͉̲͛ͅȁ໲͈დఴ͈࿨‫ͬڬ‬౜̠ါள̦Ȅ৽ࢊ͈ஜ͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥࢹ໲̦Ȅ‫ͅࢊם‬ంह̳ͥȃ୆଼໲༹͈იழ͙̽̀͢ͅȄ৽୯ོ̤͍ࣺ̹͛ͦ͘͢୯̤̫ͥͅდఴ‫͈ا‬໦ଢ଼̞̾̀ͅ࠿൦̱Ȅ̷͈࿚ఴതͬࣉख़̳͈̦ͥȄུࣂ͈͇̞̜ͣ́ͥȃˍȅდఴ‫ا‬ȁGundelȪ1977ȫ͉Ȅდఴͬ໲͈ಎ́ഥ̢ͣͦͥஜ೹̯̞͂ͦ̀ͥૂ༭Ȅဓ̢̞ͣͦ̀ͥૂ༭Ȅ‫ܡ‬౶͈ૂ༭̢̱̞͂̀͂ͣ̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ๊֚എ͉ͅȄ‫ࢊ͈ࢊם‬ਜ਼͉ࡥ೰‫̦̞̱ͥ̀ا‬Ȅນ࿂ષ͈৽ࢊ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̳ͥါளո‫͈ٸ‬ါள̦໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͛Ȅ̷͈ါள̦‫ݝ‬গ̽̀͢ͅ໲͈ॼ̥ͤͣၗ̯̭̦̩̜ͦͥ͂ͥ͢ࢹ໲͈ంहͬঐഊ̱̞̀ͥȃ‫͈ܱئ‬Ȫ1ȫ̥ͣȪ4ȫ͈໲̤̞̀ͅȄ
BeansȄTomorrowȄThat stupid excuseȄMary̦Ȅ̷̸͈ͦͦ໲͈৽ࢊ͈ஜ͈໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸
ˍĪ̞͛̀ͥȃȪˍȫBeans he won’t eat.ȪGundel 1977:18ȫ
ȪˎȫTomorrow I won’t be here.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȪˏȫThat stupid excuse I don’t think anyone will fall for.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȪːȫMary I don’t like.Ȫibid.ȫ
Gundel͉ȄࢵͅȄ‫͉ͅࢊם‬დఴͬ໲൮͈պ౾̥Ȅ̹͉͘დఴ̦໲͈ॼ̥ͤͣၗ̯ͦͥպ౾ͅ౾
̩߹̦̜࢜ͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃȁȁRossȪ1967ȫ͉ȄȪ1ȫ͈̠̈́͢໲͉დఴ‫ا‬ȪTopicalizationȫ̞̠͂ܰ௱̦ഐဥ̯ͦ̀୆଼̯ͦͥ
̳͂ͥȃȪ5ȫ̥ͣȪ10ȫ͈໲͉Ȅდఴ‫̦ا‬ഐဥ̯ͦȄ໲ಎ͈ྴত߉̦า̧੄̯ͦȄ໲൮ͅັ‫̯ح‬ˎȫ̹ͦࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ୆଼̯̹͈̜ͦ́ͥ͂͜໦ଢ଼̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃȁȪˑȫThese steps I used to sweep with a broom.ȪEmonds 1976:31ȫ
ȁȪ˒ȫEach part John examined carefully.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȁȪ˓ȫOur daughters we are proud of.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȁȪ˔ȫPoetry we try not to memorize.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȁȪ˕ȫInflation, I’ve heard many theories about.ȪMcCawley 1988:503ȫ

ȁȪ10ȫHarriet I spotted yesterday at the movies.ȪSoames & Perlmutter 1979:229ȫˎȅდఴ‫̹̯ͦا‬ါள͈պ౾ȁలˍ୯̤̞̀ͅȄდఴ‫̹̯ͦا‬ါள͉໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ͂੆͓̹ȃȁ
ȁȪ11ȫJohn he called.ȪGundel 1977:133ȫ
Ȫ11ȫ͈໲́დఴ̱͂̀൱̞̞͈͉̀ͥȄ໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥJohń̜ͥȃდఴ͈John͉Ȅდఴ‫̦ا‬ഐဥ̯ͦͥஜ͉Ȅఈ൲তcalled͈࿒എࢊ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃȪ11ȫ͈໲͉Ȅ৽୯͈ါள̦
დఴ‫̯ͥͦا‬ાࣣȄ̷͈ါள͉൳̲৽୯͈໲൮͈պ౾ͅ֊൲̯̞̠̭ͦͥ͂͂ͬা̱̞̀ͥȃȪ12ȫ͈໲͈ఈ൲তcalled͈࿒എࢊ͈Johnͅდఴ‫̦ا‬ഐဥ̯̹ͦࠫ‫ض‬ȄȪ11ȫ͈໲̤̞̀ͅდఴ͂
̱̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥJohn͉ȄȪ12ȫ͂൳̲৽୯͈໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃ
ȁȪ12ȫHe called John.Ȫibid.ȫ
ਲ௺୯ͬ‫̞̈́͘܄‬ౙ͈֚୯̤̞͉̀ͅȄდఴ̱͂̀൱̩ါள͉Ȅ̷͈୯Ȅ࡞̢̞۟ͥ͂৽୯͈
໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̭̦͛ͥ͂۷ख़̯ͦͥȃȁȁȁȪ13ȫOf himself Heraclitus no doubt had quite a good opinion.ȪGundel 1977:133ȫ
ȁȪ14ȫThe cheese I already ate.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȁȪ15ȫAbout his life we know little of interest.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȁȪ16ȫHim I can’t stand.Ȫibid.ȫ
Ȫ13ȫ̥ͣȪ16ȫ͈́͘໲̤̞̀ͅȄ໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ߉̦Ȅ̷̸͈ͦͦ໲͈Ḙ͈̏ાࣣ͜৽୯
͈დఴ̱͂̀൱̞̞̀ͥȃȁȁდఴ‫̹̯ͦا‬ါள̦Ȅდఴ‫̦ا‬ഐဥ̯ͦͥஜͅ୸̞̹͛̀պ౾ͬ‫͚܄‬୯͂൳͈֚୯͈൮͈պ
౾Ȅ̾ͤ͘໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̭͛ͥ͂ͬা̱̹̦ȄষͅȄਲ௺୯Ȅ࡞ོ̢̞ࣺ͙۟ͥ͂͛୯ͬ‫܄‬͚໲͈ાࣣͬ۷ख़̳ͥȃȁ
ȁȪ17ȫStuffed eggplant Jill says she can’t stand.ȪSoames & Perlmutter 1979:234ȫȪ17ȫ͈໲͉Ȅshe can’t stand ོ̞̠ࣺ͙͂͛୯ͬ‫̞ͥ́ͭ܄‬ȃȪ17ȫ͈໲́დఴ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥࢹ଼ள͉Ȅडષպ͈୯Ȅ̾ͤ͘৽୯͈໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥྴত߉͈stuffed eggplant̜̦́ͥȄRossȪ1967ȫ́೹մ̯̹ͦდఴ‫͈ا‬೰৆‫̀̽״ͅا‬໦ଢ଼̳ͬͥ͂Ḙ͈̏ྴত߉͉დఴ‫̦ا‬ഐဥ̯ͦͥஜ͉Ȅ‫ئ‬պོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈൲তstand ͈࿒എࢊ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͈̜͛̀ͥ́ͥ͜ȃ
Ȫ18ȫ
̥ͣȪ22ȫ͈໲̤̞̀͜ͅȄ৽୯͈໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ߉͉Ḙོ͈ࣺ͙̏͛୯ͬ‫͚܄‬໲஠ఘ͈დఴ̱͂̀൱̞̞̦̀ͥȄडོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘͜୯͈൲তȄ̜̞͉ͥஜ౾ত͂‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫͈̜ͣͦͥ́ͥ͜ȃ
ȁȪ18ȫCriticizing herself I think Sue finds difficult.ȪSoames & Perlmutter 1979:236ȫȁȪ19ȫA kangaroo Jim claims he has never seen.ȪGundel 1977:133ȫ
ȁȪ20ȫThat paper on topicalization Max told Sheila not to tell anyone he had written.Ȫibid.ȫ

ȁȪ21ȫCigarettes I don’t think I’ll ever be able to give up.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȁȪ22ȫThe letter Mary said Bill claimed he knew nothing about.ȪGundel 1977:145ȫȁ̭ͦ́͘۷ख़̧̱̹̀დఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͉Ȅდఴ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥࢹ଼ள̦Ȅ৽୯͈൲ত͂‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫͈̜ͣͦͥ́ͦ͜Ȅོࣺ͙͛୯͈൲ত͂‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫͈̜ͣͦͥ́ͦ͜Ȅ̷͈დఴ͈ࢹ଼ள͉Ȅडષպ͈୯̜́ͥ৽୯͈໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͈̜͛ͥ́ͥ͜ȃდఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͈ಎ͉ͅḘ͈̠̏̈́͢Ηͼί͈ఈͅȄდఴ̱͂̀൱̩ါள̦Ȅ৽୯͉̩́̈́Ȅོࣺ͙͛୯͈ಎͅ੄࡛̳͈̦̜ͥͥ͜ȃ
ȁȪ23ȫI hope that this book you will read.ȪDoherty 1997:200ȫ
ȁȪ24ȫShe claims that Guiness he likes but that whiskey he hates.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȁȪ25ȫThis proves that Joyce he’d read but that Yeats he hadn’t.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȁȪ26ȫI’m fairly sure that the skates, John put in the closet.ȪMcCawley 1988:468ȫ
ȁȪ27ȫI believe that this book, you should read.ȪLasnik & Saito 1992:76ȫ
ȁȪ28ȫI suspect that the revised edition he hasn’t yet read.ȪHuddleston 1984:455ȫȁȪ29ȫI admitted that yesterday, I had seen Fred.ȪCulicover & Wilkins 1984:71ȫȁ
ȁȪ30ȫJohn says that Sue, Bill doesn’t like.ȪAuthier 1992:329ȫȪ23ȫ͉́Ȅོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘that୯͈൲তread͂‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫ͣͦͥྴত߉͈this book̦Ȅდఴ‫ا‬̽̀͢ͅȄडષպ͈৽୯ོ͉̩ࣺ̞́̈́͛ͦ̀ͥ͘that୯͈৽ࢊ͈ஜ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃ൳အͅȄȪ24ȫ̥ͣȪ30ȫ́͜Ȅོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘that୯ͅ‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫ͣͦͥࢹ଼ள͈GuinessȄwhiskeyȄJoyceȄYeatsȄthe skatesȄthis bookȄthe revised editionȄyesterdayȄSue̦Ȅ ̷ ͦ ̸ ͦȄོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘that୯͈৽ࢊ͈ஜ͈დఴ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃȁDohertyȪ1997ȫ͉Ȅდఴ̱͂̀൱̩ါள̦Ȅོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘୯ͅ‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫̞ͣͦ̀ͥાࣣˏȫ͉Ȅ༞໲ດে͈thatͬજၞ̧̳̭̦̞ͥ͂́̈́͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃ

ȁȪ31ȫġ *I hope this book you will read.ȪDoherty 1997:201ȫ
ȁȪ32ȫġ *She claims Guiness he likes but whiskey he hates.Ȫibid.ȫ
ȁȪ33ȫġ *This proves Joyce he’d read but Yeats he hadn’t.Ȫibid.ȫ

ˏȅდఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͈෩୆ˏȅˍȅდఴ͈պ౾͂wh֊൲ȁდఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͉Ȅდఴ̱͂̀൱̩ါள̦Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬ດ੔̯͂ͦͥࢊਜ਼͈ಎ́୸͛ͥպ౾Ȅ༆͈࡞̞༷̳ͬͥ͂Ȅ̷͈ࢹ଼ள̦ఈ͈ࢹ଼ள͂໲༹ષྟ୪ͅ‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫ͣͦͥպ౾̥ͣา̧੄̯ͦȄड੝ͅ୸̞̹͛̀պ౾ͤ͢ષպ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥࢹ໲̧̜̞̠̭̦́ͥ͂͂́ͥȃდఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͈෩୆̞̾̀ͅȄChomskyȪ1977ȫ͉Ȅდఴ̱͂̀൱̩ါள͉Ȅນ࿂ષ୸͛ͥպ౾ͅȄ֊൲ːȫܰ௱͉̩́̈́‫ܖ‬ೲ໐ܰ௱̽̀͢ͅ୆଼̯ͦͥ͂ࣉ̢ͥȃȁȪ34ȫȁ R1ȇSȁȁȁȁTOP SS
ȁR2ȇSȁȁȁȁCOMP

S

დఴ‫̹̯ͦا‬ါள͉Ȅ‫ܖ‬ೲ໐ܰ௱ˮˍ͈TOP͈պ౾ͅ୆଼̯̞̠̭̜ͦͥ͂͂́ͥȃდఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͈෩୆͉ͅȄ
Ȫ34ȫ͈‫ܖ‬ೲ໐ܰ௱̺̫͉̩́̈́Ȅ
Ȫ35ȫ͈wh֊൲̞̠͂֊൲ܰ௱͜‫۾‬ဓ̱̞̀ͥ͂৽ಫ̳ͥȃ
ȁȪ35ȫġwh߉ͬ༞໲ດে͈պ౾ͅ֊൲̵͢ˑȫȪ36ȫ͈დఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͉ͅḘ͈̏wh֊൲ܰ௱̦ഐဥ̯̞̳ͦ̀ͥ͂ͥȃ
ȁȪ36ȫġthis book, I asked Bill to get his students to readȪ36ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄྴত߉͈this book̦დఴ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥȃȪ36ȫ͈‫ܖ‬ೲ໐ࢹ௮Ȫ37ȫͅ‫܄‬ͦͥ͘whatͅwh֊൲ܰ௱̦ഐဥ̯ͦ̀ȄȪ38ȫ͈ࢹ௮̦෩୆̳ͥȃȪ38ȫ͈෩୆ࢹ௮̤̞͉̀ͅȄwh߉͈whațȄ༞໲ດেCOMP͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃ
ȁȪ37ȫġthis book, I asked Bill to get his students to read whatȽȁȪ38ȫġ[ ɁS [ TOP this book] [ S [ COMP what] [I asked Bill to get his students to read t]]]ȁ

Ȫ38ȫ͈wh߉ͅȄ݅ྩഎ̈́ܰ௱̜́ͥwh߉ॉੰܰ௱̦ഐဥ̯ͦͥࠫ‫ض‬ȄȪ36ȫ͈დఴ‫ࢹا‬໲̦෩୆̳ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̯ͣͅȄོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘୯͈ಎͅȄდఴ̱͂̀൱̩ါள̦ంह̳
˒ȫͥȪ39ȫ̞̾̀͜ͅȄ൳အͅ໦ଢ଼̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȁȁȪ39ȫġI informed the students that this book, they would definitely have to read
Ȫ39ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘that୯͈৽ࢊ͈they͈ஜ͈ྴত߉this book̦Ȅდఴ̱͂̀൱̞̞̀ͥȃȁChomskyȪ1977ȫ͉Ȅდఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͉ͅȄ
Ȫ40ȫ̥ͣȪ43ȫ́͘ͅা̯̹ͦwh֊൲ܰ௱̦঵̾අಭ̦෇͈͛ͣͦͥ́Ȅდఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͈෩୆͉ͅȄ֊൲ܰ௱̜́ͥwh֊൲̦‫۾‬ဓ̱̞̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̱˓ȫ̞̀ͥȃ

ȁȪ40ȫġߗਫ਼Ȫgapȫͬॼ̳ȃ
ȁȪ41ȫġ‫ޘ‬Ȫbridgeȫ̦̜ͥાࣣ͉ͅȄࡉ̹̭͂ͧȄ‫ئ‬୪͈ૄ࠯Ȫsubjacency conditionȫȄྵఴോૄ࠯Ȫpropositional-island conditionȫȄঐ೰৽ࢊૄ࠯
Ȫspecified subject conditionȫ֑ͅ฽̱̞̀ͥ
̠͢ͅࡉ̢ͥȃȁȪ42ȫġໝࣣྴত߉ଷ࿩
Ȫcomplex noun phrase constraintȫͅਲ̠ȃȁȁȪ43ȫġwhോ͈ૄ࠯Ȫwh-island constraintȫͅਲ̠ȃȁˏȅˎȅ༞໲ດে߉͈ඤ໐ࢹ௮ȁ‫͈ࢊם‬୯͈৽ࢊ͈ஜ͈ਔ༏໐Ȫperipheryȫ͉ͅȄდఴ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̳ͥါளո‫ͅٸ‬Ȅthat༞໲ດে͂๛೰߉͂݃࿚ত̦੄࡛̳ͥȃȁȪ44ȫġJohn, I like.ȪLasnik & Saito 1992:75ȫ
ȁȪ45ȫġThose people I’ve had just about enough of.ȪSoames & Perlmutter 1979:229ȫȁȪ46ȫġI believe that this book, you should give away.ȪChomsky 1977:93ȫȁ
ȁȪ47ȫġIt is obvious that Bill, Mary dislikes a lot.ȪCulicover & Wilkins 1984:71ȫ
ȁȪ48ȫġIn no circumstances can I tolerate this.ȪHurford 1994:136ȫ
ȁȪ49ȫġI promise that on no account will I write a paper during the holidays. ȪHaegeman & Guéron1999:337ȫ
ȁȪ50ȫġWhom will Thelma meet after lunch?ȪHaegeman & Guéron 1999:170ȫ
ȁȪ51ȫġThey asked me what I was doing.ȪHurford 1994:115ȫȪ44ȫ͂Ȫ45ȫ͈໲͉́Ȅ৽୯͈৽ࢊ͈ I ͈ஜ͈պ౾ͬȄდఴ‫̹̯ͦا‬ါள̜́ͥྴত߉͈John͂those people̦୸̞͛̀ͥȃ
Ȫ46ȫ͂Ȫ47ȫ͉́Ȅ̷̸ͦͦȄོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘୯͈৽ࢊyou͂
Mary͈ஜͅȄ༞໲ດে͈that͂დఴ‫̞̯ͥ̀ͦا‬ါள̜́ͥྴত߉this book͂Bill̦ంह̳ͥȃ
Ȫ48ȫ͈৽୯͈৽ࢊ I ͈ஜ͉ͅȄ๛೰߉in no circumstances͂੩൲তcan̦ంह̳ͥȃȪ49ȫོ͈ࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘୯͈৽ࢊ I ͈ஜ͈պ౾͉ͅȄ༞໲ດে͈that͂๛೰߉on no account͂੩൲ত͈will̦̜ͥȃȪ50ȫ͉́Ȅ݃࿚ত͈whom͂੩൲ত͈will̦Ȅ৽୯͈৽ࢊ͈Thelma͈ஜ͈պ౾ͬ୸̤͛̀ͤȄ
Ȫ51ȫ͉́Ȅ݃࿚ত͈whațȄོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘୯͈৽ࢊ͈ I ͈ஜ͈պ౾ͅంह̳ͥȃ8ȫȁ˴ΨȽၑა͂ඵࣜখ໦̥ͦࡔၑͬनဥ̳ͥ͂Ȅ୯͈ࢹ௮͉
Ȫ52ȫ͈̠͢ͅນা̯ͦͥȃ

ȁȪ52ȫȁȁ

CPCu

SpecCIPNPIu
IVP‫͈ࢊם‬୯͈ࢹ௮ͬ
Ȫ52ȫ͂‫ب‬೰̳ͥ͂Ȅ໲͈৽ࢊ͉ȄIP̦ೄ୪঑෻̳ͥNP͈պ౾ͬ୸̭͛ͥ͂̈́ͤͅȄ৽ࢊ͈ஜ͉ͅȄ༞໲ດে߉CP͈৽ါ໐̜́ͥ༞໲ດে˟͈պ౾͂Ȅঐ೰໐Ȫspecifierȫ͈պ౾͈ඵ͈̾պ౾̦ంह̳̭ͥ͂̈́ͥͅȃ৽୯̤̫ͥͅwh݃࿚໲Ȫ50ȫ͉́Ȅwhom̞̠͂wh߉͂Ȅwill̞̠͂੩൲ত͈ඵ͈̾ࢹ଼ள̦Ȅ৽ࢊͅ୶࣐̳ͥȃȁȪ50ȫ͈wh݃࿚໲͈෩୆͉ͅȄwh֊൲͂৽ࢊȆ੩൲তു౾
Ȫsubject-auxiliary inversionȫ̞̠͂ඵ͈̾֊൲ܰ௱̦ഐဥ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃHaegeman & GuéronȪ1999ȫ͉Ḙ͈̏ඵ͈̾֊൲ܰ௱̦ഐဥ̯̹ͦ
Ȫ50ȫͅచ؊̳ͥ෩୆ࢹ௮ͬȄȪ53ȫ͈ਏࠁ଎́ນ̱̞̀ͥȃȪ53ȫȁ

CPNPCuCIPNPIuIVPVPPPVuVNP

whom i will j Thelma t j meet t iafter lunchȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁ
Ȫ53ȫ͈ਏࠁ଎͉Ȅwh߉whom̦൲তmeet͈༞໐͈պ౾̥ͣȄCP͈ঐ೰໐͈պ౾ͅ֊൲̱Ȅ੩൲তwill̦Ȅߠ୬߉IP͈৽ါ໐ I ͈պ౾̥ͣȄCP͈৽ါ໐˟͈պ౾͒֊൲̱̞̭̀ͥ͂ͬা̱
̞̀ͥȃ
ȁȪ46ȫ͂Ȫ47ȫ͂ষ͈Ȫ54ȫ͉́Ȅོࣺ̹͛ͦ͘that୯͈ಎͅდఴ̦ంह̳ͥȃ
Ȫ54ȫI promise that during the holidays I will on no account write a paper. ȪHaegeman & Guéron
1999:339ȫ
Haegeman & GuéronȪ1999ȫġ͉ȄRizziȪ1997ȫ́೹੹̯̹ͦ໦ၗCP仮説 ͅ‫̀̽״‬Ḙ͈̏࡞ࢊম৘ͬ୰ྶ̳ͥȃ
Ȫ54ȫ͈̠̈́͢໲ͬ୰ྶ̳̹͉ͥ͛ͅȄCP̦ໝତ͈‫ܥ‬ෝൎৣͅ໦ٜ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪ55ȫ
͈ࢹ௮ͬ୭೰̳ͥຈါ̦̜̳ͥ͂ͥȃ
ȁȪ55ȫȁ

CPSpecCuC

TopP*FocPTopP*ȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁ
ȪTopP* ͉ȄTopP̦߫ͤ༐̳̞̠̭͂͂ͬা̳ȃȫდఴ߉ȪTopic Phraseȫ͉໲͈CP௄͈֚໐̜́ͤȄდఴ߉͈৽ါ໐̜́ͥდఴ͈TopȪTopicȫ͉Ȅდఴள଻Ȫtopic featureȫͬ‫͙܄‬ȄTopP͈ঐ೰໐͉Ȅდఴ̱ٜ͂̀৷̯ͦͥࢹ଼ளͬ‫̳͚ͥ͂܄‬ȃ̭͈༞໲ດে߉͈ఘࠏͬनဥ̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅȄོࣺ̹͛ͦ͘that୯͈ಎͅდఴͬ‫͚܄‬
Ȫ54ȫ͈໲͈ࢹ௮͉Ȅ
Ȫ56ȫ̜̯́ͥ͂ͦͥȃȁȁȪ56ȫ

CPSpecCuTopPCSpecTop uTopAGRP[TOP]I ．．．
that during the holidaysȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁ
Haegeman & Guéron ͉ȄȪ54ȫོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈ஜ౾ত߉during the holidays͉ȄTopP͈ঐ೰໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̳ͥȃȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬დఴ߉͂݃࿚তȪwh߉ȫ̦‫̳ͥܳވ‬႕̦෇͛ͣͦͥȃষͅ‫̬ͥݷ‬Ȫ57ȫ͂Ȫ58ȫ͉́Ȅდఴ߉͈during the holidays͂݃࿚তwhy̦Ȅႋ୪̱̀ంह̳ͥȃ
ȁȪ57ȫġDuring the holidays, why did they invite Tom?ȪHaegeman & Guéron 1999:351ȫ
ȁȪ58ȫġI wonder why during the holidays they invited Tom.Ȫibid.ȫ
Haegeman & Guéron ͉Ȫ57ȫ͂Ȫ58ȫ͈‫ͅۼ‬۷ख़̯ͦͥდఴ߉͂wh߉͈ਜ਼੬͈֑̞ͅ಍࿒̳ͥȃ
Ȫ57ȫ͉́დఴ߉̦wh߉ͅ୶࣐̱̤̀ͤȄ
Ȫ58ȫ͉́wh߉̦დఴ߉ͅ୶࣐̱̞̀ͥȃHaegeman & Guéron ͉̭͈ਜ਼੬͈֑̞ͬȄwh֊൲̽̀͢ͅ֊൲̳ͥါள͈֊൲୶Ȅ࡞̢̞۟ͥ͂಍౷ത͈֑̞̽̀͢ͅ୰ྶ̳ͥȃ৽୯̤̞̀ͅwh֊൲̦ഐဥ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪ57ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄwh߉
͉დఴ߉TopP̽̀͢ͅ঑෻̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̧́ͥઙത߉FocPȪFocus Phraseȫ͈ঐ೰໐ͅ֊
൲̳̦ͥȄఈ༷Ȅwh֊൲ོ̦ࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘୯́ഐဥ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪ58ȫ͉́Ȅwh߉͉CP͈ঐ೰໐ͅ֊൲̳̹ͥ͛Ȅ৽୯ོࣺ͙͂͛୯̤̫ͥͅდఴ͈࿨‫ͬڬ‬౜̞̽̀ͥါள͂݃࿚ত͈ਜ਼੬֑̞̦ͅ୆̲ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̳ͥȃ
Ȫ57ȫ͈໲൮ͅდఴ߉ͬ঵̾৽୯͉́Ȅwh߉̦CP͈ঐ೰໐͉́
̩̈́Ȅઙത߉͈ঐ೰໐ͅ֊൲̱̞̀ͥ͂୰ྶ̳͈̜ͥ́ͥȃ̭͈̠͢ͅȄ৽ࢊ͉̩́̈́დఴ߉̦໲൮ͅంह̳ͥ৽୯́Ȅwh߉̦ઙത߉͈ঐ೰໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̳ͥआ‫̱̀͂ݶ‬Ȅ
Haegeman & Guéron ͉ઙത߉͈଻ৗͅ࡞‫̳ͥݞ‬ȃwh߉͉Ȅ౶̞̞ͣͦ̀̈́૧̱̞ૂ༭ͬນ๊̳͈̦֚എ̜́ͤȄ̹͘Ȅຽ೒Ȅઙത߉͈ঐ೰໐͉૧ૂ༭ͬਓယ̳͙̱ͥ͂̈́Ȅ
Ȫ57ȫ͈̠͢
̈́৽୯͈݃࿚໲͉́Ȅwh֊൲̽̀͢ͅwh߉̦ઙത߉͈ঐ೰໐ͅ֊൲̳̞̠ͥ͂‫ب‬୰̽̀͢ͅȄ
Ȫ57ȫ͈დఴ߉̦wh߉ͅ୶࣐̳̞̠ͥ͂დఴ߉͂wh߉͈ਜ਼੬ͬ୰ྶ̱̞̀ͥȃȁHaegeman & Guéron ͉Ȅwh߉͉౶̞̞ͣͦ̀̈́૧̱̞ૂ༭ͬນ̱Ȅઙത߉͈ঐ೰໐͉૧ૂ༭ͬਓယ̳ͥ͂੆͓̞̦̀ͥȄwh߉̦̭͈අಭͬȪ57ȫ͈৽୯͉́া̳̦Ȅ
Ȫ58ȫͅ‫ོͥͦ͘܄‬ࣺ͙͛୯̶͉́̈́া̯̞͈̥̦̈́࿚ఴ͂̈́ͥȃHaegeman & Guéron ̦੆͓̠ͥ͢ͅwh߉̦౶̞̞ͣͦ̀̈́૧̱̞ૂ༭ͬນ̳̳͂ͥ͂Ȅ
Ȫ58ȫ͈wh߉͜ྚ౶͈૧ૂ༭ͬນ̱̞͙̳̀ͥ͂̈́
̧̭̦͂́ͥȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄ
Ȫ57ȫ͂։̈́ͤ
Ȫ58ȫ͉̭͈́૧ૂ༭͉ઙത߉͈ঐ೰໐͉̩́̈́ȄCP͈ঐ೰໐̜̞̠̭ͥ͂͂̈́ͥͅͅȃ൳̲wh߉̽̀͢ͅນ̯ͦͥ૧ૂ༭̦Ȅ৽୯ོࣺ͙͂͛
୯͉́։̈́ͥպ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ͂৽ಫ̯̞̭ͦ̀ͥ͂̈́ͥͅȃ̱̹̦̽̀Ȅ
Ȫ57ȫ͂Ȫ58ȫ͈დఴ߉͂
wh߉͈ਜ਼੬͈֑̞ͬȄwh߉̦঵̾ૂ༭̞͈̾̀ͅ൱̧̽̀͢ͅ୰ྶ̳ͥ໦ଢ଼͈‫خ‬ෝ଻̞̾ͅ
͉̀Ȅ̯ͣͅ࠿൦͈ຈါ̦̜ͥ͂এͩͦͥȃːȅࠫაȁུࣂ͉́Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬დఴ‫̹̯ͦا‬ນ࡛̦৽୯͈ड੝͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥાࣣ͂Ȅོࣺ̹͛ͦ͘୯ͅ
੄࡛̳ͥાࣣ͈ၰ༷ͬ࠿൦͈చય̱͂Ȅ༞໲ດে߉͈ඤ໐͈ࢹ௮̞͈̾̀ͅ‫ب‬୰ͬ‫̹̱ͅܖ‬დఴ‫ࢹا‬໲͈໦ଢ଼͈࿚ఴതͬঐഊ̱̹ȃಕˍȅGundel 1977:18
ˎȅRoss 1967:232
ˏȅDoherty 1997:200-201ːȅChomsky 1977:91
ˑȅChomsky 1977:85
˒ȅChomsky 1977:92
˓ȅChomsky 1977:86˔ȅHaegeman & Guéron 1999:171

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