International Commission on
Radiological Protection

2014 Annual Report
S T R O N G E REUROPEAN ALARA NETWORK • EUROPEAN COMMISSION • EUROPE
AN NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS SAFETY STANDARDS INITIATIVE •EUROPEAN PLATFORM ON PREPAREDNESS FOR NUCLEAR AND R
ADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND RECOVERY • HEADSOF THE EUROPEAN RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION COMPETENT A
UTHORITIES • IBERO AMERICAN FORUM OF RADIOLOGICAL AND
NUCLEAR REGULATORY ORGANISATIONS • INFORMATION SYSTEM ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE • INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENE
RGY AGENCY • INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIATION UN
ITS AND MEASUREMENTS • INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RA
DIOLOGICAL PROTECTION • INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION • INTERNATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION ASSOCIATION• MULTIDISCIPLINARY EUROPEAN LOW DOSE INITIATIVE • NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY • UNITED NATIONS SCIENTIFIC COMMITTE
E ON THE EFFECTS OF ATOMIC RADIATION • WORLD HEALTH O
RGANISATION • WORLD NUCLEAR ASSOCIATIONT O G E T H E R
www.icrp.org

On the cover:The names of organisations in formal relations with ICRP (and ICRP
itself) as of December 31, 2014, signifying the importance ofengagement and collaboration

ICRP 2014 Annual Report

ICRP reference 4833-3331-0243
July 28, 2015

© 2015 ICRPUK Charity Number 298173

CHAIR’S FOREWORDIn November 2012, near the end of its previous fouryear term, ICRP launched new and improved formal
arrangementsforcollaboration
with
other
organisations. The previous, informal, system reliedalmost exclusively on observers attending ICRP
Committee meetings. Unfortunately, this put apractical limit on the number of organisations that
could be accommodated, and did not allow for goodinteractions at a more strategic level.
At the end of 2014, ICRP was in formal relations with
sixteen organisations, listed on the cover of thisAnnual Report and again in a special section on ‘Formal Relations’, withplans to expand the number and types of organisations. Two annual
meetings (in 2013 and 2014) have been held between the Main Commission
and senior representatives of these organisations, focusing on radiologicalprotection questions of strategic importance, and some of theseorganisations have representatives working directly with some of our
Committees and Task Groups.
This is just the tip of the iceberg; ICRP continues to engage with manyorganisations and individuals across the globe and in all sectors through ourown biennial symposia and workshops on specific topics (such as the ethicalbasis of the system of radiological protection); participation in congresses,
conferences, and a wide variety of meetings; and through open
consultations and various on-line mechanisms.
Maintaining independence is crucial to ensuring our recommendations
remain free from undue influence. However, independence does not meanisolation; engaging with other organisations is central to achieving ICRP’s
aims. This engagement ensures that we continue to address the current andfuture needs of radiological protection, and receive the best possible advice
as we develop our recommendations.
As always, in undertaking this and other initiatives to modernise the way
ICRP operates, we never forget the reason why ICRP was established andwhy it still exists today. Our sole object, clearly stated in the second line of
ICRP’s constitution immediately after the name, is to advance radiologicalprotection for the public benefit.

Dr Claire Cousins, ICRP ChairICRP Annual Report 2014

THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION
ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
Since 1928, the International Commission on Radiological Protection(ICRP) has successfully developed the System of Radiological Protection
as the basis for radiological protection standards, legislation, guidance,
programmes and practice worldwide.
ICRP is a charity, registered in the UK, established to advance for the
public benefit the science of Radiological Protection, in particular byproviding recommendations and guidance on all aspects of radiation
protection.
In preparing its recommendations, ICRP considers advances in scientificknowledge, evolving social values, and practical experience. Formulating
standards, regulations, and codes of practice is the responsibility of othernational and international organisations.
The objective of the work of ICRP is to contribute to an appropriate
level of protection against the detrimental effects of ionisingradiation exposure without unduly limiting the benefits associatedwith the use of radiation.
ICRP provides recommendations and guidance on protection against
risks associated with exposure to ionising radiation from artificial sources
widely used in medicine, general industry and nuclear enterprises, andfrom naturally occurring sources. These recommendations are publishedon behalf of the ICRP in the Annals of the ICRP. Each issue provides indepth coverage of a specific subject area.

Structure
ICRP consists of the Main Commission, the Scientific Secretariat; fivestanding Committees on: Radiation Effects, Doses from Radiation
Exposures, Protection in Medicine, Application of the Commission’s
Recommendations, and Protection of the Environment; and Task Groups
established as needed to undertake specific work.

1

ICRP Annual Report 2014

The structure of ICRPThis structure supports a rigorous quality management system of peer
review. The work of Task Groups is reviewed by the relevantCommittee(s), and then by the Main Commission. Before most reports
are approved for publication, they are circulated to a number of bodies
and individual experts, and posted for public consultation through the
ICRP website.

Membership
Members come from over 30 countries and from all disciplines relevant toradiological protection. Following an open nomination process, members
are selected on the basis of competence and experience, and are invited
to join ICRP as independent experts on a voluntary basis.

The System of Radiological Protection
ICRP has produced well over one hundred publications on all aspects ofprotection against ionising radiation. A few describe the overall System
of Radiological Protection, most recently ICRP Publication 103, The
2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on RadiologicalProtection. The rest provide more detailed guidance in a particular area,
supporting technical information needed to implement the system, or
examine the radiological protection implications of the latest science.

2

ICRP Annual Report 2014

The ICRP System of Radiological Protection is based on the latest science, socialand ethical values, and nearly a century of experience

ICRP recommendations are used world-wide by intergovernmental andnon-governmental advisory and standard setting agencies; government
health and other regulatory authorities; educational, scientific, andhealthcare institutes; operators, individual professionals; and others withan interest in radiological protection.
The International Atomic Energy Agency International Basic Safety
Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety ofRadiation Sources is based heavily on ICRP recommendations, as are
the similar European Basic Safety Standards. The International Labour
Organisation Convention 115, Radiation Protection Convention, General
Observation 1992, refers specifically to the recommendations of ICRP.

The ICRP System of Radiological Protection forms the basis of radiological protection
standards, regulations, programmes and practice world-wide

3

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Independence and Collaboration
An important strength of ICRP is its ability to provide independent
recommendations and guidance. In particular, this independence relates
to determining the programme of work and selecting members. However,independence does not mean isolation; engaging with otherorganisations benefits ICRP’s aim to advance radiological protection forthe public benefit.
ICRP interacts with many organisations with an interest in radiologicalprotection, and (as of December 31, 2014) maintains formal relations with
sixteen organisations, listed in the section on ‘Formal Relations’. Senior
representatives of these organisations participated in a two-day strategic
discussion in London, UK, in November 2014.

ICRP IN NUMBERS

232 Members
126 Numbered Publications
20 Active Task Groups
16 organisations in formal relations
13 Fundamental Recommendations
5 Standing Committees
1 System of Radiological Protection

4

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Main Commission
The Main Commission consists of the Chair and up to twelve othermembers. The Main Commission is the governing body, setting the policy
and programme of work, and approving all official publications.

Main Commission in Moscow, April 2014 – From left to right: Ohtsura Niwa, Jai-Ki Lee, John Boice,
Christopher Clement (Scientific Secretary 1 ), John Harrison, Claire Cousins (Chair), Carl-Magnus
Larsson, Jacques Lochard (Vice-Chair), Sergey Romanov, Eliseo Vañó, Hans-Georg Menzel, Donald
Cool. Inset: Hua Liu, William Morgan.

Formally, the ‘Main Commission’ is ICRP, providing overall direction andoversight to the larger organisation. The members are also the trustees
of ICRP as a registered charity.
The Main Commission sets the programme of work, and approves all
publications. The Chairs of all the five standing Committees are membersof the Main Commission.
The Main Commission met once in 2014 in
Moscow, and took the opportunity to meet withthe directors and staff of the Burnasyan
Federal Medical Biophysical Centre.
1

Although not formally a member, the Scientific Secretary is an
integral part of the Main Commission, organising and participating
in all Main Commission meetings, and often acting as therepresentative of ICRP.

5ICRP Annual Report 2014

Scientific Secretariat
The Scientific Secretariat manages the daily business of ICRP, and theScientific Secretary often represents ICRP at international meetings.

Scientific Secretariat in Kyoto, December 2014 – From left to right: Andrea Bauer (Intern), Nobuyuki
Hamada (Assistant Scientific Secretary from March 2014), Christopher Clement (Scientific Secretary),
Toshihiro Higuchi (Historian). Inset: Lynn Lemaire (Executive Assistant), Michiya Sasaki (Assistant
Scientific Secretary to March 2014).

ICRP operates its Scientific Secretariat in Ottawa, Canada, in an officeprovided as an in-kind contribution from the Canadian Nuclear Safety
Commission.
The Scientific Secretariat includes two full-time paid employees, the
Scientific Secretary and Executive Assistant, and three others. The fulltime position of Assistant Scientific Secretary is filled through a multi-year
cost-free staff loan, currently provided by theCentral Research Institute of Electric Power
Industry of Japan (CRIEPI). The full-time
position of Intern is filled on a four-monthrotating basis through the Canadian Nuclear
Safety Commission co-op student programme.
The ICRP Historian is a part-time position filled
on a voluntary basis.

6

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Committee 1 (Radiation Effects)
Committee 1 assesses scientific knowledge on radiation risk, examining
possible implications on the System of Radiological Protection.

Committee 1 in Beijing, September 2014 – From left to right back: Dominique Laurier, Nobuhiko Ban,
Alice Sigurdson (Vice-Chair), (From left to right middle) Quanfu Sun, William Morgan (Chair), Michael
Hauptmann, Dan Stram, Simon Bouffler, Wolfgang Dörr, Sisko Salomaa, Anna Denisova (interpreter
for Tamara Azizova). From left to right front: Nobuyuki Hamada (Assistant Scientific Secretary), Ranajit
Chakraborty, Margot Tirmarche, Richard Wakeford, Preetha Rajaraman, Tamara Azizova, Werner
Rühm (Sectetary).

The Main Commission approved the Task Group 75 draft report Stem
Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of RadiologicalProtection for public consultation. Ohtsura Niwa and Jolyon Hendry
revised the report according to the public comments.
Task Group 64 produced Publication 115 “Lung Cancer Risk from Radonand Progeny and Statement on Radon” in 2010 and is now extending thisto consider cancer risks from other alpha emitters including plutonium,
uranium, thorotrast and radium. They will use the recently published risk
coefficients of lung cancer for a life-long risk calculation, in order tocompare risk from these alpha emitters with that from radon and also
from external exposure(s). Selection of the appropriate model systems,
accounting for differences between males and females, as well assmokers and non-smokers is being undertaken.

7

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Task Group 91 is reviewing the available
information on the estimation of risk
coefficients and recommend whether it isdesirable to continue to estimate risk at low
doses by assessing the slope of the dose
response at high doses and then applying a
Dose and Dose-Rate Effectiveness Factor(DDREF) reduction factor, and whether such
coefficients are applicable to acute, protracted and prolonged exposure
or need a particular correction.
The goal of Task Group 92 is to review the "Terminology and Definitions"used by ICRP in the past, check them for accuracy and where there areconflicts resolve them. The Task Group will progress in two phases: First,
it will review a list of terms and definitions where there are no apparent
inconsistencies and evaluate their appropriateness. Second, a list ofterms and definitions where there are inconsistencies has been compiled.
The first phase is nearing completion and the second phase is expected
to begin mid 2015.

OutlookFurther areas where work may be initiated and topics that will be kept
under surveillance:• Individual human sensitivity to ionising radiation (with Committee 3)• Radiation detriment (with Committee 2)• Shape of the dose response for cancer• Uncertainties in dosimetry• Late effects from particle therapy• RBE for low energy vs. high-energy gammas• Radiation weighting factors for tritium• Radiation risk in relation to chemical risk
• Tissue banking, archival tissues, use and value of these resources• Trans-generational effects

8

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Committee 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures)
Committee 2 develops reference models and data, including dosecoefficients, for the assessment of exposure to radiation.

Committee 2 in Abu Dhabi, October 2013 –From left to right back: Chan Hyeong Kim, Jizeng Ma, John
Harrison (Chair), Dietmar Nosske, Wesley Bolch (Secretary), Frank Wissman, Douglas Chambers,
John Hunt. From left to right front: Michael Bailey, Francois Paquet (Vice-Chair), Marina Degteva,
Isabelle Thierry-Chef (WHO/IARC representative), Akira Endo, Nina Petoussi-Henss. Inset: VladimirBerkovski, Luiz Bertelli, Rich Leggett.

Committee 2 has 15 members and five task groups chaired by membersof the committee. The new groups are the Computational Phantoms andRadiation Transport (CPRT) Task Group and the Internal Dose
Coefficients (IDC) Tasks Group, replacing task groups on Dose
Calculations (DOCAL) and Internal Dosimetry (INDOS). The CPRT Task
Group is responsible for the development of reference phantoms andassociated radiation transport calculation. The IDC Task Group willproduce reports with revised dose coefficients for inhaled and ingested
radionuclides, one series for intakes by workers and another for intakesby members of the public.
Two further Task Groups are engaged in the calculation of dosecoefficients, one group considering environmental exposures of membersof the public to external sources of radiation, as for example following
accidental releases of radioactivity from a nuclear installation. The
second group, jointly chaired by a member of Committee 2 and an

9

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Emeritus member of Committee 3, considers
doses
from
administrationofradiopharmaceuticals. The Committee is also
leading a cross-committee group tasked withthe provision of advice on the use of effective
dose and its relation to risk.

Outlook
Following a successful September 2014
meeting of the committee in Nashville,
Tennessee, and associated task group meetings, the committee ismaking good progress in work on phantom development and theprovision of Publication 103 based dose coefficients. Work is progressing
on a set of reference phantoms – those for adults are complete, those forchildren are nearing completion, and models for the pregnant woman are
also in development. Improved biokinetic models will be used to calculatedose coefficients and also to provide data for the interpretation of
bioassay measurements.
Calculation of dose coefficients for external environmental exposures
after accidental releases requires the evaluation of the environmental
fields. Work is in progress to calculate fields for contaminated soil, waterand air, considering different radiation types. Organ and effective doses
will be calculated using the reference phantoms provided by the CPRTTask Group. The same phantoms will also be used in new calculations of
Publication 103 based dose coefficients for radiopharmaceuticaladministration.
The Effective Dose Task Group did not meet in 2014 but will renew
efforts on this important topic in 2015. While effective dose is a riskadjusted quantity that allows the summation of doses from very different
sources of external and internal exposure, its use as a measure ofindividual risk, as commonly done, for example, in medical practice isproblematical. As well as defining limits on the use of effective dose, it isenvisaged that the report will make proposals for the control of exposuresand risk management in situations for which effective dose was notintended.

10

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Committee 3 (Protection in Medicine)Committee 3 develops recommendations and guidance on the protectionof patients, staff, and the public against radiation exposure in medicine.

Committee 3 in Paris, September 2014, along with representatives of IAEA and WHO – From left toright back: Pierre Scalliet, Donald Miller (Vice-Chair), Reinhard Loose, Sandor Demeter, Ola Holberg(IAEA), Colin Martin, Yoshiharu Yonekura. From left to right front: Baorong Yue, Michel Bourguignon,
Eliseo Vañó (Chair), Katrine Åhlström Riklund (slightly behind), Madan Rehani (Secretary), KimberlyApplegate (slightly behind), Maria Del Rosario Perez (WHO), Pek-Lan Khong, Pedro Ortiz-López,Lawrence Dauer. Inset: Keon Kang.

In deciding its actions, Committee 3 took into account activities oforganisations (e.g., IAEA, WHO, EC, ICRU, UNSCEAR) to avoid
duplication, reduce or avoid overlap and develop synergy. Topics such as
justification are being pursued by all organisations.
In 2014, the Main Commission approved Committee 3’s report“Radiological protection in ion beam therapy” after considering comments
received through public consultation. Also during 2014, Committee 3’sreport “Radiological protection in cone beam computed tomography(CBCT)” was made available for public consultation after approval of thedraft by the Main Commission.

OutlookWith regard to diagnostic use of radiation, work on diagnostic reference
levels for diagnostic and interventional imaging is at advanced stage. A

11

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Working Party is developing a framework forjustification in medical use of ionising radiation.
A 2001 web publication “Radiation and Your
Patient - a Guide for Medical Practitioners” isbeing updated.
In radiotherapy, ongoing
occupational
radiologicalbrachytherapy.

work includes
protectionin

In nuclear medicine, radiological protection in therapy withradiopharmaceuticals is being reviewed. In a separate effort, Committee
3 continues to work with Committee 2 on dose to patients fromradiopharmaceuticals.
Occupational protection is covered in all Committee 3 documents, but a
Working Party is paying specific attention to occupational protection
issues in fluoroscopy- and CT-guided interventional procedures. The
importance of this topic is due in part to the impact in medicine of the
newly recommended occupational dose limit for the lens of the eye.
Committee 3 is working with Committee 1 on individual human sensitivity
to ionising radiation and is also participating in Committee 2 Task Groupon Effective Dose and the Main Commission Task Group on Terminology
and Definitions.
Committee 3 prepares educational slides for each of its publications andmakes them available on the ICRP website for free download. The draft
slides for Publications 113, 117, 120 and 121 are being reviewed.
Areas for future work and topics to be kept under surveillance include:a. Framework for optimisation in medical imaging for individual patients.
b. Proposal for standardisation of dose metrics (quantities and units) for
medical imaging equipment, displays and radiation dose analysis
software in cooperation with other involved international organisations.
c. Protection of the lens of the eye, cardiovascular and cerebrovascularsystems: Implications for medicine of Publication 118.

12

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Committee 4 (Application of theCommission’s Recommendations)
Committee 4 develops principles and recommendations on radiologicalprotection of people in all exposure situations.

Committee 4 in Illinois, July 2014 – From left to right back: Senlin Liu, John Takala, Edward Lazo
(NEA), Sergey Shinkarev, Berned LeGuen (IRPA), François Bochud, Mark Doruff. From left to right
middle: Thiagan Pather, Jacques Lochard (former C4), Miroslav Pinak (IAEA), Michael Boyd, Eduardo
Gallego, Analia Canoba. From left to right front: Donald Cool (Chair), Toshimitsu Homma, JeanFrancois Lecomte (Secretary), Kun-Woo Cho, Anne Nisbet, Michiaki Kai. Inset: Deborah Oughton, Ann
McGarry.

The Committee meeting was hosted by GE Healthcare in Arlington
Heights, Illinois, USA in July, 2014.
The Committee 4 programme of work encompasses several broad areas,
including a series of reports covering various aspects of existing
exposure situations, leading the ICRP effort to update and elaborate
recommendations in light of the accident at Fukushima Daiichi foremergencies and living in contaminated areas, elaborating theunderpinnings of the system of protection, and developing focused
reports on specific topic areas in consultation with ICRP’s special liaisonorganizations (SLOs).
The report of Task Group 71 on Security Screening was published as
Publication 125 in 2014. The report provides recommendations for the
specific topical area, and is the first of the new series of topical reports tobe completed.
The report of Task Group 81 on Radon was published as Publication 126
in 2014, and provides practical recommendations for developing a
graded approach to radon protection in both occupational and public

13

ICRP Annual Report 2014settings. This report is part of the series
covering aspects of existing exposure
situations.

Outlook
Task Group 76 is developing a report thatexamines the issues of applying the system ofprotection to Naturally Occurring Radioactive
Materials (NORM). NORM industries are
particularly difficult to consider because of thewide range of possible situations and the lack of radiological protection
cultures in many long established industries.
The report of Task Group 83 on Cosmic Radiation in Aviation wasapproved by the Committee. This report elaborates on another topic inexisting exposure situations where it is not possible to control the source,
and where a graded approach based upon information and personalactions is useful.
Task Group 93 is contributing to ICRP’s review of lessons from the
Fukushima Daiichi accident, and will update Publications 109 and 111.
This work is being done in consultation with the ICRP Fukushima
Dialogue initiative.
Task Group 94 on Ethics of Radiological Protection is developing a reportthat elaborated on the underpinnings of the system of protection, and isintended to improve our understanding and use of the system, and assist
in developing decision approaches and communications. The Task
Group has benefited from a series of workshops organised in cooperation
with the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) in 2014,
and continuing in 2015.
Two new Task Groups were approved in 2014. Task Group 97 will
examine issues in surface and near surface disposal, as a companion to
Publication 122. This work was suggested by one of the SLOs. Task
Group 98 will address application of the Commission’s recommendations
to exposures resulting from contaminated sites. This report willcomplement the Task Group 93 work on living in contaminated areas,and complete the initial suite of reports on existing exposure situations.
As a result of a solicitation of topics from the SLOs, the Committee has
considered several possible topics for future focused reports. The
Committee agreed that a draft terms of reference should be developedwith interested organisations on mobile high activity sources forconsideration in 2015.

14ICRP Annual Report 2014

Committee 5 (Protection of the Environment)
Committee 5 develops reference models and data, and guidance onradiological protection of the environment.

Committee 5 in Abu Dhabi, October 2013 – From left to right: Kathryn Higley (Vice-Chair), Jordi Vives i
Batlle, Carl-Magnus Larsson (Chair), David Copplestone, Per Strand, Kazuo Sakai, Almudena Real
(Secretary). Inset: Jacqueline Garnier-Laplace, Alexander Ulanovsky, Li Jianguo.

Publication 124 was published in 2014, and outlines how the principles ofradiation protection can be applied to protection of the environment (ormore specifically of non-human biota) under different exposure situations.
It goes on to describe how reference values for environmental protection
can be based on dose-rate bands (Derived Consideration Reference
Levels) for specific Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs). Publication
124 completes a suite of ‘foundation publications’ for the ICRP system forradiological protection of the environment.
Committee 5 is currently finalising the work of two task groups that will
provide further depth to the system outlined above, namely on improved
dosimetry and dosimetric tools for biota; and on relative biologicaleffectiveness including its significance in relation to environmental
protection.

15

ICRP Annual Report 2014

The ICRP methodology for radiation protectionof the environment has gained increased
application worldwide and has been drawn
upon in recent international studies. These
include the UNSCEAR assessment of the
impact of the 2011 nuclear accident in Japan(published 2014 as Scientific Annex A to the
UNSCEAR 2013 Report to the UN General
Assembly), the IAEA report on radiological assessment procedures under
the terms of the London Convention 1972 (IAEA-TECDOC-1759), andthe methodology for environmental assessments under the terms of the
OSPAR Convention 1992 for the Protection of the Marine Environment of
the North-East Atlantic.

Outlook
The Committee met in Barcelona, Spain, in September 2014 to discusscurrent and future work. The future work will focus on the scientificfoundation for our understanding of the primary components of an
ecological risk assessment, namely transfer and dosimetry to biota,
radiation effects on biota, and implications at higher levels of ecologicalorganisations(populations,communities,
ecosystems)
whencharacterising the radiological risk. Additionally, Committee 5 will further
develop the methodology when applying the system to ‘real’ exposure
situations, either planned, existing or resulting from radiation
emergencies.
The Committee will collate data for the base set of 12 RAPs, in the formof ‘monographs’ organised on a taxonomic basis. It is expected that a
Task Group may be launched in the first half of 2015. Committee 5 will
also take the step to ‘representative’ organisms in the environment,
based on the concepts and databases already developed for the RAPs.
This will facilitate the application in the field, including the identification ofrepresentative organisms in different scenarios and generation of suitabledata for protective approaches on the basis of the RAPs data sets. It is
anticipated that such work could start in the second half of 2015.

16

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Task Groups
Active as of December 31, 2014:
C2/3 TG36: Radiopharmaceuticals, Chaired by D. Noßke
C1 TG64: Cancer Risk from Alpha Emitters, Chaired by Margot
Tirmarche
C5 TG72: RBE and Reference Animals and Plants, Chaired by Kathryn
HigleyC5 TG74: More Realistic Dosimetry for Non-human Species, Chaired
by Alexander Ulanovsky
C1 TG75: Stem Cell Radiobiology, Chaired by Ohtsura Niwa
C4 TG76: Application of the Commission’s Recommendations to
NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material), Chaired by JeanFrançois Lecomte
C2 TG79: Effective Dose, Chaired by John Harrison
C4 TG83: Protection of Aircraft Crew against Cosmic Radiation
Exposure, Chaired by Jacques Lochard
C3 TG87: Radiological Protection in Ion Beam Radiotherapy, Chairedby Yoshiharu Yonekura
C3 TG88: Radiological Protection in Cone Beam CT, Chaired by
Madan Rehani
C3 TG89: Occupational Radiological Protection in Brachytherapy,
Chaired by Lawrence Dauer
C2 TG90: Age-dependent Dose Conversion Coefficients for External
Exposures to Environmental Sources, Chaired by Nina Petoussi-Henβ
C1 TG91: Radiation Risk Inference at Low-dose and Low-dose Rate
Exposure for Radiological Protection Purposes, Chaired by Werner
Rühm

17

ICRP Annual Report 2014

MC TG92: Terminology and Definitions, Chaired by Wolfgang Dörr
C4 TG93: Update of ICRP Publications 109 and 111, Chaired byMichiaki Kai
C4 TG94: Ethics of Radiological Protection, Chaired by Deborah
OughtonC2 TG95: Internal Dose Coefficients, Chaired by Francois Paquet
C2 TG96: Computational Phantoms and Radiation Transport,
Chaired by Wesley Bolch
C4 TG97: Application of the Commission’s Recommendations for
Surface and Near Surface Disposal of Solid Radioactive Waste,
Chaired by Francois Besnus
C4 TG98: Application of the Commission’s Recommendations to
Exposures Resulting from Contaminated Sites from Past Industrial,
Military and Nuclear Activities, Chaired by Michael Boyd

18

ICRP Annual Report 2014

FORMAL RELATIONSThe need to remain independent from undue influence is essential, but
so is maintaining good relationships with organisations interested inradiological protection. ICRP works with many organisations world-wide,and maintains formal relations with a growing number of key internationalorganisations (and potentially national organisations where there is nointernational organisation to represent their views). A major milestone in2014 was a highly successful strategic discussion with senior
representatives of these organisations. Two questions were explored: therole of ICRP in interactions with the public, and stability and evolution of
the System of Radiological Protection.

EAN
European ALARA
NetworkEC
EuropeanCommission

HERCA
Heads of theEuropeanRadiologicalProtection Competent
Authorities

ICRU
International
Commission on
Radiation Units andMeasurements

FORO
Ibero American
Forum ofRadiological andNuclear Regulatory
Organisations

ILO
International Labour
Organisation

ENISS

ISOE

IRPA

European Nuclear
Installations Safety
Standards Initiative

Information System
on Occupational
ExposureInternational
Radiation Protection
Association

NEA
OECD Nuclear
Energy Agency

UNSCEAR
United Nations
Scientific Committee
on the Effects ofAtomic Radiation

WHO
World HealthOrganisation

NERIS
European Platform
on Preparedness for
Nuclear andRadiological
Emergency
Response andRecovery

MELODI

IAEA
International Atomic
Energy Agency

Multidisciplinary
European Low Dose
Initiative

WNA
World Nuclear
Association

Organisations in Formal Relations with ICRP as of December 31, 201419

ICRP Annual Report 2014

ICRP PUBLICATIONS
Three reports were published in the Annals of the ICRP in 2014. Theirabstracts are on the following pages. In addition, a Spanish translation of
Publication 93, a Chinese translation of Publication 118, and Japanesetranslations of Publications 60, 103, 109 and 111 became available forfree download.

Subscriptions
Please contact SAGE subscriptions at subscriptions@sagepub.co.uk ortel. +44 (0) 20 7324 8701.

On-Line Access
A complete list of the issues by ICRP Publication No., along with links tothe pay-per-view facility, is here:
http://ani.sagepub.com/site/includefiles/icrp_publications_collection.xhtml

Printed Copies
Please contact the relevant SAGE regional sales office:EuropeSAGE Publications Ltd
1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road
London EC1Y 1SP
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7324 8703
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7324 8600
E-mail: orders@sagepub.co.uk

Asia-Pacific
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd
3 Church Street, #10-04 Samsung Hub
Singapore 049483
Tel: +65-6220-1800
Fax: +65-6438-1008
E-mail: sagebooks@sagepub.co.uk

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
SAGE Publications India Private Ltd
B1/I1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area
Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044, India
Tel: +91 11 4053 9222
Fax: +91 11 4053 9234
E-mail: info@sagepub.in

Australia and New Zealand
Footprint Books Pty Ltd,
Unit 1 / 6A Prosperity Parade,
Warriewood,
NSW 2102, Australia
Tel: +61 (02) 9997-3973
Fax: +61 (02) 9997-3185
E-mail: info@footprint.com.au

Americas
SAGE Publications Inc
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
Tel: +1 800 818 7243
Fax: +1 800 583 2665
E-mail: textbooks@sagepub.com

20

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Publication 124: Protection of the Environment
under Different Exposure Situations
R.J. Pentreath, J. Lochard, C-M. Larsson, D.A. Cool, P. Strand, J.
Simmonds, D. Copplestone, D. Oughton, E. Lazo
In this report, the Commission describes its framework for protection of theenvironment and how it should be applied within the Commission’s system ofprotection. The report expands upon its objectives in relation to protection of
the environment, in so far as it relates to the protection of animals and plants(biota) in their natural environment, and how these can be met by the use ofReference Animals and Plants (RAPs); their Derived Consideration Reference
Levels (DCRLs), which relate radiation effects to doses over and above theirnormal local background natural radiation levels; and different potential
pathways of exposure. The report explains the different types of exposure
situations to which its recommendations apply; the key principles that are
relevant to protection of the environment; and hence how reference values
based on the use of DCRLs can be used to inform on the appropriate level ofeffort relevant to different exposure situations. Further recommendations are
made with regard to how the Commission’s recommendations can be
implemented to satisfy different forms of environmental protection objectives,
which may require the use of representative organisms specific to a site, andhow these may be compared withthe reference values. Additional
information is also given withregardto,inparticular,
communication
with
other
interested
partiesandstakeholders. Issues that may
arise in relation to complianceare also discussed, and the final
chapter discusses the overall
implications of the Commission’s
work in this area to date.
Appendices A and B provide
somenumerical
information
relating to the RAPs. Annex C
considers various existing types
ofenvironmental
protection
legislation currently in place inrelation to large industrial sites
and practices, and the various
ways in which wildlife areprotected from various threatsarising from such sites.

21

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Publication 125: Radiological Protection in Security
Screening
D.A. Cool , E. Lazo , P. Tattersall, G. Simeonov, S. Niu
The use of technologies to provide security screening for individuals andobjects has been increasing rapidly, in keeping with the significant
increase in security concerns worldwide. Within the spectrum oftechnologies, the use of ionising radiation to provide backscatter andtransmission screening capabilities has also increased. The Commission
has previously made a number of statements related to the general topic
of deliberate exposures of individuals in non-medical settings. This reportprovides advice on how the radiological protection principles
recommended by the Commission should be applied within the context of
security screening. More specifically, the principles of justification,
optimisation of protection, and dose limitation for planned exposure
situations are directly applicable to the use of ionising radiation in security
screening. In addition, several specific topics are considered in this report,
including the situation in which individuals may be exposed because they
are concealed (‘stowaways’) ina
cargo
containeror
conveyance that may besubject to screening. The
Commission
continues
torecommend
thatcarefuljustificationofscreeningshould be considered before
decisions are made to employ
the technology. If a decision ismade that its use is justified,
the framework for protection asa planned exposure situation
should be employed, including
optimisation of protection withthe use of dose constraints
and the appropriate provisionsforauthorisationandinspection.

22

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Publication 126: Radiological Protection against
Radon Exposure
J-F. Lecomte, S. Solomon, J. Takala, T. Jung, P. Strand, C. Murith, S.
Kiselev, W. Zhuo, F. Shannoun, A. Janssens
In this report, the Commission provides updated guidance onradiological protection against radon exposure. The report has beendeveloped considering the latest ICRP recommendations for thesystem of radiological protection, all available scientific knowledge
about the risks of radon, and the experience gained by manyorganisations and countries in the control of radon exposure. The
report describes the characteristics of radon exposure, covering
sources and transfer mechanisms, the health risks associated withradon, and the challenges of managing radon exposure. The
Commission recommends an integrated approach for controllingradon exposure, relying as far as possible on the management ofbuildings or locations in
which
radon
exposure
occurs, whatever the use of
the building. This approachis based on the optimisation
principle, and is gradedreflecting the responsibilities
of key stakeholders, notably
in workplaces, and the intent
of the national authorities tocontrol radon exposure. The
reportalso
providesrecommendations on managing radon exposure when
workers’
exposuresareconsidered as occupational,
and the appropriate requirements of the Commission
should be applied.

23

ICRP Annual Report 2014

MEMBERSHIPICRP membership totals nearly 250 experts from more than 30 countries.
The membership of the Main Commission, Scientific Secretariat, andCommittees as of December 31, 2014 is shown below. The membershipof Task Groups can be found at www.icrp.org.

Main Commission
Hua Liu
National Nuclear Safety
Administration, Ministry ofEnvironment Protection, China
Hans-Georg Menzel
CERN (Retired), Switzerland
William F Morgan (C1 Chair)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Department of Energy, USA
Ohtsura Niwa
Fukushima Medical University, Japan
Sergey RomanovSouthern Ural Biophysics Institute,
Russian Federation
Eliseo Vañó (C3 Chair)Complutense University, Spain

Claire Cousins (Chair)
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, UK
Jacques Lochard (Vice-Chair)Centre d'étude sur l'Evaluation de laProtection dans le domaine Nucléaire,FranceJohn D Boice Jr
National Council on Radiation
Protection and Measurements, USA
Donald A Cool (C4 Chair)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
USA
John D Harrison (C2 Chair)
Public Health England, UK
Carl-Magnus Larsson (C5 Chair)
Australian Radiation Protection and
Nuclear Safety Agency, Australia
Jai-Ki Lee
Hanyang University, Korea

Christopher Clement (Scientific Secretary)
International Commission on RadiologicalProtection, Canada

Emeritus members: Roger H Clarke, Bo Lindell, Charles B Meinhold, Fred A Mettler,
R Jan Pentreath, and Christian Streffer

Scientific Secretariat
Christopher Clement (Scientific Secretary)
Nobuyuki Hamada (Assistant Scientific Secretary)
Lynn Lemaire (Executive Assistant)Toshihiro Higuchi (Historian, p/t)
Intern (rotating)Committee 1 (Radiation Effects)
Michael Hauptmann
Dominique Laurier
Preetha Rajaraman
Sisko Salomaa
Dan Stram
Quanfu Sun
Margot Tirmarche
Richard Wakeford

William F Morgan (Chair)
Alice J Sigurdson (Vice-Chair)
Werner Rühm (Secretary)
Tamara Azizova
Nobuhiko Ban
Simon Bouffler
Ranajit Chakraborty
Wolfgang Dörr

24

ICRP Annual Report 2014

Committee 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures)
Akira EndoJohn G S Hunt
Chan Hyeong Kim
Richard Leggett
Jizeng Ma
Dietmar Noβke
Nina Petoussi-HenβFrank Wissmann

John D Harrison (Chair)Francois Paquet (Vice-Chair)
Wesley E Bolch (Secretary)
Michael R Bailey
Vladimir Berkovski
Luiz Bertelli
Douglas Chambers
Marina Degteva
Emeritus member: Keith Eckerman

Committee 3 (Protection in Medicine)
Pek-Lan Khong
Reinhard Loose
Pedro Ortiz Lopez
Colin Martin
Katrine Åhlström-Riklund
Pierre Scalliet
Yoshiharu Yonekura
Baorong Yue

Eliseo Vañó (Chair)
Donald L Miller (Vice-Chair)
Madan M Rehani (Secretary)
Kimberly E Applegate
Michel Bourguignon
Lawrence T Dauer
Sandor Demeter
Keon Kang

Emeritus members: Sören Mattson, Marvin Rosenstein

Committee 4 (Application of theCommission’s Recommendations)
Michiaki Kai
Senlin Liu
Ann McGarryAnne Nisbet
Deborah Oughton
Thiagan Pather
Sergey Shinkarev
John Takala

Donald A Cool (Chair)Jean-François Lecomte (Secretary)
François Bochud
Michael Boyd
Analia Canoba
Kun-Woo ChoMark Doruff
Eduardo Gallego
Toshimitsu Homma

Committee 5 (Protection of the Environment)
Jacqueline Garnier-Laplace
Jianguo Li
Kazuo Sakai
Per Strand
Alexander Ulanovsky

Carl-Magnus Larsson (Chair)
Kathryn A Higley (Vice-Chair)
Almudena Real (Secretary)
Jordi Vives i Batlle
David Copplestone25

ICRP Annual Report 2014

FINANCES
ITEM

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

Contributions Received

529 949482 334533 025

650,955

617 168

Royalties *126 527

103 772

199 059

70,071

107 551

8

30

1 331

78

0

656 484

586 146733 414721 104

724 719

Promotion of Radiological Protection

240 069

303 917401 855627 326552 953

Governance Costs †392 753

380 943

269 846288 646

169 027

Other Resources Expended

36 64223 037

13 03421 873

2 752

Total Resources Expended

669 464

707 897684 735

937 845724 732

Net Movement in Resources(12 980)(121 750)

48 679(216 741)(13)

Total Funds Carried Forward

87 348100 328

222 078

173 399390 140

0

0

1 032

2 680

4 329

Current Assets

22 57495 683

107 572236 567

391 445

Debtors (falling due within one year)

149 186

194 986

242 167

38 498168 413Creditors (falling due within the year)(84 412)(190 341)(128 693)(104 346)(174 047)

Net Assets

87 348100 328

222 078

173 399390 140

Incoming Resources

Interest and Other Income

Total Incoming Resources
Resources Expended

Tangible Fixed Assets

This is a summary of ICRP annual financial statements as audited by Tudor John Chartered Accountants, Epsom,
UK. All amounts are expressed in US dollars.
* In 2012 ICRP reverted to accrual accounting for royalties. Historically royalties had been accounted for on a
cash basis (royalties earned in a year being received and recognised as income in the following year). Due to thischange royalties for 2012 include royalties received in 2012 (earned in 2011) and royalties earned in 2012
(received in 2013).
† The increase in governance costs in 2011 relates to an adjustment to more appropriately allocate Scientific
Secretariat costs. The increase in governance costs beginning in 2013 relates to the “Advancing Together”
fundraising campaign.

The majority of ICRP support is received in kind. For example, members’
institutions make members’ time available without charge and, in manycases, cover their costs of attending ICRP meetings.

26

ICRP Annual Report 2014

ICRP is financed primarily through voluntary contributions fromorganisations with an interest in radiological protection. All voluntary
contributions are accepted with the understanding that they do not
influence the ICRP membership or programme of work. Those providing
financial contributions to ICRP in 2014 were: Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
 Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission
 Chinese Society of Radiation Protection (中国辐射防护学会) Danish National Board of Health (Statens Institut for Strålehygiejne, SIS) Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (Säteilyturvakeskus, STUK) French Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (Institut deradioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, IRSN) French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Agencenationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs, ANDRA)
 German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation,
Building and Nuclear Safety (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz,
Bau und Reaktorsicherheit, BMUB)
 Health Canada
 Icelandic Radiation Safety Authority (Geislavarnir ríkisins) International Atomic Energy Agency
 International Radiation Protection Association
 International Society of Radiology
 Japan NUS Co Ltd. (日本エヌ・ユー・エス株式会社, JANUS) Korea Radiation Safety Foundation (한국방사선안전재단, KORSAFe) Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (Statens strålevern)
 Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment
 Nuclear Energy Institute, USA Spanish Nuclear Safety Council (Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear, CSN)
 Swedish Ministry of the Environment (Miljödepartementet)
 US Environmental Protection Agency
 US Nuclear Regulatory Commission

27

ICRP Annual Report 2014

CONTACT
Christopher Clement, ICRP Scientific Secretary and Editor-in-Chief of theAnnals of the ICRP, can be contacted at:

International Commission on Radiological Protection
PO Box 1046, Station B
280 Slater Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9
CANADA

Telephone:
Fax:
E-mail:Website:+1 (613) 944-1918+1 (613) 944-1920
sci.sec@icrp.org
www.icrp.org

Executive Assistant:
Telephone:
E-mail:Lynn Lemaire+1 (613) 947-9750
lynn.lemaire@icrp.org

28

Released in 2014

Publications 124, 125, and 126

Freely downloadable translations of Publications 60, 93, 103, 109, 111 and 118