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$%&  '()  *+ ,- -./0+ 1234++, +3  ++  ,,    ,*  +  2 !E#ects of Bathing in the Hot Spring Waters with
Reductive Characteristic on the Elasticity of the Skins(Nozawa Spa of Nagano Prefecture)
Hideyuki OHNAMI+, Takuya MORIMOTO,, Osamu URUSHIBATA-,
Shigeo IKEDA+ and Shoichi OKOUCHI++

Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hosei University,
Nippon Onsen Research Institute
School of Medicine, Toho University

Abstract
In Nozawa spa area, ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential)-pH measurements havebeen made on hot spring waters fresh out of wellheads (sulfur-containing sodiumῌ
calcium-sulfate springs, and sulfur springs) and hot spring waters at bathtubs of +- communal bathhouses, showing the results that both the wellhead waters and bathhousewaters are reductive in terms of ORP-pH relationship. More speciﬁcally, just a slightdi#erence was found in ORP between these waters ; hence it can be appreciated that, atthe communal bathhouses, reductive hot spring waters almost as fresh as the wellheadwaters are served prior to occurrence of substantial progression of aging. In skin ORP-pH
measurements, it was observed that experimental daily bathing in reductive hot springwaters over a period of two months brought about a decreasing tendency in ORP of theskins of the volunteer subjects. This signiﬁes that habitual bathing in reductive water
could suppress oxidation of the skin and skin surface lipids. As for skin elasticity measured through the experimental daily bathing, a slight decrease was found in the modulus of skin viscoelasticity on the ﬂexural sides of the forearms, whereas an increase wasfound in that on the backs of the hands which must have received a relatively larger
degree of damage due to exposure to solar ultraviolet rays or other deleterious causes.
This tendency is more appreciable on the backs of the hands of the subjects included inan age bracket of /* s to 0* s than on those of the subjects in an age bracket of -* s to .*s. The results of the skin elasticity measurements on the ﬂexural sides of the forearms
agree with a signiﬁcant decrease in relative humidity of the atmosphere since the ex-



216

perimental daily bathing was carried out over a period from the autumn to the early
winter, during which the moisture contents of the skin should have decreased to someextent inevitably due to the seasonal progress of dryness in the atmosphere. In contrast,
the skin elasticity of the backs of the hands, which must have been damaged more
severely, increased independently of seasonal decreasing relative humidity of the atmosphere. Although, at preset, the detailed conditions of this phenomenon are still unidentiﬁed and remain to be investigated, it is obviously attributable to the e#ects of theexperimental daily bathing in reductive hot spring waters. According to the results ofour experiments on ﬁlm permeation, it can be presumed that reductant components (H,S)
of the hot spring waters permeated the inside textures of the skins. The data obtained
through the present study provide corroborative support for the generally accepted
notion that sulfur spring water will make the skin lustrous.
Key wards : Nozawa spa, Skin, Elasticity, ORP-pH, Reductant component, Permeability,
Hydrogen sulﬁdeῒῑ ῌ  +- 
/01 ORP  ORP-pH !" #$%& '()*+,-".#$
23451 136789: ;<#='>' ?@ABCD> EF 1GH%&".#$
 ORP 13 I> FJ ORP KLMNOP)  F
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5z{|1 }"N;~x\?f## $% E&'*#='jr?5P %&?
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&S)$ r)]1 N7%&"8qH?0'9P)=G$  %&3 7%& f:13HN/P5F1G$?P)H
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ORP ; Oxidation-Reduction Potential-pH  5P  AU3+,-1

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hY ZkABl ORP-pH mn)CD  $o 1.

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rsJtuI.  OP{.|}Y Zo& /QR G) ,*0* v
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9Kn!) ¢K)$o9  k$£p-9n!K ORP-pH mn)¤¥ C
D 9

-  -+ 

  ORP-pH 

3 q7-q$rs$ ,* ;t-F¦ +- >uvw¢6.§¨ kA
Bo& Fig. + -¢6.3©*hª]mn)«9)@x*y¬Ogama h3 +- ¢6 y¬6 ,­6 z{6 |®}6 ¯~6 °{6 6Y Za6 2 >u±6 Y& ²&6 6 ,x6 6Y
Z³6  ´6 3µgh7-¶±'  1-h3=:;
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

218

Fig. + Locations of wellheads and communal bathhouses in Nozawa spa area.
 +   

Fig. , ORP-pH relationships of hot spring waters fresh out of wellheads and thoseat bathtubs of communal bathhouses.
 , ORP-pH ῌ !"#$%&'( )*)+,'
'$-%.$/0+1234 Fig. , $2 '56!78!9:; < ; !

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BHINO%PQ(RSF?TQ
ORP+.,-*.*/3 pH῍

O,.H .e ῌ,H,O
ORP*.*/3 pH῎

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/1  ,**2   

 ORP

 

219

῍

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ORP*.2.*.*.1 pH#$%& ῍ !

 ORP  '()*+ ,-)*+  ./0#1/)23456789:) ORP ;)

<=>?@ ABC'

ORP-pH DE 

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1

H  IJ

BKJL)FH A $M 
N 1 /N ON N PNM QRNAGST-3L)H )234 ORP-

Fig. - Progression of aging of hot spring water sample
taken at the major wellhead (Ogama).
 -    pH DE/<=>:UVB CB Fig. ,

1

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Fig. - o#N 1

/

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N p^8^ q'rJL s\tu+)v ! JBfg"JB wx

/ ῎ !: ! yJB AI z " Aging

Index  {x /s\tu"JB
AIῌORPORP*ῌORPeqORP*+**FF: ORPeq /  ORP, ORP* /1#$%& AI z"/

῎

ORP "# ORP 1

ORP 

Z

ORP H]^_`a|#1'c3}  ORP  ~)B+ῌ:"JB4 :U + #:$ /*ῌ ]^_`aHd - #: 00ῌ X3/ ,2 #: 2-ῌ "J `a de]^_`a deH%$VB ]^_+)/ 1  l $c:($H

789 &'H &H,SῌH HS )FAG ]^_`a/%$ *G +332
-, 

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ORP-pH  +

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M Q-3B-G JB 

RJ [:.#F0£¤`¥¦6 )L4 2#ª«eVB Fig. .



§

+¨3JB X3G fg"JB 5 ¬L5AG56789  ­' ORP 42
¨3 ' ORP /RJ

ORP / [:*G ,**- ; Ohnami et al., ,**- JB XF:¡¢ ,/ 1

ORP 

ORP  R©4

pH /56789

)®

K 

¬L' ¯°±JB ­'  -G:/ ORP /.

#fg"JB F3G®

² / ³´Z4UH , s\* / lm

6
Fig. // µ¶£¤`¥¦6 +/ 1·¸\ µ¶$:0Z/$AVB4, ·¸\  ORP-pH DE"# ,ORP /YA:UHR#H



220

Fig. . ORP-pH relationships of skins on ﬂexural sides of forearms measured before and immediately
after immersed forearm in hot spring water (kawarayu).
,  : Before and after immersed in hot spring water ( : Kawarayu), respectively.
,  : Before and after immersed in tap water warmed (), respectively.
.
 ORP-pH   :   :   !
: "#    !

Fig. / ORP-pH relationships of skins on ﬂexural sides of forearms measured
in experimental daily bathing over two months.
/ , $%&'()*+,-. ORP-pH -- /0123
Fig. 0  Fig. 1    !" !#$%&! + '( , '()!*+,-./ 01213456789:;<=>?= @ , '()!*+#$%&ABC DE& p*.*+ = FG=!"@<HIJ KLM p*.*/ /?

N!#$%&ABC=FOPQRS1,TU<=>@VWXA +* (!YZ[S +, /1

,**2   

221

Fig. 0 Changes in viscoelastic modulus of skins on ﬂexural sides of forearms
in experimental daily bathing.
 0 
 

Fig. 1 Changes in viscoelastic modulus of skins on backs of hands in experimental daily bathing.
 1    !"#$%&'( )*+,-$./ - (01./2 3.%456789:%;-$<
=>6?@9 ABCDE FG9,HIJ6KL/+ DM<CN OP Q
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222

Fig. 2 Changes in viscoelastic modulus of skins on ﬂexural sides of forearms classiﬁedby age bracket.
 2 
 

Fig. 3 Changes in viscoelastic modulus of skins on backs of hands classiﬁedby age bracket.
 3     p*.*/    ! "#$% &'(!)*+,&- ./01 2345 6 789:&;<$ !-=>? 
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Fig. /

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 Fig. 2 z { Fig. 3

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

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{ ORP 5cª«H

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Fig. +* Experimental arrangement for ﬁlm
permeation of reductant component ofsample hot spring water.
 +* 


Fig. ++ Half-hour changes in ORP-pH of puriﬁed water (contained in ﬁlm enclosure)in ﬁlm permeation experiment.
 ++    -*  ORP-pH  



224

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   

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mnop6KLqr stMN.J Oj,u@.ijD  u@6  H,S

PQ R

STJ, ^  Uv

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S,$4^( %<_. ,`MN.
ῒῑ

Zstab[,cd)6>.!, e D3 4 fghΐῐi +33. : .] .J* jZ ¡¢ +++ +/0+ῌ+/0/.
6£ kT ,**- : .y[.6¤< lJ%J![.J¥[#)_   ¦Jmn o§
6£ kT # p qf¨r s©k ªt«uv +332 : # ¬YZ­®w.!y#$x¯  .2 ,3ῌ-/.
6£ kT y^° zZ±{ |}±~ ªt«uv ²  +333 : #123
ORP #$x¯ . pH  .3 /3ῌ0..

6£ kT y^° |}±~ ªt«uv ,*** : #$

ORP . pH 

 /* 3.ῌ+*+.
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Okouchi, S., Suzuki, M., Sugano, K., Kagamimori, S. and Ikeda, S. (,**,) : Water desirable forthe human body in terms of Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) to pH relationship, J.
Food Sci., 01, +/3.ῌ+/32.
Ohnami, H., Koumura, K., Ikeda, S., and Okouchi,S. (,**-) : ORP(Oxidation-Reduction Potential)-pH Relationship between Hot Spring Waters and Human Body Fluids, Proceedingsof The -2th Conference of Societe Internationale des Techniques Hydrothermales (Beppu,
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