Foreword

The Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research(ISEE), established in October 2015, had received
approval from the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) as a joint
usage/research center during the third medium-termgoal period of the national university. We conduct joint
research activities in approximately 200 subjects every
year

in

11

categories,

includinginternational

workshops. The ISEE received an S rating (highest
rating) in the term-end evaluation of the 3rd
medium-term goal period of the joint usage/research
center conducted by

MEXT. In

addition,theevaluation committee stated that “ISEE plays a uniquerole as a center that integrates space science and earthscience. In particular, activities for international
collaboration with related research institutes can be highly evaluated.” We thank all collaborators who havesupported this institute with their continued active research since its establishment.
The ISEE was approved continuously as a joint usage/research center during the 4th medium-term goal period, whichstarted in 2022. We will develop more active joint research activities based on previous results. Therefore, we plan tocontinue our activities and strengthen our joint research program on the following two priority items. First, we will
enhance the opportunity for the training of young researchers, especially the training of young researchers who can play
an active role internationally. Therefore, from 2022, we have newly established four programs: “International Field
Observation and Experiment for Young Scientists,” “International Technical Exchange,” “International School Support,”and “International Research Travel Support for Young Scientists.” The International Field Observation and Experiment
program supports Japanese graduate students and young researchers who conduct the observation or experiments in othercountries in cooperation with the faculty members of this institute. The International Technical Exchange aims to provide
practical experience through international collaboration for researchers and engineers in Japan and overseas. The
International School Support aids the holding of international schools to increase opportunities for students and young
researchers to share international joint research. In addition, the International Research Travel Support provides
opportunities for graduate students in Japan to present the research results obtained in the ISEE joint research program atinternational meetings. We will also support the cost of international joint research for young scientists at institutes
outside Japan.
The second priority item is the strengthening of interdisciplinary research. The mission of ISEE is to understand the Earth,Sun, and universe as one system and to elucidate the mechanisms and interactions of various phenomena that occur there.
Therefore, we have promoted activities to cultivate new research by fusing various fields related to the space-Earthenvironment. During the 3rd medium-term goal period, four projects (the solar influence on climate, the prediction of
space-Earth environmental variability, the atmosphere and plasma coupling, and the cloud and aerosol process) werecarried out with the support of external research funds. These produced excellent research results. In the 4th medium-termgoal period, we established the Interdisciplinary Research Strategy Office to promote the development of integrated

2

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Researchresearch in various fields. Faculty members of ISEE and researchers and staff from different departments of Nagoya
University and other institutes participate in this new office. In addition, we develop strategies for further interdisciplinary
studies effectively utilizing the ISEE joint research programs.
In 2021, we started several new interdisciplinary research projects based on a proposal from young faculty members of
ISEE. For example, there is “Data Rescue of Analog Observation Records of the Past Solar and Terrestrial Environment”
by Dr. Hisashi Hayakawa. This research attempts to reproduce long-term variations and extreme events in the past
space-Earth environment using historical literature and analog records. He had already obtained important results toclarify the characteristics of the Dalton Minimum, in which solar activity was extremely low in the early 19th century,
based on the observation records of sunspots preserved in Wilten Monastery in Austria.
Furthermore, we produced many novel results in 2021. For instance, we demonstrated a close relationship between solar
wind acceleration and density turbulence from long-term interplanetary scintillation (IPS) observations since 1985. In
addition, we discovered that plasma bubbles in the ionosphere, which may cause radio communication failure, appear
even during the daytime in Japan.
In addition, with support from the headquarters of Nagoya University, we are developing a dropsonde device forobserving typhoons by aircraft and a data archiving system for space-Earth environmental research. The former will be
used for aircraft joint usage observation, which is a new ISEE joint usage program that started in 2022, while the latter
will contribute to Nagoya University’s digital university initiative.
In 2021, due to the influence of COVID-19, many international joint programs were postponed or canceled. However, theISEE actively continued international research using the internet. For example, the 4th ISEE International Symposium,“International Conference on Heavy Rainfall and Tropical Cyclone in East Asia,” was held online in March 2022 led by
Prof. Kazuhisa Tsuboki of the Department of Meteorological and Atmospheric Research. Many researchers participatedin Japan and other countries and active discussions were conducted.
The activity of the 25th solar cycle is increasing and is expected to reach its maximum in the middle of the 2020s. In
modern society, the potential risks of space weather disasters are increasing. In addition, as global warming continues,
environmental changes and severe disasters are increasingly occurring worldwide. Therefore, the role of ISEE, which
contributes to the solution of global environmental problems and the development of human society spreading in space, iseven more significant. We want to cooperate with collaborators in Japan and the world to develop further activities thatwill open the future through research. I hope that this annual report provides you with an understanding of ISEE’s
activities and we appreciate your continued support and cooperation.
.

Kanya Kusano
Director

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research3Research Highlight 2021

Fig.1

Archival Investigations for the Dalton Minimum
Hisashi Hayakawa (ISEE) and colleagues analyzed solar activity in the Dalton Minimum based on Stephan Prantner's
sunspot records in the Wilten Stiftsarchiv. Their analyses confirmed several sunspot groups in both solar hemispheres andcontrasted the Dalton Minimum with the Maunder Minimum.

Solar cycle amplitudes have been declining for several decades.
If the upcoming solar cycles further reduce their amplitudes,
they may go beyond the range known to the modern scientificcommunity. The amplitude of the solar cycle was significantly
moderate in the early 19th century. While this period has been
specifically called the Dalton Minimum, little is known about
the actual sunspot group numbers and sunspot positions during
this period. Hisashi Hayakawa and his colleagues worked on the
Dalton Minimum and analyzed Prantner’s sunspot records in the
Wilten Stiftsarchiv. Their analyses confirmed several sunspot
groups in both solar hemispheres and contrasted the Dalton
Minimum with the Maunder Minimum. This result is consistent
with the contrasts in the visual structure of the solar coronalstreamers and is expected to benefit further scientific discussions
on the physical mechanism of the ‘prolonged solar minima’.

Fig.2

Fig.1： The Sunspot drawing by Plantner on April 19, 1816, atmonastery Wilten, Austria (MS A07 03 07, ©Archive
Premonstratensian Canons monastery Wilten).
Fig.2： Latitudinal distributions of the sunspot groups aroundthe Dalton Minimum, as reported in Prantner’s manuscripts.

Paper Information
Journal： The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 919, 1(8pp),, 2021
Authors： Hayakawa, H., S. Uneme, P. B. Besser, T. Iju, and S. Imada
Title： Stephan Prantner’s sunspot observations during the Dalton Minimum
DOI： 10.3847/1538-4357/abee1b

4 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research..

Research Highlight 2021

Fig.1

Relation between Solar Wind Acceleration andDensity Turbulence Revealed from Long-Term
Radio Observations
Munetoshi Tokumaru (ISEE) and colleagues determined the dependence between solar wind density fluctuations andspeeds from the analysis of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) observations and found that the dependence varied with thelong-term decline in solar activity. These results suggest that density fluctuations play an important role in solar wind
acceleration.

The acceleration mechanism of solar wind, which significantly affects Earth,remains an open question. The solar wind is in a turbulent state and its density
fluctuates over various scales; however, the physical properties of solar wind
turbulence are not yet fully understood. According to a recent theoretical study, theefficiency of solar wind acceleration is significantly enhanced through thereflection of MHD waves by density fluctuations. Solar wind density fluctuations
cause interplanetary scintillation (IPS) of radio sources. The IPS serves as a useful
tool for remote sensing of the solar wind and IPS observations were conductedusing the multi-station system at ISEE. The IPS observations collected over threesolar cycles (cycles 22–24) were analyzed to investigate the relationship between
solar wind density fluctuations and speed. As a result, the relationship between
them was found to vary with the reduction of the solar activity in Cycle 24,
providing a clue to elucidate the detailed process of solar wind acceleration.

Paper information
Journal： The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 922, 73(18pp), 2021
Authors： Tokumaru, M., K. Fujiki, M. Kojima, and K. Iwai
Title： Global distribution of the solar wind speed reconstructed from improved
tomographic analysis of interplanetary scintillation observations between 1985
and 2019
DOI：: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac1862

Fig. 2

Fig.1： Synoptic map of the solar wind speed
derived from IPS observations between 1998
and 2019. This map was derived from atomographic analysis of IPS observations.
Fig.2： Multi-station observations of IPS, whichis caused by solar wind density fluctuations,enables determination of solar wind.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research5Research Highlight 2021

Fig.1

GPS Observation of Daytime Plasma Bubbles
Using a nationwide network of GPS receivers installed in Japan, Yuichi
Otsuka (ISEE) and colleagues revealed that plasma bubbles, which canaffect radio wave propagation, appeared over Japan after sunrise andremained until the afternoon. This study clarified the reason why
plasma bubbles, which usually exist only during the nighttime, survived
during the daytime.

Radio waves used for GPS and satellite broadcasting and communication
pass through the ionosphere, which is partially ionized by solar radiation.
“Plasma bubbles,” localized decreases in ionospheric plasma density, occur inthe equatorial ionosphere and are among the most severe disturbances in theionosphere. Therefore, it is important to know when and where plasma bubbles
appear. In this study, the horizontal two-dimensional structure of plasma bubbles
was disclosed for the first time during the day using GPS data. Furthermore, we
showed that the appearance of plasma bubbles at mid-latitudes after an increasein ionospheric plasma density at sunrise is a necessary condition for plasma
bubbles to survive during the daytime. This research could contribute to mitigating
the degradation of GPS positioning and satellite broadcasting/communications,which use radio waves passing through the ionosphere.

Fig.2
Fig.1 ： Map of total electron content (TEC).
Decrease in ionospheric electron density due
to plasma bubbles is seen.
Fig.2： Schematics showing a plasma bubble
and its effect on radio waves propagating
through the ionosphere.

Paper Information
Journal： Earth and Planetary Physics, Vol. 5 (5), 427-434, 2021
Authors： Otsuka, Y., A. Shinbori, T. Sori, T. Tsugawa, M. Nishioka, and J. D. Huba
Title： Plasma depletions lasting into daytime during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm in May 2017: Analysis andsimulation of GPS total electron content observations
DOI： 10.26464/epp2021046

6 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research.

Research Highlight 2021

Fig.1

A New Dropsonde Observation System
One of the objectives of the Center for Orbital and Suborbital Observations is aircraft observation of typhoons. As one of its
main instruments, a dropsonde observation system was installed on the Gulfstream IV jet aircraft. This is an instantaneous
image of a dropsonde launched from the jet ejection port, taken from another jet, M300, at an altitude of 20,000 ft over the
Sea of Japan. (Courtesy of Diamond Air Service Inc.).

With the Discretionary Fund of the President’s Office of Nagoya University in FY2021,
a dropsonde observation system was installed on a Gulfstream IV (G-IV) jet aircraft toobserve typhoons that can cause severe disasters. A launching experiment was
conducted to confirm that the dropsondes were successfully launched from a G-IV jet
flying at a speed of approximately 200 m/s. A high-speed camera on the other jet
tracked the G-IV captured images ejecting a dropsonde over the Sea of Japan and it was
confirmed that the dropsonde was successfully ejected from the ejection port. This
enabled dropsonde observations of a typhoon, and the aircraft observation of Typhoon
Mindulle in 2021 was successfully carried out at a high altitude using this observation
system. This instrument will be used not only for typhoon observations but also forvarious aircraft observation projects, and will also be available for ISEE Joint Research.
Paper information
Journal： J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, Vol. 99, 1297-1327, 2021
Authors： Yamada, H., K. Ito, K. Tsuboki, T. Shinoda, T. Ohigashi, M. Yamaguchi, T. Nakazawa,
N. Nagahama, and K. Shimizu
Title： The double warm-core structure of Typhoon Lan (2017) as observed through thefirst Japanese eyewall-penetrating aircraft reconnaissance
DOI：: 10.2151/jmsj.2021-063
Fig.1： Dropsonde ejected from a Gulfstream IV jet captured by a high-speed camera.
Fig.2： Dropsonde observation equipment installed in the wing root of a Gulfstream IV jet aircraft. The
in-flight ejection device and the dropsonde data receiver rack. (top panel) and the ejection port outside(bottom panel)Fig. 2

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research7Research Highlight 2021

Fig.1

Demonstration Experiment on the Management of
Academic Data
The team at ISEE, led by Prof. Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Assoc. Prof. Takayuki Umeda, Assoc. Prof. Yuichi Otsuka, Assoc. Prof.
Masahito Nose, Assoc. Prof. Satoshi Masuda, and Prof. Kazuo Shiokawa, collaborated with Nagoya University Library,
Information Technology Center, and Information Strategy Office to conduct a demonstration experiment on the infrastructure
for academic data at Nagoya University. The findings from the experiment are expected to make a significant contribution
to the development of a digital university in the Tokai National Higher Education and Research System in the future.

Currently, issues related to the storage, management, and publication of academic data are rapidly increasing in universities and otherresearch institutions nationwide. Nagoya University is also required to establish a systematic maintenance system for academic data as partof its research infrastructure. ISEE has observation and measurement data and simulations of various forms and sizes related to space andearth science and has been promoting data archiving and publication at science centers in collaboration with other institutions, as well as its
own DOI maintenance. In FY2021, a collaborative group including ISEE, the University Library, Information Technology Center, and theInformation Strategy Office of Nagoya University, was selected for the Nagoya University President's Discretionary Fund for a project
entitled “Demonstration Experiment of Large-scale Data Archiving, Publishing, and Metadata Assignment System for Digital University.”
In particular, we conducted demonstration experiments on effective methods for archiving
large amounts of data in cold storage (optical disks) and metadata allocation for academic
data and discussed issues related to academic data maintenance in Japan throughcollaboration with the National Institute of Informatics. Through this project, we gained
concrete knowledge of academic data archiving and metadata development and identified
issues for the accumulation of large volumes of data and the development of generalpurpose metadata across different academic fields, which are important for the future
Fig.2
transformation of Nagoya University into a digital university. This kind of collaboration isscheduled to continue and is expected to contribute to the academic data development of theFig.1： Concept of demonstration experimenton the management of academic data.
Tokai National Higher Education and Research System and the creation of a digital
Fig.2：Optical disk system as a cold storage.
university in general through the development of space and Earth science data.
8 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental ResearchContents
Foreword ............................................................................................................2
Research Highlight............................................................................................4
1. History ..............................................................................................................10
2. Organization .................................................................................................... 11
3. Staff ..................................................................................................................12
4. Committee of Other Organizations ................................................................16
5. Joint Research Programs ...............................................................................18
List of Accepted Proposals/ Lists of Collaboration Resources

6. Governance .....................................................................................................22
Advisory Board/ Collaborative Research Committee/ Joint Research Technical Committee/ Steering
Committee of the Center for International Collaborative Research/ Steering Committee of the Center for
Integrated Data Science/ Steering Committee of the Center for Orbital and Suborbital Research

7. Finance.............................................................................................................27
External Funding and Industry–Academia–Government Collaborations/ Libraries/ Properties

8. Research Topics ..............................................................................................29
8-1 Research Divisions ................................................................................................................................... 30
Division for Integrated Studies/ Division for Cosmic-Ray Research/ Division for Heliospheric Research/
Division for Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research/ Division for Meteorological and AtmosphericResearch/ Division for Land–Ocean Ecosystem Research/ Division for Chronological Research

8-2 Research Centers...................................................................................................................................... 58
Center for International Collaborative Research (CICR)/ Center for Integrated Data Science (CIDAS)/ Center
for Orbital and Suborbital Observations (COSO)

8-3 Interdisciplinary Researches ................................................................................................................... 64
Project for Solar–Terrestrial Climate Research/ Project for Space–Earth Environmental Prediction/ Project for
the Interaction of Neutral and Plasma Atmospheres/ Project for Aerosol and Cloud Formation

8-4 FY2021 Interdisciplinary Research Projects ........................................................................................... 68
Energetic Particle Chain -Effects on the Middle/Lower Atmosphere from Energetic Particle Precipitations-/
Direct Search for Dark Matter with Paleo-Detectors/ Data Rescues of the Analog Observational Records for
the Past Solar-Terrestrial Environment/ Changes in Surface Temperature at Dome Fuji in East Antarctica from
the Mid-Twentieth Century and the Impact of Solar Activity

9.

Publications and Presentations .....................................................................72
Papers (in refereed Journals, April 2021–March 2022)/ Books (April 2021–March 2022)/ Publication ofProceedings (April 2021–March 2022)/ Conference Presentations (April 2021–March 2022)/ Awards

10. Education ......................................................................................................... 98
Number of Students supervised by ISEE Staff/ Faculty Members/ Undergraduate Education

11. International Relations.................................................................................. 101
Academic Exchange/ Research Projects/ Visitors from Foreign Institutes/ Overseas Business Trips of Faculty/
Online Seminars by Foreign Scientists

12. Outreach ........................................................................................................ 112
Public Lectures, Open Labs, and School Visits1. History

1. History
Solar-Terrestrial Environment
Laboratory

Hydrospheric AtmosphericResearch Center (HyARC)

May, 1949

April, 1957

Research Institute of Atmospherics,
Nagoya University was established.

April, 1958

Cosmic-ray Research Laboratory,
Faculty of Science, Nagoya University
was established.

The Nagoya University Centerfor Chronological Research

The Water Research Laboratory,
Faculty of Science, Nagoya
University was established.

September, 1973

The Water Research Institute (WRI),
Nagoya University was organized.

February, 1981

The Tandetron Accelerator Laboratory
was established in the Radioisotope
Research Center of Nagoya University.

March, 1982

Installation of the Tandetron
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry(AMS) machine No.1 was completed.

January, 1987

June, 1990

The Solar-Terrestrial Environment
Laboratory (STEL) was established.

April, 1995

The Center for Joint Observations andData Processing was organized.

Inter-University Service of 14C
measurements was started with theTandetron AMS machine No.1.

April, 1993

The Institute for HydrosphericAtmospheric Sciences (IHAS),
Nagoya University was organized.

June, 1990

The Nagoya University Dating andMaterial Research Center was
established.

March, 1997

The Tandetron AMS machine No. 2
was newly introduced.

April, 2001
April, 2003

The Rikubetsu Observatory wasorganized.

The Hydrospheric AtmosphericResearch Center (HyARC), Nagoya
University was established.

April, 2004

April, 2000

The Nagoya University Center for
Chronological Research wasorganized.The CHIME dating system
was transferred from the School of
Science.

The Geospace Research Center was
established.

March, 2006

Laboratory was relocated to the
Higashiyama Campus.

April, 2010

Approved as one of the Joint
Usage/Research Centers.

April, 2010

Approved as one of the Joint
Usage/Research Centers.

October, 2015

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), merging the laboratory
and two centers, was established.
January, 2016ISEE was approved as one of the Joint Usage/Research Centers.

10

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research2. Organization

2. Organization

Research Divisions

Integrated Studies
Advisory
Board

Cosmic-Ray
Research
HeliosphericResearch

Director

Faculty Council
Ionospheric andMagnetospheric Research

Vice
Directors

Meteorological andAtmospheric Research
Collaborative
Research Committee

Land–Ocean
Ecosystem Research
ChronologicalResearchCenter for International
Collaborative Research
Moshiri Observatory
Rikubetsu
Observatory
Fuji Observatory
Kagoshima
Observatory

Center for Integrated Data Science

Center for Orbital and Suborbital
Observations

Technical Support Divisions(Technical Center of Nagoya University)

Libraries
Library, SolarTerrestrial Sciences(ISEE Libary #1)
Library, HydrosphericAtmospheric Sciences(ISEE Library #2)

Administrative Department

Committees

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research113. Staff

3. Staff
Director

Kanya Kusano

Vice Director

Kazuo Shiokawa

Vice Director

Nobuhiro Takahashi

April 1, 2021–March 31, 2022✱: Concurrent post▲: Left the Institute in the 2021 academic year○: Joined the Institute in the 2021 academic year*: Belongs to Institute for Advanced Research Section

Division for Integrated Studies

Division for Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research

Professor

Kanya Kusano

Professor

Masafumi Hirahara

Professor

Yoshizumi Miyoshi (✱)

Professor

Kazuo Shiokawa (✱)

Associate Professor

Satoshi Masuda

Associate Professor

Yuichi Otsuka

Associate Professor

Takayuki Umeda (✱)

Associate Professor

Satonori Nozawa

Lecturer

Shinsuke Imada ▲Associate Professor

Masahito Nosé

Assistant Professor

Akimasa Ieda

Associate Professor

Nozomu Nishitani (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Yumi Bamba *Associate Professor

Claudia Martinez-Calderon (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Takafumi Kaneko ▲Lecturer

Shin-ichiro Oyama

Designated Assistant Professor

Hisashi Hayakawa *Designated Assistant Professor

Atsuki Shinbori

Research Institution Researcher

Sandeep Kumar

Designated Assistant Professor

Sneha Yadav ▲Division for Cosmic-Ray Research

Division for Meteorological and Atmospheric Research

Professor

Yoshitaka Itow

Professor

Akira Mizuno

Professor

Hiroyasu Tajima (✱)

Professor

Michihiro Mochida

Associate Professor

Yutaka Matsubara

Professor

Nobuhiro Takahashi (✱)

Associate Professor

Fusa Miyake

Professor

Kazuhisa Tsuboki (✱)

Associate Professor
Shingo Kazama **** Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles
and the Universe

Associate Professor

Tomoo Nagahama

Associate Professor

Hirohiko Masunaga

Lecturer

Akira Okumura

Associate Professor

Taro Shinoda (✱)

Assistant Professor

Hiroaki Menjo

Assistant Professor

Sho Ohata *Designated Assistant Professor

Kazufumi Sato ▲Assistant Professor

Taku Nakajima

Designated Assistant Professor

Mitsunari Takahashi ○Designated Assistant Professor

Shinnosuke Ishizuka *○Researcher

Kayo Kanzawa

Researcher

Ruichen Zhou ○Researcher

Fumie Furuzawa

Researcher

Gemma Mizoguchi ○JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships Masatoshi Kobayashi ○for Research in Japan (Standard)
Designated Technical Staff

Shozo Ohta ○Designated Technical Staff

Kinji Morikawa

Technical AssistantKazuhiro Huruta

Division for Heliospheric Research
Professor

Munetoshi Tokumaru

Associate Professor

Kazumasa Iwai

Assistant Professor

Ken-ichi Fujiki

12 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships Yunhua Chang
for Research in Japan (Standard)
Technical Assistant(Research Support Facilitator)

Kazuji Suzuki

3. Staff

Division for Land–Ocean Ecosystem ResearchCenter for International Collaborative Research

Professor

Tetsuya Hiyama

Director • Professor

Kazuo Shiokawa

Professor

Joji Ishizaka (✱)

Professor

Joji Ishizaka

Associate Professor

Hidenori Aiki

Professor

Munetoshi Tokumaru (✱)

Associate Professor

Naoyuki Kurita

Professor

Tetsuya Hiyama (✱)

Lecturer

Hatsuki Fujinami

Professor

Akira Mizuno (✱)

Assistant Professor

Yoshihisa Mino

Professor

Masayo Minami (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Masayuki Kondo ○Professor

Michihiro Mochida (✱)

Researcher

Hironari Kanamori

K. D. Leka

Researcher

Yuto Tashiro ○Designated Professor(Cross Appointment)

Syohei Morino ○▲Designated Professor(Cross Appointment)

Lynn Marie Kistler

Researcher

HanumanThu Himabindu ○Associate Professor

Nozomu Nishitani

Research Institution Researcher

Kaho Suganuma ○▲Associate Professor

Claudia Martinez-Calderon

Technical AssistantMizuki Takeuchi ○▲Associate Professor

Naoyuki Kurita (✱)

Technical Assistant

Associate Professor

Satonori Nozawa (✱)

Lecturer

Shinsuke Imada (✱)▲

Divison for Chronological Research
Professor

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Lecturer

Hatsuki Fujinami (✱)

Professor

Masayo Minami

Assistant Professor

Hiroaki Menjo (✱)

Associate Professor

Takenori Kato (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Masafumi Shoji

Assistant Professor

Hirotaka Oda

Designated Assistant Professor

Sung-Hong Park ▲Researcher

Masako Yamane

JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships Hyangpyo Kim ○▲for Research in Japan (Standard)

Research Institution Researcher

Ryusei Kuma ○Designated Technical Staff

Masami Nishida

Designated Technical Staff

Yuriko Hibi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research13

3. Staff

Center for Integrated Data Science

Center for Orbital and Suborbital Observations

Director • Professor

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Director • Professor

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Professor

Kazuhisa Tsuboki

Professor

Hiroyasu Tajima

Professor

Joji Ishizaka (✱)

Professor

Joji Ishizaka (✱)

Professor

Yoshitaka Itow (✱)

Professor

Kazuhisa Tsuboki (✱)

Professor

Kanya Kusano (✱)

Professor

Masafumi Hirahara (✱)

Associate Professor

Takayuki Umeda

Designated Professor

Masataka Murakami

Associate Professor

Takenori Kato

Associate Professor

Taro Shinoda

Associate Professor

Hidenori Aiki (✱)

Associate Professor

Hidenori Aiki (✱)

Associate Professor

Masahito Nosé (✱)

Associate Professor

Satoshi Masuda (✱)

Designated Associate Professor Kazutaka Yamaoka ******2021.11.1～2022.3.31 Institute of Materials andSystems for Sustainability

Associate Professor

Hirohiko Masunaga (✱)

Assistant Professor

Sho Ohata (✱)*

Designated Associate Professor

Tomoaki Hori

Designated Assistant Professor

Youko Yoshizumi ▲Lecturer

Shinsuke Imada (✱)▲

Designated Assistant Professor

Takeharu Kouketsu

Assistant Professor

Akimasa Ieda (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Haruhisa Iijima

Designated Assistant Professor

Sachie Kanada

Designated Assistant Professor

Masahiro Kitahara ▲Designated Assistant Professor

Satoko Nakamura

Designated Assistant Professor

Chae-Woo Jun

Designated Assistant Professor

YunHee Kang

Designated Assistant Professor

Atsuki Shinbori (✱)

Researcher

Masaya Kato

Researcher

Yoshiki Fukutomi

Designated Technical Staff

Visiting Academic Staff/Visiting Faculty Members
Visiting Professor

Shinsuke Imada ○Visiting Professor

Yoshiya Kasahara

Visiting Professor

Tomo'omi Kumagai

Visiting Professor

Yoshikatsu Kuroda

Visiting Professor

Yoko Kokubu

Visiting Professor

Hiroyuki Shinagawa

Visiting Professor

Nobuo Sugimoto

Visiting Professor

Kanako Seki

Visiting Professor

Hidetaka Tanaka ○Mariko Kayaba

Visiting Professor

Hotaek Park

Designated Technical Staff

Asayo Maeda

Visiting Associate Professor

Fumio Abe

Technical Assistant(Research Support Facilitator)

Nanako Hirata

Visiting Associate Professor

Christian Leipe

Visiting Associate Professor

Yasunobu Ogawa

Visiting Associate Professor

Shinji Saito

Visiting Associate Professor

Daikou Shiota

Visiting Associate Professor

Iku Shinohara

Visiting Associate Professor

Toru Tamura

Visiting Associate Professor

Hiroshi Hayashi ○Visiting Associate Professor

Hiroki Mizuochi

Visiting Associate Professor

Kikuko Miyata ○Visiting Associate Professor

Shoichiro Yokota ○Visiting Associate Professor

Shigeyuki Wakagi ○Technical Assistant

Tomoyo Ogawa ○▲Shun Ohishi(Emeritus Professor)

14

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Yutaka Mtsumi ○3. Staff

Technical Center of Nagoya University
Senior Technician

Akiko Ikeda

Senior Technician

Yasusuke Kojima

Senior Technician

Haruya Minda

Technician

Wataru Okamoto

Technician

Administration Department
Director,
Administration Department

Satoshi Furuhashi ○General Affairs Division
Manager,
General Affairs Division

Mitsuyuki Hirokawa ▲Specialist,
General Affairs Section

Hideaki Yano

Tetsuya Kawabata

Technician

Tomonori Segawa

Section Head,General Affairs Section

Takamasa Sato ○Technician

Yoshiyuki Hamaguchi

Section Head,General Affairs Section

Tomoko Mizutani ▲Technician

Ryuji Fujimori

Yohei Sato ○Technician

Yasushi Maruyama

Technician

Takayuki Yamasaki

Technician

Yuka Yamamoto

Section Head,
Personnel Affairs Section
Section Head,
Budget Planning Section
Leader,
Personnel Affairs Section

Assistant Technician

Takumi Adachi

Administrator

Junpei Okada

Administrator

Asana Goto

Assistant Technician

Moeto Kyushima

Administrator

Megumi Goto

Administrator

Hisako Watabe ▲Designated Supervisor

Tadashi Tsuboi

Foreign Visiting Cooperation Researcher

Mirei Miyao
Yoshikazu Akamatsu ○Toyokawa Branch

2021.6.26－2022.6.25

Xiaolong Li

Designated Technical Staff

Kayoko Asano

2021.9.11－2021.12.10

Aleksandr Rubtsov

Technical Assistant(Research Support Facilitator)

Yasuo Kato

2021.10.1－2021.12.21

Adhitya Pavithran2021.11.13－2021.12.23

Daniel Izuikedinachi Okoh

2021.11.15－2022.2.23

Dejene Ambisa Terefe

2022.1.23－2022.2.11

HajiHossein Azizi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research15

4. Committee of Other Organizations

4. Committee of Other Organizations
Committee of Other Organizations
Contact Post

Job Title

Organizations

Name of Committee / Title

Joji Ishizaka

Professor

North Pacific Marine Science Organization Co-Chair of Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES(PICES)
Program in East Asian Marginal Seas

Joji Ishizaka

Professor

North Pacific Marine Science Organization Member of Working Group 35: Third North Pacific(PICES)
Ecosystem Report

Joji Ishizaka

Professor

Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP)

Yoshitaka Itow

Professor

Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK J-Parc Program Advisory Committee member

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Professor

International Continental Scientific Drilling
Program (ICDP), Dead Sea Deep Sea Drilling Principal Investigator
Project (DSDDP)

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Professor

Geosciences

Kazuo Shiokawa

Professor

Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial
President
Physics (SCOSTEP)

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Professor

National
Aeronautics
Administration (NASA)andSpace Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Joint Precipitation
Science Team (JPST) member

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Professor

National
Aeronautics
Administration (NASA)andSpace Aerosol and Cloud, Convection and Precipitation (ACCP)
Science and Application Transition Team (SATT) member

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Professor

National
Aeronautics
Administration (NASA)andSpace Aerosol and Cloud, Convection and Precipitation (ACCP)
Algorithm Working Group (AWG) member

Hiroyasu Tajima

Professor

Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK B-factory Programme Advisory Committee member

Hiroyasu Tajima

Professor

Progress of Theoretical and Experimental
EditorPhysics

Hiroyasu Tajima

Professor

The Scientific World Journal

Tetsuya Hiyama

Professor

International(IASC)

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

EISCAT Scientific Association

Strategy Group on the Future of EISCAT member

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)

Chair of Panel on Radiation Belt Environment Modeling

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)

Task Group on Establishing a Constellation of Small
Satellites (TGCSS) Sub-Group for Radiation Belt member

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial
Bureau member
Physics (SCOSTEP)

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

National Science Foundation/ Geospace
Steering Committee member
Environment Modeling (NSF/GEM)

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

EU-Horizon 2020: SafeSpace

Advisory Panel

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Annales Geophysicae

Editor16

Focal Point of Center for Special Monitoring and Coastal
Environmental Assessment Regional Active Center(CEARAC)

EditorArcticScience

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Editorial Board member
Committee

Terrestrial Working Group (TWG) member

4. Committee of Other Organizations

Contact Post

Job Title

Organizations

Name of Committee / Title

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Earth and Planetary Physics

EditorYoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Polar Research

Guest editor

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Scientific Reports

Editorial Board member

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences

Associate Editor

Michihiro Mochida

Professor

International Commission on AtmosphericCommission member
Chemistry and Global Pollution (iCACGP)

Michihiro Mochida

Professor

Atmospheric Environment

Editorial Advisory Board member

Hidenori Aiki

Associate
Professor

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Associate Editor

Hidenori Aiki

Associate
Professor

Journal ofTechnology

Yuichi Otsuka

Associate
Professor

Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences

EditorYuichi Otsuka

Associate
Professor

Earth and Planetary Physics

Guest editor for the special issue of “Recent Advances inEquatorial Plasma Bubble and Ionospheric Scintillation”

Nozomu Nishitani

Associate
Professor

Super Dual Auroral(SuperDARN)

Nozomu Nishitani

Associate
Professor

Polar Science

Guest editor for the special issue of “SuperDARN / Studiesof Geospace Dynamics – Today and Future”

Nozomu Nishitani

Associate
Professor

Earth, Planets and Space (EPS)

Guest editor for the special issue of 20th Anniversary Issue:
Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences in the Next DecadeSatonori Nozawa

Associate
Professor

EISCAT Scientific Association

Council member

Masahito Nosé

Associate
Professor

International Association of Geomagnetism
Division V Chair
and Aeronomy (IAGA)

Masahito Nosé

Associate
Professor

International
Geophysics

Masahito Nosé

Associate
Professor

Earth, Planets and Space (EPS)

Vice editors-in-chief

Masahito Nosé

Associate
Professor

Polar Data Journal

Editorial Board member

Hirohiko Masunaga

Associate
Professor

National
Aeronautics
Administration (NASA)

Hirohiko Masunaga

Associate
Professor

World Climate Research Programme(WCRP) Global Energy and Water cycle GEWEX Data and Analysis Panel (GDAP) member
Exchanges (GEWEX)

Hirohiko Masunaga

Associate
Professor

National
Aeronautics
andAdministration (NASA) and JAXA

Hatsuki Fujinami

Lecturer

Climate and Ocean: Variability, Predictability
Monsoons Panel Asian-Australian Monsoon Working
and Change (CLIVAR)/ Global Energy andGroup member
Water cycle Exchanges (GEWEX)

Atmospheric

Union

and

Radar

of

Oceanic

Network

Geodesy

and

and

Space

Associate Editor

Vice chair of Executive Council

Resolution Committee member

ACCP Science Community Cohort

Space Joint Precipitation Measurement Mission Science Team
memberInstitute for Space–Earth Environmental Research175. Joint Research Programs

5. Joint Research Programs
One of the major functions of the ISEE is to promote and conduct collaborative research on space–Earth environmental
science together with researchers from universities and institutes outside the ISEE. On January 14, 2016, the ISEE wascertified by MEXT of Japan as a joint usage/research center for the third medium-term goal/planning period (FY2016 toFY2021) of national universities. During this period, we promoted two projects: “Study of the coupling processes in the solar–
terrestrial system using ground-based observation networks” and “Establishment of an international collaborative research
hub to solve research issues in the global (terrestrial) environment and space applications based on comprehensive studies ofthe space–Sun–Earth system.” The former focuses on coupling processes in the solar–terrestrial system and the interactions ofneutral and plasma components in the Earth’s atmosphere by establishing an international ground-based observation network
ranging from low- to high-latitude regions, especially in Asia and Africa. While the latter aims to establish an international
collaborative research hub for comprehensive studies of the space–Sun–Earth system, space applications, space weather
forecasting, and environmental problems, such as global warming.
The following 12 categories of open-call joint research programs were prepared for application in FY2021. These
collaborative research programs are executed using the instruments, software/databases, and facilities of the ISEE. Joint
research programs. 01) to 03) are managed by the CICR; 07) and 08) are managed by the CIDAS; and 09) and 10) aremanaged by the Division for Chronological Research. In FY2021, we adopted 200 research projects based on proposals fromresearchers worldwide.
00) ISEE Symposium01) Joint Research Program (International)
02) ISEE International Joint Research Program (*)03) ISEE International Workshop
04) Joint Research Program (General)05) Joint Research Program (Student Encouragement)
06) Joint Research Program (Symposium)07) Joint Research Program (Computing Infrastructure)08) Joint Research Program (Database Management)09) Joint Research Program (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Analysis)10) Carbon 14 Analysis Service11) SCOSTEP Visiting Scholar (SVS) Program (*)(*) Applicable only to foreign researchers

Due to the influence of COVID-19, as in FY2020, most of the international joint research programs and workshops
were canceled or implemented by changing the scope, and most symposiums and research meetings were conducted
online. The fourth ISEE symposium, which had to be postponed in FY2020, was held online March 1–3, 2022, entitled“International Conference on Heavy Rainfall and Tropical Cyclone in East Asia,” led by Professor Kazuhisa Tsuboki.
A community meeting was held online with researchers from inside and outside the institute on August 5, 2021. At
the end of the third medium-term period, we surveyed to gather inputs from the community and received a variety ofopinions and suggestions regarding our existing joint research programs and interdisciplinary research. We shared thisinformation and discussed future joint research programs.
The year-end evaluation by MEXT stated that the ISEE is a unique research facility that integrates space and earthsciences and that the scale of joint usage/research programs is large, especially in international collaboration with related
research institutions. As a result, the ISEE received an “S” rating, designating it as a “highly significant” institution. In the
fourth medium-term goal/planning period (FY2022 to FY2027), we will add five categories of joint research programs
and focus on fostering young researchers, promoting international joint usage/research, integrating different fields
through interdisciplinary joint research, and developing new science related to the space–Sun–Earth system.

18

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research5. Joint Research Programs

List of Accepted Proposals
 ISEE International Joint Research Program
Proposer

Corresponding
ISEE researcher

Affiliation*

Job title*

Title of the research program

Akala, Andrew
Oke-‘Ovie

University of Lagos

Associate
Professor

Otsuka, Y.

Teh, Wai Leong

National University of
Malaysia

lecturer

Umeda, T.

Berger, Thomas

University of Colorado at
Boulder

Research Staff

Imada, S.

Investigation of Solar Polar Magnetic Fields using
Hinode/SP and SDO/HMI Data

Santolík, Ondřej

Institute of AtmosphericPhysics, Czech Academyof Sciences

Professor

Miyoshi, Y.

Investigation of electromagnetic waves in space

Buranapratheprat,
AnukulBurapha University

Assistant Professor

Ishizaka, J.

An investigation of Mekong River plume in the South
China Sea influenced by dam construction and climatechange: a numerical modeling approach

Poluianov, Stepan

University of Oulu

Senior Researcher

Kurita, N.

Solar and terrestrial effects in the 50-year long tritium
record from Antarctica

Mohanty, Pravata
Kumar

Tata Institute ofFundamental Research

ReaderMatsubara, Y.

Study of galactic cosmic rays in the near-Earth spaceby high resolution multi-directional muon telescopes

Spiegl, Tobias
ChristianFreie Universität Berlin

Postdoctoral
Researcher

Miyake, F.

Using cosmogenic isotopes to trace back large-scaleatmospheric dynamics of the neutron monitor era

Okoh, Daniel
Izuikedinachi

National Space Researchand Development Agency

Researcher andCoordinator

Shiokawa, K.

Investigating Variations and Similarities between
Consecutive Equatorial Plasma Bubble Occurrences
and Propagation Speeds across Longitudinal Sectionsof the Globe

Welsch, Brian

University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

Associate
Professor

Kusano, K.

Exploring Magnetic Energies to Understand andPredict CME Onset

Maurya, Ajeet Kumar

Doon University

Assistant Professor

Otsuka, Y.

Lugaz, Noé

University of New
Hampshire

Research
Associate
Professor

Kusano, K.

Al-Haddad, Nada

University of New
Hampshire

Research AssistantProfessor

Kusano, K.

Magnetic Structures and Associated Flows of Coronal
Mass Ejections

Fedun, Viktor

The University of Sheffield

Senior Lecturer

Kusano, K.

Comprehensive analysis of solar atmospheric
dynamics driven by interacting vortex tubes

Zhang, Jie

George Mason University

Full Professor

Kusano, K.

Study the Origin
Homologous Events

Investigation of the responses of global
equatorial/low-latitude ionosphere to CIR-driven and
CME-driven intense geomagnetic storms during solar
cycle 24
Understanding the Role of Magnetic Island in Plasma
Acceleration and Energy Dissipation during Magnetic
Reconnection

Characterization of the gravity waves of themeteorological origin and their role in verticalatmosphere-ionosphere coupling
Sheaths of Coronal Mass Ejections and Their Effects
on Earth’s Dayside Magnetosphere and Radiation
Belts

of

Solar

Eruptions

Using* Proposer’s affiliation and job title are as of the proposal submission date.

 ISEE/CICR International Workshop
Not adopted FY2021.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research195. Joint Research Programs

Lists of Collaboration Resources
 Instruments
NameContact Person

Multi-Directional Cosmic Ray Muon Telescope (Nagoya)Y. Matsubara

Multi-Station IPS Solar Wind Observation System (Toyokawa, Fuji, and Kiso)

M. Tokumaru

ELF/VLF Network

K. Shiokawa

ISEE Magnetometer Network

K. Shiokawa

ISEE Riometer Network

K. Shiokawa

Optical Mesosphere Thermosphere Imagers

K. Shiokawa

Sodium LIDAR (Tromsø)

S. Nozawa

MF Radar (Tromsø)

S. Nozawa

Five-Wavelength Photometer (Tromsø)

S. Nozawa

Meteor Radar (Alta)

S. Nozawa

SuperDARN Hokkaido Pair of (HOP) Radars (Rikubetsu)

N. Nishitani

Upper Air Sounding Systems (two sets)

K. Tsuboki

Polarimetric Radar Systems (two sets)

K. Tsuboki

Ka-Band Polarimetric Radar

K. Tsuboki

Hydrometeor Video Sonde (HYVIS) System

K. Tsuboki

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer for Atmospheric Composition Measurement (Rikubetsu)

T. Nagahama

Sea Spray Aerosol Optical Particle Counter

H. AikiLow-Background Beta-Ray Counter

N. Kurita

Water Isotope Analyzer (Picarro L2130-i)

N. Kurita Software/Databases
NameContact Person

Hinode Science Center, Nagoya University

K. Kusano

ERG Science Center

Y. Miyoshi

QL Plot Archive of Satellite Data for Integrated Studies

Y. Miyoshi

MHD Simulation on the Magnetospheric Environment

T. Umeda

Numerical Simulation Codes for Plasma Kinetics

T. Umeda

Cosmic Ray Intensity Database

Y. MatsubaraInterplanetary Scintillation Data

M. Tokumaru

Solar Wind Speed Data

M. Tokumaru

Remei Satellite Observation Database

M. Hirahara

Coordinated Magnetic Data Along 210° Magnetic Meridian(Moshiri, Rikubetsu, Kagoshima, and Overseas MM Stations)K. Shiokawa

Database of the Optical Mesosphere Thermosphere Imagers

K. Shiokawa

ELF/VLF Wave Data

K. Shiokawa

20Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research5. Joint Research Programs

Name

Contact Person

ISEE Riometer Network Database

K. Shiokawa

All-Sky Auroral Data (Canada, Alaska, and Siberia)

K. Shiokawa, Y. Miyoshi

VHF Radar/GPS Scintillation (Indonesia)

Y. Otsuka

EISCAT Database

S. Nozawa, S. Oyama

SuperDARN Hokkaido Pair of (HOP) Radars Database

N. Nishitani

Cloud Resolving Strom Simulator (CReSS)

K. Tsuboki

Atmospheric Composition Data by FT-IR Measurements (Moshiri and Rikubetsu)

T. Nagahama

NO2 and O3 Data by UV/Visible Spectrometer Measurements (Moshiri and Rikubetsu)

T. Nagahama

Satellite Data Simulator Unit (SDSU)

H. Masunaga

Energy Flux Diagnosis Code for Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves

H. Aiki Facilities
Name

Contact Person

CIDAS System

S. Masuda, T. Umeda,
Y. Miyoshi

Ion/Electron Beamline and Calibration Facility

M. Hirahara

Clean Room Facility for Instrument Development

M. Hirahara

CHN Analyzer, Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer

Y. MinoTandetron Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

H. Kitagawa, M. Minami

Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA)

T. KatoX-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF)

T. KatoX-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)

T. KatoFacilities at Moshiri Observatory

A. Mizuno

Facilities at Rikubetsu Observatory

A. Mizuno

Facilities at Kiso Station

M. Tokumaru

Facilities at Fuji Observatory

M. Tokumaru

Facilities at Kagoshima Observatory

K. Shiokawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research21

6. Governance

6. Governance
As of March 31, 2022

Advisory Board
Masaki Fujimoto

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Tohru Hada

Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University

Masahiro Hoshino

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Hironobu Hyodo

Research Institute of Frontier Science and Technology, Okayama University of Science

Mamoru Ishii

Radio Propagation Research Center, Radio Research Institute, National Institute of Information andCommunications Technology

Takaaki Kajita

Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo

Takeshi Kawano

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Takuji Nakamura

National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems

Nobuko Saigusa

Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies

Yukari N. Takayabu

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo

Makoto Taniguchi

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, National Institutes for the Humanities

Junichi Watanabe

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Mamoru Yamamoto

Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University

Hisayoshi Yurimoto

Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University

Tatsuya Suzuki

Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University

Urumu Tsunogai

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Tomohiko Watanabe

Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University

Masafumi Hirahara

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Tetsuya Hiyama

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yoshitaka Itow

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazuo Shiokawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Munetoshi Tokumaru Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

22

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research6. GovernanceCollaborative Research Committee
Yoichiro Hanaoka

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Atsushi Higuchi

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University

Akira Kadokura

Polar Environment Data Science Center, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research
Organization of Information and Systems

Yoshiya Kasahara

Emerging Media Initiative, Kanazawa University

Chihiro Kato

Faculty of Science, Shinshu University

Kazuyuki Kita

College of Science, Ibaraki University

Yoko S. Kokubu

Tono Geoscience Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Yuki Kubo

Radio Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

Takashi Minoshima

Research Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Scienceand Technology

Akihiko Morimoto

Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University

Takeshi Sakanoi

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Kimikazu Sasa

Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba

Kanako Seki

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Iku Shinohara

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Hiroyuki Yamada

Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus

Hidenori Aiki

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Takenori Kato

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kanya Kusano

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Satoshi Masuda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hirohiko Masunaga

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yutaka Matsubara

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Masayo Minami

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Masahito NoséInstitute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yuichi Otsuka

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Taro Shinoda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazuo Shiokawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Munetoshi Tokumaru Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
Takayuki Umeda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research23

6. Governance

Joint Research Technical Committee
Integrated Studies Technical Committee
Ayumi Asai

Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University

Hirohisa Hara

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Yuto Katoh

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Kanako Seki

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Iku Shinohara

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Akimasa Yoshikawa

Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University

Kanya Kusano

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Satoshi Masuda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Takayuki Umeda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Heliospheric and Cosmic-Ray Research Technical Committee
Yoichiro Hanaoka

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Chihiro Kato

Faculty of Science, Shinshu University

Tatsumi Koi

College of Engineering, Chubu University

Shuichi Matsukiyo

Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University

Tomoko Nakagawa

Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology

Yasuhiro Nariyuki

Faculty of Human Development, University of Toyama

Yoshitaka Itow

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazumasa Iwai

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yutaka Matsubara

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Munetoshi Tokumaru Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research Technical Committee

24

Yoshiya Kasahara

Emerging Media Initiative, Kanazawa University

Hiroyuki Nakata

Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University

Shin Suzuki

Faculty of Regional Policy, Aichi University

Fuminori Tsuchiya

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Masahito NoséInstitute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Satonori Nozawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yuichi Otsuka

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research6. GovernanceMeteorological, Atmospheric and Land-Ocean Ecosystem Research Technical Committee
Daisuke Goto

Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies

Atsushi Higuchi

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University

Masafumi Hirose

Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University

Akihiko Morimoto

Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University

Kenshi Takahashi

Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University

Hidenori Aiki

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hirohiko Masunaga

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Akira Mizuno

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Tomoo Nagahama

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Chronological Research Technical Committee
Seiji Kadowaki

Nagoya University Museum

Yoko S. Kokubu

Tono Geoscience Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Katsuyoshi
Michibayashi

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Kimikazu Sasa

Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of TsukubaMotohiro Tsuboi

School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University

Hiromi Yamazawa

Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University

Takenori Kato

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Masayo Minami

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Fusa Miyake

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Airplane Usage Technical Committee
Kazuyuki Kita

College of Science, Ibaraki University

Makoto Koike

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Akihiko Kondo

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University

Seiho Uratsuka

Radio Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

Hiroyuki Yamada

Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus

Taro Shinoda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hiroyasu Tajima

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research25

6. GovernanceSteering Committee of the Center for International Collaborative Research
Yoichiro Hanaoka

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Akihiko Morimoto

Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University

Akinori Saito

Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University.

Wallis Simon

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Joji Isizaka

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Nozomu Nishitani

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazuo Shiokawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Steering Committee of the Center for Integrated Data Science
Hiroshi Hidaka

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Masahiro Hoshino

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Ichiro Ide

Mathematical and Data Science Center, Nagoya University

Yoshifumi Saito

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Shin-ichiro Shima

Graduate School of Information Science. University of Hyogo

Junichi Watanabe

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Akimasa Yoshikawa

Faculty of Science, Kyushu University

Takenori Kato

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kanya Kusano

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazuhisa Tsuboki

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Takayuki Umeda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Steering Committee of the Center for Orbital and Suborbital Research

26

Kazuyuki Kita

College of Science, Ibaraki University

Masato Nakamura

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Riko Oki

Earth Observation Research Center, Space Technology Directorate I, Japan Aerospace Exploration
AgencyHiroyuki Yamada

Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus

Masafumi Hirahara

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hiroyasu Tajima

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research7. Finance

7. Finance
External Funding and Industry–Academia–Government Collaborations
Researches of ISEE members as principal investigator were supported by the following external funds.
Kakenhi category

Number of subjects

Total amount (JPY)

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas

12,860,000

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)3

115,440,000

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)879,040,000

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)1043,940,000

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)56,890,000

Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory)

10

24,050,000

Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists

6

7,800,000

Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up

3

4,160,000

Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint
International Research (B))

415,470,000

Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows

1

1,690,000

Total

51

301,340,000

・Fifty-one research subjects listed in the table were supported by the JSPS Kakenhi.
・Twenty-five research subjects received total 143,896,264 JPY from governmental funds except KAKENHI, and fromother universities and companies. Twelve of them were collaborative researches between ISEE and companies, or
national institutes.
・Four research subjects received total 50,191,345 JPY of donation.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research27

7. Finance

Libraries
 Library, Solar-Terrestrial Sciences(ISEE Library #1)

 Library, Hydrospheric-Atmospheric
Sciences (ISEE Library #2)

Books

Books

Japanese

3,026Japanese

4,463

Foreign

11,136

Foreign

8,863

Journals

Journals

Japanese

47

Japanese273

Foreign

207

Foreign249

Properties

28

Site (m2)

Buildings (m2)Location

Higashiyama Campus(Main campus of Nagoya University)

-

8,442

Aichi

Toyokawa Campus

94,212

1,461

Aichi

Moshiri Observatory

110,534

325

Hokkaido

Rikubetsu Observatory

24,580167

Hokkaido

Kagoshima Observatory

13,449287

Kagoshima

Fuji Observatory

19,926

174

Yamanashi

Sugadaira Station

3,300

0

NaganoKiso Station

6,240

66

NaganoTotal

272,241

10,922

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

8. Research Topics

8. Research Topics
The mission of the ISEE is to understand the mechanisms and interactions of diverse processes occurring in the integrated
space–Sun–Earth system to deal with global environmental problems and to contribute to human society in the space age. To
develop this new research field, four projects of Interdisciplinary Research were studied with seven research divisions:
Divisions for Integrated Studies, Cosmic Ray Research, Heliospheric Research, Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research,
Meteorological and Atmospheric Research, Land–Ocean Ecosystem Research, and Chronological Research.
1)

The Project for Space–Earth Environmental Prediction aims to develop our understanding and predictive

capabilities of the influence of solar dynamics and atmosphere–ocean activities on the global environment.
2)

The Project for the Interaction of Neutral and Plasma Atmospheres aims to improve our understanding of therelationship between Earth’s atmosphere and space using a global observation network of interactions between the upperplasma and middle atmosphere.
3) The Project for Solar–Terrestrial Climate Research aims to observe the long-term variability in solar activity over morethan several thousands of years through radioisotopes and to examine the influence of solar activity on the atmosphere using
observations and models to understand the influence of solar activity on global climate variability.
4) The Project for Aerosol and Cloud Formation aims to understand the processes that form cloud and precipitation
particles by considering the influence of cosmic rays and the processes of scattering and absorption of radiation by clouds andaerosol particles using experiments, field observations, and simulations.
The main results of these interdisciplinary studies carried out during the period of the 3rd medium-term goal period (six years
from 2016 to 2021) are summarized in “8.3 Interdisciplinary Research.”
In addition, to develop new interdisciplinary research, in 2021, the Institute started the following research projects basedon proposals from faculty members, using the Director’s Leadership Funds.
1)

Energetic Particle Chain -Effects on the middle/lower atmosphere from energetic particle precipitations-2)

Direct Search for Dark Matter with Paleo-detector

3)

Data Rescues of the Analog Observational Records for the Past Solar-Terrestrial Environment

4)

Changes in Surface Temperature at Dome-Fuji in East Antarctica from the Mid-Twentieth Century and the
Impact of Solar Activity

More information on these research projects can be found in “8.4 FY2021 Interdisciplinary Research Projects”.
The ISEE also has three research centers that contribute to national and international research development of therelevant disciplines in cooperation with the research divisions. The Center for International Collaborative Research (CICR)
conducts extensive observations with four domestic observatories (Moshiri, Rikubetsu, Fuji, and Kagoshima) and a global
observation network to enhance collaboration and joint research between domestic and international researchers andinstitutions. The Center for Integrated
Data

Science(CIDAS)develops

infrastructure and research for intensive
studies of the space–Sun–Earth systemthrough the analysis of big data andadvanced computer simulations. The
Center for Orbital and Suborbital
Observation (COSO) conducts planningand technological research using orbitaland suborbital observation vehicles,
such as aircraft, balloons, rockets, andsatellites,
international

withdomestic
networks.

and
More

information on these research centers
can be found in “8.2 Research Centers.”

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research298-1. Research Divisions

Division for Integrated Studies
 Solar flare · CME
 Inner magnetosphere · Radiation belt Aurora substorm
 Space weather · Space storm
 Space climate · Long-term variations of the Sun Space plasma Computer simulation
 Data assimilation

In the Division for Integrated Studies, we conduct scientific research aimed at the comprehensive understanding andprediction of various phenomena in the solar–terrestrial system based on advanced computer simulations and data
analyses. In particular, we promote studies to elucidate various phenomena, such as solar cycles, solar flares, coronalmass ejections (CMEs), geomagnetic storms, and aurora, where the nonlinear interaction and intercoupling between
different systems play an important role. We also promote scientific projects of satellite missions (Hinode and ERG
satellites) by observing the Sun and geospace in cooperation with the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science(ISAS)/JAXA, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The faculty members of this division are
responsible for education in the Graduate Schools of Science and Engineering at Nagoya University.

Main Activities in FY2021
Reconstructions of the past solar-terrestrial environments with historical documents andanalog records
Analog records and historical documents are of vital importance to chronologically extend our scientific knowledgeof the extremity of the solar-terrestrial environment. Our team exploited historical records of solar storms and long-term
solar variability. In the fiscal year 2021, we quantitatively analyzed and reconstructed the solar storms in September 1859,
March 1940, and the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958) based on reports on solar eruptions, geomagnetic
disturbances, and low-latitude aurorae. For the long-term solar variability, we analyzed the sunspot observations ofPrantner in the Dalton Minimum and those of Fogelius, Siverus, and Müller around the Maunder Minimum (Hayakawa
et al., MNRAS, 2021 and 2022; GDJ, 2022; ApJ, 2021 and 2022; PASJ, 2021; Solar Physics, 2021).

The solar differential rotation was reproduced for the first time with the highest resolution
simulation with supercomputer “Fugaku”
Associate Professor Hideyuki Hotta (Graduate School of Science, Chiba University) and Professor Kanya Kusano(ISEE) succeeded in precisely reproducing the thermal convection and the magnetic field in the solar interior in the superhigh-resolution calculation on supercomputer “Fugaku.” As a result, the basic structure of the solar differential rotation,that is, the equatorial region rotates faster than the polar region, was reproduced based on the first principle ofmagnetohydrodynamics without any artificial manipulation. The powerful computational ability of “Fugaku” enabled us
to resolve the Sun with 5.4 billion grid points and reproduce the differential rotation on the computer. Because thedifferential rotation of the interior of the Sun is believed to be the main cause of sunspot formation, this result will be a
big step toward solving the mystery of the 11-year solar cycle (Schwabe cycle), which is one of the biggest problems inastronomy (Hotta and Kusano, Nature Astronomy, 2021).

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8-1. Research Divisions

New numerical method to model the energy loss from solar corona
Most of the energy of the solar corona is lost in the atmospheric layer, which is known as the transition region. The
transition region tends to be extremely thin owing to the sharp temperature dependence of thermal conduction andradiative cooling. A large number of grid points are required to fully resolve this thin layer and accurately model theenergy loss from the solar corona. We proposed a new numerical method to model the energy loss from a solar corona.
In this method, the transition region was numerically broadened while maintaining the energy balance between thermal
conduction and radiative cooling. This method enabled us to model the transition region with a grid size of 50–100 km,
which is approximately 1000 times larger than the physical requirement. In other words, we can reduce the computational
cost of the 3-D atmospheric model by a factor of 1 trillion (Iijima and Imada, ApJ, 2021).

Study of coronal heating mechanism based on statistical analysis of occurrence frequency
distributions of solar flares
In conventional corona heating research, the contribution of nanoflares, which cannot be identified by observation,
is not sufficiently considered and energy other than thermal energy is not considered when estimating the amount of flare
release energy. To overcome these problems, we developed and researched a new analytical method that combined
satellite observation data and numerical calculations. The results supported the validity of the nanoflare hypothesis in theactive region (Kawai and Imada, ApJ, 2021a, 2021b, Kawai, PhD thesis, Nagoya University, 2022).

Magnetic helicity as a tool for understanding the flaring activity of the Sun
Observations of various features in the solar atmosphere revealed an interesting tendency for more left-handed
helical structures in the northern hemisphere and right-handed structures in the southern hemisphere. This is the so-called
hemispheric sign preference (HSP) for magnetic helicity. Recently, we examined what the HSP tells us about the longterm flaring activity of the Sun, using the solar magnetic field data observed by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatories(SDO). As a result, we found a specific heliographic region in the Carrington coordinates correlating with the solar surface
that shows an extremely low degree (approximately 40%) of HSP compliance. Interestingly, this heliographic region
showed the highest flaring activity over solar cycle 24. This association of the lower HSP compliance with the higher
flaring activity needs to be further examined with more AR samples and different solar cycles to understand the early
formation and development of flaring active regions even in the deeper convection zone (Park et al., ApJ, 2021).

Curved trajectory effect on charge-exchange collision at ionospheric temperatures
Collisions between ions and neutral particles are an essential characteristic of the
Earth’s ionosphere. This ion-neutral collision is usually caused by the polarization ofneutral particles. This collision can also be caused by charge exchange if the particle
pair is parental, such as atomic oxygen and its ion. The total collision frequency is not
the sum of the polarization and charge-exchange components but is essentially equal tothe dominant component. The total is enhanced only around the classic transition
temperature, which is near the ionospheric temperature range (typically, 200–2000 K).
However, the magnitude of this enhancement differs in previous studies; the maximum
enhancement has been reported to be 41% and 11% without physical explanation. In
this study, the contribution of the polarization force to the charge-exchange collision
was expressed as a simple curved particle trajectory effect. Consequently, the maximum
enhancement was 22%. The enhancement has been neglected in classic ionospheric

Collision between an ion and parent neutral
particle. The polarization collision couples
with the charge-exchange collision, resulting
in an enhancement of the total momentumtransfer cross section up to 25%.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research318-1. Research Divisions.
studies, partly due to confusion with the glancing particle contribution, which adds 10.5% to the polarization component.
This enhancement has presumably been neglected because there is no functional form to express it. This expression wasderived in this study (Ieda, JGR, 2022).

Ozone depletion caused by high-energy electron Precipitation: Arase and EISCAT Observations
During a magnetic storm in March 2017, simultaneous European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT)
and optical campaign observations detected precipitation of relativistic electrons to ~3 MeV with pulsating auroras
associated with omega bands. During this time interval, strong chorus waves were observed on the magnetosphere sideby the Arase satellite. Simulations based on Arase observations reproduced the high-energy electron precipitation
observed by the EISCAT. Furthermore, computer simulations of atmospheric chemistry showed that energetic electrons
precipitated into the atmosphere cause strong ionization in the mesosphere, destroying more than 10% of mesosphericozone. This result indicated that interactions between chorus and magnetospheric electrons cause coupling between themagnetosphere and atmosphere through the precipitation of energetic electrons (Miyoshi et al., Scientific Reports, 2021).

Contribution of electron pressure to ring current and ground magnetic depression using RAMSCB simulations and Arase observations during 7–8 November 2017 magnetic storm
Geomagnetic storms are among the most important phenomena affecting Earth’s space weather. Intense geomagnetic
storms can cause severe damage to satellites, communication, and power transmission lines. Geomagnetic storms areprimarily caused by the enhancement of the ring current. The storm time distribution of ring current particles in the innermagnetosphere depends strongly on their transport in evolving electric and magnetic fields, along with particle
acceleration and loss. In this study, we investigated ring current particle variations using observations and simulations.
We compared the ion (H+, He+, and O+), electron flux, and plasma pressure variations from Arase observations with theself-consistent inner magnetosphere model: Ring current Atmosphere interactions Model with Self Consistent magnetic
field (RAM-SCB) during the 7–8 November, 2017, geomagnetic storm. We investigated the contribution of different
species (ions and electrons) to the magnetic field deformation observed at ground magnetic stations (09°–45° CGM Lat.)
using the RAM-SCB simulations. The results showed that ions are the major contributor (∼88 %) and electrons contribute~12% to the total ring current pressure. It was also found that the electron contribution was non-negligible (~18%) to thering current on the dawn side during the main phase of the storm. These results indicate that the electron contribution to
the storm -time ring current is important and should not be neglected (Kumar et al., JGR, 2021).

Analyses of drift echo holes using the Arase satellite and ground-based observations
We analyzed “drift echo holes,” in which only electrons above several hundred keV are lost from the magnetosphereowing to localized and sporadic Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Because the drift period depends on theelectron energy, the echo hole shows a clear energy dispersion and diffuses and disappears several times around Earth. A
single drift echo corresponds to a localized decrease of approximately 30% in the particle flux. After the echoes wererepeated, the flux of the entire radiation belt decreased by approximately 10% (Nakamura et al., GRL, 2022).

Statistical study of EMIC waves and related proton distributions observed by the Arase satellite
EMIC waves are considered to play an important role in controlling magnetospheric plasma dynamics. In particular, EMIC
wave-particle interactions can cause the loss of energetic protons and relativistic electrons in the Earth’s magnetosphere, andthe scattered particles precipitate into the ionosphere, creating isolated proton auroras at subauroral latitudes (55–65

32

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8-1. Research Divisions

geomagnetic latitudes). To understand the coupling of EMIC waves with energetic protons in the inner magnetosphere, we
performed a statistical study of proton distributions associated with EMIC waves using a 4-year in-situ observation obtained by
the Arase satellite. We found four significantly different regions of EMIC waves with different characteristics of the energetic
proton distributions, and the minimum resonance energies were different. We found that EMIC waves near the threshold of the
proton cyclotron instability have left-handed polarization at the magnetic equator and the generated waves propagate to higher
magnetic latitudes. Furthermore, the observed pitch-angle scattering energy range coincides with the computed minimum proton
resonance energy. These observational results provide new insights into the spatial distribution of the EMIC waves.

Error estimation of electron fluxes measured by HEP instrument onboard the Arase satellite
An error estimation method for the energetic electron flux was measured using a high-energy electron experiment (HEP)
instrument onboard the Arase satellite. While counting statistics are assumed for the uncertainty of raw electron counts, thecount-to-flux conversion for HEP data must include deconvolution using counts taken by all energy channels. In our method,
the same deconvolution was applied to the electron counts to correctly deduce the error of the measured electron flux. The
results showed that the flux-to-error ratio worsened for higher energy and pitch angles closer to 0° or 180°, indicating that alonger (~ several minutes) integration time is necessary to achieve a reasonable level of flux uncertainty.

Impact of subsurface convective flows on the formation of flare-productive sunspots andenergy buildup
Solar flares are caused by the release of magnetic free energy stored in sunspots. This study aimed to reveal the impact
of convective flows in the convection zone on the formation and evolution of sunspot magnetic fields. We simulated thetransport of magnetic flux tubes in the convection zone and sunspot formation in the photosphere using the radiative
magnetohydrodynamic code R2D2 and the supercomputer Fugaku. We performed 93 simulations by allocating flux tubes to
93 different positions in the convection zone. We found a strong correlation between the distribution of magnetic free energy
in the photosphere and the position of the downflow plume in the convection zone. The results suggested that high freeenergy regions can be predicted even before the magnetic flux appears on the solar surface by detecting the downflow profilein the convection zone (Kaneko et al., MNRAS, in press).

Investigation of spatiotemporal evolution of erupted solar magnetic flux rope in the innerheliosphere using multi-point spacecraft measurements
The global structure of the magnetic flux rope inside the CME plays a key role in triggering geomagnetic storms andtheir cascade of effects. Thus, it is important to understand how the magnetic flux rope that erupts from the Sun evolves
spatially and temporally as it propagates in the inner heliosphere. We developed an analysis tool to implement 1D (or 2D)
flux rope model fitting on solar eruptive magnetic flux rope events observed by multiple spacecraft to reconstruct theirglobal topologies. We started to analyze a magnetic flux rope event observed by Venus Express (orbited Venus), WIND
(upstream of Earth), MAVEN (cruise to Mars), and Mars Express (orbited Mars) in 2014 April, using the analysis tools.

Database construction of Toyokawa Radio Polarimeters
Historical data from 1958 to 1978 taken by Toyokawa Radio Polarimeters (1, 2, 3.75, and 9.4 GHz) were recorded
in microfilms. All have been scanned and restored in digital image form. This database is very useful for various types ofresearch, such as the size estimation of a solar flare in the era before GOES soft X-ray observations began and the studyof the characteristics of solar flares in the old solar cycle.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research338-1. Research Divisions

Division for Cosmic-Ray Research Acceleration and propagation of CRs– Cosmic gamma-ray observations– Solar neutron observations
 CR interactions with the Earth’s atmosphere– Hadron interactions of very-high-energy CRs– Past solar activities probed by cosmogenic nuclides
 Particle astrophysics and non-accelerator physics– Dark matter and neutrino physics
 Widefield transient survey using an optical telescope

Cosmic rays (CRs), which are mostly protons with small amounts of charged particles such as electrons or nuclei, andneutral particles, such as gamma rays or neutrinos, are produced in space and propagate through interstellar and IMFs before
reaching the Earth. The Division for Cosmic Ray Research performs cosmic gamma-ray observations using the Fermi
Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi satellite) and the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), and high-altitude solar neutron
observations, to reveal the CR acceleration mechanisms as common space plasma phenomena.
CRs also provide hints for ultra-high-energy phenomena and unknown particles that cannot be explored in a laboratory.
We conducted large hadron collider forward (LHCf) and relativistic heavy ion collider forward (RHICf) experiments to study
the hadronic interactions of ultra-high-energy CRs using accelerators such as the LHC or RHIC. This division also conducted
neutrino physics research with the Super-Kamiokande experiment and promoted the Hyper-Kamiokande project as a future
prospect. The group intensively worked on direct dark matter searches in the XMASS liquid xenon experiment at the
Kamioka Observatory and has recently started a new commitment to the XENONnT experiment in Gran Sasso National
Laboratory (LNGS) in Italy.
CRs deeply penetrate the atmosphere, producing ionization and cosmogenic nuclides. Our division studies past solar
activities and sudden changes in CR fluxes recorded in the carbon-14 (14C) fractions of ancient tree rings and othercosmogenic nuclides from Antarctic ice cores.

Main Activities in FY2021
Search for dark matter and research on the origin of CRs using gamma-ray observations
Cosmic gamma rays are produced through interactions of dark matter, CRs, and the interstellar medium. Therefore,
gamma rays are useful probes to search for dark matter and investigate the properties and distribution of CRs and theinterstellar medium.
We are developing a next-generation gamma-ray observatory, CTA, to observe cosmic gamma rays in an energy
range from well below 100 GeV to above 100 TeV. We oversee the development, procurement, and calibration of silicon
photomultipliers (SiPMs) for small-sized telescopes in CTA. One advantage of the SiPM is its ability to operate under
moonlight, which can increase the observation time by a factor of two. We studied the behavior of the SiPM under intense
background light. Under intense background light, the SiPM current increases, the voltage drops across the series resistorof the bias circuit, and the drift of the breakdown voltage due to the temperature rise are expected to reduce the pulse
amplitude. In addition, the pulse amplitude of the SiPM output signal can be reduced if the SiPM detects photons while
recovering from detecting previous photons owing to the background light. When the series resistor is at a minimum, thepulse amplitude drop is measured to be approximately 7%, with a background light intensity equivalent to that of the fullmoon. We found that the temperature increase had the largest effect on the pulse amplitude at 4%, whereas the effect ofthe voltage drop across the series resistor was 1.5%. These two effects accounted for 5.5% and 7% of the measured
34

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8-1. Research Divisions

amplitude reduction, respectively. The simulation of pulse overlap during the recovery time indicates that this effect canfully explain the remaining 1.5%.
The CTA is now considering employing the SiPM for the large-sized telescope to take advantage of the higher photon
detection efficiency, smaller pixel size, and ability to operate under moonlight. However, the SiPM suffers from higher
background light owing to better photon detection efficiencies in the red region, where the background light is bright. We
proposed the application of a red filter on the surface of a light concentrator to reduce background light. We developed aprototype light concentrator and verified its characteristics. We also performed simulation studies on the gamma-ray
detection efficiencies and found that the red filter improved the efficiency by more than 20% at a gamma-ray energy of
20 GeV. By reducing the pixel size by half, the improvement can be as much as 30%.

Acceleration mechanism of solar energetic particles
We studied the acceleration mechanism of energetic solar particles by observing solar neutrons with energies greaterthan 100 MeV on the ground. Energetic solar particles are accelerated in association with energetic solar flares. These
accelerated ions produce neutrons through their interactions with the solar atmosphere. It is expected that observing
neutrons is better for understanding the acceleration mechanism of solar energetic particles rather than observing
accelerated ions directly because neutrons are not reflected by the interplanetary magnetic field. Neutrons are attenuatedin the Earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, the ISEE has developed a worldwide network of solar neutron detectors at highmountains of different longitudes.
Thus far, more than 10 solar neutron events have been reported. The energy spectra of neutrons at the solar surface
can be obtained if we assume that neutrons are produced simultaneously with electromagnetic waves produced inassociation with the same solar flares. The obtained spectra indicate that stochastic acceleration occurs when energetic
neutrons are produced at the Sun. To derive a conclusive understanding of the acceleration mechanism, we must observea solar neutron event in which the energy spectrum of the neutrons can be determined without assuming the production
time of the neutrons. The sensitivity to neutrons and the energy resolution of the solar neutron detectors used in theworldwide network are not sufficient to determine the acceleration mechanism of solar energetic particles.
A new solar neutron telescope was installed at the top of Sierra Negra (4,580 m above sea level) in Mexico. The newdetector is called the SciBar Cosmic Ray Telescope (SciCRT). SciBar was used in the accelerator experiments and thisinstallation was realized with support from Kyoto University, the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK),
the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and the National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics in
Mexico. SciCRT uses 15,000 scintillator bars to measure particle tracks, providing much better sensitivity to neutrons,
energy resolution, and particle discrimination. The performance of SciCRT was investigated using Monte Carlosimulation and we can discriminate the production time of neutrons, whether instantaneous or continuous for more than
5 min, while discriminating between shock acceleration and stochastic acceleration. At the same time as the observationof solar neutrons, the variation in the intensity of cosmic rays from various directions was monitored using SciCRT.
SciCRT has been maintained by scientists in Mexico City. Unfortunately, starting in the fiscal year 2020, people
in Mexico City could not visit Sierra Negra due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the stable operation of SciCRT was
not possible. In February 2022, scientists in Mexico City could once again reach Sierra Negra and cosmic ray intensities
were monitored from February 2022. It was not possible to start the observation of solar neutrons in the fiscal year
2021 owing to some minor technical problems. The operation of solar neutron observation is planned to start early inthe fiscal year 2022.
This study was performed in collaboration with Chubu University, Shinshu University, the Institute for Cosmic Ray
Research (ICRR) of the University of Tokyo, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science/Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), the National Defense Academy, the Aichi
Institute of Technology, and other institutions worldwide.
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 35

8-1. Research Divisions.
Study of neutrinos and dark matter in underground experiments
Neutrinos are elementary particles with almost no mass, are neutral, andinteract only through weak interactions. Neutrino oscillations caused by the mixingof three flavors of neutrino allow us to probe neutrino properties, such as neutrino
masses or the mixing matrix. The Cosmic Ray Research Division conducts
neutrino research at the Super-Kamiokande experiment in the Kamioka
underground observatory and promotes the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment, afuture water Cherenkov detector with a fiducial volume eight times larger than thatof the Super-Kamiokande. In 2022 , the performance of a new 50 cm
photomultiplier tube with a box-and-line-type dynode was studied for theconstruction of the Hyper-Kamiokande. In addition to the signal test of thedelivered PMT at the Kamioka site, a test bench was set up in the laboratory toevaluate the signal stability. We also developed a new atmospheric neutrino
simulation based on the Honda code, utilizing existing hadron production data fromaccelerator experiments.
Dark matter is yet-undiscovered heavy neutral particles that are difficult toobserve owing to their weak interactions. Many experiments are currently
underway to detect these particles. We directly searched for dark matter in the
XENONnT experiment using a double-phase xenon time-projection chamber(TPC) at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory in Italy. This year, we analyzed

Developing a 0.1 L prototype liquid
xenon chamber with a hermetic
quartz vessel inside.

the data currently being acquired for the first time. We also measured the environmental tritium at the site, which may be
a background source for the recently claimed excess of electron recoil events by XENON1T. In addition, for the futureliquid xenon dark matter experiment DARWIN, we are developing a hermetic liquid xenon detector using a quartz
chamber and built a 0.1 L prototype to verify its radon shielding capability. In addition, we measured the photoelectric
efficiency of metal surfaces under ultraviolet light and developed a hybrid photomultiplier tube using SiPM forphotoelectron amplification.

Historic CR intensity variation with cosmogenic radioisotopes
CRs that fall on Earth interact with the atmosphere and produce various secondary particles. Among them,long-lived cosmogenic nuclides, such as 14C and 10Be, have been used as excellent proxies for CR intensities in thepast. We measured 14C concentrations in tree rings and 10Be and 36Cl concentrations in ice cores to investigate past CR
variations. From such analyses of cosmogenic nuclides, we found increased CR events at 774/775 CE, 993/994 CE,
and ~660 BCE. Possible causes of these CR events are solar energetic particle (SEP) events and the scale of these SEP
events is estimated to be tens of times larger than the largest event recorded. Such large-scale SEP events pose a major
threat to the current space-exploration era. We aimed to search for other signatures of CR events and clarify the frequencyof extreme SEP events by measuring 14C concentrations in tree rings over the past 10,000 years.
This year, we reported a new CR event in 5410 BCE detected by 14C analyses using tree samples from the U.S.,
Finland, and Switzerland (Miyake et al., 2021). The origin of the 5410 BCE event may be also an extreme SEP event
because the 14C variations are very similar between the 5410 BCE event and other reported SEP-driven events. We also
confirmed a regional difference in 14C data, that is, higher latitudes trees show higher 14C concentrations, which has beenreported in previous studies.
We performed quasi-annual analyses of 10Be and 36Cl concentrations using the Antarctic Dome Fuji ice corearound 5480 BCE and investigated the causes of the CR increase event reported at approximately 5480 BCE bycomparing the results with the 10Be and 36Cl variations around the 775 CE event. The results showed that the
36 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

8-1. Research Divisions

cosmogenic nuclide data around 5480 BCE can be explained by a variation in galactic CRs (Kanzawa et al., 2021). An
extreme grand solar minimum can be considered as a possible cause. Further investigation using 10Be and 36Cl datafrom other ice cores is important.

CR interaction-focused accelerator experiments
To understand where and how CR particles accelerate
to higher energies, many observations and studies on CRs
have been conducted worldwide. CRs are observed using
the air shower technique, which involves observing particle
cascades caused by interactions between CRs andatmospheric atomic nuclei using particle detectors or
fluorescence telescopes. A precise understanding of thehadronic interactions between CR particles and theatmosphere is key to estimating the primary CR
information from observed air showers. The interpretationof the chemical composition observables is strongly
dependent on the hadronic interaction model used in the air
shower simulation. Therefore, we studied the high-energy
interactions of large-particle colliders, LHC and RHIC,
located at the European Organization for Nuclear Researchand the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
We performed LHCf and RHICf experiments toobserve the energetic photons and neutrons produced in
the very forward region of proton-proton collisions in
LHC and RHIC. Both experiments were conducted

Beam test of the LHCf detectors at CERN−SPS.

internationally. This year, we analyzed the data obtainedwith proton-proton collisions at the center-of-mass energy of 510 GeV at RHIC in 2017 and published the results ofproduction cross-section measurements for very forward photons. The spectra were compared with the results of the LHCf
experiment at 7 and 13 TeV and we confirmed the collision-energy scaling law, the so-called Feynman scaling, within theexperimental error.
Both the LHCf and RHICf plan their next operations in the coming years. The LHCf will have an operation in
September 2022, and we are accelerating the preparation. One of the milestones is the beam test of the detectors at
CERN-SPS to test the aging effect of the detectors, new read-out system, and performance of joint operation with the
ATLAS-ZDC detector. The test was completed in September, although there were some difficulties due to COVID-19.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 37

8-1. Research Divisions

Division for Heliospheric Research










Solar wind and heliosphere
Interplanetary scintillation (IPS)Coronal mass ejection (CME)
Long-term variation of the heliosphere
Space weather forecast
Radio astronomy
Development of telescopes and instruments
PulsarA supersonic (with a speed of 300–800 km/s) plasma flow, known as the solar wind, emanates from the Sun andpermanently engulfs the Earth. While the magnetic field of the Earth acts as a barrier to protect the atmosphere from a
direct interaction with the solar wind, a considerable fraction of its vast energy enters the near-surface layer via various
processes. Thus, the solar wind acts as a carrier to transfer the Sun’s energy to the Earth.
The solar wind varies dramatically with solar activity. In association with eruptive phenomena on the Sun’s surface,a high-speed stream of the solar wind sometimes arrives at the Earth and generates intense disturbances in the geospace
and the upper atmosphere. Space environmental conditions that significantly change with solar activity are known as“space weather,” and are currently a topic of significant interest. An accurate understanding of the solar wind is required
to make reliable predictions of space weather disturbances.
We have observed solar wind velocity and density irregularities for several decades using three large antennas toinvestigate unsolved important issues such as acceleration and propagation mechanisms of the solar wind, space weather
forecasting, global structure of the heliosphere, and its variation. In addition, laboratory and fieldwork experiments were
performed to improve the data quality and upgrade the instruments.

Main Activities in FY2021
Solar wind observations using the IPS system
We have been performing remote-sensing observations of the solar wind since the 1980s using a multi-stationinterplanetary scintillation (IPS) system. Tomographic analysis of IPS observations enables accurate determination of the
global distribution of solar wind speed and density fluctuations. IPS observations provide valuable information, particularly
for high-latitude solar winds, where in-situ observations are currently unavailable. The IPS system currently consists of threelarge antennas in Toyokawa, Fuji, and Kiso. The Toyokawa antenna (called the Solar Wind Imaging Facility Telescope:
SWIFT) has the largest aperture and highest sensitivity among the three antennas and started daily observations in 2008. The
Fuji and Kiso antennas were upgraded in 2013–2014 by installing new receivers, which significantly improved their
sensitivity. These two antennas are in mountainous areas and are not used for observations during winter owing to heavy
snowfall. Hence, the solar wind speed data from three-station observations were unavailable during winter. Instead, the solar
wind density fluctuations were derived from the Toyokawa IPS observations, which were measured throughout the year. The
IPS data were made available to the public in real time via an ftp server and used for various international collaborations. In
this fiscal year, three-station IPS observations were conducted between early April and early December using Toyokawa,Fuji, and Kiso antennas. Observations with the Fuji antenna were frequently interrupted owing to failure of the driving
system from late June to early August and late November to early December. In addition, the Sugadaira antenna, which had
been out of order due to snow damage, was removed from this fiscal year.

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International collaboration for space weather forecast
We have performed collaborative research with Dr. B. V. Jackson and his colleagues at the University of California,
San Diego (UCSD) since 1996 on the 3-dimensional reconstruction of the time-varying heliosphere using tomographic
analysis of IPS observations. A time-dependent tomographic (TDT) program was developed through this collaborative
study. Furthermore, a combined analysis system using IPS observations and the ENLIL solar wind model was developed
to improve space weather forecasting through collaborations. These programs are now available on the NASA Community
Coordinated Modeling Center web server and are running in real time at the Korean Space Weather Center (KSWC) to
predict the solar wind reaching the Earth.
With growing awareness of the utility of IPS observations for space weather forecasting, an increasing number of
IPS observations have been conducted globally. In Japan, Russia, and India, where IPS observations have been conducted
for a long time, a new dedicated antenna for IPS observations was constructed in Mexico, and IPS observations using
low-frequency large radio array systems, such as the low-frequency array (LoFAR, EU), were conducted on a campaign
basis. In this fiscal year, the integrated analysis of IPS data from ISEE, LoFAR, and Russia was performed using the TDT
program for three periods (Orbit 1–3) when the Parker Solar Probe approached the Sun. TDT analysis was compared with
PSP in situ measurements and discrepancies between them were found in the solar wind speed and density. The cause forthese discrepancies is currently under investigation and we will compare the IPS and PSP observations for the periods
after Orbit 3.

Improvement of IPS tomography and long-term change in solar wind turbulence
In performing the tomographic analysis of solar wind speeds obtained from IPS observations, information on thespatial distribution of density fluctuations (ΔNe) along the line of sight is required. Previous studies have shown that thefollowing relationship exists between ΔNe and speed V: ΔN∝Vα, α =－0.5. The tomographic analysis with this relation
yielded solar wind speeds that showed good agreement with in situ measurements (such as OMNI data and Ulysses
observations) for Solar Cycle 23 (SC23). However, the comparison between IPS and in situ measurements for Solar Cycle
24 (SC24) revealed a systematic discrepancy between them; the speeds from the tomographic analysis were higher thanthose from in situ measurements by 50–100 km/s. We examined the possible causes for this discrepancy and found thatit can be improved by changing the value of the index α. The optimal value for α to produce the best agreement between
the tomographic analysis and in situ measurements was +0.5. According to a recent theoretical study, ΔNe is a key
parameter for controlling the efficiency of solar wind acceleration, and the results obtained from this study suggest that
acceleration efficiency varies with the solar cycle. The solar wind speed data obtained in this study were used incollaboration with Dr. Bzowski (Poland) to develop a global model of solar wind density that covers a long period.

Synoptic map of solar wind speed derived from tomographic analysis of IPS observations for 1996. The solid line indicates the magnetic
neutral line determined from magnetographic observations at the Wilcox Solar Observatory. Open circles indicate the locations of Earth,that is, where OMNI data were collected (Tokumaru et al., 2021).

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Coronal density measurements using giant radio pulses of the Crab pulsar
Crab pulsar observations have been carried out using the
Toyokawa antenna since 2017 to examine the coronal plasma density.
The radio waves from a pulsar are delayed upon arrival owing to theeffect of plasma intervening between the source and observer. The
line-of-sight integration of the plasma density (dispersion measure,DM) can be estimated by measuring this delay. The line of sight for
the Crab pulsar approaches the Sun every June, up to a distance of fivesolar radii. If the DMs for the Crab pulsar are measured during theclosest approach to the Sun, the coronal density can be estimated fromthe excess in the DM compared to those when the Crab pulsar is in
opposition to the Sun. In addition, the Crab pulsar sporadically emits
strong radio waves (giant radio pulses, GRPs), and the DMs can be
accurately determined in a short time using GRPs. In this study, we
analyzed the DM data collected in 2018 and 2019 (SC24/25
minimum) from Crab pulsar observations at Toyokawa to develop a

Coronal density models obtained from Crab pulsar
observations at Toyokawa for 2018 and 2019 (Thicklines A-C). The density models obtained in the low andhigh activity periods of the past solar cycles areindicated by thin solid (a-d) and bashed (e-i) lines,
respectively (Tokumaru et al., 2022).

model of coronal plasma density between 5 and 60 solar radii. The density model obtained in this study agreed with those in
the low-activity periods of the past solar cycles within the margin of error. A significant drop in the solar wind density wasreported for the previous (SC23/24) minimum. The results of this study suggest the recovery of the solar wind density at thisminimum to the level of past minima.

Reconstruction of the global structure of the solar wind during 1975–1985
It is well known that solar winds consist of low-latitude slow winds (<450 km/s) and high-latitude fast winds (~800km/s) except during the maximum. Because the boundary latitude between fast and slow solar winds is highly dependent
on the solar activity cycle, it is expected to be used asa foothold for understanding the solar cycle in solar
wind. We previously clarified the distribution ofcoronal holes, which are the origin of the solar wind,and revealed that their distribution resembles asunspot butterfly diagram. In 2021, we compared IPS
observations with the magnetic flux tube expansion
factor (FTE) calculated from potential field source
surface (PFSS) analysis. First, we derived the averageof FTEs at the boundary latitudes in each Carrington
rotation,

which

was

found

to

be

log10(FTE)=0.97±0.56 (see upper panel). Next, weplotted the latitudes at log10(FTE)=0.97 on the solar
wind structure (see the lower panel). As a result, wefound that latitudes at log10(FTE)=0.97 generally
coincided with the velocity boundary latitudes
obtained from the IPS observations. The contour canbe extrapolated to the past, which has allowed us toestimate the global structure of solar wind since 1975.

40 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Upper panel: FTE distribution on the source surface (2.5Rs) and latitudinalboundary (black dots) obtained from IPS observations. Lower panel: IPS
observations and contour of log10(FTE)=0.97 (black curves).

8-1. Research Divisions

Investigation of plasma upflow and slow solar wind using Hinode/EIS and IPS
observations
We studied plasma upflow in the solar active region.
Plasma upflow was detected using an extreme ultraviolet
imaging spectrometer (EIS) onboard the Hinode satellite.
The elemental composition of the plasma upflow was
similar to that of slow solar wind, suggesting that it was thesource of the slow solar wind. We studied the relationshipbetween plasma upflow and the open magnetic field bycomparing EIS observations with photospheric magnetic
fields calculated using the potential field source surface(PFSS) model. As a result, it was found that plasma upflow
can be classified into two patterns: one is located near an
open magnetic field and the other is located near an open
magnetic field. Furthermore, by comparing the PFSS
model with the IPS data, we found a correlation between
the active region where the upflow exists and the location

The EIS observation data (boxed area in the center) and thefootprint in the photosphere of the open magnetic field lines
determined by PFSS are superimposed. It can be seen that the
open magnetic field lines exist near the plasma upflow.

of the slow solar wind.

Next generation IPS observation system
We promoted the next-generation solar windobservation

systemtodramatically

improve

IPS

observations at the Division for Heliospheric Research. In
FY2021, we decided to submit a proposal to Master Plan
2023. We received hearings of the proposal as a middlescale plan (B) from the astronomy and astrophysics
community and as a middle-scale plan from the Earth andplanetary science community. Although the Master Plan
itself covers larger-scale plans than our plan, the hearings
this fiscal year also include milled scale plans of billionsyen scale to look into the future of the research fields,
which made it possible for our plan to be proposed as well.
Although Master Plan 2023 itself was not summarized, it
made great progress in advertising our plan to each
community. In addition, we applied for Specially Promoted

AD module of the next generation solar wind observation system.

Research of the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) and submitted proposals for the budget requests of
ISEE. In FY2021, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) was adopted and construction of a core array that has a scaleof 5% of the total for the Fuji station was started. We completed the system design of a digital backend system that candigitize 64-channel signals with eight AD modules installed directly below the front end and synthesize up to eight beams
in real time with an FPGA array connected by optical fibers. Unfortunately, delivery of the system was postponed until
FY2022 due to the worldwide shortage of semiconductors. However, there has been significant progress in completingthe system design of the backend.

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Division for Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research Energy transfer from the solar wind to themagnetosphere and ionosphere Magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupledsystem Ground-based and network observation
 Space and planetary exploration

The plasma and energy carried by the solar wind to the Earth and other planets exert physical effects on themagnetosphere and ionosphere, known as the geospace. We studied these effects and associated phenomena withinternational cooperation, primarily through various observational approaches using ground-based instruments, such as
EISCAT radars, high frequency (HF)/very high frequency (VHF) radars, global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
receivers,

high-sensitivity

passive/active

opticalinstruments,

magnetometers,

andinstruments

onboardsatellites/spacecraft, which were developed in our division. We also led the way to future space exploration missions
based on our expertise.

Main Activities in FY2021
Measurements of aurora and electromagnetic waves at sub-auroral latitudes (PWING project)
Aurora/airglow imagers and electromagnetic wave receivers have been involved in the PWING project at eightstations around the North Pole, at MLATs of approximately 60° (in Canada, Russia, Alaska, Finland, and Iceland) since2016. They were used to investigate the plasma and wave dynamics in the inner magnetosphere. Many new results
were obtained in FY2021. For example, the plasma and field characteristics in the source region of medium-scale
traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) in the inner magnetosphere were first revealed based on conjugate
measurements by the Arase satellite and at Athabasca, Canada. Other conjugate measurements of isolated proton
auroras associated with Pc1 geomagnetic pulsations and an equatorward-detached arc from the auroral oval have beenreported using ground airglow/aurora imagers and the Arase Satellite.

Upper atmosphere imaging using the OMTIs
The optical mesosphere thermosphere imagers (OMTIs) consist of five sky-scanning Fabry-Perot interferometers,
21 all-sky charge-coupled device imagers, three tilting photometers, and three airglow temperature photometers, which
are used to investigate the dynamics of the mesosphere, thermosphere, and ionosphere. Several new results wereobtained from the OMTI measurements in FY2021. For example, we compared the zonal drift speed of equatorial
plasma bubbles and zonal wind in the thermosphere over Indonesia and Africa to reveal the F-region dynamo effecton bubble drift. In addition, new observations were made by the PWING project described above at the subauroral
latitudes.

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Ionospheric disturbances observed by GNSS networks
We developed a database that provides global 2-dimensional mapsof total electron content (TEC) with high temporal and spatial
resolutions for more than 20 years. TEC data have been obtained from
more than 9000 GNSS receivers worldwide. Using the TEC database,we statistically studied the ionospheric response to magnetic storms,
especially seasonal variations in TEC enhancements related to the
tongue of ionization (TOI), auroral oval, and storm-enhanced density(SED) plume, as well as the spatial structure of the mid-latitude troughin the nighttime sector. The geomagnetic activity dependence ofequatorial plasma bubbles was also studied.

Polar maps of averaged TEC in the Northern
Hemisphere at the epoch time of Dst-index minimum as
a function of geomagnetic latitude and local time during
the main phase of moderate geomagnetic storms in
winter. The TEC is shown as deviation from thegeomagnetically quiet condition (Shinbori et al., 2022).

SuperDARN Hokkaido HF radars
Using the SuperDARN Hokkaido HF East and West radars at
Rikubetsu, Hokkaido, and other SuperDARN radars, we studied thestatistical occurrence characteristics of nighttime medium-scale
traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) using a 3D-FFT data
analysis algorithm. We found that the nighttime MSTIDs occurrence
rate was negatively correlated with solar activity. We also statisticallystudied the ion outflow enhancement associated with the sub-auroralpolarization streams using SuperDARN and Arase spacecraft data.
Furthermore, we obtained funding for the imaging receiver system atthe Hokkaido East Radar. Implementation will begin next fiscal year.

Solar activity (F10.7 index) and seasonal dependence of power
spectral density of nighttime MSTIDs. (Hazeyama et al., 2022).
(a) F10.7 index. (b) Yearly power spectral density of nighttime
MSTID. (c) Monthly averaged PSD. The horizontal axis
represents the year and the vertical axis represents the month.

FACTORS initiative as the next space exploration mission realizing in-situ observations byformation flight in the space–Earth coupling system
The new space exploration mission, FACTORS, which is next to the ERG (Arase) satellite mission led by our
institute, has been promoted for simultaneous in-situ observations of the space-Earth coupling physical mechanisms using
multi-satellite formation flight. It is planned that satellite separation distances of 1–50 km in the polar orbit at altitudes
ranging from 350–3500 km are maintained with two types of formation flight operations using a conventional chemical
propulsion method and a newly proposed aerodynamics method with precise satellite attitude controls near the perigee.
This fiscal year, we made a detailed design of an on-board propulsion system including a fuel tank, four thrusters, valves,and plumbing. In addition, a new type of data/command-handling circuit system was investigated as a space-qualified
application for huge mission data management in space.

Development of a hemispherical FOV electrostatic analyzer suitable for future exploration
satellite plans and foil experiments for TOF mass spectrometer
We have developed a hemispherical field-of-view (FOV) double-shell electrostatic energy analyzer that enables themeasurement of ion/electron energies and flight directions using one sensor head on a three-axis stabilized satellite. By
obtaining the sensor characteristics through numerical simulation and comparing them with the calibration test results, it
was confirmed that the performance was close to the numerical calculation results and that the required specifications
were satisfied. To establish the design of a time-of-flight (TOF)-type mass spectrometer that analyzes the mass of ions, aInstitute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 43

8-1. Research Divisions.
fundamental foil test was conducted to confirm the characteristics of the transmitted particles (angular scattering, energy
degradation, particle neutralization, etc.), which are caused by the ultrathin carbon foil widely used in analyzers.

Experiments on floating-mode APD using a beam line, electron guns, and hybrid detector
using APD and MCP
We conducted 1) fundamental experiments for the floating-mode avalanche photodiode (APD) accelerating electrons
by applying a floating voltage to the APD and 2) development of a hybrid detector combining APD and microchannel
plate (MCP). The purpose of the floating mode is to reduce the lowermost energy of electron energy analyzers equippedwith APD as detectors. We could detect electrons at 2 keV lower than in previous research. However, the hybrid detector
is expected to detect a wide energy band (1 eV –100 keV). We confirmed that the total charge of the electron clouds
ejected from the MCP increased as the operation voltage increased.

Promotion of EISCAT and EISCAT_3D projects
We proceeded with the EISCAT project in collaboration with National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR): (1) we
performed 11 EISCAT SP experiments with Japanese colleagues; (2) we proceeded with the EISCAT_3D project; and (3)we had a special session for the Master Plan 2020 in JpGU2021. We have also operated a photometer and an MF radar inTromsø, and a meteor radar in Alta, northern Norway, and collaborated with Japanese and foreign colleagues in studies onturbopause altitude, atmospheric tomography, and sporadic sodium layers in the MLT region. Furthermore, we have been
conducting statistical studies of the polar lower thermosphere wind (93–118 km) using EISCAT radar data and of theatmospheric stability of the polar winter upper mesosphere (80–100 km) region using sodium LIDAR data obtained at Tromsø.

Field-aligned low-energy O+ Ion in the inner magnetosphereWe found that flux enhancements of field-aligned low-energy O+ ions (FALEO) were simultaneously observed by
Arase and Van Allen Probes A and B in the nightside inner magnetosphere during 05–07 UT on September 22, 2018.
FALEO has an energy-dispersion signature ranging from a few keV to ∼10 eV, only in the direction parallel/antiparallelto the magnetic field. From a numerical simulation to trace the trajectories of test O+ ions in a model magnetosphere, we
revealed that FALEOs originate from ionospheric O+ ions that are extracted from the upper ionosphere at substorm onset
and flow along the magnetic field toward the geomagnetic equator. It was also revealed that 3–9 h after their launch, test
O+ ions less than 400 eV have a spatial distribution in the inner magnetosphere, which is similar to those of the warm
plasma cloak and the oxygen torus. Therefore, we conclude that FALEO is a source of these cold ion populations. This
result was published in Journal of Geophysical Research (Nosé et al., 2022).

Development of a low-cost magnetometer using a MI sensor
The magneto-impedance (MI) effect was discovered approximately 25 years ago, and a microsized magnetic sensor
that utilizes this effect has now become commercially available. We made some modifications to the commerciallyavailable MI sensors, as they cover the range of the geomagnetic field (±80000 nT). We developed an instrument forground measurements, including MI sensors, a Raspberry Pi-based data logger, and an A/D converter, which is only ~1/10of the usual cost of a fluxgate magnetometer. Experimental observations showed that MI sensors can detect geomagnetic
variations, such as Sq variations, geomagnetic storms, and geomagnetic pulsations. This instrument can be used forcontinuous field measurements over several months. We also developed a magnetometer using an MI sensor onboard asounding rocket that was launched from Alaska on March 5, 2022.

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Japan-Russia bilateral project
Several universities and institutes in Japan, including ISEE, Nagoya
University have deployed optical and radio wave instruments in northern
Scandinavia to collaborate with magnetospheric satellites such as the Arasesatellite. We promoted a Japan-Russia bilateral project with the Polar
Geophysical Institute (PGI) in Apatity (Murmansk, Russia) to expand thecollaborative

observation

regionandencourage

cooperation

with

Magnetosphere-Ionosphere researchers in Russia using the Japan Society for
the Promotion of Science budget. The bilateral project extended the groundbased observation network to further eastward of Scandinavia and met withmany conjunctions with the Arase Satellite. Thirteen researchers from Japan,
including students and 10 researchers from Russia participated in the project.
A remote workshop (March 2022) was held, and several papers were publishedbased on discussions during the workshops. For example, latitudinal
dependencies of the auroral electron precipitation spectrum were found in
high-speed camera and riometer observations during the pulsating auroral
patch formation. This finding was published in the Journal of GeophysicalResearch Space Physics (Miyamoto et al., 2021).

(Upper) Relationship between the auroral intensity
and mesospheric ionization intensity during apulsating aurora. There is a difference in the slopeof the fitted line before (steeper slope) and after(gentler slope) auroral patch formation. (Lower)
Estimated shift in the auroral particle precipitation
spectrum to satisfy the slope change.

SDI-3D project
The scanning Doppler imager (SDI) is a ground-based Fabry-Perot Doppler spectrometer operating in an all-sky
imaging mode with a separation scanned etalon to resolve Doppler spectra at heights of 90–400 km. A single station canestimate the horizontal wind vector and temperature on the horizontal plane with a diameter of 1000 km. We established
an international team in 2018 with researchers from Japan, Scandinavian countries, and the U.S. This team commenced
the “SDI-3D” project to deploy three SDIs in the same area as the EISCAT_3D, which might begin operation in 2023. To
progress this project, in 2018, an international exchange program (or a cross-appointment system) was concluded between
Nagoya University and the University of Oulu (Finland) as the first case in Nagoya University, and a faculty member will
stay in Oulu for three months in 2022. The development of the SDI has progressed satisfactorily, based on the budget
awarded by the National Science Foundation in the U.S. Stations to deploy the SDIs were decided, with two in Finlandand one in Sweden. An etalon system for SDI was delivered from Japan to the U.S.

Data archives
The following data archives are available to the public:
Database

Web site

OMTIs
GPS scintillation
VHF (30.8 MHz) radar
SuperDARN Hokkaido radar
210-mm magnetic field data
ISEE magnetometer network
ISEE VLF/ELF data
EISCAT radar, Sodium lidar, MF/Meteor radar, Optics
Reimei satellite data

https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/omti/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/QL-S4/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/vhfr/
https://cicr.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/hokkaido/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/mm210/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/magne/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/vlf/
https://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~eiscat/data/EISCAT.html
http://reimei.stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ (past)
http://reimei.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ (present)
https://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~nose.masahito/s-cubed/

Wp geomagnetic index

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Division for Meteorological and Atmospheric Research Precipitation measurements by advanced
polarimetric radars and hydrometeor videosondes
 Development of new instrumental technology
 Clouds and precipitation observed by multiple
satellites
 Millimeter-wave/infrared spectroscopy of green
house gases and ozone-depleting substances Measurements and analyses of properties andbehaviors of aerosols using advanced techniques

Ongoing global warming caused by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations and other greenhouse gases will cause
gradual climate change and intensification of weather extremes and ecological catastrophes. Among the most urgent tasks
for confronting global environmental problems more effectively is closely monitoring the atmosphere using different
observation methods and gaining a better understanding of the atmosphere via theoretical insights and numericalmodeling. To address these issues, the Division for Meteorological and Atmospheric Research is dedicated to several
research projects to explore the atmosphere from various angles.

Main Activities in FY2021
Process-level assessment of the Iris effect over tropical oceans
The iris hypothesis suggests a cloud feedback mechanism inwhich a reduction in the tropical anvil cloud fraction (CF) in a
warmer climate may act to mitigate warming by enhanced outgoing
longwave radiation. Two different physical processes, one involving
precipitation efficiency and the other focusing on upper-troposphericstability, have been argued to be responsible for the iris effect. In thisstudy, A-Train observations and reanalysis data were analyzed toassess these two processes. The major findings were as follows: (1)the anvil CF changes evidently with upper-tropospheric stability, as
expected from the stability iris theory (see Figure); (2) precipitation
efficiency is unlikely to have control of the anvil CF but is related tomid- and low-level CFs; and (3) the day and nighttime cloud radiative
effects are expected to largely cancel out when integrated over adiurnal cycle, suggesting a neutral cloud feedback.

Composite anvil CF for different quartiles of 200-hPa
stability.

Calibration of MP-PAWR
The state-of-the-art radar technology, multi-parameter phased array weather radar (MP-PAWR), transmits with a fanbeam and receives with a pencil beam; therefore, its calibration must be performed at all elevation angles. This is different
from the conventional radar, which can be calibrated at a single elevation angle. The relationship between the ratio of thespecific phase shift between the two polarizations (KDP) to the radar reflectivity factor (Z) and differential reflectivity(ZDR) was used because of its small dependence on the raindrop particle size distribution. The ZDR was calibrated by
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8-1. Research Divisions

assuming a Marshall-Palmer type raindrop size distribution and, at the same time, by determining the Z bias that satisfies
the relationship between KDP/Z and ZDR. The results showed that ZDR bias jumps appeared at the elevation angle oftransmitter fan beam switching. This calibration was evaluated by comparison with a well-calibrated radar system.

3D structure of Z from MP-PAWR (left) and XRAIN (right) on August 27, 2018, at 17:00 JST. The 3D structure of XRAIN is broadened
by integrating 4 different radars for 5 minutes.

Objective classification of solid hydrometeor images using deep learning
A balloon-borne “hydrometeor videosonde (HYVIS)” equippedwith a microscope camera was used to observe the cloud particles invarious clouds. As HYVIS observations can obtain a large number ofparticle images, it is very difficult for an analyzer to conduct
quantitative and statistical analyses, that is, to objectively identify theircategories, such as plate-, column-, and dendric-type ice crystals. Thus,
we developed an image analysis method using deep learning. The
figure shows an example of the particles identified by this method.
Solid particles in actual clouds are not six-fold symmetric dendriticand column-type crystals but are dominated by diverse, complex, andasymmetric crystals. As the classification method can objectively
identify particle categories in a very short time, statistical analyses ofcloud particles should be performed. This method is highly novel

An example of deep-learning objective classification of solidhydrometeors observed by an HYVIS in a cloud. The particles
surrounded by a square are identified particles, where “ag”,“co”, and “pl” show identified categories as “aggregate”,“column”, and “plate” particles.

because the engineering method can be applied to meteorological research. It is expected to contribute not only to advancing
our knowledge of cloud microphysics but also to improving parameterizations of cloud-resolving models.

Hypothesis on the mechanism of gamma-ray glow events inferred from a meteorologicalperspective
Recently, gamma-ray glows from active convective clouds
have been observed on the ground in the Hokuriku region during
the winter season. Gamma-ray glows typically last a few seconds
to several minutes and are considered to originate from
relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) in strong
electric fields owing to charged hydrometeor particles. This
study aimed to confirm that the inner structure of precipitation
clouds brought about gamma-ray glows using an X-band

Conceptual model of precipitation particles and their charge
distributions during the gamma-ray glow event. Black (white)triangles (hexagons) indicate the presence of positively (negatively)
charged graupel particles (ice crystals).

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8-1. Research Divisions.
polarimetric radar. Eleven gamma-ray glow events were analyzed during the five winter seasons. The time series ofreflectivity shows that both heights of maximum reflectivity and 35-dBZ echo-top, which is a proxy for the existence ofgraupel particles, clearly decreased before and after the time when the gamma-ray glows were observed. This indicatesthat the convective cell is in the dissipating stage of its life cycle. As a result, updraft and riming electrification shouldhardly exist at this stage. Thus, dense graupel particles and the boundary between a positively charged region formed bygraupel particles below a height of －10 °C and a negatively charged region above the height move downward andapproach the ground surface. If the boundary between the positive and negative charge regions has sufficient intensity
for the RREAs and reaches close to the surface, gamma-ray glows should be observed at the surface.

Development of a new calibrator for the millimeter-wave atmospheric radiometer
A calibrator composed of blackbody radiation sources was used for calibrating the signal intensity of a millimeterwave atmospheric radiometer. The existing calibrator is cooled by liquid nitrogen but must always generate, supply,and store it during observation, which is not suitable forlong-term unmanned observation at remote sites. In thisyear, we developed a new mechanical cooled calibrator

Cooling stage (copper)using a cryogenic refrigerator which is primarily used forcooling the superconducting detector in an observation
system, in collaboration with Kyoto University. We

calibrator（φ40 mm）

designed a calibrator with the characteristics of reflection
coefficient, observation frequency, and size of the receiver,and carried out cooling tests. It was found that thetemperature was stably controlled at approximately 76 K,
which is almost the same as the temperature of liquid
nitrogen. This suggests that this new cooling method canbe adopted in our radiometer system

New calibrator installed on the cooling stage of the receiver cryostat.

Monitoring atmospheric minor constituents with a high-resolution infrared spectrometer
Monitoring observations of solar absorption spectrausinghigh-resolution

Fouriertransform

infrared

spectroscopy (FTIR) at Rikubetsu Observatory havecontinued in cooperation with the National Institute forEnvironmental Studies (NIES). The total column amounts
and vertical profiles of the 17 molecular species, including
O3, CH4, and CO, were retrieved from the spectrum. In thisyear, we newly attempted to derive the column amount of
isoprene, the major biogenic volatile organic compound.
After a preliminary analysis of the vertical distribution of
CO2 and H2O from the observed spectra, the column amountof isoprene was determined simultaneously with CFC-12,
HCFC-142b, NH3, and HNO3. The isoprene column amountobserved in 2020 was estimated to be (2–8)×1014 mol/cm2,
which was significantly lower in winter.

48 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Vertical distribution of isoprene, with a solid line representing
observed values and a broken line representing an initial guess.

8-1. Research Divisions

Analyses of the hygroscopicity and light-absorption property of atmospheric aerosol
Atmospheric aerosols affect the radiative balance ofEarth, and the properties regulating this effect include
hygroscopicity

andlight-absorption

properties.

The

hygroscopicity of aerosols is generally represented by theassumption of additivity of the hygroscopicity parameter ofthe chemical components. However, its appropriateness has
not been tentatively assessed. In this study, particles
composed of humic-like substances (HULIS) extracted fromatmospheric aerosol samples and ammonium sulfate weregenerated and the relationship between the proportions of thetwo components and hygroscopic growth was investigated.
The relationship of κ values with chemical composition(proportions of organics and inorganics) was thendetermined. Regarding the light-absorption property of
atmospheric aerosol, the contribution of light-absorptive
organics is not well understood. The light absorption
properties were analyzed for organic fractions fromatmospheric aerosol samples collected in urban and forest
environments. For future analysis of aerosol hygroscopicity,
aerosol sampling was performed at the Hyytiälä Forestry
Field Station in Finland, under the support of the University

Examples of data from the hygroscopic growth measurements ofparticles using an HTDMA. (a,b) Particle counts versus diameter forammonium sulfate particles under (a) dry and (b) humidified conditions.
(c) Particle counts versus diameter for particles composed of the
mixture of HULIS and ammonium sulfate under the humidified
condition. The relative humidity of the humidified condition was 85%.
The horizontal axis uses a logarithmic scale.

of Helsinki.

Evaluation of the methods to measure water-insoluble aerosols and observations
Water-insoluble aerosols, such as black carbon(BC) and mineral dust, can influence the climate
through their light-absorption and ice-nucleating
properties. However, their atmospheric behavior ispoorly understood owing to the limited number ofobservations and the lack of established measurement
methods. In this study, data obtained from aircraftbased observations conducted in the Arctic region
from March–April 2018 were analyzed. We showedthat the year-to-year variations in BC column amounts
in the Arctic spring were strongly correlated withmagnitudes of biomass burning in the mid-latitudes
and that current numerical models significantly

Spring BC column amounts for different years in the Arctic. Observations andnumerical model simulations for anthropogenic BC and biomass burning BC
are shown. MODIS-derived average fire counts at latitudes north of 50ºN are
also shown.

underestimated the contribution of BC from biomassburning. Moreover, we evaluated a new method for measuring the number concentrations of water-insoluble particles
collected on filters, where the particles were dispersed in water and optically detected. For analysis using this method,
intensive aerosol sampling was conducted in Nagoya and Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic.

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Division for Land–Ocean Ecosystem Research Global warming and changes in terrestrial water-material
cycles in the Arctic circumpolar region
 Effects of climate change and anthropogenic forcing on
the terrestrial ecosystem Cloud/rainfall variability in Asian monsoon regions
 Dynamics of phytoplankton in marginal seas and coastal areas
 Climate variability and changing open ocean ecosystem
dynamics and biogeochemical cycle
 Interaction between oceanic waves and climate variations

The Land–Ocean Ecosystem Research Division investigates regional and global energy, water and material cycles,
and physical/biogeochemical processes in the land–ocean ecosystem.
The land research group contributes to advancing our understanding of the mechanisms by which ongoing global
warming and anthropogenic activity influence the terrestrial water cycle and ecosystem. Using field observations, satellite
remote sensing, global meteorological data analysis, laboratory analysis, and model simulation approaches, our group aims
to understand the impact of global warming on hydrological and greenhouse gas cycles in the Arctic region, the dynamics
of the continental scale water cycle, the processes that drive weather and climate over Asia, the interplay between theterrestrial ecosystem and climate, and the detection of early signs of the influence of global warming in Antarctica.
Ocean research was conducted using satellite remote sensing, numerical simulations, and in-situ observations. We
also performed synthesis studies of physical and biogeochemical processes in the ocean and their interactions with theatmosphere and climate. In particular, we are investigating how oceanic heat content, circulation, and surface waves
interact with atmospheric environments and how they are linked to climate and meteorological phenomena such as
tropical cyclones. We are also investigating how variations in ocean circulation, mixing processes, and air–sea fluxes
influence marine ecosystems where phytoplankton are the primary producers. Moreover, we are interested in the possible
impact of the marine ecosystem on physical processes and climate in the ocean and atmosphere.

Main Activities in FY2021
Impact of Arctic warming and abnormally high precipitation on vegetation activity of Siberian
larch forests
The fate of a boreal forest may depend on the trend in its normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), suchas whether NDVI has been increasing significantly over the past few decades. We analyzed the responses of two
Siberian larch forests at Spasskaya Pad and Elgeeii in eastern Siberia to various waterlogging-induced disturbances
using satellite-based NDVI and meteorological data for the period 2000–2019. The forest at Spasskaya Pad experienced
waterlogging (i.e., flooding events caused by abnormal precipitation) during 2005–2008, which damaged canopyforming larch trees and increased the abundance of water-resistant understory vegetation. In contrast, the forest at
Elgeeii did not experience any remarkable disturbances, such as tree dieback or changes in the vegetation community.
Significant increasing NDVI trends were found in May and June–August in Elgeeii, whereas no significant trends were
found in Spasskaya Pad. NDVI anomalies in May and June–August at Elgeeii were significantly associated with
precipitation or temperature, depending on the season, whereas no significant relationships were found at Spasskaya
Pad. Thus, the 20-year NDVI trend and the NDVI–temperature–precipitation relationship differed between the twolarch forests, although no significant trends in temperature or precipitation were observed. These findings indicate that
non-significant NDVI trends for Siberian larch forests may reflect waterlogging-induced dieback of larch trees with a
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concomitant increase in water-resistant understory vegetation.
(Reference: Nagano, H., A. Kotani, H. Mizuochi, K. Ichii, H. Kanamori, and T. Hiyama (2022): Contrasting 20-year
trends in NDVI at two Siberian larch forests with and without multiyear waterlogging-induced disturbances.
Environmental Research Letters, 17, 025003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac4884)

Recent decadal enhancement of Meiyu–Baiu heavy rainfall
We investigated recent decadal trends in Meiyu–Baiu rainfall
over the last two decades using 23-year satellite precipitation radar(TRMM-PR and GPM-DPR) data. We also explored thevariability of atmospheric circulation, such as water vapor
transport and uppertropospheric circulations, related to the trendusing the JRA-55 reanalysis. The frequency of heavy precipitation
along the Meiyu–Baiu front has increased over the past 22 years.
In particular, heavy precipitation (10 mm/h) increased by 24%
between 1998 and 2008 and 2009–2019, which likely led to therecent enhancement in Meiyu–Baiu heavy rainfall. The decadalenhancement of the Meiyu–Baiu rainfall is associated with bothInterannual variations in the frequency of Meiyu–Baiu band
precipitation.

tropical and mid-latitudinal influences. Along with the westward expansion of the western North Pacific subtropical high,more water vapor was transported to the Meiyu–Baiu front. Simultaneously, the upper-level trough over the East China
Sea, associated with wave trains along the subtropical jet, intensifies the transport of water vapor and upward flow. Thesechanges in atmospheric circulation are physically consistent with the increase in rainfall at the Meiyu–Baiu front.
(Reference: Takahashi, H. G. and H. Fujinami, (2021): Recent decadal enhancement of Meiyu–Baiu heavy rainfall overEast Asia. Scientific Reports, 11, 13665, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93006-0)

Calibration of the surface temperature measurement biases on the Antarctic Plateau
Near-surface air temperature measurements over the Antarctic Plateau (AP) are important for climate changemonitoring and model validation. Owing to their remoteness and harsh environment, automatic weather stations (AWSs)
were installed on the AP. However, it is difficult to obtain accurate temperatures because most temperature measurements
are subject to systematic errors owing to solar radiative heating. Owing to the shortage of power supplies, naturally
ventilated (NV) sensors are often used in Antarctica instead of mechanically force-ventilated (FV) sensors. Whenventilation is inadequate to remove the influence of radiative heating, NV temperature measurements result in higher
values than FV measurements. In this study, we examined the radiative heating error of NV measurements on the East
Antarctic Plateau using both the newly installed AWSs at NDF and Relay Station and the existing AWSs at Relay Station
and Dome Fuji. In austral summer, the temperature bias between the FV and NV sensors never reached zero owing tocontinuous sunlight. The hourly mean temperature errors reached 8 °C at noon on a sunny day with weak wind conditions.
The errors increased linearly with increasing reflected shortwave radiation and decreased nonlinearly with increasing
wind speed. These features are consistent with those reported in previous studies. Thus, to quantify radiative errors, weapplied an existing correction model based on the regression approach. We found that this approach successfully reduced
radiative biases by up to 70%. This indicates that we can use the corrected temperature data instead of quality-controlled
data, which removes the warm bias during weak winds in inland Antarctica.
(Reference: Morino, S., N. Kurita, N. Hirasawa, H. Motoyama, K. Sugiura, M. A. Lazzara, D. Mikolajczyk, L. Welhouse,
L. Keller, and G. Weidner (2021): Comparison of ventilated and unventilated air temperature measurements in inland Dronning
Maud Land on the East Antarctic Plateau. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 38, 2061–2070, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0107.1)

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Seasonal and interannual variations of chlorophyll-a in the upper Gulf of Thailand
Seasonal and interannual variations in the total
phytoplankton biomass in the upper Gulf of Thailand(uGoT) from 2003–2017 were investigated using thechlorophyll-a (Chl-a) of the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua. The accuracy of
Chla was first verified and improved by the local tuningof the empirical algorithm. The seasonal variation was
mostly related to the monsoon variability, the nonmonsoon (NOM), southwest-monsoon (SWM), andnortheast-monsoon (NEM) seasons, of the environmental
parameters. High and low Chl-a corresponded with highand low precipitation and river discharge during the SWM

Mean MODIS Chl-a (2003–2017) and wind distributions of upper Gulfof Thailand.

and NEM, respectively. Chl-a was generally low during NOM because of the low precipitation. Chl-a was generally
higher in the north where the river discharge was high, especially from the Chao Phraya and Tha Chin Rivers. The highChl-a area was shifted to the east and west and was related to the wind direction, resulting in the current and probable
freshwater distribution during SWM and NEM, respectively. Interannual variations in Chl-a were related to variations inprecipitation, river discharge, and wind patterns caused by El Niño-Southern Oscillation rather than the Indian Ocean
Dipole. Positive and negative SWM Chl-a anomalies corresponded to high and low precipitation and river dischargeduring La Niña and El Niño, respectively. Positive and negative NEM Chl-a anomalies corresponded to high and low
river discharge and strong and weak winds during La Niña/El Niño. A positive NOM Chl-a anomaly appears to be related
to the higher wind speed and precipitation during El Niño.
(References: Luang-on, J., J. Ishizaka, A. Buranapratheprat, J. Phaksopa, J. I. Goes, H. Kobayashi, M. Hayashi,
E. R. Maúre, and S. Matsumura (2021): Seasonal and interannual variations of MODIS Aqua chlorophyll-a (2003–2017)
in the Upper Gulf of Thailand influenced by Asian monsoons. J. Oceanogr., doi:10.1007/s10872-021-00625-2）

High-resolution vertical observations of phytoplankton groups derived from an in-situ
multiple excitation fluorometer in the East China Sea and Tsushima Strait
Few studies have used multiple excitation fluorometers to understand the variability in coastal phytoplankton groups.
We used a multiple excitation fluorometer to understand the high-resolution vertical distributions of phytoplankton
composition in the East China Sea (ECS) and Tsushima Strait (TS) where the Changjiang River diluted water (CDW),
Kuroshio water (KW), and Tsushima water (TW) during the summers of 2011, 2012, and 2014. The multiple excitation
fluorometer was calibrated with phytoplankton group data derived from high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis of the water samples. We found clear differences in the distribution of phytoplankton in CDW, KW, and
TW. Brown algae were generally dominant (∼60%) in the CDW, although cyanobacteria (>40%) and green algae plus
cryptophytes (>40%) were abundant above and below the subsurface chlorophyll maximum, respectively. Brown algae
were also dominant in the water column (>60%), including the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (>80%) of TW, andcyanobacteria were dominant in the surface water. Cyanobacteria were abundant (>40%) at the surface while brown andgreen algae dominated (>60%) below 40 m in the KW. These results are related to the nutrient distributions in these areas.
A multiple excitation fluorometer, which was calibrated using phytoplankton group data derived from HPLC analysis ofsome water samples, can efficiently supply high-resolution vertical distribution of phytoplankton group distribution.
(References: Xu, Q., S. Wang, C. Sukigara, J. I. Goes, H. d. R. Gomes, T. Matsuno, Y. Zhu, Y. Xu, J. Luang-on, Y. Watanabe,
S. Yoo, and J. Ishizaka (2022): High-Resolution Vertical Observations of Phytoplankton Groups Derived from an in-situ
Fluorometer in the East China Sea and Tsushima Strait. Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 756180, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.756180)
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Statistical analysis of the impact of typhoons and other strong wind precipitation events on
the oceanic mixed layer
The Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO)buoy has been measuring air-sea interaction quantities
since 2004. The KEO buoy records contain sporadic
low-salinity signals (SLSSs) in the mixed layer whenusing, for example, the tropical cyclone approach.
SLSSs cannot be reproduced by one-dimensional
turbulence closure models, which have been used as apart of three-dimensional ocean circulation models inprevious studies. In the western North Pacific,
precipitation is substantial in both the Baiu andComposite time series of SLSS flag, sporadic low-temperature signal
flag, and wind variance for 18 SLSS events in summer with heavy
rainfall.

autumn front seasons, around June and November, respectively. SLSS events can be terminated by entrainment of saltiersubsurface water parcels to the mixed layer in response to storms (Figure). The discovery of wind velocity subdiurnal
variation peaks following SLSS commencement is the reason the present study adopted a time scale of 1-day windvelocity analysis. The present study illustrates how to extract the features of marine weather events that produce SLSSs
in the oceanic mixed layer. This new and concise approach will be useful for identifying SLSS events in other regions of
the global ocean to provide the necessary information for improving air-sea flux formulations.
(References: Kameyama et al. (2022): Sporadic low salinity signals in the oceanic mixed layer observed by the Kuroshio
Extension Observatory buoy. Front. Clim., 4, 820490, doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.820490）

Enhanced oxygen consumption results in summertime hypoxia in Mikawa Bay, JapanThe spread of coastal hypoxia (“dead zones”), whose occurrence has increased rapidly since the latter half of the20th century, is having a serious impact on ecosystem functions. Six shipboard observations were conducted in Mikawa
Bay from May to August 2014 to investigate the spatiotemporal variation in the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of thebottom layer. The OCR was determined from the dark incubation of sample waters using an optical oxygen sensor, whichshowed a range of 5.7–38.3 μM d-1. A high OCR was observed at the inner-most station, where higher concentrations of
nutrients and chlorophyll a than at the other stations were found and bottom hypoxic water appeared during theobservation period after late June. These OCRs can deplete the oxygen dissolved in water within a week. Overall, OCR
showed a highly significant positive correlation with particulate organic carbon concentrations in the bottom water.
Considering the relatively low carbon-to-nitrogen mole ratio (6.4~7.6) and high carbon isotope ratio (between −20.2‰
and −18.8‰) of particulate organic matter at the stations, the supply of fresh organic matter produced in the bay as
opposed to land may have affected the OCR by acting as a substrate for microbial aerobic respiration. High temporal
resolution data from two automated observation buoys near the bay mouth and the inner area captured increases in Chl-a
a at both sites in response to typhoon events, along with the subsequent appearance of bottom hypoxic water at the innersite and its expansion at the mouth. This supports our hypothesis that enhanced organic matter production due to nutrient
input to the surface layer through vertical mixing would increase the bottom OCR, resulting in hypoxia. The apparent
oxygen decline in the bottom layer from the buoy data was consistent with incubation-based OCRs during the observation
period. Therefore, it is essential to properly model the OCR in numerical simulations of hypoxia, to which the variability
characteristics that we revealed make a significant contribution.
(References: Sukigara, S., Y. Mino, A. Yasuda, A. Morimoto, A. Buranapratheprat, and J. Ishizaka (2021): Measurement ofoxygenconcentrations and oxygen consumption rates using an optical oxygen sensor, and its application in hypoxia-related
research in highly eutrophic coastal regions. Cont. Shelf Res., 229, 104551, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2021.104551)

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Division for Chronological Research









Anthropogenic history and geochronology
Accelerator mass spectrometry
Electron probe microanalysis
Paleoclimate reconstruction and future Earth
Geosphere stability
Isotope geoenvironmental chemistry
CHIME dating
Development of new analytical methods

Short- and long-term forecasts of global environmental changes and their countermeasures are urgent issues.
Determining when an event occurred in the past, via “dating,” is important for understanding the present state of the Earthand predicting its future. We promote chronological studies on a broad range of subjects, from events in Earth’s history,
spanning 4.6 billion years, to archeological materials, cultural properties, and modern cultural assets.
The Division for Chronological Research conducts interdisciplinary research involving radiocarbon (14C) dating
using accelerator mass spectrometry to understand changes in the Earth’s environment and the cultural history ofhumankind from approximately 50,000 years ago to the present day, as well as research on and development of new 14C
analyses and dating methods. In addition, the laboratory studies near-future forecasts of Earth and space environments,
focusing on spatio-temporal variations in cosmogenic nuclides, such as 14C and 10Be, and conducts research that integrates
art and science through collaborations between researchers in archeology, historical science, and other fields. Furthermore,using the chemical U-Th total Pb isochron method (CHIME), which was first developed at Nagoya University, andradiometric dating of long-half-life radioisotopes (Sr-Nd-Hf), we have shed light on events in Earth’s history from its
formation 4.6 billion years ago to approximately 1 million years ago. An electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) has beenused to perform nondestructive microanalyses of rocks and other materials to reveal records of complex events recordedin zircon, monazite, and other samples.

Main Activities in FY2021
Development of carbon-14 detection technique by PIMS
Carbon positive-ion mass spectrometry (C-PIMS) is an effective method for detecting radiocarbons at low
concentrations. In this new radiocarbon detection technology, an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) is used
to generate highly charged positive ions (e.g., C2+), which areconverted into negative ions (C-) in a charge exchange cell.
The development of high-performance ECRIS is important
for the practical application of C-PIMS. At the ISEE, we areconducting theoretical and experimental studies on whether asmall ECR ion source using a solid-state 2.45-GHz
microwave generator is a viable option for the practicalapplication of C-PIMS. Theoretical estimates predict that thegeneration of a 40-keV C2+ ion beam of approximately 40 mA
will enable the detection of natural radiocarbons.

54 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Beam injection system of PIMS.

8-1. Research Divisions

Model construction of long- and short-term structural evolution of Zagros orogenic belt
Understanding the igneous activity and formation process of the Zagros orogenic belt in Western Asia, which is partof the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt, is important for understanding the formation of the Earth’s continental crust and foranalyzing the formation process of resource deposits. This year, we invited Prof.
Azizi from the University of Kurdistan, Iran to Nagoya University for threemonths, from November 2021 to February 2022, to research the long-term
evolution of long-lived radioisotopes (Sr-Nd-Hf) (Azizi et al., 2021, Journal of
Petrology; Daneshvar et al., 2021, Minerals; Nouri et al., 2021, Lithos;
Gholipour et al., 2021, Lithos). We also initiated an effort to develop a new
structural development history model by adding a short time series of lightelements such as Li and Be. The relatively short-lived cosmic ray-produced
nuclide 10Be can be useful for clarifying isotope recycling in subduction zones
and post-impact systems. In 2021, we set up columns of cation and anion
exchange resins for Be separation and conducted Be extraction from 40 rocksamples, for which chemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic ratio data were obtained.

Column separation of rock samples for extractionof Be fraction.

Formation process of gigantic whale bone concretions in the Oga Peninsula, Akita
Prefecture, Japan
More than 100 gigantic spherical carbonate concretions
containing whale bone are exposed in the Unozaki coast of
the Oga Peninsula in Akita Prefecture, Japan. This study
examined the formation mechanism of these concretions,which has not been elucidated before, using field surveys andgeochemical analyses. The results suggested that thesegigantic whale bone concretions were formed by the rapid
burial of the whale bone on the seafloor during wave storms
and the decomposition of its carbon component by benthic
organisms. The observation of the primary dolomite suggeststhat gigantic concretions may have formed in a reducing
environment. Subsequently, gigantic spherical carbonate
concretions were formed by growth of calcite. (This research

Giant whalebone concretion in the Oga Peninsula, Akita
Prefecture, Japan.

was supported by the 2021 Akita Geopark Research Grant and was conducted with the cooperation of the Culture andSports Division of Oga City and the Oga Peninsula–Oogata Geopark Association.)

Relationship between Antarctic primary productivity and sea ice changes with sub-decadalscale climate variability during the last 11,400 years
The marine margin of Antarctica plays an important role in the global
carbon cycle through the formation of Antarctic bottom water and primary
productivity. An international joint research team that included researchers fromthe University of Tokyo, Nagoya University, Victoria University of Wellington,
and Stanford University investigated a 170-m-long sediment core recoveredfrom the Adélie Basin along the Wilkes Land margin of East Antarctica. The

Off the coast of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica.

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study revealed that sea ice variations off the coast of East Antarctica have been closely linked to sub-decadal-scale climate
modes (for example, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Southern Annular Mode, and Indian Ocean Dipole) during thepast ~11,400 years (Johnson et al., 2021). The study findings can be used to improve models for predicting the global
carbon and marine biogeochemical cycles.

Carbon cycle processes in shallow subduction zones
Carbon in the Earth’s surface layer is brought to the Earth’s
depths as plates are subducted and then returned to the surface ina cyclic process. The importance of the shallow carbon cycle
process, in which subducted carbon returns to the Earth’s surface
from relatively shallow areas, has long been highlighted; however,serpentinite

the time scale of this cycle is not well understood. In this study,

Carbonate(aragonite)carbonate (aragonite) mineral veins in forearc mantle rocks
collected from Kaigamekaiyama (6,400-m depth) in the Izu–
Ogasawara Trench were analyzed and found to have stable carbon
isotope ratios similar to those of deep-sea water and low 14C
concentrations. This indicates that carbonates that originated fromcarbon in old seawater and were transported into the Earth’s(a) Carbonate (aragonite) produced by precipitation in a
fracture of altered mantle rock (serpentinite). (b) Enlarged
view of the area enclosed by the white dotted line in (a).
Aragonite is needle-shaped.

interior remained in the fore-arc mantle of the upper plate for tens of thousands of years or more. This finding is importantand advances our understanding of the global carbon cycle by adding a new indicator, 14C, to rocks that have been studied
geologically and mineralogically. This research was conducted in collaboration with the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, Tohoku University, Niigata University, and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Scienceand Technology and was supported by the ISEE Joint Research Program (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Analysis) (Oyanagi
et al., 2021, Communications Earth & Environment).

Geochronological study of the Pingze–Dongshan metamorphic belt, Fujian, China
Geochronological studies of the Pingze–Dongshan metamorphic belt in Fujian Province, China are important forunderstanding the late Mesozoic tectonic development history of the continental margin in South China. Therefore, wemeasured the ages of monazite and zircon in mica schist and intrusive granite in thisregion. U-Pb isotopic ages were determined by LA-ICP-MS at National Taiwan
University and NanoSIMS at the University of Tokyo and U-Th-Pb CHIME ages
were determined by EPMA at ISEE. The results indicated that the age of peakmetamorphism of the mica schist reached its metamorphic peak at approximately
100 Ma. One group of zircons had a simple age cluster (145–30 Ma) while the othershowed a wide age spectrum of two populations (c. 1.8 Ga and c. 190 Ma) that areuncommon in this region (Lin et al., 2021, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences).

Backscattered electron image and CHIME
ages of monazite (from Lin et al., 2021)

Structural developmental history of Hida and Yoengnam belts based on zircon ages and Hf
isotopic ratios
Integrated zircon U-Pb chronology and Hf isotope geochemistry of igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Hida
Belt, southwest Japan, have led to a new understanding of the evolution of the arc system. The igneous parts of zircon
in basic-medium orthogneisses from the Tateyama and Tsunokawa areas yielded Permian 206Pb/238U ages. The
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overgrown parts are 250–240 Ma in age and have a relatively high Th/U
ratio (> 0.2). These parts may have been formed by a thermal event
caused by the intrusion of the Hida granitoids. Based on the whole rockchemistry, Sr-Nd isotopic ratios, Hf isotopic ratios, and zircon ages, theHida Belt was an island–arc system that formed along the North China
Craton with the Yeongnam Belt in the Paleozoic–Mesozoic (Cho et al.,2021, Geoscience Frontiers).
Rare earth element patterns in Hida gneiss (FromCho et al., 2021, under CC BY-NC-ND license).

Isotope Ratio Meeting 2021

The Isotope Ratio Meeting of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan is held
annually to allow researchers and students in Japan to use isotope analysis as theirmain research tool to exchange information on current problems in both hardware andsoftware and to develop isotope ratio measurements and applied research fields. Thisis the only meeting in Japan that provides a forum for the exchange of isotope researchusing mass spectrometry as a research method.
This year, the ISEE took the lead in holding the online meeting on November
10–12, 2021, in collaboration with the Graduate School of Environmental Studies of
Nagoya University. The meeting was attended by 94 participants, including 29
students. Two special scientific lectures, three invited lectures (one of which was given
by Associate Professor Fusa Miyake of ISEE on “Investigation of past extreme solar
events using cosmic ray-produced nuclides”), and seven live video introductions fromthe laboratories were given. In the laboratory introductions, the analytical equipment
was demonstrated and the audience was able to catch a glimpse of the laboratories,
making it a meaningful opportunity for exchange among isotope researchers.

Poster for Isotope Ratio Meeting 2021.

Regional Contribution Program 2021 of Nagoya University “Let's Learn about Radiation fromthe Natural World”
The Regional Contribution Program 2021 of Nagoya University, “Let’s Learn about
Radiation from the Natural World,” was conducted as a hands-on learning experience forupper elementary school students. The purpose of this program was to understand thenature of radiation and how humans are constantly exposed to radiation from the natural
world. We have been considering ways to implement the “hands-on” learning programfor COVID-19. We decided to send students educational materials for simple experimentsthat could be done safely at home, and to conduct experiments and discussions that would
be difficult to perform at home in an online format. We distributed simple radiation
measurement instruments and radiation sources to the students and asked them to measure
the radiation levels in the samples and their surroundings. The results were discussed in
an online format. Additionally, a fog-box experiment was conducted online. This allowed
the participants to observe radiation emitted from minerals and the atmosphere, as wellas radiation from outer space. Although the online format limited the number of possible
experiments, it had the advantage of allowing participation from outside the Nagoya area.
Participants from the Kansai area were able to examine differences in natural radiation

Poster for 2021 Regional Contribution
Program of Nagoya University.

doses that were thought to be due to geological differences.

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Center for International Collaborative Research (CICR)

 Coordinated international programs Ground-based observation networks and satellite
projects
 Hosting international workshops
 International exchange of foreign and Japanese
researchers and students Capacity-building courses and schools in developing
countries
 Observatories

The Center for International Collaborative Research (CICR) provides leadership to promote international
collaborative studies to understand the physical mechanisms of phenomena occurring in the space–Sun–Earthenvironmental system and their interactions. The CICR encourages programs to develop ground-based observation
networks and international satellite projects and host international workshops and conferences. It also supports international
exchanges between overseas and Japanese researchers and students and builds capacity in developing countries throughtraining courses and schools. The CICR took over the Geospace Research Center of the former Solar-Terrestrial Environment
Laboratory of Nagoya University. It was established in October 2015 initially for a 5-years fixed term until FY2020. However,another 5-years term (FY2021–2026) for continued activity was approved by Nagoya University.
The phenomena contained in solar activity have various timescales, from solar flares and coronal holes, to the 11year cycle, and further long-term variations. World scientists are greatly interested in these types of solar activities andtheir consequences on the Earth’s geospace environment and climate change. The Scientific Committee on SolarTerrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), under the International Science Council (ISC), commenced a 5-year international
program entitled “Predictability of the variable Solar–Terrestrial Coupling (PRESTO)” for 2020–2024. The main
objective of this program is to identify the predictability of the variable solar–terrestrial coupling performance metrics
using modeling, measurements, and data analysis while strengthening the communication between scientists and users.
The President of SCOSTEP is also a member of the CICR and is responsible for operating this international program. On
January 8, 2021, ISEE and SCOSTEP exchanged a Memorandum of Understanding to define the conditions under which
ISEE will contribute to SCOSTEP activities. In agreement with this Memorandum of Understanding, the CICR publishes
the SCOSTEP/PRESTO newsletter every three months, organizes online seminars and capacity-building lectures, andcoordinates international symposiums related to SCOSTEP/PRESTO. The CICR also contributes to other international
programs related to the space–Sun–Earth environment, such as Future Earth and the Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Processes Study (iLEAPS). Since 2016, the CICR has participated in or operates ground-based observation projects, such as
the EISCAT radar project, OMTIs, the ISEEVLF/ELF

andmagnetometer

network,

SuperDARN radar network (including the
Hokkaido HF radars), and the Arctic
Challenge for Sustainability operation office.
It also has four domestic observatories at
Moshiri, Rikubetsu, Fuji, and Kagoshima,
which conduct observations of the solar wind,
geomagnetic field, and upper atmosphere.
Some of these observations have been
conducted for more than 30 years.
58 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Observation sites and foreign collaborative institutions of ISEE.

8-2. Research Centers

Main Activities in FY2021
In FY2021, the CICR conducted the following international
collaborative research programs: 1) Joint Research Program (international, 23
projects); 2) ISEE International Joint Research Program, inviting 15 researchers
from overseas; and 3) ISEE/CICR International Workshop, including two
designated professors from overseas who were hired through a 5-year crossappointment with US universities and institutions. Four English-speaking staff
members were hired to provide administrative support. However, part of programs2) and 3) were canceled due to COVID-19. Employment of the two designatedprofessors continued after FY2022. In program 1), the CICR conducted research
to understand coupling processes in the solar-terrestrial system by overseas
observation using a wide range of ground-based multipoint networks. In
collaboration with SCOSTEP, the CICR hosted five international online seminars
and nine online lectures for students in FY2021. It also supported two graduate
students in making presentations at an international online conference. In the
PRESTO program (2020–2024), the CICR published four newsletters in FY2021(April, July, October, and January). The CICR also supported two international

SCOSTEP/PRESTO Newsletter vol. 30(January 2022).

schools in Nigeria and Portugal. A student from Russia was invited to the ISEE for collaborative research under the SCOSTEPVisiting Scholar program. Students from Ethiopia and India were invited to the ISEE under the JSPS Core-to-Core Program.
The EISCAT radar project was undertaken in collaboration with an NIPR group, and eleven EISCAT special
experiments proposed by Japanese colleagues were conducted. Discussions about the EISCAT_3D radar were organizedwith foreign EISCAT associate members. The PWING project continued running eight stations around the North Pole at
MLATs of ~60° connecting the OMTIs, ISEE magnetometer, and ELF/VLF networks. A research project entitled “PanArctic Water-Carbon Cycles (PAWCs)” was newly funded for 2019–2024. PAWCs are designed to integrate atmospheric–terrestrial water and carbon cycles in northern Eurasia, for which very limited data on the fluxes of greenhouse gases exist.
The four domestic observatories continued to operate in FY2021. The Moshiri Observatory became an unmanned
observatory in FY2018, and it has continued to run electromagnetic instruments: an auroral photometer, magnetometers,and ELF/VLF receivers. Its fluxgate magnetometer and induction magnetometer were repaired in 2021. The Rikubetsu
Observatory operates several spectrometers for comprehensive measurements of ozone and other minor constituents inthe atmosphere, all-sky imagers and photometers for aurora and airglow monitoring, the SuperDARN Hokkaido radars
for ionospheric disturbances, and an ELF atmospheric receiver.
Multi-station IPS observations using Fuji, Kiso, andToyokawa antennas were conducted between April and
December 2021. The Sugadaira station, which was one of
the solar wind observatories, was closed this fiscal year.
A public lecture was held on September 18, 2021, at Kiso,
in collaboration with the Kiso Observatory of the
University of Tokyo.
The Kagoshima Observatory and Sata Station
operate an all-sky camera, a photometer for airglow
detection, VLF/LF radio wave receivers, and induction
magnetomaters in collaboration with Tohoku University,
the University of Electro-Communications, Chiba
University, and Georgia Institute of Technology.

Moshiri Observatory.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 59

8-2. Research Centers

Center for Integrated Data Science (CIDAS)

 Hinode Science Center ERG Science Center Research and development of advanced simulations(SUSANOO, CReSS, Monte Carlo simulations for highprecision age calculations) Construction of various databases (IUGONET,WDS-CR) Operation of CIDAS supercomputer system
 Membership activity of HPCI consortium

The Center for Integrated Data Science (CIDAS) aimed to construct infrastructure and conduct research anddevelopment to perform a cutting-edge scientific study of the space–Earth environmental system through integrated
analyses using various observational data and advanced computer simulations. CIDAS operates many projects incooperation with ISEE research divisions and centers and other universities and institutes.

Science centers for space missions: Hinode and ERG
The Hinode Science Center is operated as a joint project with the NAOJ and developed a database and analyticalenvironment for the data provided by the Japanese solar observation satellite Hinode, and plays an important role inconsidering the research topics of oncoming solar missions such as Solar-C EUVST. In addition, the ERG Science Center
operates as a joint research center in cooperation with the ISAS/JAXA, which releases data files from ERG (Arase) andground-based observations. The ERG Science Center also develops the data analysis software. The CIDAS computer
system was used for the data analysis environment for the Hinode and ERG projects.

Cooperative research program for database construction and supercomputing
CIDAS produces various databases for space–Earth environmental research and provides supercomputing facilities
in collaboration with the Information Technology Center of Nagoya University and other universities and institutes.
CIDAS mints DOIs for ISEE research data to ensure permanent accessibility and promote the reusability of the data.
CIDAS has also joined the inter-university network project (Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation
NETwork: IUGONET) with Tohoku University, NIPR, Kyoto University, Kyushu University, and Nagoya University todevelop a metadata databases server and data analysis software. CIDAS is responsible for activities in ISEE as a memberof the High-Performance Computing Infrastructure Consortium (HPCI) in Japan.

Research and development of advanced simulations
CIDAS plays a leading role in researching and developing the following advanced computer simulation models:Space Weather Forecast Usable System Anchored by Numerical Operations and Observations (SUSANOO), Cloud
Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS), and Monte Carlo simulations for accurate Th-U-Pb dating. The CReSS model was
designed for all types of parallel computers to simulate the detailed structure of clouds and storms. CReSS is free to use
for the scientific community. It has been used for meteorological research and real-time weather forecast experiments,
such as simulation experiments of tropical cyclones, heavy rainfall events, snow clouds, tornados, and downscaling
experiments of future tropical cyclones.
60 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

8-2. Research Centers

Main Activities in FY2021
Development of a data analysis system for the ERG (Arase) project
Scientific data from the ERG (Arase) satellite, ground-network observations, and modeling/simulations were archived
at the ERG Science Center, which is operated by ISAS/JAXA and ISEE/Nagoya University. The format of these data files
is CDF, and includes the metadata of each file. This is a de facto format in the solar–terrestrial physics community. The
Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), a commonly used software in the solar–terrestrial physics
community, can easily read and manipulate CDF files. The ERG Science Center has developed CDF files and SPEDAS
plug-in software for the ERG project. We also joined the International Heliosphere Data Environment Alliance to discusscommon data formats in the international framework. The ERG Science Center has organized training sessions for
SPEDAS in Japan and Taiwan, providing important opportunities to learn to use SPEDAS and ERG data. The ERG
Science Center is also developing a data analysis environment for the CIDAS system. Users can access the CIDAS system
via the internet and analyze ERG project data using SPEDAS (https://ergsc.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/research/index.shtml.en).

Energy-consistent finite difference schemes for compressible (magneto-)hydrodynamics
When the magnetic or kinetic energies overwhelm the internal energy of the plasma, numerical simulations of the(magneto-)hydrodynamic equations become strongly unstable, sometimes causing unphysical solutions. Unfortunately, suchsituations can be found all over the universe, for example, in the solar atmosphere above sunspots. A new finite difference
formulation has been proposed to overcome this difficulty, focusing on the consistency among the internal, kinetic, andmagnetic energy equations in the discrete sense. Traditionally, the total energy equation is solved. The time variation of
the internal energy was calculated by subtracting the kinetic and magnetic energies from the total energy. However, theresultant internal energy can be erroneous from the discretization error in stringent situations, such as the solar corona. In
this study, the discrete versions of the product rule were effectively used to implicitly satisfy the internal, magnetic, andkinetic energy equations without directly solving them. The resultant formulation was implemented as spatial secondand fifth-order schemes. The numerical tests showed the extremely high robustness of these schemes for most stringent
problems under high Mach number and low plasma beta conditions (Iijima, 2021, Journal of Computational Physics).

Activity of IUGONETIUGONET has been promoting the use and application of upper atmospheric observation data by providing metadata
databases and analysis tools in collaboration with other institutions (e.g., the Research Organization of Information and
Systems) and has been developing a universal infrastructure to disclose and cite data. In FY2021, the IUGONET metadata
schema was updated and metadata were recreated as they follow the international standard. IUGONET has held data analysis
workshops in collaboration with international organizations, such as SCOSTEP and the World Data System affiliated with
the ISC, and supported the construction of infrastructure for disclosing data and data integrity (http://www.iugonet.org/).

Operation of the CIDAS supercomputer system
A new computer system for integrated data analysis (CIDAS computer system) was installed on April 2021. The
system consists of 16 compute nodes, each of which has two Intel Xeon Gold 6230R CPUs and 384 GiB memory. In
FY2021, 190 researchers/students were registered as users of the CIDAS supercomputer system. Data analyses related to
the Hinode Science Center and ERG/Arase Science Center and computer simulation studies were conducted.

Development of the CReSS model
The CReSS model was developed and improved for physical processes. It is available for scientific research fromCIDAS. The CReSS model was used for the simulation experiments and daily weather forecasts. The simulated daily
forecast data were openly available from the meteorological laboratory website. CIDAS also plans to make available thesimulation output data from the CReSS model.
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 61

8-2. Research Centers

Center for Orbital and Suborbital Observations (COSO)
 Establishment of an aircraft observing system
 Aircraft observations of cloud, aerosol and typhoon Promotion of ERG mission
 Solar observation missions using micro satellites
 Study of the simultaneous development of multiple
satellites for future space science Human resource development for space
applications

Based on ISEE research objectives, which encompass natural phenomena ranging from the Earth’s surface to outerspace, COSO is expected to perform empirical and advanced research through observation, especially throughcollaboration among industry, academia, and government, leading to remarkable technological developments for aircraft,balloons, sounding rockets, and spacecraft observations. COSO aims to be the core of aircraft observation in Japan andinvestigates and promotes future space exploration missions to obtain new knowledge of physical phenomena incooperation with domestic and foreign research institutions. By promoting interdisciplinary activities and efficientcommon technology development, COSO can improve observation capabilities for future orbital and suborbital
observations. The Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Laboratory contributed to the Virtual Laboratory with four
universities using X- and Ka-band radars, together with numerical model studies. The Space Exploration and Research
Office (SERO) is undertaking nanosatellite and human resource development programs for space applications. The
Aircraft Observation Promotion Office was newly established to promote aircraft observation in Japan.

Main Activities in FY2021
Promotion of aircraft observations
Thanks to Nagoya University President's Discretionary Funds, we wereable to install drop-sonde observation equipment on a new jet plane, Gulfstream
IV (G-IV). Test flight and drop-sonde experiments were conducted, and thedrop-sonde ejection was filmed using a high-speed camera from another jet
tracking the G-IV to confirm that the drop-sonde was ejected correctly from theshooter of the G-IV. Typhoon Mindulle, which approached Japan on September
29, 2021, was observed using this drop-sonde observation system, and threepenetrating observations of the eye were made in a butterfly pattern at analtitude of 45,000 feet to observe the inner core region. A total of 31 drop-sondes
were dropped around the eye and eye wall clouds. In addition, a real-time datatransmission experiment at Nagoya University was successful. This observation
system allowed us to observe the warm-core structure of the eye, in addition to
the central pressure and maximum wind speed.

Meteorological satellite image of Typhoon
Mindulle in 2021 overlaid with the path of theobservation flight.

In preparation for an aircraft observation project under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism,
we investigated aerosol measurement equipment, CCN counters, and ice nuclei counts for use in NASA/DC-8, such as
modifications to the aircraft, including aerosol inlets, for use in high-altitude operations.
A research paper based on the data analysis of aircraft observations in Greenland in 2018 was published and preparations
were made for simultaneous aircraft and ship observations off the east coast of Hokkaido in the summer of 2022.
62 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

8-2. Research Centers

Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Laboratory
To prepare for joint observations with the U.S. and Taiwan on Baiu fronts and typhoons from June to August 2022, aKa-band radar was installed on Yonaguni Island in 2020 and an X-band radar was transported to Yonaguni Island. An ISEE
symposium titled “Heavy Rainfall and Tropical Cyclone in East Asia” was held in March. During this symposium, detailsof the joint observations were also discussed with researchers from other countries.

Investigations on in-parallel manufacturing and cluster launch configuration for multiple
150–200 kg-class satellites developed for future space exploration
In cooperation with a Japanese satellite manufacturer, NEC, qualified by numerous satellite development experts
for space missions of more than 300 kg, we have been investigating new types of system specifications and in-paralleldevelopment for future satellite exploration missions. Assuming the application of space-qualified components suppliedby Airbus for simultaneous development and launch for almost equivalent satellites with a weight of less than 200 kg, we
discussed the satellite structure with deployed subcomponents, launch configuration and separation sequence by a single
rocket, and operation tasks in this fiscal year. Assuming that the launch service for multiple satellites is based on the
Epsilon-S system by IHI-Aerospace, we investigated detailed satellite structures and concrete launch configurations fora case of vertically stacked satellites, which has not been realized in Japan.

Solar observation mission using nanosatellites
We are developing a solar neutron and gamma-ray detector intended for nanosatellites weighing less than 10 kg.
Nanosatellites are chosen because they have more launch opportunities than 50-kg satellites, such as ChubuSat. We plan
to launch an engineering prototype in FY2022 and a satellite with scientific instruments in FY2024 or later, in time forthe next solar maximum. In FY2021, we established signal processing and calibration procedures for a plastic scintillator
used for neutron detection and energy measurements. We achieved an energy resolution of 15% (full width at half
maximum, FWHM) and angular resolution of 11° (FWHM) for 46 MeV protons. This corresponds to a 23% energy
resolution for 56 MeV neutrons, which satisfies the mission requirement.

Space Exploration and Research Office (SERO)
SERO was established as the first step toward forming a research center to consolidate all space-related activities at
the university and promote hardware development and observational research for space exploration and science. The
development of nanosatellites is one of the most critical SERO processes. Educational activities are also important in
SERO. We held a basic 2-week training course in August/September and an advanced 2-week training course in March.
There were 72 applicants for the basic course and 42 for the advanced course. More than 80% of the applicants were fromoutside Nagoya University and approximately 40% of the applicants were from industries.

Promotion of observations using Earth-observing satellites
Activities were conducted to formulate a plan for Japanese Earth observation satellites under the TF remote sensing
subcommittee. We contributed to the development of algorithms for spaceborne precipitation radar and studied future
space-borne Doppler radars. We conducted validation activities for JAXA’s climate change mission (GCOM-C), validated
the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) marine eutrophication assessment protocol using satellite data, and studied
the basic production of oligotrophic coastal areas in Japan. Quantity fluctuations were evaluated using Ise Bay as an
example.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 63

8-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Project for Solar–Terrestrial Climate Research
In 1801, British astronomer William Herschel discovered a significant correlation between the number of sunspots
and market value of wheat in London (published by the Royal Society). He concluded that a reduction in the number ofsunspots affected a change in climate, which altered wheat yields and influenced the price of wheat. This study was thefirst to examine the correlations between the Sun, climate, and society (human life). Even now, correctly identifying thecharacteristic variations in solar activity and investigating their effects on climate change and modern society remain
important research topics in academia and society.
Very few sunspots were observed between March 7 and March 20, 2017. The cycle of solar magnetic activity
corresponding to the sunspot cycle was estimated to be approximately 14 years during the Maunder Minimum. The
sunspot cycle in solar cycle 24, which began in 2008, grew to approximately 13 years, similar to that during the Maunder
Minimum. Therefore, we are entering a period of low solar activity and cooling on a global scale may occur in the near
future. To offer a qualified opinion on the likelihood of this prediction, we must examine diverse viewpoints on how solar
activity affects the climate. The globally averaged surface temperature showed a clear upward trend after the latter halfof the 20th century. However, it continued to increase by 0.03–0.05 °C per 10 years from 1998 to 2012 and the global
warming pause is called the “global warming hiatus.” Nonetheless, the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration isincreasing yearly; however, a clear rise is not observed in surface temperature observations. The topic “global warming
hiatus” was taken up by Internet news and blogs, moved over the scientific community, and then had a considerable
impact on the public. Based on a detailed analysis of the meteorological dataset from land and ocean temperatures andcomputer experiments with climate models, it was suggested that the global warming hiatus was caused by naturalcharacteristics. Although we still cannot provide a sufficient explanation, decadal-centurial-time scale climate change isindirectly driven by secular variations in solar activity. Encouraging an understanding of the characteristics andmechanisms of short-term natural fluctuations appearing in the age of global warming will predict anthropogenic climatechange more reliably. It is extremely important to develop environmental policies that influence human society.
Radiocarbon (14C) and Beryllium-10 (10Be), known as cosmogenic isotopes, are produced at a rate that varies basedon the intensity of incoming cosmic rays (CRs) to Earth, which are in turn influenced by solar activity. Analyzing 14C intree rings and 10Be in polar ice cores is an effective approach for studying the long-term variations in solar activity thatgo back tens of thousands of years. Analyses of 14C and 10Be suggested that episodes of declining solar activity resembling
the Maunder Minimum have occurred 12 times throughout the Holocene, which spans the past ten thousand years.
Comparing cosmogenic isotopes with paleoclimate data can improve the understanding of solar-driven climate changeover a long timescale. We have accumulated evidence that will be effective for studying the mechanisms by which
variations in solar activity affect climate and human society. The interdisciplinary project for Solar-Terrestrial Climate
Research at the ISEE integrates the latest knowledge in solar physics, meteorology, climatology, environmental studies,
paleoclimatology, space physics, and CR physics to better understand the variability in solar activity, foster anunderstanding of solar-driven Earth systems, and contribute to predicting future global environments.

Main Activities
The ISEE operates a Tandetron 14C AMS measurement system to trace the details of past 14C changes caused bysolar changes. To investigate the details of past solar changes and solar events, such as solar high-energy proton events(SPE), the accuracy and efficiency of AMS 14C measurements have been improved. Some of our data obtained at the
ISEE were used to develop an internationally used radiocarbon age calibration dataset (IntCal20) showing past 14Cchanges in the atmosphere. On the other hand, we performed the accumulation of high temporal resolution paleoclimate
datasets with the promotion of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP), Deep Sea Drilling
Program, and the Suigetsu Varve Sediment Project. These efforts significantly contributed to the construction of theplatform to promote “Solar-Terrestrial Climate Research” with researchers in solar physics, meteorology/climatology,
environment, paleoclimatology, Earth magnetism, and cosmic ray physics.
64 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research8-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Project for Space–Earth Environmental Prediction
The solar activity and dynamics of the space environment can significantly impact human socio-economic systems
and the global environment. For example, the giant solar flare observed by the British astronomer Richard Carrington in1859 caused powerful magnetic storms, called the Carrington event. If such an event occurred in the modern era, power
grids, satellites, aviation, and communication networks could be damaged globally. Moreover, analyses of the latest stellar
observations and cosmogenic isotopes in tree rings suggest even larger solar flares. However, the onset mechanisms ofsolar flares and their subsequent processes have not yet been fully explained. Thus, modern society is at risk of severe
space weather disturbances caused by such solar explosions, and understanding and predicting variations in the space–
Earth environment is an important scientific subject and a crucial issue for modern society.
The Project for the Space-Earth Environmental Prediction was promoted during the third medium-term target period
for the purpose to advance of synergistic development for predictive technology as scientific research and a social
infrastructure via cooperation and interaction with experts in solar physics, geomagnetism, space sciences,meteorology / climatology, space engineering, and related fields. This project produced excellent research results shownin the figure below, based on ISEE Joint Usage / Research Programs and the support of a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
Research on Innovative Areas from MEXT.

1

2

3

4

6

7

5

1: The 2nd ISEE Symposium “PSTEP-4: Toward the Solar-Terrestrial Environmental Prediction as Science and Social Infrastructure”, Jan. 2020, Nagoya
University (http://www.pstep.jp/news/20200127.html) 2: Succeeded in developing the first physics-based model that can accurately predict imminent
large solar flares (Kusano et al., 2020, Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz2511) 3: ISEE/PSTEP International Workshop on the Solar Cycle 25
Prediction, Nov, 2017 4: PSTEP Summer School 2017 in Rikubetsu (https://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/pstep/news/20170704ss.html) 5: PSTEP OpenTextbook (https://nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2001522) 6: ISEE/PSTEP International Workshop on the Benchmarks for Operational Solar Flare
Forecasts, Oct. 2017 7: Science Meeting on Modeling Study for Solar- Terrestrial Environment Prediction (2017–2021)

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research658-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Project for the Interaction of Neutral and Plasma Atmospheres
The ionosphere is part of the Earth’s upper atmosphere and is partly ionized by solar ultraviolet emissions. The
peak altitudes of plasma density in the ionosphere are 300–400 km, where most low-altitude space vehicles fly. Thus,
ionospheric plasma significantly affects human activities in space, such as radio communications and positioning by
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The consequences of climate change are significant in the upper
atmosphere and ionosphere. As shown in the figure below, neutral–plasma interaction processes in the upper
atmosphere and ionosphere can be observed as various phenomena occurring from high to low latitudes. The aurora
in the polar regions is caused by the precipitation of high-energy plasma, which heats the upper atmosphere andgenerates atmospheric waves and disturbances that propagate toward low latitudes. However, ionospheric plasma
instabilities, known as plasma bubbles, occur in the equatorial upper atmosphere, interfering with satellite–groundcommunication and GNSS positioning. These phenomena can be measured using various ground-based remotesensing instruments, such as airglow imagers, magnetometers, radars, lidars, and millimeter-wave telescopes. This
interdisciplinary project has investigated the interactions between the neutral and plasma components of the Earth’s
atmosphere, using various ground remote-sensing techniques and in-situ satellite measurements, and global andregional high-resolution modeling of neutral–plasma interactions. This project has contributed to the reliable use of
space by humans and our understanding of possible plasma effects on Earth’s climate change. From FY2016–2021,
we conducted 69 international collaborative studies, 57 domestic collaborative projects, and 120 domestic meetings
for the ISEE, as shown in the table. Various scientific results have been obtained through these collaborative projects.
2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

total

international collaborative projects

11

12

11

9

14

12

69

domestic collaborative projects

8

8

8

9

13

11

57

domestic meetings

18

22

21

20

22

17

120

total

37

42

40

38

49

40

246

The number of collaborative research projects related to the Project for the Interaction of Neutral and Plasma Atmospheres.

Research topics of the project for the interaction of neutral and plasma atmospheres.

66 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research8-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Project for Aerosol and Cloud Formation
Hydrometeors and aerosols interact closely in their generation and dissipation, and play important roles inatmospheric water circulation, the formation of convective clouds and typhoons, and the Earth’s radiation budget.
However, hydrometeors and cloud-precipitation systems have been studied at the Hydrospheric Atmospheric ResearchCenter, and aerosols and related processes have been studied at the Solar-Terrestrial Environmental Laboratory. In a joint
research program, researchers from both centers cooperated to study the interaction between aerosols and hydrometeors,and their variations in the formation of precipitation by field observations and numerical simulations.

Observational studies of hydrometeors and aerosols
Drone observation of sea spray particles: Sea sprays are sources of water
vapor and aerosols in the atmosphere. They may influence development of
convective clouds. We attempted drone observation of sea spray particles inAugust 2016 on Tarama Island, Okinawa. The cloud particle sonde was liftedby a drone 2 m above the sea level, and sea spray particles were observed.
Although observations were made under weak wind conditions, sea sprayparticles were successfully observed.
Cloud and aerosol observations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE):
Using an aircraft equipped with an aerosol-cloud-precipitation observation
system, aerosol observations were conducted over the UAE to clarify thephysical and chemical characteristics of aerosols. The effects of aerosols on
clouds and precipitation were studied using the observed data. These data
were also used to verify the aerosol activation process in the numerical model.

Relation of mass concentration of aerosol
particles with diameters between 0.3 and 10 µm
and wind speed during the passage of seventyphoons.

Observations of aerosol particles in Okinawa: Aerosol observations were conducted at the University of Ryukyus.
We measured the size distribution of aerosol particles in the summer and autumn of 2018 and 2019 using an opticalparticle analyzer. For seven typhoons that passed near the site, the effect of wind speed on the mass concentration ofaerosol particles with diameters between 0.3 and 10 µm was analyzed. The mass concentration was found to increase by
50 µg/m3 as the wind speed increased by 10 m/s (Fig.). In addition, to study the concentrations of sea salt and dissolved
organic carbon (DOC) in the aerosols, we collected bulk aerosols continuously since Sep. 2018, even during typhoons.
The amount of sea salt in the aerosols showed a good positive correlation with wind speed. The DOC concentrations inaerosols collected under different wind speed conditions in this study and the fraction of sea salt in the aerosols suggestthat oceanic DOC in actual atmospheric aerosols is approximately 700 times more concentrated.

Numerical studies of hydrometeors and aerosols
Super-Droplet Method with CReSS and impact experiments of aerosols on warm rain: The Super-Droplet Method(SDM) developed by Professor Shima of the University of Hyogo was coupled with the CReSS model and aerosol impact
experiments were performed for warm rain. A significant difference was found in cloud and precipitation amounts
according to the amount of aerosols. The maximum rainfall intensity exceeded 80 mm h-1 at a low aerosol density.
Numerical modeling of aerosol-cloud interaction: We developed CReSS-4ICE-AEROSOL, which implements aerosolcloud-precipitation integrated microphysics parameterization with various aerosols in the atmosphere and hydrometeors as
prognostic variables. Idealized experiments on cumulonimbus clouds with strong updrafts were conducted to investigate theeffect of the amount of anthropogenic aerosols on the microphysical structure of the cloud. It has been shown that increasing
anthropogenic aerosols by an order of magnitude increases the concentration and mixing ratio of cloud ice in the anvil
associated with the cumulonimbus cloud several times. Furthermore, by providing aerosol information from the global
aerosol model SPRINTARS as initial and boundary values, the actual cloud and aerosol processes can be simulated.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research678-4. FY2021 Interdisciplinary Research Projects
Interdisciplinary Research 2021

Energetic Particle Chain-Effects on the Middle/Lower Atmosphere from Energetic Particle PrecipitationsResearch aims and background
Energetic particle precipitation (EPP) due to solar activity,
such as solar proton events and magnetic storms, occurs inpolar regions. EPP particles create odd nitrogen (NOx) and oddhydrogen (HOx), which can affect the neutral chemistry of the
middle atmosphere and the ozone (O3) concentration. This isrelated to a problem which is one of the key questions in the
SCOSTEP/PRESTO program: “What is the chemical anddynamical response of the middle atmosphere to solar andmagnetospheric forcing?” To answer this, it is important to© SOHO (ESA & NASA)
Fig.1:
chain
reaction
system.
Fig.1Image
Imageofofa causal
a causal
chain
reaction
system.

understand the behavior of energetic particles in the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and upper/middle atmosphere as a
causal chain reaction system (Fig.1), based on observations in each region and comprehensive simulations.
In this context, we started a new research project called the energetic particle chain. This project plans to conductmulti-point and long-term observations of the trapped particles in the magnetosphere with the Arase satellite, EEPinduced ionization in the ionosphere with the EISCAT_3D radar and riometers, and the variation of atmosphericmolecules from the lower
thermosphere to the upper
stratosphere with millimeterwave spectroradiometers in
the

polar

regionoftheNorthern Hemisphere (Fig.2).
These measurement data will
be

used

as

inputsandconstraints in modeling, suchas integrated simulation codesof EPP, ion chemistry in theatmosphere,

andglobaldynamics/temperature fields.
Measurements are also usefulFig.2: (left side) Observational region with each instrument and data fusion with simulation. (right side;modified from Marshall et al., 2020) Relationship between the energetic particle precipitations andnew observation sites.

for assessing the validity ofthe model output.

Results in FY2021
1. We developed a method to derive the downward energy flux and characteristic energy of aurora electrons fromobservations at two different wavelengths and applied the method to a pulsating aurora using camera data from
Tromsø.
2. We studied pulsating auroral morphology and its precipitation electron energy flux by analyzing measurementsfrom a high-speed sampling camera and riometers in Finland. Energy spectrum hardening and softening weredetected at pulsating periods shorter and longer than 40 s, respectively, in association with pulsating auroral patch
formation. Hardening was identified on the equatorward side of the pulsating aurora.
3. We developed a code that calculates the pitch angle scattering via both quasi-linear processes and non-linear
processes. We also developed a code to calculate the height profile of the auroral emission at each wavelength and
CNA absorption using the precipitating electrons.

68

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

8-4. FY2021 Interdisciplinary Research Projects
Interdisciplinary Research 2021

Direct Search for Dark Matter with Paleo-Detectors

Although dark matter constitutes about a quarter of the universe, it cannot be observed optically and its true natureremains a mystery. Several studies have been conducted to determine what this substance is. For example, the XENONnT
project uses tons of liquid xenon in a direct search; in a direct search, the detection sensitivity is limited by the product of themass of the detector and the experimental time. The time cannot be stretched indefinitely in experiments by humans, andmethods using liquid xenon reach the limits of scale. Therefore, the method of using minerals as detectors and the ‘paleodetector’ method are attracting attention. Minerals interact with dark matter on a geological scale of time; therefore, evensmall quantities of minerals have the potential to search for dark matter with sensitivity exceeding that of large-scale
experiments. Our project combines petrology, geochronology, particle astrophysics, X-ray spectroscopy, electron microscopy,
and analytical chemistry to directly search for dark matter and other unknown elementary particles using a paleo-detector. The
method assumes that dark matter is a WIMP and reads the tracks produced by the interaction of dark matter with atoms inminerals, from which the scattering cross sections of dark matter and atoms are deduced.
Direct dark matter searches using paleo-detectors have a long history, and Snowden-Ifft et al. (1995) [1] observed mica
etched with hydrofluoric acid using atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, no dark matter was detected. Drukier et al. [2]identified rock salt, epsomite, olivine, and nickelbischofite as candidates, with low uranium concentrations being a
prerequisite for paleo-detectors. Edwards et al. [3] considered nchwaningite and sinjarite as candidates. Baum et al. [4] also
submitted a letter of interest (LOI) on the direct search for dark matter by paleo-detectors during the Snowmass Process.
Electron microscopy, ion-beam microscopy using helium, AFM, and synchrotron radiation have been proposed as possible
read-out methods.
In our project, we are working toward proof of principle with the following considerations regarding the selection ofminerals and the methods of reading the tracks. For the mineral samples, we decided to use olivine collected from the seabedand olivine from xenoliths in Quaternary basalts, considering the low noise due to cosmic rays and the possibility of preparing
sufficient samples. For the readings of the tracks, we considered the optical readout method of the etched samples. First,
olivine was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using a solution method to assess whether
the uranium concentration was very low. The results showed that olivine was present in low concentrations, as assumed intheoretical studies [2][3][5]. A preliminary experiment using muscovite also revealed that tracks formed under conditions
where nuclear inhibition was dominant could
be easily identified. As white mica can be dated
by the K-Ar method, its effectiveness as apaleo-detector will be investigated in the future.
In the future, the project will continue by
trying out white mica, which was also used in
the direct search for magnetic monopoles [6],and by considering the possibility of searching
for

dark

matterandvarious

unknownelementary particles.

Olivine in lherzolite from Mariana trench.

[1] Snowden-Ifft, D.P., E.S. Freeman, and P.B. Price, Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 4133, 1995
[2] Drukier, A. K., S. Baum, K. Freese, M. Górski, amd P. Stengel, Phys. Rev. D, 99, 043014, 2019[3] Edwards, T. D. P., B. J. Kavanagh, C. Weniger, S. Baum, A. K. Drukier, K. Freese, M. Górski, and P. Stengel, Phys. Rev. D,
99, 043541, 2019[4] Baum, S., E. Brown, T. D. P. Edwards, K. Freese, J. R. Jordan, C. Levy, K. McMichael, K. Odgers, M. Schaller, J. Spitz,
and P. Stengel, Snowmass 2021 LoI, 2021
[5] Kato, T., Y. Kozaka, Y. Asahara, Y. Kouketsu, and K. Michibayashi, 2021, JAMS2021.
[6] Ghosh, D., and S. Chatterjea, Europhys. Lett., 12, 25, 1990
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research698-4. FY2021 Interdisciplinary Research Projects
Interdisciplinary Research 2021

Data Rescues of the Analog Observational Records for the Past Solar-Terrestrial Environment
Variable solar-terrestrial environments are closely related to the humanosphere of modern civilizations. Solar
eruptions and the resultant space weather disturbances often significantly impact modern human infrastructure.
However, modern datasets frequently have limitations in their chronological coverage, especially when understanding
the variability of such solar-terrestrial environments. It is only since the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958)
that multiple observational record series have been systematically archived under international collaborations. In thiscontext, analog records and historical documents have often benefitted studies on extreme space weather events.
Therefore, our team investigated historical observations to survey, collect, and digitize their analog records. In thisfiscal year, our team obtained significant results for the analog records for visual aurorae, sunspots, and geomagnetic
measurements based on analog collections and yearbooks.
Our team collected and analyzed Japanese visual auroral reports around the International Geophysical Year
(IGY:1957–1958), for which only the air overview and fragmental episodes are well known to the scientific community.
We have published our results as Hayakawa et al. (2022, Geosci. Data J., DOI:10.1002/gdj3.140) based on our archival
investigations. On this basis, we confirmed the equatorward extension of the auroral oval in September 1957 andFebruary 1958, at least down to over the Tsugaru Strait and Aomori, respectively. These results have been widely
broadcast in Japanese newspapers such as Hokkaido Shinbun, Asahi Shinbun, and Chunichi Shinbun.
Furthermore, our team has also significantly developed our research on the Carrington storm of September 1859
(Hayakawa et al., 2022, Astrophysical. J., 928, 32, DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac2601), which is considered to be one of
the greatest space weather events in the space weather community. Our team located copies of yearbooks for Bombay
geomagnetic measurements in British India in several libraries, such as the British Library. Our team obtained thesecopies to find parallel measurement results in an hourly cadence and variable shorter cadence in 5–15 minutes, detect
their apparent discrepancies around the Carrington peak in the geomagnetic horizontal component, newly derived
variabilities of the eastward and vertical components, and reconstructed their diurnal variations and disturbancevariations. These results directly benefit scientific discussions of their magnitude and temporal variations.
Our team has progressed in our analyses of sunspot records, especially based on Hitoshi Takuma’s sunspot drawings
in 1972–2013 at the Kawaguchi Science Museum
followinganinternational

collaboration

with

the

Kawaguchi Science Museum, the Royal Observatory of
Belgium, and the National Astronomical Observatory ofJapan. On this basis, we have revealed that Takuma’s data
are richer than previously known to the scientificcommunity and one of the best data stability among thelong-term sunspot observers known to the scientificcommunity (Hayakawa et al., 2022, Geosci. Data J.,
DOI:10.1002/gdj3.158). This result is important not only
for the sunspot number recalibration itself but also for theconfirmation of the scientific value of the long-term
observers’ individual sunspot observations in our country.
As such, past analog records allow us to develop
several scientific discussions and analyses on the longterm

variability

andshort-term

space

weather

disturbances of solar-terrestrial environments. Our teamis going to expand these studies to further archival
materials

tobetterunderstandsolar-terrestrial

environments for long-term variability and short-term
eruptive events.
70 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Temporal variations of the three geomagnetic components at
Colaba during the Carrington storm (Hayakawa et al., 2022,
ApJ, 928, 32).

8-4. FY2021 Interdisciplinary Research Projects
Interdisciplinary Research 2021

Changes in Surface Temperature at Dome Fuji in East Antarctica
from the Mid-Twentieth Century and the Impact of Solar Activity
Cosmogenic isotopes such as 10Be and 3HHO are mainly produced in the stratosphere by the interaction of cosmic
rays. After production, these enter the atmospheric circulation in the troposphere and are then deposited on the ice sheet
in Antarctica. Thus, the concentrations of cosmogenic isotopes preserved in ice cores from Antarctica can be used as aproxy for past cosmogenic records. However, they not only reflect the production rate in the stratosphere but are also
influenced by transport and deposition processes in the troposphere. To translate isotopic records in ice cores into thestratosphere production rate, it is necessary to understand these influences on the variability of the production rate. Here,
we aim to explore the temporal variations of the cosmogenic isotopes during the past 70 years by modeling theirproduction and deposition and quantitatively analyzing the extent of the increase/decrease in the production rate in theupper atmosphere recorded in the ice cores in Antarctica. In this project, we will correct the snow samples accumulated
after the 1950s in inland Antarctica and present high-resolution measurements of 10Be and 3HHO over the last 70 years.
Thereafter, by comparing with the modeled temporal variability of the production rate, we will assess the impact of
atmospheric processes.
This year is the first year of this project and we joined a field trip to the Dome Fuji site in East Antarctica as part of theJapanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) and carried out snow sampling at Dome Fuji (77.31°S, 39.70°E, 3810 m als).
We collected snow samples with a 3 cm depth resolution from the wall of the snow pit (5.3 m depth) drilled at Dome Fuji andshipped them to Japan.
In addition to fieldwork, we explored climate change over timescales of decades in the Dome Fuji region. Because
long-term near-surface temperature observations are restricted to Dome Fuji in East Antarctica, we created a dataset ofmonthly mean near-surface temperatures for the interior of East Antarctica. Owing to harsh climate conditions, theobserved data are fragmentary and far from near-continuous. Thus, in this study, we reconstructed continuous
temperature records using adjusted temperature data from the 2-m temperature (T-2m) of ERA5 reanalysis data. Figure
1 shows the reconstructed temperature records at the four stations in the interior of East Antarctica. The year-to-year
variability at the three stations in the Dome Fuji region was similar. The surface temperature from 1999 to 2021
experienced a statistically significant warming trend at all three stations. However, surface warming did not occur during any
season. The strongest warming occurred in the austral spring (September, October, and November) followed by the australsummer (December, January, and February). Except for spring and summer seasons, there was no significant trend. Previous
studies based on statistical methods to reconstruct temperature records have reported that statistical warming has not started in
the interior of East Antarctica.
However, in contrast to previous
studies,wereportedthatsignificant warming has begun,
particularly in the austral spring.
This implies that the atmosphericcirculationthattransports

cosmogenic isotopes from theupper atmosphere may be changed,
which may significantly influence
the temporal

Be and10HHO

3variations in the snow samples. In
the fiscal year of 2023, we will
explore the impact of climatechange on the 10Be and 3HHO
records in snow samples collected
at Dome Fuji.

Time series of annual mean surface air temperature in the interior East Antarctica.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research719. Publications and Presentations

9. Publications and Presentations
Papers (in refereed Journals, April 2021–March 2022)
Abadi, P., Y. Otsuka, H. X. Liu, K. Hozumi, D. R. Martinigrum, P. Jamjareegulgarn, L. T. Thanh, and R. Otadoy, Roles ofthermospheric neutral wind and equatorial electrojet in pre-reversal enhancement, deduced from observations inSoutheast Asia. Earth and Planetary Physics, 5(5), 387–396, Sep. 2021 (10.26464/epp2021049).
Abadi, P., U. A. Ahmad, Y. Otsuka, P. Jamjareegulgarn, D. R. Martinigrum, A. Faturahman, S. Perwitasari, R. E. Saputra, and
R. R. Septiawan, Modeling post-sunset equatorial spread-F occurrence as a function of evening upward plasma drift
using logistic regression, deduced from ionosondes in southeast Asia. Remote Sens., in press (10.3390/rs14081896).
Abe, K., C. Bronner, Y. Hayato, M. Ikeda, S. Imaizumi, J. Kameda, Y. Kanemura, Y. Kataoka, S. Miki, M. Miura et al. (Y. Itow,
H. Menjo, T. Niwa, K. Sato, M. Tsukada), Search for neutrinos in coincidence with gravitational wave events fromthe LIGO-Virgo O3a Observing Run with the Super-Kamiokande detector. Astrophys. J., 918(2), 78, Sep. 2021
(10.3847/1538-4357/ac0d5a).
Abe, K., K. Hiraide, K. Ichimura, Y. Kishimoto, K. Kobayashi, M. Kobayashi, S. Moriyama, M. Nakahata, H. Ogawa, K. Sato etal. (Y. Itow, K. Kanzawa, K. Masuda), Search for event bursts in XMASS-I associated with gravitational-wave
events. Astropart. Phys., 129, 102568, May 2021 (10.1016/j.astropartphys.2021.102568 ).
Abe, K., P. Adrich, H. Aihara, R. Akutsu, I. Alekseev, A. Ali, F. Ameli, I. Anghel, L. H. V. Anthony, M. Antonova et al. (Y. Itow),
Supernova model discrimination with Hyper-Kamiokande. Astrophys. J., 916(1), 15, Jul. 2021 (10.3847/15384357/abf7c4).
Abe, K., C. Bronner, Y. Hayato, K. Hiraide, M. Ikeda, S. Imaizumi, J. Kameda, Y. Kanemura, Y. Kataoka, S. Miki et al. (Y. Itow,
H. Menjo, T. Niwa, K. Sato, M. Tsukada), Diffuse supernova neutrino background search at Super-Kamiokande.
Phys. Rev. D, 104(12), 122002, Dec. 10, 2021 (10.1103/PhysRevD.104.122002).
Abe, K,. C. Bronner, Y. Hayato, K. Hiraide, M. Ikeda, S. Imaizumi, J. Kameda, Y. Kanemura, Y. Kataoka, S. Miki et al. (Y. Itow,
H. Menjo, T. Niwa, K. Sato, M. Tsukada), First gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande. Nucl. Instrum. Methods
Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 1027, 166248, Mar. 2022 (10.1016/j.nima.2021.166248).
Abe, M., H. Fujinami, and T. Hiyama, Dominant spatial patterns of interannual variability in summer precipitation acrossnorthern Eurasia from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. Int. J. Climatol., in press(10.1002/joc.7526).
Adams, C. B., G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, T. Arlen, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi, J. Biteau, M. Bitossi et al.
(A. Okumura, H. Tajima), Design and performance of the prototype Schwarzschild-Couder telescope camera. J.
Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst., 8(1), 014007, Feb. 15, 2022 (10.1117/1.JATIS.8.1.014007).
Adams, C. B., G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, P. I. Batista, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi, M. Bitossi, A. Boiano etal. (A. Okumura, H. Tajima), Technical and scientific performance of the prototype Schwarzschild-Couder telescope
for CTA. Proc. SPIE, 11820, 118200E, Aug. 24, 2021 (10.1117/12.2594580).
Adithya, H. N., R. Kariyappa, S. Imada, K. Kusano, J. Zender, L. Damé, G. Gabriel, E. DeLuca, and M. Weber, Solar soft Xray irradiance variability, I: Segmentation of Hinode/XRT full-disk images and comparison with GOES (1 – 8 Å) Xray flux. Sol. Phys., 296(4), 71, Apr. 71, 2021 (10.1007/s11207-021-01785-6).
Adriani, O., E. Berti, L. Bonechi, R. D’Alessandro, Y. Goto, B. Hong, Y. Itow, K. Kasahara, M. H. Kim, H. Menjo et al.
(K. Ohashi, K. Sato), Performance of RHICf detector during operation in 2017, J. Instrum., 16(10), P10027, Oct. 22,2021 (10.1088/1748-0221/16/10/P10027).

Aiki, H., Y. Fukutomi, Y. Kanno, T. Ogata, T. Toyoda, and H. Nakano, The energy flux of three-dimensional waves in the72

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9. Publications and Presentations

atmosphere: Exact expression for a basic model diagnosis with no equatorial gap. J. Atmos. Sci., 78(11), 3745–3758,
Nov. 1, 2021 (10.1175/JAS-D-20-0177.1).
Ajello, M., W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, R. Bagagli, M. Bagni, L. Baldini, D. Bastieri, F. Bellardi, R. Bellazzini, E. Bissaldi et al.
(H. Tajima), Fermi Large Area Telescope performance after 10 years of operation, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 256(1),12, Sep. 2021 (10.3847/1538-4365/ac0ceb).
Ajello, M., W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, G. Barbiellini, M. G. Baring, D. Bastieri, R. Bellazzini, A. Berretta, E. Bissaldi
et al. (H. Tajima), High-energy emission from a magnetar giant flare in the Sculptor galaxy, Nat. Astron., 5(4), 385–
391, Apr. 2021 (10.1038/s41550-020-01287-8).
Akata, N., H. Kakiuchi, M. Tanaka, Y. Ishikawa, N. Kurita, M. Furukawa, M. Hegedűs, T. Kovács, M. Gusyev, and T. Sanada,
Isotope and chemical composition of monthly precipitation collected at Sapporo, northern part of Japan during 2015–2019. Fusion Eng. Des., 168, 112434, Jul. 2021 (10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112434).
Akter, N., and K. Tsuboki, Recurvature and movement processes of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal, Q. J. R. Meteorol.
Soc., 147(740), 3681–3702, Oct. 2021 ( 10.1002/qj.4148).
Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, V. C. Antochi, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare, F. Arneodo
et al. (Y. Itow, S. Kazama, M. Yamashita), 222Rn emanation measurements for the XENON1T experiment. Eur. Phys.
J. C, 81(4), 33, Apr. 20, 2021 (10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08777-z).
Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, S. Andaloro, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi
et al. (Y. Itow, S. Kazama, M. Yamashita), Search for inelastic scattering of WIMP dark matter in XENON1T.Phys.
Rev. D, 103(6), 063028, Mar. 19, 2022 (10.1103/PhysRevD.103.063028).
Artemyev, A. V., A. G. Demekhov, X.-J. Zhang, V. Angelopoulos, D. Mourenas, Y. V. Fedorenko, J. Maninnen, E. Tsai, C. Wilkins,
S. Kasahara, Y. Miyoshi et al. (T. Hori, S. Nakamura, M. Kitahara), Role of ducting in relativistic electron loss bywhistler-mode wave scattering. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 126(11), e2021JA029851, Nov. 2021
(10.1029/2021JA029851).
Artemyev, A., I. Zimovets, I. Sharykin, Y. Nishimura, C. Downs, J. Weygand, R. Fiori, X.-J. Zhang, A. Runov, M. Velli et al.
(Y. Miyoshi, T. Hori), Comparative study of electric currents and energetic particle fluxes in a solar flare and Earthmagnetospheric substorm. Astrophys. J., 923(2), 151, Dec. 17, 2021 (10.3847/1538-4357/ac2dfc).
Asamura, K., M. Shoji, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Kasahara, Y. Kasaba, A. Kumamoto, F. Tsuchiya, S. Matsuda, A. Matsuoka, M. Teramoto
et al., Cross-energy couplings from magnetosonic waves to electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves through cold ion
heating inside the plasmasphere. Phys. Rev. Lett., 127(24), 245101, Dec. 10, 2021 (10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.245101).
Asmi, E., J. Backman, H. Servomaa, A. Virkkula, M. I. Gini, K. Eleftheriadis, T. Müller, S. Ohata, Y. Kondo, and A. Hyvärinen,
Absorption instruments inter-comparison campaign at the Arctic Pallas station. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14(8), 5397–5413,
Aug. 6, 2021 (10.5194/amt-14-5397-2021).
Azizi, H., N. Daneshvar, A. Mohammadi, Y. Asahara, S. A. Wattam, M. Tsuboi, and M. Minami, Early Miocene post-collision
andesite in the Takab area, northwest Iran, J. Petrol., 62(7), egab022, Jul. 2021 (10.1093/petrology/egab022).
Baldini, L., J. Ballet, D. Bastieri, J. Becerra Gonzalez, R. Bellazzini, A. Berretta, E. Bissaldi, R. D. Blandford, E. D. Bloom,
R. Bonino et al. (H. Tajima), Catalog of long-term transient sources in the first 10 years of Fermi-LAT data, Astrophys.
J. Suppl. Ser., 256(1), 13, Sep. 2021 (10.3847/1538-4365/ac072a).
Buranapratheprat, A., A. Morimoto, P. Phromkot, Y. Mino, V. Gunbua, and P. Jintasaeranee, Eutrophication and hypoxia in theupper Gulf of Thailand, J. Oceanogr., 77(6), 831–841, Dec. 2021 (10.1007/s10872-021-00609-2).
Carrasco, V. M. S., M. C. Gallego, J. V. Álvarez, J. M. Vaquero, and H. Hayakawa, Analyses of early sunspot records by Jean
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 73

9. Publications and Presentations

Tarde (1615–1617) and Jan Smogulecki (1621–1625). Sol. Phys., 296(11), 170, Nov. 27, 2021 (10.1007/s11207-02101905-2).
Carrasco, V. M. S., H. Hayakawa, C. Kuroyanagi, M. C. Gallego, and J. M. Vaaquero, Strong evidence of low levels of solar
activity during the Maunder Minimum. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 504(4), 5199–5204, Jul. 2021
(10.1093/mnras/stab1155).
Chakraborty, S., L. Qian, J. M. Ruohoniemi, J. B. H. Baker, J. M. Mclnerney, and N. Nishitani, The role of flare-driven
ionospheric electron density changes on the Doppler flash observed by SuperDARN HF radars. Geophys. Res. Space
Phys., 126(8), e2021JA029300, Aug. 2021 (10.1029/2021JA029300).
Chashei, I. V., V. R. Lukmanov, S. A. Tyulbashev, and M. Tokumaru, Comparison of solar wind speed estimates from nearly
simultaneous IPS observations at 327 and 111 MHz. Sol. Phys., 296(4), 63, Apr. 9, 2021 (10.1007/s11207-021-01804-6).
Cheng, P.-H., C. Lin, Y. Otsuka, H. Liu, P. K. Rajesh, C.-H. Chen, J.-T. Lin, and M. T. Chang, Statistical study of medium-scale
traveling ionospheric disturbances in low-latitude ionosphere using an automatic algorithm. Earth Planets Space,73(1), 105, May 13, 2021 (10.1186/s40623-021-01432-1).
Chiba, S., T. Imamura, M. Tokumaru, D. Shiota, T. Matsumoto, H. Ando, H. Takeuchi, Y. Murata, A. Yamazaki, B. Häusler, and
M. Pätzold, Observation of the solar corona using radio scintillation with the Akatsuki spacecraft: Difference between
fast and slow wind. Sol. Phys., 297(3), 34, Mar. 9, 2022 (10.1007/s11207-022-01968-9).
Cho, D.-L., T.-H. Lee, Y. Takahashi, T. Kato, K. Yi, S. Lee, and A. C.-s. Cheong, Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope
geochemistry of magmatic and metamorphic rocks from the Hida Belt, southwest Japan. Geosci. Front., 12(4), 101145,
Jul. 2021 (10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101145).
Daglis, I. A., L. Chang, S. Dasso, N. Gopalswamy, O. Khabarova, E. Kilpua, R. Lopez, D. Marsh, K. Matthes, D. Nandi et al.
(K. Shiokawa), Predictability of variable solar-terrestrial coupling. Ann. Geophysicae, 39(6), 1013–1035, Dec. 10,2021 (10.5194/angeo-39-1013-2021).
Damiani, A., H. Irie, K. Yamaguchi, H. M. S. Hoque, T. Nakayama, Y. Matsumi, and Y. Kondo, Variabilities in PM2.5 and black
carbon surface concentrations reproduced by aerosol optical properties estimated by in-situ data, ground based remotesensing and modeling. Remote Sens., 13(16), 3163, Aug. 2021 (10.3390/rs13163163).
Daneshvar, N., H. Azizi, Y. Asahara, M. Tsuboi, M. Minami, and Y. O. Mohammad, Geochemistry and genesis of beryl crystals
in the LCT pegmatite type, Ebrahim-Attar Montain, western Iran. Minerals, 11(7), 717, Jul. 2, 2021
(10.3390/min11070717).
Deng, Y. G., H. Fujinari, H. Yai, K. Shimada, Y. Miyazaki, E. Tachibana, D. K. Deshmukh, K. Kawamura, T. Nakayama,
S. Tatsuta et al. (S. Ohata, M. Mochida), Offline analysis of the chemical composition and hygroscopicity ofsubmicrometer aerosol at an Asian outflow receptor site and comparison with online measurements. Atmos. Chem.
Phys, in press (10.5194/acp-22-5515-2022).
Ebihara, Y., S. Watari, and S. Kumar, Prediction of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) flowing in Japanese power grid for
Carrington-class magnetic storms. Earth Planets Space, 73(1), 163, Aug. 16, 2021 (10.1186/s40623-021-01493-2).
Egusa, T., T. Oda, T. Sato, and T. Kumagai, Estimation of sub-annual inter-catchmentgroundwater flow using short-term waterbalance method. Hydrol. Process., 35(9), e14368, Sep. 2021 (10.1002/hyp.14368).
Enami, M., Y. Wakasgi, and M. Tsuboi, Local CO2 variation and evolution of metamorphic fluid at the lithologic boundary
recorded in Sanbagawa metamorphic rocks, Central Shikoku, Japan. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 176(8), 11, Jul. 26,
2021 (10.1007/s00410-021-01817-1).
Enami, M., A. Nishii, T. Mouri, M. Tsuboi, and Y. Kouketsu, Fe-rich olivine from an andesite dike in Miocene Shitara volcanic
74

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9. Publications and Presentations

rocks, central Japan: a revised relationship between Mg/Fe ratio and Raman spectrum in olivine. J. Mineral. Petrol.
Sci., 116(3), 113–120, Jun. 2021 (10.2465/jmps.201204).
Enoto, T., T. Terasawa, S. Kisaka, C. P. Hu, S. Guillot, N. Lewandowska, C. Malacaria, P. S. Ray, W. C. G. Ho, A. K. Harding etal. (M. Tokumaru), Enhanced x-ray emission coinciding with giant radio pulses from the Crab Pulsar. Science,
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Takahashi, H., P. Essien, C. A. O. B. Figueiredo, C. M. Wrasse, D. Barros, M. A. Abdu, Y. Otsuka, K. Shiokawa, and G. Z. Li,
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Tsujino, S., H.-C. Kuo, H. Yu, B.-F. Chen, and K. Tsuboki, Effects of mid-level moisture and environmental flow on thedevelopment of afternoon thunderstorms in Taipei. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32(4), 497–518, Aug. 2021
(10.3319/TAO.2021.11.17.01).
Tsujino, S., T. Horinouchi, T. Tsukada, H.-C. Kuo, H. Yamada, and K. Tsuboki, Inner-core wind field in a concentric eyewall
replacement of Typhoon Trami (2018): A quantitative analysis based on the Himawari-8 satellite. J. Geophys. Res.
Atmos., 126(7), e2020JD034434, Apr. 16, 2021 (10.1029/2020JD034434).
Uemine, A., T. Watanabe, F. Wang, and M. Yamane, Lithic production strategy of early upper Paleolithic in Shuilian Cave, North
China . Quat. Int., 610, 108–121, Feb. 10, 2022 (10.1016/j.quaint.2021.07.022)
Vandenbussche, S, B. Langerock, C. Vigouroux, M. Buschmann, N. M. Deutscher, D. G. Feist, O. García, J. W. Hannigan, F. Hase,
R. Kivi et al (T. Nagahama), Nitrous Oxide Profiling from Infrared Radiances (NOPIR): Algorithm description,
application to 10 years of IASI observations and quality assessment. Remote Sens., in press (10.3390/rs14081810).
van der Zwaard, R., M. Bergmann, J. J. Zender, R. Kariyappa, G. Giono, and L. Dame, Segmentation of coronal features tounderstand the solar EUV and UV irradiance variability III. Inclusion and analysis of bright points. Sol. Phys., 296(9),138, Sep. 2021(10.1007/s11207-021-01863-9).

Verronen, P. T., A. Kero, N. Partamies, M. E. Szeląg, S.-I. Oyama, Y. Miyoshi, and E. Turunen, Simulated seasonal impact on
middle atmospheric ozone from high-energy electron precipitation related to pulsating aurorae. Ann. Geophysicae,
39(5), 883–897, Oct. 8, 2021 (10.5194/angeo-39-883-2021).
Volwerk, M., B. Sánchez-Cano, D. Heyner, S. Aizawa, N. André, A. Varsani, J. Mieth, S. Orrsini, W. Baumjohann, D. Fischer, etal. (K. Iwai, Y. Miyoshi), Venus’s induced magnetosphere during active solar wind conditions at BepiColombo’s
Venus 1 flyby. Ann. Geophysicae, 39(5), 811–831, Sep. 17, 2021 (10.5194/angeo-39-811-2021).
Wada, Y., T. Enoto, M. Kubo, K. Nakazawa, T. Shinoda, D. Yonetoku, T. Sawano, T. Yuasa, T. Ushio, Y. Sarto et al.,Meteorological aspects of gamma-ray glows in winter thunderstorms. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48(7), e2020GL091910,
Apr. 16, 2021 (10.1029/2020GL091910).
Wagner, M., M. Hallgren-Brekenkamp, D. Xu, Xi. Kang, P. Wertmann, C. James, I. Elkina, D. Hosner, C. Leipe, and P. E. Tarasov,
The invention of twill tapestry points to Central Asia: Archaeological record of multiple textile techniques used tomake the woollen outfit of a ca. 3000-year-old horse rider from Turfan, China. Archaeological Research in Asia, 29,100344, Mar. 2022 (10.1016/j.ara.2021.100344).
Wang, C.-C., M.-S. Li, C.-S. Chang, P.-Y. Chuang, S.-H. Chen, and K. Tsuboki, Ensemble-based sensitivity analysis andpredictability of an extreme rainfall event over northern Taiwan in the Mei-yu season: The 2 June 2017 case. Atmos.
Res., 259, 105684, Sep. 2021 (10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105684).
Wang, C.-C., T.-C. Lin, K. Tsuboki, Y.-M. Tsai, and D.-I. Lee, A modeling study of rainbands upstream from western Japan during
the approach of typhoon tokage (2004). Atmosphere, 12(10), 1242, Sep. 23, 2021 (10.3390/atmos12101242).
Wang, C.-C., C.-S. Chang Y.-W. Wang, C.-C. Huang, S.-C. Wang, Y.-S. Chen, K. Tsuboki, S.-Y. Huang, S.-H. Chen, P.-Y. Chuang,and H. Chiu, Evaluating quantitative precipitation forecasts using the 2.5 km CReSS model for typhoons in Taiwan: An
update through the 2015 season. Atmosphere, 12(11), 1501, Nov. 14, 2021 (10.3390/atmos12111501).
Wang, C.-C., P.-Y. Chuang, C.-S. Chang, K. Tsuboki, S.-Y. Huang, and G.-C. Leu, Evaluation of Mei-yu heavy-rainfall
quantitative precipitation forecasts in Taiwan by a cloud-resolving model for three seasons of 2012–2014. Nat.
Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22(1), 23–40, Jan. 5, 2022 (10.5194/nhess-22-23-2022).
Wang, Y. K., T. Yokoyama, and H. Iijima, Fast magnetic wave could heat the solar low-beta chromosphere. Astrophys. J. lett.,
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9. Publications and Presentations

916(2), L10, Aug. 1, 2021 (10.3847/2041-8213/ac10c7 ).
Wang, W., J. J. Zhang, C. Wang, N. Nishitani, J. Y. Yan, A. L. Lan, X. Deng, and H. B. Qiu, Statistical characteristics of mid-latitude
ionospheric irregularities at geomagnetic quiet time: Observations from the Jiamusi and Hokkaido East SuperDARN HF
radars. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 127(1), e2021JA029502, Jan. 2022 (10.1029/2021JA029502).
Watanabe, K., H. Jin, S. Nishimoto, S. Imada, T. Kawai, T. Kawate, Y. Otsuka, A. Shinbori, T. Tsugawa, and M. Nishioka, Modelbased reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at theX9.3 event of September 6, 2017. Earth Planets Space, 73, 96, Apr. 20, 2021 (10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6).
Watari, S., S. Nakamura, and Y. Ebihara, Measurement of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) around Tokyo, Japan. Earth
Planets Space, 73, 102, May 27, 2021 (10.1186/s40623-021-01422-3).
Xu, Q., S. Wang, C. Sukigara, J. I. Goes, H. R. Gomes, T. Matsuno, Y. Zhu, Y. Xu, J. Luang-on, Y. Watanabe, S. Yoo, and
J. Ishizaka, High-resolution vertical observations of phytoplankton groups derived from an in-situ Fluorometer in the
East China Sea and Tsushima Strait. Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 756180, Jan. 4, 2022 (10.3389/fmars.2021.756180).
Yadav, S., K. Shiokawa, S. Oyama, Y. Inaba, N. Takahashi, K. Seki, K. Keika, T.-F. Chang, S. W. Y. Tam, B.-J. Wang et al.
(M. Shoji, C.-W. Jun, S. Imajo, Y. Miyoshi), Study of an equatorward detachment of auroral arc from the oval using
ground-space observations and the BATS-R-US–CIMI model. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 126(12),e2020JA029080, Dec. 2021 (10.1029/2020JA029080).
Yahnin, A. G., T. A. Popova, A. G. Demekhov, A. A. Lubchich, A. Matsuoka, K. Asamura, Y. Miyoshi, S. Yokota, S. Kasahara,
K. Keika, T. Hori et al. (M. Shoji, S. Nakamura), Evening side EMIC waves and related proton precipitation induced
zby a substorm. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 126(7), e2020JA029091, Jul. 2021 (10.1029/2020JA029091).
Yamada, H., K. Ito, K. Tsuboki, T. Shinoda, T. Ohigashi, M. Yamaguchi, T. Nakazawa, N. Nagahama, and K. Shimizu, The
double warm-core structure of Typhoon Lan (2017) as observed through the first Japanese eyewall-penetrating aircraft
reconnaissance. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 99(5), 1297–1327, Oct. 2021 (10.2151/jmsj.2021-063).
Yamamoto, K., K. Seki, A. Matsuoka, S. Imajo, M. Teramoto, M. Kitahara, Y. Kasahara, A. Kumamoto, F. Tsuchiya, M. Shoji,
S. Nakamura, Y. Miyoshi, and I. Shinohara, A Statistical study of the solar wind dependence of multi-harmonic
toroidal ULF waves observed by the Arase satellite. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 127(1), e2021JA029840, Jan. 2022
(10.1029/2021JA029840).
Yamauchi, M., J. D. Keyser, G. Parks, S.-i. Oyama, P. Wurz, T. Abe, A. Beth, I. A. Daglis, I. Dandouras, M. Dunlop et al., Plasmaneutral gas interactions in various space environments: Assessment beyond simplified approximations as a Voyage
2050 theme. Exp. Astron., in press (10.1007/s10686-022-09846-9).
Yamazaki, R., S. Matsukiyo, T. Morita, S. J. Tanaka, T. Umeda, K. Aihara, M. Edamoto, S. Egashira, R. Hatsuyama, T. Higuchi
et al., High-power laser experiment forming a supercritical collisionless shock in a magnetized uniform plasma at rest.
Phys. Rev. E, 105(2), 025203, Feb. 11, 2022 (10.1103/PhysRevE.105.025203).
Yasunari, T. J., S. Wakabayashi, Y. Matsumi, and S. Matoba, Developing an insulation box with automatic temperature control
for PM2.5 measurements in cold regions. J. Environ. Manage., in press (10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114784).
Yee, J. C., W. Zang, A. Udalski, Y.-H. Ryu, J. Green, S. Hennerley, A. Marmont, T. Sumi, S. Mao, L. Authors et al. (F. Abe,Y. Itow, Y. Matsubara, Y. Muraki), OGLE-2019-BLG-0960 Lb: the smallest microlensing planet. Astron. J., 162(5),180, Nov. 2021 (10.3847/1538-3881/ac1582).
Yiğit, E., H. Lühr, A. S. Medvedev, W. Ward, A, G. Elias, J. Luis Chau, Y. Miyoshi, S. Jain, and L. Liu, Editorial: Coupling
Processes in Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres. Front. Astron. Space Sci., 9, 857766, Feb. 23, 2022
(10.3389/fspas.2022.857766).
92

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9. Publications and Presentations

Yu, Y., K. Hosokawa, B. Ni, V. K. Jordanova, Y. Miyoshi, J. Cao, Xi. Tian, and L. Ma, On the importance of using event-specificwave diffusion rates in modeling diffuse electron precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., in press(10.1029/2021JA029918).
Zang, W. C., C. Han, I. Kondo, J. C. Yee, C.-U. Lee, A. Gould, S. Mao, L. de Almeida, Y. Shvartzvald, X. Zhang et al. (F. Abe,Y. Itow, Y. Matsubara, Y. Muraki), An Earth-mass planet in a time of COVID-19: KMT-2020-BLG-0414Lb. Res.
Astron. Astrophys., 21(9), 239, Nov. 2021 (10.1088/1674-4527/21/9/239).
Zang, W., K.-H. Hwang, A. Udalski, T. Wang, W. Zhu, T. Sumi, J. C. Yee, A. Gould, S. Mao, X. Zhangn et al. (F. Abe, Y. Itow,
Y. Matsubara, Y. Muraki), Systematic KMTNet plarnetary anomaly search. I. OGLE-2019-BLG-1053Lb, a buried
terrestrial planet. Astron. J., 162(4), 163, Oct. 2021 (10.3847/1538-3881/ac12d4).
Zhang, S., S. Liu, W. Li, Y. He, Q. Yang, F. Xiao, A. Kumamoto, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Nakamura, F. Tsuchiya et al., A concise empiricalformula for the field-aligned distribution of auroral kilometeric radiation based on Arase satellite and Van Allen Probes.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 48(8), e2021GL092805, Apr. 28, 2021 (10.1029/2021GL092805).
Zhang, X. J., A. Artemyev, V. Angelopoulos, E. Tsai, C. Wilkins, S. Kasahara, D. Mourenas, S. Yokota, K. Keika, T. Hori,
Y. Miyoshi et al., Superfast precipitation of energetic electrons in the radiation belts of the Earth. Nat. Commun., 13,1611, Mar. 25, 2022 (10.1038/s41467-022-29291-8).
Zhou, R., Q. Chen, J. Chen, L. Ren, Y. Deng, P. Vodička, D. K. Deshmukh, K. Kawamura, P. Fu, and M. Mochida, Distinctive
sources govern organic aerosol fractions with different degrees of oxygenation in the urban atmosphere. Environ. Sci.
Technol, 55(8), 4494–4503, Apr. 20, 2021 (10.1021/acs.est.0c08604).
Zhu, L., P. Ciais, A. Bastos, A. P. Ballantyne, F. Chevallier, T. Gasser, M. Kondo, J. Pongratz, C. Rödenbeck, and W. Li, Decadal
variability in land carbon sink efficiency. Carbon Balanc. Manag., 16, 15, May 10, 2021 (10.1186/s13021-021-00178-3).

Books (April 2021–March 2022)
Ishizaka, J., Phytoplankton, 224–243, in Oceanography of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 62, edited
by J. Ishizaka, G. Kim, J. H. Lee, S. M. Liu, F. Yu and J. Zhang, 311pp, North Pacific Marine Science Organization,
Sidney, BC, Canada, 298pp, Sep. 2021 (ISBN978-1-927797-45-7).
Kondo, M., R. Birdsey, T. A. M. Pugh, R. Lauerwald, P. A. Raymond, S. Niu, and K. Naudt, State of science in carbon budget
assessments for temperate forests and grasslands. 237–270, in Balancing Greenhouse Gas Budgets: Accounting for
Natural and Anthropogenic Flows of Co2 and Other Trace Gases edited by B. Poulter, J. Canadell, D. Hayes, and
R. Thompson, 450pp, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherland, in press (ISBN978-0-12-8124952-2).
Two more books were published in Japanese.

Publication of Proceedings (April 2021–March 2022)
Title

Date of Publication

PSTEP Open Textbook

Jul. 2021

iLEAPS-Japan2021 Workshop: Book of Abstracts

Dec. 2021

The Nagoya University Bulletin of Chronological Research Vol. 6

Mar. 31, 2022

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 93

9. Publications and Presentations

Conference Presentations (April 2021–March 2022)
 International Conferences＊

Session Conveners

Title
EGU General Assembly 2021

Venue

Organizers

Number of Presentations
Staffsand PDs Students

Total

InvitedApr. 19–30, 2021

0

2

2

4

0

14th International Conference on Mesoscale Convective System Hybrid Conference/and High-Impact Weather in East Asia (ICMCS-XIV)
Nanjing, China

Apr. 28–30, 2021

0

3

0

3

2

Online Radio Heliophysics Catch-up

OnlineMay 10–13, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

SuperDARN 2021 Workshop

OnlineMay 24–28, 2021

0

1

2

3

0

4th PACES Open Science Meeting

OnlineMay 26–28, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

May 30–Jun. 12, 2021

5

＊

52

31

83

4

The 28th International Conference on Weak Interactions andOnlineNeutrinos

Jun. 7–12, 2021

1

0

0

0

0

International Workshop for Mid-latitude Air-Sea Interaction

OnlineJun. 8–14, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

Japan Open Science Summit 2021

OnlineJun. 14–18, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

The 16th Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate(WAMC)

OnlineJun. 21–23, 2021

0

0

1

1

0

3rd International Radiocarbon in the Environment
Conference

OnlineJul. 5–9, 2021

1*

1

0

1

1

2021 RHIC/AGS Annual Users’ Meeting

OnlineJul. 8–11, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

37th International Cosmic Ray Conference

OnlineJul. 12–23, 2021

0

3

0

3

0

＊

11

5

16

3

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2021

OnlineDate

Online18th Annual Meeting (AOGS2021)

OnlineAug. 1–6, 2021

2

International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation 2021

OnlineAug. 2–6, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

ICEAA - IEEE APWC 2021

Hybrid Conference/
Honolulu, Hawaii

Aug. 9–13, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

IAGA-IASPEI 2021

OnlineAug. 21–27, 2021

8＊

7

0

7

1

Aug. 25–Sep. 3, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

Aug. 28–Sep. 3, 2021

0

3

0

3

1

The virtual DPG-Tagung (DPG Meeting) of the Matter andOnlineCosmos Section (SMuK)Aug. 30–Sep. 3, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

The Fifth Convection-Permitting Modeling Workshop 2021
Online(CPM2021)

Sep. 7–10, and Sep.
14, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

16th IGAC Scientific Conference

Sep. 12–20, 2021

0

0

1

1

0

International Colloquium on Equatorial and Low-Latitude Hybrid Conference/
IonosphereIwo, Nigeria

Sep. 13–18, 2021

1

3

0

3

3

LAPAN/BRIN - Kyoto University International Symposiumfor Equatorial Atmosphere /The 6th Asia Research Node Online
Symposium on Humanosphere Science

Sep. 20–22, 2021

0

2

0

2

0

Workshop on Laboratory Facilities for Cloud Research

Sep. 24, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

Sep. 29–Oct. 1, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

Sep. 26–Oct. 1, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

64th session of the of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of
OnlineOuter Space, United Nations
URSI GASS 2021

Hybrid Conference/
Rome, Italy

OnlineOnlineGeneral Incorporated Association Division of Plasma Physics
Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (APPS-DPP) 5th Online
Asia Pacific Conference on Plasma Physics
Low-x 2021

94

Hybrid Conference/
Elba, Italy

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9. Publications and Presentations

Title

Venue

Date

Organizers

Number of Presentations
Staffsand PDs Students

Total

InvitedInternational Workshop on “Climate change impact on thenatural ecosystems in the Arctic” within the framework of the Online
III Northern Forum on Sustainable Development

Sep. 27–30, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

12th International Conference: Solar-Terrestrial Relations and Hybrid Conference/
Physics of Earthquake Precursors
Kamchatka, Russia

Sep. 27–Oct. 1, 2021

1

1

0

1

0

International Heliophysics Data Environment Alliance

OnlineSep. 27–Oct. 1, 2021

1

2

0

2

1

International Space Science Institute SEESUP 2021

Hybrid Conference/Bern, Switzerland

Sep. 27–Oct. 1, 2021

1

2

0

2

0

9th PRL Ka Amrut Vyakhyaan

OnlineSep. 29, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

Quadrennial Ozone Symposium (QOS 2021)

OnlineOct. 3–9, 2021

0

2

0

2

0

NASA PMM Science Team Meeting

OnlineOct. 18–22, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

SciDataCon21

OnlineSep. 18–28, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

First International Conference on Environmental Challenges: Hybrid Conference/
Oct. 25, 2021
Climate change, disaster, and urban environment
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
AOS Colloquium SeriesHybrid Conference/
Madison, WI, USA

Oct. 25, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

3rd Forward Physics Facility Meeting

OnlineOct. 25–26, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

17th European Space Weather Week

Hybrid Conference/
Glasgow, UK

Oct. 25–29, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

Asia-Oceania Group on Earth Observations (AOGEO) Task Online
Group 3 Meeting：Carbon and Greenhouse Gases

Oct. 27, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

Tropical Cyclone Trami Mini Workshop

OnlineOct. 29, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

The 2nd International Symposium on Space Science (ISSS
Online2021)

Nov. 15, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

Workshop of Water Isotopes: from Weather to Climate

OnlineNov. 15–17, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

The 12th Symposium on Polar Science

OnlineNov. 15–18, 2021

0

3

4

7

0

The 15th International Conference on Accelerator Mass
OnlineSpectrometry (AMS-15)

Nov. 15–19, 2021

0

1

1

2

0

Particle Acceleration in Solar Flares and the Plasma Universe
Online- Deciphering its features under magnetic reconnection

Nov. 15–19, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

GEO Week 2021/ GEO-GEE Programme Side Event

OnlineNov. 22–26, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

7th International Conference on Space Science andOnlineCommunication (IconSpace2021)

Nov. 23–24, 2021

1

0

0

0

0

ISEE/ISAS Symposium on Inner Heliosphere Studies 2021

OnlineNov. 29–30, 2021

0

2

0

2

1

Linking the science of large interferometers in the 2030s

OnlineNov. 30–Dec. 1, 2021

0

1

0

1

1

AGU Fall Meeting 2021

Hybrid Conference/
Los Angeles, CA, Dec. 13–17, 2021
USA

0

14

9

23

1

GEE Training & The 9th Asian/18th Korea-Jaoan Workshop
Onlineon Ocean Color 2021

Dec. 20–22, 2021

1

1

1

2

0

Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory Days

OnlineJan. 10–14, 2022

0

1

0

1

0

1st Japan-Russia Bilateral Project Meeting (ISEE-IKFIA)

OnlineJan. 13, 2022

0

1

0

1

0

International Conference on Frontiers of Physics-2022

Hybrid Conference/
Katmandu, Nepal

Jan. 22–24, 2022

0

1

0

1

1

The 16th Vienna Conference on Instrumentation

OnlineFeb. 21–25, 2022

1

0

0

0

0

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 95

9. Publications and Presentations

Title

Venue

Date

Organizers

Number of Presentations
Staffsand PDs Students

Total

Invited59th session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of
the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, United Online
Nations

Feb. 21–25, 2022

0

1

0

1

0

15th Quadrennial Solar-Terrestrial Physics symposium (STP-15) Online

Feb. 21–25, 2022

1

13

11

24

1

ISEE Symposium International Conference on Heavy Rainfall
Onlineand Tropical Cyclone in East Asia

Mar. 1–2, 2022

1

2

0

2

0

International Symposium on “Pan-Arctic Water-Carbon
Cycles and Terrestrial Changes in the Arctic: For resilient Online
Arctic Communities”

Mar. 8–11, 2022

1

4

0

4

0

Synergies at new frontiers at gamma-rays, neutrinos andOnlinegravitational waves

Mar. 24–25, 2022

1＊

1

0

1

1

11
17*

168

68

236

33

Total

 Domestic Conferences＊Session Conveners

Number of Conferences

Organizers

82

29
10*

Number of Presentations
Staffs and PDs

Students

Total

Invited

164

92

256

15

 Lectures for Researchers
Date
May 21, 2021
Jun. 8, 2021
Sep. 23, 2021
Nov. 30, 2021
Feb 10, 2022
JMar. 11, 2022
Apr. 29, 2021
May 31, 2021
Jun. 28, 2021
Aug.19, 2021
Sep. 14, 2021
Oct. 21, 2021
Nov. 16, 2021
Jun. 27, 2022
Mar. 31, 2022

96

Title

Number of
Paticipants

SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar (7st–12th)

114
159
121
83
155
48

SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture (4th–12th)

52
108
114
49
90
40
35
53
39

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9. Publications and Presentations

Awards Staffs and PDs
Award Winners
Satoko Nakamura

DateAwardsTitle

Sasakawa Scientific Research
Encouragement Prize 2020

A Preliminary Risk Assessment of Geomagnetically
Induced Currents on Japanese Power Grids in Severe
Space Storms

May 17, 2021

PEPS Most Cited Paper Award 2021

Nishitani, N., J. M. Ruohoniemi, M. Lester, J. B. H.
Baker, A. V. Koustov, S. G. Shepherd, G. Chisham, T.
Hori et al., Review of the accomplishments of mid-latitude
Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF
radars. Prog Earth Planet Sci, 6, 27, 2019(10.1186/s40645-019-0270-5）

Sep. 9, 2021

Top Leaders Awards for Female
Faculty Members, Nagoya University

Commendation of particularly outstanding female
researcher (who not only excels in research achievements
and competence but is also expected to play an active role
as a university director or manager in the near future)

Dec. 1, 2021

JMSJ Award

Seto, S., T. Iguchi, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, T. Kubota, T.
Masaki, and N. Takahashi: The Precipitation rate retrieval
algorithms for the GPM Dual-frequency Precipitation
Radar. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 99(2), 205–237, 2021
（10.2151/jmsj.2021-011）

Jan. 5, 2022

STAC-Level Awards for 2022/ STAC
Distinguished Scientific/
Technological Accomplishment
Award

For leading the field of weather modification researchby inventing novel approaches for lab and field workand numerical modelingAwardsTitle
Computer simulations of precipitating electrons
through chorus-wave particle interactions

Apr. 23, 2021

Nozomu Nishitani

Tomoaki Hori

Masayo Minami

Hironobu Takahashi(F.A. Shinta Seto)

Masataka Murakami

 StudentsAward Winners

Date

Yoshiki Ito

Jun. 3, 2021

Society of Geomagnetism and Earth,Planetary and Space Sciences(SGEPSS) Student Presentation
Award (Aurora Medal)

Toshiki Kawai

Jun. 7, 2021

JpGU Meeting 2021 Outstanding
Student Presentation Award

Contribution of small-scale flares to coronal heating
estimated by a spectroscopic observation of Hinode

Ken Ohashi

Oct. 9, 2021

Student Presentation Award of the
Physical Society of Japan

Analysis of forward neutrons with the LHCf-ATLAS
detectors (III)Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 97

10. Education

10. Education
The Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research (ISEE) primarily offers graduate programs in the Science,
Engineering, and Environmental Studies schools of Nagoya University. The ISEE has its own graduate course for Heliosphericand Geospace Physics in the Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science of the Graduate School of Science. ISEE also
cooperates with the Department of Electrical Engineering, through the Space Electromagnetic Environment group in the
Graduate School of Engineering, and the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, through the Chronology and Natural
History, and Global Water Cycle groups, in the Graduate School of Environmental Studies, by teaching / training graduate
students in disciplines related to space–earth environmental research.
Our graduate students use various methodologies and techniques, including ground observation, fieldwork, laboratory
experiments, radioactive dating, numerical simulations and modeling, and theoretical research. Their work includes thedevelopment of satellite, balloon, and aircraft instruments—and the analysis of observational data. As ISEE members conduct
research that involves analyzing data captured by both domestic and international instrument platforms, and / or by collaborative
research with foreign researchers, our students are actively pioneering new research fields, through their involvement with other
scholars in international collaborations, and in interdisciplinary research. Their studies mature as MSc or PhD theses, which arepresented at international workshops and conferences, and published in academic journals. We nurture researchers who canapply their knowledge to benefit society, who have a broad perspective, and who demonstrate an international perspective.

Staff association between the research divisions in the ISEE and the graduate schools

●

●
●

●

●

●

●
●

HeliosphericResearch
Ionospheric andMagnetosphericResearch

●

●

●

●

Land–Ocean
Ecosystem
Research●

ChronologicalResearchCenter for International
Collaborative
Research

Oceanography●

Hydroclimatology

Atmospheric
Chemistry

Environmental
History

Geochronology

Cloud andPrecipitation
Sciences

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

98

Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences Course
Global Water Cycle●

Cosmic-Ray
Research

Meteorological andAtmosphericResearch

Earth and Planetary
Sciences Course
Chronology andNatural History

Meteorology●

Integrated
Studies

Information
Engineering

Electrical Engineering
Course SpaceElectromagnetic
Environment

Space
Observation

Heliospheric and Geospace Physics

Heliospheric
PlasmaPhysics (SW)

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences

Cosmic-Ray
Physics(CR)

Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science

Solar and Space
Physics - Theory(SST)

Graduate School of Environmental Studies

Department ofElectrical EngineeringandComputer Science

Space Science –Experiment(SSE)

Graduate School ofEngineering

Atmospheric andEnvironmental
Science (AM)

Graduate School of Science●●

Center forIntergrated Data
Science●

Center for Orbitaland Suborbital
Observations

●

●
●

●

●
●

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

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10. Education

Number of Students supervised by ISEE Staff(April 1, 2021–March 31, 2022)

M1

M2

D1

D2

D3

Undergraduate
Students

Non-regularstudents

Total

Graduate School of Science

11

11

0

3

4

-

0

29

Graduate School of Engineering

12

11

0

0

0

-

0

23

Graduate School ofEnvironmental Studies

11

13

2

3

4

-

5*

38

School of Science

-

-

-

-

-

8

0

8

School of Engineering

-

-

-

-

-

9

0

9

ISEE

-

-

-

-

-

-

2*

2

Total

34

35

2

6

8

17

7

109

Cumulative total in FY 2021 * Research Student

Faculty Members(April 1, 2021–March 31, 2022)

 Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science
Field/Topics

Professor

Associate Professor

Solar-Terrestrial Environmental
ScienceAkira Mizuno

Tomoo Nagahama

Masafumi Hirahara

Satonori Nozawa

Solar-Terrestrial Interrelation
Science

Solar-Terrestrial Physics

Lecturer

Assistant Professor

Shin-ichiro Oyama

Yuichi Otsuka
Kanya Kusano

Satoshi Masuda

Yoshitaka Itow

Yutaka Matsubara

Hiroyasu Tajima

Fusa Miyake

Munetoshi Tokumaru

Kazumasa Iwai

Akimasa Ieda
Akira Okumura

Hiroaki Menjo
Ken-ichi Fujiki Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of Engineering
Field/Topics

Professor

Associate Professor

Kazuo Shiokawa

Nozomu Nishitani

Lecturer

Assistant Professor
Taku Nakajima

Masahito NoséSpace Electromagnetic
Environment

Martinez-Calderon Claudia
Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Takayuki Umeda

Shinsuke Imada** Left the Institute at August 31, 2021

 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Environmental Studies
Field/Topics

Professor
Kazuhisa Tsuboki

Taro Shinoda

Hydrospheric-Atmospheric
Sciences Course
Global Water Cycle

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Hirohiko Masunaga

Earth and Planetary Sciences Course
Chronology and Natural History

Associate Professor

Lecturer

Sho Ohata

Michihiro Mochida
Tetsuya Hiyama

Naoyuki Kurita

Joji Ishizaka

Hidenori Aiki

Masayo Minami

Takenori Kato

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Assistant Professor

Hatsuki Fujinami
Yoshihisa Mino
Hirotaka Oda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9910. Education

Undergraduate Education
Based on demand, the faculty of the institute offers numerous undergraduate courses in the School of Science, the Schoolof Engineering, and in other departments and at other universities in the adjacent area.

 During the 2021 Academic Year, The Following Courses were offered;

Astrophysics and Space Science

Astrophysics III

Earth and Planetary Science Seminar I

Electric Circuits with Exercise

Electromagnetic Wave EngineeringEnvironmental Chemistry

Experimental Physics

Experiments in Physics - Advanced Course

Field workFirst Year Seminar AFrontier of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Geochemical Analysis II and Experiments

Geology Experiments

Graduation Thesis A・BIntroduction to Physics I

Introduction to Physics IILaboratory in Physics

Mathematics I and Tutorial A

Mathematics I and Tutorial BMathematics II and Tutorial

MeteorologyPhysics Experiments IPhysics Experiments IIProbability Theory and Numerical Analysis with ExercisesRemote sensingScience of Atmospheric-Hydrospehric EnvironmentSolar System ScienceTopics in Advanced Physics

100 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

11. International Relations

11. International Relations
Academic Exchange(28 in total)
Institution

Country/Region

Establishment

Indonesia

May 31,1988

Pukyong National University, College of Fisheries Sciences

Korea

October 2, 2006

Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Ocean Satellite Center

Korea

April 17, 2014

Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

China

February 20, 2001

Polar Research Institute of China

China

November 11, 2005

Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University

TaiwanOctober 30, 2009

Center for Weather Climate and Disaster Research, National Taiwan University

TaiwanSeptember 3, 2014

Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, Department of Physics

Bangladesh

March 4, 2008

National Institute of Water andAtmospheric Research

New Zealand

July 26, 1989

Centre for Geophysical Research, University of Auckland

New Zealand

December 7, 1992

Faculty of Science, University of Canterbury

New Zealand

July 30, 1998

Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks

U.S.A.

July 16, 1990

Space Environment Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

U.S.A.

December 15, 1992

National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

U.S.A.

January 5, 1993

Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

U.S.A.

October 24, 1994

Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California at San Diego.

U.S.A.

December 22, 1997

Center for Space Science and Engineering Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University

U.S.A.

January 23, 2013

Chacaltaya Cosmic Ray Observatory, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor de San
Andres, La Paz

Bolivia

February 20, 1992

National Institute for Space Research

BrazilMarch 5, 1997

Yerevan Physics InstituteArmenia

October 18, 1996

Swedish Institute of Space Physics

SwedenSeptember 1, 2005
(since March 25, 1993)

Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway

NorwayMay 3, 2019
(since October 8, 1993)

Department of Geophysics, Finnish Meteorological Institute

FinlandOctober 21, 1994

Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Radiowave Propagation, Far Eastern Branch,
Russian Academy of Sciences

RussiaApril 14, 2007

Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

RussiaOctober 28, 2008

Yu.G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch of theRussian Academy of Sciences

RussiaNovember 28, 2012

The Polar Geophysical Institute, Murmansk

RussiaMarch 13, 2017

International Science
CouncilJuly 30, 2019

Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP)

Visitor : 1／Going Abroad : 0
Note: The List includes the academic exchanges established in the former organizations before ISEE.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 101

11. International Relations

Research Projects
 Major International Collaborative Projects
Research Project

ISEE
Representative(86 in total)
Collaborating
Country/Region

Collaborating Organization

Study of the Onset Mechanism of Solar Eruptions

K. Kusano

Germany

1

University of Potsdam

Observational Study of the Onset Mechanism of
Solar Eruptions

K. Kusano

U.S.A.
China

2

New Jersey Institute of Technology
University of Science and Technology of
China

Study of Modeling of Solar Eruptions

K. Kusano

U.S.A.

1

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics

Study of Triggering Mechanism of Solar Flares

K. Kusano

U.K.

1

UCL Mullard Space Science Laboratory

Study of Magnetic Reconnection

K. Kusano

U.K.

1

University of Manchester

Modeling Study of Inner Magnetosphere

Y. Miyoshi

U.S.A.

1

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Collaborative Study on ERG Project

Y. Miyoshi

Taiwan1

Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy
and Astrophysics

23

NASA (SPDF, SDAC, HPDE, SPASE,
CCMC)
European Space Agency (ESA), Centre
National d’Études Spatiales

2

National Astronomical Observatory of China
KASI

6NASA, UCB, University of Minnesota,
University of Colorado, New Jersey
Institute of Technology, Southwest
Research Institute, Princeton University
Northumbria University, University ofGlasgow
University of Applied Sciences and Arts
Northwestern Switzerland
Eötvös Loránd University
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam
Austrian Academy of Sciences

7

China
PolandBoston University, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, UCI, Duke University, George
Mason University, University of Hawaii,
Indiana University, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, University of Maryland, State
University of New York, University ofWashington
University of British Columbia, Universityof Toronto, TRIUMF
Queen Mary University of London, Imperial
College London, University of Liverpool,
University of Oxford, University of
Sheffield
Complutense University of Madrid
Chonnam National University, Seoul
National University, Sungkyunkwan
University
Tsinghua University
University of Warsaw

Italy
FranceSwitzerland
U.S.A.

4

University of Florence, Catania University
École Polytechnique
CERN
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

U.S.A.

International Heliophysics Data Environment
Alliance

Y. Miyoshi

Collaborative Researches Based on Solar Radio
Observations with MUSER

S. Masuda

Europe (Member
States of ESA)
China
Korea
U.S.A.

Physics of Energetic and Non-Thermal Plasmas in
the X (= magnetic reconnection) Region(PhoENiX) Mission

S. Masuda

U.K.
Switzerland
Hungary
Germany
Austria
U.S.A.

CanadaStudy in Cosmic Neutrinos by using a Large Water
Cherenkov Detector

Y. Itow

U.K.

Spain
Korea

Study in Interaction of Very High Energy Cosmic
Rays by using Large Hadron Collider

Y. Itow

102 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Study in Interaction of Very High Energy Cosmic
Rays by using Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Y. Itow

Italy
U.S.A.

2

University of Florence, Catania University
Brookhaven National Laboratory

Study of Dark Matter and Solar Neutrinos using a
Liquid Xenon Detector

Y. Itow

Korea

1Seoul National University, Sejong University,
Korea Research Institute of standards andScienceCollaborating Organization

U.S.A.

Korea

Research and Development for the Next Generation
Water Cherenkov Detector, Hyper-Kamiokande

China
U.K.
Y. Itow

13
Italy
FranceSwitzerland
Spain
PolandBrazilCanada, Russia
Portugal

10

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron,
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
Max-Planck-Institut
INFN, Università di Bologna
University of Zurich
Columbia University, University of
Chicago, Purdue University, UCSD
Stockholm University
Weizmann Institute of Science
University of Coimbra
and other institutions

2

University of Auckland, University ofCanterbury, Victoria University of
Wellington, Massey University
University of Maryland, NASA4

Stanford University, SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, GSFC/NASA,
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, UCSC,
Sonoma State University, University ofWashington, Purdue University, Universityof Denver
CENS, CNRS, École Polytechnique
INFN, Italian Space Agency, IFSIRoyal Institute of Technology, Stockholm
University

Germany

Study of Dark Matter and Solar Neutrinos using a
2-Phase Liquid Xenon TPC Detector

Y. Itow

Italy
Switzerland
U.S.A.
SwedenIsraelPortugal
France, UAE, Netherlands

A Search for Dark Objects using the Gravitational
Microlensing Effect

New ZealandY. Itow
U.S.A.
U.S.A.

Research on Origin of Cosmic Rays with Fermi
Satellite

H. Tajima
France
Italy
SwedenBoston University, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, UCI, Duke University, George
Mason University, Indiana University,
University of Hawaii, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, University of Maryland, State
University of New York, University ofWashington
Chonnam National University, Seoul
National University, Sungkyunkwan
University
Tsinghua University
Imperial College London, Lancaster
University, University of Oxford, Queen
Mary University of London, University of
Sheffield, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
INFN Sezione di Bari, INFN Sezione diNapoli, INFN Sezione di Padova, INFN
Sezione di Roma
CEA Saclay, École Polytechnique
University of Bern, Swiss Federal Instituteof Technology ZurichAutonomous University of Madrid
University of Warsaw
University of São Pauloand other Institutions

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 103

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Collaborating Organization

Germany
France
Italy
Spain
Switzerland
U.K.
Research on Origin of Cosmic Rays with CTA(Cherenkov Telescope Array)

H. Tajima

U.S.A.

22

Brazil, Argentina,
Poland, Armenia,
Australia, Czech,
Bulgaria, Croatia,
Finland, Greece,
Sweden, Slovenia, India,
Ireland, South Africa

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron,
Max-Planck-Institut, Heidelberg University
CENS, École Polytechnique, University of Paris
INFN, IFSI
University of Barcelona, Complutense
University of Madrid
University of Zürich
Durham University, University of Leicester,
University of Leeds
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,
Argonne National Laboratory, Universityof Washington, Iowa State University,
UCLA, UCSC, University of Chicago,
Smithsonian Observatory
and other institutions

Solar Flare Research with Hard X-Ray Spectral
Imaging Observations

H. Tajima

U.S.A.

1

UCB, MSFC/NASA, Air Force ResearchLaboratory

Solar Flare Research with Gamma-Ray Spectral
Imaging Observations with Polarimetry

H. Tajima

U.S.A.

1

UCB, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, GSFC/NASA

4

Research Institute of Physics, University of
San Andrés
Yerevan Physics Institute
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences
National Autonomous University of
Mexico2

The University of Arizona
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich

Bolivia
Study of Solar Neutrons

Y. Matsubara

Armenia
China
MexicoF. Miyake

U.S.A.
Switzerland

Observations of Interplanetary Disturbances using
the International IPS Network

M. Tokumaru

U.K.
RussiaIndia
MexicoAustralia

5

LOFAR-UK
Lebedev Physical Institute
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Murchison Widefield Array

Study of 3-D Solar Wind Structure and Dynamics
Using Heliospheric Tomography

M. Tokumaru

U.S.A.

1

CASS/UCSD

Study on the Application of Interplanetary
Scintillation Observations to Space Weather Forecast

M. Tokumaru

Korea

1

Korean Space Weather Center

Study of the Heliospheric Boundary Region using
Observations of Interplanetary Scintillation

M. Tokumaru

U.S.A.

1

Interstellar Boundary Explorer, IMAP5

CESR-CNRS, CETP-IPSL
Institute for Solar Physics of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Boston University
University of Bern

1

Swedish Institute of Space Physics,
Swedish National Space Board

Search for Cosmic-Ray Excursions in the Past bySingle-Year Measurements of 14C in Tree Rings

FranceSwedenResearch and Development of the Plasma/Particle
Instrument Suite for the Mercury Magnetospheric
Exploration Mission

M. Hirahara

Future Satellite Mission for the Terrestrial
Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere
Explorations by Formation Flight Observations and
its Feasibility Study and Collaboration of theSatellite and Ground-Based Observations

M. Hirahara

104 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

U.K.
U.S.A.
Switzerland

Sweden11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Study on Science Subjects and Developmental
Techniques of Observational Instruments toward
Future Spacecraft Exploration Missions for theSpace-Earth Coupling System

M. Hirahara

Sweden1

Swedish Institute of Space Physics

PRESTO（Predictability of Variable Solar-Terrestrial
Coupling）

K. Shiokawa

U.S.A., France,
Germany, U.K., Italy,
Canada, Australia,
India, China, andother countries

30

SCOSTEP

High-Sensitive Imaging Measurements of Airglow
and Aurora and Electromagnetic Waves in
Canadian Arctic

K. Shiokawa

2

University of California, Augsburg
College, Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University
University of Calgary, Athabasca University

Magnetic Conjugate Observations of Midlatitude
Thermospheric Disturbances

K. Shiokawa

Australia

1

IPS Radio and Space Service

Comparison of Dynamical Variations of the
Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere between
Asian and Brazilian Longitudes

K. Shiokawa

Brazil1

INPE

Ground and Satellite Measurements of Geospace
Environment in the Far-Eastern Russia

K. Shiokawa

Russia1

Institute of Cosmophysical Research andRadiowave Propagation, Far Eastern
Branch, RAS

Observations of the Equatorial Ionosphere in
South-East Asia and West Africa

K. Shiokawa

Nigeria1

National Space Research and Development
Agency, Federal University of Technology
Akure, Tai Solarin University of Education

Observations of Waves and Particles in the Inner
Magnetosphere in the Siberian Region of Russia

K. Shiokawa

Russia1

Institute of Cosmophysical Research andAeronomy/SB RAS, ISTP/SB RAS

Study of the low-latitude and equatorial ionosphereat Eastern Africa

K. Shiokawa

2

Egypt-Japan University of Science andTechnology (E-JUST)
Bahir Dar University

Study of the middle latitude ionosphere at Ukraine

K. Shiokawa

Ukraine1

Institute of ionosphere (IION)

Collaborative Research and Operation in the Fieldof Space Weather Observations

Y. Otsuka

Indonesia

1

LAPAN

Observations and Researches of Ionosphere andUpper Atmosphere in Thailand

Y. Otsuka

Thailand1

Chiang Mai University, King Mongkut’s
Institute of Technology Ladkrabang

3

Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese
Academy of Sciences
LAPAN
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology
Ladkrabang

Collaborating Organization

U.S.A.
CanadaEgypt
Ethiopia

China

Study on the Occurrence Characteristics ofIonospheric Irregularity and its Day-to-Day
Variability over Southern China and Southeast Asia
Regions

Y. Otsuka

Study of the Polar Upper Atmosphere using the
EISCAT Radars and Other Instruments

S. Nozawa

NorwaySweden, Finland,
Germany, U.K., China

Derivation of Substorm Index from Low-Latitude
Geomagnetic Field Data

M. NoséAustralia
TurkeyGermany
Spain
Denmark
U.S.A.

6

Geoscience AustraliaBoğaziçi University
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Universitat Ramon Llull
Technical University of Denmark
United States Geological Survey

Experiment of geomagnetic field with sounding
rocket LAMP

M. Nosé

U.S.A.

1NASA

Study of high-frequency geomagnetic field
variations with low-latitude induction
magnetometer network

M. NoséAustralia
New Zealand2

Geoscience Australia
Dr. Peter Jaquiery

Indonesia
Thailand6

UiT The Arctic University of Norway
EISCAT Scientific Association

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 105

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Collaborating Organization

U.S.A.

Study of the Polar/Midlatitude Ionosphere andMagnetosphere using the SuparDARN HF Radar
NetworkN. Nishitani

U.K.
FranceSouth Africa
Australia
Canada
Italy
RussiaChina

9

JHUAPL, Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University
University of Leicester
LPC2E/CNRS
University of KwaZulu-Natal
La Trobe University
University of Saskatchewan
IFSI
ISTP/SB RAS
Polar Research Institute of China

3

Geophysical Institute of the University of
Alaska Fairbanks
University of Oulu, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, Sodankylä GeophysicalObservatory, Lappeenranta-Lahti
University of Technology
The Swedish Institute of Space Physics

5

University of Oulu, Finnish Meteorological
Institute
University of Otago
British Antarctic Survey
University Centre in Svalbard
University of Alaska Fairbanks

3

CEILAP, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
University of Magallanes, Dirección
Meteorológica de Chile
University of La Frontera, Universidad
Mayor de San Andrés

3

University of Colorado Boulder, UCLA,
University of Arizona
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
EISCAT Scientific Association

1

Tianjin University

3

University of Wollongong,
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation, Australian Nuclear
Science and Technology Organisation,
NSW Department of Planning, Industry
and Environment
Georgia Institute of Technology, UCI
Lancaster University

U.S.A.
SDI-3D Project: Development of SDI

S. Oyama

FinlandSwedenFinlandStudy of Auroral Energetic Electron Precipitation(EEP) Impacts on the Upper/Middle Atmosphere

Study of Aerosols and Atmospheric Trace Gases byusing SAVER-Net Observation Network in SouthAmericaS. Oyama

A. Mizuno

New Zealand
U.K.
NorwayU.S.A.
Argentina
Chile
Bolivia
U.S.A.

High Energy Particles in Geospace: theAcceleration Mechanism and the Role in Earth’s
ClimateA. Mizuno

Source Apportionment of Organic Aerosols in
Beijing

M. Mochida

NorwaySwedenChina
Australia

Characterizing Organics and Aerosol Loading overAustralia (COALA)

M. Mochida
S. Ohata
U.S.A.
U.K.

Characterization of atmospheric organic aerosol
over a boreal forest in northern Europe

M. Mochida
S. Ohata

Finland1

University of Helsinki

Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM)

H. Masunaga
N. Takahashi

U.S.A.

1

NASA

Tropical Cyclones-Pacific Asian ResearchCampaign for Improvement of Intensity
Estimations/Forecasts (T-PARCII)

K. Tsuboki
T. Shinoda
N. Takahashi

Taiwan2

National Taiwan University Atmospheric
Sciences
Colorado State University

Observational Study on Convective Self-Aggregation

H. Masunaga

U.K.

1

University of Reading

Satellite Algorithm Development for Tracking
Precipitating Clouds

H. Masunaga

U.S.A.

1

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Development and Validation of a Satellite-Based
Scheme to Estimate In-Cloud Vertical Velocity

H. Masunaga

U.S.A.

1

City University of New York106 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

U.S.A.

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Collaborating Organization

4

Norwegian Polar InstituteNational Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
Government of Canada
Finnish Meteorological Institute

Finland1

University of Oule
Finnish Meteorological Institute

M. Murakiami

U.S.A.

1

Federal Aviation Administration, NASA

Continuous Observation of Methane at a Paddy
Field in Northern India

Y. Matsumi

India

1

University of Delhi

Observation of PM2.5 in Ulan Bator

Y. Matsumi

Mongolia

1

National University of Mongolia

Observation of PM2.5 in Hanoi

Y. Matsumi

Vietnam1

Hanoi University of Science and Technology

Validation of GOCI Products and Application toEnvironmental Monitoring of Japanese Coastal
WatersJ. Ishizuka

Korea

1

Korea Institute of Ocean Science andTechnology

Sea Surface Nitrate and Nitrate Based New
Production - Two Innovative Research Products
from SGLI on board GCOM-C

J. Ishizaka

U.S.A.

1

Columbia University

6

Korea Institute of Ocean Science andTechnology
Columbia University, East Carolina University
National Cheng Kung University
Burapha University
First Institute of Oceanography, Nanjing,
University of Science and Technology
University of Tartu

30

European Organisation for the Exploitationof Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)

Long-Term Observation of Black Carbon Aerosolsin the Arctic

S. Ohata

Energetic Particle Chain -Effects on the
middle/lower atmosphere from energetic particle
precipitations-T. Nakajima

High Aerosol High Ice Water Content project

NorwayU.S.A.
CanadaFinland

Korea
Collection of Validation Dataset of GCOM-C
Coastal Products

J. Ishizaka

U.S.A.
TaiwanThailand
China
Estonia

Validation of Ocean Color Products in the Western
North Pacific and Japanese Coastal Waters:
Collaboration with JAXA GCOM-C Project

J. Ishizaka

Member States of
EUMETSAT:
Germany, U.K.,
France, Italy, Spain,
Netherlands and others
countries

Investigating the Optical Characteristics of Red
Tides in the Upper Gulf of Thailand

J. Ishizaka

Thailand1

University of Burapa, Kasetsart University

Integrated Land Ecosystem - Atmosphere Processes
Study (iLEAPS), one of the Global Research
Projects (GRPs) of the Future Earth

T. Hiyama

U.K., India, Finland,
New Zealand, China,
Koria and others
countries

6iLEAPS/Future Earth

Observational Study of Vegetation, Energy andWater in Eastern Siberia Towards Elucidation of
Climate and Carbon Cycle Changes

T. Hiyama

Russia1

Institute for Biological Problems of
Cryolithozone/SB RAS

Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II)
Project

T. Hiyama

U.S.A.

1

International Arctic Research Center of the
University of Alaska Fairbanks

Estimating Permafrost Groundwater Age in Central
Mongolia

T. Hiyama

Mongol1

Institute of Geography and Geoecology of
the Mongolian Academy of Sciences

Study of Methane Flux Observation in Eastern
Siberia and the Obtained Data Analysis

T. Hiyama

Russia1

Institute for Natural Science, North
Eastern Federal University

1

Kathmandu University, Nepal Academy of
Science and Technology, International
Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development

An International Study on Precipitation Variability
in High-Altitude Areas of the Himalayas in Nepal

H. Fujinami

Nepal

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 107

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Collaborating Organization

India

5

India Meteorological Department, Indian
Institute of Tropical Meteorology,
University of RajasthanInternational Centre for Integrated
Mountain Development, Nepal Academyof Science and Technology, Kathmandu
University
Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua
University
Pusan National University
and other institutions

4

Geological Survey of Israel, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem
Columbia University, University of
Minnesota Twin Cities
GFZ Helmholtz Centre Potsdam,
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
University of Geneva

Nepal
Asian Precipitation Experiment (AsiaPEX)

H. Fujinami
China
Korea
Bangladesh
IsraelInternational Continental Scientific Drilling
Program - Dead Sea Deep Drilling Project(ICDP-DSDDP)

H. Kitagawa

U.S.A.
Germany
Switzerland

Climate Change Reconstruction of the Central
Highlands in Vietnam

H. Kitagawa

Vietnam1

Vietnam Academy of Science andTechnology

Climate Reconstruction using Travertine from
Takht-e-Soleyman Area in Kurdistan, Iran

M. Minami

Iran

1

University of Kurdistan

Study of Grand-Water Circulation Based on 14C
Ages of Underground Water and Hot-Spring Water
Samples from Korea

M. Minami

Korea

1

Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral
Resources

Establishment of Master Dendrochronological
Calibration Curve Around 660 BC using Annual
Tree Ring Samples from Poland

M. Minami

Poland1

Silesian University of Technology

Measurements of Cosmic-Ray-Produced 14C in Iron
Meteorites

M. Minami

U.S.A.

1

UCB

Geochronological Research on the Basement Rocksin Japan and Korea

T. KatoKorea

1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral
Resources

Development of New Analytical Techniques andAccurate Quantification of Electron Microprobe
Analysis

T. KatoKorea

1Pusan National University

10

University of Houston, Texas A&M
University, Appalachian State University,
U.S. Army Engineer Research andDevelopment Center, University of
Massachusetts, University of South
Florida, Montclair State University,
University of Florida, Northern Illinois
University, Colorado College
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar andMarine Research, University of Bremen,
University of Kiel, Museum fürNaturkunde
University of Southampton, University ofBirmingham, British Antarctic Survey
Université de Perpignan
Stockholm University
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
China University of Geosciences, Tongji
University
Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral
Resources
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean
Research
GNS Science

U.S.A.

Germany
International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)
Expedition 379: Amundsen Sea West Antarctic Ice
Sheet History

M. Yamane

U.K.
FranceSwedenNorway
China
Korea
India
New Zealand

108 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

11. International Relations

Visitors from Foreign Institutes(April 1, 2021–March 31, 2022)

Country/Region

Funding Source

India

1

Korea

1

China

2

Europe(Including New
Independent States)

Russia1

1

Middle East

Iran

1

1

Ethiopia

1

Nigeria1

Asia

Africa

Total

7

4

Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science2

Nagoya University

4

Self-funding

1

Government

1

Total

8

Purpose2
Joint Research
8

Total

8
8

Overseas Business Trips of Faculty(April 1, 2021–March 31, 2022)

Country/Region
North America

U.S.A.

3

Europe(Including New
Independent States)

U.K.

1

Switzerland

1

Norway

1

Toal

4

3

3

6

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 109

11. International Relations

Online Seminars by Foreign Scientists
Date

Name

Apr. 29, 2021

Alphonse C. Sterling

Affiliation(16 in total)
Number of

Title

Participant

4th SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ An overview ofNASA Marshall Space Flightthe Sun’s structure, and a closer look at solar magnetism andCenter, U.S.A.
activity52

May 21, 2021 Franz-Josef Lübken

Leibniz-Institute ofAtmospheric Physics,
Germany

7th SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ Physics at the edge
between Earth’s atmosphere and space114

May 31, 2021 Esa Turunen

Sodankylä GeophysicalObservatory, Finland

5th SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ The variablegeospace environment and our radio wave based modern society:basic concepts of ionosphere and recent research problems at highlatitudes

108

Jun. 8, 2021

ELTE Eotvos Lorand
University, Hungary

8th SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ The Sun making history.
The mechanism behind the varying amplitude of the solar cycle

159

Aug. 19, 2021 Craig Rodger

University of Otago, New
Zealand

7th SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ Energetic
electron precipitation from the radiation belts: How plasma waves
in space kill atmospheric ozone

49

Sep. 14, 2021

Dibyendu Nandi

Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research,
India

8th SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ Solar magnetic
fields: Their origin and predictability

90

Sep. 23, 2021

Richard Eastes

University of Colorado
Boulder, U.S.A.

9th SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ Space weather in thethermosphere-ionosphere system - observation and Insights fromthe GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk) *mission121

Oct. 21, 2021

Sarah Gibson

9th SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ Whole
High Altitude Observatory at
Heliosphere and Planetary Interactions (WHPI): Connecting Sun
NCAR, U.S.A.
to solar wind to planets during “quiet” times of the solar cycle

40

Kristof Petrovay

Nov. 16, 2021 Samuel Schonfeld

Boston College, U.S.A.

10th SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ F10.7 and solar
spectral irradiance: drivers of ionosphere models

35

Nov. 30, 2021 Tibor Török

Predictive Science Inc.,
U.S.A.

10th SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ Understanding andmodeling solar eruptions: Where do we stand?

83

Dec. 2, 2021

Institute of Solar-Terrestrial
Physics SB RAS, Russia

Division for Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research Seminar/
Characteristics of Pc4-5 waves in the magnetosphere by satellites
measurements

25

Dec. 16, 2021 Adhitya PavithranIndian Institute ofGeomagnetism, India

Division for Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research Seminar/
The study of ionospheric Alfven resonator (IAR) at low latitude

25

Jan. 27, 2022

Michael Kosch

South African National Space 11th SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ The energetics
Agency, South Africaof sprites: New results from South Africa

53

Feb. 10, 2022

Cora Randall

University of Colorado,
U.S.A.

11th SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ Solar-terrestrial
coupling via energetic particle precipitation

155

Feb. 17, 2022

KD Leka*

NorthWest Research
Associates, U.S.A.

ISEE Solar Seminar/ The Sun is Not Divergence Free! (Not Yet)

17

Mar. 31, 2022

Martin Connors

Athabasca University,
Canada12th SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ Space weather
geoelectromagnetic effects

39

Aleksandr Rubstov✱

110 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Foreign Visiting Staff

11. International Relations＜Abbreviations＞
AS CR:

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

CASS:

Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences

CCMC:

Community Coordinated Modeling Center

CESR:

Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements

CETP:

Centre d'étude des environnements terrestres et planétaires

CNRS:

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

EISCAT:

European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association

GSFC:

Goddard Space Flight Center

HPDE:

Heliophysics Data Environment

IBEX:

Interstellar Boundary Explorer

IFSI:

Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario

IMAP:Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe

INFN:

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

INPE:

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazilian Institute of Space Research

RAS

Russian Academy of Sciences

IPS:

Ionospheric Prediction Services

IPSL:

Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace

JHUAPL:

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

KASI:

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

LAPAN:

Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, National Institute of Aeronautics and SpaceLOFAR:

Low Frequency Array

LPC2E:

Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace

MSFC:

Marshall Space Flight Center

MWA:

Murchison Widefield ArrayNASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

SB RAS:

Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of sciences

SCOSTEP:

Scientific Committee on Solar Terrestrial Physics

SDAC:

Solar Data Analysis Center

SLAC:

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

SPASE:Space Physics Archive Search and Extract

SPDF:

Space Physics Data Facility

UCB:

University of California, Berkeley

UCI:

University of California, Irvine

UCLA:

University of California, Los Angeles

UCSC:

University of California, Santa Cruz

UCSD:

University of California, San Diego

UiT:

University of Tromsø

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 111

12. Outreach

12. Outreach
Public Lectures, Open Labs, and School Visits
The ISEE organizes a variety of outreach events and activities. In continuation from FY2020, some events werecanceled in FY2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic, but many events and activities were still conducted online orin a hybrid format. Some were also conducted in-person. Specifically, seven visiting lectures, 12 online or hybrid
lectures, two high-school student visits, two online open laboratory events, two online training courses for young
researchers, and one virtual tour for university students, one online workshop for children were organized.
We also distributed a series of booklets in Japanese that answered 50 questions on various topics and a series ofcomic (manga) books. They are related to space–Earth subjects for science education and are suitable for the public andschoolchildren. We have added two new booklets this year. These booklets can also be browsed and downloaded fromthe ISEE website (https://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/hscontent/books.html). These comic books were translated into
English in collaboration with SCOSTEP’s CAWSES program (https://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/en/outreach.html).
Translations in other languages are available on the SCOSTEP website (https://scostep.org/space-science-comic-books/).
We also published two newsletters. The research results, event reports, and English columns have been posted.
The ISEE website continues to publish the most up-to-date activities and outcomes of laboratory science to the
public (https://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/en/).

Latest issues of the Japanese booklet series “50 questions”.

112 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental ResearchAddresses of Facilities
Name

Address

TEL/FAX

Institute for Space–Earth

Research Institutes Buildings I/II,

TEL:+81-52-747-6303

Environmental Research

Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601

FAX:+81-52-747-6313②

Toyokawa Branch

3-13 Honohara, Toyokawa-shi, Aichi 442-8507③

Moshiri Observatory

Moshiri, Horokanai, Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741①

Uenbetsu, Rikubetsu-cho, Ashoro-gun,④

Rikubetsu Observatory

Hokkaido 089-4301
58-1, 78-1, 78-5, 129-1, 129-4 Pontomamu,
Rikubetsu-cho, Ashoro-gun, Hokkaido 089-4300⑤

Fuji Observatory⑥

Kagoshima Observatory

1347-2 Fujigane, Fujikawaguchiko-machi,
Minamitsuru-gun, Yamanashi 401-0338
3860-1 ShimoHonjo Honjo, Tarumizu-shi,
Kagoshima 891-2112

TEL:+81-533-89-5206
FAX:+81-533-86-3154
TEL:+81-165-38-2345
FAX:+81-165-38-2345
TEL:+81-156-27-8103

TEL:+81-156-27-4011

TEL:+81-555-89-2829

TEL:+81-994-32-0730