  D & /1 C ,**2





,* ! - "ῌ῍  

ORP Oxidation-Reduction Potential+&.' ,pH  -  . ()*++ Aileen TAMURA,, ,-./+ 012+ 345+
678- 9:;2. 9<=>+ ?@AB++3 ! 1 " , #$ +3 ! 3 " ,* #%Relationship between ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential)
and pH of Drinking Hot Spring Waters and Natural
Mineral Waters in Europe and Japan
Shoichi OKOUCHI+, Aileen TAMURA,, Tomoko TOYAMA+, Hideyuki OHNAMI+,
Takao OAMI+, Takuya MORIMOTO-, Yukho AGISHI., Hiroshi ABE+
and Shigeo IKEDA++

Hosei University, , University of Southern California, - Nippon Onsen Res. Institute,.
Research Institute for Health Resort Medicine

Abstract
We have conducted investigations on the ORP-pH relationship of 2, hot spring water
samples (drinking spring waters) from -/ spas in seven European countries including
Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy, Austria, Czech, and Belgium,. Through these investigations and comparative analyses of hot spring waters and natural mineral waters
in terms of ORP-pH, the following results were obtained.
Hot spring (drinking) waters in Europe : +) Have a reductive characteristic in termsof ORP and a pH value ranging from weak acidity to weak alkalinity. ,) Mainly used for
drinking. Hot spring waters used for pool or Jacuzzi bathing by the general public are
disinfected to assume an oxidative state. -) For drinking, hot spring waters fresh out of
wellheads are used without treatment. Contrasted with these drinking hot spring watersthat are reductive in ORP, commercial natural waters are at the equilibrium ORP level.
Hot spring waters in Japan : +) Have a reductive characteristic in terms of ORP anda pH value ranging from strong acidity to strong alkalinity. ,) Mainly used for bathing.
185



186

-) The practice of therapeutic drinking of hot spring waters is scarcely popular. In
contrast to these hot spring waters that are reductive in ORP, commercial natural waters
including their source waters are at the equilibrium ORP level.
Hot spring waters in both Europe and Japan are characterized in that they are
reductive in ORP, whereas commercial natural waters are at the equilibrium ORP level.
Considering that hot spring waters are mainly used for drinking in Europe and forbathing in Japan due to di#erences in balneological history between them, we propose
widespread use of hot spring waters for both drinking and bathing to bring beneﬁts tothe health. A combination of the drinking of and bathing in reductive hot spring waters
could suppress oxidation of the internals and skin of the body to provide the e#ect ofwhole-body anti-aging.
Key words : ORP, Oxidation-reduction potential, Hot spring water in Europe, Naturalmineral water, Reduced water, Baden-Badenῒῑ       ! 1 "#
-/ "$!% 2, ! & '()*+ ORP-pH ,-!./* 01
 & '234'!5* ORP-pH ,-61789: ;<=!>? @ABC! & '!
D + E FGH61FIH!
JKLMN' , &OPQ%  RS!T OLUDVKL*DWXYW
Z% [\0] G^_ - &DMN_!`ab'c&; d_!e3
4'2DfbLg !'!
D + hGH61hIH! JKLMN' , O
PQ - '!&Di2jkl;+*b*OMN_% d_KLe34'mno=]1p'2fbL
qr!s261 @ABCtt & 'D d_!34'2fbu v
! HDMN_KL=]w s]x%@ABC2%y z{!|561O}~<'!!
bD& D! b5*DKLt!!  !'!2;+ g !Onu2]L b `abMN_!'!&2!% !mnoQ"!G^#nL WY anti-agingO%L2]L: ORP G^MN$ @ABC! 34' MN' ῌ+ῌ ῏ ῍ ῐ ῎
D~82;<@ABC!# 2 %!!Ofbu D& &D  OPQ2*5*O%1]+*L s]x%&1 "1 +332 +333,*** ,**, ,**- ,**/a, ,**/b ; " ,**- ; Okouchi et al., ,**, ; Ohnami et al., ,**- D!')*+ # ,** "$qr!! ORP G^MN$ : Oxidation-Reduction
Potential -pH ,-; DMN_Ku ' !z(* ORP Dr; G^0] WY Aging O/;+*s2)16;+< x< !%c ¡¢£L ! 01D¤¥ *' *+¥  }Q¦§ ¨,0©L<8ª«;+*L. ¬­. /®ῌ?0.bk!¯°0 mno'1'±e34²³ q´34'µ¶·&7¸¹2&'O 23MN_KLs24º Okouchi et al.,

/1 ! ,**2 



,**, "# $%& '(&)* +,-.

ORP

pH 

187

ORP /01"2($34*56 78%9&"4:# ;<=% +333 ; Ohnami et al., ,**- >3? @AB

&CDE&FGHI6 J

+, 2(KLM" +N 2(&IOPQRS TULM V ,**+ ; ;<=% ,**/b &W
X/I6 9%

 Y#XZ[ "4+, '(LMZ\/]^_:I6 K`a"4:#

63% 6 9% Tb& c4 @ABJ>3% deKfHghXi_jI6 /kl_:I
>6_mn ob 
&HIrE_ ,**0 s  &W*4 @AB_jI9pq9K8%9/0 t&9u4 + vtw xyzK{|&}y} ~} y}   1  -/   ,**. ;   ,**0 ; ῌ  +33. _ ORP-pH  KXc# $%&  "4 >3%   =   OXp  ¡ ¢*K ORP-pH 9%£¤¥¦" >3% ¢*K8%9&HI6 KrE "#,   

ORP-pH K"# >3%

J§ + &¨"#q& xyz +. ~} 1 } . }y} y  © -  +Fig. + Sampling sites of spas in Europe.
 + 

Germany : +, Bad Hombrug ; ,, Bad Nauhm ; -, Wiesbaden ; ., Bad Kreuznach ; /, Bad
Munster ; 0, Bad Mergenthm ; 1, Baden-Baden ; 2, Bad Wildbad ; 3, Bad Krozingen ; +*,Bad Brambach ; ++, Bad Elster ; +,, Bad Salzuﬂen ; +-, Aachen ; +., Bad Kissingen
Switzerland : +/, Baden ; +0, Bad Ragaz ; +1, Leukerbad
France : +2, Evian-les-Bains ; +3, Axi-les-Bains ; ,*, Vichy ; ,+, Volvic ; ,,, Royat ; ,-,Aix-en-Probence ; ,., Greoux-les-Bains
Italy : ,/, Montecatini ; ,0, Montegrotto Terme ; ,1, Abano Terme
Austria : ,2, Bad Gastein ; ,3, Bad Hofgastein ; -*, Bad Hall ; -+, Baden
Czech : -,, Podebrady ; --, Marianske Lazne ; -., Karlovy Vary Belgium : -/, Spa

ª



188

Fig. , Sampling sites of drinking hot spring water and natural mineralwater in Japan.
 : drinking hot spring water,  : natural mineral water , 
  
 :  
:
 

-/  2,  !"#$% &' () 

 3 !"

* , + ,-./0 ORP-pH 123456% .7809:;< !"3456%

=>, ?@ABCDEF()GH I8J8 ,* DEF ,+ !",-./ KL;< ORP-pH 123456% M% ()GH   ,, !" * , + ,-.

/ 9:;< ORP-pH 123456%
I8>45'NDEFO@P:QR.,-./S

TUVQ

ORP S ,/ WXYZ[\]^ V ,_`6/ab cde> +332 6%

-  !"#$%-+ 

 ORP-pH 

fgA@hi,EQKj=8 kl3gmnopq rstu@Ov ῌ u@Ov
Baden-Baden  

DEFwx12 ,-./S * - , ORP-pH 1245yz3{n *|}~S

I8J8 ῌ DEF ῍ {n YZDEF[\nol3mn
ORP+.,-*.*/3 pHO,.H .eῌ ,H,OORP*.*/3 pH῍,H ,e  H,

M% *| S > cde> +332 ; Okouchi et al., ,**, ,>,6%
3YZ[\,o ORP  ῎  3{nORP*.2.*.*.1 pH῎

/ /1 0 ,**2 

 

ORP

pH 

189

Fig. - Relationship between ORP and pH of drinking hot spring waters in
Baden-Baden (Germany).
 : drinking hot spring water,  : central main-bath water in Friedrichsbad,  : pool water in Caracalla Therme.
 - ῌ    ORP-pH :    : !"!#$ %&'()*  : ++$ ,

1234 ῌ 5 6 ORP 789:;$<=>?@ AB;$<=CD@ EFG6@=H
1IJK) ῌ JK)L

MN$OG Trinklehalle PQ + a 

Friedrichsbad ; PQ +b++$ Caracalla Therme ; PQ +c!"!#  $ O RST

LUI- PQVTTV2WX  YZG;[S\QX L "(]=^_` a. b.c  =;VX9dXe`;IVWVc;fIg cL:I- JK)ῌJK)L   hi j lem- n k G ;[S\6 ORP

E8AB;CD@=oNpq bc1I !"!#$ r)s \tWu:v)

w %&'()* k x++$ , k LG 6 ORP 8y;7=le>?@L z{BS`;Ig =He`;m- 

G|}X ~=} e`

;TSIg VT   X`  em8 *Xem8 X em8e`BS`;I- *XI$<\ b *XIg X28}*r) G2I-

oNpq bcI

oNpq bcI*G PQ , Xn e`l1

WX ,=('1I cV8x1; 3SI- RgLG %=em8 WXLvem8L:IZ\38 eV\p,c v

$<



2I

\XHBS v=TSIWX2`I- eVe ~b*GXe` p bcI*,LG z{BS`>?@X2`;Icn} WLUIj . X"(] MNem O

ORP-pH =l1- pH G>VT+! Xe ;[S\CD@=lem- m j / Xem
£

¡em¢

  = .

ORP-pH =l1- 2 j% kG¡¢ kG¡£=l1- j / VTTV 

WX¤ ¥¦X8 ORP G>?BS`F§e 6 ORP X¨©:



ª

«

X 9¬­T +332 ®)c¯gIhi=lem"(]   n}2 °}o± e`G ²³>?´µ¶w ·¸c



190

Photo , People taking a spa.
 , 

Fig. . Relationship between ORP and pH of drinking
hot spring waters in Germany.
.
   ORP-pH 

Photo + Places of drinking hot spring waters
at Trinklehalle (+a), Friedrichbad (+b) andCaracalla Therme (+c) in Baden-Baden.
 + ῌ   +a   +b !"#$%$%&' +c (Fig. / Changes in ORP and pH of drinking hot spring waters
with aging.  : fresh out of wellheads,  : aged for . days
/    )*+, . -* ."/01
2  :   : .  /1 M ,**2 

ORP

pH 

191

Photo - Analytical table of chemical components of hot spring water anddrinking places in Bad Homburg.
 - Bad Homburg 
 
!"#$%&'()*+(,%- . /0#1$ 234#5$
6 : 7(,8ῌ9:ῌ;< 1.2* lῌmin,  +-.** => pH /.3*
?@A :
7(,8
Na
C,8
K
%ADE8 NH.
F&G8 Mg,
CG8
Ca,
FAIA
Mn,

Fe,

mgῌl,53134**+//4**
04+*+.34**
2/+4***4.3
34,*

B?@A :
9:
Cl;SO.,
,A;
HPO.,
; HCO-
H?;
H,SiO-mgῌl/5/+24**,14***4,.
+5.+34**
.+4**

J
As
;:

*4*1,
,5*0*4**

N> OPQ  RS/TUVWXY Z[A+a(bc4l!

\]QP#$ O ^! _`> a

Bad Homburg 4d#ef g4hiQP`S#  /> jk -_`m0$ n_`"#;: ,,*0* ppm,  3., ppm, 7(,8?@A ,,313

ppm 9:?@A /,/+2 ppm ^o pqZ"#$ OPr> s /t u4$v > ;:Zw% ^ %&x> yz{|4 Z;:}P~n _`<_> ORP YOP
4 Y^S  / _X$  ' _`> ;:4#(^ )  &'
94#9}ZX^!> !#I'*  ' 4Y+N^#$ X>  ;:/X> ,4?! K- .L

YP> /

0/1}W> / ¡> ¢> -2^o £¤143 4¥Q> ,**, ; 5
6> ,**. }P`¦`S#$ 17 !830#§U> ¨©894;/ :ª_`$«> O;4l<yz83_> 83¬=!¦#^­> ^`S#$
 0 4> !Y> ,4 +3 ®¯44S^# ?@A _`°B±²/X _X³´µZ¶`C·/¸XC'¹ Karlovy Vary F,A¹ Marianske



192

Lazne   
ORP-pH  ! " . #$ %&'()%*+,'./ 012345678 
9$3&:;<=> 

9/?@ #

A7B0

8
CD . $ ,E+FGE/H  IJ !KLB,MN378 ,MNOPQR()STUB<V$WXB;
Fig. 0 Relationship between ORP and pH of drinking
hot spring waters in Czech.
 0 

 ORP-pH @ Y,MNPZH3[\]U)28
J$  ^() _`a$bX8 ?c0defgMN$h ijk
7Wl)mn(UBoX[@c ^ #pq3 r8s
tEuv 7 wxWylUc<V$WXB0c#pq3[?c" 1 $ p2r/ $z{B FF |}sF ~-* E
Fu-* +E  78  ORP-pH  $78 78EM  %&'()%*+,-'$?@ 0
Photo . People drinking hot spring water and drinking
cups in Karlovy Vary.
 .    


123456/?X8 W; " 1 /(W@ ORP 0 , !l?cl p2)FF   ;<=EFu-*  GEs/ 0123"/?X8p2)$GEsῌGEsz{ - #GEs#7B3$)2B0c
J " 2 $%&/   ORP-pH #7B78 %&456
#') +332 /?cp#() (3EM  #$456

7B0c %&/ ! EM_)$<c_)$08#W@_)$[$0$?c $;Uc*($ +,-l(.{cp#$WXB0c/   $r2c¡j¢£0 ¤¥WyM¦l1§#Wc ¨8© EM  / _)1§#78
$<cN}Fª«¬27B0cl %&/3'j¥WyY­Fª«4{c8©® 
#WXB0c EM/ %& !#W@   $,+¯°±jY²³¯°±Wy´³}+µ5l[6¶ #3·K2B0c p<VWp#()3$7B %&#EM/¨&¸{$#W¹8@l?cp#l7)(/?c, /1 - ,**2 

 

ORP-, 

pH 

193

ORP-pH . 3 /#  0123456
7  

ORP-pH 89:(;<=>3? ORP@A/

B2# ?CDBEF GHIE(. +* ;# . ,JKILMNOPD 7 Q )R 
7 *# # R /S<
T# UVWXY/Z[\6 ORP-pH 
89:( 

Q3# ]^  ?

ORP _`/BEF GIE( a>b# U
Fig. 1 Relationship between ORP and pH of drinking
hot spring waters in seven European countries.
 : Baden in Switzerland,  : Baden in Austria 1  1   ORP-pH  : !"#  : $%&'!"

VILcdef\67;?
C/BEF ;gh ij kH>E( l/#m 8 \6noD3#

m

+R ;pqCD ORP ;r<G# a>L 7;<=>3?C R D
Bs6( P6# th8uvw\6xy z{'|&$" G7}>T<EG# uvwXW

ORP ;~

89: pqC/BE3 G# 7
;cdef/2<=>3  ? ORP R /B2# pq;`H>T<E

F 3Is6(
F>LF

IL#   ;  /<#  nI

LpqC

8PPX \T2# ?C/BE7Q84
Fig. 2 Relationship between ORP and pH of drinking
hot spring waters in Japan.
 2 
  ORP-pH 

\T# D   pqC  ; /< }>E( :HY# pqC;    8El < L>E(
P6#

L;F>PD/C IL'|& 84 D 8:E

pqC 8# ¡¢/_< ¡¢[£\¤¥ Okouchi et al., ,**, \T6G# ¦§¨©\6  ; ORP-pHª«IL#

LG¤¥\T<E¡¢/_<D3BE

F GHIs6(.   ¬­8®/ 1 ¯°# -/ ¯±²D

ORP-pH  ¨©8³<# }L/    <8 ORP-pH IL 845 ´µ8³s6(

a j¶#   ;# ·¸/IL'|& /BEpq



194

   !"#  $  %&'()&*+,*(-. /012 3456
176 &895 :;< =>?@ &A5 8

95  B&C<D E  & F3GH7FI
JKG

L689   & MBNO

P@Q)<)R27&8956S 
A56  TUVR27
Fig. 3 Relationship between ORP and pH of commercial natural waters in Europe.
 3 
 ORP-pH 

B&C<WX YBH7 Z([\]^E^ & A5  BC<S _` G&8956 R2aZ([\]BEC<b c<defg& hg&i)&^
B@Q

jh 



g USkl-<mn =op@q) c<de :;<895 B6US TUVr

34s6Utu-Ivwx(*v,yz{|12H7
j} Z([\]  ~=@Q 895&<=cFig. +* Relationship between ORP and pH of commercial natural waters and their source waters.
 : source of commercial natural water,  : commercial natural water,  : source of commercial
drinking hot spring water
 +* 


ORP-pH   : 
: 

 : 
YB7HB<q R2a E&
* 06U H@<O6U/0
72UB@Q)jE ^1
2QqE 895 4=
cYB <)=gTUV!
#6{|@q)

`rD ,**- : Q)B&Hu61@)6) = c ¡1¢ £¤`rD ¥Y¦ §¨ ¨© ª «¬! ­" ® +333 :  TUVORP 3489¯° B pH  .3 /3ῌ0..

`rD ¥Y¦ ¨© ª «¬! ,*** : ±34²

ORP B pH 

 /* 3.ῌ+*+.
`rD

 # ³´µ¶ ·  ª «¬! +332 : 

3489¯°  .2 ,3ῌ-/.

x(*v,¸$B@Q

; /1 < ,**2 



ORP

pH 

195

!"#$% !&'( =>? @ AB /012 ,**/a : ORP CDEFGHIJKLMN OPQ

RS /. +//ῌ+0,.

!"#$% !&'( )*+ !,-. /012 34( 5678 9 : ,**/b :TUVWX YZ  [\]E^_`aRS // //ῌ0-.

Okouchi, S., Suzuki, M., Sugano, K., Kagamimori, S. and Ikeda, S. (,**,) : Water desirable forthe human body in terms of Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) to pH relationship, J.
Food Sci., 01, +/3.ῌ+/32.

!"#$% bc!d !&'( 34( efg /012 ,**- : TUVWX YZ
Ehij

RS /- +ῌ3.

!"#$% bc!d !&'( klm /012 no pq 34( ,**, : rsQt
JE_uvwxy, zW{|}QEhij

RS /, +,ῌ+3.

Ohnami, S., Koumura, K., Ikeda, S. and Okouchi, S. (,**-) : ORP(Oxidation-Reduction Potential)-pH Relationship between Hot Spring Waters and Human Body Fluids, Proceedings of
The -2th Conference of Societe Internationale des Techniques Hydrothermales (Beppu,
Ohita, Japan), -,*ῌ-,/.

~ ? ,**+ : E_    Bio Indusutry, +2 .*ῌ...
Aq ,**. : S

RS  RS   +3*ῌ,*/  ῌ ¡¢£ : ¤>¥¦ 9§¨ +33. : ©ª «Q¬ ­«® ¯° $ ,**0 : ©ª p± H²³´ ¯°>µz ,**. : ©ª¶· ¯