⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮◊ ✲ ሗ ࿌➨ 50 ྕ

ᖹᡂ 23 ᖺᗘ㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃REPORTS OF
KUMAMOTO INDUSTRIAL RESEARCHINSTITUTE
No.50 2011.4-2012.3

㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃ᖹᡂ 24 ᖺ 10 ᭶⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮

ࠛ862-0901⇃ᮏᕷᮾ༊ᮾ⏫ 3-11-38

Published by
Kumamoto Industrial Research Institute3-11-38, Higashi-machi, Higashi-Ku, Kumamoto 862-0901 Japan⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮◊✲ሗ࿌➨  ྕ㸦ᖹᡂ  ᖺᗘ㸧┠ḟ࠙ㄽ ᩥࠚ㣗ࣃࣥ⏝⡿⢊ཎᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢỈ✄ရ✀ࡢẚ㍑࡜஝ᘧᑠᆺ〇⢊ᶵ࡟ࡼࡿ〇⢊㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃ᕤ⸨ᗣᩥ㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃㺃                  ୕∾ዉ⨾ᆅᇦ௻ᴗᨭ᥼ࡢࡓࡵࡢ :(% ฼⏝ &$( ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ
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㣗ࣃࣥ⏝⡿⢊ཎᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢỈ✄ရ✀ࡢẚ㍑࡜஝ᘧᑠᆺ〇⢊ᶵ࡟ࡼࡿ〇⢊㣗ࣃࣥ⏝⡿⢊ཎᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢỈ✄ရ✀ࡢẚ㍑࡜
஝ᘧᑠᆺ〇⢊ᶵ࡟ࡼࡿ〇⢊ᕤ⸨ ᗣᩥ㸨࣭୕∾ ዉ⨾㸨㸨㸨㣗ရຍᕤᢏ⾡ᐊࠊ 㣗ရຍᕤᢏ⾡ᐊ㸦⌧㸸⇃ᮏ┴㎰ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮⏕⏘⎔ቃ◊✲ᡤ㸧

7KH&RPSDULVRQRI7KH3DGG\ULFH&XOWLYDUVIRU%UHDG8VH5LFH)ORXU0DWHULDOVDQG)ORXU0LOOLQJZLWK7KH'U\3URFHVV6PDOO6L]H0LOO<DVXIXPL.8'2+DQG1DPL0,0$.,

ᑠᆺࡢ᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚ⓑ⡿ࢆ〇⢊ࡋࠊ⡿ရ✀࡟ࡼࡿ⡿⢊ရ㉁ࡢᕪ␗ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ࠶ࡁࡲࡉࡾ௚㸴ရ✀⣔⤫ࡢᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡣ㹼㸣ࠊᖹᆒ⢏ᚄࡣ㹼ȣPࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㣗ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࡣ㹼POJ࡛ࠊ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࡢ㣗ࣃࣥࡢ⭾ࡽࡳࡀ᭱ࡶⰋ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵࡢ᭱㐺࡞㐠㌿ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮㹋㸦୺࣮ࣔࢱ࣮ࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㸧ࠊ㹄㸦⢒๭ჾࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㸧ࠊ㹑㸦⢒๭ჾࡢ㛫㝽㸧ࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏ࡚〇⢊ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ᭱Ⰻ࡞㣗ࣃࣥ⏝ࡢ⡿⢊ࢆຠ⋡ࡼࡃ〇⢊ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ㹋㸻ࠊ㹄㸻ࠊ㹑㸻ᗈ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㹋ࢆ௨ୖ࡟タᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᮏᶵ࡛‵ᘧ〇⢊ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ஝ᘧ〇⢊ࡢ⡿⢊ࡼࡾ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢ⭾ࡽࡳࡸⰍㄪࡀⰋዲ࡞⡿⢊ࢆ〇⢊࡛ࡁࡓࠋ

㸯ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ Ỉ⏣ࡢ᭷ຠ฼⏝࡟ࡼࡿ㣗ᩱ⮬⤥⋡ྥୖᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⡿⢊ࡣὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ┴ෆࡢຍᕤ⤌⧊࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡀ⏕⏘ࡋࡓࢥ࣓ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࣃࣥࡸࢫ࢖࣮ࢶ࡞࡝ࡢ
〇㐀࣭㈍኎ࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࠊᑠࣟࢵࢺࡢ⡿⢊〇⢊ἲࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊࢥ࣓ࡢᚤ⣽⢊໬ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ྛ✀ࡢ〇⢊ἲࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀᐇ⏝໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸯㸧㸪㸰㸧㸪㸱㸧㸪㸲㸧ࡀࠊࡑࡢከࡃࡣཎᩱ࡟྾Ỉࡉࡏ࡚ᰂࡽ࠿ࡃࡋ
࡚࠿ࡽࠊẼὶᘧ⢊○ᶵࡸࣆ࣑ࣥࣝᘧ⢊○ᶵ࡛⢊○ࡍࡿ‵ᘧ〇⢊ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞‵ᘧ〇⢊ἲࡣࠊ஝⇱ᕤ⛬ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛⿦⨨ࡀ኱ᆺ໬ࡋ㧗ࢥࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡲࡓ㞧⳦ࡢ⦾Ṫ㜵Ṇࡢࡓࡵࡢ⾨⏕⟶⌮ࡀ↹㞧࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝ࠊຍᕤ⤌⧊➼ࡢᑠつᶍࡢ⡿⢊฼⏝⪅࡛ࡣ‵ᘧ〇⢊ἲࡣᑟධࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᑠᆺ
ࡢ஝ᘧẼὶᘧ⢊○ᶵࢆ⏝࠸࡚㧗ရ㉁࡞㣗ࣃࣥ⏝⡿⢊ࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ┴ෆ࡛᱂ᇵྍ⬟࡞ရ✀⣔⤫ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥ࡟᭱㐺࡞ရ✀ࢆ㑅ᐃࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ
〇⢊ᶵࡢ㐠㌿᮲௳ࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࢧ࢖ࢡࣟ
ࣥ࡟ࡼࡾ⡿⢊ࢆ྾ᘬࡍࡿᵓ㐀ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᮏᶵࡢᵓ㐀࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚ࠊ྾Ỉࡉࡏࡓ⡿ࢆཎᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡍࡿ‵ᘧ〇⢊ࡀྍ⬟࠿ྰ࠿᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ㸰ᮦᩱཬࡧ᪉ἲ
 〇⢊ἲ  ౑⏝ࡋࡓ〇⢊ᶵᑠᆺࡢ᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵ㸦ᰴᘧ఍♫ᒣᮏ〇సᡤ〇ࠊ03<6㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚〇⢊ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᮏᶵࡢ㐠㌿ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮㹋㸦୺࣮ࣔࢱ࣮ࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㸧ࠊ㹄㸦⢒๭ჾࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㸧ࠊ㹑㸦⢒๭ჾࡢ㛫㝽㸧ࢆኚ࠼࡚ࠊⓑ⡿

NJࢆ〇⢊ࡋࡓࠋ  ⡿⢊ࡢཎᩱ ཎᩱࡢ⡿ࡣ⇃ᮏ┴㎰ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛᱂ᇵࡉࢀࡓ
⋞⡿㸦࠶ࡁࡲࡉࡾࠊࡃࡲࡉࢇࡢຊࠊࢱ࢝ࢼࣜࠊࢱࢳ
࢔࢜ࣂࠊࣄࣀࣄ࢝ࣜࠊ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࠊ໭㝣ྕ㸧ࢆ⢭⡿ࡋ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓⓑ⡿ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ‵ᘧ〇⢊࡛ࡣࠊⓑ⡿ࢆ᫬㛫Ỉ࡟ᾐₕᚋࠊ㐲ᚰศ㞳ჾ࡟ࡼࡾ⬺Ỉࡋࡓᚋࠊ〇⢊ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ⡿⢊ࡢရ㉁ホ౯  ᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡢ ᐃἲ ⡿⢊ࡢ⃦⢊ᦆയ⋡ࡣࠊ67$5&+'$0$*($66$<.,7 0
HJD]\PH♫〇 ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ ᐃࡋࡓࠋ  Ș໬ᗘࡢ ᐃἲ ⡿⢊ࡢȘ໬ᗘࡣࠊ㈅἟ࡽࡢș㸫࢔࣑࣮ࣛࢮ࣭ࣉࣝ
ࣛࢼ࣮ࢮἲ㸧࡟‽ࡌ࡚ ᐃࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊș㸫࢔࣑࣮ࣛࢮ㸦኱㯏⏤᮶ࠊXQLWVPJ㸧ࡣ࿴ග⣧⸆ᕤᴗᰴᘧ
఍♫〇ࠊࣉࣝࣛࢼ࣮ࢮ㸦$HUREDFWHUDHURJHQHV⏤᮶ࠊXQLWVJ㸧ࡣᯘཎ⏕≀໬Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ〇ࡢࡶࡢࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ  Ỉศ ⡿⢊Jࢆணࡵᜏ㔞ࢆồࡵࡓ࢔࣑ࣝ࢝ࢵࣉ࡟⢭⛗ࡋࠊΥ࣭㸯᫬㛫஝⇱ᚋࠊࢹࢩࢣ࣮ࢱ࣮୰࡛ศ㛫ᨺ෭ࡋ࡚⢭⛗ࡋࠊ஝⇱๓ᚋࡢ㔜㔞ࡢᕪࢆỈศ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ  ⃦⢊⢏Ꮚࡢᖹᆒ⢏ᚄ ࣮ࣞࢨ࣮ᅇᯒ㸦0LHᩓ஘㸧ᘧ⢏ᗘศᕸ ᐃ⿦⨨㸦0
DOYHUQ,QVWUXPHQWV/WG0DVWHUVL]HU㸧࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㸣࢚ࢱࣀ࣮ࣝࢆ⁐፹࡜ࡋ࡚⡿⢊ࡢ⢏ᗘゎᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊయ✚ᇶ‽ࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆᖹᆒ⢏Ꮚᚄ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ  ⡿⢊ࡢⰍㄪ ⡿⢊ࢆ ᐃ⏝ࢭࣝ㸦ෆᚄPPࠊ῝ࡉPP㸧࡟ワࡵࠊ㸫㸫⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ

∦ࡢ◚᩿Ⲵ㔜ࢆồࡵࠊ㣗ࣃࣥࡢ◳ࡉ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ ᐃ࡟ⰍⰍᕪィ㸦᪥ᮏ㟁Ⰽᕤᴗᰴᘧ఍♫〇ࠊ=( ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࣉࣛࣥࢪ࣮ࣕࡣ/ཬࡧ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ
⏝࠸࡚ࠊ㹊್ࠊ㹟್ཬࡧ㹠್ࢆ ᐃࡋࡓࠋ
ᐃࡣᅇ཯᚟ࡋࠊࡑࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆồࡵࡓࠋ  ⡿⢊ࡢ⢶໬≉ᛶ ⡿⢊࡟Ỉࢆຍ࠼ࠊ㸣 :: ⃰ᗘ࡛ࣛࢵࣆࢻࣅࢫࢥ
㸱⤖ᯝ
࢔ࢼࣛ࢖ࢨ࣮㸦1(:32576&,(17,),&59$6XSHU㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ᭱㧗⢓ᗘࠊࣈ࣮ࣞࢡࢲ್࢘ࣥࢆ ᐃࡋࡓࠋ
 ရ✀࡟ࡼࡿ⡿⢊ཬࡧ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢရ㉁ࡢᕪ␗
⾲࡟᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚〇⢊㸦〇⢊ᶵ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢ〇ἲཬࡧရ㉁ホ౯ࡢ㐠㌿᮲௳㸸㹋㸻ࠊ㹄㸻ࠊ㹑㸻ᗈ㸧ࡋࡓ⡿⢊ࡢ  ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢ〇㐀ἲ ᕷ㈍ࡢ⡿⢊࣮࣮࣋࢝ࣜ㸦ࢧ࣮ࣥࣚ♫〇ࠊ630.3
ရ㉁ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ㣗ࣃࣥࢆ〇㐀ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⡿⢊J
ᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡢ⠊ᅖࡣࠊ㹼㸣࡛ࡃࡲࡉࢇࡢຊ
࡟ࢢࣝࢸࣥJࠊỈJࢆຍ࠼ࠊࡉࡽ࡟㣗ሷJࠊ◁⢾ཬࡧࢱ࢝ࢼࣜࡀపࡃࠊࢱࢳ࢔࢜ࣂཬࡧ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛ
Jࠊࢫ࣒࣑࢟ࣝࢡJࠊࣂࢱ࣮Jࠊࢻࣛ࢖࢖࣮ࢫࢺ
ࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋȘ໬ᗘࡣ㹼㸣ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡾࠊ࣑
Jࢆຍ࠼ࡓࠋᤐࡡ᫬㛫ࡣศ࡜ࡋࠊ࣋ࣥࢳࢱ࢖࣒ࢆ
ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࡀ᭱ࡶపࡃࠊࢱࢳ࢔࢜ࣂࡣᴟࡵ࡚㧗࠿ࡗศ㛫࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࢥ࣮ࢫ࡛↝ᡂࡋࡓࠋ
ࡓࠋᖹᆒ⢏ᚄࡣ㹼ȣPࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢱ࢝ࢼࣜࠊ  ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢရ㉁ホ౯ࢱࢳ࢔࢜ࣂཬࡧ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࡀᑠࡉࡃࠊࣄࣀࣄ࢝ࣜ ↝ᡂᚋࠊᐊ ࡛᫬㛫ᨺ෭ࡋࠊ㣗ࣃࣥࡢ㔜㔞ࢆồࡵࡣ኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㣗ࣃࣥࡢయ✚ࢆ⳯✀⨨᥮ἲ࡛ ᐃࡋ࡚ࠊ⡿⢊ࡢⰍㄪࡣࠊ㹊್ࠊ㹟್ཬࡧ㹠್ඹ࡟ࠊရ✀㛫
ୖ㏙ࡢ㣗ࣃࣥ㔜㔞࡛㝖ࡋ࡚ࠊ㣗ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࢆồࡵ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᕪ␗ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
⡿⢊ࡢ⢶໬≉ᛶ࡛ࡣࠊ᭱㧗⢓ᗘࡣ㹼598ࡢ⠊ࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㣗ࣃࣥࢆPPࡢཌࡉ࡛ࢫࣛ࢖ࢫࡋࠊ
PPPPPPࡢษ∦ࢆసᡂࡋࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣉ࣓࣮ࢱ࣮
ᅖ࡛ࠊ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࡣపࡃࠊ໭㝣ྕࡣ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㸦ᰴᘧ఍♫ᒣ㟁〇ࠊ5(%㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ㣗ࣃࣥษࣈ࣮ࣞࢡࢲ࢘ࣥࡣࠊ㹼598ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝⾲ ⡿⢊ࡢရ㉁
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ᦆയ⃦
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⾲ ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢရ㉁
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

㸫㸫

㣗ࣃࣥ⏝⡿⢊ཎᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢỈ✄ရ✀ࡢẚ㍑࡜஝ᘧᑠᆺ〇⢊ᶵ࡟ࡼࡿ〇⢊⾲࡟♧ࡍࠋ

ࣛࡣపࡃࠊ໭㝣ྕࡣ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
⾲࡟᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵ㸦03<6㸧ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࡛࢝ࣛࡣࠊᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡣ㹼㸣ࠊȘ࡚〇⢊㸦〇⢊ᶵࡢ㐠㌿᮲௳㸸㹋㸻ࠊ㹄㸻ࠊ㹑㸻໬ᗘࡣ㹼㸣ࠊᖹᆒ⢏ᚄࡣ㹼ȣPࠊ᭱㧗ᗈ㸧ࡋࡓ⡿⢊ࢆ⏝࠸࡚〇㐀ࡋࡓ㣗ࣃࣥࡢရ㉁ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ⢓ᗘࡣ㹼598ࠊࣈ࣮ࣞࢡࢲ࢘ࣥࡣ㹼598ࠊ

⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࡣࠊ㹼POJࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࠊ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࡣ㹼POJࠊ◳ࡉࡣ㹼ࡃࡲࡉࢇࡢຊཬࡧࢱࢳ࢔࢜ࣂࡀᑠࡉࡃࠊ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝

ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ኚ໬ࡋࡓࠋ〇⢊ຠ⋡ࡣࠊ㹼Jศࡢࣛࡀ኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ◳ࡉࡣࠊ㹼1ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡾࠊ

㛫࡛ኚ໬ࡋࡓࠋ

࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࡀ᭱ࡶᑠࡉࡃࠊࢱࢳ࢔࢜ࣂࡀ᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ

࠶ࡁࡲࡉࡾ࡛ࡣ㸦ࢹ࣮ࢱ␎㸧ࠊᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡣ㹼࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢⰍㄪࡣࠊ㹊್ࠊ㹟್ཬࡧ㹠್㸣ࠊȘ໬ᗘࡣ㹼㸣ࠊᖹᆒ⢏ᚄࡣ㹼ඹ࡟ရ✀㛫࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᕪ␗ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ȣPࠊ᭱㧗⢓ᗘࡣ㹼598ࠊࣈ࣮ࣞࢡࢲ࢘ࣥࡣ

௨ୖࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ࠶ࡁࡲࡉࡾ௚㸴ရ✀⣔⤫ࡢᦆയ⃦㹼598ࠊ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࡣ㹼POJࠊ◳⢊⋡ࠊȘ໬⋡ࠊ᭱㧗⢓ᗘཬࡧ⢶໬≉ᛶ࡟ᕪ␗ࡀㄆࡵ

ࡉࡣ㹼1ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࠊ〇⢊ຠ⋡ࡣ㹼Jศࡢࡽࢀࠊࡲࡓ౪ヨࡋࡓရ✀⣔⤫࡛ࡣ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࡢ㣗⠊ᅖ࡛ኚ໬ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᮏᶵࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡢရ✀࡛ࡶࠊ㹋ࠊ㹄ཬࣃࣥࡢ⭾ࡽࡳࡀ᭱ࡶⰋ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡧ㹑ࡢ㐠㌿ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
 ᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵࡢ㐠㌿᮲௳࡜⡿⢊ཬࡧ⡿ရ㉁≉ᛶࡢ␗࡞ࡿከᵝ࡞⡿⢊ࢆ〇㐀࡛ࡁࠊࡲࡓ〇⢊⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢရ㉁ࡢᕪ␗

ຠ⋡ࡶ㹼ಸ⛬ᗘ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ᮏᐇ㦂࡟౪ࡋࡓ᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵࡣࠊ୕ࡘࡢ㐠ḟ࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㐠㌿ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ࡀ⡿⢊ཬࡧ⡿⢊㌿ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㹋㸦୺࣮ࣔࢱ࣮ࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㸧ࠊ㣗ࣃࣥࡢရ㉁ࠊ〇⢊ຠ⋡࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⾲࡟♧ࡍࠋ㹄㸦⢒๭ჾࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㸧ࠊ㹑㸦⢒๭ჾࡢ㛫㝽㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

⡿⢊ࡢᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡣࠊ㹋㸦୺࣮ࣔࢱ࣮ࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㸧ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛཬࡧ࠶ࡁࡲࡉࡾࢆཎᩱ࡟ࠊ

ࡀపࡃࠊ㹄 ⢒๭ჾࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㸧ࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ㹑 ⢒๭ჾࡢ୺࣮ࣔࢱ࣮ࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㹋㸦ࠊࠊ㸧ࠊ⢒๭ჾࡢ࿘Ἴ

㛫㝽㸧ࡀᗈ࠸࡯࡝ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊᖹᆒ⢏ᚄࡣ㏫ࡢᩘ㹄㸦ࠊ㸧ཬࡧ⢒๭ჾࡢ㛫㝽㹑㸦⊃ࠊᗈ㸧ࢆኚ㛵ಀࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋȘ໬ᗘࡣࠊ㹄ࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ㹑ࡀ⊃࠸໬ࡉࡏ࡚〇⢊ࡋࡓ⡿⢊ࡢရ㉁≉ᛶ್ཬࡧ〇⢊ຠ⋡ࢆ⾲ 㐠㌿ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮࡜⡿⢊ཬࡧ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢရ㉁㸦࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛ㸧䢆䢛䢓䢎䡬䡼䡬㻌
㹋 䠢㻌
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䢈䢚䢖䡬䡴䡼䢚䡯䢙㻌 㻌 㻔㻾㼂㼁㻕㻌ẚᐜ✚㻌㻔㼙㼘㻛㼓㻕㻌◳䛥㻌〇⢊ຠ⋡㻌 㻔㻺㻕㻌
㻔䡃㻛ศ䠅㻌䠯ᦆയ⃦⢊⋡㻌 㻌 㻔㻑㻕㻌

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㻥㻚㻟㻌

㻝㻟㻚㻟㻌

㻣㻞㻌

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㸫㸫

⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ⾲ ᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵࡢ㐠㌿ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮࡜⡿⢊ཬࡧ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢရ㉁ࡢᕪ␗㸦࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛ㸧
䢆䢛䢓䢎
䡬䡼䡬
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Ỉ
‽

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ᖹᆒ⢏ᚄ
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᭱㧗⢓ᗘ
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䢈䢚䢖䡬䡴䡼䢚䡯䢙㻌ẚᐜ✚㻌㻔㼙㼘㻛㼓㻕㻌

◳䛥㻌
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〇⢊ຠ⋡
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㻞㻡㻜㼼㻌 㻤㻝ᗈ㻌㻣㻚㻡㼼㻝㻚㻝㻌

㻞㻞㻚㻡㼼㻠㻚㻟㻌㻝㻜㻣㼼㻝㻤㻌

㻞㻟㻜㼼㻌 㻢㻌㻝㻞㻢㼼㻌 㻢㻌㻟㻚㻟㼼㻜㻚㻞㻌

㻞㻚㻟㼼㻜㻚㻟㻌

㻟㻤㻥㼼㻌 㻢㻞࡯࡝ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㹋࡟ࡼࡿኚ໬ࡣᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ㹋ࡀ௨ୖ࡛ࡣ஝ᘧ〇⢊୪ࡢ㹼㸣⡿⢊ࡢ⢶໬≉ᛶࡣࠊ᭱㧗⢓ᗘཬࡧࣈ࣮ࣞࢡࢲ࢘ࣥ࡜

࡜኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋȘ໬ᗘࡣࠊ㹋ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝኱

ࡶ࡟ࠊ㹋ཬࡧ㹄ࡢᕪ␗࡟ࡼࡿኚ໬ࡣᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ

ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿഴྥ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ஝ᘧ〇⢊ࡼࡾࡣᑠࡉ࠸್

㹑ࡣᗈ࡛ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋỈศࡣࠊ㹋ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝పࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࡣࠊ㹋ࡀపࡃࠊ㹄ࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ㹑ࡀࠊ஝ᘧ〇⢊ࡼࡾ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋᖹᆒ⢏ᚄࡣࠊ㹋ࡀ኱ࡁࡀᗈ࠸࡯࡝኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢ◳ࡉࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ᭱㧗⢓ᗘཬࡧࣈ࣮ࣞࢡࢲ

ࡣࠊẚᐜ✚࡜ࡣ㏫ࡢ㛵ಀࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ〇⢊ຠ⋡ࡣࠊ࢘ࣥ࡜ࡶ࡟㹋ࡢ኱ᑠ࡟ࡼࡿኚ໬ࡣᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࠸

㹋ࡢ኱ᑠ࡟ࡣᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡎࠊ)ࡣࡼࡾ࡛ࠊ6ࡣ⊃ࡼࡎࢀࡶ஝ᘧ〇⢊ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⡿⢊ࡢⰍㄪࡣࠊ㹊ࡾᗈ࡛㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

್࡛ࡣ㹋ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ㹟್࣭㹠್ ௨ୖࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࢆཎᩱ࡟ࠊ୺࣮ࣔࢱ

ࡣኚ໬ࡣᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ஝ᘧ〇⢊ࡼࡾ㹊್ࡣ኱ࡁࡃࠊ

࣮ࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㹋㸦ࠊࠊ㸧ࠊ⢒๭ჾࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㹄㸦ࠊ㹠್ࡣᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

㸧ཬࡧ⢒๭ჾࡢ㛫㝽㹑㸦⊃ࠊᗈ㸧ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏ࡚〇 ࡘ࠸࡛ࠊ྾Ỉࡉࡏࡓⓑ⡿ࢆᮏᚤ⢊○ᶵ࡛〇⢊ࡋࡓ⢊ࡋࡓ⡿⢊ࡣࠊ㹋ࡀపࡃࠊ㹄ࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ㹑ࡀᗈ࠸࡯࡝⡿⢊࡛〇㐀ࡋࡓ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢရ㉁ࢆ⾲࡟♧ࡍࠋᖹᆒ⢏ᚄࡣ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡀపࡃ࡞ࡾ ‵ᘧ〇⢊࡟ࡼࡿ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࡣࠊ㹋ࡀ኱ࡁ㣗ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ஝ᘧ〇⢊ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࠿ࡗ

ࡓࠋ◳ࡉࡣࠊ㹋ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ

 ᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵ࡟ࡼࡿ‵ᘧ〇⢊஝ᘧ〇⢊ࡼࡾᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋⰍㄪࡣࠊ㹊್࡛ࡣ㹋ࡀ኱ ᮏ◊✲࡟౑⏝ࡋࡓ᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵࡣࠊ஝⇱ࡋࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ㹟್࣭㹠್ࡣኚ໬ࡣᑠࡉ

ࡓ✐⢏ࢆᚤ⢊○ࡍࡿ⢊○ᶵ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ྾Ỉࡉࡏࡓ✐⢏࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ஝ᘧ〇⢊ࡼࡾ㹠್ࡣᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡣᑐᛂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ ௨ୖࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊᮏᶵࡣ྾Ỉࡉࡏࡓⓑ⡿ࢆཎᩱ࡟౑

ࡑࡢᵓ㐀ࡣ༢⣧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௚ࡢᙧᘧࡢ⢊○ᶵࡢࡼ࠺࡟

⏝ࡍࡿ‵ᘧ〇⢊ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ‵ᘧ〇⢊࡟ࡼࡿ⡿⢊ᚤ⢊○⢏ࢆ⠠࠺ࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࣥࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ

ࡣ஝ᘧ〇⢊࡟ࡼࡿ⡿⢊ࡼࡾⓑᗘࡀࡲࡋࠊ⭾ࡽࡳࡢⰋ㧗Ỉศࡢⓑ⡿ࢆฎ⌮ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ⡿⢊ࡀ⁫␃ࡍࡿᜍࢀࡣ

࠸㣗ࣃࣥࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ

࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ྾Ỉࡉࡏࡓⓑ⡿ࢆᮏᚤ⢊○ᶵ࡛〇⢊㸲⪃ᐹ

ࡋࡓ⡿⢊ࡢရ㉁ࢆ⾲࡟♧ࡍࠋ ‵ᘧ〇⢊ࡢ⡿⢊ࡢᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡣࠊ୺࣮ࣔࢱ࣮ࡢ࿘

Ἴᩘ㹋ࡀཬࡧ࡛ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᑠࡉࡃࠊ㸣௨ୗ࡛࠶ࡗ ⡿⢊ࡢᬑཬࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣཎᩱ౯᱁ࡢపୗࡀ኱ࡁ࡞㸫㸫㣗ࣃࣥ⏝⡿⢊ཎᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢỈ✄ရ✀ࡢẚ㍑࡜஝ᘧᑠᆺ〇⢊ᶵ࡟ࡼࡿ〇⢊⾲ ‵ᘧ〇⢊࡟ࡼࡿ⡿⢊ࡢရ㉁㸦ရ✀㸻࠶ࡁࡲࡉࡾࠊ㹄㸻ࠊ㹑㸻ᗈ㸧
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⾲ ‵ᘧ〇⢊࡟ࡼࡿ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢⰍㄪ㸦ရ✀㸻࠶ࡁࡲࡉࡾࠊ㹄㸻ࠊ㹑㸻ᗈ㸧
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ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊከࡃࡢỈ✄ရ✀ࡢ⡿⢊㐺ᛶࡀㄪᰝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸴㸧㸪㸵㸧ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ⇃ᮏ┴㎰ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛᱂ᇵࡉࢀࡓ㣫ᩱ⏝ከ཰ရ✀ࡸ୺୺㣗⏝ရ✀ࢆᮦᩱ࡟ࠊ᪕ᅇẼὶᘧᚤ⢊○ᶵࢆ⏝࠸࡚⡿⢊ࢆㄪᩚࡋࠊ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥ࡟᭱㐺࡞Ỉ✄ရ✀ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥ࡟㐺ࡍࡿ⡿⢊ࡢᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⡿⢊ࡢᦆയ⃦⢊㔞ࡢከᑡࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⲨᮌࡽ㸶㸧ࡣࠊᦆയ⃦⢊⋡㸣㹼㸣ࡢ⡿⢊࡛㣗ࣃࣥࢆ〇㐀ࡋࠊᦆയ⃦⢊ࡀᑡ࡞࠸࡯࡝⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊࣃࣥࡢ⭾ࡽࡳࡀⰋዲ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᆏ஭ࡽ㸴㸧ࡣࠊከ཰ရ✀࡛࠶ࡿ࣑ࢬ
࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࡣ㣗ࣃࣥࡢ⭾ࡽࡳࡀⰋዲ࡛ࠊ〇ࣃࣥᛶࡀ㧗ࡃ⡿⢊ࣃࣥ࡟㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡛౪ヨࡋࡓỈ✄ရ✀ࡢᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡢ⠊ᅖࡣ㹼㸣࡛ࠊ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࡣ㸣࡜౪ヨࡋࡓရ✀⣔⤫ࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࡛࢝ࣛసࡗࡓ㣗ࣃࣥࡢ㸫㸫ẚᐜ✚ࡣPOJ࡛ࠊ౪ヨࡋࡓရ✀⣔⤫ࡢ୰࡛ࡣ᭱
ࡶ㧗ࡃࠊᆏ஭ࡽ࡜ྠᵝ࡟〇ࣃࣥᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀㄆ
ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᦆയ⃦⢊㔞ࡀከ࠸࡟ࡶ࠿
࠿ࢃࡽࡎẚᐜ✚ࡀ኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡣ୙࡛᫂࠶ࡿ
ࡀࠊᆏ஭ࡽࡀㄪᩚࡋࡓ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛ⡿⢊ࡢᦆയ⃦⢊㔞㸣࡜ྜࢃࡏ࡚⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࡣ
㹼㸣࡜࠸࠺ᗈ࠸⠊ᅖࡢᦆയ⃦⢊⋡࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ〇ࣃࣥᛶࡢ㧗࠸Ỉ✄ရ✀࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ᮏᶵ࡟ᢞධࡉࢀࡓⓑ⡿ࡣࠊࡲࡎ⢒๭ჾ࡟ᑟධࡉ
ࢀ࡚○࠿ࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋᚤ⢊○ჾ࡟㏦ࡽࢀ࡚⢊○ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⢒๭ჾ࡛ࡣࠊࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࣗࡀᅇ㌿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽⓑ⡿ࢆᚤ⢊○ჾ࡟㏦ࡾ㎸ࡳࠊࡑࡢ㛫࡟ࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࣗ࡜ࢩ
ࣜࣥࢲ࣮ࡢ㝽㛫࡟ᣳࡲࢀࡓⓑ⡿ࡣ○࠿ࢀࡿࠋᚤ⢊○ჾ࡛ࡣࠊᅇ㌿⩼ࡀ㧗㏿࡛ᅇ㌿ࡋࠊ㐲ᚰຊ࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ᑠࡉࡃ⢊○ࡉࢀࡓⓑ⡿ࡣࢧ࢖ࢡࣟࣥ࡟ࡼࡾ྾ᘬ
ࡉࢀࠊࢱࣥࢡ࡟㞟ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᮏᶵ࡟
ᢞධࡉࢀࡓⓑ⡿ࡣ⢒๭ჾཬࡧᚤ⢊○ᶵࡢ࠿ᡤ࡛
⢊○ࡢࢫࢺࣞࢫࢆཷࡅࠊ⢒๭ჾ࡛ࡣ㹄㸦⢒๭ჾࡢ⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ

࿘Ἴᩘ㸧࡜㹑㸦⢒๭ჾࡢ㛫㝽㸧ࡢ㸰ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮
ࡀࠊᚤ⢊○ჾ࡛ࡣ㹋㸦୺࣮ࣔࢱ࣮ࡢ࿘Ἴᩘ㸧ࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ୕ࡘࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ࢆኚ
໬ࡉࡏ࡚ⓑ⡿ࢆ〇⢊ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮࡟
ࡼࡾ⡿⢊ࡢရ㉁ཬࡧ〇⢊ຠ⋡ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࠊᮏᶵࢆ౑
⏝ࡋ࡚㣗ࣃࣥ⏝ࡢ⡿⢊ࢆຠ⋡ࡼࡃ〇⢊ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ
ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ࢆồࡵࡿ࡜ࠊ㹋㸻ࠊ㹄㸻ࠊ㹑㸻ᗈ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ⡿ࡣࠊᑠ㯏⢊࡟ẚ࡭࡚◳ࡃ⣽࠿ࡃ⢊○ࡍࡿ࡜ᦆയ⃦⢊ࡀከࡃ࡞ࡾ〇ࣃࣥᛶࡸ〇ࣃࣥ᫬ࡢసᴗᛶࡀ
పୗࡍࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸱㸧㸪㸲㸧ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᕷ㈍ࡢ
ࣃࣥ⏝⡿⢊ࡣࠊᦆയ⃦⢊ࡢⓎ⏕ࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊⓑ⡿ࢆ྾Ỉࡉࡏ࡚〇⢊ࡍࡿ‵ᘧ〇⢊࡛〇⢊ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ‵ᘧ〇⢊࡛ࡣࠊỈࢆከ㔞࡟౑⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟᤼Ỉࡸ஝⇱࡟ከ኱ࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡸ
タഛࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾ㧗ࢥࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ྾Ỉࡋࡓⓑ⡿ࡣ࢝ࣅࡸ㞧⳦ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡸࡍࡃ⾨⏕⟶⌮ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜࡞࡝࠿ࡽࠊຍᕤ⤌⧊➼࡞࡝ࡢᑠつᶍ࡞〇⢊࡛ࡣᑟධࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋᮏᶵࡣࠊ஝⇱ࡋࡓ✐⢏ࢆཎᩱ࡟〇⢊ࡍࡿ஝ᘧࡢ〇⢊ᶵ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊୖ㏙ࡋࡓᮏᶵࡢᵓ㐀࠿ࡽ྾Ỉࡉࡏࡓⓑ⡿ࢆཎᩱ࡟⏝࠸࡚ࡶࠊෆ
㒊࡛ⓑ⡿ࡸ⡿⢊ࡀ⁫␃ࡍࡿᜍࢀࡀ࡞࠸࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀ
ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᚤ⢊○ჾෆ㒊࡛ࡣ⡿⢏Ꮚࡀ⢊○ࡉࢀࡿ㛫࡟ࠊᅇ㌿⩼࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓẼὶࡸ⇕࡟ࡼࡗ࡚஝⇱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ྾Ỉࡉࡏࡓⓑ⡿ࢆཎᩱ࡟⏝࠸࡚㹋ࡢ್ࢆ㹼ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ኚ໬ࡉࡏ࡚
〇⢊ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ್࡛ࡶ〇⢊ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㹋ࡀ㹼ࡢప࿘Ἴᩘ࡛ࡣࠊᅇ
㌿⩼ࡢᅇ㌿ࢫࣆ࣮ࢻࡀ㐜࠸ࡓࡵࠊ⡿⢊ࡢỈศࡣ㹼㸣࡜㧗ࡃࠊ⡿ࢆᏳ඲࡟ಖ⟶ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ
Ỉศ࡛࠶ࡿ㸣௨ୗ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㹋ࡀ௨ୖ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᦆയ⃦⢊⋡ࡣ஝ᘧ〇⢊୪࡟㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⡿⢊ࡢỈศࡣ㸣⛬ᗘ࡟࡞ࡾ⡿⢊ࣃࣥࡢẚᐜ✚ࡶ஝ᘧ〇⢊௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㹋ࢆ௨ୖ࡟タᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᮏᶵࢆ⏝࠸࡚‵ᘧ〇⢊ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊⓑ⡿ࢆ྾Ỉ࣭Ὑίࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾⓑ⡿࡟ṧ␃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⣇࡞࡝ࡀྲྀࡾ㝖࠿ࢀ⡿⢊ࡸ⡿⢊㣗ࣃࣥ㸦ෆ┦㸧ࡀⓑࡃ࡞ࡾࠊⰍㄪࡀᨵၿࡉࢀࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᮏᶵࢆ‵ᘧ〇⢊ᑐᛂᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊཎᩱࡢᦙ
㏦ࢆ⾜࠺⢒๭ჾࡢᨵၿ࡞࡝ࡉࡽ࡟ᨵⰋࡍࡿᚲせࡀ
࠶ࡿࠋ

㸳㸬ㅰ㎡

ᮏ◊✲ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊ⡿⢊ࡢᖹᆒ⢏ᚄࢆ㸫㸫ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓᅜ❧኱Ꮫἲே⇃ᮏ኱Ꮫ⾪ᧁ࣭ᴟ㝈⎔ቃ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦⌧㸸ᅜ❧Ἀ⦖ᕤᴗ㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ㸧ࡢᕌᮏ࠶ࡺࡳẶ࡟ࠊࡲࡓࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆᜨ୚
࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓ⇃ᮏ┴㎰ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㎰⏘ᅬⱁ◊✲ᡤస≀◊✲ᐊ࡟῝ㅰࡋࡲࡍࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

 㟷ᮌἲ᫂㸪⡿⢊ࡢ฼⏝࡜〇ࣃࣥ࡬ࡢ฼⏝ᢏ⾡㸪㣗ရ࡜ᢏ⾡㸪ࠊSS㸪 Ụᕝ࿴ᚨ㸪⡿⢊ࣃࣥࡢ㛤Ⓨ㸪㎰ᯘỈ⏘ᢏ⾡◊✲ࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣝ㸪  ࠊSS㸪 ᯇ಴₻㸪⡿⢊ࡢ᪂฼⏝㛤Ⓨࡢ⌧≧࡜ᒎᮃ㸪᭶หࣇ࣮ࢻࢣ࣑࢝ࣝSS㸪 ⯅ᗙᏹ୍ࡽ㸪⡿⢊฼⏝ࡢ⌧≧࡜ㄢ㢟 㸫⡿⢊ࣃࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸫㸪᪥ᮏ㣗ရ⛉ᏛᕤᏛ఍ㄅ  SS㸪 ㈅἟ᆂ஧㸪%$3ἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⃦⢊ࡢ⢶໬ᗘࡢ ᐃᏛ఍ฟ∧ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸪⃦⢊࣭㛵㐃⢾㉁ᐇ㦂ἲ㸪SS  ᆏ஭┿ࡽ㸪㣫ᩱ⏝࣭⡿⢊⏝࡞࡝ከ⏝㏵࡟฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿከ཰Ỉ✄᪂ရ✀ࠕ࣑ࢬ࣍ࢳ࢝ࣛࠖ
㸪஑ᕞἈ⦖㎰ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮◊✲ᡂᯝ᝟ሗ㸪 㧗ᶫㄔࡽ㸪⡿ࡢရ✀≉ᛶࡀ⡿⢊ࣃࣥရ㉁࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ
㡪㸪᪥ᮏ㣗ရ⛉ᏛᕤᏛ఍ㄅ㸪ᕳྕ㸪SS㸪  ⲨᮌᝋᏊࡽ㸪ᦆയࢹࣥࣉࣥ㔞࡜⡿⢊ࡢᙧ≧ࡣ⡿⢊ࡢ〇ࣃࣥᛶ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ㏆␥ᅄᅜ୰ᅜ㎰ᴗ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮◊✲ᡂᯝ᝟ሗ㸪࠙ㄽᩥࠚ ᆅᇦ௻ᴗᨭ᥼ࡢࡓࡵࡢ:(%฼⏝&$(ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏࣭ᛂ⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨᆅᇦ௻ᴗᨭ᥼ࡢࡓࡵࡢ :(% ฼⏝ &$( ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ
ᵓ⠏࣭ᛂ⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨᅵᮧ ᑗ⠊ ࣭㯮⏣ ಟᖹ ࣭㐨㔝 㝯஧ ࣭ᕝᮧ ᾈ஧ ࣭Ἑ໭ 㝯⏕ ࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾᐊ㸦⌧㸸ᢏ⾡஺ὶ௻⏬ᐊ㸧ࠊ ࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾᐊࠊ

ࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾᐊ㸦⌧㸸ᡤ㛗ᐊ㸧

'HYHORSPHQWRI:(%%DVHG5HPRWH&$($QDO\VLV6XSSRUW6\VWHP

0DVDQRUL768&+,085$ 6KXKHL.852'$ 5\XML0,&+,12 .RKML.$:$085$ 
DQG7DNDR.$:$.,7$ ㏆ᖺࠊ〇㐀ᕤ⛬࡟࠾ࡅࡿຠ⋡໬࡜ရ㉁ྥୖ࡟ᴟࡵ࡚᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ &RPSXWHU$LGHG(QJLQHHULQJ &$( ➼ࡢ᭱᪂ゎᯒᢏ⾡ࢆᑟධࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀቑຍࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊᆅᇦࡢ୰ᑠ௻ᴗ࡟ࡣ㧗㢠࡞ึᮇᢞ㈨ࡸゎᯒᢏ⾡⪅ᩍ⫱࡞࡝ࡢၥ㢟ࡢࡓࡵࠊࡑࢀࡽ᭱᪂ᢏ
⾡ࡢᑟධཬࡧ᭷ຠά⏝ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ &$( ฼⏝ࡢᬑཬᣑ኱࡟ࡼࡿ௻ᴗάᛶ໬ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵࠊ஑ᕞ࣭ᒣཱྀࠊἈ⦖ࡢ  ┴ࡢබタヨࡀཧຍࡍࡿࠕ஑ᕞ▱஦఍ඹྠ◊✲࡛ࠖࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࡢά⏝ࡸᆅᇦ௻ᴗࡸᅋయ࡞࡝ࡢ༠ຊ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᆅᇦ௻ᴗࡢ〇㐀⌧ሙ࠿ࡽ:(% ⤒⏤࡛ &$( ゎᯒ᧯స࡜ゎᯒ⤖ᯝཧ↷ࢆࠊᏳ඲࡟฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿࠕ&$( ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࠋ㸯ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
 ㏆ᖺࡢᛴ㏿࡞ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍Ṍ࡟క࠸ࠊ⏕⏘ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢຠ⋡໬࠾ࡼࡧࢥࢫࢺࢲ࢘ࣥࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ኱௻ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ&RPSXWHU$LGHG'HVLJQ &$' &RPSXWHU $LGHG 0DQXIDFWXULQJ &$0  &RPSXWHU$LGHG(QJLQHHULQJ &$( ➼ࡢ᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ά⏝ࡋࡓ᭱᪂⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࡀⴭࡋ࠸ຠᯝࢆ࠶ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ㹼 ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⇃ᮏ┴ෆࡢ኱༙ࡢ୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡢ⌧ሙ࡛ࡣࠊึᮇᢞ㈨ࡢ㈇ᢸཬࡧ᪂ᢏ⾡࡟ಀࡿ♫ဨᩍ⫱᫬㛫
୙㊊࡞࡝ࡢࡓࡵࠊḟඖ&$'&$0&$(ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔࡞
࡝ࡢ᭱᪂⏕⏘ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᑟධࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ࡯࡝㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛ࡣࠊ᭱᪂ࡢ᝟
ሗᢏ⾡ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࡢᬑཬಁ㐍ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵࠊ
┴ෆࡢ୰ᑠ௻ᴗࠊ≉࡟୕ḟඖᙧ≧ ' ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ
⢭ᐦຍᕤࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿ㔠ᆺᕤᴗ⏺➼࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ ࠊᅗ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿタィ㹼ゎᯒ㹼ヨస㹼⏕⏘㸦ຍᕤ࣭〇స㸧㹼ィ ࡲ࡛ࡢ⥲ྜⓗ࡞ࢹࢪࢱࣝ⏕⏘ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋᥦ౪ࡋࡓࠋ
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CAD୕ḟඖ ᐃჾ

CAE

タィィ⏕⏘⟶⌮ᢏ⾡

኱㔞⏕⏘CAM,䝬䝅䝙䞁䜾䝉䞁䝍䞊

⏕⏘

ヨస

ゎᯒ
ග㐀ᙧ⿦⨨䚸3D䝰䝕䝷䞊ᅗ 'ࣔࢹࣝࢹ࣮ࢱά⏝࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘࢖࣓࣮ࢪ

ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᙜࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡟࠾ࡅࡿ&$'&$0&$(࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ௻ᴗ࡬ࡢᨭ᥼ෆᐜࠊ≉࡟&$(ゎᯒ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓᢏ⾡ᣦᑟཬࡧタഛ฼⏝௳ᩘࡣᛴ㏿࡟ቑຍࡋࡓ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㧗౯࡞&$(ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸௻ᴗ
ࡢᢏ⾡⪅ࡀࠊ&$(ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ㍍ᚤ࡞ゎᯒࡸ᪤Ꮡࢹ࣮ࢱࡢゎᯒ᮲௳ࡢኚ᭦ࡢࡳ࡛ࡶࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘
࢔ࡢ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞ሙᡤࡲ࡛ࢹ࣮ࢱධຊ࣭ಟṇ࡟ฟྥࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ」㞧ᙧ≧〇ရ'&$'ࣔࢹࣝࡢゎᯒࡢࡼ࠺࡞኱つᶍ)(0㸦)LQLWH(OHPHQW0HWKRG᭷㝈せ⣲ἲ㸧ゎᯒ࡟ࡣࠊ୪ิฎ⌮࡞࡝ࡢ㧗㏿࡞ィ⟬ᶵ฼⏝⎔ቃࡀ୙ྍḞ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢせồ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࢩ
ࢫࢸ࣒฼⏝⎔ቃࢆ୰ᑠ௻ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᩚഛࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ
▱㆑ࡸ⤒㦂ࡢ⵳✚ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ฼⏝ຠ⋡ཬࡧᑟධࢥࢫࢺ࡞࡝ࡢⅬ࡛ࠊᴟࡵ࡚㈇ᢸࡀ኱ࡁࡃ㠀ຠ⋡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡀࠊᅋሢࡢୡ௦ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓ
⤒㦂㇏ᐩ࡞ᢏ⾡⪅ࡀ኱㔞࡟ᐃᖺ㏥⫋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡬ࡢᑐ
ᛂ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㧗ᗘ࡞▱㆑࡜⤒㦂ࢆᣢࡘᢏ⾡⪅ࡀᐃᖺ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ௻ᴗࡢ〇㐀⌧ሙ࠿ࡽ຺ࡸ⤒㦂ࡀ႙ኻࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀண ࡉࢀࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛⇍⦎ᢏ⾡⪅ࡢ⤒㦂࡟㢗ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ〇㐀⌧ሙ࡛ࡢ㧗ᗘ࡞▱㆑࡜➇தຊࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶࠊಶேࡢࢫ࢟ࣝ࡬ࡢ㐣ᗘࡢ౫Ꮡࢆ㑊ࡅࠊ⤌⧊࡛ඹ᭷࡛ࡁࡿ▱㆑ ࢼࣞࢵࢪ ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ '%ᶵ⬟ࢆഛ࠼ࡓ&$(ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ〇㐀ᕤ⛬࡬ࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡞฼ά⏝ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ⥲ົ┬ࡢᡓ␎ⓗ᝟ሗ㏻ಙ◊✲㛤Ⓨ᥎㐍ไᗘ 6&23( ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᆅᇦ,&7᣺⯆ᆺ◊✲
㛤Ⓨࠖࡢ᥇ᢥࢆཷࡅࠊᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ&$(฼⏝ࡢᬑཬᣑ኱࡟ࡼࡿ௻ᴗάᛶ໬ࢆᅗࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ㏆ᖺᛴ㏿࡟ቑຍࡍࡿᆅᇦ௻ᴗ࠿ࡽࡢ&$(฼⏝せồ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ẚ㍑ⓗ⡆༢࡟㐲㝸ᆅ࠿ࡽࡢゎᯒ᧯సࡀྍ⬟ࠊ࠿ࡘ᪤Ꮡࡢゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡢཧ↷ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠕ&$(ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫ㸫㸫⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ

ࢸ࣒ࠖࢆᵓ⠏࣭㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊබ
㛤㘽ᬯྕᇶ┙ 3., ࡟ࡼࡿㄆド࣭ᬯྕ໬ᢏ⾡ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡼࡾᏳ඲࡟࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ⤒⏤࡛ᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ฼ά⏝ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸰ᮏ◊✲࡛ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒
㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᶵ⬟࡜฼⏝࢖࣓࣮ࢪ
ᖹᡂᖺ㹼ᖺ࡟ᮏ◊✲࡛ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒タ⨨≧ែ࡜እほ࠾ࡼࡧࢩࢫࢸ࣒ෆ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ᥋⥆ࢆᅗࠊࡲࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡸࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ᵓᡂ࡜௻ᴗ࣮ࣘࢨ
ࡀᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᅗ࡟♧ࡍࠋ㛤Ⓨ傽僅儛儝優兄

฼⏝䛧䛯䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰ධຊ䝕䞊䝍ཬ䜃ィ⟬⤖ᯝ

FE Analysis System

DB system

ANSYS,MATLAB,COMSOL䛺䛹㻔㻼㻰㻲㻘㻴㼀㻹㻸㻕

ࢼࣞࢵࢪDBィ⟬⟶⌮⏝ィ⟬⟶⌮⏝Webࢧ࣮ࣂ
Webࢧ࣮ࣂ

ྛ&$(ࢯࣇࢺྥ
ࡅࡢィ⟬᣺ศ
ࡅࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ
ㄆドᬯྕ໬ࢼࣞࢵࢪDBࢼࣞࢵࢪDB
⏝ࢧ࣮ࣂ
⏝ࢧ࣮ࣂ

ㄆド࣭ᬯྕ
ཬࡧInterface

CAD䝕䞊䝍
ゎᯒ⏝
CADࣔࢹ
ࣝࡢసᡂ

ㄆド࣭ᬯྕ
ཬࡧInterface
⡆᫆࡞ゎ
ᯒࡢᐇ᪋

⤖ᯝ䝕䞊䝍Ⓩ㘓䞉ཧ↷

CAEゎᯒᢏ⾡⪅

㢮ఝゎᯒ
⤖ᯝࡢཧ
↷࣭฼⏝

Web 儺免儊儚

3D-CAE

CADタィ⪅

Web㜀ぴ

ゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡢ
ཧ↷࣭☜ㄆ

ゎᯒ᮲௳

3D-CAD㧗ᗘ࡞ィ⟬⤖
ᯝཬࡧࢼࣞࢵ
ࢪ᝟ሗࡢྲྀᚓ

タィ⟶⌮⪅➼

儮児儧儜僔儹儇兠儭儴儧儓Web䝤䝷䜴䝄

CADタィ⪅

ᅗࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ᵓᡂ࡜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒฼⏝࢖࣓࣮ࢪ
ࡲࡓᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒฼⏝ᑐ㇟⪅ࡣࠊ୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡢタィ࣭ゎᯒᢏ⾡⪅࡜タィ⟶⌮⪅ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡞〇ရ〇㐀࣭㛤Ⓨᕤ⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚タィ⪅ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸〇ရࡢ௙ᵝ࣭ᙧ≧ࡢỴᐃ࡟࠶ࡓࡾ㐣ཤࡢタィ⤒㦂ࡸ᪤Ꮡ〇ရᙧ≧ࢆཧ⪃࡟&$'ᅗ㠃ࢆసᡂࡍࡿࠋḟ࡟ゎᯒᢏ⾡⪅ࡀࠊࡇࡢ&$'ᅗ㠃࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁᇶᮏⓗ࡞&$(ゎᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡇࡢ᫬ࠊゎᯒึᚰ⪅࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛⤒㦂ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ ࡀ࡞࠸ᙧ≧ࡢゎᯒࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊࢼࣞࢵࢪ'%࡟Ⓩ㘓ࡉࢀࡓゎᯒィ⟬ࡢᑓ㛛▱㆑ࡸᮦᩱ≀ᛶ್ࠊゎD ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒タ⨨≧ែ࡜እほᯒᡭἲ➼ࢆཧ↷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿゎᯒ᮲௳ࡢ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡䝉䞁䝍䞊LAN䜾䝻䞊䝞䝹IP䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽Ỵᐃ࡜⤖ᯝホ౯ࡢ᪉ἲࢆỴࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
䠟䠝䠡ά⏝
䝴䞊䝄
䝻䞊䜹䝹IP䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽
ᨭ᥼
⟶⌮

䝅䝇䝔䝮
WEB
DB
ㄆドᒁ 䝞䝑䜽䜰䝑䝥
WEB
䠨䠠䠝䠬
䝃䞊䝞
䝃䞊䝞
(VM)
(VM)
࣮ࣘࢨ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ࡜฼⏝ࣇ࣮ࣟᮏ◊✲࡛㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࠕ&$(ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ඲యࡢ
฼⏝ࣇ࣮ࣟ࡜ᇶᮏ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ⏬㠃౛ࢆᅗ࡟
฼⏝➃ᮎ䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖
CAEィ⟬
♧ࡍࠋ
䜽䝷䝇䝍
Ansys
:(%ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࣮ࢫᶵ⬟࡜฼⏝࣮ࣘCOMSOL
฼⏝➃ᮎ
฼⏝➃ᮎ
฼⏝➃ᮎ
(MATLAB)ࢨ⟶⌮ࡣࠊィ⟬⟶⌮⏝:(%'%ࢧ࣮ࣂ୍࡛ᣓࡋ࡚ฎ⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡋࡓⓏ㘓῭ࡳ࣮ࣘࢨࡣࠊ/'$3࡟ࡼࡿㄆドࡀ⤊஢ࡋࡓࡢࡕࠊࠕ&$(㐲㝸ゎE ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ෆ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ᥋⥆ᯒࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ&$(ゎᯒィ⟬ᐇ⾜ࡸࠕ&$(ࢼࣞࢵᅗᮏ◊✲࡛ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒タ⨨≧ἣᴫせ
ࢪ'%ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ඲ᩥ᳨⣴࡛ࡢ᪤Ꮡゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡢཧ↷ཬࡧࢼࣞࢵࢪ'%࡬ࡢⓏ㘓࣭๐㝖➼ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᮏ◊✲࡛ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࠕ&$(ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖࡣࠊ฼
࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ&$(ゎᯒィ⟬ࡀ⤊஢ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ〇ရࡢᨵ⏝࣮ࣘࢨࡀィ⟬ධຊࢹ࣮ࢱࢆධຊࡋࠊ&$(ィ⟬ࢆ⾜࠺Ⰻ࣭ᨵၿࡸタィ௙ᵝኚ᭦ࡢሙྜࡣࠊ⮬♫ࡢ᪤Ꮡゎᯒ
ࠕ&$(㐲㝸ゎᯒࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡜ࠊ&$(฼⏝ࡢࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡸ
⤖ᯝ౛࡜኱Ꮫࡸබタヨ➼࡟ࡼࡾබ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿゎᯒ᪤Ꮡゎᯒ⤖ᯝ➼ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠕ&$(ࢼࣞࢵࢪࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋
ࢼࣞࢵࢪ'%ࡢゎᯒ⤖ᯝࢆཧ↷ẚ㍑ࡋࠊ⮬♫ࡢ〇ရᙧ
ࢫ '% ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖࡢࡘࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ
≧ࡸᨵⰋᣦ㔪ࡢලయⓗ࡞᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡜࡞≉࡟ࠊࢼࣞࢵࢪ'%࡬ࡢゎᯒ஦౛Ⓩ㘓࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⇃ࡿࠋᮏ኱Ꮫ࡞࡝ࡢ⇃ᮏ┴ෆࡢ኱Ꮫࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ஑ᕞ࣭ᒣ
ཱྀ┴ࡢබタヨ࡟ࡼࡿ஑ᕞ▱஦఍ඹྠ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ୕
ㄆド࣭ᬯྕ໬࡟ࡼࡿࢭ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ᶵ⬟ḟඖ&$'&$0ཬࡧ&$(ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ⏕⏘ᕤ⛬ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬࡟௻ᴗ➼ࡀࠊ㐲㝸ᆅ࠿ࡽ:(%⤒⏤࡛ᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ฼⏝㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠖࢆ+㹼+࡛ᐇ᪋ࡋࠊ&$(ゎᯒᶵ⬟ཬࡧࡍࡿሙྜࠊ&$'ࢹ࣮ࢱ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣゎᯒ⤖ᯝ࡞࡝ࡢ₃ὤࡸࢼࣞࢵࢪ'%ࢆ᭦࡟඘ᐇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
CAE ゎᯒィ⟬⏝ࢡࣛࢫࢱࢩࢫࢸ࣒
(ࢧࣈࢸ࣮࣐ձ㛵㐃㸸H21 㛤Ⓨᵓ⠏)
PC8 ྎ 8Core8 ྎ=64 ୪ิࢡࣛࢫࢱ

Web ࢧ࣮ࣂࠊDB ࢧ࣮ࣂࢩࢫࢸ࣒
(ࢧࣈࢸ࣮࣐ղ㛵㐃㸸H22 㛤Ⓨᵓ⠏)
PC3 ྎ Web2 ྎ DB1 ྎ㸫㸫ᆅᇦ௻ᴗᨭ᥼ࡢࡓࡵࡢ:(%฼⏝&$(ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏࣭ᛂ⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ

CAE 㐲㝸

ゎᯒ䝅䝇䝔䝮

ィ⟬⤖ᯝཧ↷ (VRML(3D).JPEG(2D))
䚷CAEゎᯒィ⟬ไᚚ䝴䞊䝄⟶⌮䚷

LDAP䜽䝷䝇䝍ィ⟬ไᚚㄆド䞉ᬯྕ໬
䜰䜽䝉䝇⟶⌮
䚷฼⏝䝴䞊䝄䜈
⤊஢䝯䞊䝹㏦ಙ

CAE ゎᯒไᚚ
Db ไᚚ

ゎᯒィ⟬
⤖ᯝ DB

CAE
䝘䝺䝑䝆DBDB Ⓩ㘓䞉๐㝖䝻䜾䜰䜴䝖᳨⣴⤖ᯝཧ↷(PDF)DB ཧ↷

CAE 䝘䝺䝑䝆
DB 䝅䝇䝔䝮ᅗ  &$( ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒඲యࡢ฼⏝ࣇ࣮ࣟ࡜ᇶᮏ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ⏬㠃౛ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୙ṇ฼⏝࡞࡝ࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ
ࡇ࡛ᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ௓ࡋ࡚Ᏻ඲
࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ3., 3XEOLF.H\,QIUDVWUXFWXUHබ㛤㘽ᬯྕᇶ┙ ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓㄆド࡜㏻ಙ㊰ᬯྕ໬ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ࣮ࣘࢨ࡬ࡣࠊᙜࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛㐠⏝ࡍ ࡿ ࣉ ࣛ ࢖ ࣋ ࣮ ࢺ ㄆ ド ᒁ 3ULYDWH &HUWLILFDWH$XWKRULW\ ࡛ Ⓨ ⾜ ࡍ ࡿ ; බ 㛤 㘽 ド ᫂ ᭩
DWWULEXWHXVHU&HUWLILFDWH ࢆⓎ⾜ࡍࡿࠋ/'$3ࢧ
࣮ࣂ࡟࣮ࣘࢨྡ DWWULEXWHXLG ཬࡧ;බ㛤㘽ド᫂᭩ DWWULEXWHXVHU&HUWLILFDWH ࢆⓏ㘓ࡋࠊㄆド࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᙉᅛ࡞ㄆド࡜㏻ಙ㊰ᬯྕ໬ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࡣࠊ฼⏝ࡍࡿᶵ⬟ 㐲㝸ゎᯒࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊࢼࣞࢵࢪ'%ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ࡈ࡜࡟ࠊࡑࡢ฼⏝ᶒ㝈⠊ᅖࢆ࣮ࣘࢨⓏ㘓ࡢ㝿࡟⟶⌮⪅ࡀタᐃࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ࢼࣞࢵࢪ'%ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊ࣮ࣘࢨࡢᶒ㝈࡛ྛࢼࣞࢵࢪ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢⓏ㘓᫬࡟㜀ぴ⠊ᅖࢆᣦᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㜀ぴ⠊ᅖ࡟ᰂ㌾ᛶࢆᣢࡓࡏࡿࡓࡵࠊ࣮ࣘࢨࡢᡤᒓ⤌⧊ࡢ௚࡟ࠊ
௵ពࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ බタヨࠊ௻ᴗࠊ◊✲఍࡞࡝ ࢆタᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ࣮ࣘࢨᶒ㝈⟶⌮࡟ࡼࡾࠊ&$(ࢼࣞࢵࢪࡢෆᐜࡸ㔜せᗘ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚බ㛤ࡍࡿ࣮ࣘࢨഃ࡛㜀ぴ࡛ࡁࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆ≉ᐃࡋࠊ୙⏝ព࡞ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡢὶฟ࡞࡝࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢭ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕☜ಖᶵ⬟ࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔࠋ
୪ิィ⟬࡟࠾ࡅࡿィ⟬⟶⌮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒
ࠕ&$(㐲㝸ゎᯒࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡟ࡣࠊ:(%ࢧ࣮ࣂࢆ௓ࡋ
࡚࣮ࣘࢨ࠿ࡽḟࠎ࡜᮶ࡿゎᯒせồ ࢱࢫࢡ ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ

」ᩘࡢゎᯒࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫཬࡧ」ᩘࡢゎᯒࢡࣛࢫࢱࢆຠ⋡Ⰻࡃ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀせồࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢせồࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࡣࠊゎᯒ⟶⌮ࢧ࣮ࣂ࡛ࢱࢫࢡࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࠊゎᯒࢡࣛࢫࢱࡢ≧ἣࢆᢕᥱࡋࠊ᮲௳ࡀᩚ࠸ḟ➨ࠊࢡࣛࢫࢱᐇ⾜ࢧ࣮ࣂ࡟౫㢗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ຠ⋡Ⰻ࠸ゎᯒ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟タィࠊᐇ⿦ࡋࡓࠋ୍㐃ࡢィ⟬⟶⌮ࡢࣇ࣮ࣟࢆᅗ࡟♧ࡍࠋ:(%१‫ش‬ংੰෲৰষ‫؞‬রૃൂ౅ ੰෲଵ৶१‫ش‬ংੰෲॹ‫ॱش‬તವ૾ଙનੳছॖ७থ५ଵ৶
१‫ش‬ং

DQDO\VLVBVHUYHUেਛ‫ق‬५ঞॵॻ‫ك‬ੰෲીവ‫؞‬রૃৢੴੰෲଵ৶ड़ঈ४ख़ॡॺ
DQDO\VLVBPDQDJHUੰෲय़গ‫ش‬‫ق‬ই॓ॖঝ‫ك‬ॡছ५ॱଵ৶
ॸ‫ش‬ঈঝ
‫ق‬ই॓ॖঝ‫ك‬ছॖ७থ५નੳ

ছॖ७থ५টॵॡ‫ق‬ই॓ॖঝ‫ك‬ੰෲৰষ‫؞‬রૃ‫ੰق‬ෲ,'‫ك‬ॡছ५ॱৰষ१‫ش‬ংFOXVWHUBVHUYHU'%१‫ش‬ং૾ଙ૗ಌੰෲॹ‫ॱش‬਄੭‫؞‬੥ટતವᅗ &$(㐲㝸ゎᯒࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿィ⟬⟶⌮ゎᯒ⟶⌮ࢧ࣮ࣂࡣࠊࢱࢫࢡࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࣛ࢖ࢭ
ࣥࢫࠊゎᯒࢡࣛࢫࢱࢆ⟶⌮ࡋࠊゎᯒᐇ⾜ࢧ࣮ࣂ࡟ゎᯒ౫㢗ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊゎᯒ⤊஢ࡢ㏻▱ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿࠋ:(%ࢧ࣮ࣂࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࣮ࣘࢨ࠿ࡽࢱࢫࢡ ゎᯒせồ ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿ
࡜ࠊࢱࢫࢡࢆゎᯒ࣮࢟ࣗ࡟࢚࣮ࣥ࢟ࣗࡍࡿࠋゎᯒ⟶⌮ࢧ࣮ࣂࡢ୺せ࡞ᶵ⬟ࢆྖࡿゎᯒ⟶⌮࢜ࣈࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ
ࡣࠊゎᯒ࣮࢟ࣗࡢඛ㢌ࡢࢱࢫࢡ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࠊࣛ࢖ࢭࣥ㸫㸫⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ

ࢫࣟࢵࢡ࡛ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆࠊࢡࣛࢫࢱ⟶⌮ࢸ࣮ࣈ࡛ࣝ฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿࢡࣛࢫࢱࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊゎᯒ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢྲྀᚓ࠾ࡼࡧ
ゎᯒࢡࣛࢫࢱࡀ☜ಖ࡛ࡁࡓሙྜ࡟㝈ࡾࠊࢡࣛࢫࢱ⟶⌮ࢧ࣮ࣂ࡟ゎᯒࢆ౫㢗ࡍࡿࠋࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢྲྀᚓࠊゎᯒࢡࣛࢫࢱࡢ☜ಖࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿୍᪉࡛ࡶኻᩋࡋࡓሙྜ
ࡣࠊ୍ᐃ᫬㛫ᚋࠊ෌ᗘࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢྲྀᚓࠊゎᯒࢡࣛࢫࢱࡢ☜ಖࢆヨࡳࡿࠋࢡࣛࢫࢱ⟶⌮ࢧ࣮ࣂ࠿ࡽゎᯒ
᏶஢ࡢ㏻▱ࢆཷྲྀࡿ࡜ࠊゎᯒ࣮࢟ࣗ࠿ࡽࢱࢫࢡࢆࢹ
࣮࢟ࣗࡋࠊゎᯒ࣮࢟ࣗෆࡢḟࡢࢱࢫࢡࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢡࣛࢫࢱᐇ⾜ࢧ࣮ࣂࡣࠊゎᯒ⟶⌮ࢧ࣮ࣂ࠿ࡽゎᯒ౫㢗ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿ࡜ࠊゎᯒࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࠋゎᯒࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ┤๓࡟ࠊࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ⟶⌮ࢧ࣮ࣂ࡟ゎᯒࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢ☜ㄆࢆ⾜࠺ࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣᮏࢩࢫ
ࢸ࣒ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡞࠸ゎᯒࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡢ฼⏝ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ゎᯒࡀ᏶஢ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊゎᯒ᏶஢⤖ᯝࢆ'%࡟᱁⣡ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊゎᯒ⟶⌮ࢧ࣮
ࣂ࡟㏻▱ࡍࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊゎᯒ⟶⌮ࢧ࣮ࣂ࠾ࡼࡧࢡࣛࢫ
ࢱᐇ⾜ࢧ࣮ࣂࡢᐇ⿦࡟ࡣ5XE\ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ5XE\ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞グ㏙࡛㇏ᐩ࡞ᶵ⬟ࡸࣛ࢖ࣈࣛࣜࢆ฼⏝࡛ࡁࠊ▷࠸ᮇ㛫࡛ຠ⋡Ⰻࡃ㛤Ⓨ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ㸱ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒ホ౯࡜ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢᒎ㛤࡜ά⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ᭷ຠᛶホ౯ᮏ◊✲࡛ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊ୰ᑠ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾᇶ┙ᢏ⾡ྥୖࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪤
Ꮡࡢỗ⏝ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓࢫࢱࣥࢻ
࢔࣮ࣟࣥ 3& ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ୗグࡢ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᐇ㝿ࡢィ⟬᫬㛫࣭㛤Ⓨ᫬㛫▷⦰ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ &$( ゎᯒࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔฼⏝࡟ࡣࠊᙜࢭࣥࢱ࣮➼ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒฼⏝ྍ⬟ሙᡤ࡬ࡢ⛣ືࡢᚲせᛶࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ:(% ⤒⏤࡛Ᏻ඲࡞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒฼⏝࡟ࡼࡾ࣮ࣘࢨࡢ⛣ື᫬㛫ࡀ୙せ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊィ⟬⟶⌮ࢧ࣮ࣂ࡟」ᩘゎᯒࢪࣙࣈࡢࢫࢱࢵࢡࡸ࢟ࣗ
࣮⟶⌮ࠊ⮬ືษࡾ᭰࠼ィ⟬ཬࡧ࣓࣮ࣝ࡟ࡼࡿィ⟬⤊஢⤖ᯝ㏻▱ᶵ⬟ࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ
ࢆຠ⋡ⓗ࡟฼⏝ࡋࡓ㛗᫬㛫࡛ࠊ࠿ࡘ㐃⥆ࡋࡓ &$(ゎᯒ⮬ືィ⟬ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᵓ⠏࣭タᐃࡀ࣮ࣘࢨഃ࡛୙せ⤒㦂ࢆ✚ࢇࡔ &$( ᢏ⾡⪅ࡸ㧗౯࡞ゎᯒࢯࣇࢺࢆ
ಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸୰ᑠ௻ᴗ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡶࠊ㧗ᶵ⬟ &$( ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓゎᯒィ⟬ᐇ⾜ࡸ⤖ᯝホ౯ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ᪤Ꮡゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡸࢼࣞࢵࢪ
ཧ↷࡞࡝ࡀ :(% ࣈࣛ࢘ࢨࡢࡳ࡛ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
&$( ᢏ⾡⪅ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ௻ᴗෆࡢタィ⟶⌮⪅࡟ࡼࡿゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡢཧ↷ࡶẚ㍑ⓗᐜ᫆࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᇶᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᵓᡂࡢ௚⤌⧊࡬ࡢᛂ⏝ᮏ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᵓᡂࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ㧗౯࡞&$( ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ㈨※ࢆ᭷ຠ࡟฼⏝ࡋࡓ࠸୍⯡௻ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᮏ♫࡜」ᩘࡢᕤሙ㛫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ᥋⥆࡟ࡼࡿ &$( ゎᯒィ⟬ࡸࢼࣞࢵࢪⓏ
㘓࣭ཧ↷࡞࡝ᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌࡓ฼⏝ࡀྍ⬟࡛࡜࡞ࡿࠋ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᶵ⬟ࡢቑῶ࡟ᰂ㌾࡟ᑐᛂྍ⬟:(%'%/'$3 ࢧ࣮ࣂࡢࡳ࡛እ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ
ࢆ⟶⌮ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢧ࣮ࣂ࡜ࢡࣛࢫࢱࣘࢽࢵࢺ㛫ࡢタᐃཬࡧ᥋⥆ࡣ௵ព࡟ࢩࢫࢸ࣒⟶⌮ഃ࡛Ỵᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣘࢨഃ࡟ᶵ⬟ཬࡧタᐃኚ᭦ࡢ㈇ᢸ
↓ࡃࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒᏶ᡂᚋࡶᰂ㌾࡟ᇶᖿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᣑ
ᙇࡸᶵ⬟ྥୖࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
┴ෆ௻ᴗ࡬ࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝᬑཬ
ᮏ◊✲࡛㛤Ⓨ࣭ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆࠊᆅᇦࡢ୰ᑠ
௻ᴗ࡟᭷ຠ࡟฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡟ࠊ┴ෆ୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡢ୰ሀᢏ⾡⪅ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࠊ&$( ᢏ⾡ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࢆ㛤ദࡋࡓ ᅗ  ཧ↷ ࠋ
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ᅗ  ┴ෆ௻ᴗᢏ⾡⪅ྥࡅ &$( ά⏝◊ಟᐇ᪋≧ἣ ࡇࡢ◊ಟ࡛ࡣࠊ&$( ࡞࡝ࡢ᭱᪂ ,&7 ᢏ⾡ࢆ᭷ຠ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᇶ♏⌮ㄽ࣭ᇶ♏฼⏝ཬࡧࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘
࢔฼⏝ᐇ⩦ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ 6&23( ஦ᴗ࡛ᵓ⠏୰ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᴫせ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤂௓➼ࢆ  ᅇ㛤ദࡋࠊᮇ㛫୰࡟ ྡࡢཧຍࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ゎᯒࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮
+㹼㸸 ᪥㛫  ཧຍ⪅  ྡ タィ⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢタィ᳨ド᪂Ⓨぢࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮
+㹼㸸 ᪥㛫  ཧຍ⪅  ྡ
 0$7/$%6LPXOLQNయ㦂ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮LQ⇃ᮏ+㸸 ᪥㛫  ཧຍ⪅  ྡ ࢹࢪࢱ࢚ࣝࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࣜࣥࢢᢏ⾡ά⏝ᬑཬࢭ࣑ࢼ
࣮ +㸸 ᪥㛫  ཧຍ⪅  ྡ࣭◊✲ᮇ㛫୰࡟࠾ࡅࡿ &$( ᢏ⾡ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ཧຍ⪅ ྜィ  ྡ ィ  ᅇ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊ಟ⤖ᯝࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊᖹᡂ  ᖺ  ᭶ࡢࠕ&$(ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖࡢ୍⯡බ㛤࡟㝿ࡋࠊ෇⁥࡞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒฼⏝࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ಁ㐍ࡢᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸫㸫ᆅᇦ௻ᴗᨭ᥼ࡢࡓࡵࡢ:(%฼⏝&$(ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏࣭ᛂ⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ஑ᕞᗈᇦ㐃ᦠࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᅗ  ࡜ᅗ  ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ᮏ◊✲࡛㛤Ⓨ
ࡋࡓࠕ&$( ά⏝ᨭ᥼ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀࠊ:(% ⤒⏤࡛Ᏻ඲࡟฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿ≉ᚩࢆ⏕࠿ࡋ࡚ࠊ஑ᕞྛ┴බタヨࡢ⫋ဨ࡟ࡼࡿ㐲㝸ᆅ࠿ࡽࡢゎᯒࡸ '% Ⓩ㘓࣭ཧ↷࡞࡝ࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ୰ᑠ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ฼⏝⪅ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࡓࢩࢫ
ࢸ࣒ᶵ⬟࡜฼౽ᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇドࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋຍ
࠼࡚ࠊྠ୍ࡢ &$( ゎᯒㄢ㢟ࢆ␗࡞ࡿࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔࡟
࠾ࡅࡿゎᯒ⤖ᯝẚ㍑࡞࡝ࠊ୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡢᢏ⾡⪅࡟࡜ࡗ
࡚ &$( ゎᯒࡢ฼⏝࡟࠶ࡓࡾཧ⪃࡜࡞ࡿゎᯒ▱㆑ࡢࢼ
ࣞࢵࢪ '% ࡬ࡢ㞟⣙ࢆ᥎㐍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᒣཱྀ┴䠈⚟ᒸ┴䠈బ㈡┴䠈 ࠕ୕ḟඖCAD/CAM࠾ࡼࡧCAEࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ⏕⏘ᕤ⛬ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠖ㛗ᓮ┴䠈⇃ᮏ┴䠈኱ศ┴䠈 ࠕ୕ḟඖCAD/CAM࠾ࡼࡧCAEࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ⏕⏘ᕤ⛬ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠖ(஑ᕞ㐃ᦠCAE◊✲఍ࠉᖹᡂ22ᖺ㹼ᖹᡂ24ᖺ(3ᖺ㛫))(஑ᕞ㐃ᦠCAE◊✲఍ࠉᖹᡂ22ᖺ㹼ᖹᡂ24ᖺ(3ᖺ㛫))ᐑᓮ┴䠈㮵ඣᓥ┴䚸Ἀ⦖┴⇃ᮏ┴䛜୺యⓗ䛻ᐇ᪋⥲ົ┬SCOPE஦ᴗ࡛◊✲㛤Ⓨ(H21-H22)⇃ᮏ኱Ꮫ䚸஑ᕞ䝕䝆䝍䝹
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䐡䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽䜢ά⏝䐡䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽䜢ά⏝䛧䛯ゎᯒᢏ⾡䛾᳨ウ䛧䛯ゎᯒᢏ⾡䛾᳨ウ

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ྛ┴ࡢ௻ᴗ⩌㺃㺃㺃ᢏ⾡ຊྥୖ㸪᪂つศ㔝ཧධࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉ ᕷሙᣑ኱HWF

ᅗ  ஑ᕞ▱஦఍ඹྠ◊✲࡛ࡢᮏ◊✲ᡂᯝࡢά⏝୰ᑠ௻ᴗྥ䛡㉎㈙Ⓨὀᇶ♏⌮ㄽ⇃ᮏ኱Ꮫ䚸஑ᕞ኱Ꮫ䜋䛛᝟ሗ஺ὶ኱௻ᴗ➼Ⓨὀඖ

䕿䕿┴ᕤᴗᢏ⾡䝉䞁䝍䞊䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖⮬Ꮿ䛷䛾᝟ሗ཰㞟⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡䝉䞁䝍䞊

ᆅሙ௻ᴗ(ᕤሙ䠅䜒䛾䛵䛟䜚ITᢏ⾡◊ಟ◊ಟ䠠䠞䜒䛾䛵䛟䜚䠠䠞

䡮䢙䡼䡬䢄䡫䢀䜘䜚
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203

カテゴリーⅡ［木材学会誌］
Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 203−210（2011）

木質 3 層構造材の遮音性能（第 3 報）†
合板を非対称配置した 3 層壁の音響透過損失＊1
中村哲男＊2, 5，矢野隆＊2，村上 聖＊2，川井敬二＊2，
江藤留寿＊3，北原良誠＊4

Sound Insulation of Wooden Three-layered Material III.†Sound transmission loss of asymmetrically bound three-layered walls＊1
Tetsuo NAKAMURA＊2, 5, Takashi YANO＊2, Kiyoshi MURAKAMI＊2,
Keiji KAWAI＊2, Tomehisa ETOH＊3 and Ryosei KITAHARA＊4
In the present study, the sound insulation of three-layered walls composed of cedar timber and plywood were measured and evaluated in accordance with JIS A 1416 and JIS A 1419−1, and they werecompared with those of conventionally constructed walls. Two types of three-layered walls were investigated : symmetrically bound walls, whose front and back layers are composed of plies of equal
thickness, and asymmetrically bound walls, whose front and back layers are composed of plies of unequal thickness. The following results were obtained. Asymmetrically bound three-layered walls provide better sound insulation in low and middle frequency ranges than symmetrically bound three-layered walls. The coincidence effect in three-layered walls in the range of 2000−3000 Hz is less than thatin two-layered walls. Three-layered walls are good sound insulators, and the insertion of glass wool
has little effect on their sound insulation and The insertion of an air layer has little effect on the soundinsulation of three-layered walls whose layers have the same surface density and same material composition.
:

sound insulation, asymmetrical composition, three-layered walls, cedar plywood, air layer.

本研究では，スギ角材およびスギ合板の表面材と中心材，裏面材を組み合わせて，対称配置（表面材と裏面材の厚さが同じ）あるいは非対称配置（表面材と裏面材の厚さが異なる）した３層構
造壁の音響透過損失を JIS A 1416，JIS A 1419−1 により測定・評価し，在来工法の壁材と比較した。結果は以下のとおりである。同一面密度で表面材と裏面材を非対称配置とすると，対称配置とするよりも低周波帯域と中周波数帯域で遮音性能が改善できる。３層構造壁は，２層壁に見られる2000 Hz から3000 Hz 帯域にかけて現れるコインシデンス効果が現れにくい。３層構造壁の遮音性能は比較的高いため，グラスウールを充填した効果は小さい。同一面密度で同一材料構
成の３層構造壁の場合，片側の空気層の厚みを増しても，空気音遮断効果は向上しない。
Report II : This journal 56, 93−103（2010）.
Received August 18, 2010 ; accepted December 10, 2010. 本研究の一部は第16回日本木材学会九州支部大会（2009年11月，沖縄）で発表した。
＊2
熊本大学大学院自然科学研究科 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto
860−8555, Japan＊3㈱伸巧 Shinko Co Ltd., Kumamoto 862−0920, Japan＊4㈱フォレスト Forest Co Ltd., Kumamoto 861−0698, Japan＊5熊本県産業技術センター Kumamoto Industrial Research Institute, Kumamoto 862−0901, Japan
†

＊1

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ᮌ㉁㸱ᒙᵓ㐀ᮦࡢ㐽㡢ᛶ⬟㸦➨㸱ሗ㸧
中村哲男

204

1. 緒

他

［木材学会誌

Vol. 57, No. 4

厚さを同じとした対称配置に対して，表面材と裏面

言

材の厚さを変えて非対称に配置した際の効果や，面

ホテルや集合住宅などに使用されている RC 構造
壁の遮音性能を向上させるため，モルタルの塗り増
しや空気層を設けずにボードを貼り増して壁重量を密度の効果，中心材の厚みの効果などについて検討したものである。そのため，本文では前報3）のデー
タを一部用いている。

20％程度増やしても，質量則によって遮音性能は 1〜2 dB しか向上しない。そのため，RC 壁の遮音性

2.

実

験

能を向上させるために，壁の片面または両面に独立

2.1 測定用材料および条件のふかし壁を設けた二重壁や三重壁とする方法1）
や，木質系・鉄骨系住宅の界壁の遮音性能を向上さ

供試体は Table 1 に示す在来工法壁と３層構造壁である。在来工法壁は105 mm の空気層を有し，内せるために，同じく壁の片面または両面に石膏ボードを設けて二重壁，三重壁とする方法2）が見られる部に50 mm のポリスチレンフォームを挿入し，12.5mm のプラスターボードと 9 mm のラワン合板で構成される。３層構造壁は Table 1 に記載する条件でFig. 1 に示す構造で組み立てた。No. 1 は在来工法

が，木質系素材のみを使った多層構造の木造住宅用壁についての知見は少ない。
筆者らは，前報3）において，生活環境の質を向上させることを目的として，厚さの異なるスギ構造用
合板を表面材，中心材，裏面材に用いて，表面材と裏面材の厚さを同じ（以下，対称配置）にして，空気層厚みを変えた３層構造の壁材を試作し，これらと現在建設されている工法で作られた壁材との遮音効果を比較した。その結果，３層構造壁は在来工法
壁に比べ，全周波数帯域で高い遮音性能を示した。
さらに，2000 Hz から4000 Hz 帯域にかけてのコイ
ンシデンス効果が出にくく，二重壁において懸念さによる２層壁である。 No. 2〜No. 4 が対称配置の３層 構 造 壁 で あ り， ス ギ 合 板 の 配 置 を12 mm，24
mm，12 mm， お よ び12 mm，2 mm，12 mm と している。No. 5〜No. 8 が今回新たに試作した非対称
配 置 の ３ 層 構 造 壁 で あ り， ス ギ 合 板 の 配 置 を12mm，12 mm，24 mm お よ び12 mm，24 mm，24
mm とした。なお，Table 1 に示す No. 1〜4 は前報3）のデータを用いた。
2.2 壁材の空気音遮断性能試験
測定方法は前報3）と同じく，熊本大学の残響室にれるコンセント穴加工による空気音遮断性能の低減は殆ど認められず，中心層の空気音遮断効果が確認できた。また，一般に，RC 壁や ALC 壁片面ある
いは両面に GL ボンドを用いた二重あるいは三重壁
においては，200 Hz から400 Hz 帯域に共鳴透過による著しい遮音欠損が発生するが，今回開発した３層構造壁すべてで，共鳴透過による遮音欠損を低減する効果が認められることなどについて報告した。
本報は，遮音性能がより高い３層構造壁の開発を目指して，前回の試験で実施した表面材と裏面材のTable 1.
No.

Surface material（mm）

Upper air-layer
thickness（mm）

Fig. 1.

Conditions of wall materials.
Center material

105（50 t Polystyrene form）
12 Cedar-plywood
105（GW＊）
24 Cedar-plywood
12 Cedar-plywood
66（GW）
12 Cedar-plywood
12 Cedar-plywood
66（GW）
24 Cedar-plywood
12 Cedar-plywood
105（GW）
12 Cedar-plywood
12 Cedar-plywood
105（GW）
24 Cedar-plywood
12 Cedar-plywood
105（No GW）
24 Cedar-plywood
12 Cedar-plywood
66（GW）
12 Cedar-plywood

Lower air-layer
thickness（mm）

1 12.5 Plaster-board
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Cross-section of three-layered wall.

Note : GW＊ : Glass wool insulation, 32 K, 50 t

㸫㸫

66
66
66
66
66
66
66

Back material（mm）

SpeciﬁcOutlet density
hole （kg/m2）

9 ply wood

No

20.7

12 Cedar-plywood
12 Cedar-plywood
12 Cedar-plywood
24 Cedar-plywood
24 Cedar-plywood
24 Cedar-plywood
24 Cedar-plywood

No
No
No
No
No
No
No

33.5
23.7
31.7
33.5
39.5
37.7
31.7

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2011年７月］

木質３層壁の音響透過損失

205

この場合の重みつき音響透過損失（以下），音響

おいて，JIS A 1416に準拠して行った。
透過損失の測定方法は前報3）と同じであり，雑音信号発生器（ヤマハ㈱社製 MS−400）で発生させた透過損失等級（以下 r）および100 Hz〜2.5 kHz の平 均 音 響 透 過 損 失 の 算 術 平 均（ 以 下 m（1/3）） をホワイトノイズを Fig. 2 に示す第２残響室で再生

Table 2 に示す。

し，第１残響室と第２残響室に設置したそれぞれ５個のマイクロホンで受音し，多チャンネル分析処理

Table 2 から，片側空気層を105 mm とした No. 2と No. 5 の r と m（1/3）は同じ値を示したが，表面
材と裏面材の厚さを変えた非対称配置の No. 5 の器（リ オ ン ㈱ 社 製 SIGNAL ANALYZER SA−01）
を用いて 1/3 オクターブ周波数分析を行った。
また，

w

w

は No. 2 より 2 dB 空気音遮断性能が高かった。

供試体の空気音遮断性能は JIS A 1419−1 により，また，片側空気層が66 mm の No. 4 と No. 8 の場合

空気音遮断性能の等級曲線を用いて評価した。

では，Table 2 から，

3. 結果及び考察
3.1

r

は同じ値を示したが，表面

材と裏面材の厚さを変えた非対称配置の No. 8 のw とm（1/3）は対称配置の No. 4 よりそれぞれ 2 dB

構成材の配置の効果

ここでは片側空気層が105 mm，66 mm の場合に，それぞれ中心材と裏面材を入れ替えた No. 2 と No.
5，No. 4 と No. 8 について検討する。なお，No. 2 とNo. 5，No. 4 と No. 8 はそれぞれ同じ面密度である。

と 1 dB 空気音遮断性能が高かった。
No. 2 と No. 5 の空気音遮断性能の周波数特性と等級（等級曲線）の関係を Fig. 3 に，No. 4 と No.
8 の空気音遮断性能の周波数特性と等級（等級曲線）の関係を Fig. 4 に示す。Fig. 3 には，本研究で試作した壁材と比較検討するため，コントロール材として実際に施工されている方法で制作した在来工法壁材 No. 1 ならびに ALC 工法壁の特性4） も併せて記載する。
3.1.1 低周波帯域での効果
Fig. 3 から片側空気層を105 mm とした No. 2 とNo. 5，
および在来工法の No. 1 について検討すると，No. 1 では100 Hz から160 Hz にかけて共鳴透過による遮音欠損が見られる。
なお，２層壁材である在来工法の No. 1 の低音域で起きる共鳴透過周波数（以下 rmd）は次式5）で求めた。
2＝1/2π×（ 1＋ 2）（ 1 2）/×（ρ / 1） （1）
ここで， 1， 2：表面材それぞれの面密度（kg/rmd， 1：中空層の厚さ（m），
ρ：空気の密度（1.025
m2）
3
kg/m ）， ：空気中の音速（344 m/s）
式（1）から導かれた共鳴透過周波数は115 Hz であったが，今回の試験では125 Hz 域で出現し，ほぼ
Table 2.

Fig. 2.

Plan and cross-sections of reverberation room.

㸫㸫Sound insulation indices of（conventionallystructured wall）, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5,
No. 6, No. 7, No. 8 and ALC150.

Sample No.
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
ALC150

w

r

38
41
41
41
43
42
41
43
40

30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
30

m
（1/3）

34
38
37
37
38
38
37
38
38

ᮌ㉁㸱ᒙᵓ㐀ᮦࡢ㐽㡢ᛶ⬟㸦➨㸱ሗ㸧
206

中村哲男

Fig. 3. Effect of the placement of component materialsof three-layered wall with 105 mm and 66 mm
air-layers.

測定値と近い値を示した。なお，Table 3 に Table
1 に示す No. 2〜No. 8 それぞれの，表面材と中心材の組み合わせ，ならびに中心材と裏面材の組み合わせについて，（1）式による rmd を示す。

他

Table 3.

Fig. 3 から表面材と裏面材の厚さを変えた非対称

い。同様に Fig. 4 から非対称配置の No. 8 は対称配置の No. 4 よりも125 Hz 帯域の透過損失は大きい。
Table 3 から No. 2，No. 4，No. 5，No. 8 の表面材と中心材の組み合わせ，ならびに中心材と裏面材の組み合わせそれぞれの共鳴周波数の比を計算すると，No. 2 では102/81＝1.26，
No. 4 では102/102＝1.0，
No. 5 では102/94＝1.09，No. 8 では102/118＝0.86となる。Fig. 4 からは，非対称工法である No. 8 の共ては対称工法である No. 2 が No. 5 よりも比が大きくなっているにもかかわらず，No. 5 の遮音性能が優れており，No. 2 と No. 5 については（1）式による共振周波数の一致性からは説明がつかない。

Vol. 57, No. 4

Fig. 4. Effect of the placement of component materialsof three-layered wall with two 66 mm air-layers.

配置の No. 5 は表面材と裏面材を同じ厚さとした対称配置の No. 2 よりも125 Hz 帯域の透過損失は大き

鳴周波数の比が１から離れることによって振動が起きにくいことが想定される。しかし，Fig. 3 におい［木材学会誌

Resonance frequency for the combination offront and middle boards and that of middle
and back boards for No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5,
No. 6, No. 7 and No. 8.

Sample No.

rmd offront and middle
boardsrmd ofmiddle andback boards

No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8

81
118
102
94
81
81
118

102
118
102
102
84
84
102

RC 造住宅において，RC 壁や ALC 壁へ GL ボン
ドにより空気層をもたせて，同一厚みのプラスター
ボードを片面あるいは，両面に貼り合わせた２層あるいは３層構造壁の遮音性能6）や ALC 壁に空気層をもたせて両面に合板を貼り合わせた３層構造壁の遮音性能7） も報告されている。いずれも200 Hz〜㸫㸫⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ
2011年７月］

木質３層壁の音響透過損失

400 Hz 帯域にかけて共鳴透過による遮音欠損が生じるとしているが，10 mm 程度の空気層の場合であり，今回の試験体では空気層が66 mm，105 mmと大きく，共振周波数は低域に現れる。
剛板との間に厚さ （m）の空気層をおいて貼られたベニヤ板などの板材料では板の剛性によって共振周波数が変化する8）。Table 4 に Table 1 に示す
No. 2〜 No. 8 それぞれの中心材を剛板と仮定して，

3.1.3

207

高周波帯域での効果

在来工法壁は等級曲線で評価される範囲からはずれるが，2000 Hz から4000 Hz にかけて大きな壁の音響透過音損失の低下（コインシデンス効果）が認められるため，高音域に対する遮音性能は低い。
なお，本試験に用いた合板のコインシデンス限界
周波数 c は次式5）で与えられる。

表面材と中心材，ならびに中心材と裏面材を組み合わせた場合の共振周波数の計算値を示す。なお，共（3）＝ 2/2π × 12ρ（1−σ2）/ （Hz）m
ここに， ：材料の厚さ（m），ρm：材料の密度（kg/m3）， ：材料のヤング率（N/m2），σ：材料のポ

振周波数は次式8）で求めた。

アソン比， ：音速（m/s）
。

5

c

（2）
＝1/2π× 1.4×10 /＋ / （Hz）
ここで， ：表面材単位面積あたりの質量（kg/m2）， ：剛壁との間の空気層（m）， ：板の剛性（kg/m2s2）
Table 4 から共振周波数は，中心材や空気層の厚式（3）により，9 mm ラワン合板の場合は，材料の密度ρm＝650 kg/m3，ヤング率 ＝6.3×109，ポアソン比＝0.164として2323 Hz であった。また，今回用いたスギ合板については，かなり密度の高いもの で，12 mm ス ギ 合 板 の 場 合， 材 料 の 密 度ρm＝

みに関係なく，表面材，裏面材いずれにおいても表面 材 が12 mm の 場 合141 Hz も し く は142 Hz，24
mm の場合100 Hz であった。
（1）（2）
式のいずれにせよ，対称配置の場合には両650 kg/m3 であった。ヤング率側の共振周波数がほぼ等しいために125 Hz 帯域に遮音欠損が生じたものと考えられる。
3.1.2 中周波帯域での効果
Fig. 3 から250 Hz 〜630 Hz の周波数帯域において，片側空気層を105 mm とした No. 2 と No. 5 の透過損失を比較すると，中周波帯域では対称配置の
No. 2 よりも非対称配置の No. 5 の空気音遮断効果が優れている。同様に Fig. 4 から250 Hz 〜800 Hzの周波数帯域において，片側空気層を66 mm とした No. 4 と No. 8 でも，対称構造の No. 4 よりも非対称配置の No. 8 の空気音遮断効果が優れている。
中周波帯域において，非対称配置の３層構造壁の遮音性能が対称配置よりもよいことには理論的な裏付
けがあるはずであるが，単純な共振現象では説明がつかず，今後の検討課題としたい。
Table 4.

Resonance frequency of front and backboards of No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, No. 7
and No. 8.

＝5×109，ポアソ

ン比＝0.164として1956 Hz，
24 mm スギ合板の場合，
3
材料の密度ρm＝650 kg/m ，ヤング率 ＝5×109，
ポアソン比＝0.164として978 Hz，12.5 mm プラス
ターボードの場合，材料の密度ρm＝900 kg/m3，ヤング率 ＝2.0×109，ポアソン比＝0.164として3493
Hz と な る。Fig. 3 で は No. 1 は2500 Hz を 中 心 に2000 Hz から4000 Hz にかけて急激な遮音性能の低下が見られ，ほぼ計算値と近い結果を示している。
ところで，プラスターボードやラワン合板を単層あるいは積層した２重壁の透過損失に関する知見は多く見られるが，いずれも2000 Hz から4000 Hz にかけてのコインシデンス効果が顕著である。
これに対し，３層構造壁は在来工法の No. 1 に比べ，対称構造ならびに非対称構造でも2000 Hz 以降の周波数帯域で顕著なコインシデンス効果が現れにくくなっている。しかしながら，Fig. 3 では1000
Hz 以上の周波数帯域で片側空気層を105 mm とした対称配置の No. 2 が非対称配置の No. 5 よりも空気音遮断性能が優れている。一方，Fig. 4 では高周波帯域で対称配置の No. 4 と非対称配置の遮音性能に差がない。この原因も今のところ不明であり，事実の記述にとどめたい。

Sample No.

Resonance
frequency offront boad

Resonance
frequency ofback board

3.2 グラスウール充填効果
ここでは片側空気層を105 mm とし，表面材を12

No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8

141
142
142
141
141
141
142

142
142
142
100
100
100
100

mm，中心材および裏面材を24 mm の非対称配置構造とした壁材 No. 7 とそれにグラスウールを充填した No. 6 との空気音遮断性能効果を比較する。この場合の空気音遮断性能の周波数特性と等級（等級曲線）の関係を Fig. 5 に示す。
Fig. 5 からグラスウールを充填した No. 6 の透過㸫㸫ᮌ㉁㸱ᒙᵓ㐀ᮦࡢ㐽㡢ᛶ⬟㸦➨㸱ሗ㸧
中村哲男

208

他

［木材学会誌

Vol. 57, No. 4

べる。また，表面材の厚さを12 mm，裏面材の厚さを24 mm の非対称配置とした壁材において，中心材の厚みを12 mm（No. 5）から24 mm（No. 6）に変えることで面密度の効果を調べる。この場合の空気音遮断性能の周波数特性と等級（等級曲線）の関
係を Fig. 6 に示す。
Fig. 6 から，対称配置構成で，中心材の厚みを12mm か ら24 mm に 変 化 し た 場合，100 Hz〜200 Hz
にかけて面密度の大きい No. 4 は No. 3 よりも，僅
かに遮音性能が高いことを示している。それ以上の中・高音域では面密度の小さい No. 3 の遮音性能が低くなる傾向を示したものの，その差は僅かであり，Table 2 に見られるように w， r， m（1/3）はいず
れも同じ値を示した。
同様に，非対称配置構成で，中心材の厚みを12mm か ら24 mm に 変 化 し た 場合，100 Hz〜160 Hzにかけて面密度の大きい No. 6 は No. 5 よりも，僅
かに遮音性能が高いことを示している。それ以上の高音域では1600 Hz までむしろ遮音性能が低くなる傾向を示したものの，その差は僅かで m（1/3）は同じであり，No. 6 のw

は No. 5 に比べ僅か 1 dB 低

いだけであった。

Fig. 5.

Effect of glass wool on sound insulation.

損失はグラスウールを充填しない No. 7 と比べて100 Hz および800 Hz〜1250 Hz にかけてほぼ同じであるが，それ以外の周波数域では 1〜3 dB 大きかった。また，Table 2 から r は同一値を示したが，と m（1/3）の差は 1 dB 大きかった。一般に，グラスウールを充填することにより空気音遮断性能がかなり向上する傾向が見られるが，24 mm 厚の合板を用いることで高周波帯域でのコインシデンス効
果が押さえられたことによると考えられる。前報3）wにおいて，12 mm 厚の合板３枚で構成された３層構造壁ではグラスウールを挿入することによって，高周波帯域で 5 dB 以上の遮音性能の向上が見られたが，12 mm，24 mm，12 mm 厚の合板で構成された３層壁ではグラスウールを挿入しても高周波帯域で遮音性能は殆ど向上せず，今回と同様の知見を得ている。
3.3 中心材の厚み（面密度）の効果
表面材の厚さを12 mm，裏面材の厚さを12 mmの対称配置構成の場合も中心材の厚みを12 mm（No.
3）から24 mm（No. 4）に変えて面密度の効果を調

Fig. 6.

㸫㸫

Effect of surface density on sound insulation.

⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ
2011年７月］

木質３層壁の音響透過損失

209

本試験に用いた合板のコインシデンス限界周波数（3）により，12 mm スギ合板の場合
c は，前述の式
1956 Hz，24 mm スギ合板の場合978 Hz となる。本試験に用いた合板の長辺は1.8 m であるので，その最低次の共振周波数は94.4 Hz である。質量則による面密度の効果は固有周波数の３倍程度の周波数帯域からコインシデンス限界周波数までの283 Hz〜
978 Hz および283 Hz〜1956 Hz となるが，この周波数帯域での明確な効果は見られなかった。
No. 3 と No. 4，No. 5 と No. 6 はそれぞれ中心材の厚さ12 mm と24 mm であり，その面密度はそれぞれ23.7 kg/m2 と31.7 kg/m2，33.5 kg/m2 と39.5 kg/
m2 であった。この程度の面密度の増加では空気音遮断性能に差は見られない。
3.4 片面空気層の効果
表面材と裏面材の厚みを変えて非対称配置とし，
上部空気層がそれぞれ105 mm，66 mm である No.
5，No. 8 ならびに表面材と裏面材の厚みを一定にして対称配置とし，上部空気層がそれぞれ105 mm，66 mm である No. 2，No. 4 の空気音遮断性能の周波数特性と等級（等級曲線）の関係を Fig. 7 に示す。
Table 2 に示すように表面材と裏面材の厚みを変えて非対称配置とし，上部空気層を105 mm と66mm とした No. 5 と No. 8 は w， r， m（1/3）とも同一値を示し，試作壁材の中で最も高い空気音遮断性能を示している。ところで，Table 4 には（2）式から，
No. 2〜No. 8 それぞれの中心材を剛板と仮定して，表面材と中心材，ならびに中心材と裏面材を組み合置とした場合，片側空気層を105 mm あるいは66

わせた場合の共振周波数の計算値を示している。
Table 4 より，対称配置である No. 2 と No. 4 の共振周波数は No. 2 でそれぞれ141 Hz と142 Hz であり，No. 4 でそれぞれ142 Hz と142 Hz で，空気層の違いによる差は殆ど見られず，両側ともほぼ一致した値である。また，非対称配置の No. 5 と No. 8 の共振周波数は No. 5 でそれぞれ141 Hz と100 Hz であり，No. 8 でそれぞれ142 Hz と100 Hz であり，こmm と変化させてもその差は小さいので，軽量化な
らびにコスト的には片側空気層を66 mm とした方が有利である。
一方，500 Hz において，対称構造の No. 2 と No.
4 は非対称構造の No. 5，No. 8 に比べ空気音遮断性能が低下することが認められた。さらに，1000 Hz
より高音域では空気層の大きな No. 2 の空気音遮断
性能が大きくなる傾向を示したが，これについてはちらも殆ど空気層の違いによる差は見られず，両側の共振周波数が異なっている。Fig. 7 に見られるよ更に詳細な検討が必要である。
以上の結果から，３層構造壁の空気音遮断性能をうに，非対称配置である No. 5 と No. 8 では，対称配 置 で あ る No. 2 と No. 4 で 見 ら れ る100〜125 Hz
帯域での空気音遮断性能の落ち込みが改善されることがわかる。

向上させるには，中心材の厚さを増したり，上部空気層の厚さを大きくすることよりも，部材を非対称に配置として組み合わせることが有効であることが明らかとなった。

Fig. 7. Effect of upper air-layer thickness on sound insulation.

また，非対称配置である No. 5 と No. 8 では，125
Hz より低音域では空気層の大きな No. 5 に若干の

4.

結

論

厚さの異なるスギ構造用合板を表面材，中心材，

空気音遮断性能が低くなる傾向を示すが，それ以上の周波数帯域ではほぼ同じ性能を示している。この

裏面材に用いて，空気層厚みを変えた３層構造の壁ことから，表面材と裏面材の厚みを変えて非対称配材を試作し，現在採用されている工法で作られた壁㸫㸫

ᮌ㉁㸱ᒙᵓ㐀ᮦࡢ㐽㡢ᛶ⬟㸦➨㸱ሗ㸧
210

中村哲男

他

［木材学会誌

材と遮音効果を比較した。結果を要約すると，次の文とおりである。
１. 対称配置，非対称配置としたいずれの３層構造
壁も，プラスターボードやラワン合板を単層ある

Vol. 57, No. 4

献1）内田政之, 松本敏夫, 橘

秀樹：日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集, 北海道, 2004, pp. 159−

いは積層した２重壁の在来工法壁に見られる2000
Hz から4000 Hz にかけて生じる音響透過損失の160.
2） 建築物の遮音性能基準と設計指針第２版 ,低下（コインシデンス効果）を低減させる効果が見られた。

日本建築学会編, 技報堂, 東京, 2002, pp. 165−172.

２. 今回試作した３層構造壁では，グラスウールの挿入効果は，
ほぼ全周波数帯域に見られたものの，小さかった。

3）中村哲男, 矢野

３. 表面材と裏面材を対称配置および非対称配置とした３層構造壁の中心材の厚みを増して面密度を

4） 建物の遮音設計資料 , 日本建築学会編, 技報堂, 東京, 2001, p. 69.

増やしても，その空気音遮断性能に大きな変化は見られない。
４. 第１報と本報をとおして，最も空気音遮断性能に優れていたのは No. 5 と No. 8 であるが，No. 8の方が上部空気層が少ないため，コスト的には
No. 8 が最も優れている。

㸫㸫

隆, 村上

聖, 長谷川麻子, 江

藤留久, 高橋優樹, 北原良誠：木材学会誌 56,.
84−92（2010）5）子安勝：音響技術 No. 54, 5−11（1986）.

6） 建物の遮音設計資料 , 日本建築学会編, 技報堂, 東京, 2001, pp. 72−73.
7） 騒音・振動対策ハンドブック , 日本音響学会
編, 技報堂, 東京, 1982, p. 656.
8）前川純一, 森本政之, 阪上公博： 建築・環境音
響学 , 共立出版, 東京, 2004, pp. 83−84.

࠙㌿㍕ࠚ⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ

䠐䠊᭷ᶵⷧ⭷㛵㐃ᢏ⾡䡚䝫䝸䝬䞊䝡䞊䝈䛻䜘䜛㧗ᑟ㟁ᛶ㏱᫂㟁ᴟ䛾䛯䜑䛾䜿䝭䜹䝹䝋䝣䝖◊☻ᮦ㻔㻯㻹㻼㻕䛾㛤Ⓨ㻌⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡䝉䞁䝍䞊䚸䛟䜎䜒䛸᭷ᶵⷧ⭷ᢏ⾡㧗ᗘ໬ᨭ᥼䝉䞁䝍䞊㻌㻌 㻌 Ọᒸ㻌 ᫛஧䚸ᇛᓮ㻌 ᬛὒ䚸ᇼᕝ㻌 ┿ᕼ㻌㻌 ⇃ᮏ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⮬↛⛉Ꮫ◊✲⛉䚸䛟䜎䜒䛸᭷ᶵⷧ⭷ᢏ⾡㧗ᗘ໬ᨭ᥼䝉䞁䝍䞊㻌㻌 㻌 ఀཎ㻌 ༤㝯䚸㧗⸨㻌 ㄔ㻌㻌 す᪥ᮏ㛗℩㻔ᰴ㻕㻌 బ⸨㻌 ㈼䚸⏣ୖ᲍Ἃ㻌㻌㸦㸯㸧 ࢩ࣮ࢬ◊✲ࡢᴫせ ࢖ࣥࢪ࣒࢘ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ㘏㓟໬≀(ITO)ࡢ㏱᫂࡞ⷧ⭷ࡣྍどගࡢ㏱㐣⋡ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟㧗ࡃࠊ㧗࠸ᑟ㟁ᛶࢆࡶࡘࡓࡵࠊᾮᬗࠊ᭷ᶵ EL ࡸኴ㝧㟁ụࡢࣃࢿࣝ㏱᫂㟁ᴟᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚୙ྍḞ࡞ᮦᩱ࡜࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࢫࣃࢵࢱࣜࣥࢢἲ࡟ࡼࡾᡂ⭷ࡍࡿࡀࠊᇶᯈ⾲㠃࡟ ITO ⤖ᬗ⢏ࡀᡂ㛗ࡋࠊᩘ༑ࢼࣀࡢพฝࢆ⏕ࡌࡿࠋ᭷ᶵ EL ࡢሙྜࠊITO ⷧ⭷⾲㠃࡟኱ࡁ࡞✺㉳㒊ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㞟୰ⓗ࡟㟁ὶࡀὶࢀࠊ㝧ᴟ࡜㝜ᴟࡢࢩ࣮ࣙࢺࡀ⏕ࡌࠊ⣲ᏊࡀⓎගࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ ITO ⷧ⭷ࡢᖹ⁥໬ࡣ㔜せ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௒ᅇࡣࠊพฝࡢ࠶ࡿ ITO ⷧ⭷ࡢㄢ㢟࡟╔┠ࡋࠊᚤ⢏Ꮚᮦᩱᢏ⾡ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓࠊ࢝ࢳ࢜ࣥᛶ
࣏࣐࣮ࣜࣅ࣮ࢬ࡟ࡼࡿࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᮦࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ
බタヨࡢᢏ⾡ ⇃ᮏ኱Ꮫࡢᚤ⢏Ꮚᮦᩱᢏ⾡࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᚤ⢏Ꮚ࡟↓ᶵᮦᩱࡢ」ྜ໬ࡸ⏺㠃ಟ㣭ᢏ⾡ࢆ௜୚ࡋࠊᶵ⬟໬ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࢩࣜࢥ࢚ࣥ࢘ࣁࠊ࢞ࣛࢫᇶᯈ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ◊☻ᢏ⾡࡟╔ᡭࡋࠊ࡜ࡃ
࡟ࠊ௒ᅇࡣ㏱᫂㟁ᴟࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ኱Ꮫ➼ࡢᢏ⾡ ⇃ᮏ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊୡ⏺࡟ඛ㥑ࡅ࡚ࠊ㞴ຍᕤᛶ࡛࠶ࡿከ⢾㢮ࡢ⌫≧⢏Ꮚ໬࡟ᡂຌࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
1980 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣࠊࢳࢵࢯ㸦ᰴ㸧㸦⌧ JNC㸦ᰴ㸧㸧࠿ࡽࢡ࣐ࣟࢺ༢య࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ஦ᴗ໬ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢᚋࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᮦᩱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᚤ⢏Ꮚࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⏝㏵㛤Ⓨ࡟╔ᡭࡋࠊ௒ᅇࡶ
ࡑࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ◊☻ᮦࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࠋࡉࡽ࡟᭱㏆࡛ࡣࠊ᭷ᶵⷧ⭷㛵㐃ᢏ⾡ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ග㟁ኚ᥮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௻ᴗࡢᢏ⾡ 㛗℩⏘ᴗࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࠊ◊☻ᮦࡢᕷሙࢆ࠿࡞ࡾ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ◊☻ᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘➼ࠊ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ໬Ꮫၟ♫ࡢᣢࡘ㈍㊰ຊࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊࢽ࣮ࢬㄪᰝࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥ
ࢢㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࡢᆅᇦ᪂⏕ࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒஦ᴗࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ᶵ㛵࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ஦ᴗ᥎㐍ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ㸦㸰㸧㛤Ⓨࡢ➃⥴ ᮏ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡛ࡣ᭷ᶵ⣔ග㟁⣔࢚ࢥࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿຠ⋡໬ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࢚ࢥࢹࣂ
࢖ࢫ࡟ࡲࡘࢃࡿࠊග㟁Ẽࡢኚ᥮ࡢຠ⋡ྥୖࡢࡓࡵ࡟᭱㐺࡞࿘㎶ᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ
┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ
ࢸ࣮࣐࡜ࡢฟ఍࠸ ᖹᡂ㸯㸶ᖺࠊ㸯㸷ᖺ࡜ᆅᇦ᪂⏕ࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒஦ᴗ࡟᥇ᢥࡉࢀࠊከ⢾㢮ᚤ⢏Ꮚࡢᛂ⏝ᒎ㸫㸫᭷ᶵⷧ⭷㛵㐃ᢏ⾡㹼࣏࣐࣮ࣜࣅ࣮ࢬ࡟ࡼࡿ㧗ᑟ㟁ᛶ㏱᫂㟁ᴟࡢࡓࡵࡢࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᮦ &03 ࡢ㛤Ⓨ㛤ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ஦ᴗࡣࠊ◊☻ᮦ࡜Ὑίᮦࡢ㛤Ⓨࡢ㸰ᮏᰕ࡛᥎㐍ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᰕࡣ
࢟ࢺࢧࣥࡢᚤ⢏Ꮚ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᢠ⳦ᶵ⬟࠾ࡼࡧᾘ⮯ᶵ⬟ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿὙίᮦࠊࡶ࠺୍᪉ࡣࢭ࣮ࣝࣟ
ࢫࡢᚤ⢏Ꮚࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ◊☻ᮦࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢟ࢺࢧࣥᚤ⢏Ꮚࡢ᪉ࡣࠊ㛤Ⓨࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ᮶᫓࡟ࡣ
ᢠ⳦࣭ᾘ⮯ᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⾰᭹࡟᥇⏝ࡉࢀࠊ኱ࡁ࡞ᕷሙ࡟ฟࡿࡇ࡜ࡀỴࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
ᮏ㛤Ⓨࡢᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠊࢭ࣮ࣝࣟࢫᚤ⢏Ꮚࡢ◊☻ᮦࡣࡑࡢ」ྜࡉࡏࡿᮦᩱ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢩࣜ
ࢥ࢚ࣥ࢘ࣁࠊ࢞ࣛࢫᇶᯈࡢ◊☻࡬ࡢ฼⏝ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㧗౯࡞↓ᶵᮦᩱࡢపῶ໬ࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋ
௒ᅇࡢ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷ࡢ◊☻ᮦࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆⓎ➃࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢭࣜ࢔ࣇ࣮ࣜ
ࡢ࢝ࢳ࢜ࣥᛶᇶࢆᑟධࡋࡓࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᮦࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࠋே࡜ࡢฟ఍࠸ ◊✲㛤Ⓨయไ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⇃ᮏ኱ᏛࡢᏛ⏕ࢆᖖ㥔ࡉࡏࠊ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ⏘Ꮫ㐃ᦠࡢ୰࡛ ࢩ࣮ࢬࡢ㛤Ⓨ࠿ࡽጞࡵࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊඹྠ◊✲⪅࡛࠶ࡿ⇃ᮏ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⮬↛⛉Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ఀཎ༤㝯ᩍᤵࡢ◊✲ᐊ࡜ࡣࠊ㸰㸮㸮㸮ᖺ࠿ࡽࠊάⓎ࡞⏘ᐁ㐃ᦠࡢඹྠ◊✲ࢆ᥎㐍ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ẖᖺࠊ㝔⏕ࠊᏛ㒊⏕ࢆᖖ㥔࡛5ࠥ6ྡࠊࡇࡇ10ᖺ࡛ࠊ52ྡࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ64ሗࡢㄽᩥࢆ
ሗ࿌ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟≉チ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ26௳ࡢฟ㢪ࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ⌧ᅾ7௳ࡀⓏ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢάⓎ࡞άື࡟ࡼࡾࠊ௻ᴗ࡬ࡢᢏ⾡⛣㌿ࡶࠊᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟ࠊ஧ᗘࡢᆅᇦࢥࣥࢯ
࣮ࢩ࢔࣒᥇ᢥ࡛ࠊ஧ᗘ࡜ࡶࠊၟရ໬࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢయไࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ࠊ௒ᅇࡣࠊ㟁ᮦ㛵㐃ࡢᢏ⾡ศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ◊☻ᮦࡢⳘ኱࡞ᕷሙࢆࡶ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿၟ♫ࠊ㛗℩⏘ᴗओ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ㛤Ⓨࢆ㐍ࡵࡓࠋࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞◊☻ᮦࡢ㛤Ⓨࡣ⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࡢᆅᇦ᪂⏕ࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒஦ᴗࠊNEDO ஦ᴗࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⌧ᅾࡶ᥎㐍୰࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦㸱㸧┠ᶆࡢタᐃ࠙┠ᶆ㸯ࠚ௒ᅇࡣࠊ◳㉁↓ᶵᮦᩱࢆ඲ࡃࠊ⏝࠸ࡎ࡟ࠊࢣ࣑࢝ࣝస⏝ࡢࡳ࡛ࠊ◊☻ࡍࡿࢩࢫ
ࢸ࣒ࢆⓎ᝿ࡋࡓࠋ඲᭷ᶵ࣏࣐࣮ࣜᚤ⢏Ꮚ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔ࢡ࢚ࣜࣝࢫࢸ࣏࣐࣮ࣝࣜᚤ⢏Ꮚࢆ᥇⏝ࠊᚤ⢏Ꮚ⾲㠃࡬ࡢ࣮࢟ࣞࢺᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࢝ࢳ࢜ࣥᛶᇶࡢᑟධ࠾ࡼࡧ཯ᛂࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ☜❧ࠊᑟධ㔞ࡢไᚚࡲ࡛ࢆ┠ᶆ㸯࡜ࡋࡓࠋ࠙┠ᶆ㸰ࠚ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷࡜ࡃ࡟ࠊITO ⷧ⭷ࡢพฝࢆ 1/10 ࡲ࡛ࠊῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࠋ⾲㠃ᙧ≧࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊලయⓗ࡟ᩘ್㸸᭱኱ᒣ㧗ࡉ 50nm ⛬ᗘЍ5nm ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ࠊ⾲㠃⢒ࡉ 4nmЍ1nm ᮍ‶ࡲ࡛ࡢᖹᆠ໬ࠋ㧗ᛶ⬟ ITO ⷧ⭷ࡣཌࡳ 330nm ࡛⾲㠃᢬ᢠ 4/sq.࡛࠶ࡿࠋ4/sq.࣮࢜ࢲ࣮ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡓ⾲㠃ࢆ๰〇ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᶆ㸰࡜ࡋࡓࠋ㸦㸲㸧♫఍ⓗ౯್ ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢㄪᰝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᕷሙㄪᰝ఍♫ࡢ⡿ NanoMarkets ♫ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢪ࣒࢘㓟໬㘏
㸦ITO㸸Indium Tin Oxide㸧ࡢᕷሙつᶍࡀ 2014 ᖺ࡟ 83 ൨⡿ࢻࣝࡲ࡛ᣑ኱ࡍࡿ࡜ண ࡋࡓࠋ
2009 ᖺࡢ 32 ൨⡿ࢻࣝ࡟ẚ࡭࡚⣙ 2.6 ಸ࡟ᡂ㛗ࡍࡿ࡜ࡢண

࡛࠶ࡿࠋITO ࡢ୺࡞⏝㏵ࡣ FPD

ྥࡅࡢ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷ࡔࡀ㸪ITO ⷧ⭷ࡣ໬Ꮫⓗ࡟ࡶ≀⌮ⓗ࡟ࡶ୙Ᏻᐃ㸪ᮦᩱࡢ In㸦࢖ࣥࢪ࣒࢘㸧ࡢ౯᱁ࡀᏳᐃࡋ࡞࠸㸪࡜࠸ࡗࡓḞⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪௦᭰ᮦᩱࡢ㛤Ⓨࡀ✚ᴟⓗ࡟㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᮦࡣࠊ࣮࢟ࣞࢺᛶࡢ࢝ࢳ࢜ࣥᛶᐁ⬟ᇶࡀᑟධࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊITO ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㓟໬ள㖄⣔ᑟ㟁⭷ࡸᑟ㟁ᛶ㧗ศᏊ࡞࡝ࠊITO ௦᭰ᮦᩱ࡟ࡶᑐ
ᛂ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ฼⏝⠊ᅖࡶᗈ࠸ࠋ࢚࢘ࣁࠊ࢞ࣛࢫᇶᯈ࡞࡝ࡢ CMP ◊☻ᮦࡢᕷ㸫㸫⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ

ሙࡣ 2013 ᖺ࡛ 868 ൨࡜ணࡉࢀࠊⳘ኱࡞ᕷሙࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸦㸳㸧ලయⓗࢩࢼࣜ࢜ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟ࠊࢭ࣮ࣝࣟࢫ࡜ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ࡞࡝ࡢ◳㉁↓ᶵᮦࢆ」ྜࡋࡓᚤ⢏Ꮚࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ᡂຌࡋࠊࢩࣜࢥ࢚ࣥ࢘ࣁࡢࡼ࠺࡞◳࠸ᇶᯈ⾲㠃ࢆຠ⋡Ⰻࡃࠊ㉸ᖹᆠ໬ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᇶᯈ⾲㠃ୖࡢ࠺ࡡࡾࣇ࣮ࣜࠊࢫࢡࣛࢵࢳࣇ࣮ࣜࡢ㉸ᖹᆠᛶࡢⓎ⌧ࡀ」ྜࡉࢀࡓࢭࣝ
࣮ࣟࢫࡢᇶᯈ⾲㠃࡬ࡢ⦆࿴స⏝࡟㉳ᅉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏෆᐜࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࠊす᪥ᮏ㛗℩࡜ඹྠฟ㢪୰࡛࠶ࡿ࠙≉㢪 ࠚࠋ
௒ᅇࡢ◊☻ᑐ㇟≀ࡣࠊᩘⓒࢼࣀ࡜ⷧࡃࠊࡋ࠿ࡶᰂ㌾࡞㉸ⷧ⭷࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᚤ⣽࡛㧗⢭ᗘ࡞ᖹ⁥ᢏ⾡ࡀせồࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᮏ᥈⣴◊✲ࡢ◊☻ᕤ⛬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊୖグࠊࢭ࣮ࣝࣟࢫ/◳㉁↓ᶵᮦ」ྜ⢏Ꮚࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࢩࣜࢥ࢚ࣥ࢘ࣁ➼ࡢ◊☻ᕤ⛬࡟㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊୖグ࡜ྠᵝࠊ஦ᴗ໬ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㸦㸴㸧◊✲ᡂᯝ୺࡞ᡂᯝ ◊☻ᮦࡣࠊ◊☻㏿ᗘࢆඃඛࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟◳㉁࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊ◊☻ᮦࡢ◳ࡉᨾ࡟ࠊ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷ࡢ◊☻㠃ࡢ୍㒊ࢆ῝ࡃയ௜ࡅࡿᡤㅝࢫࢡࣛ
ࢵࢳࠊ࢟ࣕࣜࣖࡸࣛࢵࣉࡢᅇ㌿᫬ࡢᚤᑡ

Ionic Polymer Beads࡞Ἴᡴࡕࡀ◊☻㠃࡟㌿෗ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼ

Mࡾࠊ࠺ࡡࡾ➼ࡢ◊☻୙Ⰻࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ↓ᶵ⣔ࡢ◊☻ᮦ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷ࢆ◊☻ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ◊☻๓ࡼࡾ◊ᅗ  ࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᮦࡢᴫᛕ

☻㠃ࡢ⾲㠃᢬ᢠ್ࡀ኱ࡁࡃୖ᪼ࡋࠊ᭷ᶵ
㹃㹊ࡸࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ➼ࡢᛶ⬟ࢆపୗࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ
࠺ၥ㢟ࡶᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ↓ᶵ⣔ࡢ◊☻ᮦࡣࠊ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⾲㠃໬Ꮫస⏝ࡀᙅ࠸ୖ࡟ࠊจ㞟ࡋ᫆࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ㓟ࡸ࢔ࣝ࢝ࣜ➼ࡢ⾲㠃ᨵ㉁ᡂศࡸ⏺㠃άᛶ๣➼ࡢศᩓ๣࡞࡝ࡢ໬Ꮫᡂศࢆῧຍࡋ࡚◊☻ᾮࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ໬Ꮫᡂศࡣࠊ⿕◊☻య࡛࠶ࡿ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷࡟௜╔ࡋ࡚ࠊ⿕◊☻యࡢᑟ㟁ᛶࡢపୗࡢཎᅉ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ໬Ꮫᡂศࢆ◊☻ᾮ࠿ࡽศ㞳ᅇ཰ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᡭ㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡾࠊࢥࢫࢺ࢔ࢵࣉࡢせᅉࡢ㸯ࡘ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷ᶵ㧗ศᏊ໬ྜ≀ࡢ⢏Ꮚࡣࠊࢩࣜ࢝➼ࡢ↓ᶵᮦᩱ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ◊☻ᮦ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ᰂࡽ࠿࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷ࡢࢫࢡࣛࢵࢳࡸ
࠺ࡡࡾ➼ࡢ◊☻୙Ⰻࢆᢚไࡋࡘࡘࠊ᭷ᶵ㧗ศᏊ໬ྜ≀ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ࣮࢟ࣞࢺᛶᇶࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊᐁ⬟ᇶ
࡟ࡼࡿ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⾲㠃໬Ꮫస⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ↓ᶵᮦᩱ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ◊☻ᮦ࡜ྠ➼ࡲࡓࡣࡑࢀᅗ  ࢚ࢳࣞࣥࢪ࢔࣑ࣀ໬ PMA ࣅ࣮ࢬ㸫㸫᭷ᶵⷧ⭷㛵㐃ᢏ⾡㹼࣏࣐࣮ࣜࣅ࣮ࢬ࡟ࡼࡿ㧗ᑟ㟁ᛶ㏱᫂㟁ᴟࡢࡓࡵࡢࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᮦ &03 ࡢ㛤Ⓨ௨ୖࡢ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷ࡢᖹ⁥ᛶࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋ ࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᮦࡢㄪ〇 ࢥ࢔㒊ศ࡜࡞ࡿ࣏࣐࣮ࣜࣅ࣮ࢬ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣏ࣜ࢔ࢡ
ࣜࣝ㓟࢚ࢫࢸࣝ⌫≧⢏Ꮚࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠋ࢔ࢡࣜࣝ㓟࣓ࢳ࣏࣐࣮ࣝࣜ(PMA)ࣅ࣮ࢬࢆ࢚ࢳࣞࣥࢪ࢔࣑ࣀ໬࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚࢖࢜ࣥᛶ࣏࣐࣮ࣜࣅ࣮ࢬࢆᚓࡓࠋPMA ࣅ࣮ࢬ(15 Pm)ࢆ࢚ࢳࣞࣥࢪ࢔࣑ࣥ୰࡟ศᩓࡉࡏࠊ90C ࡛ᡤᐃ᫬㛫཯ᛂࡉࡏࡓࠋᅗ㸰࡟⌫≧ᚤ⢏Ꮚࡢ SEM ⏬
ീࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ཯ᛂᚋࡶ┿⌫≧ࢆಖࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ཯ᛂ๓ࡼࡾࡶỈ࡟Ⰻࡃศᩓࡍࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ ᅗ㸱ࡢ FT-IR ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ཯ᛂ᫬㛫࡟క࠸ࠊ1730 cm-1 ௜㏆ࡢ࢚ࢫࢸࣝ⤖ྜࡢ C=O ఙ⦰᣺ືࡢ྾཰ࡀῶᑡࡋࠊ1650 cm-1 ௜㏆ࡢ࢔࣑ࢻ⤖ྜࡢ
C=O ఙ⦰᣺ື࠾ࡼࡧ 3400 cm-1 ௜㏆ࡢ N-H ఙ⦰᣺ືࡢ྾཰ࡀቑ኱ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟㓟࢔ࣝ࢝ࣜࡢ㏫⁲ᐃἲ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࢔࣑ࣀᇶࡢᑟධ㔞ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋ࢔࣑ࣀᇶࡢ
ᑟධ㔞ࡣ 1.63 meq/gࠊ3.84 meq/gࠊ4.58 meq/gࠊ5.89
meq/g ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ཯ᛂ᫬㛫࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࢔࣑ࣀ໬ᗘࢆไᚚ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ

ᅗ 3 ࢚ࢳࣞࣥࢪ࢔࣑ࣀ໬ PMA ⌫≧⢏Ꮚࡢ
FT-IR ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ
a) PMA, b) 24 h, c) 48 h, d) 96 h ཯ᛂᚤ⢏Ꮚ࢔࣑ࣀᇶࡢᑟධ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᚤ⢏Ꮚ⮬యࠊᐁ⬟ᇶྠኈ࡛
཯Ⓨࡋ࡚จ㞟ࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ⏺㠃άᛶ๣➼ࡢ◊☻ᮦࡢจ㞟ࢆᢚไࡍࡿຓ๣ࢆศᩓ፹࡟ῧຍࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
  ᖹ⁥ࣉࣟࢭࢫ
a)

b)

c)

ᅗ㸲 ◊☻๓࡜◊☻ᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ ITO ⷧ⭷ࡢ⾲㠃ࡢ AFM ⏬ീa) ◊☻๓ b) PMA-48 ᚤ⢏Ꮚ࡟ࡼࡿ◊☻ c) ࢥࣟ࢖ࢲࣝࢩࣜ࢝࡟ࡼࡿ◊☻⾲ 1 ◊☻ᚋࡢ ITO ⭷⾲㠃ࡢ≀ᛶ㸫㸫⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ

 4 wt%ࡢ࢔࣑ࣀ໬࣏࣐࣮ࣜࣅ࣮ࢬࢆ㓄ྜࡋࡓỈ⣔ศᩓᾮࢆస〇ࡋࠊࡇࢀࢆ◊☻ᾮ࡜ࡋ࡚
ITO ⷧ⭷ࡢᖹ⁥໬ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ࢚ࢳࣞࣥࢪ࢔࣑ࣀ໬཯ᛂࢆ 48 ᫬㛫⾜ࡗࡓࠊ࢔࣑ࣀᇶᑟධ㔞 3.84
meq/g ࡢࣅ࣮ࢬ࡟ࡼࡾ 8 ศ㛫◊☻ࡉࢀࡓ⾲㠃࡟㛵ࡍࡿ AFM ⏬ീࢆ◊☻๓ࡢ⏬ീ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᅗ
4(a)ࠊ(b)࡟♧ࡋࡓࠋ◊☻๓(a)࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚พฝࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࠋ⾲ 1 ࡟ࡑࢀࡽࡢ⾲㠃⢒ࡉ Ra ್ࠊ᭱኱㧗పᕪ Rmax ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᖹᆒ⾲㠃⢒ࡉ Ra ࡣ 3.89 nm ࠿ࡽ 1.86 nm࡟ࠊ᭱኱㧗పᕪ Rmax ࡣ 45.7nm ࠿ࡽ 18.8 nm ࡜࡞ࡾࠊᖹ⁥໬ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊࢥࣟ࢖ࢲࣝࢩࣜ࢝࡟ࡼࡾࠊ◊☻ࡋࡓ ITO ⷧ⭷(c)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᖹ⁥ᗘࡣ 1.82 nm࡜ᑠࡉ࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ5.23/square ࡜᢬ᢠ್ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
㻌௻ᴗ໬䛻䛴䛔䛶 ၟရ໬ࠊ஦ᴗ໬ࡲ࡛࡟ࡣࠊ⮳ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊヨస໬࡟ࡣᡂຌࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࢆ
⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋᖹᡂ㸯㸶ᖺࠊ㸯㸷ᖺ࡜ᆅᇦ᪂⏕ࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒஦ᴗ࡟᥇ᢥࡉࢀࠊከ⢾㢮ᚤ⢏Ꮚࡢᛂ⏝ᒎ㛤ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ஦ᴗࡣࠊ◊☻ᮦ࡜Ὑίᮦࡢ㛤Ⓨࡢ㸰ᮏᰕ࡛᥎㐍ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡦ࡜
ࡘࡢᰕࡣ࢟ࢺࢧࣥࡢᚤ⢏Ꮚ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᢠ⳦ᶵ⬟࠾ࡼࡧᾘ⮯ᶵ⬟ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿὙίᮦࠊࡶ࠺୍᪉ࡣ
ࢭ࣮ࣝࣟࢫࡢᚤ⢏Ꮚࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ◊☻ᮦࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢟ࢺࢧࣥᚤ⢏Ꮚࡢ᪉ࡣ㛤Ⓨࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ᮶᫓࡟ࡣᢠ⳦࣭ᾘ⮯ᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⾰᭹࡟᥇⏝ࡉࢀࠊ኱ࡁ࡞ᕷሙ࡟ฟࡿࡇ࡜ࡀỴࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
bac୍᪉ࠊᮏ㛤Ⓨࡢᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠊࢭ࣮ࣝࣟࢫᚤ⢏Ꮚࡢ◊☻ᮦࡣࡑࡢ」ྜࡉࡏࡿᮦᩱ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ

ࢩࣜࢥ࢚ࣥ࢘ࣁࠊ࢞ࣛࢫᇶᯈࡢ◊☻࡬ࡢ฼⏝ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㧗౯࡞↓ᶵᮦᩱࡢపῶ໬ࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋ௒ᅇࡢ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷ࡢ◊☻ᮦࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆⓎ➃࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢭࣜ࢔
ࣇ࣮ࣜࡢ࢝ࢳ࢜ࣥᛶᇶࢆᑟධࡋࡓࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᮦࢆ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࠋ
㸦㸵㸧฿㐩Ⅼ㻌 ㏱᫂㟁ᴟࡣࠊᩘⓒࢼࣀ࣓࣮ࢺࣝࡢ⭷ཌ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᩘ༑ࢼࣀ࣓࣮ࢺࣝࡢพฝࢆ⏕ࡌࡿࠋ᭷ᶵ EL ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡢሙྜࠊ⭷⾲㠃࡟኱ࡁ࡞✺㉳㒊ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㞟୰ⓗ࡟㟁ὶࡀὶࢀࠊ㝧ᴟ࡜㝜ᴟࡢࢩ࣮ࣙࢺࡀ⏕ࡌࠊ⣲ᏊࡀⓎගࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ㏱᫂ᑟ㟁⭷ࡢᖹ⁥໬ࡣ㔜せ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟᭷ᶵⷧ⭷ࢯ࣮࣮ࣛࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ✺㉳㒊࡟ࡼࡿࣂࣜ࢔ᒙ࡬ࡢ✺ฟࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᐦ╔ᛶࡢྥୖ࡟ࡼࡾࠊග㟁ኚ᥮ຠ⋡ࢆ 2%⛬ᗘࠊྥୖࡉࡏ࠺ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ௒ᅇࡢ◊☻ᮦ࡟ࡼࡿ㏱᫂㟁ᴟࡢ⾲㠃ไᚚࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡔࡅ࡛ࠊග㟁ኚ᥮ຠ⋡ࡀ 2%⛬ᗘྥୖ(⌧ᅾࠊኚ᥮ຠ⋡⣙ 12%)࡛ࡁࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࢩࣜࢥࣥ⣔ኴ㝧㟁ụࢆ࠸ࡎࢀࠊ෽㥙ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜࠸ࢃࢀࡿ᭷ᶵ⣔ኴ㝧㟁ụࡢ〇㐀ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ୍➃ࢆᢸ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿
ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࿘㎶ᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡛࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࡢᙺ๭ࡣࠊ㔜せ࡞఩⨨࡙ࡅ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
㸦㸶㸧㛤Ⓨ࡟ᦠࢃࡗࡓ◊✲⪅ࡢᛮ࠸⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ Ọᒸ᫛஧ࠊᇛᓮᬛὒࠊᇼᕝ┿ᕼ⇃ᮏ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⮬↛⛉Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ఀཎ༤㝯ࠊ㧗⸨ㄔ ᡃࠎࠊ⊂⮬ᢏ⾡࡛࠶ࡿᚤ⢏Ꮚᮦᩱᢏ⾡ࢆ㥑౑ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ
⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃணᐃ࡛ࡍࠋᮏ◊✲㛤Ⓨෆᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࢯࣇࢺ◊☻ᮦࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢚ࣞ
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Chemical Polishing Soft Materials Prepared from Cationic Polymer
Spherical Microbeads for Transparent Conductive Layer
Akio Yamanouchi1, Shoji Nagaoka2,3, Tomohiro Shirosaki2,3, Maki Horikawa2,3,
Makoto Takafuji1,3, Hirotaka Ihara1,3
1

Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University, Japan
2
Kumamoto Industrial Research Institute, Japan
3
Kumamoto Institute for Photo-Electro Organics (Phoenics), Japan
E-mail: ayamanouchi@kmt-iri.go.jp

Abstract
Various types of cationized polymer materials spherical microbeads consisted from polymer alone wereprepared as chemical polishing soft-materials for transparent conductive layer (TCO). The surfacecationic polymer spherical microbeads were prepared by aminolysis of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA)
spherical microbeads using ethylene diamine. The surface roughness of TCO polished using obtained
cationic polymer microbeads was similar to that polished using inorganic materials abrasive. However,
the thickness of TCO layer polished using cationized polymer microbeads showed little decease,
compared with the case of inorganic materials abrasive polishing, and remained that of original TCO
layer. Therefore, the sheet resistance of TCO layer polished using cationized polymer microbeads wasmuch smaller than that polished using inorganic materials abrasive. It was considered that theplanarization of TCO layer depended on cationic property and softness of cationized polymer microbeads.
Keywords: Transparent conductive oxide / Abrasive / Cationic polymer / Surface roughness / Sheet
resistance / Film thickness / Solar cell
1. INTRODUCTION
The transparent conductive oxide (TCO) is widely used as electrolyte of organic electronics, i.e. liquid
crystal device, solar cell and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Generally, the formation of TCO,
such as ITO, ZnO, AZO and FTO, is carried out on the substrate using the sputtering technique. As aresult, tens of nanometer irregularity causes on the surface of the substrate, because of conductive oxide
crystalline growing up. In OLEDs, the leak current flows to tall projection part on the surface of TCO
layer. Since the short circuit between anode and cathode causes, OLEDs do not emit light, i.e. occurrenceof dark spot [1]. Therefore, planarization of the surface of TCO layer is extremely important for the
fabrication of OLEDs device.
On the other hand, in the case of solar cell, Hayase et al. reported that planarization of the surface oftransparent conductive layer not only prevent to crash a barrier layer of solar cell, but also that could raise
the conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell by optimization of surface [2, 3]. There are some
reports that a junction exists between a TCO layer and TiO2 layer [4].
2. EXPERIMENTAL
Preparation of chemical polishing soft materials. Various types of surface-cationized polymer materials
spherical microbeads consisted from polymer alone were prepared as chemical polishing soft-materials
for TCO. The cationized polymer spherical microbeads were prepared by aminolysis of poly(methyl
acrylate) (PMA) spherical microbeads using ethylene diamine.
Polishing experiments. As a TCO layer, indium tin oxide (ITO) (thickness: 329 nm) was adopted. The
planarization procedure of TCO was carried out with the polishing machine using rotation plates(rotation: 60 rpm), polishing materials and polishing urethane pad with stressing to TCO layer.

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The aminolysis of PMA was confirmed by the fact that the adsorption at 1730 cm-1 corresponded toνC=O(ester) decreased, whereas an adsorption at 1650 cm-1 corresponded to νC=O(amide) and an adsorption
at 3400 cm-1 corresponded to νN-H increased, from the determination of FT-IR spectra. The amounts ofamino groups introduced to polymer microbeads could be adjusted to be 1.63, 3.84, 4.58 and 5.89 meqg-1
at 24, 48, 96 and 192 h, respectively by changing the aminolysis time. They were estimated by thetitration method. The aminated polymer microbeads were abbreviated to PMA-24, -48, -96 and -192.
Fig. 1 showed AFM images of surface of TCO before and after polishing using cationic polymer
microbeads (size: 15 μm) and commercial colloidal silica (size: 20 nm). The surface roughness is muchsmaller than non-polishing surface of TCO (non-polish). After polishing for 8 min using cationic polymer
microbeads (TCOPMA-48), the surface roughness Ra changed from3.89 nm to 1.86 nm, and also Rmax
decreased from 45.7 nm to 18.8 nm. Similarly, the surface roughness Ra changed from 3.89 nm to 1.82
nm and also Rmax decreased from 45.7 nm to 18.2 nm, in the case of colloidal silica abrasive(TCOSil20). However, as shown in Table 1, the change of sheet resistance of TCOPMA-48 is muchsmaller than that of TCOSil20. This is attributed to the fact that the layer thickness (309.6 nm) of
TCOSil20 became smaller than that of TCOPMA-48 (322.6 nm). Since the polishing rate of TCOSil20 ismuch higher than that of TCOPMA-48, the control of layer thickness is difficult. This indicates that thecolloidal silica is too hard for hardness of surface of TCO. In addition, we tried to fabricate more efficientdye-sensitized solar cell by changing the TCO surface using chemical polishing soft-materials. In thisreport, the effect of TCO polishing on solar cell performances was also reported.
a) TCO (non polish)b) TCOPMA-48c) TCOSil20

Fig. 1 AFM images of surface of TCO (a), TCOPMA-48 (b), and TCOSil20 (c).
Table 1 Surface property of TCO polished using polymer spherical microbeads and colloidal silica
TCO
TCOnon polishRa (nm)Rmax (nm)Sheet resistance (Ω/square)Film thickness (nm)*

3.89

45.7

4.65

329.3

TCOPMA-48

1.86

18.8

4.95

322.6

TCOSil20

1.82

18.4

5.23

309.7



Determination: spectroscopic elipsometer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministryof Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
REFERENCES
1. Y. Ono, et al., JPN, 2007-154176.
2. Y. Yoshida, et al, Sol. Energy, Matr. Solar Cells, 92, 646, (2008).
3. S. Hayase, et al, PCT, 2006-038495.
4. A. N. Green, et al, J. Phys. Chem. B. 109, 12525 (2005).
5. S. Kim, et al,J. Mem. Sci., 284, 361, (2006).

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Carbohydrate Research 349 (2012) 52–58

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Carbohydrate Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/carres

Preparation and characterization of dispersible chitosan particles withborate crosslinking and their antimicrobial and antifungal activity
Kanako Saita a,b, Shoji Nagaoka b,c,⇑, Tomohiro Shirosaki b,c, Maki Horikawa b,c, Shigeki Matsuda b,
Hirotaka Ihara a,c,⇑a

Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
Kumamoto Industrial Research Institute, 3-11-38 Higashi-machi, Kumamoto 862-0901, Japanc
Kumamoto Institute for Photo-Electro Organics, 3-11-38 Higashi-machi, Kumamoto 862-0901, Japanba r t i c l e

i n f oArticle history:
Received 7 June 2011
Received in revised form 14 December 2011
Accepted 17 December 2011
Available online 26 December 2011
Keywords:
Chitosan particles
Chitosan–borate complex
High thermal stability
Antimicrobial propertya b s t r a c t
We synthesized new dispersive chitosan particles at circumneutral pH. Particles composed of a chitosan–
borate complex were synthesized by a method consisting of two simple steps: mixture and dialysis. As
this method does not employ reagents such as organic solvents or surface-active agents and does not
require heat treatment, it has a minimal negative impact on the environment. Crosslinking of the reactionof glucose and boric acid at ordinary temperature and pressure led to the formation of composite particles. Stereoscopic microscopy and investigation of the particle size distribution by dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that particles ranging in size from submicrons to several microns with highdispersibility in water were obtained. Even after heat treatment at 80 °C for 12 h, the particles maintained
their composite formation, indicating that they have high thermal stability. Chitosan powders demonstrated inadequate antimicrobial properties at circumneutral pH, but the particles of the chitosan–borate
complex had antimicrobial properties against the gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, and thegram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the fungi Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani.
These results indicated that the particles of the chitosan–borate complex had a broad antimicrobial spectrum at circumneutral pH.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Chitosan is a cationic biopolymer obtained by N-deacetylation ofchitin, a b-(1?4)-linked polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine resides.1 Chitosan is nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable,
which enables its use in a wide range of applications.2–4 Chitosan
and its derivatives are polysaccharides that are useful for the biomedical ﬁeld. In particular, these microparticles are used as chromatography packings,5,6 support media for enzyme immobilization,7,8
protein afﬁnity adsorbents,9 endotoxin adsorbents,10 and drug carriers.11,12 Furthermore, chitosan is often utilized for agricultural
purposes and as a plant elicitor,13 a general food additive, an antibacterial material, a ﬂocculant for drainage,14 and a clinical biomedical
material.15,16 Recently, the organic-friendly antimicrobial activity of
chitosan has begun to attract attention. However, these activities are
generally limited to the acid domain. Furthermore, chitosan starts
losing its cationic nature at pH 6.5 or higher17–20 and generates astrong hydrogen bond at circumneutral pH, which leads to poor
solubility. Consequently, the moldability of chitosan is poor and it
has limited uses.
⇑ Corresponding authors.
E-mail address: nagaoka@kmt-iri.go.jp (S. Nagaoka).

On the other hand, it was reported that spherical microparticles
using chitosan acid solution were synthesized by either suspension
evaporation methods6 or suspension crosslinking techniques.9,21
These methods were required to utilize organic solvents or surface-active agents. There is another particle formation technologythat employs a spray dry method,22,23 but this method has somedisadvantages. For example, it is difﬁcult to control the particle size,
especially particles with sizes of 10 lm or less. Furthermore, theheating process results in increased cost. Recently, a rapid method
to synthesize submicron particles by rapid supercritical ﬂuid technology24 was developed. This method can rapidly synthesize particles owing to the use of supercritical CO2, but it is difﬁcult to control
the particle size, form, and composition using this method.25
This study focused on the formation of a complex of boric acidwith a sugar chain,26 and investigated a method of preparing chitosan submicron particles with boric acid by crosslinking, as shownin Scheme 1. This method can be used to prepare chitosan submicron particles with high dispersibility from a chitosan–lactic acidsolution using boric acid without heat treatment, as well as a surface-active agent or organic solvent. Although chitosan generally
demonstrates antibacterial properties only under acid conditions,the obtained chitosan particles showed superior antimicrobialactivity against bacteria and fungi at circumneutral pH 6.5.26,27

0008-6215/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.carres.2011.12.017

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K. Saita et al. / Carbohydrate Research 349 (2012) 52–58

OH

HO

O

O

HO

O

NH3+
O

OH
HO

B

O
O

2.2. Measurement and characterization

NH3+

O
O

HO

Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 12732, Fusarium solani NBRC 5232,
and Aspergillus niger NBRC 9455 were provided by the National
Institute of Technology and Evaluation Biological Resource Center(NBRC) (Japan). Muller–Hinton broth was supplied by Difco(USA), and PDA was supplied by Nissui (Japan). D-(+)-Glucose
was obtained from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Japan). Polypeptone was
acquired from Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Japan). Yeast extract
was provided by Difco (USA).

NH2

O

O

NH3+

53

HO

Chitosan-borate complex
Scheme 1. Structure of chitosan–borate complex.

2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Chitosan materials (Mw: 70–100 kDa, Hokkaido Soda Co. Ltd,
Japan) with a degree of deacetylation of 85 mol % were used for
preparing chitosan particles. Lactic acid was supplied by Wako
Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd (Japan). Escherichia coli NBRC 3972,

The optical transmittance of the chitosan–borate complex aqueous dispersions was measured with a V-560 UV/VIS spectrometer(Jasco Inc., Japan). X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the particles were obtained using a Smart Lab (Rigaku Corp., Japan). The
X-ray source was Cu Ka radiation (45 kV, 200 mA). Samples were
scanned at a rate of 4°/min. The particles were observed using aﬁeld emission scanning electron microscope (S-4000, Hitachi Co.
Ltd, Japan) and stereomicroscope (KH-7700S, Hirox Co. Ltd, Japan).
The particle size distribution and the zeta potential of the particles
were measured with a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Sysmex Corp., Japan).
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of the chitosan–borate complex were carried out using an EXSTAR 6000 (Seiko
Instruments Inc., Japan). Antimicrobial activity was assayed using a
microcalorimeter (Nippon Medical & Chemical Instruments Co. Ltd,
Japan). The thermal stability of the chitosan particles was evaluated based on the apparent turbidity and transmittance spectraof the aqueous dispersions of the particles at pH 6.5 after heat
treatment at 80 °C for 12 h.

Figure 1. Optical transmittance of CB-X aqueous dispersion and NaBO2. (a) Before and (b) after dialysis. Boric acid addition: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 equiv (X) per unit of glucosaminein the chitosan.

Figure 2. Optical transmittance of chitosan–borate complex (CB-X) aqueous dispersion before and after heat treatment (heating temperature: 80 °C). (a) Before and (b) after
heat treatment. Boric acid addition: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 equiv (X) per unit of glucosamine in the chitosan. Chitosan–Na2SO4 particle (CS) of Na2SO4 addition: 1.0 equiv per unit of
glucosamine in the chitosan.

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54

K. Saita et al. / Carbohydrate Research 349 (2012) 52–58

Figure 3. Thermal stability of the chitosan–borate complex aqueous dispersion. (a) Before and (b) after heat treatment at 80 °C. Boric acid addition of CB-0.5: 0.5 equiv per
unit of glucosamine in the chitosan. Na2SO4 addition of Chitosan–Na2SO4 particle (CS-1.0): 1.0 equiv per unit of glucosamine in the chitosan.

2.3. Assays for antimicrobial activity
Assays for microbial activity were performed using E. coli as arepresentative gram-negative bacterium, S. aureus as a representative gram-positive bacterium and A. niger and F. solani as representative fungi. Muller–Hinton broth was used as the medium forE. coli and S. aureus. PDA was used as the medium for A. niger.
Liquid medium that contained 0.025 wt % D-(+)-glucose, 0.5 wt %polypeptone and 0.125 wt % yeast extract was used for F. solani.
Each medium and glass vial was autoclaved for 15 min at 121 °C.
The chitosan particles were then put into sterile glass vials, after
which 5 mL of the medium containing the bacteria were added
and the samples were adjusted to pH 6.5 with 0.1 M NaOH or
0.1 M HCl. Test microorganisms were inoculated in the vials to givea concentration of 1.0  106 cfu (spores)/mL. Thermacogenesis
examinations were carried out while E. coli and S. aureus wereincubated at 37 °C for 24 h. A. niger and F. solani were incubatedat 30 °C for 72 h during the thermacogenesis examinations.
2.4. Preparation of particles of chitosan–borate complex

Figure 4. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of chitosan and CB-0.5.

Chitosan ﬂakes (Mw: 70–100 kDa, deacetylation degree:
85 mol %, Hokkaido Soda Co. Ltd, Japan) were adopted as the

Figure 5. Microscopic images of chitosan–borate complex (CB-X) aqueous dispersion before and after desalination. (a) Before and (b) after dialysis. Boric acid addition: 0.5,
1.0, and 2.0 equiv (X) per unit of glucosamine in the chitosan.

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K. Saita et al. / Carbohydrate Research 349 (2012) 52–58

55

Figure 6. Size distribution of chitosan–borate complex (CB-X) aqueous dispersion before and after desalination. Particle size was determined by DLS. (a) Before and (b) after
dialysis. Boric acid addition: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 equiv (X) per unit of glucosamine in the chitosan.

starting material. A total of 1.5 g of chitosan (8.95 mmol: unit of
glucosamine) was added to 98.5 g of aqueous solution containing
lactic acid (0.78 g, 8.95 mmol). Next, 40 mL, 20 mL, or 10 mL ofthe chitosan–lactic acid solution were added dropwise into
100 mL of a sodium metaborate tetrahydrate aqueous solution(246 mg, 1.79 mmol) as the crosslinking medium at a rate of
0.2 mL/min using a proportioning pump (805 Manometric Module,
Gilson Inc.). The amount of chitosan added corresponded to 0.5,
1.0, and 2.0 equiv per unit of boric acid in sodium metaborate tetrahydrate aqueous solution; accordingly, the particles obtained
were abbreviated as CB-0.5, CB-1.0, and CB-2.0, respectively. The
chitosan particles aqueous dispersion was prepared by desalination and deacidiﬁcation with dialysis membranes for 4 days toeliminate excessive boric acid and lactic acid. Thus, a turbid
solution was obtained.
3. Result and discussion
3.1. Preparation of chitosan–borate complex
Chitosan–lactic acid solution with a concentration of 1.5 wt %was added to sodium metaborate solution at a rate of 0.2 mL/min
to make the quantity of glucosamine in the chitosan per unit ofboric acid equivalent to 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 (CB-0.5, CB-1.0, and CB2.0). The turbidity was investigated by ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry to observe the particle formation conditions.
Particle generation from the chitosan solution was traced once
the turbid solution was obtained by the addition of chitosan. Figure
1 shows an UV–vis spectrum 1 h after the addition of chitosan.
Higher levels of sodium metaborate in the solution resulted ingreater reductions in permeability (e.g., elevated turbidity). Figure
1b indicates that low permeability was maintained owing to particulation after excessive lactic acid and sodium metaborate were
eliminated by dialysis. The size distribution of the generated particles is discussed later.
Polyhydroxylate typically forms borate ester in reaction to boric
acid,23,26 which leads to the formation of a stable crosslinking
structure.

Figure 7. Zeta potential of aqueous chitosan–borate complex (CB-X) dispersions.
Zeta potentials were determined by the laser Doppler method. Boric acid addition:
0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 equiv (X) per unit of glucosamine in the chitosan.

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56

K. Saita et al. / Carbohydrate Research 349 (2012) 52–58

Figure 8. SEM images of chitosan–borate complex (CB-X) after freeze-drying. Boric acid addition: (a) 0.5, (b) 1.0, and (c) 2.0 equiv (X) per unit of glucosamine in the chitosan.

The thermal stability of the chitosan–borate complex obtained
from the above method was investigated. As shown in Figures 2
and 3, both the apparent turbidity and the permeability barelychanged before and after heat treatment at 80 °C for 12 h in
CB-0.5, CB-1.0, and CB-2.0. This thermal stability suggests thatparticulation of the chitosan is stabilized through covalent binding.
On the other hand, for the purpose of comparison, we preparedchitosan–Na2SO4 particles (CS-1.0) by ionic crosslinking with multivalent anions without covalent binding. We then carried out thesame heat treatment and conﬁrmed that the pKa of the aminogroup shifted in the chitosan particles and that the particles dissolved in water.
The X-ray diffraction pattern of chitosan powder as raw material and freeze dried chitosan–borate complex (CB-0.5) was evaluated (Fig. 4). For the raw material, a typical X-ray diffraction
pattern was observed and high crystallinity as a result of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding was conﬁrmed.
Additionally, the peak of the CB-0.5 observed in the chitosan
powder was reduced. These ﬁndings indicate that the degree ofcrystallization of chitosan decreased owing to the formation of
the crosslinkable structure of the chitosan molecule with boricacid.
On the other hand, structures of the moiety of borate have been
proposed, most of which are di-diol models in which the coordination number of the boron is four. Surprisingly, the detailed conformation and the role of boric acid in diol models are not yet
completely understood. In a recent study by Ando et al., analysesof the solid-state NMR spectra strongly suggested the possibilityof the presence of a boric acid with a coordination number of three
as a crosslinker in diol models.28 The borate structure was considered to conﬁrm threefold coordination as a crosslinker in a chitosan molecule while forming a intermolecular hydrogen bondbecause the pKa value of boric acid was 9.23 (Scheme 1).
Figure 5 shows an image of the chitosan–borate complex
viewed through a stereoscopic microscope. For CB-0.5, which had
the lowest turbidity, the particles were fully dispersed regardlessof dialysis manipulation, and the mean diameter ranged from a
few hundred nm to around 1 lm. On the other hand, for CB-1.0,
aggregation among the particles was observed before dialysis,but dispersion was stimulated by dialysis. The mean particle size

Figure 9. DSC thermograms of water in chitosan powder and chitosan–borate
complex (CB-X) after freeze-drying. Boric acid addition: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 equiv (X)per unit of glucosamine in the chitosan.

after dialysis was around 1 lm. Similar to CB-1.0, the dispersibility
tended to improve in response to dialysis for CB-2.0, and the mean
particle size after dialysis was around 1 lm. These ﬁndings demonstrated that a greater amount of boric acid in the solution was
associated with a larger particle diameter. Therefore, we evaluatedthe particle size by dynamic light scattering (DLS) before and after
dialysis. In addition, we investigated the dispersibility in terms ofthe zeta potential.

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K. Saita et al. / Carbohydrate Research 349 (2012) 52–58

57

Figure 10. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan–borate complex (CB-X) and chitosan powder aqueous dispersion. (a) Escherichia coli, (b) Staphylococcus aureus, (c) Aspergillus
niger, (d) Fusarium solani. (purple lines): 0 mg mL 1 for media, (green lines): 5.0 mg mL 1 for media (red lines): 10.0 mg mL 1 for media. (For interpretation of the references
to color in this ﬁgure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Figure 6 indicates the particle size distribution for CB-0.5, CB1.0, and CB-2.0 as determined by DLS. The mean diameter of allparticles decreased slightly in response to dialysis. The mean
particle diameter after dialysis was 0.7 lm, 2.6 lm, and 1.9 lm
in CB-0.5, CB-1.0, and CB-2.0, respectively. However, the actual
particle diameter is likely smaller because CB-1.0 and CB-2.0 havea tendency to be aggregated.
Figure 7 shows the zeta potential of the chitosan particles after
dialysis. The zeta potential increased in the order of CB-2.0 < CB1.0 < CB-0.5, as indicated by the shifting of the zeta potential tothe positive side according to the reduced amount of boric acidadded. As shown in Figure 5, stereoscopic microscopy revealed thatthe dispersibility of CB-0.5 was higher than that of CB-2.0 and CB1.0. However, considering the results of the zeta potential, CB-0.5
likely had the most free amino groups, which promote hydration

with water and simulate electrostatic repulsion among particles,
thereby increasing the dispersibility. In addition, the quantity ofboric acid in the chitosan particles was conﬁrmed by absorptiometry using Azomethine H.27 The results revealed that the content ofboric acid increased in the order of CB-0.5 (0.15 wt %) < CB-1.0(0.30 wt %) < CB-2.0 (0.38 wt %) according to the preparation ratio.
Figure 8 shows SEM images of solid material obtained fromfreeze dried chitosan particle dispersion after dialysis. CB-0.5 wasobserved as a spherical particle of 300–600 nm. This particle size
was slightly smaller than the value determined by DLS; however,
because the particles may have contracted in response to drying,
they were of a suitable size.
In contrast, stereoscopic microscopy revealed that the particle
status for CB-1.0 and CB-2.0 disappeared, and only a ﬁbrillaryassembly was generated. These ﬁndings indicated that CB-0.5㸫㸫⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ

58

K. Saita et al. / Carbohydrate Research 349 (2012) 52–58

had many free amino groups that maintained good dispersibility.
However, CB-1.0 and CB-2.0 were reconstructed clearly by fusion
among the particles. In other words, these ﬁndings indicate that
CB-0.5 synthesized by adding chitosan in an amount equivalent
to 0.5 of boric acid was the best in terms of dispersibility andstability.
Figure 9 presents the results of the moisture retention evaluation of solid chitosan particles obtained from freeze dried chitosan
particle dispersion after dialysis and the results of DSC. For distilledwater, the endothermic peak of the melting point was observed at
0 °C. The endothermic peak of the melting point of water in the
chitosan particles shifted to a lower temperature than the peakof the melting point of water in chitosan powder, and shifted to
4.3 to 6.9 °C, by the order of CB-2.0 > CB-1.0 > CB-0.5. Theseﬁndings indicated that the chitosan particle had a higher afﬁnity
to water than chitosan powder, and a form that makes it easy tobind water molecules in the chitosan molecule.
Based on the results of the zeta potential in Figure 7, there weremany free amino groups that carried a positive electrical charge.
The order of the electrical charge was CB-0.5 > CB-1.0 > CB-2.0,
and the interval among molecular chains expanded in responseto electrostatic repulsion, allowing water molecules to easily penetrate the particles. These factors resulted in the melting point
being shifted to a lower temperature in the order CB-2.0 > CB1.0 > CB-0.5.
3.2. Antimicrobial activity
We examined the antibiotic action of chitosan particles against
the gram-negative bacterium, E. coli, the gram-positive bacterium,
S. aureus, and the ﬁlamentous fungi A. niger and F. solani. Commercial chitosan powder was used for comparison.
Figure 10 shows the results of the thermacogenesis examination conducted using a microcalorimeter. When chitosan powder
was added to E. coli, S. aureus, A. niger, and F. solani, the thermacogenesis patterns were almost the same as those of the control sample pattern, indicating that it had almost no antimicrobial activity(Fig. 10a–d). However, the chitosan particles (chitosan–borate
complex: CB-X) induced obvious changes (delayed, decreased, orabsent thermacogenesis peak) in the thermacogenesis patterns of
the E. coli, S. aureus, A. niger, and F. solani, indicating high antimicrobial activity. It is well known that chitosan exerts antimicrobialactivity against gram-negative bacteria that occurs via positively
charged residues in the glucosamine unit attacking the phosphatemoiety in Lipid A in the bacterial cell structure in these organisms.
However, the effects of chitosan against gram-positive bacteria
have not been thoroughly investigated.29,30 Nevertheless, CB-X
chitosan particles exerted antimicrobial activity against bothgram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in this study, as shownin Figure 10. It was presumed that the positive charge of the aminogroup on the surface of the chitosan particle was more likely tointeract with negatively charged residues such as the moiety of teichoic acid in gram-positive bacteria because CB-X chitosan particles have high dispersibility and provide effective adsorption(porosity) to the bacteria cell wall to drive high antimicrobial activity. CB-X chitosan particles were also shown to have antimicrobialactivity against the fungi A. niger and F. solani.
4. Conclusion
We successfully prepared chitosan particles ranging from several microns to submicrons in size through a mixture of chitosan–lactic acid solution and sodium metaborate solution. The
mean diameter of particles and their dispersibility in water wereshown to be dependent on the amount of sodium metaborate.
The antibacterial properties of the obtained composite particles
were evaluated using E. coli and S. aureus, while the antifungal
properties were evaluated using A. niger and F. solani. The mosteffective antimicrobial activity properties were observed for thecompound particles that had a comparatively low content of boricacid. However, this effect was not observed for chitosan powders
prepared simply by crushing. Overall, these results indicate thatchitosan particles have high dispersibility and provide effective
adsorption (porosity) to the bacteria cell wall to drive high antimicrobial activity.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the Regional New Consortium Projects from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industryof Japan. We would like to thank Mr. Seitaro Kobayashi for the
preparation of chitosan particles.
Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, inthe online version, at doi:10.1016/j.carres.2011.12.017.
References
1. Tharanathan, R. N.; Kittur, F. S. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2003, 43, 61–87.
2. Tanuma, H.; Kiuchi, H.; Kai, W.; Yazawa, K.; Inoue, Y. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009,
114, 1902–1907.
3. Meng, Q.; Hu, J.; Ho, K.; Ji, F.; Chen, S. J. Polym. Environ. 2009, 17, 212–224.
4. Xie, Y.-L.; Wang, M.-J.; Yao, S.-J. Langmuir 2009, 25, 8999–9005.
5. Rashidova, S. S.; Shakarova, D. S.; Ruzimuradov, O. N.; Satubaldieva, D. T.;
Zalyalieva, S. V.; Shpigun, O. A.; Varlamov, V. P.; Kabulov, B. D. J. Chromatogr., B:
Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2004, 800, 49–53.
6. Dong, F.; Li, P.-J.; Zhuang, Q.-F. J. Chromatogr., A 2009, 1216, 4383–4387.
7. Feng, T.; Du, Y.; Yang, J.; Li, J.; Shi, X. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 101,
1334–1339.
8. Andrich, L.; Esti, M.; Moresi, M. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2010, 46, 397–405.
9. Denkbas, E. B.; Odabasi, M.; Kiliçay, E.; Özdemir, N. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 86,
3035–3039.
10. Adachi, T.; Ida, J.; Wakita, M.; Hashimoto, M. Elimination of endotoxin, J. P.
Patent, 3569927, 2003.
11. Li, H.; Yan, G.; Wu, S.; Wang, Z.; Lam, K. Y. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 93,
1928–1937.
12. Yuan, X.; Li, H.; Yuan, Y. Carbohydr. Polym. 2006, 65, 337–345.
13. Lee, S.; Choi, H.; Suh, S.; Doo, I.; Oh, K.; Choi, E. J.; Taylor, A. T. S.; Low, P. S.; Lee,
Y. Plant Physiol. 1999, 121, 147–152.
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18. Tsai, G. J.; Su, W. H. J. Food Prot. 1999, 62, 239–243.
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65–72.

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doi:10.1246/cl.2010.935
Published on the web July 24, 2010935

Preparation of Dispersible Chitosan Particles with Borate Crosslinking
for Antimicrobial and Antifungal Application
Shoji Nagaoka,*1 Kanako Saita,1,2 Seitaro Kobayashi,2 Maki Horikawa,1Tomohiro Shirosaki,1 Makoto Takafuji,2 and Hirotaka Ihara*2
1
Kumamoto Industrial Research Institute, 3-11-38 Higashimachi, Kumamoto 862-0901
2
Departments of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555(Received June 16, 2010; CL-100564; E-mail: nagaoka@kmt-iri.go.jp, ihara@kumamoto-u.ac.jp)

Chem. Lett. 2010, 39, 935­937

100

a

NaBO2

80

b

NaBO2

80

Transmittance / %T

Chitosan as a cationic biopolymer has been deployed forvarious applications due to avirulence, biocompatibility, biodegradability, etc.1 For example, in biomedicine, items in whichchitosan and its derivatives have been incorporated are microparticles and are used as packings for chromatography,2 carriersfor enzyme immobilization,3 aﬃnity adsorbents,4 endotoxin
adsorbents,5 drug carriers,6 elicitors for plants and antimicrobial
agents in pesticides or food products.7 Among these, anapplication that has been attracting particular attention recently
is its use as an antimicrobial agent that is biofriendly, but its
range of use is limited because of the fact that the antimicrobialactivity is restricted to acidic conditions since the electric charge
is lost at a pH of 6.5 or above and the fact that its solubility isremarkably degraded in the neutral region due to the productionof strong hydrogen bonds.8 The use of dispersible chitosan
particles has been considered as a method to solve these kinds ofchitosan problems. For example, the suspension evaporation
method is known for preparation of spherical microparticles,5but a submicron size particulation, which is thought to be more
highly dispersible, has not been achieved. In addition, aparticulation method using spray drying is also known,9 but
the control of the particle diameter is diﬃcult with this method
and control at 10 ¯m or less is particularly diﬃcult.
In this paper, a new and facile method for the productionof dispersible particles of chitosan from several microns tosubmicron size will be introduced. This method is one in whichboric acid forms a complex with a sugar chain and particulation
is done by a crosslinking reaction.10 This method does not
require heating and, moreover, does not use any surfactant ororganic solvent, which are burdens on the environment. In
addition, the chitosan particles that are obtained exhibit superior
antimicrobial activity toward not only bacteria but also fungi
even near neutrality.
The chitosan­boric acid complex particles (CB-X) wereprepared by the addition of an aqueous solution of sodium
metaborate to a lactic acid solution of chitosan.14 The amount ofadded boric acid was adjusted such that it became 0.5, 1.0, and
2.0 equivalent (X) per unit of glucosamine in the chitosan, andthree types of complex particles (CB-0.5, CB-1.0, and CB-2.0)
were produced in this study. It was possible to track the
production of the particles from the chitosan solution by the factthat the solution becomes cloudy together with the addition of
the sodium metaborate. Figure 1 is the UV­visible spectrum one

100

Transmittance / %T

This paper introduces a facile preparation method using
chitosan lactate with borate crosslinking for creation ofdispersible chitosan submicron spheres and its excellent
antimicrobial and antifungal activities.

60

CB-0.540

20

CB-0.560

40

20
CB-1.0CB-1.0CB-2.0CB-2.0
0
300

400

500
600
Wavelength / nm

700

800

0
300

CB-0.5

400

500
600
Wavelength / nm

700

800

CB-0.5

Dialysis

10 μm

10 μm

CB-1.0CB-1.0

Dialysis

10 μm

10 μm

Figure 1. Optical transmittance for CB-X aqueous dispersion
and NaBO2. (a) Before and (b) after dialyzing. Boric acidaddition: CB-0.5, 0.5 equiv for glucosamine unit of chitosan;
CB-1.0, 1.0 equiv for glucosamine unit of chitosan; and CB-2.0,
2.0 equiv for glucosamine unit of chitosan. Microscope images:
CB-0.5 and CB-1.0 aqueous dispersion.
hour after the addition, and it shows that the transmittancebecomes lower (the cloudiness increases) the greater the amountof sodium metaborate added. Figure 1 shows that even after thelactic acid and metaboric acid that are present in excess havebeen removed by dialysis, a low degree of cloudiness ismaintained resulting from the particulation.
The thermal stability of the chitosan­boric acid complexes
for CB-0.5, CB-1.0, and CB-2.0 was investigated. Virtually nochange in both the apparent degree of cloudiness and thetransmittance after heat treatment at 80 °C for 12 h was observed.
On the other hand, for comparison, chitosan particles that wereionically crosslinked using multivalent anions without covalentbonds were prepared,11 and it was ascertained that theirsuspension became clear and ﬁnally dissolved in water by thesame heat treatment. This is a distinct advantage of the boratecrosslinking.

© 2010 The Chemical Society of Japan㸫㸫

www.csj.jp/journals/chem-lett/⇃ᮏ┴⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠉ◊✲ሗ࿌᭩ࠉ1Rࠉ

936
Escherichia coli

+33.6 mV
+12.4 mV

CB-1.0CB-2.0ζ -Potential / mV

25

24
36
Time / h480b) CB-0.5

0

12

24
36
Time / h480c) CB-1.0

3654Time / h

72

18

36
54
Time / h72

36
54
Time / h72c) CB-1.0

Exothermic

Figure 1 includes stereomicroscope photographs of thechitosan­boric acid complexes. In the case of CB-0.5, for which
the degree of cloudiness is lowest, it is well-dispersed
independent of the dialysis, and the average diameter wasaround 100 nm to 1 ¯m. On the other hand, in the case of theCB-1.0, agglutination between particles was seen prior to thedialysis, and the fact that dispersion is promoted by the dialysis
was concluded. The average particle diameter after dialysis wasaround 1 ¯m. From the above, it was ascertained that the greater
the amount of boric acid added, the greater the particle diameter
and, in addition, the more likely agglutination becomes.
The particle diameter distribution of CB-0.5, CB-1.0, andCB-2.0 was evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS).14
The tendency of the average particle diameter of all of theparticles to be somewhat smaller with the dialysis was observed.
It was found that the average particle diameter after dialysis isaround 0.7 ¯m for CB-0.5, 2.6 ¯m for CB-1.0, and 1.9 ¯m for
CB-2.0. However, it should be noted that because there is atendency for CB-1.0 and CB-2.0 to agglutinate, it is presumed
that the actual particle diameters are smaller.
Figure 2 shows the zeta potential of the chitosan particles
after dialysis. The zeta potential increases in the order of CB2.0 < CB-1.0 < CB-0.5 and it was observed that the zeta
potential tended to shift toward the plus side the smaller theamount of boric acid added. In the stereomicroscope observations, the fact that the CB-0.5 dispersibility is higher than that of
CB-2.0 and CB-1.0 was shown, but when inferred together withthe zeta potential results, it is thought that free amino groups
become most prevalent in CB-0.5. Because of this, the electrostatic repulsion between the particles themselves as well as
hydration was promoted and the dispersibility has been increased. Incidentally, the amount of borate in the chitosan particles
was ascertained by means of optical density employing
azomethine H.12 It was ascertained that the amount of contained
borate increases in the order CB-0.5 (0.15 wt %13) < CB-1.0(0.30 wt %13) < CB-2.0 (0.38 wt %13) in conformance with the
preparation ratio.14
Using E. coli as a gram-negative bacterium and A. niger as afungi, antimicrobial tests were performed. Commercially available chitosan powders (Mw = 70­100 kDa, deacetylation degree:
85 mol %, Hokkaido SODA Co., Ltd., Japan) were used forcomparison. Figure 3 shows the results of pyrogenicity tests that18b) CB-0.5

Exothermic

Figure 2. Zeta potential of aqueous chitosan­boric complex
dispersion. Zeta potential were determined by laser Doppler
method.

Chem. Lett. 2010, 39, 935­937

1250

Exothermic

0

Exothermic-25a) Chitosan powder

Exothermic

CB-0.50-50Aspergillus nigera) Chitosan powder

Exothermic

Intensity-1.82 mV

0

12

24
36
Time / h

48

0

18

Figure 3. Antimicrobial activity for E. coli and A. niger of
CB-0.5, CB-1.0, and chitosan powder. a) Chitosan powder(crushed products), b) CB-0.5, and c) CB-1.0. ( ): 0 mg mL¹1
for media, ( ): 5.0 mg mL¹1 for media, and ( ): 10.0 mg mL¹1
for media.
employed a microcalorimeter. The caloriﬁc value that is released
with the cellular growth is proportional to a number of growing
cellular. The change of caloriﬁc value with cellular growth is thediﬀerential form of growth curve and is provided as thermogram. Therefore, the exothermic peak in thermogram does notappear if the cellular growth is inhibited by antimicrobial
materials. When the chitosan powders were added, there was no
signiﬁcant change in the pyrogenic pattern for both E. coli and
A. niger: it is ascertained that there were almost no antimicrobial
properties. In contrast to this, with the chitosan particles (CB-0.5
and CB-1.0) prepared in the present study, a distinct pyrogenic
pattern change (a delay, reduction, and disappearance of thepyrogenic peak), in other words, a high degree of antimicrobial
ability, was ascertained with regard to E. coli and A. niger.
In general, the positive charge of the amino groups of thechitosan is said to disturb the cell wall structure of the bacteria
and fungi that are negatively charged. In other words, because
the pKa of the chitosan is 6.5, the chitosan has a suﬃciently
positive charge, and an acidic environment having a pH of 6 orless is necessary for ammonium ions to develop.8 Since theresults of the antimicrobial tests shown in Figure 3 are from© 2010 The Chemical Society of Japan㸫㸫

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937
those carried out under conditions of a near neutral pH of 6.5, itis thought that antimicrobial activity was not obtained with thechitosan powders because of an insuﬃcient amount of ammonium ions. In contrast to this, with the CB-X particles, more
eﬀective antimicrobial ability was exhibited despite the fact thatthe antimicrobial tests were under the same conditions. Thisdiﬀerence is conjectured to be related to the fact that while on
the one hand it is thought that perhaps the chitosan powders arealmost nonporous and that the speciﬁc area for contact with themicrobes is deﬁcient, in the case of the CB-X particles, a
reticular structure in which the speciﬁc area is large is formed(CB-0.5: 16.43 m2 g¹1, CB-1.0: 8.52 m2 g¹1, CB-2.0: 10.6 m2 g¹1
and chitosan powder: 0.65 m2 g¹1).14 In other words, it is thoughtthat because the sites for adsorption of the microbe cell walls
become most prevalent, this leads to a high degree of
antimicrobial activity.
In conclusion, we succeeded in the production of dispersible
chitosan particles from several microns to submicron size by themaking of a complex using an aqueous solution of chitosan
lactate with an aqueous solution of sodium metaborate. The
antibacterial and antifungal activities of the obtained complex
particles were evaluated and compared with that of commercially available chitosan powders. As a result, it was ascertainedthat highly eﬃcient antibacterial and antifungal activities at aneutral pH solution were exhibited only by our dispersible
complex particles.
References and Notes
1 a) H. Tanuma, H. Kiuchi, W. Kai, K. Yazawa, Y. Inoue, J.
Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 114, 1902. b) Q. Meng, J. Hu, K.
Ho, F. Ji, S. Chen, J. Polym. Environ. 2009, 17, 212. c) Y.-L.
Xie, M.-J. Wang, S.-J. Yao, Langmuir 2009, 25, 8999.

Chem. Lett. 2010, 39, 935­9372a) S. S. Rashidova, D. S. Shakarova, O. N. Ruzimuradov,
D. T. Satubaldieva, S. V. Zalyalieva, O. A. Shpigun, V. P.
Varlamov, B. D. Kabulov, J. Chromatogr., B: Anal. Technol.
Biomed. Life Sci. 2004, 800, 49. b) F. Li, P.-J. Dong, Q.-F.
Zhuang, J. Chromatogr., A 2009, 1216, 4383.
3 a) T. Feng, Y. Du, J. Yang, J. Li, X. Shi, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
2006, 101, 1334. b) L. Andrich, M. Esti, M. Moresi, Enzyme
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14 Supporting Information is available electronically on the
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© 2010 The Chemical Society of Japan㸫㸫

www.csj.jp/journals/chem-lett/

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