Conference Papers
Japan-China-ROK Dialogue
Japan-China-ROK Relations in the Global Perspective

September, 21, 2016
Tokyo, Japan

Co-Sponsored by
The Global Forum of Japan (GFJ)
Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)Table of Contents
1. Program ................................................................................................................... 1
2．Biographies of the Panelists .................................................................................. 2
3．Presentation Papers ................................................................................................ 5
Session I: Seeking Possibilities of Japan-China-ROK Trilateral Cooperation
amid the Turbulence of the Global Politics
GUO Yanjun, Deputy Director, Institute of Asian Studies, CFAU............................................... 5
KIM Hankwon, Professor, KNDA ................................................................................................... 6AMAKO Satoshi, Academic Member, GFJ / Professor, Waseda University ................................ 7

Session II: Prospects of Japan-China-ROK Cooperation in the Global Economy
CHOE Wongi, Professor, KNDA ..................................................................................................... 8ZHU Caihua, Dean, School of International Economics, CFAU ................................................ 11
NAKAGAWA Junji, Professor, the University of Tokyo .............................................................. 12

4．Appendix: Introductions to Co-sponsoring Organizations ........................... 13(1) The Global Forum of Japan (GFJ) ............................................................................................ 13(2) The Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) ............................................................................ 14

1. Program

日中韓対話Japan-China-ROK Dialogue---------------------------------------------------------------------------------「世界の中の日中韓関係」
Japan-China-ROK Relations in the Global Perspective
2016 年 9 月 21 日／September 21, 2016
ANA インターコンチネンタルホテル東京「ギャラクシー」／ "Galaxy," ANA Intercontinental Tokyo
共催／Co-sponsored by
グローバル・フォーラム／The Global Forum of Japan (GFJ)
日中韓三国協力事務局／The Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)

オープニングセッション ／ Opening Session

13:00-13:45
開会挨拶 A（10 分間）
Opening Remark A (10 min.)伊藤 憲一 グローバル・フォーラム代表世話人／日本国際フォーラム理事長
ITO Kenichi, Chairman, GFJ / President, JFIR

開会挨拶 B（10 分間）
Opening Remark B (10 min.)

ウェイ・リン 中国外交学院アジア研究所所長
WEI Ling, Director, Institute of Asian Studies, China Foreign Affairs University (CFAU)

開会挨拶 C（10 分間）
Opening Remark C (10 min.)シン・ドンイク 韓国国立外交院外交安保研究所所長
SHIN Dong-ik, President, The Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security,
Korea National Diplomatic Academy (KNDA)

開会挨拶 D（10 分間）
Opening Remark D (10 min.)イ・ジョンホン 日中韓三国協力事務局次長
LEE Jong-heon, Deputy Secretary-General, TCS

セッションⅠ／ Session I

13:45-15:15

激動する国際政治と日中韓三国協力の可能性
Seeking Possibilities of Japan-China-ROK Trilateral Cooperation
amid the Turbulence of the Global Politics

議長
Chairperson

福島安紀子 日本国際フォーラム参与／青山学院大学教授
FUKUSHIMA Akiko, Councilor, JFIR / Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University

基調報告 A （10 分間）
Lead Discussant A (10min.)

グオ・ヤンジュン 中国外交学院アジア研究所副所長
GUO Yanjun, Deputy Director, Institute of Asian Studies, CFAU

基調報告 B （10 分間）
Lead Discussant B (10min.)キム・ハンクワン 韓国国立外交院教授
KIM Hankwon, Professor, KNDA

基調報告 C （10 分間）
Lead Discussant C (10min.)天児
慧 グローバル・フォーラム有識者メンバー／早稲田大学教授
AMAKO Satoshi, Academic Member, GFJ / Professor, Waseda University

自由討議 （50 分間）
Free Discussions (50 min.)

出席者全員
All Participants

議長総括 （5 分間）
Summarization by
chairperson (5min.)

福島安紀子 日本国際フォーラム参与／青山学院大学教授
FUKUSHIMA Akiko, Councilor, JFIR / Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University

15:15-15:25

休憩／Break1

セッションⅡ／ Session Ⅱ
15:25-17:00

グローバル経済における日中韓三国協力の展望
Prospects of Japan-China-ROK Cooperation in the Global Economy

議長
Chairperson

梅澤 彰馬 日中韓三国協力事務局次長
UMEZAWA Akima, Deputy Secretary-General, TCS

基調報告 A （10 分間）
Lead Discussant A (10min.)チョウ・ウォンギ 韓国国立外交院教授
CHOE Wongi, Professor, KNDA

基調報告 B （10 分間）
Lead Discussant B (10min.)ジュ・ツァイファ 中国外交学院国際経済学院院長
ZHU Caihua, Dean, School of International Economics, CFAU

基調報告 C （10 分間）
Lead Discussant C (10min.)中川 淳司 東京大学教授
NAKAGAWA Junji, Professor, the University of Tokyo

自由討議 （50 分間）
Free Discussions (50 min.)

出席者全員
All Participants

議長総括 （5 分間）
Summarization by
Chairperson (5min.)

梅澤 彰馬 日中韓三国協力事務局次長
UMEZAWA Akima, Deputy Secretary-General, TCS[NOTE］日本語・英語同時通訳付き／ English-Japanese simultaneous interpretation will be provided

2．Biographies of the Panelists【Foreign Side】
WEI Ling

Director, Institute of Asian Studies, China Foreign Affairs University (CFAU)

Dr. Wei Ling is Professor of International Studies, Director of the Institute of Asian Studies at the China
Foreign Affairs University (CFAU). She was a visiting scholar to Oakland University (Michigan, the US,2003) and French Institute of International Relations (IFIR, 2007), and a Fulbright Visiting Research
Scholar at Cornell University (2012-13). Her research interests include international relations theory andEast Asian regionalism. She is China’s Country Coordinator for NEAT (the Network of East AsianThink-tanks), NACT (the Network of ASEAN-China Think-tanks), and NTCT (the Network of Trilateral
Cooperation Think-tanks). She is on the editorial board of Foreign Affairs Review (Waijiao Pinglun). She
holds a Ph.D in international relations from CFAU.

SHIN Dong-ik

President, The Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security,
Korea National Diplomatic Academy (KNDA)

Prior to his current appointment, he served as Deputy Minister for Multilateral and Global Affairs at the
Ministry (2013-2016), and as Deputy-Permanent Representative at the Korean Mission to the United
Nations in New York (2011-2013). He also worked as Minister Counselor at the Korean Mission (2005-08)
and Director-General for International Organizations (2008-2010) in the Ministry. In addition, he was an
Advisor at the United Nations Foundation in New York (2010- 2011).He has a variety of experiences in
multilateral and UN related affairs. Since joining the Foreign Ministry in 1981, he has assumed political,
economic and consular posts in Seattle (1986-1989), Kuala Lumpur (1992-1995) and Geneva (2001-2003).
He also served as Director for Security Policy (1999-2001) and Deputy Director General for Policy
Planning (2003-04). He holds two Master of Arts degrees in international relations from the University ofPennsylvania (1985) and in Political Science from Yonsei University (1983). He also worked as Research
Associate at the International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) in London from 1996 to 1997.
2

LEE Jong-heon

Deputy Secretary-General, TCS

Mr. LEE Jong-heon started his term at Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) as the Deputy
Secretary-General in 2015. He joined the Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) in 1988. He
graduated from the College of Law at Seoul National University and received LL.M. from the Law Schoolof George Washington University. His latest posts include Advisor to the Minister for Trade (2000);
Director of Educational and Training Division in Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security(IFANS) (2002); Senior Director of Strategic Planning Dept. in National Security Council (2003); Director ofTreaties Division in MOFA (2003); Senior Assistant Secretary of Office of the President (Protocol) (2004);
and Minister-Counsellor, Korean Embassy in Germany (2009).

GUO Yanjun

Deputy Director, Institute of Asian Studies, CFAU

He is associate professor and Deputy Director of the Institute of Asian Studies at China Foreign Affairs
University. He also serves as a research fellow at the Innovation Center on National Territorial
Sovereignty and Maritime Rights. As a member of the NEAT China (10 + 3) , NACT China (10 + 1) and
NTCT China(CJK), he has involved in a couple of track II activities in the past years. He specializes in the
study of international rivers and transboundary water resources management, esp. the Lancang-Mekong
river water management. He has published relevant writings and articles both at home and abroad ontransboundary water resources management.

KIM Hankwon

Professor, KNDA

Before joining KNDA, he was a research fellow and the director of the Center for Regional Studies at theASEAN Institute for Policy Studies in Seoul, South Korea. He specializes in Chinese foreign policy andnationalism as well as Sino-DPRK economic relations. He completed a postdoctoral program at Tsinghua
University, China and then worked as a research scholar at the School of International Studies, Peking
University, China. Dr. Kim received his B.A. (political science) and M.P.A. (Master of Public Affairs) fromthe University of Connecticut at Storrs, USA. He holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from American
University, USA.

UMEZAWA Akima

Deputy Secretary-General, TCS

Dr. UMEZAWA Akima started his term at Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) as the Deputy
Secretary-General in 2015. He joined the Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) in1991, and in 2009, he
was appointed the Head of Chancery to the Embassy of Japan in Singapore. Upon returning to MOFA in
2011, he served as the Director of Fisheries Division and as the Cabinet Counsellor to the Ocean Policy
Cabinet Secretariat and in 2013 he was an Advisor in the Representative of the Government of Japan to theInternational Court of Justice (ICJ). He received a Master’s Degree in International Relations from
University of Leeds, England, and a Ph.D. Degree in Ocean Management from University of Tokyo. He iscurrently a Visiting Professor of Gujarat National Law University’s Public International Law.

CHOE Wongi

Professor, KNDA

He holds a B.A. and M.A. in International Relations from Seoul National University and obtained a Ph.D.
in Political Science from the University of Washington in Seattle. He was a visiting faculty at the
University of Oklahoma in 2005, Colorado State University in 2011 and University of Houston in 2013-14.
He served as an expert advisor at the Presidential Council for Future & Vision in 2008 and was a memberof expert advisory committee at the G20 task force of the Ministry of Strategy and Finance in 2009. He has
participated in the UN climate change negotiations as an advisory member of Korean government
delegation. His current research projects include Korea’s multilateral strategy and global governance,
regional cooperation and architecture in East Asia, and energy policy and climate change negotiation.
3

ZHU Caihua

Dean, School of International Economics, CFAU

Prof. Zhu Caihua is a professor in Economics and Dean of School of International Economics，China
Foreign Affairs University. Prof. Zhu was once a Fulbright visiting research scholar in Columbia
University(USA). She is now one of the chief researchers of NEAT (Network of East Asian Think-tanks)
China's working group and an academic fellow of the Research Center of Peace and Development. Her
research interests cover international trade and investment, East Asian economic cooperation, andSino-US economic relations. Her typical publications include the books like FDI Externalities and China’s
Industrial Development, Foreign Direct Investment and China’s Economic Growth.

【Japanese Side】

ITO Kenichi

Chairman & President, GFJ / President, JFIR

Graduated from Hitotsubashi University and joined Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1960. Studied at GSAS
of Harvard University. Served in Japanese Embassies in Moscow, Manila and Washington and also as
Director of First Southeast Asian Division until 1977. Since then he served as Tokyo Representative of CSIS
(1980-1987) and professor of international politics at Aoyama Gakuin University (1984-2006). He has been
President of Japan Forum on International Relations (JFIR) since it was founded in 1987 and now
concurrently serves as Chairman of Council on East Asian Community (CEAC). He is Professor Emeritus
and holds Honorary Doctorate in International Relations.

FUKUSHIMA Akiko

Councilor, JFIR / Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University

Received M.A. from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins
University and Ph.D. from Osaka University. Her carrier includes Adjunct Professor of the Law School at
Keio University, Director of Policy Studies at the National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA),
Senior Fellow at the Japan Foundation and Visiting Professor to the University of British Columbia,
Canada. She has served on the Japanese government committees including the Advisory Council on
National Security and Defense Capabilities of the Prime Minister's Office and the Council of Ministry ofForeign Affairs since 2013.

AMAKO Satoshi

Academic Member, GFJ / Professor, Waseda University

Graduated from Waseda University in 1971. Received M.A. form Tokyo Metropolitan University, andPh.D. from Hitotsubashi University. Served as Associate Professor at Ryukyu University, Professor at
Kyoritsu Woman’s University and Aoyama-Gakuin University, Visiting Professor at American University,and Dean of Graduate School for Asian Pacific Studies, Waseda University (2006-08).

NAKAGAWA Junji

Professor, the University of Tokyo

He got his B.A., M.A. and Ph. D. in law from University of Tokyo. He was associate professor at the Tokyo
Institute of Technology and at the Institute of Social Science, University of Tokyo, and assumed his current
position in 2000. He was a visiting scholar at Georgetown University Law Center, Harvard Law School,
and at El Colegio de México. He also taught at Graduate School of International Studies at University ofDenver, Fletcher School at Tufts University, and at Free University of Berlin. He is a member of several
policy councils and research committees sponsored by the METI and MOFA. His research focus is ontransparency in international trade and investment dispute settlement, multilateralism and regionalism inglobal economic governance, international harmonization of financial regulation, and international
economic law of development.
(In order of appearance)

43．Presentation Papers
Session I: Seeking Possibilities of Japan-China-ROK Trilateral
Cooperation amid the Turbulence of the Global Politics
GUO Yanjun
Deputy Director, Institute of Asian Studies, CFAU
The Possibility for Building A New Trilateral Cooperation
In the context of rapid development of globalization, political turbulence and security
threat seems to be globalized as well. All these challenges need a closer cooperation of countries,
especially regional countries. A useful idea is “Think globally, act regionally”.

1. The progress and challenges of trilateral cooperation
After more than 15 years of development, the three countries have established full-fledged
mechanisms for cooperation, and formed an all-dimensional, multi-tiered and wide-ranging
cooperation framework with the Trilateral Summit Meeting as its core, and supported by 20
ministerial meetings in areas. But from this year, because of the maritime disputes between China
and Japan and THAAD issue between China and Korea, the trilateral cooperation has been being
greatly influenced.

2. The possibility of trilateral cooperation
Looking forward, I think the outcome of trilateral cooperation highly depends on(1) how the three countries can improve their bilateral relations;(2) how the three countries can lead the East Asian regional process; and(3) how three countries can nurture the sense of community.

In conclusion, the proper and mutual acceptable strategic positioning of the three countries
in the world and region is extremely important in promoting their bilateral relations and hence thetrilateral cooperation. For instance, How can South Korea make balance between China and US to
be an influential middle power? How can Japan be accepted by its neighboring countries when it ismore active in global and regional affairs? How can China convince some countries its rise would
be peaceful? These need more efforts and wisdoms from the governments, experts and our people.

5

KIM Hankwon
Professor, KNDA
The Possibility of Trilateral Cooperation
1. Two Rises in Northeast Asia
There have been two rises in Northeast Asia for decades. The first one is the rise of China,
and the second one is the rise of nationalism in the region. Since the 1990s, the rise of China has
produced two different perspectives. These are the China threat and China opportunity. One of thecritical points to maintain peace and stability in Northeast Asia is to translate the rise of China into
China opportunity in the region and beyond.
For the common goal of ROK, PRC, and Japan, we, the three countries, should work
together for enhancing regional economic cooperation. First of all, China should expand its ‘One
Belt, One Road Initiative’ to Korea and Japan in the near future. Korea should connect its ‘Eurasia
Initiative’ to China and Japan. Japan should lead regional economic integration through earlycompletion of FTA of the three countries.
Secondly, the rise of nationalism in Northeast Asia must be managed in a proper way. A
number of issues that have threatened the cooperation among the three countries for a long time arestrongly relevant to nationalism in the three countries. Regional controversial issues that haverecently emerged, such as historical legacy issues, territorial/EEZ/ADIZ(Air Defense Identification
Zone) issues, and the shadow of regional security dilemma issues, have been affected by internal
nationalistic voices. It is true that the international disputes relevant to sovereignty between
countries are, in nature, always very difficult and sensitive. At the same time, it is also very clear forthe three governments that those domestic political and nationalistic demands have offered them anarrow space on the negotiation process.
Therefore, it is increasingly necessary that opinion leaders in major think tanks in the three
countries make huge efforts to put nationalism on the right track so as to prevent it fromdegenerating into chauvinism. Also, the three governments should participate more proactively inthe trilateral summit as well as ministerial meetings. Such summits and meetings propose regional
goals of prosperity and cooperation, so that the peoples in the countries identify themselves not
only as their own national identities but also as people in Northeast Asia.

2. The Lack of Two Trusts
Northeast Asian international politics have suffered from two distrusts. One is strategic
distrust between the Unites States and China. The other one is security distrust between North
Korea and the international community. The three countries should work with the United States toenhance regional peace and stability. The most important task will be the denuclearization of the
Korean Peninsula. In the process of guiding the DPRK to the meaningful Six-Party Talks, the three
countries and the United States should cooperate to promote strategic trust between Washington
and Beijing, and at the same time, urge Pyongyang to join the international community throughsanctions and negotiation for denuclearization.

6

AMAKO Satoshi
Academic Member, GFJ / Professor, Waseda University
信頼醸成と協力共存の日中韓関係を構想する
Ⅰ． １９９８年の「日韓共同宣言」(小渕・金大中)、「日中共同宣言」(小渕・江沢民)
内容、意義を改めて確認し、それらの精神をベースに信頼と協力を増やす⑴ 日韓パートナーシップ宣言：「21 世紀の確固たる善隣協力関係を構築するために過去を直視し」、「小渕総理大臣は過去の一時期韓国国民に対し植民地支配により多大の損害と苦痛を与えたこと言う歴史的事実を謙虚に受け止め、これに対して痛切な反省と心からのお詫びを述べた」「金大中
大統領は戦後の日本の平和憲法のもとでの専守防衛および非核三原則をはじめとする…国際社会の平和と繁栄に対し日本が果たしてきた役割を高く評価した」「両首脳は研究者、教員、ジャーナ
リスト、市民サークルなどの多様な国民各層間および地域間交流の進展を促進することとした」⑴ 日中共同宣言：「(中国侵略に触れた後)年に１回の指導者の相互訪問、政府間ホットラインの設置、円借款の２年分の供与と中国側の謝意など、朝鮮半島や多国間貿易での協力で合意」

Ⅱ． ２０１５年の戦後７０年の「安倍談話」の評価と課題（１）日本政府として「痛切な反省と心からのお詫び」という歴代内閣の立場揺るぎない。
⑴ 私たち日本人は世代を超えて過去の歴史に真正面から向き合い、謙虚な気持ちで過去を受け継ぎ、未来へと引き渡す責任がある⑴ 課題として、韓国の植民地統治に関しての直接の言及がなかったこと―but 2015.12.18 の日韓外相会談で「従軍慰安婦問題で合意」が成立し、大きく前進

Ⅲ． 日中韓の「敏感イシュー」への対応＊短期で問題解決の可能性はない→「刺激しない、挑発しない」＝双方が相手の国民感情を刺激する行動・発言を慎む
竹島／独島、尖閣／釣魚諸島、反日ナショナリズム、靖国参拝問題
ヘイト・スピーチ＊非公式専門家会議を設置→相手の主張の背景・根拠を聞き、理解し合える部分の拡大を目指す
共有できる東アジア近代史の作成を目指す→可能ならば、「共有できた部分」の共同声明を公表する

Ⅳ． これからの協力（１）環境協力―中国に幾つかの実験都市設置、大気汚染共同対策、（２）高齢化社会への共同対策（３）自然災害の協力

7Session II: Prospects of Japan-China-ROK Trilateral
Cooperation in the Global Economy
CHOE Wongi
Professor, KNDA
Institutionalization of Trilateral Cooperation
Inter-Governmental Mechanism in Trilateral Cooperation
Issue-area / Level

Leader Ministerial

Global and Regional

SeniorOfficial

Director-General

Working
Official

Number

1

3

3

1

8

Trade/Investment/Industry

3

1

2

2

8

Finance/Macro-economy

2

Agriculture/Fishery/Forestry

11Energy11

Environment

1

1

Tourism

1

Cultural Exchanges

1

political/security

Education
Science/Technology/ICT

1

2
2
3

1

Transportation/Logistics

1

2

Disaster Relief/Management

2

1

Audit and Inspection1
1

2

Academic Forum
Public Health
Mechanism

9

1

2

1

19

9

2
4

1

4
3

1

2

1

4

1
1

TOTAL # of Inter-Gov.

4

2
2

Management

3

1

2

Human Resource

1

1
2

1

4

18

14

60

Source: 2015 Status of Trilateral Cooperation (in Korean), MOFA Korea, 2015.10, pp.9-10.

8Features of trilateral cooperation•

For the past decade, over sixty trilateral consultative mechanisms came to exist with over
one hundred cooperative projects•

The development of trilateral cooperation has remarkable progress of with sixty
inter-governmental cooperative mechanisms as of 2015•

Informal, non-binding, consensus-based cooperation

Variations of trilateral cooperation across different issue-areas•

Overarching Mechanisms–

leaders’ and foreign ministers meeting (six cooperative mechanisms)–

Role of control tower, providing overall framework, managing and developing
trilateral cooperation projects–

Demand for cooperation on political/security issues is high, but political cost isvery high–Limited in political/security cooperation: exchange of views and information on
global and regional political/security issues••

Economic/finance/industrial areas–

The most active interactions with proliferation of meetings and projects–

Trilateral FTA, CMI, investment, industrial cooperation, etc.

–

Demand for cooperation is high and cost is relatively low–

Issue area of low political transaction costs with relatively high expected gains

Energy and Environment–

Active consultations and interactions with few substantive cooperative outcomes–

Common interests as major energy consumer, common interests and concerns
in cross-border environmental issues•–

Mostly information sharing, confidence-building, etc–

Demand for cooperation is high, but cost is also highSocial and cultural areas–

Active consultations and interactions with substantive cooperative outcomes–

Tourism, logistics, aviation, cultural exchanges,–

Functional demand for cooperation as well as the benefits are highAssessment of Trilateral Cooperation across issue areas•

Functional issue-areas (economic and social), where bargaining cost for cooperation is low
and expected gain is high, have the most high level of progress•

Issue-areas (political/security and energy/environment), where bargaining (political andeconomic) costs are high/or expected benefits are uncertain, few substantive outcomes havebeen achieved.

9Directions for future institutionalization of trilateral cooperation•

Issue-specific, functional strategy of institutionalization rather than an overarching
grand scheme --> differentiated institutionalization strategy across issue areas•

Further strengthening the level of commitments in issue-areas related to trade, invest
ment, IPR, etc (where expected benefits are high with medium level of bargaining
costs)•

Further increasing the level of precision of procedures and rules in issue-areas related
to social/cultural exchanges and political/security dialogue (low bargaining costs andhigh expected benefits)•

Further increasing the facilitating and monitoring role of TCS (strengthening informati
on-gathering, research of TCS as an independent body)•Issue-specific and functional approaches to institutionalization in areas such as disaster
relief, public health, environment/green growth, ODA, etc.

•

Increase the level of political, if not legal per se, commitment of political leaders’ toregional integration•

Try to devise institutional mechanism, including informal ones, which would increase
the level of delegation in trilateral institutions such as creating new, or strengthening
the role of existing, secretariats.

10

ZHU Caihua
Dean, School of International Economics, CFAUCJK Cooperation:
From the Perspective of Regional Economic Integration in East Asia
1. Past Experience in East Asia’s Economic Integration
1.1 East Asia’s Integration: Driven by both Market and State Efforts
1.2 East Asia’s Integration: Pushed by both Globalization and Regionalization
1.3 A Prospective East Asia Economic Community (EAEC): Being Shaped by Open Regionalism

2. The Role of CJK Cooperation in Building the EAEC
1.1 CJK is the Economic Center of East Asia
1.2 ASEAN Centrality reflects the Political Drags among CJK Cooperation
1.3 CJK Cooperation is still Crucial to Regional Integration

3. Prospects of CJK Cooperation
1.1 CJK Cooperation Falls within the Most Promising Market in the Future World
1.2 CJK Cooperation Embraces both globalization and regionalization
1.3 CJK Cooperation won’t stop because it will bring real Peace, Stability and Prosperity to the Region

11

NAKAGAWA Junji
Professor, the University of Tokyo
Prospects of Japan-China-ROK Trilateral Cooperationin the Global Economy
1) Where we are(a) Changing trade and investment governance
The DDA stalemate; The era of mega-FTAs (TPP, RCEP and CJK FTA)(b) Global supply chains in the Asia-Pacific region
The need to establish a high-standard trilateral economic cooperation

2) Prospects and challenges of trilateral cooperation(a) Prospects
GSC in Northeast Asia; CJK Investment Agreement (entered into force 22 May 2014)(b) Challenges
TPP ratification; RCEP and CJK FTA negotiation (How fast? How ambitious?

12

How deep?)4．Appendix: Introductions to Co-sponsoring Organizations(1) The Global Forum of Japan (GFJ)【Objectives】
In today’s world, people’s attention is focused not only around the ways and means to cope with theglobalization, but also the rise of new states including People’s Republic of China and the geopolitical evolution both
inside and outside the former Soviet Union. Under these circumstances, in addition to traditional dialogue partners in
Asia-Pacific region, it has become increasingly important for Japan to establish new channels of dialogue both in the first
and the second tracks with countries which she has yet to hold regular meetings with, such as member countries of theOrganization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (Russia, Turkey, Romania, etc.). On the basis of such understanding,
The Global Forum of Japan (GFJ) aims to promote the exchange of views on commonly shared interests and issues in thefield ranging from politics and security to economy, trade, finance, society and culture, and to help business leaders, Diet
members and opinion leaders both in Japan and in their counterpart countries to discuss about the formulation of neworders in global and regional arenas.
【History】

The 1982 Versailles Summit was widely seen as having exposed rifts within the Western alliance.
Accordingly, there were expressed concerns that the summit meetings were becoming more and more stylized rituals
and that Western solidarity was at risk. Within this context, it was realized that to revitalize the summit meetings there
must be free and unfettered exchanges of private-sector views to be transmitted directly to the heads of the participatingstates. Accordingly, Japanese former Foreign Minister OKITA Saburo, U.S. Trade Representative William BROCK, E.C.
Commission Vice President Etienne DAVINGNON, and Canadian Trade Minister Edward LUMLEY, as representativesof the private-sector in their respective countries, took the initiative in founding The Quadrangular Forum in
Washington in September 1982. Since then, the end of the Cold War and the altered nature of the economic summits
themselves had made it necessary for The Quadrangular Forum to metamorphose into The Global Forum established by
the American and Japanese components of The Quadrangular Forum at the World Convention in Washington in October
1991. In line with its objectives as stated above, The Global Forum was intended as a facilitator of global consensus on
the many post-Cold War issues facing the international community and reached out to open its discussions not only toparticipants from the quadrangular countries but also to participants from other parts of the world. Over the years, thegravity of The Global Forum's activities gradually shifted from its American component (housed in The Center for
Strategic and International Studies) to its Japanese component (housed in The Japan Forum on International Relations),
and, after the American component ceased to be operative, the Board of Trustees of the Japanese component resolved, on
February 7, 1996, that it would thereafter act as an independent body for organizing bilateral dialogues with Japan as a
hub for all countries in the world, and amended its by-laws accordingly. At the same time, The Global Forum's Japanesecomponent was reorganized into The Global Forum of Japan (GFJ) in line with the principle that the organization be
self-governing, self-financing, and independent of any other organization.
【Organization】
The Global Forum of Japan (GFJ) is a private, non-profit, non-partisan, and independent membershiporganization in Japan to engage in and promote international exchanges on policy-oriented matters of bilateral, regionaland global implications. While the secretariat is housed in The Japan Forum on International Relations, GFJ itself is
independent of any other organizations, including The Japan Forum on International Relations. Originally established as
the Japanese component of The Quadrangular Forum at the initiative of HATTORI Ichiro, OKITA Saburo, TAKEYAMA
Yasuo, TOYODA Shoichiro in 1982, GFJ is currently headed by OKAWARA Yoshio as Advisor, ITO Kenichi as Chairman& President. The membership is composed of 10 Business Members including the two Governors, MOGI Yuzaburo and
TOYODA Shoichiro; 16 Political Members including the four Governors, ASAO Keiichiro, KAKIZAWA Mito, KOIKE
Yuriko, and TANIGAKI Sadakazu; and 86 Academic Members including the three Governors, ITO Go, SHIMADA Haruo
and MUTSUSHIKA Shigeo.
【Activities】
Since the start of The Global Forum of Japan (GFJ) in 1982, GFJ has shifted its focus from the exchanges
with the Quadrangular countries for the purpose of contributing to the Western Summit, to those with neighboring
countries in the Asia-Pacific region including US, China, Korea, ASEAN countries, India and Australia European
countries, Wider Black Sea Area, for the purposes of deepening mutual understanding and contributing to the formationof international order. GFJ has been active in collaboration with international exchange organizations in those countries
in organizing policy-oriented intellectual exchanges called “Dialogue.” In order to secure a substantial number ofJapanese participants in the “Dialogue”, GFJ in principle holds these “Dialogues” in Tokyo. A listing of topics of "Dialogues"
and its overseas co-sponsors in past years given below.
Year
2016

2015

Month
September
July
March
December
September
July
March
February

Topic
Japan-China-ROK Dialogue
Japan-Asia Pacific Dialogue
The Japan-U.S. Dialogue
Japan-East Asia Dialogue
The Japan-China Dialogue
The Second Japan-GUAM Dialogue
Central Asia + Japan Symposium
The Japan-U.S. Dialogue
Japan-East Asia Dialogue

Co-sponsor
Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat
Meiji University, Western Sydney University
Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University
East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore
China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations
GUAM-Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, the University of Tokyo
Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University
School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University13(2) The Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)
1.

Overview
The Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) is an intergovernmental organization

established to contribute to the further promotion of cooperative relations among China, Japan andthe ROK. Upon the joint agreement signed and ratified by the three governments, the TCS wasinaugurated in Seoul, September 2011. It aims to serve as a cooperation hub for trilateral
cooperation that encompasses the broad spectrum of sectors and actors. In the ‘Joint Declaration for
Peace and Cooperation in Northeast Asia’ adopted at the 6th Summit in 2015, the leaders expressed
support for the capacity-building of the TCS by its participation in all ministerial-levelgovernmental mechanisms within the framework of trilateral cooperation. With a view tosolidifying the cooperative ties among the three countries, the TCS will strive to ensure thattrilateral cooperation remains dynamic and future-oriented in the coming days.
2.

Functions and Activities
1) Providing support for trilateral consultative mechanisms
2)

Trilateral Summit / Trilateral Foreign Ministers Meeting, etc.

Exploring and facilitating cooperative projects-

Trilateral Table Top Exercise on Disaster Management / Trilateral Business Networking/Young Ambassador Program etc.

3) Promoting understanding of trilateral cooperation
4)

Collaboration with other organizations-

5)

ASEAN / APEC / UN / EU etc.

Research & Database-

3.

International Forum for Trilateral Cooperation / CJK FTA Seminar / TCS Open House etc.

Trilateral Statistics, Trilateral Economic Research Report, TCS Website etc.

Organization
The TCS consists of a Consultative Board and four Departments. The Board, the executive

decision-making body of the organization, is comprised of a Secretary-General and two Deputy
Secretary-Generals.
The Secretary-General is appointed on a two-year rotational basis in the order of the ROK,Japan, and China. Each country other than the one of the Secretary-General nominates a Deputy
Secretary-General respectively. Under the Board, there are four Departments of Political Affairs,
Economic Affairs, Socio-Cultural Affairs, and Management and Coordination.

14

MEMO

15

The Global Forum of Japan (GFJ)
17-12-1301, Akasaka 2-chome Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0052, Japan[Tel] +81-3-3584-2193[Fax] +81-3-3505-4406[E-mail] gfj@gfj.jp[URL] http://www.gfj.jp/[This “Dialogue” is administered by the Secretariat of The Global Forum of Japan]