Press-in Retaining Structures: A Handbook
Second Edition, 2021 (Spanish Version)

Manual de hincado de estructuras de contención
a presión
Segunda edición, 2021

International Press-in Association

Press-in Retaining Structures: A Handbook
Second Edition, 2021 (Spanish Version)

Manual de hincado de estructuras de contención apresión
Segunda edición, 2021

International Press-in Association
Asociación Internacional Press-in

Manual de hincado de estructuras de contención a presión Segunda Edicion, 2021

ISBN: 978-4-909722-52-2 C3050 (Edición impresa)
ISBN: 978-4-909722-53-9 C3050 (Edición PDF)

DERECHOS DE AUTOR@2021
por
Asociación Internacional Press-in
Fecha de la primera publicación: 22 de marzo de 2022

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Tabla de contenido
PrefacioDefiniciones
Capítulo 1 GENERAL
1.1

ALCANCE ··············································································································· 1-1

1.2

ESTRUCTURA DEL MANUAL ···················································································· 1-2

1.3

HINCADO DE PILOTES A PRESIÓN
1.3.1

Tipos de hincado de pilotes a presión ································································· 1-3

1.3.2

Características del hincado de pilotes a presión del tipo walk-on-pile ··························· 1-6
1.3.2.1 Desarrollo del hincado de pilotes a presión del tipo walk-on-pile ··················1-6
1.3.2.2 Mecanismo de hincado de pilotes a presión tipo walk-on-pile ·························· 1-7
1.3.2.3 Bajo nivel de ruido y vibraciones ···························································· 1-8
1.3.2.4 Superar terrenos rígidos a duros ···························································· 1-11
1.3.2.5 Lidiar con el espacio de construcción limitado ·········································· 1-12
1.3.2.6 Ventajas de las estructuras de contención en voladizo y los pilotes a presión del tipo
walk-on-pile ······························································································ 1-13
1.3.2.7 Reducir el impacto medioambiental ··················································· 1-17
1.3.2.8 Adquisición y utilización automática de datos de presión ························· 1-19
1.3.2.9 Otras características ········································································ 1-20
1.3.2.10 Resumen de caracteristicas ····························································· 1-21

1.3.3

Comparación de los métodos de pilotaje convencional y de presión del tipo walk-on-pile 1-23
1.3.3.1 Métodos de instalación para tablestacas de acero (tipo U, tipo Z, tipo sombrero,tablestacas cero) ························································································ 1-23
1.3.3.2 Métodos de instalación de láminas de zanja ·············································· 1-24
1.3.3.3 Métodos de instalación para pilotes tubulares de acero con intertrabamientos(intertrabamientos P-P, P-T y L-T) ·································································· 1-24
1.3.3.4 Métodos de instalación para pilotes tubulares de acero ································· 1-24
1.3.3.5 Métodos de instalación para tablestacas de hormigón ·································· 1-25
1.3.3.6 Métodos de instalación para pilotes PC ··················································· 1-26
1.3.3.7 Métodos de instalación para muros combinados ········································ 1-26

1.4

APLICACIONES DE HINCADO DE PILOTES A PRESIÓN TIPO WALK-ON-PILE PARAESTRUCTURAS EMPOTRADAS
1.4.1

Estructuras de contención de tierra (muros de contención de tierra, diques, malecones,

mamparos, revestimientos, muros de contención temporales, ataguías, etc.) ································ 1-26
1.4.2

Trabajos de refuerzo de diques, trabajos de protección de playas ····························· 1-28

1.4.3

Contramedida para la licuefacción ································································· 1-29

1.4.4

Muros de corte ························································································· 1-29

1.4.5

Muros de aislamiento de tensión ··································································· 1-29i

1.4.6

Trabajos de estabilización de terraplenes, trabajos de prevención de deslizamientos,

recuperación de desastres ···························································································· 1-29

1.5

1.4.7

Trabajos de fundaciones (estructuras de ingeniería civil, puertos y muelles, edificios) ···· 1-30

1.4.8

Muros de contención de carga ···································································· 1-32

NORMAS Y DIRECTRICES RELACIONADAS ····························································· 1-33

Referencias ························································································································ 1-35

Capítulo 2 PLANIFICACIÓN E INVESTIGACIÓN
2.1

PLANIFICACIÓN
2.1.1

General ····································································································· 2-1

2.1.2

Consideraciones de planificación ······································································ 2-1
2.1.2.1 Topografía, características geológicas, condiciones del suelo, aguas
subterráneas y condiciones climáticas del área planificada ······································· 2-2
2.1.2.2 Impacto en el medio ambiente circundante y estructuras vecinas, y limitaciones deconstrucción ······························································································ 2-3
2.1.2.3 Condiciones que pueden afectar la construcción ·········································· 2-3
2.1.2.4 Objetivo del muro de contención, estado límite, situación de diseño y requisitos
y criterios de desempeño ··············································································· 2-4
2.1.2.5 Condiciones de diseño ········································································· 2-4

2.2

INVESTIGACIÓN
2.2.1

General ····································································································· 2-6

2.2.2

Finalidades y contenido de la investigación ·························································· 2-6
2.2.2.1 Recopilación de documentos y datos relevantes ······································· 2-6
2.2.2.2 Exploración del sitio ············································································ 2-7
2.2.2.3 Investigación terrestre ·········································································· 2-7
2.2.2.4 Investigación sobre condiciones que pueden afectar la construcción ················ 2-12
2.2.2.5 Investigación sobre conservación ambiental ············································· 2-12
2.2.2.6 Evaluación de las condiciones del suelo basada en datos de presión ················· 2-12

2.2.3

Reporte de investigación ·············································································· 2-13

Referencias ························································································································ 2-13

Capítulo 3 DISEÑO
3.1

INTRODUCCIÓN ····························································································· 3-1

3.2

ASUNTOS GENERALES DE DISEÑO
3.2.1

Principios básicos de diseño ···································································· 3-2
3.2.1.1 Alcance ···················································································· 3-2
3.2.1.2 Jerarquía de requisitos de desempeño ·················································· 3-2
3.2.1.3 Estados límite, acciones y situaciones de diseño ···································· 3-3
3.2.1.4 Requisitos de desempeño ······························································· 3-4
3.2.1.5 Criterio de desempeño ··································································· 3-4
ii

3.2.1.6 Proceso de verificación de desempeño ················································ 3-6
3.2.1.7 Cualificación de ingenieros de diseño ················································· 3-7
3.2.1.8 Documentos ··············································································· 3-7

3.2.2

Revisar/revisión del diseño utilizando registros de construcción ·························· 3-7

3.2.3

Acciones y situaciones de diseño para muros de contención de carreteras ·············· 3-7
3.2.3.1 General ··················································································· 3-7
3.2.3.2 Peso propio ·············································································· 3-8
3.2.3.3 Presión de la tierra y presión del agua ··············································· 3-8
3.2.3.4 Carga causada por el movimiento del suelo durante un terremoto ·············· 3-8
3.2.3.5 Carga en la superficie del suelo ······················································· 3-9
3.2.3.6 Carga de nieve ··········································································· 3-9
3.2.3.7 Carga de viento ·········································································· 3-9
3.2.3.8 Carga de colisión ········································································ 3-9
3.2.3.9 Otras cargas ·············································································· 3-9
3.2.3.10 Combinación de cargas para situaciones típicas de diseño ······················ 3-9

3.2.4

Materiales ······················································································· 3-10
3.2.4.1 Pilotes prefabricados ································································ 3-10
3.2.4.2 Propiedades de los materiales de acero ··········································· 3-10
3.2.4.3 Tolerancia a la corrosión/protección contra la corrosión ······················· 3-11
3.2.4.4 Rigidez eficaz a la flexión ·························································· 3-11

3.3DISEÑO DE MUROS DE CONTENCIÓN EN VOLADIZO EMPOTRADOS
3.3.1

Consideración de diseño ····································································· 3-11

3.3.2

Diseño de estructuras de muros ····························································· 3-12
3.3.2.1 Diseño de estructuras de muros para muro de contención vial ················ 3-12
3.3.2.2 Diseño de estructuras de muro para puerto y muelle portuario ················ 3-17

3.3.3

Estabilidad del fondo de la excavación ···················································· 3-22
3.3.3.1 Consideración de la ebullición ····················································· 3-22
3.3.3.2 Consideración de la tubificación (piping) ········································ 3-23
3.3.3.3 Consideración del levantamiento ·················································· 3-23
3.3.3.4 Consideración del levantamiento del fondo ······································ 3-23
3.3.3.5 Medidas de mejora de la estabilidad en la parte inferior de la excavación ··· 3-23

3.3.4

Estabilidad general ············································································ 3-25

3.3.5

Efectos sobre las estructuras circundantes ················································· 3-25
3.3.5.1 Deformación del terreno debido a la deformación de los muros de contención ··· 3-25
3.3.5.2 Asentamiento del suelo debido a la disminución del nivel freático············· 3-26
3.3.5.3 Asentamiento del suelo debido a la extracción de muros de contención
empotrados ····················································································· 3-26
3.3.5.4 Rebote del suelo debido al alivio de la tensión ·································· 3-26

3.4

INFORME DE DISEÑO ···················································································· 3-27
iii

Referencias ·············································································································· 3-27

Capítulo 4 CONSTRUCCIÓN
4.1

GENERAL ··············································································································· 4-1

4.2

DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL DEL HINCADO DE PILOTES A PRESIÓN
4.2.1

Maquina piloteadora a presión tipo walk-on-pile ··················································· 4-2
4.2.1.1 Configuración básica de la máquina ················································ 4-2
4.2.1.2 Componentes de la máquina piloteadora a presión ······························· 4-3
4.2.1.3 Movimientos básicos del hincado a presión (movimiento repetitivo hacia arriba
y abajo) ··························································································· 4-6
4.2.1.4 Movimientos básicos del hincado a presión (auto desplazamiento) ············ 4-7

4.2.2

Selección adecuada de la máquina, técnica de prensado y sistema de hincado ················4-8

4.2.3

Pilotes prefabricados ··················································································· 4-11
4.2.3.1 Tablestacas de acero ································································· 4-11
4.2.3.2 Pilotes tubulares de acero ··························································· 4-15
4.2.3.3 Muros combinados ·································································· 4-16
4.2.3.4 Tablestacas de hormigón ···························································· 4-17
4.2.3.5 Segmento de muro de hormigón prefabricado ··································· 4-17

4.3

PLAN DE CONSTRUCCIÓN
4.3.1

Plan de construcción en general ····································································· 4-19

4.3.2

Consideraciones para trabajos de hincado de pilotes a presión ································· 4-19
4.3.2.1 Selección de técnicas de prensado y pilotes aplicables adecuados para lascondiciones del suelo ········································································· 4-19
4.3.2.2 Técnica de prensado para tablestacas de acero ·································· 4-21
4.3.2.3 Técnica de prensado para pilotes tubulares de acero con y sinintertrabamientos ·············································································· 4-27
4.3.2.4 Sistemas a presión que superan las restricciones del sitio ······················ 4-31
4.3.2.5 Proceso de hincado de pilotes que permite espacio entre pilotes(espaciamientos de 2,5 D de Centro a centro) ············································ 4-43

4.3.3

Preparación de un documento de planificación de la construcción para trabajos de hincado

de pilotes a presión ···································································································· 4-45
4.3.3.1 Máquina piloteadora a presión, técnicas de prensado y sistema de hincado apresión ·························································································· 4-45
4.3.3.2 Plano de distribución de máquinas y materiales ································· 4-45
4.3.3.3 Plano de distribución de la máquina y el material ······························· 4-47
4.3.3.4 Programación de trabajos de pilotaje ·············································· 4-53
4.3.3.5 Plan de gestión de la construcción ················································· 4-53
4.3.3.6 Plan de preservación ambiental ···················································· 4-53
4.3.3.7 Plan de gestión de seguridad y salud ·············································· 4-56
4.3.3.8 Plan de organización in situ ························································ 4-59
iv

4.4

EJECUCIÓN DE TRABAJOS DE HINCADO DE PILOTES A PRESIÓN
4.4.1

Trabajos preparatorios ················································································· 4-61

4.4.2

Procedimiento de instalación de pilotes ···························································· 4-61
4.4.2.1 Técnicas comúnmente adoptadas para el hincado de pilotes a presión ······· 4-61
4.4.2.2 Proceso durante el prensado inicial ················································ 4-70
4.4.2.3 Proceso durante el prensado estándar ············································· 4-73
4.4.2.4 Proceso durante el prensado asistido con chorro de agua ······················ 4-77
4.4.2.5 Proceso durante el prensado asistido con taladro ································ 4-81
4.4.2.6 Proceso durante el hincado de pilotes rotativo a presión ······················· 4-83
4.4.2.7 Proceso de construcción de muros combinados ································· 4-88
4.4.2.8 Instalación curva ····································································· 4-91
4.4.2.9 Instalación en esquina ······························································· 4-92
4.4.2.10 Proceso de autodesplazamiento en reversa ····································· 4-93

4.4.3

Sistema de prensado para superar las limitaciones en el sitio de construcción ··············· 4-94
4.4.3.1 Consideraciones sobre el hincado de pilotes bajo diversas restricciones deconstrucción ··················································································· 4-94
4.4.3.2 Proceso de hincado para el sistema sin etapas ··································· 4-95
4.4.3.3 Proceso de hincado de pilotes para el sistema de hincado de pilotes de altura
libre reducida ·················································································· 4-99

4.4.4

Extracción de pilotes ··················································································4-104
4.4.4.1 Influencia y gestión de la extracción ············································· 4-104
4.4.4.2 Proceso durante la extracción ····················································· 4-105

4.4.5

Empalme y corte de pilotes ··········································································4-106
4.4.5.1 Soldadura de empalme de tablestacas de acero ································· 4-105
4.4.5.2 Soldadura de pilotes tubulares de acero ·········································· 4-108
4.4.5.3 Union atornillada ···································································· 4-108
4.4.5.4 Union mecanica ····································································· 4-109
4.4.5.5 Corte de pilotes ······································································ 4-110

4.4.6
4.5

Tratamiento y disposición de los derivados ······················································· 4-110

SUPERVISIÓN, GESTIÓN Y MONITORAMIENTO DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN
4.5.1

General ·································································································· 4-111

4.5.2

Plan de supervisión, dirección y monitoramiento de obra ······································ 4-111

4.5.3

Preparación del sitio ·················································································· 4-112

4.5.4

Gestión de la construcción ··········································································· 4-112

4.5.5

Control de la operación del hincado de pilotes a presión ······································· 4-113
4.5.5.1 Control de la maquiná piloteadora a presión ···································· 4-113
4.5.5.2 Ajuste de los parámetros de prensado óptimos mediante operación manual · 4-114
4.5.5.3 Información obtenida durante el hincado de pilotes a presión ················ 4-117
4.5.5.4 Mantener la verticalidad del pilote mediante movimientos repetitivos hacia
arriba y abajo ················································································· 4-120v

4.5.5.5 Evaluación del proceso de hincado utilizando datos de prensión ············ 4-121
4.5.5.6 Operación automatizada de la máquina piloteadora a presión ················ 4-121
4.5.5.7 Estimación de la información del terreno utilizando datos del hincado apresión ························································································· 4-122
4.5.6

Control programado de pilotes a presión ··························································4-123

4.5.7

Control de calidad de pilotes prensados ···························································4-123

4.5.8

Gestión de seguridad y salud ········································································4-124

4.5.9

Inspección y mantenimiento de máquinas piloteadoras a presión ·····························4-125

4.5.10

Monitoreo ······························································································4-125

4.5.11

Informe de construcción ·············································································4-126

Referencias ············································································································· 4-128viPrefacio
El hincado de pilotes a presión surgió de la necesidad de instalar tablestacas de forma segura y silenciosa en la práctica hacemedio siglo. La primera edición (2016) del Manual de hincado de estructuras de contención a presión, intentó traducir lavasta experiencia acumulada de campo en un marco de ingeniería de fundaciones, y reunió información útil relacionada conlas prácticas de diseño y construcción de estructuras de contención mediante el hincado de pilotes a presión junto con una
serie de antecedentes de casos en todo el mundo.

La publicación de la segunda edición del Manual en 2021 es la versión revisada de la edición de 2016. Las intenciones detrásde esta revisión incluyen: (i) alinear el contenido con la revisión "Directrices de diseño y construcción del método dehincado" (en japonés, publicado en 2020), (ii) reflejar los avances en las piloteadoras a presión y los trabajos de investigación
en los últimos cinco años, (iii) mejorar las descripciones para mejorar la legibilidad y usabilidad del manual, y (iv) ser
concisos al eliminar ciertos elementos en la edición de 2016.

Para aquellos que estén interesados en historias de casos relacionados con el hincado de pilotes a presión, consulte “New
Horizons in Piling – Development and Application of Press-in Piling” por Malcolm Bolton et al. publicado por CRC Pressen 2020 y “Press-in Piling Case History” Volumen 1 por el Comité de Investigación de la Asociación Internacional Pressin (IPA), publicado por IPA en 2019.

Como presidente del comité editorial de este manual, me gustaría expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento a todos los
miembros del comité que se enumeran a continuación.

As the Chair of the Editorial Committee on this handbook, I would like to express my sincere thanks for all the committee
members listed below.

Osamu Kusakabe
Presidente
Comité Editorial de la Segunda Edición

Comité editorial
Yoshiaki Kikuchi, Professor, Tokyo University of Science
Osamu Kusakabe, Emeritus Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tsunenobu Nozaki, International Press-in Association Secretariat
Mitsuhiro Okada, GIKEN LTD.
Takefumi Takuma, Giken America Corporation
Masaaki Terashi, International Press-in Association
Masafumi Yamaguchi, International Press-in Association Secretariat(Orden alfabético)vii

Miembros asesores internacionales
Stuart Haigh, Reader, The University of Cambridge
Chun Fai Leung, Professor, National University of Singapore
Goh Teik Lim, AtsuNEW GIKEN Pte. Ltd.
Ramin Motamed, Associate Professor, University of Nevada Reno
(Orden alfabético)

Supervisor de traducción al español
Adrian Torrico Siacara, Doctor en Ingeniería Civil (Geotecnia), Universidade de São Pauloviii