Failure Knowledge Database / 100 Selected Cases

The Titanic Disaster【April 15, 1912, Saint Jones offing 604k, Newfoundland, East 1,610km of Boston,Massachusetts, the U.S.A.】
Masayuki Nakao
Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo

The luxury passenger liner Titanic, which was said to be unsinkable, on it’s way
from England to New York collided with an iceberg and sank. Titanic, despite of themultiple iceberg warnings it had received, she did not slow down. When thecrewmembers discovered an iceberg, they steered the ship to evade it, but the vessel
could not avoid the collision. A large quantity of seawater flooded into the ship due todamage to a major section of the hull and the ship sank. Insufficient number oflifeboats and the late call for help led to 1,517 deaths.

Watertightbulkheads
Watertightbulkheads

The heavy front part broke
The front part got heavy
off when the sinking rearand brok
e inhalf
lifted it off the water.

Watertightbulkheads
Watertightbulkhe
adsdiddid
notnotreachtheupperdeck
reach upperpartdeck.Waterandwater
invadedinvad
ed totherear. fromthe rear.

Rivetsfellfofat
theUponcontact
withwithanthecontacticeberg,
rivetsfelliceberg,
off.

Figure 1. Submergence of Titanic [3]１．EventThe luxurious passenger liner Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank on the way
from England to New York. When crews discovered an iceberg, they steered the ship toevade it, but the vessel collided, the hull eventually broke in half, and sank. Insufficent
number of lifeboats and the late call for help were responsible for many of the 1,517
deaths.
２．Course (cf. Figure 2)
Titanic, which the entire world was keeping its eye on, was thought to be an
unsinkable ship. On April 10, 1912, it left the British port of Southampton toward New1

Failure Knowledge Database / 100 Selected Cases

York in the US on her maiden voyage with about 2,220 passengers and crew on board amonth after its original scheduled departure. After starting on the voyage, Titanic
received warnings that there was drift ice ahead from another ship twice, but she kept
traveling at a high speed of 20.5 knots without slowing down, as the departure had
been further delayed by an hour.
At 23:40 on April 14, the crew discovered an iceberg 450m ahead and steered theship and slowed down, but could not prevent the ship from grazing the iceberg. After
colliding with the iceberg, they did not immediately ask for rescue via the wireless, andsome passengers did not even know about the collision.
Titanic sent help through the wireless for the first time at 0:14. The nearest ship,
the California, was at 19 NM (nautical miles, about 35km) from Titanic, had alreadyturned off the wireless at midnight. The Carpathia, which was 56 NM away, received it
and headed its way to rescue.
Titanic launched a signal flare at 0:44, but the California that was traveling nearby
did not take it as a rescue signal and left without stopping. Titanic sank at 2:20am. The
Carpathia finally arrived at 4:10, two hours after the ship had submerged.

Figure 2 Process to Titanic iceberg collision [1]３．CauseThe direct cause of this accident was a collision with an iceberg. The hull consisted ofa large number of compartments, an unusually of building a ship at the time but thecollision damaged the ship by a tear in the side and many compartments weredestroyed upon contact. The ship then could not depend on the momentum by other2

Failure Knowledge Database / 100 Selected Cases

compartments that would have allowed her to correct its posture. In addition, there
were causes that Titanic ignored warnings of an iceberg twice, that the amount of drift
ice was increased because the departure was delayed by one month, and crew did notuse binoculars for monitoring even in the poor visibility at night. Reasons for the large
number of victims were insufficient the number of life-boats, the crew not sending arescue signal immediately after the collision from the overconfidence in the hull withmany compartments, and a nearby ship the California turning off their wireless andnot knowing the meaning of the lamp signal.
４．Countermeasure
Titanic issued a rescue signal, but it was already late, way too late, due tooverconfidence that the hull consisting of many compartments was safe. In addition,
there were not enough lifeboats and even some of them took off without reachingloading victims to their capacities.
５．Immediate action
Many safety measures enacted after the incident. For example, USCG (US CoastalGuard) came to offer data and information on icebergs for safe navigation. The crew ofthe ship, of course, learned to catch warnings of icebergs seriously.
６．SummaryTitanic was a rare ship in those days, which had 15 compartment walls with adouble bottom and automatic watertight doors that could be closed from the bridge by
an electric switch. The Shipbuilder magazine in the summer of 1911 described Titanic
as "the ship is practically unsinkable". Each newspaper in response to these words
began to talk sensationally, and the legend of the unsinkable ship Titanic was complete.
It caused delays in many actions after she collided with the iceberg, and that was said
to be the greatest factor that led to the large number of victims of this accident.
７．Knowledge
A myth of safety easily gives people a faulty image of safety. The people put too muchconfidence in the ability of people, machines, and systems. As for the particularly
technical change, only improvements are emphasized, and a preparation for the worse
case is overlooked.
In addition, it will lead to a large failure unless people listen to warnings without
putting too much confidence and overlooking actual ability. It is important to prepare
sufficient safety measures and minimize effects in case of an accident. It may invite theworst situation when enough preparations are not taken.
８．Background3

Failure Knowledge Database / 100 Selected Cases

Because Titanic aimed for the record of the shortest Atlantic crossing on her maiden
voyage, and she was reluctant to slow down even upon receiving warnings of icebergs.
The reputation of “unsinkable ship,” with its hull structure consisting of many
watertight compartments, also led to no one even think that There was no weather
forecasting or radar in those days and Titanic traveling at high speed at night, andforeseeing the accident was difficult. It seems, however, that the number of victims
could have been largely reduced if there were sufficient safety measures such asloading enough lifeboats.
<References>[1] Study Introduction of National Maritime Research Institute, Marine Safe Study:
Summary of Titanic Disaster, http://www.nmri.go.jp/sed/psa/titanic/02.htm[2] Real Titanic: http://homepage1.nifty.com/Titanic/real/[3] “100 Scenarios of Failure” by Masayuki Nakao, Morikita Publishing (2005)

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