Cover Photo:
BST (Bangkok Sky Train), Bangkok, Thailand (Photo by Aflo)

For Publication

The present report is an account of all the speeches and discussions fromthe international symposium on Ecotechnology entitled "Innovation and
Entrepreneurship in Asia" that was held in Bangkok, Thailand on the 28th and29th March 2008. The symposium was co-organized by the Honda
Foundation and the National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA) of Thailand, which is fulfilling its leading role in the remarkabletechnological development of modern Thailand.
The policymakers, researchers and, scholars from Japan, Thailand, Nepal andVietnam who were invited to this meeting were enlived by the lively
presentations and exchanges of opinion. The Ecotechnology concept for Asia
was revisited in discussions and case studies such as "Resources and Global
Environment," "Water, Food and Environment," "New and Clean Energy" and"What as citizen of the earth we could do together with the spirit ofecotechnology". We would like to thank all the participants for theircooperation, without which it would not have been possible to exchange suchmeaningful discussions throughout the symposium.
It is our greatest hope that the discussions and friendships cultivated throughthis international meeting will be effective in the mutual edification of Japan,
Thailand and other Asian countries, and in accelerating the international
understanding of Ecotechnology and the development of a society in harmony
with the natural environment.

Yoichi Harada Managing Director Honda Foundation

HONDA-NSTDAInternational Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Contents
Welcome Address

6

Hirohisa UchidaDirector of Honda Foundation
Vice Chancellor, Tokai University

Plenary Session

Revisiting Ecotechnology Concept for Asia

Opening Address:

Sakarindr Bhumiratana
President, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

12

Kiyoshi Kurokawa
Special Advisor to the Cabinet, Japan

Panel Discussion:

15

Atsushi Sunami (Session Chair)
Associate Professor and Director of Science & Technology Policy Program,
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Japan

Tran Ngoc Ca
Deputy Director,
National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and Strategy Studies (NISTPASS), Vietnam

19

Sombat Teekasap
Vice Chairman, Environment Committee,
Federatioin of Thai Industries (FTI)

21

Tateo Arimoto
Director General, Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX),
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Session 1

26

Resources and Global Environment

Paritud Bhandhubanyong (Session Chair)
Specialist, ADO Advisor to President, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

Yoshifumi Yasuoka
Executive Director, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan36

Sirithan Pairoj Boriboon
Executive Director, Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)

42

Keisuke Hanaki
Professor, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo

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Session 2

Water, Food & Environment

Morakot Tanticharoen (Session Chair)Director, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),
National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

Toshio Koike
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Executive Director, Earth Observation Data Integration & Fusion Research Initiative (EDITORIA), The University of Tokyo

60

Thongchai Panswad
President, Thailand Environment Institute (TEI)
65

Yoshihiro Hayashi
Member of Science Council of Japan
Professor, Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo71

Luu Duc Hai
Head of Environment Faculty, Vietnam National University, Hanoi
75

Special Lecture:

Development Innovation System in Japan and Implication for Thailand

80

Kiyoshi Kurokawa
Special Advisor to the Cabinet, Japan

Session 3

New and Clean Energy – Case Studies

Hirohisa Uchida (Session Chair)Vice Chancellor, Tokai University

Siriluck Nivitchanyong
National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

103

Morihiro Kurushima
Professor, Toyo University
Program Manager, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan

107

Pakorn Supanich
Assistant President, National Science and Technology Development Agency,
National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand, SolarTech

112

Yuji Kawaguchi
Operating Officer/General Manager, Technology Research Division 1, Honda R & D Co., Ltd.

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HONDA-NSTDAInternational Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Wrap–up
SessionWhat as Citizen of the Earth We Could Do together with
the Spirit of Ecotechnology

Atsushi Sunami (Session Chair)
Associate Professor and Director of Science & Technology Policy Program, GRIPS

Patarapong Intarakumnerd
Project Manager, Thailand National Innovation System Study,
National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

122

M. D. Bhattarai
Director,
Research & Planning Department, Asian Productivity Organization (APO)126

Yasuko Asano
Program Officer,
Research & Planning Department, Asian Productivity Organization (APO)

132

Phanit Laosirirat
Executive Director, Thailand Productivity Institute (FTPI)

135

Paritud Bhandhubanyong
Specialist, ADO Advisor to President, NSTDA

141

Hirohisa Uchida
Vice Chancellor, Tokai University

142

Morakot Tanticharoen
Director, BIOTEC, NSTDA

143

Tateo Arimoto
Director General, RISTEX, JSTClosing Remarks
Sakarindr Bhumiratana
President, NSTDA

148

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Welcome Address

HONDA/NSTDAInternational Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Welcome Address

1

2

Dr. Hirohisa UchidaDirector of Honda Foundation
Vice Chancellor, Tokai University

Since 2005, we have international symposium linking
innovation and entrepreneurship for developing countries inVietnam and India, and today we have this symposium inThailand. As we can recognize, Asian countries are growing at
an enormously rapid speed in industrial scale and economic
scale and also trading activity. This means we are strongly
dependent on each other, in daily life and also social systems.
Economy, financial market and even our sense of values arelinked to each other so tightly. For us, nurturing nextgeneration, young people and effective collaborations among
Asian countries are inevitable and this is very important, when
we recognize the fact of rapid advancement of innovation.
Now, I want to give some explanation about our foundation,
Honda Foundation’s history and mission. Especially the
mission is based on Mr. Soichiro Honda’s passion andphilosophy. The establishment of Honda Foundation was in
1977 (See #2). Last year, we celebrated the 30th anniversary.
And this foundation was laid by Mr. Soichiro Honda, thefounder of Honda Motor Company and his younger brother,
Benjiro Honda.

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4

5

In 1976, there was an international symposium called
Discoveries and that main topic was how to harmonize humanactivities with the global environment because this main topic
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Welcome Address

is connected already with ecotechnology (See #3). And that
was an ignition of establishment of this foundation.
Mr. Soichiro Honda has left so many vital words, maybe you
know well (See #4). And one of them is, “I reached where I am
now just through technology. If problems facing humanity canbe solved by technology, I want to be of some use.” Themission of our foundation is really realizing the founder Mr.
Honda’s wish (See #5). He said, “I want to apply science andtechnology for people’s happiness.” And today, we have
Professor Kurokawa here; maybe he will give later a speech.
And he very often says, “Innovation is technologies giving
impact to change people’s sense of values and society.” Yes,
there are two words. I mean I think this is quite same content.
Now I want to tell the human environment, usually we sayenvironment, what it is. Usually, maybe we think, air, water,
plants or animals, no, not only that. The definition ofenvironment is any circumstances surrounding us that
influence our growth or mentality and also sense of values. The
elements are family, school, working place, culture, tradition,community, religion, country economics or political system,
human rights, etcetera. Mainly we should say environment –better to say human environment.
And our foundation used this expression ‘ecotechnology(See #6).’ The first term ‘eco,’ what does it mean? Usually, we
think ecology plus technology. Technology which considers
ecology. But another definition may be human environment
conscious technology, from this ‘eco,’ ecotechnology (See #7).
Usually, I take this, the second one. Anyway, the ultimate goalis common, pursuit of science and technology benign tohuman environment.
Innovative technologies from Honda Motor Company, there
are so many innovation and technologies (See #8). I want toshow you briefly Mr. Honda’s passion and philosophy withrespect to many innovations. You can see on the left side, thisis Mr. Soichiro Honda, the founder of the Honda Foundation,and 1951, his first production, Honda Dream (See #9). And ineight years, he took part in international motorbike race in Isleof Mann, United Kingdom. You can see his face here and here,
just where was his Dream and he realized. This is Honda’s air
cooling engine series of automotives (See #10). The technologies
are common from motorbike technology at the time.
And then later Honda produced the first Honda’s water

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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

cooling engine, CVCC engine, in 1969 (See #11). This is a very,
very nice engine. We should know. This CVCC engine was thefirst engine that passed through the strict Muskie law in
California, USA, in 1974, with much less emissions of exhaustgas. Any other engines in the world were not permitted to be
used in the USA at the time. And this is a very typical
production of Honda Motor Company. Of course his dream
and also challenge should be goal to ultimate level. The
participation to F1 Grand Prix (See #13 & 14). That was also avery important step.
And as you know well, this is the development of ASIMO,
humanoid robot by Honda Company. The first one, thesecond, third and the new one (See #15). And there is a very
interesting story. The Honda Motor Company went to the Popein Vatican to receive the permission of manufacturing
humanoid robot, because in Christianity it is not permitted tomake any so – human-similar machine, a robot. Of course,
Honda is a worldwide company and they know what the global
standard is.
Now, Honda is producing jet airplane, and you can see theword challenge catch your dreams (See #16 & 17). This is avery nice catchphrase. “The Power of Dreams,” this is a recent
catchphrase of Honda Motor Company. In 2005 and 2006, inVietnam, we had international symposium linking innovationand entrepreneurship for developing countries (See #18). At
the time, Honda presented, for the first time, the fuel cellmotorbike and hybridized electric bike. In Japan, it was not alot, because of limited legal restriction in Japan. So this is the
new Honda Fuel Cell car.

13

14

15

16

So thus Honda brought so many innovation or innovativetechnologies. So please remember three words: Challenge. Don't
fear for failure. Catch Your Dreams. These are sources to produce
innovation. I like these three words very much (See #19).
And the Foundation’s activity in the field of ecotechnology,
we have mainly three parts (See #20). The first one is ours,
Honda Prize. This is just for recognition of remarkableachievement of person in the world. Every year, we are looking
for some best person in many fields.
The second one is exchange program or international
symposium and seminars, and today, for example, this is theright example, to exchange and to expand knowledge andexperience.

8

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Welcome Address

And the third one is grants: Honda YES, Young Engineer
and Scientist Awards, to foster young leaders in Asia. It isstarted already in Vietnam and India.
Now, the philosophy of our foundation is based on
ecotechnology in pursuit of harmony between man, scienceand technology (See #21).
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20

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9

Plenary Session

Session Chair

Atsushi Sunami
Associate Professor and Director of
Science & Technology Policy Program,
National Graduate Institute for Policy
Studies (GRIPS), Japan

HONDA/NSTDAInternational Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Opening Address

Sakarindr Bhumiratana
President, National Science and Technology
Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

This symposium certainly is important to us, certainly important to Asia;
I think it is very important to the world. I think you all realize – we all realizethat climate change is drawing global attention like we have never seen
before, as the world has recently faced a number of unprecedented issues
and difficulties. This has been highlighted by the recent grant, we know, of
the Nobel Laureates to the IPCC and, of course, the Ex-Vice President Al
Gore of the United States.
It is certainly of importance to us to take note that this are all part of our
responsibilities and our reasons to think forward in terms of what we needto do to resolve possible havocs that may change the environments andour living with the environment. Apart from the US, who is the biggest
consumption of the world’s energy and, of course, apart from the needs tosee how we will move forward without utilizing as much as energy as wehave in the past few decades.
The tipping point could occur in the areas in Asia itself with thedevelopment of subcontinents like India and China, and the needs for us to
see that developing countries should have the same choice to live like thedeveloped world with the same life expectancy, and the same kind of
dreams mentioned earlier by our Director of Honda Foundation. The
challenge is to do this with much more resource efficiency. We need towork together so that technology and intelligence can help us growtogether and benefit together closing the gaps in this world, the gaps
between also human and environment.
For Thailand, energy issue is being one of the main concerns for thegovernment and obviously for the rest of us. We, as a nation, emit 1.13%of the world’s net increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases, mostly
through the use of energy. This accounts for over 67 million of nearly 6
billion tons of carbon. In emissions per capita, Thailand emits 1.3 tons per

12Welcome address
Plenar y Session

head, slightly above the world average of 1.2 tons per capita. So, again,
our challenge is to continue to live better, to progress economically andsocially, at the same time hold our emission to below average of the world,
for which hopefully the whole world will continue to decrease the average
emission of this important greenhouse gas.
Rough estimate indicated that each 1% increase of our GDP induced
nearly the same 1% – actually above just over 0.9% increase in carbon
dioxide emission in Thailand. I do not think we can afford that and we needto do much to reduce the effect from energy, which would affect ourenvironment for which these meetings will certainly us to see how best to
move forward, and we look forward to some conclusion of this
symposium.
Thailand has highest energy consumption in the transport sector, as weknow well. And next is in business and then households ranks – thehighest consumption is in diesel and petrol, next is jet petrol, while gasoholcomes up as the lowest price energy but still with very small quantities.
The projections for the year 2011 is that we would like to make surethat – the projections for 2011 is that we will continue to increase energy
consumption at the rate of about 6%. We hope to solve this by trying toswitch over to alternative energy and using less carbon impact energy. Of
course, we have to do this through a lot of energy efficiency improvement,at the same time improve our ability to utilize alternative energy for the
reduction in carbon dioxide emission.
Thailand plans to encourage utilization of alternative and green energy
to cope with rising price of fossil petrol and the impact on the environment.
As a country of plenty biodiversity and natural resources, Thailand
supports various R&D to turn bioresources and natural resource toapplication. The country’s initial endeavors go to bioenergy and advancerenewable energy, with lots of R&D research are done at various research
agencies, not the least of which is our NSTDA, National Science andTechnology Development Agency and our siblings, the Thailand Institute of
Scientific and Technological Research.
Of course, we do this by working together with other research agencies
and other government and private sectors to promote the use ofalternative energies, clean fuels and our attempts at reducing the use ofenergies in production sectors, household sector and business sector as
well.
At NSTDA, energy and environment stats are very big issues. Theenergy and environment takes over nearly half of all our research budgets
and by producing a group of clusters on energy and environment, we hope
to be able to direct our research towards those which create greatest

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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

impacts to our socioeconomic sector.
We see science and technology as a possible solution, as the importantsolutions, we see that in all other sectors as well, not only in energy andenvironment, S&T must deliver alternates to current practice, not only to
reduce cost and improve the bottom lines but also to make sure that weare greener and greener in our doing in the futures, not only to have less
impact to the environment while improving our standard of livings, we mustalso close the gap socially as well.
So S&T is being asked to do this, but to be able to do that we must
make sure that the society and the communities put very strong efforts indemanding that our future development will be with less resources, withmore efficient energy, with closer various gaps that we have around theworld, so that we all can live better and more sustainable.

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Plenar y Session

Opening Address

Kiyoshi Kurokawa
Special Advisor to the Cabinet, JapanThe title says on ecotechnology, and subset states ‘Innovation and
Entrepreneurship in Asia.’ All right, what is innovation? This is not invention
or creativity. This is a part of innovation, but innovation is the creation of
new social values. Sometimes it may be associated with the economic
growth but may not. For example, you are very familiar with HTTP,
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and then WWW, World Wide Web. That wasinvention of 1992, but there is no patent, free of charge. That completelychanged the world we live in.
You see WWW everyday. That is an invention by Berners-Lee andothers. So innovation is the creation of new social value. But this social
value has to be context-relevant, what are the contexts we face today. Firstis, perhaps, 2Cs and 3Fs. 2Cs are climate change, second 3F, what are
they? Fuel, food and feed. That means there is a lot of food, but maybe
millions of people dying just of starvation. On the other hand, somecountries, we were talking about obesity. So the feeding is another issue.
So like 3Fs and 2Cs and maybe water, of course. So that is the context.
Second, we live in a connected world. So you know what is happening
through internet, become bilateral. YouTube, you can send your visual
image, so everybody now begin to see the global issues. We know there isa lot of poverty. Many are dying in Africa and Southern Asia. But we did not
see that. We travel a lot. So during the 20th century, we expanded ourhorizon of physical movement and physical contact, but this new century
due to world wide web and connected world, we have expanded horizon
for our intellectual and brain activity without not necessary just moving
physically, right. But physical contact is very important too, because we are
humans, social animals.
So that is what it is. So what are the contexts? One is climate change
and 3Fs and water. You know what to do but it is very difficult to achieve,

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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

to create new social values. How about poverty, and disparity, inequity
throughout every society and throughout the world? That is the result of
our economic animals – as human being. But this kind of disparity reaching
to you is certain visual image, moves a lot of emotion over humanempathy. That resulted in new development which we can call this also
globalization, I can tell you this. It used to be many ODA activities tonarrow the gap of those who have and those who haven’t.
For example, Japan spent a lot of money to assist development of Asiaand also African countries, taking off over last few, about 10 decades orso, but I think Japan fortunately achieved certain economic growth overlast – since 1950s through 1990s. But not anymore. So that is Japan’s
issue. But to make that ODA as a political agenda, each nation, politicalleaderships have to deal with, negotiate with different stakeholders withinyour country. That is a political process which may take a lot of time andstakes as a politician, because if you lose in the election, you become
nothing. That is what is happening in Thailand, now you have a newleadership, which you are worrying about what’s going to happen.
Let’s see globalized connected world, what’s happened. It used to be
an ODA. That is national – nation-to-nation, but we go beyond that whennational border may become less relevant to solving this issue. Therefore,
globalization 1.0, which means a lot of NGOs activity, in the worldwide a lotof NGOs have been emerging which results in a lot of commitment ofcommon people as the volunteers, and part-time volunteers, and many
NGOs go to Payao for preventing AIDS, or go to UNAIDS and Harvard andalso in Africa. And interestingly more than half of NGOs are headed by
women. Why is that?
Because when you see that misery and suffering, and poverty, that hits
our empathy and our heart, right. But those who translate this into action
tend to be women. The reason is that women have more soul into that
suffering, human suffering than men. So a lot of NGOs, but many NGO
tend to have a shared value but many have so much commitment, it isvery difficult to negotiate with this bottom-up approach. So there is a topdown approach of national NGO, national ODA to bottom-up lot of action
which is globalization 1.0, top-down to bottom-up. Sometimes bottom-up
is sort of chaotic sometimes which is okay. That is globalization 1.0.
Now what is happening is globalization 2.0. Philanthropy comes into
display, represented by, for example, Gates Foundation. Their annual
budget is larger than WHO’s. Now, they have a lot of business experience,
so they are more strategic and more outcome-oriented investment
strategy, so that this activity catalyzed the ODA top-down to bottom-up
approach to move towards our common goals. That is more effective. So
that NGO philanthropy, not only just buying some piece of art but more –giving to the more relevant issues in the globalized world.

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Plenar y Session

But globalization 3.0, what is it? That is a tremendous movement byprivate sector. Because private sector has more stringent businessoriented operations. But suppose Coca Cola or Pepsi Cola want to go to
Africa or South Asia for business, but they have to develop local
infrastructure to have clean water, for their production cost to become
lower, and their sort of approach to this no such disparity and poor
countries become more business relevant, but they had to commit to suchactivity for the common good. Otherwise this corporate value becomesless and less if they are just pursuing just market-driven profit, like MBA
type. That becomes useless, because MBA-type may be taking somemore miserable suffering from the poor.
So now with connected world a large fraction of global citizens begin to
see the corporate value so that now 80% of corporate valuation becomesintangible asset. What kind of social responsibilities they want to pursue,
what they want to provide the expertise to the global issue, climatechange, energy saving, also CO2 whatever the capacity they provide. For
example, a lot of food suppliers are in the developed country but for themto provide food to the very poor impoverished people, what they can do? I
mean they have to provide this kind of expertise to help them.
One example like Coca Cola and those other companies and also like
Sumitomo Chemical may be the only one of few, very few Japanese big
corporate establishment who really does this job. Now, Sumitomo
Chemical Company has a very innovative product. They have a mosquito
pesticide, and also a lot of plastic thread, bed net. Usually, if you
impregnate this pesticide to kill mosquito for malaria, and then it lasts only
for six months because of washing and rain that washed off all thepesticide from the bed net, but they just impregnated all the chemicals
agent from stretch, impregnated everything into the thread of this bed net
so that every washing from inside this pesticide is losing out. So this bed
net works for more than five years.
So they just patented these ideas but gave all the patents to Tanzaniancompany for free. So now that is their two factory in Tanzania and one
factory in Vietnam and one factory in China, and they are producing about
13 million bed nets each year, that is not enough. But by giving this bed
net into African countries, incidence of new malaria went down by 80% in
one year, but they gave all things to Tanzanian company and that is one of
the major contributions of this Sumitomo Chemical. So that is globalization
3.0, what corporate can do to address these common issues, common
goods.
Globalization 4.0 is that we have to really nurture the next generation ofleadership, human capital, and human resource. Where are you going todo that? At university. So university has to become open to the global
student body, and this is the global playground for future leaders. Is

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Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Japan’s university open enough? I do not think so. Again, that is achallenge. So this is globalization 1.0, NGOs; globalization 2.0,
philanthropy and corporate philanthropy, which provides expertise tocatalyze top down national ODA to bottom-up NGO. And globalization 3.0
is corporate responsibility, and globalization 4.0 is academic community’s
responsibility to the globalized world.
All right, so just I would like to mention one thing. Climate change. IPCC
has been delivering their policy recommendation based on scientificanalysis. Nothing happens until Al Gore with Hollywood producers came tothis visual image, so that greater fraction of public sector becomes awareof this issue, because visual image has a very strong impact on the humanbehavior and human perception. And that is very much human, because if
you see that dog, they do not feel much about visual image, dog uses
smell. So that is human, visual image have more impact, that is what it is.
So, therefore, because of Al Gore and this movie series and touring, that
IPCC recommendation has become a politically relevant issue. Otherwise,nothing happens.
So you have to communicate and engage with the public, through yourdaily activity but also through the global community to certainly utilizing thisnew tool that connected the world. And that is the reason YouTube has avery powerful bilateral movement to the world. That shows you the missionof Soichiro Honda, as Dr. Uchida mentioned, Soichiro Honda, is not only atechnician. He clearly states any technology without philosophy has no
meaning. And his mission is not to make money or to be number one in
the world but his motto is always for the better, for every people in theworld.
And that is the reason Honda is very unique. And we like to – so weinherit and convey and share his spirit whatever you do in technology orinvention or creativity, it is not enough. You have to be an innovator, createand deliver new social value relevant to the context we face and we aregoing to face. And to do that, you have to be entrepreneurs, which is outof the box of conventional wisdom.
You have to always think and behave out of box because you have to
be different and do not stay within the framework established by yourpredecessor. This is already old, so you have to be unique and you have tobe new and that is your challenge for the younger generation, we as older
generation are just fading away but we would like to convey a message ofSoichiro Honda.

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Panel Discussion
Tran Ngoc Ca
Deputy Director, National Institute for Science andTechnology Policy and Strategy Studies (NISTPASS),
VietnamMany people may have a kind of hesitation or thinking that this is a bit
too complicated or too theoretical background, but if you look around tothe context that Dr. Kurokawa just mentioned, 2C climate change, and 3F,
food, fuel and feed – I think that the current situation now in the world andin Asia, in particular, is only here. Nothing is too early, nothing is too
theoretical, and nothing is too foreign to all of us.
You may look at every day newspaper. Something is happening alreadyhere. I looked at Bangkok Post today of the market and of the weather,agriculture is the backbone of our economies in Asia, Thailand, Vietnam,
and India. We have to cut down on the export of price; Thailand is number
one; Vietnam, number two; India, number three. All are facing surprisingly
potential food shortage, three world’s biggest rice exporters facing foodshortage because of the over-exporting. And we only have to cut down therice export, India did the same, maybe Thailand is doing the same.
So, our agriculture depends on weather, on the climate change again.
And I believe that in Thailand you may know already that some conclusion,
predictions by scientists that if the level of the sea waters is increasing byhalf meters or one meters, a lot of land from Thailand, from Vietnam, thecountries that have a long sea coast will be gone. Actually, it is only here,
we are facing this shortage of everything, water and problems. So I thinkthat dealing with the environment is no more a kind of the faraway concept
or whatever, it is in our daily life action, and if we do not do anything, thatwill be too late.
But what surprised me and what is more intriguing for me is that theecotechnology concept is not dealing only with technology innovation orwith environment. If you look at the presentation, if you hear – you close
your eyes and you hear to the presentation, several words are coming up
all the time, it is human, it is people.
And actually I liked the suggestion by Uchida-san actually that eco
concept; eco environment should be termed more into the humanenvironment because eventually whatever is coming up, it is coming backto people. Whatever we do, the politician, corporate sectors or NGO
sectors, it is people. If people do not do anything, it does not matter.

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Where you are sitting and what kind of organization you are working for,nothing would happen.
Look at what has happened to the Kyoto Protocol. Many countries
signed and some guy did not sign it, and it is been hanging on and we still
have a lot of complaining about it. Talking about this, my another reflectionis that many people tend to think that, okay, all we have the kind of thecontradiction between development and sustainable development,
between growth and human development.
And I know often many people in many economies and countries, mycolleagues and my friends; they say that it is very difficult to solve thiscontradiction. But the reality is showing that it can be done, and it should
be done. It is not necessary to be a kind of contradiction. Corporate
sectors, people, NGO, government can work together. Dr. Kurokawa
already gave us some very good examples on how a company like
Sumitomo Chemical did a very good job for people and reducing malaria in
Africa.
We can cite many others and come back to the philosophy of the
Honda ecotechnology or human technology, whatever we do we need toconcern about would that new invention or innovation influence humanbrain or not and to what extent and how to influence the human brain. And
that is the core concept, and I believe that this is very much close to our
Asian culture.
I have the feeling that in Asia we are less individual like in US or in
Europe. But we have more kind of community sense. And that community
sense has been kind of serving the big one for our ecotechnology.

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Plenar y Session

Sombat Teekasap
Vice Chairman, Environment Committee,
Federatioin of Thai Industries (FTI)

The point of interest that we are going to present is the ecotechnology
concept, ecotechnology in Thailand, role of the Federation of Thai Industry
in the ecotechnology (See #2).
The ecotechnology concept, I think all of us know that there are a lot ofconcepts that we have to follow (See #3). For example, like the clean
technology, the lifecycle assessment, the ecodesign, the triage andetcetera.
The ecotechnology in Thailand, we try to solve the problem of thesufficiency, which is followed by our beloved king (See #4). So it means to
say that we have to do the sustainable development, which is thedevelopment plus the environmental protection. The sustainableproduction is focusing on the producer or on the clean production,
pollution prevention; and for the sustainable consumption; we are focusing
on the support, green marketing, the consumer environment and friendly
products.

1

2

3

For the Green Procurement Policy of Thai government, the Thaigovernment knows very well that the public sector is quite a large sector,
last consumer of the products (See #5).
Our public sector is consisting of both – all of the central sectors,
regional sectors and local sectors are major consumer and then we aresetting the standard for environment-friendly goods and service, for thosewith the Green Label and those who still have not been able to get theGreen Label but they have the potential to do so. The other one is those
who are unable to meet the requirement at the beginning of the period. So,
direct relation must provide benefit to all environmental friendly public
sectors.

4

5

So with that, we have the 10th National Economic Social Development
Plan that is in the year of 2007-2011 (See #6). They said that the public
sectors as leader of the environmental friendly procurement of goods andservices. So, we set the target, within the year 2008, we will make the
25% of the consumption with the green goods; and in the year 2009,
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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
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30%; 2010, 40%; and 2011, it is 60% gradually.
So with the Ministry of Industry, we tried to modernize the industrial, so
we will set up the three sector target which is the new wave industry,
upgrading industry, and green industries (See #7 to 9). For the new wave,
those who have the expanding capacity, according to the change of theworld economic and social; for the upgrading industries, those who havethe important economic system of the Thai economic system, and thenational trade, including the value adding, supporting, utilizing internal raw
materials, employments and regulating of the government policies.
For the green industry, we are looking to the environmental-friendly
industry which we try to push very hard to set up this type of industry inThailand. For the green industry, we set up the target for the developing ofproduction technology that does not have negative effect on environment,
which is also clean or green technology. The forecast on the developing or
the designing of the product, those who are environmental friendly; setting
up the standard and up-to-date monitor link system, and cooperate withinternational bodies including the building and motivation through theinvestment fund or tax to stimulate the direct investment from the othercountries for this type of industry; providing a specialist from abroad to be
consulted in the cooperation and technology transfer.
Trend of the industrial sector, now the industrial sector has adjusted
production viewpoint and methods to be more environmental friendly (See
#10 to 12). For example, like reduction in the use of the raw materials anduse only the environmental friendly raw materials; reduction in energy
consumption and use of renewable energy; waste reduction through therecycling; rebalance economy, social, and environmental aspect. The trendof industrial sectors, for example, like for the use of the raw materials, forexample, like we use the alternative and natural raw material instead of thesynthetic one.
Reduction in the material exploitation, we try to use the renewableenergy or green energy in biomass, biogas solar power, wind power andhydro power, and we try to look more on the other technology. For theother techniques, the waste reduction to recycle – recycling, we try to do
all of these activities, both public and private. For example, like themunicipalities, now they try to set up the new plant for the waste
management plant. We set up the Green Label, Eco Label in Thailand (See#13). For example, we have at least 5 type of label, so the first one is theGreen Label. It was organized by the Thailand Environment Institute andwe have around 20 products that have already granted the label.

7

8

9

10

11

12

For the hotel and services, food and beverage, we have the Green Leaf,
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Plenar y Sessionthat is organized by the Green Leaf Foundation. We have given to 118
hotels.
The other one is the Label number 5; it was organized by the Electricity
Generating Authority of Thailand. We give the label for the eight products.
And the other is the EU Flower that was actually organized by theEuropean Commission, which the Thai producer has to register to – andwe have seven products that have already registered. The other one is theorganic products, which was set up by the – organized by the Departmentof Agriculture, and the quality of the product was 211 products that havealready been registered.
For the role of the Federation of Thai Industry in the ecotechnology, weare doing the projects; we do the conference training courses (See #14 to
19). We have the FAN exhibition. For the project, we have all five. We areworking with all five main organizations for signing the agreement andcooperation in the project of National Life Cycle Inventory Database
Development. For example, like those who are in – success is the crafts
industry.

14

15

16

The second one is the cooperation in the Green Technology. We do thecooperation in the pollution management development; for example, likefacilitating environmental management, investment by polluting industry inThailand project. We do also the development – promotion of primary andmining industry towards the ecotown projects, which is really active now.
For the National Life Cycle Inventory Database, we have done for someyears – for the clean technology, we have continuously been doing it morethan 10 years already, and we will continue doing that. For facilitating theenvironmental management investment by polluting industry in Thailand,
we are cooperating with the German, the European Commission, and wehave done some work on this.

17

The other one is development of the promotion of primary and mining
industry towards the ecotown projects. We have finished the first phaseand then we are going to the second phase now.

18

For the conference training courses that we have done, like in the year
2006, we made a conference on what industrialists gained from the Clean
Development Mechanism (See #20 to 24). We have more than 1,000
participants in this seminar.

19

The second one is the personal potential development about the Life
Cycle Assessment Training programs.
The third one is the main air polluting management training programs.
20

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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Actually, we have been running courses like this forthe whole year around. The other one is the annual
conference under the theme from Corporate Social
Responsibility to National Sustainable
Development in the year 2007 which we draw a lotof crowd in here. We have almost 1,000 people
participating in this seminar.
The conference and training courses that wehave done are, for example, like the annual
conference on CDM. We do the LCA training
programs. We have the air pollution management
training programs. We have the annual conferenceof the cooperation of social responsibility. And we
also do the FAN exhibition. The Thailand – theFederation of Thai Industry has been continuously
providing support and encouraging to organize theEco Product Exhibition. For example, like in the year
2005, we had Eco-Product International Fair in
Thailand (See #27). In 2007, we have Eco-Product
Exhibition also in Thailand, and in 2008, we
cooperated with the Vietnam to have Eco-ProductInternational Fair in Vietnam (See #28 to 29).
And for the year 2005, we have three mainorganizers consisting of the Federation of Thai
industry Productivity Institute; Thailand Productivity
Institute and Asian Productivity Organization which
was the host. And then we are also doing theseventh technology, for example, agriculture
technology, automotive industry, cement industry
and so on. For the year 2007, we have two day
seminars on reduced global warming by the Eco
Products. We also have the exhibition. And for theyear 2008, we have 91 exhibitors from Thailand to
exhibit in Vietnam. The total visitors for that fair are
98,469 people during the exhibition.

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Plenar y Session

Session Chair:

Atsushi Sunami
Associate Professor and Directorof Science & Technology Policy Program,
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Japan

Thank you very much for giving us quite detailed programs andactivities that Thailand is doing on implementing ecotechnology concept.
Later on, we are zooming on to several areas of technologies and its
specific issues, and ecotechnology in three sessions. And then we aretrying to come back to the issue of how we are going to implement allthese technologies – and ecotechnology concept, and especially in theindustrial sector.
There was also a mention about how the government should play some
active roles in procurement or regulations and so on and so forth whichthen goes back to the question of how, in a globalized world, each ofthese public policies that are separated by nation to nation can becoordinated and especially in the context of Asia as a area where we needto collaborate to solve actual environment – ecotechnology-related
problems.

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Tateo Arimoto
Director General,
Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX),
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)I have been involved in the Japanese science and technology
policymaking as a governmental official about 30 years. And froma personal viewpoint, our Japanese science policymaking
community, now they are facing a crossroad of the mechanism
and their priority setting, etcetera, etcetera, because the world ischanging and the rule of the game is changing within border andacross the borders.
1

My personal view, for instance, I point out the full issues, one is
the science policy. Now, the science and technology policy ischanging to innovation policy. Another one is what Dr. Kurokawa
mentioned. Until the 1980s, every government, except UnitedStates, promoted the National University System, national
university regime, but now that university system is expanding,global – keyword is global university.
Another subject is the integration of the old traditional
disciplines, physics, chemistry, and biology integrating to the newvalues and the new scientific field, including the ecotechnology
and ecoscience.
And the final one is the human resources and human capital:
how to promote such – educate such human capital space. Until
the 1980s, government focusing upon the human development
within borders, but now the – between the government andnations the – how to do the human – brain drain and brain gainthat competition now is transformed to the brain circulation in theworld. Anyway, I will come back again to my slide.

2

3First slide is the goals of innovation (See #2). Dr. Kurokawa
mentioned the definition and the scope of innovation. My personal
experience, I have lot of the – attend the international conference
on innovation as the innovation for growth, innovation for profit
and welfare, Northern America and the UK focusing upon thisside, but the European continent, gradually the – of course fromthe growth and the profit to the employment and social cohesions.
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Now, I have a confidence in Asia, of course in every country,
they are focusing upon innovation for economic growth and profit,
private sectors, but the Asian countries stressed on thesustainable development. So in between economic values andthe social values, we need compatibility in between, using
ecotechnologies.
Three years ago, we Japanese innovation policy analysis
institute – several institute, my agency JST, Japan Science andTechnology agency as well as the NISTP, National Institute of
Science Technology Policy, and the ESRI, Economic ResearchInstitute, got together and proposed the Global Innovation
Ecosystem, new concept. So the first circle is the National
Innovation Ecosystem (See #3).

5

I stress, again, until the 1980s, every government focusing
upon how to achieve the national innovation systems, but now
after the end of the cold war as well as the world is flat using the
expansion of the internet, that ecosystem is expanding: regional,
Asian and European innovation systems. And finally the global
level systems. Of course, those ecosystems consist of thescience and technology and the human resource, human capitals,
and the finals, and the – of course the end point – the social value
and the market values.

6

7

But there still have been many gaps, public sectors and private
sectors by experiencing how to reorganize the public policy toadjust those changing world, and a changing market.
And our final goal is the sustainable development in the world,but still we have deeply divided the social values and theeconomic values (See #4). But just this conference in global
innovation ecosystems, the third international big conference,
more than 400 people attending that meeting in Tokyo just two
weeks ago. Japanese big name of the congressmen interested inthis concept as well as the conference as well. Anyway, during thetwo-day conference meetings, not only we are focusing upon thetechnology and those innovation systems but also International
Collaboration Framework. This is very important.

89

Of course, the International Collaboration Framework is – wehave a lot of the frameworks and the mechanism policy levels, ofcourse, the United Nations policy levels and the discussion levels
at the Davos Conference, and working levels is the – of course
this time the Asian production organization – productivity
organization. This is one of the useful International Collaboration
Framework, anyway, so how to achieve the final goals of the

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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
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sustainable development? Of course, there are many barriers –social barriers and economic barriers.
Again, I stress the new perspectives beyond the existing
borders of the private company, university, academic disciplines,
government, and countries, already some gentlemen havestressed the university and the private companies’ corporatesocial responsibilities and NGO activities.
I can show you one, my experience (See #5).This slide is thelast year – last summer, Mr. Palmisano who is the Chairman of
IBM and the world famous innovation evangelist. Mr. Palmisano
invited more than 300 world leaders to come together, including
Dr. Kurokawa. At that time he stressed, now even the privatecompanies, product innovation, service innovation, businessprocess innovation, and business model innovation, this is all
innovation model based on the Schumpeter, almost 100 years
ago.

11

12

But now world is changing and the game is – Ludlum’s gameis just changing and focusing upon the sustainability, he stressed.
Even the private enterprise focusing upon policy and social
innovation and cultural innovation, this is one example.
13

Another one is the integration of traditional disciplines, in orderto get new successful values, social values and economic values,
as well as new academic fields, we have to integrate all thedisciplines nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, information
technologies using not only their theory and their experiment –methodology of modern science and technology but also the
newly developing the computer modeling and simulation. This is
the third-pillar, so-called the third pillar of the modern science.
Japanese modernization and catch-up phase now the ending.
We are experiencing more than 100 years catch-up phase andmodernization. But as I had stressed, in the late 1980s, the worldis changing; end of cold war, political viewpoint, and technicalviewpoint. The internet is expanding and the world is flat. Now,
we have to define the national vision and goals and social values.
And we also have to reorganize and redefine the allocation of theknowledge and university and people, organization, etcetera, toadjust post catch-up phase and the changing world.

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Plenar y Session

Atsushi Sunami
I would like to first ask Professor Uchida about a notion of ecotechnology.
Because I know you are one of the first intellectuals that came up with theconcept and importance of ecotechnology 30 years ago, as a main sort ofsource of founding activity for the foundation of Honda and a sort of reflecting
upon the spirit of Soichiro Honda.
That is still a keyword, as a sort of in today’s Asian context. I am sure, as Dr.
Ca mentioned, there was a conflict between economic growth andecotechnology. How do we balance these two sorts of seemingly competing
ideas? It is easy for us as Japan to talk about ecotechnology among, say, otherleading OECD countries. And just sort of agree upon how important this new
NLG technology and so on and so forth. But here, we know the importance to
Asian context. We have to implement this.
In the case of Korea, for instance, now we have the Korean Secretary Generalin United Nations talking about the importance of climate change and so on andso forth. But my colleague in Korea is very concerned about how reluctant the
Korean industry is to take this initiative on in Korea; is it case for other Asian
countries, or is this what we have to deal with. I mean there are a lot of things
that we need to talk about today. But first I would like to go back to Professor
Uchida and see whether this concept of ecotechnology is still alive. Is thisrelevant to Asian context?

Hirohisa Uchida
Maybe you noticed, through these four presentations, all issues areconnected with human, people, anyway. Nothing is independent of people.
Therefore, if we think, for example, science, science itself requires universality or
generality independent of human, of course. But on the other hand, please thinkof the development of robot. If you want to have a robot at home, what kind ofrobot will you need? One robot, you have one. And you program at night, okay,please call me up at 6 o’clock and then I go to somewhere and, okay, the nextmorning, you do not feel well, you have fever. But robot comes, please get up.
No, we do not want to have such a robot. We may need maybe a robot who
or which understands our feeling, we human beings are not rational, I should say.
Our feeling is changing time to time. Today, we feel well, but maybe next day not
so well, and so today I say, yes, but next day I say, no. Today, I will say I love you,but maybe next day you will say, I do not love you, and so on. So, universality
itself is very important for science, that if some result of science is transferred totechnology, then the technology is connected to our daily life and the old system.
So, technology should consider our emotion and feeling.
And the conventional science technology, I should say this point was notconsidered but maybe, you know, well, for example. As I told you, in thedevelopment of robot, this feeling of human is strongly considered. And theneven in the field of medicine, tailor-made medicine is being just developed. Like
that, any technology should be connected to human. This is a very important
point; we have a global environmental problem. Do you know how many

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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
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biological species are on the earth? Nobody knows, but anyway 2 million or 4
million one says.
Who is responsible for the global environment, global pollution? There is only
one very, very bad species, human beings. If we have one conference, a meetingwith these species, they may conclude, we should annihilate one species ofhuman beings, then it is all right, all global environment problems will be solved,
but we human beings say we need sustainability. We need our next generation.
This is just egoistic, but this is true. This is also point if we say environment, it
should be said rather human environment. This is true, I should say. Of course,
we need biological balance too, but anyway we should know what is going on.
And in ecotechnology itself, the introduction of this ecotechnology is not so easy
because each nation or country is treated under different conditions. And I
should say, first we exchange such information or examples, how we canintroduce ecotechnology, or a typical example to a society and maybe suchinformation should be first supplied to us.
And sense of values, this is also very important point in Asian field. Maybe wehave received no sense of values within Asian countries. So, this point, I should
say this ecotechnology, if we set, maybe we have very similar feeling to use thisword.

Atsushi Sunami
Thank you. The question that each country, especially in Asia where eacheconomies are very different at their stage of development, share actually theconcept of ecotechnology, primary because of a lot of scientists from this region
are working in a very, very similar platform. I would like to call upon Dr. Ca tocome back and reflect upon this.
So, we do in this international conference type, we always talk about
ecotechnology in a very similar level with the other scientists and researchers.
But does this easily translate it in your own Vietnamese context? If you decide to
do a work on NISTPASS and so on in the Vietnamese context, can thisecotechnology really have some influence on the behavior of the policymakers of
the industrial sector and so on and so forth in Vietnam?

Tran Ngoc Ca
Actually, I think that the situation in Vietnam may be similar to some othercountry and the reason that politics – politicians do not like too much of theories.
What they want is kind of blueprint. Okay, you talk about X, Y, Z. Okay, so what
do you want us to do? Some kind of plans, something very specific. And if we as
academics do not go beyond the theories or beyond the concept, nothing would
happen, right.
So that should be translated into some kind of action and very specific things,
very specific suggestion. And then they would take up on it, I believe that if werefuse this kind of ecotechnology concept or theory into action, we need more

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specific kind of translation or kind of special mechanism for people to talk. And
actually, I look at what Dr. Sombat presented on the case of Thailand. It is verymuch in Vietnam. It is only ecotechnology in there.
We talk about Green Leaf, we talk about Green Label, we talk about Green
Production. And that is already in place, rather than we talk about general
concept of ecotechnology, we have different kinds of design or planning for themto take upon.
And another remark I would like to make now is that we mentioned a lot
about the Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, and there is always kind of
skeptical feeling about the corporate sectors. Do they do anything at all or they
only run after their profit. When actually the reality shows that, yes, they do, if we
can find them right mechanism for corporate sector to sit down and talk with thegovernment, talk with NGO. And if we can design a kind of win-win situation,
scenario, they will be involved and activate.
You mentioned about IBM’s Sam Palmisano. His deputy Nick Donofrio, Vice
Chairman of IBM responsible for innovation, is promoting strongly innovation
agenda in Thailand and in Vietnam, and actually we work together with IBM andwith NSTDA, I believe that many of our colleagues from NSTDA knew about this,on promoting innovation agenda in both Vietnam and Thailand. And, actually, weare promoting very simple thing like using ICT for food traceability, right. You
talked about shrimp, Vietnam or Thailand as a shrimp exporter to Europe orJapan.
What we need to make sure is that the product that reached the end user inJapan market is clean itself. Who can justify this? How you know that you
shrimp, it is clean. How you know that you shrimp, It is free of different kind ofchemical. And that scheme that IBM is running now with NSTDA Thailand inexperiment, of course, it very much caused a strong interest in Vietnam too. So,
we got some kind of – our both ministers, say, that look and talk to NSTDA andcollaborate with NSTDA and IBM in using that technology. And here what I say
this is only ecotechnology.
So, I just want to sum up that, okay, the concept is right, but in order to makethe right concept into right action, we need the right mechanism. We need very
specific thing. Sit down, talk together with your neighbors, with your corporate
sectors.
In our case actually, we work very closely with people from IBM, actuallyinterestingly the man who runs this show is IBM Thailand. But he is actually
responsible for also covering Vietnam sectors. So, he became our goodcollaborator between our ministry, NSTDA, and IBM. This should give you an
example, how it can be done.

Sombat Teekasap
Actually, for the federation of Thai industries we have around 8,000 members.
So, we work in three types of structure, for example, like we have the provincial
chapter, so all of the industry in the province, they join together and work
together. And the other thing is we have the member club, the industrial club, for

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example, like we have the environmental management industrial club. So, we
serve all the members, so all of this we have done for several years, and withthat at the beginning the acceptance of the people of the industry seem to be
low, but later on, once we tried to introduce the profit, the good things for them,it becomes a better way to work together and then that is much better now.
More than that, the government officials, the authorities also support us very
well. They support, in both technology, they support in the system of the law andrecreations and a lot of things. So, that is one thing that it helped a lot.
So it meant to say that the working with one engine is not enough, There
should be several engines. This time, we try to collaborate with the universities.
We tried to work with the industry also. It means to say that now we will havethree parties at least, and actually there will be some of the NGOs working on
this and trying to come into the scene, that is also the other good aspect that weare looking together. So for Thailand, we try to look the way to work together on
several sectors together. And we also believe like Uchida-sensei had said thatthe human environment is quite very important. We know it very well that if thepeople do not accept the things that will never be done, so all of this is quite
going in the same way.
And what I feel now is the – when we look into Asia, at least in my opinion
there is big four. One is Japan, one is the China, the other one is India, and theother one might be Korea. In case of China and India, you have a lot of
population; in case of Japan and Korea, you push very good technology forward.
So, if we can join – bring the Asia together that might be a big force for this.
And, for example, like in Thailand, we have a lot of academic people try to
working on this, but someway we still do not have a good pronounce of ourtechnology. Even we try hard and we do a lot of things, but still inside Thailand,
not growing out of Thailand very much. So, this might be – if we can cooperatewith the Asian people striving to work together that might be a big step to what
the ecotechnology.
And the other things I know that Japan has a very high experience inenvironmental problems, for example, like the Kitakyushu, all of the disease that
had happened with the technology. Some of this experience is still nottransferred into the Asian people. For example, like in Thailand when we talk ofsome disease we still do not – really not inside, really not have a good feelingthat it is the term that we have to work on this area. So, if Japan can help, theAsian people, the developing country people on this type of topics that will bereally helpful.

Atsushi Sunami
I think it is a nice way of leading to this more difficult question to Mr. Arimoto.
That is the cooperation and the role of Japan in this. Today, I think we have very
distinguished Japanese scientists in the area of ecotechnology with us. And they
have been collaborating for many years with Asian countries there. But
repeatedly, the Japanese political leaders, former prime ministers and current
prime ministers are talking about what Japan can contribute to the world is our32Plenar y Session

level of technology, our lead advance ecotechnology in the area of environment.
And again, the question is if Japan can deliver this sort of promises to theworld and especially to Asia. But to me though, a lot of things that the Japanese
government is not really active or not really doing enough in terms ofcollaborating or facilitating a lot of collaboration, especially in the Asian context,
we are sending a special envoy to China, the former Chairman of Toyota to evendiscuss with the Chinese leaders about how we can help solve this climatechange problems.

Tateo Arimoto
I can show you some examples here. I remember during this session Mr. Aho
who is the former Prime Minister of Finland. He stayed as a Prime Minister
almost 10 years and he made Finland innovative countries.
Last year, some international conference of innovation, he said to us very
impressed words, innovation is not living with general public. In my
understanding, innovation is disruptive change. General public does not likechange. So, innovation is not living with society. Even in Finland, it is now facingsome difficulties.
Mr. Ca mentioned the politicians as well as the academicians areconservative, but most conservative is my sector, governmental sector. In every
country, they are deeply divided, their ministry of education, the ministry of theeconomy and trade and ministry related to transport. Of course, the generalpublic likes stability. So in order to make a country innovative, we need innovative
leaders. The number of leaders is very smaller than the number of general public,
but we need leaders of the – which – who is acknowledging and recognizing thesituation of times.
I mentioned the world is changing, and the world is – the game of the rules,
private companies’ competition and collaborations and even the public sector,
the public policies beyond the borders that that games is changing. So, from theindustrial sectors as well as the academic sectors and the governmental sectors,
we need innovative leaders, of course, their next generations, how to produce,
how to educate, nurture such innovative young people to lead us.

Hirohisa Uchida
I want to just show you some examples, what is happened in Japan. Somepeople pointed out that Japanese – in Japan, the economic growth was very
remarkable through 50s to 70s, even 80s. And I will tell you what thebackground is. The first one, which is very important, is the government
implemented a policy to increase the number of workers for manufacturing. But
how, they increased the number of bachelor of engineering at main universities,
in Japan, we have over 450, 460 or 470, I do not know. We have so many
universities.
And at the time, they increased the number of universities and produced somany bachelors of engineers. The young people with the university education

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were no more elite but high quality workers, and this was a very important point
to increase the output products and the quality control. So, this was a very
important point.
Sony, for example. It was called not Sony, but Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo in 1946.
This is Mr. Morita, the first tape recorder and the first transistor radio; around$500 at that time, very expensive, and small transistor TV. There wasadvertisement of this transistor radio at that time. So, Sony was also a very, verysmall company. Then they have become now a very big worldwide company.
And this is Mr. Matsushita. Do you know what he did first? He produced thislamp. And this is the advertisement, right to left, National lamp for bicycle. Yeah,
so that was the start of Matsushita. And on right hand, you can see his factory,
very, very small factory, 1927. And this is a very typical Japanese style in Japan.
This is one Japanese-style room; this is futon bed – their futon bed. And she has
prepared an electric heater. She is connecting to the lamp. They produced very
special connector here, not only for lamp but also for constant. This is a very
typical scene at that time, I still remember this style.
As already in 1959, Matsushita Denki had in US, a very big company, right,
and in the early 60s, 1964, they produced so many different types of things.
These three things were so called modern cultural life or symbols: electric
refrigerator, electric wash machine, electric TV. I still say electric refrigerator, andmy students are laughing. Why I say electric, refrigerator is refrigerator or electricwash machine I say, but the students laugh again. For young people, washingmachine or refrigerator is okay. Of course, I do not say “electric” TV but that wasvery, very important, three things for Japanese.
This is also an advertisement for MAZDA. MAZDA produced such a threewheeled car. And he is Mr. Hayakawa, founder of Sharp. His name SHARP camefrom this pencil. He invented this Sharp Pencil in 1915, and of course at the time
he had Hayakawa Metals or Hayakawa Denki factory, but he invented this small
pencil and this was a sharp pencil, this name was adopted for this company, thefirst TV and German radio and vacuum tube.
So that is the Japanese industries, they started from very, very small
company. It took 40-50 years or more long. That was one example, so how we
can put sense or human factor in this technology. Of course in Japan, as I show
you this is very typical Japanese style, this does not match, for example, for
Thailand, but for us it was very nice style at that time, anyway. Like this, maybe
the introduction of ecotechnology itself was quite different in each area, because
lifestyle and human environment itself is quite different.

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Session 1:

Resources and Global
Environment

Session Chair

Paritud Bhandhubanyong
Specialist, ADO Advisor to President,
National Science and Technology
Development Agency (NSTDA),
Thailand

HONDA/NSTDAInternational Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Panel Discussion

Yoshifumi Yasuoka
Executive Director,
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

I would like to talk on the networking Asia in observationalmodeling towards mitigation of climate change. I would focus on
the collaboration between Thailand and Japan first. Also I would
like to focus my talk on the integration from observation modelingto mitigation. Integration is one of the key concepts to tackle withclimate change since only monitoring, only modeling only
mitigation, we cannot do, we cannot cope with their climatechange. So the integration is very important. And networking is apart of the integration.

1

Let me start from the background (See #3 to 4). Of course you
know this chart increasing in temperature. In global scale, thetemperature is increasing last decade. And also we know the
relationships between the increase in population and in CO2
concentration. This chart implied something on the climatechange. Based on these data the IPCC clearly stated that thewarming of climate system is unequivocal.
2

It is evident from observation of increase in global averagetemperature and ocean temperature. And also climate change isvery likely due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas
concentration, IPCC clearly state in their both assessment report.
Human activities are the source of the climate change. So wehave to do by ourselves. This is very important. This is not natural
phenomenon.
And climate change processes are very much complicated,sophisticated, and it is not easy to understand the whole
structures of the change. What are the impacts? IPCC also statedthat many natural systems are being affected by climate change
particular temperature increase. Socioeconomic systems may beserious affected by climate change. We have different kinds ofdisasters or epidemics and many other events, all over the world.
Of course, we know that all of them are not due to the climatechange of course.

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This is cyclone Sidr attacked Bangladesh last year; many
people are killed in this cyclone. All over the world, there are many
cyclones, or typhoons, or hurricanes, all of them and notnecessary due to the climate change as I mentioned, butaccording to the latest simulation of the model, heavy rain or
heavy storm would be increased and heavy drought would bealso increased. The variation would be large in the future.
5

What are the mission in science and technology? I pointed out
four items, aspects. Information on climate change is insufficientthat means we need strategic observation over the world. Thechanges and impacts in the future are not clear enough. We do
not know the future conditions. We need model to simulate thefutures, models for prediction or assessment should be
developed and validated. Of course, these are the mission ofscience and technology.
And beside these two, adaptation or mitigation measures candiminish the climate change risks, so that means we have todevelop the countermeasures for the climate change. These are
the missions of science and technology. So today or tomorrow’s
symposium would focus on this point. My talk would focus on thispoint primary. And Professor Hanaki he would talk on this partlater after my presentation. He would talk on the adaptation or
mitigation tools for the climate change. I would talk primary on
their modeling and monitoring. This would show their different
aspect.

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Toward sustainable world, we need to know what it was in thepast, what is it, what it is at the present? We have to know how itwill be in the future. And of course we have to know how we can
improve our world. This would be observation, model predictionor assessment and countermeasures or adaptation or mitigation
tools.
My talk is primary on the observation and modeling, but mymajor is remote sensing, their observation tool from space. So mytalk is on this part, but of course I would refer to other aspect ofobservation. And today my talk is on Terrestrial Ecosystem. Of
course we have to cover atmosphere, land, ocean everywhere inorder to tackle with the global climate change. I will focus my talkon the Terrestrial Ecosystem monitoring and modeling.

8

I would touch on these topics today: South East and East Asia
Satellite Observation Network (See #6). This is the collaboration
between University of Tokyo, Thailand GISTDA and AIT, Asian
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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Institute of Technology. And also I would talk on the collaboration
between Thailand and Japan, integration of observation andmodeling. And finally I will touch on a little bit on theecotechnology development and assessment for adaptation andmitigation of climate change.
Let me start from the first topic. The University of Tokyo has
been deploying their satellite observation network in Asian regions(See #7 to 8). We named it as SEASON, South East Asia Satellite
Observation Network for environment and disaster monitoring.
This is the joint collaboration between Thailand GISTDA and AIT.
We have installed two satellite data receiving antennas at AIT, alittle north from Bangkok and also at Tokyo. We have tworeceiving stations. And everyday we cover the East Asian regions.
And based on all of these data are archived at the University ofTokyo and they are around 1,000 terabyte, massive archive
system. And all of the data is provided to everybody free ofcharge to the world. You can download the original satellite datafrom our website and from GISTDA site and from AIT site. It is freeof charge.
And of course we have been developing the algorithms to
produce the schematic maps relevant to environment anddisasters. This is the chart (See #9). This is the satellite mosaic
map over this region. We have two receiving stations at Tokyo
and Bangkok. And now this network is extended to National
University of Singapore, Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment of Mongolia, Ulan Bator and also the new face is the
Indian Institute of Information Technology, at Hyderabad. So at
this moment we have five satellite data receiving networks and allof the data is provided to you free of charge.
Maybe you know the name of Google Earth. This is a sort ofinnovation, but you cannot get original data from Google Earth.
Our system SEASON can provide you with original satellite data
free of charge (See #10 to 11). If you visit our website, you candownload data of NOAA-AVHRR, TERRA/Aqua MODIS, and
MTSAT. This is a geostationary satellite data. Everyday these data
would cover the whole region. So you can download data
observed yesterday. If you visit our site today, you can download
data observed yesterday.

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This shows another mosaic of the region (See #12).This is a 10days composite. Of course if it is today, you cannot see the land
from space. In that case, we would use tomorrow data. If
tomorrow is cloudy, we would use the day after tomorrow data.
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And if we combine 10 days data, we expect to produce this kindof cloud free model. And all of these data are stored in a systemand you can download them, of course this is huge data. So
maybe somebody would give you claim if you want to download
whole data, so please be careful.
This is a forest fire monitoring data from 1984 (See #13). I am
sorry they are too much – huge memory size, so this is anothercoarse image. This is the vegetation index showing how thevegetation is active in summer time green, in winter bluish. And
over the water region, this is the sea surface temperature.
SEASON is to share remote sensing data and data processing
capability through worldwide web. You can use SEASON freely.
Let me show you some examples of the product related to theenvironment or disaster. This is the paddy field distribution map in
Asian regions (See #12). We produced this kind of map every
year. This color shows the fraction of the percentage of the paddy
field area in 1 kilometer grid. In Thailand over this area quite a lotof areas in paddy field, also India.
This is heat island map over the Asian megacities (See #14).
The heat island is one of their key issues related to climatechange. Of course, you can analyze the thermal condition overthe city with the land-cover maps. Our correlation analyst showedthat their thermal surface temperature is a function of thegreenness of the area. If you plant much green, it would be betterfor you with respect to the heat island conditions.
This is the forest fire map from 1984 to the date (See #13).
This is on day shot of satellite image. Many, many forest fire areas.
And much carbon is emitted from the area. We have had our
MODIS Workshop (See #15). MODIS Workshop is a name of theworkshop with Thailand GISTDA and AIT. This is the photo of thethird MODIS Workshop. This was held January last year. I myself
is here. Here is Dr. Suvit Vibulsresth, the former Director Generalof the National Research Council, Thailand GISTDA. Many people
are from Asian countries and all over the world.

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I would like to switch on the next topic integration ofobservation and modeling (See #16). Maybe this is the predictionof the climate change up to 2100. This result is input to IPCC.
Assessment for AR4, this product was provided by the National
Institute for Environment Studies, the University of Tokyo Climate
Center, the Center for Climate System Research and Frontier
Research Center for Global Change. Reddish means high
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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

temperature. We would suffer from the very high temperature in
the future. This is the temperature conditions in the future. Also
this is the Terrestrial Ecosystem, NPP map, Net Primary
Productivity. This is from 1950 to year 2100. Please look at thisarea. Due to the climate change, of course some area would be
fertilized, but some area we have to suffer from the drought. Of
course the model is not completed yet, but these simulation
results would say something to us.
More local scale, we have their result based on their modeling,
coupling of modeling and modeling. This is the forest fire map(See #17). This data is up on our website every morning. You can
see the forest fire areas up to yesterday. So please visit our site.
Many, many forest fires and the data obtained at AIT or GISTDA istransferred to the University of Tokyo. All data is transferred at
midnight. The data observed today is transferred to the Universityof Tokyo tonight. And tomorrow the data is sent to the Frontier
Research Center for Global Change. They have a model
especially tuned for the forest fire. For example, this is one case offorest fire and they use the weather forecast data of 96 hours andwe would simulate the fire propagation up to 3 days. And final
result is how much carbon could be emitted from this forest fire.
And this result is transferred back to Thailand.
This chart shows their players in this system, the University ofTokyo, Thailand GISTDA, AIT, and also the first fire control division
Royal Forest Department, Thailand (See #19). These four are themain players in this system.

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This is semi-real-time prediction system based on themonitoring and modeling (See #20).
My final part ecotechnology development and assessment foradaptation and mitigation of climate change (See #23). Of course,
this system can be used for the ecotechnology. Beside these, firstmanagement technology would play a key role in tackling withclimate change in terms of Terrestrial Ecosystem Management.

23

We have many plantation areas in Asian regions. Theirconditions should be monitored and managed properly in order toincrease the CO2 absorption and reduced emission in forest areasfor example. The last POP 13 value, the new scheme was started
REDD, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation.
This REDD would be deployed all over the world. In particular in
Asian regions we have many forested areas, so we have toconcentrate on this project by ourselves. The forest areas should24

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be monitored by satellite, by ground observation system, and thearea should be properly managed. This is one example of thepractical achievement in terms of ecotechnology in this field.
We have nature, human activities, as a source of the climatechange, the IPCC declared that. And as a result, there would beserious impact to the society and human. There would be theshortage of the energy and resources. There would be thechange of land. And there is a feedback from the human impact
to the human activities. If this cycle, this feedback is sound, we
may say that our system is sustainable, but if one part or multiple
parts are had a damage, our system would not be sustainable.
So we have to cover the whole cycle with monitoring, modeling,
and mitigation tools.
In order to reduce the impact, we have to decrease pressure
or we have to keep the non-vulnerable state or non-vulnerable
human. In order to do that, we need to decrease the takes andabundant or less change. So 3R technologies or highperformance technologies or storage technologies would beindispensable. Ecotechnologies can contribute to these areas. Fora sustainable world as I mentioned observation, model prediction,and countermeasures should be integrated. Our contribution, ourmeans the science and technology societies, we have tocontribute to this part through the integration of all technologies.

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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Sirithan Pairoj Boriboon
Executive Director,
Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO)

TGO is a new organization to serve Kyoto Protocol on the climatechange especially on mitigation measure and we do regularly approve theCDM project for carbon credit. And according to this session, I have somepicture which is similar to Dr. Yasuoka have said. Another view to look at
the environment especially in the view of our global environment, the worldor our earth is shrinking by the way that our global population is increasing(See #2). According to the statistic during the past century our population,
the world population is increasing, 70 million people are here. What is thatmean? It means that we do need more resource, more land and more
food. That means less land for lives on earth to comfort our living
condition.
Another factor that shrinks our earth is the desertification and sea level
rise due to climate change (See #3). Many country around the world has
lost their land and become desert for example like China lost theirproductive land during 1950 to 1975 around 1500 square kilometer eachyear. And this figure in China twice as much by the year 2000. Same thing
happened in Nigeria in Africa, the population increased you know from 33
million in 1950 become 134 million 2 years ago. That means their
population increased four times during the past 5 decade. They lost theircropland by about 3000 square kilometer per year at the moment. By theincrease of the population they need more food, more agricultural land.
And right now they are facing the problem of carry capacity of the land
to serve their food production. The example for sea level rise that causedby climate change. The last century IPCC indicated the sea level rise about
15 centimeters. And by the end of this century, if we do nothing, it will
increase about 3 to 35 centimeter. That means it will affect all the coastal
area. This picture is from NASA (See #4). You can see the temperature,
the climate in more than 100 years ago is animated, you know, pretty cool,and it is quite warm at the moment. And this one also similar to what wehave said. The temperature rise and is similar to what greenhouse gas
does increase (See #5).
Carbon dioxide increased, you know, by almost more than 30% during
the past 5 decade and also methane increased two-fold during the past

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50-year also nitrous oxide almost 20% (See #6).
We have evidence many people including scientist
at the moment some of them do not believe in the
climate change, but according to the UNFCC, they
have agreed that do not wait until we make sure
100%. So we take precautionary principle, butsome evidence indicated that we are warm.
This is the Kilimanjaro Mountain in Tanzania(See #7). It is only 7-year the snow almost gone.
This picture took at the same season that means
in winter, 7 years apart. The same thing in Alaska(See #8 to 9). At the same place, 10 years apartthe snow and ice in the stream gone. It is no way
the same place 10-year apart. In Greenland also,
we can have evidence (See #10 to 11). In 1992,
the red one has been melted, but 10 years later it
expands. This mean the water get warmer and ice
is melting. You can see this picture in the winter inNorth Pole. At present, we predict that not atpresent the ice in North Pole is around this area
(See #12). And they predict that in another 20
years it will decrease to this line. And by the end of
the century, it will have this much level.
Coast erodes as the sea level rises and also
from the cyclone. You can see the evidence fromthis chart. Only 5 years in North Carolina the samebuilding (See #13). Even they have dune
protection, but they can not stand it. And theshore has gone.
This is southern Thailand (See #14). This isaquaculture. The sea almost gets into theaquaculture pond and also the road to sea getcloser to the road. This is Nakhon Si Thammarat
also southern Thailand (See #15). Very fragile inthis area is aquaculture, you can see and I think
pretty soon it will be wiped out. At the moment inThailand we lost more than 160 square kilometersof land in the gulf. We lost the land to the sea. This
is not pictured yesterday, but pictured last year
(See #16 to 17). We cannot get to the satellite.
And it happened, you know last week the sameagain with the wildfire, with the forest fire in
Northern Thailand and Burma and Laos.

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Forest fire is also take place more often due toclimate change. Especially I think everybody
knows that event of forest fire from Indonesia that
almost every year it takes place and we get smokefrom the fire (See #18). The reason is thatIndonesia has very shallow coal layer. Once the fireget, it is very difficult to take it up. This is the event
last year in the north of Thailand (See #19). This is
Katrina in USA that attacked New Orleans (See#20). This is the temple in Thailand, in the south of
Bangkok (See #21). It is already in the sea. This
one used to be on land, but at the moment it was
already in the sea.
This one is showed by WHO information thatindicated the climate change can cause death andmostly affect poor country especially in the topicalarea (See #22). This is the mortality rate per million
people. This means 4 to 70 people per million thatdeath by climate change. This one also data from
IPCC damage caused due to major disaster (See#23). It is increased from 10 times, from 4 to 40
billion US dollar each year during the past 50 year.
And also the frequency of major disaster increased
from 13 times to 72 times in last decade.
Similarly in Thailand we have damage causedof the agricultural production increasing every year
due to flood, drought, and storm. And according
to the UNFCC and Kyoto Protocol we have taken
action on greenhouse gas that is specify six gases.
I will not go into detail, but this gas has been tradeas the carbon credit. This is the world status on
greenhouse gas (See #26). Carbon dioxide stilltakes the major gas, they contribute to global
warming. At the moment almost 80% of
greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide. Methane above
15% and then nitrous oxide. These three gases
actually are natural. What we have is in natural, but
human activity increase it, but the other two takeonly 1% is chlorofluorocarbon group and sulfur
hexafluoride.

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This is the data of the world contribution ofemission of greenhouse gas (See #28). If we donothing, the next 20 years, we will increase almost

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60% from the present. And at the moment we see
US is the most contribution, but their increasingrate is not so fast as China (See #29 to 31). Japanis only 25% (See #32). Mexico is coming quite
high. At this picture people may aware whereThailand is. Reuters has set 30 countries. Of
course the first one is USA. And Thailand is still
not, you know. We contribute greenhouse gas
about 26% of the world – of the total, but if weclassify or prioritize the country, we are on the 25th
nation with increasing about 50% during thisdecade.
So come to this picture (See #33). If we donothing, we will be here. We will increase 62% by
the year 2020. At the moment, we contribute – theenergy sector has contributed the mostcontribution of greenhouse gas, agriculture, life
stock and waste production. I think that it is similar
to the world picture. Kyoto Protocol has specified
clean mechanism (See #34). Joint implementationand emission trade, we are doing it among theAnnex 1 country or the industrialized countries.
Clean Development Mechanism allowed
developing country like Thailand to voluntary
participate reduction of greenhouse gas. You may
know already. Just the picture to see that the
carbon credit or the reduction, the commitment ofat least one country, let’s say you have to reduce 5
to 10 and non Annex 1 country like Thailand can
reduce voluntarily (See #35). And this amount we
can save to Annex 1 country. That means only twoleft for the Annex 1 one country to reduce at thehome. Kyoto Protocol specified 50 types of activity
and industry that can be CDM project (See #3637). And this is the amount of greenhouse gas thathas been reduced consider as a carbon credit thatcan be saved in the market (See #38). And thosebuyers are Annex 1 governments, carbon fund likeWorld Bank and private carbon broker.
This is the CDM project that has beenregistered in the world (See #39 to 41). It is almost
1,000 projects at the moment. India is the mostone, more than 300 projects. Thailand at the
moment, 7 projects have been registered. Most of

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the project from energy sector and coming up is
the waste to energy. We have approved 27 projectwith the total certify emission reduction about 2
million ton of carbon dioxide equivalent per year.
This is land fuel gas. CDM project consider asvery win-win project (See #42). They can clean
them and help clean up the environment and you
can not identify the landfill that used to be very
controversial project.
This is insulin biomass project to produce
electric city, quite clean (See #43 to 44). There is
still demand more than 1000 million ton that needin the market. My organization has been
established last year (See #45). I have beenworking in this office about 3 months.
Responsibility to analyze and screen CDM projectfor issue the letter of approval and to give theadditional information clearing house ofgreenhouse gas and also to the capacity building
and promoting, you know, technology and public
outreach to help reducing greenhouse gas (See#46 to 47).

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Keisuke Hanaki
Professor, Department of Urban Engineering,
The University of Tokyo

My topic here is CO2 emission reduction toward low carbon
society. It means I will talk about how you can regenerate yoursociety to reduce greenhouse gas emission. First I would like tobriefly summarize the important point of latest IPCC AR4 report(See #2). I am showing here four points starting with the climatechange is very likely issue and then this one. And temperature rise
more than 2 to 3 degree caused various damages. And the lastpoint is related with today’s topic.
In order to stabilize temperature increase within 2 to 2.5
degree in year of 2050, you have to reduce greenhouse gas
emission by 50 to 85% from 2000 level, so it means we have tosignificantly reduce greenhouse gas emission mainly from carbon
dioxide (See #3). This is one of the simulation results that isbackground of such number. This shows how you can stabilize
temperature increase up to 2150, it is very far from now, but lookat this. This is 2-degree temperature increase. We want to limit
temperature increase within 2-degree and for this purpose, wehave to maintain CO2 concentration in atmosphere within 475
ppm. Currently concentration is about 370 or 380.
Next question is in order to keep carbon dioxide concentration
within 475, how much we have to reduce emission of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gas. This curve shows thatexample. We have to follow this line for 475. And here in year
2050, we have to reduce half from this level. This is very generalidea why we have to reduce such significant amount ofgreenhouse gas emission from 2000 level. Actually we havealready seen the top greenhouse gas emitter starting from US,
China, and Thailand is number 26 or something, but now I am
showing here per person carbon dioxide, because per personcarbon dioxide reflect what your society behave and what is yoursociety is giving environmental loading. Horizontal axis is year andvertical axis is per person emission as carbon (See #4).
US are here and Japan is this brown line. And the target ofJapan or most of the developed country is about 70% or even

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80% of reduction from this level. So we have to come down here.
Right, this is target. So when you look at the behavior of China
and India, their current level is already here. So we have to bringemission of carbon dioxide of China or India down back to thislevel in future.
The next 3-year gives you more precise data. This one shows
number of per person carbon dioxide emission as CO2. And thisfigure also shows how different this number is from one city to theother city. There are two cities shown here in Japan, Tokyo andKitakyushu. Kitakyushu is a city with very heavy industry. Tokyo
has a very little industrial activity. It is very much commercialized
and service-oriented city. So per person CO2 emission is sodifferent almost three times different, right, but the people’s life is
not very much different. And there are actually two different
points, one is industrial activity of Kitakyushu is very high that
includes steel industry and cement industry that consume hugeamount of energy especially energy and the coal is used there.
And average of Japan is 10. It is very easy number toremember. 10 ton of carbon dioxide per person is emitted rightnow. And the Japan’s target is about here, about 60% of
reduction per person. And this level is below current Thailand andChina level. I could not find the data of Bangkok per person CO2,
but I guess that per person CO2 emission of Bangkok is greaterthan Thailand average. Right, I think – so in that case perhaps it isnearly same to Tokyo. Shanghai already exceeded Tokyo. Beijing
also exceeds Tokyo. So it means that when you compare one city
to the other city of very modernized city or industrial city, there is
no more difference between Japan, China, and Thailand, andKorea, and these cities, right. So your situation here in Bangkok isvery similar to the situation in Tokyo or in Japan. What we have to
do in Japan and what you have to do in Thailand. This is amessage of this comparison.
We know that our target is very tough, 60% or 70% reduction.
To achieve this target, we have to follow so-called backcasting
method (See #6). Usually when you predict future from now to2050, we do forecast like weather forecast from today’s
performance, you predict next year. But as far as you arefollowing this method, it is very hard to get such significant
reduction. To achieve such significant reduction, you first have to
set a target of your society. What is a desirable society is in 2050?
I mentioned here low carbon society, and after you set low carbon
society next step is you think, how you can get there from now?
We have only 40 years and we have to reduce such amount ofcarbon and we have to change our society and by thinking that

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40 years is very short, you know, imagine if you construct one
building usually building last 40 years or 50 years, so if you have avery low carbon dioxide emitting city in 2050.
Your construction now this year should take into account suchlow carbon type of building. I would like to go to society issue.
What is required for low carbon Society? (See #7) One isrealization of desirable sustainable society rather than mere
introduction of technology. Just implementation of technology
cannot achieve this kind of society. And the reason is shown here.
Objective of such low carbon society include other factors thanclimate change countermeasure. If you set CO2 reduction as only
one target, it does not work. You can not reduce 70% or 80%.
Your target should be more environmentally sound society or
better society for quality of life. And then it comes to how to
reduce carbon dioxide, otherwise people do not follow suchcountermeasure. That is an important point and also difficult point
to achieve. So realization of recycle oriented society andenvironmentally sound society and we have to maintain highquality of life, high quality of your life, otherwise people do not likesuch society. And social activity should be high.
I would like to mention a little bit on technology side. This is a
strategy for low carbon society (See #8). I am showing here free.
Basically, you have to think both energy supply side, using cleaner
energy and demand side, saving energy, simply speaking. And
then changing urban structure or social structure to make yoursociety with using low energy or lower material. This is example ofsupply side. Renewable energy in urban area can include solar
energy (See #9).
Here in Thailand, you have big potential of solar energy. And
solid waste and waste water can be converted to energy andthen you can save fossil fuel. And here, I am showing here a little
bit different issue, urban demanded pulls renewable energy. What
does it means? It means that actually in urban area, you do nothave much resource of biomass. In this case, natural biomass,
you do not, but you have very big demand and such demand canraise demand of such biomass that can be grown. Biomass isgrown in rural area and such utilization of biomass technology canbe enhanced by demand in urban area. This is one idea.

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If I touch upon one by one, household demand management
include building improvement practice and household size (See#10). It means number of people family in one house isdecreasing. I think it is same in Thailand, you know, in Japan
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typical family used to be a couple with two children, so four
members, but it is no more. There are many families with just one
single person he is young person or aged person or a couple
without children. So when family member becomes small in one
house, energy consumption per person increases. So this is asocial tendency that is happening in Japan. And I think basically inmany countries, this is happening.
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Office and commercial sector, there are various methods forhaving better energy efficiency (See #11). When you look at thecity, we need a current strategy, it means what is effective to largecity is different from what are effective to smaller city (See #12) .
For large city, we try to enhance people to live in apartment
house, usually apartment house is more energy efficient thandetached or separated house and cogeneration district heating or
cooling system in central business district busy area, and model
shift of transportation, it means when you drive a car by yourself
CO2 emission is much higher than train system. So moving
people from automobile use to train use is this method.
And if I go to middle size city perhaps in Thailand, Chiang Mai
is one of these scale cities. Bangkok is obviously large city. So
such middle-sized city, railway system is not easy, right, because
population is not much. So one possibility is light rail transit, notvery heavy one. You have to see low energy consumption in
detached house. If you go further to rural area, utilization of
biomass from forest or from agriculture and you can use it forenergy use. That is possible in rural area here in Thailand.
Have you ever heard about the term of compact city?
Compact city is a city where density is high and size is not very
big. Tokyo is not compact city. Bangkok is not compact city as
well. Compact city is a city where many building are located, youknow, rather small area, not very distributed. It meanstransportation is not needed very much. You do not need muchtransportation, right. And by having such building, you can also
save energy consumption (See #13). So this is idea of compact
city, but actually having compact city or changing existing city tocompact one is very, very hard, right, because this is very social
issue. People are living there. So you have to ask or force people
to move into the city. Actually, it takes more than 100-year I think.
This is the reason why I said 2050 is not far. It takes 100 years. It
is a long-term urban planning actually. You know in urban
planning usually we look at 50 years or even 100 years, but wehave to take into account this kind of compact city.

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This is the introduction of one project called Low Carbon Society 2050
(See #14 to 15). This project is done by Ministry of the Environment inJapan. We are assuming two different societies in future. Actually you
cannot predict what will happen in future. Vision A is, you know, like thisimage, right it is very busy modernized city and there are a lot ofcompetition. And other Vision B is more peaceful. Actually people live incountryside also.
In Vision A, people live in big city and very tough competition. This isthe basic idea of two cities. This is how population changes with Vision A
and B. The point is in Vision A big city and small city has big difference. Big
city can maintain population, but small city has much less population. So
energy saving in small city with lower population density is difficult. Usuallywhen population density is high, energy consumption per person is low.
In this project one of the purposes is to demonstrate the possibility of
CO2 reduction by 70% from 2000 to 2050 (See #16). So one idea is first
we reduce energy demand by, not shown here, 40% to 50%, from thislevel to this level, right. And either scenario can show the possibility. This isa demand reduction. Bottom figure shows component constituent ofenergy. Fossil fuel discharge carbon dioxide, but nuclear power or biomass
discharge almost zero. So implementation of biomass in the very bottom
or maintaining nuclear activity is one of the key issues to reduce carbon
dioxide emission.
We are thinking about integration of three different types of society, lowcarbon society and sound material cycle society (See #17). Don’t use toomuch resource and do recycle. And then society harmonizes with nature.
Protection of natural resources is of course important. So you have to think
CO2 emission and the material consumption recycle and the protection ofnatural environment.
In the past, these three issues were showed as separately, but we haveto get them integrated way to have better society. This is a last message
from me. Reform the current society to low carbon society is necessary inevery country including Thailand and China. And we need technology andsocial and economic option is necessary and integration of such society isnecessary.

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Question from Paritud Bhandhubanyong (Session Chair)
May I start with Professor Yasuoka? You talk about the networking
observation modeling toward the mitigation of climate change. I would like to ask
you to explain more on the model, the prediction. And in prediction what weconcern this about accuracy of the prediction of that model? What kind ofchange will happen in future especially in terms of climate change? Would there
be some kind of standard or rule or law on the unit of observation or the size
determination of the area or the space when you do the observation modeling?
You have to determine that kind of size and then you have to set up the station,
so that you can have the highest accuracy as possible.

Yoshifumi Yasuoka
Your question is on how to harmonize the observation and modeling. It is very
tough question for me to answer, because so far the monitoring people andmodeling people we do not have the collaboration. These two sectors wereindependent. So now we have to harmonize two systems right now. Let me
point out two items. The first one is the difficulties in predicting future with thecurrent observation data, because in order to predict the year 2100 under thehigh temperature conditions, we do not know that the parameters are still stablein that condition. Of course, we know the parameters in the past. So there is notextrapolation, there is interpolation.
In the future if the temperature increased by 3 degrees or 4 degrees, theecosystem parameters would be changed in nonlinear fashion. In that case thecurrent model would not work. So we have to continue the observation and theimprovement of the modeling. So we have to deploy the new design of themonitoring in that case. That is one point.
The other point is of course the current model is based on the latest
information up to now. Still we do not know the real world of course. The
observation system in the past is not based on the most modern modelingtechnologies. So their conventional monitoring system is based on theconversational modeling technologies. I would say there is discrepancy between
the monitoring and modeling up to now. So we have to design the monitoringand modeling system together. That means the integration. But still their dataobtained up to now is important and valuable. Modeling up to now is valuable.
The monitoring would provide only data, not information. According to mydefinition, the information is different from data. So what is the difference?
According to my definition, information is data plus knowledge or model. Even
though you have the same data. If your knowledge would be different, the live
information would be different. If you have very modern knowledge, yourinformation would be different from the information who have very old knowledge
or model. In that sense we have to – in order to get the effective information, we
need to have the good model and good data. So we have to improve themonitoring system to get good data, good quality of data. And at the same time,
we have to improve our knowledge or model based on the data up to now, but
anyway the intuition is very important and education is very important.

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Question from Paritud Bhandhubanyong (Session Chair)Thank you very much. You also talking about the REDD, the Reducing of
Emission from Deforestation and Degradation. For me personally this is also very
important activities and need international collaboration or cooperation. Is there
some kind of international movement on the REDD and how effective is that?

Yoshifumi Yasuoka
It is started half a year ago, very modern one. And they have in some trials or
negotiations among the countries who are interested in REDD framework. In
REDD, we have to produce very precise map of forest and change of forest, so it
depends on the good quality of monitoring system from space and from ground.
We have to combine the ground observation with space observation together.
And in Asian regions most of the areas are cloudy, so we can not trust on the
optical range sensors. So the microwave range sensor – I am sorry this is quite
technical one, but now the US NASA; European ESA, European Space Agency;
or Japanese JAXA; and also Thailand GISTDA, we are quite keen to use themodern microwave remote sensors. In Japan, we have PALSAR on both ALOS,
the new satellite system. There are several microwave sensors. So in US
framework or European framework and also Australian framework, we need tocollaborate to fully use these sensors together. Their spatial resolution would beless than 10 meters on the ground, very high spatial resolution. And we have tomonitor the plantation area or deforested area by the illegal logging or the forest
fires. So we need to deploy a very precise of monitoring system based on the
ground and space. Anyway, this achievement had just started, so we needcollaboration together.

Question from floor
I can add about the possibility of CDM issue in recent, right. I did not mention
about possibility of CDM in urban countermeasure. There are several
possibilities, but reality is not very easy. One of the big potential of CDM project istransportation system as you know, but so far CDM in transportation sector isvery much limited such as bus lane or flyover, right, not overall transportation
improvement for example in many of the cities maybe I can include Bangkok by
improving transportation, you can reduce carbon dioxide emission, but bigquestion is, you know, he knows very well. Big question is how you can evaluate
reduction from baseline? If we do nothing, how much CO2 is emitted? And you
have to predict in future, it is not easy to, you know, show such baseline,
because in CDM, amount of CO2 reduced is equal to money. So it means you
have to be very, very precise to evaluate and method should be very transparent.
Because of that many of the potential CDM project does not work. And one of
the examples is transportation and the other example in solid waste
management is you mentioned that methane recovery is landfill. It is okay
because you can measure how much methane you recover and you can convert

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Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

it to money.
How much greenhouse gas, but the other method is by improving landfill
method from anaerobic one to semi-aerobic one or incineration, you can avoid
methane emission from landfill site, but again it is not easy to evaluate methane.
That is actually not emitted, right. And the other more realistic possibility isenergy saving in building. That is possible and there are business called ESCO, I
mentioned very briefly, Energy Service Company, but the problem is usually
ESCO is applied to one small building or two small buildings and CDM, youknow cost much for procedure, so not many company are, you know, positive to
CDM business, but we think there are many possibility. I think maybe you havesome comment on possibility of CDM in Bangkok.

Question from floor
I have a question for Mr. Sirithan. In your presentation in 2000, you are talking
about the agricultural loss due to the climate change is about 8 million baht orsomething like that. In the agriculture, it is about 200 plus million US dollar. It isvery huge considering the rising of the price of the rice right now and what is
Thailand government policy to remedy this problem in case in terms of climatechange something like that. What is the scale of that policy? How high is thebudget that government decided to invest in terms of remedy the climate changethat have the impact on agricultural production of Thailand?

Sirithan Pairoj Boriboon
That is difficult, but at the moment the existing government gets the climatechange policy as one of their priority. And any budgeting this year – if any
projects that do not comply with that policy, it will be revised. And my minister,
the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment also have the priority ofclimate change policy. So all budget go to this field. I can not tell exact figures,but it is more than 5,000 million ton. And for the whole – we have the national
committee on climate change management chaired by the prime minister and
we do also have a national strategic plan for climate change. In that plan, theyspecify all activities and projects for the next 5 years, but they did not specify
how much the budget would be, but we do have the roadmap to go in the next
5 or 10 years.
At the moment, we do – not my office, but office of transportation, but intransportation do the – study the baseline carbon dioxide contribution from thesurface. And it is supported by Japanese government. And I think probably it
would take early next years, it may finish. There is only one CDM project at the
moment is a PRT project, the one that used, you know, special bus for speciallane.
In terms of any saving in the building is quite difficult, because we do have lawthat certain size of building has to make any survey. I do not remember the
figure. Then we do have standard by law can not do the CDM project unless you

54Session 1

can reduce further than the standard. In Thailand at the moment we focus for thegovernment support to do the programmatic project. This means small projectbinding together and become the big one, because from now on we think thatlike pig farm – most of the pig farm at the moment already small. The big one
already do the CDM project.

Question from Tateo Arimoto
Do you have any plan to expand this research or the evaluation to other
cities? I mean the big cities in Asia for instance Thailand, Bangkok, and the
Chiang Mai and Phuket. Because in Japan, Tokyo and Kitakyushu are very
impressed – even those two big cities three times for target. I think my personalobservation here, so far the reduction target focusing upon the industrial sectors
and household sectors and the transportation sectors, not a different viewpointat this. This viewpoint is very important in order to make the local government
and local community and general public to make aware about the seriousness of
the reduction of the CO2 emission and how to change their lifestyle to get thisgoal?

Keisuke Hanaki
Actually, there are two or three points to answer. One is whether we can docomparison among cities, even internationally. There exists one study done by
IGES, under Ministry of Environment. They studied Shanghai, Beijing, Seoul andactually they tried in Bangkok and some Indian cities, but so far what are
published is comparison among Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai and of course many
data available in Tokyo.
One difficult point when we evaluate such per person CO2 for city level is – itgives a little bit very uncomfortable impression, you know, Kitakyushu is veryhigh. Actually Kawasaki City is higher, so it gives very bad impression, but reality
is people living there and Tokyo taking same lifestyle, you know, people taketrain, even train in Kawasaki, but because of the industry it shows very highvalue. So just putting the ranking number one, two, three may cause
misunderstanding. But the other point you mention is really true. When local
government set a kind of plan of reduction of carbon dioxide and other gas suchknowing the breakdown is very, very important and after knowing the
breakdown, breakdown means sector, local government sets emphasize inwhich sector they will fight with, for example in case of Tokyo industrial sector isalmost nothing. Therefore, main target is building and household, because ofthat Tokyo Metropolitan Government wants to introduce cap-and-trade systemfor commercial building. So it means Metropolitan Government set reduction
target to each of the big building including University of Tokyo. And if we cannot
satisfy, we have to buy permission from other building. It is a cap-and-tradesystem. The reason why Tokyo Metropolitan Government proposed is very big
part of CO2 in Tokyo comes from such office, but for each individual house, it

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does not work, because of that there is a kind of campaign they are doing to
reduce house. The conclusion is very important information to know, which is amain contributor for each city.

Question from floor
Professor Hanaki, may I ask one question concerning the CO2 emission andtechnique for the city? The evaluation – the reason I ask is because when we
started the biofuel campaign some 7-8 years ago, I got a discussion withprofessor from Baylor University in US that told me that using the samplingtechnique by flying over – used a plane flying over the city in grid pattern andthen collect the sample at the end and then analyze for the carbon dioxide
concentration in all greenhouse gas concentration in all green house gas
concentration in air sample. Would that technique be effective to do all or would
there be better technique for CO2 evaluation for the city?

Keisuke Hanaki
I do not think it is very effective method because there are lot of mixing in
atmosphere, and usually as you know evaluation of carbon dioxide emission isdone by amount of consumed fossil fuel and that is the reason why usuallyemission sector is divided into energy sector and industrial sector, it means foodby fuel right.
But when you divide such CO2 emission to household sector, commercial
sector, transportation sector actually it is very difficult, then how you can know
how much CO2 is emitted from your house from statistical data actually it is not
simple and there are some error actually and minister of environment set up akind of guideline how to evaluate that for local government, but actuallyconsultant company are working hard to evaluate that and they can makemoney from that.

Question from floor
This is Sarvar Mustafa, student from Asian Institute of Technology. I would liketo ask one question to Professor Hanaki. Regarding establishment of local
society if we think that reducing carbon level is a political commitment and to
execute that political commitment market has definitely a very, very strong role.
Now my question is if the society’s desire is different than the politicalcommitment then market how can respond to this low carbon society
establishment. So my specific question is how market can respond to
government regulatory or incentive scheme or to look into the society’s aspiration
to put forward establishment of low carbon society.

56Session 1

Keisuke Hanaki
How much economic mechanisms can decrease carbon dioxide emission. It
is like this so if such economical or theory of economic can reduce carbon
dioxide down to 80% reduction it is a very ideal, but actually we do not think so.
Besides such economic incentive or mechanism is we need political system thatcan change institutional system right, so that can increase – of course that will
include economical aspect including taxation system and trading system, butthat alone is not enough, you have to change perhaps policy of urban planningfor example. There is a lot of discussion in Japan on how urban planning candecrease carbon dioxide emission. One is how you can control well – one
example is big in house with very low performance, you know building code isone method right. These are different from economic incentives. So you have to
combine everything together, but you are right it is not easy, but we have to
make it more concrete or clear one by one.

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Session 2:

Water, Food
& Environment

Session Chair

Morakot Tanticharoen
Director, National Center for Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),
National Science and Technology
Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

HONDA/NSTDAInternational Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Panel Discussion
Toshio Koike
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Executive Director, Earth Observation Data Integration & Fusion
Research Initiative (EDITORIA), The University of Tokyo

My topic today is making on the water resources managementin Asia. We have a very serious common problem related to water
environment. We have very heavy rainfall event and then we havea very serious flood and landslide disasters in this region. Heavy
rainfall plus very fragile mountain according to the tectonic zone
the Pan-pacific tectonic zone and European Alps and Himalayan
tectonic zone. So both serious environment cause serious
disaster.
Basically, we have a lot of rain in Asia, but the variability of therainfall system cause serious drought in sometimes. Rapid
increase of the population, the water scarcity is a serious problem
in this region. And rapid growth of the economic and the social
activities they cause water pollution and echo system degradation
especially in Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan(See #2). The water pollution is a very serious problem. Under thisvulnerable condition in Asia, the climate change impact on thewater cycle cause also the very serious problem. You know as I
mentioned, we have a lot of rainfall this is global rainfall map inJune and we identify two very clear rain belt one is along thetropical zone, inter tropical composite zone and the other one isAsian monsoon system. Under this system more than 60% of theworld population live by using this water basically rice production
feed such a huge number of the population.
This is the IPCC rainfall report, I worked as one the editor of
the IPCC assessment report for following the Professor Hanaki
and this is one of the very big the impact in the world also the wellbeing impact myself. By using the various number of the climate
model and simulation we reach the consensus, the global
warming caused by human beings (See #3). This red color zoneshows result of the computer simulation by including theanthropogenic effect. Blue one shows without anthropogenic
effect. We have a clear difference and the red one followed theobserved temperature increase. This is our result.

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Through this global warming, we worry about the water cycle
or change. Heavy precipitation event frequency increases very
likely more than the 90% reliability. And area affected by drought
increase also is very likely more than the 66% reliability. Intense
tropical cyclone activity increase is also very likely. This is ourscientific result. You know the IPCC did not implement thescience itself, but collected, achieved the result and agreed
among the participating the scientist and submit the agreed result
to politician. This is the IPCC process. So this is our agreed result.

5

So what do we need, the water related environment is reallyvulnerable and plus the climate change impact we need of course
science and technology and we need international cooperation
framework for addressing these problems and we need people
who work together.
I have been working with the Asian scientist and operational
sector persons for long and I would introduce these science andtechnology and now international corporation frame very briefly.
So I introduce Asian monsoon rainfall system (See #10). Whatgenerate this rainfall system is the air temperature difference insummer over Eurasian continent and Indian Ocean. Summer in
the northern hemisphere, the air temperature over the Eurasiancontinent higher than the air mass of Indian ocean and thedifference of the air temperature force the wind from south tonorth but due to the high speed rotation of our planet of earth,force make the wind from east to west in the southernhemisphere and west to east in the northern hemisphere andfrom the Arabian sea, Bay of Bengal, South China sea, East
China sea a lot of the water vapor is supplied and heavy rainfall
happen in India, Bangladesh, Indochina peninsula, east part of
the China and Japan. This is the Asian monsoon water cycle
system.
Where is the hot spot in over the Eurasian continent. You know
the upper troposphere from 5,000 meter to 10,000 meter the hot
spot is located in the Tibetan plateau. That area is also wettest
area in the world. The hottest and the wettest air mass isgenerated over the Tibetan plateau. So we need to understandwhat happened there. Then I visit there more than 20 years ago I
found very active water cycles over the Tibetan plateau. I took thispicture in 1991. This elevation is 5,300 meter. I found very active
cumulus nimbus system not only this one. I was surrounded bythis kind of the very big tower this moment. This is a very
activated the water cycle. What happened the associate with thissystem huge amount of the energy is released you know thewater vapor condense to cloud. Cloud is liquid water at that time

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latent heat rays and atmosphere is heated up. This is the physicalmechanism of the hot spot over the Tibetan plateau.
And how to generalize such kind of hot air mass, in spring now
it is happening the very strong sunshine heated up the surface of
the Tibetan plateau the 4,700 meter above sea level and due tothe convective system heated up the atmosphere over the
Tibetan plateau, and on the other hand this is the equator thenover Indian ocean is winter, so very cold air mass is generated thisdifference of the air temperature generate this kind of thecirculation and as I mentioned originally cold air mass but over the
Arabian sea, Bay of Bengal, South China sea, lot of energy andmoisture is supplied and this wet air mass due to the aerographic
effect of the Himalayan mountain the cloud and heavy rainfall isgenerated and at that time large energy is released, latent energy
is released, then this Asia monsoon system is activated.
This is the rainfall source of Asia. We are making a maximum
use of the rainfall for agriculture or industrial or the city use but insometime heavy rainfall causes flood in other times the big
variability cause the draught disaster. We understand thismechanism and we need to improve our predictability of thissystem. So with regard to the global warming you know the
global warming process the short wave radiation and long wave
radiation. The long wave radiation assumed by the carbon dioxide
and lower part of the troposphere is heated up this is thegreenhouse effect. But the next step is much more important forwater cycle. So this heated up the lower level of the troposphere
increase the downward long wave radiation then surface isheated up and hot air mass is generated and evaporation is more
activated so hot and wet – Shall I make a question? Wet air mass
or dry air mass. Which is heavier? Which is lighter?
Dry air mass is heavier. Professor Hanaki learned the chemistrywhen he was high school student. The same volume, samepressure, same temperature, specific number of the gas molecule
exist this is above Avogadro number, you know, and this is very
specific. Anyway so the dry air mass is nitrogen and oxygen, theaverage weight is 229.6 gram and wet air mass the H2O is 18,
but same number of the gas molecule so in that case is heavier
nitrogen and instead of the heavier nitrogen and oxygen watermolecule is included that is wet air mass. That is why wet air
mass is lighter. So then lighter air mass is generally hot and wet
air mass is lighter then the lower part is unstable become
unstable then this kind of the convective system is activated. So
then all troposphere is heated up, this is global warming andassociated with this convection. It now replaces stronger heavier

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rainfall happens and in wider region. This is downward wind. The
dryer region is generated.
So this is the basic physics by using a super computing. We
can estimate these phenomena in at the end of 1980s. This is theresult of the 1989 and the horizontal axis is rainfall area in theworld and vertical axis is intensity of the rainfall and carbon
dioxide current and doubling the carbon dioxide concentration.
Heavier rainfall in smaller narrower region. So super computing
also predict this phenomena. In the middle of the 1990s supercomputing cover is increased. This is in the Indian summer
monsoon rainfall year-by-year valuation is predicted. Average ofthe rainfall increase. This is very good signal for India, but also at
the same time the valuation, the internal valuation also increases.
So heavy rainfall year and dry year that valuation increase. This isvery tough signal for water resources management. And this is
the more current result at the beginning of 2000 by using
assimilator of the heavy rainfall, number of the heavy rainfall event
predicted from 1900 to 2100 for 200 years (See #11). So after
2030 the increase of the heavy rainfall is predicted.
This basic physics is supported by using the super computing.
This is our current knowledge. We can predict the change of the
global climate and also we can predict global weather system. But
we need much more local information. For example in the flood,
we need information for evacuation instruction. Or for reduce theflood peak, we want to optimize the dam. Such kind of informationis really local. We need to improve our modeling activity,
observation in the modeling activity from global scale to the very,
very local scale. This kind of the science and technology should be
improved. Professor Yasuoka mentioned observation andmodeling the integration is really tough. But that should be done.
We have been working in completion with Professor Yasuoka
to develop the data integration and analysis system bycombination of the modeling output and satellite observation
institute observation and to transfer from the data and information
global scale to local scale. For that purpose we need information
technology. We need to cooperation with IT people and also thescience observation community and operational observation
community and space agencies and GIS community andmodeling community. Then all of the data and information can be
integrated by the system. In the University of Tokyo, wedeveloped one terabyte data storage and this data integration
system. This can provide the local prediction of the rainfall andalso the flood and evacuation information or the dam operation
optimization system.

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This is science and technology. Very fortunately by theleadership of the international political leader established.
International Cooperation Framework that is the Global Earth
Observation System of System by the ministerial level leadership(See #14). This system was established in 2005. Various
observation are going to be converged and the use of information
for sound decision making to the nine societal benefit area, fromdisaster to biodiversity, are now establishing.
The vision of this GEOSS is to realize the future feeling, thedecision action for benefit of human kind informed by coordinatedcomprehension and sustained observation and information (See
#15 to 18). Under this framework, we established the Asian water
cycle initiative in cooperation with the many countries in Asia. That
is to promote integrated water resources management by making
use of the information from GEOSS and addressing the current
water related problem in Asia. Through the series of the
discussion and cooperation we establish this initiative. At thismoment, 17 river basins were proposed as a demonstration
project. Professor Kara mentioned a theory cannot move thepolitician, but some visual achievement we need. We are taking
demonstration approach for showing the visible result eventhough the small is scale. If we can show the effective and thevisible achievement to society we can push forward.
We also implement the capacity building program in
corporation with United Nation University or UNESCO etcetera.
This is the result of the application of this system to Vietnam, theHon river basin in Hue city. Satellite data, meteorological data,
GIS are collected and rainfall prediction by using a satellite data
and then global model output and it is improved by using thissystem. Heavy rainfall is predicted well and by using thisinformation the flood is predicted and this flood is transferred tothe inundation area, flooding area. By using this information theoperational sector there, National Hydrogen Meteorology Services
can provide the evacuation instruction. This kind of thedemonstration project is now on going. We have now scienceand technology, corporation framework and people work
together. So, shall we step forward?

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Session 2

Thongchai Panswad
President,
Thailand Environment Institute (TEI)

All over the world there are three problems (See #2 to 3). One
is too much which is the flood problem, and the other one is too
few which is the shortage and too polluted. You may have water,
but it is too polluted so you can not use it in the water there. So it
is the scarcity of water in effect. So we have water and we havewaste water from industrial sector, from community, fromagricultural and with that waste water we have to discharge into
the environment. Of course, you have pollutants organic matter,
POPs, pesticides, BOC, TDS which is salt, nutrients which isagain phosphorus etcetera. This cost environment to be
degraded and with that kind of degraded environment you havescarcity of water in effect. You can not use water there because it
is too polluted and then it is polluted you have problem with foodand drinking water. So we have to find out, find way to solve thekind of problems.
This is just some data showing the surface water quality in
Thailand (See #4). You can see from the picture here that the red
one which is very polluted one. The condition here is better, but if
we look at brown one or the orange one, you can see that thedegree of the polluted poison is expanding. So over all the water
quality in Thailand is not getting better it is getting worse. So wehave to find solution to solve it.
The measures done by the governments so far, they have tried
to solve problem from the industrial sector and they have laws
(See #5). They have enforcement to put individual wastewater forthe treatment plant at each factories which we have. I think wehave done a very good job in this kind of sense. And someindustrial estate, of course you better off not to use individual
waste water treatment plant so we have a central plant. Now wehave a joint treatment, the domestic waste water and also theindustrial waste water which is very complicated one, but we try
to solve the problem of the industrial and the domestic all
together in one shot.
For the domestic waste water we have several central sewage

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treatment plants nowadays (See #6). I will tell you about that laterand being not so rich country we cannot afford center plant allover the country and from some of the research here locally, we
found out that the waste water from the kitchen is the major
contributor of the pollution. Actually from the restaurants, so wehave the government comes up with regulation to put the grease
trap to the waste water of the restaurants and household. The
government also tried to emphasize or tried to encourage people
to use onside units to treat the waste water, all kind of waste
water from the household sources.
Regarding the agricultural waste water their regulations andenforcements on the pig and fish farms. They are supposed tothe treatment or recycle the water or the waste water in this kindof activities. For the big firms they even used the biogas system
and generate electricity out of that kind of waste water. But for the
agricultural, there is one main concern about the diffuse pollution.
The diffuse pollution is the thing that you cannot find the sourcesindividually. It is spread about all over the area. For example, when
I used the fertilizer and is spread out and when it is spread out, it
is very hard to do any kind of remedy or treatment. So far wehave not done much or even none on the diffuse pollution. Before
I came here I was told that there will be some people, theresearchers from Thailand or from Japan in this room too. So I
think you can see that the problem of the agricultural waste here
is on a diffused pollution is very important. There is not muchdone there yet. So it is a challenge to the researcher to find out,
to come up with the solution to solve this kind of problem. It isvery, very difficult to rectify this problem because it is spread allover you cannot pinpoint where it is.
For the central treatment plant system that we have inThailand, we have started doing this since 1985. This is not very
long ago. Now we have 82 municipals, municipalities that havecenter plants. Totally about 2.3 million cubic meters per day that
we are treating our waste water, that overall budget about 70
million baht, about $2.2 million. But unfortunately only about 50%
to 60% of those plants are working now. The rest of them are notworking.
What is the problem? The main problem is that much
equipment malfunction. A lot of equipment put in there is notworking. Why is it not working? Because they are not repaired
and there is no replacement. There is no such scheme in theprocess. Why they do not repair, why don’t they replace theequipments because they do not have enough budget. Why don’t
they have enough budget? Insufficient operation and

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management budget, why they don’t have enough budget?
Because of the local politics. The politician do not like the idea ofcollecting fee from the people because they will not be elected
the next time, which is I think it is typical all over the world. But isvery, very severe here.
We have about 80 plants in Thailand that are only about threeor four plants that can collect the fee from the people. Imagine
that when you can not collect a fee you have no money and when
you have no money you do not have the – even the fuel cost. You
do not have the money to pay the power bill to run the pump. So
there is no chance at all considering that. So like to talk about –able to pay and willing to pay of the citizen.
The waste water fee is not that much. If we talk about
investment the interest you come up with something like maybe
15 Baht per cubic meter. This is not a lot, but the government
said if you collect 15 Baht, we have difficulty trying to convince
people. So they tell about only operation and maintenance ismaybe only about 2 Baht per cubic meter. 2 Baht per cubic meteris very, very little. So the ability to pay I think is there. But with only
2 baht per cubic meter fee they do not pay. So the willing to pay
is not there. Their ability to pay is there, but willing to pay is notthere.
In Thailand you can see people hopping on the motorcyclefrom places to places, It cost you 10 Baht or 15 Baht just 100
meters. But to pay your waste water 2 Baht per cubic meter they
do not do that. They do not pay it. So it is not the technical thing.
It is a social thing.
And then I probably like to talk about usage of PPP and theservice people. PPP is the Polluter Pay Principle. We tell themthat you are polluters. We provide you the service, we provide you
the treatment plans. So you are supposed to pay for the fee that
we – for the service that we give you. If we use this concept the
PPP, the people in the service area are asked to pay for the fee.
But people outside the service area are not asked to pay the fee.
But the people outside the service area, are they polluters or not.
They are true, because they are still discharging the waste water
into the stream. So in that sense they are also polluter. What I am
trying to say is when you want to collect a fee from the people
you should not collect the fee from the people in the service area
only. Because the people outside the area are also the polluters
If you collect the fee from the whole population, you set up two
Baht per cubic meter you can reduce it only 50 satang, which is

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very little. In that approach you can I think it will be easier toconvince the people to pay fee. More people pay lower rate fee,but at the end you get more money and from that you can makeprofit. The profit you can expand your plans to even build more
plants from that kind of scenario. The BPP which is theBeneficiary Polluter Pay Principle, the people outside thiscommunity they are down streams. The river water quality
downstream from the NECD will be better. They are thebeneficiaries.

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If we talk about that kind of concept the people downstream
should be paying for the fee of the people upstream too. Thinking
like that you will have more people who are supposed to pay thefee and you can collect more fee and then you can have profit
and you can expand your project. After some years you haveenough money to invest into all over the city, all over the country.
And the pollution will be solved.
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But, like I said this is not a technical thing, it is the social thing.
I agree with Professor Hanaki who gave a lecture earlier thatchemical solution is not the only answer. The society will be theone who will have all the answer for the solution. If you want toconvince them to join you paying fee whatever in the water fee,
power fee whatever. You have to have the public education, tellthem about environment, tell them about the pollution, thedrawbacks of the bad environment, of the polluted water. Tellthem about the benefit of having good water, and tell them about
the social responsibility that they are supposed to have. And then
you can create the public awareness and from that publicawareness you can have public consciousness. Then public
consciousness you have public willing to pay.
See the technical thing is there. You can find it in internet or
anywhere, but this is very difficult. And engineers – I am engineer,engineers are not very good at doing this. And once you have thepublic willing to pay, you can convince the politicians to come up
with the fee collection scheme. You can proceed with that kind ofstep that I talked about. It is more difficult than technical remedy.
I will give some examples of the heavy metals, the casestudies in Thailand which is Ron Piboon, Mae Tow Creek andKlity, Kanjanaburi (See #9 to 12). Ron Piboon in Nakhon Si
Thammarat down south of Thailand you have arsenic problem
from open mining and you can come up with the arsenic
poisoning, the skin cancer. So far we have stopped the mining inthat area, but you still have the water supply system. Because thestream is polluted with arsenic so the government comes up with

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water supply system the new supply system for the people in thelocal community so that they do not have to drink the water fromthe stream. But the problem is still there. The arsenic is still there.
The Mae Tow Creek, you have cadmium from zinc mining andzinc smelting which cause we know that the cadmium cost itai-itaidisease which is very infamous in Japan. The rice field cadmium
is about 0.3 milligram per kilogram of uncontaminated soil. But
the local contamination of cadmium in the area is about 3.4 to
284 milligrams per kilograms soil. So it is very, very pollutes andvery, very dangerous. It is about 1,000 times the normal
concentration in other area. What we have done so far is we dothe sludge grading, grade the sludge, the cadmium around thearea. We controlled the soil erosion by having the vegetation
cover. Now the situation is better, much better. But the problem isstill there. The cadmium is still there.
The Klity in Kanjanaburi province we have the lead problem
from the lead mining and smeltering. It happens in the remoteoccurring villages. It has contaminated the stream that people
there have to use and come up with the lead poisoning, lot of
people are having this kind of problem. So far we stop theoperation the zinc mining and the zinc smeltering since 1998. We
did also the sediment scratching. But again the problem is still
there. All these three cases, the problems are still there.

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The potential opportunity for entrepreneurs (See #13): If you
are entrepreneurs you have the business chance, by come up
with waste water treatment processes to solve this kind ofproblem. But key success fact that is it has to be simple tooperate and come up with the kind of mechanism to do thesludge disposal. And mediation is a biological, physical, chemical.
This is business chance if you know how to do this to solve theproblem, because the problem lies in those three sites is still
there. And people over there are still suffering from the heavy
metals.
Eutrophication or the algal bloom: if you have fertilizer, you
increase the growth of the plants (See #14). If you put a lot of
nutrients or the fertilizer into the stream into the lake, you will costalgae bloom. You have a lot of algae in that water body and somealgae are toxic and algae will consume oxygen at night time andincrease. It results in the low oxygen in the water body and you
have the mass death of the fish or aquatic lives. It happens now inseveral lakes and reservoirs in the costal areas in Hua Hin andother place in Thailand. We found out it happened already 90
times in 50 years and more frequent, more serious in the last 10

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years. The cost of this is the nitrogen and phosphorus.
So, one of the solution is a biological nutrient removal (See #15). This isthe best for the treatment process. It is fairly new to this region, somealready introduced here like the Bangkok Metro Authority Administration
we have a plant called Genova plant constructed by Korean company andJatujak which is also the BNR plant and Phuket municipality use also BNR
plant. It is already here but not very much but not so many. The problems
for the biological phosphorus removal for this region, the organic matter orthe BOD in waste water in this region are very low compared to Japan or
to America. The BOD of the waste water there is about 250 or 300 but
over here it is about 50 or 80 only. Very, very low and believe it or not the
BOD is good for this kind of process. We need the BOD, we need theorganic matter to remove the nutrients. When we talk about the BOD as a
bad aspect but in this kind of process the BOD is required. But
unfortunately we have very, very low BOD or carbon salts in our waste
water. So the BPR does not work very well here. And also the temperature
is very high and we found out that if the temperature is high it requires, it
has some effect on the Biological Phosphorus Removal process.
So we have chance to do some kind of research to solve this kind ofproblem. It is a challenge or innovation for scientist here (See #16). Can
you find out the new organism to treat hydrogen and phosphorus, newprocess or find another carbon sources from wherever from – night soil,
from solid waste, from industrial waste water and use as the carbon
source for this kind of process. This will be kind of challenge to thescientific world in this region.
This is the VOC, the Volatile Organic Compounds is new kind of new for
the country (See #17). It is new concern because it causes cancer. So far
we have not done anything on this VOC yet. But new parameter is very
hard to handle, is everywhere and we do not have much data on it. The
VOC come mostly from industry and some from domestic uses. And it isvery, very dangerous because it causes cancer and it is very hard and thenormal water supply system and normal waste water system cannot solve
it, cannot remove it. So it is a challenge that we have to come up withsolution to alleviate this kind of problem. We found VOC contamination insurface water and underground water in the industrial area.
So the potential now we think that it is come from industry, they dump
maybe not dump but the kind of maybe spill or leak the VOC and VOC go
into the ground and to the underground water. We pump out undergroundwater for consumption you are in dangerous position.

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Session 2

Yoshihiro Hayashi
Member of Science Council of Japan
Professor, Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo

Last year Nature reported that the global warming usually as
increased CO2 level will generally lead to higher yields of settingsome of the negative impact that for example higher temperature(See #2). However, this will result in lower nutritional quality. This isa big problem. Amount of production is not a problem, but theresult in a lower nutritional quality. Protein and micronutrient level
likely to drop, so both metabolic processes and nutrient uptake atroot affected. This is a big problem.

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GIES symposium was held in Japan, just two weeks ago inTokyo (See #3). So we invited three foreign researchers. One isfrom United States, Dr. Howarth Bouis, who is the director ofHarvestPlus Challenge Program, an International Food Policy
Research Institute. The second researcher was Dr. Apichad from
Kasetsart University and the third researcher from Pakistan forreporting agriculture problem of Pakistan.
Now in the developing countries the problem is some kind ofmineral including the calcium deficiency. A severe situation we
have in the world then also Dr. Bouis reported that now they arethinking to conduct as some kind of the program for producing
mineral rich crops in the world (See #4 to 5). Dr. Apichad from
Kasetsart University reported how to produce as jasmine rice,
more jasmine rice in Thailand (See #6). So, I am talking about as
quality of crop. We have a two kind of crop, two kinds of qualities.
One is just a – quality means just to produce the safe food,another one is to produce more taste food. I am talking about thetwo meaning of quality. So maybe this is a very important inThailand according to the Apichad report. Jasmine rice is a kindof very good flavor rice the production area is very limited, butusing as transgenic techniques he is now thinking to produce ajasmine tea in more areas not only in limited region. For this, twostrategies he has defensive breeding. This is one of the strategy.
Another one is offensive breeding. This means the transfer ofquality.

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Now I would like to introduce as some strategy conducting inJapan (See #7). One of the biggest problems is decrease of the
population in rural areas. Professor Hanaki reported that as
population in rural area will increase after 20 maybe 30. But I amvery pessimistic. Because in Japan most of people are living inrural area, do not like to live local areas because now many
hospital and traffic situation for example public bus disappearing
especially in rural area. This is one of the reasons why they wantto live in urban area, not rural area. Our problem in Japan is how
to develop an agricultural system in aging society.

5

So for this we are now improving as new techniques, using ofrobot as a next generation production system (See #8). One is asort robot here and this is harvest robot here. I hope this kind oftechnique will assist us in the rural area. Even if as aging society
will progress in more severely.
Japan is a good at robots technology. Now we are thinking todevelop robot farm techniques. For example to future IT
technology and robot technology already we are remoting a
remote control helicopter, measuring the growth of crop. So auto
control spread of fertilizer is also developing.
Harvest recording data of not only as quantity, but also qualityof crop automatically. In future we needs as automatic rice
planting machine and automatic farm tractor. So this is also
automatic. This is the second strategy.

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The third strategy is just to improve the innovative technology
to produce a new variety of crop (See #9). Already we developed
new variety. For example, this is AYAMURASAKI, containing thefunctional pigments and anthocyanin. So we now produce manykind of product.
In Japan many people know that Japanese rice is very sticky.
But sometimes Japanese people want to eat as curry using like
Indica rice. For this Japan already improved very “not sticky” rice,so called “Curry-Mai” in Japanese. And to improve the new green
tea containing functional pigment also. High lycopene tomato
already we produced and new silkworm for producing as medical
materials.
In my laboratory, we now start producing crop based edible
vaccines as a promising a new agricultural product (See #10).
Many people know as advantage of edible vaccine. Edible
vaccine is just avoidance to stress for animal, of course not only
animal, but also for human beings. Reduction of labor cost,

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Session 2transportation and storage cost and purifying cost etcetera.
Cheap and easy in edible vaccine production.
We are using a specific monochromic antibody to purify the
CTB as a Cholera toxin B subunit, ascaris (See #11). Ascarism isa kind of nematoda infected in intestine. Using as a Oryza sativa
var. japonica. So this is a procedure of how to produce atransgenic rice (See #12).

10

Iron is the essential element for plants growth (See #13). Butiron is not available in alkaline soils. As a result plant died inalkaline soils, due to iron deficiency. She used transgenic
techniques for new variety (See #14). This is a wild type and thisis a transgenic. This is a long case of success, this is the secondcase of success this is a transgenic and this is wild type. We cansee the very clear difference.
JIRCAS is one of the National Agriculture Institute which has
found grape gene, resin to dry and sort damaged by thecollaboration with international research institution (See #15).
Much collaboration we have now with institution located inabroad. This gene is a very resistant to dry or salt damage okay.
Japanese people want to get safer food. For this we want to
identify a locality and exact variety of the crop. For this, we are
now developing a DNA technology (See #16). This is the name ofJapanese rice, “KOSHIHIKARI”, “AKITAKOMACHI”,“SASANISHIKI” and “HITOMEBORE”, very famous variety. But we
can identify. So people can get exact information of the rice.

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So this is very important to protect as intellectual property.
Intellectual property was protected in industrial production. But inagriculture field, unfortunately we have no good system forprotecting as intellectual property. For this, the technology willcontribute in future.
This is tailor-made medicine (See #17). Now we are thinking
tailor-made food production to know as individual characterizationand so many polymorphism the people has. But of course crop
has also has variety and many polymorphism showing. How tomake a good adjust, how is just a tailor-made for each person.
For this, molecular technology will also contribute in near future.
Now we are thinking agriculture should contribute forprotection of global warming. But maybe we can not avoid global
warming. We are now thinking about adoptive agriculture
technology. Even if temperature will increase four or five degree, if
we can produce more resistant crop, it is okay. For example, this

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is a one case (See #18). Now in Kyushu Island, variety“HINOHIKARI” is a major rice, but this is not very sensitive against
the global warming. Now we have already prepared new variety,“NIKOMARU” resistant against the high temperature. Veryinterestingly, it was obtained from the stock of our agriculturalvariety in the institution.
In northern part of Japan, for example Hokkaido, it is very
difficult to grow rice. Japanese agricultural researchers have many
experiments how to produce a resistant to cold climate. This newvariety was produced from the stock of the crop. It is resistant not
to high temperature, but resistant to low temperature. Maybe thisis one of the solutions in future about how to get more adaptive
crop from our resources.

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Session 2

Luu Duc Hai
Head of Environment Faculty,
Vietnam National University, Hanoi

First of all I want to tell some data of Red river and second thequality of Red river water and the third, research of heavy
methane contamination of Red river water.
Red river is the biggest river in the northern Vietnam (See #3 to
7). It is 1,149 kilometer. Among this, 520 kilometer is in Vietnam
territory. Red river have total discharge about 18.35 billion cubic
meters per year and have mean flow above the 2,640 cubic
meter per second. But the river flow is not stable, increasing to
the 20,000 cubic meter per second on rainy season anddecrease for 700 cubic meter per second on dry season.
The water has a red color, contain average above the one andhalf kilogram for every cubic meter. Red river provides water for
more than one million agricultural hectare and water supply morethan 20 million population is the north of Vietnam. The capacity ofhydropower project in Red river is more than 3,775,000
megawatt. Most of the big city and most of the big industrial
areas in the north are situated in the riverside of Red river.
Red river come from the China-Vietnamese border, come to
the west river of this as main and it have many branches. The
main impact on Red river in water environment, first of all I think isindustry and water waste from the many, many industrial projectin our country, from the city like Hanoi city, from the solid waste
and from domestic waste water. The quality of Red river water isdiscussing by analyzing that for five water monitoring. There are
five water monitoring stations in our country from the border tothe sea. The quality of water on that river is – and its branchdecrease from our head and the river branches to costal area. As
you know main impact water on river head and their branches areclean now, but the water has pollution in coastal zone area and in
the near side big city and industrial zone.
I bring you some research, our research on heavy metal
contamination on Red river water (See #8 to 17). We sample theriver water. We take the sampled river water and to separate it to

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water for control and water for
analyzer. For river water for analyzer
we separate it suspense and foranalyzer and water for analyzer formineral for suspension for analyzer, we
do mineralogical and chemical
analyzer for mineralogical andchemical composition of thesuspension. And for water we dochemical composition and we takestatistical analysis. Chemical analyzer
for the determination of chemicalcomposition of water. We takeautomate absorption analysis forheavy methane important as zinc,cadmium, arsenic and others. We takethe environmental analysis for many
characteristics.
This sample come from the riverhead, come to the sea. You take itfrom mainstream of that river. This is
the sample process I have to tell you
sampled water for control andanalyzer. You separate suspended foranalyzer and water. You took amineralogical and chemicalcomposition and chemicalcomposition only for water and started
to analyze.
Though it is said the heavy metal
contaminant of Red river, it is not sohigh. It is below on Vietnamese
environment standard. But in heavy
metal contamination of Red river insuspended it high, but you have astandard for suspension. Heavy metal
contaminant of Red river water has atendency to concentrate on
suspended and 100 to 3,000 times
more than the contaminant in thewater. It means that suspend is meant
as for the heavy methane in Red riverwater. Every heavy metal has a special
behavior. In Red river water one can
not concentrate on suspended while

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the other discharges to the river water. But we can see the tendency toaccumulate heavy methane on coastal zone sediment and water. In theend, I can say that Red river water is not polluted by heavy metal. But theircontaminant is locally higher than environmental standards.
Red river is an important water resource of North Vietnam. Its
decreasing quality would seriously impact to millions of people and activity
on North Vietnam. At that time the quality of Red river water is being
corresponded to environmental standards in general. Heavy metal content
and its behaviors of Red river water are important environmental issue inthe future of our country. For the environmental protection of water quality,
we must concentrate all human effort and all our technological andlegislative and economic method and others for clean water sources infuture.

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Session Chair:Morakot Tanticharoen
Director, National Center for Genetic Engineeringand Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology
Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

You heard today a lot about the technology development, but I think wehave to address somewhat we call the public understanding, public
perception in particular for modern technology. Professor Hayashi speaks
a lot about the modern technology like molecular techniques for breedingor the sensitive word is Genetic Engineering or GMO. I am not sure that allof you, even Professor Hayashi is optimistic about this technology or not
because in Japan I think you still you know sensitive to this kind oftechnology. This is the one point that you try to develop the technology
how about the public perception. Secondly its not only you get a higher
productivity, the higher production, but how about fairly distribution. You
are talking about urban and rural area, you talk about well food versus
fuels, you know because it is already happened. When America use a lot of
corn for ethanol, we are suffer about the price of corn for our animal feed.
And also I got struck when Professor Hayashi’s remark when he talkabout intellectual property. You can use the intellectual property to protect
the industry, but not for agriculture, not for farmers. As well as Professor
Thongchai talking about fee, everybody has to pay for the fee. You canhave pollution from agriculture as well from the paddy field, and also fromthe industry. Also farmer has to use the water for agriculture. Do thefarmers and industrial people have to say at the same rate?

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Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Panel Discussion

Kiyoshi Kurokawa
Special Advisor to the Cabinet, JapanLet me start with first slide that should do. Yeah okay
incunabula (See #2). What is incunabula? Incunabula is a Latin,
which means printed books since Gutenberg first made book to
until 1501. So that covers about 50 years of European culture andthey are about 40000 printed books incunabula in the world.
Incunabula is a Gutenberg’s invention of printed technology,
which is imported from China through very stable Islamic culture
at that time. And I think Gutenberg really wanted printing theBible, so that more sort of people has access to what Bible says,
as a message of Jesus Christ. So he has a completely soundgood intension and of course, at that time not many people canread that Latin of Bible, but at that time Europe went throughhundreds of years of dark age, because everything is according
to the message coming from church, which is message from theJesus Christ, but who knows what is the truth, so you have the
doubt, but then German version of printed books come into
existence in Europe, which hundreds year later resulted in thecompletely different events that is religious revolution that means
what churches says may not be true, so you have the doubt what
your professor teaches you.

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Now incunabula, therefore as a consequence when theinformation spread out to the larger public domain, all theestablishment up to that point become very fragile part, so they
are very much scared of information spread out to the public, sothat they could maintain the power. That is the politics, right. So
incunabula, now we are facing really incunabula since one of the
major developments since industrial revolution, which is internet,
and flat and connected world. So we are beginning to see thetremendous change in the economic paradigm and the way wethink and behave.
In this globalized world last two Nobel Prizes in 2006 and2007 really represent the consequence and some of thecountermeasures converting global market place (See #3). One islast year IPCC headed by Dr. Pachauri and his entire science80

3Special Lecturecommunity, delivering the warning to the climate change andwhat kind of policy recommendation could be undertaken bypolitical leaders, but has been ignored for years, why is that?
Then last few years Al Gore and his associate made a world
tour with visualizing sort of picture of really emerging global
warming and the consequences and that raises the publicawareness in the globe - much wider scales of public likeincunabula, in printed books, 500 years ago and raising publicawareness make this IPCC recommendation politically viable, sothat all of sudden even President Bush started saying climatechange is real. That happened last January, last year and even
Schwarzenegger become a champion of the United States, not
as a terminator, but as a champion of climate change. So theyreceived Nobel Prize, good deal.
But also global economy after which started after the end of
Cold War 1991 make disparity between those who have andthose who haven’t (See #4). In fact due to the global economy,marketplace economy, percentage of poverty went down from
40% in 1985 to 40% now primary due to the reduction or
economic growth of the Asia Pacific, but during this 25 years
world population also increased by 50%, so that actual number of
those who have categorically poor, less than dollar a day or lessremain more less the same, not really a major reduction 40% to20%, but actual number is still remain very high particular in South
Asia and Africa. But how to convert this thing, we see Mr. Yunus,
when Bangladesh became independent nation in 1971, he was
the economist, he is academics. He went back to his own
country Bangladesh and become a sort of assumed theprofessorship in one of the university, as a economist, but tried tolearn why Bangladesh is suffering from this and he went to likepoor village and see the real world of this Bangladesh. He reallytried to help them and struck his heart, so he left academics andhe started Grameen Bank for microfinance and local women,
which is quite disadvantage at that culture try to help them tobecome independent. And this is the first time because thesepoor women nobody, no bank would finance them and this is the
microfinance and that become a very successful to encouragethem to become independent and self supportive. Now thismicrofinance mechanism has spread out to more than 60
countries and this has become one who is not only volunteer or
not donation, but self confidence in their way of life. So that is a
result of this Mr. Yunus with high aspiration for common good.
These two represents one of the major aspects of globalization.

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characteristics of 20th century compared to any preceding
centuries human spent over the last, so maybe hundred thousand
years was global war. Somehow human is the only species in thisanimal kingdom of planet earth who get involved with excess
unnecessary killing. But that managed to become global, used tobe more regional but they are so stupid just to expand all thethings, World War I, World War II, and Cold War. But during thattime science and technology changed the way of life. Scienceand technology rapidly advanced during last 100 years. For
example, just remember Einstein discovered this E =mc2 in 1905,
you remember just only 100 years ago.
But who imagined we are talking about nuclear as a clean
energy, but he thought about this E = mc2 only 100 years ago.
And also in December of 1903, Wright brothers made the firstmanmade flight over 10 seconds, but now we are flying
everywhere just 100 years.
Human population grew from 1.6 billion, compare to 100 years
ago. It is now 6.6 billion. Four times! In fact, do you know, what
was the human population 2000 years ago when Jesus Christ
was born? Estimate because this is just estimate no registration,
200 million. And it took another 1000 years to reach 300 million,
alright. So that means many cannot live beyond age 5. And 500
years ago, when Da Vinci wrote Last Supper, was 500 million. But
then rose very rapidly to 1.6 billion 100 years ago now 6.6 billion.
We have too many. And urbanization. Even this 6.6 billion, half of
this world population now lives in city last year. And everybody live
longer. Longer life means you get more disease which is unique tothe age like Alzheimer, alright, aging society.
All the social system has been built over last 100 years ofmaybe less than 100 years healthcare. Social security is notcompatible with this kind of aging society. In fact, in Japan, aging
society by definition when your population 7% or greater reach 65
is the beginning of aging society when it reached 14% it is bydefinition become aged society. Japan reached this 7% to 14%
over 26 years of span fastest so far and now 21% of Japaneseare 65 or older. Very aged society. But also many rapidly
developing country like China, Korea and everywhere now when
you are economically affluent women also get involved in somework not stay 100 times as housewives, so they become more
independent and baby birthrate goes down. So that is the fact.
In China, in fact went into this reached 7% few years ago and
it is expected China to reach aged society 14% of the populationin 23 years. Many other countries like Chile and other country is

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projected to go to aging society to aged society in about 20 to 22
years much faster, so it is coming.
So the challenge is as a consequence of 20th century is
rapidly growing human population, urbanization, aging, anddisease pattern (See #5). Who pays for this? Energy and climatechange. Everybody needs energy to live, space to live and feed
and water to live, environment and natural resources and water,
food, sanitation and pollution. And also some natural resources
are scarce not renewable and rare metals and there is a lot offight for that, for survival and no such disparity remain very large.

5

In fact, last year the Forbes magazine published a list of
billionaires and there are not so many billionaires maybe 10-20
years ago, but so many billionaires now. It is amazing. There is noJapanese last year among world’s wealthiest person top 100. In
1970, maybe 10 Japanese, but now zero. Now about 14 Indians
and many Chinese, what’s happened? And this is amazing
because two brothers are very famous; Indian Ambanis – Ambani
brothers, you know them? Their father started some industry, youknow, that is good they inherited and the brothers got fighting
each other. But I think they become so wealthy they are number
14 and 16 or something. He built his own house in Mumbai which
is 40-storied, the 40-storey house. I was not sure what he wants
to – utilize this thing, so I asked my friend let me just see I justcannot think somebody even wealthy that is fine, but build his
own house of 40 storey and he said, ‘No, no, no, that is wrong 60
storey.’ Well, but that is what it is and then I told you poverty andfood and hunger three Fs and two Cs climate change, food, fuel,and feed. Human security become a issue, in fact global warmingwith more impact on those who are more poor and also
developing part of the world and there is a lot of immigration andtremendous sort of a human security become a issue.
In fact, many UN agency and affluent countries knows theissues. And in fact in year 2000, Millennium Development Goals
initiative was launched 5 years later led by Jeffrey Sachs and his
associate with all the sort of social and natural scientist developed
eight goals (See #6). And the goals are these five eradicate
extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education;
promote gender equality and empower women and reduce childmortality; improve maternal health; combat HIV/AIDS, malaria,
measles diseases; ensure environmental sustainability anddevelop a global partnership for development whatever themeasure it may have been in year 2000 the goals for every
country was to half this number by year 2015.
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So this year is the midterm of these global development goals,
Millennium Goals and which seems to be lag quite behind at the
moment. And this is very important year for Japan to host in earlyJuly G8 Summit and they have to really work on that and alsoTokyo International Conference on African Development which
they launched with the UNDP and World Bank in year 1993 this is
the fourth time. And there is a lot of attention to Japan, what kindof leadership they are going to show but I do not see much of theleadership from Japan, terrible. But at least Japanese
Government seems to launch focus on Millennium Development.
Goal four about child mortality and improve maternal healthand that four, five would be the focus of Japanese government
initiative for TICAD in late May in Yokohama and also global healthshould be one of the top agenda in G8 Summit. In fact, the lastG8 Summit hosted by Japan 2000 is characterized by three
things; Japanese Government as a host of G8 invited for the firsttime in G8 Summit African leaders to G8 Summit in Okinawa.
Second, Japan’s initiative really persuaded G8 head of state towork with G8 – United Nation to launch this Millennium
Development Goals. Third is Japanese Government reallycommitted to launch HIV/AIDS, malaria, other diseases
tuberculosis at that time. Two years later this was Japanese
Government initiative to launch global fund which perhaps, youknow, specifically addressing HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis
which is headed right now by Mr. Rajat Gupta of India as SeniorDirector.
But nobody knows about it even in Japan. Because Japanese
government and ministries are not sort of mindset is not to let
global public know what they do. The good thing is they have to
publicize, but they do not. Because their tradition do not let the
public know what they do.

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Over the last decade or so, innovation becomes a mantra.
Everybody says innovation is a key. But whenever I ask what
innovation is, nobody knows the real answer.

7

So, I say innovation is creation of new social values, which iscompatible with the context of that age which facing global
challenges like global warming and food and starvation humansecurity (See #8). And creation of new social values certainly
technological invention and creativity is a key factor but that is notenough. Key financing, how to make business, how to deliver
your product or service to relevant audience is a real innovation.
To do that, you need entrepreneurship, out-of-box thinking andbehavior and commitment. So innovation power is almost equal

8Special Lecture

to national competitiveness. US initiates policy like “Innovate
America” Report in 2004 and some are already implemented as apolicy and European initiative is Lisbon Strategy and Aho Reportwhich is Mr. Esko Tapani Aho, who became Prime Minister in
1991. When Russia disappeared and all of a sudden Finland went
to 10% reduction in economic growth and he became Prime
Minister. And he really focused on the entire educational system –education from primary school to everything that is the reason like
Finland became a very competitive and innovative country 20
years later. And in fact, his principle is now facing the globalized
world all the children have to be able to address every problem
they will face in the future. So not teaching what has been taught
in the past, but let them face and also be able to solve issues incollaboration with his colleagues that was the principle of the
primary education.
And in fact, I met with some professors in Finland few months
ago and one of their kids go to primary school in Finland, but hewas amazed even he is academics the kids love to go to school,
so even weekend they want to go to school because they arealways challenged and they enjoy this sort of courses and all thematerial given to them. But in Japan just completely opposite. Oldparadigm, male chauvinist tries to implement some old fashionteaching system to kids, so they are fed up with this. In Japan’s
initiative, Innovation 25, the key is out-of-box individual. So, I think
this final report was the entire cabinet approval of this thing, but
we have to nurture out-of-box individuals. This is the first time inJapan. Innovation has become everywhere like a mantra, but mydefinition is creation of new social values which often associatedwith the economic values but may not be like as I told you
worldwide web has no economic value for those who provided
this. But on worldwide web there is a tremendous new businesslike Amazon and Yahoo and everything.
Innovation was more like term of business and business
management and economics. And as you see that because thisis a table taken from the ‘Handbook of Innovation’ coauthored by
Richard Nelson of Colombia University, and if you see that insocial science articles innovation has not changed like it has notappeared. There is no increase until mid 1990s. And all of asudden, there is a sudden surge of innovation everywhere there
must be some reason for that.
Three major reasons for innovation mantra (See #9). One isglobalization, world has become flat and connected world andworld economy, market driven world economy, but sustainable
development or constraint for growth become one of the major

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issue. And in fact, after the end of war – Cold War in 1991, in
1992, there was first real summit for sustainable development
which led to the delivery of Agenda 21. So, we knew that acidrain, environment, Minamata everything and that cannot besustainable but it can not go to the top political agenda becauseof Cold War. If you remember during Cold War both East andWest has more than 1000 nuclear head missiles, inter-ballistic
missile which is just crazy, right. But we can not stop it. That is
the reality of politics and stupidity of human which still continues.
But disparity between those who have and who have not existed
but we never realized as a matter of our own. Because we havenot seen that real sort of poverty and we never faced with them inthe visual impact but with TV screen, Live and also internet you
begin to see that as a reality as a part of your life and sometimes
it stuck your empathy.
So innovation by definition is the change, innovation does not
go alone with stability (See #10). But majority of people want tobe stable. So innovator is completely out-of-box, eccentric andcrazy. But then these English are wrong we have to say
extraordinary people. That is what Koizumi-san said – Japanese
said when he was Prime Minister they said, “he is crazy,” butsomehow this is something wrong and he asked some foreignpress guide and they said, “No, no, Koizumi-san, you are not
crazy or eccentric. You are extraordinary.” So “extra ordinary” isthe right word for him. And in fact, if you look back the history
extraordinary persons always are those who may change like
Nobel Prize in science and new business and politics and ordinary
people are just suicide or very smart people which lies on thisGaussian curve can not change the world have to be out of thisGaussian curve.
Innovation is to create new social value and science andtechnology and the engineering is a very important factor but notenough. You have the social system regulation, deregulation andfinance and every part of this innovation you needentrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is something always trying tochallenge something new. And this is very important those whohave been recognized as innovator has a very high spirit forcommon good in that time. So like 100 years ago even common
good you see only your own people, but now you see many
global issues, so you are heading to address and try to solve thiscommon good that is global poverty, security, climate change,
whatever you have. So innovation has, in that context, relevant.
And that is the spirit of Soichiro Honda even in 1940s he want tomake motorcycle fastest in the world but safe. But he said any
technology and engineering without philosophy has no meaning

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10Special Lectureand he always aimed this has to be good for every people in theworld. As far as Honda people keep that spirit, they will do okay.
But once they tend to forget once organization become bigger,
everybody become salaried man. That is the end of it or at least
beginning of end of Honda.
Constraints for growth or challenge for the 21st century are
growing human population, climate change, climate crisis,
environment deterioration pollution, water and food and othernatural resources (See #11). And perception by the general publicwiden about such disparity, sense of inequality, frustration,
violence identity. Is the society sustainable? By the way I told you
about many billionaires in the special issue of Forbes Magazine, inthis Ambani brothers who build like 60 storey house which is
extraordinary, but his vision may not be correct, but he is wealthy
at the moment. But let me at least tell you in the commentary tothis book, special issue there is a two-page commentary byJeffrey Sachs with whom I am working very closely. But he wrote
an essay, it is the consequence of global economy but somehow
he does not like such a billionaires it is not fair they should dosomething and he said, ‘Just remember if they remember andthey do something for the poorest one billion people in the world,’
I mean that is a good message.
So key word in globalized world – key words for innovation
include personalization we will go through this collaboration andinnovation (See #12). You have seen it last year and recent
INSEAD report that also says innovation but completely different
paradigm of collaboration and personalization. Also up to 10
years ago, we hear many times international, international but we
do not talk international anymore just often we talk about global.
Why is that? We have to think about why. There must be somereason. We all of a sudden start using global rather thaninternational. And also we start talking about “human resource
development,” but now quite often we use “human capital.” Whyis that? And we have also we hear like civil society, social
entrepreneurship like Mr. Yunus. And also think locally and act
globally. Up to 10 years ago, we are talking about global
marketplace economy. So, we say think globally, but act locally.
Because local decision may reflect a lot of local culture and wayof government and corporate and governance and value, that is
unique to everybody, but economic is another one. So, I think it ismaybe open innovation, don’t hide your asset, but expose it
through internet and there is a lot of inputs they are not justasking for money, but they are making some a sort of joint
collaboration for fun. Good example is Linux software. All theengineer and computer software guys joined this and just make

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the best software and finally beating up Microsoft. Now Microsoft
agrees to open up all the resources, that is pressure from thepeer.
Why is that? In fact, Christopher Freeman of University of
Sussex and one of his disciples Carlota Parez ware from
Venezuela. And when he analyzed for the last all the humandevelopment since industrial revolution he identifies what is the
big bang, the seeds of new paradigm of technological revolution.
He identify then that led to the entire social economic change inthat paradigm which lasted about 40-50 years and they followedby another next big bang which really changed the paradigm. Andin fact according to hypothesis, their analysis, one is industrial
revolution which is James Watt in around 1969 with not the
combustion engine, but also James Watt which is hydraulic but
which lasted and this is really replacing sailing boat to a sort ofengine-driven machinery, manufacturing, and transportation.
Which then allow many canals to develop throughout Europe andthe range of trade and the import-export and also businessbecome all of a sudden very much expanding at that time. But
which was then replaced by iron and railway and this become asort of social infrastructure but the new engine become iron andrailway. And because Stanford and all these guys make a lot ofmoney taking a chance on this new paradigm of technologicalrevolution which was then replaced by steel like Bessemer steel
this is the more pure iron which has a much strength so that allow
the building, big bridge, big structure and become mega cities like
New York City become possible. And then that replaced the ironin over 20 years time and just reaching saturation become a sortof like social infrastructure railway and big bridge and big
structure like 30 storey and 40 storey become possible by steel
and electricity and heavy engineering. And from UK all three
initiated by UK, but spread out to US and Europe andeverywhere.
And fourth is right now (See #14). We have been living in 20th
century. This is the new paradigm which is initiated by discoveryof oil which has become very cheap fuel and combustion engine
which allowed automobile and T Ford by Ford 1908 allows muchcheaper automobile which many people now can afford. Not
everybody but at least $500 at that time for automobile so thatmany people buy. Highways, motorways and completely likesocial structure become different. So you can commute railway
and automobile and highway and this would become a mass
production and that was age from 1908 through 1974. And 1974
face of information and telecommunication that age from 1971
that we live right now. So, we are mixing these two and these are

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the social infrastructure we face with railroad and ship and allother infrastructure and we are at transition at the moment.
So the age of oil, automobiles, and mass production we arevery familiar with it developing countries try to catch up on thismodel. But this is a mass production, mass market, andconsumerism which resulted in climate change and pollution andeverywhere and Japan really suffered from Minamata disease anditai itai disease and you suffer. And in fact, this was noted alreadyin 1962. You remember Rachel Carson’s book ‘Silent Spring’. She
gave a clear warning we cannot go this way anymore too muchhuman suffering and environmental impact and that was not reallycaught a lot of attention to the greater public. So that means it is
not politically relevant issue. And in fact, this year is the 100 year
from the birth of Rachel Carson. Then in 1972, you remember
Rome Club published a report, Limits to Growth, about acid rain
and pollution. We knew them but no political action. It was – that
was a paradigm which really drove this economic growth.
And 1987, you remember United Nations’ report so-called
Brundtland Report called ‘Sustainable Development’. So, wereally have to save our natural resources for the future generation
to enjoy what we enjoyed in this century but no political action.
1987 still the height of Cold War, alright. So that is mass
production, mass markets, consumerism, economy of scales,
products and market volume, horizontal integration,
standardization of product, so all the products to beinterchangeable otherwise you cannot export to Thai different
standard and Vietnam different standard, Japan different
standard. That is inconvenient, so you can not capture the market
standardization, energy intensity is mostly oil based, cheap
synthetic material first time in the history a lot of synthetic
material, dye and medicine and a lot of plastic all the things whichmakes our life much easier and functional specialization –specialist hierarchical pyramid, centralization, metropolitan center,
suburbanization this is the way of life we enjoy national powers,
so that is the foundation of national power. So that national
powers international agreement and international confrontationthat was the paradigm we really enjoyed and we took it – tookthem for granted. This innovation was more like a linear fromresearch development to the marketplace done by one
corporation like Toyota and Honda and everything, so that islinear.
So each part of this a sort of linear integration linear innovation
linear integration you can do just in time, sell and that kind of
more efficiency this is incremental innovation, supply side dictates

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(See #15). Many of you use electric oven, right? Let’s see when
you have electric oven how many buttons you have, how many
buttons you have ever used. Maybe one or two. Ask your wife
even she does not use 10, alright. Why do they make just 10, I
am still surprised, we need more choices that is crazy see
engineer and technologists want to have a better technology, sowhat, I mean that is not irrelevant to the consumer. So you rather
have only two buttons but half the price, no? So supply side
dictates and national, bilateral, international and human resource
development. Because structure of corporate society arereasonably fixed, so you like to have a human resource
development is the key but not anymore. That is very importantpart human resource but next thing this ended in 1974, why? In
1973, there was forced Middle East War so-called Yom Kippur
War and then oil prices went up and then oil can not be abundantsource of energy.
So all of a sudden Middle East becomes very wealthy. And atthat time I was in Los Angeles, I remember vividly this Yom Kippur
War and the consequence because many estates in Beverly Hills
are bought by Islam guys and they changed all the painting all thethings. That was fantastic but was strange. But that is what it is.
So that is the end of this and also we are not sustainableclimate change, smog all the things. So the Muskie Act was
implemented in Los Angeles. In 1971, I moved into Los Angeles
from Philadelphia and there was tremendous smog, it iseverywhere. So Muskie Act was implemented which within 10
years you have to reduce emission by 90%. All the Detroit
motorcycle – Detroit Company oppose this new regulation but
nonetheless they approved this law in action, but 3 years time
Honda was the first to clear this CVCC engine and everybody issurprised. And at that time Japanese car become reasonablecredible entity because in 1971 in California highway, Japanesecar came into United States but they were laughing like this. If you
drive this in California highway they might just all of a sudden into
collapse and just pass only and just say they are laughing at it.
But once this Muskie Act came in and Honda cleared fuelefficiency, so Japanese car became recognizable entity.
Now you have to wait 6 to 12 months to buy Prius in UnitedStates. That is the end of this mass production, climate change
and everything. And age of information technology started in1971 in Silicon Valley primarily this 1971 is the foundation of Intel.
Innovator – innovation for this new world who they connectedworld and computers. As I told you in the morning, internet was

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there from 1980s in the United States and the academics, wework in university in the United States had access to internet but
we do not know how to do it. Because you know we had thetabletop computer which is affordable in 1977 produced byApple, Apple II, but we use only excel and word processors. And
then Japanese manufacturing making a lot of tabletop computerseven laptop by Toshiba and make it smaller and faster. But thenBerners-Lee thought about it is computer it is good but we are –they are working in this – physicists are working in Geneva andeach – everybody are using this thing and storing data but noaccess to it.

16

So they thought this is so inconvenient so that they invented a
program called Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP, and which
evolved into World Wide Web in 1992. Many people have acomputer at that time already, but when it is connected, what
happened. Japanese are still making computers in five or six
companies but they never thought about different things different,
completely different paradigm this is connected Netscape, Yahoo,
Amazon, now become major but they are all founded in 1994.
They thought about how to use this infrastructure. That is where
the creativity comes, out-of-box comes, not manufacturing. Useyour brain is the key. And Microsoft just jumped into this in 1995
and Google in 1997. But they left university and started theircompany in 1998, they had a hard time but finally in 1998 firstinvestor came.
So within 10 years they have a $200 billion company in just 10
years. They want to organize all the data, information and give it
to anybody in the world and free of charge. That is their vision.
Even Google has so big but still their creators, these two guys,
Sergey Brin and Larry Page are like in mid 30s but still thecompany working for this has to be judgment of the businessdecision is this good for everybody or not. That is the majordecision. Now they expanded so much invited many corporate
executives to work for their company and corporate executives
are so surprised. They thought this is a joke. But in fact in every
little decision, their value judgment is this good for everybody ornot. They are so surprised for business person still they are justchasing dream. Because if you capture the world sort of
information you can do many things but they do not want to dothat. This has to be good for the people or not is their judgment inevery step of business. That is amazing, and that is good.
By technological revolution, there are wireless, mobile andmodular, so how to use it is a new business (See #17). And Linuxcame in with Linus Torvalds with all the open access and IBM

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jump in, so now major software become open source. Now email; you were not using e-mail 10 years ago, but now everybody
use that. Everybody use mobile phone, but not 10 years ago likecar phone or something but not really mobile phone. Apple in1997 has only five weeks of cash flow to sustain, so they weregoing to go into the verge of bankruptcy and many companies
maybe want to buy. But now it is the most successful brand andmost innovative company with iPod and iTunes and iPhone. All
the things are the work of innovator Steve Jobs.
I will get back to you on what Steve Jobs did. So just 10 years
just bankrupt almost five weeks to go but they have just survived.
So don’t give up even you have only five weeks to go, no
problem.
Japanese tend to be really technology intensive. Sony’s
PlayStation 3 visual image is just fantastic, no question. But this isa technologist Wii. Do you know Wii? But when Nintendo camewith Wii everybody bought Wii and this is fantastic. For Sony’s
PlayStation, its target customer is young male only. But you know
Wii now grandfather can play with granddaughter and good formetabolic syndrome obviously. So family joined together. That is agreat invention.
Now Nintendo become the third most valuable company inJapan, just for DS and Wii. So if you are engineer you have tothink not only left side of your brain. It is not enough your decision
has to be at right side of your brain. What kind of customer you
want to catch? So this is entrepreneurship demand innovation not
only supply side chain like 10 button for electric oven. Just two
button say something and they just cook something for yourchicken. That is what innovation is.
Therefore, if you see this is all the time this Freeman thing there
is a new frenzy of new technology like 1960s to 1995. This wasindustry contribution to productivity growth. This yellow is IT
producing industries they contributed significantly to theeconomic growth until year 2000. I think you have all the printed
material of my every slide you can see that. This is one of the
major driving force or pulling force for economic growth until year
2000 there is so-called IT bubble burst or NASDAQ Fall in 2000
after that IT become one of the social infrastructure. So IT
producing industry is not contributing that much anymore to theeconomic growth, but rather IT will be utilizing building a new
business model to meet the demand driven economy. So you
capture like Wii and other economic business model, IT utilizing
industry becomes one of the pulling force for the new business.

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Japan is still producing IT producing factor is not good. So age
of information and telecommunication, information intensity
microelectric based ICT, decentralized and the integration
network structure become more important and more relevant andknowledge as a capital intangible value added to the corporate as
I said because everybody sees that. So the corporate value is not
only to the shareholders but stakeholders really judge yourcorporate value. So heterogeneity, diversity, adaptability adapt tothe change and different crazy people just meet together and get
the crazy idea and get finance. That is what it is. We will change
the world within a few days, few years.
Segmentation of market, proliferation of niche everywhere,
your culture, your value maybe quite relevant to somebody inAfrica, somewhere North Europe and somewhere in SouthAmerica. So you can capture this niche it is not like old paradigm,
but this is proliferation niche is how to find out these niches andconnect to them. So if you have a diversity and heterogeneity inyour frenzy that certainly become advantage and branding is very
important. Perhaps as you know like Japanese up to a few years
ago there was a study by McKinsey. Do you know Louis Vuitton?
Many ladies want to buy Louis Vuitton, and you are forced to buy
something. Because they are your girlfriend or your wife, but 40%
of gross sales of Louis Vuitton was by Japanese. Crazy, isn’t it?
And 60% of profit of Louis Vuitton was by Japanese, notnecessarily in Tokyo but in Paris and everywhere. Japanese men
say crazy but Louis Vuitton was very successful in branding theirimage, their product captures the heart of women. And womenthemselves are not buying it. They force their father and husband
to pay for them. That is good.
The branding is very, very important element to catch certain
segment of your customer. So you specifically identify yourcustomer what you want to sell that is very important not to serve
Sogo Denki Maker. Economy of scope and specialization
combined with scale specialization target what is your target
demand driven globalization interaction between the global andthe local. So cluster has a unique tradition and culture like wine
you want to get wine, very expensive wine to target. That is very
important and instant contact and action. So the instant global
communication you have to just think but act and keep runningand while you are running you change the course. Competition
becomes so fierce and many Asians and so many entrepreneurial
Asian from Vietnam and Thai, China, India. That is greatcompetition. It is fun. So that is the paradigm we are facing rightnow. We still have to develop infrastructure of society based on
the old paradigm of railway and all the things, but this is a new93

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opportunity of growth of new economy.
Japan has been very successful from 1950 to 1990, but It wasdue to Japanese social structure which is hierarchical andseniority (See #18). If you instructed “go this way” and they arevery strong but if something change they cannot change. So thatis the struggle right now of Japan. So this is also in thishierarchical society in Japan you never move laterally from
Mitsubishi to Mitsubishi, it is not allowed and this is very
consistent and also comfortable for Japanese which came with
Samurai Warriors mindset, over 400 years. So who are missing
here in this hierarchical Japanese economy?

18

Women are not a part of it and foreigner are not part of it. So
they cannot change this course even their company is going fallapart, until Carlos Ghosn came as a top in Nissan. And evenSony’s Chairman is a foreigner. Until such time they cannotchange it because there is no foreigner or women in every layer ofthis hierarchical society. So everybody just obey. I say this is atypical of so called Tagosaku society. Tagosaku is very muchafraid of woman and foreigner. So that is a weakness ofJapanese. But it is not age-related hierarchy, it is your ability to do
certain specific aims. If this is work, then it is like baseball player
like team you cannot be everybody ace pitcher, you need ashortstop, everybody has a different roles, then as a team you
become – it is not age, your ability to excel in certain things.
Innovation in globalized world, investing in human capital andhuman resource is important (See #19), because somebody may
have a crazy idea like Google. How they changed the entire
world. Just two guys who were born in the family of mathematics
and they were interested in somehow connecting this world andthat what it is. Human capital can change the world.
Bill Gates, who went to Harvard but after 2 years he left
because he wanted to have this software. So he quit Harvard, but
he came back to Harvard last year to give a commencementspeech. If you read this he addressed to a new graduate from
Harvard, you are very selected few elite. So you have to realize
inequity in the world, every sector of the world so you have toreally avoid of this inequity that is your responsibility, that is a very
powerful message of Bill Gates and he said at the opening when
he was admitted to Harvard, his parents expected him to
graduate Harvard and have a great life, but he quit. He was sorry,
but he will get back with honorary PhD.

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Nurture entrepreneurship, out of book, not only you talk, but
you act for the higher course for common growth and this is thejust, this is the right thing, this is beautiful you do it. To do that,heterogeneity and diversity adaptability is very important for thischanging world and global world. You are just communicating not
only certain establishment but you want to associate withsomebody else. Focus was the strength and core competence ofyou or your culture or your civilization, your family value or yourown country’s strength, there must be some core strength, youhave to focus on that. And forget about weakness because
comparison is so fierce and speedy and so I think trying to correct
this weaknesses is a waste of time, it is better to collaborate who
has a core competence in that particular ability of your weakness.
In Japan, I think, production and manufacturing is very good
because they are somehow flat, all the things they are very good
and they want to be perfect but they are very weak inmanagement and very weak in finance. And always Japanese go
to the government and that kills. Don’t rely on government
because they are not responsible. You know government isgovernment, but you do your own business. Strengths and core
but you recognize that, speed is the essence of game so muchcompetition. Local values, but always act globally.
In fact human capital, this is sort of English, English written likeeconomists and Financial Times how often human resource has
emerged and human capital that is from 1990s human resources
is very important and human capital like 2 to 1. So they are really
important of this education and so to nurture your own strength,
human capital could change the world.
Climate change and sustainability. So ‘Green to Gold’ by
Daniel Esty, who is a Professor at Yale but he used to be an EPA,
wrote a book ‘Green to Gold.’ This is the paradigm of business,
not gold rush, green become a value. And Helios projects by
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory headed by Steven Chu.
Steven Chu is a good friend of mine. He is a Professor at
Stanford, but now Nobel Laureate in Physics in 1997, but he left
Stanford, become a Director of Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory. So I called him why you become a Director of
National Laboratory rather than Stanford which is much sort ofvibrant academic community. But he said he had to start working
on something for the Clean Energy for next century like 22nd
Century. So he is a really brilliant guy, but I think now he is starting
this Helios projects just as a many, many good project and eventhat many companies like oil company just investing his project
like $500 million or $50 million. That is great.

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And Gold rush to Carbon rush, it is going to happen. Carbon
becomes not commodity but valuable asset. How to do thiscarbon rush business?
Silicon Valley is a crazy place (See #22). All the out-of-box
guys are there, management and finance and ideas and the initialengineer and in fact capital investments Silicon Valley, because
capital is more like financial capital. So majority are venture capitaland Green and Clean Energy tech. The amount of investment to
the Silicon Valley last years of $4 billion, year before was only $1
billion, year before only $0.5 billion. So there is a lot of expectationin Silicon Valley because these guys are going to make something
crazy, but relevant to this global world and that is very interesting.

22

In fact, last time Silicon Valley gets one entity of $4 billion and
ICT was 1995. So it is going to happen. Do you know like Tesla
Motors in Silicon Valley? Tesla Motors is a Silicon Valley
automobile maker, which now has a very nice fantastic electric
car with a functional Porsche, so it takes only 4 seconds from like0 starts to like 100 kilometer plus per hour. You can see that on
YouTube, that is great. I want to buy one. And it is not expensive,
it is amazing, this cost only $100,000. This is cheaper than
Porsche. So that is great stuff. Lot of investment, those who
invested on the thing makes a lot of money, so that is good. Not
the government money, if you want the government money notgoing to work, that is a moral hazard. So Venture Capital withfinancial capital managing that is essence of the game.
As I told you, globalization 1.0, ODA and poverty, national,
ODA was not globalization that has been there, but with many
people seeing the suffering of human suffering, many woman andman want to contribute (See #23). Civil society movement, NGO,
bottom-up, right like then many new business model emerges
from here like Grameen Bank and Mr. Yunus. They really want not
only contribution and donation because donation and charity is
not going to help them because charity is not really encouragethem to self esteem even they are poor, but they have a pride of
their own. So charity is not going to help them, but rather help
them to become self sustainable. So Grameen Bank and they are
not loosing money. And now there is a Grameen solution. The
new CEO is a guy, also Bangladesh guy who was educated in the
US and worked for Ford in the US, now spent two years in
Hiroshima. He speaks pretty much good Japanese. He knows
Japanese but and he is Grameen Solutions, CEO. I met him amonth ago. A great and young man.
And then globalization 2.0 philanthropy is always there, but

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now philanthropy is towered with human suffering and disparity
and Green Tech all those things and there are many people areworking for this solving global issues.
Gates Foundation is more like suffering and HIV AIDs, malaria
and tuberculosis. And now Google has a Google.org who is a
Google Foundation who head by. I met this guy last summer, but
he is a medical doctor, he is American, but he spent like 20 years
in India. He knows every parts of India. He said he went to every
states of India for the last 10 years. He knows everything. Google
Foundation is now doing a lot of philanthropy for this, addressing
this issue and also they are very much interested in investing on
Clean Technology and Clean Energy Technology.
Globalization 3.0. Private sectors go into this, because theywant to expand not only their market but just by doing this they
are helping building up infrastructure. And globalization,
universities invest on human capital and human resource. So
there are many leading university in the world, opening up and try
to attract brightest of the brightest from the world. But Japanese
Universities are very much late behind them. And they are notsending a lot of strong message. Have you ever heard strong
message from any leading university in Japan. No. Why that? For
example, you know Cambridge University as a good university.
You want to go, right. You know who is the top of theCambridge? Alison Richard, woman, Anthropologist. She was a
provost at Yale, but she was recruited to head Cambridge
University about 5 years ago. She was a graduate of Cambridge,
but she spent 35 years in the United States. So her husband is an
American, but he does not want to go but I think he went
nonetheless.
Do you know MIT? You want to go, right. Do you know who isa head of MIT? Susan Hockfield, another woman. She is the first
biology neuroscientist to head MIT. But she is a great woman too.
But when she was recruited, by MIT was a provost at Yale. So
that means Susan Hockfield was Yale provost when she wasrecruited her successor was Susan Hockfield and she wasrecruited to head MIT within 1 year. She is a great lady too. I likeher. I like both of them.
But do you know there are 8 Ivy League universities, and 4 outof 8 presidents are woman, Princeton, Penn, Brown and Harvard.
There are 82 or 83 national universities in Japan. There is only one
woman president or Chairman with the woman college. That is adisaster. So I tell Komiyama–san, provost of the University ofTokyo, has to have his successor woman at the top of the97

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University of Tokyo. But he says that will be difficult. I know that.
So I told him don’t worry, don’t need to think about Japanese,just only Japanese woman, you can think of somebody like fromsomebody from Malaysia, who went through for the Cambridgethat part of British commonwealth, that was a major impact to theworld community. If the University of Tokyo is open, that will begreat, many male establishments will resist.
You can listen to and see this Steve Jobs, Founder of Apple
who was invited to give a commencements speech at Stanford in2005. He gave a very powerful moving speech. He went tocollege only six months, but he quit because his parents are very
poor, they adopted him, very poor, so I think their entire savings
went to his college even one year. He quit because he did not see
any value of what they are teaching. When he left college, hestarted playing with his friend, one of friend. He is the first one to
make Table Top computer. But he is type set every design all of asudden came back to him, so all the design typeset is designed
by him and his team because he learned this Calligraphy.
That is beautiful and he said in his commencement speech, infact Microsoft when they came, they took his model so that every
personal computer you use is by his design in essence. So thatmeans you cannot connect the dot looking forward. So you do
not know what is coming in front of you and you can only connect
dots looking backwards, oh that course really helped me 10 years
later. So you do not know what is going to be good for you. So
that you have to trust that dot will somehow connect you in the
future. So whatever your encounter today may have something to
you 10 years later, who knows. But so you have to trust
something what you learn. That is the message. You have to stick
what you learn but you do not know what you like, but when you
see that, all of the sudden it comes to you right away. That iswhat he says. Like you meet new girlfriend or somebody, just you
hit intuition. That is what you really wanted to have, that what it is.
That he said.
Next one you have got to find what you love. When hefounded Apple successfully, he had $2 billion annual sales and
4,000 employees, but I think he was kicked out. The reason was
because a business plan he was thinking was different from thatof CEO’s they hire and Board of Directors sided with this CEO. So
he was kicked out. It is strange he founded this company but hewas kicked out. So he was on the top of this industry and he felt
so miserable. He always thought about leaving Silicon Valley
because he just got a baton from his predecessors.

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But he went to talk about this guy, to sorry about this and theysaid, no, no don’t worry about it. But then all of the sudden hebegin to feel, he was really back again to where he was originally,that means being there in a top of big corporate, he felt
completely different pressure, but he began to find what he reallybacked to what he liked to do. So he made a NeXT company,
Nexus and Pixar under which he made many animation movies
and all of a sudden later Apple bought his company. So he isback in Apple again and so he delivers about whatever this AppleiMac. In 1997, his business was almost running out, but he cameback again. So you try to find out what you learn. Don’t settle.
That was his message to the Stanford students.
And he said also at that time, when he was giving this lecture
in 2005 he was found to have a pancreas tumor, cancer. Because
I am a physician I know that you have only maybe three to six
months to go. He was told by his physician, his would be dying inat least mostly in six months.
So he started thinking about but I think that his doctor decideto biopsy his tumor and it so happened, this is a very rare benign
tumor, which you can remove by surgery. So he is back and here
he was. But he was really thinking about his death at that time,
but I think he in reality he said this is life change agent. It is very
good because everybody has to die, which is good because thatis your turning over to next generation. So he said that is you tonew. So that is their message was, death is life changing agent.
This is a great thing but don’t settle and looking, keep looking forwhat you really love. So you can watch his speech and also you
can watch his sort of transcript but I think I recommend you tosee his on website.
So he says stay hungry and foolish. All the time stay foolishand stay hungry. That what he means and that is a quote of
Stewart Brunt I think he talks about this Stewart Brunt history, astory in late 1960s to early 1970s. He is a great guru of San
Francisco area and quote of Steve Jobs. I really suggest you toread it particularly young people who have a great career and agreat future.
Thank you very much.

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Session 3:

New and Clean Energy-Case Studies-

Session Chair

Hirohisa Uchida
Vice Chancellor, Tokai University

HONDA/NSTDAInternational Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Panel Discussion

Session Chair:

Hirohisa Uchida
Vice Chancellor, Tokai University

In this session, we treat new and clean energy and especially casestudies. We discussed much yesterday and actually today we show you
typical – practical cases. And first, I want to briefly explain this session.
What can we do actually to solve global environmental issues? Maybe we
receive several information from Thai side and Japan side. And how can
we incorporate innovative technologies based on ecotechnology into oursociety. These are very big two themes.
Please look at this picture. This is surface of our Earth and you can see
here thin layer. The thin layer is our atmosphere, we can now breathe in.
The thickness is around 10 or 20 or 30 kilometer anyway. This is very thin.
And what is happened now around 250 tons of carbon is increasing in thisatmosphere. And even one does not know exactly but maybe 600 tons
oxygen maybe decreased. How thin? You can imagine it. Assuming that
1.3 metaball and the surface atmosphere is just like one millimeter or 2
millimeter, so thin, very fragile, right? Actually yesterday several reports
showed out here. Now we have very nice remote sensing technology. We
can observe what is happening, what is going on the surface of the earth.
And this is very important and of course international collaboration is goingon in this field. Therefore, we know exactly what is going on the earth. For
example, the movement of typhoon or the state of desertification ortemperature distribution or you can see a geographical seabed or on theother hand you can simulate the level of sea and so on or chlorophyll
distribution. So, nowadays we can get so many vital information fromsatellite and this is very actual information.
You can see here, this white part is cloud. This is the Japan Island, thisis China and North Korea. Japan is suffering every March or April, throughyellow sand. Yellow dust from west and this yellow dust come from west
side. And just above China and North Korea they get oxidants, eachparticle carrying such oxidant together SOx, NOx to Japan and rains inJapan is acid rain, pH value is 4.725 independent of place in Japan. Just
we are getting really acid rain everywhere in Japan. Thus, this pollution –this issue is not a local problem but this is really an international or global
problem.

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Siriluck Nivitchanyong
National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA),
ThailandThe theme of this conference is about the ecotechnology. So I am
pleased to present about the zero waste agriculture for Jatrophaplantation. The R&D conducted at NSTDA and our partners (See #2).
The outline of my presentation is about the zero waste philosophy andthen we will give the example of the MTEC initiative projects on utilizationof Jatropha biomass. The first step is about the plantation in acidic soil in
the North Bangkok and then about design engineering of the equipment,
which had oil extraction and the biodiesel production and use of the wastefrom the biodiesel is the glycerol. And then to the project about theutilization of the waste from the Jatropha cake, which is the gasification
system and other project about the value-added of Jatropha tree.
There are many projects in this presentation. So we have many partners
who together work in this under the Jatropha project, which are theuniversity (See #3). Kasetsart University and Prince Songkla University,
King Mongkut University of Technology North Bangkok and Thonburi, andChulalongkorn University. And from the industry is the Thai Machinery
Association and research institute is the TISTR or Thailand Institute of
Scientific Technological Research that is our partners.
For the zero waste philosophy, we try to combine many projects to put
in this philosophy (See #4 to 8). Zero waste is the philosophy that aims toguide people in the redesign of using the resource, which aim to reducing
waste to zero or near zero. So it starts from the recycling and then isreused as the way it is in the nature for this Jatropha project. The
plantation starts from the site area, which is the acidic soil area. It is in theRangsit Canal number 13, which is the northeast of Bangkok. The pH of
the water there is around 3. So, we start the plantation – improve theacidic soil by putting the alkali chemicals and then plantation of the
Jatropha.
From the Jatropha tree we can get many kinds of biomass like stem,
leaves, flower, fruit and seed and shells, and Jatropha oil. Jatropha oil is
non-edible oil so is out of the conflict of the food and fuel of it. This is the
picture from the plantation. The biomass from one Jatropha tree in one
year, we can get the seed that can give us the Jatropha oil, 1 kilogram of

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the seed and 3 kilogram of shell, 10 kilograms ofleaves and 20 kilograms of stem. 1 kilogram ofseed we can have the oil, 250 milliliter and wehave the seed cake and we have the dry shell andwe have the dry leaves and stem that can be usedas the solid waste as a biomass. So the Jatrophaoil can go to the biodiesel production or can beused as for the agricultural machine. And thebiomass – the solid can be used as a solid fuel forthe gasification system, for the power or electricity
generation. And other kinds of biomass like stemor leaves can be used for value-added products.
When we have the Jatropha tree and many
biomass, we start with design engineering about
the machinery for oil extraction and palletizing (See
#9 to 20). From the Jatropha fruit, we need theshelling machine to crack the husk and seed. Fromthe seed, we need the extraction machine to havethe oil. From the Jatropha husk together with
Jatropha cake we need a palletizing machine to be
used as a solid fuel of the gasification system. So
this is the shelling machine that is designed,
construction by the MTEC researchers and Thai
Machinery Association. So our idea starts from themanual extraction and go to the motorized
extractor that is for the agricultural communes. So
they start learn step-by-step from the manual andthen toward the motorized. From the manual, we
design as it can be constructed in the commune in
the local area. And for the motorized extractor wedesign two types of these machines. One is foraround 15 kilogram of seed per hour and they are
the one is bigger is around 70 kilograms seeds perhour. And then this is the training of the people inthe commune to use these machines.
After extraction, we get the Jatropha oil and thecake. The cake together with other biomass likeleaves or stems from the cutting from the
propagation, we put them in the pelletizing
machine to have the Jatropha pellet or solid fuelwhich can be used in the gasification to give otherkinds of energy like electricity or some synthetic
fuel. From Jatropha oil, we use it. We can use it
directly in the agricultural machine and the otherway is to send it to the biodiesel production unit

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which is the chemical conversion of the Jatrophaoil to methyl esters. The conversion starts from let
the Jatropha oil with methanol by the catalyst that
we use as sodium hydroxide or potassiumhydroxide. This set can be batch type that is about
200 litter per batch. So there are many steps that
we do it as simply as the people in the commune
can do it by themselves. And this is the picturethat many types of the unit. When the Jatropha oil
is converted to a biodiesel so then the glycerol is a
byproduct from the chemical reaction. Glycerol is
the waste from the biodiesel production. We use
the Glycerol for the research work on converted
Glycerol to Propanediol. So the project ofsynthesis of the 1,3 Propanediol from Glycerol isjust an aerobic digestion conversion. So the work
starts from the isolate and identify bacteria strains
and select the best strain for the highest productionof the 1,3 Propanediol. This work is ongoing.
Another waste from the extraction machine isthe cake. We decide to use that cake to be thefuel for biomass gasification (See #21 to 29). There
are two gasification systems in this project. One isfor the power biomass gasification and the second
is, we call it, BTL or Biomass to Liquid. The datafrom the gross specific energy from the biomass
from Jatropha that a seed cake – you can see
seed cake gives very high energy when comparedto the shell and leaves and stem or compared tothe other kinds of biomass like rice husk, palm
shell and coal or heavy oil. This biomass
gasification is designed for power generation. 50
kilowatt is the downdraft gasifier and a screening
system and electricity generation. This gas, the fuelgas, can be repressed the diesel – in the diesel
engine for 70%.
The second project of the gasification is abiomass to liquid. So the gasifier is designed togive the synthetic gas and the Syn-gas goes to the
Fischer-Tropsch reactor, which the reaction of the
carbon monoxide and hydrogen with the help of
the Fischer-Tropsch catalyst can produce thesynthetic fuel like a synthetic diesel. This is the
picture of our work at Thailand Science Park andin the university.

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The last project is about the value-added products from the Jatrophabiomass as a waste. The waste is a stem from cutting propagation andother waste. So we use it as a solid fuel in gasification and also to make apaper or particle board. And when consider the macronutrient in each
Jatropha parts, you can see the nitrogen phosphorous and potassium
amount in each types of the biomass. It can be used to the fertilizer andanimal feed. But we have to do it – for using as the animal feed we have todo – detoxificate it.
In conclusion, the Jatropha plantation can be applied the zero waste
philosophy (See #30). We plan to deploy a biomass to bioenergy concept
as the bio refinery to complete-cycle biodiesel pilot plant. And in the acidic
soil area of Rangsit, we plan to extend a concept to the palm plantation.
And I think this zero waste philosophy can be applied very good with thepalm plantation. For the promotion of the Jatropha, I would like to propose
some issue and concern.
Since the Jatropha cost – very high cost in harvesting so we shouldhave the R&D in harvesting method to reduce the harvesting costs. And
also the R&D in new variety of non-toxic and machinability of the Jatropha
for the harvesting. And also the toxic chemicals in Jatropha can beconverted from a pharmaceutical or cosmetic products. So then it can be
add more value in Jatropha plantation. So I think it is nearly used – wedemonstrate nearly zero waste of the Jatropha plantation.

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Session 3

Morihiro Kurushima
Professor, Toyo University
Program Manager, New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO), JapanTo this opportunity what I would like to make some presentation on
behalf of NEDO. There are three filled: Background and overview, NEDO,
and R&D for energy and the environment and the international activities.
NEDO is a government organization with METI, Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industries (See #3 to 6). Of course, and there is Prime Minster’s
Office, Council of Science and Technology policy with the other ministries
including Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Education andScience. So NEDO has some fractions to bangle with universities,
academia and industries and the national laboratories. Some kind ofbonding machines. So well I would like to just introduce two slides fromthe presentation of Dr. Chanabon. He is the President and Professor of
Thailand University. He made some presentation in Japan with me. So thisis composition of primary energy consumption in year of 2000. It is a very,
very – that is some of the similarity with Japan.
So, the top is the Thailand. The orange part is oil and the green part isnatural gases and the yellow part is coal and the nuclear and hydro. So
Thailand and Japan, we look at some similarities depending on the fossil
fuels still be. Japan is now depending on fossil fuels around 80% andsome parts of the nuclears especially source of the electricity. But the othercountries which have already overcome the energy diversifications. But
Japan and Thailand have some similarities. So in addition to that there arevery high price of the – oil prices we are struggling with including you, theThailand. So this is some examination for the GDP minus impact.
According to the oil price that is 10 barrels, per barrels to attack our
economies.
Thailand made very – there is a severe attack by the high prices of oileven that is 10 barrels, per barrel rise may attack the Thailand’s GDP
minus 1.8%. Of course, Japan now not so severe, but we may receive theminus 0.4% with the other European countries and United States. We
should like to make some – that is a bit huge interest and effort towards
energy saving and the renewables. Would you please recapture threebackground snap shot by me. This is the snap shot at the Conference of
the Parties at the UNFCC COP-7 in Marrakech. There are very limited

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participants from all over the world, only the governmental officials.
This means, just look at this table. Here is Prince of Morocco (See #7).
He made us some welcome remarks for us and after that some coffee
break. In that time I just take a photo towards him, but the important isaround the table, please look at the table. Beyond any kind of the races or
nationalities or genders or ages, all most of the people have a very keeninterests towards only one topics, climate change, global warming. It
means when you look at here, brown, black, maybe the naked or the
weak. Anyway, so any kind of people should concentrate only one matter.
So second matter, we are very strong economies. We have Thailand orJapan and the United States or Europe but there are very — still be thedark world, lack of electricity. Only half of the population, human beings
can access electricity freely, the rest of the world cannot access. So weshould develop the energy more and more. Of course, cutting such carbon
dioxide emissions is a key and important issue for us, not for the Japanese
but for the all of developed countries. It means common but differentiatedresponsibilities (See #8). And third, peak oil is real (See #9). Peak oil is real.
I specialize in mining engineering including all development but peak oil isreal or not? It is very difficult. But at least some parts of the world including
the Middle East and the North Sea are the peak of oils already. I have lived
in London, so I have a lot of friends with DTI, Department of Trade andIndustries of UK Government. Their report – last report described up to thewhite line, this is already that is done by the production. That orange zone
is oil and the yellow zone is the natural gas from the North Sea in the
British territories. But very soon – I was very surprised that figures, up to
the 2010 North Sea oil shoot down and so this is my red chart. This line byme, this is British consumption. This is the production. So rest of this
British was and maybe is the exporter towards the Europe so far as oil andgas matters. But they should importer – they should be importer verysoon. And so Japan has strong position regarding the energy
consumptions.
Just skip the only one that is red chart with the METI, source of theanalysis (See #10). This is oil crises 1973. In 100% Japan’s industries, thatis energy consumption per GDPs. But manufacturing steel, chemicals,
ceramic and stones and the paper pulp, metals should reduce very rapidly
until minus 45%. It is made great effort according to the Japaneseindustries. So, and we have a very good positioning. For example, Japan
based 1. United States 2.7, Thailand 6.3, and China and India 9 andRussia is more. Well, Ukraine is the worst in the world, 28.So the GDP
energy consumption per GDPs.

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We would like to some effort towards – all over the Asian countries with
ecotechnology. One of this is the good example with the top runner11108Session 3

methods. Some kind of the methods by the
Ministry of Economic and Trade Industries, the top
runner is very peculiar systems. Because some
automobiles companies for example, FORD, isgood enough. So as a maker they should improve
such energy efficiency levels during the four andfive years. It means quite, really that is peculiar butvery excellent way to achieve top runner methods.
I make some presentation in the Cambridge
University where almost of the participant said tome like communist, socialist but any way this is
one of the way to energy savings.
And I would like to make few slides on the
renewables. Renewal energy is a very useful forour common future. But we are struggling with thehigh cost of the prices, high cost of energy,
electricity prices with renewables. Of course theconventional energy is a very – that is at low levelfor per kilowatt hours Japanese Yens, nuclear 5.9
or coal of 6.5, etcetera. But PV is still 45 or 50
levels and the wind is a little bit cheap but not sogood. Biomass is very wide range of. We are now
developing the market and the technology
development to push the snow ball to drive themarket mechanisms. So, according to NEDO suchkind of the effort, two efforts, one is the technology
development, the other is market development.
Now cost of such facility it is very – that is rapid
down and the market is expanding very rapidly.
Well, previous time, it is very expensive but now
only around the 40 Yen per kilowatt per hour, so
for as electricity production levels. So this is one
example with local government peoples.
This is Ota town in Gunma city (See #23). Thisis a very good for the win-win-win approach. Winwin means some that is winning people didappreciate that. We are living in the eco towns. All
these houses, 110 houses, equipped with solar
panels and the developer did appreciate. The very
quick and good selling such kind of houses and ofcourse electric company did appreciate frequent –constant energy supplies.

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introduce to that – local governmental effort tointroduce, it means for you Kuzumaki Town in
Iwate prefecture and Tahara city in Aichi prefecturewith wind and biogas, and wind and solar (See#26). For example, Kuzumaki town, catch phrase
is, “milk, wine and the renewables,” my town. And
some efforts towards energy management systemwith IT. And so, this is our new project withJapanese government and with light carbon
dioxide capture and storage underground. We
have three projects in the aquifer and sea but wemay abandon such kind of methods.
This is a very small project with someuniversities and companies. It means biomass
project with accumulating the carbon dioxide andthe heat towards a compact type multi storage,
the bio beds. It is a very efficient way to observe
the carbon dioxide and local areas development.
International activity (See #30): NEDO’s projectwith industries because there are some projectwith – profit projects with Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries and Japan AMAs including in Bangkok,
the traffic improvement project at the Banlung
junction in Bangkok. This may be good enough for
us. Because this photo is a energy saving type
trolley buses in Mexico city (See #31). This means
there are some kinds of win-win-win approaches.
Because the Mitsubishi Electric Corporation could
have the business chance and the Mexican
government will receive the high technologies. It
means the energy saving trolley buses, etcetera.
So this is some NEDO project on photovoltaic
power generation. There is very limited energy
supply in the town of the Noyon villages in
Mongolia (See #32). So NEDO with SHARP
corporation did supply such kind of the very big
solar systems and they can enjoy the electricity 16
hours per day. So very freely. The other is JI projectin Kazakhstan (See #33). This is a very simple
means, very common co-generation systems inJapan but in Kazakhstan there are very oldfashioned boilers and the power steam generation
system. So, we could supply the gas turbine with
Hitachi Corporation. We could get emission right

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from the Kazakhstan government about 62,000 tons per year.
This is project on steel making facilities with Nippon steel on CDQ,
Coke Dry Quenching in China and India (See #34). The NEDO supports –this is only support not by our project but private sectors activities for
CDM, biomass power generation project at Suratthani province in Thailand(See #35).

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So, well this is some point of the words because yesterday Dr.
Kurokawa mentioned and introduced that doing should be the mostimportant. So because I was afraid – I was a bit astonished at the Ching
Hua University (See #36). Of course NEDO has a very wide range ofpartnership with Churalongkong University or Bandung institute technology
or Tsinghua University or the Beijing University.
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Pakorn Supanich
Assistant President,
National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA),
Thailand, SolarTech

Today I will be saying about the solar cells. First of all, I will introduce
you to know about the PV network in Thailand (See #2). It composes ofprivate sector and the government agency. This one is the government
agency, Ministry of Science and Technology. And Ministry of Interior
focuses on the solar home system. Ministry of Industry does the privileges
and factory rooftops. And the last one is the Ministry of Energy. It
composes of DEDE, EPPO and EGAT. This mean Department of
Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, EPPO is Energy Policy andPlanning Office, and EGAT is the Electricity Generation Authority ofThailand.
The other is the company, the private sector in Thailand who are
involved in the PV market (See #3 to 4). There are five companies name in
Thailand. Mecasolar Company, Ecrat Solar, SHARP, Solartron and Solar
Power Technology, and there are other companies involving in the BOS or
Balance of System. And other is the University, Chemical Institute ofEnergy, Chulalongkorn Chemical Institute of Energy, Thonburi Campus on
the system and solar map is studied in Chulalongkorn University. This is
the showcase of the trend of Ecosolar is the manufacturing maker inThailand.
This one is the trend of PV installation in Thailand (See #5). You can see
the installation increasing each year and in the last two years. The trend isincreasing very high because on the solar home system is about 24
megawatt around the country.
This one is the target of PV installation in Thailand made by DEDE, theMinistry of Energy (See #6). The target is about 250 megawatt in the yearof 2011. This one is one sample of the PV installation in Thailand. Tesco
Lotus is the company in Thailand. The capacity is about 460 kilowatt (See#7). And this one also the capacity is 500 kilowatt installing in the
Maehongsong province (See #8 to 9). And this one is the solar homesystem installing in the rural area of Thailand.
This one is the largest PV site in the world installing in Germany (See#10). You can see the site comparing with the maybe airbus or football

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field, pretty large. The capacity is of 14 megawatt.
This one also is the solar home system, includingof BOS inverter and charger controller in the ruralarea in Thailand (See #11). Each house has thepower of 121 used for the electricity of one lightbulb and one television just about five hours a day.
This one showed cost of electricity in Thailand
and the cost of the PV system (See #12).
Someone in the future, it should be made together.
This show about the price of solar cell, although
the price of PV or solar cell is high, but is lower
than the price of electricity in the peak time (See#13). In the peak time, the price is about 16 but
the price of solar cell in this day is about 8, half.
So, solar cell is suitable for cut peak in the day
time. This is the target of the solar cell installation
3% and 10% cut peak in the year of 2020 (See#14).
This one shows the comparison of theelectricity usage in Thailand and Japan (See #15).
Thailand used electricity in the amount of 10% ofJapan’s. And Japan can produce electricity from
PV system about 10%. So, on the electricity
producing from PV in Japan can use for on
demand in Thailand.
This one is our activity in NSTDA (See #16 to
19). We do the research of the light, start with the
upstream, we do the material and EVA is thepolymer for protecting solar cell. We research, we
doing the matching for producing solar cell and the
midstream we are researching for the improving or
the increased efficiency of solar cell. Now we hit
14% at a small piece of solar cell. We can hit the
7% in the commercial size of 8 square meters. The
other task is doing research on the other type ofsolar cell is the organic diode – so the diode solar
cell is newly PV in Thailand. Now we can hit 12%,more than 10% at the small piece. And in thedownstream process, we are doing in the system.
We do the PVT, it means photobiotic and thermal.
Now we installed the system like this to six sites inThailand. It can lower cost and higher breakevenpoint.

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Other project is the VIPV newly indicated on therooftop or the facade class of the building. This
one is the machine in our laboratory (See #20). It is
the first model in Thailand. This one is to produce
the electricity for the robot, under the sea and is
the installation site in Chiang Mai. This one is the
production line, 3 megawatt production (See #21).
This was installed at my facility. This one is the
picture taken from my facilities. And this is thechart of the PVT system (See #22). It can produce
both electricity. This site can produce 3 kilowatt
and can produce the hot water. This site is
installed at hospital. So the hot water is used towash septic clothes in the hospital.
And this one is the biggest site that we used to
install in the Queen Sirikit Hospital, Chonburi
province (See #23). It can produce electricity of 9.7
kilowatt and produce hot water for 10,000 liter per
day and the hot water is used for hydrotherapy.
This one is installed at Science Park, NSTDA andthis one installed at the Police Military Division in
Bangkok (See #24). This one is the new
application to use PV to do the air condition for theabsorption chiller (See #25). This is the one
installed in the Ministry of Science and Technology
in Bangkok.
After NSTDA can research and hit the result,
we will transfer this technology abroad and private
sector will help to do the machine to support thisproject (See #26).
The last activity of SolarTech is PV in Thailand
because now no standard for PV that suitable for
Thailand or hot climate tropical area (See #27). We
did research with Japanese side to set thestandard for tropical area. Now this project isongoing.

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This one is the scheme to show in the past allof solar cell directly sent to the consumer (See #28
to 33). But present Thai Industrial Standardization
Institute can solve some of this PV but only someparts still directly go to the consumer. The
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for tropical area. But in the future we will adopt
these standards to be the version that suitable fortropical area, for the hot climate and high humidity
like Thailand or other countries in tropical area. Allof the PV models should be passed this standard
from TC before sending to the consumer.

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Question from floor
PV is good enough for our generation. But I am afraid that of course usuallyelectricity is a very useful for the night time. So the battery maybe a good way tosolve such a kind of matters. Of course you already challenged PV on applying
the hot water treatment, but do you have any some kinds of the effort towards
the battery improvement or systems?

Pakorn Supanich
Yes, battery is one of the BOS or Balance of System that very important forthis PV system. Unfortunately SolarTech is not evolved on this area for thissubject. But I think MTEC do this? Not yet, not yet. Yes, battery – not only
battery, the inventor, the charge controller and other is very important for thesystem because only PV models cannot work by itself. So, this kind of BOS isvery important. Some pressures, the system of PV is down but the reason is for
BOS battery not worked, inventor has malfunctioned or maybe the installer has
no skill to install. Because right now, the PV maker has improved their sale toproduce the PV in better version. So the BOS is very big problem for the system.
I said unfortunately our facility not involved in the BOS system.

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Yuji Kawaguchi
Operating Officer/General Manager,
Honda R & D

I am from Honda R&D and responsible for fuel cell research and futureenergy. Today I would like to talk about future transportation mainly on thesustainability and technology. It is clear for transportation sector we havevery difficult issues on greenhouse gas emission and energy security. Dueto a rapid growing energy demand especially in Asian and the developed
countries, CO2 emission is increasing tremendously.
This chart shows basically from IEA announcement and calculated by
our Honda, shows energy demand toward 2050 (See #4). It is clear for our
rapidly growing energy demand reached to about 2.2 times of year 2000. It
is total energy usage and if we look back for automobile (See #5). This ishistory of United States, of number of automobiles since early 1990s andrecently exceeding 80% of ownership and this is including baby or people
who do not drive. So, it is a huge rate and other country like Japan nearly
60% and OECD countries is increasing at the same rate depends on
economic growth. So, China is almost 2% recently but should increase.
This is energy consumption in transport sector and also this iscalculation based on IEA and reached to same 2.2 times toward 2050
(See #6). It is a basic case. And yesterday at the session one, introduced
some data and future forecasting about our CO2 issues and toward a
global carbon emissions, need some deduction of a total CO2 if wecalculate to our future target of percentage of CO2 in 450 ppm.
Also supply of oil we come to remitting the futures and of course it is –depend on economic growth and if we calculate on 3% average before
2020, there are some issues for demand and supply. Of course, there aresome new activities to seek new method of oil supply not of existing oil. So
I want to summarize for my explanation in that two approach on thetransportation. One is fuel saving technology in existing IC vehicles and thesecond low CO2 fuel technologies.
First, I would like to talk about our fuel saving technology. This isadditional chart of WBCSD and simulation for CO2 values and how to
reduce toward even to year 2000 toward 2050 (See #7). Only in case ofusing biofuel or fuel cells from mainly renewable can reduce and adjust to
same CO2 emissions. And let me shift to a fuel saving technology, mainly

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from a Honda technology. This chart is ourevolution of CO2 or fuel efficiency of Honda. And
annually Honda improved fuel efficiency by IC
engine mainly V-Tech technologies. We think IC
engine including diesel is technology for
improvement around 15% to 20% and hybrid
technology is defined as 30% or 40% technology
and automated technology for CO2 deduction isfuel cell.
First, we introduced V-Tech engine in 1989 as a
type of a high performance car and modified tofuel-efficient technology (See #12 to 14). And thisis the formation of such pulp timing technologies.
And we call hybrid technology of IMA, Integrated
Motor Assist systems. It is a very simple system. It
has thin motor direct to engines and assisted byelectric power and using a brake power, twobatteries and we announced for some expansionof our IMA systems and the hybrid production
toward 2010. 200,000 vehicles annually.
Next, I want to talk about low GHG fueltechnologies (See #16). There is a similar
combination for pass of fuel on the energy. As aprimer energy, there is a candidate of so-called
renewables, biomass solar wind and in the senseof non-CO2 emitter we can say nuclear power. If
we make use of those energy for secondary
energy, candidate is such ethanol, hydrogen andelectricity (See #17). Let’s think about somecombinations. This chart is changing of primer
energy of power sector on electricity. In Japanafter oil shock, a combination of energy, primer
energy is rapidly changed, and more nuclear andnatural gas and renewable energies. If wecompare with US case, in the United States usingmuch of coal and emitted a big value of CO2.
It is an example of a case study for using
electricity and hydrogen (See #18). This chart is acomparison with using a carbon neutron energies
in Japan. Russia is 42%. Right side is the fossil
energy, 58%. We can calculate for total or averageof CO2 emissions. And the result is – it is Japanesecase, FCD marked 36%, EB 29%, IC Engine,
15%. Of course according with changing of our

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primer energies, fuel efficiency is changing.
Renewable energy will assist for electric vehicle orelectric powers.
Finally I want to talk about direction of such fuelespecially on fuel cell (See #19). Honda marked for
future target or such energy and technology as fuelcell vehicle and the fuel cell technologies. We
announced last year delivery of real fuel cellvehicles called FCX Clarity (See #20). It is however,limited production in Japan and United States. But
they are certified and limited productions to public.
The unique point of this vehicle is installed fuel cellvehicle on the center section and the floor outsideof our bodies (See #21). And hydrogen tank is
installed to the rear side and using lithium ion
batteries. It is a first case for Honda. And important
point for – their usage on their market is safety inthe event of a crash, made a dedicated design tothese vehicles. And fuel cell is marking a highefficiency and if we compare our existent vehicle,
three times of IC engine and double of hybrid
vehicles and by such a high efficiencies range
performance is reaching 440 kilometer on realconditions. It is certification data. There are somany opinions about EB or FCB. We are using
both battery and FCB. If we compare with aperformance, it is a chart of a power density,
kilowatt per kilogram versus energy densities.
There are so many type of lithium ion battery
but for application of electric vehicles, fuel cell isabout three or four times of performance onenergies. So and lithium ion is useful to use highpower usage like accelerations. So we thoughtusing both characteristic or good point for lithium
ion and fuel cell vehicles. By evolution of thosetechnologies, we can change for combination of
those energies. And also we are looking and doing
fundamental research using renewable energy tovehicles. It is a case of Los Angels ResearchCenters using solar cell and electrolyzer makes
hydrogen and vehicles. Also this is a combinationof so-called coordination power and to homeenergy and vehicles.

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Going over this concept in the US case total energy in home is almost afour times of a Japanese case and people using two vehicles per families.
So much more effect is expected I think or I believe. So, we Honda has apolicy just doing like racing heritage. Challenge to dream is our concept.
So, our goal is create sustainable plus by clean mobility with passion andchallenge.

Question from Hirohisa Uchida (Session Chair)
Have you ever made one calculation actually FCV or Fuel Cell Technology
itself is very, very expensive still, of course. But if you consider environmental
impact of fossil oil and fuels, we have to just take care against our damage byfuel fossil and means and materials oil and so. If you compare, so we have to
pay cost for damage by oil and the fossil fuels and the cost of fuel cell systems.
Have you ever made some calculation or comparison for that?

Yuji Kawaguchi
We do not have a clear assimilation in that case of our introduction. But weare discussing about some of our study of how much money is required to
introduction of fuel cell vehicles, especially for infrastructures, investment andalso calculation of impact of fossil fuel. But there is no clear result. Only
conclusion is we have to make real vehicles and an energy sector person told us
if you make good vehicles for public, we can follow. So, our assignment is tomake a good vehicle for public persons.

Comment from Hirohisa Uchida (Session Chair)
I made this question therefore because I was involved in the R&D of hydrogentechnology in 1975 or 1976. Daimler Benz at the time made very clear argument.
They are selling so many cars in the world and in future they will be claimed. So
your car gives big damage around the world. You have to pay or any way all
motor companies should pay. So they calculated this amount of money and theydecided, they invest money to R&D of hydrogen energy. I heard that around 30
or 40 years ago, yeah since that this question is unsolved therefore I asked you.

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Wrap-up Session
What as Citizen of the Earth We Could Do
together with the Spirit of Ecotechnology

Session Chair

Atsushi Sunami
Associate Professor and Director of
Science & Technology Policy Program,
National Graduate Institute for Policy
Studies (GRIPS), Japan

HONDA/NSTDAInternational Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
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HONDA-NSTDA International Symposium on Ecotechnology 2008
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia

Panel Discussion
Patarapong Intarakumnerd
Project Leader,
National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA),
ThailandI just want to kick off this session by trying to put theecotechnology into the wider context; that is the context ofsustainable development. In this session, we are asking what as a
citizen of the earth we could do together with the spirit ofecotechnology. I think it is quite important to look at theecotechnology in a wider context. So ecotechnology should beperceived as a mean to achieve sustainable development (See#2). And I think one of the main reason that why ecotechnology is
now very popular because of the proliferation of sustainable
development concept.
What is the core meaning of sustainable development? (See#3) One is that the environment must be protected to preserve
essential ecosystem functions and provide the wellbeing for the
future generation. This is quite an obvious reason. And anotherone is that not only environment must be protected, but we haveto concern about the issue of equity as well. That is the goal is to– is the improvement in overall quality of life; it is not just income
growth that poverty should be ended and resources more
equitably distributed. And another important issue, when we talkabout sustainable development, is that we need participation thatis all the section of the society should be involved in the decisionmaking. And environment, economic and social policy must be
integrated. So this is the whole issue that we should consider asa background of ecotechnology.
And when we talk about sustainable developments, at least
we have two models (See #4). One we call is an overlapping
system model that is the economy, society and ecology they are –all of them – all of the three pillars they are overlapping, butsomeone says that economy is more important. So you can see it
has a bigger size I mean, in the left-hand side model. But many
people believe that economy actually is the smallest part. It is
located in the wider societal context. And society actually is one
integral part of ecology. So ecology is the one that we should lookat the widest. I mean the widest framework that we should look

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at. So this is a sort of the argument on the sustainable
development. Because many people when they talk aboutsustainable development they still think that economy is the mostimportant. When there is ecotechnology, they put all the emphasison the things that can promote the economic benefit. But many
people think that we have to look at ecology as the mostimportant thing. And economy is only the subset of ecology. Thisis one of the debates because people can say the same thing,but mean different things.

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And what we should do together is to push for thedevelopment of ecotechnology that lead to innovations that
benefit people at large (See #5). When they talk about innovation,
I mean something new and that new thing has the economic and/or social benefits. So participation from all key stakeholders isnecessary to make sure that this kind of innovation generated byecotechnology can benefit people at large.
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I can use one of the examples, innovation example that comesup with the ecotechnology base (See #6). This kind of innovation
is a result of interaction, compromise between all the actors. I
mean, people have different agenda when it comes to the end theinnovative solution is what we call negotiation. Innovative solution
is passed through the negotiation process whether it is formal orinformal. For example, NGO when it comes to the wind energy
what the NGOs people want is a very small scale community
control local use, but what the mainstream corporate people want
is different thing. They want to pay more attention to concentrated
output, centralized control. So eventually, negotiated innovative
solution can end up, for example, in the form of wind farms,
moving offshore, renewed community interest. So, we have to
integrate I mean these two agenda. These two have to benegotiated somehow.
Or even in organic food, the NGO what they want is a mix
farms. They want no artificial inputs at all. They want people to be
totally self-reliant, and they focus on the things that really bring up
the local livelihoods. They want to have what they call whole foodnutrition and no process at all, but this is different from themainstream corporate agenda. The corporate agenda, they focus
more on the price. Price is one of the important issues for them.
They focus more on mass production, this organic food, shouldbe able to be sold all year round and they should be somehow
graded and package well as well.
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we have supermarkets so we import organic as non-GM. We have ahealthy range of food. We have box schemes and we have what we callslow food that is in contrast with fast food, so this pass through thenegotiation process.
And also in eco-housing, NGO want to have natural materials, lowenergy and something that is size specific, self built. I mean, people in thevillage can build the whole eco-housing. They want to have a radical
change in designs, for example. But the mainstream corporate agenda,
they want to have standard and have the volume designs that – you wantsomething that is cost effective. You want something that is easier to build.
But eventually, what we end up is we end up at the negotiated innovative
solution as we have a better insulated house that use very low energy andwater recycling eco-house. So eventually, innovation from ecotechnology
happens because of the participation from all sectors. It come as aninnovative solution through compromisation, through interaction
negotiation and that should be the way to go. Because NGO agenda oreven corporate agenda, they look at only one side of the coin and only
look at one perspective. But maybe no one is right and wrong here. But
what we need to do is to have good participation, we have to have what
sociologists call, we have to have enough public space for interaction. And
we should not only listen to corporate agenda or NGO’s agenda or evenscientist agenda because those agenda represents only a piecemeal. It
does not represent the whole situation. And what we as a citizen should
do here is to make sure that all the agendas can be discussed openly withhigh respect of each other and then we can achieve negotiated innovative
solutions together.

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Session Chair:

Atsushi Sunami
GRIPS

I think it is very interesting to hear that my colleague in economics willtalk about the importance of ecology more than economics and putting in
the Nested Model context. And we can come back to that model later.
And you have also mentioned the importance of participation by all thesectors that are involved in this section, in this concept of ecotechnology.
Now, I think it is appropriate to invite Mr. Bhattarai, who is from thegeneral headquarter of Asian Productivity Organization to come and givehis remarks. In fact, for last two days, we heard a lot from the distinguishedscientists and engineers and some government official – government –board of government also on the importance of bringing thisecotechnology to Asia. But I think Asian Productivity Organization is aunique organization. I guess it is the only regional international organization.
It is active in this Asian region and also you have been extensively working
closely with the industrial sector of these 20 Asian countries?

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M. D. Bhattarai
Director, Research & Planning Department,
Asian Productivity Organization (APO)

These two days actually has been a very learning experience
for us. In fact, we have been learning and a lot of information we
have already picked up which could be very helpful for us to go
ahead. So, we are very much thankful to all the distinguishedspeakers, particularly Dr. Kurokawa and Professor Uchida forsetting the tones. Thank you very much once again.
Before going to the activities of my organization, let me touchupon a few of the underlying phenomena that are shaping ouractivities in the region (See #2). Actually, I have picked up threevery important aspects from our side. We all discussed about the
globalization and deregulation. In fact, we are in the era of theWTO, World Trade Organization. And at the same time, there areother bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements are
happening. We are talking about the AFTA ASEAN Free Trade
Agreements. We are talking about SAFTA, South Asian Free Trade
Agreement and there are lots of other free trade agreements. All
these things are making the market very, very competitive. Even
for a small organization, like a papa-mama organization, they
have to face the competition with the multinational organization.
They have to face the competition with Wal-Mart, Cisco or you
name it. Even the small organization, papa-mama organization
has to face the 7/11 chain. So market is becoming very, very, very
competitive. In order to survive and the governments all over theworld now because all these agreements are facing very difficulty
to protect directly or indirect barriers to protect this very smalleven the small scale industries. So in order to survive in thismarket, the company has to be competitive and in order to becompetitive they have to be productive and in order to be
productive, they have to be innovative. So innovation is becoming
a keyword for the survival.
The second important thing is of course, rapid advancementof technology. We have been discussing how internet is affecting
the whole world. We are talking about nanotechnology,
biotechnology and these things are coming and the company has
to catch up with all these technologies in order to survive in the

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market. And so we are looking into this technology from thatperspective.
And finally, consumers. Consumers are becoming very wellinformed, very sophisticated and particularly very demanding. You
know before going to a medical doctor, a patient already nowadays
check the website and find out what could be the diagnosis. Lot ofpressure to the doctor because sometimes some patients knowmuch advance knowledge than even the medical doctor, so
consumers are becoming very competitive. Before buying a car,everyone goes to all the competitors and they can get the prices
and everything, all the technology. So how to please thesecustomers is another problem for companies and then gone are
the day – those days when you supply now consumer are
demanding very difficult process. So these three processes areaffecting not only the productivity, but actually even the researcher
in science and technology to come up with the solution.

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Let me touch upon the two very important movements of thelast five decades (See #3). One is the environment movements andsecond of course productivity movement (See #4). For thesimplicity, I have broken down the environment into three stages.
First stage 60s-70s was driven by the environmental activities. Dr.
Kurokawa mentioned yesterday about Sirent Spring, limit to growth
and we have seen Greenpeace – emergence of the Greenpeace somany factors coming in. And then we moved to the second stage
when political parties, regulators everything started to come in.
Routeline Commission, our common future actually part of thesecond stage and we have seen the RIO Summit. And now we arein the third stage when consumers are coming in. Consumers arealarmed by all these environmental disaster starting from the very
early stage of Minamata, itai itai or Bhopal MIC, methyl isocyanate,
and now we are talking about the global warming. And theconsumers are saying, ‘Hey, now you have to give us eco-products
and services.’ And look to another movement is productivity
movement, same time 60-70. At that time, we were focusing on
the cost, cost cutting down of the productivity equation was verymuch important at that time and then we moved to the second
stage when quality comes into the picture. So, we are trying to offer
the quality. And now, we are talking about the environmental
consideration. So basically, these two movements are converging
to the environment – quality of the environment because this qualityof the environment everybody – all the consumers are realizing it willsave the quality of life.
So basically, I think these convergence actually are forcing
everyone scientist, technologists, policymakers, planner, everyone

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through the consumers that we have to come with theecotechnology that could help the innovation and bring out thegreen entrepreneurship. So the theme of the symposium isbasically, is basically the demand of the day.
Let me go to our organization. It is a unique organization (See#6). We have established back in 1961. It is a regional
intergovernmental organization. The main mission of theorganization is to contribute to the socio-economic of themember country based on the mutual – the most important partis based on the mutual cooperation among the member
countries. We have 20 countries in the Asia and Pacific. Actually,
this organization is a network of National Productivity
Organization. One of the prerequisite to be the member of the
APO is to – a government has to setup a National Productivity
Organization in each of this country. That organization is going tospearhead the movement – productivity movement in each of therespective countries.

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In the case of Thailand, we have FTPI. Dr. Phanit is headingthat National Productivity Organization, and he is spearheading
the movement. So he will let you know about the activities in theThailand through the NPOs’ perspective. And my colleague, Ms.
Asano will talk more about the networking of this NPO, National
Productivity Organization.
We have the five key roles of what we do (See #8). We act asa think tank. We act as catalyst to enhance the productivity
movement in member countries. We do as a regional advisor andthen institutional building – capacity building of the National
Productivity Organization as well as the other stakeholders, and ofcourse the information – clearinghouse of the information. There
are number of activities that we do and some of the activity that is
related to the environment I will touch upon a bit late. But we do
lot of researches, study meeting forums, conferences,observation seminar that sort of things. Basically, we do notprovide any fund as such, but what we do we bring people
together, either physically or virtually because now the world so
we are also doing virtual. So our job is to bring people together
and let it go the discussion, or solution.
So basically, actually if you go back to 1950s when Japan –after post war Japan had started to reconstruct the company
economy and enhance the quality of life, the leaders of that
period actually they thought that their efforts to come to thedevelopment in quality of life should be shared with other member
country. Actually, that was the basis – that was the reason for the

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establishment of the APO. And then in 1959–61 an APO wasestablished.
Basically, productivity as you know output by input (See #10 to11). We can look into it from the different aspect. It says,‘Tomorrow is better than today.’ Like Honda Foundation, Honda issaying dreams challenges of the future dreams, so we are sayingthat tomorrow is better than today. So it brings us together, in factfrom that perspective.
As I mentioned that when we realized that environment
movement and productivity movement are converging, then we
have come up with the concept of the green productivity (See#12). In fact, productivity itself is a green concept. But through theconcept of green productivity, we are trying to highlight the green
aspect of the productivity. Green productivity or we call GP is a
strategy to integrate productivity and environmental concern
together. We have been doing a lot of activities related to thegreen productivity. For example, like yesterday Dr. Sombat, theThai Federation – Federation of Thai Industry mentioned about the
Eco-Product International Fair (See #13). Since 2004, we havebeen organizing on annual basis EPIF, Eco-Product International
Fair. In 2005, we have organized here in Thailand with thecollaboration of Thai –our National Productivity Organization FTPI
and then FTI. Honda is all the time cooperating very much giving
us support in organizing this FTPI. In fact, when we organized thisEco-Product International Fair in Thailand one of the attractions
was Honda robot, ASIMO. In fact, through this Eco-ProductInternational Fair, we bring the achievement of the ecotechnology,
Eco-Products to the consumers so that consumer would knowthat what is happening so that they know their choices becausethat is what they are demanding.

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And during – in last – actually this month, we have organized
EPIF in Vietnam which was attended by close to hundred thousandpeople. Lot of children also came. I mean, the schools havebrought even the children to the Eco-Product International Fair.

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Another important aspect we are doing the Eco-Products
Directory (See #14). Ecotechnology is producing production
services and then we are combining them into Eco-Products
Directory. Last year, when Former Vice President Al Gore of USA
visited Japan, this book was presented to him also. In fact,
Sweden was very much impressed by the Eco-Products
Directory. So last December, they sent one mission to the APO to
explore the possibility of coming of the APO-EU Eco-Products
Directory. We are working on it. You can go to our website and

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you can see the Eco-Products Directory. This is our first step
towards helping the ecotechnology or Eco-Products and services
to the public.
And we are also working on the different aspects, like CDM.
We have been organizing capacity building of CDM. Because inorder to realize the development mechanism or what othermarket mechanism, we found that you have to build the capacityof the country also. You have to have the CDM consultants, CDM
auditor and so on and so forth. So, we are organizing a lot ofprograms in relation with the CDM, energy efficiency and that sortof things.
This morning we talk about the biomass utilization. In fact, withthe help of the ASEAN Foundation, we have last year we
conducted a series of programs in the Mecon River, Vietnam,
Myanmar, Thailand, Lao, Cambodia. The utilization of biomass in
the industrial boiler for SME, so ecotechnology– once
ecotechnology is there, we would like to build the capacity of theSMEs and other so that they can utilize it effectively. And what wedid, we trained the people; we trained these SMEs. Since most of
the SMEs are not converse with the English, so we translated into
their each language and put in the website, so anybody can go
and see there. So, we have a manual – training manual of theindustrial utilization in Cambodian language, in Lao language, in
Vietnamese language in our website.
We are coming also like eco-innovation. This is new concept
actually. So last year, we organized a program on eco-innovationin Sweden and actually my colleague Ms. Asano handled the
project in Sweden. And this year we are going to organize aprogram in eco-finance because market is demanding – market
has to face the demand of the eco-friendly good and services.
But how these marketable instruments are now shaping? Thebanks are coming with the new scheme, new way of evaluating
the funding and loan. So, we are organizing a program on theeco-finance. Of course, as I said, our main job is to build thecapacity human capital, so we always see the training of trainers
for energy conservation. We are also looking to greening the
supply chain etcetera. So lot of activities – but most of the times
we try to see that we develop the capacity to absorb the
ecotechnology and produce the eco-friendly goods and services
for the quality of life.
As I mentioned earlier, we do a lot of researches as well. Last
year we conducted actually our research and productivity data.
We try to find out what the status are of the productivity – level of

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the productivity in our member country and we have come up with thereport this month. My colleague Ms. Asano again is in-charge of that study.
One of the finding of the study is basically that now Asia-Pacific ismoving from agriculture sector to the service sector. So although in manyof the countries manufacturing is contributing up to the 40% of GDP. But
now it is moving towards the service sector. But service sector is very
complex – very, very, very difficult sector in terms of the productivity
enhancement. Compared to the agriculture and manufacturing, enhancing
productivity in the service sector is very difficult (See #15). Reason is theconsumer, because consumer has become the part of the process. So
level of the consumers in terms of quality, in terms of understanding of thetechnology, in terms of getting the service, in terms of even, like Professor
Uchida was mentioning about, the mood of the consumer while we areusing the robot. Each individual is unique, so service sector has to becustomized. So, we are moving from the era of the mass production to themass customization. And then, here we see that the innovation – ecoinnovation will have to play a greater role to satisfy the need of eachindividual customer in terms of the service sector.
So actually, when you transfer the technology or capital or tradetechnology embedded technology knowledge and skill also across thenthat will facilitate the economic growth and productivity (See #21). And
how to transfer the benefit of these achievement of the science andtechnology to the real actor is, in fact is a very daunting task but it is a taskthat we have to address. There are so many – during our 45 — almost
close to 50 years of experience, there are lot of challenges ahead. One of
the challenge that Asia itself is a very diverse economy, we have country
like Japan and Korea which are almost like the OEC, I mean they aredeveloped country, but at the same time we are having Lao, Nepal,
Bangladesh which are in the lower end. So how to service them is a big
challenge to us. How to give the right technology or right management
techniques to the SMEs of these countries is a big challenge to us.
I would just like to mention that this R&D activity how to disjuncture
between the R&D activities and the real user this is the question of the day.
So one of the most important things is that we have to try to see the SMEs
so that they can pass all these achievement of the R&D, so that we canproduce the environmental-friendly goods and services to the consumer
through these very important vehicles.
Finally, as I mentioned, APO is a network of National Productivity
Organization, so we work together. We assess the outcome of the R&D,
assess the outcome of the innovative – innovation strategy and then try topass to the consumer or to SME through this network of the National
Productivity Organization.

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Yasuko Asano
Program Officer, Research & Planning Department,
Asian Productivity Organization (APO)

I would like to review what we need to do here to effectively
implement ecotechnology in our region and what as an APO
perhaps can contribute to that effort.
First I would like to revisit some of the keys in implementing theconcept of ecotechnology (See #2). Technological innovation
should be connected to the real human life and the needs on the
ground. And innovation as not to be taught by somebody, it is forentrepreneurs to search what is needed and what can create newsocial value as per the customers’ or societies’ demand. And weneed also, in order to do it, we need innovative leaders who canfind and create new social value that is compatible with thecontext of the actual time and the situation and for common
good. So that is what we have discussed yesterday that we havekindly –kind of agreed.
In the middle of the globalization, Asia is a diverse, regional
economy which entails diversity in which countries are at different
development stages and development paces (See #3). As Mr.
Bhattarai has briefly touched upon in his presentation, the generaltrend of Asian economy nowadays suggest we are mobilizing out
of agriculture-based economy towards manufacturing andultimately to the service businesses. And the service sector
nowadays account for an ever larger percentage of economic
growth in our region.
So the challenge lies ahead for the fast growing Asia (See #4).
What do we have to do? The challenge is how to best manage
the resources to ensure growth and sustainable development andhow to best share the benefits of the economic growth moreequally and more broadly. And then we have talked aboutsustainable growth and then development by implementing
ecotechnology is now a key for us in our region. And who is themain actor in this implementation of ecotechnology?

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Well, everybody is participating in this endeavor, but I would
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say the strong actors are real business actors including SMEs in
our region.
So taking consideration of this trend, we APO, we have been
trying to support economic growth in Asia through productivity
enhancement by promoting production efficiency throughcapacity building in production management and so forth (See#5). But now we have realized that the paradigm of economic
development in the era of globalization has changed as we havediscussed since yesterday. The global issues, such as three F,
water problem, climate change etcetera these things must be
taken into consideration in the new paradigm of sustainable
development, not only aiming at economic growth solely.
What I would like to kind of suggest is that what APO cancontribute to this endeavor in our region (See #6). As we said, we
have 20 member countries in Asia-Pacific region and in eachmember countries we have national productivity organizations wecall it NPO and then those NPOs in each country have extensive
local business networks. So in that way APO is a unique, nonpolitical, regional, intergovernmental organization. So perhaps,
APO can mobilize the business and the academic communities
and the policy makers as well from diverse Asian economies
under one common roof and we can serve as a catalyst to initiate
ecotechnology movements in Asia in line with our green
productivity movements. This is a suggestion.
And lastly, I would like to briefly mention about the importanceof evidence-based planning and implementation (See #7).
Policymakers, they need evidence to plan their policies to support
the ecotechnology. And business actors, they also need to
identify the socio-economic needs based on the evidence. Data isa key source of making decision.

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As Mr. Bhattarai briefly mentioned, APO has been trying to
produce productivity data book annually. And one of my projects
actually started last year, we produced APO productivity data
book. This is the new edition. This is 2008 version. This will beannual issue. There will be continuous annual issuance of thisdata book, and we are hoping that this data book will be
improving so that it can provide some sort of evidence-basedplanning source for the policymakers and the business leaders in
our region to promote ecotechnology implementation in our
region. And plus, we have not yet embarked on it, but we need tothink about conducting more research to major innovation. This isa great challenge, but we are working on it.

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So this is kind of my contribution to the session that I would – I wanted
to brief what we do on to what APO can contribute in the endeavor of
implementing ecotechnology in our region. And now if I may, I would like tohand over the floor to Dr. Phanit. He is Executive Director of FTPI, one of
our NPO in Thailand. He can talk about what FTPI is doing in terms of
implementing innovation and technology project in Thailand.

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Phanit Laosirirat
Executive Director,
Thailand Productivity Institute (FTPI)

As we call it NPO, National Productivity Institute, which is a network ofmore than 20 countries, exactly 20 countries in the Asian regions. Actually,
Thailand has been a part of the APO about 48. More than 40 years ago.
And we are local partner of APO here in Thailand. We have been
implementing green productivity here in Thailand, I think, more than 6-7
years ago. And right now, this project is still going on and mostly in the
manufacturing sector. And as the – we call the local partner here in – of
APO here in Thailand, we also have done several study on the policy
implementation about innovation and technology capabilities.
This is actually the most recent survey that we have done. We surveyed
more than – close to 2000 firms, and this study is very statistical orsignificant. According to the IMD or World Economic Forum that innovationindex here in four local firms here in Thailand ranked pretty low and we try
to find the reason why that is the case here in Thailand. This is what wecame out. We have done this study. We have just finished it six months
ago. This is one of the question that we asked Thai firms that whatcompetency that they need to keep up with the emerging technology inthe future. This is what they ranked and what they have been telling us
here. They say that they want special technical and professional skill. And
what they put here, I can also tell you that this is the areas that they are –we have problem in this area IT skills, creativity or innovation skill and thenEnglish language proficiencies. And we did a further study and asked them
deeply into the questions; what is the most important reason that you are
not engaged? You are not engaging in more innovation activities. 30% –3.4 – most of them said that high cost of financing innovation activities.
And also what they – even almost equal number is that lack ofknowledgeable and trained personnel who can contribute to the innovation
activities.
This is what we have concluded. 70% never worked with and this iswhat we found out is that 70% of them have never worked with any
research and technology support institution in the past three years. And
most important reason now why this is such the case, they say that
because university or research institute – they say that those kind ofservices are not relevant to their firm’s need and they do not know anyone

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there to make a first point of contact. And this is very easy to correct.
Haven’t heard of them and lack of technology – technical capability inhouse to interact with the institutions.
And we did a further study. We tried to find a technological capability
index of Thai’s firms. We measured technology capability index into threeareas which are investment capability in technology, production capability
in the technology and also the linkages within the economy. For theinvestment, what we asked them is that are you planning to invest
substantial investment in order to increase capability, improve productivity
or quality. And we also asked them that what percentage of your next
investment will be in IT related or in technology related, training workforce
to implement technology transfer from parent establishment. For example,
if I am OEM, so do I prepare my workforce to accept the technology fromthe parent company. And so run a formal in-house training program for
employees to accept new technology. And we also asked them for the
production side of the technological index is that do you want to – do you
plan to upgrade your machines or equipments in the near future or you
want to also upgrade your production line in the near future and also, has
your firm received any ISO or any ISO standards recently.
We group this into production capability. This is the most important thatcomes out every time when we do the survey. This is the survey that asked
the linkages within the economy that if they do not invest in, either theiremployee training or their production, so if the company finds any help theincrease technology – their technology capability. So, we asked them that,are you a supplier to the multinational corporation or not? Or you use email
in interactions with the clients or suppliers and also technology innovation
develop in cooperation with other firm or not or technology innovation thatyou are developing is in cooperation with university or any research outside
your firm. So, we conduct all these survey, and this is what we came out.
And the horizontal line is what we call the technology capability index
and on the vertical line that is density that indicates how many firm that –that is the density of firm that has that particular or any particulartechnology capability index. This diagram is telling us that for SME you seethat the top of the graph here that means that most SME has lesstechnological capability index than the large firm. Naturally, this is the case.
And this is technology capability index in regions in Thailand here. Now, we
can say that in the southern part firms those are in the southern part ofThailand have less capability index than those firms that are operating in
the east and the central areas of Thailand. And this is technology capability
index in terms of the type of industry. We can see that those who havehigh technology capability index are those in the area of electronics, autoparts, machinery equipment. But also, we can see that this is what we callthe niche area. But in terms of value-add production to Thai economy,these are the sector – this is on the left-hand side furniture, rubber, textile,136

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clothing these companies are companies that employed most people in
Thailand, but have less technology capability index. And this is what we
found out.
And furthermore, by looking at the production technology capability
index, those questions that involve asking the companies that are you
going to invest in your new production line, new machineries, or do you –are you going to implement ISO 9000 or 14000 and these are index. We
can see that for the index that the technology – technology capability index
in productions and we can also see the case that the majority of Thai
industry that is local owned are less production technology capability
index. And in terms of linkage, technology capability index that measure
how Thai firms interact with outside research firm. And we can see that thisindex – it does not matter that in any sector we have less interaction withoutside helps in terms of improving the technology capability index.
So this is what is going on here. This workshop and also the area that
we are working with APO is trying to address these kind of shortfalls here
what is going on here in Thailand. And I would like to conclude that,
promotion of ecotechnology or any technology in Thailand here eventhough it is science and technology driven, I think like my previous
presenter that it is alright that it is science and technology driven but it
must be focusing on consumer as it is demand driven rather thantechnology driven alone. Environmental friendly must be a part of thequality and productivity improvement. Because right now, I think, theenvironmental friendly a concept here is not part of the firm practice or the
product that they sold or they produce does not make any difference eventhough that they are environmental friendly, but producing theseenvironmental-friendly product or services requires lots of investment. So
naturally, it is going to be sold at more expensive price. So – but if wemake these kind of quality and productivity improvement in the long run,the firm and consumer or people or public will be the beneficial.
Strong cooperation and interaction between government and private
sector. For example, public awareness that we have been talking about the
public at large must value these products that – those are environmentallyfriendly. Tax incentives also for those firm because these – for producing
these environmental-friendly service and products require lots ofinvestment, so the government has to step in producing this kind of
incentives to the manufacturers.

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Comment from Atsushi Sunami (Session Chair)
Dr. Phanit has presented us with a very interesting statistics on the activitiesof Thai firms. But It is quite surprising that there seems to be a tremendous gap
between the Thai firms and the kinds of things that we have been talking aboutpast two days on ecotechnology with the cooperation with NSTDA that 70% andmore of the Thai firms had no contact or cooperation with the research-based
institutes for last two years.

Phanit Laosirirat
Because in most of our subjects for our research, majority of them are SME.

Atsushi Sunami (Session Chair)
Right. I think the majority of the SMEs are quite appropriate for other Asian
countries, but they are the time drivers according to our colleagues from APO.
And maybe this is important to see the way to bridge the gap between this kindof ecotechnology and actually users of ecotechnology in the Asian regions toreally come up with a solution that we have been talking about. And I think thismorning, Professor Kurushima was talking about making business sense ofclimate change is a kind of very important issue. We maybe come back to that at
the conclusion of the session. But before that, I would like to turn to mycolleague Patarapong that what is going on in Thailand?

Comment from Patarapong Intarakumnerd
I share the same opinion with Dr. Phanit on many things. We have conducted
innovation surveys as well. We have done it three times since the year 2000. And
it also show that most Thai firms do not interact with university or research
institutes because of so many reasons and that he mentioned that many of thegovernment universities or research institutes are not quite well known amongfirms and it is very difficult to approach them and people from both side have avery different mindsets. I mean, especially university people or researchers theywant – they focus more on scientific achievement. But people from the corporateside, they want something ready very soon because they are the one that haveto compete in the market. So, this kind of the time horizons problem between
the two always exists, but exists more in the case of Thailand. Because incomparison with Korea, we have done the comparative study with Korea, you
can see there is a big difference between the level of interaction – university andindustry interaction in Thailand is much lower than in Korea. And one of the
explanation is that because Koreans company, they have higher technologicalcapability. They have more learning ability. So they can interact better with theuniversity and research institutes because they are readily available and that is
one of the things. And maybe another explanation is that the university andresearch institutes in Korea are much more industrial relevant than the one in138Wrap-up Session

Thailand. For example, KAIST itself is the Korean Institute of Advanced
Technology is setup because of the reason to stimulate innovation andtechnology capabilities or Korean firms. So they have very focus purpose why
university or research organization in Thailand, many of them they do not havethis kind of focus that they want to promote industrial technology development in
the firms as its main goals. So, this kind of difference explains why university
industry interaction is different in the two countries.
And I want to – also want to make a comment on SMEs as well. Many people
talk about SMEs. The SMEs of course, is a key organization that we have to lookat because SMEs are many of them and they are majority of the firms in mostcountry. But SMEs in developing countries Thailand, for example, they have tostruggle to survive on daily basis. So they have to concern more about cost
reduction. And when you talk about whether SMEs they should adopt
ecotechnology that might seem to be very far fetched because it is not
something that they have to think about at the moment. They have to think about
the survival in the short term before this kind of ecotechnology – implementing
ecotechnology. And many of the SMEs in Thailand, you do not have to talk about
innovation in term of product or process. Even in term of production capability to
produce goods and service efficiently, they still have some problem. So before
helping the SMEs to be more innovative, to come up with innovation or to use
ecotechnology maybe the first step is to help them to survive on a daily basis, tohelp them to strengthen basic production capability. And I think the role of the
Asian Productivity Organization, the role of the Thai Productivity Organization,
they are very much important, because we need to strengthen the capability atthe basic level first. As our friend from APO said that the environment has comeinto the picture in the later stage, but many people – many SMEs in developing
countries still struggle at the first stage. So, we have to think very hard how tohelp them, I mean to surpass this first stage first.
And then another issue that I want to mention is the issue of the service
industry. Because people talk a lot about manufacturing and I mean many
presentation is focusing on manufacturing. But in service industry it is very, very
important because 70% of our economy now is relying on service, 60 something
percent. And in other developing country as well the service sector is very, very
important. So, we have to focus on how can we increase productivity in service. I
mean, in the country – not only developing country a country in Asia like inJapan, when we talk about productivity in service, it is much lower thanmanufacturing in any survey or any calculation. But how to improve theproductivity in service and make the service greener is one of the important
issues. And I think many of the measures to increase productivity in service andto make the service greener and greener is different from the measures forpromoting the same thing in manufacturing. So, we have to think about different
paradigm when it is concerned with the service sector and make sure that as I
have said before in my presentation that we have all the sectors engaged inthese kinds of activities. So far, we talk a lot about business agenda and also
scientist agenda as well, but the agenda of the civic movement should beconsidered very seriously as well. These days we have a sort of the wall between
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grassroots, between scientists we have to break this wall and we have to makesure that people very much come on board and talk about these kind of things
together. And that is the way that innovation will be a long-lasting one and will
benefit all of us. This is my idea.

Comment from Atsushi Sunami (Session Chair)
I think the board of university is also important even in the case of Thailand.
Professor Uchida’s speech yesterday reminds me of the story of Soichiro Honda,
where he has no higher education. But in fact, he has often visited the local
Shizuoka University whenever he has a technological problem, where he canturn into. And clearly, there was a kind of interaction even though for the small
SME size. And I think this is again very important issue that we have to keep inmind. Also you mentioned about bringing in not just the business sector anduniversity or scientist agenda, but also civil movement. I think that we will have
Mr. Arimoto will come up I guess in the wrap-up session to talk about the moregeneral concept of GIES which really talks about bringing all these stakeholders
into one system.
I think we are ready to wrap up. The two days conference. So I would – first, I
would like to ask each session chairperson to make a few remarks on wrappingup that particular session for us and also some remarks on entire symposium –reflecting on the entire symposium as well.

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Paritud Bhandhubanyong
Specialist, ADO Advisor to President,
NSTDA

Let me summarize what we talked. Yesterday, I had a session
on the climate change. I put my view and also I include all of thething that the climate change we are talking about how can we,
as a citizen of this world, do together to help alleviate the problem
climate change.
This would be the proposal for further collaboration together
we could establish information exchange. We had a website,
seminar, workshop, symposium, or publication. We can set up
working group to solve the common problem of waste
management, water pollution, or soil erosions like that. Then we
can join human resource development through the exchange of
researchers, scientists and engineers together then joint
declaration of the countermeasures to alleviate the climatechange problem.
The last slide is the promotion of the green products and green
procurement through bilateral, multilateral trade agreement;
promotion of sustainable economic development initiated by his
Majesty King Bhumibol. Also the joint effort to educate politician,which is very important and policy makers on global warming andlong-term policymaking.

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Last but not least, action is very important. Action, action, andaction with the AFTA spirit or action first talk after.
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Hirohisa Uchida
Vice Chancellor, Tokai University

I have to point out two facts. So all R&D is going by collaboration
among academic, industry, and governmental sectors. I think this is very
important fact.
The second one is all R&Ds are going also in connection with somebusiness sense and this is very, very important. I have to tell you something –facts for Japan. Over 90% or 95% of energy and resources we Japan areimporting from foreign countries. And even in food, over 70% we areimporting from foreign nations. What we have? We have only brains, people.
So we import resources, materials, and energy and we are producing
value-added products and we are selling and we receive money and then wecan buy food. So energy or food, they are our security model. This is very
important. So we call this time bicycle-driving system. As long as you are
driving bicycle its okay, but if you stop moving your bicycle we fall down.
Japan is like this. And this is a very important point for us. And so you can see
how instable and fragile structure we have in Japan in supply energy or food.
And for energy – anyway new energy or anything we have to connect
these activities with business sense or actual business. This is true.
Therefore, for example, Honda is very active in R&D of fuel cell automobile.
I tell you one example in a project of RISTEX, Japan Science andTechnology Agency where Mr. Arimoto is working as a director. We haveworked so much on realization of sustainable society or sustainablesystems and from these activities we have some new words and activity.
For example, econavigation system uses ubiquitous IC technology. I think
this is very important. If you go to market or supermarket, you will findsomething where everything is stated where they are coming and when
was produced and so on. So, you can see or you can notice everything.
Using such ubiquitous technology, we can introduce econavigation
system. This is also one example of ecoinnovation. And from that, we are
realizing ecolife, ecobusiness, ecofund, or ecofinance and so on. So there
are so many different types of ecoactivities are just more in Japan. And
Japanese consumers are very, very concerned about such new activities,
especially ecoactivities I should say. In this sense I suppose in Japan I havea feeling that the consumers feeling is really just moving to ecosense.

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Morakot Tanticharoen
Director, BIOTEC, NSTDA

We start with the title is already wrap up, because the first part ofmy title “Challenge of the 21st Century” is from Dr. Kurokawa andthen I think many speakers talked about the technology and they
were so excited you know to make the world safe. So this comesfrom my title (See #2).
And usually, what are the challenges of 21st century. I think
before 21st century, we talk about the competitions for power, formarket, and for resources, but now with 21st century this is all thechallenges. I do not want to read this because I think it is similar toDr. Kurokawa. Probably, it is not the same version, but very similar tothat.
So, it is the potential to seeking global solution, and is very
exciting. But how? (See #3) So we have to change our mindset. Thisis like Dr. Kurokawa said, change the mindset and its not nation. And
Dr. Kurokawa said, it is not international as well, but is globalizationand not us but them. And also, you have to make the right choice.
But how to make the right choice? You have to have understanding.
You have to know the changing trends in environment, economy,
technology, and society. Why I said that? I give you an example of
the genetic engineering. You know, the technology itself is quite I
think is quite powerful, but with the public perception so you cannot
transfer technology quite effectively. The politician does not want tomake decision. And this is the perception of Thai journalists. See
they said this is a GMO, but in Thai, this is politics, Thai politics about
GMO. So this is the perception of Thai journalists. And this is fromwestern journalist. So you know we view it as a remarkable feat ofgenetic engineering when you have GM plants with its leaf as adollar. So this is pro and cons, you know good and bad things.
So, what is the action? So you see in wrap-up, this is Dr.
Kurokawa’s idea – functional structure. So we have to develop newsustainable technology and we have to make sure that they reachoutdoors who need them. And what is the success? To get successin this, you have to have like combination of clear objectives, you

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have to have effective technology, have a clear implementation
strategy, and also source of funding. So, can you make it. Yes. This
is in our hand.
So let me give you an example how NSTDA work for the society
because usually you mentioned a lot about work with industry oreven small and medium enterprise. I give you a little bit case study
about the NSTDA work for society, in particular farmers and local
communities (See #8). So as NSTDA has four national centers, so
you know that we are dealing with the technology and in order toreach the user, we have the technology management center.
So, what is the ecotechnology? I am not sure this is theecotechnology or not (See #9). So the husband drives past thegasoline station and he saw out and he said, ‘Don’t worry. We havea hybrid vehicle.’ I do not know this is ecotechnology or not. So wework for NSTDA, we are dealing with technology. We have to makesure that we can catch up with the new technology, the emerging
one. Like for biotechnology, we have molecular breeding like genetic
engineering or marker-assisted selection. We also work with thebioinformatics. Because yesterday, some one talked about this is IT
work or is it biotech? It is a combination of biology and IT.
Once we have this platform technology, we have to make surethat we can use this platform technology to answer the countries
need or the need of the user (See #10). As you can see – like we use
this platform technology with agriculture, biomass energy, or evenlike environmental technology. So like something with the rice
breeding to do the trim farming. We do not want to destroy the
mangrove anymore.
So, this gives you an example the way that we work for the
public, like for the farmers (See #11 to 14). Usually this is thearomatic rice, the Jasmine rice. We have a problem with fresh
flooding due to the deforestation. For the last two years, we haveproblem like this. And with this Jasmine rice, if they live you know
underwater for just only couple of days, they die. So we developed
the Jasmine rice which is submergence tolerance. If you have fresh
flooding and its there for like for three weeks, not longer than three
weeks, they can stand and then this is the recover. So we do a few
trials, and now it is ready to give to the farmer. So the way that wegive to the farmer because we are not under Ministry of Agriculture,
but we work with them. So we give to the Her Royal Highness
Princess during our annual meeting last year. We gave her about
three tons and she gave to the farmer in the province that haveflooding like two years ago. So she gave to the farmers and weteach them how to grow it. And this year, they cut a lot – they cut

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about seven tons. And the good thing is that, with the seven tons
they put – these farmers they put two tons back to what they call theseed bank to distribute to other farmers. So in this way you candistribute to more farmers.
And also, this is like upland rice (See #15). So usually, the onethat you saw before – this is like for lowland that you have enoughwater, but upland rice usually in the north and north east region
when the hill tribe people you know live in the high mountains. So
you have a problem with the erosion. And then after three years, theyusually keep moving. So there is the problem of deforestation. The
reason I show you this one because sometime we do not have to
use the high technology, just simple technology. So usually we tellthem how to select the good seed, like the one with good
germination so they can get good productivity. We tell them to use
the organic fertilizer and how to put the organic fertilizer. So first year,
the production – the yield increased like from 150 kilos to about 350
kilos and so next year we tend to do like variety improvement.
This is another one using like phytoremediation on salinity land
(See #16 to 18). In North East of Thailand, most of the land is salinity.
This used to be forest before, but now that in the past they do thesalt mining. This is underground. So usually they put back the water,
get the saline water and then they have to evaporate. So they cut thetree – and then to evaporate it. It is now just like – that is an area. So
this is before plantings and then we do the phytoremediation using
plants. So this is after four years. You can see like you know plants
growing and the salts decreased because it just go back – the salt
go back to underground. With this technology, now we work with thecompany. This is like CSR of this company to do the remediation of
the salinity lands. But this time, it is not only plants but we grow you
know like salt tolerant rice developed by our scientists. So thecompany is working with the farmer. Now the farmer can use theland to grow rice.
With that success, the company got environmental award. So
now another company, The Siam Cement Group they see theexample so now they support our researcher and work with farmer inanother area. And this time it is not only rice, but it is going to be fast
growing tree because The Siam Cement Group has a pulp andpaper mill. So with the fast growing tree, the farmer can sell back to
The Siam Cement Group for their livings.
Another example on the environment is about the diversity in theforest (See #19 to 22). This forest is a tropical rainforest just near the
Malaysian border. It is very fertile forest. So, usually this is the two
provinces. And usually, they have a forest here and forest here used

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to be the same piece, but with a wrong decision the government
moved people and settled around here, now it is separate. Anyway,
but you cannot kick the people out, but how the people can live inharmony with the forest.
So what we do? Also, we study the diversity using the GIS
system and trained officials they can monitor the diversity and how
you are going to utilize this diversity. So we do not want the village,
you know, the villagers just to go and take more biomass, plantsfrom the forest even that you know they can bring it and sell it. So
we have the tissue culture. We are setting up the tissue culture lab in
the forest, produce the plants and distribute it to the villagers so they
can grow that in rubber plantation and we find a market for them.
This one is one of the companies send it to Japan. So we help themwith marketing and as well as to improve the variety.
And we also, using the forest as a size camp, as a outdoor room
(See #23). So we have a size camp for the kids who live aroundthere. Probably they learn more. It is a kind of inspiration so to bescientist or even they love their land and they want to protect it.
So, they learn about the mushroom (See #24). And then this is
like for arts, they do it from clay or from bread and then we can sell
to visitor, but it is a little bit sad because it has some kind of security
problem in the south. There are not many visitors around here. So
this is probably a few messages. So we have to think beyond market
and not to expensive to solve because you have to think about theenvironmental impact. You have to have cooperation among nations
and you have to begin with public awareness and encashment andalso dynamisms and creativities (See #25). We talked a lot about
leaders yesterday, you do not want all leader. You said you want the
young generation who can follow, the professor, and as well as
politicians. And one thing that we did not touch much, but usually
like they talk a lot, they talk just a bit about ethical, legal, and social
implication (See #26). Dr. Patarapong talked about the equity
sharing, have or have not that Dr. Kurokawa said about that that isabout resource distribution and that is between urban and rural area
and technology transfer.
So just examples like between bio resource rich country andtechnology rich, how you are going to share things together (See#27). You see this is about the AOC. You know you have something
like two face of coin (See #28). And something with the IT, it is a virus
and with the genetic engineering you worry about the bioweapons(See #29).
And I think it is the most important thing because Dr. Kurokawa

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said about its human ecology, so you have to understand the cultural
diversity (See #30). And these are the pictures that I love very much.
I cut from the advertisement of the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank. They
said they can do good business because they understand the local
people. And this is like cricket. The same cricket, in USA they say it
is pest. They want to get rid. In China, it is pets. The kids play with it.
But in Northern Thailand, we are much better. This is the appetizer
for us. So you can think differently. This is doctor this is local – as apeople but does not matter you think differently, but if you act thesame. And that is Dr. Kurokawa said, ‘Think locally, Act Globally.’

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Tateo Arimoto
Director General, RISTEX, JST

One and a half years ago, former Prime Minister Abe asked Dr.
Kurokawa to be the first officially designated Science Advisor to thePrime Minister in Japan after the almost 40 or 50 years. And Mr. Abe
asked him to Chair Innovation 25 initiative. I think this initiative andthis recommendation is the first broad-based approach to tackle thesocial system in the field of Japan Science Technology policymaking.
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I can not show you in detail. So this time about the main point
these initiatives is yesterday, Dr. Kurokawa frequently insist innovation
is not invention, integration and promotions, three types of innovation
he stressed this initiative and recommendation. Innovation in scienceand technology. Not only in science and technology, but innovation
in social systems and innovation in human resources. This is very
important message to the Japanese general public and thegovernmental sectors.
Coming back to the current discussions, I show you yesterday
the outline of the Global Innovation Ecosystem International
Conference. We held this big conference three times since the 2006
Kyoto, and we plan to hold the next meeting somewhere in Asia.
This conference growing supported by not only the Japan’s
distinguished peoples, but also the abroad distinguished people. For
instance, yes, right hand side here she is the President of the US
Council on Competitiveness which published the public sector
report. Almost 20 – more than 20 years ago, they published theYoung report.
Anyways, do you know these gentlemen? This conference justopen big conference as well as lot of parallel workshop so the – I
could show you yesterday, we established now those concept
national innovation ecosystem, Asian and European innovation
ecosystem, and the global innovation ecosystem. And Professor
Kurokawa stressed ‘Think locally, act globally’ and ‘Think globally,
act locally.’

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So the innovation is not invention. So innovation is consisting a lot
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Wrap-up Sessionof the components science and technology, talent, human capitaland resources, and finance capital, and final market and society, andneeds-driven policy.
And yesterday, focusing upon the international how to organize
and establish international collaboration framework. This is very
important point. So since yesterday, you have a lot of the informationon the policies, ecotechnologies, resources, and global environment,water, food. Today it is more in the new and clean energy, but
frequently stressed from the discussion to – from the lecturing [ph] toreal action. This is very, very important. And also rapidly the rule of
the game is changing rapidly. But we are facing lot of the gaps forachieving the innovation goals. One gap is the global and thenational levels and regional levels. And another one is the private andthe public in between gaps and open innovation and closed
innovation.
Ecotechnology will give us good models I personally think,because in order to achieve the sustainable development and inorder to get resolution of global problems. Especially, I point out, Dr.
Kurokawa yesterday, last evening stressed global innovation 1.0,
where this one energy. 2.0, probably philosophy and the 3.0, global
innovation 3.0. Private sectors, private sector now they are changing
their characters from not only getting the profit, but also the social
responsibility, expanding that horizon. And global innovation, 4.0,
university. Also the university, their horizon is expanding.

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So finally, my sector, public sector. Global innovation, 10.0
anyway. But how we realize our discussions. This is very importantsector, how to organize these frameworks. I have ideas about how toplan and realize ecomodel city in Asian countries and international
networks.
Another point, Asian Research Foundation. Here is another point– the important point is Dr. Kurokawa stressed innovation outcome is
not profit. Innovation is for creating social needs – social bodies
okay. I change, socio economic bodies. I would have talked and this– anyway because innovation’s outcome should be sustainable andeconomically rational. This is my personal view.
And Ms. Asano stressed last session, this is very important pointfrom the public sector and the policy making sectors, evidencebased policy making systems. My proposal is this one, innovation
research network should be established in Asian countries. This isvery important point. Integration of disciplines in the field of thescience and technology. My institute is the granting agency focusing

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upon the not final goal is the economic barriers, but the final goal is
the social and the public barriers. For instance, to get the security
and safety in communities. And another point is, bridging thescience developing brain science and education practice.
Integration of disciplines is not only the science related discipline
but also Dr. Sunami says political sciences and humanities in order toget final goals of sustainable development.
I am still wondering these changing days and world nation statessystem based government policy, how this as a governmental official
how to play our role as a nation state government to achieve the final
sustainable development world in the future. This is my last question
to Dr. Sunami. Dr. Sunami says it is the political science.

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Closing Remarks

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Closing Remarks

Sakarindr Bhumiratana
President, National Science and Technology
Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

I would like to thank you all of you here, like to thank you Honda
foundation for this very important, I feel very important activities. I think wehave said quite enough, but yet not enough because we talk about ‘action
first, talk later.’ We talk about, ‘think globally, act locally,’ which is certainly
very important if we can get everybody to think globally and act locally I
think we will be doing a great job. And I guess this is where I think I lookforward to working with anybody, especially Honda foundation in creating
the sense of urgencies to every one of us. I think that is what we need. We
need to create sense of urgency so that actions can be carried out by
everyone. Because once you feel the sense of urgencies, I feel humansact.
The problem is, I am not quite sure how we do that. I think it is, how do
we stop pointing fingers. It is not the politicians; it is not the technologies; it
is not the farmers; it is not the industrialist; it is all of us that need to carryout action.
I said this because if you think back in history, the first greenhouseeffect was mentioned by Fourier. And if you are mathematicians and you
are electrical engineers or electronics person, you know Fourier was in the
1800s, 1820 something like that. He mentioned the first greenhouse effect.
In 1860, Tino was talking about effect of composition to climate. In almost
1900, we talk about calculation of CO2 as effect temperatures.
In nearly 1960, we measured CO2 so the observation started from 1820
up to about 1960, those are observations. And then warnings began.
Warnings began in 1960, another calculation of CO2 and then there wereconsensus of scientists in around 1985 very recently that we are indifficulties; scientists start warning. So warning period I guess we can say
begins about 1960. The problem is with all these warnings, when are wegoing to get the sense of urgency.

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This year Nobel Prize Laureate as mentioned by Dr. Kurokawa that
IPCC was warning us and warning us and warning and then goal comeout with some success of creating sense of urgencies. But I suppose what
we are talking about today we have not created enough sense of urgency
for people to act. So the question is when are we going to really start on
acting with enough adequacy for us to really getting us back to – getting
us to make sure we are going to have as we were saying green cool.
So with that I feel I think these are important actions. We need a lot
more these type of actions and we need to do everything we can to create
the sense of urgencies to everyone. I am not sure whether the current
economic system be it market–driven, be it capitalistic. I think we all need
the type of innovation you mentioned to turn all this so that we all act
because we knew it needs all our action together to get us to havesustainable development. So with that, I would like to again thank you
everyone and like to close this session.

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Published by: Yoichi Harada
Honda Foundation 6-20, Yaesu 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0028, Japan
TEL: +81-3-3274-5125 FAX: +81-3-3274-5103 http://www.hondafoundation.jp©2008 Honda Foundation