BIOSENSORSBIOSENSORS PRQLWRUUHDOWLPHFKDQJHVLQQHXURFKHPLFDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQV7KH\DUHIDVWVHOHFWLYHDQGVSHFL¿FWRWKHDQDO\WHRILQWHUHVW5HVHDUFKHUV
can use biosensors with Pinnacle’s electronics and software to routinely record and analyze second-by-second concentration changes in the brainsof freely moving animals. Biosensors are an excellent choice for the unambiguous and accurate measurement of rapid neurochemical changes.

Real-time
Data

Available sensors

Low
AnalyteConsumption

HighSpecificity

ƒ Glutamate ƒ EthanolAdvantages

ƒ Glucose
No sample
Post-processing

FastSample Rateƒ cholineƒ Lactate
Call about other analytes

FastResponse TimeCommon uses

3

Point of Injectionƒ In vivo monitoring of brain chemical
microenvironments

Change in [Glutamate] (μM)

2ƒ Neurochemical monitoring during
1

behavioral and physiological activitiesƒ Drug screening, including

0

neuropharmacologic effects-1ƒ ,GHQWL¿FDWLRQRIELRPDUNHUV-2-100102030405060708090100110

ƒ Investigating cognition, behavior, circadianTime from Injection (min)cycles, stress, learning, memory, sleep,In vivo recording from a glutamate biosensor implanted in the mPFC of a C57 mouse. An intraperitoneal injectionof MK-801 (0.18 mg/kg) was delivered at the zero-minute mark. Data were transformed to changes in glutamate
concentration based on the sensor’s post-calibration.

seizure, vigilance state, and new drug
effects

PINNACLE TECHNOLOGY, INC. | WWW.PINNACLET.COM | (785) 832-8866 | SALES@PINNACLET.COM | © 2012

HOW BIOSENSORS WORKPINNACLE BIOSENSORS function by the enzyme-mediated processing of the analyte of interest. This results in the production ofhydrogen peroxide that is then detected by oxidation at a Pt-Ir electrode. Electroactive interferents present in the brain are excluded via
a passive selective membrane and through active removal when necessary.

Platinum-Iridium
Surface

Experimental BASICS

Integrated Ag/AgCl
5HIHUHQFH(OHFWURGH

Implant guide cannula(s) 5-7

350 μmdays in advance.

EnzymeLayer

Inner-Selective
Membrane

Outer-Diffusion
Limiting Membrane *BSAe-

H2O2e-

H2O2e-

H2O2e-

H2O2PTFE Coated Electrode

240 μm5HFHLYHELRVHQVRU V GD\V

Pt-Ir Sensing Cavity

before experiment.

176 μmInsert biosensor(s) to begin

Analyte ofInterest

experiment.

1 mm
View real-time changes inEpoxy Tip~200 - 225 μm

analyte concentration andInterferent

perform challenges.

* Outer-diffusion limiting membrane may not be present on all Pinnacle biosensors

Explant biosensor(s) and postcalibrate.

BIOSENSOR CHARACTERISTICS

Analyze data.
Glutamate

Glucose

LactateEthanol

Choline

In Vivo
Lifetime

36 hours

96+ hours

96+ hours

6 - 8 hours8+ hours

Limit ofDetection

0.05 - 0.1 μM

2 - 5 μM

5 - 10 μM

0.1 - 0.5 μM

0.05 - 0.1 μM

Glutamate Interference Response

Glutamate Biosensor Linearity

2018ȝ0L-Glutathione

12ȝ05-HTȝ0GABAȝ0
L-Aspartic
Acidlinearȝ0L-Cysteine

10810 ȝ0Glutamate6ȝ0NEȝ0Tryptophan

ȝ0DAȝ0L-Tyrosineȝ0L-Glutamineȝ0Ascorbate

fast4
ȝ0Glutamate

200100selective

200

300

400

500

600

700

1614Current (nA)Oxidation Current (nA)

14

12
10864
20051015Time (s)20253035

Glutamate (μM)

Fast Response: Capable of monitoring rapid physiological events+LJK6SHFL¿FLW\ Excludes endogenous electroactive interferents present in the brain
Linear Response: 5HVSRQGVRYHUDSK\VLRORJLFDOO\UHOHYDQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQUDQJHDWSK\VLRORJLFR[\JHQOHYHOV

404550BIOSENSOR HARDWAREPINNACLE OFFERS a suite of biosensor recording systems suitable for a range of needs and experiment types. Turn-key electronics andsoftware solutions are available for in vivo biosensor recordings in freely moving mice and rats. In addition, a desktop unit is available forrecording in anesthetized animals and bench-top experiments. All systems are compatible with Pinnacle’s line of biosensors.

wireless system
for rats

tethered system
for mice

4

Anesthetized andIn vitro experiments

4

37KH IRXUFKDQQHO ¿[HG SRWHQWLDO
potentiostat provides a cost-effective,easy-to-use, and highly accurate

3IT®

Products

system for the development and use

MBLE 1of high impedance, amperometricbiosensors and biosensor arrays.

2

Designed with the neuroscientist inZ19

mind, it is well suited for anesthetized2

animal experiments, brain slices, andother in vitro studies. The system is

1compatible with Pinnacle’s biosensors
and third-party sensors.
1HOW DO I CORRELATECURRENT to CONCENTRATION?
To relate the in vivo current changes
measured by a biosensor to actualchanges in analyte concentration, it
1

Stereotaxically placed guide cannulas allow for theis necessary to calibrate biosensors

insertion of biosensors post-surgery. Prefabricatedat the conclusion of the experiment.

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Pinnacle offers a number of calibration

7KH ZLUHOHVV V\VWHP XVHV D 5DW +DW WR KRXVH WKHacrylic and act as a connection port for the two-systems

electronics, battery, guide cannula, and biosensor.

FKDQQHOELRVHQVRUSUHDPSOL¿HU

calibration of up to four biosensors.

Stereotaxically placed guide cannula(s) allow for the1insertion of biosensors post-surgery.
2forthesimultaneous

7KH 5DW +DW ERWWRP LV DI¿[HG WR WKH VNXOO ZLWK ERQH
screws and dental acrylic. The fully assembled system

2weighs 11.8 grams.

+HDGPRXQWHG SUHDPSOL¿HUV KRXVH WZR FRQQHFWRUVfor biosensors and are key to quality, artifact-freedata. The fully assembled system weighs 2.2 grams.

3

A low-powered, wireless, two-channel potentiostat
applies a bias and transmits up to two digitized signals

3

to a paired Bluetooth® USB dongle that interfaces

A low-torque commutator allows for unencumbered
freedom of movement.

with Pinnacle’s Sirenia® Acquisition software for datarecording.

4The data conditioning and acquisition system
SHUIRUPVVHFRQGDU\DPSOL¿FDWLRQDQG¿OWHULQJEHIRUH

47KH 5DW +DW WRS SURWHFWV WKH V\VWHP DOORZLQJ IRUsending data to Pinnacle’s Sirenia® Acquisitiongroup housed and behavioral experiments.

software for collection.
Calibration Kit

SUPPORTING PRODUCTS

ADD EEG/EMG OR VIDEO
Lactate
100 μM
EEG

Combined EEG/EMG/Biosensor Systems
Easily add synchronized EEG/EMG recordings to biosensor

Glucosemeasurements! Pinnacle’s four-channel biopotential systemprovides tethered solutions for the simultaneous measurement
250 μVEMGof EEG/EMG waveforms and neurochemical activity in freely
moving mice and rats. This powerful combination is perfect for
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00.5

1.0 Hours

1.5

2.0

2.5

studies.

EEG and EMG waveforms are plotted simultaneously with calibrated biosensor traces
for lactate and glucose recorded from a single animal.

Integrated Video
Synchronized video recording can be added to any new orexisting biosensor hardware system, providing a platform forcorrelating changes in brain chemistry with behavioral states.
Captured video is displayed live on screen as it is streamed
from the animal, and, in playback mode, video is synchronizedwith other recorded data.
Biosensor traces for lactate and glucose are recorded simultaneously with full-color video.

Need a smaller sensing cavity?
Working with larger animals?

CARBON FIBER SENSORS
3LQQDFOH RIIHUV FDUERQ ¿EHU VHQVRUV &)6  IRU XVH LQ ¿[HG
potential amperometry (FPA) and fast scan cyclic voltammetry)6&9 2XU&)6LVDPGLDPHWHUFDUERQ¿EHUKRXVHGLQD

customsilica sheath that extends 0.5 mm beyond the end of the silica.

designs

3LQQDFOHFDQKHOS\RXGHVLJQDQHOHFWURGHIRU\RXUVSHFL¿F
application. Call a representative today!

(785) 832-8866

PINNACLE TECHNOLOGY, INC. | WWW.PINNACLET.COM | (785) 832-8866 | SALES@PINNACLET.COM | © 2012