International Commission on
Radiological Protection

2011 Annual Reportwww.icrp.org

On the cover, from left to right:•••

The programme for the first ICRP Symposium on the International System ofRadiological Protection, “ICRP 2011”
ICRP’s first formal strategic plan, released in October 2011
A dose rate map of the area around the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station
as a result of releases during the accident in March 2011 (reproduced withpermission of MEXT)ICRP 2011 Annual Report
ICRP reference 4836-9539-0480
2012-08-30© 2012 ICRPTable of Contents
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. i
Chair’s Foreword ............................................................................................................. iii
The International Commission on Radiological Protection .............................................. 1
Structure ...................................................................................................................... 1
Membership ................................................................................................................. 3
The Work of ICRP........................................................................................................ 3
Meetings ...................................................................................................................... 4
Finances ...................................................................................................................... 5
The Work Programme of ICRP and Its Committees ........................................................ 6
Main Commission ........................................................................................................ 6
Scientific Secretariat .................................................................................................... 9
Committee 1 (Radiation Effects) ................................................................................ 10
Committee 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures) ....................................................... 13
Committee 3 (Protection in Medicine) ........................................................................ 17
Committee 4 (Application of the Commission’s Recommendations).......................... 21
Committee 5 (Protection of the Environment) ............................................................ 26
Response to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident ....................... 29
First ICRP Symposium on the International System of Radiological Protection ............ 30
ICRP Publications in 2011............................................................................................. 32
ICRP Publication 113: Education and Training in Radiological Protection for
Diagnostic and Interventional Procedures ................................................................. 32
ICRP Publication 114: Environmental Protection: Transfer Parameters for Reference
Animals and Plants .................................................................................................... 34
ICRP Publication 115: Lung Cancer Risk from Radon and Progeny and Statement on
Radon ........................................................................................................................ 35
Obtaining ICRP Publications ......................................................................................... 37
ICRP Membership as of December 31, 2011 ................................................................ 38
Main Commission ...................................................................................................... 38i

Scientific Secretariat .................................................................................................. 38
Committee 1 (Radiation Effects) ................................................................................ 38
Committee 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures) ....................................................... 38
Committee 3 (Protection in Medicine) ........................................................................ 39
Committee 4 (Application of the Commission’s Recommendations).......................... 39
Committee 5 (Protection of the Environment) ............................................................ 39
Summary Financial Information 2007-2011................................................................... 40
Organisations Providing Grants to ICRP in 2011 .......................................................... 41
Contact Information ....................................................................................................... 42ii

Chair’s Foreword
2011 was a challenging year for everyone
involved in radiological protection, in particular
those in Japan who experienced first-hand theaccident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power
station that resulted in the release of radioactive
materials
intotheenvironment.
Manyorganisations, including ICRP, responded
rapidly in different ways to offer much needed
assistance.
During the year ICRP and its members did
everything possible to help the people andgovernment of Japan during the recovery phaseof this accident. This included making available
free of charge ICRP Publication 111 Application of the Commission's Recommendations
to the Protection of People Living in Long-term Contaminated Areas after a Nuclear
Accident or a Radiation Emergency. This, and another relevant report ICRP Publication
109 Application of the Commission's Recommendations for the Protection of People in
Emergency Exposure Situations, had been published only about one year earlier. It had
not been anticipated that this advice and guidance would be called upon quite so soon.
With the establishment of ICRP Main Commission Task Group 84 on the initial lessons
from the NPS accident in Japan, ICRP has also begun to compile lessons that will
hopefully lead to improvements in the system of radiological protection.
In addition, we established a dialogue initiative, a cooperative effort to share therecommendations and guidance of ICRP Publication 111 directly with those affected.
The objective is to help the people of Japan, while at the same time gaining a deeper
insight into the situation to ensure that future recommendations of ICRP will benefit fromthis experience. Other endeavours in relation to the Fukushima Daiichi accident aredescribed in this annual report.
The Main Commission held two meetings during 2011, the first in Seoul, Korea in April
and the second in Bethesda (Rockville), USA in October/November. Each wasparticularly noteworthy: the former because of a special session on Fukushima held
only four weeks after the accident, which involved delegates from the Nuclear Safety
Commission of Japan, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kyoto College of Medical
Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Science, and Tokyo Electric Power
Company; the latter because it was held in conjunction with the first ICRP Symposiumon the International System of Radiological Protection (ICRP 2011).
iii

ICRP 2011 was a major milestone for ICRP and a great success, attracting
approximately 400 participants from about 35 countries and garnering much positive
feedback. Seventeen sessions were held, sometimes in parallel, over 3 days,presenting a broad spectrum of issues in radiological protection. It was an excellent
opportunity to present the current work of ICRP, to discuss challenging topics and to get
direct feedback from the delegates.
ICRP 2011 was not an isolated event, but was the first in what we hope will be a seriesof biennial symposia, a cornerstone in our continued efforts to be open and transparent,
and to more fully engage with all professionals interested in radiological protection.
Indeed, holding regular symposia is one of the five key initiatives outlined in the ICRPStrategic Plan 2011-2017 released during ICRP 2011.
This Strategic Plan was also a major milestone for ICRP. It evolved from an initiative
during 2009 and 2010 to undertake an internal review of the structure and working
methods of ICRP, which included input and opinions from members and observerorganisations. Reviewing our strengths and challenges, six key objectives for theperiod were identified, along with five associated initiatives:
•
•
•
•
•

Making ICRP publications available at low or no cost;
Recommending research needed to strengthen the System of RadiologicalProtection;
Holding regular ICRP symposia;
Increasing ICRP participation in radiological protection and other forums; and,
Openly seeking nominations for new members.

Achieving these key initiatives will require considerable resources, certainly more than
ICRP, a registered charity relying on voluntary contributions, currently has available.
This will be a significant challenge to overcome in the next few years, among the manyothers we face, as we continue to work in the public interest to promote radiologicalprotection.

Dr Claire Cousins
ICRP Chairiv

ICRP Annual Report 2011

The International Commission on RadiologicalProtection
Since 1928, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has
successfully developed the System of Radiological Protection as the basis forradiological protection standards, legislation, guidance, programmes and practiceworldwide.
ICRP is a charity established to provide independent recommendations and guidanceon radiological protection for the public benefit.
In preparing its recommendations, ICRP considers advances in scientific knowledge,
evolving social values, and practical experience. Formulating standards, regulations,and codes of practice is the responsibility of other national and internationalorganisations.
The objective of the work of ICRP is to contribute to an appropriate level ofprotection against the detrimental effects of ionising radiation exposure without
unduly limiting the benefits associated with the use of radiation.
The primary aim of the Commission’s Recommendations is to contribute to an
appropriate level of protection for people and the environment against the detrimental
effects of radiation exposure without unduly limiting the desirable human actions that
may be associated with such exposure.
ICRP provides recommendations and guidance on protection against risks associatedwith exposure to ionising radiation from artificial sources widely used in medicine,
general industry and nuclear enterprises, and from naturally occurring sources. These
recommendations are published on behalf of the ICRP in the Annals of the ICRP. Eachissue provides in-depth coverage of a specific subject area.

Structure
ICRP comprises the Main Commission, Scientific Secretariat; five standing Committees
on: Radiation Effects, Doses from Radiation Exposure, Protection in Medicine,
Application of ICRP Recommendations, and Protection of the Environment; and Task
Groups established as needed to undertake specific work.
The Main Commission consists of the Chair, up to twelve other members, and theScientific Secretary. The Main Commission is the governing body, setting the policy andprogramme of work, and approving all official publications.

1

ICRP Annual Report 2011

The Scientific Secretariat manages the daily business of ICRP. It is led by the Scientific
Secretary, who is also the Editor of the Annals of the ICRP, and often represents theorganisation in international forums.

The general structure of ICRP

Committee 1 on Radiation Effects assesses scientific knowledge on radiation risk,
examining possible implications on the System of Radiological Protection.
Committee 2 on Doses from Radiation Exposure develops reference models and data,
including dose coefficients, for the assessment of exposure to radiation.
Committee 3 on Protection in Medicine develops recommendations and guidance on
the protection of patients, staff, and the public against radiation exposure in medicine.
Committee 4 on Application of the Commission’s Recommendations develops principles
and recommendations on radiological protection of people in all exposure situations.
Committee 5 on Protection of the Environment develops reference models and data,and guidance on radiological protection of the environment.
Task Groups write reports, and normally consist of Committee members and experts
from outside the Main Commission and Committees.
This multi-tier structure provides a rigorous quality management system of peer review
for the production of ICRP publications. The work of Task Groups is reviewed by therelevant Committee(s), and then by the Main Commission. Furthermore, before draft
ICRP reports are approved for publication, they are regularly circulated to a number of2

ICRP Annual Report 2011

bodies and individual experts, and posted for public consultation through the ICRP web
site.

Membership
Members come from over 30 countries on six continents and from all disciplines
relevant to radiological protection. Selected on the basis of their recognisedcompetence and experience, members are volunteers invited to join ICRP as
independent experts for four year terms.
On each occasion of a new term, at least three, and not more than five, members of theCommission must be changed. A similar rate of renewal is sought for the Committees.
The current period runs from 2009 July 1st to 2013 June 30th.

The Work of ICRPICRP recommendations are based on scientific knowledge and on expert judgement.
Scientific data, such as those concerning health risks attributable to radiation exposure,are a necessary prerequisite, but philosophical and ethical considerations are similarly
necessary, through which societal and economic aspects of protection must be
considered. All of those concerned with radiological protection have to make value
judgements about the relative importance of different kinds of risk and about thebalancing of risks and benefits. In this, radiological protection is no different from otherfields concerned with the control of hazards. The Commission believes that the basis
for, and distinction between, scientific estimations and value judgements should bemade clear whenever possible, so as to increase the transparency, and thus theunderstanding, of how decisions have been reached.
ICRP has published over one hundred publications on all aspects of radiologicalprotection. Most address a particular area, but a handful of publications, the so-called
fundamental recommendations, describe the overall system of radiological protection.
The system of radiological protection is based on the current understanding of thescience of radiation exposures and effects, value judgements, and experience. The
value judgements take into account societal expectations, ethics, and experience
gained in application of the system. As science and societal expectations have evolved
over time, so too has the system of radiological protection. The recommendations also
continue to take into account novel uses of radiation in medicine and other fields to help
ensure an adequate level of protection in all circumstances.
ICRP offers its recommendations to regulatory and advisory agencies and provides
advice intended to be of help to management and professional staff with responsibilities

3

ICRP Annual Report 2011

for radiological protection. Legislation in most countries adheres closely to ICRP
recommendations. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International Basic
Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety ofRadiation Sources is based heavily on ICRP recommendations, and the International
Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention 115, Radiation Protection Convention, General
Observation 1992, refers specifically to the recommendations of ICRP. ICRP
recommendations form the basis of radiological protection standards, regulations,programmes, and practice worldwide.

The ICRP System of Radiological Protection forms the basis of radiological protection
standards, regulations, programmes and practice world-wide

Meetings
The Main Commission normally meets once or twice a year. Each Committee meetsonce a year. In alternate years a biennial meeting of ICRP is conducted jointly with theMain Commission and all of the Committees. Active Task Groups generally meet
annually.

4

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Finances
ICRP is primarily financed through voluntary contributions from organisations with aninterest in radiological protection. All contributions are accepted with the understandingthat they do not influence the ICRP membership or programme of work.
Some additional funds accrue from royalties on ICRP publications. Members’
institutions also provide in-kind support to ICRP by making the members’ time available
without charge and, in many cases, by covering their costs of attending ICRP meetings.

5

ICRP Annual Report 2011

The Work Programme of ICRP and Its Committees
Main Commission
The Main Commission consists of the Chair, up to twelve other members, andthe Scientific Secretary. The Main Commission is the governing body, setting thepolicy and programme of work, and approving all official publications.

The Main Commission in Seoul, Korea, April 2011
Main Commission members and the Scientific Secretary continued to play a key role inthe dissemination of information beyond the Annals of the ICRP, through presentations
and discussions at many seminars, meetings, conferences, workshops and otherforums.
Thus, contact was maintained with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), theInternational Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), theInternational Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), the International Society forRadiology, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD-NEA), the United Nations
Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), The World HealthOrganisation (WHO), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the International Standards Organization (ISO),and many other international, regional, and national organisations.

6

ICRP Annual Report 2011

A key output from the Main Commission in 2011 was the first formal ICRP Strategic
Plan. It is available for download from the home page of the ICRP website,www.icrp.org. This plan, covering the period 2011-2017 i.e. to the end of the next term,
provides a concise outline of the mandate, structure, and work of ICRP, and identifies
ICRP strengths and challenges being faced. It concludes with a series of objectives andinitiatives specific to this period:
OBJECTIVES
•
•
•
•
•
•

Improved dissemination of ICRP recommendations
Scientific work focused on improving the System of Radiological Protection
Raised awareness of radiological protection in medicine
Protection of the environment fully integrated into the System of RadiologicalProtection
Positive relationships with organisations interested in radiological protection
Best practices applied to the governance of ICRPINITIATIVES
•
•
•
•
•

Making ICRP publications available at low or no cost
Recommending research needed to strengthen the System of RadiologicalProtection
Holding regular ICRP symposia
Increasing ICRP participation in radiological protection and other forums
Openly seeking nominations for new members.

These initiatives cannot all be implemented with current funding. Therefore, ICRP willseek increased financial support through additional on-going and one-time contributions
with the aim of achieving these objectives.
Task Group 84 on Initial Lessons Learned from the NPP Accident in Japan vis-àvis the ICRP System of Radiological Protection
Chair: Abel Julio González
Task Groups are usually organised under the Committees. Exceptionally, in 2011 Task
Group 84 was established under the Main Commission.
This Task Group (TG) will compile lessons learned related to the efforts carried out toprotect people against radiation exposure during and after the emergency exposure
situation caused by the Nuclear Power Station accident in Japan. In light of theselessons, the report of the TG will consider the suitability of ad hoc recommendations for
the ICRP system of radiological protection for dealing with this type of emergency

7

ICRP Annual Report 2011

exposure. The TG will prepare a report containing its findings and assessment, andmake recommendations to the ICRP Main Commission on any other follow up actions,
including potential improvements to the System of Radiological Protection. TG 84 will
prepare a final draft for review at the October 2012 Main Commission meeting.

8

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Scientific Secretariat
ICRP operates its Scientific Secretariat in Ottawa, Canada, in an office provided as an
in-kind contribution from the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. The seat of ICRP
remains in the United Kingdom where ICRP is an independent Registered Charity.
The Scientific Secretariat manages the daily business of ICRP. It is led by Christopher
Clement, Scientific Secretary, the 5th since the position became full-time in 1962 and the10th since ICRP was first established in 1928. He is assisted by Lynn Lemaire,
Executive Assistant.
As ICRP’s Chief Executive, Editor of the Annals of the ICRP, and head of the ICRP
Scientific Secretariat, the Scientific Secretary oversees the daily operations of ICRP;
prepares, organizes, and participates in all Main Commission meetings; is directly
involved in aspects of the scientific and policy work of ICRP; often represents ICRP atinternational meetings; speaks on behalf of ICRP at workshops, symposia, and otherforums; responds to requests for information about the work of ICRP; and coordinates
the publication of ICRP reports including working with the authors, final editing of thereports, and various discussions and negotiations with the publisher.
Toshihiro Higuchi, a historian of science at Stanford University interested in radiologicalprotection, has started working on a volunteer part-time basis as the ICRP Historian. He
assists with the organisation of ICRP archives, and is undertaking an oral history project
on behalf of ICRP.
Starting 2011 September 1, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission has arranged tohave interns placed with the Scientific Secretariat on four-month terms.
Following discussions initiated in December of 2010, ICRP has made an agreementwith Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry of Japan (CRIEPI) for the loanof a cost-free expert. The new staff member will join the Scientific Secretariat in early2012 on a one-year term, renewable up to three years.

9ICRP Annual Report 2011

Committee 1 (Radiation Effects)
Committee 1 assesses scientific knowledge on radiation risk, examining possible
implications on the System of Radiological Protection.

ICRP Committee 1 in Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 2010
Committee 1 addresses issues of tissue reactions, risks of cancer and heritablediseases including dose responses, effects of dose-rate and radiation quality, effects inthe embryo/foetus and genetic factors in radiation response, as well as uncertainties inproviding judgements on radiation-induced health effects. The Committee advises theMain Commission on the biological basis of radiation-induced health effects and how
epidemiological, experimental and theoretical data can be combined to makequantitative judgements on health risks to humans, particularly at low doses, in the formof detriment-adjusted nominal risk coefficients. The members have expertise inepidemiology, statistics, medical sciences, animal sciences, molecular and cellularbiology, biophysics, genetics, and ’omics technologies. Dr. William Morgan became new
Committee 1 Chair effective October 31, 2011. In particular, Committee 1 reviews
recently published data from radiation epidemiology studies and new data on molecularand cellular effects of ionizing radiations that are pertinent to updating the basis for the2007 Recommendations found in ICRP Publication 103. This work is undertaken
through several Task Groups as described below.
Task Group 63 on Tissue Reactions and Other Non-cancer Effects of Radiation
Chair: Fiona Stewart
This Task Group has revisited the basis and the new data for establishing revised
threshold doses for non-cancer effects. ICRP has not addressed this issue for about 30

10

ICRP Annual Report 2011

years and there are some indications that there is a much greater sensitivity thanpreviously thought for some tissues (e.g., lens of the eye) that must be considered. The
report was posted on the ICRP web site for open consultation in May. The final
publication is due to be published in 2012.
Task Group 64: Alpha Emitters
Chair: Margot Tirmarche
This Task Group has reviewed the recent reports on epidemiological data pertaining tolung cancer risk for uranium miners and residential radon exposed populations and has
developed a revised detriment-adjusted nominal risk coefficient. The Task Group is now
considering the cancer risks for alpha emitters other than radon. A report of the Task
Group on lung cancer and radon has been created. All the studies other than the Mayakstudies evaluated for possible inclusion are listed in an Annex.
Task Group 75: Stem Cell Radiobiology
Chairs: Ohtsura Niwa and Jolyon Hendry
This Task Group was established in 2007 to review the current state of knowledge ofstem cell biology and radiobiology and the potential impact of stem cell effects onradiation cancer risks. There has been an enormous increase in knowledge of stem cellbiology in the past 3-5 years although much less on radiation effects. The Task Group isreviewing the literature on stem cell radiobiology in relation to cancer risk estimation andestablishing how knowledge of stem cell response can address uncertainties in risk
estimation. The completion of the report has been delayed, mainly by the recent eventsin Japan but also the sheer volume of information to be evaluated. Nonetheless, the full
members of the task group met in New York for a 2.5 day meeting from June 29 to July
1, 2011. Revisions are currently in progress. It is anticipated that the report will becompleted by the end of 2012.
Working Party on DDREF
Chair: Julian Preston
This Working Party has continued its development of a short report on the assessmentof DDREF with an emphasis on the selection of data used to support the estimation of
DDREF and the specific model used for its estimation, with an emphasis on Bayesianmodels. The discussions have been led by Dale Preston following the untimely death ofElaine Ron who had chaired the Working Party. The discussions have been facilitatedby use of an extensive review that was developed by SENES Consultants for NIOSH. A
draft report has been developed and is undergoing review and revision. It is anticipatedthat the effort will be completed in 2013.

11

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Other Review Activities
Committee 1 continues to review the recent literature on a number of topics related to
the 2007 Recommendations in ICRP Publication 103.
•

Radiation epidemiology•

Tissue reactions and non-cancer effects•

Susceptible populations•

Dosimetry and exposure•Radiobiology•

Heritable effects•

Epigenetics•

DNA Repair and non-targeted effects

12

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Committee 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures)
Committee 2 develops reference models and data, including dose coefficients,
for the assessment of exposure to radiation.

ICRP Committee 2 in Gatlinburg, USA, October 2010
Over many years, ICRP Committee 2 has provided sets of dose coefficients (dose perunit exposure) to allow users to evaluate equivalent and effective doses for intakes ofradionuclides or exposure to external radiation for comparison with dose limits,
constraints and reference levels as recommended by ICRP. Following from the 2007
Recommendations, Committee 2 and its Task Groups are engaged in a substantial
programme of work to provide new dose coefficients for various conditions of radiation
exposure. In preparation for the calculation of new dose coefficients, Committee 2 andits Task Groups have provided updated nuclear decay data (ICRP Publication 107) andadult reference computational phantoms (ICRP Publication 110).
The programme of work of ICRP Committee 2 to provide new dose coefficients
following from the 2007 Recommendations is considerable. The methodology being
applied in the calculation of doses can be regarded as state-of-the-art, in terms of the
biokinetic models used to describe the behaviour of inhaled and ingested radionuclides
and the dosimetric models used to model radiation transport for external and internal
exposures. It could be argued that the level of sophistication of these models is greaterthan required for the calculation of the protection quantities with their inherent
simplifications and approximations, introduced necessarily for example by the use ofradiation and tissue weighting factors. However, ICRP is at the forefront ofdevelopments in this area and its models are used for scientific as well as protection
purposes. Thus, ICRP models can provide best estimates of organ and tissue absorbed
dose for use in epidemiological studies and assessments of risk to individuals.

13

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Furthermore, it is important that methodology is continually refined and improved in
response to suggestions that ICRP dose assessments underestimate risks, particularly
for internal exposures.
The Committee continues to cooperate with the International Commission on Radiation
Units and Measurements (ICRU) and issues joint reports as appropriate. The
Committee leads a Task Group on considerations of the applicability of the protection
quantities, in particular effective dose, and proposals for alternatives whereassessments of individual risk are required, for example in medical radiologicalprocedures. Committee members support the work of the other ICRP Committees,
providing members for Task Groups of Committees 1, 3 and 5.
Task Group 21: Internal Dosimetry (INDOS)
Chair: François Paquet
The primary objective of the ICRP Committee 2 Task Group on Internal Dosimetry(INDOS) is to develop biokinetic models for the behaviour of inhaled and ingested
radionuclides. Biokinetic models for individual elements and their radioisotopes areused to calculate the total number of radioactive decays (transformations) occurring
within specific tissues, organs or body regions (source regions) during a given period oftime (usually to age 70). Dosimetric models are then used to calculate the deposition ofenergy in all important organs/tissues (targets) for emissions in each source region, andhence absorbed and equivalent doses to organs and tissues and effective dose. All
dose coefficients require revision following the modifications made in the 2007
Recommendations and the adoption of adult reference phantoms (ICRP Publication110). The opportunity is also being taken to update biokinetic models for the new
calculations. Doses will be calculated using the ICRP Publication 100 Human
Alimentary Tract Model and changes are being made to the ICRP Human Respiratory
Tract Model, taking account of more recent data. In addition, revisions are being madeto models for the systemic behaviour of individual elements following absorption toblood, making them more physiologically realistic. Work continues on a series of reports
to replace ICRP Publications 30 and 68 on doses to workers. As well as giving dosecoefficients, these reports will provide data for the interpretation of bioassay
measurements, replacing ICRP Publications 54 and 78. It is anticipated that the first setof new dose coefficients for occupational exposures will be published in 2013. Attention
will then be focussed on doses to members of the public.

14

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Task Group 4: Dose Calculations (DOCAL)
Chair: Wesley Bolch
DOCAL is responsible for developing methods, computational models, and associatedreference data for the calculation of absorbed, equivalent, and effective doses from both
external and internal sources of radiation. Following the modifications of tissue andradiation weighting factors in ICRP Publication 103 and the release of ICRP Publication
110 Adult Reference Computational Phantoms, a major focus of DOCAL activities thispast year was to assemble new reference data on external radiation dose coefficientsusing the revised values of the weighting factors and the ICRP adult referencecomputational phantoms. A subset of these data has been provided to a joint
ICRP/ICRU Task Group of on radiation doses to aircraft crew and DOCAL also provided
calculational support to the Task Group on Radiation Protection in Space. Progress has
been made on improving skeletal dosimetry using paired macro- and micro-CT images
to define dose delivery within target regions of red bone marrow and bone endosteum.
DOCAL continues to develop paediatric phantoms for use by Committees 2 and 3 indose assessments for both environmental and medical exposures. The Task Group is
working closely with the Task Group on Internal Dosimetry (INDOS) on the generationof dose coefficients for the upcoming series of reports on occupational and public
exposures to radionuclides.
Task Group 67: Assessment of Radiation Exposure of Astronauts in Space
Chair: Günther Dietze
This Task Group is concerned with the radiation exposure of astronauts during space
missions. The complex primary cosmic radiation field in space includes a wide range ofvery high-energy charged particles with heavy ions up to high values of Z andsecondary particles produced in nuclear reactions of the primary field with structural
material of the space vehicles. The report focuses on providing data on the radiation
fields, for the assessment of doses to astronauts and will describe methods of radiation
monitoring, of measuring radiation field parameters, and of individual monitoring ofastronauts. The absorbed dose coefficients for organs and tissues of the human bodyused in the report are being calculated using the new ICRP reference anatomical
models, in cooperation with the DOCAL Task Group. The preparation of the report is
close to completion and publication is scheduled for 2013.

15

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Task Group 79: The Use of Effective DoseChair: John Harrison
This Committee 2 led Task Group has members from Committees 1, 3 and 4 as well as
external experts, in recognition of the central importance of this issue. Experience has
shown that ‘effective dose’, which has been defined and introduced by ICRP forradiological protection purposes, i.e. for risk limitation and optimization, is widely used inradiological protection but also in related fields, in particular for risk assessments for
exposures of individuals beyond its original purpose, incorrectly in some cases.
Useful guidance on restrictions on the use of the quantity is provided by Committee 2 inAnnex B to the 2007 Recommendations. This guidance needs to be further expanded,and proposals made for the control of exposures and risk management as well as risk
assessment in situations where ‘effective dose’ should not be used. An important focusof the report will be medical exposures. Effective dose can be a useful tool forcomparisons of, for example, different diagnostic examinations and interventional
procedures, the use of different technologies for the same medical examinations, andthe use of similar technologies and procedures in different hospitals and countries.
However, the use of ‘effective dose’ for patient exposures is problematic when it is used
to assess risk in specific individuals, including children. Further guidance is required forthis important area.

16

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Committee 3 (Protection in Medicine)Committee 3 develops recommendations and guidance on the protection ofpatients, staff, and the public against radiation exposure in medicine.

ICRP Committee 3 in Hong Kong, China, October 2010
Committee 3 evaluates aspects of radiological protection relevant to medicine with ongoing Task Groups and Working Parties as described below.

Working Party on Education and Training in Radiological Protection for
Diagnostic and Interventional Procedures
Chair: Eliseo Vano
Public consultation on this document resulted in about 300 comments from 19
individuals and 15 organizations or societies. The comments were addressed and the
document was approved for publication by the Main Commission in October 2010 andpublished in April 2011, as ICRP publication 113.
Task Group 62: Radiological Protection in Cardiology
Chairs: Donald Miller and Claire Cousins
A draft document prepared by this Task Group initially chaired by Claire Cousins was
further developed under the co-chairmanship of Donald Miller. The updated document
includes new chapters on radiological protection for Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiac
CT. Public consultation of the document report was completed in August 2011 andresulted in a total of 217 comments from 11 organizations and two individuals. The
document was approved at the October 2011 meeting of the Main Commission. It will
be published in the Annals of the ICRP in 2012.

17

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Task Group 78: Radiological Protection in Fluoroscopically Guided Procedures
Performed outside the Imaging Department
Chair: Madan RehaniThis document covers radiological protection of patients and staff in procedures
performed outside the imaging departments by clinical specialists such as orthopaedic
surgeons, urologists, vascular surgeons, gastroenterologists and others. Public
consultation was completed in August 2011 and resulted in a total of 108 commentsfrom 6 organizations and one individual. The document was approved at the October
2011 meeting of the Main Commission. It will be published as ICRP Publication 117 in
2012.
Working Party on Radiological Protection in Paediatric Diagnostic andInterventional Radiology
Chairs: Pek-Lan Khong and Hans Ringertz
A draft document prepared by this Working Party initially chaired by Hans Ringertz was
further developed under the co-chairmanship of Pek-Lan Khong. Public consultation of
the document was completed in August 2011. The document was approved at the
October 2011 meeting of the Main Commission. It will be published in the Annals of the
ICRP in 2012.
Task Group 36: Doses to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals
Chair: Sören Mattsson
Dose coefficients for the new computational phantoms for adults and children from
DOCAL are being completed. A number of options were discussed for dissemination ofmaterial. These included making free use via the ICRP website of a newly developed
viewer for indexing the document available on the ICRP website with provision to allow
a subscription to use a viewer for indexing and retrieval of available information. The
new biokinetic and dosimetric models for the following substances were approved by
the C3 and will be sent to the Main Commission for approval prior to public consultation:
18F- FET, 18F- FLT, 18F- choline, 11C- raclopride, 18F-fluoride.

18

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Task Group 85: Radiological Protection Recommendations on Mitigating
Secondary Cancer Risks in Modern Radiation Oncology
Chair: Mario Baeza
This Task Group will continue to develop the final report based upon on the work
already done by the ICRP/ICRU Task Group Chaired by J.M. Cosset and also consider
NCRP & AAPM work in this area.
Task Group 97: Radiological Protection in Ion Beam Therapy
Chair: Yoshiharu YonekuraThis Task Group is refining an advanced draft document developed by an initial
Working Party to provide information necessary for radiation protection in ion beam
radiotherapy, specifically with proton and carbon ions. A final draft of this report is
expected in 2012.
Task Group 86: Justification of imaging of Asymptomatic Individuals with
Ionising Radiation
Chairs: Katrine Ahlstrom Riklund and Hans Ringertz
A working party was started in 2009 to review the risks and benefits of imaging
asymptomatic individuals, including position statements of professional societies, and toprepare recommendations on radiation protection. This Task Group was established at
the Committee 3 2011 meeting to carry on this work. The document will review current
knowledge and provide a framework for guiding decisions as to whether theexamination of asymptomatic individuals is warranted in order to make an early
diagnosis of certain diseases. A draft of this report is expected in 2012.
Task Group 88: Radiological Protection in Cone Beam CT
Chair: Madan M. Rehani
ICRP had produced Publication 102 in 2007 on managing patient dose in multi-detector
CT (MDCT). In recent years cone beam CT (CBCT) has been introduced which utilizes
different technology and has newer applications. CBCT machines are much smaller andthey can be placed in a doctor’s consulting facility. This is leading to rapid growth andhas potential for overuse (unjustified use) in uncontrolled areas and in untrained hands(mostly non-radiologists).
There are prospects of dose reductions through the application of the justification andoptimization principles of ICRP. This document will provide guidance to doctors, medical

19

ICRP Annual Report 2011

staff and medical physicists concerned with CBCT. Applications in diverse fields suchas interventional radiology, intraoperative surgery, radiotherapy, breast imaging, headand neck imaging and further emerging areas will be covered. The document will review
current knowledge on radiation doses to patients and staff and provide guidance andrecommendations in line with ICRP principles and links with other publications of ICRP.
An initial draft is expected by end of 2012.
Task Group 89: Occupational Radiological Protection in Brachytherapy
Chair: Lawrence Dauer
This Task Group will develop an ICRP publication related specifically to staff
radiological protection in brachytherapy. There is a need for relevant and practical
recommendations for staff radiological protection in brachytherapy. The target audience
will be clinicians, staff, medical physicists, radiation protection officers, and theregulatory authorities. A first draft is expected during 2012.
Topics to be explored by working parties during 2012:
•
•
•
•

20

Framework for Justification in Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation (Chaired byHans Ringertz and Katrine Åhlström Riklund)Occupational Protection Issues in Fluoroscopically Guided Interventional
Procedures (Chaired by Pedro Ortiz)
Radiological Protection in Therapy with Radiopharmaceuticals (Chaired by Sören
Mattsson)Diagnostic Reference Levels for Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (Chaired
by Eliseo Vaño)

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Committee 4 (Application of the Commission’s Recommendations)
Committee 4 develops principles and recommendations on radiologicalprotection of people in all exposure situations.

ICRP Committee 4 in Geneva, Switzerland, November 2010
During the current 4-year term the work of Committee 4 is structured according threepriorities:•

To develop advice on implementation of the recommendations in ICRP
Publication 103 and to contribute to their dissemination i.e. to review and update
past publications, and develop recommendations for the application of theradiological protection principles in particular exposure situations;•

To review the ethical and social values underlying the principles and concepts ofthe system of radiological protection e.g.: precautionary principle, tolerability ofrisk, equity, sustainable development;•

To enhance the dialogue and cooperation with international organisations andprofessional societies.

21

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Considerations in developing principles and recommendations

Following the Fukushima accident, Committee 4 has been strengthened by the additionof a new member, Toshimitsu Homma, in June 2011. In October, the Committee met in
Bethesda, USA, in conjunction with the annual meetings of the Main Commission andthe other ICRP Committees as well as the first ICRP Symposium on the International
System of Radiological Protection.
In addition to reviewing its current programme of work including several draft reports
under preparation the Committee further clarified how the basic radiation protection
principles and the dose criteria apply to the protection of the public and workers
according to the three exposure situations defined in ICRP Publication 103, i.e. planned,
existing and emergency exposure situations. The Committee also considered working
mechanisms to improve in practice its cooperation with the international andprofessional organisations involved as observers.
The program of work of Committee 4 in 2011 is described below.

22

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Task Group 71: Protection of the Public and Workers in the Use of Ionizing
Radiation in Screening Activities Applied to Persons and Cargo for Security
Purposes
Chair: Donald A. Cool
Established by the Main Commission in Suzhou in 2010, the Task Group is building on
the results of a former Working Party which reviewed the topic for several years. Its
objective is to examine how the radiation protection principles recommended by ICRP
should be interpreted and applied within the context of security screening. In particular
the Task Group will discuss how the principles for planned exposure situations,
including optimization with the use of constraints and the concept of limitation apply
within a security screening context. The Task Group will also examine the application of
the Commission’s recommendations to groups of individuals who may be exposed as aconsequence of cargo screening. These groups may include the occupationally
exposed individuals ‘in set up for use start’ (this does not make sense and needs
correcting), operation and maintenance of the screening equipment, individuals such as
drivers, who have been permitted in the cab of the vehicle, and other individuals who
may unintentionally be exposed as a “stow-away” in a cargo container. The report
should be submitted for public consultation in 2012.
Task Group 76: Application of the Commission’s Recommendations to NORM
(Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials)
Chair: Peter Burns
Established by the Main Commission in Berlin in 2007, the Task Group was re-launchedin Porto in 2009 with a refined objective and a new membership. Its objective is todevelop a framework for the practical application of the Commission’s
recommendations, in particular the optimisation principle, for the protection of workers,
the public and the environment in cases of exposure arising from Naturally Occurring
Radioactive Material (NORM). Taking into account publications and documents of otherinternational organisations, the Task Group report will cover the entire range of activities
associated with the processing, production or use of bulk materials with enhanced
levels of naturally occurring radionuclides, as well as the presence of such materials in
consumer products, particularly in construction materials. The application of such aframework should also be illustrated to a few relevant activities that are currently aconcern (oil, coal, rare earths, and phosphate). The report should be submitted for
public consultation in 2013.

23

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Task Group 80: Application of the Commission’s Recommendations to the
Geological Disposal of Long-lived Solid Radioactive Waste
Chair: Wolfgang Weiss
This Task Group was established by the Main Commission Porto in November 2009. Its
objective is to prepare a publication that describes in plain language and clarifies theapplication of the new recommendations for the protection against occupational andpublic exposures that may result from the geological disposal of long-lived solidradioactive waste. Taking into account previous ICRP recommendations (ICRP
Publications 77 and 81) and relevant materials from international organisations, thepublication will discuss how the key radiological protection principles for planned
exposure situation apply to the successive phases of managing such type of disposal of
long-lived solid radioactive waste. It will also address the transition from a planned to an
existing exposure situation in cases of loss of control as well as the applicability of
estimated individual and collective effective doses as a means for making decisions
about the different time scales in the lifetime of a repository. Public consultation of thereport on Radiological Protection in Geological Disposal of Long-Lived Solid
Radioactive Waste radiology was completed in 2011. The report should be accepted for
publication in 2012.
Task Group 81: Application of the Commission’s Recommendations to Radon
Exposure
Chair: Jean-François Lecomte
The Commission established this Task Group on radon exposure in 2009. The objective
is to prepare a publication that describes and clarifies the application of the newrecommendations (ICRP Publication 103) for the protection of the public and workers(notably workers in uranium mines and other mines) against radon and thoron
exposures in dwellings, workplaces and other locations. The publication will discuss inwhich cases exposure to radon is either a planned exposure situation or an existing
exposure situation with the relevant application of the radiological protection principles,
as well as the dosimetric reference and rationale. The publication will also address thesetting of reference levels and dose constraints. The publication will build on theprevious ICRP Publications 65, 101 and 103, the joint C1-C2-C4 report on assessment
and control of lung cancer risk from radon and the November 2009 Commission’sStatement on radon as well as experience from many countries and organisations.
Public consultation of the report on the Application of the Commission’s
Recommendations to Radon Exposure will be completed in 2012. The report should be
published in 2013.

24

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Task Group 83: Protection from Cosmic Radiation in Aviation
Chair: Jacques Lochard
This Task Group was proposed by the Main Commission in Porto in 2009 and its Termsof Reference approved in Cape Town in 2010. Its objective is to prepare a publicationthat describes and clarifies the application of the new recommendations (ICRP
Publication 103) for the protection of aircrews against cosmic rays. The publication will
discuss the type of exposure situations relevant to control aircrew exposures and theappropriate radiation protection principles to be implemented. Particular attention will begiven to the practical implementation of the optimization principle with the associatedreference levels. Renaming of the TG to Protection from Cosmic Radiation in Aviation
was approved. The final report is expected in 2013.
Working Party on the Implementation of ICRP Publications 109 and 111
Chair: Michiaki Kai
The objectives of this working party are first to learn from the lessons of Fukushima inorder to address the issues relevant to the implementation of the recommendations in
Publications 109 and 111 on the protection of people in emergency and existing
exposure situations after a nuclear accident, and secondly to serve as an interactive
mechanism for Committee 4 to stay engaged on the issues and questions related to the
management of the Fukushima situation with Japanese colleagues.
Working Party on the Ethics of Radiological Protection
Chair: Jacques Lochard
The objective of this working party is to explore the ethical basis supporting the systemof protection in order to improve the communication of the Commission on radiologicalprotection issues by recognizing and utilizing this basis. To be explored will be key
values like the precautionary principle, equity, the tolerability of radiation risk as well asprocedural issues as for example informed consent, right to know, stakeholder
involvement.

25

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Committee 5 (Protection of the Environment)
Committee 5 develops reference models and data, and guidance on radiologicalprotection of the environment.

ICRP Committee 5 in Bethesda, USA, September 2011
The work of Committee 5 continues to put the ICRP’s objective of protecting theenvironment into practical effect. Five papers were presented by Committee 5 members
at the first ICRP Symposium in Bethesda, covering areas of work that were on-going
within the Committee itself, but reflecting the personal views of the authors.
The science base relating to environmental protection is also being further reviewed,
particularly with regard to radiation weighting factors, and to the utility of more realistic
dosimetry for some biotic types.
Task Group 73: Environmental Protection: Transfer Parameters for Reference
Animals and Plants
Chair: Per Strand
This report was approved for publication by the Commission in April 2011 (ICRP
Publication 114). The report describes the formulation of a database on whole body
Concentration Ratios for use with the ICRP’s set of Reference Animals and Plants.

26

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Emphasis was placed on data from field studies, although data from laboratory
experiments were also included. The database is structured in terms of generic wildlife
groups, but the data have been attributed to the Reference Animals and Plants
wherever possible. In this way Concentration Ratios specifically for the Reference
Animals and Plants were extracted and, in cases where transfer data were lacking, adata-gap filling methodology was used to derive suitable surrogate values. Statisticalsummaries of the datasets are provided, and Concentration Ratio values given for 39
elements. The data coverage, reliance on derived values, and applicability of thisapproach for each of the Reference Animals and Plants is also discussed.
Task Group 72: RBE and Reference Animals and Plants
Chair: Kathryn Higley
The objective of this Task Group is to explore the necessity and feasibility of dosemodifying values suitable for application in the protection of non-human biota,
considering both deterministic and stochastic effects. The Task Group has reviewed
the data bases with regard to RBE and the Reference Animals and Plants,
particularly in relation to alpha emitting nuclides, and tritium. Early conclusions werediscussed in 2011, and a final draft report will be considered at the Committee 5
meeting in 2012.
Task Group 74: More Realistic Dosimetry for Non-human Species
Chair: Alexander V. Ulanovsky
The work of this Task Group continues to concentrate on issues relating to exposuresresulting from contaminated air (cloudshine) and the inhalation of radionuclides bymammals.
Joint C5/C4 Task Group 82: Application of the ICRP's Approach to Environmental
Protection under Different Exposure Situations
Chair: R Jan Pentreath
Although ICRP Publication 103 had introduced a new ‘environmental protection’requirement into its Recommendations (following on from ICRP Publication 91), thesubsequent ICRP Publication 108 has now made it necessary to demonstrate, explicitly,
how the expanded ICRP framework collectively fits together in a coherent way. The
report from this Task Group was approved at the 2011 meeting in Bethesda by both
Committee 4 and Committee 5. It considers how the subject of protection of theenvironment fits within the Commission’s overall framework of Justification, Optimisationof protection, and the application of Dose Limits, and how best to apply it to all three27

ICRP Annual Report 2011

exposure situations via the derivation of Environmental Reference Levels. The Task
Group Report, together with a supporting Annex from Committee 5 which provides moredetailed guidance in relation to its practical application, will be discussed by the Main
Commission in 2012.

28

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Response to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident
On March 21, 2011, ten days after the tsunami and earthquake, ICRP released an open
message meant primarily as a condolence to those in Japan dealing with a very difficult
situation. It also contained a brief reminder of some of the basic recommendations of
ICRP relating to this terrible situation.
Two weeks later, on April 4, 2011, with the full support of the ICRP Main Commission
and ICRP’s publisher, Elsevier, ICRP Publication 111 was made openly available forfree.
Later in the year, ICRP began a Dialogue Initiative with a meeting held in Fukushima
City November 26-27, 2011. Titled “Dialogue on the Rehabilitation of Living Conditions
after the Fukushima Accident: Lessons from Chernobyl and ICRP Recommendations”,
this was a cooperative effort between ICRP, Fukushima Prefecture, Fukushima Medical
University, Radiation Safety Forum (Japan), the Institute of Radiation Protection and
Nuclear Safety (France), the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, the French
Nuclear Safety Authority, and the Committee of Radiation Protection and Pubic Healthof the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. For ICRP this was as much an initiative to help
the understanding of the recommendations and guidance of ICRP Publication 111 as alearning exercise. The objective was to help the people of Japan in this very difficult
time, while at the same time gaining a deeper insight into the situation to ensure that
future recommendations of ICRP would benefit from this experience.
ICRP also responded to requests for assistance. For instance, 16 ICRP members wereamong 31 international experts, invited to participate in the “International Expert
Symposium in Fukushima: Radiation and Health Risks at the Fukushima Medical
University”, organized by the Nippon Foundation on September 11-12, 2011. The
following day, most of the experts accompanied Parliamentary Secretary Yasuhiro
Sonoda as advisors during a visit to the J-Village staging area, the 20 km evacuatedzone, and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station.
As well, on October 8, 2011, eleven ICRP members were invited, by formal request for
advice from the Japanese Government Cabinet Secretariat, to share information for themutual understanding of the situation, and to provide opinions to aid decisions forcountermeasures in Japan. Goshi Hosono, Minister of State for Nuclear Power Policy
and Administration, was charged with this special mission by the Japanese Prime
Minister, Yoshihiko Noda. This included a meeting on November 28 with Minister
Hosono and his advisors to explain aspects of the ICRP Publications 109 and 111 andto provide experience gained following the Chernobyl accident.

29

ICRP Annual Report 2011

First ICRP Symposium on the International System ofRadiological Protection
The first ICRP Symposium on the International System ofRadiological Protection, ICRP 2011, was held in Bethesda,
USA, October 24-26, 2011. Approximately four hundred
people came from thirty-five countries to participate in thethree-day event. In addition to providing an overview of thework of ICRP, sessions covered a wide range of subjects
within ICRP’s scope of work:•

The System of Radiological Protection – Is it Fit for Purpose?

•

Tissue Reactions: Low Dose Risks•

Radiation Effects: Modulating Factors and Risk Assessment•

Applications of Effective Dose•

Radiation Protection in Space•

Environmental Protection in Practice•The Scientific Basis for Reference Animals and Plants•

RP in Computed Tomography•

Prevention of Accidents in Radiation Therapy•

RP in NORM•

RP in Waste Management•

Protection against Radon in Workplaces•

Dose Constraints and Reference Levels•

Experience in Implementing ICRP Recommendations

ICRP 2011 was a key activity in ICRP’s continuing efforts to more fully engage with all
professionals interested in radiological protection. Presentations were made by ICRP
members and many other experts in radiological protection. This and future such
symposia are opportunities to share the work of ICRP, published and in progress, with awide audience, and to hear directly from radiological protection professionals fromaround the world.

30

ICRP Annual Report 2011

ICRP is a registered charity with limited resources. This symposium was made possible
in part through the support of all organisations providing grants to ICRP (listed later inthis report), and in particular through the support of several organisations who provided
financial contributions specifically for ICRP 2011:•

US Nuclear Regulatory Commission•

US Environmental Protection Agency•

Cameco•Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission•

Japan Radioisotope Association•

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

Given the success of this first symposium, ICRP has begun to plan a second. It will beheld in conjunction with the next biennial joint meetings of the Main Commission andCommittees in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, in October 2013.

31

ICRP Annual Report 2011

ICRP Publications in 2011
ICRP released three reports in 2011, published in the Annals of the ICRP:•ICRP Publication 113: Education and Training in Radiological Protection for
Diagnostic and Interventional Procedures•

ICRP Publication 114: Environmental Protection: Transfer Parameters for
Reference Animals and Plants•

ICRP Publication 115: Lung Cancer Risk from Radon and Progeny andStatement on Radon

In addition, permission was granted for organisations to prepare and distributetranslations of ICRP publications in various languages. Italian, Arabic, Russian andFrench translations of ICRP Publication 105, a Romanian translation of ICRP
Publication 104, and a Chinese translation of ICRP Publication 102 became available in2011. Furthermore, ICRP Publication 111 Application of the Commission’s
Recommendations to the Protection of People Living in Long-term Contaminated Areas
after a Nuclear Accident or a Radiation Emergency was made available for freedownload through the ICRP web site.
The three ICRP publications released in 2012 are described below.

ICRP Publication 113: Education and Training
in Radiological Protection for Diagnostic andInterventional Procedures
E. Vaño, M. Rosenstein, J. Liniecki, M. Rehani, C.J.
Martin, R.J. Vetter
The number of diagnostic and interventional medical
procedures using ionising radiations is rising steadily, andprocedures resulting in higher patient and staff doses arebeing performed more frequently. As such, the need for
education and training of medical staff (including medical
students) and other healthcare professionals in theprinciples of radiation protection is even more compellingthan in the past. The Commission has made basic recommendations for such educationand training of these individuals in ICRP Publications 103 and 105. The present

32

ICRP Annual Report 2011

publication expands considerably on these basic recommendations with regard tovarious categories of medical practitioners and other healthcare professionals who
perform or provide support for diagnostic and interventional procedures utilising ionisingradiation and nuclear medicine therapy. It provides guidance regarding the necessary
radiological protection education and training for use by:•cognisant regulators, health authorities, medical institutions, and professional
bodies with responsibility for radiological protection in medicine;•the industry that produces and markets the equipment used in these procedures;
and•universities and other academic institutions responsible for the education of
professionals involved in the use of ionising radiation in health care.

In the context of this publication, the term ‘education’ refers to imparting knowledge andunderstanding on the topics of radiation health effects, radiation quantities and units,principles of radiological protection, radiological protection legislation, and the factors inpractice that affect patient and staff doses. Such education should be part of thecurriculum in pursuit of medical, dental, radiography and other health care degrees, andfor specialists such as radiologists, nuclear medicine specialists and medical physicists
as part of the curriculum of postgraduate degrees. The term ‘training’ refers to providing
instruction with regard to radiological protection for the justified application of thespecific ionising radiation modalities (e.g. computed tomography, fluoroscopy) that a
medical practitioner or other healthcare or support professional will utilise in that
individual’s role during medical practice.
Advice is also provided on the accreditation and certification of the recommended
education and training. In the context of this publication, the term ‘accreditation’ meansthat an organisation has been approved by an authorised body to provide education ortraining on the radiological protection aspects of the use of diagnostic or interventionalradiation procedures in medicine. The accredited organisation is required to meetstandards that have been set by the authorised body.
The term ‘certification’ means that an individual medical or clinical professional has
successfully completed the education or training provided by an accredited organisation
for the diagnostic or interventional procedures to be practised by the individual. The
individual must demonstrate competence in the subject matter in a manner required by
the accredited body.

33

ICRP Annual Report 2011

ICRP Publication 114: Environmental
Protection: Transfer Parameters for
Reference Animals and Plants
P. Strand, N. Beresford, D. Copplestone, J. Godoy, L.
Jianguo, R. Saxén, T. Yankovich, J. Brown
In Publication 103, the Commission included a section on
the protection of the environment, and indicated that it
would be further developing its approach to this difficult
subject by way of a set of Reference Animals and Plants(RAPs) as the basis for relating exposure to dose, anddose to radiation effects, for different types of animals
and plants.
Subsequently, a set of 12 RAPs has been described in some detail, particularly withregard to estimation of the doses received by them, at a whole-body level, in relation tointernal and external radionuclide concentrations; and what is known about the effectsof radiation on such types of animals and plants. A set of dose conversion factors for allof the RAPs has been derived, and the resultant dose rates can be compared withevaluations of the effects of dose rates using derived consideration reference levels(DCRLs). Each DCRL constitutes a band of dose rates for each RAP within which there
is likely to be some chance of the occurrence of deleterious effects. Site-specific data
on Representative Organisms (i.e. organisms of specific interest for an assessment)
can then be compared with such values and used as a basis for decision making.
It is intended that the Commission’s approach to protection of the environment beapplied to all exposure situations. In some situations, the relevant radionuclide
concentrations can be measured directly, but this is not always possible or feasible. In
such cases, modelling techniques are used to estimate the radionuclide concentrations.
This report is an initial step in addressing the needs of such modelling techniques.
After briefly reviewing the basic factors relating to the accumulation of radionuclides bydifferent types of biota, in different habitats, and at different stages in the life cycle, thisreport focuses on the approaches used to model the transfer of radionuclides throughthe environment. It concludes that equilibrium concentration ratios (CRs) are mostcommonly used to model such transfers, and that they currently offer the mostcomprehensive data coverage.
The report also reviews the methods used to derive CRs, and describes a means ofsummarising statistical information from empirical data sets. Emphasis has been placed

34

ICRP Annual Report 2011

on using data from field studies, although some data from laboratory experiments havebeen included for some RAPs.
There are, inevitably, many data gaps for each RAP, and other data have been used tohelp fill these gaps. CRs specific to each RAP were extracted from a larger database,structured in terms of generic wildlife groups. In cases where data were lacking, values
from taxonomically related organisms were used to derive suitable surrogate values.
The full set of rules which have been applied for filling gaps in RAP-specific CRs is
described.
Statistical summaries of the data sets are provided, and CR values for 39 elements and
12 RAP combinations are given. The data coverage, reliance on derived values, andapplicability of the CR approach for each of the RAPs is discussed.
Finally, some consideration is given to approaches where RAPs and their life stages
could be measured for the elements of interest under more rigorously controlled
conditions to help fill the current data gaps.

ICRP Publication 115: Lung Cancer Risk from
Radon and Progeny and Statement on Radon
M. Tirmarche, J.D. Harrison, D. Laurier, F. Paquet, E.
Blanchardon, J.W. MarshRecent epidemiological studies of the association
between lung cancer and exposure to radon and its
decay products are reviewed. Particular emphasis isgiven to pooled case-control studies of residential
exposures and to cohorts of underground miners
exposed to relatively low levels of radon. The residential
and miner epidemiological studies provide consistentestimates of lung cancer risk with statistically significant
associations observed at average annual concentrations-3of about 200 Bq m and cumulative occupational levels of about 50 WLM, respectively.
Based on recent results from combined analyses of epidemiological studies of miners, alifetime excess absolute risk of 5 × 10-4 per WLM (14 × 10-5 per mJ h m-3) should now
be used as the nominal probability coefficient for radon and radon progeny induced lungcancer, replacing the previous ICRP Publication 65 value of 2.8 × 10-4 per WLM (8 × 105
per mJ h m-3). Current knowledge of radon associated risks for organs other than the35

ICRP Annual Report 2011

lungs does not justify the selection of a detriment coefficient different from the fatality
coefficient for radon-induced lung cancer.
ICRP Publication 65 recommended that doses from radon and its progeny should be
calculated using a dose conversion convention based on epidemiological data. It is now
concluded that radon and its progeny should be treated in the same way as otherradionuclides within the ICRP system of protection; that is, doses from radon and radon
progeny should be calculated using ICRP biokinetic and dosimetric models. ICRP will
provide dose coefficients per unit exposure to radon and radon progeny for different
reference conditions of domestic and occupational exposure, with specified equilibrium
factors and aerosol characteristics.

36

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Obtaining ICRP Publications
An index to all ICRP publications can be found at www.icrp.org. Click on “publications”.
ICRP publications are available from reputable booksellers or directly from theCommission’s publishers, Elsevier Science:
Web sites:www.elsevier.com
www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00742740(for ICRP Publication 23 and earlier)www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01466453(for ICRP Publication 24 and later)
www.icrp.info

Questions to Elsevier Science should be directed to follows:

ScienceDirect

Journalsubscriptions

Single report print‘book’ sales

Americas

Europe, Middle East
and Africa

Asiabkinfo@elsevier.com

bookscustomerserviceusa@elsevier.com
For customers in the US: +1(800)545-2522

directorders@elsevier.com
Tel: +44 (0)1865 844640

For customers outside US:+1 (800)460-3110

JournalsCustomerServiceusa@elsevier.com
For customers in the US: +1(877)839-7126
For customers outside US:+1 (314)447-8878

For customers outside US:+1 (314) 447 8070

For Asia Pacific:
Tel: +65 6349 0222
(excludes South Asia)
For South Asia:
Tel: +91 124 4774444

JournalsCustomerServiceAP
AC@Elsevier.com
JournalsCustomerServiceEM
EA@Elsevier.com
Tel: +44 (0)1865 843434

For Asia Pacific:
Tel: +65 6349 0222
(excludes Japan)
For Japan:
Tel: +81 (3)5561 5037

sginfo@elsevier.com

usinfo@sciencedirect.com
For customers in the US: +1(888) 615 4500

Asia Pacificnlinfo@sciencedirect.com
Tel: +31 (0) 20 485 3767

Tel: +65 6349 0222
(excludes Japan)
For Japan:
jpinfo@elsevier.com
Tel: +81 (3)5561 5034

37

ICRP Annual Report 2011

ICRP Membership as of December 31, 2011
Main Commission
Claire Cousins (Chair)
Abel J González (Vice-chair)John D Boice Jr
John R Cooper
Jai-Ki Lee
Jacques Lochard (C4 Chair)Hans G Menzel (C2 Chair)
William F Morgan (C1 Chair)
Emeritus Members
Roger H Clarke
Bosse Lindell
Charles B Meinhold

Ohtsura Niwa
Zi Qiang Pan
R Jan Pentreath (C5 Chair)
Nataliya Shandala
Eliseo Vañó (C3 Chair)
Christopher H Clement(Scientific Secretary)Fred A Mettler
Warren K Sinclair
Christian Streffer

Scientific Secretariat
Christopher H Clement (Scientific Secretary)

Lynn Lemaire (Executive Assistant)Committee 1 (Radiation Effects)
William F Morgan (Chair)
Jolyon Hendry (Secretary)
Tamara Azizova
Ranajit Chakraborty
Sarah Darby
Nori Nakamura
Werner Rühm

Sisko Salomaa
Alice Sigurdson
Fiona Stewart
Dan Stram
Margot Tirmarche
Richard Wakeford
Ping-Kun Zhou

Committee 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures)
Hans G Menzel (Chair)John Harrison (Vice-chair and Secretary)
Michael Bailey
Mikhail Balonov
David Bartlett
Vladimir Berkovski
Wesley Bolch
Roger CoxGünther Dietze

38

Keith Eckerman
Akira Endo
Nobuhito Ishigure
Richard Leggett
Joyce Lipsztein
Jizeng Ma
Francois Paquet
Nina Petoussi-Henβ
Ambika Sahai Pradhan

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Committee 3 (Protection in Medicine)
Eliseo Vañó (Chair)Jean-Marc Cosset (Vice-chair)
Madan Rehani (Secretary)
Mario Baeza
Lawrence Dauer
Igor Gusev
John Hopewell
Pek-Lan Khong

Pedro Ortiz Lopez
Sören Mattsson
Donald Miller
Katrine Åhlström Riklund
Hans Ringertz
Marvin Rosenstein
Yoshiharu Yonekura
Baorong Yue

Committee 4 (Application of the Commission’s Recommendations)
Jacques Lochard (Chair)
Wolfgang Weiss (Vice-chair)Jean-François Lecomte (Secretary)Peter Burns
Pedro Carboneras Martinez
Donald Cool
Toshimitsu Homma
Michiaki Kai
Senlin Liu

Hua Liu
Sigurður Magnússon
Gustavo Massera
Ann McGarry
Khammar Mrabit
Sergey Shinkarev
Jane Simmonds
Alex Simanga Tsela
Werner Zeller

Committee 5 (Protection of the Environment)
R Jan Pentreath (Chair)Carl-Magnus Larsson (Vice-chair)
Almudena Real (Secretary)
Francois Bréchignac
David Copplestone

Kathryn Higley
Kazuo Sakai
Per Strand
Alexander V Ulanovsky

39

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Summary Financial Information 2007-2011
ITEM

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

Grants Received

650,955

617 168

418 408

412 100

472 703

Royalties

70,071

107 551

107 231

84 596

112 589

Interest

78

0

1 138

5 935

14 996

Other Income

0

0

2 109

1 516

925

721,104

724 719528 886504 147

601 213

Promotion of Radiological Protection

627,326552 953532 464

326 444386 541

Governance Costs *288,646

169 027

133 095

140 175

152 942

Other Resources Expended

21,8732 752(22 834)

33 418(13 079)

Total Resources Expended

937,845724 732

642 725

500 037

526 404

Net Movement in Resources †(216,741)(13)(113 839)

4 110

74 809Total Funds Carried Forward

173,399390 140390 153503 922499 882

2,680

4 329

5 977

3 109

1 516

Current Assets

236,567

391 445400 563529 296511 375

Debtors (falling due within one year)

38,498168 413000Creditors (falling due within the year)(104,346)(174 047)(16 387)(28 413)(13 009)

Net Assets

173,399390 140390 153503 992

499 882

INCOME STATEMENT
Incoming Resources

Total Incoming Resources

Resources Expended

BALANCE SHEET
Tangible Fixed Assets

This is a summary of ICRP annual financial statements as audited by Tudor John Chartered Accountants,
Epsom, UK. All amounts are expressed in US dollars.
* The increase in governance costs in 2011 relates primarily to an adjustment to more appropriately allocate secretariat costs.
†
The unusually high shortfall in 2011 relates primarily to: two anticipated significant contributions not received in 2011, one of which
is anticipated to arrive in 2012; significantly lower than usual royalties from the sales of the Annals, due to having only published two
issues in 2010; and, a one-time cost of USD 20k in relation to scanning the ICRP archives in late 2010, billed and paid in early 2011.

40

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Organisations Providing Grants to ICRP in 2011
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Germany
Cameco Corporation, Canada
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission & Health Canada
Chinese Society of Radiation Protection
Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear, Spain
Geislavarnir Rikisins, Iceland
Institut de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, France
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Radiation Protection Association
International Society of Radiology
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Japan NUS Co. Ltd.
Japan Radioisotope Association
Korea Nuclear International Cooperation Foundation
Miljödepartementet, Sweden
Nuclear Regulatory Commission & Environmental Protection Agency, USA
Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development: Nuclear Energy Agency
Säteilyturvakeskus, Finland
Southern Urals Biophysical Institute, Russia
Statens Institut for Strålehygiejne, Denmark
Statens strålevern, Norway

41

ICRP Annual Report 2011

Contact Information
Christopher Clement, ICRP Scientific Secretary and Editor of the Annals of the ICRP,
can be contacted at:
International Commission on Radiological Protection
PO Box 1046, Station B
280 Slater Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9
CANADA
Telephone:
Fax:
E-mail:Web site:+1 (613) 944-1918+1 (613) 944-1920
sci.sec@icrp.org
www.icrp.org

Executive Assistant:
Telephone:
E-mail:42

Lynn Lemaire+1 (613) 947-9750
lynn.lemaire@icrp.org