FORESTRY AND FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, JAPANandFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA

Field
ManualSocio-economic
SurveyTraining Workshop on REDD+ Research
Project in Peninsular Malaysia
10 – 12 February 2015
Xcape Resort, Kuala Tahan, PahangContents
Part I: Introduction
Aim of this manual22Part II: Undertaking socio-economic surveys
Step 1 – Survey design, sampling and data requirements
Step 2 – Planning and training the team
Step 3 – Implementation

3
3
7
8

Part III: Using the data collected

11

Supporting Notes
Note 1 – Sampling techniques
Note 2 – Format of questionnaire
Note 3 – Do & Don’t in Conducting Socio-economic
Interview
Note 4 – Conducting the survey
Note 5 – Guidance for community meetings
Note 6 - Example of questionnaire
Note 7 – Using SPSS software
Note 8 – Using R software

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14
18
19
20
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40
83

1

Part I:Introduction
Socio-economic survey tools are means designed to collect information on
local resource management systems, resource use and the relative
importance of resources for households and villages. Surveys also provide
information on local interaction with the government decision-making
systems and community perceptions of trends and priority issues
regarding the conservation and establishment of protection forest.
Knowledge about community-based institutions, which is also obtained,
and their roles in the sustainable use and conservation of natural
resources.

Aims of this manualThis manual aims to provide practical steps for researchers conducting
socio-economic studies among households in communities and villages.
The techniques involved are rapid rural appraisal, survey research andfield research.
This manual is accompanied by three supporting notes which are essential
tools as a basis for gathering socio-economic information. The results canbe used as input to management and decision-making.

2

Part II: Undertaking socio-economic
surveys

There are three (3) main steps in developing andimplementing the socio-economic survey.
The first step is designing the survey, which includes survey
design, sampling techniques and sample size, datarequirement (types of data and data collection), target sample
and questionnaire design. The next step is planning thesurvey. It involves scheduling the survey and training theenumerators. Enumerators must be trained to ensure thatthey fully understand and able to pose the questions to the
respondents. The last step is implementation stage. This
crucial stage involves key informant interviews, household
surveys and focus group discussions.

Step 1:
Designing the survey•Design•Sampling•Sample size
•Baseline data

Step 2:
Planning• Scheduled survey• Training
enumerators

Step 3:
Implementation• Rapid rural appraisal- interview informant- group discussion• Households survey

Step 1 – Survey design, sampling and datarequirements
When conducting a survey, the first step is to determine theobjective and purpose of the survey. This will provide theframework for the content and scope of the survey work. It is
used to help identify the types of stakeholders andcommunities to be surveyed.

3Data requirements and survey design
Types of data: There are two types of data to be collected, namely primarydata and secondary data. Primary data collection involved rapid rural
appraisal, individual and group discussion, as well as household survey.
Secondary data comprises information gathered from published media suchas books, articles, journal, and reports.
Data to be collected: The data required from the study area may be
discussed with informants and communities. The discussion helps inplanning the actual survey, improving the questions asked, formulating
questionnaire design, determining sampling techniques and conducting thesurvey.

The data gathered through the survey process will need to reflect the
purpose of the study. In developing the survey, other considerations arebudget available, the length of time for the interview, availability of humanresources needed to effectively conduct the surveys, entering the data andanalyzing the results.

Introduction of the project to local people: A researcher must create good
rapport with relevant government agencies and local people during initialsite visit.
The first step to meet related local government officers to explain thenature of the study.
This is followed by meeting village headmen, village representatives andvillagers living in the surrounding area. In many cases, it will be necessary
to contact the local community leaders before visiting. An introductory
meeting may also be organized.

4

Researchers must briefly introduce and explain the aim of the visit
and study. It is important to ensure that both local people and theresearchers/study team understand which area will be studied. The
aim of research/study must also be clearly introduced to avoid
misunderstandings or raise false expectations. Cooperation andsupport from local people are essential to ensure successful
implementation of the study. It is easier to achieve this support if thefirst impression is good. Nevertheless, it must be stressed that thefieldwork consists only in data collection and does not promise
something such as local development project.

Who should be included in the survey(s)?
The individuals and communities to be surveyed should be
decided when considering the objectives and purpose of thesurvey. Different individuals or groups of individuals will beinterviewed depending on the data needed. For a householdlevel survey, a representative of the household should beinterviewed, but the village head or traditional local leader
will be interviewed in a key informant interview. Usually key
informants involved are from Village Development andSecurity Committee or Jawatankuasa Kemajuan dan
Keselamatan Kampung (JKKK). Focus group discussions will
include members of the community.

Sample size and sampling techniqueSample size: Determining the size of sample is important toensure the data reliability. The sample size needs to be
sufficient to ensure that the survey results will bestatistically relevant. However, in many cases, the sample
size also has to be balanced with the available resources –financial, human and time.

5The bigger sample size require more enumerators and high cost, however
the correct techniques to estimate the sample size will give more reliable
results. In general, Roscoe (1992) proposed rule for determining thesample size is "greater than 30 and less than 500" as sufficient for mostresearch. Further guidelines specified by Calia and Strazzera (1998) intheir studies of bias and efficiency evaluation model, he defines "small
sample size" as a sample of 100 or less; sample sizes 250-400 as "moderatesample size", and more than 1000 as "large sample size". They concluded
that even for moderate sample size, most of the evaluation model provides
good performance and adequate for the estimation of the parameters to bemeasured. This socio-economic study applied formula from Yamano (1985)
in Supporting Note 1.

Sampling technique: Random sampling is used to ensure that the sample
is representative of the study area, while avoiding bias in the results andensuring that all elements of the population have an equal chance of being
interviewed. There are a number of approaches to determining a random
sample, e.g. simple random sample, systematic, stratified and clusters.

Types of questions
For all interview types (household interviews, focus groups and key
informants), questions can be structured and asked as open, closed or
partially open questions. The type of question used will depend on theinformation required. There are advantages and disadvantages of allquestion types (Supporting Note 2).

6Through an open question, such as ‘Does the existence of nationalparks have an impact on your daily life; either positive or negative
effects’? The interviewer can uncover the meaning behind an answer,
allowing respondents to provide examples and explain their answers.
These types of questions are more time-consuming to recode andanalyze. Open questions can be difficult to ask and interpreting the
responses could be complex, so training enumerators is essential.
A partially open question requires the respondent toelaborate on any answer given. The advantages of thesequestions are that they are quicker and easier to ask and toanalyze than open questions, but the interviewer may misssome information because of the lack of an appropriate
category or the level of detail in the response. To avoid these
problems, the respondents’ answers should be recorded infull, and the interview should repeat the question if the
respondent has not answered sufficiently. Closed questions,such as multiple choices or yes/no answers are used when
key information is required, without the need for further
explanation or in-depth understanding of the answer orissue. These questions are quick to ask and to analyse;
however, the answers may result in a lack of depth andclarity. The example of closed question ‘Are you aware withthe existence of national park at the adjecent of your village?’.

Step 2 – Planning and training
the team
A well-trained and experienced team isessential for the success of any socioeconomic survey. Previous practicalexperience is a great asset to the team, with
relevant technical knowledge in socioeconomics, forestry and natural resources.
For purpose of this study, the research teamappointed enumerators which have at least
diplomacertificate
andpreferably
graduates.

7

All members of the team will require rigorous and robust training in all
types of survey (household, focus groups, and key informant interviews) tobe conducted. They should have a thorough understanding of the aims of
the work and the meaning of every question to be asked. A combination ofworkshop and practically field-based training will provide the best
understanding of survey methods and procedures. During workshop, theobjectives and research background are introduced to the enumerators.
Basic information and knowledge about research is also explained in theworkshop. This will enhance the communication skills and ability ofenumerators to interview during data collection or survey. Other than that,some basic soft skill and techniques such as communication are also taught
in the workshop. In addition, field training is very useful for checking thesurvey questions and means of data collection, thus providing an
opportunity to make any necessary revision to the survey, interview
questions and procedures. (Supporting Note 3)
Consideration should also be given to thedivision of tasks between team members –team leader and interviewers. Preparation(designing the survey work, training theteam, etc.) and scheduling the survey work
are essential for a successful survey(Supporting Note 4). Preparation of thesurvey team and agreeing on the work planand time frame for completing the surveys
should be finalized in advance. Villages
should be given due notification prior tosurvey work and permission to conduct
interviews should be sought and granted.

Step 3 – Implementation
Survey approaches vary. Different approaches are used for different
purposes. For the purpose of the socio-economic study, three survey
methods are used: Rapid Rural Appraisal includes-Community meeting-Key informant interview-Group discussion8 Household survey
 Field researchRapid Rural Appraisal
The methods used include group discussion, community meetings,
key informant interviews, mapping, ethno-histories, stories andtaking-note. This RRA technique is a tool that enables a quick
assessment of the existing environment and the possible impacts ofthe forest resource utilization and the other environmental services
to the local socio-economic livelihood. Information collected during
the RRA includes population size, socio-economic activities,
household dependency on the forest resources and related issues
faced by the community. This technique can be applied as apreliminary stage of the study, which will provide basic information,and ethno-histories of the study site for baseline in questionnaire
design.

Community meeting
A community meeting is a valuable anduseful way for the survey team to meet up
with the villagers, explain the survey work –its aims and approach – and ensure that all
members of the community understand the
expected outcomes of the survey work
(Supporting Note 5). A decision to conduct a
community meeting should be made only
after meeting the community or village head.
If possible, the village head could then help
set up and conduct the community meeting.
Information related to the community suchas village profile could be obtained throughDistrict Office.

Key informant interviews
Key informants are individuals who are deemed to have knowledge ofparticular issues. Key informants will provide the interview team withdetailed information and, importantly, interpretation of key issues that
other members of the community might not be able to provide. Potential
key informants should be selected, in consultation with the village head, 9traditional local leader, for an in-depth interview with the survey team.

Group discussion
Group discussion involves selecting a small knowledgeable individuals from thecommunity. In this study, the group discussion is conducted by researchers to
explain the study and obtain comments or reactions of the respondents. The
contribution of focus group is to design and assist questionnaire preparation.
Focus group analysis is used to identify the issues to be raised in thequestionnaire such as land use and forest dependency.
The draft questionnaire prepared could be tested in the focus group. Focus groupthus helps to formulate the questions in simple language and easily understood.

Household survey
Village and household survey is usedpredominantly to collect quantitative andqualitative data, through structured
interviews with the head of thehousehold, using both closed and open
questions. Survey forms for bothhousehold- and village-level surveys aredesigned to gather specific information,
relevant to the survey objective, as
discussed above.

Field research
Field research includes methods of research sometimes referred to as
participant observation, direction observation and case studies. This
technique provides qualitative data: observations not easily reduced tonumber. It enables better understanding on the socio-economic conditions
and activities of villagers such as paddy farming, harvesting and marketingof forest resources. Case studies involved the narration of typicalexperience of villagers in relation to the utilisation of forest resources. The
data gathered are used to cross-check information collected from the10survey.

The questionnaire
In conducting this study, the formation of the questionnaire is the mostimportant component. Formation of the questionnaire is based on the initial
survey (Rapid Rural Appraisal) to the study area and also by the results of
the initial questionnaire test in focus group. Formation of the questionnaire
usually is categorized based on types of questions to gather basic
information such as demographic background, perceptions and level ofinvolvement. Example of questionnaire is attached in Supporting Note 6.

Part III: Using the data collected
Analysis and use of the collected data should reflect theobjectives of the survey.

Data analysis
The choice of method for data analysis will depend on thevolume of data collected, the expected use of the findings andthe availability of the analysis software.
Analysis of the data is usually done in a statistical package
such as SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)
software. SPSS is a widely used program forstatistical analysis in social science. It is also used by market
researchers, health researchers, survey companies,
government,
education
researchers,marketingorganizations, data miners and others. Using such packages
also allows the data to be entered and cleaned before
analysis. Data may be exported to other software packages
such as Microsoft Excel for further analysis and for
preparation of tables and graphs. Some of the analysis that
could be used are Descriptive analysis; Regression;
Correlation; Anova and etc. (Supporting Note 7)11

R-software: The new well-known statistical software available free online is
R. R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics.
R provides a wide variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modelling,classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, and clustering)and graphical techniques, and is highly extensible. One of R's strengths isthe ease with which well-designed publication-quality plots can beproduced, including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed.
(Supporting Note 8)

The final analysis will need to reflect the original aims and objectivesof the survey. To help structure the analysis, research questions could
be developed, such as:











How important is access to forest resources for the livelihoods of communities?
To what extent, the communities depend on forest resources for the economic
activities?
Are the poorest communities more dependent on forest resources than othergroups?
How does the establishment of protected area affect the livelihoods ofcommunities?
What are the dependent communities’ perceptions of ecotourism at theprotected area (National park)?
What is the relationship between communities and natural resources?
What is the distribution of socio-economic impacts at the area, and what are thesources of leakage?
What benefits have been foregone to surrounding communities with theestablishment of protected area (National Park)?
What are the social implications, particularly for indigenous people & local
communities, associated with the management system of protected area?
What strategies could be used to strengthen the ecotourism-environment-12
community relationships at the area that was gazetted as protected area?

Note 1 – Sampling techniques
Determining a sample size
The appropriate sample size ultimately depends on the purpose of thestudy. For example, a population census will require 100% participation,and hence the sample size must equal 100%. Factors such as the available
resources (time, budget, human) will affect the sample size but care should
be taken not to jeopardize the statistical relevance of the sample.
Determination of sample size is important in determining the accuracy ofthe estimated value of the findings. A larger sample size implies moreenumerators and involves high costs, but at the same time the sample size
was chosen correctly, will give greater accuracy estimates.
Example of sample size determination by Yamano (1985) is as follows:n = N
1+N (e) 2= 1136___
1+1136 (0.05)2= 400 respondents
Where,
n = Sample Size
N = Population Size (No. of households)
e = level of precision
From the above example of sample size, taken at the level of precision of
5% or 0.05. The results showed that the sample size of 400 respondents is
the reliable sample size.

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Note 2 – Format of questionnaire
When designing a survey and conducting an interview, it is important toconsider how a question can be structured, that is, whether it should be
open or closed, or a mixture of both. The type of question and way that it isasked will affect the answer provided.
In general, questions can be either open or closed. The main difference
between these two types of question is that open questions allow
respondents to explain their answers, whereas closed questions do not.
With closed questions, respondents do not have the freedom to give ananswer other than those provided in the list of questions. Partially open
questions can also be used when conducting socio-economic surveys.
A survey/questionnaire will use a range of question types to ensure thatthe information is obtained in the most appropriate manner.

Open questions
Open questions – example from socio-economic study in 2014
”Does the existence of national parks have an impact on yourdaily life?”“In your opinion, is the conservation of forest/natural resources
important?”
Open questions provide no options for possible prompts or answers andthe respondent is able to answer completely freely. However, respondent
answer might be long and enumerators must be well-trained to capture
and get the points. Open-ended questions have both advantages anddisadvantages (Table 1).

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Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of open questions
Advantages
Disadvantages
 The interviewer can elicit more
 The interviewer needs to haveinformation and possibly uncoverexperience to build discussion of
new information that had notparticular topics and record the
been previously considered.
findings.
 The interview records can be used  Data analysis requires expertisein the report as interesting
and a lot of time.
illustrations.
 The responses provide additional
scope for analysis and allow a newinterpretation of the conclusions.
To mitigate the disadvantages of open questions, those conducting thesurvey or interview can:
 Train interviewers and provide direction for ongoing tasks to
improve the quality of the data collected.
 Prepare a list of questions that allow interviewers to systematically
explore the respondents’ answers.
 Use open questions in training sessions with the team members.

Partially open questions
Partially open question – example from socio-economics study in 2014
“In your point of view, the existence of protection forest(National Park) is something good or vice versa”a) Good, because......
b) Not good, because.......
In a partially open question, the answer is available as part of s category.
Hence, the respondent is given a choice of responses: in the example above,
the response is either ‘increased’ or ‘decreased’ (closed), “good” or “notgood”, and “yes” or “no” but the respondent is given the opportunity to
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explain his or her answer provided using ‘because …’ (open). This type ofquestion also has advantages and disadvantages, as set out in Table 2.
Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of partially open questions
Advantages
 Easy answers andquick note-taking
 Easy analysis

Disadvantages
 Important answers could be missed if
there is no appropriate category
provided.
 Some information may be forced into
existing
categories
and
other
information might be lost.
 If respondents hesitate and theinterviewer helps with grid answers, theresults are potentially biased.

To mitigate the disadvantages of partially open questions, those conducting
the survey or interview can:
 Record all answers by taking notes or using a voice recorder.
 If respondents do not give an answer, repeat the question in adifferent way but without leading the respondent to an answer.
Closed questions
Closed questions –example from socio-economic study in 2014
View on the effects of Land
Development Planningtoward:There is an increase ofsocial problems in the local
community
Development projectgenerates income
households
Development project helps
participants / households
out of the poverty situation

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

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With closed questions, respondents must choose one of the available
answers, and no room is provided for further explanation or elaboration.
Using closed questions is useful when time is short and very specificinformation is required. Usually in this type of question use Likert Scale asbaseline for questionnaire.
Again, this type of question has advantages and disadvantages, as detailedin Table 3.
Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of closed questions
Advantages
Disadvantages
 Answers can be quickly Further analysis of closed
gathered, thus saving time.
questions can be difficult
because of the lack of Comparison of respondents’supplementary questions forand groups’ answers over time
respondents to elaborate on
is easy.
the reasons for their answer.
To avoid the disadvantages of this type of question, the interviewer could
ask further questions to explore respondents’ answers in more depth.

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Note 3 – Do & Don’t in Conducting Socio-Economic
InterviewsDo
1. Understand the projects background and objectives
2. Aware of questionnaire contents
3. Beware of languages
4. Proper attire or dress code (Formal, casual but most important neat,and clean)
5. Always SMILE
6. Use suitable, understandable and simpler words (layman terms)
7. When asking a question:a. Speak when respondent readyb. Control volume of voicec. Greet sincerely
d. Introduce yourself, show name tag with organization logo
e. Explain the purpose of the survey
f. Explain the importance of studyg. Inform respondent that information given is confidential
h. Ask only related question
8. Use supporting tools such as Likert Scale Card, Pictures, etc.
9. Be a good listener10.
Ask for permission before taking photo
11.
Give a door gift as token of appreciation
12.
End interview session with THANK YOU
Don’t
1. Don’t ask question if the respondent is not ready
2. Don’t ask respondent’s full name, to avoid respondent feeling
uncomfortable
3. Don’t force if people do not want to be interviewed, especially inhousehold survey
4. Don’t take an advantage to look around respondent’s house
5. Don’t force respondent to get an answer, especially on income. Askpolitely, instead.
6. Don’t ask for hand phone number, if not necessary.
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Note 4 – Conducting the survey
Before undertaking a survey, the following key steps should be followed.
Step 1: Preparation and scheduling of the survey work Preparation and scheduling of the survey work is essential for a
successful survey
 The work plan and time frame for completing the surveys should be
agreed with the team in advance.
 The roles and responsibilities of each team member should be clearly
defined.
 Data sheets and questionnaires must be prepared The team trained
Step 2: Ask permission and inform about the survey work Ask permission from the village head prior to carrying out any survey
 Ensure that the village has been informed and permission from thevillage head has been obtained sufficiently in advance of the survey
 If necessary, write letter to Local Authority (JAKOA, District Office,etc.), and Head of Villages
Step 3: Meeting with community If possible, a meeting with the community or at least the head of thevillage should take place at the start of the survey
 Introduce the survey team members
 Clearly and fully explain the survey, its purpose and how it will be
conducted

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Note 5 – Guidance for community meetings
Community meetings are vital to the success of surveys and it is important
to engage communities/villagers. Building community engagement takes
time and should not be forced or rushed. Socio-economic surveys andgroup discussions, if done correctly, can be a good way to begin building a
relationship with the community. Often information collected during socioeconomic surveys is personal in nature and even confidential, and it should
always be handled sensitively.
The guidance below will help to ensure that the community meeting gets
off to the best possible start.
1. Set the village hall as the meeting place, and schedule the meetingwith village leaders.
2. Start the meeting by:
 Introducing all the team members
 Explain the purpose and background of the study The role of the organization undertaking the survey work Ensure that the outputs of the survey work are clearly
explained and expectations are realistic
 Avoid making promises
3. Describe the activities and what will be achieved from this study.
 What will be provided to the community?
 How can the community participate?
 How can the community assist and advise the teamduring the study?
4. Explain to the community The importance of the study’s schedule and activities
 Check whether there are potential problems or conflicts
with local activities. Determine an acceptable schedule
for major activities.
5. Villages participation
 Invite the villagers to introduce themselves or theirvillage.
20 | P a g e Find out if villagers have time to participate in the survey
as needed, and when they have time to do it.
6. Recognize key informant
 Informal discussions may guide the survey team torecognize key informants, especially those who haveknowledge related to the study.
7. Check whether any community members feel unhappy about the
proposed activities. If so, explain any specific aspects that they findunacceptable. Be willing to accept specific bans and modify theapproach accordingly.
8. Close the meeting. Start planning survey activities based on theavailable options.

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Note 6 - Questionnaire

Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM)
52109, Kepong, Selangor
Dan

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Japan
KAJIAN KEPENTINGAN SOSIO-EKONOMI PENDUDUK TEMPATANSEKITAR KAWASAN HUTAN SIMPAN DAN HUTAN PERLINDUNGAN
TAMAN NEGARA, MELALUI KEPENGGUNAAN HUTAN SECARALESTARI DAN KONSERVASISocio-economic Study of The Local that Live Near The Adjecent of Forest
Reserve and National Park Protection Forest Through Sustainable Use of Forest
and Conservation
Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM) bersama Forestry and Forest
Products Research Institute (FFPRI) Japan sedang menjalankan survei ‘Kajian
Kepentingan Sosio-Ekonomi Penduduk Tempatan Sekitar Perlindungan Taman
Negara Melalui Kepenggunaan Hutan Secara Lestari dan Konservasi’. Survei ini
adalah sebahagian daripada kajian ‘Research on Development of Forest Carbon
Monitoring Methodologies for REDD+ in Peninsular Malaysia’. Tujuan survei ini
dijalankan adalah untuk mengumpul maklumat impak sosio-ekonomi penduduk
tempatan terhadap kepenggunaan kawasan hutan perlindungan Taman Negara.
Segala kerjasama di dahului dengan ucapan terima kasih. Segala kerjasama didahului dengan ucapan terima kasih.

Sebarang pertanyaan mengenai kajian ini, sila berhubung dengan Program Ekonomi & Analisa
Strategik, Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel:
03-62797547/62797000

RES -22 | P a g e

1. No sampel/ No of sample

Penemuramah/Interviewer: ______________

2. Nama Kampung/ Name of village
a. Kg. K. Tahan
f. Kg. Gusaib. Kg. Pagi
g. Kg. K. Koh
c. Kg. Bantalh. Kg. Merapoh
d. Kg. K.Sat
i. Kg. Gol
e. Kg. Mertingj. Lain-lain/ (others) __________________________ (nyatakan)/(please state)A)

Penggunaan sumber-sumber dan tanah hutan oleh ahli-ahli keluarga anda?
The usage of natural resources and forest land by you and your family?

1)
2)
3)
4)

Tanah untuk bercucuk tanam/ Agriculture
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Menangkap ikan/ Fishing
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Memburu binatang / Hunting animal
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Penghasilan pokok herba untuk perubatan
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Medicinal plants/herbs for medicine
Penghasilan rotan/ Rattan harvesting
1 = Ya/ Yes 2 = Tidak/ No
Sumber air untuk pertanian/ Water for agriculture 1 = Ya/ Yes 2 = Tidak/ No
Sumber bahan-bahan kraftangan/ Handcraft
1 = Ya/ Yes 2 = Tidak/ No
Penghasilan buah-buahan hutan/ Wild fruits
1 = Ya/ Yes 2 = Tidak/ No
Penghasilan buluh/ Bamboo harvesting
1 = Ya/ Yes 2 = Tidak/ No
Penghasilan madu lebah/ Honey
1 = Ya/ Yes 2 = Tidak/ No
Lain-Lain / Others____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
10)

B)

Sebagai penduduk tempatan, adakah masalah-masalah yang berikut
dihadapi oleh keluarga anda?
As local people, do the following problems faced by your family?

1)

Masalah hasil hutan yg. Berkurangan/
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Decrease in forest products
Masalah kekurangan tanah bercucuk tanam
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Shortage of farming land
Kekurangan tenaga pekerja/ Shortage of manpower 1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Masalah penyakit tanaman/ Crop diseases
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Hasil tanaman susah untuk dipasarkan
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Crop difficult to be marketed
Masalah sistem pengairan untuk tanaman
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Problem in crop irrigation system
Larangan menjalankan aktiviti pemungutan
hasil hutan
1 = Ya/Yes
2 = Tidak/ No
Prohibiton on collecting forest products
Lain-Lain / Others_____________________________________________________________

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

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C)

Pandangan terhadap projek konservasi/pemuliharaan Hutan Perlindungan
Taman Negara / Views on conservation projects/ Conservation of National Park
Protection Forest
1. Adakah saudara sedar akan kewujudan persekitaran taman negara
bersempadanan penempatan saudara?/ Are you aware with the existence of
National Parks?
a. Ya/ yes
b. Tidak/ No
2.

Adakah kewujudan persekitaran taman negara memberi kesan ke atas
kehidupan seharian saudara; samada kesan positif atau negatif? / Does theexistence of national parks have an impact on your daily life; either positive or negative
effects?
Sila catatkan
Kesan-Kesan
keterangan/
Sila tanda bahagian yang sesuai/ Please tick
Pembangunan/ulasan yang diberikan
Impact of
the suitable partsemasa temubual/
development
Comments
a. Tambah pendapatan/ Increase incomeb. Tambah pekerjaan/ Employementc. Pembangunan tempatan/ Local development
d. Tempat pelancongan/ Tourism
e. Kemahiran berkomunikasi/ Communication
C21. Kesan-kesan skills
f. Kemahiran berniaga &positif/ Positive
impacts
berurusniaga/ Business skill
g. Meningkatkan kemahiran kaum
wanita – menceburi industri
kecil/ Women skill- Small industry
h. Merperkenalkan kebudayaan
setempat/ Culturali. Lain-lain (nyatakan) / Others____________
a. Gangguan masyarakat luar/ Disturbance fromthe outsider
b. Kekurangan sumber pendapatan/ lack ofC22. Kesan-kesan income resourcesc. Kekurangan tanah untuk pertanian / land
negative/shortage for agricultural purposes
Negative impacts
d. Kekurangan ruang mencari hasil
hutan / prohibition in collecting forest productse. Lain-lain (nyatakan)/ others: _______
2. Secara umumnya, apakah pandangan/perasaan saudara mengenai kewujudanpersekitaran taman negara bersempadanan dengan penempatan saudara;adakah ianya sesuatu yang baik atau sebaliknya?
Generally, what is your views on the existence of a national park environment adjacent toyour housing areas, is it a good thing or not?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24 | P a g e

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Apakah pandangan saudara mengenai pelancongan/pelancong; dankemungkinan industri ini akan lebih berkembang pada masa hadapan
khususnya dipersekitaran taman negara ini?
What is your opinion on travel / tourist; and the industry will be more likely to grow in
the future, especially on the area nearby the park?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Adakah aktiviti pemuliharaan sumber hutan/sumber semulajadi sesuatu yangpenting bagi saudara? Nyatakan:
Does forest conservation / natural resources is crucial for you?Please state:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Pada pandangan saudara, dengan berkembangnya industri/aktiviti pelancongan
setempat; adakah ia akan memberi pulangan/keuntungan atau sebaliknya kepada
diri saudara sendiri dan juga komuniti secara umum?

In your point of view, is the development of industry / local tourist activities will
provide a return / profit or otherwise, to your own self and the community in general?
Individu/ Individual
Positif/Positive______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Negatif/Negative______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Komuniti/ Community
Positif/ Positive______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Negatif/ Negative______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

25 | P a g e

7. Adakah pihak berkuasa taman negara melibatkan saudara atau komuniti setempat
secara langsung dalam pembangunan taman negara diperingkat-peringkat tertentu(perancangan, pendidikan, maklumat/informasi & sebagainya?
Does the national park authorities involve you or local communities directly in parkdevelopment on specific stages (planning, education, information / information & others?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
D)

Pandangan terhadap penggunaan kawasan Hutan Perlindungan Taman
Negara dengan bijaksana mengikut keutamaan bagi setiap penggunaanseperti yang berikut:
Views on the usage of Protection Forest National Park according topriority as follows:

1. Pemeliharaan (Dibiarkan secara semulajadi)/
Conservation (Left naturally)
2. Pembangunan eko-pelancongan/ Development of
eco-tourism
3. Pembalakan dan menanam semula dgn sistemetik/
Logging and replanting with systematic
4. Dibuka semula utk pembangunan pertanian/
Reopened for agricultural development

Pilihan mengikut keutamaan/
Choice of priority
1
2
3
4
1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

E)

Kedudukan ahli-ahli isi rumah (iaitu ahli keluarga yang tinggal bersama) di
kampung ini/ The members of the households (ie family members living
together) in the village.

1.

Jumlah ahli keluarga yang tinggal bersama/ Number of family members living
together _______________________
Bilangan ahli keluarga yang bekerja/ Number of family members working___________________
Bilangan ahli keluarga yang bergantung kepada ahli lain/ Number of dependent
family member to other members ___________
Bilangan ahli keluarga yang mengganggur/ The number of jobless family members_______________________
Bilangan ahli keluarga berhijrah/ Number of family members migrated___________________
Bangsa (Sila nyatakan)/Race (please state) _____________________
Kawasan tanah pertanian dimiliki oleh keluarga/ The area of agricultural land
owned by the family :a. Luas tanah asal yang dimiliki / Land area owned _____________________ ekar/acres
b. Jenis tanaman yang diusahakan (Mengikut keutamaan) /Types of crops
cultivated (by priority)

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

26 | P a g e

1. Padi/Paddy

2. Getah /Rubber

4. Tnm. Kontan/ Cash crops(nyatakan)/Others (please state)

3. Dusun/Garden

5. K. Sawit/ Oil palm

6. Lain-lain________________________
8. Maklumat tanaman di atas:/ Information on the crop above:
Bil.
Bil

Jenis tanaman
Type of crop

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Padi / Paddy
Getah/ Rubber
Dusun/ Garden
Tanaman kontan/ Cash crops
Kelapa sawit/ Oil palm
Lain-lain (nyatakan)/ Others(please state)

Umur tanaman
sekarangAge of crop

Luas (ekar)
Area (acre)

Jumlah luas/Total areaF) Status pekerjaan ahli-ahli Isirumah yang bekerja
Employment status of working household member
(F1)
Ahli/
Membe
r

(F2)
Umur
/
Age

(F3)
Jantina/Sex
1 = L/M
2 = P/F(F4)
Pencapaian
Pendidikan/
Educationachievement
0=Tiada/None
1=Sek.
Ren(Primaryschool)2=Sek
Men(Secondar
y school)
3=Tkt 6(Form6)
4=Kolej &U/Collegue &
U)

(F5)
Taraf
Perkahwinan/Status1=Bujang/Sin
gle
2=Berkahwin/Married
3=Duda/janda/Divorced(F6)
Pekerjaan
Utama/Main job
1= Pencari hasil
hutan/Seekers
of forest
2= Penanam
padi/Paddy
farmer3= Bertani
dusun/Garden
farmer4= Penoreh getah/Rubber tapper
5= Penanam sayur/Farmer
6= Pekerja
kontrak/Contract
workers

7=
Berniaga/Business
8.=
Kerajaan/Govern
ment______________
9= Swasta/Private______________(F7)
StatusPekerjaan/Employment
status1=Majikan/
Employer2=Pekerja/
Employee
3=Kerja
sdr/Freelance(F8)
Pekerjaan
Sekunder/Secondary
employment(sambilan)(part time)4=Pekerja
keluarga
tanpa upah
/ Employee
familywithout
wages

27 | P a g e

10=Pesara/Retired
11= Surirumah/Housewife
12= Lainlain/Others______________

Beker
ja/W
orkin
g
1
(ketu
a)(Le
ader)
2
3
4
5
6
Tak
Kerja
/Joble
ss
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102

28 | P a g e

PENGGUNAAN SUMBER-SUMBER EKOSISTEM HUTAN SIMPANDAN KAWASAN SEKITAR & HUTAN PERLINDUNGAN TAMANNEGARA, 2013
USE OF FOREST RESERVED ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES AND RESPECTIVE
AREAS & FORESTS PRESERVED NATIONAL PARK, 2013
G) Penghasilan sumber bukan kayu (Non-timber Forest Products)
1.

2.
4.
5.

Jenis hasil /Type of product 1=rotan/Rattan 2=buluh/Bamboo 3=bahan
kraftangan /Crafts materials 4= Keranji /Black velvet 5=petai /Bitter beans
6=ubatan/Medicines 7=madu/Honey 8= Lain- lain/others:_______________________
Tahun berapa terlibat/ Year involved:___________
Kekerapan masuk hutan (2013)/ Frequency enter forest:_____(trip/bulan)/(trip/month) _____( bulan/setahun) /(month/years)
Jenis spesis yang diambil/ Type of species taken
1. Rotan/ Rattan___________ ___________ ___________ _____________
2. Buluh/ Bamboo___________ ___________ ___________ _____________
3. Bhn. Kraftangan/ Crafts materials __________________ ________________________
4. Keranji/ Black velvet___________ ___________ ________________________
5. Petai /Bitter beans ___________ ___________ ___________ _____________
6. Ubatan/ Medicines ___________ ___________ ___________ _____________
7. Madu /honey___________ ___________ ___________ _____________
8. ___________________ ___________ ___________ _____________

6. Maklumat pungutan hasil untuk semua spesis/ Information on revenue of collection
for all species
Bil/
Bil

Jenis spesies
dipungut/
Species collected

1.
2.
3.

Rotan/ Rattan
Buluh/Bamboo
Bahan
kraftangan/
Crafts materials
Keranji/ Black

4.

Kekerapan
dipungut
sebulan/Frequency
collected in
the monthJumlah hasil
dipungut per trip
(nyatakan unit samaada dalam kg,
bilangan, batang,dll)/
Total revenue collected
per trip(indicate whether units
in kg, number, trunk,etc.

Lokasi/
Location

Jarak
(km)/
Distance(km)

29 | P a g e

5.
6.
7.

velvetPetai/ Bitter
beans
Pokok ubatan/
Medicine plants
Madu/Honey7. Nyatakan alatan yang dibawa/digunakan (kos tetap)/ Specify tools brought / used
(fixed costs)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Jenis alatan/
Bilangan
Harga beli
Jangkahayat
Type of equipment
Unit
(RM)
(tahun)Price(RM)
Lifespan (years)
1. ____________________________ _______________________
2. ____________________________ _______________________
3. ____________________________ _______________________
4. ____________________________ _______________________
8.

Lain-lain kos terlibat (makanan, kos luar jangka): RM ______________
Other related costs (food, contingency cost): RM _________________

9.

Jumlah pengambilan hasil/trip/bulan (unit)/
Total revenue intake / trip / month (units)
1. Rotan/ Rattan ___________ 2. Buluh/ Bamboo ___________ 3. Bhn.
Kraftangan/ Crafts materials ______
4. Keranji/ Black velvet ___________ 5. Petai/ Bitter beans ____________ 6.
Ubatan/ Medicine ______________
7. Madu/Honey __________ 8. ______________
9. _______________
Jenis kenderaan yang digunakan :/ Types of vehicles used________________________________
Lokasi pengambilan hasil/ Location of sample taken(a)(b)
TempatJarak dr tempat(Htn. Simpan, Tnh. Kerajaan,
tempat tinggal (km)T. Negara atau Hakmilik)

10.
11.

Place
(Conserved Forest,. Government LandCountry Land or Preseved Land)

Distance from residence (km)1. Rotan/ Rattan___________________________
2. Buluh/ Bamboo___________________________
3. Bhn. Kraftangan/ Crafts materials ______________________________________________________________

30 | P a g e

4. Keranji/ Black velvet________________________________________
5. Petai / Bitter beans ________________________________________
6. Ubatan/ Medicine ________________________________________
7. Madu/Honey________________________________________
8. ________________________________________________
9. ________________________________________________
12.

Bilangan pekerja yang terlibat untuk satu-satu trip/ The number of employees
involved for a trip
1. Ahli keluarga/ Family members____________________ orang/person
2. Bukan ahli keluarga/Non Family members ____________________ orang/ person

13.

Jika bukan ahli keluarga berapakah upah yang dibayar untuk satu-satu
trip:RM __________________ / seorang
Wages paid if not family members per trip : RM __________________ / person
Jangkamasa kerja ketika pengambilan hasil (untuk setiap trip)/
Duration of work during sample collecion (per trip)
1. Masuk hutan (jam) / In forest (hours)_______________
2. Keluar hutan (jam) Out forest (hours)_______________
1=Ya/Yes 2=Tidak/No
Adakah anda memproses sendiri hasil yang diambil:
Do you process the result taken by yourself:
Jika ‘tidak’ dimanakah ianya dijual dan purata harga jualan (ex-farm)
If 'no' where is it sold and the average selling price (ex-farm)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Jenis NTFP
Lokasi jualan dan jarak Harga jualan
Cara(Nama syarikat)(RM)/unit
jualanType of NTFP
Location of sale and distancePrice
Method of sales(Name of company)(RM)/Unit

14.

15.
16.

___________________________________________
17.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jika dihantar sendiri, nyatakan jenis kenderaan yang digunakan dan
jumlah pekerja yang terlibat (16d):/ If delivered by hand, specify type of vehicle usedand no. of worker involved:a. Jenis kenderaan/ Type of Vehicle: ____________________b. __________________
orang/person

31 | P a g e

18.
Jika ianya diproses sendiri, apakah nama produk yang dikeluarkan:/ If it isprocessed itself, named the products(a)Nama produk/
Name of Products
1. _______________
2._______________
3. _______________
4. _______________(d)Kekerapan menjual
hari/minggu
Selling Frequency____________________________________________________________________________(b)
Lokasi jualan/ Location(Pasar malam, pasar tani, ..)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________(e)Jumlah pengeluaran
unit/bulan
Total production________________________________________________________________________________(c)
Harga jualan/ Price(RM/unit)____________________________________________________________(f)Jumlah jualan/bulan(unit)
Total sales/ month____________________________________________________________________________(g)
Kos pembuatan/ Manufacturing cost
(RM/unit)____________________________________________________________________________
H)
1.

Penglibatan penduduk dalam aktiviti eko-pelancongan
Local involvement in ecotourism activities
Adakah saudara atau ahli keluarga terlibat dalam aktiviti pelancongan
Do you or a family member are involved in tourism activitiesa) Restoranb) Chaletc) Homestayd) Kedai runcit/Grocerye)Pemandu bot/ Boatmanf) Pemandu pelancong/tourguideg) Lain-lain (nyatakan)Others ________________________

2.

Adakah terdapat perbezaan dari segi pendapatan isirumah pada tahun 80
an berbanding sekarang/ Is there a difference in terms of household income in the 80s
than it is now
a1. pendapatan meningkat,Income increase ______ %a2. pendapatan menurun, income decrease ______ %a3. pendapatan tidak berubah, no changes

3.

Adakah berhasrat menceburi bidang yang bersangkutan dengan sektor
sokongan kepada sektor pelancongan (spt: berniaga kecilan, mengusahakanhomestay, pemandu pelancong & pembekal)/ Do intend to venture into the field
32 | P a g e

related to the support for the tourism sector (eg: business scale, doing homestays, guides& suppliers)a) Ya/ Yesb) Tidak/ No
4.

Faktor penghalang (jika berkaitan)/ Restraining factors
a1. masalah modal/ capital problems a2. masalah peluang/ Chances
a3. Lain-lain (nyatakan)Others _____________________________

5.

Komen dan cadangan: Kaedah untuk membantu meningkatkan sosio-ekonomi
penduduk melalui pembangunan eko-pelancongan sekitar Taman Negara.
Comments and suggestions: Methods to help improve the socio-economic population
through the development of eco-tourism around National Park.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I)

Pengusaha Tanaman Kontan/ Cash crop/agriculture/ Farming

1.
2.

Tahun mulai menjadi peladang /Since when become farmer= 19____Jenis Tanaman/ type of crops 1= Lada/ Chili 2=Jagung/corn 3=Terong /eggplants 4= Lain-lain/others:___________
Purata keluaran sehari / Average products per day (kg)=_____
Purata harga keluaran sehari/Av. product price per day (RM) 1Kg =_____
Purata hari kerja sebulan/ Average working days per month =_____
Kos tetap/ Fixed costa1. (Water pump) Harga dibeli(Price) RM___
a2.Jangka umur/life span____tahun/Yearb1. (Power spray) Harga dibeli(Price) RM___
b2.Jangka umur/life span____tahun/Yearc1. (Pam galas) Harga dibeli(Price) RM___
c2.Jangka umur/life span____tahun/Year
d1. (Kayu ‘penyokong)Harga dibeli(Price) RM___
d2.Jangka umur/life span____tahun/Yeare1. (Lain -lain) Harga dibeli(Price) RM___
e2.Jangka umur/life span____tahun/Year

3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

Kos semasa / Current costa. (Upah membajak) Belanja/musimRM______ (Plowing)b. (Petrol) Belanja sehari
RM______ (Petrol)b. (Upah pekerja) Belanja sehari RM______ (workers wages)c. (Racun) Belanja sebulan
RM______ (pesticides)d. (Benih)
RM______ (Seeds)e. (Lain-lain)
RM______ (Others)

33 | P a g e

J)Pesawah Padi / Paddy farmer

1.

Jenis pesawah/Type of farmer
1a=Tanah sendiri/ Own land
1b=Tanah sewa/pajakan/ Rented land
Luas kawasan dikerjakan/ Total area of land = ________ekar/ acre
Berapa tahun sudah bersawah/ How many years involve =______tahun
Subsidi diterima 2013/ Subsidies recreived=______
Keluaran musim 2013/ Production per season=______ kg/tan
Kos operasi satu musim/ Operation cost per seasona.
Sewa/Pajak / rent or lease per season
RM________b.
Upah membajak/ plower wages (mesin-3 kali)
RM________
c.
Beli benih/seeds ________/bag x____bag
RM________d.
Beli racun rumput/herbacideRM ____/liter x ___ liter RM________
e.
Beli racun serangga/pesticides
RM________
f.
Beli baja (tambahan)/ fertilizer
RM________g.
Upah menuai/ harvester wages per day
RM________h.
Lain-lain/ Others
RM________

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

Anggaran pendapatan/ Estimated incomea.

K)

Harga jualan / Sales price RM___________/tan

Penoreh getah/ Rubber tapper

1.
Jenis pesawah/Type of farmer
1a=Tanah sendiri/ Own land 1b=Tanah sewa/pajakan/ Rented land
2.
Luas kawasan dikerjakan/ Total area of land = ________ekar/ acre3.
Berapa tahun sudah bersawah/ How many years involve =______tahun
4.
Subsidi diterima 2013/ Subsidies recreived=______
5.
Keluaran musim 2013/ Production per season=______ kg/tan
6.
Kos operasi satu musim/ Operation cost per seasona.
Sewa/Pajak / rent or lease per season
RM________b.
Upah membajak/ plower wages (mesin-3 kali)
RM________
c.
Beli benih/seeds ________/bag x____bag
RM________d.
Beli racun rumput/herbacideRM ____/liter x ___ liter RM________
e.
Beli racun serangga/pesticides
RM________
f.
Beli baja (tambahan)/ fertilizer
RM________g.
Upah menuai/ harvester wages per day
RM________h.
Lain-lain/ Others
RM________
7.

Anggaran pendapatan/ Estimated income

Harga jualan / Sales price RM___________/tan

34 | P a g e

L)Pengusaha Ladang Kelapa Sawit

1.
2.
3.
4.
6.

8.

Luas kawasan dikerjakan/ Total area of land = ________ekar/ acre
Berapa tahun sudah bersawah/ How many years involve =______tahun/Years
Hasil keluaran2013 / Production 2013=_________tan/bulan
Hasil diterima 2013/ revenue 2013 =RM_________/tan
a. Kos penanaman (penyediaan tanah & anak pokok) = RM____
Cultivation cost (Land preparations and seedling)b. Tahun ditanam/ planted year _________
Kos operasi purata 2013/ Operation cost 2013a.
Merumput/weeding
RM_________b.
Beli racun/ pesticides
RM_________c.
Meracun/ cost positioning
RM_________d.
Beli baja/ fertilizer
RM_________e.
Membaja/ cost fertilizing
RM_________f.
Memetik buah / Picking fruit
RM_________
g.
Mengangkut hasil/ Transportation of fruit
RM_________h.
Lain-lain/ others
RM_________
Subsidi diterima 2013/ subsidies received 2013 =RM__________

M)

Pengusaha dusun/ Orchard

7.

(i) Dalam kawasan hutan simpan / Forest reserve land(ii) Luar kawasan hutan simpan/ Outside forest reserve
1. Jenis spesis tanaman & harga jual (RM/kg)- Type of species and sales price____________________ RM ______ kg , ______________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ______________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ______________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ______________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ______________________ RM _______ kg
2. Kos operasi satu musim/ Operation cost per seasona.
Bayaran permit/ permit fee
RM________/musimb.
Alatan kerja/ Tools
RM________
c.
Beli racun rumput / Herbecides RM ____/liter x ___ liter RM________d.
Beli racun serangga/ Pesticides
RM________
e.
Beli baja (tambahan)/ Fertilizer
RM________g.
Lain-lain/ Others
RM________
3. Anggaran pendapatan/ Estimated incomea.
Harga jualan RM ____________/kg (Price sales)b.
Anggaran hasil_____________/kg semusim (Estimated Product per season)
35 | P a g e

4. Jenis kenderaan yang digunakan/ type of vehicle :_________________
5. Lokasi pengambilan hasil/ Locationa) Tempat (nyatakan):____________________________ (Specify name of place)b) Jarak dari tempat tinggal ______________________ km (Distance from home)
6. Pekerja yang terlibat untuk satu-satu trip/ No. Of workers per trips
a. Ahli keluarga/family members____________orang/personb. Bukan ahli keluarga/non-family members____________orang/person
7.

N)

Jika bukan ahli keluarga berapakah upah yang dibayar untuk satu-satu trip:
If non-family members, how much is their wages per trip
RM __________________ / seorang/person

Nelayan Tasik/Sungai
1. Jenis spesis tangkapan & harga jual (RM/kg) /Species of catches and Price if sell____________________ RM ______ kg , ________________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ________________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ________________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ________________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ________________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ________________________ RM _______ kg____________________ RM ______ kg , ________________________ RM _______ kg

2.

Jenis alat tangkapan yang digunakan/ Type of tools useda) Selambau b). Pukat, jenis (nyatakan)___________________________c.) Jalad). Pancinge) Lain-lain _______________________ (nyatakan)

3. Kos alatan /Cost of toolsa.
Selambau termasuk rumah/pondok (selambau include floating hunt)
a1. harga bina RM________
a2. jangka umur _______ thn(Building cost)(Lifespan)b.
Pukat/trawl b1. harga beli (Price) RM________
b2. Jangka umur (Lifespan)_________ bulan @ tahunc.
Jala/net
c1. harga beli (Price)RM ________
c2. jangka umur (Lifespan) __________ bulan @ tahun
36 | P a g e

d.

Pancing(Fishing rod)

d1. harga beli(price) RM _________
d2. jangka umur(Lifespan) ___________bulan @ tahun

4. Jumlah pengambilan hasil _________________ kg/trip/bulan(Number of catches)
5. Jenis kenderaan yang digunakan :______________________(Mode of transportation)
6. Lokasi pengambilan hasil (Fishing location)a. Tempat (Htn. Simpan, Tnh. Kerajaan atau Hakmilik):__________
Location (PRF/Stateland/Alienated land)b. Jarak dari tempat tinggal __________________ km(Distance from house)
7. Bilangan pekerja yang terlibat untuk satu trip (Number of workers per trip)
1. Ahli keluarga (Family)____________________ orang
2. Bukan ahli keluarga (Non-family)____________________ orang
8. Jika bukan ahli keluarga berapakah upah yang dibayar untuk satu-satu trip:(If non-family, how much the wages per trip)
RM __________________ / seorang (person)
9. Jangkamasa kerja ketika pengambilan hasil (untuk setiap trip)(Fishing duration per trip)
1. Keluar menangkap ikan (Time start) (jam)_______________
2. Balik (Time end) (jam)_______________O)

SUMBER-SUMBER PENDAPATAN PURATA BULANANSEMUA AHLI ISIRUMAH (IAITU SEMUA PENDAPATAN
AHLI-AHLI YANG TINGGAL BERSAMA SAHAJA).
(Average household monthly income sources )Pendapatan Tunai(Cash income)1.

Makan gaji
(Received
Salary)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

2.

Hasil jualan/ (a)kerja sendiri (b)Purata Pendapatan Sebulan Bagi 2013
(Average monthly income for 2013)
Kerja resort (Resort) RM________Sebulan/month
Pekerja kilang lain (Factory)RM_____Sebulan
Kakitangan kerajaan (Gov)RM_________Sebulan
Kakitangan swasta (Private)RM________ sebulan
Pekerja kontrak (Contract) RM________Sebulan
Lain-lain (Others) RM_________Sebulan
Mencari hasil hutan (forest resources) RM_____Sebulan
Jualan hasil kraftangan (handcraft)RM______Sebulan
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Bussines

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)

Pengusaha chalet (Chalet operator) RM _____sebulan
Pengusaha homestay(homestay operator RM___sebulan
Pemandu bot (Boatman) RM _____sebulan
Pemandu pelancong (tourguide)RM_____sebulan
Kedai runcit/makan(grocery/restaurant)RM___sebulan
Berniaga (bussines) RM______________sebulan
Lain-lain (others)
RM______________Sebulan

3.

Hasil Pertanian (setelah tolak kos)
Agriculture (a)Penanam tanaman kontan (cashcrop)RM____Sebulan(b)Tanaman padi (paddy)RM______________Sebulan(c)Penoreh getah (rubber tapper)RM_______Sebulan(d)Pengusaha kelapa sawit (oilpalm)RM_______Sebulan(e)Hasil dusun(orchard) RM______________Sebulan(f)Menghasil ikan (fisherman)RM_________ Sebulan(g)Hasil ternakan(cattles)RM______________ Sebulan(h)Lain-lain(others)
RM______________Sebulan

4.

Kiriman wang oleh ahli keluarga yang bekerja di tempat lain.
(Remittances from family members)
RM______________Sebulan/Month
Lain-lain pendapatan (berniaga, bonus, sewa, faedah dan lain-lain)(Others income sources (bussiness, bonus, rent, interest, etc.)
RM______________Sebulan/Month5.

Pendapatan Bukan Tunai. (Inkind income)
6.

Makanan ikan / udang / ketam yang dihasilkanRM ______________
Food catches (fish, shrimp, crab)(Nilai wang jika beli di pasar tolak kos) /Price if we sale, deducted cost

7.

Makanan dari hasil tanaman / ternakan
RM ______________(Food from rearing/ own farm)(Nilai wang jika beli di pasar tolak kos) /Price if we sale, deducted cost8.

Tinggal di rumah sendiri (Live own house)(Nilai bulanan jika di sewa)/Value if rented

9.

Guna air bukit/perigi (well/hill water supply) RM______________(Nilai wang jika guna saluran paip kerajaan)/price if piped(2-4 orang =RM10, 5-8=RM15, >8=RM20)

10.

Lain-lain(others)

RM

RM___________________________

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P)Pemilikan Harta Isirumah (household property ownership)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

Kereta/Car
Motorsikal/Motocycle
Radio
T.V
Video
Astro
Peti sejuk/Referigerator
Mesin basuh/ washing machine
Telefon/telephone
Telefon bimbit/ handphone
Kipas eletrik/electric fan
Bot/boat

1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No
1 = Ada/Yes 0 = Tiada/No

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Note 7 – Using SPSS software
1.0

GETTING STARTED WITH SPSSThe SPSS package is a powerful and user-friendly statistical analysis tool . It provides
a simple point and click or drag interface for statistical analysis. It has a DATAEDITOR, which is a spreadsheet that allows you to enter data easily. Statisticalanalysis results are displayed in the OUTPUT window and tables and charts can becopied and paste easily into other programs such as Word or Power-point for
documents and presentations.

To start SPSS, left click on the Start button (at the lower left corner), select Programs,
SPSS for Windows and SPSS 18.0 for Windows.
The SPSS windows dialogue appears and provides a list of tasks that you can do.By
default, the task is set as “Opening an existing data source”.

Click on the OK button and the Open Data dialogue box appears and provides a listof available SPSS data sets in the SPSS folder.

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Select required data example the “TRAINING “ from the list of SPSS files and clickon the Open button. If the data is save in SPSS format, it will appear extension“.sav”.

The DATA EDITOR and the OUTPUT windows will appear. Select the DATAEDITOR window.

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At the top right corner of the DATA EDITOR window, there are three buttons for thefollowing tasks:
Minimize

Left button with a dash (-)

Maximize

Middle button with a square ()Close

Right button with a cross (x)Maximize the data window by clicking on the middle button with a square.

You can now get a full view of the data in the Employee data file.
SPSS data files are saved with the extension “.sav’

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The SPSS main windows are listed below:
Data Editor
Output Viewer

Pivot Table Editor
Chart Editor
Text Output Editor
Syntax Editor
Script Editor

A spreadsheet for defining variables, entering and editing
data.
Displays statistical results, tables and charts.
Output can be saved as an output file for later use.
Output can be copied and paste into other programs such as
Word and Power-point.
Output displayed in tables can be edited. Rows and column
can be interchanged.
Charts can be edited. Allows changes such as colour, font andchart types.
Allows text in output viewer to be edited.
Allows saving SPSS syntax and running syntax commands
during an SPSS session.
Allows advanced users to customize and automate SPSS tasks
by creating and modifying scripts within the program.

The DATA EDITOR allows you to define variables, enter or edit data easily.
At the left bottom corner of the DATA EDITOR window, there are the Data View
and the Variable View tabs.

To viewdata
To view information
on variables

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Click on the Variable View tab and information such as variable name, type, label
and declaration of missing values are displayed.

Variable
Name

VariableType

Variable
Value

Variable
MeasureClick on the Data View tab to return to the DATA EDITOR Window.

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The File menu in DATA EDITOR has a list of tasks such as creating New (Data,
Syntax, Output or Script), Open (Data, Syntax, Output or Script), Close, Save, Save
As (to different location), Export to Database (dBase, Excel or MS Access), andlisting of Recently Used Data or Recently Used Files.

The Edit menu provides tasks such as Cut, Copy, Paste, Clear, Insert Cases, Insert
Variable, Find (to find data for a particular variable), Go to Case (to locate certain
Case Numbers or observations) and Options (to change default settings)

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The View menu allows changing the font style, remove grid lines and display
variables or value labels for coded variables (such as f = Female, m = Male).

The Data menu provides a list of tasks such as Copy Data Properties (copy selectedvariable and data from other data sets), Sort Cases, Merge Files, Split File andSelect Cases.

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The Transform menu allows you to Compute (create new variables such as sum,ratio or log), Recode, Automatic Recode (recode several variables at once), Visual
Binning (create bins for interval variables), Rank Cases and Replace Missing
Values.

The Analyze menu provides a list of statistical analysis such as Descriptive Statistics(frequencies and cross-tabulations), Compare Means (Independent-Samples T-test,
Paired-Samples T-test, ANOVA), General Linear Model, Correlation, Regression
and Non-parametric Tests.

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The Graph menu enables you to create bar charts, pie charts, line charts, boxplots
and histogram using Chart Builder, Interactive or Legacy Dialogs.

The Help menu allows you to search information under Topics, learn more on how
to use SPSS using Tutorial, Case Studies or Statistics Coach.

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2.0

CREATING SPSS DATA FILESThe SPSS DATA EDITOR is a spreadsheet that allows you to enter data easily.
Click on the File menu, select New and Data and the SPSS DATA EDITOR window
appears. The Untitled1[DataSet] at the top left corner indicates that this is a new fileand no filename has been given.

Click on Variable View tab to define the variables.
To define the first variable (i.e. gender), left click on the first column in the first row
under the Name column and type in gender.

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Move the cursor using the left arrow  on the keyboard to the Type column.
Since gender is coded as “1” and “2”, it can be declared as Numeric. If gender iscoded as “m’ and “f” then you will need to select String. Use the default Numeric
type and click on OK.

We will use the default setting for Width.

In the Decimals columns, the default decimal place is 2. Decrease the decimal to zeroas gender is a categorical variable and not measured on a continuous scale. Move thecursor using the left arrow  on the keyboard to the Label column and type gender.
Next, move the cursor using the left arrow  on the keyboard to the Values column.
Click on the small grey square button and the Value Labels dialogue window
appears. Type 1 in the Value box. Next, type male in the Label box and click on Add
button.

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1. Right Click
Values column
2. Type “1” &Label as Male

3. Click Add

Repeat and Type 2 in the Value box.
Then, type female in the Label box and click on Add and OK

4. After Done Add
Values, Click OK

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Continue defining the other variables as listed below.

2.1

Name

Type

Label

Valuesgendernumeric

Genderage

numericAge

1=male2=female
1=21-30
2=31-40
3=41-50
4=above 50
0=Tiada
1=Sek Ren
2=Sek Men
3=Tgkt 6
4=Kolej &U

education numeric

Education attainment

A1

numeric

Land for agriculture

A2

numeric

Fishing

A3

numeric

Animal hunting

A4

numeric

Herbs for medicine

A5

numeric

Rattan harvesting

A6

numeric

Water supply for agriculture

A7

numeric

Forest resources forhandcraft

A8

numeric

Wildfruit harvesting

A9

numeric

Bamboo harvesting

A10

numeric

Honey harvesting

1=Yes
0=No

Defining Variables Rules

Must begin with a letterCannot end with a full stop or underscore

Blanks, space and special characters (such as ?. “.!, *) cannot be used.

Duplication of variable names is not allowed.

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The Variable View window with all variables defined is shown below:

Click on the Data View button at the lower left corner to get back to the DATAEDITOR window.
Enter the data for the first five respondents as shown below:

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Click on the File menu and select Save As.
The Save Data As dialogue window appears
Under Save in, select the location (or folder) where you want to save your file byclicking on the down arrow .

Type in survey in the File name box below the list of SPSS data files.
By default, the Save As type is SPSS (*.sav) for SPSS data file.
In this example, the survey.sav data is saved in the FRIM folder.

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2.2

Importing Excel Files

This section illustrates how to import Excel data files into SPSS.
Go to the File menu, select Open and Data.

From the Open Data dialogue window, under Look in, click on the down arrow and select the folder FRIM.
Next, under File of type, click on the down arrow  and select Excel (.*xls).

Select the WORKSHOP.xls data in Excel format and click Open.
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In the Opening Data Source dialogue window, under Worksheet window, click thedown arrow  and three Excel worksheets will be displayed. Select the firstworksheet WORKSHOP ([A1:M1].

Click OK and the data appears in the SPSS DATA EDITOR window.
Click on the File menu, select Save As. In the Save As In dialogue window, under
File name, type in WORKSHOP1 and click Save.

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Repeat the whole process and import in the second Excel worksheet and save it as
WORKSHOP2.

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This section illustrates how to merge three SPSS data file into one file.

Open the WORKSHOP1 SPSS data file using File, Open Data. From the Data menu,
select Merge files and Add Cases. In the dialogue window Add cases to
WORKSHOP1, under An Open data set, select WORKSHOP2 and click Continue.
Note that you will have to click on the An External SPSS data file button and
Browse to locate WORKSHOP2 if it is not an open data set.

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In the Add Cases from WORKSHOP2 dialogue window, make sure that all thevariables are listed in the Variables in Active data set box. Click OK and the 73
observations in WORKSHOP2 will be included into the WORKSHOP1 SPSS data
set.

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Click on File, select Save As and and type WORKSHOP_merge in the File Name box.
This SPSS data set contains observations from all three data sets.

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3.0

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND CREATING CHARTS

Quantitative analysis should always start with some descriptive statistics and charts
before moving on to inferential statistics which involves modeling and hypothesis
testing. Simple descriptive statistics involve reporting the mean or median andstandard deviation of continuous variables, and the frequency distribution andpercentages for categorical variables. Charts are informative visual aids forsummarizing results and makes report looks interesting.

3.1 Descriptive Statistics
This section illutrates obtaining frequency distribution for catregorical variables anddescriptive statistics for continuous variables using SPSS.

3.1.1 Obtaining frequency distribution
Open the orangasli.sav file
Click on Analyze and select Descriptive Statistics and then Frequencies.
.

.
The Frequencies dialogue box appears. Select the variable “Name of Village” andclick on the middle button  to move it to the Variable(s) box.
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The SPSS output is shown below:
Statistics
Name of village
N

Valid

239

Missing

0

Kg
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

1 Sg Raba

78

32.6

32.6

32.6

2 Sg Banun

39

16.3

16.3

49.0

4 Desa Permai

52

21.8

21.8

70.7

5 Desa Damai

42

17.6

17.6

88.3

6 Ria

28

11.7

11.7

100.0

Total

239

100.0

100.0

Note that since there are no missing values the Percent and Valid Percent values are
the same.

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3.1.2 Descriptive statistics
Open the Employee Data.sav file
Click on Analyze and select Descriptive Statistics and then Descriptives.
In the Descriptives window, select teh variable ‘salary’ and ‘salbegin’ and move theminto the Variable(s) box.

Click on the Options tab and the Descritive:Options dialogue window appears.
By default the boxes for Mean, Std. Deviation, Minimum and Maximum are alreadychecked. Under Distribution, click on the Skewness and Kurtosis boxes.
Then, click Continue and OK.
The descriptive statistics results will appear in the OUTPUT window.

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3.2

Creating Pie Charts

Click on the Charts button. Select Pie Chart. Under Chart Value, then selectPercentage.

Click on Continue and then OK.
The pie chart will appear in the OUTPUT window.

Double click on the pie-chart to activate the Chart editor

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Double click again on the pie chart in the Chart Editor window and the Properties
dialogue box appears. Click on Depth & Angle.

Click on the 3-D radio button.Then, click on Apply and Close.

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Double click on the 3-D pie-chart. From the Elements menu select Data Label Modeand click on each slice of the pie-chart to put in the percentage value.

Click on Elements and Data Label Mode again to switch off the Data Label Mode.

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Click on the Minimize button to return to the Output window. You have now
created a 3-D pie-chart with percentage values for each segment.

3.3

Creating Bar Charts

Click on Graphs, select Legacy Dialogs and Bar.

The Bar Charts dialogue window appears. Click on Simple and under Data in Chart
use the default “Summaries for groups of cases”. Click on Define.
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In the Define Simple Bar:Summaries for Groups of Cases, select Gender and moveit to the Category Axis box. Click on the % of cases radio button and then click OK.

The simple bar chart for gender will appear in the OUTPUT window.

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To create a 3-D simple bar chart, double click on the bar chart and the Chart Editor
window appears. Double click on one of the bars and from the Properties dialoguebox, click on Depth & Angle. Click on the 3-D radio button and then click Apply.

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The 2-D simple bar chart changes to a 3-D chart. Click on Elements and select Data
Label Mode.

Click on each of the bar and the percentage value will appear.

Close the Chart Editor window by clicking on the Minimize button. to view the 3-D
bar chart in the OUTPUT window.
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You can click on the bar chart in the Output window to select it.
Then, click on the Edit menu, select Copy and Paste the bar chart into a Word
document or power-point slide.

3.4

Creating Clustered Bar Charts

Click on Graphs, select Legacy Dialogs and Bar.
The Bar Charts dialogue window appears. Click on Clustered and under Data in
Chart use the default “Summaries for groups of cases”. Click on Define.

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In the Define Clustered Bar:Summaries for Groups of Cases, select Marital Status
and move it to the Category Axis box. Then, select Gender and move it to the Define
Clusters by box. Click on the % of cases radio button and then click OK.

The clustered bar chart for gender clustered by marital status appears in the
OUTPUT window.

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To create a 3-D clustered bar chart, double click on the bar chart and the Chart Editor
window appears. Double click on one of the bars and from the Properties dialoguebox, click on Depth & Angle. Click on the 3-D radio button and then click Apply.

The 2-D simple bar chart changes to a 3-D chart. Click on Elements and select Data
Label Mode.

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Click on each of the bar and the percentage value will appear.

Close the Chart Editor window by clicking on the Minimize button to view the 3-D
bar chart in the OUTPUT window

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3.5

Creating Stacked Bar Charts

Click on Graphs, select Legacy Dialogs and Bar.
The Bar Charts dialogue window appears. Click on Stacked and use the default“Summaries for groups of cases”. Click on Define.

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In the Define Stacked Bar:Summaries for Groups of Cases, select Gender and moveit to the Category Axis box. Then, select Marital Status and move it to the Define
Stacks by box. Click on the % of cases radio button and then click OK.

The bar chart for genderstacked by marital status appears in the OUTPUT

window.

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To create a 3-D clustered bar chart, double click on the bar chart and the Chart
Editor window appears. Double click on one of the bars and from theProperties dialogue box, click on Depth & Angle. Click on the 3-D radio button
and then click Apply.

The 2-D simple bar chart changes to a 3-D chart. Click on Elements and selectData Label Mode.

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Click on each of the bar and the percentage value will appear.

Close the Chart Editor window by clicking on the Minimize button to view the 3-D
bar chart in the OUTPUT window.

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3.6

Creating Simple Boxplots

Click on Graphs, select Legacy Dialogs and Boxplot.

The Boxplot dialogue window appears. Click on Simple and use the default“Summaries for groups of cases”. Click on Define.

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In the Define Simple Boxplot:Summaries for Groups of Cases, select Age and moveit to the Variable box. Then, select Gender and move it to the Category Axis box.
Then, click OK.

The simple boxplot for Age appears in the OUTPUT window.

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The dark horizontal line in the box, represents the median of age for each gender.The
boxplots show that the median age for male is higher than female. The long whiskers
indicate that the distribution of age is skewed to the right for each gender.The small
white circle indicates there is an outlier in the female group.

3.7 Creating Clustered Boxplots
Click on Graphs, select Legacy Dialogs and Boxplot.
The Boxplot dialogue window appears. Click on Clustered and use the default“Summaries for groups of cases”. Click on Define.

In the Define Clustered Boxplot:Summaries for Groups of Cases, select Age andmove it to the Variable box. Then, select Name of Village and move it to the Category
Axis box. Then, select Gender and move it to the Define Clusters by box and clickOK.

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.
The clustered boxplot of Age for every village will appear in the OUTPUT window.

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Note 8 – Using R software
Outline• What is R and Why use R• Installation of R
• Start R• How to use R• Some of my applications• Try using R now

What is R and Why use R• R is a language and environment for statistical computing andgraphics. It is superior to many other graphics and analysis
packages commonly used, and has a very wide range of statisticalanalysis and data plotting functions.
• R is free.
• R is used in academia, business & industry• It was said that there are at least 2 million users.
• R is effective and an independent platform. R can run in Windows,
Mac, Linux. This is very important for communicating with different
system users.
• Open source. Bugs found, reported and corrected. You can write
your own packages.
• Highly extensible, with over 3500 user-contributed packages
available and still growing.

• R has many help resources. That is absolutely unique. There
are many online help resources both from r-project.org andfrom many specific lists and interest groups, even thoughsometimes it seems difficult to choose.
• R makes excellent graphics.
• The command-line interface is much better for using,learning and teaching. Users can post, reproduce and savethe commands exactly.
• R is command-oriented. Users normally type commands, andthe R responds interactively to these commands. And many
packages are developed by about 20 core team members
and many other contributors.
• Unlimited possibilities.
• The basic R system, and contributed packages, are available
from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) at
http://cran.r-project.org/• Home page for R: http://www.R-project.org/

Installation of R

Installation of R

Start R• Go to cran.r-project.org;• Under “Download and Install R”, click on the“Download R for Windows” link;• Under “Subdirectories”, click on the “base” link;• Save R file somewhere and start it;• To Install R by clicking “next”……;• When asked 32-bit or 64-bit, you need check yourcomputer operating system (os);• After finishing the installation, check if there is an“R” icon on the desktop of the computer. If so,start it by double-clicking;• Or, start it from the start menu of programs.

How to use R• We can write commands and calculate directly at R
Console, but editing “script” is convenient.
• Simple output is prefixed by [1].
• <- is the assignment operator; in the illustration, c <1:3, the vector of integers from 1 to 3 is assigned to avariable named x.
• lower- and upper-case letters are different.
• To download and install a package:
install.packages("")• Packages are introduced by library(“ ”), and thisintroduction needs to be done every time before
using.

Objects• All variables (scalars, vectors, matrices, etc.)
created by R are called objects. In R, we assign
values to variables using an arrow “less than”+ “minus”: “<-”.
• There are several possible different types ofobjects in R, including scalars, vectors,
matrices, arrays, data frames, tables, and lists.
• List objects: ls()
• Remove objects: rm(“object”)• Object, function, arguments

Help for R• help(package="base") # List package contents• ?data.frame # help on a specific task
• ?Syntax # help on a general topic• news(package="ggplot2") # details of recent changes• demo(“graphics") # demonstrate graphics• browseVignettes() # view index of vignettes in web
browser• See documentation links at http://www.r-project.org
for manuals,• wiki, R journal, books etc.
• CRAN task views: http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/• Many R bloggers, aggregated at http://www.rbloggers.com/

Some applications of R
• Wherever there is a calculation, data analysis,
graphics……
• Some of our experiences:
Panel data analysis
Cluster analysis
Mixed model estimations
Dealing with demand elasticities of GDP and price on
forest products, drivers of deforestation, forecasts offorest areas and forest carbon stock, etc.
Let’s TRY NOW!
Thanks for the great contributions from R developers and all other contributors!