（令和
日［

外

国

語

）年度

分］＊＊

（英

注

語）

意

．監督者の指示があるまで問題を見ないこと。
．声を出して問題を読まないこと。
．問題は

ページ、

から

まである。

．問題や解答用紙に落丁、乱丁、汚損あるいは印刷不鮮明の箇所があれば、手をあげて監督者に申し出ること。
．解答は必ず黒色鉛筆を使用し、解答用紙に記入すること。
．解答は解答用紙の解答欄の記号にマークすること。
．訂正箇所は、消しゴムできれいに消すこと。
．解答欄には、関係のない符号や文字あるいはメモなどを記入しないこと。
．解答用紙を折ったり汚したりしないこと。
．問題用紙は持ち帰ること。

意味の通る文法的に正しい文を完成させるのにもっとも適切なものを選びなさ
い。［各

点］

．Despite all of the sandwiches we brought for the picnic, we ended
up running（）of food.

Ａ．shortＢ．lateＣ．thinＤ．less．Taking this（）, I would like to thank all of you for coming.

Ａ．viewpoint

Ｂ．behalfＣ．placeＤ．opportunity．The doctor insisted（
Ａ．if）I go to a specialist for an examination.

Ｂ．whileＣ．on．The laboratory is already（Ｄ．that）and is expected to be completed

by the end of 2024.
Ａ．under coverＢ．in condition

Ｃ．under construction

Ｄ．in control．The test measures the extent（）which the studentsʼ English

has improved.
Ａ．of．I hope（Ｂ．forＣ．from）this issue in a future article.

Ａ．of address

Ｂ．to address

Ｃ．addressing

Ｄ．for addressing

＊＊

Ｄ．to

．I am aware of the news that a collection of rare books（）

been lost.
Ａ．to haveＢ．haveＣ．having

Ｄ．has．Many cities are introducing commuter ferries as a means of（）

traffic congestion.
Ａ．relieving

Ｂ．reviving

Ｃ．retaining

Ｄ．revealing．I looked at his face, but I couldn’t quite read his（）.

Ａ．action

Ｂ．communication

Ｃ．expression

Ｄ．creation．The new series began streaming this past week,（）it isgetting great reviews.
Ａ．thatＢ．and

Ｃ．whereas．Let me show you how to（Ｄ．or）writing an essay as easy as

possible.
Ａ．let．You must be（
Ａ．attributed

Ｂ．makeＣ．learnＤ．get）to your team but flexible in your leadership.
Ｂ．committed

Ｃ．convinced

Ｄ．invited．Research has found that COVID-19 was circulating in this region（）September, 2019.
Ａ．in time for

Ｂ．any later thanＣ．as early as

Ｄ．all the time for＊＊

．The point is how you handle disappointment and deal with being（）.
Ａ．distributed

Ｂ．discouraged

Ｃ．emphasized

Ｄ．estimated．Neither（）friends was able to make it to the party.

Ａ．the

Ｂ．her

．It was（Ｃ．of herＤ．of）of him to arrive late to a meeting.

Ａ．anxious

Ｂ．difficult

Ｃ．public

Ｄ．unusual．His aim in life is to make his family happy, but（）to makehis wife happy.
Ａ．most importantly

Ｂ．by comparison

Ｃ．on one hand

Ｄ．to the contrary．If you take on something you can’t do, you’re sure to（）

difficulties.
Ａ．call in

Ｂ．run into

Ｃ．drive inＤ．turn into

．Electric vehicles have significantly reduced the amount of carbon
dioxide（）into the atmosphere.

Ａ．contributed

Ｂ．polluted

Ｃ．released

Ｄ．omitted＊＊

．This area is designated as a nature（）zone, and no one isallowed to enter.
Ａ．translation

Ｂ．conservation

Ｃ．nutrition

Ｄ．proportion＊＊

語句を並べ替えてもっとも自然な英文を完成させ、番目と番目に入れるものの記号を書きなさい。ただし、文頭に来る語も小文字にしてある。［各

．It

is

（

）to ask（

wise

）
（

to（

）others’（）

experiences,））.

Ａ．helpＢ．feelＣ．for

Ｄ．learnＥ．freeＦ．from．It is uncertain（

so（

点］

（
）

（
）

（
）

（
）

（
）

）in thenext election.
Ａ．be

Ｂ．whetherＣ．elected

Ｄ．willＥ．mayorＦ．Ms. Walters．Mr.

Abbott（）（）to the reception.

made（

（
）

）to

her（

Ａ．coming

Ｂ．for

Ｃ．sincere

Ｄ．aＥ．lateＦ．apology

．I’m（

（
）

（
）

（
）

（
）

（
）

（
）

）

）to study overseas

to broaden my perspective.
Ａ．me

Ｂ．for

Ｃ．grateful

Ｄ．my motherＥ．pushing

Ｆ．to．The shopping street is totally different（
（

（
）

（
）

（
）

）
.

Ａ．whatＢ．toＣ．fromＤ．be

Ｅ．used

Ｆ．it

＊＊

（
）

）

．
（

（
）

（
）

）who

（
）

is（

（
）

）the

sales

department.
Ａ．in

Ｂ．it

Ｃ．charge

Ｄ．is

Ｅ．ErikaＦ．of．In

today’s

world, （

（

（
）

（
）

） parents （Ｂ．haveＣ．acquireＤ．their children

Ｅ．for

Ｆ．to

（

）
（

）

）basic computer skills.

Ａ．it’s．
（）（）, it’snotquite（）that（））is healthier than Western food.
Ａ．things

Ｂ．JapaneseＣ．considered

Ｄ．trueＥ．all

Ｆ．food．Little（
（

（
）

（
）

（
）

）my daughter would（））in show business.
Ａ．I

Ｂ．a career

Ｃ．thatＤ．did

Ｅ．makeＦ．imagine．It’s（（） essential （

（
）
（
）

（
）

）an expensive exercise machine（）it regularly.

Ａ．goodＢ．unless

Ｃ．use

Ｄ．buying

Ｅ．no

Ｆ．you

＊＊

）

次の文章を筋の通ったものにするために、枠内にあるＡ〜Ｄからもっとも適切なものを選び（こと）［各）の中に入れなさい。（＊印の語（句）は注を参考にする

点］

（Ａ）

Ａ．This

adds

to

the

difficulty

for

young

workers

tobecomeindependent or start a family.
Ｂ．With so many young people attending university, the value of acollege degree is not as high as it once was.
Ｃ．Given all of these problems at American universities today,
there is a need for reform.
Ｄ．Many have to work as part-time instructors at universities
instead.

Around the 1950s, the number of university students in the UnitedStates began to rise quickly. Today, around 30% of all Americans have
graduated from university. This is an enormous increase, around six
times more than the number of graduates in the 1940s. But just having
a college degree is no longer a guarantee for finding a good job.（ ⑴ ）Another problem for students concerns the affordability of a college
education. In the past, public universities were inexpensive enough fornearly everyone. That is no longer the case. Unless their parents are
wealthy, students have no choice but to borrow money. Paying backthese student loans can take many years.（ ⑵ ）The problems associated with higher education today are not only
having a major impact on students. Professors are also experiencing
more difficult working conditions. It is becoming much harder to find a
job as a full-time professor in the first place. The problem is that there＊＊simply are not enough positions for all of the people who want them.
（⑶）Such teaching jobs tend to have low salaries and involve a lotof hours in the classroom.
Furthermore, some universities even have graduate students teachclasses instead of hiring full-time professors. This saves money for theuniversities, but using inexperienced teachers can lower the quality ofthe education provided.
（⑷）It will be necessary, first of all, to come up with a way tomake university education more affordable. Also, a better balance isneeded between the number of Ph.D.* holders and the number ofavailable teaching positions. The challenge is determining what can bedone specifically to carry out that reform.

［注］Ph.D.: 博士号

＊＊

（Ｂ）

Ａ．They have to try to make each part exciting and interesting sothat readers do not stop reading halfway through.
Ｂ．This is because parts of the novel can often be sold for aslightly higher price than a whole book.
Ｃ．However, with the rise of radio and later television in the 20th
century, people no longer looked to newspapers for entertainment.
Ｄ．Publishing companies have begun to market serial fiction thatoffers readers new chapters or episodes every week or month.

Newspapers used to offer readers not only news stories but also
works of literature, such as novels. In the case of “serial novels,” thenewspapers would print a new chapter or part of the story every week.
This is how famous 19th-century writers such as Charles Dickens
presented their novels to the public.（ ⑸ ）Gradually, the serial novel
disappeared in Europe and North America, although it remained popularin parts of Asia.
Today, with the rise of the Internet and e-books, the serial novel
may be making a comeback.（⑹）Readers who pay for these series

automatically receive the newest part on their tablet computer or
smartphone.
This return to an old approach seems to suit today’s readers, who
are looking for shorter content to read in their limited free time. The
serial novel also has an advantage for publishing companies.（ ⑺ ）Not all readers, however, like the serial-novel format. Some thinkthat charging a reader around two dollars for each part is too expensive.
Others would rather read the whole book, rather than wait for each new＊＊part to appear.
The format can also place pressure on the writers themselves.（ ⑻ ）But it also has advantages for writers, such as allowing them to getclear feedback from their readers about a new book’s popularity while
they are still writing it.
The serial novel may not have reached the same level of popularity
as before, but its revival is one example of how an old-fashioned idea
can become new again.

＊＊次の英文を読んで、質問に答えなさい。（＊印の語（句）は注を参考にするこ
と）
［各

点］

（Ａ）There is an old saying among people who sell houses that thethree most important things in real estate* are location, location andlocation. In other words, location is really the only thing that matters.
This is somewhat true for a family looking for a house. Naturally, thebuyer wants to find a house that is close to their job and close to agood school if they have children. Of course, there might be otherpersonal reasons that are important to the buyer, such as whether or
not the house is close to a downtown area, other family members, thecountryside or a train station.
Location becomes especially much more important when opening abusiness. Businesses need customers, and if a shop or office is difficult
to visit, there will be far fewer of them. Even if people can drive, they
are not willing to travel a long distance to buy something they can getin a more convenient place. And if they do drive, they will want to beable to find a place to park. Unfortunately for business owners, a good
location means paying a much higher price. This is why the mostpopular shopping areas are often full of large chain stores that canafford the best real estate. So unless your product is incredibly valuable
or unique, most customers will continue to shop in the same areas they
have always shopped in.
The type of product being sold can also affect a business owner’s
choice of location. Have you ever noticed that restaurants often open in
an area that has a lot of other restaurants? It seems strange to open a
new restaurant in an area with so much competition, but there are goodreasons for it. People looking for something to eat tend to go to familiar
places. People looking for a place to eat lunch, but who haven’t decided
exactly what to eat, will often be interested in trying something new.

＊＊

Others, who haven’t been able to find a table at their favorite
restaurant, might try a new one instead. Still others will notice the newrestaurant while visiting their old favorite one and decide to try it thenext time. Thus, being close to your competitors can sometimes be abenefit.
Even the best products might fail if they’re being sold in the wrong
location. But the right location for a business is often worth the extra
money that the location costs.

［注］real estate: 不動産．この英文の主題は次のどれか。
Ａ．家探しの際に安い物件を探す方法
Ｂ．事業における開業場所の重要性
Ｃ．新しい事業を始める際の節約法
Ｄ．飲食店を開くのに最適な場所．本文の内容と一致するものは次のどれか。
Ａ．不動産の場所はビジネスよりも家族にとって重要である。
Ｂ．運転ができる消費者はより利便性の低い場所に行く傾向がある。
Ｃ．事業の競争相手の近くの物件はたいてい安い。
Ｄ．通常は消費者の家に近い場所での出店が望ましい。

．本文の内容と一致するものは次のどれか。
Ａ．ランチの場合は客はなじみの店に行くので、そのそばでの新規開店は避けるべきだ。
Ｂ．チェーンレストランは混んでいることが多いので、近くの新規店舗は来客が期待できる。
Ｃ．大手競合他社は賃貸料をつり上げて、自社の近くでの新規開業を阻むことがある。
Ｄ．近くに競合他社の店舗があると、新規出店の店舗が恩恵を受けることがある。

＊＊

（Ｂ）Plastic is a well-known artificial material with an enormous range
of uses, with the typical person coming in contact with dozens of plasticrelated products each day. Over nine billion tons of plastic have been
produced since 1950, with the majority of that being created only in thelast decade or so. Current trends point to even greater production in the
future. But along with the convenience have also come problems. Plastic
is slow to break down, and as a result, is harming the environment in avariety of ways. One marker of this can be seen in a new type of “rock”
named “plastiglomerate.” Plastiglomerate shows just how much plastic
has come to dominate our planet.
Plastiglomerate is not a real rock. Instead it is a lump of plastic
that has melted and reformed to include various other ingredients, suchas sand or pieces of shells. Wave motion due to ocean tides thensmooths the surface so the lumps can indeed appear to be rocks. The
phenomenon was first noted on the island of Hawaii in 2006. In the
Hawaii case, scientists assume that beach campfires set by tourists may
have melted plastic debris*, such as bottles, wrappers and discarded
fishing goods. Through the years, this has happened so often thatplastiglomerate has now been found on 21 different beaches. But it is
not only on the beach surface. It can be found in deeper layers as well,proving plastiglomerate is much older than 2006. So far, the main focusof plastiglomerate has been Hawaii, but scholars assume many world
beaches and other locations with intense heator lava flow* areas

such as forest fire sites

will show plastiglomerate as well.

Rock sediments* and fossils are often used to document history.
From these, scientists can determine ancient climate conditions, flooding,fires,

and

even

the

migrationofanimalspecies.

Many

think

plastiglomerate will become a sediment marker for our current period ofenvironmental damage. Like other plastic, plastiglomerate breaks down
slowly and will remain in the earth for a long time. Millions of years＊＊

from now

if the human race survives

scientists of the future may beable to trace the presence of today’s society through the amount ofplastiglomerate in sediment samples. It will serve as a sort of signatureof the environmental carelessness of our times. Plastiglomerate may
become a key fossil of our age.

［注］debris: 破片、がれき

lava flow: 溶岩流

sediment: 堆積物．この英文の主旨は次のどれか。
Ａ．プラスティグロメレートと呼ばれる新しい岩石が科学者によって発見された。
Ｂ．プラスティグロメレートは現代人がプラスチックを過剰に使用している証拠である。
Ｃ．プラスティグロメレートはハワイから全世界に広がっている。
Ｄ．プラスティグロメレートにより堆積物マーカーは不要になった。

．本文の内容に一致するのは次のどれか。
Ａ．プラスティグロメレートが岩のようにみえるのは波の浸食による。
Ｂ．ハワイで発見されたものより古いプラスティグロメレートはない。
Ｃ．科学者はプラスティグロメレートを地球史の研究に使っている。
Ｄ．プラスティグロメレートが溶解する際に自然物は分離される。

．プラスティグロメレートの生成に最も必要だと思われるものは次のどれか。
Ａ．砂と貝殻Ｂ．強い波動Ｃ．異常気象Ｄ．高温＊＊

次の英文を読んで、質問に答えなさい。（＊印の語（句）は注を参考にするこ
と）
［各

点］

（Ａ）It is an unfortunate fact that, in most countries and cultures, it
has taken time for women to receive the same rights, benefits andopportunities as men. In many parts of the world today, women are stillfighting and protesting to be treated with respect and equality. Chinese
history is no different, and historically, women there had been forbidden
to read and write. The reason

ispartlyreligious,as

traditional

Confucian* beliefs supported a patriarchal structure, meaning that men
were the rulers of society and women were kept away from traditional
male roles of leadership. Even into the 1900s, there were few options for
women who were not satisfied with being stuck at home and wanted tolearn more.
Perhaps it is unsurprisingbut still inspiringthat some of those

women found their own, secret solution. “Nushu,” which translates to“female script,” is a writing system that developed among young,unmarried women beginning

in

the

13th

century.

It

consistedofapproximately 700 symbols to represent a unique and simplified versionof traditional Chinese characters. Many symbols were modified fromoriginal Chinese script by removing some of the strokes or possibly
mirroring the characters by reversing them. Because the women were
not allowed to use ink and paper, Nushu was “written” into clothing,fabrics and other ordinary items by needlepoint*.
This became popularized in the southern province of Hunan*, where
it was passed down from generation to generation among women, often
in secret from men, who did not realize that the unique symbols women
were using in their needlework and tapestries actually conveyed ahiddenlanguage.

Inpoliticallyviolent

times,suchasduringtheJapanese occupation in the 1930s−1940s and later during the leadershipof Mao Zedong*, Nushu was forbidden completely. Now, Chinese women
have greater access to education, eliminating the need for learning＊＊

Nushu. The final woman from Hunan who was fluent in the Nushu
writing system died in 2004. She was 98 years old.
Fortunately, Nushu is far from gone and may never truly disappear.
Today, historians and other academics have learned it in order totranslate the few Nushu texts that have survived over the centuries.
Variousorganizations

have

also

taken

notice,granting

funds

for

museums and supporting further historical research.

［注］Confucian: 儒教のneedlepoint: ニードルポイント（刺繍の技法の一つ）
Hunan: 湖南省

Mao Zedong: 毛沢東．What is the main topic of this passage?
Ａ．Why Chinese writing went undiscovered for so long
Ｂ．How a woman fluent in Nushu lived
Ｃ．How Nushu was developed and passed down
Ｄ．Why Nushu was banned by Chinese leaders．What is one of the ways Nushu is surviving into the 21st century?
Ａ．It is being studied by professional researchers.
Ｂ．It is being reintroduced in schools.
Ｃ．It is gaining popularity outside of China.
Ｄ．It is being kept alive by a new generation of women.

．What might have happened to women if they had not developed
Nushu?
Ａ．They would still be using a secret language in modern China.
Ｂ．They would have gained leadership roles earlier in history.
Ｃ．They would have had difficulties sharing ideas and information
with each other.
Ｄ．They would not have been able to develop new writing systems.

＊＊

（Ｂ）We have all become familiar with COVID-19 vaccines and theirease of access. Just a shot in the arm, and you’re done. However, thecreation and delivery of vaccines has not always been so simple. In
addition to facing the difficulty of manufacturing this new type of
medication, earlier societies had to figure out ways to transport thedelicate materials without them being destroyed or going to waste. This
was never truer than in the 18th century, when the world was dealing
with uncontrolled smallpox*, which caused the body to break out in
painful sores and killed millions. Eventually, a vaccine was developed
when British doctor Edward Jenner discovered that infecting people with
non-life-threatening cowpox* would give them a natural immunity tosmallpox after recovering from the less-severe cowpox sores. Fluidsamples were taken from a patient’s cowpox sore and given to anotherperson, and then another, and then another, until whole populations
would be protected from the horrors of smallpox. Problem solved!
Or was it? One issue that remained was how to transport thevaccine across long distances. Of many methods, the most effective wasto take fluid from cowpox sores and to let it dry on fabric. Doctors
would then take the fabric to a neighboring town and wet it with water,
turning the samples back into liquid form and scratching them into one
person after another. This method, though slow, seemed to work well.
But what about people who lived further away in the colonies of Northand South America, where smallpox was killing people at alarming
levels? No vaccine on fabric would survive the long journeys to thosefaraway places.
A solution was eventually discovered by the Spanish, who used thearguably cruel, but effective method of infecting orphaned children. In
1803, the Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition*, led by Dr. Francisco
Javier de Balmis, departed for Spain’s colonies in South America,
carrying 22 orphan boys, all of them younger than 10. First, a couple ofboys were infected with cowpox, and when they developed sores a week＊＊or so later, samples were taken and given to the next healthy boy, andso on. This carefully-timed system meant there would be some remaining
boys still sick with open sores when the ships arrived in the colonies,
allowing for fresh fluid samples to be taken and distributed to thepeople there. The endeavor was successful with over 10,000 colonists
vaccinated in subsequent months.
As for the orphans, it is safe to assume that none of themvolunteered for the expedition. Instead, they were forced to participate
and afterward were simply left behind, never to return to Spain. But it
was not all bad news, as the boys were adopted by families in thecolonies and given a new life. Even though they must have been
confused and scared, one could argue they lived a far better life there
than they would have in Spain, and they played an important role insaving the lives of millions.

［注］smallpox: 天然痘

cowpox: 牛痘Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition: 王立慈善ワクチン遠征隊．What is the main topic of this passage?
Ａ．How the cowpox vaccine was transported to South America
Ｂ．How the smallpox vaccine was invented and distributed
Ｃ．The shortcomings of the smallpox vaccine
Ｄ．The suffering experienced by orphans under 10 years old．Once the vaccine was invented, what became the next challenge forgetting it to people?
Ａ．Inventing a needle that could inject the vaccine
Ｂ．Finding a suitable cloth for drying the vaccine
Ｃ．Carrying the vaccine across long distances
Ｄ．Transporting the vaccine from North to South America＊＊

．What eventually happened to the Spanish orphans?
Ａ．They were returned to Spain.
Ｂ．They all died of smallpox.
Ｃ．They were left in South America.
Ｄ．They were used to test vaccines for new diseases.

＊＊

外国語（英語）解答用紙

1

1

A

B C D

1

A

B C D

2

A

B C D

1

A

B C D E

（ 2 ）
F

A

B C D E

F

2

A

B C D

3

A

B C D

2

A

B C D EFA

B C D E

F

3

A

B C D

4

A

B C D

3

A

B C D EFA

B C D E

F

4

A

B C D

5

A

B C D

4

A

B C D EFA

B C D E

F

5

A

B C D

6

A

B C D

5

A

B C D EFA

B C D E

F

6

A

B C D

7

A

B C D

6

A

B C D EFA

B C D E

F

7

A

B C D

8

A

B C D

7

A

B C D EFA

B C D E

F

8

A

B C D

9

A

B C D

8

A

B C D EFA

B C D E

F

10

A

B C D

9

A

B C D EFA

B C D E

F

11

A

B C D

10

A

B C D EFA

B C D E

F

12

A

B C D

13

A

B C D

14

A

B C D

15

A

B C D

16

A

B C D

17

A

B C D

18

A

B C D

19

A

B C D

20

A

B C D

2

1

A

B C D

1

A

B C D

2

A

B C D

2

A

B C D

3

A

B C D

3

A

B C D

4

A

B C D

4

A

B C D

5

A

B C D

5

A

B C D

6

A

B C D

6

A

B C D

18点

（ 5 ）

20点

20点

4

2日

5

18点

3

24点