lSSN O912−7410

No.22 September 19933

一 ■． こ、ぺ ∴ ′，・とI‥．タ 、アイごアマ
J〃TE月〃ATJO∧「Aエ 上月〟E ヱ〃VJ尺0ⅣMEⅣT CO〟〟JTTEE FOLrⅣ8AT∫0Ⅳ￣For Better Lake Management−This NewsIetteris aFso availableinJapanese．

ぶ才7で∫α9βCOnfereLICehasprovidedanarenafor
SCientists，administratorsandcitizensto
discuss and co11aborate on【helake／reservoir environments−Itcould

be said that conference of this new
Stylehasnna11yestablishedwithhigh
SCienti8cachievements．
Attheopenlngaddress，Dr．

WalterRa5tOfUNEPillustTatedsocio−
economicaspects oflakesas abasic
resource fordevelopmentfocusing
upon the role ofdecision−makeTS．

GovernorMinoruInabafromShiga，
l＼リJapan，CalledforallparticIPantSand
people outside of the hall to take
ゝ1actionsbeforeitbecomestoolate．

TheconferencechoseeightlLEC organired the 5th International
ConferenceontheConservationandManagementof

themes asmaintopics：（1）Scientificbasisformanagingeutrophication，（2）Waterquantity
andqualityinlakesandreservoirsforhumanuses，（3）Thefateandeffectsofin−lakemicropollutants．（4）Non−
pointnu打ientsourcesandtheircon【rol，（5）AcidrainandeFfee【s on aquaticecosystems on aglobalscale，（6）Lakes（WorldLakeConference）atStresa，rtaly，On17−
21May1993・More than350people，including
SCientists，adminisb・atOrS andcitizens，metOn the5hore
Scientific fiTldings and their utilization at socio−
OfLakeMaggiore，the5eCOndlargestlakeinItaly，tO
economic and administrativelevels forlake／reservoir
discuss theenl′ironments oflakesandreservoirsaroundmanagement，（7）Lakes andenvironmentaleducation，
theworld．

Almos［twohL［ndredcontdbutionsweremadeat

theConfcrencehelda【lheCongressCentrelocatedatthe
Cen打alp21rtOfStresaL ParticIPan［scamefrommore【han40countriesaroundLheworld・TheUNEPRegional
Officefor＾5iaandtLlel）acific（BこInBkok，ThilitLlnd）andtheOverseasEnvironmcn【こ1LCooperu［ionCcn［er（Tokyo．
Japan）kindLyprovucd financhlas5is【ilnCefoTtO【al11pa∫ticIPa州SrrO111devcleloplngCOtln山es．
Sincei【sini血tionntShigil，Japan，in1984，（heand（S）Citizenparticipation・

Asurveyofthecon打ibutionspresentedreveals
thateLLtrOPhica【ionandproblemsconnectedwithit．isS【i【1【hetopICWhichattrac【smostattention，eVenthough
there has been successful discussion of other

CnVironmentulissues LhatcanlongeTbe consideredof
SeCOndaryimportance，SuCh as the problem ofthe
distributionoforganicandmeta）1icmicropoIlutants，aS

We11aslhequalityoFa【mospheTicdepositioTlandits
Pegativeimpac10nIi托inaquaticenvironments．■■r■ManyofLhecontributions haveontheotherhandshownhow the scientificknowJedge and theapproprlateteChnoIoglCalsolutions formanyproblems

BureauMeetlngOftheILECScientificCommittee
Bureau Members of the lLEC Scientificdoin factexist：We muStbelieve，therefore，that theCommitteemetatStresa，Italy，On16May1993．After
theILECactivitiessincelastGeneralMeeting（JunePrOblemisoneofallocationoffunds，andinsomecases

1992）were reported，members discussed ortlLEC■s

OneOfpoliticalwill・Inthisconnection，itishighly

futuredirectionespeciallynewjointprqJeCtWithUNEP，Significanthowinthecourseofourwork hereit has

COllaboration with the UNEP rnternational

emergedthatacorrectenvironmentaleducation丘omthe

EnvironmentalTechnologyCen甘eandnewpublication・

earliestyears ofelementary schooland an active，
responsibleinvoIvementbypressuregroupsformedby
membersofthepubliccanbeofgreatassistanceinthe
COmmOnStruggletoconservethequalityofexistlng
healthyaquaticenvironmentsortoimprovethequality
Ofthosewhichhavetoagreaterorlesserextentsuffereddeterioration． ■1t加isourbelier抽劇＝odaythereisaneedfor

greaterintematiorlaleooperationtoeffecta（ransferof

仁＼、rTリ／．／十〟情丁〃．／信輔J／●汗t′高車1（ 川り一・ヾし・高／石川い〃・J、The lntrernational Training Course on
LimnoIoglCalBasisofLakeManagementwasheldat
Tihany，Hungaryfrom24Maythrough5June1993，
This coursewasorganizedbyUNEPandtLECwith
J

StrOngCOllaborationoftheBalatonLimr10IoglCal

ResearchlnstituteoftheHungarianAcademyof
knowledge，teChTlOlogyandresources打omtherichto
Sciences．
thelessrichcountries，atranSferwhichmust，however，
From Asia，Africa and eastern European
takeplaceontemsofabsoluteequality・Toachievethis
COuntries，25b aineesparticlpatedinthistrainingcourse．
i［isessentialtocreate［heconditionsfortheautonomouste汀itory．

TheCouTSeWaStOPrOvidebasicbiologicalandchemical
information on protectionoflakes andreserYOirs，
harmfuleffectsofdiffeTentPOllulants，aSWeilasbasic
limnologlCalknowledge necessarytoidentiウSOurCeSOf
pollu【ion，tOplanandrealiz6effectiYemalla各ement（ExcerptofDr・deBernardi sclosingaddress）

measures・TheLakeBalatonrestorationprogramglVeS

deYelopmentofscie血頁candman喝eme¶t■capabilities
nidf盆cyehtaOS，sruCglpov

themselYeSthehumanr占souTCeSandknowledge
necessaryfor【hecorrectmanagementoftheirownthepracticalaspecttothetreainees・

Lectureswere：
Seriousnessanddifficultyofthecurrentglobal （1）Role otlLEC jn［ake conserva（ion andenvjronmentalproblems，includinglakesandreservoirs
management（T．Kira）
environment，requireallhurnanbeingstocooperateto Sixmajorproblemswhichworldlakesarefacingtoday
Strugglewiththeseproblems．Itistimeforscientistwho

Wereintroduced．Theyareacjdif∃cation，declineofwater

hasscientificknowledge，administratorwhomakes
POlicyanddecision・andcitjzenandbusinesspeoplewho
aremostlyaffectedbyenvironmentalchangetoget

levelanddecreaseofwatervolume，eutrOphication，

together and collaborateineach own field．This

acceleratedsiltation，COrltaminationwith（OXicchemicals
and extinctionofindigenousecosystemandbiota．

（2）Water qual申managemant and sewage

COnftrence．1stresa■93 wastheoppor［unitytoprorno（etreatment（L．Somlyody）

thecollaboration．

The chemicaleJemen（Circulationsin freshwaters
togetherwiththedescrlPt10nOftrophicmodelswere

Next（6th）InternationalConferenceon【heConserv飢ionandMaLlagemen［ofLakesisscheduledfor
Oc（Ober1995atIbarLLki，Japan．（SeelLECNewsletterfocussedon．

ND．21）

Walerbasins（S．Ma【sui）（3）Originandlransporl−orhazardoussubstance5in
FaIeofheavyme【alsandpesticidesweTedescribed，and【heRuhrRiverBasincasewasintroduced．

PhilQSOPhyandpracticeofbiomanlpulationas
a tool of water quality regulation withplanktonicorganismsandRshwereleViewed．
（11）ルIanagementinit王atiYeSOrri5h stocks（P．Biro）

Problemsinmanaglngfishpopulations，StOCks
Ortheirenvironmentwerepresented、（12）Use orfi5hin mon圧oringw王l圧rquality（J．Nemcsok）

Conditions ofusing fish fortexicologlCal
expenmen（Sinthefieldandinlaboratorywere
SpeCified．
Field trlPS Were tO Kis Balaton
Reservoir and Lake Velence．Moreover，

1aboratorydemonstrationsweremadeevery（4）Bio10gica】monitoringorwaterqua】ity（J．5aIanki）

GeneralprincIPlesandadvantagesofuslngbioindicators
inmonitoringenvironmentalpollutlOnWaSOutlined．
（5）Environmenblimpactassessmentoflake5andreservoirs（J．Tundisi）

Adequatemanagementofa（SySternOf）reservoir（S）was
mentioned．ErA，COSt／bene戸tanalysis，mOnitoringprior
to／duringtheconstructionandthe follow−upmeaSureS

Werefocussedupon．
（6）Waterqualityarldlakemanagementmode】li11g（S且Joergensen）
GeneTaloveTView oflhe mathematicalmodels as

managementtOOIswa5prOYidedL Attentionwaspaidto
theelementsofmodelling．

afternoon．

ThisCoursecontributedto・broadenparticlpatedpolicymakersandresearchersviewforenvironmenta11y
sound management of lake and reservoir basins
especial1ylnSOmeCOuntrie5Wherelatedevelopment−
firstpolicyhadneglec［edsustainabilityoffreshwater
TeSOurCeS．

鮎椚∫αrCo癖re乃C云

Ⅶ、・！い函呵＼、／JしイtJ／／上人、！ハ／f／ハーThe5th Meeting ofthe Conference oftheContracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention was
SuCCeSSfullyheldatKushiroinJapanfrom9−16June
1993，With over900registeredparticipants（221（7）もasicprinciplesoreutrophicationdelegatesfrorn ContractingPartie5，26fromObserver（S．Herodek）

anddifferentapproaches tothesolutionwerediscussed

States；6inter−gOVernmen［alorganizations；42
inlernationalNGOs；273nationalNGOs，including39
foreignNGOs；70localgoverTlrnent．Organizations；250

in de【むIs．

pressand49RamsarBureauStaf．

Processofeutrophicationanditsconcomi［anteffects，（8）NitrogenIoadingandturnoverin】akes（J・01ah）

Main pathways ofglobalnitrogen circulation，and
nitrogenuptakeandreleasewithinparticularecosystems

The KushiTO ConfeTenCe WaS held at a crucial

timein抽ehis【oryoftheRamsarConven（ion．SirlCethe

WereCOVered．

lastmeetlnginMontTeuX，lheConventionhasundergone
anexcitlngPeriodofthegrowthwithanincreaseof（9）U5eOra】gaeinwaterqualitymonitoringalmost50％inthenumberofContTaCtingParties，andof（J・Padisak）

Basicprinciplesofsomenon−【axonomic（ bioassay ）andtaxononlic use oralgacin monitorirlg SaPrObity，
trophics（a【cS．PO‖utionby he；lVy me［乙IIs，hilZaTdous
Orgilnicsandpcsticideswerementioned・（10）Bi（川】anipLllalionin cl川SerVati｛）n andmエInagCmCntOrJilkes（R．dcBcrnardi＆Ⅰ，Ta【rこIi）

about25％inthemmberofsitesincIudedontheRamsar
list．ThisexpansiQnhascomeduringaperiQdof
mounting globalconcern forenvironmentalmatters，
evidencedbythe UNConferenceonEnvironmentarLd
Developlnen【in199Z．

Prior to the conference．the Governmentof
JilPilnreglSteredfiveadditionalwetlands，includingLake3

BiwainShigaPrefecture，tOtheRamsarZis【ofwe11ands

ofinternationalimportance，Whichincludesmorethan
600sitesin77countries．Thisbringsthetotalnumberof
JapanesesitesontheRamsarlisttonine，Representlng【hecommitteewashe】datWHOHeadquartersinGeneva
On28−29July1993，attendedby19representativesfrom
mainparticipatingorganizationssuchasUNEP，WHO，
WMO，UNESCO and LLEC，tO reView the start−up

localgovernments ofJapaneseRamsarSites，Mr．
MinoTulnaba，GoYe汀10TOftheShigaPrefecture，S【atedIhopetha［internationalcooperationundertheRamsar

PeriodofGEMS／WaterPhase2which commenced
Officiallyin April1992withanew UNEPproJeCl

Convention will be strengthened in the field of
informationandtechnicalexchangeregardingwetland
COnSerVation．Iexpectthatsuchcooperationwi1lexpand

At the beginning of the meeting，Dr・
Vandeweerd，UNEPGEMSprogrammeo用cer，repOrted

the size ofenvironmentalconservation actiYities for

UNEPinNairobi．・May1993．therewascrlticismftom
developITlgCOuntriesthattoomuchofUNEP sactivities

SeCurlng WaterlandswhichareoftenverylmPOrtant
habitatsfoTWaterfowl．
Technicaldiscussions were heldin four

document（FP〃10l−9ユーOl）．

that，atthe17thsessionoftheGovemingCouncilof

andbudgets hadbeendevotedtoproJeCtSOriented
towardsdevelopedcountnes，SuChastheEarthWalChWOrkshops．focuslngOnConservationofListedSites， Prograrnme，andmoreofUNEP sresources shouldbe
Wise Use ofWetlands，Establishment ofWetlands
mobilizedfordeveJoplngCOuntries，invoIving Capaclty

ResourcesandhternationalCooperation．Theworkshop
OntheWiseUseofWetlands，OneOfthekeyconcepts
promotedbytheConvention，attraCted considerable

Blユilding．

attention． WiseUse wasde且nedassl】StainableusefoT

Criticisrn wascounterattackedbythecJaimthatsorne

thebenefitofmarlkindinawaycompatiblewiththemaintenanceofthenaturalpropertiesoftheecosystem．

80％oftheexpendituT60fGEMS／Waterhasbeen
exclusivelyspentfor CapacityBuilding indeveloplng

Mr．DanielNavid，Secretary GeneraloftheRamsar Bureau，Stated We should be pleased，

COUntriesbymeansofprovidingtrainlngar）danalyticalqualitycontroIservices，prOducingguidelinebooks，etC・AlltheparticIPantSattherneetingagreedtha［future

importantannouncementshavebeenmade，neWRamsar

As par［Of Earth Watchp programme，GEMS／Wateralsocameinforcriticism．However，【hisSites havebeendesignated，・and financialsupport
Pledged．HoweYer，many CruCialissues are still

activities ofGEMS／Water should be concentra【ed onunresoIved．Theconferencehastocomeupwithnew
guidelinesforimplementlngtheRamsarConvention．7t

unfavourableimage shouldbe correctedthTOughmustdevisemea5UreSforint巳rnationalcooperation，And
itneedstoensuretha【adequate鋲nancialprovisionsare
made．

The meeting calIed upon the Global
EnvironmentFacility（GEF）jointlyoperatedbyWoTld
Bank，UnitedNationsDevelopmentPTOgramme（UNDP）
andUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme（UNEP）to
餌ndwetlandsubmittedviatheBi（diversltyCOnVention・

G且〟J／1砲チビ′・∫fee7て托g（1り川血Jt・．」左・t・J／／J∵（JJⅣ／／り／／JGe′7βVα0〃2β−2夕Jゆノウタj
This commit（ee that serves as the main
coordination, information exchange and forward

planningmechatlism QfGEMS／WateTProgramme
normally meets aboutonce ayear．A recent session of

4

L、Monitoring and Capaclty Building

and theassistingdevelopingcounb・iesintheirCapacityBuilding，
inparticular，OnareglOnalorbasinbasis，AsthechaiTperSOn，Dr．Helmer，WHO，StreSSed

thepressingneedsforGEMS／WatertoimplemeTltinLhe
future such programmes toward monitoring andassessmentastobeusefulformanagement．Furthermore，

he stressed the need to shift the approach froTnmonitonngtoresearchandtomakemoreuseofresearchStudiesfordatacollectioninthelightofincreaslng
difficultiesin oblaininglong・term SuPPOrtfrom
researchers．Dr．Rast，ChiefProgramme Officerof
UNEP／WaterUnit，Sta（edthatco11aborationandjoint
activitiesbetweenUNEP／Water Unitand GEMS／Water

WOuldbefurtherstrengthencdandexpanded．

行砧／lイJり（・−／〉川・人l−／，J‥てILEC PUBLICATIONSIl・lJ．†J、l・／l・り．＼・ハ／、、Sum岬

EachJapaneselO，000yen
VoI・1（1988），Vol．2（1989），Vol．3（1990）andVol．4
ILEC／UNEP s fifth guidelinebookonlake（1991）

managementwaspublishedafewdaysbeforethe5th
WorldLakeConftrenceatLakeMaggioreinS【reSa．
Astheotherguidelinebook，apartOf（hebook

isdevotedtothelakemanagement problemsandtheir
possible solutions and another part focuses on case

Guidel嘲

EachJapar）eSel，500yen
Vol・1（1989）−PrinciplesofLakeManagement−Edi【ors：S．E．Joergensen／R．A．Vollenweider
Vol・2（1991）−Socio−Economic／Aspec（SOfLaketudies・Afterintroduction，Whichdefinestheproblem，

the secondchapterisdevoted tothe source ofthis
POllulionproblem：mainlytheincreasinguseoffossil
fuelinreglOnS，Wherethesurfacewaterhasalowbuffer
CaPaCity（lowha∫dness）．Thethirdchapterslookintothe

ReservoirMaTlagement−
Editor：M．Hashimo【oVol・3（1990）−LakeShoreManagement−
Editors：S．E．Joergensen／H．Loef且er

effects of acidification on water chemistry，Onphytoplankton，maCrOphytes，ZOOplankton，nSh，birds，Vol・4（1991）−ToxicSubstamCeSManagemerltinLakes

reptilesandamphibians．Itisclearthatacidification

Reservoirs−

impliesdrasticchangesof血een［iTelake，including血e

Editor：S．Ma【suiWaterChemistryandtheentirebiologicalstructure．The
fouTthchapterisconcemedwiththehbatemen【methods

Vol・5（1993），ManagementofLakeAcidiBcation−

includingrestorationofacidinedlakes．Thelastchapter
Ofthenrstpartreviewsthemodelingeffortinthisarea
and the application ofthemodels forsetting up a
managementstrategyforsoIutionoftheproblem，
The secondpartconsists ofthreechapters，
COVeringtllreeCaSe Studies．Thefirstcase studyisa
detaileddescrlPtlOnOftheacidificationoflake Orta，

Editor：S．E．J（光rgenSen

Works坤でEachJapanese500yen
Repor［ofthe UNCRD／lI・EC／UNEPExpertGroup

Workshop RiveT／Lake Basin Approaches toEnvironmentally Sound Management of Water
Resources 8−16Februaけ1988，Nagoya＆Otsu

1taly，andthest］CCeSSfulrestorationofthelakebytheuse

Calciumhydroxidepowder．Thesecondcasestudyreview
thealterationrobserved on plantcommunitiesin
Scandinavian shallowlakes and wetlands as aresuIt of
acidprecIPltation．Thethirdcasestudyisdevotedtoa
review of［he darnages observedin anotherreglOn，

threatenbyacidificationoflakesinCanada．
TwoappendicesglVeanOVerViewoftheglobal
SulfuTemissionandtheapplica【ionoflog−logdiagramin

WaterChemistTytOenableaquickassessmentofpHandthebuffeTCapaCltyOFlakewater・

The volume g−VeS manyreferences to theorlglnal
literatureandcontainsausefulindcx．

Report of the Second Eえpert GTOup Workshop

River／LakeBasirlApproachestoEnvironmentalSound
Managemen【ofWaterResourcesこFocus onPolicy

ResponcestoWaterResourcesManagementIssuesand
PTOblems，16−25January1989，Bangkok andIiatYai，Thai】andReportoftheThirdExpertGroupWorkshopRiver／Lake
Basin Approaches to EnvironmerLtally Sound
ManagementoFWa【er Resources：ImprovingWater
ResourcesManagemenlinRiver／LakeContext，12−17
February．1990，OtsuJapanandTheTrainingSeminar
On RiYer／Lake BasirLManagemenL：FocusonWater
QuaIityEnhancernent，19−22February1990，Okazaki，Japan

Tow岬1ands
3，000Japaneseyen

ILECwiIloFFerabQVe publicalionsfreeoFchargeto
qualified app】1CantS from developLng COuntries．

However，POStageandbankchargesmustbecoveredby
ProceedingsoftheAsianWetIandSymposium−15−20
0c【ober19920【SuandKushiro，Japanthe app】1CantS．Publications mentioned above aTeavaiLablefromtheILEC．Pricesareexclusiveofpostage
andlirlingcharge．

／．．Jよ、（・・lレ ／−イーりいり岬J…一汗、＼・小…J、∴／り・＝／J／・・・・l／／リ、／／イニ十ILECha5reCentlyreleasedacomputersoftware，
LakeModel（JapaneselO，000yen＋postalcharge）．The

teachingsoftwareglVeSaneXPlanationonthelmOCline
formatlOn，releaseofnu打ien（Sfromthesediment，OXygen

aTldtemperatureprofilesinlakesandseveralotherimportantlakeprocesses．rtalsocontainsaseries ofmultiplechoicequestionswithimportantinformationon
theworld slake．

thesoIuble nitrogenin the watertophy［oplankton
COnCentrations，tranSParenCy，PrlmaryPrOduc†ion，
ZOOplank10nCQllCen圧ation，denitTificationandfish

popuIation．
Themodelisrathersimple．Itcanthereforenot
replaとeamoTeCOmplexe山TOphication modelas
managementtool，butcanbeusedfora6rstestima［ioninmanagementcontextorincases，Wherethedatadonot

山lowtodevelopandapplyamo†eelaboTatemOdel．1t
Phosphorus，SOlublenitrogen，SedimentphosphoruSand
alsomayconsiderafirstintroductiontotheuse of
SedimentnitTOgen．1tiseasytouse．Tlleinformation modelsaslakemanagementtool．
The modelhas four state variables：SOluble

neededfortheuseofthemodelforaparticularlakecan
beglVeninatable．Itissuchinfbrmationasthevolume
andareaofthelake，thei11P11tSOfnutnentstothelal（eand theretention time ofthe wa［er．Ifathermoclineis

foTmedduring the yearacorrection factorforthe
TetentionofnitTOgenandphosphorusalsoshouldbe

The sortware which rtl†lS On mOStIPM／PC

COmpatibles wi11hopefullybe widely used as an
educationalprograminlakemanagemerlt．

Refbrence二ILECSecretariat

given・Twocasestudies，aShallowlakeandadeeperlake

3−13−25Kusalsu、Kusalsu−Clty

With thermocline，forwhich the dataareincludedin

Shiga525JAPAN

progTam，iuustratetheuseoflhemodel．The model

COntainsfurthermoretheresultsofacompreherlSive
regressionanalysISrelatlngthesolublephosphorusand

Phone：（＋81）775−67−2155
Faズ：（＋81）775−67−2156

A〃Ⅳ0乙WC且財EⅣr
TheInterntionalAssociationforTheoreticalandAppliedLimnology（SIL）．incooperationwithtLEC，isWherethesestudiesarecarhedout．

Allresearchers arerequested to send the

preparingaDirectory ofLimnoIogy andWetlandnecessaryinformationto，andcontactfornlrtherdetails，

ScienceintheDevelopingCountries・TheDirec［orywi11

thechairmanoflheSILCommiueeonLimnologyln

incIudeperSOnaIparticulars and fields ofin（erestof
individualscientisIsen邑agedin studiesofallinland

Developing Countries，Dr，Brij Gopal，Schoolof
Environmen（aISciences−JawaharlaINehruUniverslty，WaterSandwetlandsthroughoutthedeveloplngWOrld．

NewDelh‖10067，lndia．

Theindividualsfromthedeve】opedcounLHesworkingln

thedeveloplngCOuntrieswouldalsobelisted．The
directory wi】1alsoincludeinformation oninstiLutions
6∴●：∴、‥∴∵∴‥∴ご・∴∵∴−∴∵∴・∴‥ ‥・、こ、●−‥？、・・‥−．．∵∴−∴∵∴ご∴…∴・、

Dr．FrankM．DTItriandDr．CalMcNabb（Departmen（OfFisheriesandWildlife，MichiganStateUniversity，uS．A．）
ballast in an environmentally sound manner to kill
hitchhikingorganisms（Anonり1990）．Consequenlly，lbe
threatbynewinvasionsofexoticspeciesintotheGreatLakes
fromthissourcemaybemiElimized．

βrgJ∫∫g〃叩叫′W叩厄（PalIas），thezebramussel，isasma11mo11uskthatisnatiYetOthefreshandbrack15hwaters
OftheCaspianSeareg10nOfEurasia．Withthedevelopment
OfinlandtraEISpOrta（ionrou（esonriversandcanalssome2（氾yearsago，themolluskbcgantospreadfromtheCaspiarlSea

The zebra musselhas the characteristics ofanetal．，1989）．During1989and1990，也ezebramusselwas

OPPOrtunisticspecies．Asmallmollusk（3−4cm）withashortli托span（3−5yeaTS）、ilt忙COmeSSeXuallymatureatanearlyage・lnits seconda−1d5ubsequentyearSitreproduces
throughout thetemperategrowlngSeaSOn．Theanimal．s
fecundityishigh；30，000to40，000eggsareproducedper
femaleperyear・ThesexesaTeSeparate，andtheratiosvaryaroundl：1inNorthÅmericaandEuropeanpopulations．The
eggsarefertilizedoutsidethemussel sshe11anddeveloplntO
Weaklyswimmlngplanktonic veligerlaJVaeabout40L70
microme【erSindia皿eteTWithinafewdays．Theyarecamed
awayfromthebedsofattachedadultsbywatercurrents，
Veligersremainintheplanktonstagefor2−3weeks．Durlng
thistimetheymaytravelmanymi1esoncurrentsorattachedtoboa【s，筑Shinggear，叫uaticplants，Sdcks，logsandnoatingdebns．Whentheyse（deonsolido句ects，JuVenilesquickユyreportedinall員veoftheGreatLakes肝igurel）．By1991

bccome attached aLld transforminto double−Shelled mussels

tbrough EuropeandportionsofRussiawestortheUraI
Mountains．IndiYidtlalmusselsp！eSumably attacbed
themseIvesbybyssa＝山一eadsandwerecamedonthehullsof
vessels．Bythemid−1800sthespecieswaswidespreadfrom
theCaspianSeanorthwardtotheBalticStatesandwestward
toEurope sAtlanticcoastand山eBritishIsles（Mackユeetal．，
1990）．

In North America the first zebra mussels werereportedinLakeS（．ClairinJune，1988（Herbertetal．，1989）．
Theywereapparen（lylnUoducedasanocean−CrOSSlngVeSSel
emptieditsballastintoLakeSt，Clairsometimeduring1985
0r1986．holifera11nginL奴eEhe，downsヒ・eam丘omLake
St．Clair，themusselsoccupiedvirtual1yallsolidsubstTateS
avajlableforattachmentinLakeErlebyfau，1989（GTiffiths

tha【maturewithinayear．

Zebramusselshadspreaddown
theSt．Lawr（：nCeRiYerilltONew
York

Thezebramusselsecretesabout
2〔氾sけOng，Slenderthreadswithwbichs Hudson and Mobawk

nYerS ViatheErie Carlalandinto

itcan attach to anybardsurface，

theIllinoisRiverviatheCbicago

includlngO山erzebramussels（Amato、

SanitaTyCanal．Theywerealso

1991）．Population densitiesareas

found in the Ohio River andhigh as750，000／square meteron

uppeTpOTtionsoftheMississlppl，Cement Shorezone structl汀eSin Lake

Tennessee aTld Cumberland

Erie．Bedscommonlycontain30，（X旧Rivers．Therefore，tbe zebra

ぬ70，∝拇peてSquaremCler．
Zebramusselshavethepoten【ial）−＝−＝一一−￣】▼musselhasmadeitswaylntOthe−￣ −一−・ノ■

MississippiRiverBasin．Snyder
etal．（1991）predictedthalthe

musselwiIlexterlditsrangefrom the GreatLakes tomost
majorinterconnecteddrainagebasinsintheUnitedStatesarld
SOuthernCanada．BasedontheEuropeanexperiencethis
assessmentappearstoberealistic・
Asearlyas1981EnvironmentCanadadocumented
thesehousnessoftheproblemof ballas【waterhitchhikers．1
Thisstudysho、〃edthatabut17speciesofanimalsadYed
aliveineachshipwithnumbersofsmallindividualsranglng
from10，000toapproximately8bi11ion．Afu（ureproblem
Wi【hzebramusseIswaspredictedunlesspreventivenleaSureS
Wereinstitu（ed．Almost a decadelater the United States

CorlgreSSPaSSedllTheNon−indigenousAquaticNuisancePrevention andControIAc（Of1990：■whichrequires ships
erLteringtheGreat Lakes after November29，1992．toexcllange［heirbalLastwa（erOntheopensea，OrtO treat

50Ur加：S朋Grant

to controlthe organization of
freshwaterbiologlCalcommunities
becauseoftheirability to densely occupy spaceto thedetTimentofotheTOTganisms・TheyattachtootherliYlng
Organisms，SuChascrayfish，nativeclamsandotherzebra
mussels，aS Wellas torocks andreefs．On softsediments．
Sticks andshells serve as nucleiforinitialattachmtnt；theCarpetSOfmusselsgTOWaS［heyattachtooneanother．The
habitatofburTOWlngrnayniesandotherorganismstha【dwe11
irlSOftsedimentsis．dTa5【ical1yal【eredbythedevelopmentof
SuChcarpe【s．Themusselscanalsoaltertheamountsof
SuSpended solidsin water．Relatively tolerantofhighturbidlty，Zebramt）SSelscancontTOltheabundanceofsolids
byfil【enng（hemfrom［hewa【er．dlgestingafractionasfood，
andelimjnatlngtheremainderinmucouspseudofeces．
Pseudoreces can alter tht）benthic enYITOnmenta（Oundthebedsofrnusseis．TheirbiologlCaJoxygendemaLld

equlPmenlSuChasboats．trailers，SCientificinstruments and【helike，undtheyrnustbeou（Ofthewa（er（andrain）aminimurnof10days．butpreferabIy14days，tObesuretbat

the complications and others will not accept themussels arekilledbydrying．Iftheequipmentmustbe

responsjbility，1【isimponant（ha（thezebramusselinFestation

re［urnedto another wa（ercOUrSe earlier，the most effec（ivebe sIowedas much as possible arldresearchefforts beprocedureistoscrapeorblastthesurfacescleanwithhigh

COnCernedonreducingtheirnegativee魚）rtS，−−−一−一一−−−−一一−■￣●・−−−−−−■■■−−−−一一−−−−−−−−−−−一−一一−−−−−−一一一一一−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−一一−一一−−−−−−−−−−−−

PreSSUre（ユ50psi）如10Wedbybleachdisinrection（MDNR，1990）・Å1thoughsomecitizensareunliketytobeawa∫eOr

一一一一−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−一−−−−一一−一一−■■■一−−■−■−■一一■ヽ／トト仁＼り／・‥／丁甘け川什／、）■∵∴∴∴∴、ニ竺∴：・・ミ：＝．・二‥：∴て‥∴、YATSUKASArJO（AICHIUNIVERSITY）1
Theoccu汀enCeOfthehydrogensulfidein
thedeeperlaγerisaw班−knownpbenomenon
irlthe reservoirsiTIArnazone．Its corrosive

e恥cton【urbinesaれdo山erp訂t50f血eelec扇c

powerplanthascausedseriousproblems．
Furlhem10Te，intheT11CunjiReservoir，山eodor

Ofhydrogensulfidedischargedwiththewater
isverystrongdownstreamoFthegate・ttis＿ご■ト、＋く・i■−ノ，−＿斗 ．鼠10●：ミ、∴一志．：」∴＼・∃pO干tant

S SteelI

Company，WhDhadbeenprospectirlgfor
ma皿ganeSereSOurCeS，foundahし唱eYeinofiron

TucuruiDamislocatedin Para statein

intheeasternpartofAmazonbyachance，forcedlandingof

theirhelicopteT．Later，bauxile，manganeSeCuPPer，tinandNortheastem BraziL The dam was constTuCted on the
Otherlargeoneswerealsofound・Alarge−SCaleprq】eCttO
TocaJlitinsRiveratx）ut300kmfromBelem，thecapltalofthe
developthemineralresourcesinthisreglOnwaSlaunched．It
StateaS Wellas animportan（portnearthemou（hofthe
WaSinconnectiorlWiththisprq）eCtthattheTucuruiReservoir
Amazon River・Thedam was compIetedin1984．TheWaS COnStruCted．especially to supply elec【ricity to theelectricpowergeneratedis4，000，00OKW．andeventuallyaluminiumre伽ingplantnearBelem．
Willreach7．300，000KW．Itisthelargestelectricpower
AmoderncltyWaSbuiltalmostovemightinthe
PlantinBrazil，Thelengthofthebankisaboutllkm，and
middleofthelropICalforestforthepeopleworkinglnthe
themeanwateTdepthisabout19m，Some2，430kmZ（about
COnStruCtionandmainteJlanCeOfthedam．Itsclean，We11
3・6timestheaTeaOfLakeBiwainJapan）ofvirgmforesthas
PaVedstreetsarelined withcomfortablehomesgTadedinto
thusbeensubmerged■lntheforest■【herewereoncemany
A，BandCclasses，tOgetherwithaschool，hospi軋hotels，treeshavingaheig如Or50morso．
ShopplngCenteretC・ThiscltySeemStQbesomethinglikethat
Mostofthelivlngfaunaandflorainthisreg10n
OfaminiBrasilia・Itspopulationpeakedatabout58，0（氾inhavedled・Atfirst5ight，itwassuggestedthat85％ofthe
1982，thendecreasedtoabout28，COOin1985．
forest be cut downin advance．but valuable trees wereOn the other hand，about3，000fami1ies ofSCatteredrhroughouttheforest，SOOnly5％of（heforestwas
inhabitants，includingtheIndlOgTOuP，madetheirlivlnginthe
even［ually cu工before（he submergence．This huge
Submergedarea．They wereforcedto move to newly
underwaterforesthaswaterintheresen′Oir．Eutrophica【ionCOn5trLICtedplain housesin theforest．Viewed如maboa（
PrOgreSSedrapidly，anddensealgalmats wereproducedin
Shoreinhalf−hiddenconditior）Sinhumblecottages．Thiswas
thereglQnOfthedeadforesしAlargeamountofsmallshnmp
COndi【ionscreatedbytheelectrlCCOmPany．
Cilnbefoundinthealgillm礼IeildirlgtOanincreaseofthe
lnadvanceoFthesubmergence，aCOmpreh巳nSive
TucunLlre．aPOPulこけfishandimponantsoし汀CeOfprQLeinfor
inhabitこmtS．iltlcusIduringnlimitedperiod・

environmentnlresearch proJeCt WaS Carriedoutwith the

On＝−e Otllerl−and，、Vitl−【11C decomposi【ion or
Org；1nicmtlt一己rin【1−eWateranaerObiccondi【ionsprevailin【heassiぉtこInCe OrSpeCialisIS From thelNPんNationalResea∫Ch

deepcrluyer，thcrcbyproducingahrgeamoun［0［hydrogensulfid（：．

InstituteoFtheAmこ1ZOnandotherinsti【utes，Mqjorstudies
areincIudingLimnology．Aquatic Macrophyte，Flora．
SeismologylMeteoroIogy−Endemic DiseilSeS，Ichthyofana

（BOD）degTadestypicaIlycIeanandae−Obicrockandgravel
environmen（SthatareusedasspawnlngareaSbyfishspeCleS・Wa11eye、Whilebass，andsmallmouthbasspopulationsare
Ordinarily maintainedbyrecruits halchedonclean．weIl
OXygeEla（edrockarLdgraYelsubstrates．ThesespeCiesare
PrOJeCtedtodeclineinlheGreatLake5aSZebramussel
populationsincrease and degrade spawning areas・
Addi（ionally，becausetheycanoutcompetethezooplankton
whichalsofeedpnmanlyonphytoplankton，foodchainsare
disruPtedformost】aJLvalandjuvenilerlShesaswe11asadul【foragefishthatfeedonp】ankton・Consequently▼fisheTies
expertsexpectalongtennnegativeeffectontheGreatLakes

andthTealen10dismplthefoodwebonwhich the fisherydepends．In heavilyinfestedareas．densecolonies haveclog邑edwalerinlakesanddeliYerySyStenlSrOrmUniclpalamd
industrialwaほrSuPplies ande】eclricpowergeneralion
stations．They haYerOuledboalh山Is andwaterintakesor
boatmotorsandconvertedsandybeachesintopilesofshells．
1nadditiorl，ヱebramusselscar】COlonizeanddisablesensitive
recordinglnStrumentSSUChaspHandDOprobes．causlng
訳出ousproblemsfoTin−lakeenviTDnmentalsen51ng．TheU．S．
FishandWiIdlifeServiceestirnates（hatzebramusselsmay
CauSe＄5billionindamage10factorleS，Ships，pOWerpl皿t5，
fisheriesandwatersuppIleSintheUnitedStatesandCanada

fishedes．

oヽ／erthenextd￡Cade．

Dealing withthe zebramusselproblem willr】Ot
wasestimatedtobelargeenoughforthemtofiltertheentire
Only厄enomouslyexpensivebutalso血mcultuntilmoTeis
volumeofthelakeeveryf錮′days（Snyderetal．，1991），On
learnedaboutth巳irlifecycle，PhysioIogICallimits，andothertheplusside，theirfiltrationanddepositionofpseudofeces COndltionsthalcOnけ01theiT許OWth．Manystu心es11訓ebeen
hasapparentlybeenresponsibleforclanfyingthewaterinthe initiatedtotestmethodssuchasheatlng，OXidizingagentslike
chlorineando乙One，electricshockandsonicYibrations10
lake．Huber（1989）reportedthataveragesecchidiskreadings
controltheinrestation ofzebra mussels ollWaterintake
inthewesternbasinofthelakeimproved丘oml．5minmidL
structures．Anotherm6thodtbatshowspTOmiseぬTuSeat
May，1988，beforetheinfluxofmussels．to3．6mirlmid−
waterintakesissandfiltration，Whiiesometr畠atmeEltSare
May，1989．Schloesser（1990）reportedthatsecchidisk
efねctivetocontTOlthemusselsinconcentrateda∫eaSS11Cbas
transparencieshavegenerallylmprOVedby70percentinthe
plpelinesorboathulls，eXPertShaveyet tofind amethod
WeStembasinofLakeEriesince1989，andby85percentin
conb・01themonalakewidebasis．
thecentralbasin．TnlittoralportioTISOfthelakeimproved
Onceanexoticspeciessuchasthezebramussel
lightpenetrationappearstohavecausedI叫Oralterations．
PnmaryproductivltyOfsubmersedmacrophyteshasincreased
becomesestablishedirlanaquaticsYStem，itusua11ycannot
beeradicated；andreactionaryproceduresarecostly andandplantshaveexpandedinareaanddenslty・
mostlylrleffective．Therefore，itisimportantnQtOnlyto
As也ecu汀entdataarelimited，山elongtemfateof
informthepublicofthisproblembutalsotodevelop
the zebra mussel in the Great Lakes and other North
AmericanwatersisstilluzICertain．EcologlStS believe， procedurestopreventoTatleastslowtheiてinadveltent
introductionintouninfestedwaters．Thisisverydifficult
however，thattheinfestatユOn／acclimatizationprocessfortheseanimals willbe similar to that ofother exotic animals becauseitrequlreSthatinformedindividuals，reCreational
introducedin！O theGreatLakes．Thus，Zebramussels are SpOrtSPerSOnSaSWellassciehtificreseaTChers，bewi11ingto
takethenecessaryprecautionst Theirpotentialsuccessis
expectedtod￠Veloplargepopulationsforafewyearsafter
basedonthefactthatneitherthevellgerSnOradultzebra
infestation，andthen crashastheirfoodsupplybecomesmussels can survive drying or dirinfection.
limitlng．TheyarelikelytorepeatthiscycleseveraltlmeS
WhileveligersattachedIOboats，trailers，fishing
beforeequilibriumpopulations areestablished．Sizeof
equilibriumpopulationswilldependonphysical，Chemical
equlPment，andscien【ificinstrumentSCannOtSurVivedrying，
andbiologlCalcharacteristicsthatcontrolthecarrylng
theycanliveinresidualwater．Therefore，allbilgewater．
CaPaCltyOftheindividuallakes．ResearchinEuropeindicates 1iveweIIs，baitbuckets andenglneCOmpartmentSmuStbe
thatexplosivegrowthlikethatobservedinLakeEriewas
drainedandaIlowedtodrythoroughlylnOrdertoprevent
generally followed by drastic populations declines
theirspread．TheliveweIIs andbailbuckets mustbe
PopulationsofzebramusselsdeclinedbecausetheyfiltereddisinfectedwithalOpercentbleachsolutionforseveralhours
algaeoutofawatercoIumn atarate greaterthanitwas
tobecertainofkillinganyremainlngVellgerS．Wa【ermust
rep】aced．Thissuggeststhatzebramusselswouldretaintheir
not be allowed to be trappedin equ】Pment SuCh as
highdensitiesonlyinthemosteu（roPhicaIeaSOftheGreat
instrumentsorboattrai】ers，andallplantdebriswherezebra
LakessuchasSaginawBay，LakeEr】e．GreenBayandLakemussels cou】d hide should be removed from boats andThezebramusselcolonizatユOninLakeErieizl1989

St．Clair．

traiIers．

OYerall，mOStbioIoglStSpredictthatthezebra
musselwi11notonlybecomeanintegralpartofthefood
Chain．buli（alsomaybecomeorteofthe．mostdes【ruCtiveand
COStlybio10glCalinvadersyettobein【roduced・Theyhave
alreadyimpairedanumtN：rOfsocialusesoftheGreatLakes

Whi】etheveligersaremicroscopICandthejuveniles
are sometimes difficult to see，the adult zebraTr）USSetSare
VeryruggedandcansurvivedTyingmnnydayswhentheyare
removed from waterandeven】ongerin moistordamp
environmen（S．Therefore，Water muSt be drained fromandEvaluationofFishingPotenLial，Fauna，Soilsand
Therearemanyplanstoconstructsuchdamsinthe
ConsequenceControIDownstreamoftheTucumiDarn．
AmaェonTegion．However，辞VetltheYerynatmOrphologlCal
TopreserYetheanimalspeciesinhabitingtheareas
ChaTaCterOfthisarea．i（ishighlyprobablethatahugeforest
latersubme（ged．boatsusedinthedamconstructionwere
aTeaWOuldhaYetObesacrlficedto（）btainonlyarathersmall
usedtotransfersome284，211animalstonewgroundinamountofelectricpower．
1984−85．However，Whenoneconsidersthesizeoftbe
Submerged area，itis obvious that the measures were
COmpIelelylnSuf罰cient・／∴川て／いり′叫∵上、汀ノり
NEWEARTH−93／G10balEnvironment
Technology Show
Date：Dec7−10，1993

Venue：IntexOsakaFairgrounds，SuminoeOsaka，Japan
Organizers：OsakalnternationalTradeFairCommission，

TheJapanSocietyofIndustrialMachinery
ManufacturesandResearchInstituteof

InnovativeTechI10logyfortheearth
ExpectedNumberofStands：1，000Stands（1stand：9m2）

GLOBE94／lnternationalTradeFairandConference −DevelopingtheBusinessofthe
Environment．
Da【e：Mar2l−25，1994
Venue：TheVanCOuVerTradeand ConventionCenter，
VahcouYer，Caれada
Organizer：AsiaPacificFoundationofCanada（non−町0氏tfbundation）

Sponsors：TheGovernmentofCanada，Provir）CeOf

BritishCoIumbiaandVancouverclty

ExpectedNumberofVisitors：50，000

ConcuITentEvent＝lnternationalSympOSiumfor
EnvironmentalTechnology

Theevent sthreecomponents，theTradeFair，

ConferenceandBusinesscontactsCentre，aredesigned
tocomplementandrein丘〉rCeeaChother．

JⅣ7 古刀∧シ17TO∧ら4エエd∬g EJVl／7斤OJⅥWEⅣr CO掴WrrEgダ0こ仇仇1プ70∧r
3▲13【25I＼US∂【su，Kusa【su亡iLy．Shiga525．Jnl】nn
Td∴＋針巨775−6T・ヱ155．Fax二＋8l775−67三156

PRINTED MATTERAIR MAIL