ContentsPreface. ................................................................................................................. v
Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................. 1
1.1 Preliminary Remarks. ............................................................................ 1
1.2 Blended Referents in Contextual Reference......................................... 2
1.3 Cognitive Linguistics and Primary Commitments............................... 8
1.4 Orientation............................................................................................ 11
Chapter 2 Invisible Meaning Construction. ............................................. 13
2.1 Introduction. ......................................................................................... 13
2.2 Anaphoric Theories in Traditional Linguistics................................... 142.2.1 E-Type Approach. ......................................................................... 142.2.2 File Change Semantics................................................................. 162.2.3 Discourse Representation Theory................................................. 182.3 Meaning Construction in Cognitive Linguistics................................. 212.3.1 Conceptualization/Construal. ........................................................ 232.3.1.1 Specificity............................................................................... 25
2.3.1.2 Scope. ..................................................................................... 25
2.3.1.3 Background............................................................................. 25
2.3.1.4 Perspective.............................................................................. 25
2.3.1.5 Prominence............................................................................. 26
2.3.2 Conceptual Structuring System.................................................... 27
2.3.2.1 Configurational Structure....................................................... 27
2.3.2.2 Force Dynamics. .................................................................... 29vii

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2.3.2.3 Perspective.............................................................................. 30
2.3.2.4 Distribution of Attention........................................................ 31
2.4 Anaphoric Theories in Cognitive Linguistics..................................... 32
2.4.1 Reference-Point Model................................................................. 33
2.4.2 Mental Space Theory.................................................................... 38
2.5 Conclusion............................................................................................ 42
Chapter 3 Conceptual Blending Theory................................................... 43
3.1 Introduction. ......................................................................................... 43
3.2 Background........................................................................................... 44
3.2.1 Frame Semantics........................................................................... 44
3.2.2 Mental Space Theory.................................................................... 49
3.3 Fundamental Framework. .................................................................... 55
3.4 Linguistic Examples............................................................................. 60
3.4.1 Discourse: The Debate with Kant................................................ 61
3.4.2 Metaphor: This Surgeon is a Butcher.......................................... 62
3.4.3 Caused-Motion Constructions. ..................................................... 66
3.5 Converging Evidence........................................................................... 70
3.6 Anaphora and Conceptual Blending................................................... 74
3.7 Conclusion............................................................................................ 77
Chapter 4 Blended Referents in Ludic Language................................... 79
4.1 Introduction. ......................................................................................... 79
4.2 Riddles I: Personification. ................................................................... 80
4.3 Riddles II: Multiple Reference............................................................ 89
4.4 Jokes and Ad Hoc Categories............................................................. 94
4.5 Fairy Tales and Focus-Shifting. ........................................................ 1004.6 Conclusion.......................................................................................... 108
Chapter 5 Blended Referents in Ordinary Language........................... 111
5.1 Introduction. ....................................................................................... 111
5.2 Anaphoric Blended Referents............................................................ 111
5.3 Elliptical Blended Referents.............................................................. 118
5.4 Extended Blended Referents. ............................................................ 125
5.5 Split Blended Referents..................................................................... 131
5.6 Exophoric Blended Referents............................................................ 139
5.7 Conclusion.......................................................................................... 150

ContentsixChapter 6 Contextual Reference in Anaphoric Interpretation............ 153
6.1 Introduction. ....................................................................................... 153
6.2 The Cognitive Theory of Contextual Reference.............................. 154
6.3 (One-Spaced) Reference-Point Reference......................................... 163
6.4 (One-Spaced) Target Reference......................................................... 168
6.4.1 Frame-Based Target Reference................................................... 169
6.4.2 Ground-Based Target Reference................................................. 178
6.5 Multi-Spaced Reference..................................................................... 181
6.6 Blended Reference............................................................................. 187
6.7 Anaphoric Phenomena Revisited. ..................................................... 194
6.7.1 Anaphora with Quantifiers.......................................................... 194
6.7.2 Split Antecedents. ....................................................................... 196
6.7.3 Extended Reference. ................................................................... 197
6.7.4 Discourse Deixis......................................................................... 198
6.7.5 Eel Sentence................................................................................ 201
6.7.6 Reference to Episodic Memory.................................................. 202
6.7.7 Anaphoric Indefinites.................................................................. 203
6.7.8 Reflexive Pronouns..................................................................... 204
6.7.9 Additive Reference...................................................................... 206
6.8 Complex Contextual Reference......................................................... 209
6.9 Conclusion.......................................................................................... 213
Chapter 7 Conclusion. ............................................................................... 215
7.1 Summary............................................................................................. 215
7.2 Implications........................................................................................ 220
7.2.1 Descriptive Implications............................................................. 220
7.2.2 Theoretical Implications. ............................................................ 222
7.2.3 Pedagogical Implications............................................................ 225
7.3 Final Remarks.................................................................................... 227
References....................................................................................................... 229
Index. .............................................................................................................. 265