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Seismic waves radiated from nonlinear vibration source and prevision of earthquakes
KIKUCHI, Toshiaki1∗
1

National defense academy

This study describes the vibration characteristics of hypocenters using actual data and methods used in sound vibration analysis.
Recent earthquakes near Mt. Fuji are used to analyze the earthquake hypocenter vibrations. Earthquakes larger than M5.0
occurred four times between 2009 and 2012 in this area. Earthquake signals were processed using the time-reversal method
and simulated to obtain the time-reversal pulse. The frequency of the time-reversal pulse depends on the azimuth. The peakfrequency is the frequency of the maximum frequency spectrum; it too depends on the azimuth. These dependencies are caused
by nonlinear acoustic radiation in active faults. Such phenomena suggest that the vibration source moves at a high speed similar toa parametric source, which suggests the existence of points with unique spectra along the radiation direction, owing to parametriceffects, i.e., the so-called parametric spots.
Further, these observations were common in the precursor earthquakes, the main shock, and the aftershocks. Hence, a dynamic
model for the nonlinear vibration of the hypocenter is proposed. The model is verified by using actual earthquake data and is
expected to find application in earthquake prediction by observing the waveforms of weak earthquakes.
Pavlov et al. examined nonlinear vibrations in an inhomogeneous medium and derived the equation for the Cerenkov radiationand transition radiation. The Cerenkov radiation is generated in a narrow angular range of the traveling direction near the source
and the waveform is pulse-like. The transition radiation depends on the angle. The narrow beam at the radiation end has thesame characteristic as the Cerenkov radiation. The peak frequency is also a function of the angle at the radiation end. On theother hand, the inhomogeneous medium structure constants are not well known. However, because the peak frequency patterns
with respect to azimuth are similar for the earthquakes, the abovementioned phenomena are considered specific to the hypocenter
vibrations. The earthquake data are from the Hi-net of National Research Institute for Disaster Prevention.

Keywords: Hypocenter vibration, Time reversal, Waveform of seismic wave, Transition radiation, Seismic wave propagation,
Prevision of earthquakes

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SSS26-02

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Time:May 26 09:15-09:30

Tsunami observation inside the source region: a simulation and a theory
SAITO, Tatsuhiko1∗
1

National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention

A tsunami observation network is being constructed offshore northeastern Japan, where ˜150 ocean-bottom seismometers andpressure gauges are to be deployed across the source area of huge earthquakes that could possibly occur in future. Since tsunami
records inside the source region are seriously contaminated by ocean-acoustic and seismic waves, we cannot correctly estimate
the tsunami size if conventional methods are directly used in analyzing these records. It is fundamentally important to know thecontributions of the acoustic wave and sea-bottom movements on the tsunami records. By numerically simulating the tsunami
generation from the earthquake rupture including the interactions between fluid ocean and elastic earth medium (e.g. Maeda
and Furumura 2013 PAGEOPH), we investigated the relation between the sea-bottom pressure and the sea-bottom motion. Past
studies employed a simple relation p = rho a h for interpreting ocean-bottom pressure records (e.g. Filloux 1982 GRL), where
p is the pressure generated by dynamic sea-bottom deformation, a is the acceleration of the sea bottom, rho is the water density,and h is the sea depth. However, our simulations indicated that this relation failed when a steep sea-bottom deformation occurred.
It was necessary to extend the relation by using an analytical solution of an incompressible fluid theory (Saito 2013 EPS). We
confirmed that a spatial filtering of tanh (kh)/ kh in the wavenumber domain k reproduced our simulation results better than thesimple relation in the past studies.
Keywords: tsunami, earthquake fault, seismic wave, ocean acoustic wave

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SSS26-03

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Time:May 26 09:30-09:45

The crust and mantle heterogeneities beneath Japanese Islands investigated by the Hi-net
and wave propagation simulation
FURUMURA, Takashi1∗
1

CIDIR/ERI The Univ. Tokyo

1. Background
Regional seismic wavefield observed in the Hi-net high-density seismic network deployed over Japanese Islands is investigatedby comparison between compute simulation of seismic wave propagation using recent high-resolution velocity and attenuation
tomography models. It is expected that the regional wavefield is strongly influenced by heterogeneities in the crust and uppermantle structure along propagation path. For example, mantle Pn and Sn wave is very sensitive to the super/sub Moho structure,and the Rg wave is influenced by near-surface structure. Moreover, the crustally guided Lg wave is sensitive to the roughnessof surface and Moho interface and heterogeneities in the crustal structure. Thus, by make full use of these regional phases, it isexpecting to investigate the heterogeneities and regionalities of the crust and upper-mantle structure in Japan.
2. Data and Method
The Hi-net data for intermediate (M4-5) scale and shallow (H<40km) earthquakes was used in this study to investigate theregionalities of the seismic wave propagation in Japan especially the difference in the wavefidld between northeastern and southwestern Japan where strong difference in the crust/mantle structure is expected. The FDM simulation of seismic wave propagation was conducted using the velocity (Matsubara et al., 2008) and attenuation tomography (Sekine, 2001; Nakamura, 2008)
models. In order to examine the scattering of high-frequency (f>1 Hz) seismic wavefield, small-scale heterogeneities which is
described by vonKarman distribution function with horizontal and vertical correlation length of Ax,y/Az=10/0.5 km and standard
deviation of e=1-2% which is based on former studies (Furumura and Kennettt, 2005; Furumura et al., 2014) is superposed on
the tomography model and made a Hybrid heterogeneity model .
3. Results
Based on the analysis of dense Hi-net seismic data over Japan and computer simulation of seismic wave propagation, it isobtained the following conclusions about the characteristics of the regional wavefield in Japan:(1) The amplitude of the Sn wave is large in southwestern Japan (compared with northeastern Japan). This is because; 1) thevelocity gradient in the sub-Moho structure push up S wave energy from the mantle to the crust which develop large Sn phase,2) a larger Qs in the mantle develop large Sn phase for longer distances.
(2) The attenuation of the Lg wave is large in northeastern Japan (compared with southwestern Japan). This is because; 1)strong Lg-to-P conversion occurs in the low-wavespeed superficial layer remove Lg wave energy, 2) a larger Qs in the crust onortheastern Japan especially beneath volcano attenuate Lg very drastically, 3) a smaller velocity contrast across Moho leaks S
wave energy into the mantle.
(3) A larger Pg is observed in northeastern Japan. This is because; 1) a low-wavespeed superficial layer suppressing generationof the P-to-S conversion and leasing large Pg wave propagating in the crust by multiple reflections.
(4) Attenuation of the short-period surface (Rg) wave is large in northeastern Japan. This is because; 1) strong dispersion andelongation of surface wave occurs in the surface wave due to the existence of low-velocity superficial layer in northeastern Japan,
2) strong attenuation occurs in the short-period surface waves as propagating in low-Q crust.

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SSS26-04

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Time:May 26 09:45-10:00

Three dimensional seismic wave-speed structure beneath the Kanto Plain based on adjoint
tomography
MIYOSHI, Takayuki1∗ ; OBAYASHI, Masayuki1 ; TONO, Yoko1 ; ANDO, Kazuto1 ; TSUBOI, Seiji1
1

JAMSTECWe have obtained the preliminary model of three dimensional (3D) structure beneath the Kanto Plain, metropolitan area ofJapan. We applied the spectral-element method (e.g. Peter et al. 2011) and adjoint method (Liu and Tromp 2006) to infer 3D
velocity model and to reproduce the observed waveform bandpass filtered between 5 and 20 second. We used the travel-time
tomography result (Matsubara and Obara 2011) as an initial 3D model and used broadband records obtained at the NIED F-net
stations. We selected 147 earthquakes based on the earthquake catalog by the F-net and the S/N ratio of their seismograms. The
3D model used for the forward and adjoint simulations is represented as a region of approximately 500 by 450 km in horizontal
and 120 km in depth. Minimum period was 4 sec. The initial 3D model reproduced P-wave seismograms well, however it could
not really explain S-waves and later arrivals. For the adjoint inversion, we picked up the windows of the body waves from theobserved and theoretical seismograms. The forward and adjoint simulations were implemented by K computer in RIKEN. The
performance of the original application was 5% of the peak performance of the K computer, however the modified code achieved
10% by optimization. One iteration requires about 0.1 million CPU hours at least. The model parameters of Vp and Vs were
updated by using the steepest descent method. The revised model reproduces observed waveforms better than the initial model.
Acknowledgements: This research was partly supported by MEXT Strategic Program for Innovative Research. We thank to Dr.
Daniel Peter for his comments and suggestions. We also thank to the NIED for providing seismological data.
Keywords: Kanto Plain, seismic wave-speed structure, adjoint tomography

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SSS26-05

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Time:May 26 10:00-10:15

S wave attenuation and high-frequency seismic wavefield at Taal volcano, Philippines,
inferred from waveform simulations
MORIOKA, Hanae1∗ ; KUMAGAI, Hiroyuki1 ; MAEDA, Takuto2 ; MAEDA, Yuta1
1

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, 2 Earthquake Research Institute, the University of Tokyo

Taal volcano is one of the world’s most active volcanoes. The existence of a region of strong attenuation (a low-Q region)near the ground surface, which may represent degassing magma, was estimated at Taal volcano, Philippines, from source location analysis using the amplitude source location (ASL) method. The ASL method uses high-frequency amplitudes under theassumption of isotropic S wave radiation caused by the scattering of seismic waves. To investigate the validity of the estimatedQ structure based on a stochastic approach of the ASL method and to understand the nature of seismic wavefield, we used adeterministic approach based on numerical simulations of high-frequency seismic waveforms. We synthesized waveforms of
volcano-tectonic events at Taal using a 3-D finite-difference method. We used focal mechanisms derived from first-motion polarities, and examined various sizes of Q anomalies, in which P and S wave velocities and density were assumed to be constant. To
evaluate the fits between the observed and synthesized waveforms, we calculated the normalized residual using mean amplitudes
in four frequency bands (1-6, 3-8, 5-10, and 7-12 Hz). Our simulations provided the minimum residual when using the low-Q
region estimated by the ASL method. Although our simulation is a deterministic approach and different from the stochastic
approach of the ASL method, the low-Q region estimated from these approaches was coincident. There were possible focal
mechanisms for each VT event because they were derived from fisrt-mostion polarities at a small number of stations. We foundthat the residuals depended on assumed focal mechanisms. If the radiation pattern of the observed waveforms is isotropic, it
is expected that the residuals do not depend on mechanisms. The coincidence of the estimated low-Q region and the residual
dependence on focal mechanisms indicate that the radiation pattern of the observed waveforms in a high-frequency band is notcompletely isotropic and is also affected by focal mechanisms.
Keywords: Q factor, Magma, Amplitude source location method, Finite-difference method, Radiation pattern

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SSS26-06

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Time:May 26 10:15-10:30

Scheme for computing seismic wave propagation in a 3D round sub-global earth model
TAKENAKA, Hiroshi1∗ ; TOYOKUNI, Genti2 ; NAKAMURA, Takeshi3 ; KOMATSU, Masanao1 ; OKAMOTO, Taro4
1

Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 2 Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 4 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute ofTechnology
3

We propose a ”quasi-Cartesian” finite-difference scheme to compute seismic wave propagation for a very large region model of
sub-global scale beyond regional and less than global ones, where the effects of roundness of Earth. This new scheme solves theelastodynamic equations for three-dimensionally heterogeneous (3D) spherical earth model in the ”quasi-Cartesian” coordinate
system similar to a local Cartesian system, instead of the spherical coordinate system, with a staggered finite-difference method(FDM) which is the most popular in seismic motion simulations for local to regional scale models. The developed scheme canbe easily implemented in 3D Cartesian FDM codes by changing a very small part of the codes. It may be able to open a window
for multi-scale modelling of seismic wave propagation in scales from sub-global to local one.
Keywords: seismic wave, simulation, finite-difference method

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SSS26-07

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Time:May 26 11:00-11:15

Hyper resonance in the southern part of the Boso Peninsula for a period of 15 s to 20 s
KAWASAKI, Ichiro1∗ ; NISHIMURA, Takuya2 ; ISHII, Hiroshi1 ; ASAI, Yasuhiro1
1

Tono Research Institute of Earthquake Science, 2 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University

1. The Mw8.4 super sub-event associated with the 2011 Mw9 Tohoku earthquake
Analyzing GPS high sampling displacement records of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Kawasaki et al. (2014) showed thefollowings:
The most dominant phase was the main pulse of a width of around 100 s and amplitude of a few meters in the Tohoku distinct(epicentral distances from 100 km to 350 km). An overall feature of the main pulse was explained by a simple rectangular fault
model of low angle thrusting, which started about 35 s after the JMA origin time and released an interplate moment corresponding
to Mw9.
The second was the ”sub-pulse” (SH wave). Fig.1 shows record sections of transverse component of the GPS high samplingrecords for every 5 degree from N135W to N155W in the Kanto District (epicentral distance of 420-460 km). The distinguishedpulse between two vertical broken lines at 65 s and 95 s was the sub-pulse of a width of around 30 s and amplitude of up to 1
meter. An overall feature of the sub-pulse was fitted by an Mw8.4 super sub-event fault model of strike slip faulting on nearlyvertical plane striking in N140E direction.
2. Hyper resonance of a period of 15 s to 20s
The most remarkable phase following the sub-pulse is the hyper resonance (HR-1), which is a phase of a few cycles witha period of 15-20 s and peak-to-peak amplitude of up to 1 m in azimuths of N140W-N145W and N145W-N150W. The hyper
resonance could be attributed to the Tertiary accretionary layer.
About 30 min later, the largest aftershock (MJ7.6) occurred around 50 km east-off the Kanto District. A width and amplitudeof a main pulse in the transverse component records are 15 s to 20 s and amplitude of up to 30 cm, respectively, in the Boso
Peninsula (150 km to 200 km).
Each pulses of the hyper resonance due to Mw9 event are much greater than the main pulse of the MJ7.6 aftershock.
3. A resonance of a period of 10 s to 15 s
The second (R-2) is a resonance of a period of 10-15 s, amplitude of 10 cm to 20 cm and duration time of a few minutes in thenorthern part of the Chiba Pref., where the thickness of the Tertiary sedimentary layer is up to 3 km.
4. A resonance of a period of 5 s to 10 s
The third (R-3) is a resonance in the central part of the Kanto basin of a period of 6-8 s, which is so-called the long-period
strong ground motion.
5. Concluding remarks
We have recognized the distinguished resonances mostly in the Kanto District, triggered by the giant SH waves due to theMw8.4 super sub-event. Similar resonances due to the largest aftershock are recognized with one-order smaller amplitude. One
of common features is that the resonances are remarkable in the transverse component rather than radial and vertical component
records.
Reference
Kawasaki, I., H. Ishii, Y. Asai, and T. Nishimura, 2014, An Mw8.4 super sub-event associated with the 2011 Mw9.1 Tohoku
earthquake, Zisin2, 87-98, in Japanese.
Fig.1 Record sections of transverse component displacement of GPS high sampling data in the Kanto District observed for the2011 Mw9 Tohoku earthquake. Horizontal scale is a travel time in s reduced by 3.9 km/s. Vertical scales at left and right sides
are amplitude and epicentral distance, respectively. HR-1 denotes the hyper resonance of a period of 15-20 s and peak-to-peakamplitude of up to 1 m. R-2 and R-3 denote resonances of periods of 10-15 s and 6-8 s, respectively.

Keywords: hyper resonance, GPS high sampling record, 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Boso Peninsula, Tertiary sedimentary layer

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SSS26-08

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Time:May 26 11:15-11:30

Stochastic excitation of seismic waves by an intense Hurricane: Seismic excitation proportional to the cube of pressure
TANIMOTO, Toshiro1∗
1

Dept. of Earth Science, UCSB, CA93106, USA

Earthscope Transportable Array (TA) has recorded a few hurricanes that propagated through the network. We report our analysis of Hurricane Isaac in 2012 that provided an opportunity to monitor the interactions between the atmosphere and the solid
earth in detail as this hurricane passed through the network; this was possible because TA has both seismometers and barometers
and allowed us to examine how seismic ground motions were excited with changing surface pressures. We analyzed data in a low
frequency band 0.01-0.02 Hz because we had evidence that the signals are generated by processes near the center of a hurricane.
Surface pressure is the excitation source of seismic signals; it has short correlation length (˜1 km or less) whereas excitedsurface waves (0.01-0.02 Hz) have horizontal wavelengths of 100-300km. The source is also spread over some areas. Under
such conditions, we must model the source by a stochastic pressure source that is spread over the surface of the Earth. In terms ofparameters, this source is then characterized by two parameters, the pressure power spectral density Sp and its correlation length
L but both parameters can vary in space. We derived a relation between the observed power spectral density (PSD) of seismic
velocity Sv and the PSD of surface pressure Sp by the normal mode theory.
For a low frequency range 0.01-0.02 Hz, seismic and pressure amplitudes show, at least to first order, axisymmetric variations
and also decreasing trends with distance from the center of a hurricane. Taking the center of a hurricane at the origin and assuming axisymmetry,
we can write down an integral relation between Sv and Sp as∫Sv (x) = K(x, y) L2 Sp (y) dy
where x and y are distances from the center of a hurricane. K(x,y) is the excitation kernel for a source at y and a seismic
observation at x and was computed for an Earth model PREM.
From data, we have Sv and Sp in the integrand. We first noted that a constant L cannot make the two observed quantities
compatible. Therefore, we introduced the y dependence in L2 where the correlation length varied with distance and solved for it. With such spatially varying L(y), the two data can be made compatible. The important point is that we also found a correlation
between this L (solution) and surface pressure Sp. In fact there is a good linear relationship that can be expressed as L=c Sp
where c is a constant. This is equivalent to saying that L2 Sp in the integrand is c2 Sp 3 .
This relation implies that the excitation of seismic ground motion becomes proportional to the cube of pressure. Near thecenter of a hurricane, pressure variations generally increase, but seismic-excitation becomes even more efficient near the center
because of this nonlinear relation.

Keywords: Stochastic excitation, Hurricane, Atmosphere-Solid Earth interaction

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SSS26-09

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Time:May 26 11:30-11:45

Receiver function analysis of airgun-OBS survey data for imaging PS converted wave
SHIRAISHI, Kazuya1∗ ; ABE, Susumu1 ; ASAKAWA, Eiichi1 ; FUJIE, Gou2 ; SATO, Takeshi2 ;KODAIRA, Shuichi2
1

JGI, Inc., 2 JAMSTEC

In marine seismic survey with airguns and multicomponent ocean bottom seismographs (OBS), P-to-S converted waves are
frequently observed in common receiver records. S-wave properties in sedimentary basins could be obtained from informationsuch as traveltime difference between P and S waves. The receiver function (RF) analysis is generally applied to passive seismic
records of natural earthquakes for imaging the receiver-side structures. In this study, we attempt to apply the RF analysis toairgun-OBS survey data to extract the PS converted waves, and then image structures of the conversion boundaries.
The RF records are synthesized by deconvolution of multicomponent seismic records. After azimuth correction of the OBS
orientation for two horizontal components, nine RF records can be obtained from all combinations of three components. In thisstudy, only two RF records from vertical and radial components are analyzed. Final receiver function records are obtained bystacking over the deconvolved traces and summing the R/Z record and the time reversed Z/R record. Because the OBSs are
deployed sparsely in general airgun-OBS surveys, it is difficult to synthesize the continuous seismic section as the multichannel
seismic survey. We can just plot the RFs at receiver locations as the receiver-side structures.
We applied the RF analysis to the airgun-OBS survey data acquired by JAMSTEC. In the case in the northwest pacific, theinterval of OBS deployment is 6km and the airgun shot line is 237 km-long. In this area, There is wide and relatively simple
sedimentary layers and the change of seafloor surface is very gentle. The final RF section shows clear PS conversion boundarythat indicate the basin bottom. That is horizontally traceable and correspondent to the PP reflection boundary on the seismic
section by the multi-channel seismic survey. Our result shows applicability of the RF analysis to the airgun-OBS survey data to
extract the PS conversion waves and image receiver-side structures. Further analyses are applicable to the RF records to obtain
detailed information related to S waves.
Keywords: receiver function, airgun-OBS survey, PS converted wave

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SSS26-10

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Time:May 26 11:45-12:00

FK-filtering vs. Predictive Deconvolution in the Multiple Reflection Removal Approach
ISCAN, Yeliz1∗ ; LORETO, M.filomena2 ; ZGUR, Fabrizio3 ; OCAKOGLU, Neslihan41Istanbul University Engineering Faculty Department of Geophysical Engineering 34320 Avcilar/Istanbul, 2 Istituto di Scienze
Marine Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche 40129 Bologna/Italy, 3 Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale 34010 Sgonico, Trieste, Italy, 4 Istanbul Technical University Department of Geophysical Engineering Maslak 34469 Istanbul/Turkey
Multiple reflection removal is one of the most important topic in seismic reflection processing, especially in the marine seismic
data, where seabed multiple reflections can often severely mask the primary events. It is thus necessary to remove or to attenuate
them prior to stack the data. In shallow water, the most common type of multiples is water reverberation.
In this study two different pre-stack attenuation techniques have been tested and compared by using the Focus PARADIGM
software package: namely, the FK-filtering and the Predictive deconvolution. We performed this comparison on a multichannel
seismic profile acquired offshore W-Calabria (SE Tyrrhenian Sea; Loreto et al., 2012), and characterized by the presence ofremarkable multiple reflections.
Coherent linear events within the t-x domain can be separated as dip events within the F-K domain. This allows to remove
some undesired energy (such as multiples) from the data. F-K filtering works based on the following strategy. NMO (Normal
Move Out) correction is first applied to the Common Mid Point sorted data by using velocity lower than water velocity up to thefirst seabed multiple occurrence; a velocity close to sea water velocity (or slightly higher) will instead be applied from the firstmultiple up to the end of the record.
This will result in an overcorrection of the primary events in the t-x domain that consequently will fall within the positive
sector of the F-K spectrum. The multiple reflections, conversely, will be either flattened or slightly under corrected, and thus will
be positioned in the proximity of the F-K spectrum vertical axes or in its negative sector.
By applying the F-K filter on either the corrected (vertical axis) or undercorrected (negative sector) events, the multiples will
be removed leaving untouched the primary events.
Deconvolution is a process whose purpose is to improve the temporal resolution by compressing signals to very short duration
wavelets (spiking deconvolution) or to remove, if present, periodic events present in the data (peg lag multiples, bubble effectetc.). In the latter case, we refer to predictive deconvolution that can also be used to suppress seafloor multiple reflection. To
perform predictive deconvolution, first the seafloor reflector has been picked on the brute stacked section, and the correspondingtime stored within the water depth data header. Later, a dedicated velocity analysis was performed in order to flatten both theseafloor and the related multiple reflections of the first and secondary order. Finally, the deconvolution was applied with byadopting a gap parameter retrieved by the picked water depth, representing in this specific case the predictable occurrence of thefirst multiple. Compared to the conventional predictive deconvolution, where the gap parameter is kept constant, in the applied
deconvolution the water depth changes continuously because it refers to the seafloor depths. Operator length is chosen so as tocarefully remove only the multiple reflections and possibly leave untouched the primaries.
The results of F-K filtering and Predictive deconvolution indicate that the predictive deconvolution is more successful both toremove the multiples and to increase the resolution in the shallow part of the section.
References
Loreto, M. F., et al., 2012. In search of new imaging for historical earthquakes: a new geophysical survey offshore western
Calabria (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, 53(4), 385-401.

Keywords: FK Filtering, Predictive Deconvolution, Multiple Reflection

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Time:May 26 12:00-12:15

Phase of Severe Earthquake of Seismic WaveNISHIZAWA, Masaru1∗
1

none
Conclusion
1. Strong motion seismogram exists tajo.
Was that the reason, present Earthquake Early warning is difficult.
2. A building on the soft ground accept rotation level and up and down by strong motion Earthquake.
3. Phase (shift) is one of the very important fact.

Keywords: Severe Earthquake, Finite Ampritude Wave, Phase

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Time:May 26 14:15-14:30

Scattering and intrinsic attenuation in Kyushu
SHITO, Azusa1∗ ; MATSUMOTO, Satoshi2 ; OHKURA, Takahiro1
1

Institute for Geothermal Sciences, Kyoto University, 2 Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Kyushu University

Attenuation of seismic wave energy is caused by two factors: scattering and intrinsic absorption. The former is the scattering ofseismic wave energy due to random heterogeneities in seismic wave velocity and the density of the medium, while the latter is theconversion from seismic wave energy to heat energy by internal friction due to anelasticity of the medium. Quantifying scatteringand intrinsic attenuation is important to understanding the structure of the lithosphere in terms of seismotectonic features.
We separately estimate scattering and intrinsic attenuation by applying the multiple lapse time window analysis (MLTWA)
technique [Hoshiba et al., 1991]. This technique is based on a comparison between observed and calculated seismic wave energy
density obtained using radiative transfer theory in several successive lapse time windows. In the present study, we measure theintegrated seismic wave energy as a function of distance and frequency for three consecutive time windows with a length of 15 s
following the S-wave onset. The window length is chosen in such a way that the first window contains a significant contributionof the direct S-wave energy and the last two windows mainly contain the contribution of the scattered energy. The observed
energy is calculated in three steps. First, we filter the waveforms using a third-order Butterworth band-pass filter at the following
frequency bands: 1-2, 2-4, 4-8, 8-16, and 16-32 Hz. Second, we obtain the envelopes by taking the sum of squares sum of thethree-component amplitudes of filtered waveforms. Third, we integrate the root mean square amplitude of the envelopes in thethree time windows. By comparing the observed and calculated energy distributions in terms of the misfit function, we obtain
the best pair of scattering and intrinsic attenuation. We use the Lavenberg?Marquard algorithm, a non-linear least squares fitting
procedure, to find the minimum of the misfit function.
We estimate the scattering and intrinsic attenuation in Kyushu, which is the site of active volcanoes and seismic activity within
the Beppu-Shimabara rift valley and elsewhere. We collect waveform data from the Hi-net network operated by NIED. During
the period from 2004 to 2014, we choose 180 earthquakes with magnitudes (Mjma) of 0.5-3.5 and with depths of <20 km. We
select event station pairs with epicentral distances of <100 km recorded at 78 Hi-net stations.
In all the studied area, intrinsic absorption dominates over scattering loss at low frequencies (1-2 Hz), whereas scattering loss
predominates at high frequencies (16-32 Hz). The results show strong spatial variations in scattering and intrinsic attenuationthat depend mainly on the tectonic setting. For frequencies of 1-2 Hz, areas with strong scattering loss correspond mainly to thelocations of the volcanoes, while areas with strong intrinsic absorption correspond to the locations of volcanoes and active faults,
which are marked by low-velocity anomalies.
Keywords: crust, scattering attenuation, intrinsic attenuation

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SSS26-13

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Time:May 26 14:30-14:45

Small-scale velocity heterogeneity of subducting oceanic crust inferred from high-frequency
trapped P and S waves
TAKEMURA, Shunsuke1∗ ; YOSHIMOTO, Kazuo1 ; TONEGAWA, Takashi2
1

Yokohama City University, 2 Japan Marine Science and Technology

Observed characteristics of high-frequency trapped waves
Observed records during earthquakes occurring at depth of 50-60 km at southwestern Ibaraki, central part of Japan, are characterized by distinct trapped P and S waves (Hori, 1990, 2006). From detailed analysis of Hi-net waveform at Kanto-Tokai region,
we found significant distorted trapped P and S waves, characterized by strong peak delay and spindle-shape envelope, at stations
where the Philippine Sea Plate (PHS) exists at depths of 10-15 km. On the other hand, pulse-like trapped signals were observed
at other region. These results indicate that spindle-shape trapped signals may be caused by shallower heterogeneous structure of
the oceanic crust of the PHS.
Simulations of seismic wave propagation
To clarify the cause of strong peak delay of trapped waves, we conduct finite-difference method (FDM) simulation of seismic
wave propagation in the 2-D heterogeneous structures of two profiles. Observed seismograms along each profile were characterized by spindle and pulse-like trapped waves, respectively. Our 2-D simulation model is covering the zone 245 by 123 km,
which has been discretized with grid size 0.015 km. We assumed the layered background velocity structure base on the JIVSM
proposed by Koketsu et al. (2008).
To introduce the effects of seismic wave scattering, we assumed small-scale velocity heterogeneities in each layer referredfrom Table 4 of Takemura and Yoshimoto (2014). Because of spindle-shape waveforms, we employed strong small-scale velocity heterogeneities in the oceanic crust, which is characterized by a Gaussian power spectral density function (PSDF) withcorrelation length of a = 1 km and root-mean-square value of e = 0.07 superposed on an exponential PSDF with a = 3 km ande = 0.07 (Takemura and Yoshimoto, 2014). Recently, Takemura et al. (2014, SSJ; 2015) reported that velocity increase in the
subducting oceanic crust layer 2 of the PHS due to dehydration reactions at depths of 30-40 km occur and consequently theoceanic crust at depths below 40 km becomes a homogeneous layer. Therefore, we simply assumed that small-scale velocity
heterogeneities in the oceanic crust simultaneously disappear with velocity increase in oceanic crust layer 2 at a depth of ZD . We
conducted FDM simulations changing this depth ZD (30, 40 and 50 km) in the both profiles.
Simulation results with ZD = 40 km well reproduced both pulse-like and spindle-shape trapped P and S waves along eachprofile. Structural change in the subducting oceanic crust due to dehydration might occur at a depth of 40 km.
Shallower structure of oceanic crust
In the profile with spindle-shape trapped waves, because the PHS exits at depths of 10-15 km, trapped waves propagate along
the shallower heterogeneous oceanic crust without energy release into the lower crust and consequently strong peak delay of
trapped waves occur.
Shallower oceanic crust before dehydration is considered to be characterized by rich hydrous minerals. Thus, small-scale
velocity heterogeneities in the oceanic crust may be related with fluid in the oceanic crust.

Acknowledgement
We acknowledge the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan (NIED) for providing the
Hi-net waveform data and F-net CMT solutions. The computations were conducted on the Earth Simulator at the Japan Marine
Science and Technology (JAMSTEC).

Keywords: Seismic wave propagation, oceanic crust, small-scale heterogeneity, seismic wave diffraction and scattering, numerical simulation

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SSS26-14

Room:103

Time:May 26 14:45-15:00

Frequency and distance changes in the apparent P-wave and S-wave radiation pattern
KOBAYASHI, Manabu1∗ ; TAKEMURA, Shunsuke1 ; YOSHIMOTO, Kazuo1
1

Yokohama City University

Introduction
When earthquake occurs in a homogeneous medium, the spatial variation of maximum amplitude (apparent radiation pattern)of S waves is characterized by four-lobe pattern, which has larger S waves in the direction of fault strike and its normal direction.
However, some studies pointed out that the apparent S-wave radiation pattern is significantly distorted for frequencies higher
than 3-5 Hz and showing almost isotropic pattern rather than four-lobe pattern (e.g., Liu and Helmberger, 1985; Takemura et al.,2009). Recently, by using dense Hi-net waveform data, Kobayashi et al. (2014, SSJ) reported that the apparent P-wave radiation
pattern is also distorted at high frequency. In this study, to investigate the differences of propagation features between P and
S waves, we examined frequency and distance changes in both apparent P- and S-wave radiation patterns based on the method
proposed by Kobayashi et al. (2014).
Data and Method
We used 755 velocity seismograms recorded at Hi-net stations with hypocentral distances of 0-150 km during 10 shallow
crustal earthquakes that occurred in Chugoku region, southwestern Japan. Earthquakes in this study were characterized bystrike-slip faulting mechanism. Based on a method of Kobayashi et al. (2014), we evaluated the azimuthal change in amplitude
fluctuations of P and S waves, which were calculated by fluctuation of amplitude from master attenuation curves estimated by thecoda normalization method (e.g., Yoshimoto et al., 1993). We also evaluated the theoretical fluctuation by calculating fluctuationof theoretical radiation pattern coefficient from its average at a certain hypocentral distance (Aki and Richards, 2002, Ch. 4). To
quantify how the apparent radiation pattern is distorted, we calculated the cross-correlation coefficient (CCC) between observed
and theoretical amplitude fluctuations for each frequency and distance. The frequency bands in our analysis were 0.5-1 Hz, 1-2
Hz, 2-4 Hz, 4-8 Hz, and 8-16 Hz.
Frequency and distance changes in the apparent radiation pattern
Data analysis demonstrated that the four-lobe P- and S-wave apparent radiation patterns were preserved at low frequency (0.51 Hz), but those were gradually distorted with increasing frequency and distance. The cause of such observation might be theseismic wave scattering due to the small-scale velocity heterogeneity along propagation path. At high frequency (8-16 Hz), theapparent radiation pattern was significantly distorted even for short hypocentral distances (40 km). It might be suggested that thisobservation reflects the effects of scattering due to localized strong heterogeneities around source region and/or the complexityof source rupture process.
The distortion of the apparent S-wave radiation pattern was stronger than P wave for all frequencies and distances. Furthermore,even for source region, the CCC values of S waves were obviously smaller compared with P waves. The values of CCC of P and S
waves at distance of 0 km for frequency 2-4 Hz were 0.75 and 0.55, respectively. These results imply that the effects of localized
heterogeneities around source region and/or source rupture complexity on P and S waves might be significantly different.

Acknowledgement
We acknowledge the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan (NIED) for providing Hinet/F-net waveform data and the CMT solutions from F-net. We also used the unified hypocentral catalog provide by the Japan
Meteorological agency (JMA).

Keywords: Radiation pattern, Body wave, Wave propagation, Wave scattering and diffraction

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SSS26-15

Room:103

Time:May 26 15:00-15:15

Comparison between ray theory and synthetic seismograms for transversely isotropic media
BORGEAUD, Anselme1∗ ; KONISHI, Kensuke1 ; GELLER, Robert J.1 ; KAWAI, Kenji2
1

Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 2 Department of Earth Scienceand Astronomy, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
Imaging seismic anisotropy is essential for a better understanding of geodynamics, since it provides information on deformation and flow in the crust and mantle. S-wave splitting has been widely used to infer the presence and extent of anisotropy. The
inference of anisotropy from S wave splitting relies, however, on ray theory, which is strictly valid only for infinitely high frequencies, and thus may not accurately reflect real finite-frequency seismic data. For example, a recent study by Komatitsch et al.
(2010) showed that splitting of diffracted S waves in the D” region, just above the CMB, is present in synthetics computed for an
isotropic velocity model. In this study we compute travel times for a transversely isotropic (TI) medium using a newly developed
software package (Konishi et al., JpGU, 2015). We then compute full-wave synthetics using the Direct Solution Method (DSM;
Kawai et al., 2006). We focus on two regions of the mantle: D” and the upper mantle. We confirm apparent S-wave splitting insynthetics computed for the isotropic IASP91 velocity model for epicentral distances over 100 degrees, in agreement with theresults of Komatitsch et al. (2010). We also compare the predictions of geometrical optics to synthetics for TI models for phases
which sample the upper mantle and the D” region.
Keywords: DSM, Travel time, D double prime, Upper mantle, Anisotropy, S-wave splitting

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SSS26-16

Room:103

Time:May 26 15:15-15:30

Amplitudes of sP depth phase observed at small epicentral distances from offshore eventsin the northeastern Japan
KOSUGA, Masahiro1∗ ; KATO, So1
1

Grad. Sch. Sci. & Tech., Hirosaki Univ.

Travel times of sP phase have been widely used to improve depth accuracy of earthquakes for both far- and near-field observations. However, the amplitudes of sP phase has not been paid much attention probably because the amplitudes may depend on
many parameters. Here we developed an automated technique to detect sP phase and measure its amplitude to search for future
use of amplitude data. The method consists of the picking of possible arrival times for each station, screening data through depth
relocation, and amplitude correction. The first step picks possible pairs of arrival times and amplitudes in the time windows thatsatisfy the criteria of polarization characteristics. The combined data from all stations are organized into several groups based on
the relation between sP-P times and epicentral distance. The screening process selects the best group that gives the least travel
time residuals from the event depth revised by sP-P times. Finally, the amplitudes are corrected for the dependence on epicentral
distance. We applied the method to a data set from offshore earthquakes of the northeastern Japan. The amplitudes plotted on
focal sphere are partly consistent with the CMT solution. The spatial distribution of amplitudes plotted at reflection points showcomplex pattern that suggest no significant correlation with the submarine topography. Thus the amplitude of sP phase probably
reflects source radiation, together with some additional factors such as spatial heterogeneities of reflectivity. This result suggests
potential use of sP amplitude to constrain the focal mechanisms of offshore earthquakes.
Keywords: sP wave, reflection, amplitude, focal mechanisms

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SSS26-17

Room:103

Time:May 26 15:30-15:45”AnisoTime” Travel time computation software for transversely isotropic media.
KONISHI, Kensuke1∗ ; BORGEAUD, Anselme2 ; GELLER, Robert2 ; KAWAI, Kenji3
1

Academia Sinica, 2 Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 3 Graduate School of Arts and Sciences University ofTokyo
Software for computing body-wave travel times is necessary in work on many seismological research problems. The TauP
toolkit (Crotwell et al., 1999) is widely used for isotropic laterally homogeneous media. The basic theory for travel times intransversely isotropic (TI) media was presented by Vlaar (1968), 1969; Woodhouse, 1981), but, to our knowledge, free software
for making travel time calculations for the TI laterally homogeneous case has not heretofore been available. We have developed
such a package, which we call ”AnisoTime.” The beta-test version is available at http://www-solid.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/˜dsm/.
Keywords: Travel time, anisotropy

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SSS26-18

Room:103

Time:May 26 15:45-16:00

Simulation of the seismic wave propagation on the tablet computer
EMOTO, Kentaro1∗
1

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku Univ.

Smartphones and tablet computers are widely used in recent years. Some of those devices have the high-performance CPU
and large memory size, which comparable to the PC several years ago. Convenience and intuitive operation are merits of using
the tablet computer compared to the desktop PC. In this study, I examine the possibility of the numerical simulation on the tablet
PC and create the application to easily simulate the seismic wave propagation. I use the iPad Air as a target.
I consider the seismic wave propagation in 2D. By using the finite difference method with a staggered-grid technique, I solve
the equation of motion of elastic body. For the simplicity, the accuracy is 2nd-order in both time and space. The medium consistsof four layers including an air layer. The grid spacing is 200m in both horizontal and vertical directions, and the number ofthe grid points are 512 and 384 in the horizontal and the vertical direction, respectively. That is, the simulation area is 102km
wide and 77km deep. The time step is 10ms. In order to decrease user frustration and create the interactive user interface, I
simultaneously draw the wave field and calculate the wave propagation rather than playing the video after the simulation. Here,I draw the wave field in every 20 steps (0.2s). I calculate the divergence and the rotation and draw the amplitude of the P and
S waves as the wave field. I don’t draw the amplitude in pixel by pixel, because it takes too much time. I make a picture of
the wave field on the memory and then draw it on the screen. I also plot the seismogram at an arbitrary station. As one of theintuitive operation, layer boundaries and locations of the station and the source are movable by the finger. I set ten points on eachlayer boundary. The boundary is defined by those movable points. Although the velocity of each layer is fixed, the user can makevarious settings of the simulation intuitively. For the advanced simulation, the user can introduce the random fluctuation of thevelocity in each layer. The user can change the spatial spectrum of the fluctuation intuitively by the finger and arbitrarily change
the size of the fluctuation.
Even when I double the number of the grids in both horizontal and vertical directions, I can simulate the wave propagation
without any memory problem. However, simulating up to 10s takes close to three minutes. Before I extend the area, it takes only
40s. The wave field is updated in every 0.2s, so the total number of the update is 50 times for the simulation up to 10s. Therefore
it takes more than 1s to update the wave field. It is too slow and leads to the frustration of the user. For the tablet computer, thelight performance is required. If I shorten the rate of the update such as 0.1s, the interval of the update of the wave field is also
becomes short. However updating the image of the wave field becomes heavy load, so the user isn’t satisfied the speed of thesimulation. The size of the image rather than the resolution of the image is also one of the main load of the application.
We can perform the 2D seismic wave propagation on the iPad. By using the tablet computer, we can simulate it interactively
and intuitively. It is useful to explain the seismic wave propagation for non-specialist users.

Keywords: mobile application, seismic wave propagation, simulation, iOS

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SSS26-19

Room:103

Time:May 26 16:15-16:30

Estimation of velocity change depth from wave-propagation simulation and interferometric analysis of Hi-net and KiK-net
SAWAZAKI, Kaoru1∗ ; UENO, Tomotake1 ; SHIOMI, Katsuhiko1 ; SAITO, Tatsuhiko1
1

National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention

Since Hi-net and KiK-net sites are co-located, we can detect the depth dependence of seismic velocity change by applying theinterferometric analysis to seismograms recorded by these two types of seismograph networks. In this study, we measure autocorrelation function (ACF) of ambient noise record obtained by Hi-net, and measure deconvolution function (DCF) of the surface
and the borehole-bottom seismograms obtained by KiK-net for the Myoko-Kogen station (N.MKGH/NIGH17). By comparing
these two functions, we detect the depth dependence of seismic velocity change associated with the MW 6.3 earthquake occurringon November 22, 2014 at northern part of Nagano-prefecture, Japan. By applying the interferometric analyses, we detect velocity
reduction ratios of 1-2 % and 3-4 % for the ACF of Hi-net record and for the DCF of KiK-net records, respectively, within thetime period of one week after the mainshock. This difference in the velocity reduction ratios could be attributed to difference
in sensitivity of the two functions; the DCF is sensitive to change in the medium above the borehole-bottom receiver (0-150
m depths), while the ACF is sensitive to wider zone. Next, we perform a two-dimensional finite-difference wave propagation
simulation and examine the change of ACF associated with the 3 % velocity reduction at 0-150 m depths considering the result
revealed from the DCF of KiK-net records. The reference velocity structure used in this simulation is created by adding random
fractional fluctuations to the depth-averaged velocity structure obtained from the seismic tomography data around the target region. The velocities of the top layer are set to VP = 4.0 km/s and VS = 2.0 km/s for model 1, and VP = 3.0 km/s and VS =1.0 km/s for model 2. The velocities between the top layer and the 2.5 km depth are smoothly interpolated and connected to thetomography data. The positions of source and receiver are co-located at the 150 m depth. Applying the stretching technique tothe simulated waveforms, we obtain 0.7 % and 1.2 % velocity reduction ratios in average for the models 1 and 2, respectively.
According to the well-logging data at Myoko-Kogen station, the average velocities at 0-150 m depths are VP = 1.8 km/s and VS= 0.6 km/s, which are slower than the velocities of the top layer adopted for the model 2. Therefore, the true velocity reduction
ratio would be larger than 1.2 % if a realistic velocity structure is available for the finite-difference simulation. This result indicates that over half of the observed velocity reduction ratio detected by the ACF of Hi-net record is attributed to the velocity
reduction at the top 150 m depths.
Keywords: Hi-net, KiK-net, interferometry, velocity change, finite-difference simulation

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SSS26-20

Room:103

Time:May 26 16:30-16:45

Ground Motion Prediction of Finite Rupture Subduction Earthquakes using the Ambient
Seismic Field
VIENS, Loic1∗ ; KOKETSU, Kazuki1 ; MIYAKE, Hiroe1 ; SAKAI, Shin’ichi1 ; HIRATA, Naoshi1 ;HONDA, Ryou2
1

Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 2 Hot Springs Research Institute of Kanagawa Prefecture

The ever-increasing construction of large-scale structures such as high-rise buildings, oil tanks, and suspension bridges requires
an accurate prediction of long-period ground motions (4-10 s) for seismic hazard assessment. The slow attenuation with distanceof the long-period ground motions combined to possible amplification in sedimentary basins can lead to large damages as thoseobserved during the 1985 Michoacan earthquake (Mw 8.0) where more than 1000 buildings were destroyed in the Mexico city
located at more than 300 km from the hypocenter. We focus this study on the Kanto basin where the Tokyo city is located. In thebasin and its surrounding, more than 600 stations composed of 3 component seismometers recording continuous data have been
selected. These stations are a part of different networks including the Metropolitan Seismic Observation network (MeSO-net),
Hi-net and F-net of NIED, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) network, and the Hot Spring Research Institute of Kanagawa
Prefecture network. Stations located above the 1923 Kanto earthquake rupture area have been considered as virtual sources andothers as receivers. Deconvolution method has been applied between every virtual source and the receivers to extract single
force impulse response functions for each pair of stations. As only relative, rather than absolute, amplitude can be extracted withthis technique, we calibrated the impulse response function amplitudes using records of a moderate shallow earthquake (Mw∼ 5) that occurred close to the virtual sources. Once the amplitude scaled, we show that both impulse response functions andearthquake records have similar phase and amplitude in the period range of 4 to 10 s. Then, we built finite rupture models for
Mw ∼ 7 subduction earthquake scenarios that we discretized in subfaults. For each station considered as a receiver, we show that
it is possible to interpolate the calibrated impulse response functions extracted between every virtual source and the receiver toobtain one impulse response function for each subfault. We also took into account the depth and the dip angle of the fault andthe rupture propagates radially with a speed of 2 km/s. We confirm that peak ground velocities and durations of our simulated
ground motions are strongly amplified in the Kanto basin.
Keywords: Long-period ground motion prediction, Finite rupture subduction earthquakes, Ambient seismic field, Seismic interferometry, Kanto basin

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SSS26-21

Room:103

Time:May 26 16:45-17:00

Application of seismic interferometry to waveforms of small vibration recorded by theexisting seismometer of a dam
SEIICHIRO, Kuroda1∗ ; TAGASHIRA, Hidekazu1 ; MASUKAWA, Susumu1
1NARO, National Institute for Rural Engineering

The existing seismometers installed at the dams for irrigation have recorded many seismic records during huge earthquake
events. Those are useful for analysis to understand how dams behaved during earthquake. Those records are valuable as theevidence not only to show the behavior of dams caused by but also to retrieve the index to reflect the dynamic property of thedams. Considering this point, we have applied the concept of seismic interferometry and its method to seismic records of thedams to estimate their properties of seismic wave propagation and the dynamic properties of those structures.
This shows the applicability of seismic interferometry for small vibration records of existing seismometer of dams, like small
earthquake records, whose maximum acceleration are less than 1cm/s2, or ambient noise. Based on the analysis for the waveformof acceleration during more than 10hours, we can retrieve the waveforms of time domain response similar to the one extracted
from the seismic record of earthquake events, whose maximum acceleration is more than 2cm/s2, from small earthquake records
and even from ambient noise only. This fact shows the proposed method might be applicable more frequently, if we applied it
not only earthquake records but also the small records which has been considered to be trivial ones.
Though we must verify the applicability of this method to the other many dams, this method might be expected to be more
useful in an area where the earthquake frequency is very small, or at a dam site where the seismometer has been installed recently
and obtained little or not enough seismic records yet.

Keywords: sam for irrigation, seismometer, seismic waveform, seismic wave propagation, seismic interferometry, soil structure

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SSS26-22

Room:103

Time:May 26 17:00-17:15

Temporal changes of seismic velocity in Tokai area revealed by the observation of theToki seismic ACROSS signals
KUNITOMO, Takahiro1∗ ; YAMAOKA, Koshun1 ; WATANABE, Toshiki2
1

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya Univ., 2 ERI, Univ. of Tokyo

We report on the travel time changes of the seismic ACROSS signals observed by Hi-net stations in Tokai region from 2008
to 2014, especially after the Tohoku Earthquake (March. 11, 2011, M9.0),and overview seismic velocity changes in the earth’s
crust in the Tokai region for 7 years.
Acknowledgement: Hi-net data are provided by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan(NIED). Toki ACROSS transmitting station is managed by Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA).
Keywords: seismic ACROSS, seismic velocity change, travel time change, Hi-net

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SSS26-23

Room:103

Time:May 26 17:15-17:30

A simple method to improve automatic CMT solutions based on a feature of long-period
seismic wavefields
SAKAI, Takahide1∗ ; KUMAGAI, Hiroyuki1 ; PULIDO, Nelson2 ; NAKANO, Masaru3
1

Nagoya University, 2 NIED, 3 JAMSTEC

A correct and rapid centroid moment tensor (CMT) estimation of an earthquake is essential to a prompt response of the earthquake and tsunami disaster. Broadband seismograph networks were deployed for the earthquake and tsunami warning in thePhilippines and Indonesia, and the long-period (50?100 s) seismic records from that networks are routinely analyzed by the
waveform inversion method of SWIFT (Nakano et al., GJI, 2008) to automatically determine CMT solutions. Non-seismic longperiod noisy waveforms occasionally appear in the seismic records when seismic waves arrive at stations. These noisy waveforms
have relatively larger amplitudes than the seismic waveforms of each event and affect the automatic CMT solutions. However,there is no established way to correct or avoid the noisy waveforms. In this study, we developed a simple and rapid method todetect the noisy waveforms for automatic CMT inversion analysis.
We used the source amplitude defined as the maximum amplitude of an earthquake at each seismograph station corrected forthe geometrical spreading and medium attenuation assuming a surface wave. We compared the source amplitudes with the moment magnitudes (Mw) of the CMT solutions to distinguish noisy waveforms from seismic waveforms. We carried out numericaltests using synthesized seismograms to investigate the cause of the relationship between source amplitudes and Mw. In the tests,
we used two different source mechanisms and synthesized seismograms at broadband seismic stations in the Philippines as wellas grid positions with about 55 km intervals.
We compared the source amplitudes with Mw in the manual solutions of earthquake that occurred around the Philippines andIndonesia. Although the source amplitudes varied due to the radiation pattern, we found that the variations of source amplitudes
fell within a constant band against the change of Mw in the manual solutions. We calculated the ratios of the individual source
amplitudes to the minimum source amplitude in each event. We found that the ratios were less than 10 for most of these events.
Therefore, we introduced a threshold in the ratios (R) around 10 to detect pulse-like waveforms, and performed the waveform
inversion without such waveforms for 25 events with inappropriate automatic solutions. We found that the source locations
assuming R=11 best matched with those of the manual solutions and Mw and source mechanisms also greatly improved. The
numerical test results showed that the variations of source amplitudes become larger as the angles between stations and node directions are smaller. This relation may appear if the station density is higher. Therefore, we investigated the variations of source
amplitudes and their ratios in the Japan broadband seismograph network (F-net), which is denser than the Philippine network.
We found that the variations of source amplitudes fell within a constant band against the change of Mw and the ratios were lessthan 10 for most of events with Mw in the range from 4 to 8.
Our method may be useful to detect noisy waveforms and avoid them in automatic CMT inversion analysis to improve theaccuracy of automatic solutions. The ratios were less than 10 in the observation data from the Philippines and Indonesia networks
and F-net, of which the station densities are different. This result indicates that the variations of source amplitudes are independent of the density of the stations, and implies that the radiation pattern may be distorted by source complexity and structural
inhomogeneity in the long-period seismic wavefields.
Acknowledgements: We used broadband seismic data from F-net of NIED in this study.

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SSS26-24

Room:103

Time:May 26 17:30-17:45

From seismic waveforms to seismic wavefield: A feasibility study of the seismic gradiometry applied to the Hi-net array
MAEDA, Takuto1∗ ; NISHIDA, Kiwamu1 ; TAKAGI, Ryota1 ; OBARA, Kazushige1
1Earthquake Research Institute, UTokyo

Introduction
The high-sensitive seismograph network (Hi-net) operated by NIED, Japan equipped with nearly 800 velocity-type seismographs of natural frequency 1 Hz with average separation of 20 km. Although its main target of observation is small, highfrequency seismic waves, it also can act as an ultra-dense long-period seismograph array in particular for large earthquakes
because of the wide dynamic range and high S/N of the observation system [Maeda et al., 2011, 2014]. In such long period band,station separation is shorter than the wavelength. Thus, it is expected that they bring us the 2D complex wavefield rather thanindependent seismic wave traces at individual stations.
Recent advances of the seismic gradiometry method (hereafter referred to as SG) and its successful applications report that we
can measure the spatial variation of geometrical spreading and radiation pattern, in addition to the slowness vector from the dense
array data [Langston, 2007a,b,c; Liang and Langston, 2009]. In this study, we attempted to assess the feasibility of applying the
SG to the Hi-net array to extract complicated wave propagation properties.

Seismic Gradiometry
The SG first estimates the wave amplitude and its spatial derivative coefficients from discrete station record by the Taylor
series approximation and an inverse problem. Then, by assuming the incoming wave packet is constituted by plane wave having
spatially varying amplitude term, the slowness vector and spatial derivative of the amplitude term are estimated. The latter term
corresponds to the geometrical spreading and radiation pattern. It is a remarkable feature of the SG to separate the amplitude
variation due to between wave propagation and other effects.

Application to the Hi-net
We applied the SG with synthetic data at the actual Hi-net station layout. The synthetic data has the Gaussian function intime with phase speed of 3 km/s, having geometrical spreading reciprocal to the square root of the horizontal distance, and thefour-lobed radiation pattern. This synthetic wavefield has a wavelength of about 60 km, which is corresponds to the surface
waves at the period of about 20 s. The time series at locations of the Hi-net stations were used to as the synthetic data of thenumerical experiment. At equally spaced grid points, the wave amplitude and its derivatives are estimated by using the data at
nearby stations with distance is shorter than 50 km by the least square. We here note that the least square is always well-posed,
inverse matrices to solve the inverse problem can be calculated in advance. Comparing the analytic solution, it was found thatthe wavefield and the derivatives are quite well estimated with maximum relative errors of about 5% and 10%, respectively. The
slowness vector, the radiation pattern and the geometrical spreading terms are estimated by the wavefield and its spatial derivatives at every grid point. The estimated direction of the wave propagation well fitted to the azimuth from the assumed epicenter,and the radiation pattern shows significant variation at around the null axis.
Our preliminarily results suggest that the SG method well suite to the band-broaden Hi-net seismograph to extract wavefield
behavior at the periods longer than 20 s. This method is appealing that it can estimate the arrival directions at spatially homogeneous grid, and that it can extract amplitude variation not due to simple wave propagation such as radiation pattern. It is
promising to obtain spatial phase velocity variation from direct waves, and to grasp wave packets originated from scattering fromlater coda, to applying the SG to Hi-net dense array data.
Keywords: seismic wavefield, broadband, surface waves, arrival direction

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SSS26-P01

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Waveform inversion converged towards the grand minimum: A Wiener-filter approach
YOMOGIDA, Kiyoshi1∗
1

Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University

Not only in seismology but also in many research fields of earth and planetary sciences, waveform inversions are widely used.
Some on-going data analyses even adopt automated inversion procedures with huge amounts of data. Their basic concept is theminimization of the difference between each observed time-domain waveform and its synthetic waveform in the least squares
sense. Since waveforms are characterized by a series of peaks and troughs, there are many local minimums around the true or
grand minimum so that we may obtain our final inverted model for one of local minimums rather than the desired grand one
particularly if our initial model for inversion is not close to the true model. In a mathematical point of view, this problem isrelated to the ambiguity of 2π in phase. The general process to overcome the above problem is called ’phase unwrapping’, but
this process is rather empirical, very subjective and different from a problem to another.
We propose a new inversion approach in order to make waveform inversions objective and stable. This consists of two stages.
At first, the difference between each observed waveform d (t ) and synthetic one p (t ) (here we shall assume that all the waveforms
are expressed by discrete time series) by a Wiener filter w (t ). The Wiener filter is defined by the filter that minimize the sumof squares of p (t )∗w (t )-d (t ), where ∗ represents the convolution. Coefficient of w(t) can be obtained efficiently by a recursivealgorithm (Levinson, 1949). If p (t ) and d (t ) were same, the Wiener filter w (t ) would be a unit filter, that is, 1 for t =0 and zerootherwise (corresponding to a delta function in a continuous case). In the second step, therefore, we introduce a new criterion
to minimize the sum of squares of w (t ) multiplied by a time lag for all the records together: t •w (t ). In practice, we need tonormalize the above criterion divided by the square of w (t ).
With this new criterion, the time lag of w (t ) is only weighted without its sign (i.e., positive peak versus negative trough),there are no ambiguities in phase, unlike any conventional waveform inversions. If we iterate the above inversion procedureby modifying a given model in each step, our model will be converged towards a optimal one without falling into any local
minimums.
For large-scale inversion problems, one uses an adjoint matrix or operator rather than the formal inverse matrix of a given
forward problem. The modification of a model in each iteration step is obtained by the data residual, p (t ) ‒ d (t ), multipliedby the adjoint matrix. The adjoint matrix is derived by the partial derivative of by the minimizing criterion (the sum of squaresof t •w (t ) in this case) partially differentiated by the synthetic p (t ). Its result is expressed by - t 2 •w (t )2 ∗ p (t )−1 . That is , weonly need to deconvolve the sum of squares of t •w (t ) by p (t ). Other procedures are similar to those of conventional waveform
inversions.
We conducted numerical tests in order to confirm the efficiency of our new inversion approach, using a medium with velocity
fluctuations. Even without a dense coverage of paths connecting sources and receivers, our inversion leads to a final model close
to the true model. In contrast, an initial model very close to the true one is required if we obtain a satisfactory model withconventional least-squares criteria in inversion. That is, the present inversion approach can lead our model search into the true or
grand minimum without falling into or being stuck by local minimums around it.
Keywords: inverse problem, seismic waveform, Wiener filter, grand minimum, phase unwrapping

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SSS26-P02

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Seismic wave propagation in the heterogeneous structure associated with the subducting
Philippine Sea Plate
TAKEMURA, Shunsuke1∗
1

Yokohama City University

Introduction
In the southwestern Japan, where the Philippine Sea Plate (PHS) is subducting from Nankai Trough, several distinct later
phases were observed during intraslab earthquakes (e.g., Ohkura, 200; Miyoshi and Ishibashi, 2007; Hayashida et al., 2010).
Since such later phases propagate through wider area compared with direct body waves, we examine the characteristics of
distinct later phases in the southwestern Japan derived from dense Hi-net observations and three-dimensional (3D) numericalsimulations in order to reveal heterogeneous structure around the subducting PHS.
Observed characteristics of high-frequency seismic waves
We used observed waveforms from dense Hi-net network during earthquake (Mw 4.2) that occurred at southern Hiroshima,southwestern Japan, on 2004 September 21. In fore-arc side of southwestern Japan (Shikoku region), distinct later phases were
not observed and spindle-shape S waves with strong peak delay were dominant at stations, where the PHS exists at shallower
depths. On the other hand, in back-arc side of southwestern Japan (Chugoku region), several distinct later phases were observed
and effectively propagated at distance over 300 km. Especially, amplitudes of sSmS (Moho reflection of S waves) were lager
than those of direct S waves and provided the peak ground velocities (PGV) at stations with distance larger than 150 km.
Simulation of seismic wave propagation
To clarify causes of such observations, we conducted finite-difference-method (FDM) simulation of seismic wave propagationin 3D layered structure JIVSM (Koketsu et al., 2008). The 3D model covered a region of 512 km×320 km×80 km, including
Chugoku and Shikoku region of southwestern Japan. Since the model was discretized by grid intervals of 0.25 km in horizontal
directions and 0.2 km in vertical direction, the FDM simulations can examine seismic wave propagation for frequency less than
1.5 Hz.
Although distinct later phases were also found in simulation results of JIVSM, simulation results did not perfectly reproduced
the observed features, such as large amplitude sSmS and spindle-shape S waves in fore-arc side.
By travel-time tomography, the low-velocity anomaly (LVA) with high VP/VS ratio was detected just above the PHS at depthsof 30-50 km (Hirose et al., 2008). Thus, according to this observation, we introduced the LVA in the simulation model, where theseismic S-wave velocities were reduced by 10% compared with the original JIVSM. By introducing LVA, impedance contrast
between oceanic crust and mantle became smaller and consequently maximum amplitudes were found in sSmS rather than direct
S waves. The LVA associated with subducting PHS affect the distribution of PGV of intraslab earthquakes in southwestern Japan.

Acknowledgement
We acknowledge the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan (NIED) for providing the
Hi-net waveform data and F-net CMT solutions. The computations were conducted on the computer system of the Earthquake
and Volcano Information Center of the Earthquake Research Institute, the University of Tokyo.

Keywords: Seismic wave propagation, intraslab earthquake, Philippine Sea Plate, crustal structure, numerical simulation

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SSS26-P03

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Temporal velocity changes after the 2014 northern Nagano earthquake, central Japan
UENO, Tomotake1∗ ; SAWAZAKI, Kaoru1 ; SAITO, Tatsuhiko1 ; SHIOMI, Katsuhiko1 ; ASANO, Youichi1
1

NIED

Since 2003, we have calculated daily fluctuation of seismic velocity for all over Japan by applying interferometry method
to Hi-net continuous ambient noise records using vertical component. Several stations showed reduction of velocity after large
earthquakes such as the 2004 Chuetsu earthquake, the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi earthquake and the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake,and after magma intrusions like the seismic swarms at the eastern Izu peninsula. However, we still need to investigate velocitychanges associated with the seismic or volcanic event, since we still have no idea why velocity reduction after these events occurs
and whether the velocity reduction is generally observed or not. On 22 November 2014, a large earthquake of Mj6.7 occurred at
the northern Nagano prefecture, which is located near the northern part of the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line (ISTL). In thisstudy, we investigated the earthquake effect on the velocity structure by way of the interferometry method using Hi-net data.
Around the source area of the northern Nagano earthquake, there are typical six Hi-net stations and six easy Hi-net stations
which are composed of only a three-component high-sensitivity and short-period velocity seismograph. Three of them, N.HBAH,N.HKKH, and N.OTNH are on the source region. Using ambient seismic noise of 1-3 Hz bandwidth, we calculated autocorrelation functions (ACFs) of vertical component applying a one-bit normalization correction. Since the relative delay of the
ACFs for each lag time corresponds to the relative change of the velocity, the velocity fluctuation for each Hi-net station could
be estimated by applying a stretching method to waveforms obtained before and after the earthquake.
The three stations on the source area showed 1 % to 3 % velocity reduction during the earthquake. In addition, N.IGWH at
northward and N.MKGH at northeastward from the source area also decreased approximately 0.5 % and 1.5 %, respectively.
We could not find clear correlation between the velocity reduction and values such as peak ground acceleration, peak ground
velocity, site amplification effect, tilt record, and volumetric strain change by the estimated source fault. After the earthquake,the velocity has recovered approximately by 50% for 2 months except for N.OTNH.
Keywords: a large earthquake, seismic interferometry, auto correlation functions, velocity reductions, Hi-net

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SSS26-P04

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Subsurface velocity structure beneath Kirishima volcanoes inferred from ambient seismic
noise tomography
NAGAOKA, Yutaka1∗ ; NISHIDA, Kiwamu2 ; AOKI, Yosuke2 ; TAKEO, Minoru2 ; OHKURA, Takahiro3 ;YOSHIKAWA, Shin3
1

MRI, JMA, 2 ERI, Univ. Tokyo, 3 AVL, Kyoto Univ.

Shinmoe-dake, one of Kirishima volcanoes, experienced magmatic eruptions in 2011. The analysis of ground deformationshows that the pressure source locates 5 km to the northwest of the Shinmoe-dake summit at a depth of 8 km, which implies
the existence of a magma reservoir. We are trying to resolve it by seismic procedure toward ensuring its existence and deriving
precise crustal structure.
The technique we employed is the seismic wave interferometry, which extract the seismic wave propagation between two
seismic stations by taking a cross correlation of random wavefields, such as the ambient seismic noise or the seismic coda wave,
recorded at two stations. The cross correlations of random wavefield recorded at two receivers can be represented as if the source
is at one receiver and the recorder is at the other. This technique is suitable for exploring local structure since the extracted wave
is sensitive to the internal structure between two stations.
We inferred the crustal phase velocity anomaly using the vertical component of the ambient seismic noise recorded by seismicarray between April 2011 and December 2013. A Rayleigh wave is extracted by taking cross correlations. We derived its
dispersion curve using all pairs of stations as a reference, then measured a Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity anomaly against thereference for each pair in some frequency bands.
The phase velocity anomaly we thus obtained shows that most paths crossing Kirishima volcanic body have negative velocity
anomaly for all frequency bands, indicating that the entire volcanic body has the characteristic of low velocity against the outside.
The shallower part shows relatively high velocity at the location where the source of the ground deformation is estimated.
Keywords: Kirishima volcanoes, subsurface velocity structure, ambient seismic noise tomography

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SSS26-P05

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Study on vibrational characteristics of Mt.Fuji for applicability of monitoring volcanic
activity
KOJIMA, Kaoru1∗ ; YAMANAKA, Hiroaki1 ; CHIMOTO, Kosuke1 ; SAGUCHI, Koichiro1 ; YAMADA, Nobuyuki2
1

Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2 Fukuoka University of Education
Mt.Fuji is Japanese representative volcano. If it erupts, its influence is immeasurable. So it is important to predict its eruption
to prevent the volcanic disaster. However, there are still many problems with a volcanic eruption prediction study, and we needto develop new observation techniques and establish it in the future.
In this study, as a method for monitoring Mt.Fuji activities, we attempted to apply the technique based on microtremor measurement which is used for vibrational characteristic evaluations such as buildings. First, we verify if we can estimate the frequency
characteristics of Mt Fuji with microtremor observation. The microtremor observation was conducted from 6 to 9 August 2012.
7 locations are prepared in the observation at the 2nd and from the 5th to the 10th stations of Mt.Fuji. We temporarily installed athree-component accelerometer and a data logger at each station.
In the analysis, we made a spectral analysis of the observed records, and we found the predominant frequency around 0.21 Hz
in the NS’ component and around 0.20Hz in the EW’ component. Amplitude distribution at this frequency is similar to fundamental mode shape of vibration. However, the vibration at the 6th station at the predominant frequency shows slight different
features. We confirm from a cross-correlation function in the vicinity of the predominant frequency that delay time between the
6th and 10th stations is greater than others. The result suggests the influence of the higher mode is greater than that of lower
mode in the area lower than the 6th station.
We also conducted FEM analysis for vibrational characteristics of the real model based on the digital elevation model data.
The primary natural frequency of the model is about 0.22 Hz, and this is almost the same as the results with the observations.
This shows that it is possible to estimate the frequency characteristics of Mt.Fuji with microtremor observation. Next, we conducted FEM analysis of the magma model, and we found that detection of the volcanic activity may be possible from the changeof vibrational mode shape or the contribution ratio of higher mode. However, it is necessary to improve the accuracy of theobservation.
We thank participants of the observation in this study. We are also indebted to the people in the mountain hut. We would liketo sincerely thank them.

Keywords: Mt.Fuji, vibrational characteristics, volcano, microtremor observation

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SSS26-P06

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Effect of seismic attenuation on S-wave polarization anisotropy
ODA, Hitoshi1∗
1

Okayama University

In order to verify whether or not seismic attenuation has an influence on S-wave polarization anisotropy, we investigated shearwave splitting of Ps phases that are identified on synthetic P-wave receiver functions calculated for a seismic velocity model ofthree-layer structure. Top two layers of the velocity model are anisotropic and anelastic medium, and bottom layer is a semiinfinite isotropic elastic body. Horizontal c-axis is assumed to lie in the anisotropic layers, and anisotropy intensity is set at 2
% for P-wave velocity and 5 % for S-wave velocity. Azimuth of the c-axis is 35 degrees from the north in the first layer and 65
degrees in the second layer. Thicknesses of the two anisotropic layers are 35km. Attenuation quality factors, Qp and Qs, of P
and S waves are 50 and 25 in the first layer and 100 and 50 in the second layer. Appropriate values are assigned to the isotropic
P and S wave velocities and density of the velocity model.
Three-component response functions caused by P-wave incident on the bottom layer is calculated as a function of back azimuth
for the three layer structure by layer matrix method (Crampin, 1970). Incident angle is set at 10 degrees measured from thevertically downward direction. The radial and transverse components of P-wave receiver functions for different back azimuths
are constructed from the P-wave response functions by water level method (Langston, 1979).
We compared P-wave receiver functions calculated in two cases: one is a case where seismic attenuation exists and the otheris a case where there is no seismic attenuation. The receiver function with seismic attenuation shows smoother waveform thanthat in the case of no attenuation, because high-frequency components of the receiver functions are attenuated by anelasticityof the anisotropic layers. We identified two conspicuous phases on the receiver functions as Ps-converted phases generated atlayer boundaries. By using stripping method (Oda, 2011), we estimated splitting parameters, fast polarization direction and split
time, of the Ps phases. Values of the estimated splitting parameters, with or without seismic attenuation, are approximately inagreement with those predicted from the anisotropic parameters of the three-layer velocity model. Thus we can say that theseismic attenuation does not have a significant influence on the shear-wave polarization anisotropy of Ps phases.

Keywords: seismic attenuation, S-wave polarization anisotropy

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SSS26-P07

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Q estimation by transforming VSP measurement configuration with seismic interferometry
MATSUSHIMA, Jun1∗
1

Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo

Although seismic attenuation measurements have great potential to enhance our knowledge of physical conditions and rockproperties, their application is limited because robust methods for obtaining reliable attenuation estimates have not yet been
established. The combined use of velocity and attenuation data reduces the uncertainty in characterizing such conditions andproperties. Although Vertical seismic profile (VSP) measurement is considered to be best suited for attenuation studies andthe spectral ratio method is a popular means of measuring seismic attenuation, this method is not stable because it is strongly
subject to the variation of the S/N in the spectra. In the present paper, we propose attenuation estimation methods for VSP databy combining seismic interferometry and a robust attenuation estimation method developed for sonic waveform data. Seismic
interferometry allows VSP data to be converted from the VSP configuration to the sonic logging measurement configuration.
Then, we can apply the robust attenuation estimation method developed for sonic waveform data to the converted VSP data.
We adopt two different types of seismic interferometry, one based on deconvolution interferometry and one based on crosscorrelation interferometry. By applying the proposed methods to synthetic and field VSP data, we demonstrate the advantagesof the proposed methods over the conventional spectral ratio method. For the case without noise, we demonstrate the applicability of deconvolution interferometry and the incompleteness of cross-correlation interferometry for attenuation estimation. The
application of cross-correlation interferometry cannot provide absolute attenuation but can provide relative attenuation from theslope information of the attenuation results curve. The bias of cross-correlation interferometry is due to the incorrectness of
the amplitude information, that is, the phase information estimated from cross-correlation interferometry is correct, whereas theamplitude information is not adequate for attenuation estimation. In the case of the application of cross-correlation interferometry, we have also pointed out the relationship between the magnitude of attenuation and the biased attenuation results. For thecase with random noise, deconvolution interferometry does not have an advantage over the conventional spectral ratio, whereas
cross-correlation interferometry is less sensitive to random noise than the application of deconvolution interferometry and theconventional spectral ratio method. This is because a cross-correlation operation improves the S/N ratio, i.e., not only the crosscorrelation between random noises but also the cross-correlation between signal events and random noise is ideally zero, whereas
the cross-correlation between signal events is enhanced. Sensitivity tests on borehole irregularities, such as unnecessary residual
events after wavefield separation, also reveal the advantage of the proposed methods using deconvolution interferometry over theconventional spectral ratio method. The inverted attenuation results from field data obtained by deconvolution interferometry do
not completely correlate with those obtained by the spectral ratio method, except for the high-attenuation zone. The difference
between these inverted attenuation results might be the difference in sensitivity to borehole irregularities, such as unnecessary
residual events after wavefield separation. Furthermore, the difference in quality and resolution among the inverted attenuation
results obtained by cross-correlation interferometry is relatively small compared to the two other cases. This might be due to thelower sensitivity of cross-correlation interferometry to noise.
Keywords: seismic interferometory, seismic attenuation estimation, VSP data

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SSS26-P08

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Separation of scattering loss and intrinsic absorption under Tateyama volcano
IWATA, Koji1∗ ; KAWAKATA, Hironori1 ; DOI, Issei2
1

Ritsumeikan Univ., 2 DPRI, Kyoto Univ.

Tateyama volcano (Midagahara volcano) locates in southeastern part of Toyama prefecture. The volcanic activity of Tateyama
volcano is quite low. Previous studies have suggested a low-Q zone beneath the region near Tateyama volcano. Katsumata et al.
(1995) studied in more detail and suggested the presence of regions with low-velocity and low-density as well as low Q anomaly
near Tateyama volcano.
Iwata et al. (2014) estimated S wave attenuation beneath Tateyama volcano using twofold spectrum ratios, and suggested that
regions with high seismic attenuation exist in the southern or the southeastern region of Tateyama volcano. Q parameters in theseregions were estimated to be around 50-200.
There are well-known two key factors which characterize seismic wave attenuation: scattering loss and intrinsic absorption.
Scattering loss is caused when seismic waves are scattered by crustal heterogeneity. On the other hand, intrinsic absorption isconsidered to be due to the fact that energy of the seismic waves mainly changes into frictional heat energy along their paths.
Magma chambers can make scattering loss and intrinsic absorption strong in volcanic regions. In this study, we investigated thescattering loss and intrinsic absorption in localized volcanic region, beneath Tateyama volcano.
The relative contribution by scattering loss and intrinsic absorption in the seismic waves changes with the lapse time. Due
to scattering effect, the direct waves decay and coda waves are generated. Therefore, a part of the energy of the direct waves
from the seismic sources is distributed among coda waves, but total energy is maintained constant. On the other hand, intrinsic
absorption makes the total energy of the entire seismic wave lowered.
The Multiple Lapse Time Window Analysis (MLTWA) is often used to estimate scattering loss parameter, and intrinsic absorption parameter, at the same time (e.g., Fehler et al., 1992; Hoshiba, 1993; Carcole and Sato, 2009). We used this method
and compared the seismic energy integrated over the time windows and the one which is derived from an approximate analytic
expression (Paasschens, 1997). After trial and error, we found suitable scattering loss and intrinsic absorption values.
We used seismograms at five Hi-net stations near Tateyama volcano for nineteen small, local earthquakes (M 2.5-4.0) that
occurred from January 2012 to December 2013.
We considered the following frequency bands: 1-2, 2-4, 4-8 and 8-16 Hz. We used the normalized mean square amplitudeafter S wave arrival time.
Previous researches that applied MLTWA used three 15 s time windows from the direct S time, but we take different time
windows which is more appropriate for the used data. In addition, we consider the effect of the error in estimation of S wave
arrival time.
Acknowledgments:
We are grateful to those who have made continuous efforts to run and maintain the Hi-net and its database. Our appreciation
also goes to those who have made continuous efforts to develop JMA unified hypocenter catalog.

Keywords: Tateyama volcano, Scattering loss, Intrinsic absorption, MLTWA

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SSS26-P09

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Body wave microseisms from a distant storm revealed by Hi-net data
NISHIDA, Kiwamu1∗
1

ERI, Univ. of Tokyo

Although observations of microseisms were firmly established in 1940’s [e.g. Gutenberg, 1947], the excitation mechanisms
are still old and new problem. Their common excitation sources are ocean wave activities. Microseisms can be categorized into
two ones according to the excitation mechanisms. One is primary microseisms from 0.05 to 0.1 Hz, which correspond to a typical frequency of ocean swell. Observed dominance of Love waves of primary microseisms suggests that they are generated bypressure load of ocean swell acting on a sloping coast [Darbyshire and Okeke, 1969]. The other is secondary microseisms from
0.1 to 0.5 Hz, which double the frequency, indicating the generation of the former through nonlinear wave-wave interaction of thelatter [Longuet- Higgens, 1950]. Observed amplitudes of secondary microseisms are larger than those of primary microseisms.
Because microseisms are excited by forces acting on the seafloor, surface-wave excitations are dominant. Recently body wave
microseisms from a distant storm, however, have been focussed [e.g. Gerstoft et al. 2006, Landes et al. 2010]. They show clear
teleseismic P waves excited by distant storms. A back-projection method could constrain source distribution, which gives clues
to their excitation mechanisms. Most studies focused, however, only vertical components. In this study, in order to constrain
excitation mechanisms of microseisms, we conducted three-component array analysis using the high-sensitive seismograph network (Hi-net) operated by NIED, when a strong weather bomb hit the Atlantic ocean on 12/9th 2014.
We analyzed 3-component velocity-meters with a natural frequency of 1 Hz at 202 stations in Chugoku district. The instrumental response was deconvolved by using inverse filtering technique [Maeda et al. 2011] after reduction of common logger
noise [Takagi et al. 2015]. Their frequency-wavenumber spectra [Nishida et al., 2008] were calculated at 0.07 (PM) and 0.15
Hz (SM). The spectra of a vertical component and a radial component at 0.15 Hz show that clear teleseismic P-wave, whereasthat of a transverse one does not show body wave. The slowness of about 0.05 [s/km] and the back azimuth of -5 degree areconsistent with that of the P wave traveled from the weather bomb in the Atlantic ocean. At 0.07 Hz, no teleseismic p wave was
detected, although they show strong Rayleigh wave traveled from north, which is consistent with a past study [Matsuzawa et al.,2012]. Lack of P-wave microseisms in primary microseismic band suggests that shear traction on the seafloor is dominant in thefrequency. Although these results are preliminary, we plan to discuss the excitation mechanism based on the array analysis.
Keywords: ambient noise, microseisms

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SSS26-P10

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Evaluation of long-period ground motion generated from intraplate earthquakes around
Ibaraki and Fukushima prefectures
FUJIHARA, Satoru1∗ ; KIRITA, Fumio2 ; KAWAJI, Kaoru1 ; YAMGAZAKI, Toshihiko2 ; URIYU, Mitsuru2 ;YASUDA, Masahiro2
1

CTC Itochu Techno-Solutions, Nuclear & Engineering Department, 2 Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Construction Department

After the occurrence of 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, phenomena of long period ground motion have been observed at seismic
observation stations around the coastal region of Ibaraki prefecture for the occurrence of shallow depth intra-plate earthquakes(including 2011 Fukushima Hamadori earthquake) around Ibaraki and Fukushima prefectures. Before the occurrence of Tohoku
earthquake, there was little noticeable intra-plate large earthquake, and physical mechanism and characteristics of generation of
long-period ground motion mostly remain unclear. Therefore, we believe that better understanding the physical mechanism andcharacteristics of generation of long-period ground motion will lead to improving the evaluation of nature of seismic wave propagation and ground motion around the coastal region of Ibaraki prefecture. And also, it will lead to more reasonable evaluationof earthquake-proof safety of important infrastructures and subsurface structure around this region.
In this research, as main factor generating long-period ground motion, we focus on nature of basement underground structure model beneath the coastal region of Ibaraki prefecture. First, we constructed 3D underground structure model beneath thisregion, on based on the underground structure model of the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion of Ministry of
Education Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan (http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/12 choshuki/, Koketsu et al.,2008, Koketsu et al., 2009). Based on the structure model and using finite element method, we performed seismic wave propagation simulation of intraplate crustal earthquakes (moderate scale, M<6.0), generated around Ibaraki and Fukushima prefecture.
For optimizing the 3D underground structure model, we used seismic observation stations of KIK-net and Japan Atomic Energy
Agency around this region. In the analysis we evaluated the generating factors of long-period ground motion by comparing theresults of waveform modeling based on 1D layered structure model and on 3D structure model.
As the result, we confirmed that 3D structure model could better generate the long-period ground motion which 1D layer structure model could not, and understood that generation of long-period ground motion is originated from the nature of basement
structure beneath seismic stations. Furthermore, we performed waveform modeling of 2011 Fukushima-ken Hamadori earthquake and confirmed availability of 3D underground structure model for evaluating intraplate large earthquakes around Ibaraki
region.

Keywords: 3D structure, Seismic wave propagation, Hamadori, FEM simulation

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SSS26-P11

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

S-wave attenuation structure in southwestern Japan and Nankai trough
TAKAHASHI, Tsutomu1∗ ; OBANA, Koichiro1 ; YAMAMOTO, Yojiro1 ; KAIHO, Yuka1 ; NAKANISHI, Ayako1 ;KODAIRA, Shuichi1 ; KANEDA, Yoshiyuki2
1

JAMSTEC, 2 Nagoya University

Seismic waves at high frequency (>1 Hz) of local earthquakes are complex and broadened due to wave scattering and attenuation in the lithosphere. Three dimensional imaging of random velocity inhomogeneity and intrinsic attenuation structures isimportant to describe such complex wave trains. We have proposed imaging methods of random inhomogeneities (Takahashi etal., 2009) and attenuation (Takahashi, 2012) on the basis of a statistical method called the Markov approximation. This study
estimated the 3-D distribution of S-wave attenuation in southwestern Japan by applying the inversion analysis of S-wave maximal amplitudes (Takahashi, 2012). We have analyzed seismic waveforms recorded by onshore and offshore stations. Onshore
stations are composed of Hi-net and F-net stations that are developed and maintained by the National Research Institute for Earth
Science and Disaster Prevention of Japan. Offshore stations are the ocean bottom seismograms (OBS) that were deployed by
the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology for passive seismic observations. Some of the OBS observations
were conducted as a part of ”Research concerning Interaction between the Tokai, Tonankai and Nankai Earthquakes” funded by
the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan. We measured S-wave maximal amplitudes of RMS
envelopes that were composed of velocity seismograms of horizontal components at 4-8Hz, 8-16Hz and 16-32Hz. Apparent
amplitude attenuation due to multiple forward scattering was evaluated by using the random velocity inhomogeneities in thisstudy area (Takahashi et al. 2014, AGU fall meeting).
Estimated attenuation structure shows relatively high-attenuation around the top of the subducted Philippine Sea plate. At
0-20km depth, high 1/Q areas are imaged at the most of Nankai trough from Enshu-nada to Hyuga-nada. 1/Q near the top of
subducted slab decreases as depth increases. At 40-60km depth, high 1/Q area is imaged only beneath west Shikoku. Attenuation
structure of overriding plate shows high 1/Q beneath the Quaternary volcanoes and around the Osaka-Plain. High attenuation
beneath the volcanoes would reflect magma intrusions. High-attenuation in Osaka-Plain distributes from the crust to the top of
the subducted Philippine Sea plate. In a recent study, Kusuda et al. (2014) concluded that non-volcanic hot-spring in this area
can be explained by a dehydrated component of subducted Philippine Sea slab. This spatial coincidence implies that high 1/Q
around the Osaka-Plain is related with the dehydration process.

Keywords: Nankai trough, attenuation structure, random media

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SSS26-P12

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Extraction of Po-to-s converted waves from OBS records
TONEGAWA, Takashi1∗ ; SHIOBARA, Hajime2 ; ISSE, Takehi2 ; SUGIOKA, Hiroko1 ; ITO, Aki1 ;TAKEO, Akiko3 ; KAWAKATSU, Hitoshi2 ; UTADA, Hisashi2
1Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2 Earthquake Research Institute, Unversity of Tokyo, 3 Hokkaido University

Po/So wave has been frequently observed by ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) at frequencies higher than 2 Hz with longwave duration, e.g., a few hundred seconds. These waves are primarily generated by earthquakes within subducting slabs, andpropagate along the mantle in the oceanic plate for long distances due to scattering effects. With propagating within the mantle,
a part of Po and So wave energies goes upward through the oceanic crust and sediment from the mantle, and are observed at
the seafloor. This implies that P-to-s and S-to-p converted waves should be generated at the Moho and basement below theobservation sites in the case that the impedance contrast at the boundaries is large. Here, in order to extract such P-to-s (Pos)converted phases from Po coda waves, we deconvolved records in the vertical component from ones in the radial component for
Po coda portion, i.e., receiver function (RF). If such converted waves are extracted, it would greatly contribute to understand indetails seismic structure for oceanic crust and sediments.
We used records of earthquakes during 2010-2014 with magnitudes greater than 5.5 and epicentral distances less than 30o ,which were observed at 18 broadband OBSs deployed by NOMan project. We selected Po records with good S/N, and handpicked their arrival times. For deconvolution, the time window was set to be -2 ~ 25 s from the arrival time of Po wave. The
used frequency was 2-5 Hz. As a result, we totally collected 1063 traces from 233 events.
RF traces showed clear Ps converted phases from the basement and Moho. In addition, they showed PwPs from the basement
and Moho. Here, PwP is the first water reverberation, and PwPs is P-to-s reflected wave from interfaces below the seafloor. At
the seafloor, upgoing P wave incidence mainly generates upgoing transmitted P wave and less downgoing reflected P wave. As aresult, P-to-s converted waves associated with PwP are often emerged in the RF traces in the seafloor observation.
Since the location of OBSs deployed by NOMan project is good for collecting earthquakes from the Aleutian, Kuril, Japan,
Izu-Ogasawara, and Mariana trenches, the back azimuth coverage of Po wave is excellent. Also, since higher frequency components are enough in Po coda waves, RF traces showed clear converted phases, which enable us to investigate seismic structure ofoceanic crust and sediment in details.

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SSS26-P13

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

On estimation of scattering coefficient and intrinsic absorption from spatial distributionof seismic energy (3)SASAKI, Yuto1∗ ; KAWAHARA, Jun1 ; SAITO, Tatsuhiko2 ; EMOTO, Kentaro3
1

Ibaraki University, 2 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 3 Tohoku University

It is possible to separately estimate the scattering coefficient and intrinsic absorption in the lithosphere by interpreting theobserved spatiotemporal distribution of high-frequency seismic wave energy by the radiative transfer theory (RTT). One of suchan estimation method is the multiple lapse-time window method (Fehler et al., 1992; Hoshiba, 1993), in which the seismic wave
energy respectively observed at different positions is integrated using multiple time windows and then its spatial variation is to
be interpreted by the RTT. We recently proposed another method to estimate the scattering coefficient and intrinsic absorption(Saito et al., 2013, Abst. Seism. Soc. J. Fall Meet.). In this method, the seismic wave energy respectively observed at different
times is integrated using multiple space windows to obtain “apparent energy” , whose temporal variation is to be interpreted by
the RTT. We applied the method to the Hi-net records of an earthquake in the Chugoku region, Japan, and thus estimated thescattering coefficient as ∼ 0.002 km−1 and the intrinsic Q−1 as ∼ 0.0075 for 1 - 2 Hz S waves in the southwestern Japan (Saito
et al., 2014, Abst. Seism. Soc. J. Fall Meet.). However, the observed apparent energy showed complex temporal fluctuations,which could not be fully reproduced in the synthesis by the RTT.
We infer that this inconsistency is largely attributed to the inappropriate choice of the 1-D S-wave velocity structure model
used for computing the RTT solutions. We thus adopted an average 1-D S-wave velocity structure model for the Chugoku andShikoku regions, which was produced on the basis of the 3-D seismic wave velocity structure model of Matsubara and Obara(2011). We also fixed the extents of the space windows in contrast to our previous analysis, in which the windows expanded
proportional to the expansion of the direct wave front. We confirmed that these changes largely improved the agreement between
the observed and synthetic apparent energy.
Acknowledgements: We used the data by the Hi-net and the dataset of the velocity structure model of Matsubara and Obara(2011, Earth Planets Space, 63, 663-667), both provided by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention.
Keywords: seismic wave energy, scattering, intrinsic absorption

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SSS26-P14

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Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Simulation of three-dimensional vibrational characteristics of mountains
SHIMIZU, Shogo1∗ ; YAMANAKA, Hiroaki1 ; SAGUCHI, Koichiro1 ; KOJIMA, Kaoru1
1Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo institute of Technology

Natural frequencies of soil and buildings are controlled by their physical property and regarded as one of fundamental characteristics in their vibration. We usually can identify a natural frequency from a largest peak of spectrum of vibration data.
However, identification of a natural period is sometimes difficult for a building with a three-dimensionally complex shape. Kojima (2013) focused on the natural frequency of Mt. Fuji, from an analysis based on microtremor observation data and interpreted
the vibration characteristics from finite element analysis[1]. However, many mountains existing in Japan have mountain-range
shape such as Tateyama Mountain range and Yatsugatake Mountain. It is considered that their natural frequencies are more
complex than a mountain with single-peaked shape such as Mt.Fuji.
In this research, I simulated vibration of various mountains with different shapes using finite element method (FEM). I firstly
conducted FEM analysis using an elastic mountain models with simple three-dimensional shapes considering mountain range.
Natural frequency for the mountain range model differs from single peak mountain model indicating large effects of threedimensional shapes. I next conducted FEM analysis for vibration characteristics of mountain model with real shapes of Mt.
Yatsugatake based on the digital elevation data. The results show that natural frequencies in long-side and short-side directions
are different from each other. And vibration modes are also different between in higher and lower locations. This clearly indicated that sensor direction and installation site must be carefully oriented in a field observation of vibration in Mt. Yatsugatake.
Reference[1]Kojima K (2013), Study on natural frequency of Mt.Fuji, Graduation thesis, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Keywords: mountains, vibration characteristics, natural frequency, vibration mode, finite element method, Mt.Yatsugatake

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SSS26-P15

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Application of deconvolution interferometry to extract quality factor of high-rise buildings
WU, Hao1∗ ; MASAKI, Kazuaki2 ; IRIKURA, Kojiro1
1

Disaster Prevention Research Center, Aichi Institute of Technology, 2 Department of Urban Environment, Aichi Institute ofTechnology
Deconvolution interferometry has been proved an effective method over cross correlation interferometry and coherence interferometry to monitor the health of buildings, extracting the shear velocity and quality factor from earthquake ground motion dataor microtremor data (Snieder and Safak, BSSA, Vol. 96 (2), 2006; Nakata et al., BSSA, Vol.103 (3), 2013); Nakata and Snieder,
BSSA, Vol. 104(1), 2014). Wang et al. (JAEE, Vol. 13(2), 2013) extended this method to monitor a multi-story damaged building
in stricken city with microtremor by extracting the story-by-story shear velocity propagated inside the building during the 2011
Tohoku earthquake. However, the application of this method to estimating the quality factor of the buildings has not been fully
investigated.
In this study, we focus on extracting the quality factor of shear waves from deconvolved waves with reference record on the
ground floor. We conducted the microtremor measurement simultaneously in five floors for an hour by employing five sets ofvelocity seismometers with an 800 Hz record logger in several high-rise buildings being over 20 stories. The measurement isaccomplished by moving four sets of equipment sequentially with one set fixed at the reference floor. The extracted quality
factors of the buildings are expected to provide a reference for damping factor in the analysis of structural response.
Keywords: Deconvolution interferometry, quality factor, microtremor, high-rise buildings

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