Another Way of Contribution to the World
Peace by Physicists... “Detector Technology” applied at International Organization

J. Tanaka
Equipment Officer
On-Site Inspection Div.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)
Junichi.Tanaka@ctbto.org

On Site Inspection Division1

Contents- International organizations which need ”Detector Technology”
 International Atomic Energy Agency
 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization- New “Detector Technology” at International Organization
 Nuclear material safeguards by means of neutrino measurements
 Radioactive noble gas measurements for nuclear test detections

CTBTO, OSI Div2International Organizations... Organizations (to be) under United Nations frame work (orothers),
such as... (for physicists)
 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization(CTBTO)
 ITER Organization
 OECD – Nuclear Energy Agency……

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IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency- UN organization of nuclear field… “ Atom for Peace”• Safeguards- Nuclear material safeguards, or “Inspections”- Development and technical support for the operations• Nuclear Energy- Knowledge center of nuclear power (energy)
techniques, or applications• Nuclear Safety and Security- International center of nuclear (power plant) safety- Prevention for “nuclear terrorism”
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IAEA(cont’d)•Nuclear Sciences and Applications
Promotion of nuclear application, such as:- Human health- Physics and Chemical application (Databank)- Agriculture- Marine Environment …
• Technical Cooperation
Help developing countries for nuclear technology transfer- Human health- Agriculture- Nuclear material management, radiation safety- Nuclear science ...
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CTBTO
Preparatory Commission of Comprehensive Nuclear-TestBan Treaty Organization- Enforce “Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty”- Monitor possible nuclear weapon test
• International Monitoring System (IMS)- Monitor evidences of nuclear weapon tests 24/7
- Seismic, Radionuclide (particulate, gas), Ultrasound…
• International Data Center- Data analysis of IMS data
• On-site Inspection- Inspections in the field in case (suspicious) nuclear
tests detected.
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Detectors at IAEA (1)Safeguard inspection
Nuclear material (U and Pu) control by means of…
• Seals and containment• Surveillance cameras• Record accountancy• “Non Distractive Assays” (NDA)e.g. γ or neutron measurements

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Detectors at IAEA (2)Non-Destructive Assay• γ (185keV 235U) measurements for U enrichments
Ge, NaI, CdZnTe… + MCA + PC/SW• Neutron coincidence counting for U and Pu meas.
~ 2 neutrons produced by a fission
3He counters + shift register• Numerical calculations, Monte Carlo simulations
System design, estimation of counting rate etc.

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8Detectors at IAEA (3)CTBTO, OSI Div

9Detectors at CTBTO (1)• International Monitoring System (IMS)- Automated monitor for-Radioactive particulates (fission products :air filter)-Radioactive gasses (131m, 133, 133m, 135 Xe)•On-site Inspection- Gross gamma survey (aerial, ground)- Environmental sampling (vegetation, soil, water…) andisotope identifications (by γ spectrometry)- Gas sampling and β−γ analysis (37Ar, 131m, 133, 133m, 135 Xe)

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10IMS Network

On Site Inspection Division

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A work at CTBTO (2)CTBTO, OSI Div

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New technicaldevelopments
Neutrino detections for nuclear safeguards… Qualitative verifications of “no-change” of nuclear
fuels.
e.g. U enrichment, Pu contents, etc.
Studied by
SUBATECH/CEA + (NUCIFER/DCHOOZE)
Sandia/LLNL
Niigata + (KASKA)

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New technicaldevelopments

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New technicaldevelopments

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New technicaldevelopments
Neutrino detections for nuclear safeguards• Power monitor of reactor• Fuel composition: U/Pu rate, diversion
Main characteristics of antineutrinos originating from 235U,
238U, 239Pu and 241Pu fission, in standard PWR
235U

238U

239Pu

241Pu

Released energy per fission
(MeV)

201.7

205.0

210.0

212.4

Mean energy of antineutrinos
(MeV)

1.46

1.56

1.32

1.44

Number of antineutrinos perfission (E>1.8 MeV)

5.58
(1.92)

6.69(2.38)

5.09(1.45)

5.89(1.83)CTBTO, OSI Div

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New technicaldevelopments
Red: natU in control rods

Refuel once per year



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New technicaldevelopments

Normal refueling

Replacement of the control rods
with flesh fuel rods

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Developments at CTBTO“Noble gas“ (37Ar, 131m, 133, 133m, 135 Xe) detection for nuclear
explosion monitoring
Gases will be only radioactivities to be released fromunderground explosions• 131m, 133, 133m, 135 Xe … fission products• 37Ar … 40Ca(n, α) 37Ar
• Gas purification + β−γ (or high res γ, x-ray)• Seeping mechanism, when and where to sample.
• Sampling technique of underground gas• Background study, natural and artificial, atmospherictransfer modeling …
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Developments at CTBTO
131mXeIT (164keV),Kx(30keV)

133 Xeβ + γ(81keV)

133m XeIT (233keV),Kx(30keV)

135 Xeβ + γ(250keV)

β−γ (PL +NaI) or high res γ (Ge)37Ar

EC, Kx(2.38keV)

 Proportional chamber for Kx

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Developments at CTBTO
Gas purification

Purification by thermal swing.
(adsorb at low temperature and to desorb at nearly 300℃.)
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Developments at CTBTO
Xe system

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Developments at CTBTO
Ar system

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New technicaldevelopments (2)radXe BackgroundAtmospheric air: Release from reactors(medical isotopes, power plant)
Underground : Natural uranium fissions
37Ar Background: Underground 40Ca hit by cosmic ray… radXe background trace and back track by atmospherictransfer modeling

CTBTO, OSI Div

26DPRK 2006

OSI
OSI
Division
Division- Equipment- Equipment
SectionSection27 27

Conclusions• “Detector technology” is needed for nuclear proliferation /disarmament, as well as other fields• Detector/ measurement specialist is needed by internationalorganizations.
• Institutes are need for nuclear proliferation/ disarmamentdevelopment /operation.
JAEA is only counterpart for organizations.
• Much more institutes/physicists are expected to be involved

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