against natural
disaster.

2 Unosumai Tsunami
Memorial Hall

Kamaishi City

Impact of the tsunami on the Unosumai district,evacuation procedures and recovery. Meeting
space for residents.

A facility that conveys the events and lessons learned from the earthquake and promotes disaster prevention.

3. 3.11 Great East Japan
Earthquake Tono City
Logistics Support Museum

Tono City

Focus on disaster support

Ofunato City

Focus on the impact of the tsunami on Ofunato
City and DRR

Many of the victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake did not escape, were on the way, or returned to their homes. If they had
evacuated earlier, more people would have survived. Ofunato Tsunami Museum is the place to convey the threat and experienceof the tsunami to posterity through images and storytellers.

Miyagi Prefecture(Location: Ishinomaki
City)

Overview of the impact of the tsunami on
Miyagi Prefecture and DRR.

*(…)In order not to repeat the same sadness and chaos, it is our duty to pass the memory of the Great East Japan
Earthquake and the lessons to future generations. We have to move towards the revitalization and reconstruction of thedisaster area, and keep on heading forwards and working together with the people and the community. The Miyagi 3.11
Disaster Memorial Museum was built to meet these responsibilities and to renew this vow to the future. To prepare for the
coming disasters, we have to share these lessons and strengthen the interaction with people from across the country andworldwide.

6.Ruins of Koyo HighSchool Kesennuma City
Memorial Museum

Kesennuma City

Impact of the tsunami on the school building and The goal of the Ruins of the Great East Japan Earthquake Kesennuma City Memorial Museum is to preserve the memories andevacuation efforts of children and school staff.
lessons of the disaster for the future and serve as “visible evidence” that continues ringing alarm bells, contributing toKesennuma City’s initiative to achieve the target of zero tsunami deaths.

7. 3.11
Disaster
RecoveryMemorial
MuseumHigashi Matsushima

Impact of the tsunami on*The "Higashi Matsushima 3.11 Disaster Recovery Memorial Museum" will continue to display and introduce records

City

Higashimatsushima City and recoveryof the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the reconstruction status, etc., and pass them on to future generations to prevent

efforts.

weathering of the earthquake and foster disaster prevention awareness.

Sendai City

Permanent exhibition about the local impactof the tsunami and the recovery process.
Temporary exhibitions highlight different
aspects of disasters.

*The Sendai 3.11 Memorial Community Center aims to be a base for connecting to the future and the world by preserving
wisdom and lessons from our memory and experience through communication.

Sendai City

Impact of the tsunami on Arahama Elementary
school, rescue of the children and staff, andrecovery efforts of Sendai City. Strong DRR
approach.

It is our city’s goal to never again fall victim to a tsunami, to pass on the lessons we learned also and to show the real threat oftsunami to future generations. For these reasons, the ruins of the Arahama Elementary School building will be preserved, alongwith other records, and opened to the public.

4.Ofunato Tsunami
Museum(…)*This museum was built to publish valuable materials related to logistical support activities, such as handwritten documents
and photographs kept by the city, and to widely disseminate the lessons learned from these activities.

Miyagi Prefecture
5.Miyagi
3.11 Disaster Memorial
Museum

8.Sendai
3.11 Memorial
Community Center

9.The Ruins of Arahama
Elementary School

Iwanuma City

10.

Julia Gerster & Elizabeth Maly
(2022) Japan’s Disaster
Memorial Museums andframing 3.11: Othering the
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
disaster in cultural memory,
Contemporary Japan, 34:2,
187-209, DOI:
10.1080/18692729.2022.2112
479

Small museum that

Millenium

focuses on the tsunami

Hope Hill

inside a memorial

Aino Kamapark.

The debris from the tsunami is evidence of the many lives spent in this place. It was used as the foundation of the hills to memorialize the tsunami
and reflect the emotions of those affected by it. The result is a memorial park that preserves the remains of the communities as a way todisseminate the memories of the disaster and the lessons learned from it, both domestically and internationally. It also serves as a place for disastermitigation education.

Park
11. TheRuins of
Nakahama
Elementary
SchoolYamamoto Town

Impact of the tsunami on
Nakahama Elementary
school, rescue of thechildren and staff, DRR
and recovery efforts of
Yamamoto Town.

*Nakahama Elementary, which has saved the lives of 90 children and local residents, was opened to the public as a place for disaster education andwith the aim of passing on the memories on the enormous damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake to posterity, preventing weathering of
the earthquake and raising awareness of disaster prevention.

Focus on nuclear disaster.
Overview on nuclear
accident and its impact on
Fukushima Prefecture.

It is the common desire of the people who experienced it themselves that the lessons and records from this massive and compound disaster neverfaced by the world before, and the history of the steady recovery process that followed, are gathered, preserved and investigated, so that they can bepassed on to following generations and shared with the world without fading away.

Fukushima Prefecture

12. Great
East Japan
Earthquake
and Nuclear
Disaster
Memorial
MuseumFukushima Prefecture(Location: Futaba Town)

Focus on evacuation andrecovery procedures.
Temporary exhibitions
introduce
community
responses.

13.

FukushimaCommutanPrefecture (Location:

Fukushima

Miharu Town)

Focus on energy issues.
Exhibition on nuclear
energy, renewable energy,
and overview on the
nuclear disaster.
(Not a disaster museum
but included for different
reasons explained below)

Commutan Fukushima (Communication Building of the Centre for Environmental Creation, Fukushima prefecture) was established as a facility
with the aim to respond to anxiety and questions from the residents of Fukushima prefecture, to help their understanding of radiation andenvironmental issues from a familiar perspective, and to deepen their awareness ofenvironmental recovery and creation. (…) We are aiming for the opportunity for children and various organizations to share theknowledge and deepen consciousness by learning and experiencing in Commutan Fukushima and to consider, createand send information of Fukushima's future from their respective
standpoints.

14.
Traditional
Requiem
Memorial Hall

Soma City

15.
Earthquake
remains Ukedo
Elementary
SchoolNamie Town

Focus on the impact of thetsunami on the schoolbuilding and evacuation
procedure of the children
and staff. Mentioning of thenuclear disaster in videos.

*In order to pass on to future generations the memories and records of the region as well as the threats and lessons learned from the Great East
Japan Earthquake, and to help raise awareness of disaster risk reduction, the town's damaged elementary school is opened to the public as
disaster heritage (shinsai ikō).

Tomioka Town

Tomioka Town’s history
and heritage. The tsunami
and nuclear disaster arepresented as part of the

The museum showcases various features of Tomioka Town, as well as the natural and nuclear disasters that occurred in this area. (…) Imagine what
would happen if a complex disaster like the one in Tomioka occurred in your area. It just might change the way you look at the future.

16.

Tomioka

Focus on tsunami intsunami inundated
area.

Archive Museum*This facility was built as a place for the bereaved families left behind and in memory of the victims of the earthquake and uses photographs of thescenery of the Ohama / Haragama area and the Isobe area, which were damaged by the tsunami of the Great East Japan Earthquake, to show to thecoming generations. It was built for the purpose of making it a place for exchange, and exhibits photographs of the scenery before the earthquake andlocal events, as well as video records of the day of the earthquake.

town’s history.
17. Iwaki
3.11 Memorial
andRevitalization
Museum

Iwaki City

Focus on tsunami
and DRR

The Usuiso district of Iwaki, which was devastated by the tsunami that struck the city on 11 March 2011, is now home to a new facility that aims topreserve the memories and lessons learnt from the Great East Japan Earthquake so that they can be passed down to future generations.

Museum

Operator (location) Main Focus

Mission Statement

１．東日本 岩手県（陸前高田市） Overview on impact of tsunami and （…）この悲しみを繰り返さないためには、知恵と技術で備
earthquake on Iwate Prefecture,
大震災津波
え、自ら行動することにより、様々な自然災害から命を守
public response and scientific
伝承館
り、そして、自然災害を乗り越えていくことが重要です。
background of earthquakes andいわて
東日本大震災津波伝承館は、先人の英知に学び、東tsunamis.
TSUNAMIメ
日本大震災津波の事実と教訓を世界中の人々と共有し、モリアル
自然災害に強い社会を一緒に実現することを目指します。
そして、東日本大震災津波を乗り越えて進む姿を、支援への感謝とともに発信していきます。
5. みやぎ東 宮城県 (石巻市)
日本大震災
津波伝承館

Overview of the impact of thetsunami on Miyagi Prefecture andDRR.

(…)同じ悲しみと混乱を繰り返さないために、東日本大震
災の記憶と教訓を永く後世に伝え継ぐこと。被災地の再生と復興に向けて、人々と地域が力を合わせて歩み続けること。それが、私たちの責務です。
みやぎ東日本大震災津波伝承館は、その責務を確かめ合い、未来への誓いを新たにするための場として整備されました。
次なる災害への備えを確かなものにできるよう、全国、世界、そして次世代の人々とつながり、発信と交流に努めてまいります。

Museum

Operator (location) Main Focus

12. 東日本大震災原子力災害伝承館

福島県(双葉町)

Focus on the nuclear
disaster.
Overview on the nuclear
accident and its impact
on Fukushima
Prefecture.
Focus on evacuation
and recovery
procedures.
Temporary exhibitions
introduce community
responses.

Mission Statement(…) 私たちが経験した複合災害がいかに過酷であり、そして今もその影響が続いていることを物語っています。東日本大震災・原子力
災害伝承館は展示や語り部、研修、調査・研究を通じて、未曽有の複合災害について福島で何が起き、どう向き合ってきたかを伝え、防災・減災に向けた教訓を国内外や未来へつないでまいります。

目的：防災、命を守るジェンダ・多様性の視点から見た災害伝承Diversity and Disaster Memory
Sunhee Lee; Julia Gerster, Nao Sakaguchi, Mariko Ogawa andAlyne Delaney分析した3.11の災害伝承館
Name
Prefectural museums
Iwate TSUNAMI Memorial Museum
Miyagi 3.11 Disaster Memorial Museum
Great East Japan Earthquake andNuclear Disaster Memorial Museum

Municipal Museums
Ofunato Tsunami Museum
Bosai Gakushu Center
Kesen Junior High School
Kadonowaki Elementary School
Okawa Elementary School
3.11 Disaster Recovery Memorial Museum Nobiru
Sendai 3.11 Memorial Community Center
The Ruins of Arahama Elementary School
Natori Memorial Museum
Earthquake Remains Ukedo Elementary School
Tomioka Archive Museum
Iwaki 3.11 Memorial and Revitalization Museum

Prefecture

Year of opening

Year of analyzed exhibition data

Iwate
Miyagi2019
2021

Fukushima

2020

Iwate
Iwate
Iwate
Miyagi
Miyagi
Miyagi
Miyagi
Miyagi
Miyagi
Fukushima
Fukushima
Fukushima

2013
2023
2021
2022
2021
2017
2016
2017
2020
2021
2021
2020

2023
2023
2022

2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2022
2024
2024
2023
2024
2023
2023

公的伝承館の展示に行うジェンダーと多様性• 人間が移っている展示物のほとんどは日本人男性を表す（写真、ビデオの記録など）• 証言者の男性がさらに多い

Understanding how gender relations
shape women’s and men’s lives iscritical to disaster risk reduction(DRR). This is because women’s andmen’s different roles,
responsibilities, and access toresources influence how each will beaffected by different hazards, andhow they will cope with and recoverfrom disaster. Unequal power
relations between women and menmean that, despite the incredible
resilience and capacity for survivalthat women often exhibit in the faceof disaster, they also experience a
range of gender-specificvulnerabilities. （Oxfam 2022）

ジェンダー関係が女性と男性の生活をどのように形成しているかを理解することは、防災にとって重要です。なぜなら、女性と男性の異なる役割、責任、資源へのアクセスは、それぞれが異なるハザードの影響を受け、災害にどのように対処し回復するかに影響するからです。女性と男性の間の不平等な力関係は、女性が災害に直面したときにしばしば見せる驚異的な回復力と生存能力にもかかわらず、
ジェンダー特有の様々な脆弱性をも経験することを意味します。
(オックスファム2022)

ジェンダー的、性別的に異なった災害の影響
東日本大震災の事例
災害時：• 家の片づけ• 家族やペットを探しに家に帰った• 介護；避難したくなかった高齢者の世話
災害直後：• 避難所で必要なものが違う（生理用品、下着等）• プライバシー（着替え、赤ちゃんの世話等）• トイレ（セキュリティ関係）…
復興段階：
Representation（復興政策；自治会長や町内会長のほとんどが男性）
伝承：代表者のほとんどが男性
男性：
災害後；自殺率が比較的多い、仕事関係で犠牲になった男性が多い

伝承館で女性の声が少ない理由• わざと女性の声を反映しない伝承館はないが、偏りがあることに対して意識がないところが多い（つまり：いつも通りに行動すると選ばれた代表者の中、男性が多くなる）• 「代表者」が立場として選ばれた• 「防災」に関する専門家と職業に関する人の中に男性が多い• 「ジェンダー」は課題として取り上げていなかった（気付かなかった）• 検討会議員の女性が少ない• キュレーターのネットワークに男性が多い• 証言など集めたが非公開を望んだ女性が多かった• …等

より多様な災害伝承・防災の重要性
多様なニーズ• 障害者：逃げる方法、避難所で必要なもの等• 外国人：言葉の壁、災害意識の差、経験の差• 宗教のマイノリティ：食事制限• セクシュアル・マイノリティ• アレルギー• ペット…

改善に向けて• 検討委員会、伝承館の学芸員、キュレーターや職員の女性割合・多様な関係者を増やす• 証言者の中で女性を増やす• ジェンダー多様性に関して意識させる• 多様な方の証言等を記録し、条件付き公開• 「いない理由」を可視化する…等大学で伝承について学ぶ

授業で伝承について学ぶ授業：• 福島の復興と再生• デジタルアーカイブと東日本大震災
海外向け：東日本大震災とメモリ学
ワークショップやサマースクール：• 災害とナラティブ• デジタルアーカイブのワークショップ• スタディツアー等ハーバード大学のJDAについて• 2011年東日本大震災を契機に、ハーバード大学エドウィン・O・ライ
シャワー日本研究所では、日本災害デジタルアーカイブ、Japan
Disasters Digital Archive、（以下JDA）の開発した。
• JDAには、デジタルアーカイブのシステム内で登録されているコンテンツを利用者が独自の観点で、再収集や編集、共有できる機能などを有している。
• さらに、利用者に対して、新たなコンテンツの投稿や既存コンテン
ツのメタデータ編集などを行うことを推奨しており、震災デジタル
アーカイブに寄与を促している。

• JDAの主な機能は、マイ・コレクション、ノート、ジオロケー
ション機能などがある。マイ・コレクション機能は、テーマ、場所などの利用者独自の基準でアーカイブ内にあるコンテンツを整理することが可能である。また、ノート機能を使って、コンテンツにメモや独自解釈を付け加えることもできる。
• さらに、マイ・コレクションは、他者も閲覧できるように公開することが可能である。公開機能により、他者が災害の新たな側面を知り、様々な観点で関わることができる。
• ジオロケーション機能は、地図上でコンテンツを閲覧や検索することができる機能である。さらに、コンテンツの空間的密度をヒートマップで表現し、範囲を限定することで、コンテンツ
が地図上に点として表示される。

ジオロケーション
機能

Roughly halfof the items in
the archive(about 840,000
out of 1.7
million) conta
in geo-locationin themetadata.

メタデー
タ
• タッグ
• ロケーション（場所）
• 翻訳
• 等…

The JDA Workshop

Today’s talk (Open Access)Julia Gerster & Elizabeth Maly (2022) Japan’s Disaster Memorial
Museums and framing 3.11: Othering the Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear disaster in cultural memory, Contemporary Japan, 34:2,
187-209, DOI: 10.1080/18692729.2022.2112479

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Asano Fumie and Tendo Mutsuko (2021) Saigaijoseigaku wo tsukuru. [Creating women disaster studies]. Tokyo: Seikatsu shisousha.
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