Research Digest
Diary Studies(UK`*\Y[PZ;OL*OPULZL<UP]LYZP[`VM/VUN2VUN
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KH[HPKLU[PM`PUNYLJ\YYPUN[OLTLZPU[OLPYLU[YPLZHZ^LSSHZZPTPSHYP[PLZHUKKPMMLYLUJLZPU[OLPYL_WLYPLUJLZHZSLHYULYZPU

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VMRLLWPUNHUKZ[\K`PUNKPHYPLZ:HUK`HUKOLYJVSSLHN\L
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SH[L Z+PHY`Z[\KPLZOH]LILLU\[PSPaLK[VPU]LZ[PNH[LHZWLJ[ZVM
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WYVQLJ[Z

What is a diary study?
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[LHJOPUN PZ HU HJJV\U[ VM H ZLJVUK SHUN\HNL L_WLYPLUJL HZ
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VM [OL KPHY` Z[\KPLZ PZ [OH[ [OL` HYL PU[YVZWLJ[P]L!;OL KPHYPZ[PU]LZ[PNH[LZOPZV^U[LHJOPUNVYSLHYUPUN;O\ZOLJHUYLWVY[VUHMMLJ[P]LMHJ[VYZSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUNZ[YH[LNPLZHUKOPZV^UWLYJLW[PVUZ·MHJL[ZVM[OLSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUNL_WLYPLUJL^OPJO
HYL UVYTHSS` OPKKLU VY SHYNLS` PUHJJLZZPISL [V HU L_[LYUHS



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VIZLY]LYW 
(ZUV[LKHIV]LKPHY`Z[\KPLZOH]LILLUJVUK\J[LKVUSHUN\HNL
SLHYUPUNHUKSHUN\HNL[LHJOPUN0U[OLLHYS`KH`ZVMKPHYPLZHZYLZLHYJO[VVSZ [OLZL KPHY` LU[YPLZ ^LYL [`WPJHSS` HUHS`aLK I` [OL KPHYPZ[Z[OLTZLS]LZ3H[LYOV^L]LYYLZLHYJOLYZ^OVOHKUV[THKL[OLKPHY`LU[YPLZILNHU[VHUHS`aLKH[HNLULYH[LKI`SHUN\HNLSLHYULYZHUKVY
[LHJOLYZ Q\Z[ HZ :HUK` HUK OLY JVSSLHN\L KPK ^OLU [OL` HUHS`aLK
LHJO V[OLY»Z QV\YUHSZ VM [OL ZLJVUK *HU[VULZL JV\YZL  >OLU [OL
KPHYPZ[Z [OLTZLS]LZ KPK [OL HUHS`ZLZ [OL WYVJLZZ ^HZ YLMLYYLK [V HZ
¸WYPTHY`¹ VY ¸KPYLJ[¹ VY ¸PU[YVZWLJ[P]L¹  >OLU [OL HUHS`ZLZ ^LYL
KVULI`ZVTLVULV[OLY[OHU[OLKPHYPZ[Z[OLWYVJLZZ^HZYLMLYYLK[VHZ¸ZLJVUKHY`¹VY¸PUKPYLJ[¹VY¸UVUPU[YVZWLJ[P]L¹0UMVYTH[PVUHIV\[H U\TILY VM W\ISPZOLK KPHY` Z[\KPLZ ^OPJO \ZLK IV[O WYPTHY` HUKZLJVUKHY`HUHS`ZLZPZZ\TTHYPaLKPU;HISL;HISL,_HTWSLZVM+PHY`:[\KPLZ(UHS`aLKI`[OL+PHYPZ[ZHUKI`6[OLY
Researchers(NLU[ZVM
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.YHUKJVSHZ :V\St:\ZIP
LSSLZ 
4J+VUV\NO 
4H[Z\KH 4H[Z\KH
9\ZV
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3HUN\HNL3LHYULYZ»1V\YUHSZ)HPSL`  
*HTWILSS 
*HYZVU 3VUNOPUP
1VULZ  
4VVYL 
:HJOZ
:JOTPK[ -YV[H 
:JO\THUU 
:JO\THUU :JO\THUU *\Y[PZ )HPSL`:LJVUKHY`0UKPYLJ[5VU
PU[YVZWLJ[P]L(UHS`ZPZI`
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1HY]PZ 
3LL 3L^
4J+VUV\NO 
5\TYPJO 
7HSTLY*/ 
7HSTLY.4 
7VSPV >PSZVU+\MM` 
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>PULY (SSPZVU 
)HPSL` 
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2YPZOUHU /VVU
4H[Z\TV[V  
7HYRPUZVU /V^LSS9PJOHYKZVU 
7LJR 
9PJOHYKZ 
9V^ZLSS 3PIILU 
9\ZV;`HJRL 4LUKLSZVOU 
>HYKLU:^HPU3HWRPU /HY[ 

Why use a diary study?
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PUMVYTH[PVU[VSHUN\HNL[LHJOLYZSLHYULYZHUKYLZLHYJOLYZ;OL`HYLIHZLKVUKH[HNLULYH[LK[OYV\NOWLYZVUHS^YP[[LUYLJVYKZHUK[OVZLKH[HJVUZPZ[VM KL[HPSLK UV[LZ VU L]LU[Z HJ[PVUZ LTV[PVUZ HUK [OV\NO[Z >OLYL[OL KPHYPZ[ PZ HSZV [OL YLZLHYJOLY [OL HUHS`ZPZ JHU PUJS\KL PU[YVZWLJ[P]L
PU[LYWYL[H[PVUZVM[OVZLL]LU[ZHJ[PVUZLTV[PVUZHUK[OV\NO[Z:\JOKH[H
HYL\ZLM\SPUJVU[L_[Z^OLYL[OLYLZLHYJOLYZ^OVHYLZVTL[PTLZ[OLKPHYPZ[Z[OLTZLS]LZ^PZO[VKVJ\TLU[PU[LYUHSWYVJLZZLZ[OH[HYLUV[H]HPSHISL[V
HUV\[ZPKLVIZLY]LY+PHY` Z[\KPLZ JHU IL \ZLK HZ IV[O PUKLWLUKLU[ YLZLHYJO [VVSZ HUKHZ VUL HZWLJ[ VM SHYNLY YLZLHYJO WYVQLJ[Z (U L_HTWSL VM [OL MVYTLY PZ
)HPSL`»Z HUHS`ZPZVMLSL]LUSHUN\HNLSLHYULYZ»JVTTLU[HYPLZHIV\[SHUN\HNL SLHYUPUN HU_PL[`(U L_HTWSL VM KPHYPLZ ILPUN PUJVYWVYH[LK HZ
KH[HJVSSLJ[PVUWYVJLK\YLZPUHSHYNLYZ[\K`PZ)SVJR»Z PU]LZ[PNH[PVU

+PHY`:[\KPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

VMHUHK\S[,-3JV\YZLPU:WHPU0U[OH[YLWVY[)SVJR\ZLKVIZLY]H[PVUHSKH[HOLJVSSLJ[LK^OLUOL]PZP[LK[OLJSHZZI\[OLHSZVPUJS\KLK[OL[LHJOLY»Z QV\YUHS LU[YPLZ HUK PUMVYTH[PVU MYVT [OL KPHYPLZ RLW[ I`ZL]LYHSZ[\KLU[Z;OPZJVTIPUH[PVUNH]LOPTHIHSHUJLVM[OLLTPJ[OL
PUZPKLYZ»HUKL[PJ[OLV\[ZPKLY»ZWLYZWLJ[P]LZ

Collecting your data
;OLYL HYL ]HYPV\Z TL[OVKZ `V\ JHU LTWSV` [V JVSSLJ[ `V\Y KPHY`
Z[\K`KH[H;OLZLPUJS\KLOHUK^YP[[LUQV\YUHSZ^VYKWYVJLZZLKQV\YUHSZHUKVY H\KPV YLJVYKPUNZ(S[OV\NO PU TVZ[ JHZLZ KPHYPLZ HYL ^YP[[LU
PUZVTLZ[\KPLZSLHYULYZOH]LTHKLZWVRLUKPHY`LU[YPLZPUZ[LHK-VY
L_HTWSL PU H Z[\K` )SVJR   JVUK\J[LK PU )HYJLSVUH OL OHKSLHYULYZVM,UNSPZOTHRLVYHSLU[YPLZPU[OLPYQV\YUHSZ\ZPUN[OLPYÄYZ[SHUN\HNL/V^L]LYPM`V\^PZO[VJHYY`V\[HKPHY`Z[\K`HUKHJ[\HSS`HUHS`aL[OLQV\YUHSKH[H`V\^PSSWYVIHIS`OH]L[V[YHUZJYPIL[OLH\KPVYLJVYKPUNZVYZVTLWHY[VM[OLTH[SLHZ[PUVYKLY[VKV[OLHUHS`ZPZ;OPZWYVJLZZJHUILX\P[L[PTLJVUZ\TPUN"[OLYLMVYL^LYLJVTTLUK[OH[SLHYULYZHUK[LHJOLYZTHRL^YP[[LUQV\YUHSLU[YPLZ0UWHY[PJ\SHY
^LWYLMLY[VJYLH[L^VYKWYVJLZZLKQV\YUHSLU[YPLZILJH\ZLOH]PUNHULSLJ[YVUPJYLJVYKNYLH[S`MHJPSP[H[LZKH[HHUHS`ZPZZLLILSV^:VTL[PTLZ KPHYPZ[Z WYVK\JL H ¸ÅH[¹ YLJVYK PU [OLPY KPHYPLZ·HJVTWPSH[PVUVMMHJ[Z6[OLYZOH]LYLJVYKZVMMLLSPUNZ^P[OV\[Z\WWVY[PUNL]PKLUJLVYPU[YVZWLJ[PVUHIV\[[OLZV\YJLZVM[OVZLLTV[PVUZ0KLHSS`
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HUK[OL[PTLH[^OPJO`V\ÄUPZO^YP[PUN0M`V\HYL\ZPUNHJVTW\[LY[VTHRL`V\YLU[YPLZ`V\JHUHSZVLHZPS`YLJVYK[OL^VYKJV\U[MVY
LHJO LU[Y` HZ [OPZ PUMVYTH[PVU PUKPJH[LZ [OL HTV\U[ VM KH[H ILPUNNLULYH[LK

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ILOLSWM\S[V`V\[VPUJS\KLJSHZZOHUKV\[ZHUKJVWPLZVMHZZPNUTLU[Z^P[O`V\YKPHY`0M`V\HYLHSHUN\HNL[LHJOLY`V\ZOV\SKPUJS\KLIV[O
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PZ [V YLJVYK [OV\NO[Z MLLSPUNZ HUK HJ[PVUZ HIV\[ LUJV\U[LYZ PU [OL
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L]LU H ZPUNSL L]LU[ ^P[OPU H SLZZVU P[ PZ PTWVY[HU[ [V KL]LSVW ^H`Z
VM MVJ\ZPUN `V\Y ^YP[PUN :L[[PUN YLHZVUHISL [PTL SPTP[Z MVY THRPUN
KPHY`LU[YPLZPZVUL^H`VMLUZ\YPUN[OH[^YP[PUN`V\YLU[YPLZKVLZUV[ILJVTLHUV]LYS`[PTLJVUZ\TPUNHUKSHIVYPV\Z[HZR(UV[OLY \ZLM\S MVJ\ZPUN KL]PJL PZ [V WH` H[[LU[PVU [V L]LU[Z [OH[VJJ\YPUJSHZZ[OH[TH`UV[SHZ[SVUNZ\JOHZHIYPLM^HYT\WVY^YHW
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MVYPUJYLHZPUN`V\YÅ\LUJ`VYOV^`V\YLHJ[[VLYYVY[YLH[TLU[4HU` [LHJOLYZ WYLZLU[ JVUZLJ\[P]L SLZZVUZ [LHJOPUN VUL JSHZZHM[LYHUV[OLYIHJR[VIHJR0UZ\JOHYYHUNLTLU[Z[OLYLPZUV[\Z\HSS`
HU` [PTL [V THRL H KPHY` LU[Y` \U[PS [OL LUK VM [OL KH` I` ^OPJO
[PTLTLTVYPLZTH`OH]LHSYLHK`Z[HY[LK[VMHKL6UL^H`VMH]VPKPUN
[OPZWYVISLTPZ[VTHRLIYPLMOHUK^YP[[LUUV[LZPUWVPU[MVYTVU`V\Y
SLZZVU WSHUZ WLYOHWZ \ZPUN Z[PJR` UV[L WHWLYZ 7VZ[P[ UV[LZ;OLZLUV[LZJHUSH[LYILLSHIVYH[LKVU^VYKWYVJLZZLKHUKÄSLK

Getting started(Z MVY OV^ [V NV HIV\[ NL[[PUN Z[HY[LK OLYL PZ HU L_HTWSL VM
PUZ[Y\J[PVUZ MVY RLLWPUN H KPHY` ^OPJO H YLZLHYJOLY 4H[Z\TV[V  NH]L[VHSHUN\HNLSLHYULY;OLZ[\KLU[^HZHUH[P]LZWLHRLYVM
1HWHULZLZ[\K`PUN,UNSPZO!
7SLHZLTHRLKHPS`LU[YPLZPU1HWHULZLKLZJYPIPUN`V\YJSHZZYVVTSLHYUPUNL_WLYPLUJLPU[OL,:3WYVNYHT`V\HYLWHY[PJPWH[PUNPU
[OPZ Z\TTLY@V\ HYL HZRLK [V ^YP[L HIV\[ [OL JVU[LU[ VM `V\Y

*\Y[PZ )HPSL`JSHZZVYSLHYUPUNHJ[P]P[PLZHUK^OH[`V\[OV\NO[VYMLS[HIV\[[OL
JSHZZHUKHU`V[OLY[OPUNZ^OPJOHYLPU]VS]LKPU`V\YSHUN\HNL
SLHYUPUNL_WLYPLUJL7SLHZL^YP[L`V\YJVTTLU[ZHUKMLLSPUNZPU
HZT\JOKL[HPSHZWVZZPISLOVULZ[S`HUKVWLUS`HZPM`V\^LYL
RLLWPUN`V\YV^UWLYZVUHSJVUÄKLU[PHSKPHY`;Y`[V^YP[L`V\Y
LU[Y`ILMVYL`V\OH]LMVYNV[[LUHIV\[[OLJSHZZJVU[LU[·HZZVVU
HZWVZZPISLHM[LY[OLJSHZZW(UV[OLY YLZLHYJOLY )YV^U  H NH]L [OLZL PUZ[Y\J[PVUZ [V H
NYV\WVMZ[\KLU[ZSLHYUPUN:WHUPZO!
 ;OPZQV\YUHSOHZ[^VW\YWVZLZ;OLÄYZ[PZ[VOLSW`V\^P[O`V\YSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUN(Z`V\^YP[LHIV\[^OH[`V\[OPURHUK
MLLS HZ H SHUN\HNL SLHYULY `V\ ^PSS \UKLYZ[HUK `V\YZLSM HUK`V\YL_WLYPLUJLIL[[LY ;OL ZLJVUK W\YWVZL PZ [V PUJYLHZL [OL V]LYHSS RUV^SLKNL
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`V\YSLH]L[OLB[YHPUPUNWYVNYHTD/V^L]LY`V\YQV\YUHS^PSSUV[ILYLHKI`[OL[LHJOLYZH[[OLB[YHPUPUNWYVNYHTD0[^PSSILYLHKI`YLZLHYJOLYZPU[LYLZ[LKPUSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUN @V\YPKLU[P[`HUK[OLPKLU[P[`VMV[OLYZ`V\TH`^YP[LHIV\[^PSS IL \URUV^U \USLZZ `V\ ^PZO P[ V[OLY^PZL [V HU`VULL_JLW[[OLYLZLHYJOLYZ @V\^PSSILNP]LUTPU\[LZHKH`[V^YP[L7SLHZL^YP[LHZ
PM[OPZ^LYL`V\YWLYZVUHSQV\YUHSHIV\[`V\YSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUNL_WLYPLUJLWW
3PRL )SVJR   [OL SLHYULYZ PU )YV^U»Z Z[\K` HSZV THKL [OLPYQV\YUHSLU[YPLZPU[OLPYÄYZ[SHUN\HNL,UNSPZO

+PHY`:[\KPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

Putting the process to work
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SLHYULYZVY[LHJOLYZPU[OLPYKPHY`RLLWPUNIHZLKVU5\UHUHUK)HPSL`WW!
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^YP[PUN`V\YKPHY`I`OHUK\ZLWHWLYVYHUV[LIVVR[OH[`V\SPRLHUK H WLU [OH[ PZ LHZ` HUK JVTMVY[HISL [V \ZL 0M `V\ HYL ^VYKWYVJLZZPUN`V\YKPHY`THRLZ\YL`V\HYLMHTPSPHY^P[O[OLWYVNYHTHUK[OH[`V\ZH]L`V\YLU[YPLZYLN\SHYS`HUKYLSPNPV\ZS`PUVYKLY[VH]VPK[OLMY\Z[YH[PVUVMSVZPUNKH[H*HYY`HZTHSSWVJRL[UV[LIVVRVYWLYZVUHSKPNP[HSHZZPZ[HU[7+(^P[O`V\ZV[OH[`V\JHUTHRLUV[LZHIV\[`V\YSHUN\HNLL_WLYPLUJLZ
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4VVYL ":JO\THUU ":JO\THUUHUK:JO\THUU 0U
V[OLYJHZLZ[OL`OH]LILLU\ZLKPUJVUULJ[PVU^P[OHKKP[PVUHS[`WLZVM
KH[H^OPJOOHZWLYTP[[LK[OLYLZLHYJOLYZ[VJVTWHYL[OLV\[JVTLZ
VM]HYPV\ZRPUKZVMKH[HJVSSLJ[PVUZLLLN,SSPZ  0U[OPZZLUZLKPHY` Z[\KPLZ·SPRL V[OLY MVYTZ VM X\HSP[H[P]L YLZLHYJO·ILULÄ[ MYVT[YPHUN\SH[PVU·H TL[HWOVY IVYYV^LK MYVT HZ[YVUVT` Z\Y]L`PUN HUK

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KH[H Z\JO HZ KPHY` LU[YPLZ [YPHUN\SH[PVU YLMLYZ [V H X\HSP[` JVU[YVS
Z[YH[LN`PU[OH[PM¸KP]LYZLRPUKZVMKH[HSLHK[V[OLZHTLJVUJS\ZPVUVULJHUILHSP[[SLTVYLJVUÄKLU[PU[OH[JVUJS\ZPVU¹/HTTLYZSL` ([RPUZVU W +PHY`LU[YPLZJHUIL\ZLK[V[YPHUN\SH[L^P[O
LP[OLYX\HU[P[H[P]LVYX\HSP[H[P]LMVYTZVMKH[H(Z ^P[O TVZ[ KH[H KPZJ\ZZPVUZ WYLZLU[PUN H JVTIPUH[PVU VM
X\HU[P[H[P]L HUK X\HSP[H[P]L KH[H [VNL[OLY HZ ,SSPZ    KPK JHUNP]L `V\Y YLHKLYZ H TVYL JVTWSL[L WPJ[\YL 0U ,SSPZ» Z[\K` VM [^V
SLHYULYZ»JSHZZYVVTSLHYUPUNZ[`SLZHUK[OLPYLMMLJ[VUZLJVUKSHUN\HNL
HJX\PZP[PVU[OLKPHYPLZVM[OL[^VSLHYULYZHYLQ\Z[VULVMUPULZL[ZVM
KH[HPUJS\KPUNHX\LZ[PVUUHPYLYLZ\S[ZMYVTHJVNUP[P]LZ[`SL[LZ[HUK
MYVTHSHUN\HNLHW[P[\KL[LZ[,]LUZV[OLYLHYLTVYL[OHUHKVaLU
KPHY`LU[YPLZPUJS\KLKPU,SSPZ»WYLZLU[H[PVUVM[OLÄUKPUNZ0[PZ^VY[O
UV[PUNOV^L]LY[OH[TVZ[VM[OLZLL_JLYW[ZHYL]LY`IYPLMMVYPUZ[HUJL¸(Z\Z\HS0^HZX\P[LMYPNO[LULK^OLUHZRLKX\LZ[PVUZ¹W( ZPTPSHY TP_LKKH[H HWWYVHJO ^HZ \ZLK I`(SSPZVU   ^OVÄYZ[WYLZLU[LKH[HISLZ\TTHYPaPUN[OLYLZ\S[ZVMHZOVY[X\LZ[PVUUHPYLJVTWSL[LKI`[OPY[`LPNO[Z[\KLU[Z;OLX\LZ[PVUUHPYL^HZIHZLKVU[OL
Z[\KLU[Z»YLZWVUZLZ[V[LUZ[H[LTLU[ZHIV\[RLLWPUNHJV\YZLKPHY`MVY
L_HTWSL!¸>YP[PUNHKPHY`OLSWLKTLJSHYPM`JVUJLW[Z¹HUK¸>YP[PUN
HKPHY`OLSWLKTLHWWS`JVUJLW[Z[V[L_[Z¹W;OLX\LZ[PVUUHPYLYLZ\S[Z HYL MVSSV^LK I` H KPZJ\ZZPVU VM ¸SLHYULYZ» LUNHNLTLU[ ^P[OSHUN\HNL PZZ\LZ¹ WW   \ZPUN LPNO[ L_HTWSLZ MYVT Z[\KLU[Z»
KHPYPLZ;OLYLPZHSZVHZLJ[PVUVU¸[OLYVSLVM[LHJOLYMLLKIHJR¹WW
 ^OPJO THRLZ \ZL VM H ZPUNSL I\[ YLSH[P]LS` SVUN L_[YHJ[ MYVT
VULVM[OLZ[\KLU[»ZKPHYPLZ7YLZLU[PUN^LSSZLSLJ[LKL_[YHJ[ZMYVT`V\Y
KPHYPLZLMMLJ[P]LS`^PSSOLSW`V\YYLHKLYZNL[HMLLSMVY[OLL_WLYPLUJLZ
`V\HYL^YP[PUNHIV\[(S[LYUH[P]LS` ZVTL KPHYPZ[Z OH]L \ZLK ÄN\YLZ [V YLWYLZLU[ PKLHZ
WPJ[VYPHSS`-VYPUZ[HUJL)HPSL` WWYV]PKLKHUPTWYLZZPVUPZ[PJ

+PHY`:[\KPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

SPUL NYHWO [V YLWYLZLU[ [OL SL]LSZ VM  Z[\KLU[Z[\KLU[ PU[LYHJ[PVUPU[LYWLYZVUHS[LUZPVUHUKOLYLU[O\ZPHZTMVYSLHYUPUN-YLUJOV]LY [OL JV\YZL VM H [LU^LLR [LYT -VSSV^PUN HU HUHS`ZPZ VM KPHY`
KH[HMYVTLSL]LUSHUN\HNLSLHYULYZ)HPSL` W WYV]PKLKHÄN\YL YLWYLZLU[PUN [OL YLSH[PVUZOPWZ IL[^LLU JVTWL[P[P]LULZZ HUKKLIPSP[H[PUN VY MHJPSP[H[PUN HU_PL[` HTVUN SHUN\HNL SLHYULYZ ^OVWLYJLP]LK[OLTZLS]LZHZLP[OLYZ\JJLZZM\SVY\UZ\JJLZZM\SConclusion:PUJL KPHY` Z[\KPLZ YLS` VU PU[YVZWLJ[P]L QV\YUHS LU[YPLZ [OL`
JHU WYV]PKL \Z ^P[O KH[H [OH[ TH` YL]LHS HZWLJ[Z VM [OL SHUN\HNL
SLHYUPUN VY SHUN\HNL [LHJOPUN L_WLYPLUJL ^OPJO HYL KPMÄJ\S[ PM UV[PTWVZZPISL[VH[[HPUI`V[OLYTLHUZ-VY[OPZYLHZVUHUKILJH\ZLVM
[OLPYÅL_PIPSP[`HZYLZLHYJO[VVSZPU[OLPYV^UYPNO[HUKHZLSLTLU[ZVMSHYNLYYLZLHYJOWYVQLJ[Z[OL`HYLHWHY[PJ\SHYS`\ZLM\S^H`[VJVSSLJ[PUMVYTH[PVUPUZLJVUKSHUN\HNLYLZLHYJOWYVQLJ[Z(ZZ\NNLZ[LKI`[OL
PSS\Z[YH[PVUHIV\[:HUK`H[[OLILNPUUPUNVM[OPZJOHW[LYKPHY`Z[\KPLZ
JHUILLMMLJ[P]LMVYL_WSVYPUNIV[OSLHYUPUNHUK[LHJOPUNL_WLYPLUJLZPUKP]PK\HSS`HUKJVSSHIVYH[P]LS`(UK`*\Y[PZ),K<UP]LYZP[`VM:\UKLYSHUK<2"4(7O+<UP]LYZP[`
VM@VYR<2PZJ\YYLU[S`[OL+PYLJ[VYVM[OL,UNSPZO3HUN\HNL;LHJOPUN<UP[H[[OL*OPULZL<UP]LYZP[`VM/VUN2VUN*</2/LPZHSZVHU(ZZVJPH[L7YVMLZZVYPU[OL+LWHY[TLU[VM*\YYPJ\S\THUK0UZ[Y\J[PVU
H[*</2/LOHZW\ISPZOLKPUH^PKLYHUNLVMQV\YUHSZVU,UNSPZOSHUN\HNLLK\JH[PVU[LHJOLYWYVMLZZPVUHSKL]LSVWTLU[HUKSHUN\HNL
WYVNYHTKL]LSVWTLU[HUKOLOHZ^VYRLK^P[OTVYL[OHU
,3;WYVMLZZPVUHSZPUTVYL[OHUJV\U[YPLZV]LY[OLSHZ[`LHYZ/PZ
J\YYLU[YLZLHYJOPU[LYLZ[ZPUJS\KLSLHKLYZOPWPUSHUN\HNLLK\JH[PVUHUKJOHUNLTHUHNLTLU[PU[LY[PHY`LK\JH[PVUJVU[L_[Z
2H[OSLLU4)HPSL`H7HZ[7YLZPKLU[VM;,:63 YLJLP]LKOLY4(PU;,:3HUKOLY7O+PU(WWSPLK3PUN\PZ[PJZMYVT<*3(:OLPZHWYVMLZZVYVM(WWSPLK3PUN\PZ[PJZH[[OL4VU[LYL`0UZ[P[\[LVM
0U[LYUH[PVUHS:[\KPLZPU4VU[LYL`*HSPMVYUPH/LYYLZLHYJOPU[LYLZ[Z*\Y[PZ )HPSL`PUJS\KL[LHJOLYLK\JH[PVUHUKKL]LSVWTLU[ZLJVUKSHUN\HNL
HJX\PZP[PVUSHUN\HNL[LZ[PUNJSHZZYVVTYLZLHYJOHUKYLZLHYJOTL[OVKVSVN`:OLOHZJVLKP[LKZP_IVVRZJVH\[OVYLK[OYLLIVVRZHUK^YP[[LU[OYLLV[OLYZ+Y)HPSL`OHZ^VYRLK^P[OSHUN\HNL
[LHJOLYZPU1HWHU2VYLH4L_PJV0[HS`:WHPU<Y\N\H`7VSHUK(YNLU[PUH)YHaPS;OHPSHUK;YPUPKHK*aLJOVZSV]HRPH:PUNHWVYL(\Z[YHSPH/VUN2VUNHUK[OL<UP[LK:[H[LZ0U  ZOL[H\NO[,-3PU[OL,UNSPZO3HUN\HNL;LHJOPUN<UP[H[[OL*OPULZL<UP]LYZP[`VM
/VUN2VUN

References(SSPZVU+ 0U]LZ[PNH[PUNSLHYULYZ»JV\YZLKPHYPLZHZ
L_WSVYH[PVUZVMSHUN\HNL3HUN\HNL;LHJOPUN9LZLHYJO

(WWLS1 +PHY`VMHSHUN\HNL[LHJOLY6_MVYK!/LPULTHUU,UNSPZO)HPSL`24 (UPU[YVZWLJ[P]LHUHS`ZPZVMHUPUKP]PK\HSZSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUNL_WLYPLUJL0U9:JHYJLSSH :2YHZOLU,KZ
9LZLHYJOPUZLJVUKSHUN\HNLHJX\PZP[PVU!:LSLJ[LKWHWLYZVM[OL3VZ(UNLSLZ:LJVUK3HUN\HNL9LZLHYJO-VY\TWW9V^SL`4(!5L^I\Y`/V\ZL)HPSL`24 *VTWL[P[P]LULZZHUKHU_PL[`PUHK\S[ZLJVUKSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUN!3VVRPUNatHUK[OYV\NO[OLKPHY`Z[\KPLZ0U
/>:LSPNLY 4/3VUN,KZ*SHZZYVVTVYPLU[LKYLZLHYJOPU
ZLJVUKSHUN\HNLHJX\PZP[PVUWW9V^SL`4(!5L^I\Y`/V\ZL)HPSL`24 ;OL\ZLVMKPHY`Z[\KPLZPU[LHJOLYLK\JH[PVUWYVNYHTZ0U1*9PJOHYKZ +5\UHU,KZ:LJVUKSHUN\HNL
[LHJOLYLK\JH[PVUWW*HTIYPKNL!*HTIYPKNL<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZ)HPSL`24>OH[T`,-3Z[\KLU[Z[H\NO[TL;OL7(*

+PHY`:[\KPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

1V\YUHS)HPSL`24*\Y[PZ( 5\UHU+7\YZ\PUNWYVMLZZPVUHSKL]LSVWTLU[!;OLZLSMHZZV\YJL)VZ[VU!/LPUSL /LPUSL)HPSL`24 6JOZULY9 (TL[OVKVSVNPJHSYL]PL^VM[OL
KPHY`Z[\KPLZ!>PUKTPSS[PS[PUNVYZVJPHSZJPLUJL&0U24)HPSL`
4/3VUN :7LJR,KZ:LJVUKSHUN\HNLHJX\PZP[PVUZ[\KPLZWW )VZ[VU!/LPUSL /LPUSL5L^I\Y`/V\ZL
)SVJR+ (^PUKV^VU[OLJSHZZYVVT!*SHZZYVVTL]LU[Z]PL^LKMYVTKPMMLYLU[HUNSLZ0U24)HPSL` +5\UHU,KZ
=VPJLZMYVT[OLSHUN\HNLJSHZZYVVT!8\HSP[H[P]LYLZLHYJO
PUZLJVUKSHUN\HNLLK\JH[PVUWW *HTIYPKNL!
*HTIYPKNL<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZ)YPU[VU+4 /VS[LU*  >OH[UV]PJL[LHJOLYZMVJ\ZVU!
;OLWYHJ[PJ\TPU;,:3;,:638\HY[LYS`)YVJR45@\) >VUN4 º1V\YUHSPUN»[VNL[OLY!
*VSSHIVYH[P]LKPHY`RLLWPUNHUK[LHJOLYKL]LSVWTLU[0U1
-SV^LYKL^45)YVJR :/ZPH,KZ7LYZWLJ[P]LZVUZLJVUKSHUN\HNL[LHJOLYKL]LSVWTLU[WW /VUN2VUN!*P[`<UP]LYZP[`VM/VUN2VUN)YV^U* H9LX\LZ[ZMVYZWLJPÄJSHUN\HNLPUW\[!+PMMLYLUJLZ
IL[^LLUVSKLYHUK`V\UNLYHK\S[SHUN\HNLSLHYULYZ0U:3.HZZ*4HKKLU,KZ0UW\[PUZLJVUKSHUN\HNLHJX\PZP[PVUWW9V^SL`4(!5L^I\Y`/V\ZL)YV^U* I;^V^PUKV^ZVU[OLJSHZZYVVT^VYSK!+PHY`
Z[\KPLZHUKWHY[PJPWHU[VIZLY]H[PVUKPMMLYLUJLZ0U73HYZVU,3
1\KK +:4LZZLYZJOPTP[[,KZ6U;,:63º!)YH]LUL^^VYSKMVY;,:63WW>HZOPUN[VU+*!;,:63
*HTWILSS* :VJPHSPaPUN^P[O[OL[LHJOLYZHUKWYPVYSHUN\HNL
SLHYUPUNL_WLYPLUJL0U24)HPSL` +5\UHU,KZ=VPJLZMYVT[OLSHUN\HNLJSHZZYVVT!8\HSP[H[P]LYLZLHYJOPUZLJVUKSHUN\HNLLK\JH[PVUWW*HTIYPKNL!*HTIYPKNL<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZ

*\Y[PZ )HPSL`*HYYVSS4 1V\YUHS^YP[PUNHZHSLHYUPUNHUKYLZLHYJO[VVSPU
[OLHK\S[JSHZZYVVT;,:631V\YUHS *HYZVU1. 3VUNOPUP(-VJ\ZPUNVUSLHYUPUNZ[`SLZHUKZ[YH[LNPLZ!(KPHY`Z[\K`PUHUPTTLYZPVUZL[[PUN3HUN\HNL
3LHYUPUN
*VSL94J*HY[O`399VNHU7 :JOSLPJOLY3 0U[LYHJ[P]L
NYV\WQV\YUHSZ!3LHYUPUNHZHKPHSVN\LHTVUNSLHYULYZ;,:63
8\HY[LYS`+LUaPU52 ;OLYLZLHYJOHJ[!([OLVYL[PJHSPU[YVK\J[PVU[VZVJPVSVNPJHSTL[OVKZndLK5L^@VYR!4J.YH^/PSS,SSPZ9  *SHZZYVVTSLHYUPUNZ[`SLZHUK[OLPYLMMLJ[VUZLJVUKSHUN\HNLHJX\PZP[PVU!(Z[\K`VM[^VSLHYULYZ:`Z[LT .YHUKJVSHZ) :V\St:\ZIPLSSLZ5 ;OLHUHS`ZPZVM
[OLMVYLPNUSHUN\HNLJSHZZYVVT:[\KPLZPU:LJVUK3HUN\HNL
(JX\PZP[PVU 
/HSIHJO(-PUKPUNV\[HIV\[Z[\KLU[Z»SLHYUPUNZ[YH[LNPLZI`SVVRPUNH[[OLPYKPHYPLZ!(JHZLZ[\K`:`Z[LT 
/HTTLYZSL`4 ([RPUZVU7 ,[OUVNYHWO`!7YPUJPWSLZPU
WYHJ[PJL3VUKVU!;H]PZ[VJR7\ISPJH[PVUZ/PSSLZVU4 º0^HU[[V[HSR[V[OLTI\[0KVU»[^HU[[OLT[V
OLHY¹!(UPU[YVZWLJ[P]LZ[\K`VMZLJVUKSHUN\HNLHU_PL[`PUHU,UNSPZOTLKP\TZJOVVS0U24)HPSL` +5\UHU,KZ=VPJLZMYVT[OLSHUN\HNLJSHZZYVVT!8\HSP[H[P]LYLZLHYJOPUZLJVUKSHUN\HNLLK\JH[PVUWW*HTIYPKNL!*HTIYPKNL<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZ/V) 9PJOHYKZ1 9LÅLJ[P]L[OPURPUN[OYV\NO[LHJOLYQV\YUHS^YP[PUN!4`[OZHUKYLHSP[PLZ7YVZWLJ[/\HUN1(KPHY`Z[\K`VMKPMÄJ\S[PLZHUKJVUZ[YHPU[ZPU,-3
SLHYUPUN:`Z[LT 
1HY]PZ1 <ZPUNKPHYPLZMVYYLÅLJ[PVUVUPUZLY]PJLJV\YZLZ,UNSPZO3HUN\HNL;LHJOPUN1V\YUHS
+PHY`:[\KPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

1VULZ-9 ;OLSVULSHUN\HNLSLHYULY!(KPHY`Z[\K`:`Z[LT
1VULZ-9 3LHYUPUNHUHSPLUSL_PJVU!([LHJO`V\YZLSMJHZLZ[\K`:LJVUK3HUN\HNL9LZLHYJO 
2YPZOUHU3( /VVU3/+PHYPLZ!3PZ[LUPUN[Vº]VPJLZ»
MYVT[OLT\S[PJ\S[\YHSJSHZZYVVT,3;1V\YUHS 
3LL, 3L^3+PHY`Z[\KPLZ!;OL]VPJLZVMUVUUH[P]L,UNSPZOZWLHRLYZPUHTHZ[LYVMHY[ZWYVNYHTPU[LHJOPUN,UNSPZO[VZWLHRLYZVMV[OLYSHUN\HNLZ*(;,:631V\YUHS 
4H[Z\KH( 4H[Z\KH7(\[VUVT`HUKJVSSHIVYH[PVUPU
[LHJOLYLK\JH[PVU!1V\YUHSZOHYPUNHTVUNUH[P]LHUKUVUUH[P]L,UNSPZOZWLHRPUN[LHJOLYZ*(;,:631V\YUHS 
4H[Z\TV[V2  (UHUHS`ZPZVMH1HWHULZL,:3SLHYULY»ZKPHY`!-HJ[VYZPU]VS]LKPU[OL3SLHYUPUNWYVJLZZ1(3;1V\YUHS
 4J+VUV\NO1 ([LHJOLYSVVRZH[[LHJOLYZ»KPHYPLZ,UNSPZO3HUN\HNL;LHJOPUN1V\YUHS
4VVYL; (UL_WLYPTLU[HSSHUN\HNLOHUKPJHW!7LYZVUHSHJJV\U[)\SSL[PUVM[OL)YP[PZO7Z`JOVSVNPJHS:VJPL[`
5\TYPJO* 6UILJVTPUNHSHUN\HNL[LHJOLY!0UZPNO[ZMYVT
KPHY`Z[\KPLZ;,:638\HY[LYS`
5\UHU+ )HPSL`24,_WSVYPUNZLJVUKSHUN\HNL
JSHZZYVVTYLZLHYJO)VZ[VU!/LPUSLHKP]PZPVUVM*LUNHNL
7HSTLY*/ +PHYPLZMVYZLSMHZZLZZTLU[HUK05:,;
WYVNYHTTLL]HS\H[PVU,\YVWLHU1V\YUHSVM;LHJOLY,K\JH[PVU
7HSTLY.4 ;OLWYHJ[PJHSMLHZPIPSP[`VMKPHY`Z[\KPLZMVY05:,;
,\YVWLHU1V\YUHSVM;LHJOLY,K\JH[PVU 
7HYRPUZVU) */V^LSS9PJOHYKZVU* 3LHYULYKPHYPLZ
0U*)Y\TÄ[ 94P[JOLSS,KZ9LZLHYJOPU[OLSHUN\HNL
JSHZZYVVT!,3;+VJ\TLU[ZWW3VUKVU!,UNSPZO7\ISPJH[PVUZHUK[OL)YP[PZO*V\UJPS

*\Y[PZ )HPSL`

7LJR: 3HUN\HNLSLHYUPUNKPHYPLZHZTPYYVYZVMZ[\KLU[Z»
J\S[\YHSZLUZP[P]P[`0U24)HPSL` +5\UHU,KZ=VPJLZMYVT[OLSHUN\HNLJSHZZYVVT!8\HSP[H[P]LYLZLHYJOPUZLJVUKSHUN\HNL
LK\JH[PVUWW*HTIYPKNL!*HTIYPKNL<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZ
7VSPV* >PSZVU+\MM`* ;LHJOPUN,:3PUHU\UMHTPSPHYJVU[L_[!0U[LYUH[PVUHSZ[\KLU[ZPUH5VY[O(TLYPJHU4(;,:63
WYHJ[PJ\T;,:631V\YUHS 
9PJOHYKZ2 7LW`ZPU[VH;,-3JV\YZL,3;1V\YUHS
9V^ZLSS3= 3PIILU. ;OLZV\UKVMVULOHUKJSHWWPUN!
/V^[VZ\JJLLKPUPUKLWLUKLU[SHUN\HNLSLHYUPUN*HUHKPHU
4VKLYU3HUN\HNL9L]PL^
9\ZV5;OLPUÅ\LUJLVM[HZRIHZLKSLHYUPUNVU,-3
JSHZZYVVTZ(ZPHU,-31V\YUHSKV^USVHKLK1\S`
MYVTO[[W!^^^HZPHULÅQV\YUHSJVTW[HF-LIY\HY`FF
UYWOW
:HJOZ.;3LHYUPUN*HU[VULZL!9LÅLJ[PVUZVMHU,-3[LHJOLYLK\JH[VY0U+*:3P,K+PZJV\YZLZPUZLHYJOVMTLTILYZ!
0UOVUVYVM9VU:JVSSVUWW 3HUOHT4+!<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZVM(TLYPJH
:JOTPK[9> -YV[H:5 +L]LSVWPUNIHZPJJVU]LYZH[PVUHSHIPSP[`PUZLJVUKSHUN\HNL!(JHZLZ[\K`VMHUHK\S[SLHYULYVM
7VY[\N\LZL0U99+H`,K;HSRPUN[VSLHYU!*VU]LYZH[PVUPU
ZLJVUKSHUN\HNLHJX\PZP[PVUWW9V^SL`4(!5L^I\Y`/V\ZL
:JO\THUU-, +PHY`VMHSLHYULY0U9:JHYJLSSH :2YHZOLU,KZ9LZLHYJOPUZLJVUKSHUN\HNLHJX\PZP[PVU!:LSLJ[LKWHWLYZVM[OL3VZ(UNLSLZ:LJVUK3HUN\HNL9LZLHYJO-VY\TWW9V^SL`4(!5L^I\Y`/V\ZL
:JO\THUU-, :JO\THUU1/ +PHY`VMHSHUN\HNL
SLHYULY!(UPU[YVZWLJ[P]LZ[\K`VMZLJVUKSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUN0U

+PHY`:[\KPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

/+)YV^U9/*Y`TLZ *(@VYPV,KZ6U;,:63º!;LHJOPUNHUKSLHYUPUN,UNSPZOHZHZLJVUKSHUN\HNL;YLUKZPU
YLZLHYJOHUKWYHJ[PJLWW >HZOPUN[VU+*!;,:63
;ZHUN>21V\YUHSPUNMYVTPU[LYUZOPW[VWYHJ[PJL[LHJOPUN
9LÅLJ[P]LWYHJ[PJL;`HJRL4 4LUKLSZVOU+ :[\KLU[ULLKZ!*VNUP[P]LHZ
^LSSHZJVTT\UPJH[P]L;,:3*HUHKH1V\YUHS:WLJPHS0ZZ\L
]HU3PLY3 ;OLJSHZZYVVTHUK[OLSHUN\HNLSLHYULY!
,[OUVNYHWO`HUKZLJVUKSHUN\HNLJSHZZYVVTYLZLHYJO3VUKVU!
3VUNTHU
=LYP[`+7:PKLHMMLJ[Z!;OLZ[YH[LNPJKL]LSVWTLU[VM
WYVMLZZPVUHSZH[PZMHJ[PVU0U173HU[VSM,K:VJPVJ\S[\YHS[OLVY`
HUKZLJVUKSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUNWW  6_MVYK!6_MVYK<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZ>HYKLU4:^HPU43HWRPU: /HY[+ (KVSLZJLU[SHUN\HNLSLHYULYZVUH[OYLLTVU[OL_JOHUNL!0UZPNO[ZMYVT[OLPYKPHYPLZ-VYLPNU3HUN\HNL(UUHSZ
>PULY3 ¸:WPUHJO[VJOVJVSH[L¹!*OHUNPUNH^HYLULZZHUK
H[[P[\KLZPU,:3^YP[PUN[LHJOLYZ;,:638\HY[LYS` 