Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ················································································· v
List of Tables ························································································ xiv
Chapter 1 Introduction········································································· 11.1. Overview and Aim of the Study
11.2. The Problems with the Current State of Phraseology
6
1.2.1. The Quantitative Aspect
7
1.2.2. The Qualitative Aspect8
1.3. The Basic Theory of This Study
9
1.3.1. A Historical Overview of the Development of English
Linguistics in Japan10
1.3.1.1. Ichikawa (1912)
12
1.3.1.2. Hosoe (1917)
15
1.3.1.3. Otsuka (1938)
17
1.3.1.4. Nakajima (1939)
18
1.3.1.5. Yasui (1960) and Konishi (1964)
19
1.3.2. Current Trends in English Linguistics
21vii

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Present-Day Spoken English: A Phraseological Approach

1.3.2.1. Wierzbicka (1988)
1.3.2.2. Dixon (2005)
1.4. The Significance of This Study

212324Chapter 2 What Is Phraseology? ······················································· 25
2.1. Overview
252.2. The Origin of Phraseology
252.2.1. The Theoretical Origin
252.2.2. The Historical Origin
282.3. The Placement of Phraseology in English Linguistics
292.4. The Transition of Phraseological Studies in Dictionaries
30
2.4.1. The Achievements of Harold E. Palmer and A. S. Hornby 30
2.4.2. Second Interim Report on English Collocations
33
2.4.3. Phraseology in A Grammar of English Words
35
2.4.4. Idiomatic and Syntactic English Dictionary
39
2.4.5. The Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English,
Volume 144
2.4.6. The Russian Influence48
2.4.7. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms
52
2.4.8. Phraseology in the Oxford Dictionary of Current
Idiomatic English, Volume 255
2.4.9. Selected English Collocations
57
2.4.10. The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English
59
2.4.11. S. Katsumata’s Kenkyusha’s Dictionary of English
Collocations (1939, 1958, 1995)
632.4.12. A. Makkai’s A Dictionary of American Idioms (1975,1987)
65
2.5. Concluding Remarks
67
Chapter 3 The Present State of Phraseology····································· 69
3.1. Overview
69
3.2. The Present State of Phraseology
69

Table of Contents

3.3. Review of Major Current Studies of Phraseology
3.3.1. Yagi (1999)
3.3.2. Yagi (2000)
3.3.3. Moon (1998b)
3.3.4. Aijmer (2002)
3.3.5. Altenberg (1998)
3.3.6. Nishizawa and Inoue (2003)
3.3.7. Kärkkäinen (2003)
3.3.8. Yagi and Inoue (2004)
3.3.9. Yagi (2006)
3.3.10. Yagi (2006)
3.3.11. Yagi (2007)
3.3.11.1. Comes at a Cost
3.3.11.2. Back When
3.4. The Terminology, Category and Definition of Phraseology
in This Study
3.5. Concluding Remarksix

71
727476777981858689929696100102109

Chapter 4 Source Materials and Concepts ····································· 111
4.1. Overview
111
4.2. The Significance of Using Corpora in Empirical Studies
111
4.3. The Corpus Used in This Research
113
4.4. The Taxonomy of PUs121
4.5. Research Methods of This Study123
4.6. Concepts Employed in This Study125
4.6.1. Concept Categorization
125
4.6.2. Merging
126
4.6.3. Semantic Bleaching
128
4.7. Concluding Remarks
129
Chapter 5 The Polysemy of Proposition-Deleted PUs···················· 131
5.1. Overview
131x

Present-Day Spoken English: A Phraseological Approach

5.2. The Syntactic Structure of the Type of PUs Ending with What 132
5.3. Reasons for Selecting You Know What136
5.4. A Review of Major Previous Research on You Know What137
5.5. Tones and Their Functions
139
5.6. Functions of You Know What Observed in the “LKL” Corpus 140
5.6.1. You Know What as the Opener
140
5.6.2. You Know What as the Topic Changer
141
5.6.3. You Know What as the Emphasizer
142
5.6.4. Hesitation Filler
143
5.6.5. Mixture of the Topic Changer and the Emphasizer
143
5.6.6. The Information Supplier145
5.6.7. The Substitute146
5.7. Summary of You Know What Seen in the “LKL” Corpus
and the Expansion from Its Core Function to Its ExtensiveFunction
147
5.8. The Comparison of You Know What Seen in BNC andWordBanksOnline
151
5.9. The Functions of Other Proposition-Deleted PUs
153
5.10. The Reason that You Knew What, He Knows What andShe Knew What, etc. Are Not Used
156
5.11. Concluding Remarks
157
Chapter 6 Rousing PUs with Here and There ································ 159
6.1. Overview
159
6.2. Syntactic Structure of PUs with Here We Go and Here We
Go Again160
6.3. Tones and Their Functions
162
6.4. A Review of Previous Studies Regarding Here We Go andHere We Go Again
162
6.5. Distinguishable Functions of Here We Go and Here We GoAgain Observed in the “LKL” Corpus
163
6.5.1. Here We Go Functioning to Capture Attention
163

Table of Contentsxi

6.5.2. Here We Go and Here We Go Again when Used toRouse People to Do Something
164
6.5.3. Here We Go and Here We Go Again Expressing Irritation 165
6.5.4. Here We Go Showing Agreement
166
6.5.5. Here We Go Used when We Have Found Something
167
6.5.6. Here We Go Used to Show Something
167
6.6. The Polysemy of Here We Go and Here We Go Again inthe “LKL” Corpus
168
6.7. The Collation of the Results in the SPC with the Usage inthe GPC
169
6.8. The Differentiation with Other Similar PUs
170
6.8.1. Here Goes
171
6.8.2. There You Go
171
6.8.3. Here It Is
173
6.8.4. There You Are
173
6.8.5. Here You Are
174
6.8.6. The Functions of PUs with Here and There and theConnection between Them
174
6.9. The Semantic Expansion Regarding Here We Go andHere We Go Again
176
6.10. The Reason Why Other Derivative PUs Do Not Appearin the Corpora
178
6.11. Concluding Remarks
179

Chapter 7 Let’s Say and Other Similar PUs···································· 181
7.1. Overview
181
7.2. The Syntactic Structure of Let’s Say
183
7.3. The Nucleus of Let’s Say and Its Function
185
7.4. A Review of Previous Studies of Let’s Say
185
7.5. Identifiable Functions of Let’s Say Observed in the “LKL”
Corpus187

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Present-Day Spoken English: A Phraseological Approach

7.5.1. Let’s Say Used to Give an Example
7.5.2. To Introduce Metaphors
7.5.3. The Revision of the Earlier Utterance
7.5.4. A Hesitation Filler
7.6. Some Observation on the Uses of Let’s Say in the BNC,WordBanksOnline Compared with Those in the “LKL”Corpus
7.7. Analysis of PUs Similar to Let’s Say
7.7.1. Functions of Let Us Say, Say and Just Say (that) inthe “LKL” Corpus
7.7.2. PUs with See Such as Let’s See, Let Us See and See
7.7.3. The Ways of Speaking: Let’s Assume and Let’s Suppose
7.8. A Discussion on the Semantic Development of Let’s Say
7.9. Concluding Remarks

187
189
191
193

195
196
196
200
204
207
209

Chapter 8 Semantic Bleaching and Functional Conversion inthe Case of “X and Do,” “X to Do” and “X Do”············ 211
8.1. Overview
211
8.2. A Review of Previous Studies on “Go and Do,” “Go toDo” and “Go Do”
212
8.2.1. A Survey of Former Research into “Go and Do,” “Goto Do” and “Go Do”
212
8.2.2. Descriptions Concerning “Go and Do,” “Go to Do”
and “Go Do” in English Dictionaries
218
8.2.3. Descriptions with Regard to “Go and Do,” “Go toDo” and “Go Do” in English-Japanese Dictionaries
220
8.3. Essential Syntactic and Semantic Qualities of “X and Do,”“X to Do” and “X Do”
220
8.3.1. X and Do
221
8.3.2. X to Do
225
228
8.3.3. X Do
8.3.4. The Summary of “X and Do,” “X to Do” and “X Do”

Table of Contentsand the Analysis of the Result of Informant Elicitation
8.3.4.1. The Synopsis of Findings of “X and Do,” “X toDo” and “X Do”
8.3.4.2. Analysis of the Result of Informant Elicitation
8.3.5. Comparing the Use of “X and Do,” “X to Do” and “XDo” in the “LKL” Corpus with That in the Spoken
Sections of BNC and WordBanksOnline
8.4. The Tense and Aspect of “X and Do,” “X to Do” and “X Do”
8.4.1. The Tense and Aspect of “X and Do”
8.4.2. The Tense and Aspect of “X to Do”
8.4.3. The Tense and Aspect of “X Do”
8.4.4. Summary and Analysis of the Result of Informants’
Responses
8.5. The Properties of the Verbs Located X and Do in “X andDo,” “X to Do” and “X Do”
8.5.1. The Traits of Verbs Situated at X and Do in “X and Do”
8.5.2. The Characteristic of Verbs Located at X and Do in“X to Do”
8.5.3. The Nature of Verbs Located at X and Do in “X Do”
8.6. Concluding Remarksxiii

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Chapter 9 Conclusion ······································································· 249
References ···························································································· 251
Index ···································································································· 267