Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. v
Figures ............................................................................................................... xi
Tables................................................................................................................ xii

PART I

Polysemy and Grammaticalized Functions ................................. 1

Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................. 3
1.1. The Scope of the Study ....................................................................... 3
1.2. English Prepositions ............................................................................. 6
1.2.1. Defining Characteristics of Prepositions ...................................... 7
1.2.2. Historical Characteristics of Prepositions .................................... 9
1.2.3. Prepositions and Particles ........................................................... 11
1.2.4. Dual Characteristics .................................................................... 13
1.3. The Goals............................................................................................ 14
1.4. Outline of the Study .......................................................................... 17
Chapter 2 Previous Studies of Polysemy.................................................. 21
2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 21
2.2. The Nature of Linguistic Semantics: The Basis of Linguistic
Units .................................................................................................... 22viiviii

A Cognitive Analysis of the Grammaticalized Functions of English Prepositions

2.3. The Traditional View of Language ................................................... 25
2.4. Three Approaches to Linguistic Polysemy ....................................... 28
2.4.1. Lexical Semantic Approach ........................................................ 29
2.4.2. Cognitive Linguistic Approach ................................................... 32
2.4.3. Discourse-Based Approaches ...................................................... 34
2.5. Problems of Previous Studies: The Continuity Problem ................. 35
2.6. Summary ............................................................................................. 38
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 41
3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 41
3.2. Descriptive Devices: The Symbolic View ........................................ 43
3.2.1. Further Implications of the Symbolic View .............................. 47
3.3. Basis of Language I: A Cognitive Aspect ........................................ 51
3.4. Basis of Language II: A Discourse-Functional Aspect .................... 54
3.5. The Three Perspectives of the Present Study ................................... 56
3.5.1. A Low-Level Generalization ....................................................... 57
3.5.2. Linguistic Embodiment ............................................................... 60
3.5.3. The Usage-Based Approach ........................................................ 62
3.6. Summary ............................................................................................. 63

PART II

Grammaticalized Functions of English Prepositions.............. 65

Chapter 4 Grammaticalized Functions of English Prepositions ........... 67
4.1. What are the Grammaticalized Functions of Prepositions? ............. 68
4.2. Grammatical Functions: Organizing Sentences ................................ 71
4.2.1. Case .............................................................................................. 71
4.2.2. Aspect........................................................................................... 72
4.2.3. Negation ....................................................................................... 76
4.3. Discourse Functions: Connecting Sentences ..................................... 77
4.3.1. Conditional................................................................................... 78
4.3.2. Adversative .................................................................................. 79
4.3.3. Raising a New Topic................................................................... 80
4.4. Deictic Functions: Connecting to the Ground .................................. 81
4.4.1. Access to the Ground .................................................................. 82
4.4.2. In-and-Out Potentialities of the Ground .................................... 83

Table of Contentsix

4.5. The Cognitive Foundations of Grammaticalized Functions ............. 84
4.6. Summary ............................................................................................. 87

PART III

Case Studies ................................................................................ 89

Chapter 5 Aspectual Functions of Synonymous Verb-Particle
Constructions Using Up and Down ........................................ 91
5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 91
5.2. Resultative Constructions as a Prototype Category ......................... 93
5.2.1. The Nature of Linguistic Categorization ................................... 93
5.2.2. Constructions as a Prototype Category ...................................... 95
5.3. Methods: Comparison between Synonymous Constructions
Including Antonyms ........................................................................... 97
5.4. Different Characteristics of Up and Down in Synonymous
Verb-Particle Constructions ................................................................ 99
5.4.1. Criterion 1: Oriented-ness ........................................................... 99
5.4.2. Criterion 2: The Number of Highlighted Events .................... 100
5.4.3. Criterion 3: The Domain .......................................................... 102
5.5. Grammatical Gradience and Its Motivation .................................... 104
5.5.1. Grammatical Gradience ............................................................. 104
5.5.2. Grammaticalization .................................................................... 105
5.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 106
Chapter 6 The Grammatical Function of Under as a Headof Protasis ................................................................................ 109
6.1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 109
6.1.1. Themes Discussed in This Chapter .......................................... 111
6.1.2. Background ................................................................................ 112
6.2. Previous Studies of English Prepositions and Their Problems ..... 113
6.2.1. Polysemy of Prepositions.......................................................... 113
6.2.2. Two Problems ............................................................................ 115
6.3. Background of This Study ............................................................... 116
6.4. The Cognitive Foundations of the Grammatical Functionof Under............................................................................................ 119
6.4.1. Characteristics of the Control Senses ...................................... 119

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A Cognitive Analysis of the Grammaticalized Functions of English Prepositions

6.4.2. The Spatial Foundation of the Control Sense ......................... 122
6.4.3. From the Control Sense to the Grammatical Function ........... 127
6.5. Theoretical Implications ................................................................... 131
6.5.1. Need for a More Fine-Grained Embodied Viewof Language ............................................................................... 131
6.5.2. The Cognitive Foundation of Grammatical Functions ............ 132
6.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 133
Chapter 7 The Discourse-Organizing Function ofthe Aside Constructions.......................................................... 135
7.1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 135
7.1.1. The Aside Constructions ........................................................... 137
7.1.2. Hypotheses ................................................................................. 139
7.2. Constructions in Discourse Contexts .............................................. 140
7.2.1. Dangling Participles .................................................................. 141
7.2.2. Discourse Motivations for Word Order.................................... 142
7.2.3. Discourse Markers ..................................................................... 142
7.3. Data and Methods ............................................................................ 143
7.4. Case Study 1: Ggrammaticalization of AC1 and AC2 .................. 145
7.4.1. Results ........................................................................................ 146
7.4.2. Grammaticalization of the Aside Constructions
toward Discourse Markers ........................................................ 148
7.5. Case Study 2: The Discourse Functions of AC1 and AC2 ........... 151
7.5.1. Results ....................................................................................... 151
7.5.2. The Discourse Motivation of AC1 and AC2 ........................... 153
7.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 156
Chapter 8 Conclusion ................................................................................ 159
8.1. Summary of This Book ................................................................... 160
8.2. Descriptive and Methodological Importance .................................. 161
8.3. Theoretical Implications ................................................................... 163
References ...................................................................................................... 167
Index ............................................................................................................... 175