lSSN O912−7410

No．14 0ctober1990

り ．ヾ†ノJTて †J†？

〃JrE月〃ATTO〃Aエ 上AgE E〃VJ月0〃〟E〃r CO〟〟JrTEE ダOIW上〉ATJO〃−For Better Lake Management
This Newsletteris also availabIeinJapanese．

ROUND−TABLE〝HOW CANWE SAVE THE ARAL SEA r

UNO Assistance Association of Kazalth
SSR．HealthCareCentreofKazakh Minis−
tryofHealthandSovMAB UNESCO HeadCentreonthe problemNHuman Response
to EnvironmentalStressN held aninterna−
tionalmuFtidisciplinarytaskforce HowCan
We Save the AralSea r，The task force
tookplaceinKziL−OTdaandAralsk（Kazakh
SSR）on20−260fApril，1990．AmongparEici−
PantS WhichincIude eco10gists．soc書o10g−
ists，Physicians．demographistse！c．，Profs．
H．LBffler and Q，N．Golubev werelLEC

レイニく品′、ノ・雪㌔．J′ビデ ．

言∴ ■ぜ㌣∵一・▲

members・Dr・M・Nakayama，Faculty of ぎ
Agriculture，Utsunomiya University，rePre−＄entedlLEC Secretariat．

．せノ ●
・・−

DECLARAT］ONMEETING

賢、√
を

ごJマ・

私感

ノ■〆
⊥L√ 、

一し

瑚
孝

▲．■■■■t．＼ ■ ．

dropped by14metres，the volume of water has de−We，the participants of thelnternational Round−
TableNmeetingNHowtosavetheAral＄ea，COnVenedon CreaSed by two−thirds．the area of water＄uriaceby
One−third；contentofsaltinthewaterreachedthefigures
Apri120−24th，1990inthecityofAraIsk，KazakhSSRandcharacteristic for the ocean water，The Aral＄eai＄
Which gathered together experts，＄Cientists，State andPublic officials from Kazakhstan，Republics of Central retreating as a result ofthe decreaslng Of waterflow
Asia，Russian Federation asweIlasfrom France，ltaly， from Amu−Daria and Syr−Daria．This resultedin a20−
timesincreasein morbidityofthe10Calpopulation andAustria，Greece．Bu［garia，Mongoliaar［dJapanexpress

herewithourgreatconcernoverthefateoftheAralsea
and the deteriorating eco10gical，SOCiar＆economic

Situationin the regIOn Of the Aralsea．
Duringthelast30yearstheleve10ftheAralseahas
BEREAVEMENT
The death of Mr．Hisao Sakirnura，the UNEP
Representative of Executive Director on SpeciaE
As＄ignmentsinJapanisagreatEoss．
Hediedon6July1990fromcancer．Hewa＄57．
Mr．Sakimura．inhi＄CaPaCityasAdvisortoILEC，
WOrked for coordination amonglLEC，Japanese
Governmentand UNEPaswe‖as other UN orga−
nizations with great endeavor．He also assisted
lLEC Secretariat for effective implementation ofthejointproJeCtSWithUNEP．

thechild death ratehasreachedthe highestindicesin
the USSR．
The Round−Table＄tateS that the Aralsea has
become a symbolof unreasorlable and＄hortT＄ighted
treatment of nature．
TheshrinkingoftheAralseameansnotonlyamereecologlCalcatastrophebutindicates also a criticaIsituationin
the whole region of Central Asia andKazakhstan．Therefore the restoration
Ofthe Aralsea can only be achieved
throughcorrectandprudentregulationand management of the whoIe ATaI
basin ＄tarting from the graciers ofPamir and Tien Shan mountains down
to the mouth of Syr−Daria and AmuT

Daria．
ln par（icular，the Round−Table asks for earliest
We bdievethatthe mosturgenttaskforthe nearest
COnSiderationandconfirmationoftheKazakhprogram−future must be the stabilization of tha Aral sea at theme Xprophylaxis by UNESCO．Thisincludes the Aral
PreSentlevelandthemaingoaloffutureeffoTIsmustbe
PTOject component，PrOPOSed by the MAB exper（SearIieronanoccasion．Asithasbeenmentionedbefore
thereStOration ofits condition asit wasin the sixties．
The RDund−TableNsupposesthatfortherestoration
theAralseacrisisisag10baleco10glCaldisasterandit
OftheAralreg10nShortandlong−termmeaSureSShould
Can nOt be overcome by one single republic of thebe taken・lti＄Mghly recommended toimproveimL
COUntⅣ．
mediatelythelivlng COnditions and health ofthe10Cal
WewouldliketodrawtheattentionofthePresidentof
POPLJlationandabovea toprovideasufficient＄UPPlyof
the USSR M．S．Gorbachevtothe urgentneedforthe
drinking water and food of quality that allows for the
Aralreg10ntObedeclaredazoneofeco10glCaldisa＄ter．
Weappealtothepeople＄andthegovernmentsofthe
existence underextrerneconditions such asthe pollu−
SovietRepublicstohelptheAraIpeopletorestorethetion of the atmosphere especially with dust and salt，Theforemosttasksshouldprovidefortheoptimization
dying Aralseawhichi＄a natura［unique tTeaSure andOfthewaterresour＄eSbycertainstrategIeSSuChasthe
Phenomenon．
reJeCtionofcottonandricemonocultures．thepreserva−
Weappealtothepeoptesandthegovernment＄，tOthe
tionofwaterandlesswaterconsumingtechno10giesin
membersoftheworldcommunity，tOtheUNSecretarya branches of economy．
Generar Perez deCue ierwith arequestofrendering
1twi be necessarytoincrease genera y the waterurgenthelptotheworldheritageofnaturewhichisinthe
resourses within the water−Shed of the AraI＄ea by＄ituat10n Of an e￠OtOgicat disastor．
￣●−、‥■
一meanssuchasafforestationofmountalnsIqpe＄，redi＄−
tributionof＄LJrfaceandundergroundwaters，desaliniza−
tion，etC．
The participantsofthe Round−Tab始 ＄tre＄＄thatthe
StabilizationoftheAral＄ealevelwithintheecologlCa11y
acceptible［imitsdemandsareorganizat［onofthesocial
andeconomicstructuresofthewater−＄hed，1ransforma−tiontothebalanceandstabledeve10PmentPrOVidlngfor
efficient demographic policy andintensification ofthe
nationaloconomy．
ThecriticalsituationintheAral＄eaareareqUire＄the㌣一￣′照
introduction of new methods ofthe reg10naImanage−
ment・ltisreasonatiletoprganizeaspecialeconomic
ZOne・1n order to fuIfiIthe programme of socialandeconomictransfoT，mationoftheAraIseacatchmentare
WePTOPOSetOOrganizeaUnion−RepublicGovemmen−
talCommittee given specialrights and powers．
For the restoration of the catastrophe area an Aral
Foundatlon＄houldbeirTlmediateIyestablished，financial
resoursesforitshouldbepartlyderlvedfrompayments
The participants of thelnternational′′Round−Table
for water use．penalties for excessive water use andWater COntamination．
meeting How to save the AraIsea ．
The aggravation of the Aral sea crisis demands
Challengestoscientists．Atpresent．thetopprioritytask
lstheelaborationofaresearchprogrammewhichwould
lrkutsk，USSR．on Apri12−5．1990
be oriented towards the search for simple，re［iable，
efficient and cheap measures for restructurlng the
The meetingwas ho＄ted bythe Siberian Division of
theAcademyofSciencesofthe USSRwiththe assistT
economyandthemodernizationoftechno10gy．Wehave
toelaborateawe −＄trUCturedconceptofthesustainableanceoftheMinistryofForeignAffairsoftheUSSR．The
development of the Aral Region and to organize ameetingwasattendedbyrepre＄entativesfromBelgium，monitorlng SyStem Which a ows for a constant healthFrance．Japan，the Netherlands，Peoples Republic
COntrOl．Lti＄al＄O neCeSSarytOPrOteCtCertainteTritories
China，Spain，Switzerland，United Kingdom and Unit
States of America．［LEC was represented by Dr．M．
including the AralBiosphere sanctuary．
ToovercometheAl・alseacrisisandtounderstandthe
AizakioftheNationaIln＄tituteforEnvironmentalStudies．
reality of the region we need glasnost・Therefore weJapan．
requlrethefreereleaseanduseofeco10glCal，Sanitary，
The Director of the Limno［oglCallnstitute of thehygienic and other data．
SiberiarlDivision of the Academy of Sciences of the
1n orderto＄0［vetheAralseaproblemssLJCCeSSfu y
USSRinformedtheparticipantsoftheSovietinitiativeto
estab＝＄hthe Baikallnt由■nationa‡CenterforEcologicalthe汀inlPIementationintothe programm＄OflLEC，SIL．
UNEP，UNESCO，WHO，UNICEF，etC．is needed．
Resear（：h（BICER）．
一、、＿

The Second BICER Meeting2

It is a research organization of USSR open for
COOPeratedstudiesofLake Baikalproblemsbyscien−countriesoftheworld，

The totalcapitalstock andlaboratory equIPmentis
estimated to cost about15 million roLJbles．

1tisproposedthatthemainfieldsofresearchatBICER
WOuld be the foIJowlng：l）1nterdi＄Ciplinary studies of Lake Baikalin com−

Parison to otherlake systemsthrough hydrodyna−

Januaけ8 、Openl【g and orl8ntation
Go由8nd M8tSu1
9 G別1eralintroduction and pre＄8ntation Goda
Of coun坤「epo11
10 Prob，em5＆issu（150I】8k8S／rt〉SeⅣOF柑Klra
managl∋m8nt
Water pollution co【trOl蓼【Japan Mats山
11 Basic know18d⊆100†wato「sきmPJFng＆T5unO

mical，hydrochemical，hydrobiologlCal．climato10−
12
glCal，remOte SenSlng，limno10glCal，COmPUterandmathematicaImode ing methodstocreate mathe−
15

maticaland conceptualmodels of the eco10glCal

SyStem＄Of Lake BaikaIand otherlargelakes；
I［）studies ofthe mechanismsof＄PeCiation ofthe

16
17

UnlqUeCOmPlexofBaikalendemicorganism＄andof

18

the evolution of the汀nucleic acids and proteins；Ⅱ）studies of BaikaIasaNbackgroundNfreshwater

19

body aimed at understanding ofthe processes ofg10balturnoverof elements and g10baltransferof
air−borne po＝utants；

Ⅳ）DeveIopment and optimization of monitoring

methods and equIPment Suitabfe for Baikal，for
Otherlarge［akesystems，andfortheworld soceans；V）lnterdiscipIinary geo10gical，Paleogeographic，

geochemicalstudiesofthehistoryoftheformation
Ofthe Baikaldepression，Withspecialemphasison
theproblemsofglobalc‖matechangesandonthe

COntribution of human activities to these changes，
includingtheimpactofthedeveIopmentofhumannan（；82O Inspection（Lake BrwaWork Omce） LBWO
22−24 M8intenanceofJabo「ato「yIac‖t事es†orShimadzu C0．
WatOrqUa11りan81ysis
25 Gu事danc（〉0†wato「quatl中郡ほIy由＆lPHES
generaldesGnPtion o†theinst事t仙∋26 Field Survey af Lske Biwa on board lPHES
2g−31 Ana】y51s o†he8Vy mObl事【Water lPHES
31 Ana！ysIs of agHcu仙ralch◎miealsinlPHES
Water
Febl¶ary
A柏け＄is of 8grlCU伽r81chemiG81s 汀＝PH∈S
Wat8r
2 0bseⅣatlon o†the pはnktons
岬H∈S（Statistic8lan81ysis，d椅CUSSion＆eva・
luation）
5−9 ApproprhteMalntenanceofLaboratory Horib8Ltd．
FacilitiesIpH，DO．K，TURB．，COD．UV，lTN．TP）

C山tu帽S On the BaikalbasれTherewasageneralagreementthatthrough BFCER
livlng qUarterS and re＄earCh faciIities should be conT
StruCtednearLakeBaikaltobetterservetheprogram．
ParLicipantswere oftheoplnionthatiti＄eSSentialto
estabIishaSteeringCommitteeempoweredtocont手nue
negotiations．on＄Cientific，Organizational，and financial
matters re（ated to B］CER．1tis understood that aIlthe

decisionsoftheSteeringCommitteewi

analy＄事S

Eutrophication jn Lake B竃Wa
Kawashim8
lnspoction いnspeGtion of Lake Sci・Kawashima
OnCe5）
1nterract10n betw8enSOdirn（Int＆bottom Kawashima
Wat（〉r‖1Lake Biwa
Chemistry of P＆Mn n Lake Biwa Kawashima
日asic knowledge o†＄edlmentanalysis Maoda
Elasic knowledgeo†bio10g宇CalexperトKuratamt）ntS
Maint（lnanCeOflaboratoけ†ae川紬5†o「ShFmadzu Co，Wate「qu81和Fundamerltals of chemical／bioIo⊆Iicar ShhlladzLJCo．
analy51S Of w8ter／50d行n即t mainte−

bereachedat

byconsensus．The Steering Committeeis opentothe
representatives of allthe countries who formarlyindi−
Cated theiT，interestin BICER．

The Sovietside may calIto thefirst meeting ofthe
Steering Committee when atleastfive countries havenominated theirdelegatesto the Steering Committee．
The partic幸pantsdiscu＄Sedfur（heradraftagreement

Which was written by the participants of the October
1989meeting．However，the preparation of the final
VerSion sha beleftto the Steering Committee．

Lake Water−Quality Management
Training Course

7 1れSPl）Ction（Shlga P柑fecturalFIsh￠血S SPF〔SStation）
10 lnspection（山ndsatPo帽0∩81ComputorKoayu Not
Ne加Ork）

12−17 Pa「tit勇p8tionin：
lLEC／UNCRD／UNEP3rdExp8rtGroup
Work5hop on River／Lake Basln
Appr08Ch88tO EnvironmentallySound
Manag㊤mOnt O†Water Rt，SOU「C￠S in
Otsu
19−22 P即柚和泊tionln：
1LEC／UNCRD／UNEPTTainingSl∋minar
On Ri叩「／L8ke B8引【M8nag8ment：
Focu＄On帆IaterQual町1n Okazak弓● 「■！■．
．
27−28 】nspec 0∩（Nat事0nalln5titure†or∈n−Aizaki、

tistsofUSSRandscientistsofa

COURSE SCHEDULEVh）【m訂心−Sciencl∋5）Marehlnspect10n（DKK Co．）
DKKC0．
2 1nspection（TOA Electronlcs Ltd．） TOA
BasicKnow18dgeofSt8t19ticalAnalysFs Fukada
8−7 Comput即Simulation†or W8t即qua サFukada
manag￠m8nt On Lakes／伯SOⅣOi「s8−9 PeportWrlting
Matsui
12 R8POrtWriting
MatsuF
13
Discussion†or Ev81u8tion
Goda and Malsui
14 C−05i咽15−16 Studytour（water・r81atedJapane＄OCuト
turel
l

5

PurPOSeOfthistrainingcour＄eWaStOPrOVidetechnica［
experts（mid−Cla＄＄managerS）withthebasicknowledge（January8−March16，1990）
needed forlakewaterquality managementaswe as
lLEC Lake Water− Quality Management Training
in−the−fieId waterquality measurementtechniquesand
CoursewasheldinShigafromJanuaTγ8to March16，
expertiseinthe operation ofmeasurementequlPment．
1990，underthesubstantiaLsupportoflacalandnationa［From199lonwards，this cour＄eis expected to be
governmentaIinstitutes and prlVate firmsin Shiga and COnVened jointly withJICA andlLEC，
OtherpartsofJapan，lLECinvitedfiveparticipantsfrom
Thiswasthefir＄tintensjvetechnicaIcourseofferedby
China，Malaysia，PhilipplneS，EthioplaandThailand．The lLEC，and emphasis waslaid tol）acquire a basic

3

knowledgeonIakewaterqualitymanagement，2）Iearn
basictechniqueforlakewaterqualityanalysi＄，3）learn
howto operatewaterqualitymeasurementequIPment，
4）acquire the basic knowledge relating tolaboratory
maintenance，5）accumuIatetheknowledge neededto
PrOPerlysetlakewaterqualitymonitoringpoints，and6）
learnlake water qual〒ty simuIation techniques．
SUPERVISORS OF THE COURSE
TakeshiGoda Vice Director General，lLEC
Professor，Setsunan University
Saburo Matsui Regular Member，lLEC ScientificCommittee
Professor，Kyoto University
LECTURERS OF THE COURSE
Tatuo K汀a

HiroshiTsuno

Chairperson，］LEC Scientific Com−mitteeDirector，Lake Biwa Researchlnsti−
tute
Associate Professor，Kyoto Uni−
VerSi吋

Munetsugu
Kawashima
Akira Kurata
Hiroto Maeda
Fumiko Fukada

Associate Professor．Shiga Uni−
VerSity
Head of Research Section，Lake Biwa Research lnstituteSenior Researcher，Lake Biwa Research lnstituteHead，EnvironrTIentalProtection
SectionPublic Health Center，Hikone

atinginlLEC s pl10t PrOJeCt forlake environmental
education，lLEC membersinspectedlessons and ex−
Periments on acid rain．Prof．JcIrgenSen handed over
SChooIchildrenletters from a Danish school，and the
PuPllsin exchange presentedILEC members theirdrawlngS．Aftertheinspection，lLECmembersmetwith
Japanese collaborating teachers in this project andeducational board representatives and exchanged
Views onlake environmentaIeducation practices．
THE 3RD GENERALMEETING OF THEILECSCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
The3rd GeneralMeeting oflLECScientificCommit−
teewasheldfrom21to23February1990atLake Biwa
Researchlnstitute and Biwako Hotelin Otsu．Topics
discussed at the plenary sessions and working pany
meetingsincIuded：

COOPERATE、coMPANIES，lNSTITUTESAND ORGANIZAT［ONSPROGRESSIN1988／89：
Japan Environment TechnoIogy Association
Horiba Ltd．
Progress on the fo owrnglLEC proJeCtS Were re−
Shimadzu Co．
Viewed：SurveyoftheStateofWorld Lakes；Workshop
OnDeve10PingTrainingMaterialsandModules；Trainlng
lnstitute of Public Health and Environmental Science
Lake Biwa Research lnstituteCourse on Lake−Water QuaIity Ana（ysis；Guideline
Books；Cooperationin World Lake ConfererICeS；En−
United Nations Gentre for Regional Davelopment
Japan Environment Agency
ViTOnmentalEducation，Lakes．AIso，the content of
Nationallnstitute for EnvironmentalStudies
newlyorganizedlLECLakeWaterQuaIityManagement
Off‡ceofKusumigauraRegionalSewageWorks，lbaragi Training Course which was concurrently held in Otsu
Prefecture
Wa＄ OUtlinod．
JapanlntemationalCooperation Agency
DKK Co．
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE S MEMBERSHIP AND TERMTOA Etectronics Ltd．
OF SERVICE：
Lake Biwa Work Office，MinistTY Of Con＄trUCtion
Accordingtotheagreerr［entOfthepreviousmeeting．
Shiga Prefecture Fisheries Experimental Station
membership of Dr．S．Evteev and Dr．）．P．Bruce w
Shiga PrefecturalSewage Works Corporation
unanimou＄ly accepted．As a transition measures toOtsu Hydrobio10gicaIStation，Kyoto University
increase the lLEC members term of service from theLaboratoryforContro10fEnv行OnmentalMicropo utants，PreSenttWOyearStOthreeyearsduration，itwasagreed
Kyoto University
thatthepresentmemberscontinueservicefortheterm
beginning Aprirl，1990．

FieId trip to schooIs
On24th February a part oflLEC members made aninspection trip to！ocalschooIsin Northern Lake Biwa
basin after the GeneralMeeting．At OdaniprImary
SChoolandKohokuiuniorhighschooIwhicharecooper−

4

WORLD LAKE CONFERENCES：
lLEC sfu＝supportfoTthe4thWorldLakeConferenc
in China
Hangzhou 90
was confirmed．Prof．Liu
explained the background to the organization andfunding of the conference．1LEC s pIan to organize aappro／achin Denmark．This resulted from theinter−change of ideas between the scientists and teacher
Whichiseducationalforbothpa「ties・Prof・Tundisigave
details on the3year education proJeCtin Brazilwhich
focusesonexperimentation，Observationand measure−mentapproachtolakebasinmanagement，ln Brazilthe
OnglnalaimhadbeentotrainteachersbutthatthishaddevelopedtoencompassregIOnalenvironmentalprob−
1em＄andtheinvoIvementofthegeneralpubJic．AppFica−tion of this proJeCt tO Other countries was expIored．

SeSSiononcitizenparticipationwasexptained・Conven−
Ing Ofthe5th conferenceinltalyln19920r1993was
POSitivelydiscussed．1twasalsoproposedtoexp10rethe
POSSibility of holding the6thin the USSRin1994−5．
COLLABORAT10N WITH UNEP／GEMS：
lLEC scooperationinGEMS／Waterwassought．Jtwas
SuggeStedthatrLECisinagoodpositiontocoordinate
datacollectionprogramsinrelationtotheIakeenviron−ment．Preparatory progress of a newJOint proJeCt
Application of GLS s and remote senslng tO LakeManagement
betweenlLEC，UNEP／GRIDandGeneva
University was repoTled．

1LECINTERNAT［ONAL FORUMIN OSAKA：
THE WATER WE SHAREPROPOSALS FROMILEC MEMBERS：
Proposalsincluded：1）trainingseminaronmonitoring
African river andlake ba＄ins，2）training course on
eco10glCalbackground ofIake conservation and man−agement，3）trainingcourse／workshoponmanagement
OfreservoirsinLaPlatariverbasin，4）productionoflake
mode11ingsoftware．5）supportforatextbook，6）coop−eration with SIL，7）lLEC Award．

LAKE DATA COLLECTION WORKING PARTY：
Dr．Kurata reported the completion of1989report
Whichincludeddatafor54Iakes（inadditiontoaIready−Printed631akes），With35additionalreportsreadytobe
Putintoprint．lnaddition，dataon40CanadianfakeshaslLEClnternationalForum under the theme of The
been provided from CCIW．Anintere＄ting statistical
WaterWe Share was held on20th February1990at
ar［a［ysIS Ofthe retLJrned questionnaire s datawas pre−Mido−Kaikan Hallin Osaka，Japan．This forum wasintended to appealtheimportance of erNironmentarly
Sented．Comparison was glVen aCCOrding to25main
SOUndmanagementoffreshwaterresoLJrCeStObusinessdatagroups，Theworking group proposedtoILECthe
PUblicationoftheSurveyofWorIdLakesasaseparate
WOr［d and administrationsinJapan．ILEC Scientific
VOIume．
Committeemembers・＄erVedaspanelistsandexp10red
the way＄ Of sustainable utiLization of freshwater re−
GUIDELINE WORKING PARTY：
SOurCeS With emphasis on the situation of deve10Ping
COuntries and the roles ofdeve10Ped countriesin thisPublication schedu‡e oflLEC Guideline Book series
globalissue．
（voIs．1−4）wasreported．Translationofthebooksinto
Otherlanguages was considered．Topics for futureln the morning session，Dr．S．Evteev（Assistantguidelinebooks（e．g．1ntegrated Approach to Lake
Executive Director of UNEP）in his keynote address
Basin／WatershedManagementofReservoirs，andAcidi−
entit］ed
EnvironmentalAspectsofRiverBasinDeve10P−
fication of Lake）were also considered．
ment ，OVerViewed such aspects as：WOrld water re−
SOUrCeS Situation，trendin the water demand，Water
TRAINING WORKING PARTY：
PO‖ution andwastewatertreatment，f［00d anddrought，lt was unanimous［y recognized that workshop pro−erosionandsedimentation，andthe EMINWApro9ram−
me．1nthestatementofDr．A．Ramachandran（ExecLLtiv
Vided exce entmaterialfortheproposedtrainlngteXt−
bookwith nine studies and200rSO reSOurCe PaPerS．
Directorofthe United Nations CentreforHuman SettIe−
ments，HABITAT）whichwasreadbyMr．K．Nakamuraof
Production ofthetrainlng manualtogetherwith a3−4
VOIume case studyLCO ection，a＄We as video and
UNIC／Tokyo，Criticalsituation of water supplyln the
COmPUter SOftware was discussed．
Citiesofthedeve10PlngWOrldwas＄treSSedinrelationto．y止evopdaerpsdiw nahtworgnabrudipareht

ENVLRONMENTAL EDUCATION WORKING PARTY：
The importance of rearing capable teachers with
betterenvironmentalawarenessandproducingteaching
aidsforenvironmentaleducationinprlmary＄ChooIswas
reconfirmed．AIso，the value of the multi−discipllnary
approach and the necessity to expand the proJeCt
internationally and within the societal frame were
POinted out・
Prof・J 汀genSen describeda multi−disc■Pl．nary

In the afternoon，a Paneldiscussion was heId underthethemeof Forbetterrelation＄hisbetweendeve10P−
1ng and developed countries−identif妻cation of water
PrOblerTISiTldeve］opingcountr弓esandroleofdeveroped
COuntries ．Among topICS Of discussion were：humanrelocation and ecologicaIprobIems by dam・COnStrLJC−
tion，raPidpopulationgrowthasabaseofenvironmentaI
PrOblems，eutrOPMcation and acidification oflakes，
Shortageofdrinkingwatersupply，anddifficultyofwater5

resourcesdeve10PmentWithreferencetorapid＄iltation

KaikanHa inNaganoCity，WaSrePreSentedbyProf・R・
G．WetzeIofAlabamaUniversityand Prof．H．Lbfflerof
WiennaUniveTSity・AfterpresentationsonthestateofUS
Panelists：
and Europeanlakes，heated discussions were de−
M．Hashimoto（coordir［atOr），T．Goda（Japan），N．B．
ve10Ped arTlOng12010Caladministrators and resear−
Aibotele（GHANA）．C．E．Bauer（ARGENTINA），S．Jorgen−cher＄OVermanagementaPPrOaChesoneutrophication・Sen（DENMARK），Liu H．（CHINA），C．H．D．Magadza
lakeshoreconservation，and takeacidification．On20th（ZIMBABWE），J．SaIank＝HUNGARY）．
they visited eutrophicated Lake Suwa and Suwa Re−
search Station of Shinshu University．
Co−SPOnSOr＄Of the forum：
United Nations Environment Programme（UNEP），U−
EVALUATING RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH
nited NationsCentreforHumanSettlement（HABITAT），
ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO
United Nation＄ Centre for RegionaIDevelopment
TOXIC CHEMICALSIN THE GREAT LAKES（UNCRD），EnvironmentAgency（Japan），MinistryofFore−
BASIN ECOSYSTEM
ign Affairs（Japan），Association for Promotion of Lakein damlakes．

．

Conservation，LakeBiwa／YodoRiverEnvironmentCon−
The Great Lakes Program ofthe State Universityof
ference，Kyoto Prefecture．Osaka Prefecture，Hyogo
New York（SUNY）at Buffa10undertook to establish a
Prefecture，Shiga Prefecture，Kyoto City，Osaka City， binationaIproJeCtin1988，COnSistentwiththetenetsof
Kobe City，KansaiEconomic Federation，KansaiCom−thethen recentlyproduced World Health Organization
mittee for Economic Deve10Pment，Osakalndustrial（WHO）phi10SOPhy
Association，KansaiAssociationofManagers．andKinki
Federation of CharTlber of Commerces．
＄POnSetOinadequateactionstoaddresstoxicchemicaIs
intheGreatLakesBasinEcosy＄tem．1nOctober1989an
lnternaLtionaIWorking Conference was held to allow
Lake Environment Forums
Parlicipantsto＄hare scientific and societalviewpoints
in lbaragi and Nagano
andtoseekacommongroundofunderstandingonthis
TakingtheopportunityoflLECGeneralMeetirlg，tWO引」bject・
forumswereheldon19−20F．ebTuary1990inlbaragiand CopiesofthelnternationalWorking Conference呈墨＝NaganoprefectLJreSUnderthesponsorshipofrespective
ECUTIVE SUMMARY can be obtained from the Great
10Calgovernments．ILEC cooperated to thern・
LakesProgram，207JarvisHa ，StateUniversityofNew
AtlbaragiForumwhichtookplaceatHotelSun−Lake−
York，Buffa10，New York14260（USA）．
T＄uChiura，Prof．G．N．GolubevofMoscowUniversityand
Dr．Warren Ftint
Prof．J．G．TundisiofSao Pau10Universityrepresented
Great Lakes Program
lLEC．1n theirlectures，Prof．GoIubev emphasizedim−
State University of New YorkPOT tanCe Ofenvironmentalconsiderationinformulating
Buffa10，New York14260 USA
deve10PrnentPrOject，referringtothecasesofshrinking
AralSeaduetoimproperirrigationscheme．waterlevel
The Fifth［nternationalGAP Workshop
fluctuation of KaspiSea，and eutrophication of Lake
TheVlntemationalGroupforAquaticPrimaryProduc−
Lagunain the Philippine＄．Prof．J．G．Tundisitookup
tivity（GAP）WorkshoptookplacefromApri120thto28th
topics oflake environmentalproblemsin deve10Ping
1990inHo and．Plenarylecturesandworkshopsessions
COuntrieswith BrazilianexampLes．Afterdiscussionw冊1
Were heldin thesomewhatincongruous Chinese−StyIe
Partlcipantsincludinglake managers and researchers，
SettingoftheNMotelBreukelen ，rePIetewithatradition−
theforum，inspectiontripwasmadeto NIESand LakeaIDutchWindm＝atitsentrance＝：xperimentalworkwas
Ka＄Umlgaura，Japan ssecondlargestlakesufferingfrom
doneatthelnstituteofLimnology，NieuwerslulS，attWO
さ8VO帽eUtrOPhi￠ation．
nearbylakes（LoosdrechtandMaarsseveen）arIdatthe
Nagano Forum which was held on19th at Nokyo−
laboratoriesoftheDepartmentsofAquaticEco10gyand
Microbio10gy，University of Amsterdam・
Thecentraltopicoftheworkshop∵TheDailyGrowth
CycleofPhototrophicMicroorganisms，WaSintroduced
bytwoKeynoteLecturers，B．B．Prezelh，rDielperiodic
ityin PhytopIankton Production Patterns：
Regulation and Eco（OgicalConsiderations ），and W．F．
Vincent rThe 24 hour dynamicsr of nitrogen based
PrOduction′）．

The VIGAPlnternationalWorkshop willbe heldin
Saskatoon，Canadain1993．The exact dates andWOrkshop topIC Willbe announcedlater・Professor Tom Berman

Chairman，GAP

LAKES OF THE WORLD
LAKE TOBA（DANAU TOBA）

LakeTobaisfocated，nearOntheequator，inSumatra InJanuary，based on the study of1976，however，nO
lsJand，lndonesia，．Thesurroundjng regIOnisreferredto therrnalstrat汀icationwasobserved．Thewatertempera−
as NBatak HighlandsN，We known that there wereture remained at26℃even atadepth ofgreaterthan
large−SCalevoIcanicactivities，andhasbeenasubjectof
300m．Although the thermalstratification wa＄Weak，
geo10gica［studiestsincethe1800 s．LakeTobatroughi＄ about2℃，thechemocline．e．g．．oftheconcentrationo
aglantcatderaformedbyan9ientvoIcanicdepre＄Sion，disso［ved oxygen（DO），WaS＄ignificant，rn SPite ofthe
SUrrOundedbyprecIPitous（川ffsandplateausabove，and
OIIgOtrOPhicconditior），alowDOzonewasformedinthe
hasapeculiarview．Thewatersurfaceo＝helakeis905 bottomrayerofthelake．Thi＄isalsoacharacteristfcof
maboveseaIevet．Thetotalareaofthelake，includhg tropical lakes and considered to be caused by hightheareaofSamosirls）and（640叫，amOUntStOl，780knL
biodegradation rate due to high watertemperature．
LakeTobaisoneofthedeepe＄tlake＄intheworld，the The catchment
maximurn depthis529rn，and has a transpa†enCy Of
Which the populationi＄aPPrOXimately300，000．Slash−greaterthanlOmatthedeeppface．TheIakeisthusin
and−burnfaTmlng has beentaken place andtheforest
OIIgotrophic condition．
hasbeen cutdownforages．Thoseeffectsonthelake
Although thelakeis situatedin the tropics，thc
WaSSignitlcant．Anal舛icatre＄ultsotdはtomaceous￠0叩−
atmo＄Pheric ter71PeratLJre remains atapproximately20 Seinthesedimenthave‖ustratedthesignificantefFect＄℃anddoesnotchangemuchseasonallybecauseo＝ts
Ofero＄ionduetotheforestcutdown．Accordingtothe
highaltitude．ThewatertemperatureofthelakeisaIways
land−uSe SUrVeyin1972，the occupied percentage ofgreaterthanthe atmospherictemperature and ranglng
fore＄tandplantationisonly25％，graS＄landandfarmland
from24to26℃．Thisi＄One Of the characteristics of
OCCuPied 51％ andll％．respectively．Under these
tropICallakes．ln April，based on the study of1929，a Cjrcumstance＄，the effor（S have been devoted to the
WeakthermafstratificationwasobservedintheIake，The
recovpryoftheforest，andreforestationwith Pinusha＄
WatertemPeratLJreWaS26℃fromthesurlacedowntoa
beenpromoted，Astheresults，theoccupiedpercentage
Of gra＄SFand decreased to8％，and that of fore＄t anddepthof25mand24℃atadepthofgreaterthan70m．
Plantation recovered to be58％in1985．1n addition，a㌍抑軍票卿二 りざ耶
PUIp factory establishedin1989at the outlet of the
ユ 、㌧
A＄ahan river，Outflowing riverof Lake Toba，has been
COnductlng reforestation w汀h Eucalyptusto＄eCure jt＄
PUIpresources．Nevertheles＄，theoccupiedpercentage
Ofnatura）forestislessthan8％，eVentheforestincruding
uater Level（m a．s．1）

76 77 78 79 80 8182 83 84 85 8687 88
Year
MATER LEVEL OF TOBA LAKE

7

butdropped againto902．7min1986．Thewaterlevel
PreSerVedonei＄Sti some23％．AIongthelakeshore，
WaSSUPPO＄edtobeCOntrOIIedatsomewherebetween
theTeareSmallvillagesandricefieldsatthe［imitedarea
905．Oto902．4mintheoriglnalp［an．However，thatwas
Ofgentle5IopeswhereasthelargepartsareuntouchedthefirsttimeforLakeToba，WMchwaterlevelbecame2
SteeP S10PeS．The area of grass（and and forestin themlessthantheaveragerevel．And sincetheeffectsof＄lopesi＄Smat＝）eCaUSe Of mountain tires due to thethewaterleveldropareunpred化table，thegovernment
Sla＄h−and−burnfarmlng．Thetraceofmountainfirescan
andtheresidentswereveryanxiousaboutthefutureof
be reco9nized anywhere even today．
thelake．1nthiscontext，lndonesiagovernmenta10Tga−
RecentLy，the tourism of Lake Toba has been de−
nization，AgencyfortheAssessmentandApplicationof
Veloped．Tourboatsarefrequentlyoperated．Hotelsand
yachtharborshavebeenconstructedatthelakeshore・ Techno10gy，COnVened NLake Tobalnternational
ConferenceNinJakarta，1990，Where the present andEspecia y，City of Prapat on the ea＄tねke shore has
futurestate of Lake Tobawere discussed．The cDnfer−been heaviFy deve10Ped as a resort area．ln thisline，
encelasted2days［ongwiththeenergeticdiscussjonofPO‖ution problemsofthelakeisbeingawarealthoughthosearenotseriousyet．1nfact，inPrapat，thedeteriora− Participants．However，the ba＄ic data was apparently
Short for fuTlher discussion．
tion ofwaterquality can be visual］y noticeable，and a
To preservelake environments，limnologicalandLargenumberofEColiismea＄Ured，OilpollutiorLdLJetO
SMpsi＄alsooccurring，andthoughttobecomeserious eco10glCalstudiesareinevitable．TheavailabIedatahas
been far＄hort although Lake Tobais anintere＄tingenvironmentalproblem．There are＄Ome Placeswhere
object of research and several researches had beenno she fish can be found．Thi＄is considered to be
COnducted＄inceDr．Ruttner，afamou＄limno10gistinthe
CaU＄ed by oilpo‖ution．Since the number of tourists
1920 ，made fundamentalstudies on thelake．Further
VisitingLakeTobaishcreasiTIgCertainly，＄OmePreVen−
COmPrehensivestudieswi be necessarytocontributetive action＄ Of environmentalconservation should beto the environmentalconservation of Lake Toba．
taken a＄＄00n aS POSSib10．
T．Nakajima
TherecordsshowedthatthewaterleveIofLakeToba
Lake Biwa Research rnstitute．
WaSranglng905±1minthe1950′．ln1980，however，ahydropowerp］antwhichprovideselectricitytoaalumi−
numsmelterwasconstructed，andexcavationshadbeen
CALL FOR ARTICLES
doneattheAsahanoutlettosecuresomeconstantwater
Tho＄e Who wish to contribute toILEC Newsletter are
quantity．As the results，the waterleve10f thelake
invited to send manuscripts to the secretariat．
droppedto903．7min1980，andthenrecoveredonce，

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3−4−22Kyoma⊂hi．Otsll．Shiga520．Japam
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