ICRP ref: 4845-6535-4809

Joint IES-ICRP Symposium on Environmental Protection
within the ICRP System of Radiological Protection
Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan
Tuesday, October 4, 2016

Abstracts

Organised by the Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES)
and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
with support from the Nippon Foundation

Cover photo: autumn views of the Institute for Environmental Sciences (orange color building)and Mt. Fukkoshi (left side) from the Lake Obuchi in Rokkasho Village.
The photograph by Mr. Kazuaki Ichinohe (IES).

Background
Committee 5 is concerned with radiological protection of the environment. It aims to ensure thatthe development and application of approaches to environmental protection are compatible withthose for radiological protection of man, and with those for protection of the environment fromother potential hazards. The ICRP system for radiological protection is sound and robust and has
contributed to the understanding of environmental impact in different contexts, e.g. in relation to
the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, in relation to the London Convention
and in relation to the impact of radioactive discharges into the North-East Atlantic Ocean.
Committee 5 continues to develop protection of the environment within the system of radiologicalprotection by broadening and consolidating the scientific basis that underpins the system, and by
drawing on the experience gained in its application in the three exposure situations considered by
ICRP.

Objectives
IES and ICRP welcome this opportunity to discuss current work on radiological protection of theenvironment, covering topics including:×××

The concept and use of Reference Animals and Plants (RAPS), including a general
introduction to environmental protection within the ICRP system of radiological protection:
From Publication 91 to TG99 and beyond.
The “science base” underpinning environmental radiation protection: Transfer, dosimetry,
RBE weighted absorbed dose, effects.
Applying the ICRP system for environmental protection.

Symposium venue
Swany (1-8 Nozuki, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori, Japan)
http://www.jomon.ne.jp/~pulaza97/index_en.html

Coffee break and lunch
Coffee will be served during the morning and afternoon breaks. ICRP members and invited
speakers are able to eat a lunch box provided by the secretariat. Participants may also reserve alunch box provided by the secretariat. However this must be ordered in advance. Otherwise
participants can visit the restaurants and convenience store around the venue for lunch.

Language
English. Presentations will be given in English without interpretation.

1

Program
Opening Address
10:30–10:40

Opening Address

Prof. Higley, ICRP-C5 (Chair: Prof. Ono, IES)

Scientific Session (Chairs: Prof. Higley and Dr. Hisamatsu)
10:40–11:10

Brief overview of the role of ICRP and where
C5 fits within this structure

Prof. Higley (ICRP-C5)

11:10–11:50

The concept of protection of the environment
and C5 current approach

Prof. Copplestone (ICRP-C5)

11:50–13:00

Lunch

13:00–15:00

Panel discussion to address issues, focused in
the Japanese situation, related to:i. Transfer of radionuclides
ii. Dosimetryiii. Effects
iv. RBE weight absorbed dosev. System for radiation protection of theenvironment (i.e., existing, planned andemergency)

Prof. Strand (ICRP-C5))
Dr. Ulanovsky (ICRP-C5)
Dr. Garnier-Laplace (ICRP-C5)
Dr. Real (ICRP-C5)
Prof. Copplestone (ICRP-C5)

Discussion
15:00–15:15

Coffee break

15:15–16:45

Topics on dosimetry and radiation effects
i. Dosimetry of wild organisms and their Dr. Ohtsuka (IES)
natural doseii. Radiation effects and dosimetry of large Dr. Miura (Hirosaki Univ.)
Japanese field mice in Fukushimaiii. Morphological defects in native trees Dr. Watanabe (QST, NIRS)
around the Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Plant

16:45–17:00

Summary of key points from presentations

Prof. Sakai (ICRP-C5)

Concluding Remarks
17:00–17:10

Concluding Remarks

Prof. Higley, ICRP-C5 and Dr. Hisamatsu, IES

2

An overview of the role of the International Commission on
Radiological Protection’s Committee 5 (Protection of the Environment)
K. Higleya,b on behalf of all members of Committee 5aSchool of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; e-mail:kathryn.higley@oregonstate.edubChair, ICRP Committee 5

Abstract–The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) was founded in 1928, and isa non-profit organisation which provides recommendations and guidance related to radiation protection.
ICRP has developed a system of radiation protection which balances the scientific understanding ofradiation effects with the ethical and societal implications of exposure. Following publication of aframework for assessing impact of ionising radiation on non-human species (ICRP, 2003), ICRP
established its fifth committee, ‘Protection of the Environment - Committee 5’ in 2005. This newest ICRP
committee was given the objective of developing a framework for environmental protection based on an
evaluation of the ethical and philosophical basis established in ICRP Publication 91. Two years after C5began its tenure, ICRP published recommendations for radiological protection (ICRP, 2007) thatincorporated environmental protection as one of the integral elements of the overall radiologicalprotection system. In 2008, ICRP published a document which outlined the concept and use of twelve
Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs). The RAPs span terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems
through selection of as few organisms as necessary to enable collection and development of datasets onradiation effects and radionuclide transfers and associated dosimetry. The RAPs were also intended toserve as a basis for exploring characteristics of more site-specific representative organisms (RO) whichmight be necessary to examine exposure conditions in certain circumstances. In addition to defining thecharacteristics of the RAPs, ICRP Publication 108 developed dose conversion factors and examined thecurrent understanding of radiation effects on RAPS. This publication also proposed ‘Derived
Consideration Reference Levels’ (DCRLs) and how these could be applied as points of reference within asystem of radiological protection. In 2009, in Publication 114 ICRP examined approaches used to modeltransfer of radionuclides in the environment and provided a tabulation of concentration ratios for the
RAPs. The most recent publication from Committee 5, considered application of the system ofenvironmental radiation protection in planned, emergency, and existing exposure situations (Publication
124). Publications in press or undergoing review include a compilation of improved dosimetry and anevaluation of relative biological effectiveness in the context of RAPs. C5 and its Task Groups continue toexamine update databases related to RAPS in order to quantify their representativeness of Representative
Organisms. There is also consideration of application of the system to environmental protection in
relation to certain human activities of potential environmental concern (existing exposure situations).
References
ICRP, 2003. A framework for assessing the impact of ionising radiation on non-human species. ICRP
Publication 91. Ann. ICRP 33(3).
ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37(2–4).
ICRP, 2008. Environmental protection: the concept and use of reference animals and plants. ICRP
Publication 108. Ann. ICRP 38(4–6).
ICRP, 2009. Environmental protection: transfer parameters for reference animals and plants. ICRP
Publication 114. Ann. ICRP 39(6).
ICRP, 2014. Protection of the environment under different exposure situations. ICRP Publication 124.
Ann. ICRP 43(1).

3The concept of protection of the environment and the Committee5
current approach
D. Copplestonea,b on behalf of all members of Committee 5aBiological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK; e-mail:david.copplestone@stir.ac.uk; bSecretary, ICRP Committee 5

Abstract–Protection of the environment is integral to the system of radiological protection as outlined in
the 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (ICRP,
Publication 103). Committee 5 has been given the objective of developing a framework forenvironmental protection based on an evaluation of the ethical and philosophical basis established in
ICRP Publication 91. This was first described in 2008, when ICRP published a document which outlined
the concept and use of twelve Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs). The RAPs are intended to spanterrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems through selection of as few organisms as necessary toenable collection and development of datasets on radiation effects and radionuclide transfers andassociated dosimetry. Other ICRP reports and Task Group outputs have expanded on different aspects ofthe system of radiological protection which now incorporates the environment. Most recently, the way toapply the system of radiological protection to demonstrate environmental protection has been described in
the ICRP’s Publication 124. In this publication, the Commission’s objectives for environmental
protection and how the Derived Consideration Reference Levels (DCRLs) apply within different exposure
situations (planned, existing and emergency) were laid out. The DCRLs are defined as the reference rangeof dose rates, above the natural background, within which deleterious effects of ionising radiation may
occur in individuals of a given RAP type. This presentation will describe the ICRP approach toenvironmental protection and demonstrate how the system for radiological protection protects bothhumans and wildlife. It will highlight where there are differences between aspects of human andenvironmental radiological protection. For example, in the protection goal. Put simply, the environmental
goal (to protect populations and biodiversity) differ from the goal of protecting individual humans.
Furthermore, there are differences in the application of the system of radiological protection where forhumans we have dose limits but for wildlife we do not. This is based on the fact that for there to be a limit
there must be some benefit to the potential increased exposure which is being limited but for wildlife it isdifficult to see how there may be such a benefit for a population of a potentially impacted wildlife
population. However, the use of limits and constraints is not dissimilar to the intent behind DCRLs which
are numeric benchmarks of importance in risk assessment. While the system has been established, there
are still areas where further development/thinking is required and the presentation will discuss these.
References
ICRP, 2003. A framework for assessing the impact of ionising radiation on non-human species. ICRP
Publication 91. Ann. ICRP 33(3).
ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37(2–4).
ICRP, 2008. Environmental protection: the concept and use of reference animals and plants. ICRP
Publication 108. Ann. ICRP 38(4–6).
ICRP, 2014. Protection of the environment under different exposure situations. ICRP Publication 124.
Ann. ICRP 43(1).

4An overview of the transfer of radionuclides to the International
Commission on Radiological Protection’s Reference Animals and Plants
P. Stranda on behalf of all members of Committee 5aNorwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Grini naeringspark 13, N-1345 Osteras, Norway; e-mail: per.strand@nrpa.no

Abstract–Equilibrium concentration ratios (CRs) are commonly used to model the transfer ofradionuclides to wildlife and the data available in the literature were reviewed in ICRP Publication 114 toprovide CRs for the twelve Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs) outlined in Publication 108. A series ofmethods that could be used to derive CRs and summaries of statistical information from empirical data
sets are now available. Emphasis has been placed on using CR data from field studies, although some datafrom laboratory experiments have been included for some RAPs. There are, inevitably, many data gaps
for each RAP, and other data have been used to help fill these gaps. CRs specific to each RAP wereextracted from a larger database, as described in ICRP Publication 114 in terms of generic wildlife
groups. In cases where data were lacking, values from taxonomically related organisms were used toderive suitable surrogate values. The full set of rules which have been applied for filling gaps in RAPspecific CRs is available and means that CR values for 39 elements and 12 RAP combinations are given.
The data coverage, reliance on derived values, and applicability of the CR approach for each of the RAPs
has also been discussed. More recently, new data specifically on species which belong to the RAPs havebeen made available and this includes, where possible, information on RAPs life stages. The data in
Publication 114 are being updated as part of ongoing work within Task Group 99 of ICRP.
References
ICRP, 2009. Environmental protection: transfer parameters for reference animals and plants. ICRP
Publication 114. Ann. ICRP 39(6).

5Improved dosimetry for animals and plants:
What does the new ICRP draft publication bring?
Alexander Ulanovsky a,b on behalf of the ICRP Task Group 74 and Committee 5abInstitute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health,Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, GERMANY
E-Mail: ulanovsky@helmholtz-muenchen.deMember of ICRP Committee 5 and Chair of the ICRP Task Group 74 “More realistic dosimetry for non-human species”

Abstract–The diversity of non-human biota is a specific challenge when developing and applying
dosimetric models for assessing exposures of flora and fauna from radioactive sources in the environment.
Dosimetric models, adopted in Publication 108, provide Dose Coefficients (DCs) for a group of reference
entities called the ICRP’s Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs). These entities are characterised
pragmatically by assuming simple body shapes with uniform composition and density, homogeneousinternal contamination, limited sets of idealised sources of external exposure to ionising radiation foraquatic and terrestrial animals and plants, and truncated radioactive decay chains. This pragmatic
methodology has been further developed and systematically extended in the new draft of the oncoming
ICRP publication1. Significant methodological changes since Publication 108 include: implementation ofa new approach for external exposure of terrestrial animals with an extended set of environmental
radioactive sources in soil and in air, considering an extended range of organisms and locations incontaminated terrain, transition to the contemporary radionuclide database of Publication 1072,
assessment-specific consideration of radioactive progeny contribution to DC of parent radionuclides, anduse of generalised allometric relationships in the estimation of biokinetic or metabolic parameter values.
These methodological developments result in changes to previously published tables of DCs for RAPs,
and the revised values will be provided in the new publication. The draft publication is also complemented
by a new software tool, called BiotaDC, which enables calculation of DCs for internal and external
exposures of organisms with user-defined masses, shapes, and locations in the environment and for all
radionuclides in Publication 107. The software tool is a freely-assessed web-based application and its test
version runs currently on the ICRP website3.

References
1. Draft Report for Consultation: Dose Coefficients for Non-human Biota Environmentally Exposed
to Radiation. http://www.icrp.org/page.asp?id=326
2. ICRP, 2008. Nuclear Decay Data for Dosimetric Calculations. ICRP Publication 107. Ann. ICRP
38(3).
3. BiotaDC. The test pre-release version is available on-line at http://biotadc.icrp.org/

6

Improving the robustness of Derived Consideration Reference Levels for
Reference Animals and Plants (RAP) - Insights from current ICRP
activities
J. Garnier-Laplacea,b on behalf of all members of Task Group 99 of Committee 5aInstitute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety, France; e-mail: jacqueline.garnier-laplace@irsn.frb
Task Group 99 Chair, ICRP Committee 5

Abstract–Last year, ICRP launched a new Task Group of Committee 5, entirely dedicated to the updateof RAP-related basic data and guidance for their best use and practices in support of the application of thesystem of radiological protection to protect the environment in planned, emergency and existing exposure
situations1. In addition to the evaluation of the completeness of RAPs and associated data in acomprehensive manner with regard to ecology/biology, transfer, dosimetry and effects, a specificobjective is pursued to improve the robustness of Derived Consideration Reference Levels (DCRLs).
These ranges of dose rates were derived on the basis of a critical literature review published in ICRP
Publication 1082. For application to any environmental exposure situations, DCRLs are part of the systemof radiological protection to be used as reference levels to identify whether there is likely to be somechance of deleterious effects of exposure to ionising radiation on individuals of the same RAP-type2,3.
Task Group 99 is improving the transparency of the derivation method used to obtain those DCRLs alongwith the quality and quantity of the underlying effect data sets describing the radiosensitivity of various
endpoints and species. To reach this aim, two activities are on-going: (i) to develop an inference method
for making use of acute radiotoxicity data in addition to chronic effect data, in order to establish a robust
statistically-based extrapolation model representing the range of radiosensitivity within a RAP-type groupof species; (ii) to analyse the discrepancy at the taxonomic level between laboratory effect data and fielddata coming out from radio-contaminated sites. For both (i) and (ii), post-Fukushima-Daiichi accident
studies published in the literature, will be of great added value, as it was demonstrated for some of thestudies performed in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone4.
References
ICRP, 2015. Terms of Reference of Task Group 99, Committee 5: http://www.icrp.org/icrp_group.asp?id=92
2
ICRP, 2008. Environmental Protection – the Concept and Use of Reference Animals and Plants. ICRP
Publication 108, Ann. ICRP 38(4-6).
3
ICRP, 2014. Protection of the Environment Under Different Exposure Situations, ICRP Publication
124, Ann. ICRP, 43(1).
4Garnier-Laplace, J., Geras’kin, S., Della-Vedova, C., et al., 2013. Are radiosensitivity data derived fromnatural field conditions consistent with data from controlled exposures? A case study of Chernobyl
wildlife chronically exposed to low dose rates. J. Environ. Radioact. 121, 12–21.
1

7

RBE weighted absorbed dose in the context of the radiologicalprotection of the environment
A. Reala,b on behalf of the members of Task Group 72 and Committee 5aCentre for Research in Energy, Technology and Environment, CIEMAT. Av. Complutense 40. Madrid 28040, SPAIN.
e-mail:almudena.real@ciemat.es; b Vice-Chair of ICRP Committee 5

Abstract–It has long been recognised that different radiation types have different effectiveness in
producing biological effects in organisms. These differences are experimentally quantified as the“Relative Biological Effectiveness” (RBE) of specific radiation types. RBE values have been measured
for a variety of end points in in-vitro (including human and animal cell lines) and in-vivo experiments(with animals)1. Such studies have shown that the RBE value for a specific radiation type depends on thedose and dose-rate, the dose fractionation scheme, the biological end-point, the species and the tissue orcell type used in the study. In radiological protection of humans, the RBE values for stochastic effects at
low doses have been used, together with biophysical considerations and judgements, to determine theradiation weighting factors (wR) used to define the equivalent dose2. In organisms other than humans, it iswell documented that the RBE concept is relevant. In fact, different organizations have proposed valuesof radiation weighting factors (for alpha and low-energy beta particles) to be applied to estimate the doses
received by non-human biota. Not applying the RBE weighting factors could lead to an underestimationof the potential effects on wildlife produced by alpha- and low energy beta-emitting nuclides present in
the environment. In spite of the need for a formal accepted approach to provide RBE weighting factors tobe applied in the context of radiological protection of the environment, nowadays such approach does notexist. Committee 5 created Task Group 72, whose final aim is to determine if the absorbed dose has to be
multiplied by a RBE weighting factor in order to account for the quality of the radiation when assessing
radiological impacts to non-human biota, and to provide recommendations on nominal values of RBE
weighting factors for α radiation and low energy β particles. In a first step, the TG has reviewed theavailable information on experimental RBE data for α particles and low-energy β radiation in relation to
the RAPs3. The protection of animals and plants from the effects of ionising radiation has largely
focussed on endpoints which are relevant at the population level (early mortality, reproductive capacity,etc.). Therefore, the use of weighting factors derived from evaluations of stochastic effects, as in thesystem of protection for humans, appears inappropriate. TG72 has considered the challenges indifferentiating stochastic from deterministic effects.
References
1
ICRP, 1990. RBE for deterministic effects. ICRP Publication 58. Ann. ICRP 20(4).
2
ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37(2-4).
3Higley, K.A., Kocher, D.C., Real, A., Chambers D.B., 2012. Relative biological effectiveness andradiation weighting factors in the context of animals and plants. Proceedings of the First ICRP
Symposium on the International System of Radiological Protection. Ann. ICRP 41(3/4). Pp 233-245.

8

Environmental protection within the ICRP system for radiologicalprotection (i.e. existing, planned and emergency exposure situations)D. Copplestonea,b on behalf of all members of Committees 4 and 5aBiological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK; e-mail:david.copplestone@stir.ac.uk; bSecretary, ICRP Committee 5

Abstract–This presentation will expand upon the objectives of the Commission in relation to protectionof the environment and how these can be met using the Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs) and their
Derived Consideration Reference Levels (DCRLs) described in Publication 1081. DCRLs represent aband of dose-rates, above the natural background, within which deleterious effects can occur inindividuals of a given type of RAP. For each of the three types of exposure situations defined by theCommission (planned, existing and emergency), the key principles that are relevant to the protection of
the environment and how these apply will be described2. Some of the future work in this area will behighlighted for example, in relation to existing exposure situations. For existing exposure situations, weneed to better understand the potential impacts on animals and plants especially in light of remediation
options that may be applied. Consequently, understanding the radiological and non-radiologicalconsequences is important. A new Task Group will soon take this aspect forward by making use ofexamples of how existing situations have been managed in the past and looking at the potential impacts
on the environment while considering the potential benefits of humans to reduced exposure levels.
References
ICRP, 2008. Environmental Protection - the Concept and Use of Reference Animals and Plants. ICRP
Publication 108. Ann. ICRP 38(4-6).
2
ICRP, 2014. Protection of the environment under different exposure situations. ICRP Publication 124.
Ann. ICRP 43(1).
19Dosimetry of wild organisms and their natural dose
Y. Ohtsukaa, T. Iyogia, N. Okabea,b, Y. Takakua, S. HisamatsuaaDepartment of radioecology, Institute For Environmental Sciencese-mail: ohtsuka@ies.or.jpbTono Geoscience Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Abstract–To protect ecosystems from radiation, precise assessment of the radiation dose to wildorganisms is important. However, the radiation dosimetry, which involves conversion of the radiationdose in air and the internal radionuclide inventory to the absorbed dose, has not yet been established forvarious wild organisms. In addition, though the background radiation dose rate in a contaminatedenvironment is of fundamental importance for evaluating the effects of radiation on wild organisms
living there, very few studies have evaluated it. Japan’s first large-scale commercial nuclear fuelreprocessing plant, in Rokkasho Village, Aomori Prefecture, is now under safety assessment by Nuclear
Regulation Authority; it is scheduled to start commercial operation in FY 2018. Although the dischargeof radionuclides from the plant is strictly controlled, for public acceptance of the plant, it is important toassess the radiation dose to wild organisms living around the plant from both natural and artificial
radiation sources. Some ecological changes around the plant may be due to causes other than radiationfrom the plant; therefore, it is necessary to compare the radiation dose originating from the plant withthe background dose and to show that the radiation dose did not cause those ecological changes. In thisstudy, a dosimetry method for terrestrial and aquatic organisms living around the reprocessing plant wasdeveloped, and then the background dose rates to representative organisms were evaluated. We selectedfour species of terrestrial animals and seven species of aquatic biota as target organisms. Mouse(Apodemus argenteus), shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides), red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica), andraccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) were chosen as representative wild terrestrialorganisms of the forest ecosystem surrounding the plant, and Japanese pond smelt (Hypomesus
nipponensis), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), starry flounder(Platichthys stellatus), Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), andcommon eelgrass (Zostera marina) were selected as representative aquatic organisms in Lake Obuchi, abrackish lake neighboring the reprocessing plant. Voxel phantoms, which have realistic body and organ
forms, were constructed for each organism by several techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging
and X-ray computed tomography. Concentrations of major stable elements and of radionuclides,
including 210Po, in each organ and integrated system, such as the viscera, of each organism were
determined for the absorbed dose rate calculation. The radiation dose rates in the air and water of theorganisms' habitats were also measured, along with the 222Rn concentration in terrestrial habitats. Finally,
the absorbed doses were estimated by the Monte Carlo method (EGS4, EGS5, and UCPIXEL code
systems) from the external radiation dose and the internal radionuclide distribution. The developed
phantoms and the natural radiation dose rate for each organism are presented at the meeting.
Acknowledgments
This study was performed under a contract with the Government of Aomori Prefecture, Japan.

10Radiation effects and dosimetry of large Japanese field mice ㏌
Fukushima
T. Miura a, A. Nakatab, Y. Fujishimaa, R. Ujiiea, K. Kasaia, H. Tazoec, K. Ariyoshic,
M. Saitod, K. Suzukie, M. Yamadac, M. A. Yoshidac, M. FukumotofaHirosaki Univ. Graduate School of Health Sciences, b Hokkaido Pharmaceutical Univ.,3 Hirosaki Univ. Institute of Radiation
Emergency Medicine (IREM/HU), 4 Institute for Environmental Sciences, eMichinoku Fauna Research, and f Tohoku Univ.
Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer
e-mail: tomisato@hirosaki-u.ac.jp

Abstract– After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (F1-NPP) accident, the environment was
contaminated with radionuclides around the F1-NPP. Even though radiation dose rate is decreasing,people are concerned with adverse effects on the organism in the future. It is, therefore, important toassess the effect of radioactive materials on animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectof radioactive materials on the Japanese large field mouse, Apodemus specious by analyzing age
distribution, growth and chromosome aberrations of mice. For the population study, mice were collectedin the ex-evacuation area of F1-NPP and in the autumn of 2011 and spring of 2012. Mice in Aomori
prefecture (350 km north of F1-NPP) were caught as negative control for exposure. The age of collected
mice was estimated by tooth wear status or lens weight. Spleen cells obtained from mice were cultured
and chromosomal aberrations, such as breaks, gaps, dicentrics and rings were analyzed. The external doseof mouse was measured using the small radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeter embedded in the back ofmice. There was no significant difference in individual growth between the mice collected in Fukushima
and Aomori. The ratio of mice number born before and after the F1-NPP accident was significantly low in
the Fukushima population. However, our results showed that the population of mice in Fukushima has
been recovered. There was no radiation-specific chromosomal abnormality in the mice examined. The
external dose of mice in the evacuation area was avg. 1.2 (min.: 1.0, max.: 1.3) µGy/h in low air-dose ratearea and avg. 12.4 (min.: 8.0, max.: 17.4) µGy/h in high air-dose rate area. Although the mice in theevacuation area were exposed chronically, the adverse genetic effects of radiation were not detected atpresent. Continuous investigation of wildlife is necessary to determine biological effects of radiation fromthe F1-NPP accident.

11Morphological defects in native trees
around the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
Y. Watanabe, Y. Kubota, S. Fuma, K. Maruyama, I. Kawaguchi, S. Yoshida
National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology;
e-mail: watanabe.yoshito@qst.go.jp

Abstract–After the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (F1NPP) in March 2011, highcontamination levels in the environment suggest possible effects of radiation on non-human biota.
Although drastic effects such as the “red forests” in contaminated Chernobyl areas have not been
observed, long-term studies are required to estimate the environmental effects. Some biological studies
have been reported so far to elucidate the influence of radiation derived from the F1NPP accident on nonhuman biota. However, further studies using radiation-responsive indicator organisms inhabiting thehighly contaminated areas may help us to reach a consistent conclusion, whether radiologicalcontamination from the F1NPP accident had a biological impact on the environment. Our project has been
analyzing biological samples in heavily contaminated areas in the former “Restricted Area” and thepresent “Area 3” where it is expected that the residents have difficulties in returning for a long time
(Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry). We selected wild mouse, salamanders, medaka fish andconiferous trees as suitable indicator organisms, because these organisms have abundant biological data
about the radiation (wild mouse and medaka fish) or/and known to have comparatively large genome sizeand consequently estimated to have radiosensitive characteristics (wild mouse, salamanders andconiferous trees). In addition, these organisms are easily associated to Reference Animals and Plants(RAPs) in the ICRP system of radiological protection. Among these indicator organisms, we especially
focused on coniferous trees for the purpose of biomonitoring in the forest environment. We investigatedthe morphological changes in Japanese fir, a Japanese endemic native coniferous tree, because of theeasiness of observation and the regular annual branching that make possible to identify the year themorphological changes occurred on the past. Japanese fir populations near the F1NPP showed asignificantly increased number of morphological defects, involving deletions of leader shoots of the main
axis, compared to a control population far from the F1NPP. The frequency of the defects corresponded to
the radioactive contamination levels of the observation sites. A significant increase in deletions of theleader shoots became apparent in those that elongated after the spring of 2012, a year after the accident.
These suggest possibility that the contamination by radionuclides after the accident contributed to themorphological defects in Japanese fir trees in the area near the F1NPP. To verify the causal relationshipinferred from the field observation between ionizing radiation and morphological defects in Japanese firtrees, more investigations are necessary. We have started chronic irradiation experiments in gamma
irradiation facilities, because there were no experimental data on long-term effects of irradiation on
Japanese fir trees. We are also making attempt to develop a detailed model to estimate the dose rate in thegrowing points (apical meristem) of leader shoots in Japanese fir trees. The dose rate-response
relationship obtained in the irradiation experiments and the dose rates estimated by the model calculation
should enable assessment of radiation effects on the fir trees in the highly contaminated areas in
Fukushima.

12Summary of key points from presentations
Impacts of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident on the Non-Human
Biota: Challenges to the Environmental Protection System
K. Sakaia,baTokyo Healthcare University; e-mail:k-sakai@thcu.ac.jpb
ICRP Committee 5

Abstract–After the Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident, some “abnormalities” were reported in a number ofenvironmental species, including both animals and plants. They drew much attention of media and thegeneral public to claim that the radioactivity released by the accident gave biological impact on theenvironmental organisms. From the viewpoint of radiological protection, it should be critical todistinguish between the effects of radiation and those of other factors including the earthquake andtsunami and some biological factors. Proper comparison between “before” and “after”, dose-effectrelationship analysis, and comparison of field observation with results of laboratory experimental researchshould provide solutions to this problem. Dose estimation is another big challenge. The current dosimetry
system assumed uniform distribution of radioactivity in biota and stable level of radioactivity
concentration surrounding the organisms. After the accident, there was a rapid increase in environmental
radioactivity. The radioactivity level reached a peak in a relatively short period of time, and thengradually decreased. In an affected area, after several months after the accident, the estimated dose-ratelevel exceeded the DCRL (derived consideration reference level) for some RAPs. The challenge posed by
the accident should make the environmental protection system more useful and robust as partly discussed
earlier in this workshop. The improved system of radiological protection of the environment, in turn,should contribute to better understanding of the situation in Fukushima.

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