               ISSN 2186−411X

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝ➨ 15 ྕ
➨㸶ᅇୡㄽ࣭㑅ᣲㄪᰝ◊✲኱఍≉㞟ྕ
2018 ᖺ㸦ᖹᡂ 30 ᖺ㸧10 ᭶
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㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢㄢ㢟࡜ရ㉁ྥୖ࡟ྥࡅࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ㸫ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ㄪᰝ⎔ቃࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚㸫㸬ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝືྥㄪᰝ࡛ࡳࡿᅇ⟅ࡢഴྥࡢᕪ␗
㸫ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅࡜ࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ≉ᛶ㸫ᯇᮏ ṇ⏕
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-05$ 㺐㺻㺞㺎㺦㺍㺢ㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍
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ྜྷⰋᩥኵ ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟㸫ୡ⏺࠾ࡼࡧ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀ♧ࡍヨࡳ࡜ᶵ఍㸫ࣞ࢖࣏࢖ࣥࢱ࣮  ᖺ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲண ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟 㸫ሗ㐨࡜⤖ᯝࡢẚ㍑࡟ࡼࡿ⪃ᐹ㸫ᯇ⏣ᫎ஧
 5',7ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㠀ࣃࢿࣝ↓సⅭᢳฟ࡟ࡼࡿ :(%ㄪᰝࡢྍ⬟ᛶ㸫ᖺ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲࡢࢺࣛࢵ࢟ࣥࢢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿ⪃ᐹ㸫ᓊ⏣඾Ꮚ ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢ㑅ᢥ཯ᛂᐇ㦂ࡢヨࡳᮧୖᬛ❶ ᭷ᶒ⪅ಶேࡢᨭᣢᨻඪኚ໬ࡣண ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿
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㸫ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫ࣭ࣞ࢖ࢸࣥࢩ࣮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᪂ᣦᶆࡢᥦ᱌㸫஧⎼ဴஓࠝࣃࢿࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࠞ
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:HE ࡜ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࢆά⏝ࡍࡿㄪᰝࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ㄢ㢟ⴗཎ㞞அࠊ㛗ᓮ㈗⿱ࠊྜྷᒣ୍㍤ࠊ๓⏣┤ேࠊ㨣ᮌᾈᩥ ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝ
➨  ྕ➨  ᅇୡㄽ࣭㑅ᣲㄪᰝ◊✲኱఍≉㞟ྕ ᖺ㸦ᖹᡂ  ᖺ㸧 ᭶
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-05$ 㺐㺻㺞㺎㺦㺍㺢ㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍
࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢㄢ㢟࡜ရ㉁ྥୖ࡟ྥࡅࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ㸫ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ㄪᰝ⎔ቃࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚㸫 ᕤ⸨බஂ௚ ͐   Ỉ㔝୍ᡂ ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝືྥㄪᰝ࡛ࡳࡿᅇ⟅ࡢഴྥࡢᕪ␗
㕥ᮌᏕᖾᶞ͐ 
㸫ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅࡜ࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ≉ᛶ㸫 ྜྷⰋᩥኵ
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ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟㸫ୡ⏺࠾ࡼࡧ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀ♧ࡍヨࡳ࡜ᶵ఍㸫 ࣞ࢖࣏࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ ͐ 
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  ᖺ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲண ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟͐ 
㸫ሗ㐨࡜⤖ᯝࡢẚ㍑࡟ࡼࡿ⪃ᐹ㸫 ᯇ⏣ᫎ஧
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 5',7ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㠀ࣃࢿࣝ↓సⅭᢳฟ࡟ࡼࡿ :(%ㄪᰝࡢྍ⬟ᛶ㸫ᖺ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲࡢࢺࣛࢵ࢟ࣥࢢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿ⪃ᐹ㸫 ᓊ⏣඾Ꮚ ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢ㑅ᢥ཯ᛂᐇ㦂ࡢヨࡳᮧୖᬛ❶ ͐  ͐  ͐  ᭷ᶒ⪅ಶேࡢᨭᣢᨻඪኚ໬ࡣண ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿
ஂෆభඔ
㸫ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫ࣭ࣞ࢖ࢸࣥࢩ࣮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᪂ᣦᶆࡢᥦ᱌㸫 ஧⎼ဴஓࠝࣃࢿࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࠞ
ࠞ:HE ࡜ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࢆά⏝ࡍࡿㄪᰝࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ㄢ㢟ⴗཎ㞞அࠊ㛗ᓮ㈗⿱ࠊྜྷᒣ୍㍤ࠊ๓⏣┤ேࠊ㨣ᮌᾈᩥ ͐ ᕳ 㢌 ゝ ࠕ➨  ᅇୡㄽ࣭㑅ᣲㄪᰝ◊✲኱఍ࠖࡣ㸪ࠕㄪᰝࡢ᪂₻ὶ ̽:HE ࡜ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ࡜ᕷሙ࣭ୡㄽ࣭㑅ᣲㄪᰝ̽ࠖ
࡜㢟ࡋ࡚㸪 ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥ 㔠 㸪ᮾி➉ᶫࡢẖ᪥࣮࡛࣍ࣝ㛤ദࡉࢀࡓ㸬ᜏ౛ࡢ  ᭶㛤ദࢆ௒ᖺࡣ஧ࣨ᭶๓ಽ࡟ࡋࡓࡀ㸪౛ᖺ௨ୖ࡟ከࡃࡢሗ࿌⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎࡀᛂࡌ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓ㸬ẖ᪥᪂⪺♫࡟ࡣ㸪᫖ᖺ࡟ᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ㸪ẖ᪥࣮࣍ࣝࢆࡈᥦ౪࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓ㸬 ௒ᅇࡢ኱఍࡛ࡣ㸪◊✲Ⓨ⾲ࡀ➨  㒊㸸࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟࡜㸪➨  㒊㸸 ᖺ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟ࡢ཮᪉࡛  ᮏࢆᩘ࠼ࡓ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ :HE ㄪᰝ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢ 3& ࣃࢯࢥࣥ ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋࡓㄪᰝ࠿ࡽ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࡓㄪᰝ࡬ࡢࢩࣇࢺࡀᛴົ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡬ࡢᑐ
ᛂࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟Ṇࡲࡽࡎ㸪ሗ㐨ᶵ㛵ࡀᐇ᪋ࡍࡿᦠᖏ㟁ヰᑐ㇟ࡢୡㄽ
ㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࣔࣂ࢖࣭ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࠕࢫ࣐࣭࣍ࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺࠖ࡜࠸࠺♫఍ࡢኚ໬࡬ࡢᑐฎ࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ྛሗ࿌ࡣ㸪ᢞ⚊⾜ືࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ண 㺃ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢ᥈⣴㸪࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝᡭἲ࡟ࡼࡿࢹ࣮ࢱゎᯒ㸪ᐇᰝࡢࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ
࡟ࡼࡿᅇ⟅ഴྥࡢẚ㍑᳨ド㸪ㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅࡬ࡢ࣮ࣜࢳࡢ᪉ἲ࡞࡝ከᒱ࡟ࢃࡓࡗࡓ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟࠾
ࡅࡿࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢࡢ᪂ᡭἲ 5',7 5DQGRP'RPDLQ,QWHUQHW7HFKQRORJ\ ࡶ㛤㝞ࡉࢀࡓ㸬⮬♫ࡢ㈗㔜࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆබ㛤ࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓ㛵ಀྛ♫ࡢࡳ࡞ࡉࡲ࡟㸪࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚ឤㅰࢆ⏦ࡋ㏙࡭ࡓ࠸㸬 ➨  㒊ࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡶゐࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࠕ࣐ࢫࢥ࣑ୡㄽㄪᰝࠖࡣ㸪௒㸪ㄪᰝࡢࢥࢫࢺ࡜
࠸࠺㧗࠸ࣁ࣮ࢻࣝ࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬᪂⪺࣭㏻ಙ♫ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿሗ㐨ᶵ㛵࡟ࡣ㸪⤒㈝ࡢᅽ⦰ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉ
ࢀࡿ≧ἣ࡟㸪ேᡭ୙㊊࡟㇟ᚩࡉࢀࡿㄪᰝ㈝⏝ࡢ㧗㦐ࡀຍࢃࡿ㸬ྛ♫ࡀಶู࡟ୡㄽ࣭㑅ᣲㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ㸪᪉ἲࡢᨵၿ࡟ษ☩⌶☻ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⎔ቃࡣ㸪࠸ࡘࡲ࡛⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿㸬ࢃࢀࢃࢀ㒊እ⪅ᛂ᥼ᅋ࡟ࡣ㸪ዴఱ࡜ࡶࡋ㞴࠸㸬 ᮏㄅ࡟ࡣ㸪➨  㒊࣭➨  㒊ࡢ  ᮏࡢ◊✲Ⓨ⾲ࡢຍ➹ಟṇ∧࡜㸪➨  㒊ࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ㆟ㄽࢆᥖ㍕ࡋࡓ㸦◊✲኱఍᫬ࡢᢒ㘓㞟ࡣࠊᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸85/KWWSVVUFVDLWDPDMS㸧㸬ከᛁ࡞ᴗົࡢ୰࡛㸪ㄽᩥࡢ᭩ࡁ┤ࡋࢆ࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡓሗ࿌⪅㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㸪ࣃࢿࣜࢫࢺࡢࡳ࡞ࡉࡲ࡟㸪ᚰ࠿ࡽᚚ♩ࢆ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡿ㸬 ௒ྕ࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ㸪ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ◊✲኱఍ࡢᡂᯝࡀㄪᰝ㛵ಀ⪅ㅖ඗ࡢ࠾ᙺ࡟❧ࡘࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ᮃእࡢ႐ࡧ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬                                               ᖺ  ᭶                        ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㛗                                ᯇᮏ ṇ⏕

1

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧➨㸶ᅇ ୡㄽ࣭㑅ᣲㄪᰝ◊✲኱఍নຌ ਜ਼ਫ਼ ࡝‫ۆ‬୉ָऀճ௒ࠬ‫ڂݜ‬ιϱνʖௗ ‫ ࢃ؛‬থ޼ࢱຘೖ৿ซऀ ऀௗ ޽౽ ޮ‫ࢱٳ‬ೖຌŷŘšūŐƅŠƆōƀţŘũ‫ڢ‬ճ নీ ӫ್
࡝‫ۆ‬୉ָऀճ௒ࠬ‫ڂݜ‬ιϱνʖ ྵ໨ ޻߀धࢱ
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177 ŬƆŢŻōŻŲƆŚƁ‫ ॶڂݜ‬‫ ీ؝‬ఱࢢࢱέϫηōϜʖίτΡϱήƆ 

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)2

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Ϝέϫϝϩ૱߻‫ ॶڂݜ‬‫ ಼ٳ‬༐Һࢱ΢ϱτʖζ ዷ ờ‫ ៭ ͪ ۂ‬Ắᦞ ଩ ៤ ೷ ሀ ኬ ‫ ݸ‬Ϝɝ‫ݸ‬Ϝᾋ̵ᾣɝ

Ọ៤೷ὀ௺ཿ່ƆỵẐẍ ἺᾧᾕὩᾰἺई‫ܣ‬Ắͪ៭Ắᦞ଩៤೷Ɔọఎసắ ỗ ổỖờ मỜỜ ಇỗỗ ổఎỀ᧽ềỖỖ ỘắổổǗỖỜắỘổƈઝខϜỖỖ ỜắộỚǗ๏ ఎᾠ̵ᾰỀಽᝯᏲዤෙᰚᆸᥩẮᾖᾱ὾ὺὩᾎᾘᾰ۟ͣỖᬜề‫ܣ‬૏ắ ๏ ఎ௺ᒣቆ Ắ๏ɝἦἔ἖ἧἶ ỀṜṞṥṛṛṘṜṞṥṜṛềೃಚ ฤᄁỀ‫ܓ‬႘‫ࠓݸ‬ቆϜ៤೷ሀኬᾀᾸᾄ̵᫆ềͷ࢙ టࠥỀ๏ఎ௺ᒣቆቆ᫆ềɝዷỖᦽ ὩᾸᾄ̵ᾒᾈᾍ៤೷ἽἜἣὝ០ᯄ ỀṜṞṥṜṛṘṜṟṥṝṛề
ỀỖềὩᾸᾄ̵ᾒᾈᾍ៤೷ὀ០ᯄἺ‫ع‬ᢉ‫͢׹‬Ἵ‫׹‬ἣἱ‫ג‬὜ᎳὑƆଢᏑ‫פ‬ᓟἼ៤೷რܻὤᆶତἩἸƆఎಚᾣ̵ὶᾋὨᾸήẮᾯὺ̵ᾆ֠Ϝ ὩᾸᾄ̵ᾒᾈᾍ៤೷‫ع‬ᢉ޽‫ـ‬ϜỀỗềᾧᾕὩᾰՠ‫׹‬៤೷ἹὑὝ‫ۂ‬ጇὀѹ‫׹‬ὀࣾᄬ᨞ಗ ࠎऱිẪ‫ױ‬ᕡ ௦‫ݻ‬Ẫ๤᧺ ͜સỀỬỲỲᾎὸᾧẮᾧᾕὩᾰቆϜሀኬ૏ềỀỘềṴẞẞẠẐẞ ẑẚẝ ṸẚẍẔẗẐ ṽẐẞẐẌẝẎẓṽẌẤ ṻẚẤẙẟẐẝ ṓṸẌẙẌẒẔẙẒ ṯẔẝẐẎẟẚẝ ẚẑ ṿẓẐ ṱẠẟẠẝẐ ṻẗẌẎẐṚṮẓẌẔẝ ẚẑ ẟẓẐ ṱẐẞẟẔạẌẗ ẚẑ ṹẐẢṸṽṔ
Ểᖋ௦὾ᾮὩᾎἜ὚ὅ‫ؤ‬௦៝ఠρ἟ὀ᡹௮᧎उƈᢉᄻ৔ጇὁᥩឨρểɝዷỗᦽ ṝṛṜṢ मᜊᠫᬆᦞ଩ἽἜἣὝ០ᯄ ỀṜṟṥṝṛṘṜṠṥṟṠề
ỀộềṝṛṜṢ मᜊᠫᬆᦞ଩Γ༠ἽἜἣὝ០ᯄǙ‫ᦈܢ‬ἺᎻ೎ὀ๒ᤉἽ὚ὝᒉࡎǙೃᄉ నΗỀ‫ܓ‬႘‫ࠓݸ‬ẮቆϜ៤೷ሀኬᾀᾸᾄ̵ẮӮௗେềỀỚềṽṯṴṿ ὤᄅ἖ἱ᭺ᾖᾒᾰ࿭Ϸ࿛૿ԅἽ὚Ὕ ẂẐẍ ៤೷ὀ‫פ‬ᓟ৯ƆṝṛṜṢ मᜊᠫᬆᦞ଩ὀᾍᾮᾈὲᾸή៤೷Ἵ὚ὝᒉࡎƆࢪᄉ ӄࠄỀὴᾲ὾ᶝᾣ̵ὶᾋὨᾸήẮᾆ̵ᾚᾯὺ̵ᾆᾨ̵ềỀớềᾒᾈᾍᾯὺ̵ᾆὤᄅ἖ἱಈ්ᒋὀᦞ૶‫׏‬৔࠮ᰲὀូὑಫ͢ ౑ዖỀᾣὴᾲᾤᾰᏬ‫װ‬ሀኬ૏Ắሀኬ‫ـ‬ềỀỜềಈ්ᒋлαὀ௃ଢௌҴ‫ݪ‬ցὁΓ༠Ἱ἟ὝἝƆ᷒ᶵ᷆ᷗᷕᶵᶝ᷒ᶪᶻᷕᶴṘὤᄅ἖ἱ௺ତසὀ୧ഓƆ;ӈ ϯҤỀᶪᷕᶻᶨᶴᷖᶝᶴᶾᶩᶩᶽ᷐ᶵᶼềẪΗჰ ‫و‬ΊỀᶪᷕᶻᶨᶴᷖᶝṴṿ ϓᄐᶰᷖ᷑ᶨ᷐᷄ᷗᶨᶸᷖᶨềƕϛઓ ỖỚԋ᫑ƗɝዷỘᦽ ᾖᾒᾰᾌὨ὾ὰᾈὼᾬᾸ ṓṜṡṥṛṛṘṜṢṥṞṛṔẂẐẍ ἺᾧᾕὩᾰὤ໅ᄅἫὝ៤೷ὀ‫פ‬ᓟ৯Ἲ០ᯄ
Ꮼ‫׫װ‬Ϝắ ೃಚ ฤᄁỀ‫ܓ‬႘‫ࠓݸ‬ẮቆϜ៤೷ሀኬᾀᾸᾄ̵᫆Ắௗେềᠫᯄ୧Аắ ೃᄉ నΗỀ‫ܓ‬႘‫ࠓݸ‬ẮቆϜ៤೷ሀኬᾀᾸᾄ̵ẮӮௗେềừỰ᫗Лᒋắ ᗪֻ ᬹͿỀᶼ᷏ᷕᶵᶲᶵ᷋ᶵᶝᶩᶽ᷐ᶻᶠᶰᶵ‫ג‬᏶঩Եቆ᫆ Ṛ ᷇ᶰᷓ᷈᷑Ꮼ‫װ‬ሀኬ૏૏᫆ề᫆ࣁ ᡬ᜻Ềᶪᷕᶻᶨᶴᷖ‫ܐ‬ᜋ঩‫ ـ‬ᫍᆄಚᦽ᫆ Ṛ ᶪᷕᶻᶨᶴᷖ᷆ᶨ᷑ᶻᷖᶠᷕᶰᷖᶵ ṽṑṯ ᾀᾸᾄ̵᫆ề‫ᦈܢ‬᫗Лᒋắ ‫͜ ࢙ױ‬ᤕỀ៞‫௺ݢ‬ᒣቆͪ៭៤೷ᦽ᫆ềԪᄉ ᆸαỀಒఎ௺ᒣቆͪ៭៤೷ᦽ᫆ềᱶಗ ໑௦Ề๏ఎ௺ᒣቆͪ៭៤೷࠱᫆ề͹Ѳắ‫ܓ‬႘‫ࠓݸ‬ቆϜ៤೷ሀኬᾀᾸᾄ̵
3

政策と調査

ӀѲắ๏ఎ௺ᒣቆ
第15号（2018年10月）

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3ROLF\& Research
5HVHDUFKNo.15
1R(October
2FWREHU 4࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢㄢ㢟࡜ရ㉁ྥୖ࡟ྥࡅࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ㸫ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ㄪᰝ⎔ቃࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚㸫
The Activities to Improve the Quality of Internet Research: For a Sustainable Research Environmentᕤ⸨බஂձ ᮧୖᬛ❶ղ ᓊ⏣඾Ꮚճ ஧⎼ဴஓմ ฟཱྀᩗᏊյ.LPLKLVD.XGR㸪7RPRDNL0XUDNDPL㸪1RULNR.LVKLGD㸪7HWVX\D1LKHL㸪.HLNR'HJXFKL㸯㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ⌧≧࡜ᐇែ㸰㸬ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝရ㉁࡬ࡢᙳ㡪 
㸱㸬-05$ ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍ࡢάື
ㄪᰝရ㉁ྥୖ࡟ྥࡅࡓၨⵚάື
࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࢆ⟇ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢព⩏࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡢᴫせ㸲㸬௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࠑせ᪨ࠒ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡣ 3& ࠿ࡽࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡬࡜⛣ࡾኚࢃࡿ୰㸪౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ 3& ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡀ⥆ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡣ 3& ࡼࡾࡶᅇ⟅㈇Ⲵࡀ኱ࡁࡃ㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ⋡ࡢపୗࡀⴭࡋ࠸㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ⌧≧࡜ㄢ㢟ࡣᗈࡃ▱ࢀΏࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡇࡢ≧ែࡀ⥆ࡅࡤ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢᏑ⥆ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ༴ࡪࡲࢀࡿ㸬᪥ᮏ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ༠఍ -05$ ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᐇែࢆ៧࠸㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡀᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᮏ✏ࡣ -05$ ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍ࡢάືෆᐜࡸ ᖺ  ᭶࡟⟇ᐃࡋࡓࠕ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࠖࡢᴫせࢆሗ࿌ࡍࡿ㸬The main response devices for online surveys are changing from PCs to smartphones; however, many
researchers or clients have designed questionnaires that are adaptable to PCs.
Responding to surveys using smartphones is more stressful compared to using PCs, so the number ofactive respondents is decreasing rapidly. The current situation and challenges of online surveys are
not widely known. If this situation continues, Internet research faces the challenge of extinction.
The Japan Marketing Research Association (JMRA) is concerned about this situation and has begun
efforts to make Internet research sustainable. This paper reports the activities of JMRA’s Online
Survey Quality Committee and a review of “The online survey quality guidelines” formulated in 2017.

5

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㸯㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ⌧≧࡜ᐇែ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡣ㸪ᕷሙㄪᰝ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪 ᖺ࠿ࡽᚎࠎ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬᪥ᮏ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭
ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ༠఍㸦௨ୗ㸪-05$㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪-05$ຍ┕♫ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ኎ୖ㧗ࡣ ᖺ࡟ࡣ⣙ ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡣᕷሙㄪᰝ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚᭱ࡶࡼࡃ฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣ♫఍ㄪᰝࡸᏛ⾡◊✲࡟ࡶ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪⥲ົ┬ࡀᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ᐙィㄪᰝࡢ୍㒊ࢆ⿵᏶࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡢ᳨
ウࡶ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡀጞࡲࡗࡓᙜ᫬ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ㸻3& ࡛ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜
ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚ࡼ࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪 ᖺ௨㝆㸪ᚎࠎ࡟ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࠿ࡽࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡀቑ࠼ጞࡵ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪-05$ ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ ᖺ࡟ࡣ⣙ ࡢࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡀࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ
࡛ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⏨ዪู࡟ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸪⏨ᛶࡢ⣙ ࡟ᑐࡋ
࡚ዪᛶࡣ ࡜ዪᛶࡢ࡯࠺ࡀࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛
࡛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᖺ௦ู࡟ࡳ
ࡿ࡜㸪ⱝᖺᒙ࡯࡝ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪 ௦࡛ࡣ ࡜ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛
࡛ࣥᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᙜࡓࡾ๓࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅ẚ⋡ࡢ᥎⛣ᅗ⾲㸯㸬ᕷሙㄪᰝࡢㄪᰝᡭἲู኎ୖᵓᡂࡢ᥎⛣
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ᅗ⾲ 㸬ᕷሙㄪᰝᴗ⏺ࡢㄪᰝ౫㢗ඛᵓᡂ

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

6

3ROLF\

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ࢵࢺㄪᰝࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ 3& ࡛ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ
࡟ࡋࡓㄪᰝ⚊ࡢࡲࡲタィࡉࢀ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡣ᫬㛫࡜ሙᡤࡢไ⣙ࡀ࡞ࡃ㸪࠸ࡘ࡛ࡶ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡟ᅇ⟅࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪⏬㠃ࢧ࢖ࢬࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ 3& ࡼࡾࡶ⊃ࡃ㸪୍ᗘ࡟⾲♧࡛ࡁࡿ
㉁ၥᩥࡸ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢᩘࡶ㝈ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࡣ 3& ࡛ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࡼࡾࡶࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ
࡛ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࡢ࡯࠺ࡀᅇ⟅㈇Ⲵࢆឤࡌࡸࡍ࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡸ 616㸪ື⏬ඹ᭷ࢧ࢖ࢺ㸪ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢ࡞࡝㸪ᬤࡘࡪࡋࡢࡓࡵࡢࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ
ࡸሗ㓘ࢆࡶࡽ࠺ᡭẁࡶከᵝ໬ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟༠ຊࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡬ࡢ⯆࿡ࡸ㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡕ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࠿ࡽࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡀቑ࠼⥆ࡅࡿ୍᪉㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢ㠀࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ໬ࡀ῝้࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸
ࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜࠸࠺ᐃ⩏ࡣ㸪᭶࡟  ᅇ௨ୖᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᣦࡍ㸬༶ࡕ㸪㠀࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ⋡ࡣ᭶࡟  ᅇࡶ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࢆᅇ⟅ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓே
ࡢ๭ྜࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲  ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ㐠Ⴀࡍࡿ୺せ ♫ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࣃࢿࣝࡢ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ⋡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪 ᖺࡢᩘ್ࢆ ࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢ⤒ᖺኚ໬ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ᖺࡢ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ⋡ࡣ㸪ᖺࡢ 㸬 ಸ࡟ࡲ࡛పୗࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ಶே᝟ሗಖㆤࡢព㆑ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ୰㸪࡞࠿࡞࠿ㄪᰝ࡟
༠ຊࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿேࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ♫఍⫼ᬒࡢ୰࡛㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ⏝࠸ࡓㄪᰝᡭἲࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ࡟༠ຊࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㈗㔜࡞♫఍࢖ࣥࣇࣛ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࣃࢿࣝࡢ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ⋡ࡢపୗࡀṆࡲࡽ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢᏑ⥆ࡀ༴ࡪࡲࢀࡿ
ࡋ㸪♫఍࢖ࣥࣇࣛ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ౯್ࡶᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࡿ㸬
-05$ ࡛ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢࡇࡢ༴ᶵⓗ࡞≧ἣࢆᡴ㛤ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪 ᖺ࡟ࠕ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ
ㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍ࠖࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ㐠Ⴀࡍࡿ୺せ࡞ㄪᰝ఍♫ࡀຍࢃࡗࡓ
ᙧ࡛㸪᝟ሗ஺᥮ࢆ⾜࠸࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ㄪᰝရ㉁ࡢྥୖ࡟
ྥࡅࡓάືࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㸬࢔ࢡࢭࢫࣃࢿࣝࡢ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ⋡㸨ࡢ᥎⛣

7

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第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㸰㸬ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝရ㉁࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ᐃⅬほ ㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪᫬⣔ิẚ㍑ࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ㄪᰝ⚊ࡸㄪᰝࡢࡸࡾ᪉ࢆࡴࡸࡳ࡟ኚ᭦ࡋ࡞࠸
࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㕲๎࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡋࡓ࡜࠾ࡾ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸬࠸ࡲࡔ࡟ࠕ᫇࠿ࡽ 3& ㄪᰝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛௒ᅇࡶ 3& ㄪᰝ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚
࡯ࡋ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺౫㢗⪅ࡶከ࠸㸬ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࢆ 3& ࡟ไ㝈ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪
3&ࢆ౑ࢃ࡞࠸ேࡢᅇ⟅ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣᚓࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸬3& 㝈ᐃࡢㄪᰝࢆᅛᣢࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡶḟ➨࡟኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡾ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
ព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ከࡃࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢㄪᰝ㈝⏝ࡣ㸪ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ㉁ၥᩘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪౫㢗⪅ഃ࠿ࡽࡍࢀࡤ஦๓࡟ㄪᰝ㈝⏝ࡀ☜ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡢ࡛Ᏻᚰࡋ࡚౫㢗࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ
ㄪᰝࡢከࡃࡀ๭ᙜἲ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪౫㢗ᩘࡀቑ࠼ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛㒑㏦㈝ࡸே௳㈝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄪᰝ㈝⏝ࡢኚືࡍࡿせ⣲ࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ᅇ཰ࡋࡓேᩘ࡟ࡋ࠿
ព㆑ࡀ㞟୰ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬ᅗ⾲ 㸬タၥᙧᘧูᅇ⟅⥅⥆⋡ᅗ⾲  ࡣ࠶ࡿㄪᰝ࠾ࡅࡿタၥูᅇ⟅⥅⥆⋡ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬3& ࡶࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡶ 4 ࡛⥅⥆⋡ࡀ኱ࡁࡃపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ᕧ኱࡞࣐ࢺࣜࢡࢫタၥࡀ࿊♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᕧ኱࡞
࣐ࢺࣜࢡࢫタၥࡀᅇ⟅⬺ⴠࢆᣍࡃ᭱኱ࡢせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࡇࡢᕧ኱࣐ࢺࣜ
ࢡࢫ࡛ࡢᅇ⟅㞳⬺ࡣ㸪3& ࡼࡾࡶࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥ
Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀุࡿ㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ẚ⋡ࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿᐇែࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜㸪௨๓ࡼࡾࡶ
ᅇ⟅㞳⬺ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡸࡍ࠸≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚ᅇ⟅㞳⬺ࡀቑ࠼ࢀࡤ㸪ㄪᰝࢹ࣮ࢱࡢရ㉁ࡢపୗࡣ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸬
ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝᴗ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚㈗㔜࡞ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᕧ኱࡞࣐ࢺࣜࢡࢫタၥࡣࡴࡋࢁቑຍࡢഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ୰࡛㸪ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡶࣔ
ࢽࢱ࣮άືࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺
࠿ࢆᢕᥱࡍ࡭ࡃ㸪-05$ ࡛ࡣ  ᖺ  ᭶࡟ㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍࡟ཧ⏬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ  ♫ࡢࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࣔ
ࢽࢱ࣮࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣔࢽࢱ࣮‶㊊ᗘㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸬

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

8

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࡇࡢㄪᰝࡢ୰࡛㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡀᅇ⟅ࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ㄪᰝ
⚊ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࠿ࢆ㉁ၥࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪ᅗ⾲ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚ ௨ୖࡢேࡀࠕ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀከࡍࡂࡿࠖ
ࠕ㉁ၥᩥࡀ㛗࠸ࠖㄪᰝ⚊ࡣᅇ⟅ពḧࢆኻ࠺࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ㸬ࡲࡓࠕᅇ⟅ᡤせ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠖࡸࠕ㢮ఝࡋࡓෆᐜࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㉁ၥࡉࢀࡿࠖࡶ
௨ୖࡢேࡀᅇ⟅ពḧࢆኻ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࡲࡓ㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ
‶㊊ᗘࡣ⣙ ୍࡛ᐃᩘࡢேࡣ‶㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪௚ே࡬ࡢ᥎ዡᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ά⏝ࡉࢀࡿ 136 ࢫࢥ࢔ࡢ್ࡣ࡜㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬 ⮬ศ࡞ࡽᅇ⟅࡛ࡁࡿࡀ௚ே࡟່ࡵࡿ࡟ࡣ᢬ᢠࡀ
࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥࡀᏑᅾࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㸬ᅇ⟅ពḧࢆᦆ࡞࠺ㄪᰝෆᐜᅗ⾲ 㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ‶㊊ᗘᅗ⾲ 㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ᥎ዡពྥ㸦136 ࢫࢥ࢔㸨㸧

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第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㸱㸬-05$ ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍ࡢάື
 ㄪᰝရ㉁ྥୖ࡟ྥࡅࡓၨⵚάື
-05$ ࡟࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࡿ๓ࡲ࡛ࡣ㸪ᴗ⏺ᅋయ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵ
ࢺㄪᰝࡢᐇែࢆṇࡋࡃᢕᥱࡋ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ㄪᰝ
ရ㉁ጤဨ఍࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎྛ♫ࡀᢪ࠼ࡿᝎࡳࡸㄢ㢟ࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗࡓ㸬ḟ࡟ྛ♫ࡀ -05$
࡟ᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿ♫ෆ᝟ሗࢆㄪᩚࡋࡓᚋ࡟㸪ᐃᮇⓗ࡟࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ೺ᗣデ᩿࡜࡞ࡿᣦᶆ㸦Ⓩ㘓
ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫẚ⋡㸪ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫẚ⋡➼㸧ࢆ཰㞟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢ࡜ࡋࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪
-05$ ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿᶵ㛵ㄅ࡬ࡢᐤ✏㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧
ࡸ࣓࣮ࣜࣥࢢࣜࢫࢺ࡟ࡼࡿእ㒊࡬ࡢ᝟ሗⓎಙ࡜࠸࠺ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡶ㛤ጞࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࢆ⟇ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢព⩏᪤࡟࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡀᙜࡓࡾ๓ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐇ
᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᫬௦࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ึࡵ࡚ᢸᙜࡍࡿㄪᰝࡀ
ࠕ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࠖ࡜࡞ࡿ౫㢗⪅ࡶከࡃ࡞ࡗ
࡚ࡁࡓ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃᕤ⛬ࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ㅖඛ㍮᪉࠿
ࡽࠕㄪᰝࠖ࡜ࡣఱࡓࡿ࠿ࢆᩍ⫱ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ㸪᪥ᖖⓗ࡞ᴗົࡢ୍ࡘ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᩘከࡃࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ㐠⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ୰
࡛㸪⤯ᑐ࡟ㄪᰝࡢኻᩋࡣチࡉ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺㸯ࡘࡢㄪᰝ࡟࠿ࡅࡿᇳ╔ᚰࡀⷧࡽ࠸࡛࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡣ㸪᪤࡟ධຊࡉࢀࡓ
ࢹࢪࢱࣝࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡋ࠿ㄪᰝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅗ⾲ 㸬-05$ ᶵ㛵ㄅ࡬ࡢᐤ✏Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

10

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬⣬ࡢㄪᰝ⚊ࡢࡼ࠺࡟୍ேࡦ࡜ࡾࡢ➹㊧࠿ࡽᅇ⟅⪅ࡢẼᣢࡕࢆ⫙࡛ឤࡌྲྀࡿᶵ఍ࡀኻࢃࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡀ㸪ㄪᰝ࡟ᦠࢃࡿேࠎࡢព㆑ࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠕேࠖ࡬ࡢࠕㄪᰝࠖ
࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᕼⷧ໬ࡉࡏ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑ㸪ᕧ኱࡞࣐ࢺࣜࢡࢫタၥࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࢆ⑂
ᘢࡉࡏࡿㄪᰝࡀ⥆ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼㸪ᅇ⟅᪉ἲࡀ⣬࠿
ࡽ 3&㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡟ኚࢃࡗࡓ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞
࠸㸬ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣ⣬ࡢㄪᰝ⚊ࡢ᫬௦࠿ࡽࠕㄪᰝ࡛ࠖ
࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ኚࢃࡾࡣ࡞࠸㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࣃࢿࣝࡢ୰࠿
ࡽㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅ࢆᢳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅࡔࡀ㸪࢔ࢡࢭࢫࣃࢿࣝࡣỴࡋ࡚࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࢆᅇ⟅ࡍࡿ࣐ࢩ࣮࡛ࣥ
ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ࡈࡃ୍⯡ࡢ⏕ά⪅࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ඛ࡟ࡶ㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ⎔ቃࢆᨵၿࡋ࡞ࡅ
ࢀࡤ㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢ㞳཯ࢆᣍࡁࡑࡢᏑ⥆ࡀ༴ࡪࡲࢀࡿ㸬ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ⎔ቃࡢಖ඲㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ㄪᰝᴗ⏺ࡢ೺඲࡞ࡿⓎᒎࢆಁࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࡶ㸪ㄪᰝ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢព㆑ᨵ㠉ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄪᰝ౫㢗⪅ࡢព㆑ᨵ㠉ࢆồࡵࡿ㐠ືࡣຍ┕ಶ♫ࡢດຊ࡛ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㞴ࡋ࠸㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ -05$ ࡣᴗ⏺ᅋయ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪ
ᰝ࡟ᦠࢃࡿ⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㚷࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖
ࣥࢆ⟇ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬 ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡢᴫせㄪᰝရ㉁࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ఍♫ࡀ♫ෆ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓရ㉁᳨ドࡢㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᣢࡕᐤࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ྛㄪᰝ఍♫ࡢ -05$
ጤဨࡀ༠ຊࡋ࡚ⲡ᱌ࢆసᡂࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪᪥ᮏ⾜ືィ㔞Ꮫ఍኱఍ࡢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࢸ
࣮ࣈࣝࡢሙ࡛᭷㆑⪅ࡢពぢࢆᣏ⫈ࡋࡓࡾ㸪

-05$ ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃࣈࣜࢵࢡࢥ࣓ࣥ
ࢺ࡜࠸࠺ᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ⤒࡚㸬 ᖺ  ᭶࡟ࠕ࢖ࣥ
ࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࠖࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡢ⥲ᣓࡢ࣮࣌ࢪ࡟グࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿෆᐜࢆᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ

11

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ຍ⸨ᏹ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻌㻚䝇䝬䞊䝖䝣䜷䞁䛾ᬑཬ䛜䝛䝑䝖䝸䝃䞊䝏䛻ཬ䜌䛩ᙳ㡪䠉㻼㻯㻌 䛸䝇䝬䞊䝖䝣䜷䞁䛾䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖ᅇ⟅䛾ẚ㍑䠉䠈᪥ᮏ⾜ືィ㔞Ꮫ఍➨ 㻠㻡 ᅇ኱఍ᢒ㘓㞟䠈㻤㻥㻚㻌ᓊ⏣඾Ꮚ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚㻌 䝛䝑䝖䝸䝃䞊䝏䛾ㄢ㢟㻌 䝛䝑䝖䝸䝃䞊䝏䛾⌧≧䠉ㄪᰝ఍♫䛾どⅬ䠉䠈᪥ᮏ⾜ືィ㔞Ꮫ఍➨㻠㻡 ᅇ኱఍ᢒ㘓㞟䠈㻤㻤㻤㻚㻌ᮧୖᬛ❶㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻌㻚㻌 䝛䝑䝖䝸䝃䞊䝏䝰䝙䝍䞊䛻ᚲせ䛺ാ䛝᪉ᨵ㠉䛸䛿䠈᪥ᮏ⾜ືィ㔞Ꮫ఍➨ 㻠㻡 ᅇ኱఍ᢒ㘓㞟䠈㻥㻜㻚㻌䇷䇷䇷䇷㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻌 㻚㻌 䝛䝑䝖䝸䝃䞊䝏䛾⌧≧䛸ㄢ㢟䠈᪥ᮏ䝬䞊䜿䝔䜱䞁䜾䞉䝸䝃䞊䝏༠఍㻌 䛄䝬䞊䜿䝔䜱䞁䜾䞉䝸䝃䞊䝏䝱䞊䛅㻘㻌㻝㻝㻟㻞䠈㻝㻜㻙㻝㻟㻚㻌䇷䇷䇷䇷㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻌㻚㻌 䝇䝬䞊䝖䝣䜷䞁ᅇ⟅⪅䛻㓄៖䛧䛯䝛䝑䝖䝸䝃䞊䝏䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䠈᪥ᮏ䝬䞊䜿䝔䜱䞁䜾䞉䝸䝃䞊䝏༠఍㻌 䛄䝬䞊䜿䝔䜱䞁䜾䞉䝸䝃䞊䝏䝱䞊䛅䠈㻝㻝㻟㻟䠈㻠㻡㻙㻠㻤㻚㻌
᪥ᮏ䝬䞊䜿䝔䜱䞁䜾䞉䝸䝃䞊䝏༠఍㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻌 㻚䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ㄪᰝရ㉁䜺䜲䝗䝷䜲䞁䠄㻞㻜㻝㻣 ᖺ 㻝㻝 ᭶බ⾲䠅㻚㻌㼔㼠㼠㼜㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣㻚㼖㼙㼞㼍㻙㼚㼑㼠㻚㼛㼞㻚㼖㼜㻛㻼㼛㼞㼠㼍㼘㼟㻛㻜㻛㼞㼡㼘㼑㻛㼓㼡㼕㼐㼑㼘㼕㼚㼑㻛䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ㄪᰝရ㉁䜺䜲䝗䝷䜲䞁㼋㼣㼑㼎㻚㼜㼐㼒㻌

ඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓ࡜࠾ࡾ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡶࠕㄪ
ᰝ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟㐪࠸ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ࡇࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡢ୰࡛
࠙᫬௦ࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡚ࡶᏲࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࠚ
࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ࢆ኱ษ࡟ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄪᰝࡢ
ᇶᮏࢆ➨㸯ࡢᰕ࡟ᥖࡆࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ⎔ቃࡣᖖ࡟ኚ
ࢃࡾ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬3& ࡛ᅇ཰ࡍࡿㄪᰝࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࢀࡤ㸪▱ࡽࡎ▱ࡽࡎࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟ṍࢇࡔㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬௒ࡢࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢࡸࡾ᪉࡛࠺ࡲࡃ
࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚㸪ᮍ᮶Ọຕኚ࠼࡞࠸ࡇ࡜
ࡣ㸪ࡁࡗ࡜ṇࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡢどⅬࢆά࠿ࡍࡓࡵ࡟࠙᫬௦࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࠚ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࠕㄪᰝ༠ຊࡋࡸࡍ࠸ㄪᰝ⚊ࢆタィࡍࡿࠖཬࡧ
ࠕ᫬௦࡟ᛂࡌࡓ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࠖ
࡜࠸࠺➨ 㸪➨  ࡢᰕࢆᥖࡆࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡣ㸪ᐇ㝿࡟ㄪᰝ⚊ࢆタィࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࡢලయⓗ࡞㉁ၥᩘࡸ㑅ᢥ⫥ᩘ࡟ゐࢀࡓෆᐜ࡟
ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ㄪᰝ఍♫࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏬㠃⾲♧ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࢀࡽࢆ୍ࡘࡢᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃࡵࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ㄪᰝ఍♫ࡢ୰ࡢேࡔࡅࡀẼࢆࡘࡅࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ㄪᰝࢆ౫㢗ࡍࡿே࡟ࡶྥࡅࡓ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㸲㸬௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟-05$ ࡀ⟇ᐃࡋࡓࠕ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁࢞࢖
ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࠖࡣ㸪ᣊ᮰ຊࢆక࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬࡜ࡶࡍࢀࡤ㸪ࡇࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡍࡽᛀ
ࢀཤࡽࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜
࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࢆᗈࡵ࡚࠸
ࡃၨⵚάື࡟ὀຊࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࠿ࡽࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡀ௒ᚋࡶቑ
࠼⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ୰࡛㸪࡝࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶ
ㄪᰝ⚊ࢆࢥࣥࣃࢡࢺ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ᪉ྥ࡟࡞ࡽࡊࡿࢆ
ᚓ࡞࠸㸬ࡔࡀㄪᰝ౫㢗ഃ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㏻
ࡾࡢㄪᰝ㡯┠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚▱ࡾࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࢽ࣮ࢬࡀ࠶
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࢽ࣮ࢬ࡟ᛂ࠼ࡿࡓ
ࡵ࡟㸪኱࣮࣒࣎ࣜࣗࡢㄪᰝ⚊ࢆศ๭ࡍࡿㄪᰝศ๭ἲࡢᐇド◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
-05$ ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍ࡣ㸪ᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡀᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ㄪᰝ࢖ࣥࣇࣛ
࡜ࡋ࡚ᅾࡾ⥆ࡅࡿࡓࡵࡢάື࡟㑌㐍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᡤᏑ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸦ձ㹅㹋㹍ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳᰴᘧ఍♫ղᰴᘧ఍♫࣐ࢡ࣑ࣟࣝ⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤճᰴᘧ఍♫ࢡࣟࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ
մᰴᘧ఍♫࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪյᴦኳࣜࢧ࣮ࢳᰴᘧ఍♫㸧

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

12

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝືྥㄪᰝ࡛ࡳࡿᅇ⟅ࡢഴྥࡢᕪ␗
㸫ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅࡜ࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ≉ᛶ㸫
Different Tendencies for Survey Responses Found by Mobile Usage Surveys: Response Propensity
through PCs and Smart Phones in an Online SurveyỈ㔝㻌 ୍ᡂ䐟㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㕥ᮌ㻌 Ꮥᖾᶞ䐠㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 ྜྷⰋ㻌 ᩥኵ䐡㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 .D]XQDUL0L]XQR7DND\XNL6X]XNL )XPLR.LUD㸯ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
㸰ㄪᰝᴫせ㸱ศᯒ⤖ᯝᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ
ᩘ㔞໬⌮ㄽ➨ϩ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠕࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖ࡜ࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖࡢ≉ᛶศᯒࠕࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖ࡜ࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖࡢᅇ⟅ഴྥ㸲௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿศᯒࡢไ⣙㸳㸬⤊ࢃࡾ࡟

ࠑせ᪨ࠒ ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥ⟅࠼ࡿே㸦ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅㸧࡜ࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥ⟅࠼ࡿே㸦ࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅㸧ࡀ࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ㸦ᅇ⟅࡟⏝࠸ࡓࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ㸧ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀᅇ⟅⪅ࡢഴྥࢆẚ㍑ࡋ
ࡓ㸬ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡜᭱ࡶ┦㛵ࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸪ࠕᖺ㱋࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸬ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡢ㑅ᢥࡢ㐪࠸ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿせᅉࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᩘ㔞໬⌮ㄽ➨ϩ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸㸪ࠕᖺ㱋ࠖ௨እࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࠕ,&7 ฼ά⏝ࠖࠕࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖
ࣝࠖࠕᒓᛶࠖࢆタᐃࡋ࡚ศᯒࢆࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࠕ⫋ᴗࠖࠕᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ➃ᮎࡢ✀㢮ࠖ
ࠕᛶูࠖ
ࠕ᫬㛫ⓗ
ࡺ࡜ࡾࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠ࡀ௚࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡢഴྥ࡟ᕪࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓ㸬ලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪ࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛
ࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖࡣ㸪ࠕᏛ⏕ࠖࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᡤ᭷⪅ࠖࠕዪᛶࠖࠕ᫬㛫ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾࡀ࡞࠸ࠖே࡛࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ
㧗࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠕࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ≉ᛶࢆぢࡘࡘ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽྛᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᅇ⟅ഴྥࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ㸬
There are respondents using PCs or smartphones in an online survey. We conducted a comparative
analysis for response propensities through these two devices. Item “Age” reveals the highest correlation
to the response-device in variables. By using Hayashi’s quantification method type 2 for responsedevices and other items excepting “Age,” the items of “job,” ”type of mobile device,” ”gender,”and ”leisurely life” show differences between responses through PCs and smartphones. Concretely, thecategories of “student,” “smartphone,” “female,” and “non-leisurely” tended to receive responses via
smartphones. This article shows the propensity of responses through PCs and smartphones in an
Online Survey.

13

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧

㸯ࡣ
ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝᅇ⟅᫬࡟฼⏝ࡋࡓࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ㻌 177 ࢻࢥࣔࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ♫఍◊✲ᡤ࡛ࡣ㸪ᦠᖏ㟁ヰ ᅗ⾲ ࢖ࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍග࡜ᙳࡢ୧㠃ࢆᗈࡃゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ẖࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ,
ࡑࡢ௚, 18, 0%ᖺᵝࠎ࡞♫఍ㄪᰝࢆࠕࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࠖࢆ㍈࡟ᐇ
281, 5%᪋ࡋ㸪ศᯒ࣭◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬♫఍ㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋
ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣ㸪◊✲ࢸ࣮࣐࡟ྜࢃࡏ㸪ᑐ㇟ࡢᖺ௦࣭
࢚ࣜ࢔࡞࡝ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ㸪ゼၥ㠃᥋ἲ࣭ゼၥ␃⨨ἲ࣭ࢫ࣐࣍,࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ➼ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬◊✲ࡢࢸ
1728, 29%࣮࣐ࡣࠕࢩࢽ࢔ࠖ
ࠕᏊ࡝ࡶࠖࢆ㍈࡜ࡋ㸪
ࠕ㜵⅏ࠖ
ࠕື
ࣃࢯࢥࣥ,
⏬ࠖ
ࠕᾘ㈝⾜ືࠖ࡞࡝㸪,&7 ฼ά⏝࡜㛵㐃ࡋ㸪ከศ
3973, 66%㔝࡟ཬࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸬࡞࠾㸪ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ྛ✀Ꮫ఍࡛ࡢሗ࿌㸪᭩⡠ࡢⓎหࡢ࡯࠿࡟㸪
㹬㸻6,000
KWWSZZZPREDNHQMS ᘢᡤ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪ ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪࣏࣮ࣞࢺᙧᘧ࡛Ⓨಙࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㸱ศศᯒ⤖ᯝ
㏆ᖺ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡀᛴ㏿࡟ᬑཬࡋ㸪 ᖺᅇ
ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ ᭶࡟ࡣ  ๭ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿேࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ ᙜㄪᰝࢆᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪฼⏝ࡋࡓࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡣ㸪㸦ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ♫఍◊✲ᡤ E㸧㸬ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚ໬ ே࡟  ேࡣ㸪ࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡾ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥ
ࡀ࠶ࡿ୰㸪୍ゝ࡛࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪 ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓࡢࡣ⣙  ๭࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬௚࡟ࡣࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ
ࠕࣃࢯࢥࣥࢆ฼⏝ࡋᅇ⟅ࡍࡿேࠖࡸࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛
࡛ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡶ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ 㸣Ꮡᅾࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬ࣥࢆ฼⏝ࡋᅇ⟅ࡍࡿேࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࢹࣂ࢖
ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᡤ᭷⋡ࡣ㸪ᖺ௦ᕪ␗ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ᡃࠎࢫࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᅇ⟅ഴྥ࡟ᕪ␗ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡀᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ௚ࡢㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪 ᖺ  ᭶᫬࡟࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼㸪௒ᅇศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬࡞࠾ศᯒ࡟฼⏝ࡋ࠾࠸࡚㸪 ௦ࡣ  ๭ᙅ㸪 ௦ࡣ  ๭ᙅࡀᮍᡤ᭷࡛
ࡓㄪᰝࡣ㸪ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ♫఍◊✲ᡤࡀ  ᖺ࠿ࡽẖᖺ࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ♫఍◊✲ᡤD㸧㸬ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪ࢫ࣐࣭࣍ࢣ࣮ࢱ࢖࡟㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ㄪᰝࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢᡤ᭷⋡㸪ཬࡧ฼ά⏝ࡢ≧ἣࡢࠕࣔࣂ࢖ࣝືྥㄪᰝࠖࡼࡾ  ᖺ  ᖺ࡟ᐇᰝࢆ⾜ᕪ␗࠿ࡽ㸪ᙜㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ᖺ௦࡟ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ᫂ࡽࡗࡓ඲ᅜㄪᰝࢆᇶ࡟㸪᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺㸬࠿࡜᥎ᐃࡋ㸪☜ㄆࡋࡓࡢࡀᅗ⾲  ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸰㸬ㄪᰝᴫせㄪᰝྡ㸸ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝືྥㄪᰝ㸦 ᖺࡼࡾẖᖺᐇ᪋㸧ㄪᰝ᫬ᮇ㸸 ᖺ  ᭶ ㄪᰝᑐ㇟㸸඲ᅜ㸪㹼 ṓ⏨ዪ ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ㸸࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ
ᶆᮏᢳฟἲ㸸4827$6$03/,1* ᛶู ṓ้ࡳ ࣭ᖺ㱋࣭㒔㐨ᗓ┴࡛๭௜ᅗ⾲  ᖺ௦࡜ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ
㻌
0%
20%
40%
60%
10௦
(n=356)18

20௦
(n=746)

100%

78

44

30௦

 ㄪᰝ఍♫㸸ᰴᘧ఍♫ࢡࣟࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣ (n=913)
ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ
40௦
ㄪᰝෆᐜ㸸 㡯┠(n=1,145)࣭ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ࡞㡯┠50௦
(n=918)㸦ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫᡤ᭷㸪฼⏝ᩱ㔠㸧࣭ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࡢᶵ⬟࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ฼⏝࡟60௦
(n=1,093)㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠ 㸦㹑㹌㹑㸪ື⏬㸪HF ࢧ࢖ࢺ㸪㜵⅏㸧
 70௦
(n=829)࣭ࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖ࣝ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ㡯┠ 㸦࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱᗘ㸪⛣ືᡭẁ㸧


80%

48

66

4

53

3

47

4

29
75

5
19

86

6

8

93
䝟䝋䝁䞁

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

14

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU



䝇䝬䝩

6

3 3
䝍䝤䝺䝑䝖

䛭䛾௚

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৸৬

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ᅗ⾲  ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ㻌
ண᝿ࡢ㏻ࡾ㸪ⱝᖺᒙ࡛ࡣࢫ࣐࣮ࢺ
ࣇ࢛ࣥ୰ᚰࡢᅇ⟅࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࡜ࡃ࡟ 
኱ู
ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ
ᴫせ
௦࡛ࡣ㸪 ๭ࢆ༨ࡵࡓ㸬㧗㱋ᒙ࡛ࡣࢣ࣮ࢱ࢖ࡢ✀㢮᭱ࡶࡼࡃ౑࠺ࢣ࣮ࢱ࢖ࡢ✀㢮㹇㹁㹒ࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ࡀ୺࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ௦୺࡞⛣ືᡭẁእฟ᫬ࡢ୺࡞஺㏻ᡭẁࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡀ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱᚓⅬ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣛ࢖ࣇࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬୰㛫ᒙ㸦࣭ 㡯┠ࡢᅇ⟅⤖ᯝࢆᚓⅬ໬ࢫࢱ࢖ 㸦㣬ᡞ㸧௦㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࠾࠾ࡼࡑࢫ࣐࣮ࢺ
ࣝ᫬㛫ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾ ẁ㝵ࡢᑻᗘ
ࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅࡜㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ⤒῭ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾ ẁ㝵ࡢᑻᗘ
ᅇ⟅ẚ⋡ࡀྠ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᛶู㸫
 -05$ ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ
⫋ᴗ
㸫
ᒓᛶ
఍  ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪୺せㄪᰝ఍♫ࡢᒃఫᆅᇦ඲ᅜࢆ㸯㸯༊ศ
ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫഴྥࡣ  ᖺ࡟࠾࠸࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿㸪ᩘ㔞໬⌮ㄽ➨ϩ㢮࡚㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ࡀ 㸣㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺㸬࡛ࡢᅇ⟅ࡀ 㸣࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᖺ௦ู࡟ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢ᳨ウ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍࡼ ௦௨ୗࡣࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ࡀ㐣༙ᩘࢆ㉸࠺࡟㸪ࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡸࢣ࣮ࢱ࢖ࡢᡤ᭷✀ู㸪ࡑࡋ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉㸪 ௦௨ୖࡣ  ๭ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿேࡀࣃࢯ
࡚ᒓᛶ࡛⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ㸬ᖺ௦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪┠ⓗࢥ࡛ࣥᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ኚᩘ࡜௚ࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜┦㛵ࡀ≉࡟㧗࠸ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡜ࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ࡣ࡝ࡢ
ࡓࡵ㸪㝖እࡋࡓ㸬࡞࠾㸪ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ㛫ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࡣ㸦ᅗࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿㸬௚ࡢタၥࢆᇶ࡟᳨ウࡍࡿ⾲ 㸧㸪ࠕ᫬㛫ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾࠖ࡜ࠕ⤒῭ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾࠖࡢ ๓࡟㸪ࡲࡎࡣᆅᇦᕪࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ㸬࡞ࡐ㸪ᆅᇦࡀ᭱኱࡛࠶ࡾ㸪඲యⓗ࡟ప࠸㸬ᕪࢆ᭱ึ࡟☜ㄆࡋࡓ࠿ࡣ㸪௬ㄝ࡜ࡋ࡚㒔ᕷ㒊࡟ศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍ㏻ࡾ㸪೫┦㛵ಀᩘࡀ⟬࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㟁㌴࡛ࡢ⛣ື୰ࡢ㝽㛫᫬㛫࡟ᅇ⟅ࡍฟࡉࢀ㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡢ㏻ࡾ㸪࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ⟬ฟࡉࡿேࡀ୍ᐃ⛬ᗘᏑᅾࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛
ࢀࡓ㸬ᙜ⤖ᯝࡢุูⓗ୰⋡ࡣ 㸣㸪┦㛵ẚ 
ࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀ㧗࠸ഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ㸪࡜Ỵࡋ࡚㧗࠸್࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪೫┦㛵ಀᩘࡢ኱ࡁࡉ
࡜⪃࠼ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢഴྥࡣ≉࡟ⱝᖺᒙ࡛
ࡢ㡰ᗎ㸪࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢫࢥ࢔ࡢ್➼࠿ࡽ㸪ᅇ⟅ഴྥࢆ㧗࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮ࠸㸪ࠕᆅᇦࠖ࡜ࠕᖺ௦ࠖࡢ
ぢ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸㸬ᵓᡂẚࢆᆅᇦู࡟ࡳ࡚ࡳࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡢᅗ⾲  ࡢ೫┦㛵ಀᩘࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪᭱ࡶ㛵ࢃࡾࡢᙉ㏻ࡾ㸪௬ㄝ࡟཯ࡋ࡚㸪኱ࡁ࡞ᕪ␗ࡣ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜
࠸ኚᩘࡣࠕ⫋ᴗ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࠕࢣ࣮ࢱ࢖ࡢ✀ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢᬑཬ
㢮ࠖࡸࠕᛶูࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪௚ࡢ㡯┠࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ㧗࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ㐍ࢇࡔ௒᪥࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟
ഴྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡞ᕪ␗ࡣ⌧ᅗ⾲㸵࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢタၥࡈ࡜ࡢࢀ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࢧࣥࣉࣝᩘཬࡧ㸪ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢫࢥ࢔ࢆ
♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢫࢥ࢔࡛㈇ࡢ್ࡣ㸪ࠕࢫ㸬ᩘ㔞໬⌮ㄽ➨ϩ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠕࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅࣐࣍ᅇ⟅ഴྥ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾ㸪ṇࡢ್ࡣࠕࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖ࡜ࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖࡢ≉ᛶศᯒ
ࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡟࡚ᅇ⟅ࠖࠕࣃࢯࢥࣥ࡟࡚ᅇ⟅ࠖ ഴྥ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸬

15

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ᅗ⾲  ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ㛫㛫ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘ

⫋ᴗ
⫋ᴗ

䜿䞊䝍䜲䛾
✀㢮
㻜㻚㻞㻜

᫬㛫ⓗ
䜖䛸䜚

䜲䝜䝧䞊䝍
ᚓⅬ

㻙㻜㻚㻝㻜

㻜㻚㻝㻠

㻜㻚㻝㻠

㻜㻚㻜㻝

㻜㻚㻜㻥
㻙㻜㻚㻜㻟

ᛶู

୺䛺஺㏻
ᡭẁ

⤒῭ⓗ
䜖䛸䜚

㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜㻚㻝㻤

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻝

㻜㻚㻝㻡

㻜㻚㻜㻝

㻜㻚㻜㻤

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻞

㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻝

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻞

㻜㻚㻜㻢

㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜㻚㻜㻠

㻜㻚㻟㻥

㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜㻚㻜㻡

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻞

㻙㻜㻚㻝㻞

㻜㻚㻜㻝

ᆅᇦ

䜿䞊䝍䜲䛾
✀㢮

㻜㻚㻞㻜

ᛶู

㻙㻜㻚㻝㻜

㻜㻚㻜㻝

᫬㛫ⓗ䜖䛸䜚

㻜㻚㻝㻠

㻜㻚㻜㻥

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻟

䜲䝜䝧䞊䝍ᚓⅬ

㻜㻚㻝㻠

㻜㻚㻝㻡

㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜㻚㻜㻢

ᆅᇦ

㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜㻚㻜㻝

㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜㻚㻜㻜

୺䛺஺㏻ᡭẁ

㻜㻚㻝㻤

㻜㻚㻜㻤

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻝

㻜㻚㻜㻠

㻜㻚㻜㻡

㻙㻜㻚㻝㻞

⤒῭ⓗ䜖䛸䜚

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻝

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻞

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻞

㻜㻚㻟㻥

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻞

㻜㻚㻜㻝

 
ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡈ࡜࡟⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬᭱ࡶ೫┦㛵ኚᩘࡀ㧗࠸ࠕ⫋ᴗࠖࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ࠕᏛ⏕ࠖࡀࢫ
࣐࣍ᅇ⟅ഴྥ࡟኱ࡁࡃഴ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࠕᏛ⏕ࠖࡣⱝ
ᖺᒙࡀከᩘࢆ༨ࡵ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥᡤ᭷⋡ࡀ࡝ࡢ⫋ᴗࡼࡾ᭱ࡶప࠸ 㸣࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿྍ
⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࠕ⮬Ⴀᴗࠖࠕᑓᴗ୺፬࣭୺ኵࠖ
ࠕ↓⫋ࠖࡣࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅࡟ഴ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࠕ⮬Ⴀᴗࠖࡣࣃࢯࢥࣥᡤ᭷⋡ࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸ 㸣㸪
ࠕᑓᴗ୺
፬࣭୺ኵࠖ
ࠕ↓⫋ࠖࡣᖺ㱋ᒙࡀ㧗࠸㸬 ࠕࢣ࣮ࢱ࢖ࡢ✀㢮ࠖ࡟ࡼࡿᅇ⟅ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ㸪ࠕࢫ࣐࣍ᡤ᭷⪅ࠖࡣࢫ࣐࣍ᅇ⟅࡟ഴ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪ࢫ࣐࣍ᡤ᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪༙ᩘ௨ୖࡣࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥ
ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ⱝᖺᒙࡢከࡃࡣࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࢆ
ᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᡤ᭷ࡢ᭷↓࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥᡤ᭷ࡢ᭷↓ࡀᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᥎
ᐹࡉࢀ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥᡤ᭷⪅ࡣࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥᅇ⟅ࡍࡿഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࢩ࣮ࣥࡶ㛵㐃ࡋ࠸࡚ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡟ㄪᰝ఍♫࠿ࡽᅇ⟅౫㢗ࡢ
㏻▱ࡀ᮶࡚㸪✵࠸࡚࠸ࡿ᫬㛫㸪౛࠼ࡤᖐᏯ㏵୰ࡢ
㟁㌴ࡢ୰࡛㸪ㄪᰝ࡟⟅࠼ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ㄪᰝࡀ⤊ࢀࡤ㸪ࡲࡓ௚ࡢ࢔ࣉࣜࢆ⾜࠺㸬᫬㛫ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾࡀ࡞࠸
ே࡛ࡶ㸪ㄪᰝ࡟ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔ
ࢁ࠺࠿㸦ᐑୗබ୍㸧㸬೫┦㛵ಀᩘࡣప࠸ࡀ㸪
୺࡞஺㏻ᡭẁࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ㕲㐨ࠖࡸࠕࣂࢫࠖࢆ⛣ືᡭẁ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿேࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡢ๭ྜࡀ௚ࡼࡾ㧗࠸㸬⥆࠸࡚㸪ࠕᛶูࠖࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ⏨ᛶࠖࡣࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ഴྥ㸪
ࠕዪᛶࠖ

㻙㻜㻚㻜㻟
㻙㻜㻚㻜㻟

ᅗ⾲  ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ẖࡢ೫┦㛵ಀᩘ㻌࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ྡ
⫋ᴗࢣ࣮ࢱ࢖ࡢ✀㢮ᛶู᫬㛫ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾ
࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱᚓⅬᆅᇦ୺࡞⛣ືᡭẁ⤒῭ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾ

೫┦㛵ಀᩘ
 ఩

 ఩

 ఩

 ఩

 ఩

 ఩

 ఩

 ఩


ࡣࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪ࠕ᫬㛫ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾࠖࢆࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ᫬㛫ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾࡀ࠶ࡿࠖேࡣࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅ẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ࠕ᫬㛫ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾࡀ࡞࠸ࠖேࡣࢫ࣐࣍ᅇ⟅ẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸㸬ࡑࡶࡑࡶࣃࢯࢥࣥ࡜ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢ౑࠸᪉ࡣ
ࠕ⭜ࢆᤣ࠼࡚ࡌࡗࡃࡾ࡜ఱ࠿ࢆࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࣃ
ࢯࢥࣥࡀ㸪ᛮ࠸❧ࡗࡓ᫬࡟ࡍࡄࡑࡢሙ࡛⾜ືࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡿࠖ㸦࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺⓑ᭩⦅㞟ጤဨ఍ ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺
࡟㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢഴྥࡀ⾲ࢀࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

16

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHUᅗ⾲ ᩘ㔞໬⌮ㄽ➨ϩ㢮ࢆᅇ⟅ഴྥࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢุู⤖ ࢫ࣐࣍ᅇ⟅㸼㸼㸼 㸺㸺ࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅㻌䜰䜲䝔䝮䜹䝔䝂䝸䞊 䝃䞁䝥䝹
䝟䝋䝁䞁
ྡ

⫋ᴗ

䜿䞊䝍䜲
✀㢮

ᛶู

᫬㛫ⓗ
䜖䛸䜚

䜲䝜䝧䞊
䝍ᚓⅬ

ᆅᇦ

୺䛺⛣ື
ᡭẁ

⤒῭ⓗ
䜖䛸䜚

ྡ

ᩘ

䞊
ᅇ⟅๭ྜ

䜹䝔䝂䝸 䝇䝁䜰
䜹䝔䝂䝸䞊䝇䝁䜰

㻙㻞

㻙㻝

㻜

㻝

఍♫ဨ

㻝㻘㻣㻡㻝

㻢㻢㻚㻝㻑

㻙㻜㻚㻝

බົဨ

㻞㻞㻣

㻢㻥㻚㻢㻑

㻜㻚㻜

୺፬䞉୺ኵ

㻥㻣㻟

㻣㻡㻚㻣㻑

Ꮫ⏕

㻠㻢㻜

㻞㻣㻚㻠㻑

⮬Ⴀ

㻟㻣㻝

㻤㻠㻚㻥㻑

䝟䞊䝖

㻢㻤㻜

㻢㻡㻚㻟㻑

䛭䛾௚

㻝㻝㻡

㻣㻟㻚㻥㻑

↓⫋

㻝㻘㻜㻟㻢

㻤㻡㻚㻡㻑

䜿䞊䝍䜲

㻝㻘㻜㻡㻞

㻥㻡㻚㻤㻑

䝇䝬䝩

㻞㻘㻥㻜㻞

㻡㻤㻚㻤㻑

䛭䛾௚

㻡㻠㻜

㻢㻣㻚㻜㻑

ᮍᡤ᭷

㻝㻘㻝㻝㻥

㻣㻠㻚㻠㻑

㻜㻚㻞

⏨

㻞㻘㻤㻞㻟

㻣㻡㻚㻝㻑

㻜㻚㻟

ዪ

㻞㻘㻣㻥㻜

㻢㻠㻚㻝㻑

䛒䜛

㻥㻠㻠

㻤㻜㻚㻤㻑

㻜㻚㻞

䛒䜛⛬ᗘ

㻝㻘㻤㻢㻠

㻣㻠㻚㻟㻑

㻜㻚㻞

䛒䜎䜚䛺䛔

㻝㻘㻢㻣㻤

㻢㻠㻚㻝㻑

䛺䛔

㻝㻘㻝㻞㻣

㻢㻜㻚㻤㻑

㻙㻜㻚㻟

㧗

㻝㻘㻡㻤㻟

㻢㻝㻚㻜㻑

㻙㻜㻚㻝

୰

㻞㻘㻞㻢㻟

㻣㻝㻚㻥㻑

㻜㻚㻝

ప

㻝㻘㻣㻢㻣

㻣㻠㻚㻡㻑

㻜㻚㻝

໭ᾏ㐨

㻞㻟㻡

㻣㻠㻚㻜㻑

㻜㻚㻞

ᮾ໭

㻟㻥㻥

㻣㻜㻚㻥㻑

໭㛵ᮾ

㻟㻜㻥

㻢㻡㻚㻣㻑

༡㛵ᮾ

㻝㻘㻢㻞㻥

㻢㻤㻚㻥㻑

⏥ಙ㉺

㻞㻟㻝

㻢㻥㻚㻣㻑

໭㝣

㻝㻟㻟

㻢㻠㻚㻣㻑

ᮾᾏ

㻢㻠㻥

㻣㻜㻚㻝㻑

㻜㻚㻜

㏆␥

㻥㻝㻢

㻣㻜㻚㻞㻑

㻜㻚㻜

୰ᅜ

㻟㻝㻥

㻣㻞㻚㻝㻑

㻜㻚㻝

ᅄᅜ

㻝㻢㻥

㻣㻝㻚㻜㻑

㻜㻚㻜

஑ᕞ

㻢㻞㻠

㻢㻤㻚㻥㻑

㻙㻜㻚㻝

ᚐṌ

㻥㻟㻠

㻣㻝㻚㻞㻑

㕲㐨

㻥㻤㻤

㻡㻥㻚㻥㻑

⮬ᐙ⏝㌴

㻞㻘㻢㻞㻢

㻣㻟㻚㻝㻑

䝞䝇

㻞㻞㻟

㻢㻢㻚㻤㻑

஧㍯㌴

㻤㻠㻞

㻢㻥㻚㻝㻑

䛒䜛

㻞㻟㻡

㻢㻤㻚㻡㻑

䛒䜛⛬ᗘ

㻝㻘㻠㻤㻤

㻣㻟㻚㻞㻑

㻜㻚㻝

䛒䜎䜚䛺䛔

㻞㻘㻝㻥㻞

㻢㻥㻚㻡㻑

㻜㻚㻜

䛺䛔

㻝㻘㻢㻥㻤

㻢㻢㻚㻤㻑

㻜㻚㻠

㻙㻝㻚㻤

㻜㻚㻡
㻜㻚㻜
㻜㻚㻝

㻜㻚㻠
㻝㻚㻜
㻙㻜㻚㻠

㻜㻚㻜

㻙㻜㻚㻟

㻙㻜㻚㻝

㻜㻚㻜
㻙㻜㻚㻞

㻜㻚㻜
㻜㻚㻜
㻙㻜㻚㻟

㻜㻚㻜

㻙㻜㻚㻝
㻜㻚㻜
㻙㻜㻚㻝

㻜㻚㻝
㻙㻜㻚㻝

㻙㻜㻚㻝

17

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㸬ࠕࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࠖ࡜ࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ
⟅⪅ࠖࡢᅇ⟅ഴྥ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᅇ⟅ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾᅇ⟅⪅ࡢഴྥ࡟ᕪ␗ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡀ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢᅇ⟅࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ࠿㸪 ࡘࡢ౛ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ㸬ࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࢆᑜࡡࡿタၥࡢ୰࡛㸪࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢱᚓⅬࡢഴྥࢆࡳࡿ࡜㸪඲ୡ௦࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ᪉ࡀ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥࢆ฼
⏝ࡋࡓᅇ⟅⪅࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ㸪㧗࠸ഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡑࡢഴྥࡣ㸪ⱝᖺᒙ㸦 ௦㸧࡜㧗㱋ᒙ㸦
௦㸧࡛ᕪࡀᗈࡀࡿഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬ᅗ⾲ ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫู࡟ࡳࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱᚓⅬศᕸ࡜ᖺ௦
࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱᚓⅬ

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ࢧࣥࣉࣝᩘ

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ᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡋࡓࡢࡣ㸪*RRJOH +RPH ࡞࡝ࡢ㡢ኌ$, ᦚ㍕ࢫࣆ࣮࣮࢝ࡢㄆ▱ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬᪂ࡋ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫ࡬ࡢㄆ▱ᗘࢆ⪺࠸ࡓࡇࡢタၥ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ⱝᖺᒙ࡛ࡣࣃࢯࢥࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪୰㛫ᒙ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ
ᕪ␗ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㧗㱋ᒙ࡛ࡣࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗࠸㸬ᅗ⾲ ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫู࡟ࡳࡿ㸿㹇ࢫࣆ࣮࣮࢝ࡢ
ㄆ▱ᗘ࡜ᖺ௦
 ௦ ௦ ௦ᖺ௦ ௦
 ௦
 ௦඲యᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ

᭷ᩱࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࡢ฼
⏝ᩱ㔠㸦෇ ࣧ᭶㸧ࣃࢯࢥࣥ


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ࢫ࣐࣍ࣃࢯࢥࣥ
ࢫ࣐࣍ࣃࢯࢥࣥ
ࢫ࣐࣍㸿㹇ࢫࣆ࣮࣮࢝ࡢ
ㄆ▱⋡㸣
㸣
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 ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥࡢᡤ᭷⋡࡟ࡶ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ
⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ྠㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢࣃࢯࢥࣥ
ࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿㸪ᑜࡡࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪ⱝᖺᒙ࡯࡝ᡤ᭷
⋡ࡣప࠸ഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸬ලయⓗ࡟ࡣ  ௦ᚋ༙࡛ࡣ 㸣࡜㸪 ே࡟  ேࡋ࠿ᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀ㸪௦࡜࡞ࡿ࡜㸪 ๭ࡀᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬ⱝᖺᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥࢆᡤᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ㸪㧗㱋ᒙ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࢆᡤᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀᑡᩘὴ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ᅇ⟅ഴྥࡣ㸪,&7 ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ࡟࠾
࠸࡚ࡶ㸪⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㉎ධࡋࡓ┤㏆㸯ࣧ᭶᭷ᩱࢥ
ࣥࢸࣥࢶ㸦஺㏻᝟ሗࡸ᪂⪺♫ࡢࢧ࢖ࢺ࡞࡝㸧ࡢ฼⏝ᩱ㔠ࢆᑜࡡࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ᪉ࡀ㸪඲ᖺ௦࡟࠾࠸࡚㧗࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ᅗ⾲  ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫู࡟ࡳࡿ᭷ᩱࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࡢ
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ᅇ⟅
ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ

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ᅗ⾲ ᖺ௦ูࣃࢯࢥࣥࡢᡤ᭷⋡㻌
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Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

18

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

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㸲㸬௒ᅇࡢ
ࡢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿศᯒࡢไ⣙࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ఍♫࡟Ⓩ㘓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ㄪᰝ༠ຊࢆ౫㢗ࡋ㸪ᐇᰝࢆ⾜࠺㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ㄪᰝ఍♫ࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕ㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢເ
㞟᪉ἲ➼࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᛶࡶ␗࡞ࡿ㸬௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥ࡜ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢᅇ
⟅ẚ⋡ࡣ㸪࠾࠾ࡼࡑ㸰㸸㸯࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪௚♫࡛ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ๭ྜࡀኚࢃࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬ㄪᰝ౫㢗ࢆⓎಙࡍࡿࢱ࢖࣑ࣥࢢ㸪⏬㠃ࣞ࢖࢔࢘ࢺ㸪ཪࡣㄪᰝ࣮࣒࣎ࣜࣗ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ
⟅⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀኚࢃࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ
⤖ᯝ࡜␗࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ௒ᅇࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢせᅉ࠿ࡽ㸪ྠ᫬ᮇ࣭ྠ๭௜࣭ྠタၥ࡛ㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ᅇ⟅࡟ᕪ␗ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆྰᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬 ࡲࡓ㸪௒ᅇࡢሗ࿌࡛ࡣᅇ⟅⤖ᯝࡢഴྥࢆࡳࡓࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ᅇ⟅ရ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ゝཬࡣ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ௜ࡅࡓࡋ࡚⨨ࡃ㸬㸬⤊ࢃࡾ࡟
௒ᚋࡉࡽ࡟ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡀᬑཬࡋ㸪฼ά⏝ࡀ㐍ࡵࡤ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ
࢛ࣥࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓᅇ⟅⪅ࡣቑ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ㸬⏬㠃ࡢ኱ࡁࡉ㸪ືసࡢ㐪࠸࠿ࡽ㸪࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫ⾲࡛ᅇ⟅ࢆࡍࡿ㉁ၥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᅇ⟅ᕪ␗ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥᡤ᭷ࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ㸪ࢸࣞࣅࡢど⫈ࡸ᪂⪺ࡢ㉎ㄞࡶᑡ࡞࠸ⱝᖺᒙ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪࠸࠿࡟ㄪᰝ࡟
༠ຊࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺࠿㸬ㄪᰝࢆཷࡅࡿഃ࡜⾜࠺ഃࡢ཮᪉࡟ᑐࡍࡿㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬௒ᅇẚ㍑᳨ウࡋࡓㄪᰝ࠿ࡽ㸪ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡀ␗
࡞ࢀࡤྠᖺ௦࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪ᅇ⟅ഴྥ࡟ᕪࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ㄪᰝศᯒࢆ⾜࠺㝿㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ㸪⪃៖ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬㸦ձղճ177 ࢻࢥ࣭ࣔࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ♫఍◊✲ᡤ㸧
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ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
㣬ᡞ㻌㻌 ᘯ㻔㻝㻥㻤㻣㻕䠊♫఍ㄪᰝ䝝䞁䝗䝤䝑䜽䠈᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺ฟ∧♫㻘㻌㻟㻜㻜㻙㻟㻜㻝䠊㻌䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ⓑ᭩⦅㞟ጤဨ఍㻔㻞㻜㻝㻢㻕䠊䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ⓑ᭩ 㻞㻜㻝㻢䠈䜲䞁䝥䝺䝇䠮䠃䠠㻚㻌୍⯡♫ᅋἲே᪥ᮏ䝬䞊䜿䝔䜱䞁䜾䞉䝸䝃䞊䝏༠㻶㻹㻾㻭㻔୍
఍㻕䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕䠊䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ㄪᰝရ㉁䜺䜲䝗䜲䞁䛊㻞㻜㻝㻣㻚㻝㻝䛋䠊㻌ᐑୗබ୍䠄㻞㻜㻝㻣䠅䠊㼃㼑㼎 ㄪᰝ䛻䛴䛔䛶䡚䛣䛾 㻝㻜 ᖺ䛾ኚ໬䜔⌧ᅾ䛾ㄢ㢟䡚䠈୰ኸㄪᰝሗ䠄୍⯡♫ᅋἲே୰ኸㄪᰝ♫䠅㻘㻌㻌㻣㻞㻞㻚㻌䝰䝞䜲䝹♫఍◊✲ᡤ㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻤㼍㻕䠊䝅䝙䜰ㄪᰝ䝺䝫䞊䝖䛂䝅䝙䜰䛾䠥䠟䠰฼ά⏝⏕ά䛾᳨ウ 㻝㻡䛃䠈㻌㻔㻢㻜㻌 ௦䛷䝇䝬䝩ᡤ᭷⋡䛜ึ䜑䛶 㻡 ๭㉸䛘䠈㻌䝣䜱䞊䝏䝱䜷䞁ᡤ᭷⋡䜢ୖᅇ䜛㻕㻌 䛊㻞㻜㻝㻤㻚㻠㻚㻞㻠䛋㻌㼔㼠㼠㼜㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣㻚㼙㼛㼎㼍㻙㼗㼑㼚㻚㼖㼜㻛㼜㼞㼛㼖㼑㼏㼠㻛㼕㼏㼠㻝㻡㻚㼔㼠㼙㼘㻌䝰䝞䜲䝹♫఍◊✲ᡤ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻤㼎㻕䠊䝕䞊䝍䛷ㄞ䜏ゎ䛟䝇䝬䝩䞉䜿䞊䝍䜲฼⏝䝖䝺䞁䝗 㻞㻜㻝㻤㻙㻞㻜㻝㻥䠈୰ኸ⤒῭♫䠊

19

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)20

ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟㸫ୡ⏺࠾ࡼࡧ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀ♧ࡍヨࡳ࡜ᶵ఍㸫
Issues for Mobile Research: The Challenges and Opportunities Presented by Mobile Research, Globallyand in Japanࣞ࢖ ࣏࢖ࣥࢱ࣮
Ray Poynter㸯㸬Six key issues
㸰㸬What is mobile?
㸱㸬Is mobile necessary?
㸲㸬What does mobile add and what does it take away?
㸳㸬Are surveys still relevant?
㸴㸬What are mobile ethics?
㸵㸬Where next for mobile?
㸶㸬Challenges to researchers’ models
㸷㸬Final observations
ࠑせ᪨ࠒᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝᶵჾࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ◊✲⪅ࡀ┤㠃ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿ㸬㸦㸧ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࡢᐃ⩏㸪㸦㸧ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢᚲせᛶࡢ᳨ド㸪㸦㸧ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢ฼⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿኚ໬ࡢ୺
せ㒊ศ㸪㸦㸧ㄪᰝࡢጇᙜᛶࡢ᳨ウ㸪㸦㸧ᕷሙㄪᰝ࠾ࡼࡧ♫఍ㄪᰝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ೔⌮ⓗᙳ㡪ࡢ୺せ㒊ศ㸪㸦㸧ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢḟࡢẁ㝵ࢆ᥎ ࡍࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪࡞ࡐࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀ୺࡟ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡟
㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿㸪ࡲࡓࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀ᭱ࡶ㢖⦾࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ㸪ㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅ࡀ⮬ศࡢࣔࣂ࢖ࣝᶵჾ
࡛࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠺࡜ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢ୺࡞࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪ேࠎࡀ  ᪥  ᫬㛫㸪㐌  ᪥㸪 ᪥ᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜㸪⏬ീࡸࣅࢹ࢜࡟ᐜ᫆࡟グ㘓࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜㸪఩⨨᝟ሗ࡞࡝ࢆཷືⓗ࡟グ㘓࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࡲࡓࠊᆅ⌮఩⨨᝟ሗࡢ฼⏝࡞࡝ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ᶵ⬟ࡀᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࣥࢢࡢά⏝࡞࡝㸪ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀ㏆࠸ᑗ᮶࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟
Ⓨᒎࡍࡿ࠿㸪࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢண ࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿ㸬This paper examines six key issues facing researchers using mobile devices; specifically, it (1) defines
mobile research, (2) explores whether mobile research is necessary, (3) highlights the changes resulting
from the use of mobile research, (4) discusses the relevance of surveys, (5) highlights the ethicalimplications of market research and social research, and (6) speculates what is next for mobile research.
Furthermore, the paper explains why mobile research is primarily related to smartphones, and thatthe most frequently used feature of mobile research is participants who choose to take online surveys
on their mobile devices. The key benefits of smartphones are as follows: people have them 24-hours aday, 7-days a week, 365-days a year; smartphones facilitate the capture of images and videos; they cancapture passive data such as location; and research activities can be triggered in new ways such as
geolocation. Finally, the paper presents a number of predictions concerning how mobile research willdevelop in the near future, for example, using messaging.
             

21

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ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧aafngH\fjjkHj
dRUiREfhHUHjHDUbeThis paper looks at the issues facing researchersinterested in utilizing mobile research, andidentifies six key issues that need addressing.
Before looking at what the six issues are andwhy they are the key ones, it is important todefine what we mean by issues. If we consult theOED (Oxford English Dictionary) we find that it
GHILQHV¶LVVXH·DV ´An important topic for debate
or resolutionµ An issue is not the same as aproblem. However, an issue that remains
unresolved can easily become a problem ² hence
the need for debate and resolution.
Mobile is an important topic, for academic,
social, and market and social researchers. For
example, a search on Google Scholar, using the%RROHDQ VHDUFK WHUP ¶0RELOH $1' SuUYH\· IRUacademic papers since the beginning 2017provides about 128,000 hits. The publishedpapers cover a wide range of topics such as:x
Participation in mobile app studies(Annette, 2017).
x
Mixed devices in online studies (Bosnjak,
2018).
x
Effects of mobile versus PC web on survey
response quality (Antoun, 2017).
This deluge of published papers reflects both thegrowing importance of mobile devices and thechallenges created by the use mobile phones foronline surveys, app-based surveys, CATI withmobile, and mobiles used with face-to-faceinterviewing.
This paper identifies and addresses six key issues.

::eDWfjiREfhH_At the heart of mobile research in 2018 is thesmartphone, especially those phones using theApple or Android operating system.
In the context of market and social research theterm mRELOHVRPHWLPHVUHIHUVWR¶IHDWXUHSKRQHV·(phones with fewer features than a smartphone).
The term mobile sometimes refers to tablets andoccasionally to other devices such as smart
watches. However, the central device at the heartof mobile research is the smartphone, and this is
likely to remain true for at least the next few
years.
At the most general level, mobile can refer toanything that is not fixed, including laptop
personal computers. However, when researchers
talk about mobile research, they tend to bereferring to devices that;xpeople have with them all the time,x
can connect to the internet,x
can support surveys, video, photography
and apps.
Smartphones are unique in matching all three ofthese criteria.
One of the best sources of information about thegrowth of mobile devices internationally is the
ITU. The ITU, the International Telecommunication
Union, is a specialized agency of the United
Nations). The ITU (2017) shows that by 2017
there were almost 4 billion active mobile
broadband subscriptions (globally), whichsuggests WKDWRYHURIWKHZRUOG·VSRSXODWLRQ
have access to a mobile device connected to theinternet ² and most of these will be some form ofsmartphone.
Mobile devices are used in a number of different
ways by researchers, including:
1. Online surveys completed by participants
using mobile phones.
2. App-based surveys.
3. Non-survey ¶active· options, such ascollecting images, videos etc.
4.
Non-survey ¶passive· options, collecting
information via the mobile device, forexample app usage, location, and movement.

1. What is mobile?
2. Is mobile necessary?
3. What does mobile add and what does ittake away?
4. Are surveys still relevant?
5. What are mobile ethics?
6. Where next for mobile?
This paper will address each of these six issues,and set the stage for an ongoing debate and forthe resolution of issues.

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

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

5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU In terms of the market research industry, thelargest of these four (at the moment) is the firstone, online surveys completed by participants
using mobile phones (ESOMAR 2016). Different
sources produce different estimates of the
proportion of online surveys completed byparticipants using mobile devices, but the
numbers are large. For example, ESOMAR
produces two estimates 37% and 30% (ESOMAR
2018a & 2018b).
In terms of surveys completed on smartphones
we can think of a continuum that runs from
Mobile Incompatible, to Mobile Possible, toMobile First, to Mobile Only.
Mobile Impossible tends to refer to studies that
require large screens, dexterity on a large screen,
and/or the use of features hard to support on amobile, such as Virtual Reality. Unfortunately,
Mobile Impossible also refers to surveys where
the design and/or scripting means that they are
not compatible with smaller devices, i.e.
unintentionally -Mobile Impossible.
Mobile Possible refers to studies where aparticipant using a smartphone might be able tocomplete the survey, but where the experience is
sub-optimal. For example, if the design of thesurvey means that participants have to scroll leftright and up-down on a smartphone (but not on acomputer screen) then the survey experience will
be very different across devices ² and the survey
could be described as Mobile Possible.
Many modern survey platforms have an optionWR PDNH VXUYH\V ¶PRELOH FRPSDWLEOH· +RZHYHU
unless researchers ensure that the survey isproperly designed for mobile the result risks only
being ¶0RELOH3RVVLEOH·6XUYH\SODWIRUPVFDnnot,
by themselves, create surveys that work well on
mobile devices. To create a good mobile survey
experience, the researcher needs to ensure that
instructions are short and intuitive, that scales
are short, that answer lists are short (in terms ofnumber of items and the length of text of theanswers), and that options such as rank anddrag-and-drop are avoided.
Mobile First is tending to replace the terms like
Mobile Friendly and Mobile Agnostic. Mobile

Friendly referred to surveys that worked well on
mobile devices, and Mobile Agnostic weresurveys that in theory worked equally well on
computers and mobile devices. The term Mobile
First has risen to prominence because experiencehas taught the research community that the best
way to achieve a survey that works equally wellon both mobiles and computers is to start by
thinking mobile (York, 2017).
Data from the international online access panel
company Research Now (York, 2017), shows thatmany surveys that are being used commerciallyare not, in terms of mobile research, fit for
purpose. Research Now had a scoring system
where they assess the mobile suitability thesurveys from their clients. The figures theyreported were:x
Mobile Incompatible 29%x
Mobile Possible 23%x
Mobile Friendly 33%
x
Mobile Optimized 15%
One of the key concerns from these findings wasthat the figures for 2014 and 2015 were very
similar, i.e. about 50% of commercial market
research studies using online surveys were notsuitable for mobile devices.
Mobile Only refers to research where one ormore features of the mobile are required, forexample always being available, or using GPS
tracking, or taking video during the working day.
Two key areas of growth in Mobile Only research
DUHYLGHRDQG¶LQWKHPRPHQW·
There has been an explosion in the number ofapps and services allowing brands andresearchers to collect video as part of their project(for example Voxpopme and Watch me Think)and services that help curate and process video(such as Living Lens). The initial impact of video
was in qualitative research, but the next trend islikely to be the quantitative analysis of everlarger collections of video. Because smartphones
are with people 24/7 and because they are
sophisticated multimedia devices they are wellplaced to facilitate video-based approaches.
In the moment research refers to techniquesthat seek to avoid the problems created by relying

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ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧If researchers wish to contact representative
samples, then, for most populations, it will benecessary to include data collection via mobile
devices. If research focuses on other devices, suchas personal computers, it may be possible toreach the desired totals, but it is probable thatthe sample will be skewed and biased.

RQSDUWLFLSDQWV·PHPRULHV)RUH[DPSOHLQWKH
moment approaches would seek to evaluate
journeys at the point of arrival, evaluate
shopping immediately after paying, evaluating
meals immediately after leaving the restaurant.
Because smartphones are with people 24/7,
because they are connected to the internet, andbecause they can be triggered via options such as
location, they are the ideal device (indeed the only
device) that can support and promote in the
moment research.
,,jiREfhHQHbHjjDU\_
Yes, mobile is necessary, almost everywhere in
the world. It is necessary for online surveys, for
CATI, for face-to-face surveys, for mobile only
surveys, and for a growing range of qualitative
projects (for example participatory ethnography).
In terms of online surveys (and in terms of CATI
studies) failure to facilitate mobile results insamples that are systematically biased. Studies
have shown that even the demographic
differences between an online sample and amobile sample are eradicated (e.g. income,education, age, etc.) there are still differences in
attitudes and beliefs. (Poynter et al, 2014).
These points can be highlighted by examples
and statistics relating to mobile market research.
In the United States, perhaps the mostrespected social research organization is the Pew
Research Center, by 2015 Pew were targeting
75% of their CATI interviews to be via
SDUWLFLSDQWV·PRELOHSKRQHVWRHQVXUHWKH\FROOHFW
representative samples (York & Poynter, 2017).
As long ago as 2014, it was estimated that 20%30% of all online surveys were completed from a
mobile device (Poynter et al 2014). The figures
since then have increased, partly because ofparticipant choice, partly because of the growthof mobile-only households.
Research by ESOMAR (2016) indicates that
86% of agencies who conduct face-to-faceresearch use mobile devices (typicallysmartphones and/or tablets) during datacollection.

::eDWcRHHjiREfhHDccDQcmeDWcRHjfW
WDgHDmD\_The shift to mobile has added many things to
WKH UHVHDUFKHUV· WRROER[ VXFK DV ORFDWLRQ-based
research and increased use of video, but it has
also removed some features from researchers·
toolbox.
The list of things that mobile has added islengthy, but it can be focused on four points:a) Smartphones are with people 24/7 ² thismeans mobile research can be lessdependent on memory, collecting
LQIRUPDWLRQ¶LQWKHPRPHQW·RUVRRQDIWHU
the moment.
b) Smartphones are advanced media
devices, including sound, video,
photography, and internet browsing.
c) Smartphones are equipped with passive
data collection capabilities (e.g. location
tracking, movement indicating etc.)d) Research activities via smartphones arecapable of being triggered in new ways,
such as geofencing and messaging. This
KDVRSHQHGXSWKHSRVVLELOLW\RI¶SXVKQRWLILFDWLRQ·UDWKHUWKDQ¶SXOOQRWLILFDWLRQ·
As well as adding new positives to the research
options, the arrival of mobile has also negatively
impacted some existing research practices/options.
In the early days of online surveys, for about
fifteen years from about 2000, the trend was tomake online questionnaires more engaging andmore visual. However, many of these engaging(and in some cases gamified options) are notsuitable for mobile surveys, especially when
FRPSOHWHGRQDVPDUWSKRQH)RUH[DPSOH¶GUDJDQG GURS· FDQ EH WRR ILGGO\ EUDQG OLVWV DQGquestions need to be shorter, and the ability to

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

24

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU 

replicate full size images of products and adverts
has been diminished. There is also a widespread
belief that the completion time, for mobile
surveys, need to be shorter than the maximum
for personal computer-based surveys. There isdata that the drop out rates for mobile surveys ishigher than those associated with surveys
completed via personal computers (Poynter et al,2014). Increased drop out rates increases costs,
introduces time lags, reduces future co-operation,and reduces the ability of a sample to be
representative of the relevant population.
Examples of the changes that mobile has
required include:a) Surveys need to be shorter, because drop out
rates are usually higher when participants
take surveys on their mobile devices. This
problem is compounded by the finding thatsurveys tend to take longer to complete,
when compared with taking the survey on acomputer.
b) 6XUYH\V QHHG WR ILW RQ WKH PRELOH SKRQH·V
screen, which tends to mean shorter
question text, shorter answer lists, andfewer scale points.
c) 6XUYH\V FDQ·W XVH VRPH WHFKQLTXHV WKDWhave been developed for larger screen, forexample drag-and-drop ranking exercises
and methods of participants clicking onlarge images to express levels of interest.
d) Mobile First surveys will tend to be lessengaging than the best practices that weredeveloped for computer screens.
e) Grids have come under specific scrutiny
because mobile has exacerbated an existing
problem. Grids are liked by researchers,
because they provide data in a format very
suitable for analysis. However, even on
computer screens grids are associated withparticipant alienation and higher drop-out
rates. On mobile devices, grids are even lessaccepted (despite recent advances in how toadminister grids on mobile devices).
The arrival of mobile has raised questions about
the sort of changes that researchers need to makein their methods, for example:

Should we move away from grids ² if so, towhat?
xShould we move away from 10, 7 and 5point scales to 2 and 3-point scales?
xShould we move aware from scales to otheroptions, such as choices?
x
Should we move away from ranking toother options, such as choices?
Many of the methods that researchers use at the
moment to ask questions are very suitable for thesort of statistics and models that have beendeveloped over the last 100 years, i.e. metric,
linear, and based the normal distribution and on
random probability sampling. However, what
researchers have discovered is that we are trying
to make people fit our statistics, rather thantrying to fit statistics to the nature of how people
think and behave.
Perhaps the time has come to use models thatstart with people, that do not require normality,
nor metric variables, nor random probability
samples? Historically, we saw this change
happen in the world of conjoint analysis, where
there was a shift from ratings based conjoint andcard sorts (i.e. from ratings and rankings) to
choice-based conjoint (i.e. to choices). This change
entailed moving from continuous variables todichotomous variables, and from standard
regression to logit regression. A number of
researchers have shown the benefits of moving to
3-point scales (which fit well on a mobile device)(Barlas et al, 2017).

x

$$UHjkUlH\jjWfhhUHhHlDQW_
YES! Most of the visibly-expressed interest (inarticles, journals, and on conference platforms)
about mobile research covers methods such asvideo, biometrics, passive data, and apps.
However, the main utilization of mobile research
is via surveys. In most cases these surveys aretaken by people using the browser on theirsmartphone to take part in conventional email/online surveys.
Surveys are in decline, but they are not about todisappear. From 2010 to 2016 in terms of dollar

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ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧spend, surveys declined from 56% of allquantitative research (by value) to 46% (Poynter,2017). However, surveys are expected to still be amajor part of research ten years from now (i.e.
over 20% of all quantitative research).
Surveys will change, they will utilize more
artificial intelligence, more text recognition,collect more unstructured data, but they remain
an important part of the research mix.
Surveys are important to researchers (andbeyond them to companies, governments,
academics etc.) because they allow research tofocus on specific questions. A good example of aquestion that is difficult to assess without
survH\VLV´:KDWZRXOG\RXGRLIZHFKDQJHGRUUHPRYHG ;"µ +RZHYHU VLQFH VXUYH\V DUH VR
important to research (and to the people who
commission research) we need to ensure that we
keep co-operation rates as high as possible.
::eDWDUHiREfhHHWefbj_As the recent scandals with Facebook andCambridge Analytica have shown, ethics do notstay the same over time. Ethics evolve andrespond to changes in technology and in responseto real-world events.
The first point about mobile and research is thatit has to conform to all of the establishedprinciples that have been developed for otherdata collection modes. The ICC/ESOMAR
International Code on Market, Opinion andSocial Research and Data Analytics summarizes
the concerns in terms of three fundamental
principles:
1. When collecting personal data from data
subjects for the purpose of research,
researchers must be transparent about the
information they plan to collect, thepurpose for which it will be collected, withwhom it might be shared, and in whatform.
2. Researchers must ensure that personal
data used in research is thoroughly
protected from unauthorized access andnot disclosed without the consent of thedata subject.
3. Researchers must always behave ethicallyand not do anything that might harm adata subject or damage the reputation ofmarket, opinion and social research.
In terms of mobile, the additional implications
include:a) Making sure participants understandwhat information you are accessing fromtheir phone, and that consent is sought.
b) That data remains secure, for example if
photos/videos are collected, who will see
them, how might they be used, when will
they be destroyed.
c) Harm refers to large and small harm.
Ensure that taking part in the research
GRHVQRWSXWDQ\ERG\·VOLIHLQGDQJHU HJ
do not do this mobile survey while driving).
But, also deal with issues such as not
UXQQLQJ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV· EDWWHU\ GRZQ
and not leaving unwanted apps on theirdevice.
 :eHUHQHnWdRUiREfhH_The near future is all about smartphones.
Globally, the penetration of smartphones is stillon an upward path. Most CATI will be via
smartphone, most online surveys will be via
VPDUWSKRQHDQGWKHUHZLOOEHDJURZWKLQ¶PRELOH
RQO\·UHVHDUFKOther mobile devices will have an ongoing role,for example tablets, smart watches and devices
that are part of the Internet of Things, but these
are unlikely to represent more than a few
percentage points, even in five-to-eight years
from now.
Some trends that may impact the way mobile
develops are:x The use of messaging apps for research, e.g.
WeChat, Line, WhatsApp etc. Some ofthese platforms, for example WeChat in
China, seem to be major elements of the
future digital network.
x Developments in location-based approaches.

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

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

5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU The possibility of location-based-researchhas been around for a while, for example,
using GPS or beacons or Wi-Fi routers to
track people and initiate location-based
research. At some point there will be a
rapid growth in the frequency of using
these options.
x Growth in video, driven by apps and thegrowth in automated processing. This isalready happening, video is moving fromsmall numbers of qualitative artifacts tolarge amounts at quantitative levels.
x More expansion of qualitative, from autoethnography, to crowdsourcing, to using
tools such as Instagram and messaging.
Yes, there will also be developments inbiometrics, passive tracking, chatbots, andadaptive questionnaires ² but I think they will be
marginal to the big picture for the next few years.
Ever since the runaway success of Pokémon Go
there have been forecasts that augmented reality
will be the next big thing. However, time, money
and resource implications mean that augmented
reality is likely to be reserved for special problems,
where resources and time are not major
constraints.
] &KDOOHQJHVWR5HVHDUFKHUV̓0RGHOjjMany researchers are clinging to an idealized
model of how research is conducted. This
idealized model fits with the research tools wehave available, but this model does not fit wellwith the real world. The two key fallacies that too
many quantitative researchers subscribe to are:a) That data approximates to a random
probability sample. Today the vast majorityof research is collected from opt-in panels,
from low response rates general studies,and from unsophisticated customer lists.
This means that models based on random
probability are increasingly irrelevant, as
we saw with the polling debacle
surrounding the election of USA President
Trump.
b) That grids (for example brands byattributes, using a 5-point or 7-point scale)collect meaningful information. Grids
present two distinct problems. 1) Research
participants do not like grids and are more
likely to abandon surveys when theyencounter a grid ² which makes thecollected data less representative and more
expensive. 2) People do not have metric,
nicely spaced views about all the brands andon all the scales.
Dealing with these two issues requires different
strategies.
If the samples collected do not approximate torandom probability samples, there are
essentially two optionsi.
Make the sample a better approximation
to a random probability sample of the
population. For example, re-define thepopulation; i.e. create a random
probability panel by recruiting from thebroader population and by supplying
hardware/incentives where needed, or byadopting multi-mode approaches to widen
the range of people being contacted.
ii.
Use models and benchmarks to link
responses from non-probability samples tothe real world. The key challenges to theseapproaches is that whilst their past
performance can be measured, their future
performance cannot statistically be known
in advance. These models are essentiallyempirical, rather than being based on
established theories.
In terms of dealing with the measurement issues
raised by attribute batteries and metric scales ingeneral, and grids in particular, the key need is to
move aware from pretending that people are
metric creatures who can express their views,
opinions, and beliefs in terms of scales that betreated as integer scales (or even in some cases
treating it as if it were a ratio scale). Researchers
have pretended that people can do these tasks
because we have a wide arrange of statisticaltechniques, based on common and wellunderstood distributions.

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ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧

The alternative to trying to fit people to statisticalmodels is to choose statistical models that match
people. For example, models based on choices
appear to match human behavior more closelythan scales, as demonstrated by the choicemodels demonstrated by Nobel Prize winnerDaniel McFaddon.

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
JA Annette, J Burton, MP Couper, C Lessof..
Participation in a mobile app survey to collectexpenditure data as part of a large-scale
probability household panel: response rates
andresponse
biases,2017
econpapers.repec.org
C Antoun, MP Couper, FG Conrad.. Effects ofmobile versus PC web on survey response
quality: A crossover experiment in aprobability web panel, Public Opinion
Quarterly, 2017 - academic.oup.com
F Barlas, N Buttermore & R Thomas. Making
Grid Questions Mobile Friendly - An
Impossible Dream?, European Research
Survey Association Conference, Lisbon,
Portugal 2017
M Bosnjak, R Bauer, KW Weyandt. Mixed
Devices in Online Surveys: Prevalence,
Determinants, and Consequences, Mobile
Research, 2018 - Springer
ESOMAR (2016), Global prices study.
Amsterdam: ESOMAR.
ESOMAR (2018a), Global Market Research
Report. Amsterdam: ESOMAR.
ESOMAR (2018b), Global Prices Study.
Amsterdam: ESOMAR.
ITU (2017), Measuring the Information Society
Report 2017, Volume 1,
https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Statistics/Documents/publications/misr2017/MISR2017_Volume1.pdf
Poynter, R. (2017), When will surveys
disappear? (2017 update),
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/when-surveysdisappear-2017-update-ray-poynter
Poynter, R., Williams, N., & York, S. (2014). The
handbook of mobile market research: Tools andtechniques for market researchers. New
Jersey: Wiley.
York, S., The Journey from Device Agnostic to
Mobile First, European Research Survey
Association Conference, Lisbon, Portugal 2017^``fQDhREjHUlDWfRQjFor a long time, people were saying that mobile
ZDVJRLQJWREH¶WKHQH[WELJWKLQJ·%XWPRELOH
became the next big thing without most people
noticing it. The reason that the arrival of mobile
research was largely unremarked was that the
IRFXV RI DWWHQWLRQ ZDV RQ ¶PRELOH RQO\· HJ
location-based research that would automaticallyrecord voice and images) and the big impact waswhen mobile became the device of choice forconventional research (e.g. online surveys, CATI,
and in face³to-face research).
When we look at a developing technology, forexample mobile research, we need to look atwhere it is most widely adopted, not at where it
is most exciting. It is also important that we lookat the unintended consequences.
For mobile, the biggest area of adoption has
been for conventional surveys and the key
unintended consequence has been a move to
make surveys shorter, simpler, and less engaging² because of the limitations of the screen size,user dexterity, and time expectations.
The final observation is that for the foreseeable
future, the story of mobile and market and social
research is one of a journey, not a destination. We
are not moving towards a defined endpoint, weare evolving and the process favors not the strong,
not the fastest, but those who can adapt. As&KDUOHV 'DUZLQ VDLG ´,W LV QRW WKH VWURQJHVW
species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but
WKHRQHVPRVWUHVSRQVLYHWRFKDQJHµ(The Future Place)

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

28

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU  ᖺ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲண ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟㸫ሗ㐨࡜⤖ᯝࡢẚ㍑࡟ࡼࡿ⪃ᐹ㸫

Issues for Predictions of the 2017 Lower House Election in Japan: Weighing Media Predictions against
Election Resultsᯇ⏣ ᫎ஧
(LML0DWVXGD㸯ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
㸰ㄪᰝࡢタィ࡜㐠⏝ࡢᙳ㡪㏿ሗ➇தㄪᰝタィ࡜ㄪᰝㄗᕪ 6XUYH\(UURU 㸱⤫ィฎ⌮㸦ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ㸧࡜᝟ໃุ᩿㸦࢔࣮ࢺ㸧㆟ᖍ࠾ࡼࡧᙜⴠண᝿ࡢ⢭ᗘㄗᕪᖜ࡜ᙜ㑅☜⋡ࡢ㛵ಀ㸲㸬㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡢᙜⴠண᝿ࡢ⢭ᗘ㸳㸬⤊ࢃࡾ࡟ࠑせ᪨ࠒㄞ኎㸪᪥⤒㸪ᮅ᪥㸪ẖ᪥ࡢ  ࡘࡢ኱ᡭ᪂⪺♫࡜ඹྠ㏻ಙࡢ࠺ࡕ࡝ࡢ♫ࡢ㑅ᣲண ࡢ⢭ᗘࡀ㧗࠸ࡢ࠿ࢆ㸪඲ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ᝟ໃグ஦ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ㄪ࡭ࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ሗ㐨ෆᐜࡣ㏿ሗ➇த࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝタィࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚㸪
ձᐇ㉁ᅇ཰⋡ࡀ୍␒ప࠸ඹྠࡢண ⢭ᗘࡀᝏ࠿ࡗࡓ㸪ղᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ᝟ໃࢆ௚♫ࡼࡾ᪩ࡃሗ㐨ࡋࡓㄞ኎ࡣ᥋ᡓࡢ᝟ໃࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓ㸪ճ୰┙᝟ໃࢆሗ㐨ࡋࡓẖ᪥ࡢ❧᠇Ẹ୺⋓ᚓண᝿㆟ᖍࡀ୍␒㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ࡟㏆࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ᮏ✏ࡣ㸪ண ሗ㐨ࡢᨵၿ࡟㈨ࡍࡿศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ㛤♧ࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪௒ᚋࡢ㑅ᣲ᝟ໃㄪᰝࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡶㄽࡌࡿ㸬In this study, we compare articles that predicted the results of the 2017 Lower House Election in Japan.
These articles covered each election district and were published by four newspaper companies and one
news service agency, namely, Yomiuri, Nihon Keizai (Nikkei), Asahi, Mainichi Shimbun Newspaper,and Kyodo Tsushin. Media forecasts based on earlier surveys made worse predictions. This paper finds
that: (1) the prediction by Kyodo that had gotten the lowest response rate was highly inaccurate, (2)Yomiuri had made predictions in each election district faster than other media had, and showed close
battle for many ditricts , and (3) the survey conducted by Mainichi in the middle stage of the race wasslower than other media and had made the most accurate predictions regarding number of seats wonby The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP). We present data that can be useful inimproving the quality and accuracy of election predictions. We also discuss the future of election
predictions using new survey methodologies.

29

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡋ࡚㑅ᣲ༊ࡢண᝿㆟ᖍࢆእࡋࡓ㸦⮬Ẹ  ㆟ᖍ࡟ᑐ㸯 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ➨  ᅇ⾗㆟㝔㆟ဨ⥲㑅ᣲࡣ㸪 ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥ࡋண᝿ 㹼㸹ᯇ⏣ ⬮ὀ  ཧ↷㸧㸬ࡇࢀ௨㝆㸪㸦ⅆ㸧࡟බ♧ࡉࢀ㸪 ᪥㸦᪥㸧࡟ᢞ㛤⚊ࡉࢀࡓ㸬㏿ሗ➇தࡀᛴຍ㏿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬ㄞ኎᪂⪺㸦௨ୗ㸪ㄞ኎㸧㸪᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺㸦௨ୗ㸪᪥ ᖺࡣ᪥᭙᪥࡟ሗ㐨ࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪 ᖺࡣㄞ኎⤒㸧㸪ᮅ᪥᪂⪺㸦௨ୗ㸪ᮅ᪥㸧㸪ඹྠ㏻ಙ㸦௨ୗ㸪ඹ࡜ẖ᪥ࢆ㝖ࡃ௚♫ࡣ  ᪥᪩ࡵ࡚ᅵ᭙᪥࡟ሗ㐨ࡋࡓ㸬ྠ㸧ࡢᗎ┙ㄪᰝࡣබ♧᪥࠿ࡽጞࡲࡾ㸪ඹྠࡢ㓄ಙࢆࡇࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚  ᖺࡣྛ♫ࡀ  ᪥๓ಽࡋࡋ࡚ᅵ᭙
ཷࡅࡓẖ᪥᪂⪺㸦௨ୗ㸪ẖ᪥㸧ࡸᆅ᪉⣬ࡶྵࡵ࡚㸪᪥࡟୍ᩧሗ㐨ࡋ㸪 ᖺ࡛ࡣ  ᪥๓ಽࡋࡋࡓᮅ᪥ ᪥㸦ᮌ㸧࡟ࡣ㸪⮬Ẹࡀሀㄪ࡛࠶ࡾබ᫂ࢆྵࡵࡓ
ࡼࡾࡶㄞ኎ࡣࡉࡽ࡟  ᪥᪩ࡃሗ㐨ࡋࡓ㸬ᢞ⚊᪥࡟୚ඪࡢ⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍࡀ  ⛬ᗘ࠿࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㉸࠼ࡿぢ㏻㏆࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ㄪᰝࢆࡋ࡚ṇ☜࡞᝟ໃࢆሗ㐨ࡋࡓ࠸ࡋࡀሗ㐨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬ࡇࡢண᝿ࡣᴫࡡᙜ
࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼࡜㸪ṇ☜ࡉࢆከᑡ≛≅࡟ࡋ࡚࡛ࡶ୍␒
ࡓࡗࡓࡀ㸪❧᠇Ẹ୺ࡀ㌍㐍ࡋ࡚➨  ඪ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜
᪩ࡃሗ㐨ࡋ࡚ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡀ஺ᕪࡍࡿ
ࡣ㸪ண᝿࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬୰࡛㸪⾗㝔㑅ࡼࡾࡶ㑅ᣲᮇ㛫ࡢ㛗࠸ཧ㝔㑅࡟࠾࠸ ண ࡢᡂຌ࡜ኻᩋࡢせᅉࡣ㸪ྛ♫ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡢ࡚㸪㏿ሗࡢࡓࡵࡢ௙᥃ࡅࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡓ㸬㐪࠸࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿㸪௒ᅇ≉᭷ࡢ㑅ᣲ᝟ໃࡢᙳ㡪࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࠿㸬ࡇࡢ␲ၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ሗ㐨ෆᐜ࡜㑅ᣲᅗ⾲  ㄗᕪᖜูࡢ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪ࡜ᙜ㑅☜⋡⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᢳฟࡋ㸪ྛ㑅ᣲḍࡢᯠ┠ 1 ࡘࡣ 1 ᪥ࢆ⾲ࡋ㸪㻞㻜㻜㻟ᖺ⾗㝔㑅
ᕥ➃ࡀබ♧᪥࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜ࡟ձㄪᰝࡢタィ࡜㐠⏝ࡢᙳ㡪㻝㻜㻛㻞㻤㻔ⅆ㻕බ♧㻌㻝㻝㻛㻥㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊ ࡼࡾ㑅ᣲᮇ㛫ࡼࡾ▷ࡃࡋ࡚࠶ࡾ㸪ྑ➃ࡣᢞ⚊᪥࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬˝ղ⤫ィⓗฎ⌮㸦ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ㸧࡬ࡢᙳ㡪
ಣജ
˝
ೖ‫ܨ‬
ճሗ㐨ࡢࡓࡵࡢุ᩿㸦࢔࣮ࢺ㸧ࡢᙳ㡪˝㻞㻜㻜㻠ᖺཧ㝔㑅௉ೖ˖ຘೖࡢ  ࡘどⅬ࠿ࡽศᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪㻢㻛㻞㻠㻔ᮌ㻕බ♧㻌㻣㻛㻝㻝 㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊
˖
˝
‫ڠ‬ಋ
ಣജ
ձබ♧᪥ᙜ᪥࡟ㄪᰝࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᴟ㝈ⓗ࡞˝ೖ‫ܨ‬㻞㻜㻜㻡ᖺ⾗㝔㑅˝௉ೖ㏿ሗ➇த࡟ࡼࡾ㸪㑅ᣲ᝟ໃࢆⓗ☜࡟ᢕᥱ࡛ࡁ 㻤㻛㻟㻜㻔ⅆ㻕බ♧㻌㻥㻛㻝㻝㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊
˖
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࡞࠸ᜍࢀࢆࡣࡽࡳ㸪ࡑࡢಖ㝤࡜ࡋ࡚ᙜⴠุ᩿
˝
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˝
ೖ‫ܨ‬
ࢆ⦆ࡵࡿ⤫ィⓗ᧯సࡸᙜ㑅࡜ⴠ㑅ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋ˖㻞㻜㻜㻣ᖺཧ㝔㑅௉ೖ˝ຘೖ㻣㻛㻝㻞㻔ᮌ㻕බ♧㻌㻣㻛㻞㻥 㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊࡞࠸⾲⌧࡟ࡼࡿሗ㐨ࡀ୍㒊࡛ࡳࡽࢀࡿ㸬
˝
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ಣജ
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ղᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⋓ᚓண᝿㆟ᖍᩘࡢ᭱኱ㄗᕪ 㻞㻜㻜㻥ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ೖ‫ܨ‬˖ᖜ㸦ಙ㢗ᗘ 㸧ࡣ  ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⣬㠃࡛බ⾲ࡉ 㻤㻛㻝㻤㻔ⅆ㻕බ♧㻌㻤㻛㻟㻜㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊ ௉ೖ
˖
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‫ڠ‬ಋ
ࢀࡓண᝿ㄗᕪࡣࡇࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ẚ౛˝ೖ‫ܨ‬˝㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺཧ㝔㑅௉ೖ༊ࡢ㆟ᖍண᝿࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୍㒊࡛⊃࠸ㄗᕪᖜࡀ
˖ຘೖ㻢㻛㻞㻠㻔ᮌ㻕බ♧㻌㻣㻛㻝㻝 㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊ࡳࡽࢀࡓ㸬ᚑ᮶ࡢㄗᕪ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠿࡞࠸᪉ᘧ
˝
˖
‫ڠ‬ಋ
ಣജ
˝
ೖ‫ܨ‬
ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሗ㐨ᶵ㛵ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬㻞㻜㻝㻞ᖺ⾗㝔㑅˝௉ೖ㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊ճ㑅ᣲ࡛ࡢᙜⴠண ࡣ㸪⤫ィ㸦ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ㸧ࡔࡅ 㻝㻞㻛㻠㻔ⅆ㻕බ♧㻌㻝㻞㻛㻝㻢
˖
ຘೖ
˖
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˝
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᢸᙜグ⪅ࡢ⤒㦂࡟ࡼࡿ᝟ໃุ᩿ࡸ≉
ೖ‫ܨ‬
˝
௉ೖ
㻞㻜㻝㻟ᖺཧ㝔㑅ᐃᨻඪ㸦࡜ࡃ࡟බ᫂ඪ㸧ࡢ㐣ཤࡢᚓ⚊ᩘ࡟ᇶ࡙˖ຘೖ㻣㻛㻠㻔ᮌ㻕බ♧㻌㻣㻛㻞㻝㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊˝˖‫ڠ‬ಋࡃண᝿⚊ᩘࢆຍ࿡ࡋࡓุ᩿㸦࢔࣮ࢺ㸧࡞࡝ࡶᚲ
ಣജ
˖
ೖ‫ܨ‬
せ࡞సᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪୍㒊ࡢሗ㐨࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪 㻞㻜㻝㻠ᖺ⾗㝔㑅˖㻝㻞㻛㻞㻔ⅆ㻕බ♧㻌㻝㻞㻛㻝㻠㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊ ௉ೖ˖ຘೖࡑࡢ࢔࣮ࢺࡀ⿬┠࡟ฟࡓ࡜᥎ᐹ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬
˖
ಣജ
˖
‫ڠ‬ಋ
˝
ೖ‫ܨ‬
ࡢぢ❧࡚ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ḟ❶௨㝆ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢㄽド࡛࠶˝௉ೖ㻞㻜㻝㻢ᖺཧ㝔㑅ࡿ㸬˖ຘೖ㻢㻛㻞㻞㻔Ỉ㻕බ♧㻌㻣㻛㻝㻜 㻔᪥㻕ᢞ⚊
˝
˖
‫ڠ‬ಋ
ಣജ

˖
ೖ‫ܨ‬
㻞㻜㻝㻣ᖺ⾗㝔㑅
㸰 ㄪᰝࡢタィ࡜㐠⏝ࡢᙳ㡪˖௉ೖ㻝㻜㻛㻝㻜㻔ⅆ㻕බ♧㻌㻝㻜㻛㻞㻞㻔᪥㻕ᢞ
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 ㏿ሗ➇த
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˝
ೖ‫ܨ‬
  ᖺཧ㝔㑅࡛ㄞ኎࡜ẖ᪥ࡀ  ᪥㐜ࢀ࡚ሗ㐨ࡋ˝ ˝‫ࡣڸ‬㸪࠾ࡶ࡟ண᝿㆟ᖍᩘࡀሗ㐨ࡉࢀ㸪௉ೖྛ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢヲሗࡀ⩣᪥௨㝆࡟࡞ࡗࡓ˖ຘೖࡓ㸬ㄞ኎ࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢໃຊࢢࣛࣇ࡟௦࠼࡚ண᝿㆟ᖍࡢࡶࡢ㸬‫ࡣە‬ண᝿㆟ᖍᩘ࡜㑅ᣲ༊ࡢヲ˝‫ڠ‬ಋሗ࡞࡝ࡀྠ᪥࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ㸬୰ᚰ࡜ㄗᕪᖜࢆ᫂♧ࡋࡓ㸦ࡇࡢᚋ㸪෌ࡧໃຊࢢࣛࣇ
࡟ᡠࡍ㸧㸬ẖ᪥ࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡼࡾࡶㄗᕪᖜࢆᴟ➃࡟⊃ࡃ

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)30

3ROLF\

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㏣ຍබㄆ䛿ྵ䜎䛺䛔ᥖ㍕᪥㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻜㻝㻡䡚 㻞㻤 䡚㻟㻡㻟㻠䡚 㻟㻥 䡚㻠㻟㻝㻥䡚 㻞㻞 䡚㻞㻢㻣䡚 㻤 䡚㻥㻞㻢䡚 㻟㻜 䡚㻟㻡㻔㻞㻞㻚㻡㻕㻞㻝 䡚 㻞㻠

㻥㻝㻜䡚 㻝㻠 䡚㻝㻣㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻞㻝㻜䡚 㻝㻠 䡚㻝㻥㻔㻝㻟㻚㻡㻕㻝㻜 䡚 㻝㻣

㻝㻝㻤䡚 㻞㻝 䡚㻞㻡㻌㻣䡚 㻝㻞 䡚㻝㻣㻞㻡䡚 㻟㻟 䡚㻠㻞㻔㻟㻠㻕㻟㻟 䡚 㻟㻡㻔㻝㻟㻕㻝㻞 䡚 㻝㻠㻌㻤䡚 㻝㻝 䡚㻝㻟㻌㻞䡚 㻢 䡚㻝㻜㻝㻜䡚 㻝㻣 䡚㻞㻟

㻔㻢㻚㻡㻕

㻢䡚㻣

㻔㻡㻕

㻠䡚㻢

㻜䡚 㻝 䡚㻝㻝䡚 㻝 䡚㻝㻝䡚 㻞 䡚㻞㻜㻝㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻜

㻙

㻜

㻜

㻙

㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻜㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻝㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻜㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻝㻜㻜㻜㻜䡚 㻝 䡚㻝

ୡᖏุ᫂ᩘ䛿㻝㻝
㻝㻜㻛㻝㻜㻔ⅆ㻕 ୓㻤㻥㻜㻝䚸᭷ຠᅇ䚷䡚㻝㻝㻔Ỉ㻕 ⟅ᩘ䛿㻥୓㻞㻢㻝䠄ᅇ⟅⋡㻣㻢㻑䠅

ʤ໨ʥඹྠ䞉ཧ↷ ඹྠ䞉ཧ↷ୡᖏุ᫂ᩘ䛿ᮍ㻝㻜㻛㻝㻟㻔㔠㻕
ʤ݆ʥ
グ㍕䚸᭷ຠᅇ⟅䚷䡚㻝㻡㻔᪥㻕ᩘ䛿㻣୓㻟㻜㻤㻣

㻙㻝㻠䡚 㻞㻜 䡚㻞㻡㻝㻠䡚 㻞㻜 䡚㻞㻡 ʤ໨ʥ

㻙㻔㻞㻜㻚㻡㻕㻝㻤 䡚 㻞㻟

㻔㻞㻜㻚㻡㻕㻝㻤 䡚 㻞㻟

㻙㻝㻥䡚 㻞㻠 䡚㻞㻥࡛⾲⌧ࡋࡓ㸬ୖグ᪥⤒ḍࡢண᝿㆟ᖍࡢ୰ᚰࡣࠕඃໃࠖḍࡢᩘ್ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ẖ᪥ࡣ୰ᚰ್ࢆᥖ♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ୗ㝈࡜ୖ㝈ࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ぢ❧࡚ࡓ㸬ὀ㻝䠅ண᝿㆟ᖍ䛾ⓗ୰ᗘྜ䛔䛿䠈୰ᚰ್䜢ᙜ䛶䛯䜒䛾䛿⥙᥃䠈ㄗᕪᖜ䜢㉸䛘䛶እ䛧䛯䜒䛾䛿㽢䛷༊ศ䛡䛧䛯䠊ὀ 4㸧᪥⤒ࡣᚑ᮶ࡢໃຊࢢࣛࣇࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟㸪ࠕண᝿⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍࠖࡢ⾲ࢆᥖ㍕ࡋࡓ㸬ὀ㻞䠅ண᝿㆟ᖍⓗ୰䛾ホ౯䛿ྛ♫䛾ሗ㐨ᩘ್䛻䜘䜚Ⅽ䛥䜜䛯䠊᪥⤒䛾⮬Ẹ䞉❧᠇䛿ㄗᕪᖜ䛜ᗈ䛔䛯䜑ண᝿䛜እ䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䠊ẖ᪥䛿ㄗᕪሙ䛜⊃䛔䛯䜑እ䜜䛜┠❧䛴䠊 ࠕ᭷ຊࠖࠕඃໃࠖࠕྍ⬟ᛶࠖ࡜ 3 ศ㢮ࡋ㸪ࠕ᭷ຊࠖࢆୗ㝈࡜ࡋ㸪ࠕඃໃࠖḍ࡟ࡣ
ࠕ᭷ຊࠖࡶྵࡵࡓᩘࢆ⾲♧ࡋ࡚୰ᚰ್ࡢ௦᭰࡟ࡋ㸪ࠕྍ⬟ᛶࠖࡣୖ㝈࡟࡞ࡿᙧὀ㻟䠅ண᝿㆟ᖍᩘ䜢⾲䛷᫂♧䛫䛪䛻䜾䝷䝣䛷බ⾲䛧䛯ㄞ኎䛚䜘䜃ᮅ᪥䛾㏿ሗሗ㐨䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ホ౯䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䠊ẖ᪥䛾ᗎ┙ሗ㐨䛿ඹྠ㏻ಙ䛾ண᝿㆟ᖍᩘ䛸ྠ䛨䠊㻢㻟䡚 㻢㻤 䡚㻣㻝䠄㑅ᣲ༊䠅 㻞㻝㻜䡚 㻞㻞㻝 䡚㻞㻟㻠 㻝㻟䡚 㻞㻝 䡚㻞㻥㻞㻣㻟䡚 㻞㻤㻥 䡚㻟㻜㻡 㻠㻣䡚 㻢㻜 䡚㻣㻞㻝㻞 䡚 㻞㻟㻞㻝㻠 䡚 㻞㻟㻞㻜㻝㻙㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻜㻌㻣䡚 㻝㻝 䡚㻝㻢㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻝㻜䡚 㻝 䡚㻟㻝䡚 㻝 䡚㻝㻢䡚 㻤 䡚㻥㻜䡚 㻟 䡚㻢

䠄ẚ౛༊䠅

㻜
㻜
㻜

ㅖὴ

ㄞ኎䞉ཧ↷
㻝㻜㻛㻝㻜㻔ⅆ㻕䠄ㄞ኎䞉᪥⤒䛿୍⣙ 㻞㻜㻜㆟ᖍ䚸ẚ౛௦⾲䠄ྠ㻝㻣㻢䠅䛷⣙⣙ 㻡㻡㆟ᖍ䛰䛳䛯䛃䠋බ᫂䛂බ♧๓䛾㻟㻟 㻠㆟ᖍ䛾☜ಖ䛻䜑䛹䛜䛴 ʤ໨ʥ
⮬Ẹ䛂䛄᭷ຊ䛅䜎䛯䛿䛄ඃໃ䛅䛸䛺䛳䛯䛾䛿䚸ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊䠄ᐃᩘ㻞㻤㻥䠅䛷⣙䚷䡚㻝㻝㻔Ỉ㻕⥴䛻ㄪᰝ䛧䛯䠅
䛝䛭䛖䛰䛃䠋ᕼᮃ䛂ᮾி䈈඲㻞㻡㑅ᣲ༊䛾䛖䛱㻟㻟 ㆟ᖍ䛃䛂඲ᅜⓗ䛻䜒Ẹ㐍ฟ㌟⪅䜢୰ᚰ䛻㻟㻟 㻜㆟ᖍᙅ䛸䚸㑅ᣲ༊䛷䛾ⱞᡓ䜢䛖䛛䛜䜟䛫䜛⤖ᯝ䛰䛃䛂ẚ౛௦⾲䜢ྵ䜑䛯㻣㻣 㻜㆟ᖍ䛛䜙䛹䛣䜎䛷ୖ✚䜏䛷䛝䜛䛛䛾຾㈇䛃䠋❧᠇䛂ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊䛷㻝㻝 㻜㆟ᖍ㉸䛘䚸ẚ౛௦⾲䛷㻟㻟 㻜㆟ᖍ㉸䛘䛃䛂➨㻟ඪ䜢䛖䛛䛜䛘䛖ໃ䛔䛃䠋ඹ⏘䛂㻞㻞 㻜㆟ᖍᙅ䛃䠋⥔᪂䛂ᆅ┙⣙ 㻝㻜㆟ᖍ䛃䛾኱㜰䜢୰ᚰ䛻⣙⮬Ẹ䛂බ♧๓ໃຊ䠄㻞㻤㻠㆟ᖍ䠅䜢ୖᅇ䜛䛛䛿ᚤጁ䛃䛂ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊䛷䛿㻞㻞 㻜㻜㆟ᖍ䜢㉸䛘䛃䛂ẚ౛༊䜒䈈㻢㻢 㻤㆟ᖍ䛾☜ಖ䜢䛖䛛䛜䛔䛃䛂༢⊂㐣༙ᩘ䜢኱䛝䛟ୖᅇ䜚䛭䛖䛰䛃䠋බ㻝㻜㻛㻝㻜㻔ⅆ㻕 ୡᖏุ᫂ᩘ䛿㻝㻡䠑 䠓㆟ᖍ䜢ୖᅇ䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛿䛒䜛䛜䛃䠋❧᠇䛂ໃ䛔䛷䛿ᕼᮃ䜢䛧䛾䛠䛃䛂ᕼᮃ䛻㏕䜛㆟ᖍ䜢☜ ʤ໨ʥ䚷䡚㻝㻟㻔㔠㻕 ୓㻟㻞㻟㻥௳䚸᭷ຠ᫂䛂බ♧๓ໃຊ䠄㻟㻟 㻠㆟ᖍ䠅䜢☜ಖ䛷䛝䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䠋ᕼᮃ䛂බ♧๓ໃຊ䛾䠑ಖ䛩䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䜒䛒䜛䛃䠋ඹ⏘䛂බ♧๓ໃຊ䠄㻞㻞 㻝㆟ᖍ䠅䜢☜ಖ䛷䛝䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛃䠋⥔᪂䛂බ♧๓ໃຊ䠄㻝㻝 㻠㆟ᖍ䠅䜑䛦䛧䈈኱㜰௨እ䛾ᗈ䛜䜚䛜䜏䜙䜜䛺䛔䛃㻝㻜㻙㻝㻝䛷 ᅇ⟅ᩘ䛿㻤୓㻤㻝㻡㻞㻝㻠㻠䚸㻝㻞㻙㻝㻟 䠄ᅇ⟅⋡㻡㻤㻑䠅ᗎ┙㻞㻢㻣䡚 㻞㻤㻢 䡚㻟㻜㻟 㻠㻡䡚 㻡㻢 䡚㻢㻢 㻞㻠䡚 㻞㻥 䡚㻟㻡 㻝㻝䡚 㻝㻡 䡚㻞㻜 㻟㻠䡚 㻠㻝 䡚㻠㻥 㻌㻢䡚 㻝㻞 䡚㻝㻤㻝䡚 㻝 䡚㻞㻜䡚 㻜 䡚㻜㻜䡚 㻝 䡚㻝㻝㻥䡚 㻞㻠 䡚㻞㻥 ʤౖʥ䛷㻝㻠㻡㑅ᣲ 䛷䛿㻣୓㻡㻝㻥㻜䠈㻠୓㻞㻣㻠㻢䠄㻡㻣㻑䠅༊ᐇ᪋㻝㻥㻥䡚 㻞㻢㻜 䡚㻟㻜㻤 㻠㻢䡚 㻢㻥 䡚㻝㻝㻜 㻞㻤䡚 㻟㻠 䡚㻟㻢䠄ẚ౛༊䠅 㻡㻥䡚 㻢㻥 䡚㻣㻢㻞㻤䡚 㻟㻞 䡚㻟㻢 㻝㻤䡚 㻞㻝 䡚㻞㻢 㻝㻝䡚 㻝㻠 䡚㻝㻣 㻞㻣䡚 㻟㻜 䡚㻟㻟 㻌㻢䡚 㻥 䡚㻝㻞
ඹྠ㏻ಙ䛾䝕䞊䝍䛻䜘䜛ึሗ⮬Ẹ䛂ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊䈈㻞㻞㻜⛬ᗘ䛷ඃໃ䛰䛃䛂ẚ౛௦⾲䈈㻢㻤㆟ᖍ䈈䛃䠋❧᠇䛂➨㻟ඪ䛸䛺䜚䛖䜛䛃⮬Ẹ㻌᭱኱㻟㻜㻜㉸䜒㻞㻤㻝 䡚 㻟㻜㻟㻠㻞 䡚 㻡㻠㻟㻜 䡚 㻟㻟㻝㻝 䡚 㻝㻤㻠㻡 䡚 㻠㻥㻝㻜 䡚 㻝㻟
❧᠇䛿ໃ䛔ቑ䛩㻔㻞㻥㻞㻕㻔㻠㻤㻕㻔㻟㻝㻚㻡㻕
㻔㻝㻠㻚㻡㻕
㻔㻠㻣㻕㻔㻝㻝㻚㻡㻕
ᕼᮃ䛥䜙䛻ኻ㏿⮬බ㻟㻜㻜㉸䛖䛛䛜䛖䠄ẖ᪥䠅ඹྠ ⮬බ㻟㻜㻜㆟ᖍ䛖䛛䛜䛖䠄⏘⤒䠅
㏻ಙ ᕼᮃ㻌ఙ䜃ᝎ䜏䠄ẖ᪥䞉⏘⤒䠅ẖ᪥ ❧᠇䛻ໃ䛔䠄ẖ᪥䠅⏘⤒ ❧᠇Ẹ୺㻌ಸቑ䜒䠄⏘⤒䠅ᮾி ⮬බሀㄪ䚸ᕼᮃఙ䜃ᝎ䜏䠄ᮾி䠅ᢞ⚊ඛᮍᐃ㻡๭㉸䠄ᮾி䠅

ẖ᪥

㻞㻥
㻤
㻞㻝

බ᫂

ᨻඪู⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍᩘ䠋ண᝿㆟ᖍᩘ䠄ᩘ್ᮍබ⾲♫䛿᪂䛯䛺➨䠍䚸䠎ඪ䛾グ஦ᢤ⢋䠅⮬Ẹ䛂䛄⤯ᑐᏳᐃከᩘ䛅㻔㻞㻢㻝㻕䛻䜒ᒆ䛟ໃ䛔䜢ぢ䛫䛶䛔䜛䛃䛂ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊䛷䛿㻝㻝 㻠㻜ே㉸䛜ඃ఩䛻❧䛱䛃䛂ẚ౛༊䛷䛿㻢㻢 㻜㆟ᖍ๓ᚋ䜢ᅛ䜑䛴䛴䛒䜛䛃䠋බ᫂䛂ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊䛻❧ୡᖏุ᫂ᩘ䛿㻝㻟ሀ ㄪ䛰䛃䛂⮬බ୧ඪ䛷㻟㻟 㻜㻜㆟ᖍ䜢䛖䛛䛜䛖䛃䛃䠋ᕼᮃ䛂ඃ఩䛻❧䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿㻣㻣 ே䛾䜏䛃䛂ᮾி䛷ఙ䜃ᝎ䜣䛷䛚䜚䛃䛂ẚ౛㑅㻝㻜㻛㻝㻜㻔ⅆ㻕 ୓㻞㻞㻥䚸᭷ຠᅇ⟅ೃ⿵䛧䛯㻥㻥 ே䛾኱㒊ศ䛜ඃໃ䛃䛂ẚ౛㑅䜒ሀʤ໨ʥ
䛷䜒㻟㻟 㻜㆟ᖍྎ䛻䛸䛹䜎䜚䛭䛖䛃䠋❧᠇䛂᧦❧䛧䛯㻢㻟㑅ᣲ༊୰䚸㻡㻡 㑅ᣲ༊䛷᭷ព䛻❧䛳䛶䛔䜛䛃䛂ẚ౛㑅䛷䜒඲䝤䝻䝑䜽䛷㆟ᖍ䜢⋓ᚓ䛩䜛ぢ㎸䜏䛃䛂බ♧๓䛾㻝㻝 㻡㆟ᖍ䜢䚷䡚㻝㻝㻔Ỉ㻕 ᩘ䛿㻣୓㻤㻞㻤㻡䠄ᅇ኱䛝䛟ୖᅇ䜚䚸ィィ 㻠㻜㆟ᖍ䜢㉸䛘䜛බ⟬䛜኱䛝䛔䛃䠋⥔᪂䛂බ♧๓䛾㻝㻝 㻠㆟ᖍ䜢⥔ᣢ䛷䛝䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛ᚤጁ䛰䛃䠋ඹ⏘䛂බ♧๓䛾㻞㻞 㻝㆟ᖍ䜢ୗᅇ䜛ぢ㏻䛧䛰䛃⟅⋡㻢㻜㻑䠅

ᕼᮃ⮬Ẹ⮬Ẹሀㄪ䚷ᕼᮃఙ䜃䛪❧᠇䛻ໃ䛔䠄㻝㻠㻠㑅ᣲ༊䛻䜘䜛ᴫἣሗ㐨䠅⮬බ䚸㻟㻜㻜㆟ᖍ䛖䛛䛜䛖ᮅ᪥ ᕼᮃ䚸ᮾி䛷㌺୪䜏ⱞᡓ䠄඲㻞㻤㻥㑅ᣲ༊䛻䜘䜛ሗ㐨䠅䠄㑅ᣲ༊䠅 㻞㻜㻤䡚 㻞㻝㻣 䡚㻞㻞㻣 㻝㻣䡚 㻞㻠 䡚㻟㻜୚ඪ䚸㻟㻜㻜㆟ᖍ䛻㏕䜛ໃ䛔᪥⤒ ⮬Ẹ䚸༢⊂Ᏻᐃከᩘ䜒ᕼᮃ䚸㑅ᣲ༊䛷ⱞᡓ⮬Ẹ㻌༢⊂㐣༙ᩘ䛾ໃ䛔ᕼᮃ㻌ఙ䜃ᝎ䜏ㄞ኎❧᠇Ẹ୺䛿㌍㐍බ⟬Ẹ㐍ฟ㌟↓ᡤᒓ㻝㻝ேඃ఩䛺ᡓ䛔㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ䠄ẚ౛༊䠅㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ䠄㑅ᣲ༊䠅㑅㻌ᣲ㻌⤖㻌ᯝ䠄ィ䠅♫ྡ ᗎ┙䠄୰┙䠅ሗ㐨䛾ぢฟ䛧 ᅗ⾲   ᖺ⾗㝔㑅࡟࠾ࡅࡿሗ㐨ྛ♫ࡢ᝟ໃ㸦㆟ᖍ㸧ண᝿࡜㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝࡢẚ㍑
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31

政策と調査



ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧

第15号（2018年10月）

 ୍᪉࡛㸪ẖ᪥ࡣ㏿ሗ➇த࠿ࡽࡣ㊥㞳ࢆྲྀࡾ㸪ᖺཧ㝔㑅࡛ࡣᗎ┙࡟ඹྠࡢ㓄ಙࢆ฼⏝ࡋ㸪⊂⮬ㄪᰝࡣᅵ᭙㸪᪥᭙ࢆㄪᰝ᪥࡟ྲྀࡾ㎸ࡴᙧ࡛୰┙࡟ሗ㐨ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡢᚋ㸪ཧ㝔㑅ࡣ௚♫࡜ᶓ୪ࡧ࡛ᗎ┙࡟⊂⮬ㄪᰝࡋ㸪⾗㝔㑅࡛ࡣᗎ┙࡛ඹྠࡢ㓄ಙࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚୰┙࡟⊂⮬ㄪᰝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ㄪᰝタィ࡜ㄪᰝㄗᕪ 6XUYH\(UURU  ෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡ㄪᰝ࡞࡝඲ᅜᑐ㇟ࡢ 5'' ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ᦠᖏ㟁ヰ␒ྕࡶᑐ㇟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪⾗㝔㑅࡛ࡣᑠ㑅ᣲ༊༢఩࡛ࡢㄪᰝ࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵᅛᐃ㟁ヰࡢ␒ྕࡢࡳࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࠕᦠᖏ㟁ヰ␒ྕࢆㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡟
ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢝ࣂࣞࢵࢪ࣭࢚࣮ࣛࡣྛ♫࡜ࡶ࡟࠶ࡿ㸬 ⣬㠃࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ᭷ຠᅇ⟅ᩘࡢ࠺ࡕ๭ࡀᢞ⚊ணᐃࡢೃ⿵⪅ྡࢆ⟅࠼ࡓ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜㸪ྛᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢᙜⴠண᝿࡛౑⏝࡛ࡁࡿಶ⚊ࡣ  ⚊ࢆ࠿࡞ࡾୗᅇࡿ㸬ࡇࡢྡᣲࡆ⚊ࡀᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ㑅ᣲ᝟ໃࢆ཯
ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࡢ⦰ᅗ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧࡞ࡽࡤ㸪஧⪅ᑐỴࡢ᥋ᡓ≧ἣ࡛ࡢᶆᮏㄗᕪࡣ ⛬ᗘ࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ẖ᪥ࡣ௚♫ࡼࡾࡶ᭷ຠᅇ⟅ᩘࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࡇࡢࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ࣭࢚࣮ࣛ㸦ᶆᮏㄗᕪ㸧ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ௒ᅇㄪᰝ୍࡛␒ὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢࡣ㸪ࣀࣥࣞࢫ࣏
ࣥࢫ࣭࢚࣮࡛ࣛ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣపᅇ཰⋡࡯࡝ᅇ཰ᶆ
ᮏ࡟೫ࡾࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲  ࡢࠕ᭷ຠᅇ⟅⋡࡛ࠖࡣ㸪ඹྠࡀ ࡜ᴟ➃࡟㧗࠸㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪᪂⪺ࡢㄞ⪅ࡸㄪᰝ㛵ಀ⪅ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࠕᅇ⟅⋡ࠖࡀㄪᰝ
ࡢရ㉁⾲♧࡛࠶ࡿࠕᅇ཰⋡ࠖ࡜ࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ␗࡞ࡿู
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬5'' ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝᮇ㛫୰࡟㟁ヰࡋࡓ␒ྕࡀୡᖏ⏝࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆᑐヰ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ఱᗘ࠿ࡅ࡚ࡶ
࿧ࡧฟࡋ㡢ࡔ࡜࠿㸪ᑐヰ࡞ࡋ࡛ษࡽࢀࡓ␒ྕ࡞࡝
ࡣୡᖏ⏝␒ྕ࡜ㄆᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࠕᅇ⟅⋡ࠖィ
⟬ࡢศẕ࡟ࡣྵࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬㟁ヰ␒ྕࢆከࡵ࡟⏝ពࡋ࡚࠾࠸࡚ᑐヰࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ␒ྕࡢࡳࢆศẕ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠕᅇ⟅⋡ࠖࢆィ⟬ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ᮏᙜࡢୡᖏᩘ㸦ᶆᮏࢧ࢖ࢬ㸧ࢆศẕ࡟ィ⟬ࡍࡿࠕᅇ཰⋡ࠖࡼࡾࡶ࠿࡞ࡾ㧗࠸ᩘ್࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ᶆᮏㄪᰝࡢရ㉁ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿᅇ཰⋡ࡢᐃ⩏ᘧ࡜ሗ㐨ᶵ㛵ࡀᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 5'' ㄪᰝࡢᅇ⟅⋡ࡢᐃ⩏ᘧࡣ㸪㻌 ᅇ཰⋡ ൌ㻌 ᅇ⟅⋡ ൌ

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㻌
ᶆᮏ䝃䜲䝈䠄ᐇ㝿䛾ୡᖏ⏝䛾㟁ヰ␒ྕᩘ䠅᭷ຠᅇ⟅ᩘ㻌ㄪᰝ୰䛻ୡᖏ൫ಶே൯⏝䛸ุ᫂䛧䛯㟁ヰ␒ྕᩘࡢࡼ࠺࡟኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿ㸬5'' ㄪᰝࡢᐇ㉁ᅇ཰⋡ࡣ㸪ᅛᐃ㟁ヰ࡛ࡣ ྎ࡜ぢ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᦠᖏ㟁ヰ࡛ࡣࡼࡃ࡚ ྎ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᯇ⏣㸧㸬ඹྠࡣ㸪බ♧⩣᪥ࡢ༗ᚋ࡟ㄪᰝࢆᡴࡕษࡗ࡚㸦ኪࡲ࡛⥆ࡅ࡞࠸㸧㸪ຍ┕♫࡛࠶ࡿᆅ᪉⣬ࡸࣈࣟࢵࢡ⣬ࡀ⣬㠃సᡂ࡟㛫࡟ྜ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟㸪ㄪᰝࢹ࣮ࢱࡸグ஦ࢆ㓄ಙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᆅ᪉⣬࡞࡝ࡀ඲ᅜ⣬࡜ྠ᪥࡟⣬㠃ሗ㐨࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜
ࢆඃඛࡋࡓㄪᰝタィࡀ㸪ඹྠࡢ㆟ᖍண᝿ࡢ⢭ᗘ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ➃ⓗ࡞ドᣐࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ ࡜࠸࠺㧗ࡍࡂࡿᅇ⟅⋡ࡢᩘ್࡛࠶ࡿ㸬5'' ㄪᰝࡣࠕᅇ⟅⋡ࡢ㧗࠸ࡶࡢ࡯࡝ᅇ
཰⋡ࡀపࡃ㸪ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢရ㉁ࡀᝏ࠸ࠖࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀ௨㝆ࡢศᯒ࡛ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ㸬࡜ࡣ࠸࠼㸪ሗ㐨ྛ♫ࡀᅇ⟅⋡ࡲࡓࡣࡑࢀࡢィ⟬࡟㈨ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࢆ㛤♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝࡢᮏᙜࡢရ㉁ࢆぢᴟࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព
࿡࡛㸪ᮍ㛤♧࡛࠶ࡿࡼࡾࡶ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸱 ⤫ィฎ⌮㸦ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ㸧࡜᝟ໃุ᩿㸦࢔࣮ࢺ㸧 ㆟ᖍ࠾ࡼࡧᙜⴠண᝿ࡢ⢭ᗘᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ᝟ໃグ஦ࡣᙜ㑅ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ࡶࡢ࠿ࡽ㡰࡟ྡ๓ࢆ᭩ࡃ⩦ࢃࡋࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ྛ⣬ࡀሗ㐨ࡋࡓᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡈ࡜ࡢグ஦ࢆㄞࡳẚ࡭ࡿ࡜㸪඲  ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢᙜ㑅㸦 ఩㸧ண᝿ࡢⓗ୰⋡ࡣ㸪ձ᪥⤒ 㸦㸧ղㄞ኎   ճẖ᪥ 㸦㸧մᮅ᪥ 㸦㸧յඹྠ 㸦㸧ࡢ㡰ࡔࡗࡓ㸦ᑠ♒࣭໭⏣࣭ᯇ⏣ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬 ୍᪉㸪ྛඪὴࡢண᝿㆟ᖍᩘ㸦ࡢ୰ᚰ㸧࡜ᐇ㝿ࡢ⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍࡢᕪࢆ  ஌ࡋ࡚ຍ⟬ࡋࡓண᝿㆟ᖍࡢṧᕪᖹ㸪᪉࿴㸦+ ್࡜ᐃ⩏㸧࡛⢭ᗘࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧๓❶࡛ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓྛ♫ࡢㄪᰝタィࡀㄪᰝ⢭ᗘ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿ㸬ண᝿㆟ᖍᩘࢆ⾲ᙧᘧ࡛ሗ㐨ࡋࡓ♫㸦ᮅ᪥࣭ẖ᪥࣭ᅗ⾲ ሗ㐨ྛ♫ࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ࡛ࡢᶆᮏㄗᕪࡢ᥎ᐃ
♫ྡ

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ὀ㻝䠅᭷ຠᅇ⟅⋡䠙᭷ຠᅇ⟅ᩘ㾂ୡᖏุ᫂ᩘ㽢㻝㻜㻜ὀ㻞䠅ẖ᪥᪂⪺䛿ୡᖏุ᫂ᩘ䛜ᮍබ⾲䛾䛯䜑᭷ຠᅇ⟅⋡ィ⟬୙⬟ὀ㻟䠅ೃ⿵⪅䛾ྡ๓䜢ᣲ䛢䜛๭ྜ䠄ྡᣲ⋡䠅䜢୍ᚊ㻢㻜㻑䛸௬ᐃ䛩䜛ὀ㻠䠅ᖹᆒྡᣲᩘ䛿඲㻞㻤㻥㑅ᣲ༊䛾ᖹᆒ䜢᝿ᐃὀ㻡䠅ㄗᕪᖜ㻩㻝㻚㻥㻢㽢㼟㼝㼞㼠㻔㻞㻼㻔㻝㻜㻜㻙㻼㻕㻛㼚㻕䛷ィ⟬䠄㻼㻩㻡㻜䠈㼚㻩ᖹᆒྡᣲᩘ䠅

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

32

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

ඹྠ㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࡣ㸪ẖ᪥ࡢ + ್ࡀ୍␒ ᅗ⾲  ண᝿㆟ᖍᩘ࡜⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍᩘࡢṧᕪᖹ᪉࿴ᑠࡉࡃ㸪⢭ᗘࡀ㧗࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿ㸬ᨻඪู⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍᩘ䛸ண᝿㆟ᖍ䛾ṧᕪ䛾㻞஌ṧண♫ྡ⮬Ẹ ᕼᮃ බ᫂ ඹ⏘ ❧᠇ ⥔᪂ ♫Ẹ 䛣䛣䜝 ㅖὴ ↓ᡤᒓ ᕪ ᝿❧᠇Ẹ୺ࡢ㆟ᖍࢆᮅ᪥ࡀẖ᪥ࡼࡾ⤖ᯝ䠄ィ䠅 㻞㻤㻝 㻡㻜㻞㻥 㻝㻞 㻡㻠 㻝㻝㻞㻜㻜㻞㻢 ᖹ ㆟ࡶ኱ࡁࡃእࡋ㸪ẖ᪥ࡀ⮬Ẹࡢ㆟ᖍࢆ 䠄㑅ᣲ༊䠅 㻞㻝㻡 㻝㻤
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ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓᮅ᪥ࡣㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡎ㸪୰┙ㄪ䠄㑅䠅ᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓẖ᪥ࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡓ࡜
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ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬
䠄㑅䠅 㻠
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ඹྠࡀ❧᠇Ẹ୺ࡢ᝟ໃࢆࡲࡗࡓ
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㻜 㻟㻜㻚㻞㻡 㻝㻝㻢㸧ࡢࡣ㸪ㄪᰝタィࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓ䠄ẚ䠅 㻥㻞㻚㻞㻡 㻞㻚㻞㻡 㻢㻚㻞㻡
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࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ຍ┕♫࡬ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࠾ ඹྠ䠄ィ䠅䠄㑅䠅 㻟㻢
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ࡼࡧグ஦ࡢ㓄ಙࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪ኪ࡟ࡋ࠿ᅾᏯࡋ࡞࠸⪅࡬ࡢ㏣㊧ࡀ⏑ࡃ࡞ࡿ
ࠕᐇ㉁  ᪥༙ㄪᰝ࡛ࠖᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ ᅗ⾲  ሗ㐨ྛ♫ࡢ㆟ᖍ᥎ィㄗᕪᖜ㸦୰ᚰsㄗᕪᖜ㸧સର⮬Ẹ ᕼᮃ බ᫂ ඹ⏘ ❧᠇ ⥔᪂ ♫Ẹ 䛣䛣䜝 ㅖὴ ↓ᡤࡀ㸪᪂ࡋ࠸❧᠇Ẹ୺ࡢ᝟ໃࢆㄞࡳㄗ
֭ಚ٠ੰ਼㻞㻤㻝 㻡㻜 㻞㻥 㻝㻞 㻡㻠 㻝㻝㻞㻜㻜㻞㻢ࡽࡏࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ಣജᅗ⾲  ࡣሗ㐨ࡉࢀࡓண᝿㆟ᖍࡢ ೖ‫       ܨ‬ࠕ㸦ୖ㝈㸫ୗ㝈㸧¹ ࡛ࠖィ⟬ࡋࡓ
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ㄗᕪᖜࢆ඲య㸪㑅ᣲ༊㸪ẚ౛༊ู࡟  ‫ڠ‬ಋ       ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ẖ᪥ࡢㄗᕪᖜમ‫ۢڏ‬⮬Ẹ ᕼᮃ බ᫂ ඹ⏘ ❧᠇ ⥔᪂ ♫Ẹ 䛣䛣䜝 ㅖὴ ↓ᡤࡣẚ౛༊࡛࡜ࡃ࡟⊃ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ֭ಚ٠ੰ਼ 㻞㻝㻡 㻝㻤 㻤㻝 㻝㻣 㻟㻝㻙㻜 㻞㻢ྛ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ೃ⿵⪅࡟ᙜ㑅☜⋡3 ࢆ ཱིޫึं਼ 㻞㻣㻣 㻝㻥㻤 㻥 㻞㻜㻢 㻢㻟 㻠㻣 㻝㻥 㻜 㻠㻠 㻣㻟୚࠼ࡓሙྜ㸪࠶ࡿᨻඪࡢ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡢ ࠹୉‫ࠫޣ‬෱± 㻝㻢 㻝㻠 㻞㻚㻥 㻝㻠 㻣㻚㻤 㻢㻚㻣 㻠㻚㻟 㻜 㻢㻚㻡 㻤㻚㻠ಣജண᝿㆟ᖍࡣᡤᒓೃ⿵ࡢᙜ㑅☜⋡3 ࢆೖ‫ܨ‬⏝࠸࡚ḟᘧࡢࡼ࠺࡟௉ೖ        
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ㄗᕪ㻌 䠙㻌 㼼ͳǤͻ͸ඥߑܲሺͳ െ ܲሻ㻌   ᣲ༊䛾ᩘ ‫ڠ‬ಋ ർྭۢ⮬Ẹ ᕼᮃ බ᫂ ඹ⏘ ❧᠇ ⥔᪂ ♫Ẹ 䛣䛣䜝 ㅖὴ ↓ᡤ
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ண᝿㆟ᖍࡢ୰ᚰ್࡜ୗ㝈࣭ୖ㝈ࡀᴫಣജ⟬࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲  ࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ḍ࡟࠶ࡿೖ‫ܨ‬௉ೖ         ࠕ᭱኱ㄗᕪᖜsࠖࡣྛᨻඪࡢೃ⿵⪅ຘೖ         ඲ဨࡀ⃭ᡓ 3  ࡜௬ᐃࡋࡓሙྜ
‫ڠ‬ಋ         ࡢㄗᕪᖜ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬௒ᅇࡢሗ㐨࡛ࡣ㸪ὀ㸧⥙᥃㒊ศࡢィ⟬ࡣ㸪ㄗᕪ G=ͳǤͻ͸ඥ ߑ ܲሺͳ െ ܲሻ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪᥋ᡓ(P=0.5)ࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ᩘ s ࡜ࡇࡢㄗᕪᖜࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࡶࡢ㸦⤫ィฎ⌮ ࡋ࡚௚ࡣ P=1 ࡲࡓࡣ 0 ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜㸪s = (G/1.96/0.5)2 ࡜ᴫ⟬࡛ࡁࡿ㸬࡟ࡼࡽ࡞࠸᝟ໃุ᩿ࡢᙳ㡪㸧ࡣ↓࠿ࡗࡓ㸬୍᪉࡛㸪ẖ᪥ࡣ㸪❧᠇Ẹ୺ࡢண᝿㆟ᖍࡢㄗᕪᖜࡀᴟ
㏫࡟බ⾲ࡉࢀࡓㄗᕪᖜ࠿ࡽ᥋ᡓࢆྵࡴᙜⴠࢆத
➃࡟ᑠࡉࡃ㸪ᕼᮃࡸ⥔᪂ࡶᑠࡉ࠸ᖜ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࠺㑅ᣲ༊ࡢᴫᩘࡀㄞࡵࡿ 㑅ᣲ༊ḍୗ᪉⥙᥃㸧㸬ඹẖ᪥ࡣண᝿㆟ᖍࡢㄗᕪᖜࢆỴࡵࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟㸪㏻ᖖ
ྠࡢㄗᕪᖜࡢ௜ࡅ᪉ࡣ㸪ᮅ᪥ࡸẖ᪥࡟ẚ࡭࡚኱ࡁࡢ⤫ィ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡽ࡞࠸᪂ࡋ࠸᪉ἲ㸦ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ㸧ࢆ࠸㸬⮬Ẹೃ⿵ࡣ  㑅ᣲ༊⛬ᗘ࡛ᙜⴠࢆதࡗ࡚࠸
⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࠿㸪ᢸᙜグ⪅࡟ࡼࡿ᝟ໃุ᩿㸦࢔࣮ࢺ㸧ࡿ᝟ໃ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ẖ᪥ࡢ  ಸᙅࡢከࡉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋࢁ㸪ẖ᪥ࡣ

33

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ㄗᕪᖜࡢタᐃࢆㄗࡾ㸪㑅ᣲ༊࡜ẚ౛༊࡜ࡶ࡟ྛᨻ
ඪู࡛㆟ᖍண᝿ࡢከࡃࢆእࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ⾲  ࡢẖ᪥ࡢḍ࡟ࡣண᝿ࢆእࡋࡓᯟࡀ┠❧ࡘ㸧㸬ㄗᕪᖜ࡜ᙜ㑅☜⋡ࡢ㛵ಀ  㑅ᣲ༊࠶ࡓࡾࡢᖹᆒྡᣲᩘ㸦ྡᣲᩘ㸸ೃ⿵⪅ྡࡀᣲࡀࡗࡓࡶࡢ㸧ࡀ  ⚊ࢆୗᅇࡿ௒ᅇ㑅ᣲࡢ᝟ໃㄪᰝࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ೃ⿵⪅ࡢㄪᰝᨭᣢ⋡࡟ࡣ᭱኱࡛s ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿㄗᕪᖜࡀ௜ࡃ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬 㑅ᣲ༊࡟ೃ⿵⪅ࡀ  ྡ࠾ࡾ㸪ㄪᰝᨭᣢ⋡࠿ࡽồࡵࡽࢀࡿ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡢㄗᕪᖜࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟s㸣࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡢࠕㄗᕪᖜsࠖࡢሙྜࡢኴᐇ⥺ࡢᙧ≧࠿ࡽ㸪୧⪅ࡢ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪࡀ 㸣㸦[ ㍈㸧ࡢ࡜ࡁ ఩ࡢೃ⿵⪅ࡢᙜ㑅☜⋡ࡣ  ⛬ᗘ㸦\ ㍈㸧࡟࡞ࡿ㸬᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡢ⢭ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃࠕㄗᕪᖜsࠖ࡞ࡽ㸪୧⪅ࡢ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪࡀ㸣࡞ࡽࡤ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡఩ࡢೃ⿵⪅ࡢᙜ㑅☜⋡ࡣ  ⛬ᗘ࡟ୖࡀࡿ㸬⤫ィ⌮ㄽ㸦ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤ㸪ᙜⴠண ࡟฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿಶ⚊ࡢᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ⚊ᩘ࡟ぢྜࡗࡓᙧ࡛ᙜ㑅☜⋡ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄗᕪ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡣูࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡾ⟬ฟࡉࢀࡓᙜ㑅☜⋡ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ᙜⴠࡢุูࢆࡼࡾ
᫂☜࡟ࡋࡓ㸦ᙜ㑅☜⋡ࢆ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ  ࠿  ࡟㏆࡙ࡅࡿ㸧ሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ྛඪὴูࡢ㆟ᖍண᝿ࡢㄗᕪᖜࡣ⊃ࡃ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪ᢸᙜグ⪅ࡢ᝟ໃุ᩿㸦࢔࣮ࢺ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᙜⴠࢆࡼࡾ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿሙྜࡶ㸪ྠᵝ࡟ண᝿ᖜࢆ⊃ࡃ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 㑅ᣲண ࡜ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜㑅ᣲ᝟ໃ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࢆຍ࿡ࡋ࡚㸪ᙜ㑅࠿ⴠ㑅࠿ࢆࡼࡾ᫂☜࡟ࡋࡓ῝࠸㇂ᆺࡢศᕸ࡟
㸦ᙜ㑅☜⋡  ㏆㎶ࡢᗘᩘࢆᑡ࡞ࡃ㸧ࡍࡿసᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᙜ㑅࠿ⴠ㑅࠿ࡢุูฎ⌮ࢆᙅࡃ㸦ᙜ㑅☜⋡  ㏆㎶ࡢᗘᩘࢆከ
ࡃ㸧ࡍࡿసᴗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ࡇࡢసᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪࢔࣮ࢺࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⚗ࡌᡭ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ࡓࡔ㸪᝟ໃุ᩿㸦࢔࣮ࢺ㸧ࢆຍ࿡ࡋ࡚ᙜⴠุูࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋࡓ㸦ㄗᕪᖜࢆ⊃ࡃࡋࡓ㸧ࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ᝟ሗࢆ┠࡟ࡋࡓㄞ⪅࡟㏞ᝨࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿㸬㏫࡟ุูࢆᙅࡵ࡚᥋ᡓࡢぢ❧࡚ࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ሗ㐨ࡢ౑࿨࡟㐺࠺࠿࡝࠺࠿㸬࠸ࡎࢀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢุ᩿ࡣ㞴ࡋࡃ㸪ሗ㐨ྛ♫ࡢ୰࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸲㸬㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡢᙜⴠண᝿ࡢ⢭ᗘண᝿㆟ᖍᩘࡢእࢀලྜࡣᅗ⾲  ࢆࡳࢀࡤศ࠿ࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ண᝿㆟ᖍᩘ࡜࠸࠺⥲య࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ಶࠎࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ᝟ໃࢆⓗ☜࡟࡜ࡽ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲  ୖẁࡣ㸪 ఩ࡸ  ఩ࢆ  ఩ண᝿ࡋࡓ㑅ᣲ༊࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ᶓ㍈ࢆࠕᚓ⚊⋡  ఩̿ ఩ࠖ㸪⦪㍈ࢆࠕᚓ
⚊⋡  ఩㸫 ఩࡛ࠖసᡂࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ㸬࡞࠾㸪 ྡࡋ࠿❧ೃ⿵ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㑅ᣲ༊ࡣ  ఩ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࢆ ࡜ࡋ࡚ฎ⌮ࡋࡓ㸬ᅗ⾲  ୗẁࡣ㸪⤖ᯝ  ఩࡜ண᝿  ఩ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪ G ࢆ㝵⣭ᖜ ࡛ᥥ࠸ࡓእࢀ㑅ᣲ༊ᩘࡢࣄࢫࢺࢢ࣒࡛ࣛ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡟ᥖ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
⾲࡟ࡣ㸪ȊG ࡜ᖹᆒ್㸬࠾ࡼࡧ㸪᭱኱እࡋ㸦 ␒኱ࡁࡃእࡋࡓ㸧㑅ᣲ༊  ࡘࢆ㝖እࡋ࡚ィ⟬ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡶేグࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ㸬ㄞ኎ࡢ⢭ᗘࡢⰋࡉࡀ㝿❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢢࣛࣇࢆ୍
ぢࡍࢀࡤ㸪ᮅ᪥ࡢ⢭ᗘࡀ୍␒ࡼ࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࡀ㸪኱㜰  ༊࡛ᚓ⚊⋡  ఩ࡢೃ⿵⪅ࡀᙜ㑅ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡟㸪ㄗᕪࡢᖹ᪉࿴ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ẖ᪥ࡣ୰┙ㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪௚♫ࡼࡾ㐜ࡃㄪᰝࡋࡓࡋࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪᝟ໃࢆ࠺ࡲࡃᙜ࡚࡚࠸
࡞࠸㸬タィࡉࢀࡓᶆᮏࢧ࢖ࢬࡀ୍␒ᑠࡉ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶ
ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ඹྠࡣ㧗ᅇ⟅⋡㸦ඛ㏙
ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟పᅇ཰⋡࡜ㄞࡳ᭰࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸧ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ㸪᥋ᡓ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡢእࡋࡶ㝿❧ࡗ࡚ከ࠸㸬ᅗ⾲ ㄗᕪᖜูࡢ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪ࡜ᙜ㑅☜⋡

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ೃ⿵⪅ྠኈࡢ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪೃ⿵⪅ $ ࡜ % ࡢ஧⪅ᑐỴࡢሙྜ㸪ྛ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡀ࢞࢘ࢫศᕸ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡏࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪A ࡀ຾ࡘ☜⋡ࡣ㸪

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නξʹɎ ି௓஢ಲ ି௓ಳ ݁ ି ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬ೋಲಳ࡛ィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ܼ஺ ೃ⿵⪅ $ ࡢ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ܼ஻ ೃ⿵⪅ % ࡢ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡࡛㸪᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ $% ࡢᕪࡢศᕸ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶆ‽೫ᕪࡣ㸪ɐ௓ಲಳ ൌ ɐ௓ಲ ଶ ൅ ɐ௓ಳ ଶ െ ʹɏ୅୆ ɐ௓ಲ ɐ௓ಳ  Ȫࡣྛᶆ‽೫ᕪ㸪Ȩࡣ┦㛵ಀᩘ ࡜ࡍࡿ㸬࡞࠾㸪஧⪅ᑐỴ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵɏ୅୆ ൌ െͳ࡜ࡋ
࡚㸪+DVWLQJV ࡢ㏆ఝᘧࢆ⏝࠸࡚ィ⟬ࡋࡓ㸬

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

34

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHUᅗ⾲ ࠝୖẁࠞእࡋࡓ㑅ᣲ༊㸸ᶓ㍈ࡣᚓ⚊⋡ ఩ ఩㸪⦪㍈ࡣ ఩ ఩㸦ᙜ㑅ண᝿⪅ࡀ ఩ࡔࡗࡓ࡞ࡽ‫ە‬㸪 ఩࡞ࡽ‫ڹ‬㸧ࠝୗẁࠞࠕᙜ㑅⪅ࡢᚓ⚊⋡࡜እࡋࡓᙜ㑅ண᝿⪅ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪࠖࡢࣄࢫࢺࢢ࣒ࣛ㸦㝵⣭ᖜ㸳㸣㸧

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ᅗ⾲  ࡜  ࡣ㸪ᅗ⾲  ୗẁࡢ⾲ࡢᩘ್ࢆどぬ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ྛሗ㐨ᶵ㛵ࡢ᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡀබ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪 ఩࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡋࡓࡀᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ  ఩௨ୗ࡟࡞ࡗࡓೃ⿵⪅ࡢᚓ⚊⋡࡜  ఩࡟࡞ࡗࡓೃ⿵⪅ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪࢆṧᕪ࡟ぢ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ṧᕪᖹ᪉࿴࡟ࡼࡿእࢀලྜࡢศᯒࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ㸬  ఩ண᝿ࢆእࡋࡓ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ࠺ࡕ୍␒኱ࡁࡃእࡋ
ࡓ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡔࡅࢆ㝖እࡋࡓࡶࡢ
㸦ᅗ⾲  ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ᭱኱እࡋ  ࡘ㝖እࠖ㸧࡛ࡳ࡚ࡶ㸪ㄞ኎ࡢ␲ఝⓗṧᕪᖹ᪉࿴ࡣ㝿❧ࡗ࡚ᑠࡉࡃ㸪ᮅ᪥࣭ẖ᪥࣭ඹྠࡢ༙ศ⛬ᗘ࠿ࡑࢀ௨ୗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ㄞ኎࡜ྜྠㄪᰝ
ࢆࡋࡓ㸦ྠࡌࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㸧᪥⤒ࡼࡾࡶ⢭ᗘࡣࡼ࠸㸬 ṇ☜࡞㑅ᣲ᝟ໃࢆ▱ࡿࡓࡵ࡟୍⣬ࢆ㑅ࡪ࡞ࡽ㸪ㄞ኎᪂⪺ࡔ̿̿࡜ุ᩿ࡋ࡚ࡼ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬ࡑࡢ෌᳨ドࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪඲  ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ᝟ໃ࡟ᑐࡍࡿグ஦⾲⌧ࢆᢤࡁฟࡋ࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ㸦ᑠ♒࣭໭⏣࣭ᯇ⏣ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬ᅗ⾲  ࡣ㸪ࠕ᥋ᡓࠖ⾲⌧ࡔࡗࡓ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡢ  ఩࡜  ఩ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪࢆ㝵⣭ᖜ ࡛ᥥ࠸ࡓࣄࢫࢺࢢ࣒࡛ࣛ࠶ࡿ㸬ㄞ኎ࡢࠕ᥋ᡓࠖ⾲⌧ࡣ  㑅ᣲ༊࡛ぢࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ྠࡌࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ
⏝࠸ࡓ᪥⤒ࡣ࡯ࡰ༙ᩘࡢ  㑅ᣲ༊㸪ᮅ᪥ࡶ᪥⤒࡜࡯ࡰྠᩘࡢ  㑅ᣲ༊ࢆࠕ᥋ᡓࠖ࡜ぢ❧࡚࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ㄞ኎ࡣᚓ⚊⋡ᕪ㹼ࡔࡗࡓ 㑅ᣲ༊࡟ᑐࡋ 㑅ᣲ༊ࢆⓗ☜࡟᥋ᡓ࡜ぢ❧࡚ࡓࡀ㸪ᚓ⚊⋡ᕪ 㹼

Ғͳ͹ย

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ᅗ⾲ ࠕᙜ㑅⪅ࡢᚓ⚊⋡࡜እࡋࡓᙜ㑅ண᝿⪅ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪࠖࡢᖹ᪉࿴࡟ࡼࡿ⢭ᗘẚ㍑
㸦ᩘ್ࡣᅗ⾲  ୗẁࡢྛ⾲ཧ↷㸧ᅗ⾲ ࠕᙜ㑅⪅ࡢᚓ⚊⋡࡜እࡋࡓᙜ㑅ண᝿⪅ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡢᕪࠖࡢᖹ᪉࿴¹ᗘᩘ࡟ࡼࡿ⢭ᗘẚ㍑
㸦ᩘ್ࡣᅗ⾲  ୗẁࡢྛ⾲ཧ↷㸧

35

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ᅗ⾲ ᝟᝟ໃ⾲⌧ࡀࡀࠕ᥋ᡓࠖࡢ㑅㑅ᣲ༊࡛࡛ࡢᚓ⚊⋡  ఩࡜  ఩ࡢᕪ
ᕪࡢᖹ
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䛂᥋ᡓ䛃⾲⌧䛿䛿䠈㻝㻜㻠 㑅ᣲ༊㻌㻌᪥⤒䛂᥋ᡓ䛃⾲⌧䛿䛿䠈㻡㻠 㑅ᣲ༊㻌㻌ᮅ᪥䛂᥋ᡓ䛃⾲⌧䛿䛿䠈㻡㻣 㑅ᣲ༊㻌㻌䃂ሺͳ ఩䛸 ʹ ఩䛾ᚓ⚊⋡ᕪሻଶൌ ૠ૙૝૚Ǥ ૜૝㻌䃂ሺͳ ఩䛸 ʹ ఩䛾ᚓ⚊⋡ᕪሻଶൌ ૛ૢ૝૜Ǥ ૠ૝㻌㻌䃂ሺͳ ఩䛸 ʹ ఩䛾ᚓ⚊⋡ᕪሻଶൌ ૜૜૙૜Ǥ ૜ૠ㻌㻝㻜㻠 䛷㝖䛧䛯ᖹᖹᆒ䠙㻢㻢㻣㻚㻣㻌㻌㻡㻠 䛷㝖䛧䛯ᖹᖹᆒ䠙㻡㻡㻠㻚㻡㻝㻌㻌㻡㻣 䛷㝖䛧䛯ᖹᖹᆒ䠙㻡㻡㻣㻚㻥㻡㻌㻌ᅗ⾲ 
ㄞㄞ኎࣭࣭᪥⤒࣭ᮅ᪥࡛
࡛ሗ㐨ࡉࢀࡓࠕ᥋ᡓࠖࡢ᝟
᝟ໃ⾲⌧ᅗ⾲ ᐇ㝿ࡢᙜᙜ㑅⪅࡟࡟௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ᝟ໃ⾲⾲⌧㸦᥋ᡓ࠿ᑡᑡࡋ࡛ࡶ຾຾ࡕ
ࡑ࠺࠿㈇ࡅࡑ࠺࠿ࡢࡢ  ศ㢮㸧ࢆㄞ኎ᑐ᪥⤒࣭ᮅ᪥࡛
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45

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

36

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㸦 㑅ᣲ༊ࡀヱᙜ㸧ࡢ࠺ࡕ኱༙ࡢ  㑅ᣲ༊㸪㹼㸦 㑅ᣲ༊ࡀヱᙜ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ᪥⤒ࡀ 㸪ᮅ᪥ࡀ  㑅ᣲ༊࡟ᑐࡋಸ௨ୖࡢ  㑅ᣲ༊ࢆ᥋ᡓ࡜ぢ❧࡚࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ᝟ໃ⾲⌧ࡣᅗ⾲  ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᩚ⌮࡛ࡁ㸪ㄞ኎ࡢࠕ᥋ᡓࠖண᝿㑅ᣲ༊࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⾲⌧ࡣከᙬ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ᅗ⾲  ࡣ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢᙜ㑅⪅࡟௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ᝟ໃ⾲⌧ࢆࠕ᥋ᡓࠖ࠿ࠕᑡࡋ࡛ࡶ຾ࡘྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࠿ࠕᑡ
ࡋ࡛ࡶ㈇ࡅࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࠿ࡢ  ศ㢮࡟ࡋ࡚㸪ㄞ኎࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᪥⤒࡜ᮅ᪥ࡢ⾲⌧ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ఩࡜  ఩ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ᕪࡀ ᮍ‶ࡢ 㑅ᣲ༊࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㞟ィࡋࡓᅗ⾲ E ࡛ࡣ㸪ㄞ኎ࡣ 㑅ᣲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚຾ࡘೃ⿵ࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪᪥⤒ࡣ㸪ᮅ᪥ࡣ  㑅ᣲ༊࡜ㄞ኎ࡢಸ௨ୖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚຾ࡘ
ೃ⿵ࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬୍᪉࡛㸪ᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᙜ㑅ࡋࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎሗ㐨࡛ࡣ㈇ࡅࡑ࠺ࡔ࡜⾲⌧ࡋࡓᩘࡣ㸪ㄞ኎ࡀ  ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᪥⤒ࡣ 㸪ᮅ᪥ࡣ  ࡜ከࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࡇࡇ࡟㸪㑅ᣲ᝟ໃሗ㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿጼໃࡢ㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ㸬 ఩ண᝿ࡀᅽಽⓗ࡟ṇ☜࡛࠶ࡗࡓㄞ኎ࡢ⣬㠃ࡀ㸪᥋ᡓண᝿⾲⌧࡟࠶ࡩࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢព࿡ࡣ
ఱ࠿㸬ㄞ኎ࡢࡳࡀබ♧᪥ࡢ  ᪥ᚋ㸦ㄪᰝ⤊஢⩣᪥㸧ࡢᮅห࡛ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ᝟ໃࡲ࡛⣽࠿ࡃሗ㐨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜㸦ᅗ⾲  ཧ↷㸬௚♫ࡣ  ᪥௨ୖ㐜ࢀ࡚ሗ㐨㸧㸪ᢞ⚊᪥๓ࠎ᪥㸦㔠᭙᪥㸧ࡢ⤊┙᝟ໃሗ㐨㸦᥋ᡓ༊ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟  㑅ᣲ༊෌ㄪᰝ㸧࡛㸪᝟ໃኚ໬ࢆఏ࠼ࡽࢀ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢㄪᰝタィ࡟ྜࢃࡏࡓᑐᛂ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿㸬 ᅗ⾲  ࡣ㸪ᙜ㑅⪅ࡢண᝿ࢆእࡋࡓ㑅ᣲ༊ࢆẚ౛ࣈࣟࢵࢡࡈ࡜࡟ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡝ࡇ࠿  ♫ࡔࡅࡀᙜ㑅ண᝿ࢆእࡋࡓ㑅ᣲ༊ࡣ㸪㯮Ꮠ࡟ⓑᏐ࡛┠❧ࡘᙧ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ♫ࡔࡅᙜ࡚ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࡣ⥙᥃ࡢᯟ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬඲♫እࡋࡓ㑅ᣲ༊ࡣኴᏐ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ㄽドࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ㄞ኎ࡣ㸪᝟ໃ⾲⌧ࡣ࡜ࡶ࠿ࡃ  ఩ண᝿ࡣṇ☜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲  ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ㄞ኎  ♫ࡔࡅࡀ  ఩ண᝿ࢆእࡋࡓ㑅ᣲ༊ࡣ↓࠸㸬ㄞ኎࡜ྠࡌࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ᪥⤒࡛ࡣ㸪᪥⤒  ♫
ࡔࡅࡀእࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ  ࡘ࠶ࡿࡋ㸪᪥⤒ࡔࡅᙜ࡚ࡓࡶࡢࡀ  ࡘ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢㄽド࠾ࡼࡧࡇࡢᅗ⾲ ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡶ㸪ࠕሗ㐨ࡣㄪᰝࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶ㸪ᙜⴠண᝿ࡣྛ♫ࡢศᯒຊ࡟ࡼࡾ኱ࡁࡃኚࢃ
ࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ඹྠࡣ㸪 ఩ண᝿ࢆእࡋࡓࡢࡀ  㑅ᣲ༊࡜୍␒ከ࠸࠺࠼࡟㸪 ♫ࡔࡅእࡋࡓࡶࡢࡶ  ࡜᭱ከ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᮅ᪥ࡣ  ♫ࡔࡅእࡋࡀ ࡜ከ࠸ࡀ㸪ᮅ᪥ࡔࡅᙜ࡚ࡓࡶࡢࡶ  ࡘ࡜୍␒ከ
ࡃ㸪ᙜⴠศᯒ࡟ࡣⒷࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲  እࡋࡓ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ୍ぴ
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࡝‫ۢ̕ۆ‬એཁ̏ۢೈ ਈ಺ઔ̒ۢ ਈ಺ઔ̒ۢ ਈ಺ઔ̒ۢ ਈ಺ઔ̒ۢ ਈ಺ઔ̒ۢ
ਈ಺ઔ̔ۢ ਈ಺ઔ̔ۢ ਈ಺ઔ̔ۢ ਈ಺ઔ̔ۢ ਈ಺ઔ̔ۢ
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ࠦծ̐ۢ

ࠦծ̐ۢ

ࠦծ̐ۢ
ௗ࡜̏ۢ

߶எ̐ۢ
ෳԮ̐ۢ
ࠦծ̏ۢ
ࠦծ̐ۢ
ௗ࡜̏ۢ

୉෾̏ۢ

୉෾̑ۢ
ࣝࣉౣ̏ۢ ࣝࣉౣ̏ۢ ࣝࣉౣ̏ۢ ࣝࣉౣ̏ۢ ࣝࣉౣ̏ۢ
ೆ
ԯೆ̏ۢ
ԯೆ̏ۢ
ԯೆ̒ۢ
ԯೆ̒ۢ
ԯೆ̒ۢ
ԯ

37

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㸳㸬⤊ࢃࡾ࡟
ᮏ✏ࡢศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡜㸪᥎ᐹ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ㸬ձㄪᰝࡢタィ࡜㐠⏝ࡢᙳ㡪୰┙ㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓẖ᪥ࡢ❧᠇Ẹ୺ࡢண᝿㆟ᖍࡀ୍␒ṇ☜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪㏿ሗ➇த࡟ࡼࡽ࡞
࠸ㄪᰝタィࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬 ຍ┕♫ࡢ⣬㠃సᡂ࡟㛫࡟ྜ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࢹ࣮ࢱࡸグ஦ࢆ㓄ಙࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ඹྠࡢ㆟ᖍ㸦ᙜⴠ㸧ண᝿ࡀ୍␒ᝏ࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ᅇ⟅⋡ࡀ㝿❧ࡗ࡚㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ㄪᰝタィࡀㄪᰝ⢭ᗘ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬 ௚♫࡟ඛ㥑ࡅ࡚බ♧᪥⩣ࠎ᪥ᮅห࡟ᑠ㑅ᣲ᝟ໃ
ࡢヲሗࡶᥖ㍕ࡋࡓㄞ኎ࡣ㸪⣬㠃࡟᥋ᡓ᝟ໃࡀከ࠿
ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪㏿ሗែໃࡀ⣬㠃ෆᐜ࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓ࡜᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿ㸬ղ⤫ィⓗฎ⌮㸦ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ㸧࡬ࡢᙳ㡪 ྛᨻඪࡢ❧ೃ⿵⪅඲ဨࡀ᥋ᡓ㸦ᙜ㑅☜⋡ 㸧࡜௬ᐃࡋࡓሙྜࡢண᝿⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍࡢㄗᕪᖜࢆ㉸࠼ࡿሗ㐨ࢆࡋࡓ♫ࡣ㸪ண᝿㆟ᖍ⾲ࢆᥖ㍕ࡋࡓ♫ࡢ୰㸦᪥⤒ࢆ㝖ࡃ㸧࡛ࡣ↓࠿ࡗࡓ㸬⤫ィⓗ࡞ุ᩿ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬 ୍␒᭷ຠᩘࡢከ࠸ඹྠࡢᶆᮏㄗᕪࡀ௚♫࡟ẚ࡭࡚ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿࡣࡎࡔࡀ㸪ண᝿㆟ᖍࡢㄗᕪᖜࡣ኱ࡁ
࠿ࡗࡓ㸬㏿ሗែໃ࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝタィࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚㸪᥎ィᚓ⚊⋡ࡢㄗᕪᖜࢆᗈࡆࡓ㸦ᙜⴠุᐃࢆࡺࡿ
ࡵࡓ㸧ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ճሗ㐨ࡢࡓࡵࡢุ᩿㸦࢔࣮ࢺ㸧ࡢᙳ㡪 ୍␒᭷ຠᩘࡢᑡ࡞࠸ẖ᪥ࡢᶆᮏㄗᕪࡀ௚♫࡟ẚ࡭࡚኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࡣࡎࡔࡀ㸪ẖ᪥ࡢண᝿㆟ᖍࡢㄗᕪᖜࡣᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓ㸦࡜ࡃ࡟ẚ౛༊㸧㸬ᚑ᮶ࡢㄗᕪ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡣูࡢศᯒࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓ࠿㸪ᢸᙜ⪅ࡢ᝟ໃุ᩿ࡀ
ຍ࿡ࡉࢀࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸㸬㧗࠸ࡀ㸪పᅇ཰⋡ࡢࠕᶆᮏㄪᰝࠖ࡜↓సⅭᢳฟ࡛࡞࠸
ࠕ๭ᙜἲࠖࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࡀṇ☜࠿ࡣ㸪ࡶࡣࡸྛㄪᰝ⪅ࡢಙᛕ࡟ᅉࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿㸬Ᏻಸᨻᶒୗ࡛ࡢ㏆ᖺࡢἼ஘ࡢ↓࠸㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࡀㄞࡳ
࡟ࡃ࠸㑅ᣲࢆ㸪௒ࡼࡾప࠸ᅇ཰⋡࡛࡝࠺ண ࡍࡿ࠿㸬ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ༴ᶵឤࡢඹ᭷࡜ㄢ㢟ࡢ࿘▱ࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡀ୺ദࡍࡿࠕୡㄽ࣭㑅ᣲㄪᰝ◊✲኱఍ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣃࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ㸦ࠗᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝ࠘➨  ྕཧ↷㸧㸬ࡑࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ㢟ᮦ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᪂ࡋ࠸ヨࡳࡀⓎ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢡࣟࢫ࣭࣐
࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢᓊ⏣㸦㸧ࡣ㸪5'' ྠᵝ࡟࢖ࣥࢱ࣮
ࢿࢵࢺ࡛ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟↓సⅭᢳฟࡋ࡚ㄪᰝ࡛ࡁࡿ 5',7ἲ࡛㑅ᣲ᝟ໃࢆ᥈ࡿヨࡳࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓ㸬࣐ࢡ࣑ࣟࣝ⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤࡢᮧୖ㸦㸧ࡣ㸪࢔ࢡࢭࢫࣃࢿࣝࢆ౑ࡗࡓ
࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡛⾜ື㑅ᢥᐇ㦂㸦ࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ
ศᯒ㸧ࢆ⾜࠸㸪ᚓ⚊⋡ண ࢆヨࡳࡓ㸬࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡢஂ
ෆ࣭஧⎼㸦㸧ࡣ㸪❧᠇Ẹ୺ࡢቑໃࢆࢺࣞࣥࢻㄪᰝ
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿᅇ⟅㑅ᢥᡤせ᫬㛫㸦ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫ࣭ࣞ࢖ࢸࣥࢩ̿㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠕ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࠖࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࡍ࡛࡟࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓୡㄽㄪᰝࡸ㑅ᣲ᝟ໃㄪᰝࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྠᵝ࡟㸪᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡶ᪂ࡋ࠸ㄪᰝࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀᶍ⣴ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡣ㸪ḟ௦ࡢୡㄽ࣭㑅ᣲㄪᰝࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟㈨ࡍࡿࡣ
ࡎ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
㸦ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ࣭♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸧


ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
┦⏣┿ᙪ㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚㻌 ⡿኱⤫㡿㑅䛾ண 䛿䛺䛬እ䜜䛯䛛䠈㻶㻹㻾㻭 䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻚㻜㻥㻚㻜㻤㻕䠊㻌ᓊ⏣඾Ꮚ㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻤㻕㻚㻌㻾㻰㻵㼀 䜢⏝䛔䛯㠀䝟䝛䝹↓సⅭᢳฟ䛻䜘䜛 㼃㻱㻮 ㄪᰝ䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䠉㻞㻜㻝㻣 ᖺ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ㻝㻡䠈䛾䝖䝷䝑䜻䞁䜾ㄪᰝ䛻䜘䜛⪃ᐹ䠉䠈ᨻ⟇䛸ㄪᰝ䠈㻝㻟㻥㻙㻡㻤㻚㻌
ᑠ♒ᑑ⏕䞉໭⏣ಇ୍䞉ᯇ⏣ᫎ஧㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻤㻕㻚㻌㻞㻜㻝㻣 ᖺ⾗㝔㑅䛻䛚䛡䜛㑅ᣲண 䛾ẚ㍑ศᯒ䇷ሗ㐨ྛ♫䛾ண䛾ṇ☜䛥䜢᳨ド䛩䜛䇷㻚㻌 ᨻ⟇䛸ㄪᰝ㻘㻌㻝㻝㻠㻘㻌㻡㻟㻙㻣㻤㻚㻌ஂෆభඔ䞉஧⎼ဴஓ㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻤㻕䠊᭷ᶒ⪅ಶே䛾ᨭᣢᨻඪኚ໬䛿ண 䛷䛝䜛䛛䠉䝺䝇䝫䞁䝇䞉䝺䜲䝔䞁䝅䞊䜢㻝㻡䠈㻢㻣㻙㻣㻠㻚㻌⏝䛔䛯᪂ᣦᶆ䛾ᥦ᱌䠉䠈ᨻ⟇䛸ㄪᰝ䠈㻝ᯇ⏣ᫎ஧㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻢㻕㻚㻌 ୡㄽㄪᰝ䛿䛂ୡㄽ䛃䜢䛸䜙䛘䛶䛔䜛㻟㻝㻥㻘㻌㻢㻢㻙㻣㻟㻚㻌䛛㻘㻌㻶㼛㼡㼞㼚㼍㼘㼕㼟㼙㻘㻌㻟ᮧୖᬛ❶㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻤㻕䠊䝛䝑䝖䝸䝃䞊䝏䜢⏝䛔䛯᭷ᶒ⪅䛾㻝㻡䠈㻡㻥㻙㻢㻢㻚㻌㑅ᢥ཯ᛂᐇ㦂䛾ヨ䜏䠈ᨻ⟇䛸ㄪᰝ䠈㻝 㑅ᣲㄪᰝࡢṔྐࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡿ࡜㸪 ᖺࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝
኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲࡢᙜⴠண ࡢ஦౛ࡣ㸪♫఍Ꮫࡸ⤫ィᏛࡢᩍ⛉᭩࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡯࡝ࡢ஦௳࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࣇࣟࣜࢲࡢ㛤⚊⤖ᯝࡀㄞࡵࡎ࡟ࣈࢵࢩࣗ࡜ࢦ࢔ࡢᙜᡴࡕࡀ஧
㌿୕㌿ࡋࡓ  ᖺ኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲࡶ㸪ࣁࣜࢫ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡ
ࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ୍࡛␒ṇ☜࡟ண ࡋࡓࡇ࡜୍࡛኱஦௳࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ㸬 ᖺ࡟ࡣ㸪᝟ໃㄪᰝ࡛ᅽ
ಽⓗ࡟ඃ఩ࡔࡗࡓࣄ࣮࣭ࣛࣜࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥࡀࢺࣛࣥࣉ࡟
ᩋࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛㸪ㄪᰝ᪉ἲㄽࡢ༴ᶵࡀ㟢࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬 ᪥ᮏࡢ 5'' ㄪᰝࡢᐇ㉁ᅇ཰⋡ࡣࡲࡔ 㹼㸣ྎ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ 㸣⛬ᗘ㸦┦⏣㸧࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࡣࡿ࠿࡟

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

38

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU



5',7 ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㠀ࣃࢿࣝ↓సⅭᢳฟ࡟ࡼࡿ :(% ㄪᰝࡢྍ⬟ᛶ㸫 ᖺ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲࡢࢺࣛࢵ࢟ࣥࢢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿ⪃ᐹ㸫Prospects of Web Survey Using Random Domain Intercept Technology (RDIT): Findings throughTracking Surveys of the 2017 Lower House Election in Japan ᓊ⏣ ඾Ꮚ1RULNR.LVKLGD㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
㸰㸬5',7 ࡢ≉㛗
㸱㸬5',7 ࡢά⏝஦౛࡜ㄪᰝ㡿ᇦ㸲㸬ㄪᰝᴫせ㸳㸬ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡜ศᯒ㸺㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ㸼㸴㸬ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡜ศᯒ㸺ᅇ཰≧ἣ࡜ᅇ⟅⪅ᒓᛶ㸼㸵㸬ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࠑせ᪨ࠒㄪᰝ༠ຊࡢព⩏࡟ᑐࡍࡿព㆑ኚ໬ࡸಶே᝟ሗ₃ὤ࡬ࡢᠱᛕࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢㄪᰝᡭἲ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡶᅇ཰⋡ࡢపⴠഴྥࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ㸪♫఍ㄪᰝ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝࡢᐇ᪋⎔ቃࡣཝࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬බເࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡼ
ࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪3& ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡓㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᅇ⟅⪅࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓ⏬㠃ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡸ㉁ၥタィ࡬ࡢᑐᛂࡀᛴົ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ᫬௦ࡢせㄳ࡟༶ࡋࡓᡭἲࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
5',7㸦5DQGRP'RPDLQ,QWHUFHSW7HFKQRORJ\㸧࡜࠸࠺୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝⪅ࢆᑐ㇟࡟㸪ㄪᰝㄏᑟ⏬㠃ࢆ኱㔞ࡢࢻ࣓࢖ࣥୖ࡛▐᫬࡟࣮ࣟࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡉࡏ࡞ࡀࡽ⾲ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ↓సⅭ࡟ᑐ㇟⪅ࢆ㑅ࡪᡭἲࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ㸬5',7 ࡣᬑẁㄪᰝ࡟༠ຊࡋ࡞࠸ᒙࡶྵࡵ㸪ྍ⬟࡞࠿ࡂࡾᗈ࠸⠊ᅖ࠿ࡽᅇ཰ࡍࡿㄡࡶࡀᅇ⟅ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࡛ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࢆၥࢃ࡞࠸༏ྡࡢ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡛࠶ࡿ㸬௒ᅇ㸪᪥ᮏࡢᐇ㝿ࡢ㑅ᣲ࡛ึࡵ࡚ࡇࡢᡭἲࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝ࡜ㄪᰝࡢ≉㛗ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ㸪௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸬
With the change in people’s perception towards the value of surveys and increased concerns about theleakage of personal information, the declining trend in response rates has been pointed out in various
survey methods. As a result, there is a great challenge in conducting social research based on public
opinion. To correspond to the surge of people who complete surveys on their smartphones, there is anurgent need to adapt online surveys that were initially developed for PCs, to mobile devices.
Random Domain Intercept Technology (RDIT) is a method that targets random general web users by
presenting to them guided screen surveys which instantaneously rotate over a large number of domains.
RDIT emphasizes that it is a mobile-first, device independent, and anonymous micro-survey thatcollects data from a wide range of people, including those who do not usually complete surveys. For thisstudy, this method was used for the first time in an actual lower house election in Japan. We analyzed
the results and features of this survey method as well as considered the issues and possibilities for the
future.                            㐃⤡ඛ㸸QBNLVKLGD#FURVVPFRMS ᓊ⏣඾Ꮚ 

39

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
ㄪᰝ༠ຊࡢព⩏࡟ᑐࡍࡿព㆑ኚ໬ࡸಶே᝟ሗ₃ὤ࡬ࡢᠱᛕࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢㄪᰝᡭἲ
࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᅇ཰⋡ࡢపⴠഴྥࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ㸪♫఍ㄪᰝ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝࡢᐇ᪋⎔ቃࡢཝࡋࡉࡣቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⥲ົ┬ࡢ㏻ಙ฼⏝ືྥㄪᰝ㸦ᖹᡂ  ᖺ㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪 ᖺࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝ࡣ඲య࡛ 㸬㸣ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ௦࠿ࡽ  ௦ࡲ࡛ࡣ  ๭ࢆୖᅇࡾ㸪 ௦  ࡸ  ௦  ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ༙ᩘࢆ
㉸࠼࡚࠾ࡾ ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢ฼⏝ࡣᖜᗈ࠸ୡ௦
୍࡛⯡໬ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁࡢᅜໃㄪᰝࡢᐇ᪋≧ἣ㈨ᩱ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪 ᖺ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ
ࡓᅜໃㄪᰝ࡛ࡣึࡵ࡚඲ᅜⓗ࡟࢜ࣥࣛ࢖࡛ࣥࡢᅇ
⟅ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࡀ㸪ㄪᰝ⚊࡟グධࡋ࡚㒑㏦࡛㏉㏦
ࡋࡓࡾㄪᰝဨ࡟Ώࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪࢜ࣥࣛ࢖࡛ࣥࡢ
ᅇ⟅ࢆ㑅ࢇࡔேࡀ඲యࡢ 㸣ࢆ༨ࡵࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕ⣙  ศࡢ㸯㸦㸧ࡣࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࠿ࡽࡢᅇ⟅࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢ
฼⏝ࡣ୍⯡໬ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ
ᅇ⟅࡬ࡢᑐᛂࡀ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ฼౽ᛶ࡜࢝ࣂࣞࢵࢪࡢ
ᨵၿࡢࡓࡵ࡟㔜せ࡞せ⣲࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡣ㸪ࢫࣆ࣮ࢻ࡜ࢥࢫࢺࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟  ᖺึ㢌࠿ࡽᕷሙㄪ
ᰝ㡿ᇦ࡛ᛴ㏿࡟ᣑ኱ࡋࡓ㸬ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢ࢚ࣜ࢔ࡸࢱ
࣮ࢤࢵࢺࢆ⮬ᅾ࡟タᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡸㄪᰝ⏬㠃ࡢไᚚࡶᐜ᫆࡟࡛ࡁࡿ฼౽ᛶࡢ㧗ࡉࡶࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ㟂せࢆ
ᣑ኱ࡋࡓせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪㏆ᖺ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ
࡟ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡍࡿேࡀᛴቑࡋ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥ࠿ࡽࡢᅇ⟅ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࡓᚑ᮶ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵ
ࢺㄪᰝࡣ㸪㉁ၥᩘࡸ⏬㠃ࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ
࢛࡛ࣥࡶᅇ⟅ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ኚ᭦ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ
ᛴົ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦-05$ ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥ  ᖺ㸧㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㸪බເࣃࢿࣝࡢⓏ㘓ࣔࢽࢱ࣮࠿ࡽᑐ㇟
⪅ࢆ㑅ࡪ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡣ௦⾲ᛶࡀ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ
࡚㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ࡢ฼⏝ࡣ㝈ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬௚ࡢᡭἲ࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝᐇ᪋ࡸ㐠⏝ࡢᅔ㞴ࡉࡀቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㏆ᖺࡣ㸪♫఍ㄪᰝࡸୡㄽㄪᰝศ㔝࡛ࡶබເᆺࣃࢿࣝ࡟
ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿᶵ఍ࡀᚎࠎ࡟
ቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢရ㉁ྥୖࡸ⿵ṇࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡶ┒ࢇ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬ᕷሙㄪᰝ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢࢱ
࣮ࢤࢵࢺᒙࢆ㝈ᐃࡋ࡚ᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿㄪᰝࡀ୺ὶ࡛࠶
ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢᵓ⠏ࡸࣃࢿࣝつᶍࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡜࠸࠺せ⣲ࡣ௦⾲ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ

࡟ᚲ㡲ࡢせ௳࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝⪅඲య࠿ࡽㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅ࢆࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟ᢳฟ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞
ྡ⡙ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ከࡃࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵ
ࢺㄪᰝ㛵ಀ⪅࡜ࡗ࡚㸪ᑐ㇟ࢆᖜᗈࡃタᐃࡋ࡚ࣛࣥ
ࢲ࣒࡟ᢳฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᐇ⌧୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠿㸪࠶ࡲࡾ㟂せࡀ࡞࠸࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢㄢ㢟ࡣ㸪࢝ࢼࢲ 5,:, ♫ࡀ  ᖺ࡟ 㛤 Ⓨ ࡋ ࡓ 5',7 㸦 5DQGRP 'RPDLQ ,QWHUFHSW7HFKQRORJ\㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ゎỴࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ 5,:,ࡣ㸪኱㔞ࡢ㠀࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ၟᶆⓏ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸
࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢻ࣓࢖ࣥࢆ⏝࠸୍࡚⯡࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿ
ࢵࢺ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮࠿ࡽࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟ᢳฟࡍࡿㄪᰝᡭἲ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸬ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ࣃࢿࣝࢆ౑⏝ࡏࡎ㸪ᅛᐃࡋࡓㄪᰝ
⏝ࢧ࢖ࢺࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡞࠸㸬ࡲࡓࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡢ
ᅇ⟅࡟᭱㐺໬ࡋࡓࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺࡸᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࢆၥࢃ࡞࠸༏ྡࡢ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡟ᑐᛂࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢㄪᰝࡼࡾࡶᖜᗈ࠸ᒙ
࠿ࡽᅇ⟅ࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬 ᖺ 1DWXUH ࡢグ஦࡟࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡓ࡯࠿㸪ᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵㸪ⴭྡ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔㸪ᾏእࡢᏛ⾡ㄪᰝ࡛฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ᮏㄪᰝ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ㠀ࣃࢿ࡛ࣝ༏ྡࡢ↓సⅭᢳฟࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡿ 5',7 ࢆ௒ᅇึࡵ
࡚᪥ᮏࡢ㑅ᣲ࡛฼⏝ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ㑅ᣲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡜㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝࢆẚ㍑᳨ドࡋ㸪௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸬ࡲࡓࡇࡢㄪᰝἲ࡟ࡼࡿ≉㛗ࡸ஦౛ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ㸪௒ᚋࡢά⏝ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜␃ពⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿ㸬㸰㸬5',7 ࡢ≉㛗㸬5',7 ࡢ≉㛗5',7 ࡣ㸪  ᖺ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛බ⾗⾨⏕ᨻ⟇ࢆᢸᙜࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢽ࣮࣭ࣝࢩ࣮࣐ࣥᩍᤵ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣭ࢹ࣑࢜ࣟࢪ࣮㸦᝟ሗ␿Ꮫ㸧㡿ᇦ࡛㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ㸪5,:,♫ࡀタ❧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࣃࣥࢹ࣑ࢵࢡ㸦+1㸧ࡀ⑕≧ࢆ้ࠎ࡜ኚ໬ࡉࡏ࡞ࡀࡽឤᰁࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ≧ἣࢆᢕᥱࡋ㸪ุ᩿ᮦᩱࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵ㸪ᖜᗈ࠸ㄪᰝᑐ㇟࠿ࡽࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟ᢳฟࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡟ࣜ࢔ࣝࢱ࢖࣒࡟⤖ᯝࡀᢕᥱ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࡲࡓᅇ⟅⪅ࡢಶே᝟ሗಖㆤࢆ㔜どࡋࡓタィ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬5',7 ࡢ≉㛗࡟ࡘ࠸࡚௨ୗ࡟ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ㸬ޮᐇ᪋యไ࢝ࢼࢲࡢ 5,:, ♫࡟࡚ⱥᩥㄪᰝ⚊ࢆᇶ࡟ࣉࣟࢢࣛ
࣑ࣥࢢࡉࢀ㸪ᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ⱥᩥ௨እࡢゝㄒ࡟ୖ᭩

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)40

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

ࡁࡢ࠺࠼ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡿ㸬5,:, ♫ࡣ㸪⮬ࡽࢆୡㄽㄪᰝ
఍♫࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪5',7 ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝㄪᰝࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ
࣮࡟ࡼࡿண ศᯒ࡜࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࢸࢫࢺ㸦࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥື⏬ホ౯ㄪᰝ㸧ࢆ⾜࠺ࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮ࢱ௻ᴗ࡜఩⨨࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬཰㸧ࡣ㸪㐣ཤ  ࣨ᭶㛫࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄪᰝ࡟ࡶ༠ຊࡋ
ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ேࡀ ࢆ༨ࡵ㸪ㄪᰝᖖ⩦⪅㸦)UHTXHQW5HVSRQGHQWV㸧ࡀᑡ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢㄪᰝᖖ⩦⪅㸦)UHTXHQW5HVSRQGHQWV㸧࡜᭱㏆ ࣨ᭶௨ෆ࡟ㄪᰝ࡟༠ຊࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ே㸦)UHVK5HVSRQGHQWV㸧ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ㸪ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ฼⏝⋡㸪࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥࡢ㉎ධ⤒㦂⋡ࡸࡑࡢ฼⏝ព㆑㸦᢬ᢠឤࡢ᭷↓㸧࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ 5',7 ᅇ⟅⪅ࡣ㸪ㅰ♩࡞ࡋ࡛▷࠸ㄪᰝࢆዲࡴ࡜࠸࠺ ே ࡀ ⣙ ༙ ᩘ 㸦  㸧 ࢆ ༨ ࡵ ࡿ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ
㸦*UHHQERRN&35㸧㸬ㄪᰝࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩ㘓ࡋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡟ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ㅰ♩ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅇ⟅ࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࡞ࡿࡀ㸪୍⯡ࡢேࡣㅰ♩ࡼࡾࡶ㠃ಽࡀ࡞ࡃ▷᫬㛫࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ᪉ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿேࡶከ࠸㸬ㄪᰝࡢ࢝ࣂࣞࢵࢪࢆୖࡆࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ࡬ࡢ㠀㛵୚࣭↓㛵ᚰᒙࡢᅇ⟅ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀḞ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸㸬
-05$ ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝရ㉁ጤဨ఍࡛ࡣㄪᰝࣔࢽ
ࢱ࣮ࡢࠕ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈࠖࡢᐃ⩏ࢆ᭶  ᅇ௨ୖࡢ࢔ࣥࢣ
࣮ࢺ࡬ࡢᅇ⟅⪅࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪5',7 ࡛ࡣ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕
ࣈ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ㄪᰝࡢ㠀㛵୚ᒙࡢᅇ⟅ࢆከࡃᚓ࡚
࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬ޮ༏ྡ࣭ㅰ♩࡞ࡋㅰ♩ࡀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵᅇ⟅⪅ࡀఱᗘࡶᅇ⟅ࡍࡿືᶵ࡟
࡞ࡽࡎ㸪ㅰ♩┠ⓗࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࢆ᤼㝖࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬
ࡲࡓ༏ྡ୍࡛ษࡢಶே᝟ሗࢆྲྀᚓࡋ࡞࠸㸬ㄡ࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣㄪᰝࡢရ㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣㄢ
㢟࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ಶே᝟ሗࢆ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖ
࡛ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡬ࡢᠱᛕࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤ㸪ಶே᝟ሗࢆ
ồࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ༠ຊ⋡పୗࢆᣍࡃࡔࡅࡔࢁ࠺㸬ୡ⏺
୰ࡢ୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ
ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢭ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ
࢕࡟㛵ࡍࡿྛᅜࡢἲᚊࡸつ⣙㠃࠿ࡽࡶ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᏳ඲㠃࠿ࡽࡶ㸪༏ྡ࡛ಶே᝟ሗࢆ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᙧ
࡛⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸬ޮࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࣭࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢧ࣮࣋࢖
ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ࡟᭱㐺໬ࡉࢀࡓ⏬㠃ࢹࢨ࢖࡛ࣥ㸪㉁ၥ
ᩘ࡞࡝ࡢไ⣙ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡓࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺࡢ
ㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡍࡿࢹࣂ
࢖ࢫࡍ࡭࡚ࡀᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࡀ㸪ㄪᰝ⏬㠃ࡣ᭱ࡶᑠࡉ
࠸⏬㠃࡛࠶ࡿࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪௚ࡢ࡝ࡢࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡛ࡶྠᵝ࡟ࢩࣥࣉ࡛ࣝᅇ⟅ࡋࡸࡍ࠸⏬㠃ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡼࡗ࡚ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡟

ޮࣛࣥࢲ࣒ᛶ
ᅛᐃࡋࡓㄪᰝࢧ࢖ࢺࢆ౑⏝ࡏࡎ㸪ୡ⏺࡛  ୓௨ୖࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢၟᶆⓏ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸
㠀࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ࢻ࣓࢖ࣥࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬฼⏝ࢻ࣓࢖ࣥᩘࡣಖ᭷ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ೉⏝ࡶ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ቑῶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࢻ࣓࢖ࣥࢆࣛࣥࢲ
࣒࡟▐᫬࡟ษࡾ᭰࠼࡞ࡀࡽㄪᰝࡢㄏᑟ⏬㠃ࢆ⾲ฟࡉࡏࡿ㸬ㄪᰝ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࢻ࣓࢖ࣥࡣព࿡ࡢ࡞࠸
ᩥᏐࡸᩘᏐࡢ⨶ิࡸ㌿఩ WUDQVSRVLWLRQ ࡛㸪㏻ᖖࡢᏳ඲࡞࢙࢘ࣈࢧ࢖ࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵࢭ࢟ࣗࣜ
ࢸ࢕ࢯࣇࢺࡢࣇ࢕ࢵࢩࣥࢢࡢ㆙࿌࡞࡝ࡀᅇ⟅⪅࡟⾲♧ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡲࡎ࡞࠸㸬ពᅗⓗ࡟ㄪᰝࢧ࢖ࢺ࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ྍ
⬟࡛㸪୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝⪅ࡀഅ↛ධຊࡋࡓ 85/ ࡀྜ⮴ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪᰝࡢㄏᑟ⏬㠃࡟㐼㐝ࡍࡿ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢ฼⏝⪅ࡣព㆑ⓗ࡟ 85/ࢆㄗධຊࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵ
ࢺୖ࡛ࡣ㢖⦾࡟ㄗධຊࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ㄡࡶࡀពᅗࡋ࡞࠸࣮࣌ࢪࢆ㛤ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ㄗධຊࡋࡓேࡣ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥ฼⏝⪅ࡢẕ㞟ᅋ࠿ࡽࣛࣥࢲ࣒
࡟ᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ௦⾲ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࡜
⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸦௬ㄝࢆ❧࡚ࡿ㸧㸬ᆅ⌮ⓗ᝟ሗ㸪ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ㸪࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒
ࡢᵓᡂẚ࠿ࡽ௦⾲ᛶࡀ᳨ドࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡲࡓẖ᪥ᅇ཰ࡉࢀࡿᖺ㱋࡜ᛶูࡢᅇ⟅ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸪ᆅᇦ᝟ሗ࡟
ኚືࡀ࡞ࡃ୍㈏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᳨ドࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ఱᗘㄪ࡭࡚ࡶ୍㈏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࠿ࡽ㸪ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࡣ࡯ࡰṇࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠼ࡿ㸬ㄪᰝࡢᑟධ⏬㠃ࡣ㸪▐㛫ⓗ࡟ᖖ࡟ษࡾ᭰ࢃࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ྠࡌேࡀ  ᗘᅇ⟅ࡍࡿ☜⋡ࡣపࡃ㸪ࣇࣞࢵࢩࣗࢧࣥࣉ࡛ࣝ㛗ᮇ⥅⥆ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡞࠾㸪࣎ࢵࢺ࡞࡝ࡢ୙ṇࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣ㝖እࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ޮ୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ᑐ㇟
5',7 ࡛ࡣ㸪බເᆺࡢㄪᰝࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡀᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ୡ⏺
ࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳᴗ⏺ࡢ᝟ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ *UHHQERRN
5HVHDUFK,QGXVWU\7UHQGV5HSRUW㸦 ࡛ࡣ㸪
5',7 ࡢ᳨ドㄪᰝࢆබ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪5',7 ࡢᅇ⟅⪅㸦ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝㄪᰝ  ࢧࣥࣉࣝᅇ

41

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡼࡿࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢᕪࢆẼ࡟ࡏࡎᐇ᪋࡛ࡁࡿ㸬5',7 ࡢ㸯ᅇࡢㄪᰝࡢチᐜ㉁ၥᩘࡣ㸪㏻ᖖࡢබເ
ᆺࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡜ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜࠿࡞ࡾపࡃ㸪᭱኱࡛඲  ၥ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ࡢ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢧ࣮
࣋࢖࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࢩࣥࣉ࡛ࣝ▷࠸㉁ၥᩥ࡜㑅ᢥ⫥࡛ᵓᡂࡋ㸪 ࡘࡢ㉁ၥࢆࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢ୍⏬㠃࡛ࢫࢡ࣮ࣟࣝ࡞ࡋ୍࡛ぴ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟㑅ᢥ⫥ᩘ㸦㡯┠ᩘ㸧ࢆ᭱኱࡛  ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛࡟㝈ᐃࡍࡿ㸬࣐ࢺࣜࢡࢫ㉁ၥ
ࡣ୙ྍ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ޮࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ
5',7 ࡛ࡣ㸪,3 ࢔ࢻࣞࢫ࡛ᅜࢥ࣮ࢻࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࢻ࣓
࢖ࣥࢆ≉ᐃࡋ㸪ㄪᰝࣃࢿࣝࡀᩚࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᅜ࡛ࡶ
࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿᅜ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ࡝ࡇ࡛ࡶㄪ
ᰝᑐ㇟࡟࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ᅛᐃࡋࡓㄪᰝࢧ࢖ࢺࡀ࡞ࡃ㸪ㄪᰝࡢㄏᑟ⏬㠃ࡢࢻ࣓࢖ࣥࡀ▐᫬࡟ษࡾ᭰ࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ
࠺ࡓࡵ㸪୰ᅜࡢࣇ࢓࢖࢔࣮࢛࣮࢘ࣝ࡟ࡶ㐽ࡽࢀࡎ࡟ㄪᰝࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢᾐ
㏱⋡ࡣᅜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡤࡽࡘࡁࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪3& ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ฼⏝⪅ࡶᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪࢝ࣂࣞࢵࢪࡣ௒ᚋࡶᣑ኱ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ㸬ྠ୍ࡢᡭἲ࣭᮲௳࡛㸪ྠ୍ࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒ୖ࡛㸪」ᩘᅜྠ᫬࡟඲ᅜㄪᰝࡀᐇ᪋࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 ࣨᅜ௨ୖࡢ኱つᶍࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪㠀ᖖ࡟⡆༢࡟ࢫࣆ࣮ࢹ࢕࣮࡟ᐇ᪋࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ޮ࢚ࣜ࢔࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅ࡢ,3 ࢔ࢻࣞࢫ࠿ࡽᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ㸦㒔㐨ᗓ┴㸧࣭㒔ᕷྡࡀグ㘓ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡄ࡟㸪ࡑࡢ ,3 ࢔ࢻࣞࢫࡢ᝟ሗࡣ཰㞟ࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽ๐㝖ࡉࢀࡿ㸬
ᅇ཰㏿ᗘࡣྛᅜࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺேཱྀࡢつᶍࡀᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ㸬ᅇ཰ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᆅᇦศᕸࡣ㸪࡯ࡰ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮
ࢿࢵࢺேཱྀࡢᵓᡂẚ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ᆅᇦ๭௜࡞ࡋ࡛㸪ᐇ᪋ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ᅜ༢఩࡛ᣦᐃࡍࡿ㸬⊃࠸࢚ࣜ࢔ࡢࡳࢆ
ᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿㄪᰝ㸪≉ᐃ᮲௳ࡢேࡔࡅ࡟㝈ᐃࡋࡓㄪᅗ⾲  5',7 ࡢᶆ‽ࡢㄏᑟ⏬㠃

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

42

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

ᰝ㸪ฟ⌧⋡ࡢప࠸ㄪᰝ࡟ࡣྥ࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ޮㄪᰝࡢㄏᑟ⏬㠃ㄪᰝㄏᑟࡢ᭱ึࡢ⏬㠃ࡣ㸪ᖖ࡟ᛶู࡜ᖺ㱋ࡢ㉁ၥ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᶆ‽࡛ࡣᖺ㱋ࡣ  ṓ้ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᖺ௦
࡛㉁ၥࡍࡿࡼ࠺ኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ ᅗ⾲ 㸬࣏ࢵࣉ࢔ࢵࣉࡸᗈ࿌ᯟ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪⏬㠃඲య࡟ㄪᰝ⏬㠃ࡀ⾲♧ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ޮㄪᰝ୺యࡢᥖ㍕ୡㄽㄪᰝࡣ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢ♫఍ⓗಙ㢗ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟༠ຊࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛㸪ㄪᰝ୺య࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢഴྥࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࡑࡢㄪᰝ୺య࡬ࡢඹឤᛶ
ࡢ㧗࠸ேࡀᅇ⟅ࡋࡀࡕ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୍ᅉ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬5,:, ♫࡛ࡣㄪᰝ୺యྡࡣ㸪ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡢ  ࡘ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡢ⪃࠼࠿ࡽ㸪㏻ᖖࡣᥖ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬බඹᛶࡢ࠶ࡿㄪᰝ┠ⓗࡸ୰❧ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿᅋయྡ㸪Ᏻᚰឤࡸ༠ຊពྥ࡟⧅ࡀࡿࡶࡢ࡞࡝㸪ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞ᅇ཰
ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿሙྜࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ୺యྡࡢᥖ
㍕ࡢ┦ㄯࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㐣ཤ࡟㸪࠶ࡿᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵ࡢྡ⛠ࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ౛ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ޮẖ᪥  ᫬㛫ࡢ⥅⥆ㄪᰝㄪᰝᮇ㛫୰ࡣ㸪ẖ᪥  ᫬㛫ㄪᰝࡢ⎔ቃࡀ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪≧ἣࡢኚ໬ࢆ㏣࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
㏻ᖖࡣ  㐌㛫௨ୖࡢᐇ᪋ᮇ㛫ࢆ࡜ࡾ㸪୍㐌ᮎ㸰᪥㛫ࡢࡼ࠺࡞▷ᮇ࣭༢Ⓨࡢᐇ᪋࡟ࡣᛂࡌ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ޮᛶู࣭ᖺ௦ูᅇ཰ᵓᡂẚࡢ೫ࡾ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝⪅ᒙࢆ཯ᫎࡋ㸪ⱝᖺᒙ㸪⏨ᛶࡢᅇ཰ᵓᡂẚࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᛶู࣭ᖺ௦ูࡢ࢚࢘
࢖ࢺ௜ࡅ㞟ィࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ޮࣜ࢔ࣝࢱ࢖࣒࣭ࢲࢵࢩ࣮ࣗ࣎ࢻ
ࢲࢵࢩ࣮ࣗ࣎ࢻ㸦⾲グࡣⱥㄒ㸧ୖ࡛ᅇ཰≧ἣ㸪⤖ᯝࡢ㏿ሗࢢࣛࣇ㸪⡆᫆㞟ィࡸ࣮ࣟࢹ࣮ࢱࡢࢲ࢘ࣥ
࣮ࣟࢻࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᛶู࣭ᖺ௦ูࡢ࢚࢘࢖ࢺ௜ࡁ
್ࡣ㸪866WDWLVWLF%XUHDX ࡛බ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿୡ⏺
ྛᅜࡢ᭱᪂∧ᅜໃㄪᰝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚⮬ື࡛ィ⟬ࡉࢀ⾲♧ࡉࢀࡿ㸬࣮ࣟࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㏵୰⬺ⴠࡶྵࡵࡓ඲ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀグ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣭ࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥ
ࢢࡢᣦ♧ࡶྍ⬟㸧㸬ࡇࡢࢲࢵࢩ࣮ࣗ࣎ࢻࡣඹ᭷ྍ⬟࡞ 85/ ࡢࣜࣥࢡ࡞ࡢ࡛㸪␗࡞ࡿ⤌⧊࡛ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡ
ࢺ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴሙྜ࡟ࡶ౽฼࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ޮ⬺ⴠ㉁ၥࡀࡍࡍࡴ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࡣ⬺ⴠࡋ࡚ࡺࡃ㸬ޮ⡿ᅜ኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲࡢண 㸦 ᖺ  ᭶㸧඲㉁ၥࢆᅇ⟅ࡋࡓࢧࣥࣉࣝࡔࡅ࡛㞟ィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
5,:, ♫ࣉࣞࢫ࣮ࣜࣜࢫ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪  ᖺࡢ⡿࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪㏵୰⬺ⴠ⪅ࡶྵࡵࡓྛ㉁ၥࡢᅇ⟅ࢹ࣮ᅜ኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢺࣛࣥࣉẶࡀᙜ㑅ࡍࡿࡀ㸪ࢱࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬᭱⥲ᚓ⚊ᩘ࡛ࡣࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥẶࡀୖᅇࡿࡇ࡜ࢆண ࡋ
ึࡢ㉁ၥࢆࡼࡾ㔜せᗘࡢ㧗࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼ
ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡾ㸪ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞ᅇ⟅ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡼࡾከࡃ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࢺࣛࣥࣉẶࡢᙜ㑅ࡢண ࡟ࡣࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ
࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡀᨭᣢࡍࡿ࠿ࡋ࡞࠸࡟࠿࠿
㸬௚ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝᡭἲࡢ㐪࠸ࢃࡽࡎ㸪࠶࡞ࡓࡢᕞ࡛ࡣ࡝ࡕࡽࡢೃ⿵ࡀ຾ࡘ࡜ᛮ
5',7 ࡜௚ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝᡭἲ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜ᅇ⟅⪅࡟ࡼࡿண ᙧᘧ࡛ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿ㉁ලయⓗ࡟♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࡑࡢ≉㛗ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿ㸬ၥ᪉ᘧࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬≉࡟ࢫ࢖ࣥࢢࢫࢸ࣮ࢺ࡟
㸧බເᆺࣃࢿࣝ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ὀ┠ࡋ㸪ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟㑅ࡤࢀࡓㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅ࡢᅇ⟅㸦ࡇࡲࡎ㸪ᑐ㇟⪅ᒙࡀ␗࡞ࡿ㸬බເᆺࣃࢿࣝࡣⓏ㘓  ࡇ࡛ࡣᙜ㑅ண᝿㸧࠿ࡽᕞࡈ࡜࡟㑅ࡤࢀࡿ㑅ᣲேࡢ᝟ሗࢆࡶࡘㄪᰝ༠ຊ࡟ྠពࡋࡓே࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᩘࢆ⟬ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᕞࡢ≉ᐃ࡟ࡣ఩⨨᝟ሗࢆ౑⏝㸧㸬
5',7 ࡛ࡣࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟ᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮
୧ೃ⿵ࡢᕪࡀ᭱ࡶ㛤࠸ࡓ  ᭶  ᪥࠿ࡽ㸪ᢞ⚊᪥ ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝⪅࡛࠶ࡾ㸪௚ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ
᪥๓ࡲ࡛ࡢࢹ࢖࣮ࣜࢺࣛࢵ࢟ࣥࢢࡢ⛣ືᖹᆒࢆ⏝࡛ࡣᅇ཰࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢࢧࣥࣉ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸
࠸࡚᥎ィࡋ㸪୧ೃ⿵ࡀ㏫㌿ࡍࡿ࡜ண ࡋࡓ㸬
࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୍᪉࡛ 5',7 ࡛ࡣ㸪බເᆺࣃࢿ࡛ࣝ
ࡲࡓࠕ࠶࡞ࡓಶே࡜ࡋ࡚࡝ࡕࡽࡀዲࡲࡋ࠸࡛ࡍ
ࡣྍ⬟࡞Ⓩ㘓᝟ሗࢆඖ࡟ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࢆ⤠ࡗࡓᅇ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᅇ⟅⪅ࡢಶேⓗ࡞ࠕዲࡲࡋࡉࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ཰ࡸ๭௜㸪ྠࡌே࡬ࡢ㏣㊧ㄪᰝ㸪ᐃᛶㄪᰝࡸ㒑㏦㉁ၥ࠿ࡽ㸪୧ೃ⿵ࡢᚓ⚊ᩘẚ⋡࡛ࡣ㸪ࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥೃ
ㄪᰝ࡞࡝௚ࡢㄪᰝᡭἲࡢ౫㢗࡞࡝ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛㸪⿵ 㸣㸪ࢺࣛࣥࣉೃ⿵ 㸣㸦ᚓ⚊ᕪ 㸧࡛ࢡࣜ㉁ၥᩘࡸ㡯┠ᩘ࡟ไ㝈ࡀ࠶ࡿ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢧ࣮࣋࢖
ࣥࢺࣥೃ⿵ࡀୖᅇࡿࡇ࡜ࢆண ࡋࡓ㸬㸦㸬㸬࡛࠶ࡿ㸬5',7 ࡜බເᆺࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿ
5,:, ♫ࣉࣞࢫ࣮ࣜࣜࢫ࡜࣓࣮ࣝ࡟࡚☜ㄆ㸧ࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ᐇ᪋ࡍࡿㄪᰝࡢ┠ⓗࡸᑐ㇟ࡀ␗
࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬ޮ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ᅜẸᢞ⚊ࡢண 㸦 ᖺ  ᭶㸧㸧ࣜࣂ࣮ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥࡟࢖ࢱࣜ࢔࡛᠇ἲᨵṇࡢ᫝㠀ࣜࣂ࣮ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢࡣ㸪୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ
ࢆၥ࠺ᅜẸᢞ⚊ࡀྰỴࡉࢀ㸪ᨵ᠇ὴࡢࣞࣥࢶ࢕㤳࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࡀ㸪ࣂࢼ࣮ࡸ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥ
┦ࡣ㎡௵ࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࡢᅜẸᢞ⚊ࡢ᭱⤊ᚓ⚊⋡ࡣ㈶ᡂ
ୖࡢᗈ࿌ᯟࡸ≉ᐃࡢࢧ࢖ࢺୖ࠿ࡽ㸪ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥ
㸣㸪཯ᑐ 㸣㸦ᢞ⚊⋡ 㸣㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࢢࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ᫬࡟༢Ⓨ࡛ㄪᰝ࡬ࡢཧຍ౫㢗5',7 ࡢ஦๓ࡢண ࡛ࡣ㸪㈶ᡂὴ 㸪཯ᑐὴ ࢆ⾜࠺ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ᪉ᘧ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࣜࣂ࣮ࢧࣥࣉ
㸦ᶆᮏㄗᕪs㸧㸦 ࢧࣥࣉࣝᅇ཰᫬㸧㸪ᢞ⚊ᙜࣜࣥࢢ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᗈ࿌ᥖ㍕ࢆࡋࡓ≉ᐃࡢࢧ࢖ࢺ
᪥࡟ࡣ㸪㈶ᡂὴ  ཯ᑐὴ 㸦ᶆᮏㄗᕪs㸧ࡢど⫈ᒙ࡟೫ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࢻ࣓࢖ࣥࢆࣛࣥ
㸦 ࢧࣥࣉࣝᅇ཰᫬㸧࡛ᚓ⚊ᕪ 㸣ࢆ᏶⎍࡟ணࢲ࣒࡟ษࡾ᭰࠼ࡿ 5',7 ࡛ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᚰ㓄ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ࡋࡓ㸬㸦㸬㸬5,:, ♫ࣉࣞࢫ࣮ࣜࣜࢫ㸧㸧*RRJOH6XUYH\ ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸*RRJOH 6XUYH\ ࡶ୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣮ࣘ
ޮࡑࡢ௚ࡢ㑅ᣲㄪᰝ࣭ᅜẸᢞ⚊ࡢ౛ࢨ࣮ࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪*RRJOH6XUYH\ ࡢࢿࢵୖグ௨እ࡟ࡶୡ⏺ྛᆅࡢ㑅ᣲࡸᅜẸᢞ⚊ࡢ㝿࡟ࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡛グ஦ࢆㄞࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪௨ୗ࡟  ౛ࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿ㸦5,:, ♫ࡀㅰ♩࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵᑐ㇟ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ࣓ࢹࢧ࢖ࢺཧ↷㸧㸬࢕࢔ࡸグ஦࡟㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿே࡟೫ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬ࡲ࣭࢔ࣛࣈࡢ᫓࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡓ࢚ࢪࣉࢺࡢ኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲࡓ୰ᅜ࡛ࡣ *RRJOH ࡢ฼⏝ไ㝈ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵㄪᰝࡀ
࡛ࡢ࣒ࣂࣛࢡᨻᶒࡢᨭᣢᛴⴠ࠿ࡽ኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬
࡜ࡑࡢᚋࡢΰ㏞ࡢண 㸦 ᖺ㹼 ᖺ㸧࣭࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢࣈࣞࢢࢪࢵࢺࡢᅜẸᢞ⚊࡛ࡢṧ␃ὴࡢᩋ໭ࢆ♧၀㸦 ᖺ࡟ⱝᖺᒙᑐ㇟ࡢㄪᰝ
㸱㸬5',7 ࡢά⏝஦౛࡜ㄪᰝ㡿ᇦ5',7 ࡟㐺ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡢ⌮ゎࡢࡓࡵ㸪ά⏝஦౛࡜ㄪࢆᐇ᪋㸧ᰝ㡿ᇦࢆ௨ୗ࡟ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓ㸬࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢫ኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲ ࣐ࢡࣟࣥ኱⤫㡿ࡀࣝ࣌ࣥೃ⿵ࢆ ᑐ ࡛◚ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆண 㸦 ᖺ㸧

43

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧࣭࢔࢖ࣝࣛࣥࢻ
㸦 ᖺ㸧࡜࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜ࢔
㸦
ᖺ㸧ࡢྠᛶ፧ࡢἲไ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜẸᢞ⚊ޮㄪᰝࣃࢿࣝࡀ࡞࠸ᅜࡸᆅᇦ࡛ࡢㄪᰝ
ㄪᰝࣃࢿࣝࡀ࡞࠸ᅜࡸᆅᇦ㸪᮲௳ࡢᑐ㇟⪅࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶㄪᰝࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࣭ᅜ㐃ୡ⏺㣗⣊ィ⏬㸦:)3㸧࡟ࡼࡿࢺࣝࢥᅾఫ
ࡢ㞴Ẹ࡜ࢺࣝࢥᅜẸࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ♫఍ࡢᅋ⤖࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ
㸦 ᖺ㸧㸦:)3 ࢧ࢖ࢺཧ↷㸧㸬࣭࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ࡢ࣐ࣜඹ࿴ᅜ኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲ࡟ྥࡅࡓ
ᅜẸࡢ㑅ᣲࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ⌮ゎᗘ㸪㑅ᣲᮇ㛫୰ࡢ㞀ᐖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ≧ἣᢕᥱㄪᰝ㸦 ᖺ㸧
㸦5,:, ♫ࢧ࢖ࢺཧ↷㸧ޮ㉸኱つᶍࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝㄪᰝ
ᩘከࡃࡢᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟ྠ᫬࡟⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟㸬
࣭/%*7, ࡢᅜ㝿ᨭ᥼⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿ ,/*$ ࡜ 5,:, ♫࡟ࡼࡿ  ࣨᅜ㸦 ࢧࣥࣉࣝ㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿᛶⓗ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕࡟ᑐࡍࡿព㆑ㄪᰝ
㸦 ᖺ㸧㸦,/*$ ࢧ࢖ࢺཧ↷㸧ޮண ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢά⏝
5',7 ࡛ࡣண ࡍࡿ㝿ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ
࡜࠸࠺ᅇ⟅⪅ᮏேࡢពྥ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃண ᙧᘧࡢ㉁ၥ
ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿ㸬౛࠼ࡤ㸪♫఍ࡢ⭉ᩋᗘࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠕ࠶
࡞ࡓࡣ㈥㈣ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸
࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡢ཭ே▱ேࡢ୰࡛㸪㈥㈣ࢆཷࡅྲྀ
ࡗࡓேࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜ࡋࡓ࡯࠺ࡀᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᅇ⟅ࡋࡸࡍࡉࢆቑࡍ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ࡼࡾṇ☜࡞ᩘ್ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
5,:, ♫࡛ࡣ㸪ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟ᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ୍⯡ࡢேࡣண ຊࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ)RUHFDVWHUࠖ㸦ண ⪅㸧࡜࿧
ࡧ㸪㑅ᣲࡸᅜẸᢞ⚊ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ᾘ㈝࣐࢖ࣥࢻࡢኚ
໬㸪ᰴᘧᕷἣࡸᬒẼண ࡢᣦᶆ㸪ኻᴗ⋡ࡢᢕᥱ࡞࡝
࡟ࡶ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ޮື⏬ࡢホ౯ㄪᰝ ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࢸࢫࢺ බເᆺࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ື⏬ࡢホ౯ࡣࡑࡢື⏬ࢆࡍ࡭࡚ど⫈ࡋ࡚࠿ࡽᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࡢࡀᙜ↛࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥୖࡢ୍⯡࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡣ㏵୰࡛㛢ࡌࡿேࡀከ࠸㸬5',7 ࡛ࡣ㸪ᛶู࡜ᖺ௧ࡢ㉁ၥ࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝࡢㄏᑟ⏬
㠃ࡢᚋ࡟ື⏬ࢆ࿊♧ࡋ㸪ど⫈ࡉࢀࡓ⛊ᩘࢆグ㘓ࡋ㸪୍⯡࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢ⮬↛࡞≧ែ࡛ࡢෆᐜ⌮ゎᗘ࡞࡝ࡢື⏬ホ౯ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
㸦6HHPDQ1HWDO㸧ޮⱝᖺᒙᑐ㇟ࡢㄪᰝ
ⱝᖺᒙᅇ཰ࡢᙉࡉࢆ⏕࠿ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡀྍ⬟㸬࣭࣓࢟ࢩࢥࡢⱝᖺᒙࡢᨻ἞ព㆑࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ㸦 ᖺ㸧 5,:, ♫ࢧ࢖ࢺཧ↷ ޮ♫఍ⓗᮃࡲࡋࡉࡢᙳ㡪ࡢཷࡅ࡟ࡃࡉ
ㄪᰝဨࢆ௓ࡉ࡞࠸㸪ಶேࢆ≉ᐃࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜
࡟ࡼࡾᮏ㡢ࡢᅇ⟅ࡀᚓࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪♫఍ⓗ࡞ᮃࡲࡋࡉࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡟ࡃ࠸㸬౛࠼ࡤ೫ぢ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿព㆑ㄪᰝ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿ㸬5,:, ♫ࡢ㐣ཤࡢㄪᰝᐇ⦼࡛ࡣ㸪ᛶⓗ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕㸪⢭⚄⑌ᝈ㸦࣓ࣥࢱࣝ࣊ࣝࢫ㸧㸪཰ධ᱁ᕪ㸪⮬ẅせᅉ㸪㐪ἲ⸆≀㸪♫఍ࡢ⭉ᩋ࣭ở⫋ࢆࢸ࣮࣐࡟ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬
5,:, ♫ࢧ࢖ࢺཧ↷ ޮᕷሙㄪᰝ㸦ᾐ㏱ᗘㄪᰝ㸧ᕷሙㄪᰝ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᏳᐃᛶࢆ⏕࠿ࡋ㸪ྠࡌᡭἲࡸྠࡌᣦᶆ࡛」ᩘࡢᅜࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࢺࣛࢵ࢟
ࣥࢢㄪᰝࢆከࡃά⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬඲ᅜ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢢࣟ
࣮ࣂ࡛ࣝ▱ྡᗘࡢ࠶ࡿၟᮦ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸪౛࠼ࡤ࣊ࣝ
ࢫࢣ࢔ࡸ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥ฼⏝࡞࡝ࡢᖜᗈ࠸ᒙࢆᑐ㇟࡜
ࡍࡿࢸ࣮࣐࡛㸪ᕷሙᾐ㏱ᗘ㸪฼⏝࣭㉎ධᐇែ࣭ព㆑
࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝࢆ 5',7 ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ޮ⤖ᯝࡢ෌⌧ᛶࡢ☜ㄆ࣓ࣥࢱࣝ࣊ࣝࢫࡢ೫ぢ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝㄪ
ᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪
ࠗ⢭⚄⑌ᝈࡢேࡣ௚ࡢேࡼࡾࡶᭀຊ
ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠘࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼࡟ྠពࡍࡿ๭ྜࡀ㸪࢖ࣥࢻ࡛  ࢝᭶㛫␗࡞ࡿᑐ㇟⪅࡛㐃⥆ࡋ࡚ 㸣㸦ᶆᮏㄗᕪ VH s㸣㸧࡜࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ኚືࡀ࡞ࡃ㸪⤖ᯝࡢ෌⌧ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵពぢࡸែᗘࡢኚᐜࡢィ ࡸࢺࣛࢵ࢟ࣥࢢㄪᰝ
࡟㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 6HHPDQ1HWDO㸬 㸬

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

44

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

㸲㸬ㄪᰝᴫせ㸬ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗ5',7㸦5DQGRP'RPDLQ,QWHUFHSW7HFKQRORJ\㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪᪥ᮏࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑅ᣲࡢືྥࡀ㸪ᡤᐃࡢᴫᛕ㸦5,:, ♫ࡀ㐣ཤࡢ㑅ᣲㄪᰝ࡛౑⏝ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ྠࡌ㉁ၥᙧᘧࢆ౑⏝㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀࡓ࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿ㸬ලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢ  Ⅼ࡜ࡍࡿ᳨ド㸯㸧ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ㉁ၥἲࡣ㸪㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡃ᝟ໃࡢኚ໬ࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿㸬㸳㸬ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡜ศᯒ㸺㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ㸼㸬ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ㉁ၥἲࡢ᳨ドࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ㉁ၥࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ᐇ㝿ࡢ㆟ᖍᩘẚ⋡ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ㸬4 ࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ඲ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦㏵୰⬺ⴠ⪅ࡶྵࡴ㸧ࢆᛶᖺ௦ูࡢᵓᡂẚ࡛࢚࢘࢖ࢺ௜ࡅࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆ⏝࠸㸪㑅ᣲᮇ㛫୰ࡢẖ᪥ࡢኚືࢆᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍ㸬࣭⮬Ẹඪࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ㛤ጞᙜึ㸦 ᭶  ᪥㸧ࡢ 㸣࠿ࡽᚎࠎ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ㸪 ᭶  ᪥࡟ࡣ 㸣ࡲ࡛ୖ᪼㸬㸦ᐇ㝿ࡢ㆟ᖍᩘࡣ 㸣㸪 ㆟ᖍ㸧࣭୚ඪ㸦ィ㸧࡛ࡣ㸪㸣࠿ࡽ 㸣ࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠾
ࡾ㸦ᐇ㝿ࡢ㆟ᖍᩘࡣ 㸣㸪 ㆟ᖍ㸧⮬Ẹඪ࡜୚ඪ㸦ィ㸧ࡀୖ᪼ࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡟ࡢࡗ࡚㆟఍ࡢከᩘὴ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬࣭ᕼᮃࡢඪࡣ㸪㛤ጞᙜึࡢ㸣࠿ࡽᚎࠎ࡟ୗ㝆ࡋ㸪㸣ࡲ࡛ୗ㝆ࡍࡿ୍᪉㸪❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࡣ㸪㸣࠿ࡽᚎࠎ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ㸪㸣ࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㑅ᣲࡢ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞㆟ᖍ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡣ࡝࠺࠿㸬௨
ୗࡢ㉁ၥᩥ࡜㑅ᢥ⫥㡯┠ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪㑅ᣲᮇ㛫୰ࡢኚ໬ࢆィ ࡍࡿ㸬
4 ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ࡝ࡢᨻඪࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ࠿࡟㛵ಀ࡞ࡃ㸪 ௒ᅇࡢ㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢᨻඪࡀ຾ࡘ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲ
ࡍ࠿㸬⮬Ẹඪ㸪බ᫂ඪ㸪ᕼᮃࡢඪ㸪❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ㸪ඹ⏘ඪ㸪᪥ᮏ⥔᪂ࡢ఍ ࡢ  㡯┠ࢆ࿊♧㸬᳨ド㸰㸧ࠕዲࡲࡋࡉࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㉁ၥࡣ㸪ᢞ⚊ᩘࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿㸬௨ୗࡢ㉁ၥᩥ࡜㑅ᢥ⫥㡯┠ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ㄪ࡭ࡓᩘ್࡜㸪㑅ᣲࡢᚓ⚊ᩘ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ㸬
4࠶࡞ࡓಶே࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪࡝ࡢᨻඪࡀዲࡲࡋ࠸࡛ࡍ࠿㸬⮬Ẹඪ㸪බ᫂ඪ㸪ᕼᮃࡢඪ㸪❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ㸪ඹ⏘ඪ㸪᪥ᮏ⥔᪂ࡢ఍㸪ࡑࡢ௚㸪ᨭᣢᨻඪ࡞ࡋ ࡢ  㡯┠ࢆ࿊♧㸬㸦ୖグྛᨻඪࡢㄪᰝ㛤ጞ᪥࡜⤊஢᪥ࡢኚ໬ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀ
ࡶ᭷ពࠝ᭷ពỈ‽ 㸣ࠞ㸧᳨ド㸱㸧ᚓࡽࢀࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ≉㛗ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓ
ࡵ㸪㑅ᣲࣈࣟࢵࢡ࡜㒔㐨ᗓ┴㸪Ᏻಸෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡࠾ࡼ
ࡧᒓᛶ㉁ၥ㸪ᅇ཰≧ἣࡢグ㘓ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓ㸬㸬ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ
5',7㸦5DQGRP'RPDLQ,QWHUFHSW7HFKQRORJ\㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝⪅ࡢ↓సⅭᢳ
ฟ࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ
㸬ᆅᇦ࣭ࢧࣥࣉࣝᩘ
ㄪᰝᆅᇦ       ᪥ᮏ඲ᅜ
ᅇ཰┠ᶆ㸦ᅇ⟅᏶஢㸧 ࢧࣥࣉࣝ
඲㉁ၥᅇ⟅᏶஢ࡢᐇᩘ ࢧࣥࣉࣝ
ͤ444 ࡣ௨㝆ࡢ㉁ၥ࡛ࡢ㏵୰⬺ⴠ⪅ࡶྵࡵࡓ඲ᅇ⟅⪅ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ᛶูᖺ௦ูࡢ࢚࢘࢖ࢺ௜ࡅࡢᩘ
್ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓ㸬㸬ㄪᰝᮇ㛫 ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥㹼 ᪥㸦ㄪᰝᮇ㛫୰㸪ẖ᪥  ᫬㛫ᅇ཰ࢆ⥅⥆㸧㑅ᣲᮇ㛫୰ࡢሗ㐨ࡢぢฟࡋ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜࠸ࡎࢀࡶ⮬Ẹඪࡢඃໃ㸪ᕼᮃࡢඪࡢኻ㏿㸪❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࡢໃ࠸࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゐࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ
࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡢ⤖ᯝࡶ㸪ሗ㐨㸪㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ࡜ྠᵝࡢഴྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ
࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡢẚ⋡࡜㆟ᖍᩘẚ⋡࡟ࡣㄗᕪࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓᐇ㝿ࡢ㆟ᖍᩘ࡛❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ㸦㸣㸧ࡀᕼᮃࡢඪ
㸦㸣㸧࡟ഹᕪ࡛ୖᅇࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡲ࡛ࡣㄞࡳษࡿࡇᅗ⾲  㑅ᣲᮇ㛫୰ࡢሗ㐨ࡢぢฟࡋ㸬ㄪᰝ୺య
㸦ᰴ㸧ࢡࣟࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡜ 5,:, ♫࡟ࡼࡿඹྠㄪᰝὀ㸧ᑠ♒࣭໭⏣࣭ᯇ⏣(2017)ࡢᅗ⾲ࢆཧ⪃࡟సᡂ

45

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ᅗ⾲  ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟ࡼࡿ୺せᨻඪࡢኚື 㸦࢚࢘࢖ࢺ௜ࡁ 4 ᅇ⟅⪅㸧
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ୖグᨻඪࡢㄪᰝ㛤ጞ᪥࡜⤊஢᪥ࡢኚ໬ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶኚ໬࠶ࡾ㸬㸦᭷ពỈ‽ 㸣㸧 
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࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡣ
㆟ᖍ⋡ࢆฟࡍࡓࡵࡢ㉁ၥ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢ㑅ᣲㄪᰝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࢆồࡵࡿ࡞ࡽ㸪㆟ᖍࢆࡼࡾ཯ᫎࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ᩘ್ࡢࡎࢀࡿ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢᙜ㑅⪅ࡢ✚ࡳୖࡆ࡜ẚ౛௦⾲ࡢྜ⟬࡜࠸࠺⾗㆟㝔ࡢ㑅ᣲࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ㉁ၥ࡟཯࡛ᫎࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀせᅉ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬5',7 ࡟ࡼࡿ⡿ᅜ኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲࡢண ࡛ࡣ㑅ᣲேไᗘ࡟ྜࢃࡏࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ
ࡢ㉁ၥࢆᕞ༢఩࡛㉁ၥࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡶ㸪㉁ၥ
ᩥ࡟ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢせ⣲ࢆ࠸ࢀࡓ࡯࠺ࡀࡼ࠸⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬࠿ࡓࡕ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪࿘ᅖࡢேࡢពྥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㉁ၥࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᅇ⟅ࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ㈇ᢸࢆୗࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᅇ⟅⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡀ࡝ࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿࡢ࠿㸪࡝ࡢೃ⿵⪅ࡀ࡛࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡝ࢆ᫂☜࡟ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸㸬ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ᢞ⚊࡟⾜ࡃ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡸ㸪ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿᨻඪࡸೃ⿵⪅࡟ࡘ࠸୍࡚ᐃᩘࡢேࡣỴࡵ࠿ࡡ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᮏேࡢពྥ࡛
ࡣ࡞ࡃ㑅ᣲ᝟ໃࡢண᝿ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪බ♧᪥࠿ࡽᢞ⚊᪥ࡲ࡛ࡢ࠸ࡘ࡛ࡶẼ㍍࡟⟅࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ㉁ၥ࡟
ࡼࡿྠࡌᣦᶆ࠿ࡽ㞟✚ࡉࢀࡓண᝿⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ㸪᝟ໃ
ࡢኚ໬ࢆ㏣࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡲࡓࠕᨭᣢᨻඪ࡞ࡋࠖ
ࠕࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ㉁ၥᩥ࠿ࡽ㝖እࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᮏேࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࡢ㉁ၥࡢሙྜ㸪ࠕᨭᣢᨻඪ࡞ࡋࠖ
ࠕࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡢᅇ
⟅ࡀከࡃ࡞ࡾ⤖ᯝࡢุ᩿ࡀࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᮏேࡢពྥ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࢔ࢨ̿࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ
࡛⪺ࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᖜᗈࡃከࡃࡢே࠿ࡽ┤ឤⓗ࡞ᅇ⟅㸦ᨻඪྡ㸧ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜࡛⢭ᗘࢆ࠶ࡆࡼ࠺࡜
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬㸧ேẼᢞ⚊࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ༴㝤ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡣ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࡀឤࡌࡓ 㑅ᣲࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ☜ಙᗘ㸦&RQILGHQFH㸧ࢆࡿண ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㉁ၥᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࠕዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻ
ඪࠖࡶᚓ⚊ᩘண ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㉁ၥᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪බ㸬ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺ࣭ࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺ ࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆࡘ࠿ࡴ
ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡟ࡼࡿᣦᶆ࡛㑅ᣲᡓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨭᣢࡢୖ᪼ࡸୗ㝆ࡢኚ໬ࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻ
ࢆᥗࡴࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬ㄪᰝᮇ㛫୰࡟ẖ᪥ ᫬㛫㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ཰㞟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟᣺ࢀᖜࢆண
ࡋࡸࡍ࠸㸬ࣜ࢔ࣝࢱ࢖࣒࡟㑅ᣲࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ὶࢀ
ࢆࡘ࠿ࡴ┠ⓗ࡟㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ୡㄽࡢືྥࢆ᪩ࡵ
࡟ࡘ࠿ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ฼⏝ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬㸧ᅇ⟅ࡋࡸࡍࡉ
ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡣᮏேࡢពྥࢆၥ࠺

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

46

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

⫋㑅ᣲἲ࡛ࡣேẼᢞ⚊࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࣜࢫࢡࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬㸧㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆῶࡽࡍຠᯝ
5',7 ࡟ࡼࡿ㑅ᣲண ࡢᡂຌ஦౛ࡣ㸪㈶ᡂ࣭཯
ᑐ࡞࡝  ᢥࡲࡓࡣ  ᢥࡀከ࠸㸬බᖹࢆᮇࡍࡓࡵ࡟
ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᨻඪࡸೃ⿵⪅ࢆ㑅ᢥ⫥࡟୪࡭ࡿ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ㄪᰝ࡬ࡢᣄྰ⋡ࡸヱᙜ㉁ၥ
࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡢẚ⋡ࡀୖࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬࿊♧ࡍࡿᨻඪࡢᩘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᩘ್ࡶኚືࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ホ౯ᑐ㇟ࢆ୚㔝ඪẚ⋡ࡸ୺せᨻඪࡢࡳ࡟⤠ࡿ࡞࡝ᅇ⟅ࡋࡸࡍࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᅇ⟅ࡢ⢭ᗘࢆୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬㸬ࠕዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻඪࠖ࡜⥲ᚓ⚊ᩘࡢ᳨ドࠕ࠶࡞ࡓಶே࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪࡝ࡢᨻඪࡀዲࡲࡋ࠸࡛
ࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻඪࠖࡢ㉁ၥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿẚ⋡ࢆ⥲ᚓ⚊⋡㸦ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ೃ⿵⪅ࡢᚓ⚊ᩘࢆᡤᒓᨻඪ
ࡢᚓ⚊ᩘ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡓᚓ⚊ᩘ࡜ẚ౛௦⾲ࡢᨻඪࡢᚓ⚊ᩘࢆྜࢃࡏࡓ⥲ᚓ⚊ᩘࡢẚ⋡㸧࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࡓ㸬ྛᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡣ❧ೃ⿵ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᨻඪࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵ㸪඲࡚ࡢ㑅ᣲ༊࠿ࡽ❧ೃ⿵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୚ඪ㸦⮬Ẹඪ㸩බ᫂ඪ㸧ࡀ᳨ドᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬5',7 ࡢࠕዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻඪ࡛ࠖᚓࡽࢀࡓẚ⋡ࡣ㸪୚ඪ㸦⮬Ẹඪබ᫂ඪ㸧࡜⮬Ẹඪࡢ⥲ᚓ⚊ᩘࡢẚ⋡
࡟㏆ఝࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬⮬ศࡢᨭᣢ࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡟ᅇ⟅ࡉࡏࡿࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟
ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ࠕዲࡲࡋࡉࠖࡢ㉁ၥࡣ㸪ᮏேࡢពྥࢆࡼࡾ཯ᫎࡍࡿ㡯┠࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᐇ㝿࡟ࡣṚ࡟⚊ࡀᏑᅾࡋ㸪⥲ᚓ⚊⥲ᩘࡣ㆟ᖍᩘ࡟཯ᫎ
ࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ㉁ၥࡣᢞ⚊ᩘࡢ⤖ᯝࡢཧ⪃ᣦᶆ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲  ᐇ㝿ࡢ㆟ᖍᩘẚ⋡࡜⥲ᚓ⚊⋡ᅗ⾲  ዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻඪ㸦㹬 㸧㸦࢚࢘࢖ࢺ௜ࡁ 4 ᅇ⟅⪅࣭ᨭᣢᨻඪ࡞ࡋࢆ㝖እ㸧⥲ᚓ⚊ᩘ䛾ẚ⋡㻔ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊㻗
ẚ౛௦⾲㻕⮬Ẹඪ㻗බ᫂ඪ
⮬Ẹඪ
බ᫂ඪ
❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ
ᕼᮃ䛾ඪ
ඹ⏘ඪ
᪥ᮏ⥔᪂䛾఍
䛭䛾௚ᨻඪ䞉↓ᡤᒓ

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㸬㆟ᖍᩘẚ⋡࡜⥲ᚓ⚊⋡ࡢࢬࣞᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪㆟ᖍᩘẚ⋡࡜⥲ᚓ⚊⋡㸦ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ೃ⿵⪅ࡢᡤᒓᨻඪ࡜ẚ౛௦⾲ࡢᨻඪࡢᚓ⚊ᩘࢆྜ⟬ࡋࡓẚ⋡㸧ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ኱ࡁ࡞ࢬࣞ
ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬⮬Ẹඪ࠾ࡼࡧ୚ඪ࡛ࡣ㸪⥲ᚓ⚊⋡ࡢẚ⋡ࡼࡾ㆟ᖍᩘẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ຠᯝⓗ࡟㆟ᖍ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬୍᪉࡛㸪㔝ඪ࡛ࡣṚ࡟⚊ࡀከࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬⥲ᚓ⚊⋡࡛ࡣ㸪⮬Ẹඪࡣ 㸣࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪㆟ᖍᩘࡣ 㸣ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ྠᵝ࡟୚ඪࡣ 㸣ࡢ⥲ᚓ⚊⋡࡛ 㸣ࡢ㆟ᖍ㸧㸬୍᪉㸪ᕼᮃࡢඪࡢ⥲ᚓ⚊⋡ࡣ㸣࡛❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ㸦㸣㸧ࡼࡾࡶከ࠸ࡢ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃ
ࡽࡎ㸪㆟ᖍᩘ࡛ࡣᕼᮃࡢඪ㸦㸣㸧ࡣ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ㸦㸣㸧ࢆୗᅇࡿ㸬ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡣ㸯఩࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㆟ᖍࡣྲྀࢀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪㔝ඪࡣᑐᢠ㤿ࢆ୍ᮏ໬ࡍࡿ༠
ຊ㛵ಀࡀ࡞࠸࡜⮬⁛ࡋࡸࡍࡃᢞ⚊ᩘࡀ㆟ᖍ࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠿࡞࠸ᵓ㐀ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪㆟ᖍࡢண ࡟ࡣࡇࡢⅬࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬㸬ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡜ࠕዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻඪࠖࡢ㐪࠸ࠕዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻඪࠖࡢ㉁ၥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞㑅ᣲࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻࡀ⌧ࢀࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡋࡓ㸬ࠕዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻඪࠖࡢᅇ⟅ࡢࢹ࢖࣮ࣜࢺࣛࢵ࢟ࣥࢢ࡛ࡣ㸪⮬Ẹඪ࡜୚ඪ㸦⮬බ㸧ࡣ㑅ᣲᡓࡢ㛤ጞ᫬࡜⤊஢᫬ࡢᩘ್ࡢኚ໬ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛ࠖぢࡽࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡞୍㈏ࡋࡓ
ୖ᪼ࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸬୍᪉㸪ᕼᮃࡢඪ࡜❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ࡟ࡣࠕዲࡲࡋࡉࠖࡢ㏫㌿ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢኚ໬ࡢᖜࡣࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍ
ࡿ࡜⦆ࡸ࠿࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧
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47

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ᅗ⾲  ࠕዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻඪࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ୺せᨻඪࡢኚື 㸦࢚࢘࢖ࢺ௜ࡁ 4 ᅇ⟅⪅㸧
㸦Q 㸧୚ඪ䠄⮬Ẹඪнබ᫂ඪ䠅

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࣭୚ඪ㸦ィ㸧ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ㛤ጞᙜึ㸦 ᭶  ᪥㸧㸣  ၥᙧᘧࡢண ࢆ㞴ࡋࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࡛  ᭶  ᪥ࡣ 㸣࡛ྠࣞ࣋ࣝ㸬⮬Ẹඪࡶྠᵝ࡟㸪㸣࠿ࡽ 㸣࡛ኚ໬ࡀ࡞࠸㸬㸬ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ 5',7 ㄪᰝ࡟ྥࡅࡓㄢ㢟࣭ᕼᮃࡢඪࡣ㸪㛤ጞᙜึࡢ 㸣࠿ࡽ ࡲ࡛ୗ㝆ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡢ㆟ᖍᩘࢆண ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲࡋ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ࡜ࡢ㏫㌿ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ㸬❧᠇Ẹ୺༊ࡢ≉ᐃ࡜ࡑࡢᅇ཰ࢆ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡿ࠿㸪ࡲඪࡣ㸪㸣࠿ࡽ ࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋࡓ㸬ࡓ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࡸࡍ࠸㉁ၥࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ
࠿ࡀㄢ㢟࡟࡞ࡿ㸬௨ୗ㸪ᐇ㝿࡟⾜࠺ሙྜࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ࠶ࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡜ࠕዲࡲ
ࡆࡿ㸬ࡋ࠸ᨻඪࠖࡢ  ࡘࡢ㉁ၥࡣ㑅ᣲ࡟࠾࠸࡚␗࡞ࡿᙧ 㸧㒑౽␒ྕࡢධຊ࡟ࡼࡿᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ≉ᐃ࡛⤖ᯝࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࠕዲࡲࡋࡉࠖ
୍⯡ࡢேࡀ⮬ࡽࡢᡤᒓࡍࡿᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࢆᅇ⟅ࡍ
ࡢ㉁ၥࡣࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸪㑅ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪㑅ᣲㄪᰝࡢᐇ᪋ࢆ
ᢥ⫥࡟ࠕࡑࡢ௚ࠖ࡜ࠕᨭᣢᨻඪ࡞ࡋࠖࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸
㞴ࡋࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿᆅᇦࡢヲࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪㏻ᖖࡢ㑅ᣲㄪᰝ࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠕᢞ⚊ព⣽ࢆᑠࡉ࠸ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ⏬㠃࡛⾲♧ࡍࡿࡢࡣ
ྥࠖࡢ㉁ၥࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟㏆࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜᥎ ࡉࢀ
㞴ࡋ࠸㸬
ࡿ㸬
ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㒑౽㑅ᣲᡓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㆟ᖍࡢ⋓ᚓ㸦຾฼㸧ࡸໃ࠸࡜࠸ࡗ
␒ྕࡢධຊࡣ᭷ຠࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᒃఫᆅࢆ࠿ࡓせ⣲ࢆࡘ࠿ࡴࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪㉁ၥ᪉ἲࡢᕤኵࡀ㔜せ࡞ࡾ≉ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ᝟ሗ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵᅇ⟅⋡ࡀୗࡀࡿ㡯┠࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ヱᙜᆅᇦࡢࣜࢫࢺࢆ
࡛࠶ࡿ㸬௒ᅇࡢ㑅ᣲᡓ࡛⮬Ẹඪ㸪୚ඪ㸦⮬බ㸧ࡀ♧୪࡭ࡿࡼࡾࡶᅇ⟅ࡋࡸࡍ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡋࡓୖ᪼ࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆࡘ࠿ࡴ࡟ࡣ㸪ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ
⣙  ୓௳ࡢ㒑౽␒ྕ࠿ࡽᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࢆ≉ᐃࡋ㸪࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡀຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬୍᪉࡛㸪 ேࡋ࠿ᙜ㑅ࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ  ࡘࡢ㒑౽␒ྕෆ࡟  ࡘࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ࡀྵ࡛ࡁࡎ  ఩௨㝆ࡣࡍ࡭࡚Ṛ⚊࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᑠ㑅ᣲࡲࢀࡿ  ௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࡉࡽ࡟㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ☜ㄆࢆࡍ༊ไࡢ≉ᛶࡸ㸪ᨻඪࡣᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࡶヱᙜࡍࡿ㑅ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㒑౽␒ྕ࡜㑅ᣲ༊ࡢᑐᛂࣜࢫࢺ
ᣲ༊࡟ࡑࡢೃ⿵⪅ࡀ࠸࡞࠸࡞࡝ࡢ≧ἣࡀ௒ᅇࡢ㉁Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

48

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

ࢆᇶ࡟஦๓࡟ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ‽ഛࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪௒ᚋࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢㄪᰝࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀᗈࡀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬᪥ᮏࡢබເᆺࣃࢿ࡛ࣝ㉁ၥࡋࡓሙྜ㸪㒑౽␒ྕࡢᅇ⟅⋡ࡣ 㸣㹼௨ୖ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀ࡜ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜୍⯡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢ㆙ᡄᚰࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ㸬㐣ཤࡢ 5',7 ࡢᾏእ஦౛࡛ࡣ㸪㒑౽␒ྕࡢグධࡣ 㸣⛬ᗘ࡜ࡢ᝟ሗ
ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪㒑౽␒ྕࢆ⪺ࡃࡇ࡜ࡣᖜᗈ࠸ᑐ㇟࠿ࡽ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᚓࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡇࡢᡭἲࡢ┠ⓗ࡜஋㞳ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬ᑐ㇟⪅࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ㄪᰝࡢ┠ⓗࡸබඹᛶ࡞
࡝ㄪᰝ༠ຊࡢㄝᚓࡸᏳᚰឤࢆఏ࠼ࡿせ⣲ࡢᥖ㍕࠾ࡼࡧᅇ⟅᪉ἲࡢᕤኵ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪㒑౽␒ྕࡢᅇ
⟅⋡ࡀᨵၿࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿☜ㄆࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬㸧,3 ࢔ࢻࣞࢫ㸦఩⨨᝟ሗ࠿ࡽࡢ≉ᐃ㸧
,3 ࢔ࢻࣞࢫ࠿ࡽࡢ఩⨨᝟ሗ࡛┴ྡ࡜㒔ᕷྡࡲ࡛ࡣ࡯ࡰ⮬ືྲྀᚓ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㑅ᣲ༊ࡀධࡾ
⤌ࢇࡔᆅᇦࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛ࡣᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡀ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ᮾி㏆㑹࡞࡝㒔ᕷ㒊࡛ࡣ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࢆࡲࡓࡄ⛣ືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪⌧ᅾᆅ࡜㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ㐪࠸ࡶㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡿ㸬㸧ㄪᰝ⚊ࡢᕤኵ㸦ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ೃ⿵⪅ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥㸧 ࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡈ࡜࡟ೃ⿵⪅ྡࢆ࿊♧ࡍࡿሙྜ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ୍࢛ࣥ⏬㠃࡛ឤぬⓗ࡟ุ᩿࡛ࡁ
ࡿ㡯┠ᩘ࡟⤠ࡾࡇࡴᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢೃ⿵
⪅ࡢ࿊♧࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࠕ᝿ᐃୖ఩⪅࡜ࡑࡢ௚ࠖ࡜࠸
ࡗࡓᙜⴠࡢุ᩿ᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ᚲせ࡞᝟ሗ࡟㞟⣙ࡋ࡚࿊♧ࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࡢᕤኵࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿ㸬౛࠼ࡤ㸪୚ඪࡢೃ⿵ྡ 㔝ඪ$ ࡢೃ⿵⪅ྡ  㔝ඪ% ࡢೃ⿵⪅ྡ  ࡑࡢ௚ࡢೃ⿵⪅ྡ  ᢞ⚊ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ  ᢥ㸦ࣛࣥࢲ࣐࢖ࢬ࿊♧㸧࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࣮ࣝ
ࣝࢆỴࡵࡿ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓࡣೃ⿵⪅ྡ࡟ࡣࡇࡔࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡟
ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡀᨭᣢࡍࡿࡋ࡞࠸࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪࠶࡞ࡓࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢᨻඪࡢೃ⿵⪅ࡀ຾ࡘ࡜ᛮ
࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟㝈ᐃࡋࡓࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟
ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡢ㉁ၥࡍࡿࡢࡶ୍᱌࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬㸴㸬ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡜ศᯒ㸺ᅇ཰≧ἣ࡜ᅇ⟅⪅ᒓᛶ㸼㸬ㄏᑟ⏬㠃࡬ࡢ཯ᛂ⋡ㄪᰝࡢᅇ཰≧ἣ࡜ᅇ⟅⪅ᒓᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉㛗ࢆ௨ୗ࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ㸬ㄪᰝࡢᑟධ⏬㠃㸦ࣛࣥࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭࣮࣌ࢪ㸧࡛࠶ࡿᛶู࣭ᖺ௦ูࡢ㉁ၥࡀ࿊♧ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣ㸪㸬 ୓ᅇ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᅇ⟅ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣ㸪⣙ ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬✺↛ពᅗࡋ࡞࠸⏬㠃ࡀ⾲♧ࡉࢀࡿ 5',7 ࡢㄪᰝ⎔ቃ࡛ࡣ㸪ᅇ⟅ࡏࡎ㛢ࡌ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ேࡶከ࠸Ⅼࡣࡸࡴࢆᚓ࡞࠸㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺᗈ࿌ࡢࢹ࢕ࢫࣉࣞ࢖ᗈ
࿌ࡢࢡࣜࢵࢡ⋡ࡣ㸪㏻ᖖ 㸣࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡾ㸪᭱㏆࡛ࡣ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡀࣂࢼ࣮ᗈ࿌ࢆ┠࡟ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟⮬ศ࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀࡢ᝟ሗ࡜ࡋ࡚↓ព㆑࡟ᗈ࿌ࢆ↓どࡍࡿࠕࣂࢼ࣮ࣈࣛ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢫࠖࡢ⌧㇟ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㸦᪥⤒ࣅࢪࢿࢫ 2QOLQH  ᖺ  ᭶㸧㸬ࡕ࡞ࡳ࡟  ᖺࡢ *RRJOH ࡢ᳨⣴㡰఩ูࡢᗈ࿌ࢡ
ࣜࢵࢡ⋡㸦*RRJOH2UJDQLF&OLFN7KURXJK6WXG\
ࡢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪᳨⣴ࡋࡓ  ␒┠ࡢ࣮࣡ࢻࡢࢡࣜ
ࢵࢡ⋡࡜࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡿ ᳨⣴㡰఩  ఩ 㸬㸣㸪 ఩ 㸬㸣㸪 ఩ 㸬㸣 㸬⮬ศ࡛㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡗ᳨࡚⣴ࢆࡋࡓゝⴥ࡛  ఩࡟࠶ࡀࡿࡶࡢ࡜ྠ⛬ᗘ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪┦ᙜࡢ㛵ᚰࢆࡦࡁࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
࠸࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬 5',7 ࡛᭱ึࡢᛶู࣭ᖺ௦࡟ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ၥ┠ࡢ㉁ၥ࡟ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡣ 㸣࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ゼၥㄪᰝ㸪㟁ヰㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪᥋ゐࡋࡓୡᖏࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ヱᙜࡢᖺ㱋ࡢேࡀ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓୡᖏࢆศẕ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀ࡜ྠᵝࡢᇶ‽࡛࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿ࡜㸪 ၥ┠ࡢ㉁ၥ࡟ᅇ
⟅ࡋࡓ ࡀᅇ⟅⋡࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㟁ヰㄪᰝ ᅛᐃ࣭ᦠᖏ ࡛᭷ᶒ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓୡᖏࢆศẕ࡜ࡍࡿᅇ⟅⋡㸦๓ᚋ㸧࡜ྠࣞ࣋ࣝ
࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬㸦ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝ ➨  ྕ ➨  㒊ࣃࢿࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥ㸧㸬ᅗ⾲  ㉁ၥࡈ࡜ࡢᐇᅇ཰ᩘ
㸦࢚࢘࢖ࢺ࡞ࡋࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢ๓㸧ὀ䠅㻽㻢㼍㻙㼏 䛾ᑐ㇟⪅ᒓᛶ㉁ၥ㡰䛿䝷䞁䝎䝬䜲䝈࿊♧䠊ㄪᰝ⏬㠃࿊ ᭱ึࡢᅇ⟅♧ᩘࢆ ⪅ᩘࢆ
ᅇ⟅⪅ᩘ ࡜ࡋࡓሙྜ ࡜ࡋࡓሙྜ
ㄪᰝ⏬㠃ࡢ࿊♧ᅇᩘ



ᛶูᖺ௦㸦ᑐ㇟እ㝖ࡃ㸧



4B຾฼ࡍࡿᨻඪ







4Bዲࡲࡋ࠸ᨻඪ







4B㑅ᣲ࢚ࣜ࢔







4B㒔㐨ᗓ┴





4BᏳಸෆ㛶ࡢᨭᣢ





4DB⫋ᴗ







4EBᮍ᪤፧







4FBᐙ᪘ேᩘ







᏶஢










49

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㸬ᅇ཰≧ἣᅗ⾲  ᅇ཰⚊ࡢᛶ࣭ᖺ௦ᵓᡂẚᅇ཰≧ἣ࠿ࡽุ᩿ࡋ࡚㸪ᅇ཰ࢫࣆ࣮ࢻࡢㄪ⠇ࢆ 㸦᏶඲ᅇ⟅⪅࢚࢘࢖ࢺ࡞ࡋ㸧㸦Q 㸧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝᐇ᪋ᮇ㛫ϮϬйᅜໃㄪᰝ Z/d୰࡯ࡰẖ᪥୍ᐃࡢᅇ཰ࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧ࡲࡓㄪᰝᮇ㛫୰  ᫬㛫ࡢྛ᫬ู้ᖹᆒᅇ཰ᩘࡣ㸪 ϭϱйᮅ  ᫬ྎࡀ᭱ࡶపࡃ㸪༗๓୰ࡣᚎࠎ࡟ቑຍࡋ㸪ኪϭϬй ᫬௨㝆῝ኪ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ᅇ཰ࡀ᭱ࡶከࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ϱй㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧
㸬
Ϭй

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ṇ༗

䠄᫬䠅

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)50

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㸬ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ㸦ᛶ࣭ᖺ௦ู㸧㸦᏶඲ᅇ⟅⪅࢚࢘࢖ࢺ࡞ࡋ㸧㸦QQ 㸧㸧

RDIT䠄Raw)
RDIT䠄Raw)
ᅜໃㄪᰝᅜໃㄪᰝ
No ItemRate
FreqRate Error Rate
Rate
Freq
Rate Error Rate
1 ໭ᾏ㐨
4.3% 1,163 9.2% 4.9% 25 ⁠㈡┴
1.1%
105 0.8% 0.3%
2 㟷᳃┴
1.0%
106 0.8% 0.2% 26 ி㒔ᗓ
2.0%
199 1.6% 0.5%
3 ᒾᡭ┴
1.0%
95 0.8% 0.3% 27 ኱㜰ᗓ
6.9%
681 5.4% 1.5%
4 ᐑᇛ┴
1.8%
157 1.2% 0.6% 28 රᗜ┴
4.3%
373 3.0% 1.4%
5 ⛅⏣┴
0.8%
69 0.5% 0.3% 29 ዉⰋ┴
1.1%
215 1.7% 0.6%
112 0.9% 0.1%
6 ᒣᙧ┴
0.9%
78 0.6% 0.3% 30 ࿴ḷᒣ┴ 0.8%
0.5%
47 0.4% 0.1%
7 ⚟ᓥ┴
1.5%
122 1.0% 0.5% 31 㫽ྲྀ┴
8 Ⲉᇛ┴
2.3%
230 1.8% 0.5% 32 ᓥ᰿┴0.5%
39 0.3% 0.2%
9 ᰣᮌ┴
1.6%
363 2.9% 1.3% 33 ᒸᒣ┴
1.5%
129 1.0% 0.5%
10 ⩌㤿┴
1.6%
173 1.4% 0.2% 34 ᗈᓥ┴
2.2%
209 1.7% 0.6%
11 ᇸ⋢┴
5.7%
533 4.2% 1.5% 35 ᒣཱྀ┴
1.1%
80 0.6% 0.5%
12 ༓ⴥ┴
4.9%
493 3.9% 1.0% 36 ᚨᓥ┴0.6%
51 0.4% 0.2%
13 ᮾி㒔
10.8% 1,958 15.6% 4.8% 37 㤶ᕝ┴0.8%
79 0.6% 0.1%
14 ⚄ዉᕝ┴ 7.2%
734 5.8% 1.4% 38 ឡ፾┴
1.1%
237 1.9% 0.8%
15 ᪂₲┴
1.8%
111 0.9% 1.0% 39 㧗▱┴0.6%
88 0.7% 0.1%
16 ᐩᒣ┴
0.8%
74 0.6% 0.3% 40 ⚟ᒸ┴
4.0%
358 2.8% 1.1%
17 ▼ᕝ┴
0.9%
128 1.0% 0.1% 41 బ㈡┴0.6%
64 0.5% 0.1%
18 ⚟஭┴
0.6%
85 0.7% 0.1% 42 㛗ᓮ┴
1.1%
81 0.6% 0.4%
19 ᒣ᲍┴
0.7%
283 2.2% 1.6% 43 ⇃ᮏ┴
1.4%
107 0.9% 0.5%
20 㛗㔝┴
1.6%
260 2.1% 0.4% 44 ኱ศ┴0.9%
78 0.6% 0.3%
21 ᒱ㜧┴
1.6%
152 1.2% 0.4% 45 ᐑᓮ┴0.9%
61 0.5% 0.4%
22 㟼ᒸ┴
2.9%
284 2.3% 0.7% 46 㮵ඣᓥ┴ 1.3%
169 1.3% 0.1%
23 ឡ▱┴
5.8%
584 4.6% 1.2% 47 Ἀ⦖┴
1.1%
480 3.8% 2.8%
24 ୕㔜┴
1.4%
311 2.5% 1.1%
TOTAL 100.0% 12,588 100.0% 0.8%

No

Item



㸬ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ
ᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡣ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥ 㸣㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ 㸣㸪ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ 㸪ࡑࡢ௚ 㸣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧
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ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡼࡾࡶࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ⋡ࡣ㧗࠸㸬㸦ࣃࢯࢥࣥ 㸣㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ 㸣㸪ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ 㸣ࠝฟ඾㸸177 ࢻࢥࣔࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ♫఍◊✲ᡤㄪᰝ㸪ᖺ㸯᭶㸪㹼 ṓ⏨ዪ  ࢧࣥࣉࣝࠞ㸧㸬Ᏻ㒊ෆ㛶ࡢᨭᣢ⋡㑅ᣲᡓᮇ㛫୰ࡢᏳಸෆ㛶ࡢᨭᣢ⋡ࡣ 㸣㸦㠀ᖖ࡟ᨭᣢ࡛ࡁࡿ 㸣㸪࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘᨭᣢ࡛ࡁࡿ 㸣㸧࡛㸪༙ᩘࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ㸬ᛶู࡛ࡣዪᛶࡼࡾࡶ⏨ᛶ㸪ᖺ௦ู࡛ࡣ 㹼 ᡯ㸪 ௦㸪 ௦ࡢⱝᖺᒙ࡛ 㹼㸣࡜ᨭᣢ⋡ࡀࡸࡸ㧗࠸㸬ᆅᇦู࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢ㑅ᣲࣈࣟࢵࢡ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㐣༙ࢆ༨ࡵ㸪ඃໃ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸵㸬ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜௒
௒ᚋࡢㄢㄢ㢟㸯㸬5',7 ࡟ࡼࡿ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲࡢ⤖ᯝࡢࡢ⪃ᐹ
5',7 ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪⮬Ẹඪ㸪୚ඪ㸦ィ㸧ࡀ㑅ᣲࡢᗎ┙࠿ࡽ⤊஢᫬ࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋࡘ࡙ࡅከᩘὴ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࡲࡓᕼᮃࡢඪࡢୗ㝆࡜❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࡢୖ᪼ࢆ᪥ḟ࡛ィ੕ੑ‫ق‬UDZ⥲ィ

3&崡嵆嵤崰崽崑嵛

崧崾嵔崫崰

峇峘౎

12581

47%

38%

12%

2%

⏨ᛶ18-19ᡯ

675

24%

58%

10%

8%

⏨ᛶ20௦

2060

43%

43%

10%

4%

⏨ᛶ30௦

1364

54%

35%

10%

2%

⏨ᛶ40௦

1588

57%

29%

13%

1%

⏨ᛶ50௦

1190

68%

19%

13%

1%

⏨ᛶ60௦

672

72%

14%

13%

1%

⏨ᛶ70௦௨ୖ

1165

57%

31%

9%

2%

ዪᛶ18-19ᡯ

345

16%

66%

14%

4%

ዪᛶ20௦

1073

26%

59%

13%

1%

ዪᛶ30௦

665

34%

53%

13%

0%

ዪᛶ40௦

710

37%

45%

17%

1%

ዪᛶ50௦

363

44%

33%

23%

0%

ዪᛶ60௦

168

56%

24%

20%

1%

ዪᛶ70௦௨ୖ

543

43%

44%

11%

2%

ᅗ⾲ 㸬
㸬Ᏻ㒊ෆ㛶ࡢᨭᣢ⋡࢚࢘࢖ࢺ௜ࡁ 4 ᅇ⟅⪅㸧
㸦QQ  ᨭᣢ㸦ィ㸧୙ᨭᣢ㸦ィ㸧
47㸣

53㸣
18%

21%

26%

ᅇ⟅⪅
⥲ᩘ

඲య
⏨ᛶ
ዪᛶ
18_19ṓ
20_29ṓ
30_39ṓ
40_49ṓ
50_59ṓ
60_69ṓ
70ṓ௨ୖ

14,134
9,819
4,315
1,158
3,540
2,263
2,607
1,727
925
1,914
ᅇ⟅⪅
⥲ᩘ

඲య
໭ᾏ㐨䞉ᮾ໭
໭㛵ᮾ
༡㛵ᮾ
ᮾி
໭㝣
ᮾᾏ
㏆␥
୰ᅜ䞉ᅄᅜ
஑ᕞ

14,134
2,023
1,449
1,685
2,178
751
1,473
1,908
1,077
1,590

36%

㠀ᖖ䛻ᨭᣢ 䛒䜛⛬ᗘᨭ 䛒䜎䜚ᨭᣢ䛷 䜎䛳䛯䛟ᨭᣢ
䛷䛝䜛
ᣢ䛷䛝䜛
䛝䛺䛔
䛷䛝䛺䛔

18%
19%
16%
20%
15%
15%
14%
13%
15%
28%

36%
37%
34%
37%
43%
42%
39%
38%
35%
25%

26%
23%
29%
24%
26%
27%
30%
29%
27%
20%

21%
21%
21%
19%
16%
16%
18%
20%
24%
27%

㠀ᖖ䛻ᨭᣢ 䛒䜛⛬ᗘᨭ 䛒䜎䜚ᨭᣢ䛷 䜎䛳䛯䛟ᨭᣢ
䛷䛝䜛
ᣢ䛷䛝䜛
䛝䛺䛔
䛷䛝䛺䛔

18%
22%
15%
14%
16%
16%
17%
16%
19%
20%

36%
31%
36%
40%
37%
36%
39%
38%
34%
30%

26%
22%
31%
29%
25%
27%
26%
28%
26%
23%

21%
25%
18%
16%
22%
21%
17%
17%
21%
28%

ᨭᣢ䠄ィ䠅

୙ᨭᣢ䠄ィ䠅

53%
57%
50%
57%
58%
57%
53%
51%
49%
53%

47%
44%
50%
43%
42%
43%
47%
49%
51%
47%

ᨭᣢ䠄ィ䠅

୙ᨭᣢ䠄ィ䠅

53%
53%
51%
54%
53%
52%
56%
54%
53%
50%

47%
47%
49%
45%
47%
48%
43%
45%
47%
51%

㸦ᛶูᖺ௦ู࢚࢘࢖ࢺ௜ࡁ㞟ィ㸧

51

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡣ㸪୙᫂ࡸᅇ⟅ᣄྰ࡜࡞ࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸㉁ၥ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪㑅ᣲᡓࡢ඲ᮇ㛫ࢆྠࡌᣦᶆ࡛ㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚ
໬ࢆⓗ☜࡟ᢕᥱ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬࡞࠾㸪ࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࢆࡼࡾ㆟ᖍᩘẚ⋡࡟㏆࡙ࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡜࠸࠺せ⣲ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟཯ᫎࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࡀㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࠕዲࡲࡋࡉࠖࡢ㉁ၥ࡛ࡣ㸪඲ᅜࡢ࡯ࡰࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᑠ
㑅ᣲ༊࡟ೃ⿵⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿ⮬Ẹඪ࠾ࡼࡧ୚ඪ㸦ィ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࡑࡢ⥲ᚓ⚊⋡࡜㏆ఝࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࠕዲࡲࡋࡉࠖࡢᣦᶆࡣࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ
࡜␗࡞ࡾ㸪㑅ᣲᮇ㛫୰ࡢኚືࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ㸪୧㉁ၥ࡟ࡼ
ࡗ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬⌧ᅾࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⥲ᚓ⚊⋡࡜㆟ᖍᩘẚ⋡࡟኱ࡁ࡞ࢬࣞࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡜ࡽ
࠼ࡿࡢࡀࡼ࠸ࡢ࠿㸬ࡲࡓ 5',7 ࡛ࡣ㸪஧ᢥࡸ୕ᢥࡢ
ᑡ࡞࠸㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ຾ᩋࡸ㸯఩ุᐃ࡞࡝࡛㸪ࡼࡾṇ☜ࡉࡀቑࡍ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡼࡾຠᯝⓗ࡞㉁ၥ᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᳨ウࡶᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸬5',7 ࡢᅇ཰ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ≉㛗ᅇ཰ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௨ୗࡢⅬࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬࣭ㄪᰝᮇ㛫୰  ᫬㛫ẖ᪥ྠࡌ᪉ἲ࡛ᅇ཰ࡀ⥅⥆ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ኚືࡀண ࡋࡸࡍ࠸㸬
࣭㏻ᖖࡢබເᆺࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪ
ᰝ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡞㸦ㄪᰝ༠ຊពྥࡢప࠸㸧࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝⪅ࢆᑐ㇟࡟࡛ࡁࡓ㸬
࣭㉁ၥࡀ㐍ࡴ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⬺ⴠࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪㉁ၥࡢ᭱
ึ࡟㔜せ࡞㉁ၥࢆ࠾ࡁ㸪㏵୰⬺ⴠࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ
ྵࡵࡓ඲ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡼࡾከࡃࡢ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆά⏝࡛ࡁࡓ㸬࣭ᆅᇦ๭௜࡞ࡋ࡛඲ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦูࡢேཱྀᵓᡂẚ࡟࡯ࡰྜ࠺ᙧ࡟୓㐢࡞ࡃᅇ཰࡛ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᆅᇦⓗ࡞ࣛࣥࢲ࣒ᛶࡣ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬࣭ⱝᖺ⏨ᛶࡢᅇ཰ᵓᡂẚࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ዪᛶࢩࢽ࢔ࡢ
ᅇ཰ࡀప࠸㸬㑅ᣲㄪᰝ࡛ࡣᢞ⚊⋡ࡢ㧗࠸ࢩࢽ࢔ᒙࡢㄗᕪࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࢩࢽ࢔ᒙࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ㟁ヰㄪᰝ࡜ྜࢃࡏ࡚ศ
ᯒࡍࡿᑐ⟇ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬㸬ᅇ཰⋡5',7 ࡢᅇ཰⋡ࡣ㸪᭱ึࡢㄏᑟ⏬㠃㸦ᛶู㺃ᖺ௦ู㸧
ࡢ㉁ၥ࡛ࡣ ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖࡢᗈ
࿌ࢡࣜࢵࢡ⋡࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸪㠀ᖖ࡟㧗࠸࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ
࠶ࡿ㸬ᛶู࣭ᖺ௦ูࡢ㉁ၥ㸦ㄏᑟ⏬㠃㸧ࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࢆ

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

52

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟㸪ㄪᰝࢸ࣮࣐ࡢ㸯ၥ┠ࡢᅇ⟅⋡ࡣ ࡛㸪5'' ࡟ࡼࡿ㟁ヰㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓୡᖏࢆศẕ࡜ࡍࡿᅇ⟅⋡㸦๓ᚋ㸧࡜࡯ࡰྠࣞ࣋ࣝ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬㸬ㄪᰝᰝศ๭ἲࡸ $% ࢸࢫࢺ࡟ࡼࡿ᳨ド
5',7 ࡣ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᏳᐃᗘࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢࡢྠ㉁ᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ㄪᰝศ๭ἲ
ࡸ $% ࢸࢫࢺⓗ࡞ẚ㍑ㄪᰝ࡟㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
㸦5,:, ♫
࡜ࡢ୰ᅜ࡛ࡢඹྠ⮬୺ㄪᰝ࡛㸪ᅇ཰ࢆ㸰ᅇ࡟ศࡅࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ᩘ್ࡢኚືࡀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆ㸧௒ᚋ㸪௨ୗࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᳨ドࢆ⾜࠸ࡓ࠸㸬
࣭㉁ၥ᪉ἲࠕ࢔ࢨ࣮࢟ࣕࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ
㸪ࠕዲࡲࡋࡉࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ⤖ᯝࡢẚ㍑㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ཯ᫎ᪉ἲ
࣭ㄪᰝࡢ┠ⓗࡸಶே᝟ሗಖㆤ㸪ㄪᰝ༠ຊࡢ࿧ࡧ
࠿ࡅࡢグ㍕ࡀ㸪ᅇ཰⋡ࡸ㒑౽␒ྕධຊ⋡ྥୖ࡟ཬࡰࡍຠᯝ
࣭ᚓ⚊ᩘࡀࡑࡢࡲࡲ⤖ᯝ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡃᅜẸᢞ⚊࡞࡝ࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࡢṇ☜ᗘ㸬5',7 ࡢ㝈⏺࡜ྍ⬟ᛶ5',7 ࡢ㝈⏺࡜ྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ௨ୗࡢⅬࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿ㸬
࣭5',7 ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡞࠸ேࢆᑐ
㇟࡟࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ௒ᚋࡶࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ
࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝⪅ࡀቑຍࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ࢝ࣂ࣮⋡ࡣࡉࡽ࡟㧗ࡲࡿ㸬࣭ⱝᖺ⏨ᛶࡢᅇ཰ᵓᡂẚࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ዪᛶࢩࢽ࢔ᒙ
ࡀప࠸㸬
࣭5',7 ࡢᅇ཰ࡣ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺேཱྀẚ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪㝈⏺㞟ⴠࡸ㧗㱋⪅ࡢከ࠸࢚ࣜ࢔㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ᥋⥆ࡢᙅ࠸ᒣ㛫㒊ࡢᅇ཰ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ≉ᐃࡢᆅᇦࡢ
ࡳࢆ㏣ຍᅇ཰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡎ㸪⮬↛ᅇ཰࡜࡞ࡿ㸬࣭๭௜ࡸపฟ⌧⋡ࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺᒙࢆ⤠ࡾ㎸ࡴㄪᰝ㸪⊃࠸ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢ㝈ᐃ࡟ࡣ㐺ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬
࣭㏻ᖖࡢㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ᒙ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪㠀ᖖ࡟▷ࡃㄡ࡟࡛ࡶᅇ⟅࡛ࡁࡿࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞ㄪᰝ⚊࡛࠶ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖࡢ୍⯡ࡢே㸪ࡘࡲࡾ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖࡢ㏻⾜ேࡢ༠ຊࢆᚓࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ㸪㏻⾜ேㄪᰝࡢࡼ࠺࡞▷ࡉ㸪ࢩࣥࣉࣝࡉࡣᚲ㡲࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬࣭༏ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵᮏே☜ㄆࡀ࡛ࡁࡎ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࡀᮏᙜࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ࠿ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ࡞
࠸㸬ពぢࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ẚ࡭㸪ಶேࡢ♫఍ⓗࢫࢸ࣮ࢱࢫࡸಶே᝟ሗ࡟⧅ࡀࡿ᝟ሗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖ࡛ṇ┤࡟⏦࿌ࡋ࡞࠸ྍ
⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦5,:, ♫࡜ࡢඹྠ⮬୺ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ୰
ᅜ࡛ࡢᏛṔศᕸࡀ㧗ᏛṔ࡟೫ࡾࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ஦౛ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡔࡋࡑࡢ೫ࡾࡣ୍㈏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧㸬
5',7 ࡣ㸪᪤Ꮡࡢㄪᰝᡭἲࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣ㉸࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࢝ࣂ࣮⋡ࡢ᭱኱໬ࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ
࢓࣮ࢫࢺࡢㄪᰝ⏬㠃㸪㉁ၥᩘࡢᑡ࡞ࡉ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿ
ࢵࢺ࡞ࡽ࡛ࡣࡢ⬺ⴠ⋡㸪ᅇ཰ᵓᡂẚࡢ೫ࡾࢆཷࡅ
ධࢀ㸪ಶே᝟ሗࡸ㇏ᐩ࡞ᒓᛶ᝟ሗࡣㅉࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ⌧⾜ࡢ௚ࡢㄪᰝᡭἲ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
ࡑࡢࡲࡲ௦᭰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬᪂ࡋ࠸ ᐃἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢㄪᰝᡭἲࡢ≉ᛶࢆά࠿ࡋࡓタィࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬⢭ᗘࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪௒ᚋࡶ㑅ᣲࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡣࡗࡁࡾ࡜ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࡀ࡛ࡿᶵ఍࡟ẚ㍑᳨ドࢆ㔜ࡡ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせࡔࢁ࠺㸬ࠕ ❶㸬5',7 ࡢ≉㛗ࠖࠕ ❶㸬5',7 ࡢㄪᰝ஦౛࣭
ㄪᰝ㡿ᇦ࡛ࠖゐࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪5',7 ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࢀࡤ㸪⮬ᅜࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ௚ᅜࡢୡㄽㄪᰝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᴟࡵ࡚
▷ᮇ㛫࡛ᐇ᪋࡛ࡁࡿ㸬⌧ᅾࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᾏእㄪᰝ
࡛ࡣ㸪ᅜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪᰝᡭἲࡸ᮲௳ࢆ⤫୍࡛ࡁࡎ㸪ᆅᇦู๭௜ࡸᛶู࣭ᖺ௦ูᵓᡂẚ㸪⩻ヂ࡞࡝ࡢᐇ᪋‽ഛ࡟࠿࡞ࡾࡢ᫬㛫ࢆ๭࠿ࢀࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪5',7 ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᑐ㇟ᅜࢆྠ୍᮲௳㸪ྠ୍ᡭἲ࡛ᆅ⌮ⓗ௦⾲ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿᙧ࡛඲ᅜㄪᰝࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿୖ㸪⮬ື࡛ᛶูᖺ௦ู࢚࢘࢖ࢺ௜ࡁࡢᩘ್ࡶ⟬ฟࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ
ᛶู࣭ᖺ௦ูࡢ๭௜ࡢ᳨ウࡶ୙せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬▷࠸ㄪᰝ⚊࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪⩻ヂ࡟せࡍࡿ᫬㛫ࡶ㈝⏝ࡶࢃࡎ࠿࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᚲせࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡍࡄ࡟ㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆㄪᰝ㛤ጞࡢᩘ᪥ᚋࡼࡾ≧ἣࢆᢕᥱࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬㟁ヰㄪᰝࡢࡼ࠺࡟୍㐌ᮎ࡛⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ㉁ࡢ␗࡞ࡿ࢔ࢡࢩ
ࣙࢼࣈࣝ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬‽ഛẁ㝵ࡶ⪃៖ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝ࠿ࡽᡴࡘ࡭ࡁᡭࢆ▱ࡾ㸪ᨻ⟇࡟⏕࠿ࡍࡓࡵࡢࢫࣆ࣮ࢻឤࡶ༑ศ࡟࠶ࡿ㸬௒ᚋࡢㄪᰝ⎔ቃࡀࡉࡽ࡟ཝࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ୰࡛㸪5',7ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ᳨ドࡉࢀ㸪ά⏝ࡢ㐨ࡀᣅ࠿ࢀࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿ㸬ㅰ㎡࠾ࡼࡧ࠾᩿ࡾ
ᮏㄪᰝࡣ㸪5,:,FRUS&(21LHO6HHPDQ ᩍᤵࡢࡈ༠ຊࡢඖ㸪ᐇ᪋࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡋࡓ㸬ᚰ࠿ࡽឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍ㸬ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ ᖺ  ᭶ᮎ᫬Ⅼ࡟☜ㄆࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᭩࠸࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬࡞࠾ᖖ࡟㛤Ⓨࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪グ㍕ࡋࡓෆᐜ࠿ࡽኚ᭦ࡉࢀࡿࡇ
࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠼ࡿⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡈ஢ᢎࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ 㸦ᰴᘧ఍♫ࢡࣟࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㸧ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩㻳㻾㻵㼀㻔㻞㻜㻝㻠㻕㻚㻌㻳㼞㼑㼑㼚㼎㼛㼛㼗㻌㻾㼑㼟㼑㼍㼞㼏㼔㻌㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼀㼞㼑㼚㼐㻌㻾㼑㼜㼛㼞㼠䇵㻌㻭㻌㻳㼘㼛㼎㼍㼘㻌㻿㼠㼡㼐㼥㻌㼛㼒㻌㻲㼞㼑㼟㼔㻌㼢㼟䠊㻌 㻲㼞㼑㼝㼡㼑㼚㼠㻌㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㼀㼍㼗㼑㼞㼟㻌䇵㻌㻳㼞㼑㼑㼚㼎㼛㼛㼗㻛㻾㻵㼃㻵㻌㻯㼛㼞㼜䠊㻼㼡㼎㼘㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻚㻌ᮏከ๎᝴㻔㻞㻜㻜㻥㼍㻕㻚ಙ㢗䛷䛝䜛䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ㄪᰝἲ䛾☜❧䛻ྥ䛡䛶㻔➨ 㻣 ❶ㄪᰝἲ䛜ᅇ⟅⪅䜢㑅䜆䠛㻕㻘㻌㻿㻿㻶㻌㻰㼍㼠㼍㻌㻭㼞㼏㼔㼕㼢㼑㻌㻾㼑㼟㼑㼍㼞㼏㼔㻌㻼㼍㼜㼑㼞㻌㻿㼑㼞㼕㼑㼟㻘㻠㻠㻞㻘㻥㻡㻙㻝㻞㻞㻌㻵㻸㻳㻭㻙㻾㻵㼃㻵㻌㻹㼕㼚㼛㼞㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻌㻾㼑㼜㼛㼞㼠㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚㻌㻭㼠㼠㼕㼠㼡㼐㼑㼟㻌㼠㼛㻌㻿㼑㼤㼡㼍㼘㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻳㼑㼚㼐㼑㼞㻌㻹㼕㼚㼛㼞㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻌㻭㼞㼛㼡㼚㼐㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼃㼛㼞㼘㼐㻚㻌㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼕㼘㼓㼍㻚㼛㼞㼓㻛㼙㼕㼚㼛㼞㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻙㼞㼑㼜㼛㼞㼠㻙㻞㻜㻝㻣㻙㼕㼘㼓㼍㻙㼞㼕㼣㼕㻙㼓㼘㼛㼎㼍㼘㻙㼍㼠㼠㼕㼠㼡㼐㼑㼟㻙㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㻭㼏㼏㼑㼟㼟㼑㼐㻌㻿㼑㼜㼠㼑㼙㼎㼑㼞㻌㻞㻜㻝㻤㻌㻵㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼑㼠㻌㻹㼍㼞㼗㼑㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㻺㼕㼚㼖㼍㼟㻌㻳㻳㼛㼛㼓㼘㼑㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼏㻌㻯㼘㼕㼏㼗㻌㼀㼔㼞㼛㼡㼓㼔㻌㻿㼠㼡㼐㼥㻌㼃㼔㼕㼠㼑㼜㼍㼜㼑㼞㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚㻌 㻌 㻌㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣㻚㼕㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼑㼠㼙㼍㼞㼗㼑㼠㼕㼚㼓㼚㼕㼚㼖㼍㼟㻚㼏㼛㼙㻛㼍㼐㼐㼕㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻙㼞㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻛㻵㻹㻺㻙㻯㼀㻾㻙㼣㼔㼕㼠㼑㼜㼍㼜㼑㼞㻚㼜㼐㼒㻌㻶㻹㻾㻭㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ㄪᰝရ㉁䜺䜲䝗䝷䜲䞁㻚㻌㻷㼍㼠㼞㼕㼚㼍㻌㻿㼛㼟㼠㼑㼗䠈㻮㼞㼑㼠㼠㻌㻿㼘㼍㼠㼗㼕㼚㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚㻌㻴㼛㼣㻌㻳㼛㼛㼓㼘㼑㻌㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㼟㻌㼣㼛㼞㼗㼟㻌㼃㼔㼕㼠㼑㼜㼍㼜㼑㼞㻌㻳㼛㼛㼓㼘㼑㻌㻵㼚㼏䠊㻳㼛㼛㼓㼘㼑㻌㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㼟㻚㻌ᑠ☾ᑑ⏕䞉໭⏣ಇ୍䞉ᯇ⏣ᫎ஧㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚㻌 ⾗㝔㑅䛻䛚䛡䜛㑅ᣲண 䛾ẚ㍑ศᯒ䠉ሗ㐨ྛ♫䛾ண 䛾ṇ☜䛥䜢᳨ド䛩䜛䠉㻘㻌 ᨻ⟇䛸ㄪᰝ㻘㻝㻝㻠㻘㻡㻟㻙㻣㻤㻌ᯇ⏣ᫎ஧㻔㻞㻜㻝㻡㻕㻚㻌 䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ㄪᰝ䛾᪂䛧䛔ྍ⬟ᛶ㻥㻘㻡㻙㻙ㄪᰝྐ䛻䜏䜛ᩍカ䛸᝟ሗ䛾ඹ᭷䠊ᨻ⟇䛸ㄪᰝ㻘㻥㻝㻤䠊㻌᪥ᮏᏛ⾡఍㆟♫఍Ꮫጤဨ఍㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚ᥦゝ䠉♫఍ㄪᰝ䜢䜑䛠䜛⎔ቃኚ໬䛸ၥ㢟ゎỴ䛻ྥ䛡䛶䠉㻚㻌᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺㟁Ꮚ∧㻌 ⾗㝔㑅 㻞㻜㻝㻣㻌 㛤⚊ヲሗ㻚㻌㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣䠊㼚㼕㼗㼗㼑㼕䠊㼏㼛㼙㻛㻞㻜㻝㻣㼟㼔㼡㼕㼚㻛㼗㼍㼕㼔㼥㼛㻛㻌㻭㼏㼏㼑㼟㼟㼑㼐㻌㻿㼑㼜㼠㼑㼙㼎㼑㼞㻌㻞㻜㻝㻤㻌᪥⤒䝡䝆䝛䝇䜸䞁䝷䜲䞁䠄㻞㻜㻝㻣䠅䝛䝑䝖ᗈ࿌䛾┠㻌ⓗ䛿䛂䜽䝸䝑䜽⋡䛾᭱኱໬䛃䠛㻚㻌㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼎㼡㼟㼕㼚㼑㼟㼟㻚㼚㼕㼗㼗㼑㼕㼎㼜㻚㼏㼛㻚㼖㼜㻛㼍㼠㼏㼘㻛㼛㼜㼕㼚㼕㼛㼚㻛㻝㻢㻛㻞㻠㻢㻥㻠㻥㻛㻝㻝㻝㻡㻜㻜㻜㻜㻟㻛㻫㻼㻩㻞㻒㼙㼐㼟㻌㻭㼏㼏㼑㼟㼟㼑㼐㻌㻿㼑㼜㼠㼑㼙㼎㼑㼞㻌㻞㻜㻝㻤㻌㻾㻵㼃㻵㻌㻺㼑㼣㼟㻌㼞㼑㼘㼑㼍㼟㼑㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻢㻕㻚㻌㻾㻵㼃㻵㻌㻼㼞㼑㼐㼕㼏㼠㼟㻌㼀㼞㼡㼙㼜㻌㼁㼜㼟㼑㼠㻧㻌㼀㼞㼕㼜㼘㼑㻙㻰㼕㼓㼕㼠㻌㻳㼍㼕㼚㼟㻌㻲㼛㼘㼘㼛㼣㻚㻌㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼞㼕㼣㼕㻚㼏㼛㼙㻛㼣㼜㻙㼏㼛㼚㼠㼑㼚㼠㻛㼡㼜㼘㼛㼍㼐㼟㻛㻞㻜㻝㻢㻛㻝㻝㻛㻾㻵㼃㻵㻙㻺㻾㻙㻺㼛㼢㻙㻞㻝㻙㻝㻢㻚㼜㼐㼒㻌
㻾㻵㼃㻵㻌㻺㼑㼣㼟㻌㼞㼑㼘㼑㼍㼟㼑㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻢㻕㻚㻌㻾㻵㼃㻵㻌㻱㼤㼠㼑㼚㼐㼟㻌㻼㼞㼑㼐㼕㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼍㼗㻧㻌㻾㻵㼃㻵㻌㻯㼍㼘㼘㼟㻌㻼㼞㼑㼏㼕㼟㼑㻌㻹㼍㼞㼓㼕㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻰㼑㼒㼑㼍㼠㻌㼕㼚㻌㻵㼠㼍㼘㼕㼍㼚㻌㻾㼑㼒㼑㼞㼑㼚㼐㼡㼙㻚㻌
㻌

53

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼞㼕㼣㼕㻚㼏㼛㼙㻛㼣㼜㻙㼏㼛㼚㼠㼑㼚㼠㻛㼡㼜㼘㼛㼍㼐㼟㻛㻞㻜㻝㻢㻛㻝㻞㻛㻾㻵㼃㻵㻙㻺㼑㼣㼟㻙㻾㼑㼘㼑㼍㼟㼑㻙㻰㼑㼏㻙㻡㻙㻝㻢㼋㻰㼕㼟㼠㼞㼕㼎㼡㼠㼕㼛㼚㻚㼜㼐㼒㻌ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲䝉䞁䝍䞊㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚䛂䝬䝇䝁㻌䝭ୡㄽㄪᰝ䛃䛾ෆ䛸እ㻘ᨻ⟇䛸ㄪᰝ㻘㻝㻝㻟㻘㻠㻝㻙㻡㻤㻚㻌㻿㼑㼑㼙㼍㼚䠈㻺䠊䠈㻲㼛㼓㼘㼑㼞㻌㻿䠊㻳䠊䠈㻿㼑㼑㼙㼍㼚䠈㻹䠊㼂䠊㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻢㻕䠊㻹㼑㼚㼠㼍㼘㻌㻴㼑㼍㼘㼠㼔㻌㻼㼞㼛㼙㼛㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼠㼔㼞㼛㼡㼓㼔㻌㻯㼛㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻳㼘㼛㼎㼍㼘㻌㻻㼜㼕㼚㼕㼛㼚㻌㻰㼍㼠㼍䠈㻶㼛㼡㼞㼚㼍㼘㻌㼛㼒㻌㻼㼞㼑㼢㼑㼚㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㻹㼑㼐㼕㼏㼕㼚㼑㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻯㼍㼞㼑㻚㻌㻿㼑㼑㼙㼍㼚㻘㻌㻺㻚㻘㻌㻿㼑㼑㼙㼍㼚㻘㻌㻮㻚㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚㻌㻹㼛㼚㼕㼠㼛㼞㼕㼚㼓㻌㻾㼑㼏㼑㼜㼠㼕㼢㼕㼠㼥㻌㼠㼛㻌㻻㼚㼘㼕㼚㼑㻌㻴㼑㼍㼘㼠㼔㻌㻹㼑㼟㼟㼍㼓㼑㼟㻌㼎㼥㻌㼀㼞㼍㼏㼗㼕㼚㼓㻌㻰㼍㼕㼘㼥㻌㼃㼑㼎㻌㼀㼞㼍㼒㼒㼕㼏㻌㻱㼚㼓㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻼㼍㼠㼠㼑㼞㼚㼟㻚㻌㻿㼙㼍㼞㼠㼑㼞㻌㼐㼍㼠㼍㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻚㻌㻱㼘㼕㼏㼕㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼕㼚㼟㼕㼓㼔㼠㼟㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼏㼘㼛㼡㼐㻌㻮㼘㼡㼑㻌㻮㼛㼛㼗㼟㻌㻱㼤㼜㼑㼞㼠㼟䇻㼢㼕㼑㼣㼟㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼑㼤㼜㼑㼞㼠㻌㼕㼚㼢㼑㼟㼠㼛㼞㼟㻌㻯㻸㻿㻭㻚㻌

㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼞㼕㼣㼕㻚㼏㼛㼙㻛㼣㼜㻙㼏㼛㼚㼠㼑㼚㼠㻛㼡㼜㼘㼛㼍㼐㼟㻛㻞㻜㻝㻞㻛㻝㻞㻛㼎㼘㼡㼑㻙㼎㼛㼛㼗㻙㼏㼘㼟㼍㻚㼜㼐㼒㻌⥲ົ┬䠄㻞㻜㻝㻣䠅㻚㏻ಙ฼⏝ືྥㄪᰝ䠊ᖹᡂ 㻞㻥 ᖺ∧㻌㻌 ⥲ົ┬᝟ሗ㏻ಙⓑ᭩㻚㻌㕥ᮌᏕᖾᶞ䞉ྜྷⰋᩥኵ䞉Ỉ㔝୍ᡂ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻤㻕㻚ୡㄽ䞉㑅ᣲㄪᰝ◊✲኱఍➨䠔ᅇᢒ㘓㞟㻔ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲䝉䞁䝍䞊㻕㻘㻣㻙㻝㻜㻚㻌㧗㔝㻌 ⩏ᖾ㻌 ᖹᡂ 㻞㻣 ᖺᅜໃㄪᰝ䛾ᐇ᪋≧ἣ㻌 ⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁᅜໃ⤫ィㄢ㻌 ᪥ᮏேཱྀᏛ఍➨ 㻢㻤 ᅇ኱఍㈨ᩱ㻚㻌㼃㻲㻼㻌㼃㼛㼞㼘㼐㻌㻲㼛㼛㼐㻌㻼㼞㼛㼓㼞㼍㼙㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚㻌㻿㼛㼏㼕㼍㼘㻌㻯㼛㼔㼑㼟㼕㼛㼚㻌㼕㼚㻌㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥㻦㻌㻾㼑㼒㼡㼓㼑㼑㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻴㼛㼟㼠㻌㻯㼛㼙㼙㼡㼚㼕㼠㼥㻌㻻㼚㼘㼕㼚㼑㻌㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻚㻌

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

54

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

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55

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧4 ዲࡲࡋࡉ㉁ၥ
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Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

56

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

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ᶆ‽ࢹࣔࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࢵࢡ㸦㸱ၥ㸧 4㹼4 ࡢ࿊♧㡰ᗎࡣࣛࣥࢲ࣐࢖ࢬࡍࡿ
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57

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧
4 ᐙ᪘ேᩘ

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Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

58

3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 2FWREHU

ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢ㑅ᢥ཯ᛂᐇ㦂ࡢヨࡳ
Verifying the Selective Reaction of Voters using Online Surveys

ᮧୖᬛ❶
7RPRDyLp}UDyDPL㸯dࡣࡌࡵ࡟
㸰dᐇ㦂ㄪᰝࡢᐇ᪋ᴫせ㸱d஦ᚋㄪᰝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢞ⚊ඛ㸲d㑅ᣲ᝟ໃሗ㐨ࡢ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠᯝࡢศᯒ
㸳dᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑅ᢥ⾜ືᐇ㦂࡜ண ࣔࢹࣝࡢᵓ⠏㸴dᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟࠾ࡅࡿண ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ
㸵dᮏ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝ࡜ㄢ㢟ࠑせ᪨ࠒࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡣ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛ࡼࡃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪㑅ᣲ᝟ໃㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ࡇࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡣ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࣃࢿࣝࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡀ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㉳ᅉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛㑅ᣲ᝟ໃㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓሙ
ྜ࡟㸪࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢண ⢭ᗘࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࡣ඘ศ࡟᳨ドࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪 ᖺࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅ࢆࢣ࣮ࢫࢫࢱࢹ࢕࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢ෌⌧ᛶࡸ㑅ᣲሗ㐨࡟ࡼࡿ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠᯝࡀ࡝ࡢ
⛬ᗘ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣㄪᰝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ༢⣧࡟㞟ィࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛ࡼࡃ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿண ᡭἲࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪㑅ᣲ༊ࡈ࡜ࡢྛᨻඪࡢ㑅ᢥ☜⋡ࡢணࢆヨࡳࡓ㸬
Although online surveys are often used in market research, they are rarely used in an election setting.
This is because online surveys cover certain access panels, so the bias of respondents cannot be avoided.
However, the extent of prediction accuracy when an election survey is conducted online has not been
sufficiently verified.
This paper focuses on the accuracy of election prediction by online surveys and the actual election
announcement through news reports. Moreover, instead of simply summarizing the survey data, we
attempted to predict the probability of voting for political parties in each constituency by applying
prediction methods commonly used in market research.

59

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
࢔ࢡࢭࢫࣃࢿࣝࢆ౑ࡗࡓࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡣ㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿᢳฟࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝࡸ㑅ᣲண ㄪᰝ࡟ࡣ౑࠼࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬ⴗཎࡣࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢆほ ⿦⨨࡜ᤊ࠼㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣔࢽࢱ
࣮ࡢෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡࡟ࡣ 5'' ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࢫࢥ࢔ᕪࡀᏑᅾ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪᫬⣔ิ࡛ぢࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟୧⪅ࡢᨭᣢ⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡣྠࡌᣲືࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ
㸦ⴗཎ㸪^㸧㸬ෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 5'' ࡜࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ┦㛵ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪ᅜᨻ㑅ᣲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᨻඪྡ࡛ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿẚ౛༊ࡢண ࡟ࡣఱࡽ࠿ࡢᙧ
࡛㐺⏝࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ኱࠸࡟࠶ࡾᚓࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡟ࡣᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡢᢞ⚊ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡈ࡜࡟ೃ⿵⪅ࢆ᧦❧ࡍࡿᨻඪࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡶ␗࡞ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡜࠸࠺༢఩࡛ࡣᅇ
⟅⪅ࡢᒃఫᆅࡢ␒ᆅࡲุ࡛᫂ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㸪ṇ☜࡞㑅ᣲ༊ࢆ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡶ୍ᐃࡢᶆᮏᩘࢆ☜ಖࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ㏻ᖖࡢࡸࡾ᪉
࡛ࡣࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢᐇ᪋ࡣᅔ㞴ࢆᴟࡵࡿ㸬㯮㜰࣭⫧๓࣭ⰱ㔝 ] ࡣ ] ேࡢೃ⿵⪅ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ ேࢆᢞ⚊ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠸㸪ᚓ⚊ࢩ࢙࢔ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ఱேࡢೃ⿵⪅࡟⚊ࡀ㞟୰ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ண
ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶண ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢᢞ⚊ண ࡟ࡶᣑᙇ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࡓ㸬࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛ࡼࡃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㑅ᢥᐇ㦂࡜ከ㡯ࣟࢪࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡᅇᖐศᯒࢆ㑅ᣲண࡟㐺⏝ࡋ࡚㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢᢞ⚊ඛࡢண ࡢᐇ⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿ㸬㸬ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝࡢᐇ᪋ᴫせᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ  ᖺ⛅ࡢ⾗㝔㑅ࢆࢣ࣮ࢫࢫࢱࢹ
࢕࡜ࡋ࡚ᢞ⚊๓ࡢ஦๓ㄪᰝ࡜ᢞ⚊ᚋࡢ஦ᚋㄪᰝࡢ ᅇ࡟ศࡅ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢㄪᰝᴫせࢆᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍ㸬஦๓ㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᨭᣢᨻඪࡸᢞ⚊ពྥ࡟㛵ࡍ
ࡿ㉁ၥ࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪:ih ㄪᰝ⏬㠃ෆ࡛᝟ሗࢆ࿊♧ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵࡢ㑅ᢥ཯ᛂᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚஦ᚋㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ᐇ㝿࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓᨻඪࡢ࡯࠿㸪ᢞ⚊ඛࢆ෩ᐃࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࡢኚ໬ࡸ㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝࡢឤ᝿ࢆ㉁ၥࡋࡓ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㻝䠊ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䛾ㄪᰝᴫせ㻌
㻌
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হ৐৹ਪ

৹ਪু১

হ৏৹ਪ

崌嵛崧嵤崵崫崰৹ਪ崌嵛崧嵤崵崫崰৹ਪ৹ਪৎ਋ ফ  া  ঩ ਽ ‫ ع‬ফ  া  ঩ ଅ  ফ  া  ঩ া ‫ ع‬ফ  া  ঩
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৚௦঻ਯ

 য য৹ਪৌ଴৉ୠ৸  ব৸  ব

ৌ଴঻૖੯੬੓  ୃ   ‫پ‬যઠ৿ଙ峕峲峵સહহ৐৹ਪ峘৚௦঻৹ਪ৔ઍ嵣 ੍੅৆ਇ‫ط‬਍೅৔ద੍੅嵣 ਺௠峘થ૮嵣 ಃ৮੹৭峘ଥਡ嵣 ৭଱ય‫୻ૻ؜‬ય峘਺௠峁峉৆ਇ嵣 ೦১੝ਫ‫ط‬଎ાઘੜઘ‫ط‬ਉ৅峘ગ༎௮峢峘එ৊嵣 ਺௠ਔ਱峘૗৲峘થ૮嵣 ਺௠੔峘੎ଳඨ৯‫ق‬৭଱ય‫୻ૻط‬ય‫ك‬嵣 ഊ岮ਢ岻峉৆ਇ‫ੂ؜‬峫峕਺௠峁峲岰峒峁峉৆ਇ嵣 ಃ৮੹৭峘਺௠峕ষ岹岵嵣 ৭଱੥ટ峘৮ఆਯ峘૎୳嵣 ৭଱ય峑峘৆ਇੌ়峅峕峲峵਺௠ਔ਱嵣 ਺௠峁峉岹峔岮৆ਇ‫؜‬峨峉峙਺௠૭ચਙ峘岬峵৆ਇ嵣 ৭଱ੲિ峘ੲਾ઀୹ৎ峘਺௠ਔ਱嵣 ৚௦঻峕峲峵ଖਇ৮ఆਯ੒୳

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Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

60

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU 㸬஦ᚋㄪᰝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢞ⚊ඛ஦ᚋㄪᰝ࡛⫈ྲྀࡋࡓᢞ⚊ඛ࡜⾗㝔㑅ࡢᨻඪู⋓ᚓ⚊ᩘࡢᐇ⦼࡜ࡢẚ㍑ࢆᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍ㸬➨୍ඪ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ⮬⏤Ẹ୺ඪࡢẚ౛༊࡛ࡢ๭ྜࡣ㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ࡜ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ࡯ࡰ୍⮴ࡋࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡣ⣙  ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࡢᕪࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡸࡣࡾᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡈ࡜࡟๭௜࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࢿࢵࢺࣜ
ࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛ࡣᐇ㝿ࡢᚓ⚊⋡࡜ࡢ஋㞳ࡀ⏕ࡌࡸࡍ࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡣࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢẚ౛༊࡛ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓᨻඪࢆᖺ௦ู࡟ࢡࣟࢫ㞟ィࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᐇ㝿ࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅࡛ࡣ㸪ᖺ௦ู࡟࡝ࡢᨻඪ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࡣุࡽ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ᥎ᐹࡍࡿ࡜ⱝᖺᒙ࡯࡝⮬Ẹඪࢆᢞ⚊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓྍ

⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸㸬㑅ᣲ᝟ໃㄪᰝࡢሙྜ㸪5'' ࡛ࡣ౫㢗⪅࡟ࡣ㟁ヰཱྀ࡛༠ຊࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃࡓࡵ࡟㸪⫈ྲྀྍ⬟࡞㉁ၥᩘ
ࡣ㝈ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡶ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ⪥࡛⪺࠸ཱྀ࡚㢌࡛ᅇ⟅࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢᩘࡶไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࡋ㸪㉁ၥᙧᘧࡶᢥ୍ᘧࡀ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡽ
ࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺㸬
ࡇࡢⅬ㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᅇ⟅⪅ࡣどぬࡶ౑ࡗ࡚ᅇ⟅࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵᢞ⚊ពྥࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ྠ᫬࡟ᅗ⾲  ࡟ࡶ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ᵝࠎ࡞㉁ၥࢆ㏣ຍࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲  ࡣ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ᖺ௦ูࡢࢡࣟ
ࢫ㞟ィࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ᨻ⟇࡬ࡢ㈶ྠู࡟ࡶᢞ
⚊ඛࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㻞䠊⾗㆟㝔㑅䛾ᐇ⦼䛸䝛䝑䝖䝸䝃䞊䝏䛾ẚ㍑㻌

ᅗ⾲ 㻟䠊ẚ౛༊䛷䛾ᖺ௦ูᢞ⚊ඛ㻌



61

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ᙜ↛㸪≉ᐃࡢᨻඪࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿேࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᨭᣢࡍࡿᨻඪ࡬ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿேࡢ๭ྜࡀ᭱ࡶከ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ
ᐜ᫆࡟᝿ീ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢேࡀᨭᣢᨻඪ࡟ᢞ
⚊ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬 ᖺࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅ࡣ㸪බ♧ᮇ㛫୰࡟㔝ඪ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᮇᚅࡢ㧗ࡲࡾ࡜ࡑࡢᛴⴠࡢኚ໬ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸㑅ᣲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ᅗ⾲ ] ࡣ㸪ᐇ㝿࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓᨻඪࡸೃ⿵⪅ࢆᙜึ࠿ࡽỴࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᑜࡡࡓ
⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ึࡵ࠿ࡽỴࡵ࡚࠸ࡓᨻඪࡸೃ⿵⪅࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓேࡢ๭ྜࡣ୚ඪᨭᣢ⪅࡛ 㸣㸪㔝ඪᨭᣢ⪅࡛ `࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ᨭᣢᨻඪࡀ࡞࠸ே࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ ]`࡟␃ࡲࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪㑅ᣲᮇ㛫୰࡟ከࡃࡢ⚊ࡢ⾜᪉ࡀᙸ᚞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢືࡁࢆㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࡓ⤖ᯝࡀᅗ⾲ ^࡛࠶ࡿ㸬஦๓ㄪᰝ࡛⪺࠸ࡓᨭᣢᨻඪ࡜ᢞ⚊ணᐃඛ㸪஦ᚋㄪᰝ࡛⪺࠸ࡓᐇ㝿ࡢᢞ⚊ඛ࡜ᢞ⚊┤๓ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࡢ⛣ࡾኚࢃࡾࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬↓ඪὴᒙࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪᭱ึ࡟❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ࡬ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓே
ࡢከࡃࡣ㏞࠸࡞ࡀࡽࡶ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓࡀ㸪᭱ึ࡟ᕼᮃࡢඪ࡟ᢞ⚊ពྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓேࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝
ࡣ௚ඪ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㻠䠊ᨭᣢᨻඪู䛻䜏䛯ᢞ⚊ពྥ䛾ኚ㑄㻌㻌ᅗ⾲ 㻡䠊ᨭᣢᨻඪู䛻䜏䛯ᢞ⚊ពྥ䛾ኚ㑄㻌੍੅৆ਇ               ਈੂ峘਺௠ਔ਱                ઉ৐峘਺௠ਔ਱              ৰ੠峘਺௠੔

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

62

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU 㸬㑅ᣲ᝟ໃሗ
ሗ㐨ࡢࡢ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠᯝࡢ
ࡢศᯒ᪂⪺ࡸࢸࣞࣅ࡞࡝ࡢሗ㐨ᶵ㛵ࡀ㑅ᣲ᝟ໃࢆఏ࠼
ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᢞ⚊⾜ື࡟ᙳ㡪ࡀཬࡪ⌧㇟ࢆ㸪ࠕ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠᯝࠖ࡜ゝ࠺㸬ࡲࡓᚰ⌮Ꮫ࡛ࡣከࡃࡢேࡀᨭᣢࡍࡿೃ⿵⪅࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸㸪຾ࡕ㤿࡟஌ࡿ㸦ࡑࡢೃ⿵⪅࡟ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿ㸧⾜ືࢆྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠕࣂࣥࢻ࣡ࢦࣥ
ຠᯝࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸬㏫࡟୙฼࡞≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡿೃ⿵
⪅ࢆᛂ᥼ࡋࡓࡃ࡞ࡿẼᣢࡕࢆࠕ࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢵࢡຠ
ᯝࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸬බ♧ᮇ㛫୰࡟ࡣከࡃࡢሗ㐨ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿ⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍᩘࡢண᝿ࡀሗ㐨ࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ᖍᩘண᝿ࡢ
᝟ሗࡣ㸪୚㔝ඪࡢ᝟ໃ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᢞ⚊⾜ື࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬௒ᅇࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡣ୚ඪࡢ㆟ᖍᩘࡀ㹙 ศࡢ  ௨ୖ㸭 ศࡢ  ࣛ࢖ࣥ㸭㐣༙ᩘ࠿ࡽ  ศࡢ  ࡢ㛫㸭㐣༙ᩘࣛ࢖ࣥ㸭㐣༙ᩘ๭ࢀ㹛ࡢ㸳ࡘࡢ௬᝿᮲௳ࢆタᐃࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ᅗ⾲ _ ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛ྛ௬᝿
᮲௳࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢞ⚊ពྥࢆ㉁ၥࡋࡓ㸬୚ඪࡢ⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍᩘࡀࠕ㐣༙ᩘ๭ࢀࠖ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀ
ࡓ࡜ࡁࡣ㸪୚ඪ࡬ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࡣ᭱ࡶ㧗ࡃ ]]d`࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࠕ ศࡢ  ௨ୖࠖࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟୚ඪ࡬
ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࡀ᭱ࡶపࡃ d^`࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺






࡟୚ඪࡀ⋓ᚓࡍࡿண᝿㆟ᖍᩘࡀቑ࠼ࢀࡤ㸪ࡑࢀࢆጉࡆࡿ᪉ྥ࡟స⏝ࡍࡿᙧ࡛㸪ẚ౛༊ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࡣኚືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ ᅗ⾲  㸬ḟ࡟㸪ᨭᣢᨻඪู࡟㆟ᖍᩘண᝿ࡢ᝟ሗᥦ౪ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ㸪ᢞ⚊ពྥࡀ࡝࠺ኚࢃࡿ࠿ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ⾲  ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㔝ඪᨭᣢ⪅ࡣ㑅ᣲ᝟ໃࡢ᝟ሗᥦ
౪ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶᢞ⚊ពྥࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ᨭᣢᨻඪࡀ࡞࠸ேࡣ㑅ᣲ᝟ໃࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡸࡍ࠸
ࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㻢䠊ㄪᰝ⏬㠃ෆ䛷䛾᝟ሗᥦ౪䛾౛ᅗ⾲ 㻣䠊㆟ᖍᩘண᝿䛾᝟ሗᥦ౪䛻䜘䜛ᢞ⚊ពྥ䛾ኚ໬



63

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ᅗ⾲ 㻤䠊㆟ᖍᩘண᝿䛾᝟ሗᥦ౪䛻䜘䜛ᢞ⚊ពྥ䛾ᨭᣢᨻඪ㛫ẚ㍑㻌

㸬ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑅ᢥ⾜ືᐇ㦂࡜ண ࣔࢹࣝࡢᵓ⠏࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛ࡣ᪂ၟရࡢࢩ࢙࢔ண ࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ᗘࠎࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺศᯒ࡜࿧
ࡤࢀࡿ㑅ᢥ⾜ືᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ」ᩘࡢၟရࢆ୪࡭࡚࿊♧ࡋ࡚㸪᮲௳ࢆኚ࠼ࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟
ᾘ㈝⪅ࡣఱࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺཯ᛂࢆࡳࡿࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢᡭἲࢆᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ྛᨻඪࡢᚓ⚊ᩘࡢࢩ࢙࢔ண ࡟㐺⏝ࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ㸬ᐇ㝿ࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣ㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ೃ⿵⪅ࢆ᧦❧ࡍࡿᨻඪࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡣᩘከࡃ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ❧ೃ⿵⪅㸦ᨻඪ㸧ࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥࡢᢞ⚊ពྥࢆ₃ࢀ࡞ࡃ㉁ၥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸㸬ᮏ᮶࡞ࡽࡤᐇ㦂ィ⏬ἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒ࡟ᚲせ࡞᭱ప㝈ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏᩘࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࢃࡅࡔࡀ㸪௒ᅇࡣண ศᯒࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᥈ࡿࡓࡵࡢᐇ㦂࡜࠸࠺఩⨨௜ࡅ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⡆᫆ⓗ࡞ㄪᰝタィࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬᭱ࡶከࡃࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟ೃ⿵⪅ࢆ᧦❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⮬Ẹඪ࡜㸪࡝ࡢᨻඪ࡟ࡶᒓࡉ࡞࠸↓ᡤᒓࡢೃ⿵⪅ࢆ㑅ᢥ⫥࡜ࡋ࡚ᚲࡎ⾲♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪୺࡞㔝ඪࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ೃ⿵⪅ࡢ᧦❧ࡢ㝿࡟ㄪᩚࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠕᕼᮃࡢ
ඪe᪥ᮏ⥔᪂ࡢ఍ࠖ
ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪeඹ⏘ඪࠖࡣྠ୍ࡢ
㑅ᣲ༊ෆ࡟㔜」ࡋ࡚❧ೃ⿵ࡋ࡞࠸࡜௬ᐃࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞௬ᐃࢆタࡅࡿ࡜㸪ᅗ⾲  ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸲ࡘࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥࡟㞟⣙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㻥䠊㑅ᢥᐇ㦂䛻⏝䛔䛯㑅ᢥ⫥䛾⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫㻌৭උ࿔ ‫؟‬ঽড়ਇ  ଞ峕਀ંൌ஦峘ਇ 峨峉峙 ঩ম೐ৗ峘ভ৭උ࿔ ‫؟‬৙ਇ‫ڮ‬য়೦ড়਌ਇ 峨峉峙 ુਓਇ৭උ࿔ ‫؟‬૮ਚര

ଞ峕਀ં


ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᅇ⟅⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㔝ඪ㸯࡜㔝ඪ ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ㸲ࡘࡢ㉁ၥࢆࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞
㡰ᗎ࡛ :HE ㄪᰝ⏬㠃࡟࿊♧ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢᢥ୍ᘧࡢ㑅ᢥᐇ㦂ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸬ᨻඪࡀᥖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿᨻ⟇㸪ಖᏲ⣔࣭ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ⣔࡜࠸ࡗࡓྛᨻඪࡢ≉ᚩࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘࢆタᐃࡋ㸪ከ㡯ࣟࢪࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡᅇᖐศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࣃ࣓࣮ࣛ
ࢱࡢ᥎ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࢆᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍ㸬౛࠼ࡤࠕ⮬Ẹඪࠖࡢຠ⏝್ࡣ͆୚ඪࢲ࣑࣮͇
࡜͆ಖᏲࢲ࣑࣮͇ࡢྜ⟬್ࡀ㸪ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪ࡛ࠖ࠶
ࢀࡤ͆ಖᏲࢲ࣑࣮͇࡜͆ᕼᮃࢲ࣑࣮͇ࡢྜ⟬್ࡀ㸪ࠕ᪥ᮏ⥔᪂ࡢ఍࡛ࠖ࠶ࢀࡤ͆ಖᏲࢲ࣑࣮͇ࡢ
ຠ⏝್ࡀ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜タᐃࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡓࡵ௒ᅇࡢᐇ
㦂࡛ࡣ㑅ᢥ⫥࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ ] ࡘࡋ࠿タࡅ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀ㸪㸴ࡘࡢᨻඪࡢ㑅ࡤࢀࡸࡍࡉࢆᩘ್໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡓ㸬

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

64

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ৭උ࿔ ‫؟‬৙ਇ‫ڭ‬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪඲ᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳᅛ᭷ࡢࣃࢿࣝࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡸ
ྛ㑅ᣲ༊ᅛ᭷ࡢᨻඪᨭᣢ⋡࡜ࡢ஋㞳ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ண ࡢ㝿࡟ᨻඪᨭᣢ⋡ࡢㄪᩚࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡟ᅇ⟅⪅ࢆᨭᣢᨻඪู࡟ᅇ⟅⪅ࢆࢢ࣮ࣝࣆࣥ
ࢢࡋ࡚㸪⩌ࡈ࡜࡟ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ᥎ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ⾲㸧㸬ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪୚ඪࢲ࣑࣮Ⱦଵࡢຠ⏝್ࡣ୚ඪᨭᣢᒙ࡛ d^ ࡜኱ࡁࡃ㸪㔝ඪᨭᣢᒙ࡛cd^ ࡜ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᨭᣢᨻඪู࡟᥎ᐃࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪୚ඪᨭᣢᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୚ඪࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡸࡍࡃ㸪㔝ඪᨭᣢᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୚ඪࡀ㑅ࡤࢀ࡟ࡃ࠸
ᵓ㐀ࢆண ࣔࢹࣝࡢ୰࡟཯ᫎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ྛᨻඪࡀᢞ⚊ࡉࢀࡿ㑅ᢥ☜⋡ࡣḟᘧ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⟬ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 ൌᅗ⾲ 㻝㻜䠊㑅ᢥ⾜ືᐇ㦂䛾᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ䠄඲ᅇ⟅⪅䠅㻌
Estimate Std. Error t-value Signif.
୚ඪ䝎 䝭 䞊 ߚଵ

0.854

0.037

23.237 ***ಖᏲ䝎 䝭 䞊 ߚଶ

0.384

0.051

7.474 ***ᕼᮃ䝎 䝭 䞊 ߚଷ

0.032

0.050

0.646

❧Ẹ䝎 䝭 䞊 ߚସ

0.719

0.051

13.976 ***

0.535

0.044

12.110 ***䛭 䛾 ௚䝎 䝭 䞊ߚହSignif. codes: p-value < ¶· 0.¶ · 0.¶ ·Log-Likelihood: -14142

ࡉࡽ࡟ᢞ⚊࡟ᑐࡍࡿពᛮࡢ☜ᗘࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡓࡵ
࡟㸪ᨭᣢᨻඪࡈ࡜ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥ⋡ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ࢚࢘࢖
ࢺࢆ஌ࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ྛᨻඪࡀᢞ
⚊ࡉࢀࡿ☜⋡ࢆண ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ⾲ 㸪ᅗ⾲ ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬൫ߚ௜ ൅ ߚ௝ ൯σ ሺߚ௜ ൅ ߚ௝ ሻᅗ⾲ 㻝㻝䠊㑅ᢥ⾜ືᐇ㦂䛾᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ䠄ᨭᣢᨻඪู䠅㻌୚ඪᨭᣢᒙ
Estimate

t-value2.859

୚ ඪ 䝎 䝭 䞊 ߚଵ㔝ඪᨭᣢᒙSignif.

Estimate

25.648 ***-1.285t-value↓ඪὴᒙSignif.

Estimate

t-valueSignif.

-16.619 ***0.571

9.457 ***ಖ Ᏺ 䝎 䝭 䞊 ߚଶ

1.816

6.272 ***

0.311

4.336 ***

0.458

5.450 ***ᕼ ᮃ 䝎 䝭 䞊 ߚଷ

-0.204-1.233-0.012-0.1560.136

1.745 .

❧ Ẹ 䝎 䝭 䞊 ߚସ

1.013

3.221 **

0.847

10.972 ***0.822

9.841 ***䛭 䛾 ௚ 䝎 䝭 䞊 ߚହ

1.219

4.246 ***

-0.525-7.505 ***1.294

18.757 ***Log-Likelihood: -1302.6

Log-Likelihood: -3605.2

Log-Likelihood: -6083.4

ᅗ⾲ 㻝㻞䠊ᨭᣢᨻඪ䜢⪃៖䛧䛯㑅ᢥᐇ㦂䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ᢞ⚊ඛண 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 ᅗ⾲ 㻝㻟䠊㑅ᢥᐇ㦂䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ᢞ⚊ඛண 䝅䜵䜰㻌
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65

政策と調査第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㸬ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟
࡟࠾ࡅࡿணண ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥண ࣔࢹࣝࡣྛᨻඪࡢຠ⏝್ࡢྜᡂ್ࢆ⏝࠸࡚┦ᑐẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠸㸪㑅ᢥ☜⋡ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ௵ពࡢᨻඪࢆ㑅ᐃࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢᨻඪࡢ
ຠ⏝್ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᨻඪࡢ㑅ᢥ☜⋡ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡋࡓ㸲ࡘࡢᨻඪࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡢୗ࡛ࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᢞ⚊⾜ືࢆ෌⌧ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᵓ
⠏ࡋࡓᩘ⌮ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪㉁ၥࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᨻඪ
ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡛ࡶ㑅ᢥ☜⋡ࢆண ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᨭᣢᨻඪࡢ๭ྜཬࡧᢞ⚊ពྥࡢ๭ྜ
ࡣ㸪ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟㹙⮬Ẹඪ࣭❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ࣭↓ᡤᒓ㹛ࡢ㸱ೃ⿵⪅ࡀ࠸ࡓሙྜ㸪⮬Ẹඪ ]_㸣㸪❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ`㸪↓ᡤᒓ `࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㹙⮬Ẹඪ࣭ᕼᮃࡢ
ඪ࣭❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ࣭ඹ⏘ඪ࣭↓ᡤᒓ㹛ࡢ ^ ೃ⿵⪅ࡀ࠸ࡓሙྜ㸪⮬Ẹඪ ]㸣㸪ᕼᮃࡢඪ ]㸣㸪❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ `㸪ඹ⏘ඪ 㸣㸪↓ᡤᒓ `࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓᨻඪᨭᣢ⋡ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ࡋ࡚ண ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛㐺⏝ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᆅᇦᅛ᭷ࡢ≧ἣࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࡣᨻඪࡔࡅุ࡛᩿ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ೃ⿵⪅ࡢ⤒Ṕࡸᙜ㑅ᅇᩘ࡞࡝ࡶᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ㸬ᅗ⾲ 㻝㻠䠊௬᝿㑅ᣲ༊䛻䛚䛡䜛ᢞ⚊⋡ண ⤖ᯝ㸬ᮏ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝ࡜ㄢ
ㄢ㢟ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀ 5'' ࡟ኚࢃࡿᶆᮏㄪᰝ࡜ࡋ࡚
ࡢ⨨᥮ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࢆཷࡅධ
ࢀࡘࡘࡶ㸪ᮏ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪:HE ㄪᰝ⏬㠃ࡢ㑅ᢥ཯ᛂᐇ㦂ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽண ࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᵝࠎ࡞ᨻඪࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࢆタᐃࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢᢞ⚊ඛࢆண ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡲࡔᐇ㝿ࡢᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡛ࡢண ⤖ᯝ࡜⾗㆟㝔㑅ࡢᐇ⦼࡜ࡢẚ㍑᳨ドࡣ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ண ࣔࢹࣝࡢጇᙜᛶࡢ᳨ドࡢ࡯࠿㸪ᨻඪᩘࢆᣑᙇࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢᐇ㦂ィ⏬࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ㑅ᢥ཯ᛂᐇ㦂ࡢヨ⾜ࡸᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ࡀᣢࡘᅛ᭷ࡢ
≉ᛶࡢ⪃៖࡞࡝㸪ࠕண ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⤒㦂್ࢆ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

66

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
ⴗཎ㞞அ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻡㻕㻚㻌 䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ㄪᰝ䛻䜘䜛ୡㄽほ 䛾ヨ䜏䠉䛂✵Ẽ䛃䛾ኚ໬䜢ヲ⣽䞉㎿㏿䛻ᤊ䛘䜛䛯䜑䛾Ⓨ᝿䛸ᐇ㊶䠉䠈➨ 㻡 ᅇୡㄽ䞉㑅ᣲㄪᰝ◊✲኱఍≉㞟ྕ䠈㻡㻝㻙㻡㻤㻚㻌
⫧๓ὒ୍⦅ⴭ㻌 㻔㻞㻜㻝㻢㻕㻚ᐇ㦂ᨻ἞Ꮫ㻘ວⲡ᭩ᡣ㻘㻌㻝㻝㻡㻙㻝㻟㻡㻚㻌㯮㜰೺࿃䞉⫧๓ὒ୍䞉ⰱ㔝⍆⨾㻔㻞㻜㻝㻠㻕㻌㻚㻌 ᐇ㦂ᐊᐇ㦂䛻䜘䜛 㻹㼦㻝 䝹䞊䝹䛾᳨ド䠈᪥ᮏ㑅ᣲᏛ఍ᖺሗ㻘㻌 㻌 㻟㻜㻔㻝㻕㻌 䠈㻝㻢㻙㻟㻜㻚㻌
㇂ཱྀᑦᏊ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻠㻕㻚㻌 ᨻ἞Ꮫ䛻䛚䛡䜛ᐇ㦂◊✲䇷ᴫせ䛸ᒎᮃ䇷䠈㑅ᣲ◊✲㻘㻌㻟㻟㻜㻔㻝㻕㻘㻌㻡㻙㻥㻚㻌᭷ᶒ⪅ಶேࡢᨭᣢᨻඪኚ໬ࡣண ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿㸫ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫ࣭ࣞ࢖ࢸࣥࢩ࣮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᪂ᣦᶆࡢᥦ᱌㸫Can Changes in Voter Support for Political Parties be Predicted?: An Approach Using New Indexes of
Response Latencyஂෆ భඔձ<XVXNH.XQDL஧⎼ ဴஓղ
7HWVX\D1LKHL㸯ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
㸰ㄪᰝᴫせ㸱ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝᢞ⚊ពྥඛ㸦ᢞ⚊ඛ㸧ᨻඪࡢ᥎⛣᭷ᶒ⪅ಶேࡢᢞ⚊ពྥඛ㸦ᢞ⚊ඛ㸧ᨻඪࡢኚ໬
☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔
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㸲ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࠑせ᪨ࠒ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᢞ⚊⾜ື࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋࡓ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ሗ㐨ࡢᙳ㡪࡛࠶ࡿࠕ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺ
ຠᯝࠖࡀ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࠕ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠᯝࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡿࠕࣂࣥࢻ࣡ࢦࣥຠᯝࠖ
ࠕ࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢵࢢຠ
ᯝࠖࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍᢞ⚊⾜ືࡣ㸪እ㒊่⃭࡟ᑐࡍࡿ┦཯ࡍࡿᚰ⌮࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸ࡓᢞ⚊⾜ື࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ಶேࡀ࣓ࢹ
࢕࢔ሗ㐨ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᭱⤊ⓗ࡟࡝ࡢᨻඪ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ஦๓࡟ண ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪እ㒊่⃭࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯ᛂ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠᯝ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࠕᨻඪ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭᣢࡢᙉᅛࡉࠖ࡜࠸࠺᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢෆⓗ࡞せᅉ࡟╔┠ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࢆᩘ್໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᢞ⚊⾜ືࢆண ࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫ࣭ࣞ࢖ࢸࣥࢩ࣮ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓᢞ⚊⾜ືண ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆሗ࿌ࡍࡿ㸬The “announcement effect” is the influence of public opinion polls and other media coverage, and iswell known with respect to the voting behavior of voters. The “bandwagon effect” and the “underdog
effect” are among the known types of announcement effects, but voting behavior that triggers theseeffects is based on contradicting psychological reactions to external stimuli. Consequently, it is often
difficult to predict which political party an individual will ultimately vote for, because of the influenceof media coverage. Instead of “announcement effects,” which are a reaction to external stimuli, thispaper focuses on voters’ strength of support for a party, which is an internal factor. By quantifying thisstrength, this study examines the possibilities of using response latency and its results to predictvoting behavior.

67

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧௒ᅇࡣ  ᖺ  ᭶ࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪㸯 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟  ᖺ  ᭶࡟ᢞ㛤⚊ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡛ࡲࡎᢞ⚊᪥ᚋࡶྵࡵ࡚  ᅇࡢ㐃⥆ㄪᰝ࠿ࡽᢞ⚊ពࡣ㸪Ᏻಸ㤳┦ࡢ⾗㆟㝔ゎᩓ⾲᫂࡜ྠ᪥࡟ᑠụẶࡀྥඛᨻඪ㸦ᢞ⚊᪥௨㝆ࡣᢞ⚊ඛᨻඪ㸧ࡢኚ໬ࢆ☜ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࢆⓎ⾲㸬ࡑࡢᚋ㸪ࠕẸ㐍ඪࠖࡢ஦ᐇୖ
ㄆࡍࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪㉁ၥࡢᅇ⟅࡟せࡋࡓ᫬㛫㸦௨ୗ㸪ࡢゎඪࡀሗࡌࡽࢀࡿ࡜㸪ᯞ㔝Ặࡀࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫ࣭ࣞ࢖ࢸࣥࢩ࣮㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠕᨭᣢࡢᙉ
ࡢ᪝ᥭࡆࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿ࡞࡝㸪㑅ᣲᮇ㛫୰࡟ྛඪࡢື
ᅛࡉࠖ࡜࠸࠺᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢෆⓗ࡞せᅉ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ᣦᶆ
ྥࡀࢽ࣮ࣗࢫ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㑅ᣲᡓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㸦☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศᯒ⤖ᯝ࡜௒ᚋࡢά⏝ࠕ⮬⏤Ẹ୺ඪࠖࡢໃ࠸㸪ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖࡢ㌍㐍㸪ࡑ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸬ࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࡢⱞᡓ࡞࡝㸪ྛඪࡢ᝟ໃࡸ
ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫ࣭ࣞ࢖ࢸࣥࢩ࣮ࡣ㸪グ᠈ࡢ୰࡛ࡢࠕែ
⋓ᚓ㆟ᖍᩘண᝿ࡀ᪥ࠎሗࡌࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ㸪㑅ᗘࠖ࡜ࠕホ౯ࠖࡢ㐃ྜᗘྜ࠸࡛࠶ࡿ͆ែᗘࡢ࢔ࢡᣲᶒࡀ  ṓ࡟ᘬࡁୗࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠿ࡽึࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅
ࢭࢩࣅࣜࢸ࢕㸦$WWLWXGH$FFHVVLELOLW\㸧͇ࡢ ᐃᣲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖࡢ 7ZLWWHUᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ㐃ྜᗘྜ࠸ࡀᙉ࠸࡯࡝㸪ᅇ⟅࡟ά⏝ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋࡓྛඪࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣕࣝࢹ࢕࢔ᡓ
せࡍࡿ᫬㛫ࡀ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸬ඛ⾜◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇ␎ࡀ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡟ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀヰ㢟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ
ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ㸪࠾ࡶ࡟㟁ヰㄪᰝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅇ⟅᫬࡜ࡶグ᠈࡟᪂ࡋ࠸㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟᪥ࠎࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࣓
㛫ࢆィ ࡋ㸪ᅇ⟅᫬㛫ࡀ▷࠸᪉ࡀ㸪ែᗘࡀᏳᐃࡋ
ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚᝟ሗࡀ㣕ࡧ஺࠺୰࡛㸪⮬ࡽࡢ୍⚊࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ 0D\HUO 
ࢆ࡝ࡢᨻඪ࣭ೃ⿵⪅࡟ᢞࡌࡿࡢ࠿㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ᝟ሗ
0XOOLJDQ*UDQW 0RFNDEHH 0RQVRQ㸧㸬ࡶཧ⪃࡟ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ᳨ウࡋࡓ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡶከ࠿ࡗࡓࡶࡢ
௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟࠾
࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⎔ቃࡢ୰࡛㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᢞࡅࡿྛᨻඪᨭᣢ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥ⚊ពྥඛࢆண ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬ࢫ࣭ࣞ࢖ࢸࣥࢩ࣮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࠕᨭᣢࡢᙉ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᢞ⚊⾜ື࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᙳ㡪࡟㛵ᅛࡉࠖࢆィ ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ሗ࿌ࡍࡿ㸬ࡋ࡚ࡣࠕ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠᯝࠖࡀ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࠕ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠᯝࠖ࡟ࡣ㸪࠶ࡿᨻඪࡀඃໃ㸰 ㄪᰝᴫせ ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ྠ୍ᅇ⟅⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪බ♧᪥࡜࠸࠺᝟ሗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᙜヱᨻඪࡀࡉࡽ࡟⚊ࢆఙࡤ⩣᪥࠿ࡽࡢ  ᪥㛫࡟  ᅇ┠㸪ᢞ⚊᪥  㐌㛫๓ࡢ ࡍࠕࣂࣥࢻ࣡ࢦࣥຠᯝࠖ
㸦ࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ㸪⮬ࡽࡀᢞ᪥㛫࡟  ᅇ┠㸪ᢞ⚊᪥⩣᪥࠿ࡽ  ᪥㛫࡟  ᅇ┠㸪⚊ࡋࡓᨻඪ࣭ೃ⿵⪅ࡀⴠ㑅ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢⴠ⫹ࡢᅇ㑊ィ  ᅇࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸬ྛᅇࡢࡸ㸪ᙜ㑅࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓ࠸㸪࡜࠸ࡗࡓᚰ⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝㄪᰝᐇ᪋ᮇ㛫ࡣᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍ࡜࠾ࡾ㸬ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧࡜㸪࠶ࡿᨻඪࡀඃໃ࡜࠸࠺᝟ሗ࡟ࡼ
௒ᅇࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣ㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥඛ㸦ᢞ⚊ඛ㸧ࡗ࡚㸪ᙜヱᨻඪࡢᑐ❧ᨻඪࡀࡉࡽ࡟⚊ࢆఙࡤࡍࠕ࢔ࡢኚ໬ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪 ᅇࡍ࡭࡚ࡢㄪᰝ࡟ᅇ⟅ࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢵࢢຠᯝࠖ
㸦⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ㸪ຎໃᨻඪ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࡋࡓ  ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆศᯒᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ㸪ᛶ࣭ᖺ௦ᵓ
ྠ᝟ࡸ㸪ຎໃᅇ㑊࡜࠸ࡗࡓᚰ⌮ࡀാࡃ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪࡜ࡃ࡟㑅ᣲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿୡㄽㄪᅗ⾲ 㻝䠊ㄪᰝᐇ᪋ᮇ㛫㻌ᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆぢ⪺ࡁࡋ࡚ᢞ⚊ඛࡢኚ᭦ࡸᢞফা঩໫঩‫ંਁ؝ڭ‬঩โ঩৹ਪ
‫਺؝ڮ‬௠঩‫ڭ‬ౝ৑৐৹ਪ
‫਺؝گ‬௠঩โ঩৹ਪ
⚊࣭Რᶒ࡬ࡢ㌿ྥ࡞࡝ᢞ⚊⾜ືࡀ࡝࠺ኚࢃ
ਁં঩

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ࡿ࠿ࡀ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬‫ق‬਷‫قعك‬স‫ك‬

਽
୍᪉࡛㸪
ࠕࣂࣥࢻ࣡ࢦࣥຠᯝࠖ࡜ࠕ࢔ࣥࢲ
স࣮ࢻࢵࢢຠᯝࠖࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ⫼ᬒᚰ⌮㸪ࡑ

ଅ
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঩
ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡢ⾜ືࡣ┦཯ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪াୡㄽㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆぢ⪺ࡁࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪࡝ࡢᢞ‫ق‬া‫قعك‬਷‫ك‬

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਷
⚊ඛ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ඃ఩࡞᪉ྥ࡬࡜ಶேࡢᢞ⚊⾜਽ືࡀྥ࠿࠺ࡢ࠿ࢆุูࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜স⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪እ㒊่⃭

ଅ
਺৫௠঩

঩
࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯ᛂ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠ
াᯝ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢෆⓗ࡞せᅉ࡟╔┠ౌ‫ق‬া‫قعك‬਽‫ك‬਷ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࢆᩘ್໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᢞ⚊⾜ືࢆண਽ࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓ㸬

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

68

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ᡂẚࢆ㸪 ᖺ  ᭶㸯᪥ࢆᇶ‽࡜ࡋࡓᅜໃㄪᰝ
ࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽసᡂࡋࡓேཱྀᵓᡂẚ࡟࠶ࢃࡏ࡚࢚࢘࢖
ࢺࣂࢵࢡࡋࡓ㸬࢚࢘࢖ࢺࣂࢵࢡ๓ᚋࡢᛶᖺ௦ᵓᡂࡣᅗ⾲  ࡟♧ࡍ࡜࠾ࡾ㸬㸱 ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ ᢞ⚊ពྥඛ㸦ᢞ⚊ඛ㸧ᨻඪࡢ᥎⛣௒ᅇࡢ㑅ᣲᡓࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࡲࡎࡣྛㄪᰝ
᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢᢞ⚊ணᐃ㸦➨  ᅇࡣᢞ⚊ඛ㸧ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧
㸬࡞࠾㸪➨  ᅇ࡜➨  ᅇ࡛ࡢᢞ⚊ࡋࡓ࠸ᨻඪࡢẚ⋡ࡣ㸪ࠕ௒ᅇࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡟⾜ࡃ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪࠶࡞ࡓࡣ㸪ẚ౛௦⾲㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢඪ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋࡲࡍ࠿㸬
ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ⟬ฟࡋࡓ㸬බ♧᪥⩣᪥ࡢ ᭶ ᪥࠿ࡽ ᪥࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ᐇ᪋
ࡋࡓࠕձබ♧᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕ⮬⏤Ẹ୺ඪࠖࡀ ࡜᭱ࡶ㧗ࡃ㸪ḟ࠸࡛ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖ
㸦㸧
㸪ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ
㸦㸧࡜⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪 ᭶  ᪥࠿ࡽ  ᪥࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ
ࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕ⮬⏤Ẹ୺ඪࠖ
㸦㸧࡟ḟ࠸࡛ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖࡀ ࡛㧗ࡃ㸪ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖ
㸦㸧࡜㡰఩ࡀ㏫㌿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
ࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬
ࡉࡽ࡟㸪
ᢞ⚊᪥⩣᪥ࡢ  ᭶  ᪥࠿ࡽ  ᪥࡟ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠕճᢞ⚊᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ⮬⏤ᅗ⾲ 㻞䠊ศᯒᑐ㇟䝕䞊䝍䛾ᛶᖺ௦ᵓᡂ㻌
੬ਙ
ਙফ৻

੓ਙ

ੑ
           
২ਯ





















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

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崎崐崌崰崸崫崗৐
ଡਛૻ 
২ਯ



崎崐崌崰崸崫崗৏ଡਛૻ ᅗ⾲ 㻟䠊ẚ౛௦⾲䛷ᢞ⚊䛧䛯ᨻඪ䞉ᐇ㝿䛻ᢞ⚊䛧䛯ᨻඪ䛾᥎⛣㻌࣮࣋ࢫ㸸 ㄪᰝᅇ⟅⪅㸦ᇶᮏタィ㸧㸭Q ࠕ⟅࠼ࡓࡃ࡞࠸࣭ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡣ㞟ィᑐ㇟࠿ࡽ㝖ࡃͤᢞ⚊ඛࢆࠕⓑ⣬ᢞ⚊ࠖ

69

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧Ẹ୺ඪࠖ㸦㸧࡟ḟ࠸࡛ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖࡣ 
࡜㸪ࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼࡢ ࠿ࡽ ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ๭ྜࢆఙࡤࡋ㸪୍᪉࡛ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࡣ ࡜ఙࡧᝎࡳ㸪௒ᅇࡢ㑅ᣲᡓࡢ᝟ໃࢆᾋࡁ᙮ࡾ࡟ࡍ
ࡿ⤖ᯝࡀ࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 ᭷ᶒ⪅ಶேࡢᢞ⚊ពྥඛ㸦ᢞ⚊ඛ㸧ᨻඪࡢኚ໬
᭷ᶒ⪅ಶேࡢ୰࡛ࡣ㸪ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓ࠸ᨻඪࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ
࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࠿㸬⥆࠸࡚㸪ᚓ⚊ᩘୖ఩ࡢࠕ⮬⏤Ẹ୺ඪࠖ
ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ
ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࡢ  ᨻඪ࡟╔┠ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᢞ⚊ពྥᨻඪࡢὶධ࣭ὶฟ࡜㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢᢞ⚊ඛࢆศᯒࡍࡿ㸬ࡲࡎ㸪ࠕձබ♧᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ࠿ࡽࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖࡢ  㐌㛫ᙅ࡛ࡢኚ໬࡟╔┠ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࠕձබ♧᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࠕ⮬⏤Ẹ୺ඪࠖࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ࡟ᢞ⚊ணᐃ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓே࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀ㸪ࡀࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡶྠ୍ᨻඪ࡟ᢞ⚊ணᐃ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖ࡟ᢞ⚊ணᐃ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓே࡛ࡣ㸪ኚࢃࡽࡎࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖ࡟ᢞ⚊ணᐃ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡢ๭ྜࡀ
࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ṧࡾࡢ ࡣ࡝ࡢᨻඪ࡬࡜
ᢞ⚊ணᐃࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ࡜㸪ከ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠕỴࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖࡢ ࡛㸪୍ᗘࡣࠕᕼᮃࡢ
ඪࠖࢆᢞ⚊ணᐃඛ࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࡇࡢ㛫ࡢ᝟ሗ᥋ゐ➼ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚࠿㸪࠸ࡲ୍ᗘ᳨ウࡋࡼ࠺࡜⪃࠼ࡓேࡀ㸪ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖᢞ⚊ணᐃ⪅࡛ࡣ௚ඪ࡜ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ከ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࢆᢞ⚊ணᐃඛ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓேࡢ࠺ࡕ ࡣ㸪ࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌
㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ࡬࡜ᢞ⚊ணᐃඛࢆኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⥆࠸࡚㸪ࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ࠿ࡽࠕճᢞ⚊᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖࡢ⣙  㐌㛫࡛ࡢኚ໬࡟╔┠ࡍࡿ࡜㸪㻌ᅗ⾲ 㻠䠊ྠ୍ᅇ⟅⪅䛻䛚䛡䜛ᢞ⚊ពྥඛ䠄ᢞ⚊ඛ䠅ᨻඪ䛾ኚ໬㻌࣮࣋ࢫ㸸 ㄪᰝᅇ⟅⪅㸦ᇶᮏタィ㸧㸭Q ͤᢞ⚊ඛࢆࠕⓑ⣬ᢞ⚊ࠖࠕ⟅࠼ࡓࡃ࡞࠸࣭ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡣ㞟ィᑐ㇟࠿ࡽ㝖ࡃͤྛㄪᰝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻඪࡢ୪ࡧࡣㄪᰝ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢᢞ⚊ពྥ⋡ࡢ㧗࠸㡰㸪኱ࡁࡉࡣࠕỴࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖࢆ㞟ィᑐ㇟࠿ࡽ㝖࠸࡚⟬ฟࡋࡓᢞ⚊ពྥ⋡㸦ࠕỴࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ
ࠕᢞ⚊⾜࠿ࡎࠖࡣ࣮࣒࣎ࣜࣗࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡞࠸㸧࠙▮༳ซ౛ࠚ
௨ୖ㸸ᐇ⥺㸦ᩘ್௜㸧_ ௨ୖ ᮍ‶㸸ᐇ⥺㸦ᩘ್࡞ࡋ㸧_ ᮍ‶㸸Ⅼ⥺_㸸⥺࡞ࡋ

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

70

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࡲࡎ┠ࢆࡦࡃࡢࡣ㸪ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖᢞ⚊ணᐃ⪅ࡢᐇ㝿ࡢᢞ⚊๭ྜࡢ㧗ࡉ࡛㸪ࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ
᫬Ⅼ࡛ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ࡟ᢞ⚊ணᐃ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓேࡢ࠺ࡕ ࡀᐇ㝿࡟ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬୍᪉࡛㸪ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࠕձබ♧᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ࠿ࡽࠕղᢞ⚊᪥  㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖࡢ  ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢẚ㍑⤖ᯝ࡜ྠᵝ㸪ࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯
㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ࠿ࡽࠕճᢞ⚊᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝ࡛ࠖྠ୍ᨻ
ඪࢆᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡣ ࡜௚ᨻඪ࡟ẚ࡭࡚పࡃ㸪ࡀᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪
ࠕᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖ࡟ᢞ⚊ணᐃ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓேࡢ࠺ࡕ ࡀᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠕᢞ⚊࡟⾜࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠖ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ࡛ࠖࡣࡇࡢ๭ྜࡀ 㸦ᅗ⾲࡛ࡣᩘ್グ㍕࡞ࡋ㸧࡜ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ᴟ➃࡟ప࠸㸦ᢞ
⚊⾜Ⅽ࡬ࡢṌ␃ࡾࡀ኱ࡁ࠸㸧㸬ࡲࡓࠕ⮬⏤Ẹ୺ඪ࡛ࠖࡣ ࡜ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࡼࡾ  ࣏࢖ࣥࢺప࠸ࡇ࡜
࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖᢞ⚊ணᐃ⪅ࡢᲠᶒࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࡇ
࡜ࡀ㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓ୍ᅉ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬 ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠕ⮬⏤Ẹ୺ඪࠖࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ
ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࢆྵࡴ  ࡘࡢᨻඪࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ㄆ▱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᨻඪ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕᨻඪᨭᣢࠖ
㸦ᨻඪྡࢆ࿊♧ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠕᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ
ࠕᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ
ࠕ⟅࠼ࡓࡃ࡞
࠸࣭ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡢ  ᢥ㸧ࢆ⫈ྲྀࡋ㸪㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀ⾲♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠿ࡽᅇ⟅ࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ᫬㛫ࢆィ ࡋࡓ㸬ᅇ⟅᫬㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᑐᩘኚ᥮ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓୖ࡛㸪ಶேᕪࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ᶆ‽໬ࡋࡓᚓⅬࢆࠗ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⟬ฟࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ⾲ 㸧㸬࡞࠾㸪ྛᨻඪ
ࡢ⾲♧㡰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᅇ⟅⪅ࡈ࡜࡟ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟࿊♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪୍␒ึࡵ࡟࿊♧ࡉࢀࡓᨻඪࡣ㸪㐺ษ࡞㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ㑅ࡪ๓ẁ㝵࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࡀタၥᩥࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᫬㛫ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᅇ⟅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬ࡇࡢᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᭱ึ࡟࿊♧ࡉࢀࡓᨻඪࡢᅇ⟅᫬㛫ࡣ㝖࠸ࡓୖ࡛㸪ࢫࢥ࢔ࡢ⟬ฟࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࡣ㸪ࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝㸪ᅇ⟅᫬㛫ࡀ▷࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡍ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࢫࢥ࢔ࡀࣉࣛࢫ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡣ௚ࡢᨻඪ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠕᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺
ᅇ⟅᫬㛫ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟▷࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜㸪ࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ࣐࢖
ࢼࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ௚ࡢᨻඪ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠕᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᅇ⟅᫬㛫ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟㛗࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡍ㸬ࡲࡎ㸪ࠕճᢞ⚊᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅇ⟅᫬㛫ࢫࢥ࢔ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓ㸬ศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᢞ⚊ඛ࡜ࡋ࡚ྛᨻඪྡࢆᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡢෆ㸪ࠕᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ
࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓሙྜࡢࠗ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔࠘ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ㸬ࠕճᢞ⚊᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ᢞ⚊ඛ࡜ࡋ࡚ྛᨻඪྡࢆᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ㸬ᨭᣢ⋡ࡀୖ఩ࡢ  ᨻඪ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤖ᯝࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖࡣࠗ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔࠘ࡣ  ࡛㸪௚ඪ㸦ࠕ⮬⏤Ẹ୺ඪࠖ㸪ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖ㸧࡟ẚ࡭࡚㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬๓⠇ᅗ⾲ 㻡䠊☜ಙᗘ䝇䝁䜰䛾 ᐃ᪉ἲ㻌

71

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ᅗ⾲ 㻢䠊ྛᨻඪᨭᣢ⪅䛾☜ಙᗘ䝇䝁䜰㻌ᅗ⾲ 㻣䠊ᨭᣢᨻඪ䛾ኚ໬䛸☜ಙᗘ䝇䝁䜰㻌

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

72

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU  ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ࡟ᢞ⚊ணᐃ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓேࡢ࠺ࡕ ࡀᐇ㝿࡟ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂
ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖᨭᣢ⪅ࡣྛㄪᰝ᫬
Ⅼ࡛ࡢṌ␃ࡲࡾࡀ㧗࠸࠺࠼࡟㸪ᅇ⟅࡟せࡋࡓ᫬㛫ࡀ▷ࡃ㸪௚ඪࡼࡾࡶᨭᣢࡀᙉᅛ࡛࠶ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿ㸬࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖᨭᣢ⪅ࡢࠕᨭᣢࡢᙉᅛࡉࠖࡀ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ㌍㐍ࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬 ᨭᣢᨻඪࡢኚ໬࡜☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ ḟ࡟㸪ᨭᣢᨻඪࡢኚ໬࡜☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࠕձබ♧᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ࡜ࠕղᢞ⚊᪥㸯㐌㛫๓ㄪᰝࠖ
㸪࠾ࡼࡧࠕձබ♧᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ࡜
ࠕճᢞ⚊᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖࡢ  ㄪᰝ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࠕձබ♧᪥⩣᪥ㄪᰝࠖ
᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛᨻඪᨭᣢ⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ࠗᨭᣢᨻඪ࡟ኚ໬ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⩌࠘࡜ࠗኚ໬ࡀ࠶ࡗ
ࡓ⩌࠘ࡢ  ⩌࡛㸪☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔࡟㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ
☜ㄆࡋࡓ㸬ࡍࡿ࡜㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢᨻඪ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᨭᣢᨻඪ࡟ኚ໬ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⩌࡛ࡣ㸪ᨭᣢᨻඪ࡟ኚ໬
ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ⩌࡟ẚ࡭࡚㸪☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ㸪☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ㧗࠸ᒙࡣ㸪ᨭᣢࡢุ᩿ࡀẚ㍑ⓗᙉᅛ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿ㸬 ࡓࡔࡋ㸪
☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࢆᨻඪࡈ࡜࡟☜ㄆࡍࡿ࡜㸪௒ᅇࡢ⾗㝔㑅࡟࠾࠸࡚⚊ࡢὶฟࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠕᕼᮃ
ࡢඪࠖᨭᣢ⪅ࡢ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࡣࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖᨭᣢ⪅࡟ḟ࠸࡛  ␒┠࡟㧗ࡃ㸪ᚲࡎࡋࡶ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࡢࡳ࡛ᢞ⚊⾜ືࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࡢᢞ⚊⾜ື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪ࡭ࡽࢀࡿࠕᨭᣢࡢᙉᅛࡉࠖ࡜࠸࠺ෆⓗせᅉࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸪እⓗせᅉࡢᙳ㡪ࡶ኱ࡁࡃཷ
ࡅࡓࡶࡢ࡜᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿ㸬㸲 ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟 㑅ᣲᮇ㛫୰ࡢ͆㢼ྥࡁ͇ࢆㄞࡴࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪᪥ࠎࡢᡓᒁࢆሗ㐨ࡍࡿ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡸ㸪ࡑࡢ᭱୰࡟࠸ࡿᨻඪ
࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㸪㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ㸬࡜ࡃ࡟㸪ⱝᖺᒙࢆ୰ᚰ࡟᝟ሗ᥋ゐࡢኚ໬ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪616 ࡸື⏬
࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡞࡝᪂ࡓ࡞ࢱࢵࢳ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ㑅ᣲᡓࡀ⧞ࡾᗈࡆࡽࢀࡿ᫖௒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㢼ྥࡁࢆṇࡋࡃᤊ࠼㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ᡓ␎ࢆ⦎ࡾ㸪᪋⟇࡟ⴠ࡜ࡋ㎸ࡴ㸪࡜࠸ࡗࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀྛᨻඪ࡟ࡣᚲせ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ୰࡛㸪௒ᅇࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࠗ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔࠘࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞ᣦᶆࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ᨻඪᨭᣢࡢᙉᅛࡉࢆྍど໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⚊ࡢὶฟࡀᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓ
ࠕ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪࠖ
ࡣ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㧗࠸್࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࠕᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ែᗘࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢩࣅࣜࢸ࢕㸦$WWLWXGH$FFHVVLELOLW\㸧ࡀࡼࡾ㧗ࡃ㸪ᨭᣢࡀᙉᅛ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ
࡜ࢆ⾲ࡍ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪
ྛㄪᰝ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࡿ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡢᨭᣢࡢኚ໬ࢆண ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫ࣭ࣞ࢖ࢸࣥࢩ࣮ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚㸪࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ㈇ᢸࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡞
ࡃᐜ᫆࡟ྲྀᚓྍ⬟࡞ᣦᶆ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪௒ᚋࡢά⏝ࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪☜ಙᗘࢫࢥ࢔
࡛ẚ㍑ⓗ㧗࠸್ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠕᕼᮃࡢඪࠖࡣᢞ⚊ࡲ࡛࡟⚊ࡢὶฟࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡶࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺
࡟㸪ಶேࡢᨭᣢᨻඪࡢኚ໬ࡣ͆ෆⓗせᅉ㸦ᨭᣢࡢ
ᙉᅛࡉ㸧
͇࡟ຍ࠼㸪
͆እⓗせᅉ㸦㑅ᣲሗ㐨࡞࡝㸧͇ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶ኱ࡁࡃ㸪㸣ண ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸㸬͆እⓗせᅉ͇࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ෑ㢌࡟ࡶゐࢀࡓ࡜࠾ࡾ㸪ࠕ࢔ࢼ࢘ࣥࢫ࣓ࣥࢺຠᯝࠖ
ࠕࣂࣥࢻ࣡ࢦࣥຠᯝࠖ
ࠕ࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢵࢢຠᯝࠖ࡞࡝࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㑅ᣲሗ㐨࡟ࡼࡿᢞ⚊⾜ື࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ࡞࡝㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟
ࡶከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ⤒⦋ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬௒ᚋ㸪͆እⓗせᅉ͇࡟ຍ࠼㸪௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽᙳ㡪ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓ͆ෆⓗせᅉ͇ࡶຍ࿡ࡋ࡚͆㢼ྥࡁ͇ࢆᣦᶆ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪ࡼࡾ⢭⦓࡞ண ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸬㸦ձղᰴᘧ఍♫࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪ㸧ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩Ლᒣ༟ྖ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻤㻕䠊㻞㻜㻝㻣 ᖺ 㻝㻜 ᭶⾗㝔㑅ᣲ䜢᪂⪺ሗ㻌㐨䛛䜙ศᯒ䛩䜛㻙䠏ᴟᨻඪ䞉ඪ㤳䛾㟢ฟᗘẚ㍑䜢
㏻䛧䛶䠈⚄ᡞぶ࿴ዪᏊ኱Ꮫゝㄒᩥ໬◊✲㻘㻝㻝㻞㻘㻌㻠㻥㻙㻢㻞㻚㻔㻞㻜㻝㻤㻙㻜㻞㻕㻌ட䞄㇂㞞ᙪ㻔㻞㻜㻜㻝㻕㻚㻌 㑅ᣲண 䛾䜰䝘䜴䞁䝇䝯䞁䝖ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䛾እほ㻙䜰䝘䜴䞁䝇䝯䞁䝖ຠᯝ䛾ᅇຠᯝ䛾ᣑᙇ䛻ྥ䛡䛶㻘㻌 ᒣᙧ┴❧⡿ἑዪᏊ▷ᮇ኱Ꮫ⣖せ㻘㻌㻟
㻟㻢㻘㻌㻣㻝㻙㻤㻢㻚㻔㻞㻜㻜㻝㻙㻝㻞㻙㻞㻤㻕㻌ቑ஭భு㻘⸨㔝㻌 ᕘ㻘ᒣᮏ㻌 ᐂ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻚㻌㼀㼣㼕㼠㼠㼑㼞㻌 䛾ከ㍈ⓗឤ᝟᝟ሗ䛸ᨻඪᨭᣢ⋡䛸䛾㛵ಀ䛻䛴䛔䛶㻘㻌 ゝㄒฎ⌮Ꮫ఍➨ 㻞㻟 ᅇᖺḟ኱఍㻚㻔㻺㻸㻼㻞㻜㻝㻣㻕㻌

73

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧㻹㼍㼥㼑㼞㼘㻘㻌㻶㻚㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻟㻕㻚㻌㻾㼑㼟㼜㼛㼚㼟㼑㻌㻸㼍㼠㼑㼚㼏㼥㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㼕㼚㻌㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㼟㻚㻌㻰㼑㼠㼑㼏㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㻿㼠㼞㼛㼚㼓㻌㻭㼠㼠㼕㼠㼡㼐㼑㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻾㼑㼟㼜㼛㼚㼟㼑㻌㻱㼒㼒㼑㼏㼠㼟㻚㻌㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㻹㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟㻦㻌㻵㼚㼟㼕㼓㼔㼠㼟㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻲㼕㼑㼘㼐㻚㻌㻹㼡㼘㼘㼕㼓㼍㼚㻘㻌㻷㼑㼚㼚㼑㼠㼔㻘㻌㻶㻚㻌㼀㼛㼎㼕㼚㻌㻳㼞㼍㼚㼠㻘㻌㻿㼠㼑㼜㼔㼑㼚㻌㼀㻚㻌㻹㼛㼏㼗㼍㼎㼑㼑㻘㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻶㼛㼟㼑㼜㼔㻌㻽㼡㼕㼚㻌㻹㼛㼚㼟㼛㼚㻌㻔㻞㻜㻜㻟㻕㻚㻌 㻌㻾㼑㼟㼜㼛㼚㼟㼑㻌㻸㼍㼠㼑㼚㼏㼥㻌㻹㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼛㼘㼛㼓㼥㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㻾㼑㼟㼑㼍㼞㼏㼔㻦㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻹㼛㼐㼑㼘㼕㼚㼓㻌㻿㼠㼞㼍㼠㼑㼓㼕㼑㼟㻚㻌㻼㼛㼘㼕㼠㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㻭㼚㼍㼘㼥㼟㼕㼟㻘㻌㻝㻝㻝㻔㻟㻕㻘㻌㻞㻤㻥㻙㻟㻜㻝㻚㻌

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

74

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ᴾᴾᴾᇹ ᾂᢿ ᴾ ἣ἟ἽἙỵἋỽἕἉἹὅᴾᵵᶃᶀ ể ῷ​῟ ử෇ ဇ ẴỦᛦ ௹ ỉӧ Ꮱ ࣱ ểᛢ ᫆ ᴾ

ᴾᴾᴾἣ἟ἼἋἚ ᾉ ᴾ ᓬ Ҿ ᴾ ᨻ ʂ ί ῱Ὺ ῧῪ Ὺ ῒ῞ ῲ ῰ ῕ ῥῪ ӕ ዸ ࢫ и ᅈ ᧈ ὸ ᴾ

ᧈ ߃ ᴾ ᝮ ᘽ ί ῟ ῰῝ Ῡ​ ؓ ᘍ ࢫ Ճ ᴾ ᧏ ႆ ஜ ᢿ ᧈ ὸ ᴾ
Ӵ ‫ ޛ‬ᴾ ɟ ᠗ ίᛠ ٥ ૼ Ꭵ ᅈ ɭ ᛯ ᛦ ௹ ᢿ ᧈ ὸ ᴾ
Э ဋ ᴾ Ⴚ ʴ ίஔ ଐ ૼ Ꭵ ᅈ ɭ ᛯ ᛦ ௹ ᢿ ᧈ ὸ ᴾ
᭸ ங ᴾ ී ૨ ί൑ ଐ ૼ Ꭵ ᅈ ɭ ᛯ ᛦ ௹ ܴ ᧈ ὸ ᴾᴾӮ ˟ ᾉᴾ ௅ ஜ ᴾ ദ ဃ ί‫ ܖ ٻ ྚ ؖ‬ᅈ ˟ ᛦ ௹ ᄂ ᆮ Ἅ ὅ ἑ Ὂᧈ ὸ ᴾᴾᜭ ᫆ ੩ ̓ ᾉ ᴾ ௅ ဋ ᴾ ପ ʚ ί‫ ܖ ٻ ྚ ؖ‬ᅈ ˟ ᛦ ௹ ᄂ ᆮ Ἅ ὅ ἑ Ὂὸ ᴾ

ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ

                           

75

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ➨  㒊ࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥ
ࡣ㸪ࠕ:HE ࡜ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࢆά⏝ࡍࡿㄪᰝࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ㄢ㢟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪⚾ᯇᮏࡀྖ఍ࢆࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁ㸪࠺ࡕࡢᯇ⏣ࡀᗄࡘ࠿ヰ㢟ᥦ౪ࡋ࡚ヰࢆ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡲࡎ㸪ࣃࢿࣜࢫࢺࡢ᪉ࢆࡈ⤂௓ࡋࡲࡍ㸬 ⚾࡟㏆࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽ㸪ࢺࣛࣥࢫࢥࢫࣔࢫ࣭࢔ࢼࣜ
ࢸ࢕ࢡࢫࡢ๪♫㛗࡛࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡍⴗཎ㞞அࡉࢇ࡛ࡍ㸬㸦ᢿᡭ㸧ࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍ㸬๓࡟ࡶఱᗘ࠿ฟ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚㸪࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡑࡢ࠾㞄ࡀ㸪࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡢᙺဨ࡛࠸ࡽࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨᮏ㒊㛗ࡢ㛗ᓮ㈗⿱ࡉࢇ࡛ࡍ㸬㸦ᢿᡭ㸧ࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍ㸬㛗ᓮࡉࢇࡶఱᗘ┠࠿࡛㸪࡝࠺ࡶ࠸ࡘࡶ࠶
ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡕࡻࡗ࡜㐲ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸬ࡲࡎㄞ኎᪂⪺♫ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝ㒊㛗ࡢྜྷᒣ୍㍤
ࡉࢇ࡛ࡍ㸬
㸦ᢿᡭ㸧
 ࡑࡢ࠾㞄ࡀ㸪ᮅ᪥᪂⪺♫ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝ㒊㛗ࡢ๓⏣┤ேࡉࢇ࡛ࡍ㸬㸦ᢿᡭ㸧 ୍␒㐲࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ᗙࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ㸪ẖ᪥᪂⪺♫ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝᐊ㛗ࡢ㨣ᮌᾈᩥࡉࢇ࡛ࡍ㸬㸦ᢿᡭ㸧  ேࡢ㒊㛗ࡉࢇ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡈⓏቭ࠸ࡓࡔࡃࡢࡣึࡵ࡚࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪࡝࠺ࡒࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪ඛ࡯࡝ࡣ๓ᅇࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅ࡢྛ♫ࡢ㑅ᣲண ࡟㛵ࡋࡲࡋ࡚㸪ᯇ⏣ࡀኻ♩࡞ホ౯ࢆ࠸ࡓࡋࡲ
ࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࡢሙࢆ࠿ࡾ࡚࠾ࢃ
ࡧ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍ㸬௚ពࡣࡈࡊ
࠸ࡲࡏࢇ㸬 ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᯇ⏣࠿ࡽヰ㢟ᥦ౪࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪࠾㢪࠸ᯇᮏ ṇ⏕
ࡋࡲࡍ㸬ࠝヰ㢟ᥦ౪㸯ࠞ‫ۑ‬ᯇ⏣ ࣃࢿࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ๓࡟㆟㢟ࢆᥦ♧ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸯ࠞ ࡘ┠ࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ሗ㐨㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡜  ࡘࡢศ㔝࠿ࡽฟᖍࡋ࡚࠸
ࡓࡔ࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࡢᬑཬ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪ
ᰝࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ㸬 ࡲࡎሗ㐨ഃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛
ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪㹐㹂㹂ㄪᰝࢆᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢ␒ྕࡶᑐ㇟࡟ࡋ
ࡲࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪᰝࡢ⢭ᗘࡀࡼࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࡢ࠿㸪௒ᚋࡶࡼࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿ᝏࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡃࡢ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞ឤぬⓗ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡶྵࡵ㸪ࡶ࠺

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

76

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸯ࠞ୍ࡘࡣ㸪⌧ሙ࡛ㄪᰝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆぢ࡚ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜
࡞࡝ࡶ⤂௓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤ࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ㸬 ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪㹐㹂㹂ㄪᰝࡢᅇ཰⋡㸬ࡇࡢᚋ⤂௓ࡋࡲࡍࡀ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇ᪥ᮏࡶୗࡀࡗ࡚
࠸ࡃࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᑐᛂࡣ࡝࠺ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࠿ࡅ࡛ࡍ㸬 ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪5D\3R\QWHU ࡉࢇࡢⓎ⾲࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ
ࡓࡀ㸪ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥ࡜ࢫ
࣐࣍ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ⏬㠃ࡣࢫ࣐࣍ࡢไ⣙࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ࡘࡃࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆࣃࢯࢥࣥ࡟⾲♧ࡋࡓ࡯࠺ࡀࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡀ࡞
࠸ࡼ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜㸬ࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࢆඃඛࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࢆタィࡋࡲࡋࡻ࠺࡜࠸࠺࡛ࡍ㸬㹐㹂㹂ㄪᰝࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᅛ
ᐃ㟁ヰ࡛ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡣࡎ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬㉁ၥᩘࡢᩘ㸪ᴟ➃࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆゝ࠼ࡤ㉁ၥᩥࡢ㛗ࡉ㸪ࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜
ࡲ࡛ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢆྵࡵࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚ᭦ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣኚ᭦ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ
࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ㄢ㢟ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ㸬 ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢศ㔝ࡢ᪉࡟ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢫ࣐࣍ࡢ⏬㠃࡜ࣃࢯࢥࣥ
ࡢ⏬㠃ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡀ㐪࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶྵࡵ࡚㸪ࡁࡻ࠺ᗄࡘ࠿ࡢⓎ⾲ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡀ㸪ㄢ㢟ࡶฟ࡚ࡁࡓ
࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡇࡇ࡟᭩࠸࡚࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚㆟ㄽࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀ
ࡤ࡞࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸰ࠞ ࡘࡢ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣓࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㹐㹂㹂ㄪᰝࡢᅇ཰⋡࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸬࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㸪ᦠᖏࡔࡅࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿே㸪ᅛᐃ㟁ヰࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ேࡢ๭ྜࡣᡂ
ே࡟࠾࠸࡚ ^d㸣㸬^㸣ࢆᯇ⏣ ᫎ஧

ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸰ࠞࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸲ࠞࡶ࠺᭱㏆ࡢᩘᏐ࡛ࡣ㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢୗࡢ࡯࠺࡟࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᪂⪺♫ࡢ
㒑㏦ㄪᰝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࣉࣟࢵࢺࡋ࡚࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ᮅ᪥᪂⪺♫ࡢỤཱྀࡉࢇ࠿ࡽ⪺࠸ࡓヰ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪ᮅ᪥᪂⪺♫ࡢ᭱᪂ࡢ㒑㏦ㄪᰝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡣ 㸣ࡔࡑ࠺࡛ࡍ㸬࡯ࡰ 㸣㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࡑࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆぢࡿ࡜ ]
௦ࡀ࠿࡞ࡾࡩ࠼࡚ࡁ࡚㸪඲యⓗ࡟ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࢫࣆ࣮
ࢻ࢔ࢵࣉࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿ࡞࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࢥ࣓
ࣥࢺࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸱ࠞࡉ࡚㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㹐㹂㹂ㄪᰝࡢᅇ཰⋡㸬ᶓ㍈ࡀᖺ௦࡛ࡍࡀ㸪࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇୗࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 㸣ࡲ࡛ୗࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡣ
^ ᖺࢆ㐣ࡂࡓ࠶ࡓࡾ࡛㸪ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡶྵࡵࡓ㹐㹂㹂ㄪᰝࡢ◊✲࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᐇ㊶ࡀάⓎ໬ࡋࡲࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪᪥ᮏࡢ᪉࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪௒㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢩ࢝
ࢦࡢㄪᰝ఍♫࡛ά㌍ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ┦⏣┿ᙪࡉࢇࡀ᪥ᮏ࡟᮶࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢヰࡢ୰࡛ࡣ㸪᭱㏆ࡢ㹐㹂㹂ㄪᰝࡢᅇ཰⋡ࡣఱ࡜ 㹼^㸣㸪㧗ࡃ࡚ࡶ ^㸣࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࡑ࠺࡛ࡍ㸬ࡇࡇ࡟࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿ᪥⤒ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢ㕥ᮌ╩ஂࡉࢇࡣ㸪♫఍ㄪᰝ༠఍ࡢࢪ࣮ࣕࢼ

ࣝㄅࠗ♫఍࡜ㄪᰝ࠘ࡢ୰࡟㸪ࡇࢀ࡛ㄪᰝ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞ᩥ❶ࡶ᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬᪥ᮏࡶࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇᅇ཰⋡ࡀⴠࡕ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿࡝࠺
࠿㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ༴ᶵឤࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪࡝࠺ᑐᛂࢆࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍ㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸲ࠞࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࣜࢧ࣮
ࢳࡢேࡓࡕ࡬ࡢ☜ㄆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪௒ᅇࡢⓎ⾲࡛ఱே࠿ࡢ᪉࠿ࡽ᝟ሗࢆ㛤♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓ㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸳ࠞࡇࢀࡣ㸪௒ࡇࡕࡽ࡟ᗙࡗ࡚࠸ࡽࡗ
ࡋࡷࡿ࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡢ㛗ᓮࡉࢇ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡐࡦ౑ࡗ࡚ࡳ
࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ᥦ౪࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ
࡛ࡍ㸬 ᖺ࠿ࡽ  ᖺࡲ࡛㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥ
ࡢ฼⏝ᗘྜ࠸㸪୍␒ୖࡢ㉥࠸ࡢࡀ ^ ṓ࠿ࡽ  ṓ㸬࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇࡩ࠼࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ 㸣㸬ⱝ⪅࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡶ࠺࡯ࡰ  ๭⛬ᗘ㸪ࡇࢀࡃࡽ࠸࡟ࢫ࣐
࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡢ฼⏝ࡀࡩ࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ
࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄢ㢟ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡚㸪࡝࠺ᑐᛂࡋࡼ࠺
࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ࠸࠸࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸴ࠞࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪5D\3R\QWHU ࡉࢇࡢⓎࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸱ࠞࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸳ࠞ

77

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸴ࠞࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸵ࠞ⾲ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ඛ࡯࡝ࡢࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡲࡍࡀ㸪㹐㹂㹂ㄪᰝࡣࣔࣂ࢖
ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸬࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢㄪᰝ఍♫㸪ࣀࣥࣃࣝࢳࢨ࡛ࣥಙ㢗ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 3H
5H|HDUFK&HQWHU ࡣ㸪ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢ␒ྕࢆ඲యࡢ ^㸣౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬௒⌧ᅾ㸪ᮅ᪥᪂⪺♫࡜ㄞ኎᪂⪺♫ࡣᜍࡽࡃ ^㸣㸪^㸣࡛ࡍ㸬ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢ␒ྕࡢ๭ྜࡀ
ࡩ࠼ࢀࡤࡩ࠼ࡿ࡯࡝㸪ᅇ཰⋡ࡀୗࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡ㸬5D\3R\QWHU ࡉࢇࡢⓎ⾲࡟ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᦠᖏࡣ࢚ࣥࢤ
࣮ࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ㸬ㄪᰝ༠ຊࢆ
ᚓ࡟ࡃ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡ㸬ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸵ࠞ࠶࡜㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢ࡯࠺࡛ࡣ㸪⾲ᙧᘧࡢ㉁ၥ࡟࡝࠺ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࠿㸬ᮅ᪥᪂⪺ࡢỤཱྀࡉࢇ࠿ࡽࢫࣛ࢖ࢻࢆᣏ೉ࡋࡲࡋࡓ㸬ࣘࢺࣞࣄࢺ኱
Ꮫࡢ iGLWKGHoHH} ࡉࢇࡢᥦ᱌ࡢ⏬㠃࡛ࡍ㸬⾲ᙧᘧ࡟ࡋ࡞࠸㸬୍ၥ୍ၥᥦ♧ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࡇࡢࢫࢣ࣮࣏ࣝ
࢖ࣥࢺࡣື࠿ࡉ࡞࠸㸬ྛ㡯┠ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡔࡅࡇࡢࡼ
࠺࡟ኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃ㸬ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᙧࡢ⏬㠃࡛ࡍ㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸶ࠞࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ⚾ࡶ㦫࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪࢔ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕࣭࢜ࣥࢢࣜࢵࢻ㸬࢔ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕࢜
ࣥࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᬑ㏻ࡣ㡯┠ࡔࡅ㸪ࡇࡢ㉁ၥ࡟⟅࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟㸪ࡥࡗ࡜ࡇࡇࡀ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆྵࡵ࡚ᗈࡀࡿ㸬㑅ࡪ࡜㸪ࡑࡢ㑅ࡤࢀࡓ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢࡳ⾲♧ࡉࢀ࡚㸪ḟࡢࡶࡢࡀ㛤ࡃ㸬せࡍࡿ࡟࢔ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕࡛࢜ࣥࡍࡡ㸬ࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ
ࡶࡢࡀ᪤࡟㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ࡚㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡶ౑ࢃࢀ࡚
࠸ࡲࡍ㸬᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࡲࡔ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿
࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ㎶ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡢឤ᝿ࡶྵࡵ㸪ᑐᛂࡢࡈពぢࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ㸬 ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪➨  ␒┠ࡢㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࢆጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤ࡞࡜㸬࣭ᦠᖏ㟁ヰㄪᰝࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡣ㸽‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ㸪⣲┤࡟ᯇ⏣ࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

78

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸶ࠞ

࡟ᚑࡗ࡚㉁ၥࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀ㸪ࡕࡻࡗ࡜ศࡅࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡲࡎࡣሗ㐨ྛ♫ࡉࢇ࡟㸪ࡇࡢᦠᖏࡢ㹐㹂㹂㸪ࡇࡇ࡟࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿ඲♫㸪ే⏝࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ᅛᐃ࡜ᦠᖏ
ࡢㄪᰝࢆ࠾ࡸࡾ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛㸪ᦠᖏ㹐㹂㹂ࢆጞࡵ࡚㸪ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫࡢ≧ἣ࡞࡝ࢆྵࡵఱ࠿ኚ໬
ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ㸬 ⚾࡝ࡶࡀぢ࡚࠸୍࡚␒Ẽ࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣ㸪ཤᖺࡶࡇࡢᖍ࡛⚾ࡣ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᅇ⟅⋡࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀྛ♫࡟ࡼࡗ࡚኱ࡁࡃ㐪࠺࡜࠸࠺㸬ཱྀ㢌࡛⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᮅ᪥᪂⪺♫ࡉࢇࡔࡅࡶ࠺ ᭶࡟࠾ࡸࡾ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪 ᭶ࡢᅇ⟅⋡࡛ゝ࠺࡜㸪ᅛᐃࡀ ]㸣㸪ᦠᖏࡀ ]㸣㸬ẖ᪥ࡉࢇࡣ _ ᭶࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᅛᐃࡀ _]㸣࡛㸪ᦠᖏࡀఱ࡜ 㸣࡜࠸࠺㸪ඛ࡯࡝ࡢᯇ⏣ࡢㄝ࡛࠸࠺࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸㧗࠸ᩘᏐ࡛ࡍ㸬ㄞ኎ࡉࢇࡶ _ ᭶ࡣᅛᐃࡀ ^㸣࡛㸪ᦠᖏࡀ ]㸣㸬୕⪅୕ᵝ࡛㸪⤯ᑐ್ࡢ㧗పࡶ࠶ࡿࡋ㸪ᅛᐃ࡜ᦠᖏ࡛ᅇ⟅⋡ࡀ㐪࠺♫ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤ㸪ࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸
♫ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ㎶࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㸪ࡲࡎ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᤊ࠼ࡓ
ࡽ࠸࠸ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺࠾ヰ࠿ࡽࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛㸪ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸯ࠞ෌⾲♧㸣࡜࠸࠺ᦠᖏࡢᅇ⟅⋡㸪ఱ࡛ࡍ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ
࠿ࡽ㸪㨣ᮌࡉࢇ࡟㸬‫ۑ‬㨣ᮌ ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡢ㨣ᮌ࡛ࡍ㸬 ࡲࡎ㸪ᅇ⟅⋡ࡢᐃ⩏࠿ࡽⱝᖸࡈㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ࡯࠺ࡀ
࠸࠸࠿࡞࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡢሙྜࡣ㸪ᅛᐃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᦠᖏ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ᐃ⩏ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠾
ࡾࡲࡍ㸬࠸ࡎࢀࡶୡᖏ࡟㟁ヰࡀ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚㸪࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓୡᖏ㸪ᦠᖏࡣಶேࡀศẕ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ᜍࡽࡃྛ♫࡛ࡇࡢศẕࡀࡲࡕࡲࡕ࡞ࡢ࠿࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬᭷ᶒ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺᫬Ⅼ࡛㸪ࡶ࠺㟁ヰ࡟ฟ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚ᛂᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ
࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡛㸪୍␒㧗࠸㟁ヰ࡟ฟ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᒙ
ࡀྲྀࡾ㝖࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡢᅇ⟅⋡ࡣⱝᖸ㧗┠࡟ฟࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡶࡗ࡜ཝࡋ࠸ศẕࡢ࡜ࡾ᪉ࡀከศ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡣ㹐㹂㹑࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㟁ヰ࡟ࡼࡿࣛࣥࢲ࣒ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢࢆ࡜ࡾጞࡵ࡚࠿ࡽࡣ୍㈏ࡋ࡚᭷ᶒ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇ
ࢁࢆศẕ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ⱝᖸ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ᦠᖏࡀ  ๭࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪ᮏᙜ࡟㧗࠸࡞࡜⚾ࡶᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᐇ㝿ࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡋ࡚࠸࡚ឤࡌ
ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ᦠᖏࡢሙྜࡣ㸪ᐇ㝿㟁ヰ࡟ฟ࡚ࡶࡽࡗ
ࡓ᪉ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ☜⋡࡛⟅࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࡲࡍ㸬ぢ▱ࡽࡠ␒ྕ࠿ࡽ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶฟࡿ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ
࡛㸪⟅࠼࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᒙࡣ࠿࡞
ࡾࡶ࠺ࡑࡇ࡛ࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥ
ࢢࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿
࡞࡜࠸࠺Ẽࡣࡋࡲࡍ㸬 ⡆༢࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ྲྀࡾᛴࡂࡈㄝ
᫂ࡋࡲࡋࡓ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡛ࡣ㸪๓⏣㨣ᮌ ᾈᩥẶࡉࢇ㸪ᮅ᪥ࡉࢇࡣ㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ศẕࡢ࡜ࡾ᪉࡜㸪࠶࡜ࡶ࠺୍ࡘ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡞
࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢࡣ㸪㟁ヰ࡟ฟ࡞࠿ࡗ
ࡓሙྜ࡟࡝ࢀࡃࡽ࠸⪃៖ࡍࡿ࠿࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬ฟ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿
ࡽ࡞ࡋ࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࠿㸪ࡑࢀ࡜ࡶ]㹼^ ᅇࡄࡽ࠸࠿ࡅ࡚ࡲࡓ㏣㊧ࢆࡍࡿ࠿㸪ࡑࢀ࡛ࡲࡓศẕ๓⏣ ┤ேẶࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛
ࡍ㸬ᯇ⏣ࡉࢇࡶࡉࡗࡁࡕࡻࡗ࡜࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗ࡚࠸ࡲ
ࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ุ᫂ୡᖏࡀศẕ࡞ࡢࡔࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶ㸪࡜ࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓሙྜ࡟࡝ࡇࡲ࡛࡜ࡾ࡟࠸ࡃ࠿
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࡑࢀࢆศẕ࡟ྵࡵࡿ࠿ྵࡵ࡞࠸࠿㸪ࡑࡇ࡛ࡶᕪࡀฟ࡚ࡁࡲࡍ㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽᅇ⟅⋡ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ༢ရ࡛ホ౯ࡣከศ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪ࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪௒ᅇࡣẚ㍑ⓗ࡜ࢀࡓ࡜࠿㸪௒ᅇࡣⱞࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠿
࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡑࡢ♫ࡢつᐃ࡛ぢ࡚࠸ࡃศ࡟ࡣ࠸
࠸ࡢࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ၟရࡢရ㉁ࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ࠶ࡽࢃࡏ
࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪ࡑࢀࡣ␲ࢃࡋ࠸ࡢ࠿࡞࡜ᛮ࠸
ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ྜྷᒣࡉࢇ㸪ㄞ኎ࡉࢇ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡝࠺࡛ࡍ࠿㸬‫ྜྷۑ‬ᒣ ࠺ࡕࡶᦠᖏࡣᛂ⟅ࡢ࠶ࡗࡓ᪉ࢆศẕ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ࡇ࠺࠸࠺⤖ᯝ࡟࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀ㸪๭࡜ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥ
ࢫࡀ࠸࠸ࡼ࠺࡛ࡍ㸬኱యᮅ᪥ࡉࢇ࡜ఝࡓࡼ࠺࡞ഴྥ࡛㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺Ẽࡀࡋࡲࡍ㸬ྜྷᒣ ୍㍤Ặ‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ྛ♫ࡉࢇ࡜ࡶᛮ࠸ࡢ࡯࠿ᦠᖏࡢࣞࢫ࣏
ࣥࢫࡀ࠸࠸࡞࡜࠸࠺ホ౯࡞ࡢࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪ୡࡢ୰ࡢ᪉ࡓࡕࡣࡇࡢᅇ⟅⋡࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣከศ࡯࡜
ࢇ࡝Ẽ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺㸪ࡑࡇ࡞ࡢ࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺Ẽࡀࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡ࡢ⤯ᑐ್ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࡼࡃၥ㢟࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀ௨ୖ࡟ᅇ⟅⋡ࡢ㐪࠸ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡣẼ௜࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡝࠺ࡒ㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ ⴗཎ࡛ࡍ㸬 ⚾ࡣࢺࣛࣥࢫࢥࢫࣔࢫ࣭࢔ࢼࣜࢸ࢕ࢡࢫ࡜࠸࠺
఍♫࡟࠾ࡾࡲࡋ࡚㸪ぶ఍♫ࡢࢺࣛࣥࢫࢥࢫࣔࢫࡣ
᪥ᮏ᭱኱ࡢࢥ࣮ࣝࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ఍♫࡛ࡍ㸬࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢ᪉࠿ࡽࡶୡㄽㄪᰝ㸪㑅ᣲㄪᰝࡶཷࡅࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓ

79

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡔ࠸࡚㸪㑅ᣲࡀ㏆࡙ࡃ࡜㑅ᣲ㖭᯶࡜࠿࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡃࡽ࠸࡛
ࡍ㸬ࢥ࣮ࣝࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛ࡣ㟁ヰࢆ࠺ࡅࡿ࢖ࣥࣂ࢘ࣥࢻࢥ࣮
ࣝ࡜㸪ࢭ࣮ࣝࢫࡸ㟁ヰㄪᰝࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢔࢘ࢺࣂ࢘ࣥࢻࢥ࣮
ࣝࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀ㸪௒ࡸᅛᐃ㟁ヰࡣ␃Ᏺ㟁ࡀࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺ࡛
࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋ࡞ⴗཎ 㞞அẶ࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸㸬␃Ᏺ㟁ࡣࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜⮬ศࡀ␃Ᏺࡢ᫬࡟ࡘࡅࡿࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡟㸪௒ࡶ࠺ࡳࢇ࡞ ] ᫬㛫␃Ᏺ㟁࡛࢜ࣥ㸪࠿ࡘࢹ࢕ࢫࣉࣞ
࢖ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪㠀㏻▱࡜࠿  ࡣࡲࡎฟ࡞࠸࡜࠸
࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡡ㸬 ᅇ཰⋡࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽࢆࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟㸪ᾏእࡢሙྜࡣ
ࡶ࠺ᑡࡋཝࡋ࠸㸬ᅇ཰⋡ࡀ ^㸣࡜࠿ 㸣࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪୙ᅾࡸ␃Ᏺ㟁ࡶศẕ࡟ධࢀ࡚࠸࡚㸪ࡑࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ㸪ṇࡋ࠸ㄆ㆑࡜࠿ṇࡋ࠸㆟ㄽࢆࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ಶேⓗ࡟ࡣᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪༢⣧࡟᪥⡿ࡢẚ㍑࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬࠿࠿ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㟁ヰ࡟ฟ࡞࠸ࡢࡀᙜࡓࡾ๓࡞ࡢ࡛㸪ࢥ࣮ࣝࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛ࡣඛ
ࡢඛ࡟ഛ࠼࡚㸪㟁ヰ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚౛࠼ࡤ㹊㹇㹌㹃ࡸ࣓ࢵࢭࣥࢪ࣮࡛ࣕࡸࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔ
ࢹࣝࡀኚࢃࡗࡓࡾࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜㸪ᅇ཰⋡ࡀ _ ๭࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ኱୔ኵ࡜࠿㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ࿘ᅇ࠾ࡃࢀࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ẽࡀࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ
ࡲࡍ㸬ࡁࡻ࠺ࡣಶேⓗ࡞❧ሙ࡛࠾ヰࡋࡏࡼ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ࡛㸪ᅇ཰⋡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡑ࠺࠸࠺ㄆ㆑࡛ࡈ
ࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬
࣭ే⏝᪉ᘧࡢタィࡣ㸽‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪௒ከศྛ♫࡜ࡶే⏝࡛ࣇ࢕ࣇࢸ࢕࣮࣭
ࣇ࢕ࣇࢸ࢕࣮࡛ࡸࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮ࠺
ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ඛ࡯࡝ᯇ⏣ࡀゝ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࡢඛ㸪ᦠᖏࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ௒ࡢ
ⴗཎࡉࢇࡢゝⴥ࡛ゝ࠺࡜㸪ࡲࡍࡲࡍᅛᐃ࡟࣮ࣜࢳ
ࡋ࡞࠸࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟㸪௒ࡢࡇࡢ ^࣭^ ࡢే⏝ࡳࡓ࠸࡞ᙧ࡛࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ᘬࡗᙇࢀࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺
㆟ㄽࡣࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࡡ㸬ࡑࡗࡕࡢヰ࡟㐍ࡳࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛㸬 ῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸪௒ᗘࡣ๓⏣ࡉࢇ㸪࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ௒࠾ヰࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪௒㸪ᅛᐃ㸪ᦠᖏ㸪 ᑐ  ࡛ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ูࠎࡢࡶࡢࢆ  ᑐ  ࡛⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪⛉Ꮫⓗㄽᣐࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓ
ࡽ㸪 ᑐ  ࡔ࠿ࡽࡳࡓ࠸࡞ヰ࡛㸪࠾ࡉࡲࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛  ᑐ  ࡛ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ㄏᝨ࡟㥑

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

80

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣ㸪ᅛᐃࡀ࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇῶࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ㸪ᦠᖏ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࢺࣞࣥࢻࡀ௒ᚋ⥆ࡃࡇ࡜ࡣከศ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸㸬ᦠᖏࡣ㸪ඛ࡯࡝ヰࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪㐠⏝ୖࡶ㠀ᖖ࡟ຠ⋡ࡼࡃ࡜ࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡡ㸬ࡑࡢࡲࡲ࠿࠿ࡾࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ពእ࡟༠ຊࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ
࡜࠸࠺ᐇឤࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ࠿ࡽ㸪ᦠᖏࢆ௒ᚋࡩࡸࡋ࡚
࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆど㔝࡟ධࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪ࡑࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟㸪ᦠᖏࢆ౛࠼ࡤ _㸸] ࡟ࡍࡿࡢࡔࡗࡓࡽ㸪ࡑࡢ᰿ᣐࡣఱ࡞
ࡢࡔ࡜㸬࡝ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᐈほⓗ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚㸪_㸸] ࡔࡗࡓࡽ _㸸] ࡟ࡍࡿ࡜Ỵࡵࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺࠶ࡓࡾ
ࡶࡁࡕࡗ࡜タィࢆࡋ࡞࠸࡜ㄝᚓຊࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࡇࡣᅛࡵ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡞࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡣ᪥ࠎࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ྜྷᒣࡉࢇ㸪⟅࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⠊ᅖ࡛㸬‫ྜྷۑ‬ᒣ ࠺ࡕࡶ ^࣭^ ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪≉࡟ࡇࡔࢃࡾࡀ࠶
ࡗ࡚ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ㸬௒ᚋᚲせᛶࡀ࠶ࢀࡤᦠᖏࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ༑ศ࠶
ࡾᚓࡲࡍ㸬⌧≧࡛⪃࠼ࡿ࡜㸪ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡣዪᛶࡢẚ⋡ࡀⱝᖸప࠸㸬ࡇࢀ࡛ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢẚ⋡ࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚࠸
ࡃ࡜㸪ዪᛶࡢࢧࣥࣉࣝᩘࡀపࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ㎶ࡀࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᠱᛕᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬
‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 㨣ᮌࡉࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬㨣ᮌ ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡶ  ᑐ  ࡢ๭ྜ࡛ᦠᖏ࡜ᅛᐃࢆ
⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬௒㸪ྜྷᒣࡉࢇ࠿ࡽࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ
ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᦠᖏࡣዪᛶࡀᑡ࡞࠸࡜࠿㸪ⱝᖺᒙࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㧗ࡃ࡜ࢀࡿ࡜࠿㸪≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪௒ࡍࡄ๭ྜࢆぢ┤ࡍࡔࡅࡢ⵳✚ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ௒ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ
ᣢࡕྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡋࡤࡽࡃࡣ  ᑐ  ࡢࡲࡲ࠸ࡃࡢ࠿࡞࡜⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟ࡣᦠᖏࡀከศࡶࡗ࡜ᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࡽ㸪࠸ࡎࢀ᳨ウࡣࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࠕࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜࠾࠸࡚࠾࠸࡚㸪࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ࡶᚅࡓࡏ࡚
ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪௒ᗘࡣࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢヰࡢ࡯࠺࡛㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿࢲ࢘ࣥࢧ࢖ࢬ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᕤኵࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡲࡍ࠿ࡳࡓ࠸࡞㸪ᯇ⏣ࡀ౛♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ヰࡣ୍᪦࠾࠸࡚㸪㸦㸿㸧࡜㸦㹀㸧࠶ࡓࡾࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡢ⌧≧ࢆ࠾⪺ࡁ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ࡜㸬῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸪㛗ᓮࡉࢇ࠿ࡽ㸬‫ۑ‬㛗ᓮ ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸳ࠞඛ࡯࡝ࡢ⚾ࡢᖺ௦ࡈ࡜ࡢࡶ
ࡢࢆฟࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼ࡿ࡜࠶ࡾࡀࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟ጞࡲࡗࡓࡢࡣ  ᖺࡢ㢌ࡄࡽ࠸࠿ࡽ࡛ࡍ㸬 ᖺࡃࡽ࠸ࡲ࡛ࡣ⤖ᵓᐇࡣᖾࡏ࡞  ᖺ㛫ࡃࡽ࠸ࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸࡚㸪ఱࡀᖾࡏ࠿࡜

㛗ᓮ ㈗⿱Ặ࠸࠺࡜㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡜
࠸࠼ࡤ㹎㹁࡛⟅࠼ࡿࡶࡢ㸪㹎㹁࡛⟅࠼ࡿᒙࡀࡍࡈࡃᏳ
ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛㸪⤖ᯝ࡟ࡶవࡾࡪࢀࡀ࡞࠸࡜㸬 ᖺ࠶ࡓࡾ࠿ࡽ୍Ẽ࡟ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺ
ࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡢᅇ⟅ࢆࡍࡿே㸪ࡋ࡞࠸ே࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࡩ࠼࡚
ࡁ࡚㸪࡝࠺ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿
࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀၥ㢟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ

ࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ⢭ᗘࡢヰ࡛࠸ࡃ࡜㸪ㄪᰝ⢭ᗘࡀࢫ࣐࣍ᅇ⟅⪅ࢆຍ࠼ࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࡼࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠺ࡘࡶࡾࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪ࡓࡔ㸪୍᪉࡛㸪㹎㹁ࢆࡳࢇ࡞ࡀ౑ࢃ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚
࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪㹎㹁ࡔࡅࡢㄪᰝ࡛⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡽ㛫㐪࠸࡞ࡃㄪᰝ⢭ᗘ㸪࢝ࣂࣞࢵࢪࡢ㠃࡛ୗࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡗ
ࡓࡔࢁ࠺࡞࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࡞ࡢ࡛㸪ㄪᰝ఍♫࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣍ࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࡜ࡣゝ࠸࡙ࡽ࠸࡜ࡇࢁ
ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺༴ᶵឤࢆᣢ
ࡗ࡚  ᖺ࠶ࡓࡾ࠿ࡽ‽ഛࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ ⱝ࠸ࡇࢁ᪥⤒ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡜࠸࠺఍♫࡟࠸ࡲࡋ࡚㸪㑅ᣲㄪᰝࡶୡㄽㄪᰝࡶᕷሙㄪᰝࡶࡸࡗ࡚࠸
ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪⢭ᗘ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ẕ㞟ᅋࡢᐇែ㸪ࣇ࢓ࢡࢺࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࢆ࡝ࡢ
ࡃࡽ࠸෌⌧ࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ⢭ᗘ࡜ゝ࠺ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋ
ࢀࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㏆ᖺࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛
ࡣ⢭ᗘ࡜࠿ṇ☜ᛶࡼࡾࡣ㸪᭷⏝ᛶࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡲࡍ㸬᭱㏆࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡉࢇࡶ᭷⏝ᛶࢆ㔜どࡋࡲࡍ࡜࠾ࡗ
ࡋࡷࡗ࡚ࡲࡍ㸬ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿ  ᖺࡃࡽ࠸ࡲ࡛ࡣ
ࡸࡣࡾ൅ࡽࡶṇ☜ᛶ࡜࠿⢭ᗘ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆࡍࡈࡃ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛ࡶ↓స
ⅭᢳฟࡸఫẸᇶᮏྎᖒࡢ฼⏝ࡀᙜࡓࡾ๓ࡔࡗࡓ㸬ᡭἲࢩ࢙࢔࡛ࡣ㸪 ᖺ࡛ࡍࡽ༙ศࡀᐙᗞ࡬ࡢゼၥ㠃᥋ἲ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢ⋤㐨ࡔ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ᯘ▱ᕫኵඛ⏕࠿ࡽᏛࢇࡔ᪥ᮏ
ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡀୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜࠿♫఍ㄪᰝࡢὶࢀࢆࡃࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ὶࢀࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࢀࡀࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚↓సⅭᢳฟࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ
࡞ࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ᮶ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡜ࡣఱ࠿
࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆၥ࠺ࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟㸪 ௦ዪᛶࡢពぢࡣࡇ࠺࡛ࡍ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢⓗ࡞ุ᩿ࢆࡍࡿ
ࡢ࡟࠸࠿࡟᭷ຠ࡞ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆ㑅ࡪ࠿ࡀ㔜せ⪃࠼᪉࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓ㸬ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪≉ᐃࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࡸࣞ࢔࡞ࢧࣥࣉࣝࡶࡁࡕࢇ࡜ࢫࢡ
࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚㸪࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ព
ᛮỴᐃ࡟ᙺ❧ࡘ᪉ἲࡀࡇࡢ  ᖺ࡜࠿  ᖺࡃࡽ࠸
࡟㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣ㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ
࣮ࢳࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ㛤࠸ࡓ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚ࡲࡍ㸬ࠕࢫ࣐࣍ࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺࠖ࡬ࡢᑐᛂࡣ㸽࣭‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ๓ẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣࡑࢀ࡛࠸࠸ࡢ࡛
ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࢫ࣐࣍ࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࡟࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ⌧≧࡛࡝࠺࡛ࡍ࠿࡜࠸࠺ヰ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ ࠕࢫ࣐࣍ࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣ㸪౛࠼ࡤࢹࢪࢱ࣐࣮ࣝࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣࡶ࠺  ᖺ๓㸪^ ᖺࡃࡽ࠸๓ࡲ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ࡲࡔࢫ࣐࣍ࡀᬑཬࡋ࡚
࠸࡞࠸ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽࠕࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓ㸬౛࠼ࡤ㹃㹁࡛ࡶື⏬ࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡛ࡶ㸪ࡲࡔᬑཬ⋡ࡀప࠸࡜ࡁ࡟ࡁࡗ࡜ࢫ࣐࣍ࡀ୺ᙺ࡟࡞
ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜⪃࠼࡚㸪ඛ࡟ᢞ㈨ࡋ࡚ᡭࢆᡴࡗࡓ࡜ࡇ
ࢁࡀ௒຾ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬せࡍࡿ࡟ୡࡢ୰
ࡀᚋ࠿ࡽ㏣࠸ࡘ࠸࡚ࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ឤࡌ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡢ
࡛㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡬ࡢά⏝ࡶ⌧≧࡛ࡣ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࢫ࣐࣍࡟ࢩࣇࢺ
ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋ࡚㸪⌧≧ࡀࡇ࠺ࡔ࠿ࡽࡶ
࠺ᑡࡋᚅ࡜࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪ࡴࡋࢁ㊊ࢆඛ࡟㋃ࡳฟ
ࡋ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ᣮᡓࡋࡓ࡯࠺ࡀ࠸࠸࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚
࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪㹎㹁࣮࣋ࢫࡣ㐣ཤࡢࡶࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ 㹎㹁ࡶṧࡿ࡜ࡣᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬௒࡛ࡶゼၥ㠃᥋࡜࠿ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ṧࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࢿࢵࢺ฼⏝࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢩ࢙࢔ࡣపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡣࡎ࡛ࡍ㸬㹎㹁࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ఍♫࡛௙஦ࢆࡍࡿࢶ࣮ࣝࡳࡓ࠸࡟࡞
ࡗ࡚㸪ᬑ㏻ࡢᡭඖ࡟࠶ࡗ࡚࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ
࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࢫ࣐࣍࠿ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛ࡍ㸬 ᖺ࡜࠿ ^ ᖺࢆᥥ࠸࡚㸪࡛ࡣࡑࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟࡝࠺ㄪᰝࢆࡸࡿࡢ࠿㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪௒࠿ࡽࢫ࣐࡛࣍ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⵳✚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡯
࠺ࡀ኱஦࠿࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡉࢇࡣ࡝࠺࡛ࡍ࠿㸬‫ۑ‬㛗ᓮ ᖺ௦ูࡢࡶࡢࢆぢ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓࡽࢃ࠿ࡿ࡜
࠾ࡾ㸪㹎㹁࡟ṧࡿே㸪≉࡟ᖺ㱋ࡢୖࡢᒙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ⏬㠃࡛࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡟⟅࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪┠ࡀࡋࡻࡰࡋࡻࡰࡋ࡚┦ᙜࡁࡘ࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࡇࡣṧࡿ࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࠶࡜㸪ヰࡀᡠࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡢ࢙࢘ࣈࢧ࢖ࢺ࡛᫇ࡣࠕ௦⾲ᛶࠖ࡜᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡓ
ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࣜࣉࣞࢮࣥࢱࢸ࢕ࣈ㸪ࡇࢀࡀ኱஦ࡔ࡜㸪ㄪᰝ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࡗ࡚ࡎࡗ࡜ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛

81

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡟ኚ࠼ࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠕᕷሙ཯ᫎ
ᛶࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡟⨨ࡁ࠿࠼࡚࠸࡚㸪௦⾲ࡍࡿࡼࡾࡶ
ࣜࣇࣞࢡࢺࡍࡿ㸪ᕷሙࢆࣜࣇࣞࢡࢺࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡯
࠺ࡀ኱஦࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ᡃࠎࡀ௒ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢧࣥࣉࣜ
ࣥࢢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕ௦⾲ᛶࠖ࡜࠸࠺
ゝⴥࡣ౑࠼࡞࠸࡜ṇ┤ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᕷሙࢆࣜࣇࣞࢡࢺࡍࡿࡢࡣ࡜࡟࠿ࡃ┠ᣦࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸
࠺ࡢࡀᡃࠎࡢ௒ࡢࢫࢱࣥࢫ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡑࢀࢆ୍⯡ࡢ᪉࡟ࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍࡃゝ࠺࡜࡝࠺࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆ  ௦ዪᛶேཱྀẚ࡟཯ᫎࡉࡏࡿ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪ၟရࡢ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮࡛ࡍ࡜࠿㸪せࡍࡿ࡟ᕷሙ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛
ࡍ࠿ࡽ㸪ᛶ࣭ᖺ㱋࡜࠿࢚ࣜ࢔ࡢࢹࣔࢢࣛ࡟㢗ࡽࡎ▱ࡾࡓ࠸㞟ᅋࢆࡑࡢ㒔ᗘࡁࡕࢇ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࢆࣜࣇࣞࢡࢺࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࢽࣗ࢔ࣥࢫ
࠿࡞࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡑࢀࡣࡼࡃࢃ࠿ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽゝ࠺࡜㸪ඛ࡯࡝ࡢ㸦㹁㸧ࡢヰ࡟ࡋ࡚㸪ࢫ࣐࣍ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࡢࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢆタィࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ᙜ↛㹎㹁ࡢ⏬㠃࡜ࡣ㉁ⓗ࡟඲↛㐪࠺㸪൅ࡽࡶぢ࡚࠸࡚㸪⣬࣮࣋ࢫࡢ㒑㏦ㄪᰝ࡟ពእ
࡜ࢩࣥࣃࢩ࣮ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡣ㸪㹎㹁ࡼࡾࡶࡴࡋࢁࣔࣂ
࢖ࣝࡢࢫ࣐࣍ࡔࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡞ࡳࡓ࠸࡞ឤࡌࡶ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ඛ࡯࡝ࡢࣉࣛࢫ࡜࣐࢖ࢼ
ࢫࡳࡓ࠸࡞㸪3R\QWHU ࡉࢇࡢヰ࡟ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪⏬㠃ࢧ࢖ࢬࡢၥ㢟ࡶྵࡵ࡚㸪ㄪᰝࡢࢹࣂ࢖
ࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㹎㹁࡜ࢫ࣐࣍ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࡢ࠿㸪࠶࡜㸪ඛ࡯࡝ᯇ⏣ࡀ⤂௓ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࠺
࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡛⊂⮬࡟࠾ࡸࡾ࡟࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞௙᥃ࡅࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡽ㸪῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸪㛗ᓮࡉࢇ࠿ࡽ㸬‫ۑ‬㛗ᓮ ㄪᰝ⏬㠃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡃ࡜㸪࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫ㸪ࢢࣜࢵࢻࡢヰࡀ୍␒࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜ᛮ
࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪᪂ࡋ࠸⏬㠃㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ఱ
ࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪୍␒᭱ึࡣ㸪㹎㹁ࡢ࣐ࢺ

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

82

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࣜࢵࢡࢫ࡜ྠࡌ⟅࠼ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛
ࣥࡢ⏬㠃ࢆࡘࡃࢀ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮࡗ୍࡚⏕ᠱ࿨ࡘࡃࢁ
࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡘࡃࢀ࡞࠸࡛ࡍ㸬⤖ᒁࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢ࡯࠺ࡢ⏬㠃ࢆࡘࡃࡾ┤ࡋ࡚㸪㹎㹁ࡢ࡯࠺࡛ࡶྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞⏬㠃ࢆࡘࡃࡗ࡚㸪㹎㹁࡛ࡶࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡶྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞⟅࠼ࡀฟࡿ㸪ྠࡌேࡀ⟅࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤྠࡌ⟅࠼ࡀฟࡿࡼ࠺࡞⏬
㠃タィࢆࡘࡃࡗ࡚ᐇ⾜ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺Ṕྐࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸬 ࠶࡜㸪࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶ㑧ᝏ࡞ࡶࡢࡔ࡜
⚾㸪ಶேⓗ࡞ぢゎ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸࡚㸪࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡ
ࢫࡣࡑࢇ࡞࡟Ᏻᐃࡋࡓ⟅࠼ࡀ࡜ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞௦≀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪⾲ഃ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚┦ᑐⓗ࡟⟅࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ே
࡜㸪⾲ഃࡈ࡜࡟  ಶࡎࡘ⤯ᑐ್࡛⟅࠼࡚ࡃࡿே࡜
஧㏻ࡾ࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࡢ஧㏻ࡾࡢேࡓࡕࡢ⟅࠼ࡀࡲࡊࡗࡓࡶࡢࡀ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࡛㸪࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡ
ࢫ࡟ࡍࡿ࡜ࡑࡇࡢᅇ⟅ࡢᏳᐃᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀࡍࡈ
ࡃప࠸ᡭἲࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࡶࡑࡶゼၥ㠃᥋ࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫࡣ౑ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡣࡎ࡛㸪ㄪᰝဨࡀグධࡍࡿグධ⏝⣬ࡣ࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫᆺ࡟࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡀఱ࡜࡞ࡃ㒑㏦ㄪᰝ
࡜࠿ゼၥ␃⨨ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ධࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚㸪⣬㠃ࡀ⠇⣙ࡉࢀࡿᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ఱ࡜࡞ࡃᐃ╔ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢࡀ
ᐇែ࠿࡞࡜ṇ┤ᛮࡗ࡚࠸࡚㸪㑧ᝏ࡛ࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ⚾ࡢぢゎ࡛ࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ☜࠿࡟㠃᥋ࡸ㟁ヰ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪せࡍࡿ࡟ᅇ⟅࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᅇ⟅⪅࡜ㄪᰝဨࡢྜస࡛ࡍ
ࡼࡡ㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣ㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡕࡻࡗ࡜㉁ⓗ࡟㐪࠺ࡢ࠿࡞࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪௒ࡢヰ࡛࠸࠺࡜㸪࠿࡞ࡾ㐪࠺ࡶࡢࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜㸪㹎㹁࡜ࢫ࣐࣍ࡢ୧᪉
࡛ᅇ⟅ࡀྍ⬟ࡔ࡜࠸࠺࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ࠾ࡸ
ࡾ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࢥࣥࣂ࢖ࣥ࡟ࡣࡇࡔࢃ
ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡚࠸࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬‫ۑ‬㛗ᓮ ⏬㠃⮬య㸪ࡶࡕࢁࢇࢹ࣮ࢱࢥࣥࣂ࢖࡛ࣥ
ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏬㠃ࢆᕤኵࡋ࡚㸪ྠࡌேࡀ⟅࠼ࡓࡽྠࡌᅇ⟅㸪㹎㹁࡛⟅࠼ࡼ࠺ࡀࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥ⟅࠼࡚ࡶྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ᅇ⟅ࡀᑟࡅࡿ⏬㠃ࣞ࢖࢔࢘ࢺࢆᕤ
ኵࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࠿࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚
࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࢝ࣂࣞࢵࢪࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜㸪⤯ᑐࢹ࣮ࢱࢥࣥࣂ࢖࡛ࣥࡁ࡞࠸࡜㸪㹎㹁ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࡔࡵࡔࡋ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࡔࡵࡔ࡜㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝㸬࡝࠺࡛ࡍ࠿㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ ௒ࡸࡣࡾ㐣Ώᮇ࡞ࡢ࡛㸪౛࠼ࡤࡶࡗ࡜㹎㹁࡟᭱㐺໬ࡉࢀࡓ࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫࡢ⏬㠃ࢆࡘࡃࡗ࡚
࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥ⟅࠼ࡿே࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࡓ
ࡃࡉࢇ࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬࠶࡜㸪ㄪᰝࢆ㢗ࡴഃ࡜࠿ࡸࡿഃࡢẼᣢࡕ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ྠ୍㉁ၥ࡟ࡼࡿ⥅⥆ㄪᰝࡣಖᏲⓗ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪࡞࠿࡞࠿ࢫ࣐࣍᭱㐺໬ࡋࡓㄪᰝ⚊࡟ࡣ஌ࡾ࠿࠼࡟ࡃ࠸㸬౛࠼ࡤ࢔ࢻ࣍ࢵ
ࢡࡢㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࢫ࣐࣍ࡶࡸࡗ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺
࠿࡞࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀ㸬 ⓙࡉࢇ㸪௻ᴗࡢ࢙࢘ࣈࢧ࢖ࢺ࡞࡝ࡳࡿ࡜࠾Ẽ࡙ࡁ࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㹎㹁࡛ぢ࡚ࡶࢫ࣐࣍ࡢ
⏬㠃ࡗࡱ࠸ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ᩥᏐࡀᑡ࡞
ࡃ࡚⏬ീࡀ  ࡘࡄࡽ࠸ࡋ࠿࡞࠸௻ᴗࢧ࢖ࢺࡶከ࠸㸬^㹼_ ᖺ๓ࡣࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢩࣈ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚」ᩘࣞ࢖࢔࢘ࢺ
ࢆ⏝ពࡋ࡚࠾࠸࡚㸪㹎㹁ࡢே࡟ࡣ㹎㹁ྥࡅࢹࢨ࢖
ࣥ㸪ࢫ࣐࣍ࡢே࡟ࡣࢫ࣐࣍ྥࡅࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡜ࡸࡗ࡚
࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪௒ࡣࢫ࣐࣮࣍࢜ࣥࣜࡶቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡲ
ࡍ㸬ࡑࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆ㹎㹁࡛ぢࡿேࡣ኱ࡁ┠࡟㸪⪁ே࡟ඃࡋ࠸ឤࡌ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㹓㹇ࡣ࠸ࡲ࠸ࡕ࡛ࡍ㸬ࢫ࣐࣍⏬㠃ࢆ㹎㹁⏬㠃࡛ぢࡿ࡜㸪ఱ࠿㛫ᘏࡧࡋࡓឤࡌ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪㹃㹁࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࢫ࣐࣍⤒⏤ࡀ࠶ࡓࡾࡲ࠼࡛ࡍࡋ㸪ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡶ࠺ࢫ࣐࣍ྥࡅ࢜ࣥ
࣮࡛ࣜ࠸࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ࡶᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࡇࡢỴ᩿ࡣ౛࠼ࡤ࢔ࢻ࣍ࢵࢡ⣔ࡢㄪᰝ࡞ࡽ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ
ࡀ㸪ಖᏲⓗ࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡣ࡞࠿࡞࠿ࡑࡇࡲ࡛ᛮ࠸ษࡽ
࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺≧ἣࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࣭ᦠᖏㄪᰝᅛ᭷ࡢ௙ᵝࡣ㸽‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ௒ࡢヰࡢ㛵㐃࡛㸪ᦠᖏ࡜ᅛᐃ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ẚ㍑ࡋࡓሙྜ࡟㸪ඛ࡯࡝㹌㹒㹒ࢻࢥࣔࡉࢇࡢࡈሗ࿌
࡛ࡣ㸪ࣔࣂ࢖࡛ࣝ࠾⟅࠼࡟࡞ࡿ᪉ࡶ㸪࡞ࡀࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃ࡚㸪ࡕࡷࢇ࡜ṇᗙࡋ࡚⟅࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣู
࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡁࡕࢇ࡜ࡈ⮬Ꮿ࡛⟅࠼࡚࠸ࡿ᪉ࡀ
ពእ࡜ከ࠸ࡳࡓ࠸࡞ࡢࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡓࡔ㸪୍⯡ⓗ࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜㸪ᦠᖏ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡗ࡚࠾┦ᡭࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࡽ㸪ࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㹊㹇㹌㹃ࡸࢤ࣮࣒ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྜ࠸㛫࡟⟅࠼ࡽࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛㸪ᅛᐃ࡛ࡣࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸
ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᕪࡋࡉࢃࡾࡢ࠶ࡿヰࢆࡍࢀࡤ㸪࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡞࡝࡛ࡶᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢㄪᰝဨ࡜

࠸࠺࠿࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢱ࣮ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀࡴࡋࢁ⣲ேࡗࡱ࠸᪉
࡛ࡶ࡛ࡁ࡚㸪ᅛᐃࡣ࡞࠿࡞࠿࣏࣮ࣛࣝࡢ࡜ࡁࡶ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᅛᐃࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ࣋ࢸࣛࣥ
ㄪᰝဨ࡛࡞࠸࡜࡞࠿࡞࠿㞴ࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺౑࠸ศࡅ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡶࡼࡃ⪺ࡃࡢ࡛㸪ᦠᖏే⏝࡟࡞ࡗ࡚㸪ᚑ᮶ᅛᐃ୍ᮏࡢ࡜ࡁ࡜ࡣᑐ㇟⪅ࡢ཯ᛂ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㐪࠺ࡼࡡ࡜࠸࠺㸬 ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪㉁ၥࢆ࡝࠺ኚ࠼ࡿ࠿㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢタᐃࢆ࡝࠺ࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡣࢥࣥࣂ࢖ࣥ
ࡢၥ㢟ࡶ࠶ࡿࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪ඛ࡯࡝ゝࢃࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ⴗཎࡉࢇ࡛ࡉ࠼ಖᏲⓗࡔ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪᪂⪺♫ࡀࡑࢀࢆᦠᖏ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽࡗ࡚ኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃ
ࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࡑࢀ࡜
ࡋ࡚㸪ᑐ㇟⪅ࡢ཯ᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚㝶ศኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ
࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞༳㇟ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬 ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡣྜྷᒣࡉࢇ࠿ࡽ㸪῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸬‫ྜྷۑ‬ᒣ ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢆే⏝ࡋጞࡵ࡚࠿ࡽ㸪㉁ၥࡢᙧ
ࢆኚ࠼ࡿ࡞࡝㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ୍ษࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡏ
ࢇ㸬ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ᅛᐃ㟁ヰ࡛ࡶࢭࣥࢸࣥࢫࢆ▷ࡃ㸪඲యࢆ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃᅽ⦰ࡋࡓ㉁ၥࢆసࡿࡼ࠺ດࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ
࡛㸪ࡑࢀࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲᦠᖏ࡟ࡶ㐺⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࢫࢱࢵࣇ࡟⪺࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀ࡛≉࡟ኚ໬ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺
ヰࡣ௒ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡞࠸࡛ࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡛ࡣ㸪㨣ᮌࡉࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬㨣ᮌ 㡢ኌ࡛ၥ࠸ྜࢃࡏࡿㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣ㸪ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡢሙྜࡶᅛᐃ࡜ᦠᖏ࡛㐪࠸ࡣ㸪≉࡟ᦠᖏࢆᑟධࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ㉁ၥࢆ๻ⓗ࡟ኚ࠼ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ
࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ㸬࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃࢥࣥࣃࢡࢺ࡟▷ࡃࡍࡿ࡜࠸
࠺ࡢࡣ௨๓࠿ࡽࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸬㒑㏦ࡣࡲࡓู㏵㸪ᚋ࡛ᜍࡽࡃࡈ⤂௓ࡍࡿᶵ఍ࡀ࠶ࡿ
࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ఱ࠿཯ᛂࡢ㐪࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ⪺ࡁࡲࡏࢇ࠿㸬‫ۑ‬㨣ᮌ ཯ᛂࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ㸪⮬ศ࡛ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡋ࡚࠸࡚
ࡶࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᦠᖏࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ࡜ࡗࡓேࡣ
⟅࠼ࡲࡍࡡ㸬ᅛᐃࡢሙྜࡣ㸪㟁ヰࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࡽࡗ࡚
ࡑࡢᐙ࡟᭷ᶒ⪅ࡀఱே࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ⪺࠸ࡓୖ࡛㸪┿ࢇ୰ࡢே࡜࠿୍␒ᖺୖࡢே㸪୍␒ᖺୗࡢே࡜࠿࡜࠸
࠺ࡢࢆࡸࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࢀࢆࡸࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿ㛫࡟ᛣࡾฟࡋ࡚ㄪᰝ୙⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢣ࣮ࢫ
ࡀ㛫ࠎ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᦠᖏࡢሙྜࡣ㸪ฟࡓ▐㛫࡟ࡑࡢேಶே࡞ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࡢே࡟⪺ࡅࡤ࠸࠸ࢃࡅ࡛㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣ㸪ฟࡓேࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ⟅࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿ
☜⋡ࡣ㧗࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ㄪᰝဨࡢ᪉ࡶᴦ࡜ゝ࠺࡜ኚ࡛ࡍ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ẚ㍑ⓗᛂ⟅ࡋࡸࡍ࠸࡜⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬

83

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ๓⏣ࡉࢇ㸪࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ࡇࢀࡣవࡾኚࢃࡾ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪ᮅ᪥᪂⪺ࡢሙ
ྜࡶྠᵝ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㉁ၥࡣࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ᅛᐃ
࡟ࡋࡓࡗ࡚ࢩࣥࣉࣝࡀ࠸࠸ࢃࡅ࡛㸪ࡑࢀࡣᦠᖏ࡛
࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞ࡶࡢࢆ┠ᣦࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࡑࢀࡣ࠶࠼࡚ኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇ㸬ⓙࡉࢇࡈᏑࡌ࡛ࡋ
ࡻ࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㐠㌿ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢ
ࢆࡲࡎ᭱ึ࡟☜ㄆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪ࡇࢀࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᚭᗏࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡜㸪࠶࡜㸪እ࡟ฟ࡚Ṍ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡗࡱ࠸࡞࡜࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣẼ࡟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞㐠⏝ࡣࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪≉࡟㸪ࢫ࣐࣍ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ᦠᖏࡔ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ὀ
ពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸Ⅼࡀ࡯࠿࡟࠶ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪ࡑ࠺࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡛ࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡋࡓ㸬࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸
ࡲࡍ㸬ᛮ࠸ࡢ࡯࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪☜࠿࡟㸪ᙜึ࡟ᠱᛕࡉࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࢺࣛࣈࣝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ
ࡶ☜࠿࡟వࡾ⪺࠿࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪௒ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡣࡇࢀ࡛
Ⰻ࠸࡜࠸࠺ឤࡌ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࡡ㸬 ḟࡢ㉁ၥ࡟࠸ࡃ๓࡟㸪࠸ࡁ࡞ࡾࣇࣟ࢔࡟ᢞࡆࡿ
ࡢࡀዲࡁ࡞ࡢ࡛㸪௚♫ࡢ᪉ࡶ᮶࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿࡢ
࡛㸪⢭ᗘࡢၥ㢟࡜࠿ే⏝࡟㛵ࡋ࡚࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ヰࢆ㸪ࡕࡻ࠺࡝௒ 5D\ 3R\QWHU ࡉࢇࡢ㞄ࡢ㞄࡟ඹྠ
㏻ಙࡢụ⏣ࡉࢇࡀᗙࡗ࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿࡢ࡛㸬࠸ࡁ࡞ࡾ᣺ࡗ࡚῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬ụ⏣ ఱࢆ࠾ヰࡋࡍࢀࡤ࠸࠸ࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࡗࡅ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧  ࡘࡣ㸪ే⏝㹐㹂㹂࡛⢭ᗘ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠸࠺࡜㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ♫ࡢᅇ⟅⋡ࡀ࠿࡞ࡾ㐪࠺ࡢ࡛㸪ඹྠࡉࢇࡣ㸪ᩘᏐࡣゝ࠸ࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᅛᐃࡀ࠿࡞ࡾ㧗ࡃ࡚㸪ᦠᖏ࡜ᕪࡀ⤖ᵓ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡞
࡜࠸࠺ឤࡌࡀࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡇࡢ㎶ࡢཷࡅ࡜ࡵ᪉ࡣ࡝࠺ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿㸬‫ۑ‬ụ⏣ ඹྠ㏻ಙࡢụ⏣࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡇࡢ◊✲఍ࡢࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࡛࢘ࡇࡢࡃࡽ࠸ࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟
ᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛㸪ࡶ࠺㐣ཤ ^ ᖺࡄࡽ࠸᮶࡚
࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࢁࡑࢁ࠿࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓ㸬 ᅇ཰⋡ࡣ㸪ṇ☜࡟ゝ࠺࡜࠺ࡕࡣᅇ཰⋡࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ࡜
ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡢ࡛㸪ᅛᐃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᭷ᶒ⪅࡟࠿࠿ࡗࡓ
ᩘࡣࡇࢀࡔࡅ࡛㸪࠺ࡕఱ௳࠿
ࡽᅇ⟅ࢆᚓࡓ㸪ᦠᖏࡣ࠿࠿ࡗ
ࡓࡢࡀఱ௳࡛㸪࠺ࡕఱ௳࠿ࡽ
ᅇ⟅ࢆᚓࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡜
࡝ࡵ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࡇࡢᩘᏐụ⏣ ೺ኵẶ
ࡀྛ♫㐪࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪൅ࡣ

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

84

3ROLF\

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5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU వࡾẼ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࠿㸬ࡓࡔ㸪ᜍࡽࡃᠱᛕࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡣ㸪㟁ヰ࡟ฟ࡞࠿ࡗࡓேࡀ⭾኱࡟⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡇࡀఱ࠿࢚࣮ࣛࡢࡶ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡈᠱᛕࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡑࡇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪☜࠿࡟ྛ♫ࡢᩘᏐࡣ㐪࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ฟ࡚ࡁࡓ࢔࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺ̿࢔࢘ࢺࣉ
ࢵࢺ࡜࠸࠺ゝ࠸᪉ࡣ࠾࠿ࡋ࠸࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪౛࠼ࡤෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡࡜࠿㸪ࡇࢀࡣᯇᮏඛ⏕ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ᩘ
್໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࢇ࡞࡟≉࡟࣋ࢡࢺࣝࡀྛ♫࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐪࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸
ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࡇࡢᝏᙳ㡪࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝࡞࠸ࡢ࡛
ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡞࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶࡜ࡣ  ᑐ  ࡢే⏝ࢆࡋࡤࡽࡃ
⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬‫ۑ‬ụ⏣ ే⏝࡜࠸࠺࠿㸪⪺ࡃᑐ㇟ࢆ  ᑐ  ࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪ࡋࡤࡽࡃࡑࢀ࡛࠸ࡃࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡞
࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸪✺↛⪺࠸࡚㸬࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࠝヰ㢟ᥦ౪㸰ࠞ ḟࡢղࡢヰ࡟⛣ࡾࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇ⏣ ࡲࡔᙜศࡣᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓ㹐㹂㹂࡛༑ศ࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪ
ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡶࡋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᅇ཰
⋡ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪࡝࠺࡞ࡿࡢ
࠿㸬࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲࡀእࢀࡓ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ࡛ᏛṔูࡢ࢚࣮࢘ࢺࢆࡘࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ⿵ṇࡀኻᩋࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ⾲ྥࡁࡢ⌮⏤࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ୡㄽㄪᰝᏛ఍㸦㸿㸿㹎㹍㹐㸧ࡢሗ࿌᭩ࡢ୰
࡟ࡶ㸪ᅇ཰⋡ࡀ࡜࡚ࡶప࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࢀࡀ➨୍ࡢせᅉࡔ࡜ࡣ᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇ㸬㹼^㸣ࡢᅇ཰⋡࡛ணࡋ࡚࠸࡚㸪ᙜࡓࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࡑࡶࡑࡶࡢ␲
ၥ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡡ㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸷ࠞࡉ࡚㸪⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡛ࡍ㸬ඛ࡯࡝ⴗཎࡉࢇ࠿ࡽࡶ㸪ᅛᐃ㟁ヰࡣࡶ࠺ฟ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲࡣᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢ␒ྕࢆᑠ㑅ᣲ༊࡟⤠ࡗ࡚࠿ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ௒ࡢ࡜ࡇ
ࢁ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࡽ㸪ᅛᐃ㟁ヰࡢࡳࢆㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽᅇ཰⋡ࡀ࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇ
ୗࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡟࠾࠸࡚࡝࠺࠸࠺ㄪᰝᡓ␎ࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
ࡶ⪃࠼࡚࠾࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࢆ⏝ពࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓ㸬  ࡘཧ⪃࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣ㸪 ᖺࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝኱⤫㡿㑅ᣲ࡛㸪ⓙࡉࢇࡶࡈᏑࡌࡢࣁࣜࢫ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣈࡀぢ஦࡟ࣈࢵࢩࣗࡉࢇࡢᙜ㑅ࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ ࠞࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ ࠞ࠿ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡣࢦ࢔ࡉࢇ࡜࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ 㸣࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡶṇ☜࡟ᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ  ᖺ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࣁࣜࢫ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣈࡣ⮬ศࡢ఍♫࡛ᢪ࠼ࡓࣃ
ࢿࣝࡢᩘࡀ  ୓ே㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ bࠞ௒ࡇࡇ࡟ฟᖍࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠾஧
᪉ࡢ఍♫ࡢࡶࡢࡣ㸪⏬㠃࠿ࡽᘬ⏝ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁ
ࡲࡋࡓࡀ㸪ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ᙧ࡛බ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ࡶ࠺ᙜ᫬ࡢࣁࣜࢫ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣈࡢ
ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢᩘࢆᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣ㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
࡛ࡍࡡ㸬ࡑࢀࡔࡅࡢከࡃࡢࣃࢿࣝࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ
࡞ࡽࡤ㸪࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚㸪ᛶ࣭ᖺ௦ูࢆࡁࢀ
࠸࡟௦⾲ᛶࢆ࡜ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࢆ⤠ࡗ࡚ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ᝿࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬ࡑࡢ᪉ἲ࡛᪥ᮏࡢሗ㐨ᶵ㛵ࡸࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ఍♫ࡶ㑅ᣲ࡟ࢺࣛ࢖࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸬 ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢࡸࡾ᪉ࡣ㸪☜⋡ᢳฟ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪୍␒ࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍࡃゝ࠺࡜㸪㑅ᣲேྡ⡙࠿ࡽ⭾኱࡞ᩘࢆࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢேࡓࡕ࡟㒑㏦࡛ࣃࢿࣝⓏ㘓ࢆ࠾㢪࠸ࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࢀ࡛Ⓩ㘓ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓࣃࢿࣝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࢆࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡸࡾ᪉࡛
ࡍࡡ㸬༠ຊ⋡ࡀపࡅࢀࡤవࡾព࿡ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ
࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡇࡢࡸࡾ᪉ࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ
ᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ᨻᗓᶵ㛵㸪ㄪᰝᶵ㛵㸪࠿࡞ࡾࡢ☜⋡ࣃࢿࣝࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ ࠞⓙࡉࢇ࡟࠾㓄ࡾࡋࡓ㈨ᩱ࡟ࡣ ࡘࡔࡅ༳ๅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡋ࡚㸪ྡ๓ࡔࡅࢃ࠿ࢀࡤ㸪௒ࡣࢿࢵࢺ♫఍࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽ㸪ⓙࡉࢇ⮬㌟ࡀ kRRJOH ᳨࡛⣴ࡋࡓࡽࡶࡗ࡜ヲࡋ࠸ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲ
ࡍ㸬ࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ◊✲ᶵ㛵ࡢ kit,t ࡀ࠿࡞ࡾࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ
ࡋࡓࣃࢿࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚㸪◊✲Ⓨ⾲ࡶࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࣑ࢵࢡࢫ࣮ࣔࢻ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥࡔࡅ
࡛ㄪᰝࡍࡿ࡜࠿࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ㸬 ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ ࠞࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢ qDW&HQ㸬♫఍ㄪᰝࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ࡇࡇ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡶࡁࡕࢇ࡜ࡋࡓࣃࢿࣝࢆ㸪ࢿࢵࢺࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ
࡚ࡇࡇࡣ࢜ࣇࣛ࢖ࣥ࡜᭩࠸࡚࠶ࡗ࡚㸪㟁ヰ࡜࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥࢆ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࡋࡓㄪᰝ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓᙧ࡛㸪᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶఱ࡜࠿⮬ศࡢ఍♫ࡀ౑࠺㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣㄪᰝ఍♫ࡀࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ☜⋡ࣃࢿࣝࢆ⏝ពࡋ࡚ሗ㐨ᶵ㛵࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿ㸪ࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓᙧࡢࡶࡢࡣ࡞࠸
࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡ㸬kit,t ࡞࡝ࡣࣃࢿࣝࢆᥦ౪ࡋ
ࡓࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࡲࡔࡲࡔඛࡢヰ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㟁ヰㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ࡝࠺ࡶ❧ࡕ⾜࠿࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸪⾗㆟㝔㑅࡛᝟ໃㄪᰝࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸
࡜࠸ࡗࡓሙྜࡢᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚  ࡘࡢࣃࢿࣝᵓ⠏ࡢㄪᰝࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜࠿㸪ឤ᝿࡛ࡶᵓ࠸ࡲࡏࢇ㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶྵࡵ࡚ࡈ㆟ㄽ࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤ࡞࡜㸬࣭ࢿࢵࢺࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᛶࡣ㸽‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡕࡽ࠿ࡽ  ࡘ㉁ၥࢆࡋࡓ
࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ௒㸪ᯇ⏣࠿ࡽ㸪࣐ࢡ࣑ࣟࣝࡉࢇ㸪࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡉࢇ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡛࠿࡞ࡾࡢᩘࡢ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࢆ࠾ᣢ
ࡕ࡛㸪≉࡟௒ࡕࡻࡗ࡜┠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡉࢇࡣࠕ࣐࢖ࢸ࢕ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࠖ
࡜᭩࠸࡚࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪࣐࢖ࢸ࢕࡞ࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡞࡜ᛮ࠺
ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡇࡢ㎶ࡢࡇࡢᩘ⮬య࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿㸬⮬♫ࡢࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡢ୰࡛࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣛࣥࢲ࣒ࢧࣥࣉࣝⓗ࡞ㄪᰝࢆࡸࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࢀ࡞ࡾ࡟ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ண ࡟ࡓ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ
࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞㸪ࡇ࠺࠸࠺⢭ᗘ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺㸪⢭ᗘ࡟ࡇࡔࢃࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ㎶ࡢࡈㄆ㆑ࡣ࡝࠺࡛ࡍ࠿㸬ࡲࡎ㸪㛗ᓮࡉࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬㛗ᓮ ㄪᰝࢆࡸࡿୖ࡛ࡢẕᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࣔࢽࢱ࣮
ࡢᩘࡣከࡅࢀࡤከ࠸࡯࡝౽฼࡛࠶ࡿ㸪ࣞ࢔࡞ࢱ࣮

85

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࢤࢵࢺ࡜࠿ࡶㄪᰝ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛౽฼࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࡜
ࠝࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸷ࠞ෌⾲♧ࡇࢁࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡇࡢ  ୓ேࡢ୰࡛࡝࠺࠸࠺ࢧ
ࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⢭ᗘ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣỴࡲࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡋ㸪㏫࡟㸪ᡃࠎࡶ᫇㸪☜⋡ᶆᮏ࡛ゼၥㄪᰝࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸࡚㸪ࡑࡢேࡓࡕ࡟ࣔࢽ
ࢱ࣮Ⓩ㘓ࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࡳࡓ࠸࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲ
ࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࡛ࡣࡑࡇ࡛ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡀᮏ
ᙜ࡟☜⋡ᶆᮏ࡜ゝ࠼ࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪⚾⮬㌟ࡣ⤖ᵓ␲ၥ࡟ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪౫㢗⋡ࡀప࠸࡜࠸࠺
࡜ࡇࢁࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚㸪౫㢗⋡ࡀ୍ᐃ௨ୗ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇ
ࢁ࡛☜⋡ᶆᮏࢆྡ஌ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣṇ┤↓⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡞࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡇࡢᩘࡣ㸪࣓ࣥࢸࢼࣥࢫࡀ኱ኚࡔ
ࡲࡊࡲ࡞᮲௳ࡢࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡭ࡃ࢔ࢡ
࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬ࢭࢫྍ⬟࡞ b ୓ࡃࡽ࠸ࡢࣃࢿࣝࢆᖖ࡟⏝ពࡋ‫ۑ‬㛗ᓮ ࡇࢀࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜ㄗゎࢆ⏕ࡌࡿ࡜࠶ࢀ࡞ࡢ
࡚࠾ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀᇶᮏⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉࡛ࡍ㸬࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡢሙྜ㸪࣮࢟ࣗࣔࢽࢱ࣮
࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡉࢇࡶᡃࠎࡶୡㄽㄪᰝࡣࡸࡽ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ
࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣ⮬♫࡛ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࢆᣦࡋ
࡛ࡍ㸬ඛ࡯࡝ᮧୖ࠿ࡽ㸪ෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡࡞࡝ẖ㐌ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸࡚㸪࣐࢖ࢸ࢕࣐࢖ࢸ࢕ࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ
࡚࠸ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡢሗ࿌ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࠶ࢀ࡟ࡣ㸪ࢻࢥࣔࡉࢇ࡟༠ຊࢆ࠾㢪࠸ࡋ࡚㸪࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ
ࡣᐇࡣබ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍ㸬ෆ㒊ࡢ◊✲ࡢࡢࣃࢿࣝࢆࡘࡃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡶྵࡵ࡚࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡟
ࡓࡵ࡟ࡸࡗ࡚࠸࡚㸪࣐ࢡ࣑ࣟࣝࡢୡㄽㄪ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ
࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ࢻࢥࣔࡉࢇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ዎ⣙ᩘࡀ࠿࡞࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛ࡣ௦⾲ᛶࡀồࡵࡽࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ᩘࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ఍♫ࡉࢇ࡜༠ຊࡍࡿ࡜኱
ࢀࡿୡㄽㄪᰝࡣࡸࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࣏ࣜࢩ࣮࡛ࡍ㸬࢟ࡁ࡞ᩘࡀタᐃ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡋ㸪࣮ࣗࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶ࣐࢖ࢸ࢕ࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡶࡸࡾࡸࡍ࠸࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇ
⮬ศ࠿ࡽᡭࢆᣲࡆ࡚ᛂເࡋࡓே࡞ࡢ࡛㸪☜⋡ᶆᮏࢁࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸬࡬ࡢ㐨ࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜㞴ࡋ࠸࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺Ẽࡀࡋࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡑࢀࡀඛ࡯࡝ࡢᯇ⏣ࡢ  ࡘ┠ࡢ㉁࣭ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㸽ၥࡢ࠾⟅࠼࡟࡞ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪⮬♫≀ࡔ‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚࣓ࢹ࢕࢔
ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ᪂ࡓ࡞࠸ࢃࡺࡿ☜⋡ᶆᮏⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆᑡ
ࡢ᪉ࡓࡕࡢ࠾ヰ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㑅ᣲணࡋᗈࡆ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜࠸࠺ᡓ␎࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬࡛ᅛᐃ࡛࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ᘬࡗᙇࢀࡲࡍ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡶ࠶‫ۑ‬㛗ᓮ ☜⋡ᶆᮏⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡛ࡍ㸬ࡾ㸪ࡑࡇ࡟ࢿࢵࢺࢆ࡝࠺౑࠸ࡲࡍ࠿࡜࠸࠺㸪ࡇࢀ࡜‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡢවࡡྜ࠸ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ㎶௒࡝ࡢࡼ࠺
‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ ࣐ࢡ࣑ࣟࣝࡶ࡯ࡰྠࡌᵓᅗ࡛ࡍ㸬 ୓ே࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆࡲࡎ᭱ึ࡟࠾⪺ࡁࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ⮬♫࡛ࡁࡕࢇ࡜㞟ࡵ࡚⟶⌮ࡋ࡚ࡸࡗ࡚
࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬㨣ᮌࡉࢇ࠿ࡽ㸬࠸ࡿࡶࡢ㸪๰ᴗ࠿ࡽࡸࡗ࡚௒ࡇࡢࡄࡽ࠸࡟࡞ࡗ࡚
‫ۑ‬㨣ᮌ ⌧≧࡛㑅ᣲࡢሙྜࡢ᝟ໃㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠾࠺࡜࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍ㸬࠸ࡲ≉࡟ⱝᖺᒙࢆ୰ᚰ࡟㸪⮬♫ࣃࢿᛮ࠺࡜㸪㒑㏦ㄪᰝࡣࢫࣆ࣮ࢻ㸪㎿㏿ࡉ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡶ࡛ࣝࡣ࡞࠿࡞࠿‶ࡓࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪࠺ᐇ⏝࡟ࡓ࠼࡞࠸ࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛ࡍ㸬඲ᅜࡢ㑅ᣲ⟶⌮እ㒊ࡢࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡉࢇ࡜࠿ࣃࢿࣝࡢࡈ༠ຊࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ
ጤဨ఍࡟᭷ᶒ⪅ྡ⡙ࡢ㜀ぴࢆ⏦ㄳࡋ࡚㸪ᐇ㝿㜀ぴ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡓࡔㄪᰝᑓ㛛࡜ࡣ㝈ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡢ࡛㸪౛࠼ࡋ࡚ᢳฟࡋ࡚࡜ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜㸪ࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛  ࢝᭶㸪ࡤᅇ཰⋡࡜࠿≉ᛶ࡜࠿ࡣ㐪ࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡍ㸬 ࢝᭶࠿࠿ࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࡢ㛫࡟㑅ᣲࡣ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸬 ࡞ࡐࡇࢀ࡛࠸࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪ඛ࡯࡝⚾ࡀ⏦ࡋୖᙜ㠃ࡣ㟁ヰ࡟ࡼࡿ㸪ࡋ࠿ࡶᅛᐃ࡛ࡍࡡ㸬ᦠᖏࡣᆅᇦ
ࡆࡲࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ
ࡀ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪㑅ᣲ༊ࡀ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪௦⾲ᛶࡣၥࢃࢀ࡞࠸㸬b ୓ே࡜࠸࠺ᩘࡀ࠸ࢀࡤ㸪㟁ヰ࡟ࡼࡿ᝟ໃㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᙜ㠃⥆ࡅࡊࡿࢆᚓ
ࣞ࢔࡞᮲௳࡛ࡶㄪᰝࡀྍ⬟࡛ࡍ㸬౛࠼ࡤࠕ㐣ཤ  ࢝࡞࠸࡜ࡣᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪ࡇࡢ㟁ヰࡀ࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ㄪᰝ
᭶ࡢ㛫࡟ D} ࠿ࡽࢯࣇࢺࣂࣥࢡ࡟࠿࠼ࡓ  ௦⏨ᛶࠖࡀྍ⬟࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᡃࠎࡶ㠀ᖖ࡟␲ၥ࡜࠸࠺࠿ᠱ
࡜࠿㸪ࡑࡇ࡟ㄪᰝࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡜࡚ࡶ౯್ࡀ࠶
ᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋ࡚㸪ఱࡽ࠿ࡢ௦᭰ᡭἲࢆ௒ࡢ࠺
ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍ㸬ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢ఍♫࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪ࡉ

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

86

3ROLF\

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5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࡕ࡟㛤Ⓨࡋ࡚࠾࠿࡞࠸࡜㸪࠶ࡿ᪥✺↛᝟ໃㄪᰝࡀ
࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ᪥ࡣ᮶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡
࡛࠸࠺࡜㸪ඛ࡯࡝ᓊ⏣ࡉࢇࡀⓎ⾲ࡉࢀࡓ㹐㹂㹇㹒࡜࠿࡜࠸࠺ᡭἲࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐇ⏝໬ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࢆ
ࡲࡓࡶ࠺ࡕࡻࡗ࡜◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚㸪࠾ఛ࠸ࡋࡓ࠸࡞࡜ᐇࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࠶࡜㸪ࢩ࣮ࣙࢺ࣓࣮ࣝࢆ㟁ヰ␒ྕ࡛㏦ࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ᡭἲࡣẚ㍑ⓗࣛࣥࢲ࣒ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ࡟㏆࠸ᙧ࡛㏦ࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࡶࡑࡶࢩ࣮ࣙࢺ࣓࣮ࣝࢆࡲࡎㄞࢇ࡛ࡶࡽ࠼ࡿࡢ
࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡸ㸪ࢩ࣮ࣙࢺ࣓࣮ࣝࢆ㏦ࡗ࡚ࡑࢀ
࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅇ⟅ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺࠿㸪ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࡑࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄪᰝ⚊ࢆసᡂࡍࡿ࠿㸬ࡑࢀࡣࢩ࣮ࣙࢺ࣓࣮ࣝࢆ㏦ࡗ࡚࢙࢘ࣈ࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡋ
࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡢ࠿㸪࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ᐇ⏝໬࡟ྥࡅࡓ㐨➽࡜࠿ᕤ⛬⾲ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ඲ࡃ࠶
ࡾࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ఱ࠿ࡋࡽࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᙧ࡛‽ഛࡣࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡶ࠺୍ࡘ㸪ඛ࡯࡝࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ☜⋡ࣃࢿࣝ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠸࠺࡜㸪࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ㑅ᣲேྡ⡙ࢆ㜀ぴࡋ࡚㸪ᩘ୓ே༢఩࡛ㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅ࡢࣜࢫࢺࢆࡘࡃ
ࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࡇ࡟㒑౽࡛౫㢗ᩥࢆ㏦ࡾㄪᰝᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚ࡶ࠸࠸ࡼ࡜࠸࠺ேࡓࡕࡢẕ㞟ᅋࢆ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡘࡃࡗ࡚㸪㑅ᣲࡀ᮶ࡓࡽ୍ᩧ࡟ࡑࡇ࡟ㄪᰝࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ㸬࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆ㟁ヰ࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࠿㸪࣓࣮ࣝ࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࠿㹊㹇㹌㹃࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࢙࢘ࣈ࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁศ࠿ࢀࡿ࡜
ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᡭἲࡣ࠸ࡎࢀ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡞࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡲࡔ඲ࡃලయ໬ࡢ㐨➽ࡣ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡛ࡣ㸪๓⏣ࡉࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ᮅ᪥᪂⪺ࡢሙྜࡣ㸪᫖ᖺࡇࡕࡽ࡛ୡㄽㄪ
ᰝ㒊ဨࡢ㰻⸨ࡀྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆᗄࡘ࠿⤂௓ࡋࡲࡋࡓࡼ
࠺࡟㸪࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁᐇ㦂ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ᅛᐃࡢ᝟ໃㄪᰝ
ࢆ௒ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀ㸪≉࡟ⱝᖺᒙࡀᖺࠎⷧࡃ࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪࡞࠿࡞࠿ࡇࢀࡣⱞࡋ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࡞࡜
ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ලయⓗ࡟᪂ᡭἲ࡟࡝ࡇ࠿࡛
⛣ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࡇ࡛  ࡘ㸪ࡇࡇ࡟࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪᪥ᮏࡢሙྜࡣ㠀☜⋡ᢳฟࡢࡶࡢࡀ
࣓࢖ࣥ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㸪㠀☜⋡ᢳฟ࡛ࡶࡲࡔࡑࡇࡲ࡛࠸ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜࿧࡭࡞࠸㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪௦⾲ᛶ࡟ᡃࠎࡣࡇࡔ
ࢃࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡀ୍᪉࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ᐃ౛ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝࡣᅛᐃ࣭ᦠᖏ࡛ⱝᖺᒙࡶ࡜ࢀࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࠸࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪㑅ᣲㄪᰝࡢሙྜࡣ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜ࡋ࡚࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡜㸪㑅ᣲண ࡟౑࠼ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪ࡇࡢ  ࡘ࡟ษࡾศࡅࡿᚲせࡣ࠸ࡎࢀฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺Ẽࡣࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪࡝ࢀࡀ౑࠼ࡿ࠿࡜࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁヨࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡡ㸬ࡇ࠺࠸࠺࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ヨࡳࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡶຮᙉࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚㸬ࡓࡔ㸪ࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛
࣮࣒ࡶྵࡵ࡚ࡎࡗ࡜ኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬ࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㸪Ᏻᐃᛶ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠸࠺࡜㸪ࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࡑࡢ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡲࡓ࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡋ㸪ࣃࢿࣝࡢ୰㌟ࡶከศኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡋ㸪ࡑࡇ࡟࢟ࣕࢵࢳ࢔ࢵࣉࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ண ࡢୡ⏺࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆࡁࢃࡵࡿࡢ࡜ୡㄽㄪᰝࡢୡ⏺࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣษࡾศࡅ࡚࠸ࡃ࣋ࢡࢺࣝ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿
࡞࡜࠸࠺Ẽࡀࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡑࡢࡘ࠸࡛࡟ࡶ࠺୍ࡘ࠾⪺ࡁࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡣ㸪㑅ᣲண ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᙜࡓࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤព࿡
ࡀ࡞࠸㸬ࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㸪࠾⟅࠼࡟࡞ࢀࡿ⠊ᅖ࡛࠸࠸ࡢ
࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪௒ࡲ࡛࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁヨ㦂ⓗ࡟࠾ࡸࡾ࡟
࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡞㏻ᖖࡢㄪᰝ௨እࡢㄪᰝᡭἲࢆண
ࡢࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡢ୰࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ẁ㝵࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿㸬࡝࠺࡞ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ࡲࡔᐇ㊶ࡋࡲࡍ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸≧ែ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ཤᖺࡢ㰻⸨ࡢሗ࿌࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪
_ ᖺࡢ⾗㆟㝔  ༊⿵㑅࡛㒑㏦࣭ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆࡸ
ࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࢀ࡞ࡾࡢ⢭ᗘࡣ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡲࡋࡓ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ྡ⡙࠿ࡽᢳฟࡍࡿసᴗࢆ඲ᅜ୍ᩧ࡟ࡸࡿࡢࡣ
࡞࠿࡞࠿㈇ᢸ࡜ࡋ࡚↓⌮ࡔࡋ㸪࡛ࡣලయⓗ࡟࡝ࡢ㐨ࢆ࡜ࡗࡓࡽ࡝࠺࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆࡲࡉ࡟௒㆟ㄽࢆࡋࡓࡾ᳨ウࡋࡓࡾ◊✲ࡋࡓࡾ࡜࠸࠺ẁ㝵࡛ࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡛ࡣ㸪ྜྷᒣࡉࢇ㸬‫ྜྷۑ‬ᒣ ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ᳨ウࡣࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ࡲࡔࡇࢀ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡣぢࡘ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪ࡉࡗࡁඛ⏕ࡀ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪㑅ᣲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᙜࡓࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤព࿡ࡀ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࢀ࡜ࡶ࠺୍ࡘ㔜どࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡀ㸪ࢥࢫࢺࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡍ㸬ᙜࡓࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡜ࢥࢫࢺ㸬ࡇࡢ  ࡘ࡛ᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽᗄࡽ࡛
ࡶᡭࢆఙࡤࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ௒ࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡲࡔࡕࡻࡗ࡜᫬㛫ࡣ࠿࠿ࡿ࡜ぢ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ ௒ࡢ࠾୕᪉ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝࡢ㈐௵⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࠾ヰ࠿ࡽࡐࡦఛ࠸ࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸬Ḣ⡿࡛ࡣ᪤࡟ୡㄽㄪᰝࡶ㑅ᣲㄪᰝࡶࢿࢵࢺࢆ౑ࡗࡓㄪᰝ࡜
࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡶ࠺ᙜࡓࡾ๓ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡋ࡚㸪୍␒᭷ྡ࡞ R}kR~ ࡣⴭྡ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡛ࡶᬑ㏻࡟ᨭᣢ
⋡ㄪᰝ࡜࠿ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬

87

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧 ౛࠼ࡤ᪥ᮏ࡟ R}kR~ ࡀฟ࡚ࡁ࡚㸪ྠࡌᡭἲ࡛ࢿ
ࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ୡㄽㄪᰝࢆࡸࡿ࡜㸪ᡃࠎࡢࣞ࢞
ࢩ࣮࡞ୡ⏺࠿ࡽࡳ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࡣୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜
࠸࠺཯ᛂ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿㸬౛࠼ࡤ R}kR~ ࡀ௒ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿㸬ࡶࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡋࡓࡽ㸪࡞ࡐḢ⡿࡛ࡣ࠶ࢀࡔࡅࣞࣆࣗ
ࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ከศ࢘࢜ࢵࢳࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪࠾ఛ࠸ࡋࡓ
࠸࡛ࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ൅ࡀḟ࡟⪺ࡇ࠺࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㉁ၥ
࡞ࡢ࡛㸬㑅ᣲண ㄪᰝࡣ࠾࠸࡚࠾࠸࡚㸪ḟ࡟ᐃ౛ࡢࡇ࠺࠸࠺ㄪᰝ㸪ෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡ㄪᰝࡀ R}kR~ ࡟࠿ࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ⪺ࡇ࠺࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ
ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸬ࡲࡎ㸪๓⏣ࡉࢇ࠿ࡽ㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ࡓࡲࡓࡲࡇࡢヰࡣ㒊ෆ࡛㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜
ࡁ࡟ฟࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪⚾ࡣヲࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪R}kR~ ࡣ☜࠿࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪୺せ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠸࠺࡜㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢸࣞ
ࣅᒁ࡜࠿㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿ୺࡞㸪ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ
࡜࠿ࡶྵࡵ࡚㸪ࡸࡣࡾ㹐㹂㹂࡟ࡇࡔࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧≧ࡀࡲࡔ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡡ㸬ࡑࢀࡣఱ࡞ࡢ࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺
࡜㸪ሗ㐨ᶵ㛵ࡢሙྜࡣࡑࡢ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺࡀ࡛࠿࠸ࡢ
࡛㸪࡞࠿࡞࠿ࡍࡄ࡟ୡㄽㄪᰝࡣࡇࢀ࡛ࡍ࡞ࢇ࡚࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛ࡍ㸬Ḣ⡿ࡢሙྜࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ఍♫࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣሗ㐨ᶵ㛵௨እ࡟༢య࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡥ࠸
Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡼࡡ㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡀ᪥ᮏ࡟
࠶ࡽࢃࢀ࡚㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜ࡣࡇࢀࡔ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ᣮᡓ⪅ⓗ࡟࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿࡢࡣ඲↛Ḽ㏄ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡔࡅ࡝㸪ሗ㐨ᶵ㛵࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪⚾ࡶᨻ἞㒊ฟ㌟ࡔ࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࡀ㸪ෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡࡜࠸࠺୍ࡘࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡳ࡚
ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀ࡛ᨻ἞ࡀື࠸࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡ㸪ࣜ࢔ࣝ࡟㸬ࡑࢀࡀ᪂⪺♫ࡈ࡜࡟≀ࡍࡈࡃᕥྑ཮᪉࠿ࡽᢈ
ุࢆᾎࡧࡲࡍ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡶࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞ㄽᣐࢆᅛࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶
ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺఍♫ࡀ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡶฟ⌧ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡓ
ࡽᡃࠎࡶḼ㏄࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅ࡝ࡡ࡜࠸࠺ឤࡌ࡛ࡍ㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ 㑅ᣲண ࡢ࡯࠺ࡣ࠸࠿ࡀ࡛ࡍ࠿㸬ࡁࡻ࠺ࡢ኱఍࡛ࡣ㸪ᑠࡉ࠸ヨࡳ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞᪉ἲ࡛࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆฟࡋ࡚ⓙࡉࢇⓎ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸬ࢿࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢆ౑ࡗ࡚㑅ᣲண ࢆࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡝ࢇ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ⚾ࡣಶேⓗ࡟ࡣ๓ྥࡁ࡛ࡍ㸬࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞
ヨࡳࡀ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟᪥ᮏࡶ
࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡀᐃ╔ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡽ࠸࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬㑅ᣲண ⮬యࡣࢽ࣮ࢬࡀࡸࡣ
ࡾ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡼࡡ㸬࣐ࢽ࢔ྥࡅ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

88

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5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࡶ㸪᭷ᶒ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࡛᝟ໃࢆ▱ࡾࡓ࠸ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࡛ᢞ⚊ุ᩿ࢆࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ேࡶࡓࡃࡉࢇ
࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ᏶඲࡟࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ
࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᡃࠎࡶ㑊ࡅࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢ
㑅ᢥ⫥࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠶ࡾࡔ࡜ಶேⓗ࡟ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ྜྷᒣࡉࢇ㸪ఱ࠿㛵㐃࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸬‫ྜྷۑ‬ᒣ ࡉࡗࡁゝࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ᑾࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶ㸪㑅ᣲண ࡛ᙜࡓࡿ࡞ࡽ࢚࣒࡛࢘ࣝ࢝ࡍ㸬ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ࠿ゝ࠼࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶ኱஦࡛ࡋࡻ࠺
ࡀ㸪⣬㠃࡟㍕ࡏࡿ᝟ሗࡀࡼࡾṇࡋ࠸࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡀࡼࡾ㔜せࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡲࡍ㸬ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡽࡤᗄࡽ࡛
ࡶධࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸࡞࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࣭ᅇ⟅᪉ᘧࡢᨵၿࡣ㸽‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 㑅ᣲண ࡶᐃ౛ㄪᰝࡶ࡜࠸࠺ヰࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪௒ศࡅ࡚ヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛㸬౛࠼ࡤ㸪ࡁࡻ࠺ࡣࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࡛ࢫ࣐࣍ࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ᐃ౛ࡢせࡍࡿ࡟඲ᅜࣞ࣋ࣝࡢෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣከศࡇࡢࡲࡲే⏝࡛࠸࠿ࢀࡿ࡜㸬࠶࡜ࡣ㸪㑅ᣲࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡣ࡞࠿࡞࠿ᅛᐃࡢ㹐㹂㹂࠸ࡘࡲ࡛࡜࠸࠺࡜
ࡇࢁࡣ࠶ࡿࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽྜྷᒣࡉࢇࡶゝࢃࢀࡓࡼ࠺
࡟㸪ከศྛ♫༢⊂࡛࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀㄪᰝ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࡳࡓ࠸࡞㸪ࡴࡋࢁࡑࡕࡽ᮲௳ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ
ከศㄪᰝࡢ᪉ἲࢆ኱ࡁࡃつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡞
࡜᥎ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡶ࠺୍ࡘ㸪ᇶ♏ㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿㸪ࡁࡕࢇ࡜ࡋ
ࡓୡㄽㄪᰝࢆ㸪ࡑࢀ࡞ࡾࡢᅇ཰⋡ࡢࡶࡢࢆ࡝࠺᪂
⪺♫࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍㈨⏘࡜ࡋ࡚⥔ᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿࡜࠸ࡗ
ࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟㸪ྛ♫࡜ࡶ㒑㏦ㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆᐃ౛࡛࠾
ࡸࡾ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬࠺ࡕࡢᯇ⏣ࡶゝ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟㸪௒୍␒ࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫࡀࡼࡃ࡚㸪ࣛࣥࢲ࣒ࢧ
ࣥࣉࣝࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓㄪᰝᅇ⟅࡜ࡋ࡚㸪௒ࡢㄪᰝࡢ
୰࡛ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢࡣ㒑㏦ㄪᰝ࡞ࡢ࠿࡞࡜࠸
࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡇࢀ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡁࡻ࠺ࡢヰ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡛ゝ࠺࡜㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⣬࣮࣋ࢫࡢ㒑㏦༢య࡛࠸ࡘࡲ࡛⥆ࡅࡽࢀࡿ࠿࡞࡜㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡜࠿ࢿࢵࢺ࡜࠸࠺ᅇ⟅ࡢࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡛ࡍࡼ
ࡡ㸪ࡇࡢሙྜࡣ㸬ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪ᐇᰝࡢࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟
௒⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺㸪ࡑࡢ㎶ࡣཱྀⅆࢆ㨣ᮌࡉࢇ࠿ࡽษࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼ࢀࡤ㸬‫ۑ‬㨣ᮌ ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡢሙྜࡣ㸪ᖺ  ᅇ㸪ᐃ౛ࡢ㒑㏦࡟
ࡼࡿୡㄽㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡘࡀㄞ᭩ୡㄽㄪ
ᰝ㸪ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡀ᫬஦ୡㄽㄪᰝ㸬᫬஦ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣ㸪ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫࡢ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡜ྜྠ࡛
ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡇࡢ᫬஦ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪_ᖺ࠿ࡽࢿࢵࢺ࡟ࡼࡿᅇ⟅ࡶᑟධࡋࡲࡋࡓ㸬࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑟධࡋࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣ඲ᅜࡢ㑅ᣲேྡ⡙࠿ࡽᢳฟࡋࡓㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅࡟㒑౽࡛ㄪᰝࢆ౫
㢗ࡋࡲࡍ㸬㒑౽࡛ㄪᰝ⚊ࡶ㏦ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࢿࢵࢺ࡛ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ࠸ேࡣࢿࢵࢺ࡛ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀ࡚ࡶ࠸
࠸࡛ࡍࡼ࡜࠸࠺ే⏝ࡢ࠾㢪࠸ࡢ௙᪉࡛ࡍ㸬ࡲࡎࢿࢵࢺ࡛ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚㸪ࡔࡵࡔࡗࡓࡽ␃⨨ࡁ࡛ࡶ࠸࠸ࡼ
࡜࠸࠺ᅜໃㄪᰝࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲ࡜ࡣⱝᖸ␗࡞ࡿᡭἲ
ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 _ ᖺ࡟ᑟධࡋࡓ㝿ࡣࣃࢯࢥࣥࡔࡅࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛
ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪 ᖺ㸪᫖ᖺࡣࣃࢯࢥࣥ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࢫ
࣐࣍ࢆᑟධࡋࡲࡋࡓ㸬ᐇ㝿ࡢࢿࢵࢺᅇ⟅ࡀ࡝ࢀࡃࡽ࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪ㄪᰝᅇ⟅ࡣవࡾ㧗ࡃ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ㸬᫬஦ୡㄽㄪᰝࡢሙྜ㸪ㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅ࢆ኱య b] ே㑅ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭷ຠᅇ⟅ࡀ b^ ௳㸪_㸣ᙅ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿㸬ࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ㹎㹁࣭ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ࠿ࡽࡢᅇ⟅ࡣ _] ௳㸪ࢫ࣐࣍࠿ࡽࡢᅇ⟅ࡣ  ௳㸪㊊ࡋ࡚ࡶ᭷ຠᅇ⟅ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ 㸣⛬ᗘࡋ࠿࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ㸬࠸ࡎࢀ㒑㏦ㄪᰝࡶ㸪ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡀ㸪࡝࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶࢫ࣐࣍࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝࡀᚲ
ࡎࡸ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ๭ྜࢆ༨ࡵࡿ᪥ࡀ᮶ࡿ࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚ヨ㦂ⓗ࡟ᑟධࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪⌧᫬Ⅼ࡛⣬ࡢㄪᰝ⚊࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝࡢ࡯࠺ࡀᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ཯ᛂࡣከ࠸࡜
࠸࠺࠿㸪ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣࡶ࠺ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡣῧ࠼≀࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛ࡢཷࡅ࡜ࡵࡽࢀ᪉࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ
࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࠶࡜㸪ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ⣬ࡢㄪᰝ࡜ྠࡌࡼ
࠺࡟࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡣᡃࠎࡶ㠀ᖖ࡟Ẽ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸࡚㸪ࢫ࣐࣍ࢆᑟධࡋࡓ᫖ᖺ㸪ࢫ࣐࣍ࡢ⏬
㠃ࡶ┦ᙜࡘࡃࡾ᪉ࢆẼ࡟ࡋࡲࡋࡓ㸬⣬ࡢㄪᰝ⚊ࡣ⦪࡟  ิ࡟ศ๭ࡋ࡚㸪㉁ၥࢆၥ 㸪ၥ 㸪ၥ 㸪ၥ]㸪ၥ ^㸪ၥ _ ࡜୪࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࢫ࣐࣍ࡣ⦪ࡢ  ิࡢศࡔࡅษࡾྲྀࡗ࡚㸪⣬ࡢㄪᰝ⚊࡜඲ࡃྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟⾲♧࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᕤኵࡋ࡚ࡘࡃࡗ
࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫࡢヰࡶඛ࡯࡝ฟ࡚࠸ࡲ
ࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫࢆ࡝࠺ࡸࡗ࡚ࢫ࣐࣍

࡛⾲♧ࡉࡏࡿࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶ㸪↓⌮ࡸࡾ⾲♧ࡉࡏ࡚㑅ࢇ࡛ࡶࡽࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀ㸪⚾ࡶᐇ㝿᫖ᖺヨࡋ࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪⪁║ࡀධࡿ࡜ࢫ࣐࡛࣍ࡇࡢㄪᰝࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࡋࢇ࡝࠸࡞࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡾࡋ࡚㸪⣬ࡢㄪᰝ࠿ࡽᑡࡋㄪᰝ⚊ࡢࡘࡃࡾ᪉ࡶ⪃࠼࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࡞
࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡶ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ᮅ᪥ࡉࢇࡶㄞ኎ࡉࢇࡶ㒑㏦ࢆᐃ౛࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛࠾
ࡸࡾ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡇࢀࡣࡶ࠺༢య࡛
ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ㒑㏦࣮࡛࢜ࣥࣜ࠸࠿ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ឤࡌ࡞
ࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬๓⏣ࡉࢇࡣ࡝࠺࡛ࡍ࠿㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ 㒑㏦ࡣ㸪࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡿࡼ࠺࡟୍␒Ᏻᐃࡋࡓ
ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࢀࢆࡸࡵ࡚ࡋࡲ
ࡗࡓࡽከศୡㄽㄪᰝ㒊࡜ゝ࠼࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࢇ
ࡌࡷ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡃࡽ࠸࡟ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࢀࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࡑࡢ㝿㸪ẖ᪥ࡉࢇࡳࡓ࠸࡟㸪ᅇ⟅ࡢ࣮ࣔࢻࢆ」ᩘ࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࠾⪃࠼࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬㒑㏦࡛㏦ࡗ࡚㒑㏦࡛㏉ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃ࡜࠸࠺㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣ௒ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡑ࠺ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ྜྷᒣࡉࢇࡣ㸬‫ྜྷۑ‬ᒣ ᮅ᪥ࡉࢇ࡜ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣྠࡌ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪
㒑㏦ㄪᰝࡢᅇ཰⋡ࡀୗࡀࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶
ࢀࡤ㸪ࡑࡇࡣ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ᅇ⟅ࢆࢿࢵࢺ࡟ࡍࢀࡤ㞟ィ࡞࡝ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᡭ㛫ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟┬ࡅࡿ࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ẁ㝵࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡽ᳨ウࡋࡼ࠺࡜㸬௒ࡣලయⓗ࡟ఱࡶᣢࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶࠼࡚࠾⪺ࡁࡋࡓࡢࡣ㸪㹌㹆㹉ࡉࢇࡀ᭱㏆ㄽᩥࢆ᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪Ⲩ∾ࡉࢇ࡛࠸࠸࡛ࡍ࠿㸬࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㒑㏦࣮࣋ࢫࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒
ࢧࣥࣉࣝࡢᑐ㇟⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ゝࡗ࡚ࡳࢀࡤ㒑㏦࡜
࢙࢘ࣈࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺⓗ࡞ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ᙧࡢㄪᰝ࡛㸪൅ࡢ

89

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧グ᠈ࡀṇࡋࡅࢀࡤ㸪ࡑࢀ┦ᛂࡢᅇ཰⋡ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡼ
࠺࡟ㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ⌮ゎࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ㎶ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿㸬‫ ∾Ⲩۑ‬㹌㹆㹉࡛ࡶ඲ᅜ࡛
ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㒑㏦࡜࠿␃⨨ࡁㄪᰝ࡛࢙࢘ࣈࢆే⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬⚾ࡣ┤᥋࠿࠿ࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛⚾ࡀ࠾⟅࠼ࡋ࡚࠸࠸࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞
࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ẚ㍑ㄪ
ᰝ࡜࠿ࡶࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡓⲨ∾ ኸẶࡔ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢྠ㉁ᛶ࡛ࡍࡼ
ࡡ㸬ඛ࡯࡝ࡶ࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫࡢヰ࡞ࢇ࠿ࡀฟ࡚࠸ࡲ
ࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࡇࡀ࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡜㸪࠶࡜ే⏝ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪௒ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝ᅇ཰⋡ࡀࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ୖࡀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡍࡄ࡟ษࡾ࠿࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡣከศ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮ
࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ᫬௦ࡢὶࢀ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ
࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡸࡾ᪉ࡀ࠸࠸ࡢ࠿࡜
࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ᳨ウࡣ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲ
ࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ⚾ࡀᣏぢࡋࡓㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ࡛㸰ᮏ࠾ࡸࡾ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡚㸪 ᮏࡢ࡯࠺ࡣ㸪࢙࢘ࣈࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ㸪ࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࡣ᭱ึ࡟࢙࢘ࣈ࡛⟅࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚㸪ࣇ࢛࣮ࣟࡀࡓࡋ࠿㒑㏦࡛ࡋࡓࡼࡡ㸬௒ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣ㒑㏦ㄪᰝࡢሙྜࡣ㒑㏦༢యࡢ࡯࠺ࡀࡼࡃ࡚㸪࢙࢘ࣈ࡛ࣇ࢛࣮ࣟࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ᫬㛫ᕪࢆࡘࡅ࡚࡜
࠸࠺ᙧ࡛㸪᭱ึ࡟㒑㏦࡛㸪ḟ࡟ࣇ࢛࣮࡛࢙ࣟ࢘ࣈ࡛
࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ୍⯡ⓗࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࠶࠼࡚ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࢙࢘ࣈࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࡛㸪࢙࢘ࣈ࡛ࡲࡎ⟅࠼࡚ࡶࡽࡗ࡚㸪ࣇ࢛࣮࡛ࣟࡓࡋ࠿㒑㏦ࡔ࡜࠸࠺㸪࠶࠼࡚ຠ⋡ࡢᝏ࠸࡯࠺ࡢㄪᰝࢆࡸࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡓࡢ࡛㸪࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸࡞࡜ᛮࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶᐇ㦂࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬‫ࡾࡸࡢࡑ ∾Ⲩۑ‬᪉࡛࠺ࡲࡃ࠸ࡃ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ 㒑㏦ࡢ௦᭰࡟࢙࢘ࣈࢆ౑࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪ᅜໃㄪᰝ࡛ኊ኱࡞ᐇ㦂ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸࠸࡜
ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬^ ᖺࡢᅜໃㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪௒࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗ
ࡓ࢙࢘ࣈࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ㸪ࡲࡎ㹇㹂࡜ࣃࢫ࣮࣡ࢻࢆ㓄ࡗ࡚࢙࢘ࣈ࡛⟅࠼࡚ࡶࡽ࠸㸪⟅࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓே࡟ᚋ
࡛ㄪᰝဨࡀᅇࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࡀ࡜ࡽࢀࡲࡋࡓ㸬⥲ົ┬ෆࡢ஦๓ண᝿ࡣ  ๭ࡃࡽ࠸ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡣ 㸣ࡀ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖࡛ࣥ⟅࠼ࡓ࡜㸬ࡋ࠿ࡶ

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)90

3ROLF\

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5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ  ศࡢ  ࡣࣔࣂ࢖࡛ࣝ⟅࠼ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬^ᖺ࡛ࡇࢀ࡞ࡢ࡛㸪 ᖺࡣᜍࡽࡃ _࣭] ࡃࡽ࠸࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ᆅ᪉ࡢ㧗㱋⪅ୡᖏࡶ඲㒊ྵࡵࡓୖ࡛ࡢࡇࡢࡃࡽ࠸ࡢᩘ್࡛࠶ࡾ㸪^ ๭௨ୖ㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡿ┴ࡶ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠸࠺࡜㸪࣐ࣝࢳ࣮ࣔࢻ࡛࢙࢘ࣈࡸࢫ࣐
࡛࣍⟅࠼ࡿ⎔ቃࡣ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡃ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡋ㸪ᅜໃㄪᰝࡢᅇ⟅ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࢩ࢙࢔ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞Ẽࡣࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࣭ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢ᪂ᡭἲࡣ㸽‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡇࡕࡽࡢ࠾  ே࡟ಶேⓗ࡟ࡐࡦ⪺ࡁࡓ࠸ヰࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ඛ࡯࡝ࡢᯇ⏣ࡢᥦ᱌࡜ࡣ㐪ࡗ࡚㸪ࡕࡻࡗ࡜཯
஘ࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪௒㸪ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝ࡜࠿࢙࢘
ࣈㄪᰝ࡜࠿࠸࠺࡜㸪࡝࠺࠸࠺ᡭἲࡢ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࢹ࣮
ࢱࢆ౑ࡗࡓㄪᰝ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀᩚ⌮ࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡛㸪ࡈࡕࡷࡈࡕࡷ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡚㸪ࡈ⮬ศࡢሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࡝࠺࠸࠺ᡭἲࡢ࡝
࠺࠸࠺ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ㡻╔ࡋ࡞࠸࡛㸪≉࡟⚾ࡀ᫬ࠎฟ࡚࠸ࡃᏛ఍࡞࡝࡛」ᩘ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ㎶ࡀࡕࡻࡗ࡜஘ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡞࡜㸬 ≉࡟㸪౛࠼ࡤ᭱㏆Ꮫ⪅ࡢ୰࡛ࡣ㸪ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩ
ࣥࢢ࡛ᑐ㇟⪅ࢆເࡗ࡚㸪ࡣ࡞࠿ࡽ㸪ᐇ㦂ࡔ࠿ࡽࢧࣥ
ࣉࣝࡢ௦⾲ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ຺᱌ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡀ
࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ㄪᰝᡭἲࡢ᭷ຠᛶ
ࡳࡓ࠸࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆ⤖ᵓሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡿ᪉ࡀ࠸࡚㸪࢔ࢼࣟࢢὴࡢ⚾࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ⱞゝࢆ࿊ࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺❧ሙ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᴗ⏺ⓗ࡟ࡣࡇ࠺࠸࠺≧ἣ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡈㄆ㆑࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ
࡝࠺࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬‫ۑ‬㛗ᓮ ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢ࡛ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢆࡸࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡣᗄࡘ࠿ぢࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢ࡛ࡸࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ఱࡀᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ၥ㢟࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪㏻ᖖ㸪࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࢪ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶ࣐ࢡࣟ
࣑ࣝࡉࢇ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡢࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡟ᑐࡋ
࡚ࡢရ㉁⥔ᣢ㸪ኚ࡞ᅇ⟅ࢆࡍࡿேࡓࡕࢆእࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ࡑࡇࡀࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢࡢሙྜ࡟
ࡣవࡾ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࡇࡣၥ㢟ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡜࠸
࠺௙⤌ࡳ⮬యࡀᐇࡣࢡࣛ࢘
ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢ࡜㠀ᖖ࡟ࡼࡃఝࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛㸪ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ
࣮ࢩࣥࢢࡔ࠿ࡽࡔࡵࡔ࡜᩿
ゝࡍࡿࡘࡶࡾࡣ඲↛࡞࠸࡛㛗ᓮ ㈗⿱Ặ

ࡍ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛࡝࠺࠸࠺ရ㉁⟶⌮ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࡅࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ⴗۑ‬ཎ ⚾ࡶྠࡌ࡛ࡍ㸬᪂ࡋ࠸ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡜࠿ࢳࣕࢿ
ࣝࡀฟࡓࡽ㸪ࡑࢀ࡛ㄪᰝࢆ
ࡸࡗ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࡜࡚ࡶ㔜せࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉ࡣ࡝࠺࡞ࡢ࡛ⴗཎ 㞞அẶ
ࡋࡻ࠺࠿㸬ࡑࡢᡭἲࢆ౑ࡗ
࡚࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣ㸪Ꮫ఍࡛࡯࠿ࡢඛ⏕᪉ࡀㄆࡵࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㔜せࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࡀ࡞࠸࠺ࡕࡣࡑࢀࡣ
㞴ࡋ࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇ㸬ࡓࡔ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢヰࢆࡋࡲࡍ࡜㸪ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ࿘ࡾ࡟࠶ࡿࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡜࠿ࢳ
ࣕࢿࣝࡀከᵝ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪࠸ࡘ࡝ࢇ࡞ᙧ࡛
᪂ࡋ࠸ㄪᰝᡭἲࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿ࠿ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡡ㸬 ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࢥ࣮ࣝࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡣ  ᖺ௦㸪 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ࡎࡗ࡜㟁ヰࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪ὶࢀࡀࡕࡻ࠺࡝ ^ ᖺࡃࡽ࠸ࡈ࡜࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡲࡋ࡚㸪㟁ヰ࠿ࡽ࣓࣮ࣝ࡜࠿࢙࢘ࣈ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡡ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚௒ࡣࢯ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣕࣝࢹ࢕࢔࢔࢝࢘ࣥࢺࡸ㹊㹇㹌㹃࡜࠿࣓ࢵࢭࣥࢪ࣮ࣕࡢࢳࣕࢵࢺ࢔ࣉࣜࡢά⏝ࡀ࠶ࡓࡾࡲ࠼࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓ㸬ከᵝ࡞ࢳࣕࢿࣝ࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚
࠸࠿࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ࡸࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୍⥴࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬࡝ࡢࢳࣕࢿ࡛ࣝࡶ࠾ᐈࡉࢇࡢᑐᛂ࡟ᑐࡋ
࡚ྠࡌࣞࢫ࣏ࣥࢫࢆ㏉ࡋ࡚࠸࠿࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅࡲࡏࢇ
ࡢ࡛㸪⟶⌮⤫ྜࡀᚲせ࡛ࡍ㸬᭱᪂࡛ࡣ㸿㹇ࢫࣆ࣮࣮࢝ࡶ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸㸬㸿㹇ࢫࣆ࣮࣮࢝ࡣ㟁ヰࡢࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡀ౑࠼ࡲࡍࡋࢧ࣏࣮ࢺ
࡟ྥ࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࠕࢥ࣮ࣄ࣮ࢆࡇࡰࡋࡓࡽ࡝࠺ࡍࢀ
ࡤ࠸࠸ࡢ㸽ࠖࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡢ࡟ᐇࡣ୍␒ᴦ࡞ࡢࡀ㸿㹇ࢫࣆ࣮࣮࢝࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࢳࣕࢿࣝࡢከᵝ໬ࡣ  ᖺ࡜࠿ ^ ᖺࡢ㛫࡟㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸࡚㸪࢝ࢫࢱ࣐࣮ࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡢࡸࡾ᪉ࡶ๻ⓗ࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟ ^ ᖺඛ࡜࠿  ᖺඛࢆ⪃࠼࡞࠸࡜຾࡚࡞࠸࡜ᛮ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪㸿㹇ࢫࣆ࣮࣮࢝ࢆ౑ࡗࡓࢧ࣏࣮ࢺ
ࡶ◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᩘᖺ๓࡟࣓ࢵࢭࣥࢪ࣮ࣕ࡜࠿㹊㹇㹌㹃ࢆ౑ࡗࡓࢧ࣏࣮ࢺ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ◊✲ࡋ㸪࠸ࡲࡸᙜࡓࡾ๓࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ୡㄽㄪᰝࡶࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡶ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ⚾ࡣఱ࡛㉁ၥࡋࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪㹎㹐࡟Ỉࢆᕪࡍࡼ࠺࡛ᜍ⦰࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ᆺࡶࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢᆺࡶඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ
ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀక࠺㸬൅ࡀࢹ࣮ࢱࢆぢ࡚࠸࡚ᛮ࠺ࡢࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㸪ㅰ♩࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸪࠿࠼ࡗ࡚ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿
࡞㸪ㄪᰝࡢࣀ࢖ࢬ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡞࡜㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ඛ࡯࡝ࡢᓊ⏣ࡉࢇࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ
࢕ࣈ࡞ࡋࡔ࡜࠸࠺࠾ヰࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪⚾ࡣࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡀ㸪ࡇࡕࡽࡢὀᩥ࡟ྜࢃ
ࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓࡢࡀເࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡀ
࠶ࡗ࡚㸪㏫࡟ゝ࠺࡜㸪ࡇࡕࡽࡀࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡼ࠺࡛㊊ඖࢆࡍࡃࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺
࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚㸪൅ࡣࡇࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜࠸
࠺ࡢࡣࡍࡈࡃᚤጁࡔ࡞࡜࠸ࡘࡶឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ࡝࠺࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬‫ۑ‬㛗ᓮ ࡇࢀࡣṇ㠃࠿ࡽ཯ㄽࡋࡕࡷ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶ㸪࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ࡞ࡃ࡚⟅࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ
ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡶ௒┦ᙜ኱ࡁ࠸ࢇࡌࡷ࡞࠸࠿࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚
࠸࡚㸪⚾ࡶ⤖ᵓྂࡃ࠿ࡽࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ఱ࡜࡞ࡃ㸪࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ㑧ᝏ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࠿㸪࠸ࡸ࠸ࡸ࣮࣎
࡛ࣝ࣌ࣥ⟅࠼ࡿࡃࡽ࠸ࡌࡷ࡞ࡁࡷ࠸࠿ࢇ࡜࠿࠸࠺
ࡢࡶࢃ࠿ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪௒ࡣ㏫ࡢࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡢ
࡯࠺ࡀṇ┤ᚰ㓄࠿࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 せࡍࡿ࡟㸪࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜
࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪㒑㏦࡛ࡇࡑ௒ࡣㅰ♩ᙜ↛㸪ඛΏࡋࡲ࡛࠶
ࡾࡳࡓ࠸࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠸ࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ឤࡌ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㟁ヰㄪᰝࡣ࡞ࡋ࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬᪂⪺♫ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡑ
ࡇࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜㸬ᑐ౯ࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪㏫࡟ゝ࠺࡜㸪ࢃࡊࢃࡊྜࢃࡏࡿᚲせࡶ࡞࠸ࡋ㸪࠺ࡑࢆࡘࡃᚲせࡶ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇ
ࢁ࡛ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡇࡢ㎶࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡈㄆ㆑࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡ㸬῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸪࠸ࡁ࡞ࡾᢞࡆࡿ㉁ၥ࡛㸬ྜྷᒣࡉࢇ࠿ࡽ࡝࠺࡛ࡍ࠿㸬‫ྜྷۑ‬ᒣ ⚾ࡣᐙ࡛  ᅇㄪᰝࡢ㟁ヰࢆ࡜ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ
࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ࡜ࡁู࡟࠾㔠ࡶḧࡋࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ
ࡋ㸪࣮࣎ࣝ࣌ࣥࢆࡃࢀ࡜ࡶᛮ࠸ࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓ㸬ᮅ᪥ࡉࢇࡢࡣᛁࡋ࠸࠿ࡽ᩿ࡗ࡚㸪᪥⤒ࡉࢇࡢࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛⟅࠼ࡲࡋࡓ㸬౛࠼ࡤ  ୓෇༢఩ࡢ࠾㔠ࡀฟࡿ࡜࠿㸪ࡑ࠺࡞ࡿ࡜ఱ࠿ࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࠿ࡶ
ࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࡀ㸪ᡃࠎࡀ㏦ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿ࣮࣎ࣝ࣌ࣥ࡞࡝ࡣᣵᣜ
⛬ᗘࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠸࡜ᛮ
࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ࡞
࠸ࡓࡵࡢࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ
ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ๓⏣ࡉࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ᮅ᪥᪂⪺ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝࡀ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡽ⟅࠼࡚ྜྷᒣ ୍㍤Ặ

91

政策と調査第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡃࡔࡉ࠸㸬ࡈ༠ຊ࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍ㸬෕ㄯ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸬 ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪౛࠼ࡤ㒑㏦ㄪᰝ࡛
࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡽᅇ཰⋡ࡣ࡝ࢀࡃࡽ࠸
࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪⚾ࡶࣉ࡛ࣟࡣ࡞࠸
ࡢ࡛ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࣮࣎ࣝ࣌ࣥࡀඛ࡟
ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪ࡶࡇࡶࡇࡗ࡜ࡋࡓᑒ⟄ࡀ᮶ࡓࡒ࡜࡞
ࡗࡓࡽ࠶ࡅ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ࡜࠿㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ຠᯝࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚㸪࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ _ ๭ࢆ㉸ࡍࡼ࠺࡞㸪ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ  ๭࡜࠿࠸࠺ᅇ཰⋡࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࢀࡃࡽ࠸ᅇ཰⋡ࡀ㧗ࡅࢀࡤࡑࢇ࡞࡟ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡶᙳ
㡪ࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡣᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ࡋ
ࡢ㒑㏦ㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࡞
࡜㸪ᡃࠎࡢឤぬ࡛ࡣᛮࡗࡓࡾࡋࡲࡍ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪㟁ヰㄪᰝࡣ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ඲ࡃ࡞ࡋ࡛㸪⚾ࡶ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚ࡁ
ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࡣ㸪࠶࠶᮶ࡓ㸪᮶ࡓ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚⟅࠼ࡲࡋࡓ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 㨣ᮌࡉࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬㨣ᮌ 㟁ヰㄪᰝ࡜㒑㏦ㄪᰝࡣศࡅ࡚⪃࠼ࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㒑㏦ㄪᰝࡢሙྜ㸪ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡶㄞ᭩ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ ^ ෇㸪᫬஦ୡㄽㄪᰝࡣᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤ᪥㉥࡜࠿࠶ࡋ࡞ࡀ࡜࠿࡟ ^ ෇ࡢເ㔠ࢆ㑅ࢇ࡛࡛ࡁࡲࡍࡼ̿ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪ࡑࡢ ^ ෇࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᡃࠎࡀฟࡍࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ̿࡜࠸࠺ࡼ
࠺࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡣࡘࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡇࢀࢆࡶࡋ࠿ࡋࡓࡽ b ෇࡜࠿ b ෇࡟ࡋࡓࡽᅇ཰⋡ࡣ࠶࡜ᩘ࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖࡀࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜ᛮࢃ࡞࠸࡛ࡶ࡞
࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࣮࣎ࣝ࣌ࣥ࡜ ^ ෇࡜࠸࠺㸪ᡭ㛫ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓ࠾♩࡜ゝ࠺࡜ࡲࡓኚ࡛ࡍࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠸࠺࡜㸪௒ࡄࡽ࠸ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ
࢕ࣈࡀጇᙜ࡞ࡢ࠿࡞࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬b ෇࡜࠿࡛タᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࠿㸪b ෇࡜࠿࡛タᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࠿㸪ࡲࡕࡲࡕ࡛ࡍࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࡇࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢุ᩿ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㒑㏦ㄪᰝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪லᑡ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶ㸪ఱ࠿ࡋࡽࡢㅰ♩࡜࠸࠺࠿㸪ᐤ㝃࡜࠸࠺ᙧࡢㅰ
♩࡜࠸࠺࠿㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆタᐃࡋ࡚࠾࠸ࡓ࡯࠺
ࡀ࠸࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡞࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬 㟁ヰ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㟁ヰ࡛࡝࠺ࡸࡗ࡚࠾ᨭᡶ࠸ࡍ
ࡿ࠿㸬ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜㟁ヰࡣಶேࢆ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁࡎ࡟ࣛࣥࢲ
࣒ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ࡛↓సⅭᢳฟ࡛ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡼ࡜
࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ๓ᥦ࡞ࡢ࡛㸪ㅰ♩ࢆᡶ࠺࡜࡞ࡿ࡜㸪ඛ࡯࡝ᓊ⏣ࡉࢇࡶ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ಶேࢆ≉ᐃࡋ࡚ಶே᝟ሗಖㆤࢆ࡝࠺ࡍࡿࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡶ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࡛㸪⌧᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸࠿࡞
࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡓࡔ㸪᫇㸪ࢲ࢖ࣖࣝ㹏㸰࡜࠿࡜࠸࠺㟁ヰࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡳࡓ࠸࡟㸪㟁ヰࢆ

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

92

3ROLF\



5HVHDUFK 1R 2FWREHU ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡽ⮬ືⓗ࡟࠶ࡋ࡞ࡀ࡟  ෇ເ㔠ࡀ⾜ࡁࡲࡍࡼ࡜࠿࡜࠸࠺ᙧᘧࡀࡶࡋ࡜ࢀࡿࡢ࡞ࡽ㸪ᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟ࡣ᳨ウࡋ࡚ࡶ࠸࠸ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇ㸬ࡑࢇ࡞ឤࡌ࡛ࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸪ẖ᪥ࡉࢇ࡟↓⌮ࢆゝࡗ࡚㸪࠺ࡕ࡜ඹྠ࡛ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿୡㄽㄪᰝ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪⚾ࡀᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ㸪ㅰ♩ࡢ࠿ࢃࡾ࡟ᐤ㝃ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠾
࠺࡜࠸࠺㸪ᐤ㝃ඛࢆࣜࢫࢺ࢔ࢵࣉࡋ࡚ ^ ෇࡝ࡇ࠿࡟㑅ࢇ࡛ࡃࡔࡉ࠸࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡇࢀ࡛ᅇ཰
⋡ࡀୗࡀࡗࡓࡽ᎘ࡔ࡞࡜ᛮࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ࡶ࠺ ^ ᖺ
┠࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᅇ཰⋡ࡣᬑ㏻࡟࡜ࢀࡓࡢ
࡛㸬᭱ᚋࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟㸪ᐤ㝃ࡍࡿࡢࡣ᎘ࡔ࠿ࡽㅰ♩ࢆࡼࡇࡏ࡜࠸࠺㑅ᢥ⫥ࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࡀ࢔࣮࣋ࣞࢪ࡛኱య 㸣࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ㧗࠸࠿ప࠸࠿࡞ࡢ࡛
ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸬
ࠕㅰ♩࡞ࡋࠖ࡟ࡇࡔࢃࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࣛࣥࢲ࣒ࢧࣥࣉࣝ࡟ࡇࡔࢃࡿࡢ࡜ྠࡌ࡛㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜࠸
࠺ࡢࡣࢧ࢖ࣞࣥࢺ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕࣮ࢆᤕᤊࡍࡿࡓࡵ
࡟ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪⮬ศ࠿ࡽ⟅࠼࡚ࡃࢀ࡞࠸
ே㸪⟅࠼ࢆ࡜ࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸ே㸪᎘ࡀࡿேࡓࡕࢆ࡝࠺࡜ࡿ
࠿࡜࠸࠺ヰ࡞ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢ࡟ࡇࡔࢃࡾࡓ࠸࡞
࡜ᛮࡗ࡚ࡸࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬࣭࣐ࢫࢥ࣑ୡㄽㄪᰝࡢ኱⩏ྡศࡣ㸽 ῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸪᫬㛫ࡀࡔࢇࡔࢇᢲࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚㸪 ࡇࡢሙ࡛ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᚋࢁྥࡁࡢヰࢆࡋࡓࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪᭱㏆ᛮ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᡃࠎࡢ̿ᡃࠎ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚㸪୍⥴࡟ࡍࡿ࡞ࡼ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ࠿
ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸪ᚰእ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㑅ᣲண࡟ࡋࢁ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡟ࡋࢁ㸪௒࡝࠺࠸࠺࢟ࣕࣥࣂࢫ
ࡢୖ࡟஌ࡗ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆᖖࠎ⪃࠼࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚㸪ࡁࡢ࠺ᡂ❧ࡋࡓ㑅ᣲไᗘ࡛ᮏᙜ࡟㑅ᣲࢆࡸࡿࡢ࡜㸬࠶࠶࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㏻ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ୡࡢ୰ࡢ᪉ࡓࡕࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝㛵ᚰࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺㸪ࡲࡉ࡟㑅ᣲ㞳ࢀ♫఍ࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡶᬑ㏻࡟
㏻ࡿࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡞࡜㸬㑅ᣲࡢᢞ⚊⋡ࡀ࡝࠺ࡸࡗࡓࡗ
࡚ࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸ ^㸣࡜࠸࠺⌧≧࡟ຓࡅࡽࢀ࡚ࡇ࠺࠸࠺㑅ᣲண ࡸୡㄽㄪᰝࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ㸪ᢞ⚊⾜ື࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳ࡚ࡶ㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢᢞ⚊⾜ືࡀ༢⣧໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢇࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸪ࡣࡗࡁࡾゝࡗ࡚㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪཯ᛂⓗ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࡡ㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ඛ࡯࡝ 3R\QWHU ࡉࢇࡀ࠸ࡳࡌࡃࡶゝࡗࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࣄ࣮࣐࡛ࣗࣥ࡞ࡃ
࡚ࡶ㸪ᩘᏛ࡛ࡶఱ࡜࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࠿࡞ࡳࡓ࠸࡞㸪ࡑࢀࡣ㸪㠀ᖖ࡟ኻ♩࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆゝ࠼ࡤ㸪ᨻ἞ࡀ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥ
ࢢ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࠿㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺୰࡛ึࡵ࡚ࡇ
࠺࠸࠺ㄪᰝࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡋ㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺⌧≧࡟㝶ศຓࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢇࡌࡷ࡞࠸࠿࡞࡜࠸࠺Ẽࡀ⚾ࡣࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀⓙࡉࢇ㸪ᨻ἞㒊ฟ㌟ࡀୡㄽㄪᰝ㒊㛗࡟࡞ࡿ఍♫࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽ㸪ᨻ἞㒊ฟ㌟࡛ୡㄽㄪᰝࡢࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ㈐௵⪅࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡢឤ᝿ࢆ㸪ࡐࡦ࠾୍ேࡎࡘ㸬㨣ᮌࡉࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬㨣ᮌ 㞴ࡋ࠸࡛ࡍࡡ㸬⚾ࡶࡲࡉ࠿⮬ศࡀୡㄽㄪᰝࡢᢸ
ᙜ⪅ࢆࡸࡿ࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ
ࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࡀ㸪㑅ᣲ⮬య࡟ࡣᨻ἞㒊ࡢࢹࢫࢡ᫬௦࠿ࡽ
㠀ᖖ࡟㛗ࡃ࠿࠿ࢃࡗࡓࡢ࡛
ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪௒㸪ᡃࠎࡀୡㄽ
ㄪᰝ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡶࡢࡢ᭱኱ࡢ୰㌟ࡣෆ㛶ᨭ㨣ᮌ ᾈᩥẶ
ᣢ⋡࡜ᨻඪᨭᣢ⋡࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝࡀ࡞ࡐ௒᭷ຠ࡜ᡃࠎࡀㄆ㆑ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪ᙜ஦⪅㸪ᨻᶒ࡛࠶ࡾᨻඪࡀ≀ࡍࡈࡃẼ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧≧ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ᜍࡽ
ࡃୡㄽㄪᰝࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ඛ࡯࡝ࡢඹྠࡢụ⏣ࡉࢇ࠿ࡽࡶ࠾ヰࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ
ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ྛ♫࡛ᩘᏐࡣࡤࡽࡤࡽ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣ࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡛ࡍ㸬ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡀୗࡀࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ
ࡣ㸪ࡶࡕࢁࢇㄞ኎ࡉࢇ㸪ᮅ᪥ࡉࢇ㸪ඹྠࡉࢇࡢㄪᰝ
ࡶ࡯ࡰୗࡀࡾࡲࡍ㸬᪥⤒ࡉࢇࡶᙜ↛ୗࡀࡾࡲࡍ㸬ㄞ኎ࡉࢇ࡜࠿ᮅ᪥ࡉࢇࡀୖࡀࡗࡓࡽ㸪ࡸࡸᚋࢆ㏣ࡗ
࡚࡜࠸࠺ࢱ࢖࣒ࣛࢢࡣࡶࡋ࠿ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲ
ࡏࢇࡀ㸪ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡶୖࡀࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࢺࣞࣥࢻ
࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢṇ☜ࡉࡀᢸಖ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㛫ࡣୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜
࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆᨻ἞ࡀẼ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜࠸
࠺ឤࡌࡣࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡓࡔ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢⓙࡉࢇ᪉ࡢᨻ἞࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡜࠸࠺࠿㸪ᘬࡁࡘࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿㸪㛵ᚰࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿
࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪࡝࠺࠿࡞࡜㸬ᨻ἞㒊ࡢ࡜ࡁࡶ㸪ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡ࡀୖࡀࡗࡓ㸪ୗࡀࡗࡓ࡛ཎ✏ࢆ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪⮬ศࡀᢸᙜࡋ࡚ࡳ࡚㸪ඛ࡯࡝ᯇᮏඛ⏕ࡀ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞㸪ᨻ἞ࡀ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ
࢕ࣥࢢ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୰࡛ᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜
ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࡶࡗ࡜᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢⓙࡉࢇ᪉࡜࠸࠺࠿ᅜẸࡢⓙࡉࢇ᪉ࡢᨻ἞࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡞ㄪᰝ࡟࡞
ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ࡝࠺ࡍࢀࡤ࠸࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࡞࠿࡞࠿
㞴ࡋࡃ࡚㸪╔௵ࡋ࡚⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪⟅࠼ࡣฟ࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇࡀ㸬ࡕࡻࡗ࡜⟅࠼࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡏ
ࢇࡀ㸬ࡈࡵࢇ࡞ࡉ࠸㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ῭ࡳࡲࡏࢇ㸪↓⌮࡞㉁ၥࡔ࡜ࢃ࠿
ࡗ࡚࠸࡚⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍ㸬࡛ࡶ㸪ࡐࡦ⪺ࡁࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛㸬๓⏣ࡉࢇ㸬‫ۑ‬๓⏣ ⚾ࡢሙྜࡣ㸪ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡣࡑࢇ࡞࡟ୡㄽㄪᰝࡣዲ
ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍ㸬ఱ࡛࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜㸪 ᖺ௦㸪ෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡ᛴⴠ㸪ᛴⴠ㸪ᛴⴠࢆࡎ
ࡗ࡜⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ྑ ᕥ
 ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ᫬௦ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ
࡚㸪௒ࡣ㏫࡟ෆ㛶ᨭᣢ⋡ࡀࡍࡈࡃᏳᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟࡞ࡐ๓⏣ ┤ேẶ
ୗࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࢇࡔ࡜࠿㸪ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᢈุࢆ࡞ࡐ࠿ᡃࠎࡣཷࡅࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪 ᖺ௦࡜௒ࡢ≧ἣࡣ኱ศኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࡼࡡ㸬㑅ᣲࡶࡎࡗ࡜Ᏻಸᨻᶒ ^ 㐃຾࡛ࡍࡋ㸪㑅ᣲࡢ⤖ᯝࡶ࡯ࡰ࣡ࣥࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡
࡛࠸࠺࡜㸪㑅ᣲண ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ኱యᙜࡓࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࡼࡡ࡜࠸࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪࣡ࣥࢧ࢖ࢻࢤ࣮࣒ࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ᮏᙜ࡟ᙜࡓࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜ᛮ࠺࡜
ࡇࢁࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬㏫࡟ཤᖺࡢ⾗㆟㝔㑅ᣲࡣ㸪ᑠụࡉࢇࡀฟ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞஘Ẽὶࡀ྿࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛
ࡍࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࡢ᝟ໃㄪᰝࡶ㸪ᅵቭሙ࡛஘Ẽὶࡀ྿࠸ࡓ୰࡛㸪ᙜ᪥ྎ㢼ࡀ᮶ࡿ࡞ࢇ࡚࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪㑅ᣲண࡛࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ண ᘧࢆኚ࠼࡚ࡶከศண ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ࡣᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡡ㸪ྎ㢼ࡢண᝿࡜࠿ධࢀ࡞ࡁࡷ
࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ㸬࡛ࡶ㸪ᩘᏐ࡟ࡇࡔࢃࡗ࡚ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡸ
ࡗ࡚㸪ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ⓙࡉࢇࡀ㞟ࡲࡗ࡚㸪᪂ࡋ࠸࢖ࣥ
ࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢㄪᰝࡶධࢀ࡚ఱ࡜࠿ࡘࡃࢁ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧ᐇࢆཷࡅṆࡵࡿ࡜㸪ࡇࢀࡣࡐࡦ࡜ࡶ
ࡸࡗ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡁࡷ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡞࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡋ㸪⚾ࡶ㈐௵ࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ୡㄽㄪᰝࡶ㑅ᣲㄪᰝࡶࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ಙ㢗ᛶࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺࠿㸪ࡍࡈࡃ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡢࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛㸪࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇ࡜ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡀከᵝ໬ࡋ࡚⣽ศ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୰࡛㸪࡛ࡣ࡝࠺ࡸࡗ࡚௦⾲ᛶ࡟㏆࠸ࡶࡢ㸪௦⾲ᛶ࡜ゝ࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ㏆࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡘࡃࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ୡ⏺࡟✺ධࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ㸪࡞࠸ࡼࡾࡣࡲࡋࡔ࡜⤯ᑐᛮ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ㸬࢝࢘ࣥࢱ࣮ࢹࣔࢡࣛࢩ࣮࡜ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪➨୕⪅ࡀ㸪࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ேࡓࡕࡀ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ୡㄽࡢ⦰ᅗ
ࢆࡘࡃࢁ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢ୰ࡢ࢜ࣆࢽ࢜ࣥࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺సᴗࡣⱞࡋࡃ࡚ࡶ⥆ࡅ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸
࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࡛ࡣ㸪ྜྷᒣࡉࢇ㸬‫ྜྷۑ‬ᒣ  ேࡢඛ㍮ࡢᚋ࡛㸪኱యྠࡌ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶ㸪㨣ᮌࡉࢇ࡜ࡣᨻ἞㒊᫬௦࡟ኪᅇࡾࡀ୍⥴࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡼࡃ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓ㸬ኟ࡟ࡣ㸪ྲྀᮦඛࡢᐙࡢ

93

政策と調査

第15号（2018年10月）

ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧๓࡛  ே࡛❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⺅ࡀ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸㣕ࢇ࡛ࡁ࡚኱ኚࡔࡗࡓᛮ࠸ฟࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸬᪂⪺♫ࡢྲྀᮦ㒊㛛࡟ࡣ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿᨻ࣭⤒࣭♫࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ୰࡛ẚ㍑ⓗ㸪᭕᫕࡞ᑐ㇟ࢆྲྀᮦࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ
ከ࠸ࡢࡀᨻ἞㒊ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬♫఍㒊ࡣἲᚊ࡟ᇶ
࡙࠸࡚ṇࡋ࠸࠿ṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸࠿㸬⤒῭㒊ࡣᩘᏐࢆᇶ‽࡟⤒῭ࡢືࡁࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᨻ
἞㒊ࡣ㸪ᨻ἞ᐙࡸᨻඪ㛫ࡢ୺ᑟᶒத࠸࡞࡝㸪ఱࡀṇࡋࡃ࡚ఱࡀṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ุ᩿ࡀࡘ࠿࡞࠸ሙྜࡀ
ከࡃ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸬ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ୰࡛ୡㄽㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ
၏୍࠿ࡗࡕࡾࡋࡓᩘᏐ࡜ࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ࡢୡ⏺࡟࠶ࡿ㸬ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪㨣ᮌࡉࢇࡀゝࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪௒࡛ࡶ㔜ᐆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺㸬 ௒ࡇ࠺࠸࠺❧ሙ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ᨻ἞ࢆⓙࡉࢇ࡟ఏ࠼࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛㸪ᩘᏐࢆࡁࡕࢇ࡜ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ࡢࡣ኱஦࡛㸪㨣ᮌࡉࢇࡀ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡽࢀࡓࡼ࠺
࡟㸪ྛ♫ࢺࣞࣥࢻࡀྠࡌ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᡃࠎࡶࡕࡷ
ࢇ࡜ッ࠼࡚࠸࠿࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡞࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬㨣ᮌ  Ⅼࡔࡅ㸬㑅ᣲࡢ᝟ໃㄪᰝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣㄪᰝ
ᑐ㇟ࡢ᪉࠿ࡽࡈᢈุࡶ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡍ㸬㑅ᣲࡢ᝟ໃㄪᰝࢆࡍࡿ࡜኱యࢡ࣮࣒ࣞࡢ㟁ヰࡀ≀ࡍࡈ࠸ᩘ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ࡑࡶࡑࡶࡇ
ࢇ࡞ࡶࡢࡸࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡈᣦ᦬ࡶ኱ኚ
࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚࠸࡚㸪ࡋ࠿ࡶ㸪බ♧ࡀ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡍࡄㄪᰝ
ࡋ࡚㸪 ᪥ᚋ࡟ࡣࡶ࠺⤖ᯝࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሗ
㐨ࢆࡍࡿ㸪࠾࠿ࡋ࠸ࡌࡷ࡞࠸࠿㸪࠾ࡲ࠼ࡽ࡜࠸࠺ࡈ
ᢈุࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡍ㸬 ࡑࢇ࡞୰࡛ࡶ࡞ࡐᡃࠎࡀࡎࡗ࡜ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜
࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪ඛ࡯࡝ྜྷᒣࡉࢇࡶ࠾ࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡅ
ࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᨻ἞ࡢഃࡣࡑࡢᩘᏐࢆ⮬ศࡓࡕ࡛⊂⮬࡟ㄪᰝࡋ࡚ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡼࡡ㸬ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿഃࡣ㸪ᡃࠎࡀࡑࢀࢆ࠿ࢃࡾ࡟࡜࠸࠺࡜ኚ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ㄪᰝࢆࡋ࡚㸪⌧≧࡛ゝ࠺࡜኱యࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡼ
࡜࠸࠺᝟ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡞࠸࡜㸪ࡼࡃ≧ἣࡀࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞
࠸ࡲࡲᢞ⚊ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡞
࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ᨻᶒࡢഃ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ⮬ẸඪࡶẸ୺ඪࡶ̿Ẹ୺ඪࡣ௒࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡕࡷ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶ㸪ࡶ࠺᫇࠿ࡽୡㄽㄪᰝࢆᑟධࡋ࡚ࡶ࠺࠿࡞ࡾ
ࡢ᫬㛫ࡀࡓࡕࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪ᙼࡽࡣᮏᙜ࡟ࡢ࡭ࡘ
ᖥ࡞ࡋࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿ᝟ሗࢆᥦ౪
ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡞࡜ᡃࠎࡣ⪃࠼࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᕧ㢠ࡢ㈝⏝ࢆ㈝ࡸࡋ࡚㑅ᣲࡢ᝟ໃㄪᰝࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿḟ➨࡛ࡍ㸬ࡇࡢ⢭ᗘࡣ⥔ᣢࡋࡓ࠸࡞㸪ṇ☜ᛶࡣ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚ሗ㐨ࡣࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸࡞࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬‫ۑ‬ᯇᮏ㸦ྖ఍㸧 ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬ࡕࡻࡗ࡜

Policy & Research No.15 (October 2018)

94

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┬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ࡶ࠺᫬㛫ࡀ㉸㐣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛㸪ࡁࡻ࠺ࡢࣃࢿ
ࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡣ୍ᛂ࠾ࡋࡲ࠸࡟ࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ
࠸ࡲࡍ㸬⚾ࡀᯇ⏣Ặࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜࠿ࡽእࢀ࡚࡜ࡾ࡜
ࡵࡶ࡞࠸㉁ၥࢆࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡕࡻࡗ࡜஘ࢀࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ
࡝ࡶ㸪࡝࠺࠿ࡈ຺ᛣ࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬 ᨵࡵ࡚ ^ ேࡢࣃࢿࣜࢫࢺࡢ᪉࡟ᢿᡭࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸
࡚⥾ࡵࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ㸬
㸦ᢿᡭ㸧
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‫ڦ‬ᢞ ✏ つ ᐃ‫ڦ‬㸯㸬㸦ࢪࣕࣥࣝ࡜ᯛᩘ㸧ᢞ✏ࢆ࠾㢪࠸ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊḟࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ
࣭ㄽᩥ࣭◊✲ࣀ࣮ࢺࠊุ౛◊✲ࠊࢣ࣮ࢫ
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ྠ 50 ᯛࢆ㝈ᗘ࡜ࡋࡲࡍࠋᢞ✏ཎ✏࡟ࡣࠊᢞ✏⪅ྡࢆグධࡏࡎࠊࠕᣋ✏ࠖࠕᣋⴭࠖ࡞࡝ᢞ✏⪅ࢆ≉ᐃฟ᮶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⾲⌧ࡣ౑⏝ࡋ࡞࠸࡛ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ ᢞ✏ࡢ㝿ࡣࢥࣆ࣮࡜せ⣙ࢆྛ୍㒊௜ࡅ࡚ୗࡉ࠸ࠋ
㸰㸬㸦ᢞ✏ᅇᩘ㸧ཎ✏ཷ௜ࡣᖺ㸯ᅇࠊཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚ 12 ᭶ᮎ᪥࡜ࡋࡲࡍࠋ
㸱㸬㸦ࣞࣇ࣮ࣜไ㸧ᢞ✏ཎ✏ࡣࠊ⦅㞟ጤဨ఍ࡢᑂᰝࢆ⤒࡚᥇⏝ࢆỴᐃࡋࡲࡍࠋ㸲㸬㸦ᢞ✏㈨᱁㸧ᢞ✏ࡣཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚⮬⏤࡛ࡍࠋ㸳㸬㸦ⴭసᶒ㸧ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓㄽᩥ➼ࡢⴭసᶒ㸦ⴭసᶒἲ➨ 21 ᮲̾➨ 28 ᮲㸧ࡣᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡟ᖐᒓࡋࠊᢞ✏⪅ࡣࡑࡢ㟁Ꮚ໬࡟ࡼࡿᏛෆእ࡬ࡢබ㛤ࢆチㅙࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋࡲࡍࠋ

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 ‫۔‬ᯇᮏ ṇ⏕㸦ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㛗㸧 እᒣ බ⨾㸦❧ᩍ኱Ꮫࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕⚟♴Ꮫ㒊ᩍᤵ㸧  ␊ᒣ ┿୍㸦ᇸ⋢┴⥲ྜㄪᩚᖿ㸧ᇼỤ ᾈ 㸦ᮅ᪥᪂⪺♫⦅㞟ጤဨ㸧ᯇ⏣ ᫎ஧㸦ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮෸ᩍᤵ㸧୕Ꮿ 㞝ᙪ㸦㥖ἑ኱ᏛἲᏛ㒊ᩍᤵ㸧  㸦‫ࡣ۔‬ጤဨ㛗㸧2018 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 26 ᪥ ༳ๅ2018 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 31 ᪥ Ⓨ⾜ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝ ➨ 15 ྕ ⦅㞟Ⓨ⾜⪅ ᇸ⋢኱Ꮫ♫఍ㄪᰝ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
ࠛ338Ѹ8570
ᇸ⋢┴ࡉ࠸ࡓࡲᕷᱜ༊ୗ኱ஂಖ 255
TEL㸸048-858-3120

FAX㸸048-858-3115

mail: ssrc@mail.saitama-u.ac.jp
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Policy & Research (No.15)
October 2018

Contents

Foreword ««««««««««««««««««««

Masao Matsumoto...

1

The 8th Annual Conference of Public Opinion & Election Survey Research
Articles1. The Activities to Improve the Quality of Internet
Research: For a Sustainable Research Environment

JMRAInternet Survey
Quality Committee
Kimihisa Kudo et. al., ...

5

2. Different Tendencies for Survey Responses Found by
Mobile Usage Surveys: Response Propensity
through PCs and Smart Phones in an Online Survey

Kazunari Mizuno
Takayuki Suzuki
Fumio Kira

...

13

3. Issues for Mobile Research: The Challenges andOpportunities Presented by Mobile Research,Globally and in Japan

Ray Poynter

...

21

4. Issues for Predictions of the 2017 Lower House Election in
Japan: Weighing Media Predictions against Election Results Eiji Matsuda

...

29

5. Prospects of Web Survey Using Random Domain
Intercept Technology (RDIT): Findings through Tracking
Surveys of the 2017 Lower House Election in Japan

Noriko Kishida

...

39

6. Verifying the Selective Reaction of Voters using
Online Surveys

Tomoaki Murakami ...

59

7. Can Changes in Voter Support for Political Parties
be Predicted?: An Approach Using New Indexesof Response Latency

Yusuke Kunai
Tetsuya Nihei

...

67

...

75

Panel Discussion
Challenges for Web and Mobile Research
Masashi Hagihara, Takahiro Nagasaki,
Kazuteru Yoshiyama, Naohito Maeda, Hirofumi Oniki               ISSN 2186−411X

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2018 ᖺ㸦ᖹᡂ 30 ᖺ㸧10 ᭶
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