Evaluation of a Wake-up Wireless Module with
Bloom-Filter-Based ID Matching
Shigemi ISHIDA, Takahiro TAKIGUCHI, Shunsuke SARUWATARI,
Masateru MINAMI and Hiroyuki MORIKAWA
Morikawa Laboratory, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Email: {ishida, takiguchi, saru, minami, mori}@mlab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Abstract—We present a wake-up wireless communication system, which can drastically reduce idle listening energy forlong idle listening applications by using a wake-up wirelessmodule. We consider chance encounter communication, which iscommunication during opportunistic encounters, as a long idle
listening application. There are three requirements for applying
the wake-up system to chance encounter communication: a group
selective wake-up, a multiple group support, and small circuit
size. In order to achieve these three requirements, we introduce
Bloom-filter-based ID matching to the wake-up wireless module.
The present paper describes the design of the wake-up moduleusing a Bloom-filter-based ID matching mechanism. We evaluate
the proposed module by performing circuit-level simulations. The
simulation results show that the proposed system can reduce
listening power by a factor of 1,000 to 10,000 compared toconventional Wi-Fi modules.

I. I NTRODUCTION
Since excessive power consumption is a major problem
in wireless communication, it is important to reduce power
consumption related to wireless communication. The reductionof wireless communication power consumption is also important in order to realize an energy-efficient communication
system as well as to extend application fields of wirelesscommunication.
A listening state of radio modules consumes as much power
as a receiving state. The reduction of the idle listening power
consumption is important for long idle listening applications.
Wi-Fi access points in a home network, for example, spend agreat deal of time in idle listening compared to communication
because there are a relatively small number of Wi-Fi devices
in the home network. For such long idle listening applications,the most wireless communication energy is wasted in idle
listening.
Previous studies have reported hardware improvements andvarious access control technologies to reduce the energy
waste in idle listening. Although hardware improvements areapplicable to all systems, the resulting power reduction isoften insufficient. For example, a 2.4-GHz IEEE 802.15.4
and a 868/915 MHz transceiver, which consume as much as
30 mW and 2 mW, respectively, have been reported [1][2].
Access control technologies can sometimes considerably reduce the amount of the wasted energy [3][4][5]. However,access control technologies have trade-offs between communication latency and energy efficiency. A communication latency
increases as the idle listening power decreases. The access
control technologies are not suitable for long idle listening
applications because these applications require a small latency
compared to the long idle listening duration.

We propose a wake-up wireless communication system,
which can drastically reduce the energy wasted in idle listening. The wake-up wireless communication system consistsof two radio modules: a data communication module anda wake-up module. The data communication module is a
general radio module, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or ZigBee.
The wake-up module listens for wake-up packets transmitted
prior to communication by transmitters and wakes the data
communication module when necessary. The wake-up module
consumes only several dozen microwatts in idle listening
because of its limited function. Using the low-power wakeup module enables the data communication module to turnoff during idle listening.
We consider applying the proposed wake-up system toone of the long idle listening applications: chance encounter
communication, which is communication between two or morenodes with one another during infrequent, opportunistic encounters [6]. In chance encounter communication, transmittershave no information about target nodes before communication
with the targets. Nevertheless, it is necessary to specify wakeup target nodes in the wake-up system.
In view of chance encounter communication, we propose
a wake-up wireless communication system with group-based
ID matching, which uses a Bloom filter [7]. ID matchingis a mechanism that determines whether to wake the data
communication module based on a destination node ID. The
main contributions of the present paper are (1) the proposalof a wake-up wireless communication system with a groupbased addressing capability, which can effectively reduce idle
listening power consumption for long idle listening applications; (2) application of a Bloom filter to the group-based
ID matching mechanism, which meets three requirements forchance encounter communication: group selectivity, a multiple
group support, and small circuit size.
The remainder of the present paper is organized as follows.
Section II describes a wake-up wireless communication systemand the requirements of ID matching for chance encounter
communication. In Section III, we propose a Bloom-filterbased ID matching mechanism, which can meet the three
above-mentioned requirements. Section IV describes the circuit and the chip layout design of the proposed wake-up
wireless module. In Section V, we evaluate the wake-up
wireless module by performing circuit-level simulations andshow that the proposed system can drastically reduce listening
power consumption. Finally, Section VI concludes the paper.

Wake-up packet
Transmitter
Wake-up
ModuleReceiverGroup ID Space

Fig. 1.

Transmitter
Wake-up Target

Game A@DS

Game B@DS
Convert toBloom Filter

Radio Wave
Detector(1) Wake-up

Data Comm.
ModuleReceiverWake-up Conditions: Multiple Group IDs

Wake-up ID SpaceID Matching

(2)
Data
Wake-up Communication

Wake-up Module

Module1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

Fig. 2.

ID MatchingGame B@DS
Convert toBloom Filter0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

Overview of ID matching.

Overview of a wake-up wireless communication system.

II. WAKE - UP W IRELESS C OMMUNICATION S YSTEM
A. Overview
Figure 1 shows an overview of a wake-up wireless communication system. The wake-up wireless communication system
consists of two radio modules: a data communication moduleand a wake-up module. The data communication module isa general purpose radio module, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,or ZigBee. The wake-up module consists of a radio wave
detector and an ID matching circuit. The radio wave detector
is designed only to detect radio waves and therefore consumes
only several dozen microwatts, whereas the data communication module consumes up to several hundred milliwatts. The
ID matching circuit receives a wake-up packet and determines
whether to wake the data communication module based on adestination ID derived from the wake-up packet. We use theID matching circuit in order to avoid unnecessary wake-ups,
which effectively reduce energy wasted in idle listening.
In the wake-up wireless communication system, only theradio wave detector is activated in idle listening, and therefore
the system can realize low-power listening. The data communication module and the ID matching circuit are made toenter a sleep state in idle listening and are activated whennecessary. A transmitter transmits a wake-up packet to initiate
communication. When detecting radio waves, the radio wave
detector wakes the ID matching circuit, and the ID matchingcircuit then receives the wake-up packet.
The ID matching circuit may be woken by mistake because
the radio wave detector detects all radio waves at the wakeup channel frequency. In this case, the ID matching circuitreceives no wake-up packet and goes into sleep state. The
wake-up module goes back to idle listening in which only theradio wave detector is activated.
When the ID matching circuit receives a wake-up packet,
the ID matching circuit checks a destination ID derived fromthe wake-up packet. If the destination ID matches the ID of
the wake-up module, the ID matching circuit wakes the data
communication module and then goes into the sleep state. If
the IDs do not match, the ID matching circuit goes into thesleep state immediately.
When the data communication module is woken, the data
communication module starts communication with the transmitter. After the communication has been completed, the data
communication module reenters the sleep state.
B. Requirements of ID matching
We consider applying the proposed wake-up system tochance encounter communication, which is in-the-moment
communication during opportunistic encounters: two nodes

encounter each other, communicate, and go their separate
ways. One example of chance encounter communication is toexchange game information between handheld game consoles.
In order to apply the proposed wake-up system to chanceencounter communication, there are three ID matching requirements: group selectivity, a multiple group support, and small
circuit size.
The first requirement is group selectivity. In chance encounter communication, a transmitter node cannot derive target
node IDs prior to communication. The transmitter cannot determine the existence of other nodes. Although the transmitter
can wake all of the nodes around itself, a considerable amountof energy will be wasted in the nodes that do not need tocommunicate with the transmitter. We therefore specify agroup of nodes as wake-up targets based on target node functions. Considering chance encounter communication between
handheld game consoles, for example, the game consoles aregrouped by supporting games. The game consoles need to
specify and wake the communication target console based ona supporting game: the game console that supports ‘Game A.’
The second requirement is a multiple group support. A
wireless communication device has many functions and therefore belongs to multiple groups in our grouping scheme.
Considering again chance encounter communication between
handheld game consoles, for example, a game console may
have multiple games: ‘Game A’ and ‘Game B.’ In this case,the console must wake up when the transmitter specifies both
the game console that has ‘Game A,’ and the game consolethat has ‘Game B.’
Finally, the third requirement is small circuit size. Sincea big circuit is usually costly, a small circuit is required for
low-cost fabrication.
III. B LOOM - FILTER - BASED ID M ATCHING
As shown in Fig. 1, an ID matching circuit is part of a
wake-up module. The ID matching circuit is woken by a radio
wave detector and performs ID matching. According to theresult of the ID matching, the ID matching circuit wakes adata communication module.
A. ID Matching Operation
We propose a Bloom-filter-based ID matching mechanism
to satisfy the requirements described in Section II-B. A Bloom
filter is a simple space-efficient hash coding for representing a
set of messages. Allowing some false positives, the Bloom
filter gives us a simple membership query method, while
rejecting false negatives. The Bloom-filter-based ID matchingmechanism can therefore be implemented using a simple
circuit.
Figure 2 shows an overview of the Bloom-filter-based ID
matching. We use group IDs to specify wake-up target nodes

TABLE I
P HYSICAL LAYER PARAMETERS OF THE WAKE - UP CHANNEL .

HashHash 1

7

Hash 2

1

Hash 3

4

Group ID

Game A@DS

Wake-up ID

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0Frequency band
Modulation
Code
Baud rate

Hash 1

950 MHz band
90% ASK
Manchester code
40 kBaud

Wake-up ID

Game B@DS

Hash 20 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

Hash 3
Hash 1
Game C@DS

Hash 2

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Hash 3Fig. 3.

Process of creating a wake-up ID.

and use wake-up IDs for ID matching. We assume that thegroup IDs are uniquely assigned to each group in the entire
wake-up wireless communication system. The wake-up ID isa Bloom filter, namely, a hash code converted from a set ofgroup IDs. The creation process of the wake-up ID is describedin the following section. A receiver node creates a wake-up ID
from a set of group IDs that represent the wake-up conditionsof the receiver node. The wake-up ID is registered in a wakeup module in the receiver node. A transmitter node creates a
wake-up ID from a group ID that is assigned to a wake-up
target group. The transmitter then transmits a wake-up packet
including this wake-up ID. These two wake-up IDs created by
the receiver and the transmitter are used for the ID matching.
The ID matching is performed by only a logical AND
operation for two wake-up IDs. The wake-up condition isdefined as follows:⇒

IDR · IDT
IDR · IDT

= IDT
= 0,

(1)

where IDR is a wake-up ID registered in the receiver node,
IDT is a wake-up ID transmitted by the transmitter node.
The receiver node stores an inverted wake-up ID IDR . When
receiving a wake-up packet, an ID matching circuit in thereceiver node calculates logical AND between IDR and IDT .
The ID matching circuit decides to wake up when the AND
operation result is 0 or decides not to wake up when the result
is not 0. In this scheme, we can realize group selectivity as well
as a multiple group support because IDR includes multiple
group IDs. The group selective wake-up as well as the multiple
group support can also be realized using multiple registers
storing multiple group IDs. Nevertheless, the circuit becomesbigger as the number of IDs increases.
B. Creation of the Wake-up ID
Figure 3 shows the process of creating a wake-up ID
using an example of chance encounter communication between
handheld game consoles. We assume that there are threegames: Game A, Game B, and Game C. As shown in Fig. 3,
group IDs are assigned to each game as “Game A@DS,”“Game B@DS,” and “Game C@DS,” respectively.
First, we create wake-up IDs from each group ID. Game A’sgroup ID “Game A@DS” is fed to three hash functions, andwe obtain three bit positions: 7, 1, and 4. These three hashfunctions are globally defined in the entire wake-up wirelesscommunication system. These three bit positions in the wakeup ID are set to 1, and other bits are set to 0. The wake-up ID
representing a group ID “Game A@DS” is thus 10010010.
In the same manner as for Game A, we can obtain wake-up
IDs 00100110 and 10001100 for Game B and Game C,
respectively.
Next, we create a wake-up ID including multiple group
IDs. A wake-up ID containing a set of group IDs is derived
by performing a logical OR operation for all wake-up IDs.
We therefore obtain the wake-up ID 10111110, which includes three group IDs: “Game A@DS,” “Game B@DS,” and“Game C@DS.”
C. False Positive Wake-ups
Bloom-filter-based ID matching allows some false positives,
but rejects false negatives. Considering again the example
shown in Fig. 3, we assume that there is another Game D,
the wake-up ID of which is 10101000. The wake-up ID of areceiver node that supports Game A, Game B, and Game C is10111110, these two wake-up IDs satisfy Equation (1). The
node supporting three games is thus mistakenly woken by awake-up packet specifying Game D.
The probability of false positives can be calculated fromthe number of group IDs and the length of the wake-up ID
in a receiver node. We assume that the number of group IDs
is five and the wake-up ID length is 128 bits. Based on thecharacteristics of Bloom filters, in this case, the false positive
probability is minimized when the number of hash functions
is 18 and is expressed as
p = (1 − e−kn/m )k = 4.6 × 10−6 ,(2)where n is the number of group IDs, m is the wake-up ID
length, and k is the number of hash functions [8]. When receiving 10 wake-up packets per second, the receiver node receives
864,000 packets per day. In this case, the probability expressedby Equation (2) is equivalent to only four times per day. The
false positive probability increases as the number of group
IDs increases. We can reduce the false positive probability byusing longer wake-up IDs. However, this increases the power
consumption and the circuit size.
IV. C IRCUIT AND C HIP L AYOUT D ESIGN
A. Circuit Design
We designed our wake-up module circuit to show thefeasibility of our wake-up wireless communication systemand to evaluate the initial performance of the wake-up system. We referred to existing hardware technologies such as[9][10][11][12] for this design.
TABLE I shows the physical layer parameters of thewake-up channel. We use a 950 MHz UHF band due to its
relatively low propagation loss, which we expect to enable
longer range communication than the use of other frequency
bands at the same transmission power. We choose an ASKRadio Wave
Detector

Demodulator

Power
Controller

Bit ReceiverPower-Off Signal

ID Matching

Wake-up Signal

Radio Wave Detector

Digital Circuit
Power-On
Reset

Power Controller

Power Gating

Wake-up Module

Fig. 4.

Clock
Generator

Shift Register

Wake-up ID
DataCommunication
ModuleDemodulator

Block diagram of the wake-up module.
Power ON Resetmodulation in order to simplify the demodulator circuit andreduce power consumption. Wake-up packets are encoded in
Manchester code, which can be decoded without a high-power
consumption, high-accuracy clock generator. Since the wakeup module does not need to send much data, the wake-up
module communicates at 40 kBaud, which is the same rate asIEEE 802.15.4 in the 915-MHz band [13].
Figure 4 shows a block diagram of the proposed wake-up
module. The wake-up module consists of an analog circuit
and a digital circuit. The operation of the wake-up module
is as follows. (1) A wake-up ID, which represents the wakeup conditions, is registered to a shift register in the wake-up
module before use. (2) In an idle listening state, the wake-up
module senses radio waves using a radio wave detector andturns off power-gated blocks via a power controller. Note thata clock generator stops oscillation rather than being turned
off in the idle listening state, which can suppress an in-rushcurrent. The reduction of the in-rush current enables the useof a smaller MOSFET for power-gating, which reduces theleakage current.
When a transmitter transmits a wake-up packet, (3) the radio
wave detector detects its radio waves and turns on the powergated blocks: a demodulator, a bit receiver, an ID matchingcircuit, and a power-on reset circuit. (4) The demodulator
demodulates the wake-up packet and the bit receiver decodes
the wake-up packet, extracting and storing the wake-up ID
inside. After receiving the wake-up packet, (5) the ID matching circuit performs ID matching according to the operation
described in Section III-A. If two wake-up IDs match, thenthe ID matching circuit asserts a wake-up signal that wakes
a data communication module. (6) The data communication
module begins communication with the transmitter and asserts
a power-off signal, letting the wake-up module return tothe idle listening state. (7) The data communication module
reenters the sleep state after communication. (5’) If two wakeup IDs do not match, then the ID matching circuit immediately
asserts a power-off signal and the wake-up module returns to
the idle listening state.
Figure 5 shows an analog circuit of the wake-up module.
The number of MOSFETs in each analog circuit block is
29 for a radio wave detector, 19 for a demodulator, 20 for
a power controller, 14 for a clock generator, and five for a
power-on reset circuit. The radio wave detector is a Dicksoncharge pump [9] and is composed of a stack of seven units
based on preliminary simulation results. The output of theFig. 5.

Clock Generator

An analog circuit of the wake-up module.

Synchronous
Controller

RX(Baseband Signal)

StrobeShift Register

Bit Receiver
Wake-up ID

Shift Register

Clock

Clock Divider

Fig. 6.

ID Matching

Wake-up Signal
Power OFF Signal

Whole Digital Circuit

A digital circuit of the wake-up module.

charge pump is connected to a voltage level converter thatconverts the voltage to the CMOS level. The demodulator
consists of a front-end amplifier, an envelope detector, aSchmitt comparator, and an inverter. The power controller uses
a power-gating NMOS and a set-reset flip-flop. In order toreduce the turn-off time, a current source is connected to thedrain terminal of the power-gating NMOS. The power-on reset
circuit consists of a delay element and a buffer. The clock
generator is a five-stage CMOS ring oscillator. In order tocontrol its oscillation, the first stage uses a NAND gate.
Figure 6 shows a digital circuit of the wake-up module.
The digital circuit consists of five blocks: a clock divider, a
synchronous controller, two shift registers, and an ID matchingcircuit. The digital circuit is designed using Verilog HDL[14]. A clock divider divides an incoming clock by a factorof two and globally distributes the divided clock to theentire digital circuit, which reduces the power consumptionof the digital circuit. As described in the previous section, a
wake-up ID must be set into the shift register before using
the wake-up module. When the digital circuit is woken, a
synchronous controller synchronizes with wake-up packet bits
while receiving the header and then generates strobe signals
for each bit. A shift register in a bit receiver stores the wakeup ID using these strobe signals. After storing the wake-up
ID, an ID matching circuit performs ID matching using two
wake-up IDs stored in the two shift registers and asserts awake-up signal or a power-off signal.

2

Circuit Area Size [mm ]

0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2

Multiple ID
Bloom Filter

0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Number of IDs

Fig. 8.

TABLE IIE VALUATION OF THE ANALOG CIRCUIT.
Power consumption

Circuit area size of the digital circuit.

Chip layout of the digital circuit.

Idle listening
Receiving a wake-up packet

Clock frequency
Radio wave detector sensitivity

12.4 µW
310.3 µW
855 kHz−36.9 dBm

B. Chip Layout Design
In order to evaluate the circuit area size as well as the power
consumption, we designed the chip layout of the digital circuit
using a 0.18-µm triple-well single-poly five-metal CMOS
process with a 1.8-V supply voltage. Figure 7 shows the chiplayout of the digital circuit. The digital circuit is synthesizedwith the Design Compiler [15] and is placed and routed with
Astro [16]. We choose a 0.18-µm CMOS process because of
its wide availability and low-cost fabrication. Note that theleakage current of the 0.18-µm CMOS process is lower thanthat of smaller CMOS processes.
For the purpose of comparison with the proposed Bloomfilter-based ID matching, we also designed another ID matching circuit, which stores and performs ID matching withmultiple group IDs. We designed seven circuit layouts, whichhave different numbers of registers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 20.
V. E VALUATION
In order to evaluate the listening power consumption of the
proposed wake-up wireless communication system, we firstevaluate the wake-up module designed in the previous section
by performing circuit-level simulations. The analog circuitand the digital circuit are evaluated separately because they
are designed separately. We then evaluate the listening power
consumption of the wake-up wireless communication system.
A. Wake-up Module
For the analog circuit, we evaluate the power consumption,
the clock frequency, and the radio wave detector sensitivity.
The analog circuit is evaluated by performing simulations
using HSPICE [17]. We use BPTM 180 nm [18] as a MOSFET
model and use ideal resistor, capacitor, and inductor models.
TABLE II shows the results of the evaluation of the analog circuit. In an idle listening state, the wake-up module
consumes only 12.4 µW. The listening power consumptionof the proposed wake-up module is thus approximately thesame as that of a self-discharge from a 1,000 mAh Ni-MH
battery. The clock frequency, which we assume to be supplied
to the digital circuit, is 855 kHz. Based on the sensitivity, theID Matching Power [µW]Fig. 7.

500
400
300
200
Multiple ID
Bloom Filter

100
0
0

5

10

15

20

Number of IDs

Fig. 9.

Power consumption of the digital circuit.

maximum transmission range is estimated at 3.9 m using theFriis equation, where the transmission power is 10 mW, and thetransmitter/receiver antenna gains are 0 dBi. We believe that
this range can be extended to 10 m if we apply lower-power
hardware techniques, such as those of [19][20][21][22].
For the digital circuit, we evaluate the circuit area sizeand power consumption. We derive the circuit area size
from the chip layout, i.e., the place&route result. The power
consumption is derived from a circuit-level simulation. We first
derive a SPICE netlist from the chip layout, and then perform
simulations with HSIM [23].
Figure 8 shows the circuit area size, and Fig. 9 shows thepower consumption of the digital circuit. The proposed circuit
occupies an area of 33,665 µm2 , whereas a conventional
single-ID circuit occupies an area of 31,194 µm2 . The power
consumption of the proposed circuit is 238.8 µW, whereas theconventional single-ID circuit consumes 227.8 µW. Therefore,
the circuit area size and power consumption of the proposed
circuit are approximately the same as those of the conventional
single-ID circuit. As the number of IDs increases, the areaand power consumption of the conventional circuit increase
continuously, whereas those of the proposed circuit remain
constant.
B. Wake-up Wireless Communication System
We evaluate the reduction in energy realized by the proposed
wake-up system as compared to a system without a wake-up
mechanism and a system with a wake-up but without group
selectivity. We assume that the data communication module
is IEEE 802.11g WLRG-RA-DP101 [24], which consumes
907.5 mW when receiving data. We also assume that each node
has a 128-bit length wake-up ID, which includes five group
IDs. For the proposed wake-up system, we consider that false

Avg. Listening Power [mW]

VI. C ONCLUSION
In the present paper, we have proposed a wake-up wirelesscommunication system with a Bloom-filter-based ID matchingmechanism, which effectively reduces listening power consumption. We are currently working on the fabrication of a
wake-up module that includes analog circuits.

1000
100
10

w/o Wake-up
w/ Wake-up w/o Bloom filter
w/ Wake-up w/ Bloom filter

1
0.1
0.01
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Number of Nodes

Fig. 10.

Average listening power as a function of the number of nodes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The present study is supported by Core Research for
Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) and the VLSI
Design and Education Center (VDEC) at the University ofTokyo, in collaboration with Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
and Synopsys, Inc.

Avg. Listening Power [mW]

R EFERENCES
1000

w/o Wake-up
w/ Wake-up w/o Bloom filter
w/ Wake-up w/ Bloom filter

100
10
1
0.1
0.01
1

10

100

1000

Data Send Interval [s]Fig. 11.

Average listening power as a function of the data send interval.

positive wake-ups occur, as described in Section III-C, and thenode goes to a sleep state after 10 milliseconds when woken
up unnecessarily.
Figures 10 and 11 show the average listening power ofthe proposed wake-up wireless communication system as afunction of the number of nodes and the data send interval,
respectively. The plot “with wake-up without Bloom filter”
indicates that the system uses a wake-up scheme but that nogroup selectivity is available. The transmitter must wake-up allnodes when communicating with multiple nodes. In Fig. 10,
we assume that each node transmits a wake-up packet every 10
seconds, and in Fig. 11, we assume that the number of nodes is100. Note that we ignore the power consumption during data
communication because the proposed wake-up system has noeffect on the power consumption during this time.
As shown in Fig. 10, the proposed group selective wakeup mechanism can effectively reduce listening power. The
proposed wake-up system reduces listening power by a factorof 1,000 to 10,000, as compared to the system without a wakeup mechanism. In comparison with another wake-up scheme,
the proposed system can also reduce listening power by afactor of 100 to 1,000. This is because the wake-up packet
increases as the number of nodes increases, which implies thatthe number of unnecessary wake-ups increases in the otherwake-up scheme.
As shown in Fig. 11, the proposed wake-up system effectively reduces the listening power for the short data sendinterval. The proposed system can still reduce the power by afactor of 20 when the data send interval is as long as 3,600
seconds, although the amount of power reduction becomes
smaller as the interval increases.

[1] G. Retz et al., “A highly integrated low-power 2.4 GHz transceiverusing a direct-conversion diversity receiver in 0.18 µm CMOS for IEEE
802.15.4 WPAN,” in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig.
Tech. Papers, Feb. 2009, pp. 414–415, 415a.
[2] R. van Langevelde et al., “An ultra-low-power 868/915 MHz RF
transceiver for wireless sensor network applications,” in Proc. IEEE
Radio Freq. Integr. Circuits Symp. (RFIC), Jun. 2009, pp. 113–116.
[3] W. Ye, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, “An energy-efficient MAC protocol
for wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. Annual Joint Conf. IEEE Comput.
Commun. Soc., vol. 3, Jun. 2002, pp. 1567–1576.
[4] J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler, “Versatile low power media access for
wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. ACM Conf. Embedded Netw. Sensor
Syst. (SenSys), Nov. 2004, pp. 95–107.
[5] T. van Dam and K. Langendoen, “An adaptive energy-efficient MAC
protocol for wireless sensor,” in Proc. ACM Conf. Embedded Netw.
Sensor Syst. (SenSys), Nov. 2003, pp. 171–180.
[6] P. Dutta and D. Culler, “Practical asynchronous neighbor discovery
and rendezvous for mobile sensing applications,” in Proc. ACM Conf.
Embedded Netw. Sensor Syst. (SenSys), Nov. 2008, pp. 71–83.
[7] B. H. Bloom, “Space/time trade-offs in hash coding with allowableerrors,” Commun. ACM, pp. 422–426, Jul. 1970.
[8] A. Broder and M. Mitzenmacher, “Network applications of bloom filters:
A survey,” J. Internet Math., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 485–509, Apr. 2003.
[9] J. F. Dickson, “On-chip high-voltage generation in MNOS integrated
circuits using an improved voltage multiplier technique,” IEEE J. SolidState Circuits, vol. SC-11, no. 3, pp. 347–378, Jun. 1976.
[10] N. Pletcher, S. Gambini, and J. Rabaey, “A 65 µW, 1.9 GHz RF todigital baseband wakeup receiver for wireless sensor nodes,” in Proc.
IEEE Custom Integr. Circuits Conf. (CICC), Oct. 2007, pp. 539–542.
[11] R. G. Meyer, “Low-power monolithic RF peak detector analysis,” IEEE
J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 30, no. 1, Jan. 1995.
[12] H. W. Chen and W. C. Yen, “A low power and fast wake up circuit,”
in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst. (ISCAS), vol. 2, May 2004, pp.
II–293–II–296.
[13] “IEEE standard for local and metropolitan area networks: Part 15.4
(IEEE 802.15.4-2003).”[14] “IEEE standard for Verilog Hardware Description Language (IEEE1364-2005).”[15] Synopsys, “Design Compiler Ultra.”[16] Synopsys, “Astro.”[17] Synopsys, “HSPICE: The gold standard for accurate circuit simulation.”[18] UC Berkeley, “Berkeley predictive technology model,” http://www.eas.
asu.edu/∼ptm/.
[19] N. M. Pletcher, G. Gambini, and J. M. Rabaey, “A 2 GHz 52 µW wakeup receiver with −72 dBm sensitivity using uncertain-IF architecture,”
in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, Feb.
2008, pp. 524–525, 633.
[20] T. Umeda et al., “A 950-MHz rectifier circuit for sensor network tagswith 10-m distance,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, no. 1, pp.
35–41, Jan. 2006.
[21] T. Umeda and S. Otaka, “ECO chip: Energy consumption zeroize chipwith a 953 MHz high-sensitivity radio wave detector for standby modeapplications.” in Proc. IEEE Custom Integr. Circuits Conf. (CICC), Oct.
2007, pp. 663–666.
[22] M. S. Durante and S. Mahlknecht, “An ultra low power wakeup receiver
for wireless sensor nodes,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Sensor Technol. Appl., Jun.
2009, pp. 167–170.
[23] Synopsys, “HSIM: Hierarchical full-chip circuit simulation and analysis.”[24] QUATECH, “Airborne 802.11 embedded radio modules,” http://www.
dpactech.com/docs/wireless products/ab radio.pdf.