notations of architectural
anthropology
Dr Ray Lucas
University of Manchester
This talk presents a survey of the theory that underpins the strong correspondence between
contemporary social anthropology and architecture. As the study of people and their life-worlds,
anthropology has a great deal to contribute to architecture, with implications for long-heldassumptions, reinforcing and elaborating as much as it contradicts and complicates.
Contestation and challenges are good for both disciplines, and lies at the root of any crossdisciplinarity.
The aim of this cross-disciplinary work is to consider the practices which constitute the built
environment at the scale of the building.
The central research question is: what can architects learn from anthropologists?

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The aim of this talk it so solve the conundrum of how to integrate anthropological thinking into
architecture as a design practice as well as a field of academic study. Anthropology helps us tothink about the social life of buildings at an appropriate scale: that of the personal and individual
life-worlds which make up our everyday lives.
In order to bring the disciplines together, I propose to investigate notations. Architects haveexperimented for a long time with diﬀerent forms of graphic representation and inscriptive
practice, many of which find their way in to the toolkits of practicing architects.
Adding to the canon of Thiel’s Participatory Envirotecture, Lynch’s Imageability, and Cullen’s
Townscapes are a range of notations devoted to the description of movement. Found within thepractice and theory of dance & choreography, diverse forms of notation can be categorised into
matrix, pictorial, symbolic, track, and musical systems.
Notation allows us to describe architecture as it unfolds over time. If we are to discuss practicesof dwelling and being in a space, of maintenance and co-production of spaces and people, thenwe must include aspects of temporality as well as space.
Established forms of notation such as
Laban can be used to describe the finest
movements of human bodies working
together in groups; pictorial notations aremuch easier to read, and can be devised
to show how a scene would appear to an
outside observer; matrix notations have aprecision and focus. Each notational
system brings something additional to ourunderstanding of a space.
I have been visiting two contexts over thelast five years, following the example ofKon Wajiro and his modernology.
!2Namdaemun Market in Seoul is the first, a dynamic general market in the centre of the city
consisting of large blank-facade structures with a formal market; an external market combining
legitimate and illegitimate activities. The architecture is made iteratively by the vendors,
responding to needs immediately.
The second field site is Sanja Matsuri in Tokyo. The festival in May makes use of a range of
temporary and mobile structures which could be understood as buildings. The Mikoshi
themselves are shrines, uprooted from the ground and taken around their territory. The
occupation of the urban realm is total for the three days, and Asakusa could be said to remake
itself and its social bonds through this celebration.
I have used a range of inscriptive
practices from plans andsections through axonometricand oblique projections, spacesyntax diagrams, agency
matrices, and various forms ofmovement notation to describe
these field sites. Furthernotations include Sensory
Notations of my own devising,describing the wider perceptionof the environment beyond thegeometric and visible.

!3BIOGRAPHYDr Ray Lucas is the ex-head of architecture at the University of Manchester. He is the author of Research
Methods for Architecture (2016, Laurence King Publishers), and will publish two monographs in early
2019: Anthropology for Architects (Bloomsbury) and Drawing Parallels: Knowledge Production in
Axonometric, Isometric, and Oblique Drawings (Routledge). Lucas is also co-editing Architecture, Festivaland the City with Christian Frost and Jemma Browne from the recent Architectural Humanities ResearchAssociation conference, where Lucas was a keynote speaker.
Lucas has been a member of the European Research Council project Knowing from the Inside:
Anthropology, Art, Architecture and Design for the last 5 years as as advisor and associate researcher.
Lucas has exhibited drawings, notations, paintings, video, sound installations as part of his research,which feeds directly into teaching at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Lucas has researchinterests in film and architecture, sensory perception, notational and inscriptive practices, architectural
drawing, informal architecture, the anthropology of geometry, and architectural anthropology.
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS:
Lucas, R. 2016. Research Methods for Architecture. London: Laurence King.
Lucas, R. 2008a. “Taking a Line for a Walk: Flânerie, Drifts, and the Artistic Potential of Urban
Wandering.” in Ingold, T & Lee Vergunst, J (Eds.) Ways of Walking: Ethnography and Practice on Foot,Ashgate.
Lucas, R. 2008b. "Getting Lost in Tokyo" in Footprint, Delft School of Design Journal, Issue 2. http://www.footprintjournal.org/issues/show/mapping-urban-complexity-in-an-asian-context Citations: 5
Lucas, R. 2009a. “The Sensory Experience of Sacred Space: Senso-Ji and Meĳi-Jingu, Tokyo” inMONU: Magazine on Urbanism. Issue 10: Holy Urbanism, pp.46-55. Rotterdam: Board Publishers.
Citations: 5Lucas, R. 2009b. “Gestural Artefacts: Notations of a Daruma Doll.” in Gunn, W (Ed.). 2009. Fieldnotes
and Sketchbooks: Challenging the Boundaries Between Descriptions and Processes of Describing. PeterLang Publishers.
Lucas, R. 2009c. “Designing a Notation for the Senses” in Architectural Theory Review Special Issue:Sensory Urbanism, Spring 2009 Issue. Volume 14, Issue 2, p173.
Lucas, R. 2017. “The Discipline of Tracing in Architectural Drawing.” in Johannessen, C.M. & Van
Leuuwen, T. J. (Eds.). The Materiality of Writing: a Trace-Making Perspective, London: Routledge.
Lucas, R. 2018. “Threshold and Temporality in Architecture: Practices of Movement in JapaneseArchitecture” in Bunn, S. (Ed.). Anthropology and Beauty: from Aesthetics to Creativity. London:Routledge.
raymond.lucas@manchester.ac.uk
Senior Lecturer in Architecture
University of Manchester
Manchester School of Architecture (MSA)
Manchester Urban Institute (MUI)Manchester Architecture Research Group (MARg)
Room 1.22, Humanities Bridgeford Street!4