ENG93

93 年度英語読解力考査
This is NOT the actual test.

PART I

Text 1

Human actions have shaped the environment in which successive generations anddifferent societies have lived. The driving force behind many of these actions has been
simple-the need, as human numbers have steadily increased, to feed, clothe, and housethem. The way in which human beings have thought about the world around them has
5 been important in justifying their treatment of it and in providing an explanation for
their role within the overall structure. The way of thinking about the world that hasbecome dominant in the last few centuries originated in Europe. The European view of
the relationship between humans and nature can be traced back, as in so many otherareas, to the influence of the philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome and the ideas
10 that the Christian church inherited from its Jewish origins. The strong belief running
through both classical and Christian traditions has been that human beings have been
put in a position of dominance over the rest of a subordinate nature. Although the ideathat humans have a responsibility to preserve a natural world of which they are merely
guardians can be traced through a succession of thinkers, it has remained a minority
15 view in the West. Other traditions, particularly those of the Eastern religions, haveprovided radically different interpretations, but they also have been less influential.
One of the fundamental issues addressed by all traditions is the relationshipbetween humans and the rest of nature. Are humans a part of nature or are they
separate from it and in some way superior to it? The answer to this question helps
20 determine how different thinkers and religions decide which human actions can beregarded as morally justified. From this flow other related questions about whether all
the plants and animals in the world are there solely for the benefit of humans; about
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whether humans have a responsibility to guard and take care of the rest of nature.
In the last two hundred years or so these religious and philosophical questions have
25 been very largely overtaken by questions of economics-how life should be organized andscarce resources be used and distributed. Although these economic questions may notseem at first glance to be philosophical, they have exercised an influence far beyond thecircle of economists and academies. They also have had a fundamental impact on theway humans view the world and justify their actions.

31. According to the text, what is one of the basic questions asked by all cultures?
a. What is the driving force of society?
b. How can humans best preserve the natural world?
c. What is the relationship between humans and nature?
d. How can humans best use plants and animals?
32. Which of the following is the ''driving force'' mentioned in line 2 on page 1?
a. Human needs.
b. Human dominance.
c. Human actions.
d. Human numbers.
33. What was the Greek and Roman philosophers' view of the role of humans in nature?
a. Humans are responsible for improving the natural world.
b. Humans naturally dominate nature.
c. Humans are the guardians of the natural world.
d. Humans are subordinate to nature.
34. What does the text imply about the influence of classical and Christian tradition?
a. They influenced the origins of the Jewish church.
b. They influenced many areas of European thought.
c. They are exclusively responsible for Western views of nature.
d. They are superior to other traditions of philosophy.

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ENG9335. What does the writer say about the view that humans have a responsibility toprotect nature?
a. This view was held exclusively in the Eastern traditions.
b. It never was the dominant view in the Western traditions.
c. It is necessary now for this to become the dominant view.
d. This view leads to timeless questions about economic priorities.
36. What does ''this" in line 21 on page 1 mean?
a. Human actions regarded as morally justified.
b. The way different thinkers and religions decide important questions.
c. The question of the relationship between humans and the rest of nature.
d. The important role in nature played by human beings.
37. What does the writer say about the use and distribution of limited resources?
a. Ultimately, it is not a philosophical question.
b. It is strictly an economic question.
c. It primarily influences economists and academies.
d. Such an economic question turns out to be a philosophical question.
38. What does "they'' in line 28 on page 2 mean?
a. Academies and economists.
b. Religious and philosophical questions.
c. Economic questions.
d. Scarce resources.

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Text 2

There are dozens of card manufacturers around the world and hundreds ofvariations on the common playing card. Yet there is amazing standardization, whichlargely was fixed more than 100 years ago. Despite this fact, most people, no matter
how often they play cards, do not know the answers to simple questions such as: which
5 king has no sword, which cards are one-eyed, or even why certain cards have pictures ofkings and queens on them.
Early European playing cards were designed for the entertainment and educationof royalty, and cards today still show the members of a royal court in medieval costume.
Over the years, however, a number of changes in the design of playing cards has taken
10 place, most of which occurred to make the cards easier to read and thereby simplify theplaying of card games. The French, for example, decided that full illustrations were notnecessary on all cards and began to produce cards that arranged the suit symbols, suchas hearts or spades, in symmetrical patterns. Another innovation came from theEnglish. Originally the royalty ''court'' cards showed a full figure, and when the cards
15 were distributed, players would often need to turn them right end up in order to seethem better. In 1850, however, the English came up with a simple but effective solution.
They made the card look the same from either end by cutting the figure in half at thewaist and placing the same image both on the top and the bottom of the card.
Another significant change in our modern deck, or set of fifty-two cards, occurred
20 about 100 years ago. In games such as poker, it was important for players to see theirindividual cards without exposing them to opponents. Necessity being the mother ofinvention, the corner index was born. If all the suit and value information could beENG
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condensed into the corner, cards could be held tightly and spread to expose only thatcorner. Several companies competed to come up with a new design. The most popular
25 one ultimately was the ''coded'' type. Each card was coded with a letter (A, K, Q, J), or anumber (2 to 10). The suit symbol appeared below. These were called ''squeezers''. Today,of course, we play with squeezers. Again, the simple design prevailed.
Other attempts to change card design have been less successful. After the French
Revolution, the idea of playing with kings and queens was not acceptable in France and
30 the crowns were removed from these figures. Similar attempts to remove royalty fromthe deck were also made in the US during the Civil War when cards with flags, stars
and eagles appeared and Union officers and the Goddess of Liberty replaced kings,queens, and jacks. In the long run, familiarity won out over politics and the court was
restored to the throne.
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These and many other variations have failed to take hold. In the judgment of mostexperts, our present deck will survive for many generations without any significant
changes. When you are in the middle of a card game, you want to know what you havequickly and accurately. These necessary conditions were achieved more than 100 years
ago. The essentials of the card are so well-conveyed that their details go unnoticed no40 matter how standard their appearance is, and no matter how frequently we are exposedto them.

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39. According to this text, why are most people unable to answer questions like: Whichcards are one-eyed?
a. Most people do not play cards often enough to notice such details.
b. There is not enough standardization among card manufacturers.
c. The styles of cards have frequently changed over the years.
d. Card players focus only on the meaningful parts of the cards.
40. What has been the cause of most of the permanent changes in card design?
a. Politics.
b. Economics.
c. The ease of recognizing cards.
d. The artistic value of the illustrations.
41. What pictures were on earlier European cards?
a. Famous battles and warriors.
b. Members of the royal family.
c. Famous scenes of the kingdom.
d. Heroes of the French Revolution.
42. What "problem" did the English innovation in 1850 solve?
a. Cards became easier to hold as they became smaller.
b. More important information could fit onto one card.
c. Cards would no longer be distributed upside down.
d. Players no longer had to turn their cards around to see what they had.
43. Why were ''squeezers'' first developed?
a. To encourage more people to play poker.
b. To make it easier for players to distribute cards.
c. To make it more difficult for players to see others' cards
d. To make it easier for players to count their cards.
44. What is the reason suggested by the writer for the survival of ''squeezers"?
a. The company that produced the idea had better advertising.
b. Their design was simpler.
c. Squeezers were not politically acceptable.
d. Squeezers eliminated the "royalty'' cards.
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45. Which of the following is the most likely reason that the "coded" cards came to becalled "squeezers"?
a. The code "squeezed'' all the important information into a small space.
b. Players could see all their cards when they were "squeezed" together.
c. ''Squeezers'' was the first game played with the cards.
d. These cards ''squeezed" competitors out of the market.
46. Why was the "corner index'' in line 22 on page 4 developed?
a. Several American card companies needed to improve sales.
b. Some card games required special information.
c. Card players needed to be able to "read" their cards more easily.
d. Information on the cards was becoming too complicated.
47. In this context, what does "the court was restored to the throne" in line 33 on page 5mean?
a. Pictures of kings and queens reappeared on playing cards.
b. The kings and queens remained more valuable cards than other cards.
c. The political fate of kings and queens was reflected in the cards.
d. Pictures of kings and queens were replaced by other pictures.
48. What does the expression ''familiarity won out over politics" in lines 33 on page 5
mean in this context?
a. Flags and stars are generally more familiar than kings and queens.
b. People were more used to using cards with kings and queens.
c. People felt that royalty was too distant to be familiar.
d. In politics, familiarity is one of the most important factors.
49. Why do most experts believe there will be few important changes in the cards we use
today?
a. Players depend on the current standardized design.
b. Politics has never been able to affect card design.
c. All the conditions for efficient card playing have already been met.
d. People do not notice changes in card design, so none are necessary.

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50. What does ''this fact'' in line 3 on page 15 refer to?
a. The variation in cards.
b. The standardization among cards.
c. The number of card manufacturers.
d. The length of time since the last card revision.

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8ENG93PART II"Leisure'' is the most misunderstood word in our vocabulary. We often _(51)_ thewords ''recreation" and "leisure" interchangeably, _(52)_ they really include twodifferent _(53)_. Recreation carries _(54)_ it a sense of necessity and purpose. However
pleasurable this alternative to work _(55)_, it is a kind of activity a person engages
5 _(56)_ with a specific end _(57)_, a refreshment of the spirit or the body, _(58)_. Implicitin this idea of renewal, usually organized renewal, is the notion that recreation is both a_(59)_ of work and preparation for _(60)_ of it.
Leisure is _(61)_. Leisure _(62)_ to work the way recreation is; leisure is selfcontained. The root of the word is the Latin licere, _(63)_ means ''to be permitted'',10 _(64)_ that leisure is about freedom. But freedom for what? G.K. Chesterton _(65)_ that''leisure'' is used _(66)_ three different things: "The first is being allowed to dosomething. _(67)_ is being allowed to do anything. And the third (and perhaps most rareand precious) is being allowed to do nothing.'' _(68)_ Chesterton said doing nothing, he
was describing not emptiness but an occasion _(69)_ and contemplation, a chance to look
15 inward _(70)_ outward.

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51. a. are using

52. a. besides

b. butb. butb. definitions

c. usec. insteadc. wisdoms

d. usedd. stilld. words

53. a. ideas

54. a. by

55. a. can be

56. a. byb. on

b. may be

b. in

c. to

c. should be

c. on

d. withd. will bed. to

57. a. in mind

58. a. both

59. a. cause

b. of mind

b. for bothb. conditionc. on mind

c. not bothc. consequenced. to mindd. or bothd. requirement

61. a. unlike

62. a. becomes tied

60. a. allb. manyb. contrary

b. can be tiedc. morec. different

c. is not tiedd. mostd. opposite

d. is not tying

63. a. and64 a. suggest

65. a. having written

b. so

b. suggested

b. once wrote

c. whatc. suggestingc. who wrote

d. whichd. suggests

d. writing

66. a. described

67. a. Secondly

68. a. By

b. descriptive

b. So

b. Because

c. in descriptionc. The secondc. Thend. to describe

d. Thend. When

69. a. for reflect

70. a. asb. for reflection

b. butc. reflecting

c. insteadd. to reflectd. rather thanENG
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