lSSN O912−7410

No．9 MARCH1989

闇嗣溺・・，、− 1
JⅣTE月〃ATJO〃Aエ エA∬E EⅣV7月0Ⅳ〟E〃r CO〟〟JrrEE FOUⅣかATJOⅣ−For Better Lake Management▼This NewsIetteris also availableinJapanese．

lLEC／UNCRD／UNEP／ONEB／PSUJOINT EXPERT GROUP WORKSHOPThe Second Expert Group Work＄hop on
River／Lake Basin Approach to Environmentally
Sound Management of Water Resources
The Second Exp8rlGroup Workshop on River／Lake
BasinApproachtoEnvironmentalIySoundManagementof Water Resource＄：Focu＄ On Policy Responses to
WateT・Resource＄ Management（ssues and Problems
WaSheldfrom16to25January1989hBangkokandHat
Yai，Tha‖andunderthejohtauspIcesofthelTlternational
LakeEnvironmentCommittee（lLEC），theUnitedNations
CentreforRegionaIDeve10Pment（UNCRD）．the United
Natlor［S Environm8nt Programme（UNEP），Office ofthe
NationalEnvironmentBoard（ONEB）inThai］and，andthe
Prince of Songkhla Univer＄ity（PSU）．Fifty−eight sclen−t；sts and poLicy−rTlakers（23 from Thailand）fromllcountrlesand2internationa］organizations（inaddltionto
the sponsoring organizatlons）attended the workshop・
The workshop was anintegralpart of a three−year
PrOJect on river／lake basin−Wide approach to water
resourcerTlanagementWhichhadbeenlaunchedin1987
jointlybylLEC，UNCRD and UNEph responseto thegrowhgneedshdevelopingcountrZestoaddresswater
resources management issues in a broader social
COnteXt．1twasfortunate thattheworkshop rTlarked one
Ofthefirstactivitiesorgan暮zedinlin8W［ththeobiective＄of the NaturalResource＄ and ETIVironment Protectlon

shed］ightonsituationsofninecase−Studyre9■OnS・The
secondpartwa＄heLdfromJanuary23to25atJBHotelinHatYai，theexact10CationofSongkhlaLakeBa＄inin
southernThailand，andthespecialfocusofthesecond
part was anin−depth review of ＄trategIe＄ andapproachestowaterresOUrCeSmanagementOfthelake・
OUTLINE OF PARTI
FoHowing the keynote addresses and generalre−
SOurCe PaPer Pre＄entations on the16th，nine case−studje＄ Were Classifiedinto three categories of thefolrowhlg three problem domalns，and comparative
dlscussion on each three case−Studies was madeCentering on a resource paper of each session duTlng
17th−19th：＊P01icy Responsesto Environmentaland SocialProb一
Iem＄ Resulting from Water−Land Uselnterfaces（Casos of Lake Dfanchl，Lake Victoria，and YahagiRiver）＊Policy Responses to Conflicts Among Competing
Water Uses／Users（Cases of Laguna Lake，Songkhla
Lake．Lake Kasumigaura）＊PolicyResponsesto EnvironmerltalandSociaLEffects
OfWaterResourcesDeveIopmentSchemes（Ca＄eSOf
Amazon Regior），Sag］ing Dam，and Lake Biwa）．
The foI［owing two summaries are examples of case−＄tudy repo「【s．

Y8ar O一 丁hailand．

The workshop consisted of two parts．The fiT St ParE
WaSheldfromJanuary16to21atAmbassador Hoterin
Bangkok．The emphasis of PartIwas to review andevaIuate the past and current pollCy re＄POnS8S tO the
PrOblem＄ andissueSidentified at the first workshop
WhichhadbeenheldinFebrLJary1988inJapanaimhgto

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Environmentallmpact Assessment for
the Porteira Hydroelectric Project（BRAZIL）
ThispaperdescribestheBrazirianlegalenvironmental＄yStOm，P8nlcu18rlyth（）rUlostor引1Vironmonta川￠On＄ln！事

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オー ∵√毎打こ▲−−†甘、−攣㌔隼J

PartlcipantsoftheS8COnd ExpertGroupWorkshop（TMsnewsIetter弓spublishedwithsupportfromtheJapanShipbuildingLndustryFoundation）

Of hydroelectric projects．1t shows how the＋＝censng to the u＄e Of resources，incent；ves，regulatory mechan−
SyStemCOnSider＄differentphasesoftheproJeCtandthe
ism＄，andtechnicalassistance，Th8institutionalarrangeTrole ofthe environrIlentalimpactassessmentand state−ments aT e already jn placein most countries studied．
mentin approving or T ejecting the project through the
Their＄uff；ciency．however，depends much on the sup−discussion of mitigating and compensatory mea＄ureSL
POrE andinvoIvement of the greater sector of society．
Somehighlightsofthe BrazilianConstitutionconcerning
Necessarlly，PeOPle s supporlandinvoIvement can be
erNironment and Amerindians are also presented・A
enhanced only through adequate awarenass of issues
short discussion on environmentalproblemsin therelated toIake management．
Brazilian Amazoni＄ given．
B・Orga両zationalarrangements
The models discussedincluded；（l）the authority
Hydroelectric projectsin the Amazon，both existingand planned，are PreSentedtogetherwiththe potential
model（e＿g．Ca＄eSOfLakeVictoriaandLagunaLake），（2）environmentallmpacts of darTIS and reservoirsin the
sectoraI／m手nisterialmodeI（e，g＿Lake Dianchi），and（3）region．Theimportance ofdetailed baseline studiesin
quasi−gOVernmentalmodel（e．g．YahagiRiver）．Lessons
extracted fronlthe discu＄Sion are：（a）the cooT・dination
the region priortodamconstructionisstressed，duetomechanismdependssomuchonthesizeorscaleofthe
thescarcityofinformation，tOgetherwiththecomplexity
basinarea．（b）thecoordinationmechan寺smdependupon
and fragility ofAmazon ecosystem dynamic＄・The Por−the relatiYeimportance of thelake basin area，（C）
teira engineerhg proJeCtis discussedin term＄Ofits
coordination arrangements require periodic review andPU⊂POSeSin generatin9 energy for the reg10n−SorT［edetails of th8 CiviIproJeCt and of the river／reservoir
modifications，and（d）coordinatlonis dependent upon
the coordhlative capability of the coordinator＄・
SyStem are a］so glVen・
C．Loca［community participation
The strateglesinvoIvedin the Po「teiT a enVironnletal
inlPaCtaSSeSSmentarePreSentedand discussed・Bas8−
It was proposed that community participation can be
1ine studies and the environmentaIcontroIplan of thefurther enhanced and su＄tained through var事ousin−
PrOJeCtare PreSentedforAmerindians，PrOteCtedar8aS，terventionsormechanisms．e，g．foTmation offederation，biotaconservation，demographic patterns，arCheo10gic− hlformaleducation／lnformatZon campafgn，information
alsites，Waterquality，etC．1tshowshowtheenvironmer［− Sharing，PartllerShip between NGOs andlocalgovern−
talcontroIplan draws up prograrnrT］eSand policiesthat
ment．
WOUld minimize the assessedimpacts and en＄ure that
GROUP2：PolicyresponsestoconfIictsamogconlPet−
the project meetsits objectives．
．；ミre＄u／Se8U丁8taw gni
Conflicts have many sources such as hcrea＄ed de−mands on the resources，1ack ofinformation，lack of
Evolution of the Lake Biwa
COnSu］tation or representation．culturaldiff8renCeS．1n
Water Resources Management andWaterreSOurCedeve10Pmentandutilizationthefo owing
EnvironmentalConservation Policies（Japan）
irLStitutiona［arrangements shouId b8 COnSidered；（1）The basic objective of this 2nd−year Studyis to
OVera rulesforwaterresourcesuse（hlmOStCaSe＄，thei］lustl ate Lake Biwaand theintra−Prefecturalundertak−nationaIIaws，regulationsandthelikeareinadequatetodea（with waterconflicts）．（2）rLJlesfor＄PeCificdecisionhgsand accomplishmentsintermsofincreasing socio−
econorTlic development pressuTe OVertime and shi相ng
making such as majority rule，absolute rights，mOney，
emphasison resourcevalues，impendlnglake manage−
benefit−COSt anaIysis．consensus，（3）information sys−
mentissues，and poIicy measures and theirintricate
tems，（4）specifica［onofr桓ht＄．re＄POnSibilitiesandliabi−
relationships・
1ities，and（5）structure of state rTlanagerTlent Organiza−
Seven subjects were chosen for elaboration：i・e・1）
tton．
Structure of laws on the water enviranment and water
Nine case−Studiesidentrfied varlous policytooIs and
Te＄OUrCeS，2）Lake Biwa Comprehensive Deve［oprT］ent
instrument＄Whichwere adoptedto dealwith managing
SOC；alconfllcts overwater use．TheseincIl，［des：ZOning
Project，3）water quaIity conservation policy，4）Ordi−nanceontheEutrophicationPreYention，5）landuseand
andlicensing．user charge，COmPenSations and sub−environmentalconservation，6）probIems of water use
Sidie＄．information generation and dissemination，OrgaTand managemertt，7）inYOLYement Of people and thenizing work amonginterest groups，Organizing water
administration andtheir roles on waterpo＝utioni＄＄ueS・
u＄er＄ orgaT［izations，eStablisMng mechanisms for re−
Ceiving and addresshg corTIPlaints，COntraCtS，inter−
Thelinkage and overlapplng relation＄ amOng these
SubjectareaswereanalyzedtoemphasizethedevelopT
agency coordhation，Public hearings，COnStruCtion of
newinfrastructLJrO，and doing nothing．
ment and conservation dynamics．ErTIPhasis was aIsolaid on the changing water demands as realized overdeGadesindirect帽＄POn＄etOSOCk−e（⊃OnOmicdevelop−
mentpressuregeneratedwithintheprefectureandinthe
down＄trearTIPOPulation andindustriaIc8nter＄．
0n th8 20th，Participants were dividedinto four
discussion groupsforsynthe＄i＄．ArT］Ongdeliberationsat
group discussions were：
GROUPl：Po11cy respon＄e＄ tO enVironmentaland
SOCialprobIems resulting from water−1and useinter−fa￠e5．

Three broad categories of strategleS and approaches
wereident浦ed：
A．rnstitutionalarrangements
There are four types ofinstitutionaIarrangements
foundtohavereleYanCetOlakemanagement；i．e．right＄

2

Dr．Hidehrko Sazanami，Director of UNCRD，delivers addresses
during opening of Part［at Ambassador Hotelin 8angkok．

situation at Lake Songkhla for it represented a major
GROUP 3：Policy responses to environmentaIand
diIemma facing rTlany Of the water re＄OurCe COntrOI
socialeffects of water resources development，P⊂Ojects throughout the worfdL
The maJOr tOPICS Of disctJSSion this time were thescope，methodo10gy，and procedures ofenvironmentalThefirstdayofthe programcentered around discus，
sions on environmentaland sociaIis＄ueSimposed
impact a＄SeSSment（EIA）．ln the countries represented
bywaterresource controIandfreshwaterdisti ation as
by the group members，nearly aH the countries have
Wella＄th8developmentplansofthe areas surrounding
adoptedaformalEIAsystem，anditcan beviewed asa
thelake．Theresultsofasurveyofthelakeconductedby
toolforpromotingcon＄ultationontheproposed proJeCt・
Songkhla University was presented along with detailed
But the manner differs from dne country to anotherreporlson Lake Nakaumi／SinjicaseinJapanwherethe
deperLding on variou＄factors・
freshwaterdistillation planwasdi＄COntinued，aSWellasltisfrequentlyobservedthatdeveFopmentofreservoir
the conditions of Lake La9una，the PMlippines andcoupled with forced resettlement resultsin thein−
Kasum．gaura．J畠Pan，Wherethedisti ationwassuccess−creased pressure onland resouroes，Whi（カIin turnfu y completed・On the basi＄ Of such repo−1sIthe
increasestheriskofsoilerosionintheuppercatchment
discus＄ions thatfollowed covered the efficacy offreshareas，bring aboutcumulative effects onthe riverbasinwaterdistillationasameansofwaterresourcecontrolas
community．Because the conventionaIapproach to EIA
we［■a＄itspossibleeffectsontheecosystemofagIVen
tendsto restrictits scope ofanalysIS Onlytothe directsour（；e Of water．
environmetalimpacts，deve10Pment Of an analytical
Moreover，the presentation of a film depicting theframework capable of assessing cumuiative effects is
disaster of alarge scale flood that had swept overthe
needed．
SOuthern parE of ThailandincIuding Songkhlalast
Whileagreatmajて）TityofthepopuIation benefitsfrom
November．i ustrat8d the need for an accurate flood
Water reSOUrCeS deveIopment programmes and・PrO−
forecast system，While at the same time，demonstrated
jects，therea■repeopIewhoareadverselyatfectedandtheimportanceofwell−devis8ddeve10Pmentandforestg］Venlittle poticyattention．The relief measuresforthe
PT eSerVationplansparticularIyinthearea＄SurrOUndhlga
impacted population aT e frequently short，Sighted andmaJOr Water reSOurCe−
implemented without regard to their real plights. To
On the second day，the participants went on anrectify this situation，a Variety of method couId be
excursionaround LakeSongkhla．Theexcursion，COVer−
adopted to encourage popular participation in theing fTOm the northern to southern tip of thelake wa
process of proJect planning and decision makjng．e・g・
especially meaningfu］in gaining understanding about
information disseminatioTl，Public hearings，invoIvement
the actualconditions of thelake and of some of thear local community representatives.
rTlajor deveEopmentsin the＄UrrOunding＄▲By observing
GROUP4：Manpowerdeve10Pmentinthefieldofwaterrt∋SOUrCeS management．
at first hand，the bird sanctuary and other precious
naturaIpreservations，theparticipantsweT eabIetoIearn
TheanalysISOfproblemsandissuesshowsthe needmuch about efforts to rnaintain the balance between theformanpowertraininglPrOgramme．The possibletarget
developments and nature．
groLJPSShoufdincludethepolicymakers，manager＄，and
0n the finalday．after a presentation on the watertechnicaIstaff．However，due to somelimitationsin the
resourcecontroIproJeCtOfLakeSongkhla，timewasset
resources needed fortrahing，Priorityis placed on theasideforapaneldiscu＄＄毒onunderthetitIeof DevelDP−trainingofmanagers．ThetrainingprogTLammeShouldbe
mentand ControIofBrackishWaterResources． ■Having
short（abouttwoweeks）and bedesignedt6achievethe
had the opportunitytoIisten to a nunlber of presenta−
fo owing objectives；（1）provide a broad knowledge oftion＄ and to observe the actualsituations of Lake
structuresandfunctionofecosystemandsocialsystems，SongkhIa，the panelists as we as the aLJdience were
（2）develop capabiIity to translate policiesinto oper−
absorbedintoalivelydiscussion onthesubject．uncon−
ationalactions，（3）develop capabilitie＄tOidentify，Per−
ceive，and analyze environmentar problems／issue＄and SCious of the passage of tirne．WhiIeit was cIear that
more time was needed to sort out different points ofprovideoptions，（4）deve10Pinthemanagers，thecapa−
view，anumberofvaluable＄UggeStionsweremadeasto
bility to operate a simple lake watershed simulation
howtotakeenvironmentintocon岳iderationindetermin−model．EducationaImaterials maylnCIude：CaSe−StUdy
ingdevelopmentplansaroundawaterresource・ These
repoI Ls，eXPe「t rePOrtS，SOftware，a Simulation modelto
SUggeStions were particuIarlylmPOrtantin view of the
be deve10Ped from nhe case study reportsL Recom−
situation at Lake Songkhlawherethe decision must be
nlendations were also made to encourage workshop
madeconcerningitsfreshwaterdisti］lation plan aswell
Organizers to promote actuaItraining courses・
as for other similar proJeCtS under consid畠rationin
developlng COUntriesin general・
OUTLINE OF．PART Ⅱ
FinaHy，itmustberememberedthatinthesecond part
Ofthe seminar，Participation byanumberofadministra−ln the second partofthe Seminar，Lake Songkhla，intorsandresearchersfT Omthe LakeSongkhlaregionhas
SOuthernThailandwascloselyexaminedasan exampIe
P匝Ven ParticularIy effectivein realizinglive［y andin−
CaSe−Study．Havingcoveredthegeneraloutlineofi＄SueS
formative discussions，a fact which should be notedin
COnCerning water resource controlin the fir＄t Part，thePIanning future seminars・
Seminarshifteditsfocusinthesecond pa11to specifics
so as to deepen the particjpant＄ understanding of
LIST OF PAPERS
Current PTObIems from a more practicalpoint ofview−
WhileLakeSongkhla（abrackishlake）ispT．eSentlyrichin
PART I：POLICY RESPONSES TO WATER RE−
fishandOthernatura＝・eSOurCeS，afreshwaterdi＄ti］lation
SOURCES MANAGEMENT lSSUES
PlanhasbeenunderconsideratlonforsometimetofulfiHK￠yJlOfe Addres8e8
the hlCreaShlg needs of agrlCulturaIandindustrialde−
Sazanami．H．
ve10PmentscurrentlyunderwayaroundtheLake・lnthis
RegionalDeve10Pmentand Water Resources ManT
respect，itwasindeedworthwhiIetocIoselyexaminethe3

WestJava（lndone＄ia）＿
lmaiK．．ef∂J．
EvoIution of the Lake Biwa Water ResoLLrCeS Man−
agement and EnvironmentalConservation PoIicie＄（Japan）＿

戸8perS pr88e〃一合d〟IP八月丁∬Ratanachai，C．and R．SuwannatachoteSociallmpacts of the Proposed Salinity Barrier jn
Songkhla Lake：A Review Paper
Lheknim，V．and P．Leelawathanagoon

Pari II at JB Hoiel In Hat Yalagement・
Hashimoto，M．
Manpower Dev8lopment and Trainingin Lake En−
Vironment Management．
Resol′√Ce Paper8
Nakagami．K．
A Strategic Concept of River／Lake Basln Manage−
ment and Planlling，
Tangtham，N．and K，Chunkao
Methodo109yandApplication ofWatershed Classi−
ficationin Thailand，Nakamura．M．
Risk AnalysISIssues and PeT SPeCtivesin Develop−
ing Countries．
Hufschmidt，M．M．and D．S．McCauleylnstitutiorLaland OrganizationalMechanismsforln−
tegrathlgLandUseDecisionswithWaterRe＄OurCe＄
Management．
Ni（⊃kum」＿ E＿ and K．W．EasterlnstitutionalArrangerT［entS for River／Lake BasinManagementwith Emphasison Managhg Conflicts．
Matsui，S．
Policy Responses to Environmentaland Social
Effects of Water Resources Development．
Case 5IudJes
Zhang，J．and Liu H．
ln＄titutionalAnaly台isforWater Resources Manage−
mentin Lake DianchiBasin（China）．
Machooka，S．M．．eIa／．
Case Study on the Kenya s Lake Victoria Basin（Kenya），
Naito，R．．・8f8J．
AnAnalysisoftheRolesandFunctionsoftheYahagiRiver Mt）thod（Japan）．
Felizar，F．P．，Of a／．
Policy Responses to Fishery Conflictin Laguna
Lake（Philippines）．
Setamanit．S．，eIaJ．
The Developing Planning of th8 Songkhla Lake
Basin with Particular Response to the Proposed
Salinity Barrier Project（Thailand）．
Muraoka，K．．er aJ．
Comprehensive Devalopment of Lake Kasumigaura
andits EnvironmentalManagement（Japan）．
Branski，」．M．，8IaJ＿
ErLVironmentallmpact Asse＄Sment for the Portelra
HydroeIectric Project（Brazil）．
Haeruman H，，eI∂J．
Policy Response to Water Resources Management
lssues and Problem＄：Ca＄e Study ofSagling Dan，

4

EcoIogicalEffectsoftheProposedSalinityBarrierin
Songkhla Lake：A Revlew．
Hobo，T．
Development and Management of Brackish Water
Zon8S：A Review of the Land Reclamation and
SaIinityBarrierProjecthlLakesNakaumiandShinji，Japan．
Taneerananon．P．，ef8J．
Water Quality Management for SongkhIa Lake
Basin．
Chunkao K．
Watershed Management as Related to Songkh］aLake Basin．
PARTFCIPANTS

BrazIIJ．M．Branski：China Liu Hongliang，u Guan−grun，ZhangJjqiang，Hou Bin：lndonesiaHermanHaeru−
rTlanJs．，Edy Brotoi＄WOrO，Poetoranto Setyo Sabdo：
Japan Michio Hashimoto，Takehiko Hobo，Saburo Ma−
tsui．K8n−ichiNakagami，TakeMko Fukushima，Hideo
Harasawa，Renzo Naito，AichiSano，Nobukazu MizLJSM
ma，Yoshiro Niki，Masahisa Nakamura，Michio Akiyama：Ko〃y8S．M．Ma（；hooka．Davld Mshila．Morris Omondi：
L8たe Cわadβas〟TCo〝I爪′8S′oIIAbubakarB．Jauro，0．C．
lTibvoje：MaIaysia Ho Yueh Chuen．um Teik Keat：
PhllippInes Enrique P．Packardo，FrancisGO P．FeHizar，Floro R．Francisco：South African Development Coor，d／〃a〟0／】Co17′e√e〃COJ．Ak8rman：Sr′ ⊥aJ】ka A．Atta−
nayake：USAMaynerdM．Hufschmidt，JamesE・Nickumニ
Zimb8bwe Chri＄ H．D．Magadza：Thai／and Sanga
Sabha＄ri．Chid Ni［panich，Choab Mongkolrat，Suri
Setamanit，Kasem Chunkao，Nipon Tangtham，Sure
Khaodhier，Samakke8 Boonyawat．SLJChart Nawaga−
WOng，Natha HLJngSPreUg．Sawat TuIyapach．Chakrit
Manotham，Maitree Duangsawasdi，Kirasak Chancha−
raswat，Nicomb Kunlaya引ri，Praslt Niratisayakul，Apichart AnukLJlarmphal，Cahlerm Keokungwal，Jaran−thadaKarnasuta，SapaSakuIkaew，SiripongShoIsiripun−
Ierl，Traibhun Mekjaroon，Bantern￡lVora＄ri：Sponsoring
Organ鹿ations（ONEB）PravitRuyabhom，Arthorn Supha−
POdok，Sunthud Somehevita，SLJPhavit Piampongsant．
Chalermsal｛ Wanichsombat，Shithan Pirotbor響boon，
PornchaiTaranatham，Orapin Wongchumpit．Sittiporn
Kajomatyudh．Wiwatana Pratoomvieng，ChalidaJang−
Chadjai，Pramote N tanom，Songduaen Poonwattana−SOmbat，NisanatSatMrakul，MasaMro Ohta，HiromiHiro
naka，YoshinariAnbe，Bangkoh Danwarawijitara；（PSU）
Pha＄00k KuHavanj．Siripongse ST ib‖bhadh，Sunthom
Sotthibandhu，PichaiTaneerananond，SunchaiKlinpiku
ChatchaiRatanachai．RapeepunSawannattachot8，Pros−
Pithaya Kanataratana．Narong Na Chaing Mai．VachiraLeknim，PimoIpan Leelawatanagoon，Sumet Cahi−
WatChaT
agOOn，SorTISak BoronlPhanarat，ReengchaiTanasakul，ApichaiJl，ltha＄弓riwong．Charoen Nlthithan−
young，PanichaiTinnimit，Rachaneeb Kalayankunavuti
Samornrat Vata†lathom．Somsong YIpintsoi，Trlpob
Bhongsuwan，Visit Ka＄emPimoIporn，Wilaiwan Borom−

Thegreatestdifference betweentheJapaneseprojects
and this particular FT eSh Water Plan was foundin the
degree ofparticipation by10Calresidents．Whileweare
We awar80fdifferencesin theways and processes of
PeOPle s participationin government proJeCtS from
COUntrYtO COUntry，itis necessary for us to specificaIly
Participatingin the Second Seminarrecognize such differences in evaluating policies andmeasuresforwater resource controldevisedin different
Thisyear，thesemjnarwasheldinThailandforlOdays
COUnrleS．
in thelatter half ofJanuary．Being one of the fa＄teSt
TheJapanese repo「【covered the procedures of thegrowing economiesamongtheASEAN countries，Thai−
FreshWaterPlanofNakaumi．1gotageneralimpression
landis faced with some majorissues conceming thethatthe significance ofthis particularJapanese proiectbalance b8tWeen developmentand environmentalpre−
SerVation，Which madethecount「yparticularlyapproprト WaS nOt adequately conveyed to the participants from
Othercountries．This was perhaps partly due to discre−
ate as a venue of the second seminar．
PanCyin socialcontext as welIasin the degree of0vera ，there appeared to have been gT eatPrOgreSS
recognition such proJeCtS reCeivein differentcountries．
in the degree of our understanding of the situations
1tmaybetruethatmuchoftheattentionofthepeoplesof
throughouttheworld・Whilethemajorityofpresentations
devetoping countriesis drawn to su￠CeSSful￠aSe＄Of
madein the previou＄ Serr［inar merely covered thedevelopment proJeCtSinJapan．Nevertheless，in pre−generaloutline ofthe re＄ults ofindividualcase studies
SentirIgthe TeSults ofpa＄tPrOJeCtSeXeCUtedinJapan，lthatwere underway，tMsyeaT ，thefocuswasshiftedtoa
findit equallylmPOrtant tO have the particJpants from
COnSideration of specific policies regarding water re−＄OurCeCOntrOl．A ofthe casestudyreportsfrom China． Other countries understand the nature of proJeCtS thathave failedin Japan．Thereis much to gain fromthe PhilippIr［eS，Thailand，lndorLe＄ia，Kenya，Braziland
Understanding and analyzIng the reasons for such fai一Japan，incIudedsomedescriptionaboutth8StrUCtureOf
Iures．TheJapanesepresentationatthesecondseminar
theirrespectiveadministrativesystemaswe‖a＄therole
hasproventobehighlysuccessfulinconvey［ngSPeCificand functions of relevant orgar［izations．
examples offailures and probIemsinvoIvedin our past
Since many of the participants were englneerS．Civil
PrOJeCtS．
eng］neerSin particulaT ．Who were also members of an
Michio Akiyama：Lake Biwa Researchlnstitute，JAPANadministrativebody．anumberofquestionsraisedduring
the QA session＄Were focu＄ed on matters relevant to
Holding of Planning and Cooperation
technological aspects of a given case study. Such
Meeting for the Fourth Wor．d Lake
con＄iderationstakenfT Om bothadministrative aswellas
techno10gicalpoints of view．have proven to be highry
Conference Hangzhou 90
effect［vein obtajning afulILJnderstanding ofthe condト
tions describedin different case studies．1believe that
The Fourth World Lake Environrr］ent Conferencei＄
this year．＄ ＄emhar wasindeed YerY SUCCeSSfu‖inSCheduledtobeheldinHangzhouofZhejianProvincein
WeStern Chinain September1990．The first circularbringIng forward this kind of double approach to the
Situationsunderdi＄CuSSion．1wasparticularlyinterested abouttheconferencehasalreadybeensentouttothosein observing the way in which each case study had
COnCerned・The Fir＄t Meeting oftheOrganizingandthe
gnimoceb dediova
Preparatory Committees was held between the mem−bers of the Chinese OrgaTlizing and Preparatory Com−ofLerLthe casewith studieson administrative structures．1
mittee and thelLEC members to d（scuss the details offound thatwhile many ofth8CaSe Studiesw8reindeed
the upcoming conference−
COnCerned with administrative aspects of ag】ven situa−
Atthe meeting held onJanuary29and300fthisyeartion，th8ircent8rOffocusvariedgreatlyaccordingtothe
in Hangzhou，15 Chinese merTlbers representing 5
fields of specialization of those involved. For any
technologlCaloradmhi＄trative＄yStemtOfunction prop− different orqanizations，incIuding Chairman Prof．Liu
Hongliang（PresidentoftheChineseResearchAcademy
erly，itis necessary to car8fu y considerits specific
Of EnvironmentalSciences）were pr8Sent，FromJapan，
circumstances and social background which serva as
theScientificCorTlmitteeChairmanTatsuoKira，Commit−
base＄for the e＄tablishment of that particu］ar system，tee memberSaburo Matsuiand Plannhg Directorlmai
ThoseinvoIved wlth case studies condLLCted with suchPa「ticipatedin the meeting．
COnSideration should be e＄PeGia yencouraged to pre−0pinions weT e eXChanged as to the pro＄Pe（）tive＄ent their results at a site ofinternatlonalexchange，attherTleOfthe＄eCOndcircular，PreParation ofconferenc
the annualseminarin particular．
materiaIs，aCCOmOdation of partlcipants arLd expected
Thefirstpa「toftheseminarwasmoreorfesssimilarin
format wIth the previous＄eminarL This year however． budget．between the CMnese andJapanese T ePTe−
sentatives atthe meeting．onthe basisoトthe resultsof
most ofthe second hatfofthe seminarwas dedicated tothe past three conferences. The Japanese members
the examination of the Fresh Watar Plan of Lakewere particuIarly］mPreSSedwiththe enthusiasmonthe
Songkhla，A full−day excursion around Lake Sor［gkhla
part of the people of Hangzhou and Zhe匝n Province
Wa＄ a Very educationalexperience from which thetowardstheholdingoftheConference，Whichwa＄aVeT yparticipants were able to learn much about the actual
encouraging sign，foritisthe Chinese ComrTl‡ttee that
COnditions and problems ofthelake．1was particuIarly
W‖take the Leadership roIein making fu「ther arrange，
impreSSed with the reverse water irrigation systemmentsin the future．
establishedin the northern part of Lake Songkhla，aMoreover，dLlringthevisit．th8Japane＄emembershad＄etUPthatwasverysimilartowhatwehaveatLakeBiwa
an opportunity to observe the conference ha ，aCCO−
inJapan．
modation facilitie＄and thelakeshore．Being one ofthe
The Fresh Water Plan of Lake Songkhla did notfamoushistoricalscenicsites，thearea，tOgetherwithits
appeartobeverydifferentfromsimilaTPrOJeCtSWehave
inJapan，atleastin terms of technologICalstandards・
exceHent facilities，PreSented a superb atmosphere＿
thanarat，WianiSae−Chew；（UNEP）KazunobuOnogawa；（UNCRD）Hidehiko Sazanami，M・S・l・Khan，KenjiOya，ltsukazu Suzuki，HiroshiMizoguchi；（［LEC）Tatuo Kira，
Koichilmai，Motokazu Ando・5

LAKES OF THE WORLD
LAKE SONGKHLAThe construction of a saline barrier Songkhla Lakewould aIIow more efficient uti！izatibn of fresh血ater for
imgation and other human needs・However，there areconcerns abouttheimpacts such a b畠rrierwould haveonthefisheTYOfthelakeaswe astheenvironmentin
generat．
Thefocus ofthe1988SLBPS studywastoideTltifya
SITE RECOMMENDED FOR LAKE
wide range ofadverse as we11as beneficialaffect岳Of
SALlNlPl BARRlER IN SONGKHLA LAKE
constructing a salinity barrier，and to recommend an
TheSongkhlaLakeBasinPlanningStudy（SLBPS）has OPtirnalsite．
indicatedits recommendation of a sitefor construction
THE■SONGKHLA LAKE SYSTEM
ofasa＝nityintrusionbarrierinSongkhIaLake・The1988
Th占Songkhla
Lake Systern，a COaSt？llagoon pro−study，initiated bythe NationaIEnv汀Onment Board andduced by sandbar formation．is Locatedin southern
the NationalEconomicand SocialDeveIopment Board
Thailand．1tsl，082krT［2surraceareaextend＄OVer100km
has been submitted to the Royat ThaiGovernment■
to the north fromits outlet hto Gutf of Thailand・The idea of constructing a salinity barrier had been
SongkhlaLakeshouldbeconsideredintermsoffour
PrOPOSedin an earIier SLBPS study，in which threealtemative sites were con＄idered．1n the1988study．a distinct but connected ecosy＄temS：recommendationwas reached based on acomprehen−
Thale Sap SongkhIa≦ive analysis of potentialenvironnlentaIand socio−
This is a tidal and essentially marine dominatedeconomic impacts within the overall framework ofsystemwithsalinitiesu＄ua yrangmgfrom2−3％・During
POSitive reg毒Onaldeve10Pment，
thefTood＄OftheralnySea＄On，Salinit弓escandropc10Se
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
to zero．Average depthis aboutl．5m．
Thale Sap
SongkhIaLakebasin s8020sq・km・ispredominately
ThesaIinityofth‡spartofthelakerangesfromzeroto
agr■Cultural，Withrubberplantationsandpaddyricefields
the10WtWO，fa ingintherangeofO．5−1・5％formostof
occupy■ng73％ofthelandarea・Forestandswamplandtheyearduetothemixingoffre＄handsaltwaterwhich
account for another25％．
takesptaceinthiszone．Therelativelysluggisheastern
Distributionoftheb8Sinpop山ationofl．2million（1980）
portion ofThale Sap contains adense stand of mac−rangesfrom20persq・km・inthehilIsto600persq・km・
rophyteswhich attractslarge numbersofaquatic birds・
in some areas．Three−fourths of theIabor force of
612，000is engagedin agrlCulture，fisheryandforestry・ Average depth is about 1.0 m.
Thale Luang
Percapita5ncomehasbeengrowlngfasterthanneigh−ThisisaIargelyfreshwaterpar［ofthelake，althoughboring regIOnS butis stillbe10Wthe nationalaverage・＄atineintrusioninveI ydlγyearSCanraisesalinitylevets
Although rainfa i＄abundant，the ruralag「1CUlturaI
tol．1％．Thewateriswe mixedandhighlyturb宇dduetosectorishampered byfreshwatershortagesduringthe
windinducedwaveaction．ThisturbiditytendstolirTl毒tthe
dryseasonLThisresultsinseasonalunemp10ymentand
growth of phytoplankton and macTOPhytes・m■grationtothecities・Flood damageisalso aserious
depthis about2m・
PrOblemin pa「t亭CUlarly wet years・

Lake Songkhla．10Cated cIose to southern tip of
ThaiIandneartheborderofMalaysia，isthelargestlake
inthecountry，Withatotalareaofl，082sq・km・TheIakeconsists of4smaIIer takes：ThaIe Noi，Thale Luang，ThaleSapandThaleSapSongkhIa・Theseextendfrom
north to south，COnneCted by naturalwaterways・

Thale Noi

Thisisthemosteco10glCa ycomplexpartofthe］akesystem．waterweedsiand phytoplankton are abundant
due to high nutrientlevel＄ and clarity of theWater

十
0 10 20km＼

く＼、＼ ThaleSapSongkhla
＼

ゝ、ヽ
1・＼

ヽ
l

Lake Songkhla

CO］umn．Thewaterisalmostatwaysfreshwith pHlevels
inthe acidic range dueto highinputoforganic matter．
ThaleNoiandthesurroundingswamparewe −knownas
ahabitatforaquaticbirds．andareprotectedbyIawa＄a
non−hunting area．
SALINITY BARRIER
The site recommended for the proposed satinity
barrier would divide the lake at the area where Thale
Sap and Thale Luang meet．Because Thale LuanglS
aIreadypredominateIyfreshwatertheecosystemwould
notbegreatlyaffectedbythebarrier，atleastintermsof
Water qUal吋．
This site was chosen over alternative downstreamsites which would have blocked intrusion of saltwater

into the presently brackish Thale Sap．
ThebarTierwouldbe5．8kmIong，Withfour500−meter−
10ng OVerf10W SeCtions ahd alOO−meterlevelcontroI
StruCture．The barrierwould extend．0．25m above mean
Sealevel．
MONITORING and RESEARCH
Presently，the Office of the NationalEnvironment
Boardiscoordinatingfive pT OgramStO gatheT bass−Iinedate for the Songkhla Lake Basin：
1）water quaIity monitoring
2）Environmentalstatu＄Of urban areas3）po utiontrendsresultingfromagriculturalactivities
4）coastalwater qua［ity5）Environmentalstatus of forest and wildlife

EVENTS AND ACTIVITIES OFILECIN1988
JanuaけFebrua「y8−19

Aprilβ−9April−May

Mission to USA and Canada for
appealing Balaton 88
The FirstExpertGroupWorkshop
On River／Lake Basin Approach toEnvironmenta］ly Sound Manage−
ment of Water Resources，attended by27overseas and27
Japanese experts（sponsored by
ILEC／UNCRD／UNEP）．
ParLicipation of an［LEC repre−
SentativeinthelstConferencefor
Preparations of a Master Plan to
Save Lake Chad，in N djamena，
Chad．
Mission to Canada，USA forlake
SU「Vey．

May25−June4

June 1Ju吋25−
August 12

August8−19

August31−
September 21
Septemberll−17Participation oflLEC representa−
tivein 6thlWRA Congre＄Sin
Ottawa．
Liaison Meetingwith CCIW／NWRl
at Burlington over joint survey ofCanadianlakes．
SupportofthelnternationalTrain−
ingCourseontheManagementof
Lakes and their Watershed in
Kunming，China（participation of
ルEC members aslecturers）．
SeminarsandfieldtripinThailand
andthePhiIipplneSattendedby10
CaSe−StUdy team members of
lLEC／UNCRD／UNEPWorkshopIn
3 countries．
M章ssionto Europeforlake＄urVey．
Support of the 3rd lnternational
Conference on the Conservationand Management of Lakes． Bala−
ton 88 ．

October 180（）tOb8r24−
November 130ctober31−
NovemberlO

Meeting with Dr．M．Gwynne（Chief，GEMS／UNEP）to exp10re
COOPeration through alake data−base system．
MissiontoBrazilandArgentinafor
lake suⅣey．
SupportofthelnternationalSemi−
nar for Environmentally Sound

ManagementofLakesand Reser−
VOirs Basin with Emphasis Water
Quality，heldin Argentina．
NovemberlCommencement of Joint NWRl／lLEC Canadian Lake Survey．
November22−24 ParLicipation of anlLEC repre−
Sentativein thelst Korea−Japan
EnvironmentalScience＆Technol−
Ogy Symposium．
DecemberContribution of8revised resource
PaPerS Of thelstlLEC／UNCRD／
UNEPWorkshoptoJourna10fWa−
ter Resources DeveIopment（Guest Editors，Profs．Kira andSazanami）．
December
Distribution of the Fir＄t rnterim
ReportData BookofWorld Lake
Environment includingdataon63
1akes to worldinstitutions and ex−
PertS，
Janua「y−Eightliaison meetings forlLEC／
December
UNCRD／UNEP Workshops
attended by Japanese resource
PerSOnS，CaSe−Study team mem−bers and secretariat staff．
lN−HOUSE MEETINGS
February22−24 ThelstGeneralMeeting oflLEC
Scientific Committeein Otsu．
February22
The3rdMeetingoflLECBoardof
Dlrectors
The2nd MeetingoflLECBoardof
Councilors
Augu＄t29
The4thMeetingoflLECBoardof
Directors
The3rdMeetingoflLECBoardof
Coun（：‖or＄September18−20 The2ndGeneraIMeetingoflLEC
ScientificCommitteeinBudapest．
December 10
Preparatory meeting of the plan−nlng・COmmittee forlLEC s Tech−
nicaIAssistance Project．
December26
The5th Meeting oflLEC Board of
Directors
The4th MeetingoflLECBoardof
Cound10rS
7

Beijing，ThePeople sRepublic
Of China
Tel：4211025 Cab始：1064
TLX：22505 BOOTH CN

FORTHCOMIN（きMEETINGS
l．4THINTERNAT10NAL（：ONFERENCE ON THE
CONSERVAT10N AND MANAGEMENT OF LAKESHANGZHOU 90
Date：
SeptembeT5−9，1990
Place：
Hangzhou．The People s Republic of
China
Organization：NationalEnvironmentalProtectionAgen−Cy Ot China
Chirrese Research Academy of Environ−mentalSciences（CRAES）
LntemationalLake Environment Commit−
tee Foundation（ルEC）
The EnvironmentalProtection Agencyof
Zhejiang Province
ThelnstituteofEnvironmentalProtection，Zhejiang Provinく；e
The EnvironmentalProtection Agency ofHangzhou Prefecture
The Nanlinglnstitute of Geography andLakes，China Science Academy
Main Topics：1．Prob］em−［dentification，and case
StUdies
2．Sustainable management ofIake＄／reservoirs and their basins
3．Special＄eSSionsontheinteractionof
local，nationalandinternational
agencies，SCientist＄and citizensin
lake management
Address of Secretariat：Mr．Zhang YutianSecretariat of Preparational
Committee一 Hangzhou 90 ■Foreign AfIa行＄Oftice
ChineseResearchAcademyof
EnvironmentalSciences
Beiyuan，Anwai

2．1AWPRC BIENNIAL．90
Date：
July29−August3，1990
Place：
KyotolnternationalConference Ha ，
Kyoto，JAPAN
Organization： lnternationalA＄SOCiation on Water
Pollution Research and Control（lAWPRC）
Japan Society on Water Po＝ution
Research（JSWPR）
Contact address：Jun−icMro Matsumoto
Cha弓rman
TheJapaneseOrganizingCommitte
C／OJapanSocietyonWaterPo ution
Research
Yotsuya New Mantion307，12
Honshiocho Shinjuku−ku，Tokyo160
Japan
Tel：813−351−2272
FAX：813−351−2317
Anthony Milburn
Executive DirectorlAWPRC
IQueen，Anne sGate，LondonSWIH
9BT，England
Td：441−222−3848
FAX：441−222−1818
TELEX：9185†8WASSOC GCALL FOR ARTICLESThose who wish to contribute to lLEC Newsletter are
invited to send manuscripts to the secretariat．

JⅣTE月〃ATJO凡4エエA∬E EⅣy〃iO〃〟EⅣr CO〟〟JrrEE FOU〃βATJO〃
4・1−1Kyomacbi．Ots仇Shiga520、Japan
Tel：0775・25・1076Tlx：54648501LECJFax：0775r23r1581
Cat）le：ILEC OTSU

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