Hawai‘i’sEnergyFacts &
Figures2020 Edition

ENERGY.HAWAII.GOVHawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures provides an overview of Hawai‘i’s energy sector and quantifies progress in the areas ofenergy efficiency, renewable energy, clean transportation, and decarbonization.

Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Overview of Energy in Hawai‘i .............................................................................................................................. 2
Electricity Production and Use .............................................................................................................................. 6
Transportation ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Alternative Fuel Use and Production in Hawai‘i .................................................................................................. 33
Energy Sector Workforce and Jobs...................................................................................................................... 35
Decarbonized, Clean Energy Economy ................................................................................................................ 36
Beyond Hawai‘i................................................................................................................................................... 38
Endnotes ............................................................................................................................................................ 39

Hawai‘i’s embrace of clean energy is rooted in a commitment to end its historical dependence on fossil fuels. Thistransition will support the state’s economy, the environment, and energy security. In 2015, Act 97 was enacted,
requiring 100 percent of Hawai‘i’s electricity sales to come from renewable resources by 2045. In 2017, the mayors of
Hawai‘i’s four main counties signed proclamations committing to transform Hawai‘i’s public and private groundtransportation to 100 percent renewable fuel sources by 2045. That was followed in 2018 by the passage of Act 15
requiring Hawai‘i to become net carbon negative “as soon as practicable, but no later than 2045.”
The recognition of opportunities, tracking of progress, and informed and respectful evaluations of synergies and options
will depend upon access to the best available information and data presented in an accessible and understandable
format. This document is just one of the information sources provided for Hawai‘i citizens, communities, and decisionmakers. Information sources include:
•
•
•
•
•

Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures (this document): Energy facts and figures on an annual basis, with some
information on trends, laws, and policies.
Hawaii State Energy Office, Annual Report: Activities, projects, and accomplishments of the Hawaii State
Energy Office over the previous fiscal year.
Hawaii State Energy Office Website (energy.hawaii.gov): In-depth information on a variety of energy topics;
links to energy dashboards and data sets; on-line tools; listings of projects, directories, and maps; reports anddocuments; contact information; subscriptions to newsletters and social media; upcoming events; and archives.
Monthly Energy Trends: Data by island, and for the state, on monthly prices of crude oil, gasoline, diesel, andelectricity; quantities of petroleum imported from foreign countries; fuel consumption; registered vehicles; andelectricity generation and sales.
Energy Dashboard: Tables and graphs on electricity, transportation, economy, environment, and efficiency.

Some energy data is available quickly (for example, the spot price of a particular fuel). Other data is available monthly orquarterly (for example, average price or total use), usually with some lag time. In the case of data sets involving
comprehensive national data, the most current data available in mid-2020 only went through the end of calendar year
2018; electricity data went through calendar year 2019. Prices paid under renewable electricity power purchaseagreements were averages for State fiscal year 2019, encompassing the period July 1, 2018-June 30, 2019.
For this report, the data presented is prior to the impacts of COVID-19. Data showing the impacts of COVID-19 on anannual basis is expected to become available for some data sets with the 2021 report. Some of the data sources listed
above and in the endnotes, such as Monthly Energy Trends and the “Performance Metrics” website of Hawaiian Electric,
have monthly and quarterly data that can be used for shorter term comparisons of pre-and post-COVID energy supplies
and demand.
For screen reader users. The Hawaii State Energy Office recognizes the use of diacritical markings of the Hawaiian language such as the ‘okina (also called aglottal stop) and the kahakō (also called a macron). Please note that screen readers may not read or pronounce the Hawaiian words correctly.

1 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

1. Overview of Energy in Hawai‘i
Hawai‘i’s people and economy rely on energy for everythingfrom fuel for cars and airplanes to electricity for lights,
water, ventilation, cooling, heating, computers, cooking,communication, security, and myriad other uses.

Figure 1 - Hawai‘i’s Energy, By Source, 2018;
Trillion Btu (TBtu) and Percent of Total
Renewable Energy
31.109 TBtu " '11%Natural Gas
0.192 TB tu
0.07%

"'-.

These energy needs are met by a combination of renewable
and non-renewable energy sources, as shown in Figure 1.
According to data from the United States Energy
Information Administration, in 2018 (the most recent year
for which complete data is available) Hawai‘i’s energy
needs were met by:• 31.109 trillion British thermal units (Btu) equivalent of
renewable energy;• 14.367 trillion Btu of coal;• 0.192 trillion Btu of natural gas; and• 247.227 trillion Btu of petroleum products (thisincludes jet fuel, gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, naphtha, andother distillates). 1

Petroleum Products
247.227 TBtu
84%

Figure 2 - Tons of Cargo Imported to Ports in Hawai‘i, 2016
14,000,000

Many people are not aware of the relatively large quantities,
expense, and emissions from these imported fuels. The
amount of fuel imported into Hawaiʻi exceeds the amount of
any other product imported into the state. A 2019 study
showed that Hawai‘i’s imports of more than six million tonsof petroleum, petroleum products, and coal were 57 percentof the total tons of cargo imports through ports in Hawai‘i,
and exceeded the imports of all other products andmaterials imported into the state. 2 This remained true evenwhen including inbound air cargo and mail (approximately
400,000 tons in 2016).3 This is shown in Figure 2.

12,000,000

Hawai‘i’s energy consumption of 293 trillion Btu in 2018 wasslightly lower than it had been in 2003. As shown in Figure 3,
Hawaiʻi’s energy overall energy demand increased rapidly
between 2003 and 2007, dropped in 2008, and increased
gradually between 2008 and 2018.

0

Other; 4,194,478~

10,000,000■

Food and Farm Prod ucts; 57,801■

Manufactu red Equipment,
Machinery & Pro duct s; 103,026■ Non-fertilizer Chemicals; 143,339

8,000,000•-I'-- ■ Non-fu el Manufactured Mat er ials; 227,502~

6,000,000
4,000,000
57■

Prima ry Manufactu red Goods; 428,3 18

It •"-.._ .-:

Coal; 841,052

Mro'•"m '"' Mro'•"m ,roa"ct" e,o,,,...,

2,000,000

2016

Figure 3 - Hawai‘i’s Energy Demand, Trillion Btu Per Year by Source, 2003-2018
350
300■ Renewable Energy

250
200

■ Petroleum Products

150■ Natural Gas

100

so

■ Coa l02003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

2 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

As the only state still primarily reliant on oil-fired electrical generation, and with a significant demand for jet fuel,Hawai‘i depends more on petroleum for its energy needs than does any other state, 4 as shown in Figure 4.

Over the past several years, Hawai‘i’spetroleum dependence has gradually
been reduced, from 90 percent in2003 to 84 percent in 2018. This canbe seen in Figure 5.5

I

Utah Vermont
V_irginia ---:"'"
Washington ---:i-West Virginia ---:i"
Wisconsin - I
Wyoming United States ....:,._+­I

Nevada ~New Hampshire I
NewJersey ---:i-New Mexico I
NewYork ~North Carolina ---:"'"
North Dakota I
Ohio ---:i"'Oklahoma Oregon ....:.,.
I
Pennsylvania Rhodelgand
South Carolina South Dakota ....:.,
Tennessee ....:.,.
I
Texas -+I

Louisiana - I
Main e Maryland ....:.,.
I
Massachusetts ---:i-Michigan .
I
Minnesota ---:i"'
Mississippi Missouri
Montana Nebra5ka ~

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Iowa Kansas Kentucky -HawaiiIdaho Illinois ....:.,
Indiana ....l.

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Petroleum is still one of Hawai‘i’s
primary imports. Of total Hawaiʻi
imports for 2018, 60 percent (by dollar
value) were petroleum-relatedcommodities; the import value ofthese foreign and domestic fuels in2018 was $3.3 billion.6

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Figure 5 - Gradual 15-year Decline Seen in Percent of Hawai‘i’sEnergy From Petroleum Between 2003 and 2018

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Dist.ofCol.
Florida•Georgia ----:i"

co~::c;~~: •±I

Ala5ka ~Arizona ~Arkansas I
California ---:,-Colorado -Alabama

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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~8Figure 4 - Dependence of States on Petroleum for their Energy Needs, 2018

Since 2010, Hawai‘i has imported the
majority of its foreign crude oil from Indonesia, Russia , and Libya, as shown in Figure 7. As shown in Figure 6, more than90 percent of foreign crude imports arrived from Libya and Russia in 2019, with the remaining arriving from South Sudanand Argentina. 7

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Figure 6 - Percentage of Crude Imports to Hawai‘i,
by Country of Origin, 2019

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Figure 7 - Percentage of Crude Imports to
Hawai‘i, by Country of Origin, 2010-2019

3 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Figure 8 shows how petroleum was used in
Hawaiʻi in 2018. The air transportation sector
accounted for the highest percentage of
petroleum use, followed by groundtransportation and electricity production, withthe remainder used for marine transportation,commercial, industrial and residential uses. 8,9

Figure 8 - Hawai‘i’s Petroleum Use by Sector, 2018

GroundTransportatio
27.4%

Electri c Power23.6%,.........- commercia l
2.9%

MarineTransportation 4.0%

As shown in Figure 9, both electricity andgasoline prices correlate closely with the price of
petroleum. 10

Industrial
7 .9%~ Residential
Air Transportation~--___;;==-~~
33.9%

0.3%

With a variety of sources (both fossil andrenewable), and many energy end-uses(including air transportation,
ground transportation,
Figure 9- Visible Correlation Between Prices of Crude Oil, Gasoline, and Electricity
electricity production, and direct
5.00
0.40
heat for water, cooking, etc.),
4.50
0.35
tracking energy flows can be
4.00
complicated.
0.30
3.50

As illustrated by the Sankey
3.00"' 2.50
diagram 11 in Figure 10, there are!2_<I'>several important parts of an
2.00
energy system: sources, uses,
1.50
1.00
electricity generation, and theefficiency of converting energy
0.50
0.00
to services such as lighting,Jan-10heated water, and power to thewheels of a vehicle. Rejectedenergy is the energy, usuallyemitted as waste heat, that is
not used directly for a needed service.
Also shown are non-electricity energy flows,
primarily petroleum to transportation.

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0.10
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Jan-11

Jan-12

u.s. Crude Oil

Jan-13-Jan-14Jan-15

HI Gasoline - RegularJan-16-

Jan-17Jan-18Jan-19Hawaii Avg. Electricity Price $/kWh

The facts and figures in this document are grouped in the following categories:
1. Overview of Hawai‘i’s energy;
2. Electricity production and use;
3. Transportation;
4. Alternative fuel use and production in Hawai‘i;
5. Energy sector workforce and jobs;
6. Decarbonized, clean energy economy; and7. Beyond Hawai‘i.

4 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Figure 10 - Sankey Diagram of Hawaiʻi’s Energy Sources and Uses in 2018
Solar
13.1
31.9

l!titif

Rejected

216

0.02

33.5

S<>ur<;:Q: l,Llfi. Jut><J, 2020 . Il<,l" i 5 b!,-'!<.>tl " " 1)('.)J:;/E!II SEOO (2019) . Il lhi5 in l .,_,.,,.., l i <)n '-'" " n>pr<.>ctu,;li<.>n <)1 il i:, U5U<J , crotlil :,,u:,t t,,J g i vun l <) l h<J L,," u.tn<.:o Li~o, 1.,,,,,1·0 N,:, l i <)n" l !.ab<.>n, l<.>ry
and the Dep<i rtment o f Em,::gy , under who:,e <0u:>pice:, the wo::k " "" pe rformed . Di:,t:: i buted electri ci ty r epre:,en t :, on l y r e t ail e l ec tricity :,<1le:, <1nd doe:, not inclu de :,elf- gener<1tion . ElA::eport:> con:> umption o f r e n ev~l• re~ ource :, (i • • . , hydro, v i,id , qeothu:=l ;:ind :,olol r ) f o r elec:t::ici t y in ~u •q,.,i·,.ile,i~ Vollue:, by .i:,:,um.ing .i typ ic.,. l fo:,:,i l f·nl p l ,>,nt h e,>,t ::,>.te , ~·heeffic iency of elecuicity p roduction ill ca l c·J h ted aa the total reta il e l ectncity delivered divided by t he p tir,ary e nergy input in t o e l ectric i ty generation . l!:nd u:,e e ffi cie ncy i a,-,,.r.i .,, t.<•cl "" 651, t n r
r n ,.l dnn t 1nl """ ' ·" '"• 65 1, f n r I. h i, .,._,r<:1,o l KN: l.or , 4'11 f or !Ch<, 1rul 11 ,.1. r lnl ""<:I.o r•, "" d :! 11 fnr r.hn r. rnn>rpn r !C,o l.lnn """to r . T<>t.n lK mny nnl. n<1nn l ,., ,_ n f
c omponent" d ue t o ir.<Wpe r.dent Rounding. J.J.N!. HJ 4 1052 7

T.t,.,

Table 1 - Notable Energy Numbers for Hawaiʻi

2018

2019

34.9

26.4

Total foreign refined petroleum
imports (million gallons) 14

1,845

646

Hawai‘i’s Ranking: Average Retail
Price of Electricity to Residential
Sector 16

1

1

Total foreign crude oil imports(million barrels) 12

Fuel for electricity production(million gallons) 13
Imported foreign fuel for airtransportation (e.g., jet fuel)(million gallons)15
Fuel for ground transportation(million gallons) 17

2018

2019

385

387

336

437

511

513

5 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

2. Electricity Production and Use
Hawai‘i’s electricity production
by source in 2019 is shown in
Figure 11. The largest source ispetroleum, at 63.2 percent,followed by coal at 12 percent,for a fossil fuel total of 75.2
percent. 18 Solar energy
provided 12.7 percent (10.2%
small scale and 2.5 percent
large scale), wind energy
accounted for 4.9 percent,biomass for 2.7 percent, andhydroelectric for 0.9 percent of
Hawai‘i’s electricity in 2019.

Figure 11 - Hawai‘i’s Electricity Production by Source (2019)■■

Wind,4 .9%■

Biomass, 2.7%

Solar, Utility-Scale,._ _ _~ ""'"
2.5%/

Solar, Small-Scale,
10.2%

■
■

Geothermal, 0.0%
Hydroelectric, 0 .9%
other, 3.7%■

• Fossil 75.2%
ο Petroleum 63.2%
ο Coal 12%• Renewable 20.3%
ο Solar 12.7%
ο Wind 4.9%
ο Biomass 2.7%
ο Hydro 0.9%
• Other 3.7%

Petroleum, 63.2%

As mentioned previously (Figure 4), Hawai‘i’s dependency on petroleum is significantly higher than other states, due insignificant amount to its use of petroleum for electricity production.
As shown in Figure 12, only 0.3
percent of electricity in the
United States is generatedusing petroleum. Electricity
generation in the continental
United States is primarily fromthe following energy sources:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Natural gas (38%);
Coal (23.2%);
Nuclear (19.5%);
Wind (7.2%);
Hydroelectric (6.6%);
Solar (2.5%);
Biomass (1.4%); andGeothermal (0.4%)

Figure 12 - United States Electricity Production by Source (2019)■ Solar, Utility-Scale, 1.7%~

Solar, Small Scale, 0.8%
■ Petroleum Liquids, 0.3%
■ Petroleum Coke, 0.2%■

Wind 7.2 %'Other, 0.3%■

Nuclear, 19.5%■

Geothermal, 0.4%■

Hydroelectric, 6.6%

_J
6 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Hawai‘i’s Electric Utilities

Figure 13 - Hawai‘i’s Electric Utility Service Territories

The two primary electric utilities serving Hawai‘i are
Hawaiian Electric and Kaua‘i Island Utility Cooperative(KIUC). Hawaiian Electric, an investor-owned utility, isthe largest supplier of electricity in the state andprovides electricity to the majority of Hawai‘i’s
population. KIUC operates as a cooperative. Both are
regulated by the Hawai‘i Public Utilities Commission.

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The service territories of the utilities are shown in
Hawai'i'sFigure 13. In December, 2019, Hawaiian ElectricElect ric Utility
announced that “Hawaiian Electric will adopt a ‘doing
Servicebusiness as’ model, with the three individual corporate
Territories
entities remaining but all doing business as Hawaiian
Electric” beginning in January, 2020, with the“transition to the Hawaiian Electric name” taking placeover several months. The three entities are Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. (HECO), serving the island of O‘ahu; Maui
Electric Company, Limited (MECO), serving the islands of Maui, Moloka‘i, and Lāna‘i (Maui County), and Hawai‘iElectric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO), serving the island of Hawai‘i. The combination is shown in Figure 13. 19

Average Electricity Rates in Hawai‘i
As shown in Figure 14, Hawaiʻi’saverage electricity prices are morethan double the national average,
and have fluctuated over the years
in a manner similar to thefluctuations in the price of oil(shown previously, in Figure 9).
This makes many of the energy
efficiency measures and renewableenergy technologies even morecost-effective in Hawaiʻi than they
are in other U.S. locations.

Figure 14 - Hawai‘i’s electricity prices are more than double the U.S. average

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7 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Residential Electricity Use, Rates, and Monthly Bills
Monthly utility sales, rates, and bills for residential customers were generally lower in 2019 compared to 2011, as shownin Figure 15 and Table 2 (kWh); Figure 16 and Table 3 (average rates); and Figure 17 and Table 4 (bills). 20,21,22
Figure 15 - Average Monthly Residential Electricity Sales Per Household (kWh)
700
600
500
400
300
200

-

state Average

-

O'ahu

-

Hawai'i-Kaua'i-

Lana'i-

Maui-

Molokai

100
0

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Table 2 - Average Monthly Residential Electricity Sales per Household (kWh)

Year
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

State Average
584
543
514
496
497
484
482
494
497

O‘ahu
609
561
523
501
504
488
486
493
500

Hawai‘i
520
494
473
458
454
450
451
471
454

Kaua‘i
473
465
464
464
474
478
491
503
515

Lāna‘i
435
413
430
443
424
425
417
447
464

Maui
612
574
557
545
541
517
510
533
543

Moloka‘i
373
345
329
312
306
312
324
325
328

Figure 16 – Average Utility Revenues Per Residential kWh ($)
$0.50
$0.40
$0.30

-

$0.20
$0.10

-

state Average

-

O'ahu

-

Hawai'i-Kaua'i-

Lana'i-

Maui-

Molokai

$0.00
2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Table 3 - Average Utility Revenues per Residential kWh ($)

Year
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

State Average
$0.35
$0.37
$0.37
$0.37
$0.30
$0.28
$0.30
$0.33
$0.33

O‘ahu
$0.32
$0.35
$0.35
$0.35
$0.28
$0.26
$0.28
$0.31
$0.31

Hawai‘i
$0.42
$0.42
$0.42
$0.42
$0.35
$0.32
$0.34
$0.37
$0.37

Kaua‘i
$0.43
$0.45
$0.44
$0.43
$0.34
$0.34
$0.35
$0.37
$0.35

Lāna‘i
$0.44
$0.47
$0.46
$0.46
$0.38
$0.34
$0.36
$0.40
$0.42

Maui
$0.36
$0.39
$0.38
$0.38
$0.31
$0.29
$0.31
$0.34
$0.34

Moloka‘i
$0.43
$0.46
$0.46
$0.47
$0.38
$0.33
$0.36
$0.37
$0.41

8 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Figure 17 - Average Monthly Residential Electric Utility Bill
$250
$200

-

state Ave rage

-

o'ahu

-

Hawai'i-Kaua'i$100-

Lana'i

$50

-

Maui

-

Molokai

$150

$0
2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Table 4 – Average Monthly Residential Electricity Bill ($)

Year
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

Energy Efficiency

State Average
$202
$203
$189
$185
$149
$135
$145
$163
$162

O‘ahu
$195
$197
$181
$178
$141
$127
$137
$155
$155

Hawai‘i
$218
$210
$199
$192
$157
$142
$154
$175
$166

Kaua‘i
$205
$209
$205
$199
$163
$163
$170
$187
$180

Lāna‘i
$192
$192
$199
$203
$159
$142
$150
$179
$195

Maui
$219
$222
$211
$206
$168
$147
$157
$180
$183

Moloka‘i
$161
$159
$153
$147
$115
$102
$115
$121
$133

Figure 18 - Energy Efficiency: Costs of Saved Electricity (2016$/kWh)Across 41 States in the U.S.

The saying, “energy efficiency first,”$0.11
reflects the understanding that it is$0.10
generally cheaper and more resource$0.09
efficient to avoid using a kilowatt-hour
$0.08
$0.07
than it is to generate or purchase a$0.06
kilowatt-hour. A study published in 2020
$0.05
$0.04
collected information from forty-one states$0.03
and found that the national sales-weighted$0.02
average cost per kilowatt-hour saved was$0.01$generally less than three cents per
Average for all
Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency
kilowatt-hour saved: $0.025 for all
Measures for
Measures for Low
programs, 41
Measures for
Res idential
Commercial and Income Customers
programs; $0.021 for residential; $0.025
statesCustomers
Industria lfor commercial and industrial; and $0.105
for the highest-cost programs, which
focused on assisting low income
customers. This compares to the U.S. average retail price of electricity in the same period of about ten cents per kWhand, in Hawai‘i, between twenty and thirty-four cents.23

Ill Fiftii Ill

This is the basis for the rule of thumb that each dollar spent on efficiency (for current programs, in aggregate) saves ten
times that amount on energy bills. As shown later (Table 5), Hawai‘i savings for program year 2019 was fifteen to one.

9 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standards (EEPS)
Hawaiʻi has a State Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard, contained in section 269-96 of the Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, toreduce electricity consumption in Hawaiʻi by 4,300 gigawatt-hours by 2030. To fund the energy efficiency program, aPublic Benefits Fee surcharge is collected via utility customers’ electricity bills. The program is assigned to the Hawaiʻi
Public Utilities Commission (PUC) for administration. Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) runs the energy efficiency
program in its service territory (on the island of Kauaʻi). In the service territories of the Hawaiian Electric Companies(the islands of Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, and Hawaiʻi), the energy efficiency program is operated by Hawaiʻi Energy
under contract to the PUC. Every five years, the PUC reports on the programs to the State Legislature. 24 Findings in thereport to the 2019 Legislature included,“The EEPS goal has been effective at accelerating deployment of energy efficiency resources
throughout the State. During the First EEPS Performance Period (2009-2015), Hawaiʻi achieved an
estimated 2,030 GWh of electricity savings, exceeding the 2015 goal of 1,375 GWh of energy savings bynearly 50%. An additional 530 GWh of savings was achieved in 2016-2017…”“…Energy efficiency remains a lower cost resource than most other energy options, while providing
many other important benefits to Hawaiʻi’s electric utilities and ratepayers. However, Hawaiʻi’s energy
landscape has evolved significantly since the EEPS goal was established in 2009. Given the substantial
increase in renewable energy available in Hawaiʻi (such as solar PV and wind), it is no longer a given thatenergy efficiency will always displace fossil fuel generation. As customers continue to invest in low-cost
renewable energy and increasingly, energy storage, energy efficiency programs and investments must
be integrated with other clean energy initiatives...” and“… the incentives and services delivered by the Hawaiʻi Energy program … were delivered at a cost far
below the avoided cost of electricity generation. These impacts are expected to generate over threebillion dollars of utility bill savings for customers over the life of the installed efficiency measures.”
The Public Benefits Fee Surcharge added to the electricity bills of Hawaiian Electric Company customers for the2020-2021 Program Year, based on 2.0 percent of the forecasted revenues and reduced by the amount of the GreenInfrastructure Fee, is 0.5882 cents per kWh for residential customers and 0.3441 cents per kWh for commercial andindustrial customers. This is a reduction from the previous levels of 0.7437 and 0.614 cents per kWh, respectively.25 The
amounts collected are used to fund the activities of Hawaiʻi Energy, the Public Benefits Fee Administrator (PBFA) in theservice territories of the Hawaiian Electric Company (i.e., the islands of Oʻahu , Maui, Moloka‘i, Lānaʻi, and Hawaiʻi).
The Resource Cost Adjustment Surcharge Provision for KIUC is not applied to residential or streetlight service. For theother rate schedules, the fee is 0.000881 cents per kWh.26

Statewide Market Potential Study
The results from the Hawaiʻi Statewide Market Potential Study, performed for the Public Utilities Commission andreleased in August of 2020, indicate that additional energy efficiency efforts are needed to meet the energy efficiency
targets of 2030. However, the future achievable, economic, and technical potential are roughly double the energy
efficiency savings to date. Key findings are highlighted in the figures and text below.27

10 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

One of the report’s summary
charts is shown in Figure 19.
The “Solar PV Generation”
amounts in the Figure (bottom
wedge) are photovoltaics
installed prior to 2015, when
PV was counted as an energy
efficiency measure.
Photovoltaics installed after
2015 are counted as
renewable generation.

Figure 19 - Energy Efficiency Potential to 2030
The EEPS target appears to be attainable under the Achievable business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, in which programs continue in a similar manner• The gap is -1,000 GvVh in 2030
There is substantial amount of additional cost-effective savings - economic potential (in green) - available through 2030
Interventions can come from many sources - some of which have already occurred due to previous efforts in Hawaii

Cumulative Persistent Energy Savings through 2030, EEPS Perspective
8,00)

7,0'Xl6,00)

Fut~electviical-Fut~eEcO"lomic-

Futlft Achievable High-Futlft Achievable· BAU-

2000-2019Programs-- Statewide EEPS Target

Impacts due to futureinterventions (future EE
programs, state
standards, market
transformation)

Nat~ally-Ocrurring

5,00l

Codes & Starw:lards

GWh 4,0'Xl

Solar PJ Generation
3,00)

Impacts due tointerventions before
2020 (prior EE programs,
existing codes andstandards, ongoing
market transformation)

2,00)

Codes and standards areshown next, as a consistently
increasing wedge. The third
wedge from the bottom (darkgreen), shows the continuingsavings from equipment installed under
Hawaiʻi Energy programs between
2009-2019. The fourth wedge (light purple)
shows naturally-occurring efficiency gains,
and the fifth wedge (dark purple) shows“future achievable” savings, with Businessas Usual (BAU).

~00)

A pplied Ene rg y GroupAs shown in Figure 20, energy efficiency
measures can be categorized in four generalareas: Public Benefits Fee Administrator(PBFA) programs; PBFA or futurecode/standard programs; demand response(DR)/grid services (GS) facilitator programs;
and newly-enacted standards.

20U

2009

2015

2018

2024

2021

2027

20>'.l14

www_apptiedenergygroup.com

Figure 20 – Residential Sector Energy Efficiency
Residential Sector
PBFA Programs

PBFA Programs or Future Code/Standard

Refrigerator•
Solar •

water

heaterLegendInterior Lighting

e Water Heating• Coolinge Appliances•

decomm1ss1onand recycle• •••• •GSLmtenor
lighting

Exterior Lightinge Miscellaneouse Electronics
e Electric Vehicles

The PBFA residential programs (top two
quadrants in Figure 20) have significant
energy savings potential in several areas,
the largest of which are interior lighting(114 GWh), solar water heating (82 GWh),
and refrigerator swaps (56 GWh).

•~ FaucetVaerators
Low-flow A

showerheads'V'

Newly-enacted Standard•a

GSLextenor•

1ghting••.

RoomAC

Du~less mini•

sphtAC

DR/GS Facilitator

Other areas of potential are currently categorizedunder the heading of demand response(lower right-hand quadrant), and include two typesof air conditioning, at 75 GWh and 57 GWh,
for a total of 132 GWh.

11 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Figure 21 - Commercial Sector Energy Efficiency

The “commercial” sector (actually nonresidential, since it includes government,
educational, and others), as a larger energy
using sector than residential, has evengreater savings potential.

Standard
GSlinterior

lighting
H,gh·bay •lighting•••

Skyhghts •Interior Lighting••

Exterior Lightinge Miscellaneous•

Cooling•

Water Heating~linear••

LegendThe types, and relative magnitude ofpotential by type of measure, are shown in
Figure 21. The four types of interior lighting,combined, have a potential of 134, 122, 89,
and 24 GWh, for a total of 369 GWh.
Exterior lighting is also significant, as is air
conditioning.

Figure 22 shows the projectedcumulative savings from themost impactful measures total(about 1400 GWh) are greaterthan the amount remaining tomeet the EEPS goal of 4300
GWh by 2030. However, as
described elsewhere, increased
energy efficiency – beyond the4300 GWh goal set in 2008 – isrequired by objectives ofaffordability, carbon reduction,and renewable proportionality.

Commercial Sector
PBFA Programs or Future Code /PBFA Programs•

lighting•••e Offi ce Equipment

e Refrigeration• a•Ventilation

V.A Air-cooledV

ch1ller
Water-cooled

ch11ler

Figure 22 - Cumulative Savings From Most Impactful Measures
700

1,600
■ Residential

600

1,400

■ Commercial

1,200

500

1,000GWh

1,000

458

..c 400

needed tomeet EEPS

800

~ 300
200
100
0
PBFA

PBFA

Programs

Programs or
FutureCode/ Standard

DR/GS
Facilitators

-

600
400
200
0

Newly-enacted

2030 Cumulative

Standards

GWh

Hawai‘i Energy
Hawaiʻi Energy is the Public Benefits Fee Administrator for the electric utility service territories served by the Hawaiian
Electric Companies.
Energy efficiency program costs for the program year 2019-2020 were approximately $32 million, first year savings were134.3 million kWh, and lifetime bill savings for the measures installed is projected to be more than $481 million (over$15 saved per $1 spent). Levels of participation and results are shown in Table 5. 28
Table 5 - Hawaiʻi Energy’s Efficiency Program, Program Year 2019-2020
Fees Collected, Number and Type of Participants, and Results (kWh and $ Savings)

Area
Island of O‘ahu
Maui Nui
Island of
Hawai‘i
Total for 3
counties

Fees Collected

Number of Participants
Residential Businesses
10,225
794
1354
132

Customer kWh
Savings per Year

Customer Bill
Savings per Year

Customer Bill Savings
Over Measure Life

98,329,925
17,299,056$$

27,284,279
5,593,490$$

347,221,864
65,249,681$$

22,602,627
4,083,081$

4,038,439

1,433

116

18,701,111$

6,164,402$

69,306,999$

30,724,147

13,012

1,042

134,330,092$

39,042,171$

481,778,544

12 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Government Agencies’ Energy
Efficiency Programs

Figure 23 - Comparison of State Agencies’ Electricity Consumption in kWh:
FY05 to FY19

As shown in Figure 23, Hawai‘istate agencies’ electricity use in2019 was 17.5 percent less than itwas 2005 (the baseline year).
HSEO tracks and reports onelectricity purchased by stateagencies as part of the “Lead By
Example” (LBE) initiative.

Decrease in electricity consumption from 2005 to 2019: -17.5%
800
700
.,,

713

695

679

702
662

643

647

642

662

640

Q)
Q)

c..

561

0

~

500

..Q

400

"'~

;.;
C:

~
~

300
200
100
0
FYOS

FY06

FY07

FY08

FY09

FYlO

FYll

FY12

FY13

~

---

~

FY14

FYlS

~-

fO
Figure.s::: 24 – State Government Agency Electricity Cost Variability by Year (2005 baseline)

::

7
577

Q)

c

617

600

0

u

643

:i

As shown in Figure 24, even withgenerally decreasing amounts ofelectricity use by State agencies
from year to year (the orangeline), electricity bills (the gray line)
go up and down due to thevarying price of electricity (theblue line), which is largely
120%
affected by the price of oil
100%
80%(the yellow line).
Sources: NYMEX WT/
60%""C:Future Price; EIA40%
826; Utility (HECO,
MECO, HELCO, &KIUC} Billing data

646

20%

0%
-20%

FY16

FY17

FY18

FY19

~

-40%
FY0506

FY0507

FY0508

FY0509FY0510

FY0511

FY0512

FY0513

FY0514

FY0515

FY0516

FY0517

FY0518

FY0519- - Price of Oil ($/bbl)

32%

30%

99%

43%

54%

83%

95%

89%

108%

42%

-14%

0%

20%

25%

- - Average Hawaii Electricity Price ($/kWh)

21%

22%

51%

54%

42%

66%

105%

102%

102%

81%

47%

51%

65%

79%

- - Total SO H Building Electricity Cost($)

24%

30%

55%

57%

38%

62%

101%

99%

103%

81%

47%

43%

45%

59%

- - kWh

2%

5%

3%

-3%

-5%

-5%

-6%

-5%

-3%

-6%

-5%

-9%

-15%

-17%

Several factors have contributed to the decline shown by the orange line: participation in energy efficiency programs;
energy-efficient design in construction and renovation; and energy performance contracts.
Since 1996, state agencies have received nearly $13.1 million in efficiency rebates.29 Combined, these rebates haveresulted in more than $302 million estimated cumulative dollar savings and 1.6 billion kWh electricity savings. Over thelife of the equipment, these savings would be enough to power about 192,000 households for a year.30 From June 2019
through March 2020, state agencies received $420,000 in rebates.
The state also requires all new construction and major renovation to meet “Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design” (LEED) Silver standards, to the extent possible.31

13 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Figure 25 shows the relative magnitude of electricity purchases by the various agencies, and the percentage change
from 2005 to 2019.
Figure 25 - GWh Consumption by Agency in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2019;
Percent change from 2005 to 2019

■ FY10D FYOS~~

I.,!:)

~
0

·.g_

200

Shown in green:% change
in State agency electricity use
between 2005 and 2019

-20%

150

-28%

E
100

0

u

..,>
·o
·;:

so

tai

0

jjj

■ FY19

+1%

:::,

"'C:

■ FY15250

r. rII n:. n:.

-36%

I
J:

:::>

U.J

0

C

"'
t:
0

e<(
I-

0

C

+6% -24% -34% -41% -39% -11% -2% +33% -12% -55% +32% -7% +31% -29% -38% -38% +69% -16% -76% -63% +58%

(!)
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C

AG
Department of the Attorney General
DAGS
Department of Accounting and GeneralServices
DBEDT
Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism
DCCA
Department of Commerce and ConsumerAffairs
DHHL
Department of Hawaiian Home Lands
Department of Human Services
DHS
Department of Labor and Industrial Relations
DLIR
DLNR
Department of Land and Natural Resources
DOA
Department of Agriculture
DOD
Department of Defense
DOE
Department of Education
DOH
Department of Health
DOT Airports Department of Transportation/Airports Division

DOT Harbors
DOT Highways
FTZ
HCDA
HHFDC
HHSC
HPHA
HSPLS
HTA-CC
NELHA
PSD
UH

Department of Transportation/Harbors Division
Department of Transportation/Highways Division
Foreign-Trade Zone Division
Hawai‘i Community DevelopmentAuthority
Hawai‘i Housing Finance & Development Corporation
Hawai‘i Health Systems Corporation
Hawai‘i Public Housing Authority
Hawai‘i State Public Library System
Hawai‘i Tourism Authority – Convention Center
Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
Department of Public Safety
University of Hawai‘iState and County Energy Performance Contracts
With an Energy Performance Contract (EPC), a State or County agency enters into an agreement with a private Energy
Services Company (ESCO) to purchase and install an Energy Conservation Measure (possibly including photovoltaics), in
which the agency will use a portion of the electricity bill savings from those energy conservation measures to, over time,
reimburse the ESCO for the cost of the equipment, installation, and possibly maintenance. This allows the private
contractor to purchase and install equipment that reduces energy and water use in government-owned facilities, basedon the future savings from the energy conservation measures, with no required up-front payment by the government
agency. Under the agreement, the ESCO will guarantee the savings – and pay for any shortfall.
The savings provided to government operations from performance contracts have been significant. Since theperformance contracting program was introduced by the State Energy Office in 1996, state and local government
agencies have saved an estimated $1.1 billion in energy costs over the life of the contracts, and a cumulative amount ofelectricity equal to the amount used by 396,586 homes in one year. The projects comprise over 112 million square feetin 295 existing buildings and facilities.
For eight consecutive years (2012-2019), Hawai‘i has garnered national recognition from the Race to the Top award fromthe Energy Services Coalition. The award is given to the state with the highest per capita investment in performance
contracting projects. The Energy Services Coalition also recognized Hawai‘i for signing the single largest performance
contract by a state agency (Hawai‘i State Department of Transportation, Airports Division, performance contract fornearly $209.8 million). Hawai‘i remains the Race to the Top all-time per-capita investment leader, as shown in Table 6. 32
14 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Table 6 – Energy Services Coalition Ranking of States as of October, 2020

State
1. Hawai‘i
2. Washington
3. Delaware
4. Kentucky
5. Massachusetts

Population
1,360,301
6,724,540
897,934
4,339,367
6,547,629

Performance Contracting$507,133,904$1,424,458,811$184,776,551$750,000,000$1,027,848,634

Dollars per Capita$372.81$211.83$205.78$172.84$156.98

Saving Energy Through Building Design
Buildings use a great deal of energy, and potential energy savings are significant. According to the U.S. Department ofEnergy: 33“The buildings sector accounts for about 76% of electricity use and 40% of all U.S. primary energy use
and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions… Opportunities for improved efficiency are enormous.
By 2030 building energy use could be cut more than 20% using technologies known to be cost effective
today and by more than 35% if research goals are met. Much higher savings are technically possible.”

Building Codes; State Energy Building Code Council; County Energy Codes
In a study published in 2020 that collected information from forty-one states, efforts to improve energy-efficientbuilding codes and standards were recognized as a very low-cost measure (far left), at significantly less than one centper kWh saved, as shown in Figure 26. 34
Figure 26 - Cost-effectiveness of Various Energy Efficiency Measures
low
IncomeIZ,31')::C- $0.10-......
;;

Whole-Home Retrolot 12,l" l

..,
0
N

RH Behaviorel Feedback I0.41')~

Multi F ■ m l ly (1 .1" ):!l~ $0.08t.,

Res New Construction (2.1" 'w

MUSH & Other G"" '1 7

.,,.

'0

.

lftd/A,c"' $0.06
Q,rCIUHt0&<>char.
2.
t:

Customu-·c so.04·s:'0E

lftd/AJ ,,ucriptlve (1.5'6)(!

.

ll ■ treftt

INAC,
Water

(4.~J 5mall

Heaters& Other

N tw
ccnstr11ctrc:1

<

"'
0
0.

Res

Buildlnc Codes & Standard, l3Jji)$0.02

16,7")

l

Mued cat ,ruc,1p,,,,.
U5.l1'J$0.00

Program Lifetime Savings as% of Total Portfolio Savings■ Cross-Sectoral-

Residential

C&I

low Income

15 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
With the adoption of the 2015 IECC (as amended) by the City and County of Honolulu in June 2020, all of Hawaiʻi’scounties have now adopted the 2015 IECC with Hawai‘i amendments.35 The estimated net savings from the 2015
IECC with Hawai‘i amendments is 12,962 MWh in 2019; 1,083,590 MWh in 2029 (year 10); 1,991,059 MWh in 2032;
and 4,702,738 MWh in 2038 (year 20). Savings are greater in commercial buildings, that are expected to save about
33 percent compared to the 2006 IECC. The savings estimates will rise as a result of additional amendments adopted
by the counties.36
Residential Code Savings: Fully conditioned 2015 IECC residences may achieve a 6 to 9 percent improvement in energy
efficiency. Those following the Tropical Climate Zone compliance path could realize a savings of up to 48 percent
compared to the model code by opting to utilize natural ventilation and choosing the highest-efficiency options when
adopting the 2015 IECC with amendments. 37

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
According to State Market Briefs released by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), as of October 2020, Hawai‘i
had 132 LEED certified projects with a gross square footage of over 9.3 million square feet. The certified buildings
included numerous private developments, as well as federal, state, and county public buildings. Also, there are 948
LEED Credentialed professionals, plus 236 with LEED Specialties, and an additional 107 LEED Green Associates, basedin Hawai‘i. 38 In 2019, Hawai‘i was back among the top 10 states for LEED certified project square footage per capita.
With 4.08 million LEED-certified gross square footage and 12 projects certified, Hawai‘i rated 5th highest state in the
U.S. this year.39

ENERGY STAR® Buildings
Since 2000, 174 Hawai‘i buildings covering over 32 million square feet have received the ENERGY STAR certification,
including over 100 public buildings. 40 During this time, HSEO has helped to benchmark 416 state facilities (with over
2600 individual buildings) and to obtain ENERGY STAR certification for 83 state school facilities. The Hawaii State OfficeTower achieved ENERGY STAR certification in 2019.

Appliance Efficiency Standards
Federal efficiency standards are in place for a variety of consumer products. 41,42 According to the U.S. Department ofEnergy (DOE), 43“Appliance and equipment efficiency standards have served as one of the nation’s most effective policies
to improve energy efficiency and to save consumers energy and money… DOE is currently required toperiodically review standards and test procedures for more than 60 products, representing about 90% of
home energy use, 60% of commercial building energy use, and 30% of industrial energy use…”
Also, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 44“State appliance standards establish minimum energy-efficiency levels for appliances and other energyconsuming products... States are finding that appliance standards offer a cost-effective strategy for
improving energy efficiency and lowering energy costs for businesses and consumers… some of the
products with the largest potential for savings in each sector [are being] considered by an ApplianceStandards Awareness Project (ASAP)…”
According to the 2020 report by the Appliance Standards Awareness Project, the national appliance standards thatare in place are saving Hawaiʻi households about $945 a year on utility bills, and businesses $158 million per year.45
The 2020 “States Go First” report estimated potential cumulative future (by 2035) savings in Hawaiʻi of 44 GWh ofelectricity, 3 billion gallons of water and 455 metric tons of CO2 if Hawaiʻi were to adopt the 2020 State ApplianceStandards Recommendations.46
16 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Examples of Success
Hawaii Green Business Program
To help businesses implement energy and resource efficiency practices, the Hawaii Green Business Program wasestablished as a partnership between the HSEO, the Department of Health, the Board of Water Supply, and the Chamberof Commerce of Hawai‘i.47 From 2009 through 2018, over 125 business and government entities—including sectors
such as hospitality, commercial office, retail, restaurant, food services, grocery, venue and green events have saved: 48• 23.5 million kWh of energy (equivalent to powering 3,620 homes for one year in Hawai‘i);• 244.1 million gallons of water; and• $6.6 million in energy costs.

Hawaii Green Infrastructure Authority
The Hawaii Green Infrastructure Authority (“HGIA”) was created by the Legislature to make clean energy investments
accessible and affordable for Hawai‘i’s consumers. HGIA was capitalized with the proceeds from the Green Energy
Market Securitization (“GEMS”) Bond, an innovative market-driven financing mechanism, to advance Hawai‘i’s Energy
Efficiency Portfolio Standards (“EEPS”) and to support efforts to the 100 percent renewable portfolio standard (“RPS”)
goal in the electricity sector by 2045. The Hawaii Green Infrastructure Authority is Hawai‘i’s Green Bank.
Shown in Table 7 are HGIA Program results utilizing some $67.5 million in loan capital to leverage $37.3 million in
private capital, for a total $104.8 million in clean energy investments within the Hawaiian Electric’s service territory.
Table 7 - Hawaii Green Infrastructure Authority Program Results as of June 30, 2020

Excess Operational Revenues over Expenditures fiscal Year ended 6/30/20 49
Jobs Created / Retained Since Inception
State of Hawai‘i Tax Revenues Generated Since Inception
Aggregate Gross Electricity Cost Savings over lifetime
Aggregate Utility Bill Savings over lifetime
Total Estimated kWh Production / Reduction Over Lifetime Since Inception
Total Petroleum Displaced Over Lifetime (Estimated Barrels)
Total Greenhouse Gas Avoided Over Lifetime (Estimated Metric Tons CO2)
% Underserved Residential Households Served 50

$
$
$
$

2,706,733
1,087
13,212,684
289,047,767
185,809,274
801,847,888
492,321241,167
77.0%

The funds managed by HGIA are loans, not grants, and must be paid back.

Distributed Energy Resources
The term “Distributed Energy Resources” (DER) has been evolving over the years. Currently, in the Hawai‘i
Public Utilities Commission Docket No. 2019-0323, the term is broadly defined:“DER” includes “distributed generation, energy efficiency,
response, electric vehicles, and distributed energy storage.”demandThe definition provided above is broader than that which had been common previously, which generally referred toon-site generation of electricity from renewable resources; electricity generation from fossil fuels, such as backup
generators running on diesel or propane; combined heat and power (or heat, power, and cooling systems) generating
both electricity and heat for use on site; and battery storage.
The vast majority of “customer sited DER” systems in Hawai‘i are photovoltaic (PV) installations that are connected tothe electrical grid. DER installations have been increasing, as shown in Figure 28, and are currently the largest
collective source of renewable energy generation in Hawai‘i.51

17 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Figure 28 – Distributed PV is the Fastest-Growing Source of Renewable Electricity in Hawai‘iRenewable Energy Production, Gigawatt-hours, 2011-2019

1,400

·-ro

~

ro

1,200

I

C:
C:

.Q
..,_
C"0

VI

Q)

:::,
0

~

C:
Q)

~

~

800

..c:

~

>
..,

...
ro

·-

ro

·;:;

1,000

-

Biomass-

Geotherma l
Uti lity-Sca le PV
Hydro
w ind
Biofue ls
Distributed PV-

Distributed PV, 1,280

600

~

;:;
-~
u~

..9:!-

Wind, 528
Biomass, 463

400

Utility-Scale PV, 323

UJ

..9:!
..c
ro

200

~
Renewable
Electricity
Q)

C:

0

Figure 27 - Renewable Electricity Generation in Hydro,
Hawai‘i,
87Gigawatthours (GWh) and Percent by Source,
2019ls, 60
Biofue

Q)

er:
2012
2013 (2,7412014
In 2019,
over 2,000 gigawatt-hours
GWh) of 2015
renewable electricity was generated from a variety ofsources, as shown in Figure 27. 52 Sources were:

•
•
•
•
•
•

Distributed photovoltaics (PV) at 1,280 GWh,
providing nearly half (47%) of the total;
followed byWind at 528 GWh(19%);
Biomass at 463 GWh (17%);
Utility-scale PV at 323 GWh (12%);
Hydro at 87 GWh (3%); andBiofuels at 60 GWh (2%) of the renewableelectricity total.

2016

2017

2018

Distributed PV,

1,280 , 46 .7%

2019

Geothermal, 0Biomass,463, 16.9%

Utility-Scal e PV,

323, 11.8%

Hydro,

The amount contributed by the various sources to therenewable energy total has changed over the years, as
Biofue ls,
shown in Figure 28 (comparative amounts) and Figure 32 (stacked amounts).
60, 2.2%

87 , 3.2%

Wind,528, 19.3%

Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
Much of the increase in renewable generation in Hawai‘i may be attributed to Hawai‘i’s renewable portfolio standard(RPS) law, which defines “renewable energy” as electricity generated or produced using the following sources: 53
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Biofuels
BiogasBiomass, including solid waste
Falling water (hydropower)
Geothermal
Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources
Ocean water, currents, and waves, including ocean thermal energy conversion
SunWind
18 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

By law, each of the electric utilities – Hawaiian Electric,
serving the islands of O‘ahu, Maui, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, andHawai‘i; and the Kaua‘i Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC),
serving the island of Kaua‘i – report their Renewable
Portfolio Standard (RPS) levels to the Public Utilities
Commission on an annual basis.

100%

Hawai‘i’s Renewable Portfolio Standards, shown in
Figure 29, are currently 15 percent, rising to:

40%

100%

80%

70%

60%
40%

30%

2045

ll

2040

II Ill 111111111

2030

2025

2020

0%

2035

20% 15%30% by December 31, 2020;
40% by December 31, 2030;
70% by December 31, 2040; and100% by December 31, 2045. 54

2015

•
•
•
•

Figure 29 - Renewable Portfolio Standards in Hawai‘i

The definition of “Renewable Portfolio Standard” is “the percentage of electrical energy sales that is represented byrenewable electrical energy.”55 It includes, in the numerator, the gigawatt-hours generated by rooftop solar systems
and utility-scale renewable energy. The denominator is the gigawatt-hours of electricity sold by the utility, which does
not include electricity produced by rooftop systems and used on-site (also referred to as “behind the meter”).

Hawaiian Electric
As shown in Figure 30, top left, Hawaiian Electric has exceeded the required RPS levels to date. The contributions of
the individual entities are also shown. The Hawaiian Electric companies provide quarterly data on their RPS
performance and a variety of other metrics (including “System Renewable Energy,” which does not include customersited renewable generation, and “Total Renewable Energy,” which adds customer-sited generation to the denominator)
on their website.56 Data from the RPS reports filed with the PUC is provided in Table 8.57

Figure 30 - Reported RPS Levels, Hawaiian Electric Companies, 2013-2019
100%

100%

Hawaiian Electric
RPS Level

800/o

Hawaiian Electric, O'ahu
RPS Level

800/o

600/o

600/o

400/o

21.3%

23.2%

25.8%

26.8%

26.

7% 28.4%

200/o

400/o

20.8%

22. 1%

25.2%

L_::,...:.:.;:.-..-•to--..--15.2%

200/o

17.2%

19.4%

0% .J.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __0% - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 201320 14 20 15 2016
2017
20 18
20 19

100%

Hawaiian Electric, Maui Nui
RPS Level

2013

100%

2014

20 15

20 16

2017

800/o

600/o

60% .__:47~-~4%:..~4:8-~7;%-------~

54.2%

37 9%0 40.8%
33.
35.4% 36-9% 34.2%·; ; ; . ~ -. . .- - - . . . : . ; ; ; , ; ; . - - . - -

7%

20 19

Hawaiian Electric, Hawai'i Island
RPS Level

800/o

4001o L

2018

56.6%

400/o

200/o

200/o

0% ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 201320 14 2015
2016
2017
20 18
2019

0% - - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2013
2014
20 15
20 16
2017
2018
20 19

19 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Hawaiian Electric, Hawai‘i Island

Hawaiian Electric, Maui Nui

Hawaiian Electric, O‘ahu

Hawaiian Electric

Table 8 - Renewable Energy Generation and Sales, Hawaiian Electric, MWh, 2013-2019(in MWh)
Renewables
Biomass
Geothermal
Utility PV
Hydro
Wind
Biofuels
Distributed PV
Total Sales

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

1,648,451
415,691
281,41733,92540,155503,548
29,789343,926
9,069,513

1,913,561
433,164
255,027
44,255
51,155577,867
37,093515,000
8,976,242

2,080,772
416,716
230,495
51,21173,098612,781
53,412643,059
8,956,498

2,283,119
423,118
260,116
66,87255,076656,678
38,475
782,784
8,845,335

2,328,393
381,138
322,609
142,868
30,285532,874
55,982
862,637
8,690,433

2,324,218
389,730
110,089
149,149
62,734602,008
62,034
948,474
8,688,772

2,480,290
414,357
218,057
35,414
527,887
59,996
1,224,579
8,739,984

RPS

18.18%

21.32%

23.23%

25.81%

26.79%

26.75%

28.38%

Renewables

801,009

1,029,070

1,159,629

1,292,042

1,362,162

1,444,033

1,655,628

Biomass

374,569

390,011385,846

418,735

381,138

389,730

414,357

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

27,30337,36340,75053,723

128,939

132,366

194,661

Geothermal
Utility PV
Hydro

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

121,691

183,864

216,197

233,531

191,560

200,644

148,296

Biofuels

28,50836,17552,42437,49155,02361,082

52,645Distributed PV

248,938

381,657

464,412548,562

605,502660,211845,669

Total Sales

6,858,536

6,781,665

6,754,083

6,660,195

6,548,697

6,525,670

6,563,104O‘ahu RPS

11.68%

15.17%

17.17%

19.40%

20.80%

22.13%

25.23%

Renewables

330,067

381,351

402,832

412,307373,980

416,061

459,984

Biomass

41,122

43,15330,870

4,383

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5,097

5,324

7,904

9,078

12,85919,172Geothermal
Utility PV

9,705

Hydro

4,745

8,150

9,823

968

650

347

-

Wind

230,305

257,907264,291

277,456

231,688

254,698

236,916

Biofuels

1,281

918

988

984

959

952

942

Distributed PV

47,51765,89988,956

119,438

130,978

147,205

202,954

Total Sales

1,134,873

1,132,056

1,137,630

1,117,742

1,094,786

1,099,020

1,127,338

Maui RPS

29.08%

33.69%

35.41%

36.89%

34.16%

37.86%

40.80%

Renewables

517,375

503,140

518,311578,770

592,251

464,124

364,678

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

281,417

255,027

230,495

260,116

322,609

110,089-

Utility PV

1,525

1,568

2,557

4,071

4,224

3,924

4,224

Biomass

Hydro

35,41043,00563,275

54,10829,63562,38735,414

Wind

151,552

136,096

132,293

145,691

109,626

146,666

142,675

-

-

-

-

-

-

6,409

Biofuels
Distributed PV

47,471

67,44489,691

114,784

126,157

141,058

175,956

Total Sales
Hawai‘i RPS

1,076,104

1,062,521

1,064,785

1,067,398

1,046,950

1,064,082

1,049,542

48.08%

47.35%

48.68%

54.22%

56.57%

43.62%

34.75%

20 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Figure 31 - Reported RPS Levels, Kaua‘i Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC), 2013-2019

Kaua‘i Island Utility Cooperative
The RPS levels reported by Kaua‘i Island
Utility Cooperative (KIUC), which have tripled
since 2013 and currently exceed fifty
percent, are shown in Figure 31. Data isprovided in Table 9.58

100%

KIUC
RPS Level

80%

56.6%

60%
41 . 7%

44.4%

43.5%

20 16

20 17

20 18

40%
20%
0%
20 13

20 14

20 15

20 19

Table 9 - Renewable Energy Generation and Sales, Kaua‘i Island Utility Cooperative, MWh, 2013-2019(in MWh)

KIUC

Renewables

Biomass
Geothermal
Utility-Scale PV
Hydro
Wind
Biofuels
Distributed PV

Total Sales
RPS

2013

59,385
14,32433,351
11,710431,478

13.76%

2014

75,19724,301
34,086
16,810429,924

17.49%

2015

118,027
5,465
40,65033,64638,266432,07627.32%

20162017

182,904
49,656

197,445
46,192

54,92634,301

69,50430,75544,021
439,088

50,994445,098

41.66%

2018

196,094
49,31567,882
29,264
49,633451,11444.36%

43.47%

2019

260,797
48,885
105,11251,67355,127
460,71056.61%

Figure 32 - Combined Statewide RPS Level Combining both of Hawai‘i's Electric Utilities

Statewide100%

The Hawaii State Energy Office also tracks
progress on a statewide basis by combining
the utilities’ RPS reports. The data isprovided in Table 10 and the resulting graphis Figure 32.

State
RPS Level

80%
60%
40%

Renewable generation by type of resource isshown in Figure 33.

20%

..

0%
20 13

23.4%

26.6%

27.6%

27.6%

21 .1%

I

I

I

I

I

2014

20 15

20 16

2017

2018

..

29.8%

2019

STATE

Table 10 - Renewable Energy Generation and Sales, Statewide, MWh, 2010-2019(in MWh)
Renewables
Biomass
Geothermal
Utility-Scale PV
Hydro
Wind
Biofuels
Distributed PV
Total Sales
RPS

2013
1,707,836
415,691
281,417
48,24973,506
503,548
29,789355,6369,500,991
17.98%

2014
1,988,758
433,164
255,027
68,55685,241
577,867
37,093531,810
9,406,166
21.14%

2015
2,198,799
422,181
230,495
91,861
106,744612,781
53,412
681,325
9,388,574
23.42%

2016
2,466,023
472,774
260,116
121,798
89,377
656,678
38,475
826,805
9,284,423
26.56%

2017
2,525,838
427,330
322,609
212,372
61,040532,874
55,982
913,631
9,135,531
27.65%

2018
2,520,312
439,045
110,089
217,031
91,998602,008
62,034
998,107
9,139,886
27.57%

2019
2,741,087
463,242
323,169
87,087
527,887
59,996
1,279,706
9,200,694
29.79%

21 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Figure 33 - Renewable Electricity Generation in Hawai‘i, By Source, GWh, 2011-2019
3,000

2,741

2,500

2,466

2,526

2,520

2015

2016

2017

2018

■ Hydro■ Wind■ Biofuels

2,199
1,989

2,000

1,708
1,324

1,500
1,000
500
0

2011
■ Biomass

2012■ Geotherma l

2013

2014

■ Utility-Scale PV

2019

Distributed

Renewable Energy Resources
The use of locally available energy sources is a component of Hawai‘i’s energy objectives and policies, to reduce
dependence on imported fuels. As stated in the Hawai‘i State Planning Act:
§226-18
Objectives and policies for facility systems—energy. (a)Planning for the State’s facility systems with regard to energy shallbe directed toward the achievement of … Increased energy security andself-sufficiency through the reduction and ultimate elimination of
Hawai‘i’s dependence on imported fuels for electrical generation andground transportation…
Renewable energy resources available in Hawai‘i are, in alphabetical order:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Bioenergy
Geothermal Energy
Hydropower
Ocean Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Energy

Bioenergy“Bioenergy” includes:•••

Biofuels
Biogas, including landfill and sewage-based digester gas
Biomass, including biomass crops, agricultural and animal residues and wastes, municipal solid waste, andother solid waste

Biofuel Projects and Production
Biofuel, a renewable energy source that can be stored and transported in a manner similar to fossil fuel, can often be
used in existing equipment and be blended with petroleum fuels.
22 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Currently, the only commercially produced biofuel in Hawai‘i is biodiesel produced by Pacific Biodiesel. The company’s
facility on Hawai‘i Island, with a capacity of 5.5 million gallons per year, produces fuel for use in the transportation
sector as well as for use in power plants on O‘ahu, Maui, and Hawai‘i Island. The facility is able to use waste cooking oil
as well as oils from locally-grown biofuel crops such as algae, sunflower, and pongamia.59
Power plants in Hawai‘i designed specifically to use biofuel, in addition to petroleum-based biodiesel, include:•••

Daniel K. Inouye International Airport Emergency Power Facility, in partnership between Hawaiian Electricand the Hawai‘i Department of Transportation
Schofield Generating Station, in partnership between Hawaiian Electric and the United States Army
Campbell Industrial Park (CIP-1) Generating Station, owned and operated by Hawaiian Electric

In addition, some of the fossil fueled power plants on Hawai‘i Island and in Maui County use small quantities of biofuel
to supplement fossil fuels and to reduce emissions of those facilities.
In 2019, biofuels generated 59,996 megawatt-hours or approximately 0.65 of the electrical energy sold statewide.
Biogas Project and Production
Biogas is currently produced on O‘ahu by a facility owned and operated by Hawai‘i Gas. The biogas is provided by theCity and County of Honolulu’s Department of Environmental Services, from the Honouliuli Wastewater Treatment Plant
in ‘Ewa Beach. This gas production system uses biodigestion to convert organic materials and wastes into nearly
800,000 therms of biogas annually, for distribution and use on O‘ahu.
Biomass Energy Projects and Production
Biomass includes biomass crops grown primarily or secondarily for energy conversion (energy crops), agricultural andanimal residues and wastes, municipal solid waste, and other solid waste (waste-to-energy).
The Green Energy Biomass-to-Energy facility on Kaua‘i is the first “closed loop” biomass plant in the United States thatgets all its feedstock from its own local wood plantations. The facility also reuses its own water, carbon dioxide, and ash
generated by its steam generators for its plantation needs. Before its plantations were self-sufficient, the facility used
up to 3 acres per day of harvested invasive albizia trees. In 2019, the Green Energy facility generated 48,884 megawatthours, which was 10.6 percent of the electrical energy sold on Kaua‘i (0.53 percent of the electrical energy soldstatewide).
Currently, there is only one operational waste-to-energy facility in Hawai‘i, the H-POWER facility on O‘ahu owned by theCity and County of Honolulu and operated by Covanta. Operational in 1990 and expanded in 2015, H-POWER processes
over 700,000 tons of waste annually, including residential waste, commercial waste, bulky waste, and sewage sludge,
reducing the volume of waste going to the landfill by 90 percent. In 2019, waste-to-energy generated 414,357
megawatt-hours, which was 6.3 percent of the electricity sold by the utility on O‘ahu (4.5 percent of the electricity soldstatewide).
Biomass and Waste-To-Energy Pricing
In Fiscal Year 2019, the amounts paid for electricity from Hawai‘i’s two operating utility-scale biomass and waste-toenergy projects were: 60
Green Energy Biomass-to-Energy Facility (baseload)$0.2549/kWh

H-POWER (firm)$0.1741/kWh (on-peak), $0.1207/kWh (off-peak)

23 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Geothermal
The Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV) facility owned and operated by Ormat Technologies and located in Pāhoa on theeast side of Hawai‘i Island, with a capacity of 38 MW, was closed in May 2018 due to the Kīlauea eruption and remains
closed as of October 2020.61 In its last full year of operation (2017), PGV generated nearly 31 percent of the electricity
distributed by the electric utility on Hawai‘i Island.

Hydropower
Hydropower Projects and Production
Several small home-scale plants, commercial and municipal installations, and utility-scale hydropower facilities are
currently in operation in Hawai‘i, totaling around 30 megawatts (MW) of installed hydroelectricity capacity statewide.
Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i Island are the only islands on which utility-scale hydropower projects are operating.
Hawai‘i’s largest hydropower plant is the 12.1 MW Wailuku River plant on Hawai‘i Island, and the smallest is the 6.7 kW
Ainako Hydro project developed and used by a community group on Hawai‘i Island. Also, the Hawai‘i County
Department of Water Supply (DWS) has three small in-line hydropower plants under 100 kilowatts that capture theenergy from pipes carrying water to DWS customers in West Hawai‘i.
In 2019, hydropower represented 11.2 percent of the total electricity sold by KIUC on Kaua‘i and 3.4 percent of theelectricity sold by Hawaiian Electric on Hawai‘i island, the only two islands that generated reported hydroelectricity
that year. In 2019, hydropower represented 0.94 percent of the total energy distributed by Hawai‘i’s electric utilities
statewide.
Hydropower Pricing
In Fiscal Year 2019, the amounts paid for electricity from Hawai‘i’s hydropower facilities were: 62
Kaua‘i Coffee Hydro
Gay & Robinson Olokele
Kekaha Agricultural Association Hydro
Wailuku River Hydro$0.20/kWh$0.178/kWh$0.0917/kWh$0.1598/kWh (on-peak), $0.1536/kWh (off-peak)

Ocean Energy
Ocean or marine energy includes both hydrokinetic and thermal resources. Hydrokinetic technologies tap the movementof water in the ocean—waves, currents and tides—to generate electricity. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
makes use of the temperature differences between warm surface waters and cold, deep ocean waters. Research on
OTEC is ongoing at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) on Hawai‘i Island, and demonstrations ofwave energy technologies are taking place at the Wave Energy Test Site on O‘ahu. Cold, deep ocean water can also be
used for sea water air conditioning (SWAC), which is being done on Hawai‘i Island at NELHA and is under development
for Downtown Honolulu.
Ocean current and tidal resources are not as promising in Hawai‘i due to relatively mild tidal shifts compared to otherparts of the world.
Hawai‘i’s electric utilities do not currently report any electricity generation from wave or OTEC facilities.

Solar Energy
Energy from the sun is used directly for water heating (please see the section on Energy Efficiency) as well as forelectricity production on-site (please see the section on Distributed Energy Resources) and from utility-scaleinstallations (information provided below).

24 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Photovoltaic (Utility Scale) Projects and Production
In 2019, utility-scale PV accounted for 3.5 percent of theelectricity sold statewide:

•
•
•
•

22.8% of Kaua‘i’s electrical energy sales
2.5% of O‘ahu’s electrical energy sales
1.7% of Maui’s electrical energy sales
0.4% of Hawai‘i Island’s electrical energy sales

Utility-Scale Solar Pricing
In Fiscal Year 2019, the amounts paid for electricity from Hawai‘i’s larger photovoltaic facilities were: 63
AES Lāwa‘i
EE Wai‘anae Solar
Kalaeloa Renewable
Energy Park
Kalaeloa Solar Two
Kapa‘a Solar
Kapolei Sustainable
Energy ParkKRS1 Anahola

Test energy only, $0.0472;
PPA price, $ 0.110/kWh$ 0.145/kWh

KRS2 Kōloa$ 0.122/kWh

Kuia Solar$ 0.1106/kWh$ 0.216/kWhLāna‘i Sustainability Research$ 0.28276/kWh$ 0.2250$ 0.20/kWh/kWh$ 0.20$ 0.139/kWh/kWh$ 0.236/kWh

Port Allen/McBryde
SolarCity/Tesla Solar (Lihue)
South Maui Renewable
Resources$ 0.1106/kWh$ 0.128/kWhWindWind energy is Hawai‘i’s second most utilized renewable energy resource behind distributed solar.
Wind Energy Projects and Production
There are currently eight existing utility-scale wind energy projects in Hawai‘i located on the islands of O‘ahu, Maui, andHawai‘i. Demonstrating Hawai‘i’s limited geography, the average acres per megawatt (MW) ratio of these eight Hawai‘i
wind farms is 13.8 acres/MW, ranging from 38.1 MW/acre (Lalamilo Wind Farm) to 3.2 MW/acre (Auwahi Wind Farm).
No wind farms exist on Kaua‘i largely due to Kaua‘i’s protected seabird populations. There are a few smaller, distributed
wind turbines (up to 100 kW) currently in operation throughout Hawai‘i. Hawai‘i’s wind farms also support other needs
including agriculture through co- location of grazing, infrastructure improvements funded by the wind project (water,
fencing), resources for protected species research and conservation, and energy to pump municipal water supplies.
In 2019, wind energy accounted for 5.7 percent of Hawai‘i’s electricity:•••

2.25 percent of O‘ahu’s electrical energy sales
21 percent of Maui’s electrical energy sales
13.6 percent of Hawai‘i Island’s electrical energy sales

Wind Pricing
In Fiscal Year 2019, the amounts paid for electricity from Hawai‘i’s wind energy facilities were:
64

Auwahi Wind Farm
Hāwī Wind Farm
Kaheawa Wind Power I
Kaheawa Wind Power II$ 0.20796$ 0.1586$ 0.1510$ 0.13718$ 0.12881$ 0.23187/kWh/kWh on-peak,/kWh off-peak/kWh on-peak,/kWh off-peak/kWhKahuku Wind Power
Kawailoa Wind

$ 0.2083$ 0.2220

Pakini Nui (Tawhiri)Wind Farm
Lalamilo Wind Farm
Repowering Project$ 0.1152/kWh on-peak,$ 0.1135/kWh off-peaksells power directly to
Hawai‘i County

/kWh
/kWh

Offshore Wind
Hawai‘i’s electric utilities do not currently report any electricity generation from offshore wind.

25 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

3. Transportation
Hawai‘i’s transformation to a clean energy economy requires the integration of transportation. In tacklingtransportation HSEO has a near-term focus in ground transportation and maintains a long-term perspective that
includes alternative fuels and efficiency in aviation and marine transportation.
As shown in Figure 34, the transportation sector is a major user of energy in Hawaiʻi. The transportation sector
consumed about 55 percent of the primary energy used in Hawaiʻi in 2018. 65
Figure 34 - Total Energy Consumption in Hawai‘i by Sector, Trillion Btu per Year, 1960-2018
250

200
Transportation, 160: 55%
150------=-----~

100
50

Industrial, 56: 19%~Commercial, 43: 15%

td>

Residential, 34: 12%

0-

Residential-

Commercial-

Industria l-Transportation

Figure 35 - Transportation Fuel Use in Hawai‘i, Trillion Btu per Year

Within the transportation sector,
major fuel types, shown in Figure 35,
were the following of thetransportation fuel total in 2018.66• Jet fuel at 54%;
• Gasoline (including ethanol) at
33%;• Diesel (including biodiesel) at
9%; and• Bunker fuel, at 4%200

Jet Fuel,__.- 86 TBtu, 54%

150

Gasoline,
52TBtu, 33%

100

so
0

Ill II 1111111111

Diesel,15TBtu, 9%Bunker Fuel,
6 TBtu, 4%■ Diese l (Includes biodiese I)■ Bunker Fue l■ Gaso li ne (includes ethano l)

Jet Fue I

Hawai‘i’s Clean Transportation Laws and Proclamations
Hawai‘i’s clean transportation policies are now at the forefront of the legislative agenda in Hawai‘i.
••

HRS §226-18(a)(2) – Hawai‘i State Planning Act; Objectives and policies for facility systems – energy.
Increased energy security and self-sufficiency through the reduction and ultimate elimination of Hawai‘i’sdependence on imported fuels for electrical generation and ground transportation;
HRS §103D-412 – Hawai‘i’s vehicle procurement guidelines require state and county agencies to follow ahierarchy when leasing or purchasing light-duty motor vehicles that are not covered by federal procurement
rules: (1) Electric Vehicle (EV) or Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV); (2) Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle(FCEV); (3) Alternative fuel vehicle; (4) Hybrid; (5) Fuel economy leader;
26 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020••HRS §225P-3 – Hawai‘i climate change mitigation and adaptation commission; general functions, duties, andpowers aligning Hawai‘i with the goals of the Paris Agreement.
City and County of Honolulu, Maui County, Hawai‘i County, and Kaua‘i County committed to eliminate fossil
fuels use within ground transportation by 2045 – mirroring the 100 percent RPS time frame for the electric
sector. Notably the City and County of Honolulu, Maui County, Hawai‘i County, and Kaua‘i County pledged tolead the way by transitioning all of their fleet vehicles to 100 percent clean energy by 2035.

Ground Transportation Sector
Ground transportation energy demand is driven by the quantity of transportation (passenger-miles and ton-miles)
needed; the modes (e.g., car, truck, bus, bicycle) used to meet the transportation needs; the fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel,
biodiesel, hydrogen, electricity, human power) needed to propel the various modes; and the primary energy sources(e.g., petroleum, solar, cooking oil, other materials) used to create the fuels.
To reduce Hawai‘i’s consumption of petroleum within the ground transportation sector, the HSEO is looking to
implement tactics that will make a transformational investment in Hawai‘i’s clean energy economy. As the designatedagency to administer the Volkswagen Settlement Environmental Trust on behalf of the State HSEO developed aBeneficiary Mitigation Plan that focused on market ready zero emission technologies. To that end there is a specificemphasis on projects that facilitate the adoption and deployment of electric drive vehicles and charging infrastructure.
This focus complements the commitments of the counties to convert their fleets to 100 percent renewable energy by2035 and builds on the momentum created from the counties’ adoption of battery electric transit buses.
As Hawai‘i moves forward in the effort to decarbonize the economy a broad view of decarbonization strategies willneed to be taken. As with electricity consumption, a focus on greater efficiency on mobility services is a fundamental
requirement for Hawai‘i to achieve its goals. HSEO’s 2015 Hawai‘i Clean Energy Initiative Transportation Energy
Analysis 67 identified mobility efficiencies as having the largest potential to reduce fossil fuel consumption, 29 – 34 MGY,
by 2030. Vehicle miles traveled, transit-oriented development, and multi-modal strategies are currently available, costeffective means to reduce carbon that have the added benefit of mitigating the footprint of renewable energy projects
necessary to decarbonize the electric sector. HAVEN has highlighted the issues of land utilization as a material issue thatmust be addressed from the community level to state government in order to come up with a solution that meets theneeds of all of Hawai‘i. As with electricity, efficiency in ground transportation must be a key strategy for Hawai‘i.
Performance metrics are a foundational component for quantitatively evaluating progress and specifically, theadvancement of transportation decarbonization strategies and policies. As the HSEO continues to expand its assessmentof clean transportation in Hawai‘i HSEO will be incorporating additional clean transportation facts and figures.
Figure 36 - Statewide Average Miles Traveled Per Vehicle, 2015-2019

Vehicles Miles Traveled
As shown in Figure 36, Hawai‘i’s averagevehicle miles traveled (VMT) is approximately
9,000 miles per registered vehicle. 68-0oi

10,000
9,000

t="'

8,000

QI

>

~~
u

:-=

~

QI

~

..c:

QI

:.c

7,000
6,000

cii

4,000

~

C.

5,000

>

3,000

:,

"'C:

2,000

C:

1,000

<(

9,014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

27 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Modes of Travel
The American Community
Survey found that Hawai‘i
workers ranked first in thepercent of workers who
carpooled, ninth in thenumber of workers who
used public transportation,and forty-ninth in the nation
for number of workers whodrove alone. 69

Table 11 - Hawai‘i’s Journey-to-Work Data from U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey

Description
Mean travel time to work of workers 16 years and over
who did not work at home (minutes)
Percent of workers 16 years and over who traveled
to work by car, truck, or van – drove alone
Percent of workers 16 years and over who traveled
to work by car, truck, or van – carpooled
Percent of workers 16 years and over who traveled
to work by public transportation

Finding

Hawai‘i
National Rank

27.6 minutes

12

67.3%

49

14.7%

1

5.7%

9

County public transit ridership, shown in Table 12, declined in all four counties between 2018 and 2019.
Table 12 - County Public Transit Ridership, 2018 and 2019

CountyCity & County of Honolulu
Maui
Kaua‘i
Hawai‘i

FY 2018 County Transit Passenger Ridership
63,536,387
1,729,788
685,474
742,250

FY 2019 County Transit Passenger Ridership
60,946,817
1,713,582
682,383
623,402

Bicycling
Bicycling reduces transportation emissions while also reducing traffic, in addition to being a low-impact form of exercise.
Alternative forms of transportation such as bicycling are a means by which to decarbonize the transportation sector by
reducing demand for vehicle fuels.
Biki is a Honolulu bicycle transit system
launched by Bikeshare Hawai‘i in June 2017.
Biki retained its top six cities/region dockedbike share system trips ridership ranking fromthe National Association of City Transportation

Table 13 - Biki by the numbers

2017
2018
2019
Number of Biki bikes~1,000~1,300~1,300
Number of self-service Biki stops
100
130
136
13,80021,000*
Number of Biki members
6,000
120,000**
66,000100,000
Average rides per month***rounded to down to nearest 1k. rounded to down to nearest 10k

Officials in 2019 and has been a top ridershipstation-based bike system in all three years of its operations (2017, 2018 and 2019). Biki currently operates in Honolulu
with self-service “Biki Stops” located from Chinatown to Diamond Head. 70,71
Table 14 - Bicycle Lanes and Laws

CountyO‘ahu

Miles of Bikeways(including protected bike lanes, bike paths,
bike routes, and shared use paths) 72
205 miles. The City & County of Honolulu’s 2019draft O‘ahu Bike Plan includes a proposed
network of 577 miles of new bikeways.

Maui

60.4 miles

Hawai‘i27.4 miles

Kaua‘i31.7 miles

Bike Laws
The Hawai‘i Bicycling League site offers a comprehensive listof City & County of Honolulu bicycle regulations.
The Maui Bicycling League site offers a comprehensive listof Maui county bicycle regulations.
The University of Hawai‘i Hilo (UH Hilo Bike Share site) offers
a comprehensive list of Hawai‘i County bicycle regulations.

28 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Alternative Transportation Fuels (Including Electric Vehicles)“Alternative fuels” (and “alternate fuel,” used interchangeably) are defined in State 73 and Federal law 74 to include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and others) and mixtures of alcohol and gasoline with at least of 85% alcohol;
Natural gas;
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as Propane;
Hydrogen;
Fuels, including biodiesel, derived from biological materials;
P-series fuels (Patent number 5,697,987); andElectricity (including electricity from solar energy).

The State’s alternative fuels standard goal, Section 196-42 of the Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, sets forth an objective of
20 percent of Hawai‘i’s ground transportation needs to be met by non-petroleum sources by 2020:75
State support for achieving alternate fuels standards. The State shall
facilitate the development of alternate fuels and support the attainmentof a statewide alternate fuels standard of ten per cent of highway fueldemand to be provided by alternate fuels by 2010, fifteen per cent by
2015, twenty per cent by 2020, and thirty per cent by 2030.
Several alternative fuels are in use in Hawai‘i, including ethanol blended in gasoline at a rate of 10 percent in most areas;
biodiesel, produced locally by Pacific Biodiesel; hydrogen, available on O‘ahu to owners of Toyota Mirai vehicles; andelectricity, available statewide and described in greater detail below. The production and use of alternative fuels is
included in the section titled “Alternative Fuel Use and Production in Hawai‘i.”
The Alternative Fuels Data Center, operated by the U.S. Department of Energy, lists a number or alternative fuel stations
by type. As shown in Figure 37, there has been a sharp increase in electric vehicle fueling stations nation-wide.76 The
database and locator map lists 288 “public access” fueling stations in Hawai‘i (6 providing biodiesel; 1 providinghydrogen; and 281 providing electric vehicle charging). 77
Figure 37 - U.S. Alternative Fueling Stations by Fuel Type100,000■ Electric•■ Propane

80,000■ Methanol (M85)

■ LNG

VI

C:

■ Hydrogen

0-~60,000■ Biodiesel **

VI

■ CNG

4-

0

...
Q)

..c

E

40,000:::,z

20,0000------------------------------ ------■ E85---■rt~-----

-~

1992

--I

!!! !!! ■ ■
1996

!
2000

ii !

i
2004

•~ ■ ■ I■ i ; i~ -■ -■

ii
2008

2012

2016

last updated: October 2019
Printed on: October 24

29 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Electric Vehicles
An electric vehicle (EV) uses electricity in place of petroleum-based (gasoline or diesel) fuel. As EVs can use electricity
produced from renewable resources available in Hawai‘i (i.e., sun, wind, hydropower, biomass, ocean energy,
geothermal energy), the transition from gasoline- and diesel- fueled vehicles to EVs supports Hawai‘i’s energy
independence goals.
As shown in Table 15, there are over 12,000 electric vehicles registered in Hawai‘i as of October 2020. This number
continues the steady increase in electric vehicle registrations illustrated by Figure 38. There are also 286 public electricvehicle charging stations, as shown in Table 16.
Table 15 - Registered Electric Vehicles in Hawai‘i, October 202078

CountyO‘ahu
Maui
Hawai‘iKaua‘iStatewide

Electric Vehicles
9,960
1,521
862
373
12,716

Figure 38 - Electric Vehicles Registered in Hawai‘i, 2014-2019
V1~

10,000

'-'

.,

8,000

'-'

6,000

.,

4,000

:E:

>

·~
~

-c,

.;

t;;

·s,,
.,

2,000

"'

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Table 16 - Public Charging Stations in Hawai‘i as of October 2020 79

Stations
286

Level 2 outlets
574

DC Fast outlets
96

Table 17 - Fuel Cost Comparison Between an Electric Vehicle and a Similar Gasoline-Powered Vehicle

VehicleFuel TypeMiles Per Gallon (mpg)
Range
Fuel Cost per Year

2020
Mitsubishi Mirage
HatchbackGasoline
39 mpg
331 miles

2020
Honda Civic
Sedan
Gasoline
36 mpg
446 miles$ 752.78$ 815.52

2020
Nissan LEAF PLUS
Electricity
3.645 Miles/kWh
226 miles$ 610.83 if charging at residential electricity rate
- or $ 242.34 if charging at Schedule TOU-RI at mid-day

Fuel cost per year is based on gasoline at $3.257/gallon (October 2020 O‘ahu average from monthly energy trends); annual
travel of 9,014 miles per year; and EV charging with either: (a) effective residential electricity rate: $0.247/kWh, residential
baseline; or (b) Schedule TOU-RI for mid-day EV Charging: $0.096/kWh. (November 2020 rates with applicable surcharges
https://www.Hawaiianelectric.com/products-and-services/save-energy-and-money/time-of-use-program.)

Fuel cost comparisons show approximate savings between energy efficient internal combustion engine and electricvehicles. The example presented in Table 17 illustrates that fuel costs for an electric vehicle can be materially less thanfor a fuel efficient gasoline fueled vehicle.

30 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Hawai‘i’s Electric Vehicle Laws and Incentives• Vehicles with EV license plates are exempt from High Occupancy Vehicle lane restrictions.
• Parking lots with at least 100 public parking spaces are required to have at least one parking space, equippedwith an EV charging system, reserved exclusively for EVs.
• Non-EVs parked in a space designated and marked as reserved for EVs shall be fined not less than $50 nor morethan $100.
• Hawaiian Electric offers EV time-of-use rates designed to incentivize customers, through lower rates, to charge
their EVs during off-peak, high renewable energy periods during mid-day.
• Hawaiian Electric offers time-of-use rates for electric bus charging for a total of up to 20 bus fleet customers onO‘ahu, Maui and Hawai‘i Island with lower prices that encourage charging during midday.
• Multi-family residential dwellings or townhomes cannot prohibit the placement or use of EV charging systems
altogether.
• Hawai‘i offers an EV Charging Rebate Program (Act 142 of 2019) for installation of eligible new or upgraded
multi-user electric vehicle charging systems.
• Energy performance contracts may include EV charging infrastructure (Act 144 of 2019).
• EVs and alternative fuel vehicles are subject to an annual vehicle registration surcharge fee of $50, which will becollected beginning with the first registration renewal and will be deposited into the State Highway Fund
(Act 280 of 2019).
For more information about state and federal laws, regulations and incentives, visit:••

HSEO’s site on State and Federal Laws & Incentives
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center
Table 18 - EV Quick Facts

Hawai‘i ranks sixth in the nation behind California,
Washington, Oregon, Colorado and District of Columbiaof total EV sales:
As an eligible beneficiary, the State of Hawai‘i has
been allocated $8.125 million from the Volkswagen
Environmental Mitigation Trust. The Hawaii State
Energy Office will administer Trust funds and execute
eligible environmental mitigation projects to reduce
vehicle emissions in Hawai‘i.
Cost for a government or commercial property owner toinstall a Level 2 charging station:

1.75 percent of total state sales
Hawai‘i and Washington were the only states toreceive a top-of-the-class A+ per the Volkswagen
Settlement State Scorecard for their plans to use all of
their Trust money to fund electric bus purchases, bothfor transit agencies and school districts, and electricvehicle charging infrastructure.
Approximately $4,000-$8,000 per station.
A relatively simple project in Hawai‘i can range from$4,000 to $25,000 to $100,000; prices vary considerably.

31 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

4. Alternative Fuel Use and Production in Hawai‘iEthanol and Biodiesel
As described in the previous section, renewable fuels used in vehicles in Hawai‘i include ethanol, biodiesel, hydrogen,and electricity. Propane is used on-site in utility vehicles such as forklifts. Information on ethanol and biodiesel fuel use
in Hawai‘i is shown below in Figure 39. Both graphs illustrate the same two fuels over the same time period. The graphon the left presents the amounts on the basis of energy content, in trillion Btu per year; the graph on the right shows thesame fuel use, on the basis of volume, in million gallons per year. The two graphs illustrate that fuels with a higher
energy content per gallon (i.e., those that are more energy dense), provide more energy (Btu, shown in the graph on theleft) than it might appear on the basis of volume (gallons, shown in the graph on the right). 80
Figure3939- -Ethanol
Ethanoland
andBiodiesel
BiodieselFuel
FuelUseUseininHawai‘i,
Hawai'i,2014-2018
2014-2018
FigureLeft:energy
energycontent;
content;Right:
Right:volume
volume
Left:
'3'
~

c

6

>a.

5

:;:;

60

'°

50

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>-

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4

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Biodiese l,
1.4 TBtu

~

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Ethanol,
3.9 TB tu

2

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70

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2014

2015
Ethanol

2016

201 7

2018

Biod iese l,
12 Mgpy

40
30

Ethano l,
52 Mgpy

20

C

10

§

0

:;:;

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Biodiesel

Ethanol

Ethanol fuel is primarily used in the transportation sector.
Hawai‘i does not have any in-state ethanol production.
Biodiesel fuel is used both for transportation and in electricity
production. Biodiesel fuel is produced in Hawai‘i; quantities
are shown in Figure 40. 81

Figure 40 - Biodiesel Production in Hawai‘i, 2014-2018
4.5

>

0..
~

~

._
(1l

HydrogenHydrogen has several uses and applications. It is used as atransportation fuel, as mentioned in the previous section. It
can also be produced from renewable sources, stored, andthen used in vehicles or to produce electricity. Finally, it can be
blended and distributed through pipelines for use in homes andbusinesses as a component of utility gas. 82

Biodiese l

4

Cl)

3

Cl)

2.5

>._
c..
V,

C:

.2

1.5

C:

1

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~

3.5

3.7

3.0
2.6

2

(1l

<.,

3.9

3.5

0.5
0
2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Utility and Bottled Gas
Hawai‘i’s utility gas service is provided by The Gas Company, LLC, doing business as Hawai‘i Gas, on the islands of Kaua‘i,O‘ahu, Maui, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, and Hawai‘i. 83 On the leeward side of O‘ahu, the company maintains a network ofunderground distribution pipelines delivering a mixture of synthetic natural gas, renewable natural gas, imported
natural gas, hydrogen, and propane-air mixture (i.e., “natural gas”) in Honolulu. In other areas of O‘ahu and on theislands of Kaua‘i, Maui, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, and Hawai‘i, the distribution systems deliver Liquefied Petroleum Gas (alsoknown as LPG or propane) from storage tanks via underground pipeline to customers. 84

32| Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Suppliers of bottled fuel gas (generally, butane or propane) in the unregulated market include hardware and camping
stores and a variety of fuel distributors such as Airgas, Amerigas, and Hawai‘i Gas.85

Hawai‘i’s utility gas prices are thehighest in the United States and,as shown in Figure 41, Hawai‘i’s
price of $44 per thousand cubicfeet in 2019 is more than fourtimes the U.S. average price of$10.50 per thousand cubic feet.86

Figure 41 - Hawai‘i’s Gas Prices are More than Quadruple the U.S. Average--- ~"' u..
a.,·.;::::;
C: ua.,""C ::,

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M
0

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0

m

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0

The quantity of natural gas reported by
the Energy Information Administration
as delivered in Hawai‘i to residential,commercial, and industrial customers
increased, as shown in Figure 42, from2616 million cubic feet in 2011 to 3278
million cubic feet in 2019.87

-

40

V,

\'.)

~
::,

50

C:

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a.,

60

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~

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Figure 42 - Utility Gas Deliveries to Customers in Hawai‘i, 2011-2019
32 78

3500
'OJ

3000

if

2500

:Ei
3

2000
1500

C:

.Q

1000

2

500

26 16
■ Industri al

Comme rcial■ Resident ial

02011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Renewable Natural Gas (RNG)
Renewable natural gas production in Hawai‘i, shown in Table 19, has increased.
As described in the 2019 Renewable Energy Report, 88“Hawai‘i Gas produces SNG [synthetic natural gas] using mainly
a blend of liquid naphtha, steam, water and hydrogen gas …
non-petroleum feedstocks include not only the hydrogen madefrom recycled water at the Honouliuli WWTP [wastewater
treatment plant], and RNG from the Honouliuli WWTP Biogas
Project, but also the water and a portion of the carbon
monoxide used to produce SNG at the SNG Plant. Under arevised methodology looking at total non-petroleum
feedstocks, in 2019, total non-petroleum feedstocks
accounted for 11.4 percent of the total feedstock used to
produce SNG and RNG, based on a thermal ratio.”
Both hydrogen and methane are produced from renewable and non-petroleum
feedstocks and are included in the product distributed by Hawai‘i Gas.

Table 19 - Percent of Utility Gas
Produced from Non-Petroleum
Feedstocks in Hawai‘i, 2011-2019% renewab le{o ld
met hodo logy)% nonpetro le um(newmet hodo logy)

2019

4.27%

11.4%

2018

3.04%

Calendar
year

2017

3.00%

2016

2.80%

2015

2.80%

2014

2.60%

2013

2.40%

2012

2.40%

2011

2.40%

33 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

5. Energy Sector Workforce and Jobs
In 2020, the National Associationof State Energy Officials (NASEO)
and the Energy Futures Initiative(EFI) published the 2020 U.S.
Energy & Employment Report(USEER) as “a tool for statepolicymakers to understand theimpact of evolving energy
markets; to help prepare theircommunities, infrastructure, andworkforce for these changes; andto harness the economic andenvironmental benefits that
result,” with a separate report ona “jobs wage data survey.” 89

Figure 43 - Estimates of Energy Sector Employment in Hawai‘i
8,000■ Electric Power

Generation
6,000■ Fue ls

4,000

I

2,000

2017

2016

HIRING DIFFICULTY
O ver t he last y ear, 25.9 percent o f energ y- relat ed employers in Hawaii
hired new employees. Th ese employers report ed the g reat est overa lld ifficulty in hir ing w orkers for jo bs in Elec tric Power Transmissio n,Dist r ibutio n, and Storage.
Table Hl-2

Hiring Difficulty by Major Technology Appllcatlon.
Not at All

Ele ctric Po•Ner Generation

Elect ric Power Transmission, Distribut ion. andSt orage

Very Difficult(percentI

Somewhat
01fficult (percent!

Distribution,and Storage■ Energy

2018

2019

Efficiency

The reports indicate that, while traditional energy
sector employment had decreased over the four yearsof studies, employment in emerging sectors —including energy efficiency, solar electric power
generation, biofuels, and data science — had
increased.

Figure 44 - Excerpt from 2020 USEER Report

Technology■ Transmission,

Difficult(percent)

23.1

63.7

13.2

20.6

68 .7

10.7

Ene rgy Efficienc~,

37.1

49.7

13.2

Fue ls

27.1

50.7

22 .2

Mot or Vehicles

41.2

46.3

12.4

Em p loyers in Hawaii gave t he following as t he top t hree reasons for t heir
repo rted d ifficult y:
1. Com petit io n/ small applicant pool
2. Lack o f experience, t raining , or technical sk ills
3. Difficu lty find ing indust ry-spec if ic knowledge, skills, and interest

Em p loyers report ed the following as t he t hree m ost d ifficult occupat io ns
to hire for:1. Sales, marketing, or customer service - $35.35 median hourly wage
2. Elect rician/ const ruc tion workers - $28 .59 m ed ian hou rly w age
3. In stallat io n workers - $27.91 median r,ourly wage

A Hawai‘i-specific sub-report (excerpt provided in
Figure 44) indicated difficulty in filling most positions,for reasons of limited applicant pool; lack ofexperience, training, or skills; and difficulty finding
industry-specific skills.
Another report, the Solar Foundation’s Solar Jobs
Census 2019 (Hawai‘i), found Hawai‘i was the top
10th state for solar jobs growth in 2019 and 5th insolar jobs per capita, with a total of 2,484 solar jobs ininstallation, manufacturing, wholesale, andoperations and maintenance sectors.90

t)

SOLAR JOBS BY SECTORINSTALLATIO N

M A NUFACTUR ING

103

1,860
#~ (23% increase)
WHOLESALE TRADE& DISTRI BUTIO N(6% increase)

OPERATIONS& M AINTENA NCE

·-El

!\

178
(11%increase)

OTHER~~ (12%~ •~ ··••1
34| Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

6. Decarbonized, Clean Energy Economy
In 2018, the Legislature established a Zero Emissions Clean Economy Target, Section 225P-5, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes: 91“…to sequester more atmospheric carbon and greenhouse gases than emitted
within the State as quickly as practicable, but no later than 2045.”
Since the emissions ofatmospheric carbon andgreenhouse gases (GHG) in theState of Hawai‘i are
predominantly from the energy
sector, as shown in Table 20,
several of the duties of the
Chief Energy Officer of the
Hawaii State Energy Office
relate to the reduction of thesegases, 92 also referred to as
decarbonization goals.
The Zero Emissions Clean
Economy Target enacted in 2018(and quoted above) supersedes
the previous greenhouse gas
target, established by Act 234 of
2007, to reduce GHG emissions
statewide to 1990 levels by
2020. 93
The most recent official state
inventory of greenhouse gas
emissions in the state, dated
December, 2019, lists emissions
that occurred in Hawai‘i in
2016. 94
Excerpts from the report,
provided in Figure 45 and in
Table 21, indicate that theemissions included in Act 234 of2007 had declined, by the end of
2016, to below 1990 levels.

Table 20 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Hawai‘i, 2016

Category
Stationary Combustion
Ground Transportation
Domestic and Military Aviation
International Marine and Aviation Bunker Fuels
CO2 from Wood Biomass and Biofuel Consumption
All Other Sources (IPPU, AFOLU, Waste)

2016
MMT
7.79
4.05
3.84
1.54
1.53
2.64

SectorEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyPercent % Fromof total Energy

36%
19%
18%
7%
7%
12%

88%

Figure 45 - Hawai‘i GHG Emissions by Sector, Selected Years
30

25
20

& lS

■ I P PULU

s"' 10■ Waste■ AFOLU (Sou rces)

I-

::?:
::?:

■ Energy

5■ AFOLU (Sinks)

0
-5
-10

1990

2007

2010

201S

2016

Table 21 - Hawai‘i GHG Emissions by Sector, Selected Years (MMT CO2 Equivalent)
Energy"

1990
19.09

2007
22. 65

2010
17.62

2015
16.97

IPPU

0.17

AFOLU (Sources)

1.31(6.70)

0.55
1.12

0.66
1.02

1.03

(6.52)
1.05
25.37
18.85
4,11

(6.55)

Sector/Category

AFOLU (Sinks)
Waste

0.75

Total Emissions (Excluding Sinks)

21.33

- -

0.77

(6.50)
0.77
0.92
20.22
_,_ 19.54
13.67
13.04

2016
16.94
0,78
1.08
(6.51)
0 .78
19.58-Net Emissions (Including Sinks)- - 13.07
14.63
The requirements of Hawai‘i’s
Aviationb
3.79
3.16
3.99
3.84
current Zero Emissions Clean
Net Emissions (Including Sinks, Excluding Aviation)"
10.84
14.73 10.5 1
9.04
9.23
Economy Target, however, are• Emissions from International Bunker Fuels are not included in to tals, as per IPCC (2006) guidelines.
broader (they include emissions• oomestic aviation and military aviation emissions., wh ich are reported unde r the transporta tion sou rce category
unde r the Energy sector, are excluded from Hawali'sGHG emissions reduction goa l established i n Act 234.
from aviation and marine fuels),
Notes: Tota ls may not su m due to independentround ing. Pa rentheses indicate negative val ues or sequestrati
lower (net negative – a drop of
about 13 MMT - rather than adrop of 4 MMT), and faster (to be met “as soon as practicable”) than the previous target.
35 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

Another view of carbon emissions from the energy sector can be provided by a Sankey diagram, such as in Figure 45,
illustrating Hawai‘i’s energy sector emissions. The diagram was prepared by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
based on national factors and assumptions, using the Energy Information Administration database. 95
Figure 46 - Estimated Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Hawai‘i’s Energy Sector in 2017: 17.7 Million Metric Tons
Solar
0

l!titif
Mil'C

5.8

,,,

CarbonDioxide, - - - - - - - - - - - - ----,,-- - - - - - --. ----1
04
0.1

Residential

Emissions0

17.7

Com;;rcial

Industrial

1.4

1.4

Transportation

10.2

Figure 47 - Atmospheric CO2 Measurements
Recorded at Mauna Loa Observatory Since 1960
420
Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Measurements of global atmospheric carbon,
recorded at Mauna Loa Observatory andelsewhere, continued to rise. 96 Data from 1960
to 2020 is shown in Figure 47.

400

NOAA Global Monitoring LaboratoryEa.

a. 380~2

8_ 340
320
1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Year

36 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

7. Beyond Hawai‘i
Several of the trends
Figure 48 - U.S. Renewable Energy Consumption By Sector, 1950-2019
observed locallyc1a 1,el ectri c power se cto r consumptio n
all othe1r sectors con suimption(increased energy
qu adrillio n British t hermal units
quadri lli on British th ermal units
efficiency, and use of7
7
renewable energy)
geotherma l
66
are also beingscla
biofuels
observed nationally5
5wood ancl waste
and
wind
4
4
internationally. 97 As
hydro p ow,er
3
3
shown in Figure 48,
in the graph on the22
left, hydropower has
1
1
in recent years been
joined by energy
0
0
1950
1970
1990
201
1
0
1950
197 0
1990
2010
production from a
Source: U.S. Energy lnfonnation Administration Monthly Energy Review
combination ofwind, solar, wood, and geothermal resources in the production of electricity in the U.S. Likewise, in non-electricity
energy areas, energy production from wood and waste continues, with increasing contributions from biofuels, solar, andgeothermal resources for fuels and heat.
Finally, the 2020 Global Energy Review included a historical look back at rates of change in energy demand over theyears, with major global events superimposed on the graph, shown in Figure 49. 98
Figure 49 - Rate of Change of Global Primary Energy Demand, 1900-2020 (from IEA, April 2020)
'10

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1900

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1910

1920

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1930

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1940

I

1950

I

1960

I

1970

I

1980

I

1990

I

2000

I

2010

I

2020

37 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

8. Endnotes
About these endnotes: Sources, with links, are provided to allow the reader to find information, context, and updates
from the original source whenever possible. Since it’s preferable for facts to keep their citations with them - regardlessof where they may go in the document, or another document, or a presentation - the practice of “ibid” (to indicate thatthe source of a stated fact is the same as for the immediately preceding citation) is not used here.
1
2
3
4
5
6

7

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

16
17
18

19
20
21
22

U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2020. State Energy Data System, 1960-2018. https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/sedsdata-complete.php?sid=US
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 2019. Marine Cargo and Waterborne
Commerce in Hawaii’s Economy. https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/reports/Marine_Cargo_Study_Final.pdf
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 2017. Air Cargo in Hawaii’s Economy.
https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/reports/Air_Cargo_Study_Final.pdf
U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2020. State Profiles and Energy Estimates, Table C1, “Energy Consumption Overview.”
https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/data.php?incfile=/state/seds/sep_sum/html/sum_btu_1.html&sid=US
U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2020. State Energy Data 2018: Consumption, Table CT2, “Primary Energy Consumption
Estimates, Selected Years, 1960-2018, Hawaii.” https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/sep_use/total/pdf/use_HI.pdf
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 2019 State of Hawaii Data Book. Table 24.08,“Total and Top 25 Categories of Commodity Imports from Foreign Countries.”
http://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/databook/2019-individual/_24/
U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2020. “Crude Imports.”
https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/imports/browser/#/?d=00400000000&dt=RS&e=2019&f=a&od=d&s=2009&vs=PET_IMPORTS.
WORLD-RS_HI-ALL.A
U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2020. “Electricity Data Browser,” https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/
U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2020. State Energy Data System.
https://www.eia.gov/opendata/qb.php?category=40606&sdid=SEDS.PATXB.HI.A
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. Monthly Energy Trends.
http://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends/
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. “Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, andCarbon.” https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/assets/images/charts/Energy/Energy_2018_United-States_HI.png
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. Monthly Energy Trends.
http://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends-2
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. Monthly Energy Trends.
http://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends-2
1 barrel = 42 U.S. gallons
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. Monthly Energy Trends.
http://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends-2
Electricity: http://www.eia.gov/state/rankings/#/series/31; natural gas: http://www.eia.gov/state/rankings/#/series/28
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. Monthly Energy
Trends. http://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends-2
U.S. Energy Information Administration, two sources. “Detailed State Data,” Net Generation by State by Type of Producer by
Energy Source (EIA-906, EIA-920, and EIA-923), Final 2019 data released on September 22, 2020,
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/annual_generation_state.xls for utility resources; and “Electricity Data Browser” forsmall-scale solar https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/ .
Hawaiian Electric website. https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/states-3-largest-utilities-to-be-united-under-one-name-hawaiianelectric .
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 2011-2019 editions of the State of Hawaii Data
Book. Table 17.10, calculated: average annual use, divided by 12. https://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/databook/
State of Hawai‘i. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 2011-2019 editions of the State of Hawaii Data
Book. Table 17.10. https://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/databook/Calculated, from the source numbers that were used to develop the previous two tables; monthly sales (kWh), times rate per
kWh. Numbers shown in the previous tables have been rounded, so the more accurate results shown in this table may not
match the results of multiplying the numbers shown in the previous two tables.

38| Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020

23

24
25

26
27
28

29
30

31
32
33
34

35

36

37

38
39
40

41
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43

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Goldman, Charles A., Ian Hoffman, Sean Murphy, Natalie Mims Frick, Greg Leventis and Lisa Schwartz. 2020. Energies 2020. “The
Cost of Saving Electricity: A Multi-Program Cost Curve for Programs Funded by U.S. Utility Customers.”
https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/cost-saving-electricity-multi-program
State of Hawai‘i, Public Utilities Commission. 2018. Report to the 2019 Legislature on Hawaii’s Energy Efficiency
Portfolio Standards. https://puc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/EEPS-2019-Legislative-Report_FINAL.pdf
Tariff Filing by Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. to the Public Utilities Commission, dated June 29, 2020.
https://dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms/DocumentViewer?pid=A1001001A20F29B43748F00937. The amount ($44,496,000 reduced by
the Green Infrastructure Fee amount of $13,190,200), is allocated 45% to residential and 55% to commercial and industrial
programs.
Kaua‘i Island Utility Cooperative, Tariff No. 1, https://website.kiuc.coop/sites/kiuc/files/documents/tariff-rcas-rev2020-0201.pdf
Applied Energy Group. 2020. State of Hawaii Market Potential Study. https://www.hawaiieeps.org/8-5-2020-market-potentialstudy-rel
Hawai‘i Energy. 2020. Deepening Connections: Annual Report 2019-2020.
https://hawaiienergy.com/images/about/information-and-reports/ProgramYear2019_AnnualReport.pdf ; with additional
information from Hawai‘i Energy, personal correspondence, October 23, 2020.
Based on U.S. Energy Information Administration-816m reporting, dividing utility total revenues by total MWh sold, including
fuel adjustment cost.
Starting in 2019, the calculation of number of households is based on a relationship between equipment life and energy savings
that assumes an average equipment useful life of 13 years. Thus, the total household Figure is decreased from the 2018
reported 208,000 households.
State of Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Section 196-9(b)1 – Energy Efficiency and environmental
standards. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/vol03_ch0121-0200d/HRS0196/HRS_0196-0009.htm
Energy Services Coalition. “ESPC Race to the Top Tally.” https://www.energyservicescoalition.org/espc/table
United States Department of Energy, Quadrennial Energy Review. 2015. https://www.energy.gov/downloads/chapter-5increasing-efficiency-buildings-systems-and-technologies
Goldman, Charles A., Ian Hoffman, Sean Murphy, Natalie Mims Frick, Greg Leventis and Lisa Schwartz. 2020. Energies 2020. “The
Cost of Saving Electricity: A Multi-Program Cost Curve for Programs Funded by U.S. Utility Customers.”
https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/cost-saving-electricity-multi-program; original paper: https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/costsaving-electricity-throughOn July 14, 2015, the State Building Code Council (SBCC) unanimously voted to adopt the International Energy Conservation
Code (IECC) 2015, with the Tropical Climate Zone Code for residential dwellings and other energy-saving amendments. Gov.
David Ige signed and approved Hawai‘i’s amendments to the IECC 2015 on March 20, 2017 as a Hawai‘i Administrative Rule.
The Cadmus Group, Inc. 2016. Analyses and Proposal of Hawaii Amendments to the 2015 International Energy Conservation
Code. Report Prepared for the Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism, State of Hawaii.
https://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Analyses-and-Proposal-of-Amendments.pdf
The Cadmus Group, Inc. 2016. Analyses and Proposal of Hawaii Amendments to the 2015 International Energy Conservation
Code. Report Prepared for the Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism, State of Hawaii.
https://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Analyses-and-Proposal-of-Amendments.pdf
U.S. Green Building Council. USGBC State Market Brief: Hawaii. https://www.usgbc.org/resources/state-market-brief
U.S. Green Building Council. Top Ten States for LEED (2019). https://www.usgbc.org/resources/top-ten-states-leed-2019
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ENERGY STAR Label Building Registry. ENERGY STAR Certified Building and Plant Locator.
Search parameters: All Property Types. State: Hawaii. Search date: October 29, 2020.
https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/reference/find-energy-star-certified-buildings-and-plants/registry-energy-star-certifiedbuildings
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Appliances & Equipment Standards Program.
https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/appliance-and-equipment-standards-program
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Appliances & Equipment Standards Program:
History and Impacts. https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/history-and-impacts
U.S. Department of Energy. Saving Energy and Money with Appliance and Equipment Standards in the United States.
https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/ApplianceandEquipmentStandardsFactheet-011917_0.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Energy and Environment Guide to Action. Chapter 4.4: State Appliance Efficiency
Standards. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-06/documents/gta_chapter_4.4_508.pdf

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47
48
49

50
51
52
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55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
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65
66
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68
69
70
71
72
73

Appliance Standards Awareness Project. State Benefits from Federal Appliance Standards https://appliancestandards.org/map/benefits-from-federal “Efficiency Standards for Appliances & Lighting: Hawaii” https://appliancestandards.org/sites/default/files/fedappl_hi.pdf
Appliance Standards Awareness Project. “Savings Estimate for Hawaii.” https://appliancestandards.org/sites/default/files/state_savings_state_standards/Hawaii.pdf and https://appliance-standards.org/states
State of Hawai‘i. Hawaii Green Business Program Description. https://greenbusiness.hawaii.gov/description/
State of Hawai‘i. Hawaii Green Business Program. Hawaii Green Business Program Awardees by
Sector. https://greenbusiness.hawaii.gov/awardees/
Excess Operational Revenue over Expenditures are before loan repayments returned to the PUC per Order No. 34930 Amending
Decision and Order No. 32318 By Changing the Priority uses of GEMS Program Loan Repayments, bad debt expense andunrealized gains or losses on investments.
Underserved defined as low and moderate-income households. Minimum target for Underserved = 51%.
State of Hawai‘i, Public Utilities Commission. 2020. Docket No. 2007-0008. Renewable Portfolio Standard Annual
Reports. https://dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms/dockets?action=details&docketNumber=2007-0008
State of Hawai‘i, Public Utilities Commission. 2020. Docket No. 2007-0008. Renewable Portfolio Standard Annual
Reports. https://dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms/dockets?action=details&docketNumber=2007-0008
State of Hawai‘i. Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Section 269-92. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/
Vol05_Ch0261-0319/HRS0269/HRS_0269-0092.htm
State of Hawai‘i. Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Section 269-91. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/
Vol05_Ch0261-0319/HRS0269/HRS_0269-0091.htm
State of Hawai‘i. Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Chapter 269-91. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/
Vol05_Ch0261-0319/HRS0269/HRS_0269-0091.htm
Hawaiian Electric Company, “Key Performance Metrics.” https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/about-us/key-performancemetrics/renewable-energy
State of Hawai‘i, Public Utilities Commission. 2020. Docket No. 2007-0008. Renewable Portfolio Standard Annual
Reports. https://dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms/dockets?action=details&docketNumber=2007-0008
State of Hawai‘i, Public Utilities Commission. 2020. Docket No. 2007-0008. Renewable Portfolio Standard Annual
Reports. https://dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms/dockets?action=details&docketNumber=2007-0008
Pacific Biodiesel website. https://www.biodiesel.com/
State of Hawai‘i, Public Utilities Commission. 2020. Annual Report FY2019. “Summary of Power Purchase
Agreements.” https://puc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/FY19-PUC-Annual-Report_FINAL.pdf
Docket No. 2019-0333, https://dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms/dockets?action=details&docketNumber=2019-0333, has informationon the application for approval of an amended and restated power purchase agreement between HELCO and PGV.
State of Hawai‘i, Public Utilities Commission. 2020. Annual Report FY2019. “Summary of Power Purchase
Agreements.” https://puc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/FY19-PUC-Annual-Report_FINAL.pdf
State of Hawai‘i, Public Utilities Commission. 2020. Annual Report FY2019. “Summary of Power Purchase
Agreements.” https://puc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/FY19-PUC-Annual-Report_FINAL.pdf
State of Hawai‘i, Public Utilities Commission. 2020. Annual Report FY2019. “Summary of Power Purchase
Agreements.” https://puc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/FY19-PUC-Annual-Report_FINAL.pdf
U.S. Energy Information Administration. “State Energy Data System (SEDS), Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use
Sector.” https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/
U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Hawaii State Profile and Energy Estimates.” Table CT7, “Transportation Sector Energy
Consumption Estimates.” https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/data.php?incfile=/state/seds/sep_use/tra/use_tra_HI.html&sid=HIInternational Council on Clean Transportation. 2015. Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Transportation Energy Analysis.
https://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Final_TransEnergyAnalysis_8.19.15.pdf
State of Hawai‘i. Databook. Section 18 – Transportation; Table 18.17, “Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Vehicle
Miles.” http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/databook/2019-individual/18/181719.xls
State of Hawai‘i, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. Census. “American Community Survey 2016.”
http://census.hawaii.gov/acs/acs-2016/
https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020bikesharesnapshot.pdf
Self reported by Biki
https://www.honolulu.gov/bicycle; http://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/files/2013/02/Bike-Plan-appendixc.pdf;
https://www.kauai.gov/Portals/0/PW_Bldg/BikePathProject/Articles/Bike_path_overview.pdf?ver=2015-04-20-160259-343
Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Section 103D-412: “alternative fuels means alcohol fuels, mixtures containing eighty-five per cent ormore by volume of alcohols with gasoline or other fuels, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, mixtures

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containing twenty per cent or more by volume of biodiesel with diesel or other fuels, other fuels derived from biologicalmaterials, and electricity provided by off-board energy sources.”
Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Section 196-42: “"Alternate fuels" shall have the same meaning as contained in 10 Code of Federal
Regulations Part 490; provided that it shall also include liquid or gaseous fuels produced from renewable feedstocks such asorganic wastes, or from water using electricity from renewable energy sources.”
United States Code. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, part 490. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title10vol3/CFR-2011-title10-vol3-part490 The definition is on page 1226 of the PDF: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR2020-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2020-title10-vol3.pdf
State of Hawai‘i. Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Section 196-42. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/
Vol03_Ch0121-0200D/HRS0196/HRS_0196-0042.htm
U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuel Data Center. https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10332
U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuel Data Center. Fueling Station Locator.
https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/#/analyze?region=US-HI
State of Hawai‘i, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. Monthly Energy Trends. September 2020
https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/states. Includes legacy chargers but does not include residential electric charging
infrastructure.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/beta/states/states/hi/data/dashboard/renewables. The data
was provided in billion Btu per year, and converted to trillions of Btu for the graph on the left and to millions of gallons for thegraph on the right. Energy content for biodiesel: 119,500 Btu per gallon; ethanol: 76,330 Btu per gallon, lower heating values,
since exhaust gases are hot (higher heating value is used when the energy in the products of combustion has been captured,and exhaust gases from the process are cool). Source: Alternative Fuels Data Center, Fuel Properties Comparison Table(https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/fuel_comparison_chart.pdf) dated 10/29/2014, accessed 11/3/2020.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/beta/states/states/hi/data/dashboard/renewables. The data
was provided in thousands of barrels per year, and converted to millions of gallons per year. There are 42 gallons in a barrel.
Series Key: SEDS.BDPRP.HI.A
Hawai‘i Natural Energy Institute. https://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/Hawaii-Renewable-Hydrogen-FinalReport.pdf
Hawai‘i Gas Website. https://www.hawaiigas.com/terms-of-use
Filing by Hawai‘i Gas with the Public Utilities Commission, Docket No. 2017-0105, “DESCRIPTION OF
APPLICANT.” https://dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms/DocumentViewer?pid=A1001001A17H02B42645H00182
https://www.manta.com/mb_45_B33D87N3_12/propane_gas_bottled/hawaii
U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Natural Gas Prices.” Data Series: Residential Price; Period: Annual; Show Data By: Area.
https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_a_EPG0_PRS_DMcf_a.htm
U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Natural Gas Summary.” Area: Hawaii; Period: Annual; Show Data By: Data Series.
https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_sum_lsum_dcu_SHI_a.htm
Hawai‘i Gas. 2020. Transmittal from Alicia Moy to the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission dated March 31, 2020. Hawai‘i
Gas 2019 Renewable Energy Report.
National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO) and the Energy Futures Initiative (EFI). 2020. U.S. Energy and
Employment Report (USEER). http://www.usenergyjobs.org/
The Solar Foundation. Solar Jobs Census 2019 (Hawaii). https://www.thesolarfoundation.org/solar-jobs-census/factsheet2019- hi/State of Hawai‘i. Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Chapter 225P. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol04_Ch0201-0257/
HRS0225P/HRS_0225P-.htm, specifically Section 225P-5. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol04_Ch0201-0257/
HRS0225P/HRS_0225P-0005.htm
For example, “Identify, track, and report key performance measures and milestones related to the State's energy anddecarbonization goals; Identify market gaps and innovation opportunities, collaborate with stakeholders, and facilitate publicprivate partnerships …that will support the State's energy and decarbonization goals; Create and review proposed state actions
that may have a significant effect on the State's energy and decarbonization goals.” State of Hawaii. Hawaii Revised Statutes,
Section 196-72. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol03_Ch0121-0200D/HRS0196/HRS_0196-0072.htm
State of Hawai‘i Greenhouse Gas Program. https://health.hawaii.gov/cab/hawaii-greenhouse-gas-program/State of Hawai‘i. Department of Health. Hawai‘i Greenhouse Gas Program, Emissions Report for 2016.
https://health.hawaii.gov/cab/hawaii-greenhouse-gas-program .
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/commodities/carbon
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Global Monitoring Laboratory.
https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

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97
98

U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=45516
https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/flow/renewable_source_sector_2019.pdf
International Energy Agency. Global Energy Review 2020, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2020
https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/rate-of-change-of-global-primary-energy-demand-1900-2020 .

42 | Hawaii State Energy Office |Hawai‘i’s Energy Facts & Figures, Nov. 2020