Press-in Retaining Structures: A Handbook
Second Edition, 2021 (Vietnamese Version)

Sổ tay: Các kết cấu tường chắn Press-inẤn bản lần 2, năm 2021

International Press-in Association

Sổ tay: Các kết cấu tường chắn Press-inẤn bản lần 2, năm 2021

International Press-in Association

Sổ tay: Các kết cấu tường chắn Press-in Ấn bản lần 2, năm 2021

ISBN 978-4-909722-57-7 C3050 (Ấn bản in)ISBN 978-4-909722-56-0 C3050 (Ấn bản PDF)COPYRIGHT@2021byHiệp hội Press-in Quốc tế
Ngày xuất bản lần đầu: 15/5/2022

Ấn phẩm này được biên soạn để cung cấp thông tin chính xác và có căn cứ về chủ đề được đề cập. Sổ tay này được bán và/hoặc
phân phối cùng với sự hiểu rõ rằng cả tác giả và nhà xuất bản đều không tham gia vào việc cung cấp dịch vụ pháp lý cụ thể hoặcbất kỳ dịch vụ chuyên nghiệp nào khác. Mặc dù chúng tôi đã nỗ lực hết sức để đảm bảo tính chính xác và đầy đủ của tài liệu xuấtbản, nhưng chúng tôi sẽ không có bảo đảm hoặc tính phù hợp nào được cung cấp hoặc ngụ ý, và các tác giả cùng với nhà xuất bảnsẽ không chịu trách nhiệm pháp lý hay trách nhiệm với bất kỳ cá nhân hoặc tổ chức nào liên quan đến bất kỳ mất mát hoặc thiệt hạinào phát sinh từ việc sử dụng tài liệu.
Mọi quyền, bao gồm cả bản dịch, đều được bảo lưu. Không được phép sao chụp, lưu trữ trong hệ thống truy xuất hoặc truyền tảimột phần nào của ấn phẩm này dưới bất kỳ hình thức nào hoặc bằng bất kỳ phương tiện nào, điện tử, cơ học, photocopy hoặc cáchnào khác, khi không có sự cho phép trước bằng văn bản của Nhà xuất bản, Hiệp hội Press-in Quốc tế - Internatioal Press-in
Association (IPA) , 5F, Sanwa Konan Bldg, 2-4-3 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0075, Nhật Bản.

Mục lụcMở đầuCác định nghĩa thuật ngữ:Chương 1 KHÁI QUÁT1.1PHẠM VI ················································································································ 1-1

1.2

CẤU TRÚC CỦA SỔ TAY ··························································································1-2

1.3PHƯƠNG PHÁP PRESS-IN
1.3.1

Các loại máy hạ cọc Press-in ···········································································1-3

1.3.2

Đặc tính của máy hạ cọc Press-in dạng “đi trên cọc” ···············································1-4
1.3.2.1 Sự hình thành máy hạ cọc Press-in dạng “đi trên cọc”································1-5
1.3.2.2 Cơ chế của máy hạ cọc Press-in dạng “đi trên cọc” ·······································1-5
1.3.2.3 Độ ồn và độ rung động thấp···································································1-7
1.3.2.4 Hạ cọc trong nền đất cứng·····································································1-9
1.3.2.5 Xử lý được không gian xây dựng chật hẹp ··············································· 1-11
1.3.2.6 Ưu điểm của kết cấu tường chắn công xôn và phương pháp Press-in dạng “đi trên cọc”1-12
1.3.2.7 Giảm tác động đến môi trường ·························································· 1-15
1.3.2.8 Tự động thu thập và sử dụng dữ liệu thi công Press-in ····························· 1-17
1.3.2.9 Các đặc tính khác ··········································································· 1-18
1.3.2.10 Tóm tắt các đặc tính ······································································ 1-19

1.3.3

So sánh những phương pháp hạ cọc thông thường với phương pháp Press-in dạng “đi trên cọc”1-20
1.3.3.1 Phương pháp thi công cọc ván thép (hình U, hình Z, hình mũ) ························ 1-20
1.3.3.2 Phương pháp thi công cọc ván thép dạng rãnh ··········································· 1-21
1.3.3.3 Phương pháp thi công cọc ống thép với khóa liên kết (Khóa P-P, P-T và L-T)······ 1-21
1.3.3.4 Phương pháp thi công cọc ống thép························································ 1-22
1.3.3.5 Phương pháp thi công cọc ván bê tông ···················································· 1-23
1.3.3.6 Phương pháp thi công cọc bê tông dự ứng lực ··········································· 1-23
1.3.3.7 Phương pháp thi công tường kết hợp ······················································ 1-24

1.4

ỨNG DỤNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP PRESS-IN DẠNG “ĐI TRÊN CỌC” ĐỂ THI CÔNG CÁC “KẾTCẤU CẤY”
1.4.1 Các kết cấu tường chắn đất (tường chắn đất, đê, tường chắn sóng, cửa xả sông, tường chắn tạm, đêquai, v.v.) ········································································································ 1-24
1.4.2 Công trình gia cố đê, bảo vệ bờ biển ········································································ 1-26
1.4.3 Giải pháp chống hóa lỏng····················································································· 1-26
1.4.4 Tường ngăn cách······························································································· 1-27
1.4.5 Tường cách ly ứng suất ······················································································· 1-27
1.4.6 Công trình gia cố đê, chống sạt lở, khắc phục thảm họa·················································· 1-27
1.4.7 Công trình móng (các kết cấu xây dựng, cảng và bến cảng, tòa nhà) ·································· 1-27
1.4.8 Tường chắn chịu lực thẳng đứng·········································································· 1-29
1.5

CÁC TIÊU CHUẨN VÀ HƯỚNG DẪN LIÊN QUAN ······················································ 1-30

Tài liệu tham khảo ··············································································································· 1-32iChapter 2 LẬP KẾ HOẠCH VÀ KHẢO SÁT
2.1

LẬP KẾ HOẠCH
2.1.1

Khái quát ··································································································2-1

2.1.2Những lưu ý về lập kế hoạch···········································································2-1
2.1.2.1 Địa hình, địa chất, nền đất, nước dưới đất, và điều kiện thời tiết hiện trường ····2-2
2.1.2.2 Tác động đến môi trường xung quanh và các công trình lân cận, và các hạn chế trong
thi công····································································································2-3
2.1.2.3 Những điều kiện ảnh hưởng đến việc thi công ·············································2-3
2.1.2.4 Mục đích của tường chắn, trạng thái giới hạn, tình huống thiết kế, các tính năngyêu cầu và tiêu chí ·······················································································2-3
2.1.2.5 Điều kiện thiết kế ···············································································2-3

2.2KHẢO SÁT
2.2.1

Khái quát ··································································································2-5

2.2.2

Mục đích và nội dung khảo sát·········································································2-5
2.2.2.1 Thu thập các tài liệu và dữ liệu liên quan ················································2-5
2.2.2.2 Khảo sát hiện trường ···········································································2-5
2.2.2.3 Khảo sát nền đất ················································································2-6
2.2.2.4 Khảo sát những điều kiện ảnh hưởng đến quá trình thi công·····························2-8
2.2.2.5 Khảo sát vấn đề môi trường································································· 2-11
2.2.2.6 Đánh giá điều kiện nền đất dựa trên dữ liệu Press-in ···································· 2-11
Báo cáo khảo sát ······················································································· 2-11

2.2.3

Tài liệu tham khảo ··············································································································· 2-11Chương 3 THIẾT KẾ
3.1

GIỚI THIỆU ··································································································· 3-1

3.2

NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ CHUNG TRONG THIẾT KẾ
3.2.1

Những nguyên tắc cơ bản của thiết kế ························································ 3-1
3.2.1.1 Phạm vi···················································································· 3-1
3.2.1.2 Thứ bậc các yêu cầu về tính năng ······················································ 3-2
3.2.1.3 Trạng thái giới hạn, lực tác động, tình huống thiết kế ······························· 3-2
3.2.1.4 Các yêu cầu về tính năng································································ 3-4
3.2.1.5 Tiêu chí tính năng ········································································ 3-4
3.2.1.6 Quy trình kiểm tra tính năng···························································· 3-5
3.2.1.7 Trình độ của kỹ sư thiết kế ······························································ 3-6
3.2.1.8 Các tài liệu ················································································ 3-6

3.2.2

Đánh giá/Sửa đổi thiết kế sử dụng dữ liệu thi công·········································· 3-6

3.2.3

Tải trọng và tình huống thiết kế đối với tường chắn đường bộ····························· 3-6
3.2.3.1 Khái quát ················································································ 3-6
3.2.3.2 Trọng lượng bản thân ·································································· 3-7
ii

3.2.3.3 Áp lực đất và áp lực nước ····························································· 3-7
3.2.3.4 Tải trọng động đất ······································································ 3-7
3.2.3.5 Tải trọng trên bề mặt nền đất ·························································· 3-7
3.2.3.6 Tải trọng tuyết··········································································· 3-8
3.2.3.7 Tải trọng gió ············································································· 3-8
3.2.3.8 Tải trọng va chạm ······································································ 3-8
3.2.3.9 Các tải trọng khác ······································································ 3-8
3.2.3.10 Tổ hợp tải trọng đối với các tình huống thiết kế điển hình ······················· 3-8
3.2.4

Các loại vật liệu ·················································································· 3-9
3.2.4.1 Cọc chế tạo sẵn········································································· 3-9
3.2.4.2 Các đặc tính của vật liệu thép ························································ 3-9
3.2.4.3 Giới hạn ăn mòn/bảo vệ chống ăn mòn ············································· 3-9
3.2.4.4 Độ cứng chống uốn hữu hiệu························································· 3-9

3.3THIẾT KẾ TƯỜNG CHẮN CÔNG XÔN
3.3.1 Xem xét thiết kế························································································3-10
3.3.2 Thiết kế kết cấu tường·················································································3-10
3.3.2.1 Thiết kế kết cấu tường cho tường chắn đường bộ·································3-10
3.3.2.2 Thiết kế kết cấu tường cho cảng và bến cảng ·····································3-15
3.3.3 Ổn định đáy hố đào ····················································································3-20
3.3.3.1 Hiện tượng sôi (boiling)······························································3-20
3.3.3.2 Hiện tượng xói ngầm (piping) ·······················································3-20
3.3.3.3 Hiện tượng đẩy trồi (heaving) ·······················································3-21
3.3.3.4 Hiện tượng đẩy bùng đáy (bottom heave) ·········································3-21
3.3.3.5 Các biện pháp tăng cường độ ổn định đáy hố đào ································3-21
3.3.4 Ổn định tổng thể ·······················································································3-22
3.3.5 Ảnh hưởng đến các công trình xung quanh·························································3-22
3.3.5.1 Biến dạng nền đất do ảnh hưởng của biến dạng tường chắn·····················3-22
3.3.5.2 Lún nền đất do hạ mực nước ngầm ·················································3-23
3.3.5.3 Lún nền đất do nhổ tường chắn khỏi nền đất ······································3-23
3.3.5.4 Phồng nền do sự giảm ứng suất ·····················································3-23

3.4

BÁO CÁO THIẾT KẾ ·······················································································3-24

Tài liệu tham khảo ······································································································3-25
Chapter 4 THI CÔNG4.1

KHÁI QUÁT············································································································ 4-1

4.2

TỔNG QUAN VỀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP HẠ CỌC PRESS-IN
4.2.1

Máy hạ cọc Press-in dạng “đi trên cọc”·······························································4-2
4.2.1.1 Cách sắp xếp hệ thống máy cơ bản ·················································· 4-2
4.2.1.2 Các bộ phận của máy hạ cọc Press-in ··············································· 4-3
4.2.1.3 Chuyển động cơ bản của phương pháp hạ cọc Press-in (Chuyển động lặp hướng
iii

lên và hướng xuống)············································································· 4-5
4.2.1.4 Chuyển động cơ bản của phương pháp hạ cọc Press-in (Tự di chuyển) ········ 4-6
4.2.2

Lựa chọn máy, kỹ thuật ép và hệ thống ép phù hợp·················································4-7

4.2.3

Cọc đúc sẵn ····························································································· 4-10
4.2.3.1 Cọc ván thép···········································································4-10
4.2.3.2 Cọc ống thép ··········································································4-13
4.2.3.3 Tường kết hợp ·········································································4-15
4.2.3.4 Cọc ván bê tông ·······································································4-16
4.2.3.5 Đoạn tường bê tông đúc sẵn ·························································4-16

4.3

KẾ HOẠCH THI CÔNG4.3.1

Lựa chọn phương pháp ép và loại cọc phù hợp với điều kiện nền đất·························· 4-18

4.3.2

Lưu ý đối với công tác hạ cọc Press-in······························································ 4-18
4.3.2.1 Lựa chọn phương pháp ép và loại cọc phù hợp với điều kiện đất nền··········4-18
4.3.2.2 Phương pháp thi công đối với cọc ván thép ·······································4-20
4.3.2.3 Phương pháp thi công đối với cọc ống thép có và không có khóa liên kết ····4-24
4.3.2.4 Hệ thống Press-in khắc phục hạn chế của nơi thi công···························4-29
4.3.2.5 Quy trình hạ cọc tạo không gian giữa các cọc (khoảng cách từ tâm đến tâm 2,5D) ································································································4-40

4.3.3

Lập tài liệu kế hoạch thi công cho công tác hạ cọc Press-in ····································· 4-42
4.3.3.1 Máy hạ cọc Press-in, kỹ thuật ép và hệ thống Press-in ···························4-42
4.3.3.2 Kế hoạch vận chuyển máy móc, thiết bị và vật liệu ······························4-42
4.3.3.3 Sơ đồ bố trí máy móc và vật liệu····················································4-44
4.3.3.4 Lập lịch trình cho công tác hạ cọc ··················································4-49
4.3.3.5 Kế hoạch quản lý thi công ···························································4-49
4.3.3.6 Kế hoạch bảo tồn môi trường ·······················································4-40
4.3.3.7 Kế hoạch quản lý sức khỏe & an toàn ··············································4-51
4.3.3.8 Kế hoạch tổ chức tại chỗ ·····························································4-53

4.4THỰC HIỆN CÔNG TÁC HẠ CỌC PRESS-IN
4.4.1

Công tác chuẩn bị ······················································································ 4-55

4.4.2

Quá trình lắp đặt cọc··················································································· 4-55
4.4.2.1 Các kỹ thuật thường được áp dụng để hạ cọc Press-in ···························4-55
4.4.2.2 Quy trình khi ép ban đầu ·····························································4-63
4.4.2.3 Quy trình khi thực hiện phương pháp Press-in tiêu chuẩn···························4-66
4.4.2.4 Quy trình khi thực hiện phương pháp Press-in có hỗ trợ phun nước················4-70
4.4.2.5 Quy trình khi thực hiện phương pháp Press-in có hỗ trợ khoan cắt ·················4-74
4.4.2.6 Quy trình khi thực hiện phương pháp Press-in dạng xoay ép ·······················4-76
4.4.2.7 Quy trình thi công tường kết hợp ·····················································4-80
4.4.2.8 Thi công cọc theo đường cong ······················································4-82
4.4.2.9 Thi công góc ···········································································4-83
4.4.2.10 Tự đi lùi···············································································4-84
iv

4.4.3Hệ thống Press-in khắc phục những hạn chế tại nơi xây dựng ·································· 4-85
4.4.3.1 Những lưu ý khi hạ cọc trong điều kiện có nhiều hạn chế về không gian······4-85
4.4.3.2 Quy trình hạ cọc của Hệ thống không sàn đạo ····································4-86
4.4.3.3 Quy trình hạ cọc của Hệ thống hạ cọc khi tĩnh không thấp ······················4-90

4.4.4

Nhổ cọc ································································································· 4-95
4.4.4.1 Ảnh hưởng và quản lý khi nhổ cọc ·················································4-95
4.4.4.2 Quy trình khi nhổ ·····································································4-96

4.4.5

Nối và cắt cọc ·························································································· 4-97
4.4.5.1 Mối hàn cọc ván thép·································································4-97
4.4.5.2 Hàn cọc ống thép ·····································································4-99
4.4.5.3 Mối nối bắt vít ·········································································4-99
4.4.5.4 Khớp nối cơ học ···································································· 4-100
4.4.5.5 Cắt cọc ··············································································· 4-101

4.4.6
4.5

Xử lý và loại bỏ đất thải phát sinh ··································································4-101

GIÁM SÁT THI CÔNG, QUẢN LÝ THI CÔNG, THEO DÕI
4.5.1

Khái quát ·······························································································4-101

4.5.2

Lập kế hoạch giám sát thi công, quản lý thi công và theo dõi ··································4-102

4.5.3

Chuẩn bị mặt bằng····················································································4-102

4.5.4

Quản lý thi công·······················································································4-102

4.5.5

Kiểm soát hoạt động hạ cọc Press-in·······························································4-103
4.5.5.1 Kiểm soát máy hạ cọc Press-in ···················································· 4-104
4.5.5.2 Cài đặt các thông số Press-in tối ưu thông qua vận hành thủ công ··········· 4-104
4.5.5.3 Thông tin thu được trong quá trình hạ cọc Press-in····························· 4-107
4.5.5.4 Duy trì độ thẳng đứng của cọc bằng chuyển động lặp hướng lên và hướng
xuống ·························································································· 4-109
4.5.5.5 Đánh giá quá trình hạ cọc bằng cách sử dụng dữ liệu Press-in ···················· 4-110
4.5.5.6 Vận hành tự động của máy hạ cọc Press-in ······································ 4-110
4.5.5.7 Dự đoán thông tin nền đất bằng cách sử dụng dữ liệu Press-in ··················· 4-111

4.5.6

Kiểm soát tiến độ hạ cọc Press-in···································································4-112

4.5.7

Kiểm soát chất lượng cọc đã ép·····································································4-112

4.5.8

Quản lý sức khỏe và an toàn ········································································4-113

4.5.9

Kiểm tra và bảo dưỡng máy hạ cọc Press-in ······················································4-114

4.5.10

Theo dõi ································································································ 4-114

4.5.11

Báo cáo xây dựng····················································································· 4-115

Tài liệu tham khảo ····································································································· 4-117v

Mở đầu
Phương pháp thi công cọc Press-in được hình thành, phát triển xuất phát từ nhu cầu thực tiễn cần thi công cọc ván một
cách an toàn và không gây tiếng ồn cách đây nửa thế kỷ. Sổ tay Kết cấu tường chắn Press-in (xuất bản lần đầu năm2016) đã cố gắng truyền đạt những kinh nghiệm thực tiễn phong phú, đúc rút thành khuôn mẫu cho kỹ thuật nền móngvà mang lại nhiều thông tin hữu ích liên quan đến thực tiễn thiết kế và thi công kết cấu tường chắn dạng cọc cùng với
các trường hợp thi công thực tế trên thế giới.
Ấn bản lần 2 của Sổ tay Kết cấu tường chắn Press-in được xuất bản vào năm 2021 là phiên bản sửa đổi của ấn bảnnăm 2016. Việc sửa đổi này nhằm các mục đích sau: (i) để điều chỉnh các nội dung phù hợp với “Sổ tay Thiết kế và
Thi công theo Phương pháp Press-in” đã được sửa đổi (tiếng Nhật, xuất bản năm 2020), (ii) để cập nhật những tiến bộtrong lĩnh vực chế tạo máy hạ cọc Press-in và các công trình nghiên cứu trong năm năm qua, (iii) để cải thiện các miêutả giúp Sổ tay dễ đọc và dễ sử dụng, và (iv) rút ngắn nội dung bằng cách bỏ đi một số mục trong ấn bản năm 2016.
Đối với những bạn đọc quan tâm đến các trường hợp thực tiễn sử dụng phương pháp Press-in, vui lòng tham khảo sách“New Horizons in Piling – Development and Application of Press-in Piling” của Malcolm Bolton và cộng sự, đượcxuất bản bởi CRC Press vào năm 2020 và “Press-in Piling Case History Volume 1” của Hội đồng Khoa học Hiệp hội
Press-in Quốc tế (IPA), được IPA xuất bản vào năm 2019.
Trên cương vị là Trưởng ban biên tập sổ tay này, tôi xin gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành đến toàn thể các thành viên của banbiên tập được liệt kê ở dưới đây.
Osamu KusakabeTrưởng ban biên tập

Ban biên tập
Yoshiaki Kikuchi, Professor, Tokyo University of Science
Osamu Kusakabe, Emeritus Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tsunenobu Nozaki, International Press-in Association Secretariat
Mitsuhiro Okada, GIKEN LTD.
Takefumi Takuma, Giken America Corporation
Masaaki Terashi, International Press-in Association
Masafumi Yamaguchi, International Press-in Association Secretariat(Theo thứ tự chữ cái)viBan cố vấn quốc tế
Stuart Haigh, Reader, The University of Cambridge
Chun Fai Leung, Professor, National University of Singapore
Goh Teik Lim, AtsuNEW GIKEN Pte. Ltd.
Ramin Motamed, Associate Professor, University of Nevada Reno
(Theo thứ tự chữ cái)Người giám sát bản dịch tiếng Bồ Đào Nha
Dr. Anh Tuan Vu, Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department- Le Quy Don Technical University- Vietnamvii