Contents

Preface................................................................................................................... v
Abstract...............................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments............................................................................................... ix
Contents............................................................................................................ xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................. 1
1.1 Goals....................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Dual Classhood in the English Lexicon and Lexical Phonology........ 3
1.3 Partial Ordering Theory......................................................................... 9
1.4 The Organization of the Thesis........................................................... 13
1.5 The Scope of the Present Investigations............................................. 16
1.6 Summary............................................................................................... 18
Chapter 2 Root Attachability and Stress Preservation........................... 19
2.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 192.2 Dual Membership Suffixes.................................................................. 21
2.2.1 A Re-examination of the Suffixes................................................ 23
2.2.1.1 -able/-ible................................................................................ 23
2.2.1.2 -ize........................................................................................... 25
2.2.1.3 -er/-or...................................................................................... 26
2.2.1.4 -ist, -ism, -ment...................................................................... 27
2.2.2 New Examples............................................................................... 29
2.2.2.1 -ite (person)............................................................................ 29xiii

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2.2.2.2 -age......................................................................................... 30
2.2.2.3 -ure.......................................................................................... 33
2.2.3 Summary........................................................................................ 33
2.3 A POT Analysis.................................................................................... 342.4 A Prediction: Four Classes in English Lexicon................................. 39
2.4.1 Factorial Typology: Four Classes................................................. 39
2.4.2 Attested Examples......................................................................... 392.4.2.1 -ee............................................................................................ 40
2.4.2.2 -ese.......................................................................................... 40
2.4.2.3 -esque...................................................................................... 41
2.4.3 A POT Analysis and Summary.................................................... 42
2.5 Conclusion............................................................................................ 44
Chapter 3 Variety in Stress Patterns......................................................... 45
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 45
3.2 Specific Behaviors of Class 1 Suffixes in Stress Placement............. 46
3.2.1 Sensitivity to Extrametricality...................................................... 46
3.2.2 Sensitivity to Stress Retraction..................................................... 48
3.2.3 Strong vs. Weak Retraction.......................................................... 49
3.2.4 Summary........................................................................................ 50
3.3 A POT Analysis.................................................................................... 51
3.3.1 Constraints and Partial Rankings................................................. 52
3.3.2 Fixed Rankings in English........................................................... 56
3.3.3 Possible Constraint Interactions and Patterns.............................. 62
3.3.4 Possible Patterns and Rhyme Structure....................................... 65
3.3.5 Summary........................................................................................ 68
3.4 Conclusion............................................................................................ 69
Appendix A Possible Rankings and Predicted Stress Patterns................ 70Appendix B A Simulation of Possible Stress Patterns Utilizing OTSoft... 72
Chapter 4 The Proportion of Suffixes as to the Classhood................... 77
4.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 77
4.2 The Method of Investigation............................................................... 78
4.2.1 The Dictionary and the Suffixes Investigated............................. 78
4.2.2 Identification and Calculation....................................................... 80
4.3 The Result............................................................................................. 81
4.4 Asymmetric Distribution of Classes.................................................... 84Contentsxv

4.5 Summary............................................................................................... 89
Appendix C List of Suffixes with Numbers and Rates ofEach Category....................................................................... 89
Appendix D List of Suffixes of Each Class............................................. 93
Chapter 5 Combining Two Sets of Constraints....................................... 95
5.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 95
5.2 Interactions of OO-Cor and SPC....................................................... 97
5.2.1 Possible Patterns............................................................................ 97
5.2.2 Investigation Utilizing the SOED............................................... 102
5.2.3 Fixed Rankings............................................................................ 109
5.3 Interactions of MParse and Prosodic Constraints........................... 111
5.3.1 Across the Board Null Parsing................................................... 111
5.3.2 Null Parsing Producing a Gap in the Distribution.................... 114
5.3.3 Summary...................................................................................... 118
5.3.4 Investigation................................................................................. 119
5.3.4.1 Null Parsing of HH Bases................................................... 119
5.3.4.2 Null Parsing of 'LH Bases................................................... 123
5.3.4.3 H Suffixes Which Only Attach to Root-bases.................... 127
5.4 Classhood and the Proportion of Rankings...................................... 129
5.5 Conclusion.......................................................................................... 134
Appendix E A Simulation of Possible Stress Patterns Including
OO-Correspondence (stress)........................................... 135
Appendix F Classification of Suffixes According to Class andSyllable Structure................................................................ 140
Appendix G A Simulation of Patterns Which Include Null Parsing..... 141
Appendix H Grammar Lattice.................................................................. 152
Chapter 6 Distribution of Stress Patterns............................................... 153
6.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 153
6.2 A Prediction........................................................................................ 154
6.3 Actual Distribution of Stress Patterns............................................... 157
6.3.1 Investigation................................................................................. 157
6.3.2 Stress Patterns in L Suffixes....................................................... 158
6.3.2.1 Class 1 L Suffixes................................................................ 159
6.3.2.2 Class 3 L Suffixes................................................................ 165
6.3.3 Stress Patterns in H Suffixes...................................................... 169

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6.3.3.1 Class 4 H Suffixes............................................................... 170
6.3.3.2 Class 3 H Suffixes............................................................... 170
6.3.3.3 Class 1 H Suffixes............................................................... 176
6.4 Conclusion and the Grammar Lattice............................................... 183
Appendix I Grammar Lattice of Class 1 Suffixes................................ 186
Appendix J Grammar Lattice of Class 3 Suffixes................................ 187
Appendix K Grammar Lattice of Class 4 Suffixes................................ 187
Chapter 7 Comparison with Other Analyses.......................................... 189
7.1 Introduction: Advantages of the Present Analysis............................ 189
7.2 Lexical Phonology and Its Successors.............................................. 190
7.2.1 Dual Membership Suffixes and the Affix Ordering
Generalization.............................................................................. 191
7.2.2 Further Variety beyond Dichotomy............................................ 193
7.2.3 Quantitative Prediction................................................................ 196
7.3 Constraint Indexation Theory............................................................ 197
7.3.1 Lack of Theoretical Motivation.................................................. 198
7.3.2 Indeterminacy of the Analysis.................................................... 200
7.3.3 Specification to the Input and Non-categrical Patterns............. 204
7.3.4 Restrictiveness............................................................................. 207
7.3.5 Quantitative Prediction................................................................ 208
7.4 Stochastic OT..................................................................................... 210
7.5 Conclusion.......................................................................................... 213
Chapter 8 Remaining Issues..................................................................... 215
8.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 215
8.2 Facts Studied in Lexical Phonology................................................. 216
8.2.1 Other Phenomena Beyond Stress Pattern andRoot Attachability........................................................................ 216
8.2.2 The AOG Reconsidered.............................................................. 219
8.3 More Issues in Partial Ordering Theory........................................... 225
8.3.1 Other Phenomena and the Proportion of Rankings................... 225
8.3.2 Predicting Unfixed Suffixes........................................................ 229
8.3.3 T-Orders....................................................................................... 229
8.4 Other Technical Issues....................................................................... 232
8.5 Conclusion.......................................................................................... 233

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Chapter 9 Conclusions............................................................................... 237
9.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 237
9.2 Descriptive Findings........................................................................... 237
9.3 Theoretical Advantages...................................................................... 238
9.4 Conclusion.......................................................................................... 240
References....................................................................................................... 241
Index of Subjects........................................................................................... 249
Index of Names.............................................................................................. 253
Index of Affixes.............................................................................................. 255