International Commission on
Radiological Protection2013 Annual Reportwww.icrp.org

On the cover:
ICRP members at the 2nd International Symposium on the System ofRadiological Protection, Abu Dhabi, October 2013

ICRP 2013 Annual Report

ICRP reference 4842-6196-7132
2014 July 14
Revised 2014 September 02© 2014 ICRPCHAIR’S FOREWORD
2013 was a period of renewal for ICRP. It saw the
beginning of a new term, running from July 1, 2013
to June 30, 2017. New members were elected to theMain Commission and Committees. Indeed, due tothe highly successful open call for nominations in
2012, nearly half of our Main Commission andCommittee members are new in this term.
ICRP 2013, our Second International Symposium,
was held in Abu Dhabi, signalling a commitment tocontinue this excellent biennial opportunity for ICRP
members and the rest of the professional
community to network and discuss the evolution of the System ofRadiological Protection. There is no doubt that this symposium wasappreciated by everyone involved. Based on a post-meeting survey
more than 90% of attendees were “extremely” or “very” satisfied, andmore than 95% were likely to recommend that their colleagues attend
ICRP 2015 to be held in Seoul on October 20-22, 2015.
2013 was the third year following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear power plant. ICRP’s review of our System of RadiologicalProtection in light of the accident is on-going. Although the system isfundamentally sound, the accident highlighted areas for improvement.
Several of the issues raised will form part of the programme of work forthe current term.
An important focus in 2013 continued to be to sustain, expand andimprove our important work, in particular through efforts to: maintain andimprove the quality, relevance and timeliness of our recommendations;broaden awareness of our recommendations in part by making themmore accessible; and, increase engagement with the wider community
while maintaining the independence that has been central to the benefits
we have brought to the radiological protection community over the last
85 years. To support this, we are working to diversify and grow ourfunding base, which continues to rely on voluntary contributions.
ICRP and the radiological protection community face many challenges incoming years, but I am convinced that a reformed ICRP will be ready totackle them and in this regard look forward to working with all
stakeholders to strengthen the System of Radiological Protection.

Dr Claire Cousins, ICRP ChairICRP Annual Report 2013

THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION
ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
Since 1928, the International Commission on Radiological Protection(ICRP) has successfully developed the System of Radiological Protection
as the basis for radiological protection standards, legislation, guidance,
programmes and practice worldwide.
ICRP is a charity, registered in the UK, established to advance for the
public benefit the science of Radiological Protection, in particular byproviding recommendations and guidance on all aspects of radiation
protection.
In preparing its recommendations, ICRP considers advances in scientificknowledge, evolving social values, and practical experience. Formulating
standards, regulations, and codes of practice is the responsibility of othernational and international organisations.
The objective of the work of ICRP is to contribute to an appropriate
level of protection against the detrimental effects of ionisingradiation exposure without unduly limiting the benefits associatedwith the use of radiation.
ICRP provides recommendations and guidance on protection against
risks associated with exposure to ionising radiation from artificial sources
widely used in medicine, general industry and nuclear enterprises, andfrom naturally occurring sources. These recommendations are publishedon behalf of the ICRP in the Annals of the ICRP. Each issue provides indepth coverage of a specific subject area.

Structure
ICRP consists of the Main Commission, the Scientific Secretariat; fivestanding Committees on: Radiation Effects, Doses from Radiation
Exposures, Protection in Medicine, Application of the Commission’s
Recommendations, and Protection of the Environment; and Task Groups
established as needed to undertake specific work.

1

ICRP Annual Report 2013

The structure of ICRPThis structure supports a rigorous quality management system of peer
review. The work of Task Groups is reviewed by the relevantCommittee(s), and then by the Main Commission. Before most reports
are approved for publication, they are circulated to a number of bodies
and individual experts, and posted for public consultation through the
ICRP website.

Membership
Members come from over 30 countries and from all disciplines relevant toradiological protection. Selected on the basis of their recognisedcompetence and experience, members are volunteers invited to join
ICRP as independent experts.
Membership of the Main Commission and Committees is for four year
terms, the current term being 2013 July 1 to 2017 June 30. An open callfor nominations was held in late 2012, resulting in approximately 200
candidates for Committee membership. Members for the current term
were elected during the April 2013 meeting of the Main Commission. A
mid-term election was held for one Main Commission member during the
October 2013 meeting due to the resignation of a member in the interim.
Claire Cousins, consultant vascular radiologist at Addenbrooke's Hospital,
UK, continues as ICRP Chair. Jacques Lochard, Director of CEPN
(Centre d'étude sur l'Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine
Nucléaire, France) now serves as Vice-Chair. Five new Main
Commission members were elected: John Harrison as Committee 2
Chair, Donald Cool as Committee 4 Chair, Carl-Magnus Larsson as

2

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Committee 5 Chair, Hua Liu, and Sergey Romanov. In addition, many
new Committee members were elected, resulting in a turnover ofmembership nearing 50%. A list of members as of 2013 December 31 isprovided in this report.

The System of Radiological Protection
ICRP has produced well over one hundred publications on all aspects ofprotection against ionising radiation. A few describe the overall System
of Radiological Protection, most recently ICRP Publication 103, The
2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on RadiologicalProtection. The rest provide more detailed guidance in a particular area,
supporting technical information needed to implement the system, or
examine the radiological protection implications of the latest science.

The ICRP System of Radiological Protection is based on the latest science, socialand ethical values, and nearly a century of experience

ICRP recommendations are used world-wide by intergovernmental andnon-governmental advisory and standard setting agencies; government
health and other regulatory authorities; educational, scientific, andhealthcare institutes; operators, individual professionals; and others withan interest in radiological protection.
The International Atomic Energy Agency International Basic Safety
Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety ofRadiation Sources is based heavily on ICRP recommendations, as are
the similar European Basic Safety Standards. The International Labour
Organisation Convention 115, Radiation Protection Convention, General
Observation 1992, refers specifically to the recommendations of ICRP.

3ICRP Annual Report 2013

The ICRP System of Radiological Protection forms the basis of radiological protection
standards, regulations, programmes and practice world-wide

Independence and Collaboration
An important strength of ICRP is its ability to provide independent
recommendations and guidance. In particular, this independence relates
to determining the programme of work and selecting members. However,independence does not mean isolation; engaging with otherorganisations benefits ICRP’s aim to advance radiological protection forthe public benefit.
ICRP works with many organisations with an interest in radiologicalprotection, and under a newly established policy maintains formal
relations with: the European ALARA Network, European Commission,
European Nuclear Installations Safety Standards Initiative, European
Platform on Preparedness for Nuclear and Radiological Emergency
Response and Recovery, Heads of the European Radiological Protection
Competent Authorities, International Atomic Energy Agency, International
Labour Organisation, International Radiation Protection Association,
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, World Health Organisation, and World
Nuclear Association. Senior representatives of these organisations
participated in a special session with the ICRP Main Commission during
the October 2013 meeting in Abu Dhabi.

4

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Main Commission
The Main Commission consists of the Chair and up to twelve othermembers. The Main Commission is the governing body, setting the policy
and programme of work, and approving all official publications.

Main Commission in Abu Dhabi, October 2013: (From left to right back) Jai-Ki Lee, Hans-Georg
Menzel, John Harrison, Carl-Magnus Larsson, William Morgan, Sergey Romanov, (From left to rightfront) Ohtsura Niwa, Eliseo Vañó, Christopher Clement (Scientific Secretary), Claire Cousins, Jacques
Lochard, Donald Cool, John Boice, Hua Liu

Formally, the ‘Main Commission’ is ICRP, providing overall direction andoversight to the larger organisation. The members are also the trustees
of ICRP as a registered charity.
The Main Commission sets the programme of work, and reviews andapproves all publications prior to consultation or publication. The Chairsof all five standing Committees are membersof the Main Commission.
Although not formally a member, the Scientific
Secretary is an integral part of the Main
Commission, organising and participating in all
Main Commission meetings, and often acting
as the representative of ICRP.

5ICRP Annual Report 2013

Scientific Secretariat
The Scientific Secretariat manages the daily business of ICRP, and theScientific Secretary often represents ICRP at international meetings.

Scientific Secretariat in Abu Dhabi, October 2013: (From left to right) Michiya Sasaki, Taylor Whitter,
Lynn Lemaire, Christopher Clement

ICRP operates its Scientific Secretariat in Ottawa, Canada, in an officeprovided as an in-kind contribution from the Canadian Nuclear Safety
Commission.
The Scientific Secretariat includes two full-time paid employees, the
Scientific Secretary and Executive Assistant, and three others. The fulltime position of Assistant Scientific Secretary is filled through a multi-year
cost-free staff loan, currently provided by theCentral Research Institute of Electric Power
Industry of Japan (CRIEPI). The full-time
position of Intern is filled on a four-monthrotating basis through the Canadian Nuclear
Safety Commission co-op student programme.
The ICRP Historian is a part-time position filled
on a voluntary basis.

6

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Committee 1 (Radiation Effects)
Committee 1 assesses scientific knowledge on radiation risk, examining
possible implications on the System of Radiological Protection.

Committee 1 in Abu Dhabi, October 2013: (From left to right back) Jolyon Hendry (former C1), Dan
Stram, Simon Bouffler, William Morgan, Sisko Salomaa, Wolfgang Dörr, Quanfu Sun, Richard
Wakeford, (From left to right front) Ohtsura Niwa (Main Commission), Dominique Laurier, Preetha
Rajaraman, Tamara Azizova, Nobuhiko Ban, Margot Tirmarche, Ranajit Chakraborty, Werner Rühm,
Michael Hauptmann. (Missing) Alice Sigurdson

Committee 1 has expanded to 16 members, 7 of whom are new.
Ohtsura Niwa and Jolyon Hendry updated the TG75 report Stem cellbiology in relation to carcinogenic radiation risk. Some issues remain andCommittee 1 was advised it could expect a revised version by the end of2013.
Future plans for TG64 Cancer risk from alpha emitters were summarized
by the Chair Margot Tirmarche. It was decided that this committee would
continue to move forward pending joint analysis of Sellafield and Mayakworkers.
Two new Task Groups under the auspices of Committee 1 wereapproved by the Main Commission. TG 91: Radiation Risk Inference at

7

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Low-dose and Low-dose Rate Exposure forRadiological Protection Purposes, Chair
Werner Ruhm; and TG92: Terminology &Definitions, Chair Wolfgang Dörr.
Updates on activities at the Radiation Effects
Research Foundation (RERF), United Nations
Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation (UNSCEAR), Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative(MELODI), Open Project for European Radiation Research Area
(OPERRA), US National Council on Radiation Protection &Measurements (NCRP), Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), andvarious programs worldwide investigating low dose radiation effects thatmight impact recommendations on radiation protection were discussed.
There were also fruitful discussions with Committee 2 on radiation
detriment and Committee 3 on inter-individual radiation sensitivity, andinteractions on future Task Groups were recommended.

OutlookFurther areas where work may be initiated and topics that will be kept
under surveillance: Individual human sensitivity to ionising radiation (with Committee 3)
 Radiation detriment (with Committee 2)
 Shape of the dose response for cancer
 Uncertainties in dosimetry
 Late effects from particle therapy
 RBE for low energy vs. high-energy gammas
 Radiation weighting factors for tritium Radiation risk in relation to chemical risk
 Tissue banking, archival tissues, use and value of these resources
 Trans-generational effects

8

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Committee 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures)
Committee 2 develops reference models and data, including dosecoefficients, for the assessment of exposure to radiation.

Committee 2 in Abu Dhabi, October 2013: (From left to right back) Chan Hyeong Kim, Jizeng Ma, John
Harrison, Dietmar Nosske, Wesley Bolch, Frank Wissman, Douglas Chambers, John Hunt, (From left
to right front) Michael Bailey, Francois Paquet, Marina Degteva, Isabelle Thierry-Chef (guest fromIARC for the meeting), Akira Endo, Nina Petoussi-Henss. (Missing) Vladimir Berkovski, Luiz Bertelli,Rich Leggett

Committee 2 consists of 15 members, five serving their first term. It has
two long-standing Task Groups, on Dose Calculations (DOCAL) andInternal Dosimetry (INDOS), responsible for development ofcomputational models and reference data needed to assess organ andeffective doses from internal and external radiation sources, and toprovide dose coefficients for the assessment of doses to workers andmembers of the public. The current focus of these groups is on
development of reference phantoms and associated radiation transport
calculations, and efforts to publish the full set of Publication 103 baseddose coefficients over the next few years.
Committee 2 also leads TG79 on Effective Dose, to provide guidance on
the use of the quantity ‘effective dose’, and its relation to risk. In addition,
TG90 on Dose Coefficients for External Environmental Exposures will
provide conversion coefficients for external exposure of members of the
public to airborne sources and ground deposits.

9ICRP Annual Report 2013

Outlook
Reference phantoms are being developed forchildren of ages 3 months, 1 year, 5 years, 10
years and 15 years and for the fetus andpregnant female at gestational ages of 10, 15,
25 and 35 weeks, to complement those for
adults provided in Publication 110. These areused to provide reference radiation transport
data necessary for calculation of dosecoefficients for the inhalation and ingestion of radionuclides. They arealso used in calculations of doses from radiopharmaceuticals by TG36
led by Committee 3.
Work is also in progress to replace Publications 30 and 68 that give
biokinetic data and dose coefficients for occupational intakes ofradionuclides by inhalation and ingestion, and Publications 54 and 78
that give information for bioassay interpretation, with a single series ofpublications on occupational intakes of radionuclides. Part 1 is complete
and provides a description of biokinetic and dosimetric methodology, asummary of the Publication 100 alimentary tract model, a detailed
description of changes to the Publication 66 respiratory tract model, andan outline of approaches for development of systemic models forelements. The use of bioassay data is also discussed. Subsequent parts
will describe element-specific biokinetic models and provide dosecoefficients and bioassay data. Accompanying electronic files will givedetailed information on organ doses and additional bioassay data.
Planned publications at an advanced stage are:Part 2: hydrogen (H), carbon (C), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), iron(Fe), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), niobium(Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc).
Part 3: ruthenium (Ru), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), iodine (I), caesium (Cs),barium (Ba), iridium (Ir), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), polonium (Po), radon (Rn),radium (Ra), thorium (Th), uranium (U).

For the first time, dose coefficients will be provided for radioisotopes ofradon in the same way as for all other radionuclides. Two values will be
provided: one for the special case of underground mines and the otherfor all other workplaces.

10

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Committee 3 (Protection in Medicine)Committee 3 develops recommendations and guidance on the protection ofpatients, staff, and the public against radiation exposure in medicine.

Committee 3 in Abu Dhabi, October 2013: (From left to right back) Sandor Demeter, Colin Martin,
Baorong Yue, Katrine Åhlström Riklund, Reinhard Loose, Pierre Scalliet, (From left to right front) Keon
Kang, Pedro Ortiz Lopez, Madan Rehani, Eliseo Vañó, Pek-Lan Khong, Yoshiharu Yonekura, Michel
Bourguignon. (Missing) Donald Miller, Lawrence Dauer, Kimberly Applegate

The Main Commission approved the Committee 3 draft report
Radiological Protection in Ion Beam Therapy for public consultation.
The draft report Radiological Protection in Cone Beam CT was approved
by Committee 3 for progression to Main Commission for discussion withregard to public consultation.
Points raised during the Abu Dhabi Symposium in the medical session
were consolidated and discussed for inclusion in on-going documents,
where applicable and considerations were made for new Working Parties.
ICRP has a long history of producing publications on the radiation doseto patients from radiopharmaceuticals. ICRP is in the process of
preparing a comprehensive publication that will consolidate all relevant
information on radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals,

11

ICRP Annual Report 2013

including the most recent addendum, into one
volume. The objective is to have a single,
referenceable volume for the convenience ofend users, while work progresses ondeveloping revisions based on more recent
tissue and radiation weighting factors,
reference phantoms, and biokinetic models.

OutlookCommittee 3 Task Groups and Working Parties are continuing work in
the following areas:Occupational radiological protection in brachytherapy;
Dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals.
Framework for justification in medical uses of ionising radiation;
Occupational protection issues in interventional procedures(fluoroscopy guided) Diagnostic reference levels for diagnostic and interventional
imaging Radiological protection in therapy with radiopharmaceuticals
 Effective dose
Areas where work will be initiated and topics that will be kept undersurveillance include: Individual human sensitivity to ionising radiations.
 Update of existing publication: Radiation and your patient- a guidefor medical practitioner.
 Framework for consolidated optimisation for individual patients
 Dose quantities and units in imaging equipment
 Patient eye dose in CT in light of new threshold of the lens of theeye Response to hot topics on radiological protection in medicine

12

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Committee 4 (Application of theCommission’s Recommendations)
Committee 4 develops principles and recommendations on radiologicalprotection of people in all exposure situations.

Committee 4 in Abu Dhabi, October 2013: (From left to right back) Senlin Liu, Michael Boyd, John
Takala, Jean-Francois Lecomte, Donald Cool, Thiagan Pather, François Bochud, (From left to rightfront) Michiaki Kai, Ann McGarry, Jacques Lochard, Anne Nisbet, Analia Canoba, Eduardo Gallego,
Kun-Woo Cho, Toshimitsu Homma. (Missing) Mark Doruff, Deborah Oughton, Sergey Shinkarev

Committee 4 has undergone a substantial renewal with 10 of the 17
members being new, and the election of a new Chair. The membershipreflects a good mixture of regulatory, academic, and operational
expertise.
The report of TG80 on deep geological disposal was published as ICRP
Publication 122, having been developed in cooperation with the waste
management and radiation protection committees of the OECD Nuclear
Energy Agency. Development of a publication focussing on surface andnear surface disposal is under consideration.
The reports of TG71 on Security Screening and TG82 on Protection of
the Environment in Various Exposure Situations are in press [published
April 2014]. The latter was a cooperative effort of Committees 4 and 5,
and provides the approach for integrating the concepts of protection of
the environment within the ICRP System of Radiological Protection.

13

ICRP Annual Report 2013

The report of TG81 on Radon underwent
public consultation, and should be published in
2014. This is the second Committee 4 reportexamining existing exposure situations, theother being Publication 111 on the postaccident protection.

Outlook
TG93 was established to contribute to ICRP’sreview of lessons from the Fukushima Daiichi
accident, and will update Publication 109 on Protection of People in
Emergency Exposure Situations, and Publication 111 on Protection of
People Living in Long-term Contaminated Areas after a Nuclear Accident
or a Radiation Emergency. This will be done in consultation with the
ICRP Fukushima Dialogue initiative, examining radiological protection
aspects of, e.g. justification for and optimisation of emergency decisions;characterisation of the radiological situation; protection of emergency andrecovery responders; decontamination and waste management
strategies; withdrawal of emergency protective actions; protection ofpregnant women and children; information sharing with stakeholders; andemergency and recovery preparedness.
The Committee has continued efforts of the underpinnings of radiologicalprotection with the establishment of TG94 on the ethics of radiologicalprotection. The aim is to consolidate the ethical basis of the system,
improve understanding of the system, and to provide a basis forcommunication on radiation risk and its perception. TG94 benefits from aseries of workshops organized in cooperation with the International
Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), IRPA Regional Congresses,
and the IRPA International Congress.
TG76 on naturally occurring radioactive materials and TG83 on cosmic
radiation in aviation continue efforts towards the series of reports on
existing exposure situations. A report on contaminated sites may
complete this series.
Consideration is being given to a new series of reports on areas in which
end-users could benefit from elaboration on application of ICRP
recommendations specific to their circumstances. The topics to becovered will be developed in consultation with ICRP’s Special Liaison
Organisations.

14ICRP Annual Report 2013

Committee 5 (Protection of the Environment)
Committee 5 develops reference models and data, and guidance onradiological protection of the environment.

Committee 5 in Abu Dhabi, October 2013: (From left to right back) Kathryn Higley, Carl-Magnus
Larsson, Per Strand, Almudena Real, (From left to right front) Jordi Vives i Batlle, David Copplestone,
Kazuo Sakai. (Missing) Jacqueline Garnier-Laplace, Alexander Ulanovsky, Li Jianguo

Comments resulting from public consultation on the draft publication
Protection of the Environment under Different Exposure Situations werereceived and discussed extensively before finalising the document. Thisconcluded the work of TG82, which was established in 2010 as a joint
Task Group between Committees 4 and 5. The outcome is in press, to be
published as ICRP Publication 124. Due to be released in early 2014
[published April 2014], it will be the first report issued by theCommission’s new publisher, SAGE.
Publication 124 is based in previous ICRP publications on the concept
and use of Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs) (Publications 108 and114), and provides information on application of the System ofRadiological Protection of the environment in planned, emergency andexisting exposure situations. It provides recommendations on the use of
the Derived Consideration Reference Levels (DCRLs) under all

15

ICRP Annual Report 2013

circumstances where there is, or may be, anenvironmental exposure of significance above
the natural background locally experienced by
the relevant biota.
Committee 5 continued its work on the review
of experimental determinations of RBE, toguide derivation of specific weighting factors
for use in environmental radiation protection,and improved dosimetry of the RAPs.

Outlook
Future work will focus on broadening and consolidating the scientificbasis that underpins the System of Radiological Protection as it pertains
to the environment (including transfer, dosimetry, and biological effects),
drawing on the experience gained in the system’s application in planned,
existing, and emergency exposure situations. In the near-term thisincludes finalising work on RBE and improved dosimetry.
Consideration needs to be made for the wider range of ecosystem effects
that may be covered in ecological risk assessments, which incorporate
the complete suite of stressors that result from human activities, and theireffects, to understand the role of radiation effects in this context. One of
the aims is to provide recommendations for derivation of specificdatabases for representative organisms on the basis of the RAP data, as
well as recommendations for the application of the system toenvironmental protection in relation to certain human activities ofpotential environmental concern.
The ICRP System of Radiological Protection is sound and robust and has
contributed to the understanding of environmental impacts in different
contexts, e.g. in relation to the Fukushima Daiichi accident, in relation to
the London Convention, and in relation to the impact of discharges into
the North-East Atlantic Ocean. The consolidation and extension of thesystem require further fundamental work to improve the understanding ofrelationships between dose and effect.

16

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Task Groups
Active as of December 31, 2013:
C2 TG4 (DOCAL): Dose Calculations, Chaired by Wesley Bolch
C2 TG21 (INDOS): Internal Dosimetry, Chaired by Francois Paquet
C2/3 TG36: Radiopharmaceuticals, Chaired by Sören Mattsson, underCommittees 2 and 3
C1 TG64: Cancer Risk from Alpha Emitters, Chaired by Margot
Tirmarche
C4 TG71: Protection in Security Screening, Chaired by Donald Cool
C5 TG72: RBE and Reference Animals and Plants, Chaired by Kathryn
HigleyC5 TG74: More Realistic Dosimetry for Non-human Species, Chaired
by Alexander Ulanovsky
C1 TG75: Stem Cell Radiobiology, Chaired by Ohtsura Niwa
C4 TG76: Application of the Commission’s Recommendations to
NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material), Chaired by JeanFrançois Lecomte
C2 TG79: Effective Dose, Chaired by John Harrison
C4 TG81: Application of the Commission’s Recommendations toRadon Exposure, Chaired by Jean-François Lecomte
C4 TG83: Protection of Aircraft Crew against Cosmic Radiation
Exposure, Chaired by Jacques Lochard
C3 TG87: Radiological Protection in Ion Beam Radiotherapy, Chairedby Yoshiharu Yonekura
C3 TG88: Radiological Protection in Cone Beam CT, Chaired by
Madan Rehani

17

ICRP Annual Report 2013

C3 TG89: Occupational Radiological Protection in Brachytherapy,
Chaired by Lawrence Dauer
C2 TG90: Age-dependent Dose Conversion Coefficients for External
Exposures to Environmental Sources, Chaired by Nina Petoussi-Henβ
C1 TG91: Radiation Risk Inference at Low-dose and Low-dose Rate
Exposure for Radiological Protection Purposes, Chaired by Werner
Rühm
MC TG92: Terminology and Definitions, Chaired by Wolfgang Dörr
C4 TG93: Update of ICRP Publications 109 and 111, Chaired byMichiaki Kai
C4 TG94: Ethics of Radiological Protection, Chaired by Deborah
Oughton18

ICRP Annual Report 2013CONTINUING FOCUS ON RECOVERY
AFTER THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHINUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT
Summary Report of ICRP Task Group 84:
Issues Identified from the NPP Accident inJapan and Recommendations to Improve the
System of Radiological Protection
This report continues to be an important input guiding the ICRP
programme of work. Wanting to make the report more accessible to thepeople of Japan, it was translated into Japanese by native Japanese
speaking ICRP members and volunteers working through social media.
In April 2013 it was made available at www.icrp.org. Similarly, a message
from ICRP on the occasion of the 2nd anniversary of the accident was
released in both English and Japanese.

Task Group 93 on the update of ICRP
Publications 109 and 111
Given the recommendation from the TG84, TG93 on updating ICRP
Publications 109 and 111 has been launched to reflect the lessons from
Fukushima and recent international developments concerning theprotection of people in emergency exposure situations, and people living
in long term contaminated areas after a nuclear accident or a radiation
emergency.

ICRP Fukushima Dialogue Initiative
In 2013, three major dialogue meetings were held in Fukushima City andIwaki City, and several smaller dialogue meetings in Suetsugi(Fukushima Prefecture) and Hippo (Miyagi Prefecture).
The Fifth Dialogue was held on 2013 March 2-3 at the Date City Hobara
Citizen’s Center Hall, and dealt with the issue of “returning or not, staying
or not” in the affected areas. The Sixth Dialogue was held on 2013 July
6-7 at Fukushima City Health and Welfare Center, and discussed the19

ICRP Annual Report 2013present situation and the challenges being faced by the citizens of Iitate,
who have evacuated and were cut off from their own land, and living in
exile for more than two years since 2011 April 22. The Seventh Dialogue,
held on 2013 November 30 and December 1 at Higashi Nippon
International University in Iwaki City, focussed on self-help actions taken
by local people in cooperation with experts.

20

ICRP Annual Report 2013

THE SECOND INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUM ON THE SYSTEM OF
RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION

Following the success of ICRP’s 1st symposium in 2011, the 2nd
International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection washeld in Abu Dhabi, on 2013 October 22-24.
ICRP 2013 attracted nearly 300
registeredparticipants
from37
countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Canada,
China, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Finland, France, Germany, India,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Kuwait,
Luxemburg, Norway, Oman, Portugal,
Qatar, Russian Federation, Saudi
Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia, South
Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Taiwan, UAE, UK, Ukraine, and USA.
Participants came from all six Gulf

21

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Cooperation Council states, making up about 40% of the attendees. Five
topical sessions were held.

Tissue reactions: The road from science toprotection
This session began with the basic science of tissue reactions, withemphasis on the emerging concerns of radiation-induced radiogenic
cataracts and circulatory disease. Presentations also addressed
questions of dosimetry, international implementation of new dose limits,
implications in medical imaging and other areas, and science and value
aspects.

Advances in recovery preparedness andresponse following Fukushima
Experiences from Japanese government and non-government
perspectives, including engaging with local stakeholders, and progresson clean-up efforts in Fukushima, were a highlight of this session. Twopresentations also covered progress outside Japan on planning forrecovery following a major accident.

NORM issues in the real world
A review of the ICRP System of Radiological Protection on existing
exposure situations, followed by an overview of ICRP’s current efforts onradiological protection for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material(NORM), introduced this session. This wasbalanced by a presentation on practical

22

ICRP Annual Report 2013

experience in regulation and management of NORM in North America.
A presentation from the Federal Authority on Nuclear Regulation outlined
current regulatory developments in the UAE, and a presentation from the
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company explored local issues related to waste
management in NORM.

What do we need from ICRP in medicine?
This session opened with views from ICRP on the use of Effective Dosein Medicine, followed by a review of recent and current ICRP efforts inradiological protection in computed tomography (CT). Recent
epidemiological studies in paediatric CT were critically examined.
Evolving efforts in radiological protection in medicine in the UAE andSaudi Arabia, as well as international views from the World HealthOrganisation, were presented.

The ICRP approach to environmental
radiation protection: issues and application
The ICRP approach to protection of the environment, the subject of an
ICRP publication in press, was presented, followed by an examination of
information on relationships between environmental exposures andconsequences for wildlife, and a proposal to improve dosimetry forreference animals and plants. Three presentations focussed on themarine environment, including use of the ICRP system, marine

23

ICRP Annual Report 2013

biodiversity in Abu Dhabi, and modelling marine exposures and effects
after the Fukushima accident.
Proceedings will be published in the Annals of the ICRP. Thanks tosupport from the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety, registered participants will be eligible
to receive a printed copy at no charge.
Given the success of an ICRP’s series of symposia, planning has alreadybegun for the 3rd International Symposium on RadiologicalProtection. It will be held in Seoul, Korea, 2015 October 20-22, in
conjunction with the next biennial joint meetings of the Main Commission
and Committees.

24ICRP Annual Report 2013

ICRP PUBLICATIONS
Two reports were published in the Annals of the ICRP in 2013. Theirabstracts are on the following pages. In addition, a Russian translation of
Publication 118, Arabic translations of Publications 111 and 117, andKorean translations of Publications 101A, 101B, 105, 109, 111, 112, 113
and 115 became available.

Obtaining ICRP Publications
An index to all ICRP publications can be accessed through www.icrp.org,
clicking on “Publications”.
From 1928 to 1959, the reports of ICRP, including those under ICRP’s
former name International X-ray and Radium Protection Committee, were
published as articles or on behalf of ICRP by other organisations. What
later became known as ICRP Publication 1 was the first volume issued
directly by ICRP, published as a book by Pergamon Press. Eventually,
ICRP moved to a journal format, producing Publication 24 as Volume 1,
Issue 1 of the Annals of the ICRP in 1977. In 2004, Pergamon Press was
acquired by Elsevier, who continued to publish the Annals of the ICRP for
many years, up to and including Publication 123, Volume 42, Issue 4.
Following a long and carefully considered competitive process, ICRP
decided to continue publication of the Annals of the ICRP with SAGE
Publications. SAGE will be responsible for production and distribution
beginning with Publication 124, and is already handling requests for new
subscriptions and orders of back catalogue titles.

25

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Subscriptions
Please contact SAGE subscriptions at subscriptions@sagepub.co.uk ortel. +44 (0) 20 7324 8701.

On-Line Access
A complete list of the issues by ICRP Publication No., along with links tothe pay-per-view facility, is here:
http://ani.sagepub.com/site/includefiles/icrp_publications_collection.xhtml

Printed Copies
Please contact the relevant SAGE regional sales office:EuropeSAGE Publications Ltd
1 Oliver's Yard
55 City Road
LondonEC1Y 1SP
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7324 8703
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7324 8600
E-mail: orders@sagepub.co.uk

Asia-Pacific
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd
3 Church Street#10-04 Samsung Hub
Singapore 049483
Tel: +65-6220-1800
Fax: +65-6438-1008
E-mail: sagebooks@sagepub.co.uk

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
SAGE Publications India Private Ltd
B1/I1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area
Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044, India
Tel: +91 11 4053 9222
Fax: +91 11 4053 9234
E-mail: info@sagepub.in

Australia and New Zealand
Footprint Books Pty Ltd,
Unit 1 / 6A Prosperity Parade,
Warriewood,
NSW 2102, Australia
Tel: +61 (02) 9997-3973
Fax: +61 (02) 9997-3185
E-mail: info@footprint.com.au

Americas
SAGE Publications Inc
2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks
CA 91320
Tel: +1 800 818 7243
Fax: +1 800 583 2665
E-mail: textbooks@sagepub.com

26

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Publication 122: Radiological Protection in
Geological Disposal of Long-lived Solid Radioactive
Waste
W. Weiss, C-M. Larsson, C. McKenney, J-P. Minon, S. Mobbs, T.
Schneider, H. Umeki, W. Hilden, C. Pescatore, M. Vesterlind
This report updates and consolidates previous recommendations of the
ICRP related to solid waste disposal. The recommendations given apply
specifically to geological disposal of long-lived solid radioactive waste.
The report explains how the ICRP System of Radiological Protection
described in Publication 103 can be applied in the context of thegeological disposal of long-lived solid radioactive waste. Although thereport is written as a standalone document, previous ICRP
recommendations not dealt with in depth in the report are still valid.
The 2007 ICRP System of Radiological Protection evolves from theprevious process-based protection approach relying on the distinction
between practices and interventions by moving to an approach based on
the distinction between three types of exposure situation: planned,
emergency and existing. The Recommendations maintains theCommission’s three fundamental principles of radiological protection
namely: justification, optimisation of protection and the application ofdose limits. They also maintain the current individual dose limits for
effective dose and equivalent dose from all regulated sources in planned
exposure situations. They re-enforce the principle of optimisation ofradiological protection, which applies in a similar way to all exposure
situations, subject to restrictions on individual doses: constraints forplanned exposure situations, and reference levels for emergency andexisting exposure situations. The Recommendations also include anapproach for developing a framework to demonstrate radiologicalprotection of the environment.
This report describes the different stages in the lifetime of a geologicaldisposal facility, and addresses the application of relevant radiologicalprotection principles for each stage depending on the various exposure
situations that can be encountered. In particular, the crucial factor that
influences the application of the protection system over the different
phases in the lifetime of a disposal facility is the level of oversight or‘watchful care’ that is present. The level of oversight affects the capability

27

ICRP Annual Report 2013

to control the source, i.e. the waste and the repository, and to avoid or
reduce potential exposures. Three main time frames are considered: timeof direct oversight, when the disposal facility is being implemented and isunder active supervision; time of indirect oversight, when the disposal
facility is sealed and oversight is being exercised by regulators or special
administrative bodies or society at large to provide additional assurance
on behalf of society; and time of no oversight, when oversight is nolonger exercised in case memory of the disposal facility is lost.

28

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Publication 123: Assessment of Radiation Exposureof Astronauts in Space
G. Dietze, D.T. Bartlett, D.A. Cool, F.A. Cucinotta, X. Jia, I.R.
McAulay, M. Pelliccioni, V. Petrov, G. Reitz, T. Sato
During their occupational activities in space, astronauts are exposed toionising radiation from natural radiation sources present in thisenvironment. They are, however, not usually classified as being
occupationally exposed in the sense of the general ICRP system ofradiation protection of workers applied on Earth. The exposure
assessment and risk-related approach described in this report is clearly
restricted to the special situation in space, and should not be applied toany other exposure situation on Earth. The report describes the terms
and methods used to assess the radiation exposure of astronauts, andprovides data for the assessment of organ doses.
Chapter 1 describes the specific situation of astronauts in space, and thedifferences in the radiation fields compared with those on Earth.
In Chapter 2, the radiation fields in space are described in detail,including galactic cosmic radiation, radiation from the Sun and its special
solar particle events, and the radiation belts surrounding the Earth.
Chapter 3 deals with the quantities used in radiological protection,
describing the Publication 103 system of dose quantities, andsubsequently presenting the special approach for applications in space;
due to the strong contribution of heavy ions in the radiation field, radiation
weighting is based on the radiation quality factor, Q, instead of theradiation weighting factor, wR.
In Chapter 4, the methods of fluence and dose measurement in space
are described, including instrumentation for fluence measurements,
radiation spectrometry, and area and individual monitoring. The use of
biomarkers for the assessment of mission doses is also described.
The methods of determining quantities describing the radiation fields
within a spacecraft are given in Chapter 5. Radiation transport
calculations are the most important tool. Some physical data used inradiation transport codes are presented, and the various codes used for
calculations in high-energy radiation fields in space are described.

29

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Results of calculations and measurements of radiation fields inspacecraft are given. Some data for shielding possibilities are alsopresented.
Chapter 6 addresses methods of determining mean absorbed doses anddose equivalents in organs and tissues of the human body. Calculated
conversion coefficients of fluence to mean absorbed dose in an organ or
tissue are given for heavy ions up to Z = 28 for energies from 10 MeV/u
to 100 GeV/u. For the same set of ions and ion energies, mean quality
factors in organs and tissues are presented using, on one hand, the Q(L)function defined in Publication 60, and, on the other hand, a Q function
proposed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Dosesin the body obtained by measurements are compared with results from
calculations, and biodosimetric measurements for the assessment of
mission doses are also presented.
In Chapter 7, operational measures are considered for assessment of the
exposure of astronauts during space missions. This includes preflight
mission design, area andindividual monitoring during
flights in space, and doserecording. The importance ofthe magnitude of uncertainties
in
dose
assessment
isconsidered.
Annex A shows conversion
coefficients and mean quality
factors for protons, charged
pions, neutrons, alpha particles,
and heavy ions (2 < Z ≤ 28),
and particle energies up to 100
GeV/u.

30

ICRP Annual Report 2013

MEMBERSHIPICRP membership totals nearly 250 experts from more than 30 countries.
The membership of the Main Commission, Scientific Secretariat, andCommittees as of 2013 December 31 is shown below. The membershipof Task Groups can be found at www.icrp.org.

Main Commission
Claire Cousins (Chair)
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, UK
Jacques Lochard (Vice-Chair)Centre d'étude sur l'Evaluation de laProtection dans le domaine Nucléaire,FranceJohn D Boice Jr
National Council on Radiation
Protection and Measurements, USA
Donald A Cool (C4 Chair)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
USA
John D Harrison (C2 Chair)
Public Health England, UK
Carl-Magnus Larsson (C5 Chair)
Australian Radiation Protection and
Nuclear Safety Agency, Australia
Jai-Ki Lee
Hanyang University, Korea

Hua Liu
National Nuclear Safety
Administration, Ministry ofEnvironment Protection, China
Hans-Georg Menzel
CERN (Retired), Switzerland
William F Morgan (C1 Chair)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Department of Energy, USA
Ohtsura Niwa
Fukushima Medical University, Japan
Sergey RomanovSouthern Ural Biophysics Institute,
Russian Federation
Eliseo Vañó (C3 Chair)Complutense University, Spain
Christopher Clement (Scientific Secretary)
International Commission on RadiologicalProtection, Canada

Emeritus members:
Roger H Clarke
Bosse Lindell
Charles B Meinhold

Fred A Mettler
Warren K Sinclair
Christian Streffer

Scientific Secretariat
Christopher Clement (Scientific Secretary)
Michiya Sasaki (Ass’t Scientific Secretary)
Lynn Lemaire (Executive Assistant)Toshihiro Higuchi (Historian, p/t)
Intern (rotating)Committee 1 (Radiation Effects)
William F Morgan (Chair)
Alice Sigurdson (Vice-Chair)
Werner Rühm (Secretary)
Tamara Azizova
Nobuhiko Ban
Simon Bouffler

Ranajit Chakraborty
Wolfgang Dörr
Michael Hauptmann
Dominique Laurier
Preetha Rajaraman
Sisko Salomaa

31

ICRP Annual Report 2013

Dan Stram
Quanfu Sun

Margot Tirmarche
Richard Wakeford

Committee 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures)John D Harrison (Chair)Francois Paquet (Vice-Chair)
Wesley Bolch (Secretary)
Michael Bailey
Vladimir Berkovski
Luiz Bertelli
Douglas Chambers
Marina Degteva

Akira EndoJohn Hunt
Chan Hyeong Kim
Richard Leggett
Jizeng Ma
Dietmar Nosske
Nina Petoussi-HenβFrank Wissmann

Emeritus member: Keith Eckerman

Committee 3 (Protection in Medicine)
Eliseo Vañó (Chair)
Donald Miller (Vice-Chair)
Madan Rehani (Secretary)
Kimberly Applegate
Michel Bourguignon
Lawrence Dauer
Sandor Demeter
Keon Kang

Pek-Lan Khong
Reinhard Loose
Pedro Ortiz Lopez
Colin Martin
Katrine Åhlström-Riklund
Pierre Scalliet
Yoshiharu Yonekura
Baorong Yue

Emeritus members: Sören Mattson, Marvin Rosenstein

Committee 4 (Application of theCommission’s Recommendations)
Donald A Cool (Chair)Jean-François Lecomte (Secretary)
François Bochud
Michael Boyd
Analia Canoba
Kun-Woo ChoMark Doruff
Eduardo Gallego
Toshimitsu Homma

Michiaki Kai
Senlin Liu
Ann McGarryAnne Nisbet
Deborah Oughton
Thiagan Pather
Sergey Shinkarev
John Takala

Committee 5 (Protection of the Environment)
Carl-Magnus Larsson (Chair)
Kathryn Higley (Vice-Chair)
Almudena Real (Secretary)
Jordi Vives i Batlle
David Copplestone

Jacqueline Garnier-Laplace
Jianguo Li
Kazuo Sakai
Per Strand
Alexander Ulanovsky

32

ICRP Annual Report 2013

FINANCES
ITEM

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

Contributions Received

482,334533 025

650,955

617 168

418 408

Royalties *103,772

199 059

70,071

107 551

107 231

30

1 331

78

0

3 247

586,146733 414721 104

724 719528 886

Promotion of Radiological Protection

300,075

401 855627 326552 953532 464

Governance Costs †384,780

269 846288 646

169 027

133 095

Other Resources Expended

23,037

13 03421 8732 752(22 834)

Total Resources Expended

707,896684 735

937 845724 732

642 725

Net Movement in Resources(121,750)

48 679(216 741)(13)(113 89)

Total Funds Carried Forward

100,328

222 078

173 399390 140390 153

0

1 032

2 680

4 329

5 977

Current Assets

95,683

107 572236 567

391 445400 563

Debtors (falling due within one year)

194,986

242 167

38 498168 4130Creditors (falling due within the year)(190,341)(128 693)(104 346)(174 047)(16 387)

Net Assets

100,328

222 078

173 399390 140390 153

Incoming Resources

Interest and Other Income

Total Incoming Resources
Resources Expended

BALANCE SHEET
Tangible Fixed Assets

This is a summary of ICRP annual financial statements as audited by Tudor John Chartered Accountants, Epsom,
UK. All amounts are expressed in US dollars.
* In 2012 ICRP reverted to accrual accounting for royalties. Historically royalties had been accounted for on a
cash basis (royalties earned in a year being received and recognised as income in the following year). Due to thischange royalties for 2012 include royalties received in 2012 (earned in 2011) and royalties earned in 2012
(received in 2013).
† The increase in governance costs in 2011 relates to an adjustment to more appropriately allocate Scientific
Secretariat costs. The increase in governance costs in 2013 relate to launching of the “Advancing Together”
fundraising campaign.

The majority of ICRP support is received in kind. For example, members’
institutions make members’ time available without charge and, in manycases, cover their costs of attending ICRP meetings. In 2013 several
organisations, acknowledged on page 21, also provided in kind support
specifically for ICRP 2013.

33

ICRP Annual Report 2013

ICRP is financed primarily through voluntary contributions fromorganisations with an interest in radiological protection. All voluntary
contributions are accepted with the understanding that they do not
influence the ICRP membership or programme of work. Those providing
financial contributions to ICRP in 2013 were: Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
 Cameco Corporation‡
 Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission‡
 Chinese Society of Radiation Protection (中国辐射防护学会) Danish National Board of Health (Statens Institut for Strålehygiejne, SIS) European Commission
 Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (Säteilyturvakeskus, STUK) French Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (Institut deradioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, IRSN) German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building andNuclear Safety (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und
Reaktorsicherheit, BMUB)
 Health Canada
 Icelandic Radiation Safety Authority (Geislavarnir ríkisins) International Atomic Energy Agency
 International Radiation Protection Association
 International Society of Radiology
 Japan NUS Co Ltd. (日本エヌ・ユー・エス株式会社, JANUS) Japan Radioisotope Association (日本アイソトープ協会, JRIA)‡ Korea Radiation Safety Foundation (한국방사선안전재단, KORSAFe) Landauer Europe‡ Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (Statens strålevern)
 Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment
 Russian Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (ЮЖНО-УРАЛЬСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ
БИОФИЗИКИ) Spanish Nuclear Safety Council (Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear, CSN)
 Swedish Ministry of the Environment (Miljödepartementet)
 US Department of Energy
 US Environmental Protection Agency
 US Nuclear Regulatory Commission‡

All or part of the contributions from these organisations were directed to ICRP 2013.

34

ICRP Annual Report 2013

CONTACT
Christopher Clement, ICRP Scientific Secretary and Editor-in-Chief of theAnnals of the ICRP, can be contacted at:

International Commission on Radiological Protection
PO Box 1046, Station B
280 Slater Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9
CANADA

Telephone:
Fax:
E-mail:Website:+1 (613) 944-1918+1 (613) 944-1920
sci.sec@icrp.org
www.icrp.org

Executive Assistant:
Telephone:
E-mail:Lynn Lemaire+1 (613) 947-9750
lynn.lemaire@icrp.org

35IN MEMORIAM

David Sowby, BA MD FSRP
1926 – 2014

ICRP Scientific Secretary 1962 – 1985