lSSN O912−7410

No．21May1993

洞窟階弧風習「班毘尿JⅣTE月〃月γJO〃dエ 上月∬E E〃Ⅴ〃己0〃〟EⅣT CO〟〟JrTEE FOぴⅣβdTJO〃．For Better Lake Management−This Newslette（is also avairabreinJapanese．

UNEPlnternationa？Techno10gyCentre（UNEP／JETC）OPEN！！

The UNEPJnternationalTechno10gy Centre（UNEP／
tjonin Shjga．to support the Centre and to coordinatelETC）wasestabrishedonOctober30，1992inJapan，aS 10CaZ contributions to the Center．
Shjga PrefecturaE Government has deternlined toa resu）t of an agreement between the Government of
SUPPOrtlETCin manywayssuchasconstructinganew
Japan and UNEP．TheopenlngCeremOnyfortheShigabui［ding to house the Centre，mObi］izing afund forthe
Oflice was attended by Dr．Mostafa K・Tolba．thenCentre to coverits operation cost，and providing man−
ExecutiveDlrectorofUNEP，Mr．Minorulnaba，Governor
POWertO
eXPandits pro］ects・The newbuildingwillbe
Of Shiga Prefecture and Mr・Saburo Takada，Mayor of
COmP事etedintheendof1994andw川belocatedonthe
Kusatsu City．Those attending confirmed their deter−
Shore of Lake Biwa．
mlnation10C00Perate tO make the Centre a success・
The OsakaOfficewilJbein charge ofenvironmentaE
UNEP／EETC w川 be dedicated to the transfer ofmanagement of big cities．The GlobalEnvironment
environmentaJly sound technologleS tO deveFop‖lg
Center（GEC）willfunction as a supporting foundation
COuntTiesand countrieswith economieslnt（anSltion by
and belocatedin the city of Osaka．
nleanS Of providing trainlng and consurting services．
UNEPhasbeenadvertisingworEdwidefornewstafffor
CarrylngOutreSearCh．andaccumulatinganddisseminat−lng relatedinformation，With specialfocus on environ− the Centre since Februa「y1993．Postsareexpectedto
be川Ied byJune．
rnentalEysustainabJemanagementofbigcitiesandfresh
waterlake and reservoir basins一
lnternational Symposium on Networking of丁here w川，1n eIfect，be two centres，Onein Kusatsu
EnvironmentaT Conservation Techno10gy（Shiga）andtheotherinOsaka．TheShigaofficewil＝）ein
T「ansfe「Charge of fresh water environmentalmanagement．
In commemoration of the establishnlent Of the UNEP
Associated with the establishmento†UNEP／1ETC，ILEC
Wil［furtherexpanditsactivitiesasasupportingfounda一Dr，To）ba

nation and educationalp「ograms on the role o†JnternationaJEnvironmentalTechn010gyCentre（UNEP／
technorogleSin soJving environmentaIproblems；lETC），■the rnternationalSymposium on Networking ofandEnvirDnmentalConservatlon Techno】ogy T「ansfer was
COnVenedin Otsu，Sh】gaandin Osakawith overl，0005）t）rOVid童ng consulting serviceSincluding dispatch ofexperts for the purpose of assistingin soEvlng
Participants frominternationalorganizations attending．
SPeCl†icerN行Onmentalprobtemsand盲ndeveIopIng
The Sympos山m was o（9anized by the Environment
environmentalp01icies．
Agency ofJapan，Ministry of Foreign Affairs，Shiga

Prefectura】Government，andthecityofOsaka．withthe
SPeCialcooperation ofthelnternationalLake EnviTOnT
ment Committee（JLEC）and the G）obaF Envirornlent
Center（GEC）．

ThethernesoftheSymposiunlWerethe promotionof
effective transfer of environmentarly sound techno】ogy
and the estabHshment of grobalnetworks through coト
FaboratLon among relevantcountriesand organizations，
focus竜ng on the modatity of opeTation o†UNEP／）ETC，
After the opemng ceremony，Keynote addressesdelive「ed by representatives of UNEP，the Ministry ofForeign Affairs and the Environment AgencY OfJapan，lntensivediscuss】onswereheJdonfou（tOPics，namelyl）
transferofenv行onmentallysoundtechno】ogleSandthe
roleofUNEP／lETC；2）environmentalmanagementofbig
Cities andinternationalc00Peration；3）environmentar
management of fresh waモer rake／TeSerVQir basins andinternationalc00Peration；and4）expectedfunctionsof
UNEPin the posトUNCED pr⊂）CeSS and proposals to
Strengthen UNEP・
1t was suggested that UNEP／［ETC should prorrlOte
technology transfer through the fol（OWLng aCtMties二
1）estab）ishing an easily accessibFe database on rele−
Ventlechno10g】Calinforma冒0∩；2）t（ainingpeopJeinbothpubricandprivatesectors，Who
arein charge of environmentaJmanagement；
3）conducting research and studies on methodotogies
and mechanismstofaciJitate techno（ogytransferas
Wellasto assess technologJeSSUiled tothe needs
and conditions of deveh⊃P［ng COUntries；4）raisjngpubEicawarenessthroughinformationdissemi−2

Commemorative Lecture by Dr．Tolba

In order to celebrate the establishment of the UNEP
lnternationatTechnology Centre，the Shfga Prefectural
Government hela a commemorative lecture in Otsu on
October29．Aftertheopenlngaddressde［iveredbyMr．
Shou乙aburo NakamuTa．Ministerin chal ge Of Gtobal
Environment Problems．Japan and Mr．MinoruJnaba，Governor of Shiga Prefecture．Dr．Mostafa K・Torba，
Executive Director of UNEP，gaVe a COmmemOrative】ectureentitled Necessity．1nventionanArrThat．Jnhistecture，heexpressedhisexpectationsforthefuture．He
Said， lThe Centre w州 be among the mostimportantCentresofexceJFence ofUNEP．Andtogether，theywiFI
COVer aJlfacets of technorogy transferこPlannlrtg，in−formationdissemination，trainlngParticularrylntheareaof technotogy assessment．consUlting and research・叫

ーーー←− −一・ご1喜 ▼、・・『L一 ンr−・≠−・ノ■∴∴ ∴lLEC Activitiesin1992
Jan 25 − Mar26

Jan 26 − 31

The2nd Group Training Courseintive DirectoT）to uNEPlnternational

Lake Water Quatity Managementin

Env汗onmentalTechnology Centre

Otsu．Shiga（lLEC／JICA）（Kusatsu．Shiga）

Missionsto Dublin，rrelandforZnter−

UNEP．1nternationalEnvironmental

Oct 30national Conference on Water and
EnvFronment
Mar22 − 27

MissiontoThailandonLakeEnviron−mentalEduca朋on

May 6−26

Techno−ogyCentrewasinaugurated
Nov26 − 28

Participationin the symposium caE−
ted

DeG 8

GRENTEX ■92

in Yokohama

Environmental Education Pilot Class

Missions to Lake Erhai in Yunnan

at Moriyama KitaJr．High School

Province．China fp†lnland Wale†（Moriyama City，Shiga）

Consulting Service

May31−Jun15

Mission to the Amazon River Basin，BrazirforlntandWaterManagement
Consultirtg Service
Jun l− 6

Missionsto Rio deJarleiro BraziIfor
the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development（UNCED）

Jun 4

lLEC activities were introduced andreported on Japan Day during
UNCED
Jun 22 − 24

Discussion on Data CoIEection Pro−
iectbetween LLECand CLP，Russia，
at OtsuJun 27

EnvironmentalEducation Pirot Clas−
SeS at KohokuJr．High School（Kohoku Town，Shiga）

Jun

Guideline book V0l．4

MT・KeiYamaヱaki（DiTeCtOrGeneTa10flLEC）atJapan Day
during UNCED onJun．4at Rio deJaneiro

Toxic sub−stances Management in Lakes andReservoi「s was publishedAug 2

Participated at thelOth uLake Aid
Festivar

Aug12−22（Kusatsu City，Shiga），lnvo−vedinUNCED PosterExhibition（Otsu City．Shiga）

Aug 27

EnvEronmentar Education Outdoor
Pilot CFass at SawayarrLa Primary
School（Hikone City，Shiga）

Sep13−17

Sponsored a sessionlNTECOLlVlnternationalWetねnds Con†erence（Ohio，∪．S．A）■

Sep 29EnvironnlentalEducatjon Pilot Classat Daihoh Primary Sch001（Rittoh
Town．Shiga）

Oct15 − 20

CQ−Organi乙ed Asian Wetland Sym−
POS＝」m t

300Participants from 24countries（700verseas partjcipants）
Oct 29Visjt of Dr．M．Tolba（UNEP Execu−

Asian肌／etla＝d Sympos＝」m d＝「戸ng Oc−．15−20
at Lake Biwa Research ZnstituteLake
Kasumi9aUra

The6th World Lake Conference w＝be heldin旧ARAKI
AsmentionedinlLECNewsFetterNo．20．the6thWorrd

LakeConferencewi＝beherdinlbaraki（neチrTokyo＝n
1995．1tisthefirstworrdJakeconferenceinJapan．since
this conference was heldin Otsuin1984．Sonle3．000
Participants are expected to attend from60nations．

）BARAKIPREFECTURE
araki（Prefecture）islocatedlnthecentraLpartoi

Japan 畠mainisrand（Honshu）．inthenortheastpartofthe

reglOn knownasthe KantQ Ptain．1tLiestothenortheast
OfTokyowith Mito，themaincitylntheprefecture，JuSt

しatjtude35ノ44●NlQO Km away from the capitaIcity，While Tsukuba
Science Cityis on［y40Km from Narita（new Tokyo）
Airport，the gateway toJapan†rom the air．

de36−56■N

LAKE KASUMLGAURA
Tsuchiuracity，OneOfthevenuesfortheconference，is

し 0ngitude14005（

10CatedbyLakeKasumrgaura．LakeKasumlgaUraisthe
SeCOndlargest）akeinJapanandrocatedneartheriver

gitud（さ139■41−E

mouth of RiverTonegawa■65Krn north−eaStOfTokyo■

TSUKU BA SCIENCE ClTYY
TsukubaScienceCjty．theothervenuefortheconfer−ence，WaS buiZtovera20−yearPeriod atacost ofl，5t｛＝ion yen forthe purpose ofpromoting science andtechnology in Japan and relieving the congestion offacilities in those fields in Tokyo.
Two universjties．the offices of44nationar research
Organizations，andnumerousotherfacilitiesaTe10Cated
Withinthis cjty ■dedicatedtoresearchandstudy．AIso，

VJithnearty2IOOOfore19nStUdentsandresearchtralnees
from over90countriesljv■ng Within this city has been
devetop一ng aS a COmmUnity with a stronginternationaI
flavor．

Lake Kasum唱aU「aTraining Course in Lake Water
Quality Management

Tatuo K】raChairperson．ILECScientLfic Committee．Director‥＝

Lake Biwa Researchlnstitute，Shiga Prefectural
Government

Saburo Matsui
The■lTrainingCourseh LakeWaterQualityManage−
Secretary，lLEC
・
Scientific Committee．Professor，ment r for deveEoplng COUntries was held mainlyin
Facu［ty of EngineeringIKyoto University
Kusatsu，Shiga，Japan，fromJanuary25to March25，
Hiroshi Tsuno
1993，jointJyconvenedbylLECandJICA（Japanlnterna−
Associate Professor．FacuLtyQfCivit Engtneering，
tionalCooperationAgency）．Thiswasthe3rdtimeand ◆…●Kyoto University
thistrainingcoursehasbeenholdingsinceitsinaugura−
Munetsugu Kawashimation as an ODA pro］eCtin1991．
■■■
PrQfessQrlFacuLtyofEducatio？・ShigaUniversity
The courseincIudedlectures and study visits
Akjra Kurata
Subjects rang［ng fromIimno10gy and biologyto water・ ・Head of Research Section．Lake Biwa Researchresource management，PUblic hearth，Water SamPFlng，lnstitute，Shiga PrefecturalGovernment
WaSte Water treatment− Water quaLity and sediment
Masahisa Nakamura
analySiS and the history of water pollution control in・・・・
Head of Research Sectjon，Lake Biwa Research

Japan・

1LECintendstQhQ（dthiscQUrSeOnanannualbasisfor
aboutlOtraineesandhopestomakeaglobaInetworkof
administrators／researchersin water environmenL

A List ofPartic］PantS，foI10WS：
Santiago Morales Mardonado（Bolivia）…… Chief of Chemical＆ PhysicalSection，Tiquna
Fisheries Deveropment Research Center
Evoy ZanTboniF‖ho（BraziI）… Energetic Company of Minas Gere】s Manager

lnstitute，Shiga PrefecturalGovernment
Hfroto Maeda……SeniorResearcher，Lake BiwaResearchlnstitute．
Shiga PrelecturalGovernhlent
Fum盲tsugu Kusano

・・＝
AssistantExecutiveDirector．DepartmentofHealthand Welfare，Shiga PrefecturalGovernment

Masaru Mo「iyaDirector，NatureConservationDivision，ShigaPre−……

fectural Government

Jun Li（China）…・Assistant Director，ChiefofDeveropmentSection，
Human Yueyang Research lnstitutePhilip Dwamena Boateng（Ghana）
・ln charge of the Ghana Water and Sewerage
Cooperation
Ra坤価Warrie「（】ndia）
・・
DeputyDirector．MinistryofEnvironment＆Forest
OnnelndirasariHardi（Endonesia）… Staff of sub Directorate of West Regionlmple−
mentation，Water Supply DGHS，the Min】stry of
Public Wo「ksG‖bert C．Gonzales（Philippines）
・・・
SpeciaIist／Chief．Water PoHution
Hamm00d Mohammed Mammood Al・Hussein（Syria）
・・Genera］DirectorofGEN．0RG．forportableWater Trajnees at Nationallnstitute for EnvironmentalStud］esin＆SanitaryDrainageofHama，MinistryofHousing＆．1baraki

Uti】i吋

Suwannee Lokurprakit（Tha‖and）
・・・
FisheriesBiQ10gist，Surinlnland FisheriesStation，Dept．of Fisheries．Ministry of Agric，Ulture
Em汀Ie Tamer（Turkey）
・・・Environmenta［Engineer（WaterQualityEngineer），
Mlnistry of Environment
Flor Arba Ov】edo de PeTeZ（Vene之ueFa）‥・∈ngineer．MinistTYO†Env血nmental＆Naturat Re−
SOUrCeS

Lecturers of the Course
TakeshiGoda…・Vice Director Generar，lLEC Foundation，Profes−
SOr．Faculty of Engineering．Setsunan University
Trainees atlecture roominlLECin Kusatsu

LAKES OF

丁目巨1〃ORLD

Dead Sea

Saほ Lakes
by W．D．Wi‖ams Department of Zoo10gy University of AdeIaide AustraEia
Thetota（VO（umeotinIandwaterthatissaline（i．e．with Sofarasthe cuFturaFvaFueofsa？trakesisconcerned．
asaLinity＞3gL−1）isonlysl弓ghtlylessthanthevo＝」meOf
佃sjsnotashighasthatforfreshwatersJrefJectingthe
inlandfresh water（0．008：0．009percentoftotalbios− reJativeisoZation of sart Fakes −but there are several
Phericwater）．Muchofthissa）inewater（Tikefreshwater）
exceptionsLTheArarandCaspianSeasfigureprominen−
ishetdinafewverylargelakes，nOtablytheCaspianandtJylntheclassicaHiteratureofcentra．1Asia．asdoesthe
Arat Seas．Even so．sa］t Fakes are common and geog− DeadSeahthe historyofthe MiddLeEastandeastern
TaP州Ca‖ywidespread，OCCurringonaFJcontinents・They
Europe．Manysa（tlakesofNorthandSouthAmericahad
are particu］arly commonin semi−arid areas（）ess than
SPeCja［rocaFcurturalsJgni†icancealso，e．g．MonoLake，40％of gJoba【land area）．
Caljfornia．
In genera），Sartlakes have attracted ratherlittle
Attitudes to the aesthetic va）ues of salt）akes haveattentionfrom［imnoFogistsaLthoughtheyhaveava「ietY
been divided and have changed with time．CertainFy，
Ofimportant uses and vaJues．
manyearlyEuropeanexplorer＄didnotratetheaesthetic
Economica［Fy，they are jmportant as a source Qf
appea）ofsalt】akeshighlywhenfirstsightedin remoteminera】s．Sart（NaCl）is particularlyinlPOrtant but otherareas，However，Mono Lake．CaFifornia，is now per−mineraJs have becorne Qfincreasinginterest，SUCh as
Ceived as a Fake of outstanding beauty，afeature noturanEum．rithiurn and zeolites．lnf10W StTearnS are O代enressened by the recentFy exposed tufa coIumns，Lake
lmPOrtantaSaSOurCeOffreshwater．Moderate）ysa】ine
Nakuru，Kenya，and the Etosha Pan，Namibia，and thei（Eakesare asourceoffishandotherfoods．1nm（〕reSa）ine associated fJamJngO and wildlife popuIations．provide
Iakes，ArtemEa（sign淵cantinlhe aquacultureindustry） thefocusofanirnportanttouristindustrydra＼VlngVisitQrS
anditscystsareofconsiderablecommerciarvaFue，and
WOr】dwide who come to photograph and obseⅣetheirseveral organisms can be harvested from which fine
beauty．FlamJngOS，bothatLakeNakuruandeIsewhere．
Chemicats．pTOteinsandotherorganicproductsmaybe
havelong beerIregarded as birdsQfgreatbeautyand
Obtained（especiaHy DunalieIla，a SOUrCe Ofβ −Ca卜grace．The cultura（and aesthetic values of rnany salt
Dtene and glyceroF，and SpriIuna．asource ofprotejn）， Zakesmeanthatmanyarevisitedbytouriststoexperi−
Certain saJt rakes are said to have therapeutic prop− ence these vaJuesatfiTSthand．Fishing，SWimmlng anderties．Finalry，theeconomicvaIueofsaFtlakesasnaturaJ SaiLing are also TeCrealionalacHvlties assocEated withbanks fromwhichgenesconveylngharotolerancemay
Lakes of moderate sa）inity．
be drawn should not be overlooked．
Saltlakes are Df particu）ar vaIue to a number ofSCientific discIPlneS・To ecorogists，because of their and do no【meritserious consideration asinrand waters
habitat homogeneity，discreteness，low taxonomic dト
WOrthconservingorstudy・＝10Pethisarticrew‖disper
Versity，andvarueasasourceofmateria＝ormicroeco−
that part忙Ular myth．
SyStem StUdies；tO Physiologists，because ofnature of
biological adaptations to the environmental extremes
OPerating withFn sartlakes（high salinity，．OW OXygen
concentratibns．highlight exposure）；tO biochemists，
becauseoftheenzymemechanismsusedbyharophi（es，and the mechanisms by which Halobacteria fix lightenergy；and to evolutiona【Y biologists，becauseinTera／ia，StrOmat01ites are amongstthe oldestknown forms
Oflife on earth．（3，000rnillion years B．PJ．hterest tonon−bioIoglCalscientjsts．especia［ry geochemists，isequalFy as wide．Fina‖y，the sensitivity of salt rakes torelativelysma‖climaticchangesmeansthattheyareof
COnSiderabIeinterestto palaeoJimno10gists，aninterest
recentlycataEysedbyimpendinggroba］cllmaticchange・At a time ofincreasrng environmentalchange andinterest，the educationalvaFues ofsaltlakes shourd not
be undervalued in regions where they are close to
educationaFinstitutions，Microecosystemsderivedfrom
SaltlakesareusefuEteachingtooIs：they［nVOrVeSimple
communities，areeaSytOman［Pulate，andawid占range
Qf experiments ca†1be undertaken uslng them．
NotleastamongstthevaEuesofsaltrakes，thoughthe
mostdifficurttomeasure，istheirvaIueasanintegralpart
Ofthebiosphere：theirb10log［CaldiversltyandecotoglC−
ar processes cannot be excludedfrom grobaldiversity
and biosphericprocesseswTthanycertaintythatexcIu−
Sion wⅢnot have profound repercussions．0ne clear
VarUeinthiscontextistheirroleasfeeding，refugeand
breedhlg Sites for many mlgTatOry Or nOmadic bird
SPeCies−
Notwithstanding their many va］ues and the relative
isolation ofsaltlakes，humanimpacts upon them havebeennumerous，SJgnificant，diverse．comprehensiveand
mostlyJrreVerSible．A］most without exception，impacts
Caspian Sea
have been dereterious．with many a［readyirreparably
damaged，Effects refFectthe diversity ofimpacts butw】th corn−PrehensiveOVeTlap：differen＝mpactsoitenhaveslm＝aT
effects，eSPeChlIythose（the mostub】qujtous）resulting
inincreased sa＝nities．rmpacts maybe uponthecatch−
mentordrainagebasin，reSultf「Omdiversiono＝nf10Wing
WaterS．invoEvethe addition ofwaterproducts or po11u−
tants，directlyaffectthebiota．causephysicalchangeto
thelake basinitseEf，and willforlow globalc［imatic andassociated changes．NotincIuded，though jtsimport−ance（andthuseffect）canscarcelybeoverestimated，ishumanlgnOranCe：the preception that saFt Eakes havelimlted uses and vaFues．are expendabre wastelands ，Forthcoming Conference
5thlnternatEonalSymposTum on Society and Resource
Management．CaIF for Papers

Date：June7−10，1994
Place：Cororado State University．CoForado，Un【tedCall For Articles
ILEC NewsIetterwelcomes readers

cQntributions，SuCh

as■ Lakes of the World ，nOtification ofinternational
COnference，bQOk reviews and others，Kindty send us
any otherinformation you feeF wourd be pertinent・PleaselOin us．

StatesOrganization：The Human Dimensionsin Naturat Re−
Allsubmissions to：
SOUrCeSUnitatCoIoradoStateUniversity
FLEC Secretariat
ThesyrnpQSiumwiuembraceawidevarietyoftopicsbut
3−13−25Kusatsu，Kusatsu−City，Shiga525，JapanitsmainfocushonimprovrngtheutiEityofsocia▲science
for naturat resource managers and potlcy makers．
Those wishing to present at the conference should
Submit abstracts no tonger than two double−SPaCed，typewrittenpagesbyNovemberl，1993，tOtheprogram
Chair．

MicheaEJ．Manfredo，Program Chair
Human Dimensionsin NaturaIResources Unit
CoJorado State University，Fort Co川ns
CO80523．∪．S．A
TEL：（＋1）303−491−1982
FAX：（＋1）303−491−1101

爪r7E肌4了TO∧姐エエAだg gⅣ仰0〃財EⅣr CO朗ル汀r了1EEダOLWDAコ70Ⅳ
3▲13−25Kusn【Su．Kus：lLsu−Cjl）r．Shi即525．Japコn
Tくtl：＋汚l7丁5−672155．Fax：＋81−77567−2156

PRINTED MATTERAIR MAIL