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Hydrochemistry and Its Geological Interpretation of
Non-volcanic Hot Springs around the Northern
Margin of the Kanto Mountains
Yoichi MURAMATSU+, Fumiya KONDO+, Hitoshi CHIBA,,Amane WASEDA- and Hideyuki NAGASHIMA.

Abstract
Relatively low-temperature non-volcanic hot springs emerge from the Sanchu graben belt, marginal faults developed at the Sambagawa zone and Tertiary rocks aroundthe northern margin of the Kanto Mountains. Major chemical, oxygen, hydrogen andsulfur isotopic compositions of the thermal and ground waters from twenty ﬁve wells of
the study area, additionally rock samples from four wells for mineral constituents, wereanalyzed to discuss recharge mechanisms and water-rock interaction processes to makechemical properties of the ﬂuids and ﬂow system of deep ﬂuids. Recharge occurred by
local meteoric water near the hot spring sites as evidenced by the dD value-elevation
relationship (;,.-*</+** m) for the waters having low ionic concentrations. The sulfur
isotopic composition of the sulfate-rich waters ranges between ;++.+ and =-0./<, interpreting that sulfur is originated by several potential sources (pyrite oxidation, sulphate
reduction processes, volcanic gas, gypsum and anhydrite dissolution). The major chemical compositions of the waters are controlled by the following mechanisms : (+) formation of kaolinite by weathering of plagioclase (,) ion exchange of montmorillonite (-)
dissolution of calcite, gypsum and anhydrite. The mechanisms are concordant with the+ ,12ῌ2/+*  ,0.+ + Department of Liberal Arts,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, ,0.+ Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba,12ῌ2/+*, Japan.
,!" 1**ῌ2/-* #$% -ῌ+ῌ+ , Department of Earth Science,
Faculty of Science, Okayama University, -ῌ+ῌ+ Tsushima, Okayama, Okayama 1**ῌ2/-*, Japan.
-&'()*+,-./01 ,0+ῌ**,/ 2343 +ῌ,ῌ+ - Research Center, Japan
Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd., Hamada +ῌ,ῌ+, Mihama-ku, Chiba ,0+ῌ**,/, Japan.
. +0,ῌ20*+ 567489: +ῌ- . Faculty of Science, Tokyo Universityof Science, +ῌ- Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo +0,ῌ20*+, Japan.

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mineral assemblage of the reservoir, and ﬂuid-mineral interaction calculation results thatmost deep ﬂuids in the ﬁeld are supersaturated with montmorillonite and kaolinite, andundersaturated with calcite and anhydrite.
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9

10Chemical composition of the discharged waters around the northern margin of the Kanto Mountains.

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entrance of reserve tank. WT : water temperature, EC : Electric conductivity.

Table +

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. 0 1 +* +1 1 K G&' Nos. + / 2 3 +2 +3 1XwxK.[00^O

8*XwxK* Cl !xK +3,1/* mgῌL .673^0 K* Cl ῌdD J*n/ XwxK* dD J36E2..* !/0O Fig. /b *῍ 12.6E Cl ῌd+2O
J*n 1z }D

XwxK* d+2O J1 0.3, %RO /0

XwxK*

d O J3 dD J1K*n.45 Fig. /a *῍ 99P*1 ¡=.8*}+2 d+2O 3 dD JL;^OXwxK3 K*|{.}E~BW0 Q*3<W0Oo /'*$¢X> Nos. +- *<'+m1+£ῌ¤¥vL+,^O3/0E
7O  ¦?ῌ@§ +303 ; AῌB¨ +320 ; / ,**2 u o ©*ªC.&
'W0 K Nos. 2 3 1

Na 3 Cl  q} dD 3 d+2O JL«^¬ Table + <'+m1 WNWῌESE *­*®v¯.45W0E7O3ijW0O Fig. + !®v*°3°±*6²l1D`q}³E`+P.r´t!µ¶6E7O D.FG%RO! 45·".¸¹^O9P* + , # Fig. + ; Nos. +2 +3 * dD 3 d+2O 1o ©*&'¯Nos. 2 3 . JL«^ Fig. /a  + # No. +2 *<'+m1ºA* »¼½3112) 0* * $,*+*%

  !"#Fig. / d+2O-dD and Cl-dD diagrams for the discharged waters. The LMWL line is the Local
Meteoric Water Line, dD2d+2O+* (Matsubaya et al, +32/). The ML (+) and ML (,) show
the mixings of fossil seawater and meteoric water of the Median tectonic line and Annaka
areas, and Sanchu graben area, respectively. Figure shows number of sample location.

+,)-./012340 $NNEῌSSW 56% 78

9:;<=>?<@A $BC&+3/1 ; DEῌFC& +30,%& 2340 WNWῌESE 56GH40IJK@/LMNOPAQR

1 $Nos. 2& 3% S3TU! VWX@Y Z[W\Y' ]^ + _ $No. 1% ]^ _ $No. +1% `abcd efg?h& i!\Y Cl jk $+,-/0(-,-,, mgῌL% IlK@ A&
S3T`Em no;<@p0 9:;<@Y `=>qY' r`sῌtuvwx
O y z $Fig. /a%& S3T` WNWῌESE 56{401 9:;<@Y "#| W}~ $Fig. +%' /`& / , _ +QRSk $Sk ./,./ m% Il| sb^` +3// ~\ Cl jk $+-,/+* mgῌL% IlK@ A $BC& +3/1%& 2340
WNWῌESE 56GH40~Sk78 9:;< S3T`& <?40IJK X@  +.0 #;<e=>?< '῎ῑῐ῍῏ῐῌ

/1 $Nos. +,(+0% `/LMNOῌ/` s13 

 



Fig. 0 dD-elevation relationship for the discharged waters having low ionic concentrations.
Open circles and triangular are data for river waters at the Sanchu graben area from
Matsubaya et al. (+32/) and Sakai et al. (+33*), respectively.

ῌ !"#$%& Figs. /a, b '(" # + , ) Nos. +, +- *+,-'.
/0$123 4 Fig. + 5'6 7 $%8&9 :+$*;  <= >?=@
ABC/01D$E43D85FAGHI3D& JK +31+ 48A23 5IL''
M N*./0OP43D&FQRHI& # + ) No. +, ' Cl ST* +32/ UBV.,*1* mgῌL FWX285FAGHI3D& YZL +320 5'M N'[\$]48

*+,-'^_`\0 aJL +320 'bc-$deHI3fg h'i ,* Uj#$k823./0Ol48m'no$p23'qrAsFt48uv w>x*yzN'M NF48F{|LI& # . ) No. +/ ' Cl ST* .,-1+ mgῌL F}~W 5' Cl 'F&*:+,-$ &9 --'I$eHI3
D&F{|LI& mA9 -$48I$123mno4 5'Oqr
&5F$p23[\HI8M NA# / ) No. +0 F43E43D&'x%
῎ῌῐ῏῍

Z

+ ) No. ,, *Oa#& Cl STO&XLg "ῌ+$43 d O * ..1 dD * +1 H Fig. /b +F
+2

*&$F' N¡¢O£¤48AZ +$¥¦ &FQRH
I& BC'T§0uvO¨&F MT +,,,/ m $T'©A $ª«LI&'x
M N*5'MT$ &¬­®¯N'IXL°Z±$¯43D&F/H
I& Fig. . *\0'² $eHI3fg #³'®¯'IOl43
¯43D&FQRHI& *² '´!$p23[\HI8µ¶"+$ ·43fg
+F*¸/0x¹/HI8#º~$A»W Cl ST'%¼$]½43D&'x%

14

0* % ,*+*

      .- 

 &'( )*+,- ./01 23 45/.   2 61
(78/09:;.< => ?@A 7 B- CD 
EF7-

Na CD+GH 8>

Fig. -a

Cl 87)*=>I-  CD5 M  1JK=GHA; 
DMMMῌClsea

ῌ

Cl

D M : L CD5 M   M : L   Cl : L

M   MῌCl : 7

Cl -

M

Cl 

ῌ 

M !- " + km #N $%&O P%'&(- QR )SA +320
+T- * +,U1JK=-:; CaCO-CO,H,O !

.+/

Ca,,HCO-80VMW῍

O Nos. +,"+0

DCa  DHCO- X1

1283HA; Fig. -b ; R,*.101. * +,UY4:;0V 

5 1.+/+Z-[T67W 8\ - ] No. . ^_9  No. ++ `a9W:  No. ,+ V0<b;c +d῏e<=fghijklm #SOLVEQ$ Reed,+32, +>V0n?@*- ABop+ghq.rs n?@ 1*q0C

AB5VqABtD>Fig. 1a ?;A

 Eu No. +- vw 1F?xy5VqzG

H{=>b |8^}I- CJ=QR++q0V/. =>~[T67W (< Nos. + -

n?@ 1{῏KL&+@Mq0V EA

; < A   No. + 18\ , ] No. -  q0Nq Ca O Table +?

PQ1 {῏KL&Vn?@

8|

RST/0UV* Toriumi,+31/ ; )SA +320 5VqW&( )SA +320 ++q.^- ?=XY=  -5 8\ , ] No. - Z[\- ]/0[^ CO, +TH
83HA;  _`ῌa +320 b-;F   No. + 1 L& n?=1 ῍ K,Ub CO, +c{q58A* de8- n?@ +n 1/* m Z=q.< =>b f1g ¡¢£¤m de8[hq0V   
@5b

CABtD>  ¥* N¥i

1*

98¦§n?@88\ , ]No. - =H{q0V ¨©:; ῍ 

ªj1 UV«¬&­he<q0®<kl (- ¯@ ¬m 23k¢°i +31* ; Toriumi, +31/ ; :ῌno +33, [T67ῌW<kl (- ?8 , a Nos. 3 +2

±

xy²³´q.Rp=µ3:;0V

Figs. 2a, b ?  UV ¶pR1qj NaAlSi-O2 8kl /·q ¬&=<µ3:;0V  :A [T67ῌ `a9Wº»¼8rJe<q0/·q0V ?@A Fig. 2 CD-a ^1¡¸¹

Na 1JK ªj s(T¡¸¹º»¼ h/0<.A:;.tu:; ,NaAlSi-O2,CO,++H,O !

,Na,HCO-Al,Si,O/OH..H.SiO.

[T67ῌ `a9W HCO- 8* +½>Y4:;




O

DNa  DHCO- XV1283HA;

῎

Nos. . ++ ,+ +v

Fig. -c ; R,*.3,+. n?@ 1¡¸¹º»¼q0@5b CABtD> ?@A Fig. 1b v 1ªj s(T¡¸¹º»¼ hY4:;  ªj s(½>1(<HCO- 15    

Fig. 1 Water temperature versus saturation indexes for (a) calcite, (b) kaolinite, (c) Mg-montmorillonite and(d) anhydrite. Figure shows number of sample location.

"#$%&'()*+,*-./01234561+78 9%:;$<=>?@AB:CDE@FBG5H:I:JKLMNOLῌPQLMNOL(RST8UVWXY+Z[ \ ,**2 ?@ABIU]^(_*+78`5#a\05612ῌ ῌ῍῎ῑῐῒ῏
Fig. -c 0\b08cd( efghiῌje kBG Nos. . ++ ,+ lm- :M>

ni DNaDHCO- (o*+ Na (pqUr[ pqs QNa >tuUvw\Y8
QNaDNa !DHCO-ῌOxM Nos. + ,, lm- : QNa 5 DMg y"z({:N??|#Ww\Y Fig. -d ; R,*./,+0 Na y":pq(}7 Mg y">~T8 je +  No. +2 :L( : #t5*+T8 Fig. 2a > Na῎ 
# Mg, l5* t: ¡¢£#bY2`5l¤¥T8
0Na*.--Al,.--Si-.01O+*OH,Mg,0Mg*.+01Al,.--Si-.01O+*OH,,Na῍

> Mg῎ (o*+06[:p¦§¨©(r8 Fig. 1c  ¡¢£>ª«$: Mg y"#$%&'()*+,*-¬X01234561+78 `:¢£>?@­®ef:JKLMNOLῌPQLMNOL(RST8(Ww\Y+Z[ \ ,**2?@­®U]^(_*+78`5#a\05612
16

' 0* ( !,*+*"

  

Fig. 2 Stratigraphy, reservoir and distribution of minerals in the three wells. (a) Kanra well (No. 3) (b)Annaka No. + well (No. +2) (c) Matsuida No. + well (No. ,,). Reservoirs below depth of casing pipe
are shown in the ﬁgure.

ῌ ῌ

) . * !No. +/"+,- - * !No. ,/"  d-.S ./+1.2#+2.*$ 012 !Fig. 3"%

3./'456789 !+0#,-$ ; Clark, +331":;& <=>?@ABC

D2 E7F d-.S . !,*.*$ ; G+& H" IJKL: 3MN& NaῌCl O) . * !No. +/"PQR

ST U/678

VW7FῌE7F0XY VZ[ % \]^_? CaῌSO. O+,- - * !No. ,/"  Ca !,0 meqῌL"  SO. !,2 meqῌL" ` /IJa
Vb& c

/E7F dVZIJ e :; !Fig. 1d"&

ST U/XYL:

fgNR % h& +,-i+,- + * !No. ,,"  d-.S .j)kIJKb
+0.+$ 012 !Fig. 3"% c8mcn +,,,/ m o !Fig. ."/E7F dVZllL:!Fig. 1d" 3MN& 67

p2 qrstR0 u2 vwLE7F0 2

3 xZjWNyRWz{m|[% VMV}mN& i /& ~'45~
VW7ss02 0xZqrsmqrV !Fig. 2c"&shL: 6VW7s0s2 OO !" LU& & & }7j 7& 7& }
70D 2!¡¢& ,**2"% VWmxZ& +,- + * !No. ,,"  ST U/7 xZjWNyRWz{jfgNR& £¤¥¦2 m: %῍ §¨©ªi!2 |«6 !Nos. ,& -& /"  d-.S ./,1.+#-0./$ [% ¬­®L/"­/¯}°±²#0³´ $[Z ;& µS6¶·¸¹oL/ NO- l
Fe-& Mn. }m$[NR m& llcµL/ SO., ³´ ! S¶·" mº»R ¼ }!½
17    



Fig. 3 Relationship between d-.S values and YSO. concentrations in the discharged waters.
Figure shows number of sample location.

 ,**-  !"#$% !&'()*%+, -#./% SO., 0 d-.S 123
4#56/% 708  !#9:;<=>?@&ABCDE SO., FG0HI#H()
d-.S 1JKLMN/%OPQRS#T% UῌV ,**2 WX00TY#2 SO., FG&Z-01J[\%]0&C%0B DSO. FG# 1* meq ῌ L ^_`1J YSO. FGOAa(YSO. FG0HI#H() d-.S 1JKLMN(`0& Fig. 3 BC% bYcdY%$:# 7Dc

0efgh0 YSO. FGO d-.S 12ijPQ5#Ck Z-2l0mnQ#o% (`&p
) Z-Ycq + , r Nos. , - ; stuG -/ m Jv)q . r No. / ; stuG ,0*m wOuxwyz) !0'&{(|Tp)*% <WX0l0}0efgh Nos. 2
3 ,, ] SO., #(* ~WX0fghW[- No. +3 ; stuG ./* m & SO., J 01.*
mgῌL 0#H()efgh No. +2 ; stuG +,/** m &|T*J2gZ-0<!"&#(``O_cD)*%7OYc Sakai and Matsubaya,+31.  !"#$% !2Qῌ~WX#|dD)*% O*_$:ῌ 

q + r No. +* $53 ;0g#/% SO.

+ r No. +, 0 d-.S 12++.+0.. OYTk* Fig.
,

0 d-.S 2*1J/7OYc Negrel and Pauwels, ,**. ;Sharp, ,**1 ; UῌV ,**2 q0$ W¡¢0£¤¥#D%;0g#¦§/%O_cD%  ¨ CaῌSO. © pH -.2 05- r No. +. ]* d S 1 +.1 J/ 70ª#«¬ 2­®D)*T*& g-¯°&­®D)-.

k ±ῌ² +320 ³;2¬ ´µ H, S 0g#$%¶·¨&_cD% ¸¹ º0»h¼JcY#/%½&C%

18

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        /ῌ ῎ ῍ ῏    ῌ!   "#$   %&'
X "/#01

() *$+ ,' -   . !

2$$3 4() *5 ῏6%&78' 9(:) ;**$+ +'<+01=>? ;@Aῌ ,B-)."ῌ,

 ,C)." D/01 2E=3FG@AH4 ,C
Na-Cl =9 I3 JK&'L M= N5@67,<+5@A; O8OA,B-@=P 67=LE Q 9@:4$3R
;S,< ,C)."ῌ,=H<). L$  =1T῏U=>? WNW῏

ESE 4V W>?X Y>?$3@A,<3R;S,<῍Z[<!B- FG= \ῌ] \ CaLb2F@A GcH

Na῏Cl  Ca῏SO. ^_ -D6 E9 !`,B-Na῏Cl =9

IC$+ \ῌ] \ ! Ca῏SO. = ^_ <d<FG$3Ref'<[+,C)."ῌ, Og9% !B-IJ=!`ah !`a KijL,<῎ ,B-  =4

=lO

E98'

CMk ,C)."ῌ, GcH Nb mnmopqrs

PrtnuvMk<d<jL,< w& GcH xyz{o Ca῏SO. Og9%  =] \ CMk<d<jL,< |<'  4()=?)6% ῏6%&78'9(:}~01
QKΐῒR SiA+;

TU=  V  c . W

X Y'<+ <Z Z[< Z( \ =]=
^R+R+ [+ _`' , ` a=bcdLe fR+ >g 4hL i
ῐ῕῔ῑj.k Hl8 +30, : Xm6   - n og 6XR3

+- , --῏.*.
Clark, I.D. (+331) : Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology (ed. Fritz, P.), -,2 p. Lewis Publishers, New York.

pH < +30. : q?rs tn  _ no. ++. +῏+*.
u v¡¢ wxy£ ,**0 : (z ?{|¤¥¦}.~  §¨ ++, ,῏+-.
l w©ª +320 : Xm  Xm « n¬ +῏+,.

­® 2qy OGv &¯ +330 :  ,$+
H, 9% °±9%rtnZ

6 ^_ .0 03῏12.

2q  ,**2 : Xm²³´?H,µ6 6%¶S^r· ¸%¹ 1 pp. 01῏
03 IZ1« zºc»¤ pH < +31- : ¼3/^_ R46½¨ 4 pp. -/,῏.+0 19     



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:;< +311 : = >? ?@ AB!C D +*3 ,+/῎,--.
EF"# +31+ : $%>GHIJK $%L&'M ! +῎,*.
N( OPQR +31* : OSQTUV)* NOSQTUV!HIJK( (W +0 3/ p.

 XY +3/1 : 89Z+,-[#! #$\ 2 + ,-῎.*.
 ]^X. /_`0 abcd ,**2 : = 12e+3f>g H'hij+4klmn o&pq /* +./῎+0,.
r s ,**- : ῍-B/ ok'tL& u1vwxyvwz{|5} u1p ,-3῎,.0.
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= >?u1 >?#p ,/῎--.

Negrel, P. and Pauwels, H. (,**.) : Interaction between di#erent groundwaters in Brittany
catchments (France) : Characterizing multiple sources through strontium- and sulphur
isotope tracing. Water. Air. and Soil Pollution, +/+, ,0+῎,2/.

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 +33/ : @; ῌ you1 ,*+ p.

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Reed, M.H. (+32,) : Calculation of multicomponent chemical equilibria and reaction processes
in systems involving minerals, gases, and an aqueous phase. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,.0, /+-῎/,2.

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2345 +32+ : 89o &®¯*°Y -+ +,2῎+-2.

2345 ±  Z[\5 +33* : 89²³ [l .* 2*῎23.

2345 ´µ] [^] +320 : 89^+H¶i [l 89 ·p
# !¸ +῎2.
Sakai, H. and Matsubaya, O. (+31.) : Isotopic geochemistry of the thermal waters of Japan andits bearing on the Kuroko ore solutions. Econ. Geol., 03, 31.῎33+.

23 ¹ /[_© +312 : >   .2 + .+῎/,.
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Sharp, Z. (,**1) : Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry. -.. p., Pearson Prentice Hall, New
Jersey.

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Toriumi, M. (+31/) : Petrological study of Sambagawa metamorphic rocks- the Kanto mountains, central Japan. 33 p., Univ. Tokyo Press, Tokyo.

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21