AAS04-P01

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

Global carbon observations by GOSAT series
Global carbon observations by GOSAT series*Saito Makoto1、Yoshida Yukio1、Noda M Hibiki1、Kamei Akihide1*Makoto Saito1, Yukio Yoshida1, Hibiki M Noda1, Akihide Kamei1
1. National Institute for Environmental Studies
1. National Institute for Environmental Studies

This study presents overview of a series of Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite and its contribution to
global carbon studies.
キーワード：satellite observations、carbon cycle、greenhouse gases
Keywords: satellite observations, carbon cycle, greenhouse gases©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

Vertical profile retrieval of greenhouse gases from GOSAT TANSO-FTS
SWIR and TIR spectra*菊地 信弘1、久世 暁彦1、片岡 史絵2、塩見 慶1、橋本 真喜子1、Knuteson Robert3、Iraci Laura4、Yates Emma4、Gore Warren4、Tanaka Tomoaki4*Nobuhiro Kikuchi1, Akihiko Kuze1, Fumie Kataoka2, Kei Shiomi1, Makiko Hashimoto1, Robert
Knuteson3, Laura Iraci4, Emma Yates4, Warren Gore4, Tomoaki Tanaka4
1. 宇宙航空研究開発機構、2. リモートセンシング技術センター、3. ウィスコンシン大学、4. NASAエイムズ研究センター
1. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2. Remoet Sensing Technology Center of Japan, 3. University of Wisconsin, 4.
NASA Ames Research Center

TANSO-FTS onboard GOSAT is the only sensor that measures Short Wavelength InfraRed (SWIR) and
Thermal InfraRed (TIR) spectra at the same time and footprint, providing a unique opportunity to retrieve
atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations from space. Since the launch of GOSAT in January 2009,TANSO-FTS continues to observe greenhouses gases. Nevertheless, the simultaneous use of SWIR and TIR
to extract more information on the greenhouse gas concentrations is limited to theoretical studies (e.g.,
Herbin et al. 2013).
We have developed a greenhouse gas retrieval algorithm which uses SWIR and TIR simultaneously byadding a TIR module to the existing SWIR algorithm of Kikuchi et al. (2016). The algorithm is now
evaluated by analyzing GOSAT measurements over Railroad Valley Playa in Nevada during the vicarious
calibration campaigns in 2009-2015 for which various validation data are available including the Alpha
Jet Atmospheric eXperiment (AJAX) measurements.
Currently, the gas concentrations are retrieved using a small number of vertical layers (2 layers for CO2
and 4 layers for CH4) to reduce the influence of a priori, forward model errors and/or possible L1B
spectral biases. An example of the retrieved CO2 profile is shown in Figure 1 together with the a priori
profile (a flat profile of 380 ppm) and the AJAX measurement. Figures 2 and 3 show water vapor andtemperature profiles, respectively. Also shown in these Figures are the a priori profiles taken from NCEP
and in situ measurements by radiosonde. These results demonstrate a synergy effect of SWIR and TIR in
retrieving greenhouse gas concentrations.
キーワード：温室効果ガス、GOSAT、リモートセンシング
Keywords: greenhouse gases, GOSAT, remote sensing©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS04-P02 -AAS04-P02©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

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JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

TCCONデータを用いたBESD-SCIAMACHYとSWIR-GOSAT衛星データの検証
Validation of BESD-SCIAMACHY and SWIR-GOSAT satellite data of
XCO2 using TCCON data
*額尓 徳尼1、王 勤学1、岡寺 智大1*EER DENI1, Qinxue Wang1, Tomohiro Okadera1
1. 国立研究開発法人

国立環境研究所

地域環境研究センター

1. Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies

So far, long-term datasets of greenhouse gases have been obtained by multiple satellite observations.
However, data acquired with different satellite sensors may have a difference in both spatial and time
resolution as well as in its data quality. In this research, we validated two different satellite observation
data of XCO2 by using the same ground observation data of Total Carbon Column Observing Network(TCCON). Here, the missing values in the satellite observations was interpolated by multi-B splineinterpolation method.
One dataset used in this study was the level 2 data of XCO2 from March 2003 to March 2012, which
was acquired based on the monthly Bremen Optimal Estimation DOAS (BESD) algorithm by the Scanning
Imaging Absorption spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) sensor, a spectrometer foratmospheric measurement of the ENVISAT (Environmental Satellite) satellite by the European Space
Agency (ESA). The other dataset was the level 2 of XCO 2 from April 2009 to February 2016 acquired by
the FTS / Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) sensor of the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT)
satellite by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The validation data was the ground observations
at 27 sites of TCCON.
As a result, we found that the ground observation data of TCCON has a good consistency with XCO2
trends observed by both SCIAMACHY and GOSAT. The comparison result at 16 sites showed that the2average value of the correlation coefficient (R ) between TCCON data and SCIAMACHY data was 0.71. On
the other hand, the comparison result at 27 sites showed that the average value of R2 between TCCON
data and GOSAT data was 0.74. From these results, we come to a conclusion that the XCO2 data
observed by the two satellites showed a good correlation with the ground observations of TCCON.
Additionally, we found that the annual fluctuation of the XCO2 concentration at each site has aremarkable increase trend, namely, the annual increase of the XCO2 concentration was between 1.479
and 2.045 (ppm / yr.), and the mean value of the annual increase at 27 observation sites of TCCON was
1.888 (ppm / yr.).
This study is supported by the project “Development of Innovative Adaptation System and MRV
Method for JCM in Mongolia" (2015-present) funded by Ministry of the Environment, Government ofJapan.
キーワード：スキアマキ、いぶき、⼆酸化炭素カラム平均濃度、全量炭素カラム観測ネットワーク
Keywords: SCIAMACHY, GOSAT, XCO2, TCCON©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

Summary of Global Greenhouse Gas Inventory Databases*叢 日超1、齊藤 誠1、千田 昌子1、伊藤 昭彦1、まくしゆーとふ しやみる1、平田 竜一1*Richao Cong1, Makoto Saito1, Masako Senda1, Akihiko Ito1, Shamil Maksyutov1, Ryuichi Hirata1
1. 国立環境研究所

地球環境研究センター

1. Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies

Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory is a national inventory made to represent the annual GHG emissions or
removals by sources. The main purpose of that is helping human to make plans on GHG mitigation so as
to control the future national GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would not destroy thecurrent climate system. After the 1996 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines fornational GHG inventories, 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories was published. However,many versions of national GHG inventory databases in the world have come out recently. In this paper, thenational GHG inventory databases made by Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC),
Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), Energy Information Administration (EIA),
International Energy Agency (IEA), Global Carbon Budget (GCB) and United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are characterized and compared. The analysis between them isalso conducted on distinct and the usability aspects. According to the analysis results, the usability ofthese versions could be ranked as, EDGAR, CDIAC, IEA, UNFCCC, GCB and EIA. Finally, some suggestions
are provided.
キーワード：温室効果ガスインベントリー、二酸化炭素、エネルギー消費、地球温暖化、IPCC
Keywords: GHG inventory, Carbon dioxide emissions, Energy concumption, Global warming, IPCC

©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

Monitoring Carbon Cycle Change using an Integrated Observation,
Modeling and Analysis System－Project summary
Monitoring Carbon Cycle Change using an Integrated Observation,
Modeling and Analysis System - Project summary*三枝 信子1、町田 敏暢1、Patra Prabir2、丹羽 洋介3、市井 和仁2*Nobuko Saigusa1, Toshinobu Machida1, Prabir Patra2, Yosuke Niwa3, Kazuhito Ichii2
1. 国立環境研究所、2. 海洋研究開発機構、3. 気象研究所
1. National Institute for Environmental Studies, 2. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3.
Meteorological Research Institute

We conducted a three-year research project to develop an integrated carbon observation and analysis
system based on satellite, airborne and ground-based observations, and atmospheric and terrestrial
carbon cycle models. Aircraft observations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) were strengthened
based on the “Comprehensive Observation Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL)” project.
Atmospheric transport modeling, inverse modeling, and assimilation methods have also been developedand improved for better utilization of observational data from the Asia-Pacific region. Global and regionalsurface fluxes were estimated by both "top-down” approach using inverse models and "bottom-up”
approach using surface flux observation network data and upscaling with either empirical models or
terrestrial ecosystem models.
The main progress over the past three years (FY 2014-2016) have been the better constraints of global,
continental and regional carbon budgets, and detection of terrestrial carbon cycle change particularly in
the Asia-Pacific region.
1) Multiple approaches including different types of top-down models and bottom-up upscaling
techniques contributed to designate uncertainties in the estimates of large emissions (e.g. fuel use andland use changes).
2) Key target regions and events were indicated as potential hot-spots in the Asia-Pacific where weneed further targeted research. (e.g. potential increase in terrestrial carbon sink in Siberia and East Asia,
uncertainty in the recent rapid growth of anthropogenic GHG emissions in East Asia, emissions from land
use change and El Niño-induced extreme forest fires in Southeast Asia)
3) A prototype system was developed and tested for future operational monitoring of changes inregional, continental, and global GHGs budgets based on integration of observation and modeling.
4) Scientific knowledge transfer and educational outreach were provided through domestic andinternational society activities, training seminars, lectures, and publications.
We also discuss remaining issues and the way to solve them in the next steps (e.g. strategies of intensive
observations in targeted area, and a platform for multi-model ensemble)
Acknowledgements. This project was conducted with participation and collaboration of the following
members: Maksyutov S., Ito A., Takigawa M., Matsueda H., Sawa Y., Maki T., Shirai T., Hirata R., Umezawa
T., Rajesh J.A., Ishizawa M., Saeki T., Tsuboi K., Idehara K., Nakamura T., Kondo M., and Yanagi Y.
キーワード：Monitoring Carbon Cycle Change、Integrated Observation, Modeling and Analysis©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

Keywords: Monitoring Carbon Cycle Change, Integrated Observation, Modeling and Analysis©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

Forest photosynthesis from leaf to region, and from present to future:long-term and multidisciplinary research in Japan.
*村岡 裕由1、三枝 信子2、野田 響2、Bombelli Antonio3、Obregón André4*Hiroyuki Muraoka1, Nobuko Saigusa2, Hibiki M. Noda2, Antonio Bombelli3, André Obregón4
1. 岐阜大学流域圏科学研究センター、2. 国立環境研究所地球環境研究センター、3. CMCC Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change、4. Group on Earth Observations
1. River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 2. Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute forEnvironmental Studies, 3. CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, 4. Group on Earth
Observations

Carbon cycle and budget, tree water use and hydrological cycle, and primary production are among the
major forest ecosystem functions, and there is no doubt that they play key roles in the Earth system andbiodiversity. Recent global needs to these themes involves to link such observations with regional andglobal climate observations in order to find and predict their interactive changes which influence societal
security. Promoting our collaborative long-term observations and in-situ experiments would be useful toidentify the major observational parameters, methodology and data analysis for our understandings andprediction of environmental changes in regional scale. The GEO Carbon and GHG initiative, as part of the
GEO 2017-2019 Work Programme, aims at providing integration across different parts of the system,
intends to facilitate the cooperation among existing initiatives/networks/programmes, and promotes theinteroperability of data, to fill in the missing pieces to obtain a comprehensive, globally coordinated,carbon and GHGs observation and analysis system. In this poster, a case study at a “super-site” of aforest ecosystem in central Japan will be introduced to address one of the tasks of this GEO Carbon and
GHG initiative dealing with the optimization of observational networks. Sharing the data, knowledge andexperience gained in this super-site would help seeking essential carbon cycle variables and hence todevelop an improved observation design which promotes interdisciplinary and linked observations of
in-situ and satellite methodologies.
Long-term observation of CO2 flux at a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest named “Takayamasite”, located in a mountainous landscape in central Japan (TKY site) revealed that net ecosystemproduction (NEP) shows remarkable seasonal change from spring to summer, and to autumn, withdifferent magnitude of the maximum NEP in summer over multiple years. In order to clarify its plant
ecophysiological mechanisms we monitored phenology of single leaf level photosynthesis and canopy leaf
area index for several years. Our cross-scale observations and model analysis showed that inter-annual
variations in leaf expansion and senescence in spring and autumn, respectively, as well as the inter-annual
variation of weather in summer affected activity of forest canopy photosynthesis (Gross Primary
Production: GPP). Open-field warming experiments on canopy tree foliage suggested that warmer spring
and autumn induce earlier leaf expansion and delayed leaf senescence, and 10% higher photosynthetic
capacity of leaves. Model simulation also suggested about 20% increase of NEP in this forest in late 21st
century.
キーワード：炭素循環、光合成、フェノロジー、観測ネットワーク
Keywords: Carbon cycle, Photosynthesis, Phenology, Observation network©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

Characterizing and Quantifying Fog Interception, Energy Distribution
and Flux Patterns in a Subtropical Montane Cloud Forest Ecosystem*JEHN-YIH JUANG1
1. Department of Geography, National Taiwan University

The montane cloud forest ecosystem is known to be very productive in the global scale even though its
spatial distributions is in very limited regions in the mountain area of tropical and subtropical regions.
However, the amount of cloud-water interception by the cloud forest canopy structure remains a big issue
for researchers to quantify the physical and ecological environment in such ecosystem. In this study, inorder to quantify how the occurrence and formation of upslope cloud/fog affect the cloud-waterinterception, radiative vertical profiles, and flux patterns inside the canopy volume of the subtropicalmontane cloud forest, A series of filed experiments and mathematical analysis is being conducted in
Chi-Lan Mountain Flux Site in northeastern Taiwan. There are three major research objectives toaccomplished in this proposed project on a three-year basis. First, this study is trying to quantify theamount of cloud-water interception collected by the canopy volume, and establish the relationshipbetween the cloud-water interception and the environmental factors (temperature, humidity and windcomponents). Second, this study analyzes the allocation and dynamics of radiative components (direct
beam and diffuse radiation) throughout the canopy volume under the influences of upslope cloud/fog.
Finally, this study applies the Eulerian CSO methods to quantify the scalar exchanges and flux patterns in
the cloud forest ecosystem under neutral and stable atmospheric stability conditions
Keywords: cloud-water interception, upslope fog, inverse model, diffuse radiation©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017

A sharp increase in CO2 concentration in West Siberia: anthropogenic
impact or response of Siberian ecosystems to a changing climate*Sergey Borisovich Belan1, Toshinobu Machida2, Motoki Sasakawa2, Mikhail Arshinov1, Boris
Belan1, Shamil Maksyutov2, Denis Davydov1, Alexander Fofonov1
1. V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 2. National Institute forEnvironmental Studies

A sharp increase in CO2 concentration in West Siberia: anthropogenic impact or response of Siberian
ecosystems to a changing climate
Long-term airborne observations of greenhouse gases carried out in the troposphere over south-westernarea of West Siberia since 1997 allowed some specific features in CO2 trends to be revealed at different
heights. At an altitude of 7 km above ground level (AGL), the average annual rate of CO2 increase was
1.72 ppm yr-1. The main distinctive features in the tendencies of CO2 mixing ratio have been found in thelower troposphere. Thus, for the period from 1997 to 2004, July concentrations of CO2 at an altitude of
500 m AGL increased slightly with a rate of 0.17 ppm yr-1, while since 2005 they began to risedramatically with a rate of 3.64 ppm yr-1.
Analysis of the possible causes of such long-term behavior showed that it was resulted from neither
reduction of forest area, nor wildfires, nor forest diseases. Also it is impossible to state that reducing CO2
sink has been caused by the impact of climate changes on ecosystems.
Possibly, anthropogenic CO2 accumulation resulted in that Siberian forests cannot assimilate such
additional amount of carbon dioxide. A decrease in the sink for atmospheric CO2 is also observed in the
Amazon (Brienen et al. 2015). Brienen et al. (2015) assume that it may be caused by a sustained
long-term increase in tree mortality. There is also a supposition that it can be a result of a vegetation
replacement by other types of plants or young trees, which absorb less amount of CO2 (Kunstler et al.,2015; Crowther T. W., 2015). However, it seems highly unlikely to test these hyposeses in the near future
due to a huge area of West Siberia, most regions of which are difficult to access.
This work was funded by the Global Environment Research Account for National Institutes of the Ministryof the Environment (Japan).

Brienen R.J.W. et al. 2015. Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink. Nature. 519 (7543), 344–348.
Kunstler G. et al. 2015. Plant functional traits have globally consistent effects on competition. Nature. 528(7583), 34–38.
Crowther T.W. et al. 2015. Mapping tree density at a global scale. Nature. 525 (7568), 201–205.
Keywords: Atmosphere, Concentration, Greenhouse gases, Tendencie©2017. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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