͉̲͛ͅȁͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭͉́Ȅ૒ྦྷ౷শయ̥ͣ18ଲ‫ܮ‬฼͊́͘Ȅ੄ॲ͉੩ॲ঍ͬ੝̱͛͂̀੫଻͈૶
୚Ȇ࿻૽̈́̓Ȅ੫଻ో͈͙͈ၛ̻̞࣐̞̹ٛ́ͩͦ̀ȃ̭̦͂ͧ1760ාయոࣛȄπȜυΛΏॲ‫̺֓ͭڠͬڠش‬঍̦Ȅͺις΃ཤ൐໐സঌ͈ಎȆષၠ‫ͅॲ੄͈ݭٴ‬ၛ̻̠̠̹ٛ̈́̽͢ͅȃոࢃȄ19ଲ‫ͬܮ‬೒̱̀੩ॲ͈౜̞਀͉੩ॲ঍̥ͣ֓঍͒͂֊࣐̳ͥȃ̷ͦͬ‫خ‬ෝ̱̹͈͉ͅȄ౳଻֓঍͉੫଻̦਋̧̫̭͈̞ͥ͂́̈́֓‫ͬ֗ޗڠ‬਋̫̞̦̀ͥ࡬ͅȄհ஠́ౣশ‫́ۼ‬೑͙͈ઁ̞̈́੄ॲͬ࿩௵̱̩̀ͦͥȄ๊̞̠֚͂എ̈́ͼιȜΐ̜̹́̽ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣ৘ष͉ͅȄ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮́֓͘঍̦਋̫̞̹̀ॲ‫͉֗ޗڠش‬ၑაഎ́ႉ઄ࠐࡑ̦ະ௷̱̤̀ͤȄ๞̦ͣྫ౶́
̜ͥ͂ࡉ̱̞̹̈́̀੩ॲ঍͂൳̲̩̞ͣఉ̩͈ۛ৪ͬঘཌ̵̯̞̹̀ȃ̷͈̹͛Ȅ̷͈̭̦͂
ྶ̥ͣ̈́ͥ͂ͅȄॲ‫͈֗ޗڠشॲ͉֓ش‬٨‫͈ڟ‬ຈါ଻̲̠̹ͬۜͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃȁུࣂ͉Ȅ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͈ͺις΃̤̞̀ͅȄॲ‫̦֓ڠش‬ၷ͈୺࿝໦࿤̱͈͂̀౷պ͂ࡀրͬ‫ڕ‬ංً̳ͥ೾́Ȅॲ‫̹̱̹ض̦֗ޗڠش‬࿨‫̜͈̳̠̱̥ͥ́ͥ͂ͣ͜͢ͅྶͬڬ‬ȃॲ‫֗ޗڠش‬̪݈ͬ͛ͥა͉Ȅ൚শͺις΃͈ॲ‫̦ڠش‬ೄ࿂̱̞̹̀࿚ఴ̩࡛̱̞̹ͬ̀͢ȃ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͉ͅȄॲ‫୺ش‬࿝֓͂Ȅࢩํս̹ͩͥ֓ͅၷުྩ͈֚໐̱͂̀੄ॲͬ৾ͤե๊̠֚֓Ȫgeneralpractitionerȫ͈͂‫ͅۼ‬Ȩ͉̱̹̏̽ͤ͂‫ٮޏ‬஌͉̥̹̈́̽ȃ๊֚֓͜ॲ‫୺ش‬࿝֓͜੄ॲͅၛ
̻̹̦ٛ̽Ȅၰ༷͂֓͜঍̜́ͤచ൝̜̹́̽ȃ;ͻςͺθȆτͼȆͺȜΣȜȪWilliam Ray
Arneyȫ͉Ȅ‫ٮޏ‬஌̦ᔛཾ̜̹͈́̽́Ȅ୺࿝͈֓आུഎ̈́ह༷ͤͅ‫݈̳ͥ۾‬ა̦̭̹͈ܳ̽
͉͕͂ͭ̓ຈடഎ̜̹́̽͂ঐഊ̱̞̀ͥȃΏ΃Ό͈ॲ‫֓ش‬ΐοΔέȆδςό͹ȜȆΟςȜȪJoseph Bolivar DeLeeȫͬಎ૤̳͂ͥਬ౬͉Ȅॲ‫֚ͬڠش‬ၠ͈୺࿝૖̳̭ͥ͂ͬͅབ̺ͭȃఈ༷ȄΐοϋΒȆγί΅ϋΒఱ‫ޗڠشॲ͈ڠ‬਎ΐοϋȆγͼΛΠςΛΐȆ;ͻςͺθΒȪJohn
Whitridge Williamsȫͬಎ૤̳͂ͥਬ౬͉Ȅॲ‫ͬڠش‬໹޳എ̈́֓঍͈ຈါͅ؊̲̹͈ͥ͛໹
൝৽݅എ̈́୺࿝૖̳̭ͥ͂ͬͅབ̺ͭ 1)ȃ੄ॲ͞ॲ‫݈̳ͥ۾ͅڠش‬ა͉Ȅ৘ष๊͉֚֓ͬ̓ͅ
̠̳̥ͥȄ̳̻̈́ͩȄ๞ͣͬ୺࿝‫̱̀͂ز‬༫‫̷̥͈̳͂ͦͥ͜܄‬ෳੰ̳͈̥ͥȄ̞̠݈͂ა́
̜̹̽ȃ̭͈݈ა̤̫ͥͅॲ‫͈֓ش‬ၛા͉Ȅॲ‫୺̠̞͂ڠش‬࿝໦࿤ͬఈ͈֓ၷ୺࿝໦࿤̥ͣ໦
ၗ̵̯̭ͥ͂ͬབ͚͈̥Ȅ̷ͦ͂͜ॲ‫̦ڠش‬๱୺࿝๊̜͈֚֓́ͥ֓ຈါͅ؊̲̭ͥ͂ͬབ͚
͈̥ͅ‫̹̞̞̀̿ܖ‬ȃˍȁॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬٨‫͈ڟ‬ຈါ଻
ȁ1765ාͅͺις΃́ड੝͈֓‫̦ࢷڠ‬୭ၛ̯̥ͦ̀ͣତ਱ා‫͉ۼ‬Ȅୃ͈ܰ֓‫͕͉̓ͭ͂֗ޗڠ‬࣒݅ࠁ৆͈͙́Ȅດ੔എ̈́‫شޗ‬੥͞Ȅ‫ڠ̦֥ޗ‬୆শయͅৢ̱̹৾̽ΦȜΠ಼̢͈͉ͬͥ́̈́͜
̥̹̽ȃ19ଲ‫ܮ‬ஜ฼͈֓‫֗ޗڠ‬৪͉Ȅ̱̱࣒͊͊݅ͅ‫ރ‬။ͬ‫̢ح‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆ٜͅཎ͞‫̓̈́੅਀شٸ‬͈࣐ևͬࡉͥ‫ܥ‬ٛͬ೹‫̹̱ރ‬ȃ1890ාయ́͘ͅȄ̞̩̥͈̾֓‫͉́ࢷڠ‬৘ࡑ͞ႉ઄࣐̠̭ͬ͂
ͬ‫ڠ‬୆ͅါ‫̦̹̞̠̳̀̽̈́ͥ͢ͅݥ‬Ȅ̷͉ͦව‫ڠ‬঩‫ۼܢ֗ޗ͞ڒ‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬ා༆၎ਘ‫ه‬೾̈́̓ͅ຀
ഌ̳ͥਹါ̈́‫֗ޗ‬٨‫̹̜̽́ڟ‬ȃஜႉ઄֓‫ڠ‬Ȫ֓‫ه͈֗ޗڠ‬೾̤̫ͥͅ‫ܖ‬ய֓‫ڠ‬ȫ͈‫ڠ‬୆̦৘ࡑ৒ͅව͈ͥ͂໹࣐̱̀Ȅષ‫ڠ͈ݭ‬୆ུ͉໤͈ۛ৪ͬ૷ख़̱Ȅ৘ष͈੄ॲͬ੩̫Ȅ‫੅਀شٸ‬ͬ਀ഥ̞ই̹͛ȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͉̏ͦͺις΃͈̳͓͈̀֓‫ͅࢷڠ‬൚͉̹̫͉̥̹̀̽ͩ́̈́̽͘ 2)ȃ
ȁͺις΃֓঍ٛȪ˝˩˝ȇAmerican Medical Associationȫ͉1904ාͅȄ֓‫݈ފ֗ޗڠ‬ٛȪ˟˩ˡȇCouncil on Medical Educationȫͬ୭ၛ̱̹ȃ˟˩ˡ͉1906ාͅͺις΃͈֓‫ࢩͬࢷڠ‬ํս̹ͩ̽̀ͅ಺औ̱ই͛Ȅ֓‫ݭ˝ͬࢷڠ‬Ȫယ෇‫خ‬ෝȫȄ˞‫ݭ‬Ȫယ෇ࣾඳȫȄ˟‫ݭ‬Ȫယ෇ະ‫خ‬ෝȫ͈२౲‫́ٴ‬ບ‫̹̱ث‬ȃ1906ා̥ͣ07ාͅণख़̯̹ͦ160ࢷ͈̠̻Ȅ82ࢷ̦˝‫ݭ‬Ȅ46ࢷ̦˞‫ݭ‬Ȅ32ࢷ̦˟‫͂ݭ‬ບ‫̹̯ͦث‬ȃ‫ྴ͈ࢷڠ‬ஜ͉࢖ນ̯̥̹̦ͦ̈́̽Ȅ‫ͅࢷڠڎ‬ບ‫̦ث‬౶̯ͣͦȄ‫ڎ‬ਗ͈྾‫෇ݺ‬೰‫ͅ۾ܥ‬༭̯̹࣬ͦȃ̷̱̀ਗ֓঍͉ٛ֓‫͈֗ޗڠ‬٨‫ͬڟ‬௯̯̹ͦ 3)ȃ
ȁ ˟ ˩ ˡ ͉ ͘ ̹Ȅ ΃ Ȝ Υ Ά Ȝ ़ ౬ ‫ ֗ ޗ‬௯ ૺ տ ֥ ٛȪThe Carnegie Foundation for the
Advancement of Teachingȫ͈੩଼߄ͬ‫ڕ‬ං̱Ȅͺις΃͂΃΢Θ̤̫ͥ֓ͅ‫಺͈֗ޗڠ‬औͬȄ‫֗ޗ‬৪΀ͼήρΧθȆέτ·Α΢ȜȪAbraham Flexnerȫͅջှ̱̹ȃέτ·Α΢Ȝ͉1866ාͅΉϋΗΛ΅ȜਗσͼόͻσͅȄΡͼΜࠏξΘμ૽֊ྦྷ͈௳ঊ̱͂̀୆̹ͦ͘ȃ࿩20ා‫͈ۼ‬‫֥ޗ‬୆‫ࢃ͈ڰ‬ȄΧȜό͹ȜΡఱ‫́ڠ‬ഓ‫ڠ‬ਘআ࣢ͬ৾ං̱Ȅ1906ාͅΡͼΜͅၣ‫ڠ‬Ȅ1907ාͅͺις΃ͅ‫̱࣭̀ܦ‬ΣνȜπȜ·ͅ֊ͤਯ͙Ȅ΃ȜΥΆȜ़౬‫֗ޗ‬௯ૺտ֥ٛ́૖ͬ‫̹͛ݥ‬ȃ΃ȜΥΆȜ़౬͈ٛಿΰϋςȜȆ˯ȆίςΙͿΛΠȪHenry S. Pritchettȫ͉Ȅͺις΃͈ౙ‫ش‬ఱ‫৻͈ڠ‬തȄඅ̷͈ͅ࿒എ͈ᔛཾ̯͂౶എ‫ܖ‬੔͈ࠧශȄ௙ࣣఱ‫͈͒ڠ‬ൡࣣ̹̯̽̀ͣͦ͢͜ͅ
ͥई၄ͅ‫̱̀۾‬Ȅέτ·Α΢Ȝ͈आུഎ̈́ࣉ̢ͅ൳փ̱̞̹̀ȃ̱̥̱ȄίςΙͿΛΠ̶̦̈́
έτ·Α΢Ȝͬनဥ̱̹͈̥͉Ȅ‫֗ޗ‬ঃષ͈ඨ͈̜͌͂̾́ͥȃ̷͈ࢃ͈΃ȜΥΆȜ़౬͈಺औ͉Ȅ߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹୺࿝‫ͅز‬ջှ̯̞̦ͦ̀ͥȄέτ·Α΢Ȝ͉֓‫ͅࢷڠ‬हୠ̱̹̭͉֚͂ഽ
̥̹̈́̽͜ȃ̷̤̩ͣίςΙͿΛΠ͉Ȅέτ·Α΢Ȝ͈૽໻Ȅু૞Ȅ࡛ેͬఱ౨ͅ๡฻̳ͥփ
ဳȄ̷̱̀ྶ‫̞נ́ږ‬໲ડͬ੥̩ෝႁۜͅྐྵͬ਋̫̹͈̜̠́ͧȃ̯ͣͅίςΙͿΛΠ͉Ȅέτ·Α΢Ȝ̦ΧȜό͹ȜΡఱ‫ڠ͈ڠ‬ಿΙλȜσΒȆ˳Ȇ΀ς΂ΛΠȪCharles W. Eliotȫ̥ͣરॷ̯̤ͦ̀ͤȄ̹͘Ȅಠྴ̈́ພၑ‫ڠ‬Ȇळ޿‫ڠ‬৪̜́ͤȄ1898ා̥ͣ99ා́͘ΐοϋΒȆγί΅ϋΒఱ‫͈ڠ‬ພၑ‫ޗڠ‬਎Ȅ1903ා̥ͣ35ා́͘υΛ·έͿρȜ֓‫ݪࡄڠ‬ਫ਼͈֓‫ڠ‬໐ಿͬྩ̹͛
߻΍ͼκϋȆέτ·Α΢ȜȪSimon Flexnerȫͬ೒̱̀ȄΐοϋΒȆγί΅ϋΒఱ‫ͬڠ‬ಎ૤͂̳ͥ֓‫ͬྤ૽ͅٮ֗ޗڠ‬঵̞̭̽̀ͥ͂ͬ౶̞̹̽̀ 4)ȃ
ȁέτ·Α΢Ȝ͉ͺις΃͂΃΢Θ͈150ࢷոષ͈֓‫ͬࢷڠ‬ང࿚̱Ȅ֓‫ڠ‬୆̦਋̫̞̀ͥ‫֗ޗ‬͈ৗͬ௶೰̱̀1910ාͅडਞ༭࣬੥ͬ‫̹̱࣐ۏ‬ȃ๞͉ව‫ڠ‬঩‫ڒ‬Ȅ‫ޗ‬਎͈૽ତ͂ෝႁȄ़ଽેఠȄࡄ‫ݪ‬৒͈ৗȄ‫۾‬Ⴒພ֭͂֓‫ͬࢷڎ̞̀̿ܖ̓̈́ͅ߸۾͈͂ࢷڠ‬ບ‫̹̱ث‬ȃ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅఱ໐໦͈֓‫͉ࢷڠ‬ව‫ܖڠ‬੔̦೩̩Ȅ‫ޗ‬਎͉ෝႁະ௷́୭๵͉ະ਱໦̜́ͤȄ‫ޗ‬਎͈߄࿏̫͈̹͈͛জܑ
ު͈̠̞̭̦̈́̽̀ͥ͂͢ͅྶ̥̹ͣ̈́̽ͅȃ༭࣬੥͉́ȄΡͼΜ͉ͅ૽࢛2,000૽൚̹֚ͤ
૽͈֓঍Ȅఱസঌ͉́૽࢛1,000૽൚̹֚ͤ૽͈֓঍̦̞͈ͥͅచ̱̀Ȅȶͺις΃஠ఘ̳́́
ͅ໹޳̱̀૽࢛568૽൚̹֚ͤ૽͈֓঍̦̤ͤȄఱസঌ͉́૽࢛400૽̷̜̞͉ͥͦո‫૽֚ͅئ‬͈֓঍Ȅ̷̱̀ਯ૽200૽ո‫̯̈́઀͈ئ‬಴͉ͅ‫ڎ‬șඵ૽̥ͣ२૽͈֓঍̦̞ͥȷ͂Ȅͺις΃̤̫ͥ֓ͅ঍઼ً͈ͬঐഊ̱̞̹̀ȃ̷̱̀ȶِș͈‫༹̦༷֗ޗ‬Ȅ೩କ੔͈Ȯ֓঍͈ȯఱၾ઼ً୆ॲ̹̱ͬͣ̀͜ȷ̤ͤȄ̷ً͉ͦ‫ୃ͉̞̤̀ͅݲ‬൚‫̱̹̯̀͂ͦ͜ا‬Ȅ࡛ह͈ે‫͉́ޙ‬Ȅல՛̈́֓঍ͬ௩‫̵̯ͤͥ͜͢ح‬Ȅઁତ̧͈̻̱̹ͭ͂߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹֓঍༷̦ͬ֗̀ͥ࢘‫ض‬എ̜́ͥ͂ࠫა̱Ȅ֓‫͈֗ޗڠ‬٨‫͈ڟ‬ຈါ଻ͬ৽ಫ̱̹ȃ̷̭́έτ·Α΢Ȝ͉Ȅ֓‫ͅࢷڠ‬ව‫̳ڠ‬ͥஜͅඵා‫͈ۼ‬ఱ‫ͬ֗ޗڠ‬਋̫̭ͥ͂Ȅঅාଷ͈֓‫ڠ‬၎ਘ‫ه‬೾͉́Ȅड੝͈ඵා‫ͅ৽ͬۼ‬৘ࡑ‫ڠش‬Ȫٜཎ‫ڠ‬Ȅ୆ၑ‫ڠ‬Ȅ࿪ၑ‫ڠ‬Ȅພၑ‫ڠ‬ȫͅȄ̷͈ࢃ͈ඵා‫ͬۼ‬ඤ‫ڠش‬Ȅ‫ڠشٸ‬Ȅॲ‫͈ڠش‬ႉ઄ࡄ‫ͅݪ‬ਰ̭̀ͥ͂Ȅ̯ͣ֓ͅ‫ે઼ً͈ࢷڠ‬ఠͬ۱გ̳̹ͥ͛Ȅ֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬ତ࡛ͬह͈155ࢷ̥
ͣ31ࢷͅॉࡘ̳̭ͥ͂̈́̓ͬ‫ ̹̱࣬ۑ‬5)ȃ
ȁ1910ා͈༭࣬੥͈ಎ́έτ·Α΢Ȝ͉Ȅ̳͓͈̀ႉ઄‫ش‬࿒͈ಎ́ॲ‫ͬڠش‬අͅࡕ̱̩๡฻̱Ȅȶॲ‫́ڠش‬ड՛͈အ௖ͬ೮̱̞̀ͥȷ͂ঐഊ̱̹ȃ๞͉Ȅȶၰ༷͈ۛ৪Ƚ༦૶͂ঊ‫ރ‬Ƚ͈հ஠͂
քհ͉Ȅ֓঍͈߱Ⴏ̯̹ۭͦࢌ͂਀ष͈ၻ̯ষల̜́ͥȃȮॲ‫ش‬ȯ֓ၷ͉ȤȤࣞഽ̈́ܿ੅ͬါ
̳ͥॽম̜́ͥȃഐ୨̈́୭๵͈ା̹̽ॲ‫ش‬ພ̤̞͈͙֭̀ͅȄࡔၑȄ༹༷Ȅܿ੅ͬ‫̦̭͂͐ڠ‬̧́Ȅܿෝͬਠං̧̳̭̦͈̜ͥ͂́ͥ́ͥȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣ৘ष͈ॲ‫͉֗ޗڠش‬Ȅ๞ͦ͊͢ͅȄȶ࣒͉݅஠̩࿨ͅၛ̹̥̹̈́̽ȃ૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿͉Ȅࡠ̹ͣͦ೾ഽ̱̥‫ث‬౵̦̥̹̈́̽ȷȃ̷̱̀ఉ̩͈‫ڠ‬୆͉Ȅ̴͕͂ͭ̓͘৘ष͈੄ॲͬࡉ̞̥̹̀̈́̽ȃఉ̩͈֓‫͉ࢷڠ‬ພ͈֭́ႉ઄ࠐࡑ͕ͬ͂ͭ̓೹‫̴̵ރ‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆͉ȶ੩ॲ঍͕͂͂ͭ̓൳̲߱Ⴏȷ̱̥਋̫̞̞̀̈́
͂Ȅέτ·Α΢Ȝ͉౯࡞̱̹ 6)ȃ
ȁέτ·Α΢Ȝ༭͈࣬ࢃȄ;ͻςͺθΒ֓঍̦Ȅॲ‫͂֗ޗڠش‬੩ॲ঍࿚ఴͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ࣐̹ͬ̽ȃ๞͉অාଷ͈‫ه֗ޗ‬೾̦̜ͥ120͈֓‫ޗ͈ࢷڠ‬਎ͅ࿩50࿚̹ͩͥͅৗ࿚ນͬ௣ͤȄ43૽͈‫ޗ‬਎̥ͣٝ൞ͬං̹ȃٝ൞͉Ȅ˟˩ˡ̦ယ෇‫خ‬ෝ͂ບ‫ࢷڠ̹̱ث‬61ࢷ͈̠̻͈31ࢷȄယ෇ະ‫خ‬ෝ̱̹͂‫ࢷڠ‬59ࢷ͈̠̻͈11ࢷ̥ͣං̹̦ͣͦȄ΃΢Θ̥͈͈͉ͣ͜‫ ̞̞̈́̀ͦ͘܄‬7)ȃৗ࿚ͅచ̳ͥٝ൞͉Ȅͺις΃̤̫ͥͅॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬ౚ̥̱̞ͩે‫ͬޙ‬া̱̞̹̀ȃ۰ࠩͅ੆͓ͥ
͂ո‫͈ئ‬೒̜ͤ́ͥȃల֚ͅȄ‫ޗ‬਎͈ఉ̩͉ୣྩͬ‫̳̹ض‬ෝႁ̦ྫ̩Ȅ‫ޗ‬਎૖͈݅ྩ̞̾̀ͅ
͕͂ͭ̓ࣉ̢ͬ঵̞̞̽̀̈́ȃలඵͅȄ̥͈̈́ͤ‫ޗ͈ࣣڬ‬਎͉ॲ‫ݢ޽͈ش‬মఠͅచੜ̳̭ͥ͂

̧̦̞́̈́ȃల२ͅȄ͕̳͓͈͂ͭ̓̀‫ޗ‬਎̦Ȅഐ୨̈́ॲ‫֗ޗ͈̹͈͛֗ޗڠش‬Ȇພ֭୭๵̦
ະ਱໦̜́ͥ͂ະྖͬ੆͓̞̀ͥȃలঅͅȄड͜૬࣫̈́࿚ఴ̱͂̀Ȅ‫ޗ‬਎͈ఉ̩̦Ȅ໹޳എ๊͉֚̈́֓ॲ‫̠࣐ͬྩުش‬੔๵̴̧̦̤́̀ͣȄ๱ુͅటఐ̈́੩ॲ঍͂൳̲̩̞ͣఉ̩͈੫଻ͅ
‫ͬٺܓ‬ဓ̢̞̀ͥ͂෇̞͛̀ͥȃ̷͈ࠫ‫ͻ;ض‬ςͺθΒ͉Ȅȶِ̦࣭͈੫଻͂ঊ‫͈ރ‬໛ছ̜̞͉ͥ֓‫͈֗ޗڠ‬࿚ఴͅ‫۾‬૤ͬ༴̞̞̀ͥ࢖ୃ̈́૽‫͊ͣ̈́ۼ‬Ȅષܱ͈༭࣬ͬඋ͛͊փ‫ܨ‬કೆ̱̀Ȅ޽‫ͅݢ‬٨‫̦ڟ‬ຈါ̈́মఠِͅș̦ೄ࿂̱̞̞̠̭̀ͥ͂͂ͬ෇̴͉̞̞͛ͣͦ̈́ͅȷ͂‫ږ‬૞̱̹ 8)ȃ
ȁ̷̱̭͈̠̀̈́͢ॲ‫͉֦ࡔ͈ۿ͈ࠧ֗ޗڠش‬Ȅ֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬ຫ৻̯Ȅ‫ޗ‬਎͈ၑே͈೩̯Ȅ๊֚ఱਤ͈ྫ౶̜̱ͥ͂ͅȄո‫̠͈̈́͢ئ‬٨‫̦ڟ‬ຈါ̜́ͥ͂;ͻςͺθΒ͉੆͓̹ȃల֚ͅȄͤ͢࿹̷̹̱ͦ̀ഐ୨̈́୭๵͈ା̹̽֓‫ࢷڠ‬ȄలඵͅȄ֓‫ڠ͈ࢷڠ‬୆ͅచ̳̞ͥͤࣞ͢ව‫ܖڠ‬੔Ȅల२ͅȄ̞ࣞၑேͬ༴̧‫ڠش‬എ̈́߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹ॲ‫ޗڠش‬਎ȄలঅͅȄॲ‫ڠش‬஠ఘ͈କ੔͈࢜ષȄలࡼͅȄ๊֚֓ͅచ̳ͥ‫֗ޗ‬Ȅల჋ͅȄ๊֚ఱਤͅచ̳ͥ‫֗ޗ‬Ȅల্ͅȄॲ‫ش‬঴஝ພ͈֭อജȄలสͅȄͤ͢հ‫ࢌۭ̈́ث‬঍Ȅల߇ͅḘ̏͂ͥ͂͢ͅ੩ॲ঍͈߱Ⴏ̜́ͥȃ̱̥̱੩ॲ঍ͅ‫̱۾‬͉̀Ȅȶ̞̥̈́ͥ‫༹༷̀̽֗͜͢ͅޗ‬૭̱໦͈̞̈́੩ॲ঍ͬူ଼̳ͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻ͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬Ȅ๱ુ̱̞݃ͩͅȷ͂ࣉ̢̞̹͈̀́Ȅȶઁ̩̈́͂͜ఱസঌ͉́Ȅ੩ॲ঍͈ஞૺഎ෱গ͂Ȅॲ‫ش‬঴஝ພ͈֭ಠ̱̞‫ڐ‬ಫ̦੩ॲ঍৾̽̀ͅయ̭ͩͥ͂ͬ঑঵ȷ̱̹ 9)ȃ̭͈ͦͣ಺औ̽̀͢ͅྶ̥ͣ
̯̹ͦͅॲ‫̧͓̩ޥ͈֗ޗڠش‬৘ఠ͉Ȅॲ‫͈֗ޗ֓ͅش‬٨‫͈ڟ‬ຈါ଻ͬ‫෇̩ޑ‬ে̵̯̭ͥ͂ͅ
̹̈́̽ȃȁॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬٨‫͈ڟ‬ຈါ଻͉Ȅ༦૶͂඿ဘ঱͈ঘཌၚͬ೩‫̵̠̞̠̯͂ͥ͢ͅئ‬২ٛഎգႁ
̽̀͢͜ͅ‫̹̯ͦاޑ‬ȃ1917ාͅ঱ൺޫ͈ΈτȜΑȆιΛΈΒȪGrace Meigsȫ֓঍̽̀͢ͅ
༦ఘঘཌၚͅ‫̦ݪࡄ̳ͥ۾‬༭̯࣬ͦͥ͂Ȅͺις΃̤̫ͥͅළૡȆ੄ॲͥ͢ͅ༦ఘঘཌၚ͈ࣞ
̯̦֓ၷ୺࿝‫́ۼ͈ز‬૬࣫̈́࿚ఴ̱͂̀෇ে̯̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃιΛΈΒ͈༭࣬੥͉Ȅͺις΃̤̞̀ͅ15प̥ͣ45प͈੫଻͈ළૡȆ੄ॲͥ͢ͅঘཌ͉Ȅࠫ‫ͅړ‬ষ̪ঘཌࡔ֦̜̭́ͥ͂
ͬྶ̥̱̹ͣͅȃ̷̱̀1900ාոࣛȄࠫ‫ړ‬ȄΙέΑ෎ȄΐέΞςͺȄ྄ܺ଻࢞൮‫׶‬Ȅ̷͈ఈထཡ‫خ‬ෝ̈́ພ‫͈ܨ‬ঘཌၚ͉ఱ̧̩೩‫͈̞̱ͥ̀ͅئ‬༦ఘঘཌၚ̦೩‫͉͈̞̞̱̈́̀ئ‬Ȅྫ౶͂టྕ̦ࡔ֦̜̱̞̹́ͥ͂̀ȃ̹͘༭࣬੥͉Ȅͺις΃̤̫ͥͅළૡȆ੄ॲͥ͢ͅ༦ఘঘཌၚͬ
‫̷͈࣭͂ͦٸ‬๤‫̤̱ͤ̀ڛ‬Ȅͺις΃͈༦ఘঘཌၚ͈೩̯͉৽ါ࣭16̥࣭ಎ14պ̜́ͤȄΑͼΑ͂Αβͼϋ̷͈ͦͤ͢͜೩ً̨̞̞̭̈́͂ͬͅྶ̥̱̹ͣͅ10)ȃ
ȁ̷͈ࢃȄළॲິ͈ঘཌ͂༦଻༗ࢌͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬ఉତ͈༭࣬੥̦࢖ນ̯̹ͦȃ༦ঊ͈࠲ࢫ̞̾ͅ
͈̀ࡀր̜̹́̽ΣνȜπȜ·͈˯ȆΐοΔέͻϋȆαȜ΃ȜȪS. Josephine Bakerȫ֓঍͉Ȅ1927ා͈˝˩˝ల78ٝාষఱ͈ٛॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫ڠشٸ‬໐ٛȪSection on Obstetrics,
Gynecology and Abdominal Surgeryȫ̤̞̀ͅȄड૧͈ൡࠗ́͜ͺις΃͈༦ఘঘཌၚ͈೩
̯͉20̥࣭ಎ19պͅպ౾̱̤̀ͤȄͺις΃ͤ͢༦ఘঘཌၚ̦̞͈͉ࣞΙς̺̫̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ

ྶ̥̱̹ͣͅȃͺις΃͈༦ఘঘཌၚ͉ȄΟϋζȜ·ȄͼΗςͺȄ඾ུȄ΂ρϋΘȄΣνȜΐȜρϋΡȄΑ;ͿȜΟϋ͈ඵ෼ոષ̜̹́̽ȃ̷̱̀αȜ΃Ȝ͉Ȅȶ੄ॲ̤̫ͥͅ୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬࣉၪ̳ͥࡠͤȄͺις΃͉ළૡ̱̹੫଻͂̽̀ͅଲ‫́ٮ‬ड͜‫̞߃࣭̈́ͅࡏܓ‬ȷ͂੆͓̹ȃ̯̭͈̠ͣ̈́͢ͅ༦ఘঘཌၚ͉Ȅ࡛ह͈հ஠౶েͅ‫̢࣐͊ͬॲ੄̞̀̿ܖ‬Ȅઁ̩̈́͂͜฼໦Ȅ̷̤̩͉ͣ२໦͈ඵ͉ࡘ̧̳̭̦ͣ͂́ͥ͂ঐഊ̱̹11)ȃ
ȁ̭̠̱̀Ȅͺις΃̤̫ͥͅ੄ॲͥ͢ͅ༦ఘঘཌၚ̦ఈ࣭͂๤‫̥̈́ͣͅྶ̦̭̞̱͂ࣞ̀ڛ‬ͥ͂Ȅॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ȅ֓‫ڠ́ࢷڠ‬୆ͅ೹‫ࣉ̞̀̾֗ͅޗڠشॲ̯ͥͦރ‬ၪ̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ֓ၷܿ੅̦٨஝̯ͦȄ֚໐͈֓‫͉́ࢷڠ‬࿹̹ͦ‫̦֗ޗ‬೹‫̦̹̞̯̀ͦރ‬Ȅ1920ාయ̈́̽̀͜ͅॲ‫ش‬‫ڒ͉֗ͅޗڠ‬ओ̦ంह̱̞̹̀ȃυȜτϋΑȆˠȆυϋΌȪLawrence D. Longoȫ͉Ȅॲ‫ڠش‬͂ິ૽‫͈֗ޗڠ̫̤֓ͥͅڠش‬࿚ఴത͈͉͌͂̾Ȅ̷͈࿒എ̦ྶ‫̭̹̥̞̯́͂̽̈́̀ͦͅږ‬̜ͥ͂ঐഊ̱̞̀ͥȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄ‫ڠ‬໐‫̫̤ͥ֗ͅޗ‬࿒ດ͉‫̥ة‬ȃ‫ڠ‬໐̤̫ͥͅॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬࿒ດ͉Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆̦̳͓͈̀ॲ‫ڠش‬എ࿚ఴͬੜၑ̧̳̭̦̠̳̭̥ͥ͂́ͥͥ͂͢ͅȃ̷̱̠́̈́͜
̫ͦ͊Ȅ๊͉͈̠֚֓̓̈́͢ॲ‫ڠش‬എ࿚ఴͬ৾ͤե̠̠߱͢ͅႯ̧̯͓̥ͦͥȃ‫੅͉ܿ֗ޗ‬എ௰࿂̧̫͓̥࢜ͣͦͥͅȄ̷ͦ͂͜୆૓ً೾͈୆ၑ‫ڠ‬എၑٜͬ‫̧̥͓̳಺ޑ‬ȃड੝͈ඵා‫͈ۼ‬‫ܖ‬ய‫ུܖ͉̞̤̀֗ͅޗڠش‬എ̈́୆ၑ‫ڠ‬എࢹ௮ͬ‫̢̀ޗ‬ႉ઄എ௰࿂͉२ා࿒̥অා࿒́͘ಁͣ
̵̧͓̥ͥȄ̷ͦ͂͜ழ̵͙ࣣͩ̀‫̧̢̥͓ͥޗ‬ȃً̳́ͅྟ̈́ΑΉΐνȜσ̤̞̀ͅȄॲ‫ش‬‫ڠ‬໦࿤͈‫֗ͅޗ‬ਰ̀ͥশ‫̥͈̳̠ͥ̓ͬۼ‬Ȅ̞̹͂̽࿚ఴ̜́ͥ12)ȃ
ȁ̷͉ͦ́Ȅ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮́͘Ȅ֓‫ڠ‬୆͉͈̠̓̈́͢ॲ‫ͬ֗ޗڠش‬਋̫̞̹͈̜̠̥̀́ͧȃͺις΃͉́18ଲ‫ࢃܮ‬฼̥ͣॲ‫࣒͈ڠش‬ਠ̦੄࡛̱̹̦Ȅ൚শ͈‫̦࣒͉݅֗ޗ‬ಎ૤̜́ͤȄ֓‫ڠ‬୆͉ह‫ڠ‬ಎͅ৘ष͈੄ॲ֚ͬഽ͜‫̩̭̳̈́͂ͥͅ܉‬Ȅ֓‫ͬࢷڠ‬௾ު̱̀֓঍̧̱̞͂̀̈́ͤ੄
ॲ͈࡛ાͅၛ̻̫̞̭̩̜̹ٛͩ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͂̽͜͢ȃ19ଲ‫ܮ‬฼͊ոࣛȄ֚໐͈֓‫ރ̦ࢷڠ‬။੩ॲȪdemonstrative midwiferyȫͬ‫ٳ‬ই̱Ȅ৘षͅ੄ॲ̱̞̀ͥ੫଻ͬ‫ڠ‬୆ͅࡉ̵̀ႉ઄
‫̦̹̠̠࣐̽̈́ͬ֗͢ͅޗ‬13)Ȅ੄ॲͬ۷ख़̧̳̭̦̹͈͉ͥ͂́ࢨ‫ڠ̈́׋‬୆̺̫̜̹́̽ȃ႕̢͊ಎୌ໐́ड͈ࣞ‫̢̹̞̀ͦͣࣉ͂ࢷڠ‬ηΏ΄ϋఱ‫͉́ڠ‬Ȅ၎ਘ‫ه‬೾͈̠̻382শ‫شॲ̦ۼ‬‫ͅڠش૽ິ͂ڠ‬ਰ̞̹̦̀ͣͦ̀Ȅఱఉତ͈‫ڠ‬୆͉‫ٴ‬౲‫ޗ‬৒͈́ႉ઄৘ਠ͈শ‫͈ۼ‬ఱ໐໦ͬȶ‫ة‬͜ࡉ̴̢Ȅ਀੅ర̭̞̭͕́ܳ̽̀ͥ͂ͬ͂ͭ̓ၑ̧ٜ̞́̈́Ȅ਀੅৒̥̞ͣࣞાਫ਼̜ͥͅࡥ
̞ಿֆঊͅȷजً̮̱̹̽̀14)ȃ1870ා̥ͣ91ාͅΦȜΑ;ͿΑΗϋఱ‫ڠ֓ڠ‬໐ͅ੄୘̱̹‫ڠ‬୆͉Ȅ‫ٴ͈ࢷڠ‬౲‫ޗ‬৒́੄ॲ̱̩̠̀ͦͥ͢ͅॲິͬฃਓ̧̳̭̦̹ͥ͂́ાࣣ͈͙ͅȄ੄ॲͬࡉ̧̭̦̹ͥ͂́15)ȃ̱̥̱Ȅఉ̩͈֓‫ڟ͈̭͉ࢷڠ‬૧എ‫ͬ֗ޗ‬਋̫ව̴ͦȄ‫شޗ‬੥͂૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿͈͙́ॲ‫̢ޗͬڠش‬௽̫̹ȃȁ̭̠̱̀Ȅఱఉତ͈‫ڠ‬୆͉͕̜̞͉͂ͭ̓ͥ஠̩৘ष͈੄ॲͅၛ̴̻ٛͩͅ௾ު̱̹ȃιͼϋਗεȜΠρϋΡ͈ΑΗϋτȜȆˬȆ;΁ȜτϋȪStanley P. Warrenȫ֓঍͉Ȅু໦͈ࠐࡑ
ͬ૦ͤ༐̽̀ষ͈̠͢ͅ੆͓̞̀ͥȃȶඵා‫ڠ͈ۼ‬୆শయȄ๞Ȯঐ൵֓঍ȯ͉࿷͈֚႕ͬੰ̞

̀জͅ੄ॲ͈છ႕ͬࡉ̵̥̹̈́̽ȃȤȤজ͉‫̱̀ުٳ‬অ̥࠮ࠐ̾́͘Ȅ੄ॲ͈છ႕ͬࠐࡑ̱̹
̭̦̥̹͂̈́̽ȷ16)ȃ̹͘ఈ͈֓঍͜1916ාͅȄ12ාஜͅ௾ު̱̹൚শ͈ങ߿എ̈́֓‫́ࢷڠ‬਋̫̹ॲ‫͉֗ޗڠش‬Ȅȶ‫شޗ‬੥͈උٜȄ৽ͅ։ુȮ੄ॲȯͬ৾ͤե̠࣒͈݅ಶ࣒Ȅ̷̤̩ͣ։ુ
̈́պ౾ͅ౾̥̹ͦ૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿ͬঀဥ̱͈̀੩ॲȄ̷̱̀‫ٴ‬౲‫ޗ‬৒͈́ତ࠯͈੄ॲ͈۷ख़̥ͣ
଼̞̹̽̀ȷ͂બ࡞̱̞̀ͥ17)ȃ̭͈̠͢ͅȄ֓‫ڠ́ࢷڠ‬୆ͅ೹‫̹̯ͦރ‬ȶႉ઄ȷ‫͈֗ޗ‬ఱ໐໦͉ॲ‫ڠش‬ဥ૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿̦ಎ૤̜́ͤȄఉ̩͈֓‫ڠ‬୆̷͉̦͂̽̀ͦͅ࿷͈֚੩ॲࠐࡑ̜́
̹̽ȃ
ȁ20ଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫̦ࢷڠ͈̥̩̞֓̾́͘ͅܢ‬Ȅ֓‫ڠ‬୆ͥ͢ͅু఺੄ॲͬଷഽ‫̹̱ا‬ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆͉̹̞̞̀੄ॲͅၛ̻̠̹ٛ͛۬ͅආ৪̱̈́́ۛ৪͈ু఺ͅ௣ࣺ̹͈ͤͦ́͘Ḙ͈̏‫ڠ‬ਠࠐࡑ͉‫̹̜̭̳̹̽͂ͣͬ͜͜ࡏܓ‬18)ȃ႕̢͊Ȅ1917ාͅ΋υρΡఱ‫ڠ‬२ා୆͈‫ڠ‬୆̦ඵ૽Ȅ۬ආ৪̱ࣣ̈́́໵છฺ̠ͬ੄ॲͅၛ̻̞ٛ̽̀ͥ‫ͅۼ‬๟̦ࠠਥ̹̽ȃ୤ͭཏ͉Ȅ̷͈͒੣̦ਉͅ
̧̩̾‫̧̹̞̾ے‬ಊ௳ͥ͢ͅঘॲ̜̹́̽ȃ‫ڠ‬୆ో͉੩̫ͬࡤ̴͊ͅ10শ‫͜ۼ‬ଈ೑ͅၛ̻̞ٛȄ̷͈‫ۼ‬ଈ೑௯ૺसཻ͞ଜͬঔ̱̞̹̀ȃ̭͈৐෴͈ࡔ֦͉Ȅ੩̫ͬࡤ̥̹̞̠͊̈́̽͂‫ڠ‬୆ో͈‫̹֑̽ۼ‬஖఼͂Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆̭̓́͘ͅහ̵͈̥ͥͬྶ‫ͅږ‬೰̱̞̥̹݅̀̈́̽‫ۯ͈֥ޗ‬ၑ͈ᔛཾ̯͈ၰ༷̜̹̽ͅȃ‫̦֥ޗ‬ၛ̻ٛ̽̀͜൳̲ࠫ‫̦̞̱̥̹̭̦̈́ͦ̽ܳ͜ض‬Ȅ̷͈੄ြম͉ྶ
̥ͣͅȄ‫ڠ‬୆ͅచ̳ͥ۬ආ͈ະ਱໦̯̥ͣ୆̲ͥ࿚ఴͬ႕া̱̞̹̀19)ȃ̱̥̱Ȅু఺੄ॲ‫ޗ‬֗̽̀͢ͅઁ̩̈́͂͜‫ڠ‬୆͉ঢ߃‫ݻ‬ၗ́੄ॲͬ۷ख़̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́Ȅু໦ু૸́੄ॲ̵̯̭ͥ
̢̧̯̹͂́ȃȁ̷͈ఈͅ‫ڠ‬୆̦ႉ઄ॲ‫̧͉͈̹̦̭́͂͐ڠͬڠش‬ພ̜̹̦֭́̽Ȅພ͈֭́ႉ઄ࠐࡑ͈‫خ‬ෝ଻̹͘͜๱ુͅࡠ̞̹ͣͦ̀ȃΏλȜυΛΠȆˣȆδȜΑΠȪCharlotte G. Borstȫ̦಺औ
̱̹;ͻΑ΋ϋΏϋਗ͈֓঍͉Ȅ௾ުஜࢃͅ໹޳7.3̥࠮‫ۼ‬ພً̮̱̹̦֭́Ȅ475૽ಎ271૽
Ȫ57.1ΩȜΓϋΠȫ͉ພ͈֭́ႉ઄ࠐࡑ̦஠̩̥̹̈́̽20)ȃηΏ΄ϋఱ‫ڠ̈́׋ࢨ͉́ڠ‬୆̺̫̦Ȅఱ‫ڠ‬ພ֭́ଲდ̱̞ͬ̀ͥා‫ۼ‬10૽̥ͣ12૽͈ॲ‫ۛش‬৪͈֚૽ͬࡉ̧̭̦̹ͥ͂́ȃ1903ාͅηΏ΄ϋਗͺ΢ȜΨȜ́઀̯̈́ॲ‫ش‬ພ̦֭஻୭̯̹̦ͦȄ‫ڠ‬୆͉͕͂ͭ̓ۛ৪ͬࡉ̭͉ͥ͂̈́
̥̹̽ȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅພ৒͉ͅ30̱̥ૢర̦̩̈́Ȅ੫଻͉੄ॲࢃ‫ة‬਩‫͜ۼ‬ව̱̞̹̥̜֭̀ͣ́ͥ21)ȃ̭͈̠͢ͅȄ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͈́͘ॲ‫͉֗ޗڠش‬Ȅఱ໐໦͉ၑაഎ́ႉ઄ࠐࡑ̦ະ௷̱̀
̤ͤȄ֓঍ͅအș̈́੄ॲͅၛ̻̠̹͈ٛ͛੔๵̵̯͈͉̥̹ͬͥ́̈́̽͜ȃˎḁ๊֚̏֓୺࿝̥֓
ȁ͉̲͛ͅ੆͓̹̠͢ͅȄ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͉ͅȄॲ‫୺ش‬࿝֓͂Ȅࢩํս̹ͩͥ֓ͅၷުྩ͈֚໐͂
̱̀੄ॲͬ৾ͤե๊̠͈֚֓͂‫ͅۼ‬Ȩ͉̱̹̏̽ͤ͂‫ٮޏ‬஌͉̥̹̈́̽ȃ๊֚֓͜ॲ‫୺ش‬࿝֓͜੄ॲͅၛ̻̹̦ٛ̽Ȅၰ༷͂֓͜঍̜́ͤȄచ൝̜̹́̽ȃ੄ॲ͞ॲ‫݈̳ͥ۾ͅڠش‬ა͉Ȅ৘ष๊͉̠̳̥֚֓ͬ̓ͥͅȄ̳̻̈́ͩȄ๞ͣͬ୺࿝‫̱̀͂ز‬༫‫̷̥͈̳͂ͦͥ͜܄‬ෳੰ̳ͥ͈̥Ȅ̞̠݈͂ა̜̹́̽ȃȁ;ͻςͺθΒ֓঍͉Ȅ1912ා͈ॲ‫̳ͥ۾֗ͅޗڠش‬༭͈࣬ಎ́Ȅ๊֚֓ͅచ̳ͥॲ‫֗ޗڠش‬͈ຈါ଻ͬ৽ಫ̱̹ȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅ๞͉ͣ੩ॲ঍͂൳̲̩̞ͣȄ̷̷̤̩͉ͣͦͤ͢ఉ̩͈੫
଻ͬȄॲ᫭෎́ঘཌ̵̯̞̹̥̜̀ͣ́ͥȃ๊͉֚֓ȶॲ‫ͬڠش‬Ȅఱ̧̈́ୣහฺ̠ͬਹါ̈́૖
ު͂ࡉ̳̠̈́͢ͅ‫̧̜͓̯ͥ́ͥͦ֗ޗ‬ȷ͂;ͻςͺθΒ͉੆͓̹22)ȃ൳အͅȄΙλȜσΒȆ˝ȆΌȜΡϋȪCharles A. Gordonȫ֓঍͜Ȅ໹޳എ̈́֓঍ͅ‫ܖ‬யͬ‫̢̭̀̽͂ͥ͢ͅޗ‬Ȅ๞ͣͬ୺࿝໦࿤ͅ༫‫̭̳ͬ͂ͥ܄‬བ̺ͭȃȶພ͉֭Ȅܰ௱ͅਲ̠̭͂ͅ൳փ̳̳͓͈ͥ̀૽‫ͅۼ‬Ȅॲ‫֓ش‬ၷ͈࿝࡫ͬ‫̤̞ͤ̀ٳ‬ȷȄॲ‫୺ش‬࿝૖͈࿚ఴ͈ٜࠨॐ͉Ȅȶ̯ͣ̈́ͥ୺࿝͈֓߱Ⴏ͉́̈́
̩ȤȤ໹޳എ̈́૽‫ͅۼ‬చ̳ͥࠑ௽എ̈́‫֗ޗ‬ȷ̜ͥ͂ͅΌȜΡϋ͉৽ಫ̱̹23)ȃ
ȁచચഎͅȄΟςȜ֓঍͉Ȅ๊̥֚֓ͣ‫ݻ‬ၗͬ༗̽̀ॲ‫୺ش‬࿝૖ͬ࢜ષ̵̯̭ͥ͂ͬ৽ಫ̱
̹ȃȶِș͉Ȅॲ‫͈ڠش‬ၑேͬȄႉশഎ̈́֓ၷ࣐ևਲম৪๊̜͈֚́ͥ֓କ੔ͅ‫͉͈̬́ͥئ‬̩̈́Ȅॲ‫୺๊̞̤֚ͬ֓̀ͅڠش‬࿝͈֓କ੔ͅષ̬̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȷ͂ΟςȜ͉੆͓̹24)ȃ
έͻρΟσέͻͺ͈΀ΡχȜΡȆˬȆΟͼόͻΑȪEdward P. Davisȫ֓঍͉Ȅॲ‫ࣞͬ֓ش‬ഽ̈́୺࿝૖৪̳̹͂ͥ͛ȄΐͿέ͹Εϋ֓‫ش‬ఱ‫ڠ͈ڠ‬୆ͬ౳଻੩ॲ঍Ȫman-midwifeȫ͂ॲ‫ش‬֓Ȫobstetricianȫͅ໦̫̹ȃ‫̠̞̞̹̞࣐͂ͬ੅਀شٸ‬࿤૤ͬ༴̷̧ͦͬ‫ܥ͐ڠ‬̦̜ٛͥ‫ڠ‬୆͉Ȅॲ‫৽̱̀͂֓ش‬ါ̈́‫̠࣐ͬ੅਀شٸ‬ȃ‫شٸ‬ո‫͈ٸ‬໦࿤ͅ‫۾‬૤ͬ঵̾‫ڠ‬୆͉Ȅඳॲͬু໦
́ੜၑ̵̴Ȅࣾඳͅೄ࿂̱̹শ͉ۛͅ৪ͬພ֭ͅ௣ࣺ͚̭̦ͤ͂ါ‫̯ͥͦݥ‬ȃ̭͈̠̱̀͢ͅȄ๤‫ڛ‬എઁତ͈ခෝ̈́ॲ‫̭̳ͬ͂ͥ੄ॲͬ֓ش‬ȄΟͼόͻΑ͉བ̺ͭȃȶॲ‫͉ڠش‬Ȅఈ͈‫ڠشٸ‬໦࿤൳အͅȄࣾඳ഼́ႁͬါ̱Ȅ๤‫ڛ‬എઁତ͈֓‫ڠ‬௾ު୆̷̺̫̦̠̩࣐̠ͦͬ͘ෝႁȄෆఛႁȄ঵‫ݛ‬ႁͬ঵̞̽̀ͥȃ̭͈ॽম࣐̠͈ͬͅତఉ̩͈໼͙͈৪ͤ͢͜ઁତ͈࿹̹ͦ৪̦̞ͥ
༷̦Ȅ૽႒͈၌‫͉ͅף‬ၻ̞͂জ͉૞̲̞̀ͥȷ͂๞͉੆͓̹25)ȃ̷̭́ո‫͉́ئ‬Ȅ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮ͅॲ‫́ۼ͈֓ش‬Ȅॲ‫݈̠͈̪̈́̓̀̽͛ͬ֗͢ޗڠش‬ა̦࣐̞̹͈̥ͩͦ̀ͬȄ‫֗ޗ‬শ‫ۼ‬Ȅႉ઄‫֗ޗ‬Ȅ਀੅ٚව͈२തͅઙതͬ൚̀̀ࡉ̞̩̀ȃȪˍȫ‫֗ޗ‬শ‫ۼ‬ȁॲ‫̞̤̀ͅٮڠ͉֓ڠش‬ఈ͈୺࿝໦࿤͂๤‫̱̀ڛ‬ະ၌̈́ၛાͅ౾̥̞̹͈ͦ̀́Ȅॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ȅॲ‫͈ڠ̦֓ڠش‬ਹါ̈́୺࿝໦࿤̜́ͥ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃ႕̢͊ȄΣνȜπȜ·͈ΐοȜΐȆΈτͼȆ;΁ȜΡȪGeorge Gray Wardȫ֓঍͉Ȅ1926ා͈˝˩˝ల77ٝාষఱ͈ٛॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫ٸ‬‫ڠش‬໐̤̞ٛ̀ͅȄ๊֚֓͂̽̀ͅॲ‫୺͉ڠش‬࿝໦࿤̜́ͤȄ̷ͦ࡬ͅ২͈ٛ໛ছͅະ‫́ࠧخ‬̜ͥ͂ঐഊ̱̹ȃȶ֓‫ུܖ͈ڠ‬എ໦࿤͈͌͂̾ͬయນ̳̭͈ͥ৽ါ̈́֓‫ڠ‬̤̫ٛͥͅड͜ਹါ
̈́໦࿤͈̱͌͂̾͂̀Ȅॲ‫୺๊͈͉֚֓ڠش‬࿝̜́ͤȄ̷̤̩ͣ઀঱‫̞̀ੰͬڠش‬Ȅ̷๊͕֚ͦ̓֓͂̽̀ͅਹါ́২͈ٛ໛ছͅະ‫̜ͥ́ࠧخ‬අ༆̈́୺࿝໦࿤͉ఈ̞̭̈́͂ͬͅ෇ে̳ͥ
̈́ͣ͊Ȅِș̥̥̩̽̀ͥͅୣහͬୃ൚ͅບ‫̞̫̱̈́ͣ̈́͊ͦ̈́ث‬ȷ26)ȃΥήρΑ΃ਗ΂ζΧ͈ΩȜζȜȆέͻϋΡτͼȪPalmer Findleyȫ֓঍͜Ȅ1928ා͈ͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫ٸ‬‫֓ش‬঍ٛȪAmerican Association of Obstetricians, Gynecologists and Abdominal Surgeonsȫ
͈ٛಿ‫׵‬୰̤̞̀ͅȄȶఱ‫ͅྴ͈֥ޗڠ‬౹̲̞̈́শ୹ͬං̹࣐൲̦ါ‫ݢ޽̯ͥͦݥ‬মఠ̞̠͂
۷ത̥ͣȄॲ‫͉ڠش‬ఈ͈̞̥̈́ͥ֓ၷ୺࿝໦࿤ͤ͢͜࿹୶ࡀ̦̜ͥ͂࡞̢̥̱̞ͥͦ̈́͜ȷ͂Ȅॲ‫̦ڠش‬ఈ͈֓ၷ୺࿝໦࿤ͤ͢͜ਹါ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ৽ಫ̱̹27)ȃ
ȁ̭͈̠̈́͢ॲ‫͈ڠش‬ਹါ଻̴̥̥ͩͣ͜ͅȄ֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬၎ਘً೾̤̞̀ͅॲ‫ͤڬͅڠش‬൚̀ͣͦͥশ‫̜͉ͤ͘͜ͅۼ‬ະ௷̱̤̀ͤȄॲ‫͉̹̳͂̽͛ͥ֗͜ͅޗͬڠش‬ఉ̩͈শ‫̦ۼ‬ຈါ̜́ͥ͂ॲ‫৽͉֓ش‬ಫ̱̹ȃ1925ා͈༦଻໛ছտ֥ٛȪCommittee on Maternal Welfareȫ͈༭࣬੥ͦ͊͢ͅȄ๊͈֚֓‫ڰ‬൲͉Ȅඤ‫ڠش‬50ΩȜΓϋΠȄॲ‫ڠش‬35ΩȜΓϋΠȄ̷̱̀۰ౙ̈́‫شٸ‬‫ڠ‬Ȇࣸ୬Ȇ୆ྵ༗ࡏ̈́̓15ΩȜΓϋΠ̞̠͂‫͈̜ࣣͥ́ͅڬ‬చ̱̀Ȃ֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬၎ਘ‫ه‬೾͉́Ȅॲ‫͂ڠش‬Ȅ୺࿝‫͈ڠشٸ๊̩֚ੰͬڠشٸ‬৘ष͈‫֗ޗ‬শ‫͈ۼ‬๤ၚ͉Ȅːచ18̜̹́̽ȃȶਲ̽̀ྶ̥ͣͅȄ๊̦֚֓ຈါ̳͈͂ͥͬ͜਱໦ͅ೹‫̳̠̱͊ͣ̈́ͥ͂͢ރ‬Ȅ၎ਘ‫ه‬೾ͬक़૧̳ͥ
आ‫̜̦ͥݶ‬ȷ͂έͻϋΡτͼ͉৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶਲ̽̀জ͉Ȅͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫֓شٸ‬঍̦ٛȄ֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬၎ਘ‫ه‬೾ͬܰ೰̳ͥࡀࡠͬဓ̢̞ͣͦ̀ͥ૽ͅȄॲ‫ୃ͂̽֗͜ͅޗڠش‬൚̈́ບ‫ͬث‬ဓ̵̢̯Ȅ̷̷̱͈̀ࠫ‫͈ࢷڠ֓ض‬௾ު୆๊֚ͅഎ̈́֓ၷ࣐և͈ຈါͅྫၑ̩̈́؊̲ͥ੔๵̯ͬ
̵̭͉ͥ͂Ȅ৘षୃ൚̈́ါ‫̜͂ͥ́ݥ‬এ̠ȷ28)ȃ
ȁ̷̱̀1927ා͈ͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫֓شٸ‬঍͈ࣣ͉ٛٛ́Ȅ֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬၎ਘ‫ه‬೾̤̞̀ͅ
๊֚‫ͅڠشॲ͂ڠشٸ‬చ̱̀൳൝͈ບ‫̠̞̠̳͂ͥͬ͢ͅث‬૭̱ၛ̀ͬȄ˟˩ˡ͂ͺις΃֓‫ش‬ఱ‫ފڠ‬ٛȪAmerican Association of Medical Collegesȫͅ೹੄̳̭̦ͥ͂ࠨ݈̯̹ͦ29)ȃ
Ȫˎȫႉ઄‫֗ޗ‬
ȁ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͈́͘ॲ‫͕͉̓ͭ͂֗ޗڠش‬ၑაഎ͈̜̈́́ͤ͜Ȅྶ̥ͣͅႉ઄ࠐࡑ̦ະ௷̱̀
̞̹ȃ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͉ͅȄఉ̩͈ॲ‫̦֓ش‬ႉ઄‫͈֗ޗ‬ຈါ଻ͬঐഊ̳̠̞̹ͥ̈́̽̀͢ͅȃ႕̢͊ηΏ΄ϋਗͺ΢ȜΨȜ͈σȜαϋȆάȜΗȜΕϋȪReuben Petersonȫ֓঍͉Ȅ1920ා͈˝˩˝͈ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫ڠشٸ‬໐̤̞ٛ̀ͅȄȶ֓‫͉ࢷڠ‬Ȅً‫͉̞̤̀֗ͅޗڠشॲ͈ݲ‬ႉ઄̦ྫণ̧̯̹̭ͦ̀͂ͬ෇͛Ȅ̷͈̠̈́͢ે‫̦ޙ‬٨஝̯̠༷ͦͥ̈́͢ॐ࣒̲ͬͥশ̜́ͥȷ͂ႉ
઄‫͈֗ޗ‬ຈါ଻ͬஶ̢̹30)ȃ
ȁ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣ৘ष͉ͅȄఱఉତ͈֓‫͈֗ޗڠشॲ̞̤̀ͅࢷڠ‬ႉ઄୭๵̦ະ௷̱̞̹̀ȃήσΛ·ςϋ͈ΐοϋȆ΂ΒδȜϋȆερΛ·ȪJohn Osborn Polakȫ֓঍͉Ȅ1921ා͈˝˩˝ల72ٝාষఱ͈ٛॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫ڠشٸ‬໐̤̞ٛ̀ͅȄȶ‫ޗ‬਎༹͉࿹̤ͦ̀ͤȄْ̥֚̈́ͤ‫ا‬̯̞̭ͦ̀ͥ͂ͬȄ಺औ͉া̱̞̀ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅఱఉତ͈‫́ࢷڠ‬ႉ઄۷ख़͈̹͈͛୭๵̦ະ਱
໦̜́ͤȄ֓ၷ୺࿝‫͜ز‬ள૽͜Ȅ੄ॲ͉ୃુً̈́೾̜́ͥ͂ࣉ̢௽̫̞̞̠̀ͥ͂ম৘͈̹
͛Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆͉̱̱͊͊Ȅদࡑࣣͅ‫̥̞͈̹̱ͥ̈́́ڒ‬੫଻͈੄ॲ͜ͅၛ̻̠ٛෝႁ̦̜ͥ͂এ̽
̀২ٛͅ੄̱̠̀͘ȷ͂ঐഊ̱̹31)ȃ΍ϋέρϋΏΑ΋͈έρϋ·Ȇ˳ȆςϋΙȪFrank W.
Lynchȫ֓঍͜Ȅ1924ා͈˝˩˝ల75ٝාষఱ͈ٛॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫ڠشٸ‬໐̤̞ٛ̀ͅȄȶ֓ၷ୺࿝‫͈ز‬෎૤̈́‫׋‬൲͂ள૽͈ۙખ̴̥̥ͩͣ͜ͅȄॲ‫̜͉ͤ͘ޙે͈ش‬٨஝̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́ȷ
͂੆͓̹ȃ̷̱̀Ȅȶ‫̦ࢷڠ‬Ȅ௾ުஜͅઁ̩̈́͂͜50࠯͈છ႕ͬ‫ڠ‬୆ͅ೹‫͈̳ͥͅރ‬਱໦̈́૷ၷਫ਼ͬ࠺୭̱̞̈́ࡠͤȄ๊̠̱֚̓̀എે‫̦ޙ‬٨஝̯̜̠̥ͦͥ́ͧȃॲ‫͉ڠش‬ȤȤཅີ̈́ႉ઄ࠐࡑ́༞̞ͩ̈́ࡠͤȄ‫شޗ‬੥Ȅ࣒݅Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿̺̫́‫̧̞͉̭̈́́͂͐ڠ‬ȃႉ઄ॲ‫๊͉֚ڠش‬എ͉̞̦́̈́Ȅ̳͓͈̀֓঍ͅຈਘ‫̧̜͓̯ͥ́ͥͦا‬ȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹32)ȃ
ȁέͻϋΡτͼ֓঍͉Ȅȶͺις΃̤̫ͥͅၑა‫͉֗ޗ‬Ȅఈ͈࣭ș̽̀͢ͅ೰̹͛ͣͦ‫ܖ‬੔̥ͤ̈́ͤ͢͜ષ̜́ͥ͂࡞̞̥̱̞̦ͩͦ̀ͥͦ̈́͜Ȅႉ઄۷ख़͈୭๵͉ఉ̩͈ঔ୭́ૂ̫̞̈́
೾ະ௷̱̞̀ͥȷ͂ঐഊ̱Ȅ̷͈̭̦͂Ȅఈ࣭͂๤‫̱̀ڛ‬ͺις΃͈ॲ‫ش‬হၷ̦౹̴̧͓ે
ఠ̜ͥͅၑဇ̜́ͥ͂৽ಫ̱̹33)ȃ΋υϋΫͺఱ‫ޗڠش૽ິॲ͈ڠ‬਎˞ȆˬȆχΠΕϋȪB. P.
Watsonȫ͜Ȅ1930ාͅΣνȜπȜ·֓‫ڠ‬ͺ΃ΟηȜȪNew York Academy of Medicineȫ́Ȅȶ̳͓͈̀֓঍̦Ȅ੄୆ஜ૷ၷਫ਼Ȅພ൓Ȅॲ৒Ȅഐ୨ͅ୭๵̯ͦ‫شॲ̞̯ͥ̀ͦא׋‬ພ͈֭౜൚౷
ߊ́Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆̱̹͂̀͂̽͘͘শ‫ۼ‬Ƚडࢃ͈ා͈ઁ̩̈́͂͜ˏ̥࠮‫ۼ‬Ƚً̮̳ͬ‫ܥ‬ٛͬ঵̾́͘Ȅ࣭஠ఘ͈ॲ‫֓ش‬ၷ͉৘ৗഎͅ٨஝̯̞̜̠ͦ̈́́ͧȷ͂੆͓̞̹̀34)ȃ
ȁ̭̠̱̀Ȅႉ઄‫͈֗ޗ‬ຈါ଻͂Ȅ̷͈̹͈͛ႉ઄୭๵͈ະ௷ͬ෇ে̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅॲ‫֓ش‬͉Ȅႉ઄‫̱͂̽̀͂͜ऺޗ‬ఉ̩͈੄ॲఞ‫ۛܥ‬৪̦ຈါ̜́ͥ͂‫ږ‬૞̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ̷͈̹͛ͅȄ੩ॲ঍ͬෳੰ̱̀੄ॲۛ৪ͬພ֭ͅਓယ̱Ȅႉ઄‫֗ͅޗ‬ຈါ̈́‫ͬऺޗ‬ඊ୸̱̠̱̹͂͢
͈̜́ͥ35)ȃ
Ȫˏȫ਀੅ٚව
ȁॲ‫͉ڠش૽ິ͂ڠش‬Ȅ1920ා̥ͣ39ා̥̫̀ͅழ૕‫̹̱͂ا‬ȄΩιρȆ˯Ȇ΍ιͼȪPamela
S. Summeyȫ͂ζȜΏλȆΧȜΑΠȪMarsha Hurstȫ͉੆͓̞̀ͥȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄॲ‫ິ͂ڠش‬૽‫͉ڠش‬Ȅ֓ၷ୺࿝໦࿤̱͂̀হၷඤယͬྶ‫ͅږ‬೰̱݅̀‫ͬٮޏ‬୭೰̱̹ȃ΍ιͼ͂ΧȜΑΠ͉Ḙ͈̏୺࿝ழ૕‫͈ا‬ड͜ਹါ̈́ࠫ‫͉ض‬Ȅ̷͈শ‫݅৽ૺݢ̞͈ͥͩ͠ܢ‬৪̽̀͢ͅ৽ಫ̯̹ͦ
ୟޭഎٚව৽͈݅੄࡛̜̹́̽͂৽ಫ̱̞̀ͥȃ̭͈ୟޭഎٚව৽͉݅Ȅॲ‫ش‬Ȇິ૽‫͈֓ش‬঑෻എ̈́ͼΟ΂υΆȜ̱͂̀঵௽̳̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃ੄ॲ͈͒ࢩํս̹ͩͥٚͅවͬ঑঵̳̭ͥ
͈ୟޭഎٚව৽͈݅੄࡛͉Ȅ̞̩̥͈̾ၑဇ́Ȅ༗৿എະٚව৽݅৾̽̀ͅయ̹ͩ̽ȃల͈֚ၑဇ͉Ȅ̷͈୺࿝໦࿤̦Ȅॲ‫͂ڠش‬Ȅິ૽‫੅਀͈ڠش‬໦࿤͈ࣣ̜̹̭̜͂ࠫ́̽͂́ͥȃలඵ͈ၑဇ͉Ȅ૧̱̞୺࿝૖͉Ȅু๊֚ͣͬ֓͂ߊ༆̳ͥຈါ̦̜̹̭̜̽͂́ͥȃ΍ιͼ͂ΧȜΑΠ̦୰ྶ̱̞̠̀ͥ͢ͅȄॲ‫͉֓ش‬ȶ̞̥̈́ͥ֓঍͜੄ॲͅႁͬ఩̧̳̭͉̦͂́ͥȄࠐࡑཅ̥̈́୺࿝֓Ƚॲິ૽‫֓ش‬Ƚ͈͙̦Ȅհ஠ͅਉ๶̩ٚ͢ව̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȷ̲̞̹͂ۜ̀ȃ֚໐͈༗৿എະٚව৽͈݅ॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ȅࠐफ଻͂հ஠଻ͬआ‫͈̭ͅݶ‬ୟޭഎٚව৽݅ͅಯ୽̱̹
̦Ȅȶ1920ාయͅอో̱̹ୟޭഎٚව৽͉݅Ȅ1940ාయ̥ͣ50ාయͅȄ੫଻͈୆૓ࠏൡ͈̳͓
͈̀૸ఘഎȆ૤ၑഎ௰࿂͈ଲდ̳ͬͥॲິ૽‫֓ش‬Ȅ̞̠͂‫ڐ‬ಫ৽݅എࡉٜ͈आ‫̹̽̈́͂ݶ‬ȷ͂Ȅ΍ιͼ͂ΧȜΑΠ͉৽ಫ̱̞̀ͥ36)ȃ

ȁॲ‫͉֓ش‬ȄළૡȆ੄ॲ̦͉͜͞ুட̈́୆ၑ‫ڠ‬എً೾͉̩́̈́Ȅ֓‫̦ڠ‬ٚව̧̳͓ພၑ‫ڠ‬എ࡛ય̜́ͥ͂৽ಫ̱̀Ȅ֓‫ٮڠ‬ඤ໐̤̫ͥͅॲ‫͈֓ش‬౷պͬ࢜ષ̵̯̠̱̹͂͢ȃ႕̢͊;ͻςͺθΒ֓঍͉Ȅȶළૡ‫͉ॲ੄͍ݞ‬೒႕͉୆ၑ‫ڠ‬എً೾̜̦́ͥȄુ̷̠̜͉́ͥ͂ͅࡠ̞ͣ̈́
̺̫̩́̈́Ȅ་಺͞։ુ̧̹̱̳̞͈ͬ́͞Ȅॲິ͉Ȅ༶౾̱̹̱̤̩̀͂͘͘ͅ༦૶͈୆ྵ
͂ঊ‫͈ރ‬୆ྵͬ૬࣫̈́‫̞̱̥̳̯̈́ͦͣ͜ͅࡏܓ‬ఉ̩͈ࣣ໵છͬȄ்‫ͅܢ‬อࡉ̱হၷ̳̭ͥ͂
̧̦́ͥȄ௛ྶ̈́֓঍͈ۭࢌͬ਋̧̫͓̜ͥ́ͥȷ̞̠̭͂͂ͬȄ๊֚ఱਤͅ‫̢̫̈́͊ͦ̈́ޗ‬̞ͣ̈́͂৽ಫ̱̹37)ȃ
ȁΟςȜ֓঍͜Ȅȶ৘ष͉ͅॲ‫͉ڠش‬๱ુͅພၑ‫ڠ‬എ‫ث‬౵̦̜ͤȄ‫͂ڠشٸ‬൳൝͈৽ါ‫́ڠش‬̜͈ͥͅȄ֓ၷ୺࿝‫͉ز‬൳အ͈Ȯ੄ॲ͉୆ၑ‫ڠ‬എ࣐և̜̞̠́ͥ͂ȯ༊ࡉͬ਋̫ව̞ͦ̀ͥȃ‫̥ͅږ‬୤ͭཏͬॲ͚̭͉͂ুடً̈́೾̜́ͤȄুட͈փ଎͉ୃુ̈́‫ܥ‬ෝ̜̠̦́ͧȄ̷̦ͦခ‫̭̠̞̜͈ͬ͂͂ͥ́̈́͜ٺ‬๛೰̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ૽‫̞̞͉̈́ۼ‬ȃِș͉‫ٯ‬Ȅুட̈́੄ॲ̯́
̢̱̱͊͊ఉ̩͈༦૶͂୤ͭཏ͈ၰ༷ͅఅੱͬဓ̢̭ͥ͂ͬ౶̞̽̀ͥȃ̱͜͜੄ॲ̦ခ‫́ٺ‬̷̜͉ͥ̈́ͣ͊ͦພࡔ଻̜́ͤȄ̱͜͜ພࡔ଻̷̜͉́ͥ̈́ͣ͊ͦພၑഎ̜́ͥȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹38)ȃ̷̱̀ȶॲ‫́ڠش‬ȄΙέΑ෎ࠫ͞‫͞ړ‬ΐέΞςͺ͈হၷ͞ထཡ̤̞̜̹̠̀̽̈́͢ͅ٨
஝̦̞̈́ȷआུഎ̈́ၑဇ͉Ȅȶ๊֚ఱਤ̦Ȅ੄ॲ͉ພၑ‫ڠ‬എ‫ܥ‬ෝ̜̞̠́ͥ͂ࣉ̢ͬ঵̞̽̀
̞̥̜̈́ͣ́ͥȃȤȤࣽ඾͉́ȤȤ੄ॲ͉͉͜͞ୃુ̈́‫ܥ‬ෝ͉̞́̈́ȷ͂౯࡞̱̹39)ȃΟςȜͦ͊͢ͅȄȶ੄ॲಎ͈‫ͬࡏܓ‬྾͈͉͕͈ͦͥͭઁତ͈੫଻ȷ̺̫̜͈́ͥ́Ȅॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ȅ੄ॲಎ๞੫ో͈੩̫̹͂̈́ͥ͛̽͂͜ͅ‫̹̥̫̱̥̽̈́ͣ̈́͊ͦ̈́ͬة‬40)ȃ
ȁ̭͈̠̈́͢ୟޭഎٚව৽͈݅ॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ȅ੫଻Ȅઁ̩̈́͂͜ॲ‫͈֓ش‬΍ȜΫᾼచ̱̀঑໡̠
ဒဉ̦̜ͥ੫଻͉Ȅଚ৻ً̱̀ഽͅ໲ྶ‫̤̱ͤ̀ا‬Ȅਲ̽̀੄ॲ͉ͅഐ̱̞̞̀̈́͂ࡉ̱̈́̀
̞̹ȃΟςȜ͉൚শ͈੫଻ͬȶ࡛య໲ྶ͈૰ࠐًຮ́ྫႁ̈́ॲ໤ȷ͂ࡤ͍Ȅ࡛య੫଻͉͉͜͞
‫׳‬੩̱̈́ͅ੄ॲͬۖଛ̧̳̭̦̞̱ͥ͂́̈́͂Ḙ̷̏́ॲ‫̞̫̯̹̈́ͣ̈́͊ͦ̈́ض̦֓ش‬ਹါ̈́࿨‫̹̱಺ޑͬڬ‬41)ȃ੄ॲཻ̤̫ͥͅଜ͈ঀဥͬသࢌ̱̀ȄηΒȜςਗ΃ϋΎΑΏΞͻ͈ΐοȜΐȆ·ρȜ·ȆκΛΏλȜȪGeorge Clark Mosherȫ֓঍͉Ȅ1921ා͈ͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫֓شٸ‬঍ٛల34ٝාষఱ̤̞ٛ̀ͅȄষ͈̠͢ͅ੆͓̹ȃȶ20ଲ‫͈ܮ‬੫଻͉Ȅ‫ޏ۪͂֗ޗ‬̵͈̞́ޭ౤಼̈́૰ࠐًຮછ̈́ͤͅȄ‫ͬޣג‬਋̫̳̞͞૰ࠐࠏൡͬ঵̻Ȅߎ೑ͬ‫̲̩ͥۜޑ‬ȃਲ̽̀Ȅ๞੫͈૸ఘഎȆୈ૰എႁ͉ယօͅ৐͈̜ͩͦͥ́ͥȷ42)ȃ̭͈̠̈́͢৽ಫ͉Ȅॲ‫֓ش‬͈΍ȜΫᾼచ̱̀঑໡̠ဒဉ̦̜ͥ੫଻͈‫́ۼ‬ঌાͬैͤ੄̱Ȅ੩ॲ঍๊֚֓͞ͅచ̳ͥॲ
‫୺ش‬࿝͈֓࿹պͬ‫ږ‬ၛ̳͈ͥͅ࿨ၛ̹̽ȃȁఈ༷́Ȅ༗৿എະٚව৽݅৪͉Ȅॲ‫̫̤ͥͅڠش‬๟६̈́ࠫ‫੅਀֦ͬࡔ͈ض‬ٚවͅ‫̱̀ܦ‬Ȅୟޭഎٚව৽݅ͅచ̳ͥ࠼ැͬນྶ̱̹ȃˮȆˢȆΑ΅ȜσȪR. F. Skeelȫ֓঍ͦ͊͢ͅȄȶୃુ੄ॲ̢̤̞̯̀ͅȄ̱͜͜ॲ‫̦֓ش‬Ȅ୤ͭཏ̦୆ͦͥ͘ஜͅȮ੄ॲ࡛ાͅȯൢ಍̳̭̦ͥ͂
̧́ͦ͊Ȅ̳͓͈̀ॲ‫ۛش‬৪͉਀੅છ႕ͅ୨ͤఢ̢̧͓̜ͣͦͥ́ͥ͂৽ಫ̳ͥȄ૧̱̞‫ڠ‬෩̦࡛̞ͦ̀ͥȷ43)ȃςϋΙ֓঍͉Ȅȶ࡛हॲ‫͉ڠش‬Ȅ20ාஜͅິ૽‫̠̹̭̞̤̽ܳ̀͢ͅͅڠش‬Ȅ୆ၑ‫ࡉ͂͒ڠشٸ̥ͣڠ‬ٜͬ་‫ޑ̵̳̠̯ͥ͂͢ا‬ႁ̈́‫݅৽ૺݢ‬എ‫ڠ‬෩̽̀͢ͅई၄̵̯ͣͦ
̞̀ͥȷ͂ঐഊ̱Ȅȶ࡛हॲ‫̦ڠش‬ຈါ̱̞͈͉͂̀ͥȄ๊֚‫ͤ֓͜͢شٸ‬Ȅͤ͢༗৿എ̈́ಏ
‫̜ͥ́ۼ‬ȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹44)ȃ;΁ȜΡ֓঍͜Ȅȶ๊̞֚֓ͩͥ͞͠୺࿝̦֓Ȅհ஠̩̞̈́ٝͤ̓
༹༷̥ͣၗͦ̀Ȅ̱̱͊͊༦૶͂ঊ‫͈ރ‬ၰ༷͂̽̀ͅ๟६̈́ࠫ‫ͤ৾̽਀̈́ࡏܓ̧̳̭ܳ֨ͬض‬்༹̞༷ͅ‫ͥۿ‬ȷ̭͂ͬঐഊ̱Ȅȶুடͬୃુ̈́୆ၑ‫ڠ‬എً೾̥ͣ֝౎̵̯̠̳͂ͥ͢৪͉Ȅ൚࿂͈࿒എͬో଼̳̥̱̞̦ͥͦ̈́͜Ȅ༹‫̈́ٸ‬య‫̢̥̤̀ژ̭̠̞̜̻̦ͬ͂͂ͥ́ͤ̈́ͅث‬̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃఱఉତ͈છ႕̤̞͉̀ͅȄ‫ܥ‬ຮ̜̭́ͥ͂ͤ͢͜ෆఛ‫̦༷̞ޑ‬Ȅၻ̞ॲ‫ش‬̜֓́ͥȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹45)ȃ
ȁਲ̽̀Ȅ༗৿എະٚව৽݅৪͉Ȅ‫͉̞̤̀֗ͅޗ‬Ȅະຈါ̈́ٚවͬ๰̫̠ͥ͢ͅ‫ڠ‬୆ͅၑ̵ٜ̯̭̦ͥ͂ਹါ̜̲̞̹́ͥ͂ۜ̀ȃχΠΕϋ֓঍͉1926ා͈έͻρΟσέͻͺॲ‫ڠ֓ش‬ٛȪObstetrical Society of Philadelphiaȫ̤̞̀ͅȄȶ߃ාȄॲ‫شٸ͉ڠش‬എ୺࿝૖̜́ͤȄॲ‫̩̞̫͂̈́ͣ̈́͊ͦ̈́́֓͢شٸ̴ͤ͘͜͢ة͉֓ش‬໳̩ȃ̭͈ࣉ̢̦ॲ‫͈੅ܿش‬٨஝഼͈ႁ
ါ֦̈́ͥͅࡠͤȄ̷୍͉ͦͅၻ̞̭̜̦͂́ͥȄ૧ૺ͈֓঍̦Ȅ̳͓͈̀ۛ৪͉‫شٸ‬ੜ౾ͬ਋̫̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͂ࣉ̢̠ͥ̈́ͦ͊͢ͅȄ̷୍͉ͦͅ՛̞̭̜͂́ͥȃਲ̽̀Ȅॲ‫ٸ͈ڠش‬‫ش‬എ଻ৗͬ‫ͅވ̳͂ͥ಺ޑ‬Ȅ‫͈֥ޗ‬௰͉Ȅఱఉତ͈છ႕͉‫ུܖ‬എͅୃુ̜́ͤະຈါ̈́ٚව͉
‫̭̠̞̜ͬ͂͂ͥ́ࡏܓ‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆ͅྐྵ̵ܱ̯̹ͥ͛ͅ෼഼͈ႁ̱̫̞ͬ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȷ͂৽ಫ̱
̞̀ͥ46)ȃȶࣽ඾͉́Ȅພ֭ঔ୭̦௩‫̱ح‬Ȅ߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹ۭࢌ঍̦ັ̧ഞ̞Ȅ਀੅ͅȸ๵̢ͥȹ
̭̦͂ယօ̹̹̈́̽͛ͅͅȄٚව͈઩൲ͅߐ̳̩̹͈ͣͦ̈́̽́͞Ȅȸ̤୯ٚ̈́੩ॲȹ࣐ͬͩ
̞̠̈́͢ͅ‫̢̦̭͂ͥޗ‬Ȅոஜͤ͢͜ຈါ̜́ͥȃȤȤȮۛ৪̦ȯߎ̱̞ͭ́ͥশ͈̳͓͈̀
ٚව͈ಭ࢓̞̾̀ͅȄ‫ڠ̦֥ޗ‬୆͂਱໦݈ͅა̱̞̈́ࡠͤȄ‫ڠ‬୆͉‫֣̹֑̽ۼ‬યͬ༴̩߹࢜ͅ
̜ͥ͂এ̠ȃ๞͉ͣȄ੃Ⴏ̱̹ॲ‫̦ࣾ֓ش‬ඳ̈́ᱛঊ੄ॲȄథ঱ٝഢ੅Ȅ‫ݙ‬ঊ͈੄ॲ̵଼̯ͬࢗ
͈ͥͬࡉ̀Ḙ଼͈͉̏ࢗȄ֚໐͉ȸຈါ຦֚৆ȹ͞༞੩ͅ‫ॽ̱̀۾‬ম̳͈ͬͥͅၑேഎ̈́ે‫ޙ‬̜̹̜́ͥ͛́ͤȄ֚໐͉֓঍͈ࡢ૽എ̈́ܿ੅ႁ͈̹̜͛́ͤȄ̱͜͜੿ြ͈ۛ৪͈ু఺́൳
̲ੜ౾ͬদ̷͙̹̱̹͈͂ͣၰ༷̦ະ௷̱̞̜̠̭̀ͥ́ͧ͂ͬȄຈ̴̱͜ၑٜ̳͉ͥ͂ࡠͣ
̞̈́ȷȃਲ̽̀֓‫ڠ‬୆͉ͅȄॲ‫͉̹̠࣐͛ͬͅ੅਀ش‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐‫ه‬೾̷̤̞̤̩̀ͣͅ਋̫̭ͥ͂
̧̦́ͥոષ͈߱Ⴏ̦ຈါ̜́ͥ͂ၑ̵ٜ̯̫̥̹̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́̽47)ȃ
ȁ̷ͦͅచ̱̀ୟޭഎٚව৽݅৪͉Ȅ༦ఘঘཌၚ̦̞ࣞࡔ֦ͬȄȶ̧̠̳͓̥̓ͥ౶̞ͣ̈́૽
‫ॲ੄ͥ͢ͅۼ‬ಎ͈ٚවȷ͂੄୆ஜူࢌ͈ະ௷ͅ‫̹̱ܦ‬48)ȃ๞ͣͦ͊͢ͅȄ‫ڠ‬໐௾ު୆̜͈ͥͅ
͉૷౯ෝႁ͈͙̜́ͤȄॲ‫̠࣐ͬ੅਀ش‬ෝႁ͉̥̹̈́̽ȃερΛ·֓঍̦1921ාͅ੆͓̞̀ͥ
̠͢ͅȄ֓‫ͬࢷڠ‬௾ު̱̹̥͈͊ͤ֓‫ڠ‬୆͉Ȅȶඅ༆̈́߱Ⴏͬ਋̫͉ͥ́͘Ȅໜ໐ͬ୨‫̳ͥٳ‬ෝႁً̨̦̜̞ͥ̈́ͅȷ͈̜́ͤȄȶ๞͉ౙ̈́ͥ౳଻੩ॲ঍̜́ͤȄ̷ͦոષ͉̞́̈́ȷ49)ȃͼϋΟͻͺ΢εςΑ͈˝Ȇ˩ȆιϋΟϋγȜσȪA. M. Mendenhallȫ֓঍͉Ȅ1928ා͈ͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫֓شٸ‬঍ٛల41ٝාষఱ̤̞ٛ̀ͅȄষ͈̠͢ͅ৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶ໹޳എ̈́֓঍
͉Ȅ੄ॲࢃ͈૬࣫̈́੄ࠬȄஜ౾థ๕Ȯథ๕̦ඤঊ‫͈࢛ݠ‬໐ͅպ౾̳͈ͥ́͜੄͈ࠬࡔ֦̳ͬ̈́ȯȄᦡఝ౎ȄญၗȄ̜̞͉ͥ‫ࣸޛ‬๕ͬ৾ͤե̠ෝႁ̦̞̈́ȃ๞͉Ȅ̱̱̥͊͊̈́ͤୃ‫૷͈شॲ̈́ږ‬౯̧࣐̠̭̦̥̱̞̱ͬ͂́ͥͦ̈́͜Ȅ̷̤̩ͣহၷ͈ঐૻͬ੥̧̩̭͉̦͂́ͥȄ̱̱͊͊ഐ୨̈́ॲ‫̠࣐ͬ੅਀ش‬ෝႁ̦̞̈́ȃ࡛हȄ‫ڠͅ৽͉֗ޗ͈ڠش૽ິ͂ڠشٸ‬୆͈૷౯ෝႁͬ૝
̱̞̦͊̀ͥȄॲ‫ش‬ੜ౾ͬ‫̢ͥޗ‬഼ႁ͉͕̯̞̞͂ͭ̓̈́ͦ̀̈́ȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅ૧̱̞௾ު
୆̦২ٛͅ੄̀Ȅඅ༆̈́߱Ⴏͬ਋̫ͥஜͅఱ਀੅࣐̠͉ͬ͂ࣉ̢̞̞̥̜ͣͦ̀̈́ͣ́ͥȷ50)ȃ
ਲ̽̀Ȅ֓‫͉̞̤̀֗ͅޗڠ‬Ȅ๊̦֚֓։ુ੄ॲ͈षͅু໦́ੜ౾̳̭͉ͥ͂ܿ੅എࣾͅඳ́
̜ͤȄ‫ڠ‬໐ոષ͈߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹୺࿝͈֓੩࡞͂ੜ౾̦ຈါ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬȄ‫ڠ‬୆ͅၑ̵ٜ̯̫̈́
̥̹ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́̽ȃȁ̯ͣͅιϋΟϋγȜσ͉Ȅॲ‫̞̤ͤ̀͢ͅڠش‬ఉ̩͈୺࿝֓ͬူ଼̳ͥຈါ଻ͬঐഊ̱̹̦Ȅ
1920ාయ̷͉͈ͅે‫͕͉̓ͭ͂ޙ‬٨஝̯̥̹ͦ̈́̽͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶ୶͈ა໲́ಠ৪͉Ȅॲ‫ڠش‬̤̫ͥͤ͢ͅఉ̩͈୺࿝֓ͬ৽ಫ̱̹ȃ̱̽͂͜͜͜ఉ̩͈߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹ॲ‫ͬ֓ش‬Ȅઁ̩̈́͂͜΋ϋ΍σΗϋΠ̱͂̀࿨ၛ̧̭̦̀ͥ͂́ͦ͊Ȅ໰̞ͦ̈́͜၌ത̜̠͂̈́ͥ́ͧȃȤȤ̱̽͂߱͜͜͜Ⴏͬ਋̫̹ॲ‫࣭̦֓ش‬ಎͅഐ୨ͅ෻໦̯ͦͦ͊Ȅ̷̱̱̀͜͜ள૽͂֓ၷ୺࿝‫̦ز‬๞͈ͣෝႁ͂ခဥ଻ͬ෇ে̳ͦ͊Ȅ๞͉ͣ๱ુͅྶฒ̈́Ȯॲ‫֓ش‬ȯະ௷ેఠ̵ོ͈ࣣ̳͛ͩͬ
̭ͥ͂̈́ͤͅȄະຈါ́৐෴ͅਞͩͥॲ‫̠̜̩ͧ́ͥ̈́̈́ઁ͉̭࣐̦͂ͥͦͩ੅਀ش‬ȃȤȤॲ‫୺͈ڠش‬࿝എ̈́༓‫̭̳ͬ͂ͥͬޑ‬བ̞ͭ́ͥ૽‫̦ۼ‬ංͣͦͥ౷պ͈ତ͉Ȅ̤ࣽ̈́͜๱ુͅઁ̈́
̞ȃ1921ාͅఉ̩͈૽ș̷̦͈̠̈́͢‫ܥ‬ٛͬါ‫̦̹̱ݥ‬Ȅ̷ͦոြે‫͕͉̓ͭ͂ޙ‬٨஝̯ͦ̀
̞̞̈́ȷ51)ȃ

ˏȁॲ‫઀֗ޗڠش‬տ֥ٛ༭࣬੥
ȁ̷͉ͦ́Ȅ1920ාయ͈ॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬৘ष͉͈̠͈̜̹͈̜̠̥̓̈́́̽́ͧ͢͜ȃ̷ͦͬྶ̥̳̹ͣͥ͛ͅͅḘ̭͉̏́Ȅ঱ൺ͈࠲ࢫ͂༗ࢌͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬γχͼΠΧ;Α݈ٛȪWhite House
Conference on Child Health and Protectionȫ̽̀͢ͅอນ̯̹ͦȄॲ‫̳ͥ۾֗ͅޗڠش‬༭࣬੥ͬમळͅ࠿൦̳ͥȃ̷̱̀Ȅ൚শ͈ॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬৘ఠ͂Ȅॲ‫ͬ֗ޗ̠͈̦̈́̓֓͢ش‬࿒ঐ̷̠̱̞̹͈̥͂̀ͬྶ̥̳ͣͥͅȃ1930ාͅέȜό͹Ȝఱൡႀ̽̀͢ͅઉਬ̯̹ͦγχͼΠΧ
;Α݈͉ٛ́Ȅ֓ၷ΍ȜΫΑ̦ಕ࿒ͬਬ̹͛52)ȃ݈ٛ‫ٳ‬टஜ͈16̥࠮‫ͅۼ‬1,200૽͈୺࿝‫̦ز‬ထ๵಺औͅਲম̱Ȅ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬γχͼΠΧ;Α݈͉ٛȄ༦૶͂඿ဘ঱͈࠲ࢫ‫ۯ‬ၑͬ৾ͤե̹̽༭
࣬੥ͬඵॗ੄ๅ̱̹53)ȃ̷͈ల֚ॗ࿒̦Ȅॲ‫઀֗ޗڠش‬տ֥ٛ̽̀͢ͅ༎ॴ̯̹͈ͦ́͜Ȅ֓঍Ȅۭࢌ঍Ȅ੩ॲ঍Ȅ̷๊̱֚̀ఱਤͅచ̳ͥॲ‫ͬ֗ޗڠش‬ບ‫̹̞̱̀ث‬54)ȃॲ‫઀֗ޗڠش‬տ֥͈ٛ༭࣬੥͉́Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐Ȫundergraduateȫ‫֗ޗ‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃȪpostgraduateȫ‫֗ޗ‬Ȅఱ‫֭ڠ‬Ȫgraduateȫ‫͈֗ޗ‬२ത̞͈̾̀ͅ಺औ̦༭̯̞࣬ͦ̀ͥȃȪˍȫ‫ڠ‬໐‫֗ޗ‬ȁ༭࣬੥ͦ͊͢ͅȄ‫ڠ‬໐͈֓‫͉֗ͅޗڠ‬Ȅ৽ͅ͏̹͈̾࿒എ̦̜ͥȃల͈֚࿒എ͉Ȅ๊֚എ̈́ඤ‫͈شٸ͂ش‬হၷͬ௖؊ͅհ஠̧࣐̠̭̦̠͂́ͥ͢ͅͅ਱໦̈́‫߱͂֗ޗ‬ႯͬȄ‫ڠ‬୆ͅ೹‫̳ރ‬̭̜ͥ͂́ͥȃలඵ͈࿒എ͉Ȅఱ‫֭ڠ‬୆̦Ȅ‫֥ޗ‬Ȅࡄ‫ݪ‬৪Ȅ̜̞͉̜ͥͥ֓ၷ୺࿝໦࿤͈ࣞഽ
̈́߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹୺࿝̹͈֓̈́ͥ͛ͅ༓‫ͬޑ‬௽̧̫̭̦̠ͥ͂́ͥ͢ͅȄ੿ြ͈‫߱͂֗ޗ‬Ⴏ͈̹͛ͅຈါ̈́‫ܖ‬யͬ૸ͅັ̵̫̯̭̜ͥ͂́ͥȃ༭࣬੥͉Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐͈ॲ‫̞̀̾֗ͅޗڠش‬ո‫͈͢ئ‬̠ͅࡕ̱̩๡฻̱̞̀ͥȃȶఱఉତ͈‫ڠ‬୆͉Ȅ௾ުশ༦଻༗ࢌ͈ୣහͬ໅̠঩‫̞̦̈́ڒ‬ȃȤȤ๞͉ͣȄఉ̩͈ાࣣ਱໦̈́ၑაഎ‫ͬ֗ޗ‬਋̫̞̥̱̞̦̀ͥͦ̈́͜Ȅ৘ष͈ࠐࡑ͉ະ௷̱̞̀
ͥȃ฼໦ո‫ڠ͈ئ‬୆̱̥Ȅ௾ުশ́͘ͅ੫଻ͬ੄ॲ̵̯̹̭̦̞͂̈́ȷȃ̭͈̠̈́͢ે‫̜́ޙ‬͈ͥ́Ȅ௾ު̜̞͉ͥ‫ڠ‬պ਎ဓ͈̹͉͛ͅȄ਱໦̈́ॲ‫֓ش‬ၷͬ‫ࡄ͚܄‬ਘ‫̦ۼܢ‬ຈါ̜́ͥ͂Ȅ༭࣬੥͉ঐഊ̱̞̀ͥ55)ȃ̷̱̀‫ڠ‬໐̤̫ͥͅॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬৘ఠ͂Ȅ̷๊̦͕֚ͦ̓ͦ̓૷ၷ
ͅ࿨ၛ̞̥̽̀ͥͬ಺औ̳̹ͥ͛ͅȄͺις΃͈̳͓͈̀֓‫ڠ͈֓ࢷڠ‬໐ಿ͂ॲ‫شڠش‬ಿȄఉ̩͈ພ֭Ȅ̷̱̀֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬௾ު୆ͅৗ࿚ນ̦௣ັ̯̹ͦȃ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅո‫֗ޗڠشॲ̠͈̈́͢ئ‬͈৘ఠ̦ྶ̥̹ͣ̈́̽ͅ56)ȃ
ȁঅාଷ‫ڠ͈ࢷڠ͈͓̳̞࣐֓̀ͥ̀̽ͬ֗ޗ‬໐ಿͅৗ࿚ນ̦௣ັ̯ͦȄ57ࢷ͈‫ڠ‬໐ಿ̥ͣఉ
̥ͦઁ̥̈́ͦۖᝈ̈́ٝ൞̦ං̹ͣͦȃॲ‫شڠ͈ڠش૽ິ͂ڠش‬ൡࣣͅॷ଼̥̞̠͂ৗ࿚ͅచ̱
͉̀Ȅ42૽̦ॷ଼Ȅ14૽̦฽చ͂ٝ൞̱̹ȃॲ‫ة͉ڠش૽ິ͂ڠش‬ා‫̞̥̞̯͂ͥ̀ͦ֗ޗۼ‬̠ৗ࿚ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅ38૽̦ˏȡːා୆Ȅ17૽̦ˎȡːා୆͂ٝ൞̱Ȅˎ૽͉ٝ൞̦̥̹̈́̽ȃ̭͈‫ة͉֗ޗ‬ා୆̥ͣই̧͓̜͛ͥ́ͥ͂এ̠̥̞̠͂ৗ࿚ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅ33૽̦ˏා୆̥ͣȄ22૽̦ˎා୆̥ͣͅॷ଼͂ٝ൞̱̹ȃ֓‫ܖ͂֗ޗش૽ິॲ́ࢷڠ‬ய‫ͅۼ͈֗ޗڠش‬਱໦̈́௖‫۾‬‫̠̞̥̠̥̜̦͂̓ͥ߸۾‬ৗ࿚ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅ20૽̦࣊೰̱Ȅ28૽̦๛೰̱Ȅˏ૽͉ȶ̥̈́ͤȷ̞̠͂ٝ൞̜̹́̽ȃࡄਘ̱͈֓͂̀ॲ‫ش‬ພ൓޲ྩͬါ‫଼̠̞̥͂ॷ̭̳͂ͥͅݥ‬ৗ࿚ͅచ̱
͉̀Ȅ53૽̦ॷ଼Ȅː૽̦฽చͬນྶ̱̹ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄ̷͈̠̈́͢޲ྩͬ‫ڠ‬୆ͅ‫̭̳ͥه‬̦͂‫خ‬ෝ̥̠̥̞̠̓͂ৗ࿚ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅ53૽ಎ30૽͈͙̦࣊೰̱Ȅ17૽͉ະ‫خ‬ෝȄ˒૽͉໐໦എ̈́ॲ‫ش‬ພ൓޲ྩͬ‫خ̦̭̳͂ͥه‬ෝ̜́ͥ͂ٝ൞̱̹ȃȁ‫ڠ‬୆̦۷ख़̳ͥഐ൚̈́੄ॲତ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ14૽̦ˑȡ 12࠯Ȅ21૽̦12 ȡ 20࠯Ȅ˔૽̦20 ȡ
30࠯Ȅ˓૽̦40 ȡ 50࠯͂ٝ൞̱̹ȃ50ࢷಎ39ࢷ͉Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐ಿ̦ഐ൚͂ࣉ̢ͥତ͈੄ॲͬ‫ڠ‬୆ͅ۷ख̵़̯̭̦ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ̜́ͤȄ10ࢷ͉ະ‫خ‬ෝȄˍࢷ͉ܱව̦̥̹̈́̽ȃ‫ڠ‬୆̦੩ॲ̳ͥഐ୨̈́
੄ॲତ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ30૽̦10 ȡ 15࠯̜̞͉ͥ20࠯Ȅ˒૽͉20࠯ոષȄˍ૽͉30࠯͂ٝ൞̱̹ȃ37ࢷ͉́Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐ಿ̦ഐ൚͂ࣉ̢ͥତ͈ۛ৪ͬ‫ڠ‬୆ͅ੩ॲ̵̯̭̦ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ̜̹̦́̽Ȅ̷͈̠
̻15࠯ոષ͈੩ॲ̦ഐ൚̜́ͥ͂ࣉ̢̞̹͈͉ͣͦ̀ˏࢷ͈͙̜̹́̽ȃ‫ڠ‬໐ಿ̦ഐ൚͂ࣉ̢
ͥତ͈ۛ৪ͬ‫ڠ‬୆ͅ੩ॲ̵̯̭̦ͥ͂ະ‫خ‬ෝ̈́17ࢷ͈̠̻Ȅ12ࢷ́‫ڠ‬໐ಿ͉12࠯ո‫͈ئ‬੩ॲ̦ഐ൚̜́ͥ͂ࣉ̢̞̹̀ȃ֓‫ڠ‬ฎআ͈‫ڠ‬պ͈̹֚͛ͅා‫͈ۼ‬ພ͈֭́ࡄਘ̦ါ‫̥̞̯ͥ̀ͦݥ‬Ȅ̷̹̠̜́ͥ̈́ͣ͊͘ॲ‫͉ྩ޲ش‬ါ‫̠̞̥̞̯͂ͥ̀ͦݥ‬ৗ࿚ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅ10ࢷ͈͙̦֓‫ڠ‬ฎআ࣢਎ဓஜ֚ͅා‫͈ۼ‬ພ֭ࡄਘͬါ‫̤̱ͤ̀ݥ‬Ȅ̷͈̠̻˓ࢷ́ॲ‫̦ྩ޲ش‬ါ‫̹̞̯̀ͦݥ‬ȃȁ֓‫̦֗ޗش૽ິॲ͈́ࢷڠ‬Ȅ๊֚૷ၷ͈ါ‫̳ͥ۾̥̠̥̞̱̹̓ͥ̀ͅྖͬݥ‬փࡉͬං̹ͥ
͛Ȅঅාଷ‫ه‬೾͈̜ͥ֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬Ȅ1921ා̥ͣ28ාͅहୠ̱̞̹̀˒ࢷ͈௾ު୆ͅৗ࿚ນ̦௣ັ
̯ͦȄ158૽̥ͣٝ൞̦̜̹̽ȃ‫ڠ‬໐୆̜̞͉ͥ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ͈ࡄਘ̱͈֓͂̀ॲ‫ش‬ພ൓͈́޲
ྩ‫͉̱̀۾ͅۼܢ‬Ȅ16૽͉ॲ‫̩̦̈́ྩ޲ش‬Ȅ34૽͉ˎ̥࠮ոඤȄ77૽͉ˎȡ˒̥࠮Ȅ12૽͉˒̥࠮ոષ͂༭̱࣬Ȅ19૽͉ٝ൞̱̥̹̈́̽ȃ࣒݅́଎ນȆΑρͼΡȆ‫ْד‬Ȇດུͬঀ̽̀୰ྶ
̯̹̥̞̠ͦ͂ৗ࿚ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅ158૽ಎȄ଎ນ͉120૽ȄΑρͼΡ͉76૽Ȅ‫ْ͉ד‬27૽Ȅດུ͉129૽̦ঀဥ̯̞̹ͦ̀͂ٝ൞̱̹ȃ૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿͈਎ުͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬Ȅ158૽͈௾ު୆ಎȄ111૽͉૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿ͅచ̳ͥॲ‫̯ͦخݺͬ੅਀ش‬Ȅ47૽̷͉ͦͬࡉͥඅࡀͬဓ̢̞̹ͣͦ̀
̦Ȅ32૽͉૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿ͅచ̳ͥ਀੅ͬȄ95૽͉‫ރ‬။ͬ਋̫̞̥̹̀̈́̽ȃ̭͈̠̈́͢਀੅͞
‫ރ‬။ͅਰ̹̀ͣͦশ‫͉ۼ‬Ḙ͈̏ৗ࿚ٝͅ൞̱̹59૽ಎ࿩२໦͈͉֚10শ‫ۼ‬ո‫ئ‬Ȅ࿩२໦͈͉֚
15শ‫ۼ‬ո‫ئ‬Ȅ̷̱̀ॼ͈ͤ࿩२໦͈͉֚16 ȡ 90শ‫͂ۼ‬ٝ൞̱̹ȃခෝ̈́ႉ઄‫̧ັ͈֥ޗ‬ഞ̞̱̈́́ু఺੄ॲ̦‫̠̞̥̹̞̯͂̀ͦخݺ‬ৗ࿚ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅ153૽̦ٝ൞̱Ȅ96૽͉ັ̧ഞ̞
̦̜ͤȄ5૽͉෻௺̯̞̹ͦ̀ພ͉֭́‫ٸ‬ြ૷ၷ̦̩̈́Ȅॼ͈ͤఱ໐໦͉ັ̧ഞ̞͜ခෝ̈́ॲ
‫ͥ֓͢ͅش‬ঐ൵̥̹̈́̽͜ȃȁॲ‫ش‬ພ൓́ࡄਘ̱͈֓͂̀޲ྩ̦̜̹̥̠̥̞̠̽̓͂ৗ࿚ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅ78૽̦࣊೰̱Ȅ77૽̦๛೰̱̹ȃॲ‫ش‬ພ൓ͅ޲ྩ̱̹78૽ಎȄˍ૽͉ࡄਘಎˍ૽͈ۛ৪͜۷ख̵̴़Ȅ12૽͉ˍ૽͜੄ॲ̵̯̥̹̈́̽͂ٝ൞̱̹ȃ˓૽͉ˍȡ˕૽ͬ۷ख़̱̀25૽͉൳ତͬ੄ॲ̵̯Ȅ21૽͉
10 ȡ 19૽ͬ۷ख़̱̀19૽͉൳ତͬ੄ॲ̵̯Ȅ21૽͉20 ȡ 49૽ͬ۷ख़̱̀˔૽͉൳ତͬ੄ॲ̯
̵Ȅ10૽͉50 ȡ 99૽ͬ۷ख़̱̀5૽͉൳ତͬ੄ॲ̵̯Ȅ˔૽͉100૽ոષͬ۷ख़̱̀ˎ૽̷͉
ͦոષͬ੄ॲ̵̯̹ȃ10૽͉۷ख़ତͬȄ˓૽͉੩ॲତͬ༭̱̥̹࣬̈́̽ȃ੄୆ஜ૷ၷͅ‫̱̀۾‬
͉149૽͈௾ު୆̥ͣٝ൞ͬං̀Ȅ̷͈̠̻15૽͉޲ྩ̦̩̈́Ȅ134૽̷͉͈̠̈́͢૷ၷਫ਼͈́
޲ྩͬࠐࡑ̱̞̹̀ȃ޲ྩ‫͈̞̀̾ͅۼܢ‬ٝ൞͉ఉအ́Ȅତ඾‫̥ͣۼ‬Ȅତ਩‫ۼ‬Ȅତ̥࠮‫ݞͅۼ‬͍Ȅ๞͈ͣࠐࡑ๊֚ͬ‫͉̭̳͂ͥا‬ະ‫خ‬ෝ̜̹́̽ȃ੄୆ࢃ૷ၷͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬151૽͈௾ު୆̥
ͣٝ൞ͬං̀Ȅ102૽̦̭ͦͬࠐࡑ̱̞̹̀ȃ
ȁ40ࢷ͈ॲ‫شڠ͈ڠش૽ິ͂ڠش‬ಿ̥ͣٝ൞ͬං̹̦Ḙ͈̠̻̏20ࢷ͉́ॲ‫̦ڠش૽ິ͂ڠش‬ࣣ̱̹ࠫ‫̜ͤ́شڠ‬Ȅ20ࢷ͉ඊၛ̱̹‫̹̜̽́شڠ‬ȃࢃ৪͈̠̻ˏࢷ͉́Ȅິ૽‫ڠشٸ͉ڠش‬ࣣ̱̞̹͂ࠫ̀ȃ40ࢷಎ13ࢷ̺̫̦Ȅ‫۾͂ࢷڠ‬Ⴒ̳ͥॲ‫ش‬ພ֭ͬ঵̞̹̽̀ȃ̭͈ͦͣॲ‫ش‬ພ͈֭ૢరତ͉39 ȡ 200రͅ‫͍ݞ‬Ȅဘ঱ဥૢర͕͖͂൳ତ̜̹́̽ȃ˓ࢷ͉́‫۾‬Ⴒॲ‫ش‬ພ͈֭ॲ‫ૢش‬రତ͉100రո‫ئ‬Ȅ˒ࢷ͉́100రոષ̜̹́̽ȃ‫۾‬Ⴒॲ‫ش‬ພ͈֭́੄ॲତ͉Ȅˏࢷ́500࠯ո‫ئ‬Ȅːࢷ́500 ȡ 2,000࠯Ȅˑࢷ́2,000࠯ոષȄˎࢷ͉༭̦̥̹࣬̈́̽ȃ‫۾‬Ⴒॲ‫ش‬ພ͈֭́‫ڠ‬୆͈ࡄਘ‫͉ۼܢ‬Ȅ˕ࢷ́ˍ਩‫͂࠮̥ˍ̥ͣۼ‬ఉအ̜̹́̽ȃ‫۾‬Ⴒॲ‫ش‬ພ֭́‫ڠ‬୆̦੄ॲ̯

̵ͥȄ̜̞͉ͥ༞ऎ̳ͥତ͉Ȅٝ൞̱̹11ࢷಎ˕ࢷ́20࠯ո‫̹̜̽́ئ‬ȃˎࢷ͉́Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆͉60࠯ոષ͈੄ॲͬࡉͥ‫ܥ‬̦̜̹ٛ̽ȃ28ࢷ͉Ȅ48͈௙ࣣພ֭͂‫۾‬Ⴒ̱̞̀ͥ͂ٝ൞̱̹ȃ‫۾‬Ⴒ௙ࣣພ֭́‫ڠ‬୆̦ࡉͥୃુ੄ॲତͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬29ࢷ̦ٝ൞̱Ȅ13ࢷ͉15࠯ո‫ئ‬Ȅ˕ࢷ͉15 ȡ 30࠯Ȅ˓ࢷ͉30࠯ոષ̜̹́̽ȃ௙ࣣພ֭́‫ڠ‬୆̦ࡉͥພၑ‫ڠ‬എછ႕ͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬17ࢷ̦ٝ൞̱Ȅ12ࢷ
͉10࠯ո‫ئ‬Ȅˑࢷ͉10࠯ոષ̜̹́̽ȃ௙ࣣພ֭́‫ڠ‬୆̦࣐̠੄ॲତͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬ৗ࿚ͅచ̱͉̀
28ࢷ̦ٝ൞̱Ȅ12ࢷ͉ˍȡ 10࠯Ȅ˓ࢷ͉10࠯ոષȄˍࢷ͉20࠯Ȅˍࢷ͉10 ȡ 30࠯̜̹́̽ȃ
̭͈28ࢷಎȄ˕ࢷ́‫ڠ‬୆͉ˍ࠯͜੄ॲ̵̯̥̹̦̈́̽Ȅ˒ࢷ́੄ॲͬ༞ऎ̳ͥ‫ܥ‬̦̜̹ٛ̽ȃ
ȁ40ࢷಎ37ࢷ́੄୆ஜ૷ၷ̦࣐̞̹ͩͦ̀ȃ̭͈̠̻12͈૷ၷਫ਼͉਩ͅ10শ‫ۼ‬ո‫̞̀ٳ̥̱ئ‬̴̤ͣȄ18͈૷ၷਫ਼͉਩ͅ10 ȡ 20শ‫̹̞̞̀ٳۼ‬ȃ͉͌͂̾਩ͅ40শ‫̹̞̞̀ٳۼ‬ȃ૷ၷਫ਼ͅ೒̠‫ڠ‬୆ତ͉඾ͅˎȡ 18૽́Ȅ14ࢷ͉́‫ڠ‬୆͉૷ၷਫ਼́25শ‫ۼ‬ոષً̮̱̹ͬȃ‫ڠڎ‬୆̦̭͈૷ၷਫ਼́۷ख़̳ͥۛ৪ତ͉Ȅˑࢷ́10૽ո‫ئ‬Ȅ11ࢷ́10 ȡ 30૽Ȅːࢷ́31 ȡ 50૽Ȅ˕ࢷ́50૽ոષȄˑࢷ́100૽ոષ̜̹́̽ȃ11ࢷ͉༭̱̥̹࣬̈́̽ȃ‫ڠڎ‬୆̦૷ၷਫ਼́૷ख़̳ͥ
ۛ৪ତ͉Ȅ͕͈͂ͭ̓‫́ࢷڠ‬۷ख़̳ͥତ͕͖͂൳̲̜̹́̽ȃ27ࢷ́Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆͉ࣸ๕‫͍ࣸݞٸ‬๕ඤࠗ௶ͬါ‫̹̯ͦݥ‬ȃ੄୆ࢃ૷ၷͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬33ࢷ̦‫̞̱͂ͥ̀א׋‬༭̱࣬Ȅ໹޳‫ٳ‬୭শ‫͉ۼ‬਩ͅˎȡ˒শ‫̹̜̽́ۼ‬ȃ੄୆ࢃ૷ၷਫ਼ͅ೒̠‫ڠ‬୆ତ͉Ȅ༭̦̜̹࣬̽24ࢷ́ˍȡ 12૽Ȅ໹޳࿩˒૽̜̹́̽ȃ૷ၷਫ਼ً̮̳́শ‫͉ۼ‬Ȅ஖఼ଷ͈ાࣣ̜ͤ͜Ȅຈਘ̱̞̀ͥͅ࿩20ࢷ͉́ड೩ːশ‫́ۼ‬डࣞ192শ‫̹̜̽́ۼ‬ȃ35ࢷ̦ু఺੄ॲ࣐̤ͬ̽̀ͤȄু఺੄ॲ࣐̠ͬ‫ڠ‬୆͉֓঍̽̀۬͢ͅආ̯̞̦ͦ̀ͥȄ24ࢷ͉౯௽എ́Ȅˎࢷ͉ȶાࣣͥ͢ͅȷ͂༭̱̹࣬ȃ17ࢷ͉́‫ڠ‬୆͉শș۬ආ̱̈́́੄ॲͬਞၭ̵̯̹̦Ȅ̷͉ͦո‫̠͈̈́͢ئ‬ાࣣͅࡠ೰̯̞̹ͦ̀ȃˑࢷ͉ȶ̱͜ୃુ੄ॲ̜́ͦ͊ȷȄˎࢷ͉ȶୃુ̈́ࠐॲິȷ̜́ͦ͊Ȅˍࢷ͉ȶ۬ආ‫̹̱ࡑࠐ࠯ˎ́ئ‬ࢃ́ȷ͂ٝ൞̱̹ȃু఺੄ॲ́‫ڠ‬୆̦੩ॲ̳ͥۛ৪ତͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬31ࢷ̦༭̱࣬Ȅːࢷ͉̱̈́Ȅˍࢷ͉ȶুอഎͅȷȄ18ࢷ͉10૽ո‫ئ‬Ȅ˔ࢷ͉10૽ոષ̜̹́̽ȃু఺੄ॲ́‫ڠ‬୆̦۷ख़̳ͥ
ۛ৪ତͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬19ࢷ̦༭̱࣬Ȅ12ࢷ͉10૽ո‫ئ‬Ȅ˓ࢷ͉10૽ոષ̜̹́̽ȃȁࡄਘ̦֓ॲ‫ͅྩ޲ش‬๯̳͞শ‫͂ۼ‬Ȅພ֭́၌ဥ‫خ‬ෝ̈́ॲ‫ૂ̳ͥ۾ͅऺޗ֗ޗش‬༭ͬං̹ͥ͛
ͅȄ࣭ಎ͈ఉ̩͈ພ֭͜ͅৗ࿚ນ̦௣ັ̯ͦȄ241͈ॲ‫֓ش‬ၷ࣐̞ͬ̽̀ͥ௙ࣣພ̥֭ͣഐ୨
̈́ٝ൞ͬං̹ȃࡄਘ͈֓ॲ‫͂ۼܢ͈ྩ޲ش‬੩ॲତ͈໹޳͉Ȅո‫͈ئ‬೒̜̹ͤ́̽ȃා‫ॲ੄ۼ‬ତ
̦1,000 ȡ 2,000࠯͈੘ٝࡄਘଷȪࡄਘ‫ͬۼܢ‬໦‫̱̀ڬ‬Ȅ։̹̈́̽‫୺ڎ‬࿝‫̞̤̀ͅش‬৘ঔࡄਘͬ
਋̫ͥଷഽȫ͈ພ͉֭́Ȅࡄਘ͈֓໹޳ॲ‫͉ۼܢྩ޲ش‬1.8̥࠮Ȅා‫ॲ੄ۼ‬ତ̦300࠯ո‫͈ئ‬ພ
͉֭́2.6̥࠮̜̹́̽ȃ੘ٝࡄਘଷ͈181͈ພ֭ಎȄ21͈ພ͉֭́ࡄਘ֓൚̹͈ͤ੄ॲତ͉25࠯ո‫ئ‬Ȅ28͈ພ͉֭́25 ȡ 49࠯Ȅ68͈ພ͉֭́50 ȡ 99࠯Ȅ64͈ພ͉֭́100࠯ոષȄ10͈ພ
͉֭́200࠯ոષ̜̹́̽ȃ‫ڎ‬ພ͈֭ࡄਘ֓൚̹͈ͤ໹޳੄ॲତ͈ड೩͉˕࠯Ȅड͉ࣞ309࠯̜̹́̽ȃ59͈ພ̦֭Ȅৗ࿚ນͅႥ‫̹̞̯̀ͦݷ‬11͈ࣣ໵છȪਰࠬȮ૸ఘ͈֚໐ࠬͅ‫̦ס‬ਰྖ̳̭ͥ͂ȯȄঊឞȮ৽̱͂̀ྎઑ૰ࠐ͈‫̈́ࠣݢ‬ជᓕอैȯȄఈ͈ඉࠬછȄஜ౾థ๕Ȯథ๕̦ඤঊ‫ݠ‬࢛͈໐ͅպ౾̳͈ͥ́͜੄͈ࠬࡔ֦̳ͬ̈́ȯȄథ๕ญၗȄ໦༔ࢃ੄ࠬȄঊ‫ݠ‬෫ႨȄ‫ࣸޛ‬๕ȄၠॲȄॲ᫭ۜஅછȄঊ‫ٸݠ‬ළૡȫ̴͈̞̥ͦͬ༭̱̞̹̦࣬̀Ȅ11͈ࣣ໵છ̳͓̀ͬ༭̱̹͈͉࣬˓
͈ພ͈͙̜̹֭́̽ȃ஠੄ॲ͈অ໦͈֚Ȅ२໦͈֚Ȅ̜̞͉ͥඵ໦͈̦֚਀੅੄ॲ̜̭́ͥ͂
͉ೇ̱̞̭͉̩͂́̈́Ȅ̜ͥພ͉֭́஠੄ॲ867࠯ಎ644࠯Ȅ74.3ΩȜΓϋΠ͉ᱛঊȄథ঱ٝഢ੅Ȅೱؐ୨‫̹̜̽́ٳ‬ȃȁոષ͈̠̈́͢಺औࠫ‫̥ͣض‬Ȅ༭࣬੥͉Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐̤̫ͥͅॲ‫̞̀̾֗ͅޗڠش‬ո‫̠͈ࠫ͢ͅئ‬ა̱̞̀ͥȃȶͺις΃͈ॲ‫ޗڠش‬਎༹͉Ȅఉ̩͈‫́ࢷڠ‬ႉ઄‫͈ऺޗ‬ະ௷ً̦ഽͅ‫̧̯̀ͦ಺ޑ‬̹̭͂ͬੰ̫͊Ȅ̥̈́ͤ૭̱໦͈̞͈̜̈́́ͥ͜ȃ ຈါ͈͉̈́Ȅၑა‫͉̭̳́͂ͣࡘͬ֗ޗ‬̩̈́Ȅႉ઄‫ͬ֗ޗ‬௩̳̭̜͂́ͥ͞ȃِ̦࣭͈༦ఘঘཌၚ͉ȄȮπȜυΛΩȯఱၘ͈̞̥̈́ͥ
࣭‫̷͈ͬͦ͜ز‬ષ̤ٝ̽̀ͤȄ΃΢Θ͞ධༀ͈‫̷͈̥࣭̥ͬͦ͜ة‬ષ̞ٝ̽̀ͥȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄ໲ྶଲ‫́ٮ‬ड͈̜ࣞ͌͂̾́ͥȃ̱͜͜਱໦̈́ॲ‫͈ڠش‬ႉ઄‫֗ޗ‬୭๵̦೹‫̯͊ͦͦރ‬Ḙ͈̏ະྴန̈́ે‫ͬޙ‬ഁୃ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȷȃ༭࣬੥ͦ͊͢ͅȄͺις΃͉́Ȅঘॲͬੰ̞̀Ȅා‫ۼ‬220ྔ૽ոષ͈ঊ‫̦ރ‬୆̤ͦ̀ͤ͘Ȅ˝˩˝͈ॳ೰ͦ͊͢ͅȄ70ྔ૽͈੫଻ྀ̦ාພ֭́੄ॲ
̱̞̀ͥȃ̭͈̭͉͂Ȅ‫֗ޗ‬࿒എͅ၌ဥ̧̳̭̦̞ͥ͂́̈́ႉ઄‫̦ऺޗ‬ఉ̞̭͂ͬা̱̞̀ͥȃਲ̽̀Ȅȶຈါ͈͉̈́Ȅͤ͢ఉ̩͈ॲ‫ૢش‬ర͂Ȅ‫֗ͅޗ‬၌ဥ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥͤ͢ఉ̩͈ۛ৪
̜́ͥȷȃ̭͈ຈါͬྖ̹̳̹͛ͅȄ֓‫͍ݞࢷڠ‬ఱ‫א׋͈ڠ‬ழ૕͉Ȅຈါ̈́୭๵ͬ೹‫̳ͥރ‬഼ႁ࣐̫̞ͬͩ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃ߃ාȄͺις΃̤̫ͥͅॲ‫ش‬Ȇິ૽‫ش‬হၷ͈କ੔ͬષ̬̭ͥ͂ͬ
࿒എ̱͂̀Ȅͺις΃ິ૽‫ڠ֓ش‬ٛȪAmerican Gynecological SocietyȫȄͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫֓شٸ‬঍ٛȄ˝˩˝͈ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫ڠشٸ‬໐̦ࣣٛ໵̱̀Ȅͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬տ֥ٛȪAmerican Board of Obstetrics and Gynecologyȫͬอ௷̵̯̹ȃఉ଼̩͈‫̦ض‬ං̹̦ͣͦȄ̱͜͜ॲ‫̦ڠش‬ඤ‫͂ڠشٸ͞ڠش‬൳൝͈ບ‫ͬث‬ං̠̳͂ͥ̈́ͣ͊͢Ȅ഼̯ͣ̈́ͥႁ̦޽‫ͅݢ‬ຈါ̜́ͥ57)ȃ
ȁ̷̱̀༭࣬੥͉Ȅո‫̹̱࣬ۑ̭͈ͬ͂ئ‬ȃ֓‫۾̷ͦ͂ͅࢷڠ‬Ⴒ̳ͥພ֭́Ȅॲ‫ش૽ິ͂ڠش‬‫ͬشڠ͈ڠ‬ൡࣣ̳̭ͥ͂Ȅ঩‫͙͈ͬ֓ش૽ິ͂֓شॲ̜͈ͥڒ‬Ḙ͈̏ͦͣൡࣣ̯̹ͦ‫ޗ͈شڠ‬֥ͅහྵ̳̭ͥ͂Ȅඅਂພၑ‫͈ڠ‬৘ࡑ࣒ਠȄ૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿৘ਠȄႉ઄ພ֭৘ਠͬ̽͂͜ࢩํս
̹࣐̠̭ͩ̽̀͂ͅȄ਎ު̤̞̀ͅ଎ນȄ࿅߿Ȅ‫ऺޗ‬ȄΑρͼΡȄ‫ْ͂̽ͬ͜ד‬၌ဥ̳̭ͥ͂Ȅ‫ܖ‬ய‫ྟ͂̽ͬ֗͜ޗڠش૽ິॲ͂֗ޗڠش‬୪ͅ‫۾‬Ⴒ̵̯̭ͥ͂Ȅ֓঍྾‫͉̹͈͛ͅݺ‬Ȅ૭̱໦͈̞̈́ॲ‫֓ش‬ၷͬ‫͚֚܄‬ා‫͈ۼ‬੘ٝࡄਘͬါ‫̭̳͂ͥݥ‬Ȅࣣ໵છฺ̠ͬછ႕ͅၛ̻̠ٛ‫ܥ‬ٛͬ௩̳̭͂͞Ȅഐ୨̈́۬ආ‫̞̤̀ͅئ‬ഐ൚̈́ତ͈੄ॲͅၛ̻̠ٛ‫ܥ‬ٛͬ‫ڠ‬୆ͅဓ̢̭ͥ͂Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆ͥ͢ͅু఺੄ॲ͉‫̦۬֓شॲ͈֥ޗ‬ආ̳̭ͥ͂Ȅႉ઄ॲ‫͂̽֗͜ͅޗڠش‬਱໦̈́শ‫ͤڬͬۼ‬൚̭̀ͥ͂Ȅ‫֗ޗ‬শ‫͂ۼ‬୭๵๊͉֚‫̷͈͂ͦڠشٸ‬൳൝̳̭ͥ͂ͅȄ਋థஜȄ੄୆ஜȄ੄୆শȄ੄୆ࢃ͈ူࢌ̞̾̀ͅમळ̈́‫̹̠࣐͛ͬ֗ͅޗ‬Ȅ਱໦̈́୭๵ͬ၌ဥ̧̳̭̦̠̳ͥ͂́ͥ͢ͅ
̭ͥ͂Ȅ࡛ह‫֗ޗ‬ဥͅ၌ဥ̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́ພ͈֭ॲ‫ۛش‬৪ͬ၌ဥ‫خ‬ෝ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȄ֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬၎ਘ༒။͉൳အ͈੥৆ͬनဥ̳̭ͥ͂Ȅ̜̈́̓́ͥ58)ȃ
Ȫˎȫ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͍ݞ֗ޗ‬ఱ‫֗ޗ֭ڠ‬ȁॲ‫ڠ͈ڠش‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͍ݞ֗ޗ‬ఱ‫̱̀۾֗ͅޗ֭ڠ‬Ȅ༭࣬੥͉ষ͈̠͢ͅ੆͓̞̀ͥȃ‫ڠ‬໐ॲ‫͂֗ޗڠش‬ఱ‫͉ͅۼ͈֗ޗ֭ڠ‬Ȅ๱ુͅྟ୪̈́‫̜̦ͥ߸۾‬ȃ̱͜͜‫ڠ‬໐‫̦֗ޗ‬ະ਱໦̜́ͦ͊Ȅఱ‫͈́֗ޗ֭ڠ‬डਞഎ̈́ࡄ‫ͅݪ‬ຈါ̈́ഐ؊଻ͬ૸̧̫̭̦̞̾ͥ͂́̈́ͅȃ୆ॲഎ̈́ࠫ‫ͬض‬༗બ̳̹͉ͥ͛ͅȄၰ̧༷̦̻ͭ͂ଷഽ‫̞̫̞̯̈́ͣ̈́͊ͦ̈́̀ͦا‬ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͈ͺις΃͉́Ȅ࿤૤എ̈́৹̞‫ڠ‬໐௾ު୆̦ॲ‫͈ڠش‬ఱ‫ه֭ڠ‬೾ͅૺ̧͚̭̦͈͉͂́ͥȄˎȡˏ̥ਫ਼̱̥̥̹̈́̽ȃ̱͜͜਱໦̈́‫ܥ͈֗ޗ‬ٛͬං̹̫ͦ͊ȄπȜυΛῼ࣐̥̫̈́ͦ͊
̥̹̈́ͣ̈́̽ȃॲ‫֗ޗڠش‬տ֥ٛȪCommittee on Obstetric Education of Physiciansȫ͈಺औͦ͊͢ͅȄࣽ඾́͜ષ‫ͬ֗ޗڠشॲ͈ݭ‬਋̫̹̞͂བ̞ͭ́ͥ૽‫̀̽͂ͅۼ‬Ȅ‫ܥ‬͉ٛ਱໦́
͉̞̈́59)ȃ
ȁષ‫֗ͅޗڠ͈֓ݭ‬ഐဥ̯ͦͥ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͂֗ޗ‬ఱ‫࡞̠̞͂֗ޗ֭ڠ‬ဩ͉ྫओ༆ͅঀဥ̯
̞͈ͦ̀ͥ́Ȅ௖൚̈́ࢋٜ͂ई၄̦୆̲̞̦̀ͥȄո‫͈ئ‬೰̦݅Ȅͺις΃֓‫ش‬ఱ‫ފڠ‬ٛȪAssociation of American Medical Collegesȫ ͈ ֓ ‫֗ ޗ ڠ‬Ȇ ‫ ޗ‬਎ ༹ տ ֥ ٛȪCommittee on
Medical Education and Pedagogicsȫ̽̀͢ͅ೹া̯̞͈̜ͦ̀ͥ́ͥ͜ȃ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͂֗ޗ‬͉Ȅ֓‫͈ڠ‬௾ު୆ͅచ̱̀೒ુఱ‫ۯڠ‬ၑ‫ئ‬ո‫̜ͥ́֗ޗڠ࣐֓ͥͦͩ́ٸ‬ȃఱ‫ۯڠ‬ၑ‫࣐ͩ́ئ‬ͦͥાࣣ͉ͅȄ೒႕࢖‫࣒ٳ‬ज̤̞̜̀́ͥͅȃ̷༹͈༷ა͉ఉအ̜̦́ͥȄఉ̩͉࣒݅ͬಶ̞
̹ͤ৘‫ͬ׵‬࿒̱̹̳͈̜ͤͥ́ͥ͜ͅȃ̷͈৽ါ̈́අಭ͉Ȅ̯ͣͅષ‫̜ͤ́֗ޗڠ͈֓ݭ‬Ȅࡄ‫̷͈͉ݪ‬ါள͉̞́̈́ȃ࣒ज͉೒႕ౣ‫́ۼܢ‬Ȅ֚਩‫̦̜ͥ́࠮̥˒̥ͣۼ‬Ȅ֚ා‫ڐͅۼ‬ಫ̯̭̜ͦͥ͂ͥ͜ȃఱ‫ڠ͈ڠ‬պͬ਎ဓ̯̭̜̱ͦͥ͂ͥ͜Ȅୃ͈ܰਘၭબ੥͞બྶ੥ͬ‫ڕ‬ං̳̭̜ͥ͂ͥ͜ȃ̭ͦͅచ̱̀ఱ‫͉͂֗ޗ֭ڠ‬Ȅ࢖ਤ‫מ‬୆‫ڠ‬Ȅ֓‫ڠش‬Ȅႉ઄‫ش‬࿒̥ͣ஖఼̱̹අ༆̈́
֓‫ͬݪࡄڠ‬ఱ‫̜̭̠࣐ͥ́͂́ڠ‬ȃ࢖ਤ‫מ‬୆‫ࢷڠ‬Ȅ࢖ਤ֓‫ࢷڠ‬Ȅ௙ࣣఱ‫֭ڠ‬Ȅ֓‫ࠏڠ‬ఱ‫֭ڠ‬Ȅ֓‫͈ࢷڠ‬ఱ‫ه֭ڠ‬೾͈۬ආ‫̜ͥͅئ‬ȃ֓‫୺͈֚ڠ‬࿝‫ش‬࿒͈༓‫୺ͅޑ‬ැ̳֚ͥා‫̦ۼ‬ड೩ࡠ͈ఱ
‫֭ڠ‬ह‫̜ͤ́ۼܢڠ‬Ȅఱ‫ڠ͈֭ڠ‬պ৾ං͈̹͈͛၎ਘౙպ̦ဓ̢ͣͦȄड೩ඵා‫́ۼ‬ਘআ࣢Ȅड೩२ා‫́ۼ‬ฎআ࣢ͬ৾ං̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ60)ȃ
ȁৗ࿚ນȄ಺औȄ੥۰̽̀͢ͅ‫خ‬ෝ̈́ࡠͤۖ஠̈́঩ၳͬ‫ږ‬༗഼̱̠͂͢ႁ̱̹ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅྶ̥̹ͣ̈́̽ͅͺις΃͈‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͍ݞ‬ఱ‫͈֗ޗڠشॲ͈֭ڠ‬ါ࿩͉ո‫͈ئ‬೒̜ͤ́ͥȃ̭͈༭࣬੥
͈̹͛ͅȄ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ͈ॲ‫͉֗ޗڠش‬ո‫߲͈ͅئ‬໦႒̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪˍȫఱ‫ࢷڠ͈֓ڠ‬Ȅ֓‫ފڠ‬ٛȄ̜̞͉ͥਗ‫מ‬୆ޫ̽̀͢ͅࢃ‫࣒ٳ࢖̞̯ͥ̀ͦ׳‬जȃȪˎȫ֓‫ފڠ‬̷͈ٛఈ͈ழ૕̽̀͢ͅ೹
‫࣒̞̯ͥ̀ͦރ‬जȃॲ‫͈͕͉֚ͭڠش‬໐͉̜̦́ͥȄ๊֚ͅ೦ࣣ̞̦̹ͤ৾ͦ༫‫گ‬എ࣒̈́݅ඤ
ယ̜́ͥȃȪˏȫພ͈֭́ॲ‫ࡄ͈ڠش૽ິ͂ڠش‬ਘȃȪːȫఱ‫ۯڠ‬ၑ‫͈ئ‬ౣ‫࣒ڠشॲ͈ۼܢ‬ज́Ȅ̷̤̩ͣॲ‫ͅڠش‬ೄ୪‫ش̳ͥ߸۾‬࿒͈‫͚܄ͬ֗ޗ‬61)ȃ
ȁ಺औͦ͊͢ͅȄ10ਗȪ΃ςέ΁σΣͺȄέυςΘȄΐοȜΐͺȄͺͼ΂χȄ΃ϋΎΑȄΉϋΗΛ΅ȜȄιςȜρϋΡȄΣνȜπȜ·Ȅ΂·ργζȄ;ͻΑ΋ϋΏϋȫ́ॲ‫࣒ٳ࢖͈ڠش‬ज഼࣐̠̹͈ͬ͛ႁ̦Ȅఉ̥ͦઁ̥̯̞̈́ͦ̈́ͦ̀ͥȃ̭͉ͦ֓‫ࢷڠ‬Ȅਗၛఱ‫࣒ٳ࢖͈ڠ‬जȄਗ̜̞͉ͥ౷֖͈֓‫ފڠ‬ٛ͂‫ފ‬ႁ̳ͥਗ‫מ‬୆ޫ̽̀͢ͅࢃ‫̞̯ͥ̀ͦ׳‬ȃȁ੘࣒ٝज͉Ȅॲ‫ڠش‬হၷ͈٨஝͈̹͈͛ၑேഎ̈́਀౲̜̞̠͈̦́ͥ͂փࡉ͈௙փ̜̹́̽ȃ̯ͣͅȄ̷ͦͬ਋࣒̳ͥ֓঍̦໅̠๯ဥ͈۷ത̥ͣ͜Ȅ࣒जͬ‫̳࣒ͥٳ‬ழ૕͈۷ത̥ͣ͜Ȅ֓঍ͅ৘கഎ౶ে̹̳ͬͣ͜ड͜ࠐफഎ༹༷̜̈́́ͥȃ֓঍֚ͬ਩‫ۼ‬ոષ͜হၷ̥ͣ‫̭̫̰ͥ׿‬͉͂Ȅ૬࣫̈́࿚ఴ̜́ͥȃࠐफഎఅ৐ͅ‫̢̀ح‬Ȅ‫ڰ‬൲‫ݶ‬ത̥ͣၗ̭ͦͥ͂̽̀͢ͅ‫̞ͥͦͣޑ‬୆‫ڰ‬๯͈௩‫͉ح‬Ȅਹါ̈́࿚ఴ̜́ͥȃ‫ྀ̦֥ޗ‬਩ˑȡ˒૽͈֓঍͂૶ྟͅ୪૘̳̭ͥ͂ͥ͢ͅ
ࢡ‫͉ޣג‬Ȅুྶ̜́ͥȃ̭͈‫༹͈༷֗ޗ‬डఱ͈၌ത͉Ȅ̱֓͜͜঍̦֓‫͈ڠ‬ಎ૤౷࣐̩͂ͅȄఱ‫͂ޏ۪̠̞͂ڠ‬୭๵͈۷ത̥ͣఱ‫͈ڠ‬࿚ఴੜၑ༹༷ͅਲ̽̀‫ͬ֗ޗ‬਋̫͈ͥͅచ̱̀Ȅ੘࣒ٝज͉́౷ࡓ২̤̫ٛͥͅ౷ࡓ͈࿚ఴ̱͈͂̀ඤယ̦֓঍ͅ೹̯̭̜ܳͦͥ͂́ͥȃৗ࿚ນͅచ̳ͥٝ൞̥ͣ‫̯ͥͦ಺ޑ‬ത͉Ȅ‫͈֥ޗ‬஖఼ͬಕփ̱࣐̠̭͈̀͂ਹါ଻̜́ͥȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅ࣒ज଼͈͉ࢗȄȶ̷଼̱ͦͬଛ̬ͥȷ‫͈֥ޗ‬ෝႁͅఱ̧̩ջం̱̞̥̜̀ͥͣ́ͥȃȁ༭࣬੥ͦ͊͢ͅȄ֓঍̷̜̞͉͈ٛͥఈ͈౬ఘ̤̞̀ͅȄॲ‫࣒͈͙͈ڠش‬जͬ೹‫̳ͥރ‬দ͙͉̯̞̥̹̈́ͦ̀̈́̽ȃ֚໐͈֓঍౬ఘ͉Ȅ๊֚֓‫࡛͈ڠ‬૖৪ठ‫͈̹͈͛֗ޗ‬ளୀ̱̞ͣ‫ܥ‬ٛͬ೹‫̤̱ͤ̀ރ‬Ȅ̳͓͉̞̦̀́̈́ఉ̩͈୺࿝໦࿤ͬ‫̞ͥ́ͭ܄‬ȃ̭͈ͦͣ౬ఘ͉Ȅ๊֚֓ͅ‫֗ޗ‬ષခ‫̈́ף‬Ȅ೦ࣣ̞̦̹࣒ͤ৾ͦ݅ඤယͬ೹‫̳ͥރ‬഼ႁ̱̞ͬ̀ͥȃ࣭‫͍ݞ‬౷֖͈ॲ‫֓ش‬঍ٛ‫֓ش૽ິ͍ݞ‬঍͉ٛȄ‫֗ޗ‬എࣣٛͅ੄୘̳ͥ૽șͅచ̱̀Ȅཅີ̈́‫ͬ֗ޗ‬೹‫̞̱ͥ̀ރ‬ȃང࿚৪͉ࣣ͈ٛ͒੄୘ͬ‫̯ͦࠞۥ‬Ȅশ͉݈ͅაͅ४‫̠̳ͥ͢ح‬ါ୏̯ͦͥȃა໲͈࢛൮อນͬ໳
̞̹݈ͤა̱̹̳̭̥ͤͥ͂ͣංͣͦͥ၌‫͂ף‬൳အȄࡢ૽എ̈́࢐ष͜Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ͈ਹါ̈́༓
‫̜ͥ́ޑ‬ȃ̭̠̱̹࡛૖৪ठ‫͉֗ޗ‬Ȅ֓‫ڰڠ‬൲͈ಎ૤౷͈̳̪߃̩̞ͥ֓ͅ঍͂̽̀ͅȄఱ̧̈́ࠃ͙͂̈́ͥȃॼැ̦̈́ͣȄ‫֗ޗ‬࿒എͅ‫ͤࡠ̳ͥ۾‬Ȅႉ઄୭๵̦৘ဥ‫̞̞̯̈́̀ͦا‬ાਫ਼̦ఉ̥̹̽ȃȁ˝˩˝͈֓‫͂֗ޗڠ‬ພ֭ͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬տ֥ٛȪCouncil on Medical Education and Hospitalsȫ
̽̀͢ͅ෇‫୺̞̯ͥ̀ͦخ‬࿝֓‫ࡄڠ‬ਘ͈֚။ນͦ͊͢ͅȄॲ‫͉̞̜ͥڠش૽ິ͍ݞڠش‬ၰ༷͈୺࿝֓‫ࡄڠ‬ਘͬ೹‫̳ͥރ‬ພ͉֭83̜́ͥȃ̭͈ͦͣພ֭̽̀͢ͅ೹‫ࡄڠ̞̯֓ͥ̀ͦރ‬ਘ௙ତ
͉167࠯̜́ͤȄິ૽‫࠯˓̦͙͈ڠش‬Ȅॲ‫̦͙͈ڠش‬28࠯Ȅॲ‫͈ڠش૽ິ͂ڠش‬ൡࣣ̦132࠯̜́ͥȃ̭͈֚။ນͅࠇश̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́ພ͈֭୺࿝֓‫ࡄڠ‬ਘ͈ତ͉Ȅະྶ̜́ͥȃ༭࣬੥͉Ḙ͈̏ਅ͈ࠐࡑ̦Ȅ౷֖২ٛ͂̽̀͜ͅȄ‫ͬ֗ޗ‬ਞ̢̀୺࿝໦࿤͈੔๵̳ͬͥ֓঍͂̽̀͜ͅȄఱ̧̈́၌‫̭̞ͬ͂ͥ̀̽̈́ͅף‬ບ‫̞̱ͥ̀ث‬ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣḘ͈̏‫͉֗ޗ‬Ȅఉ̥ͦઁ̥̈́ͦࡢ༆എ̈́଻
ৗ͈͈̜́ͤ͜Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͍ݞ‬ఱ‫ͬ֗ޗڠشॲ͈֭ڠ‬௯ૺ̳̹͈ͥ͛ழ૕എ഼ႁ͉̞́̈́ȃȁͺις΃͈̳͓͈̀˝‫ͅࢷڠ͈֓ݭ‬ৗ࿚ນ̦௣ັ̯ͦȄॲ‫๊̳֚ͥ۾ͅشڠش‬എૂ༭ͅ‫̢ح‬̀Ȅ‫́ࢷڠڎ‬೹‫ڠ̞̯ͥ̀ͦރ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͍ݞ‬ఱ‫ه֭ڠ‬೾ͅ‫ૂ̳ͥ۾‬༭͜‫̹ͦͣ͛ݥ‬ȃ42ࢷ̥ͣٝ൞̦̜ͤȄ̷͈̠̻26ࢷ̦‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͍ݞ‬ఱ‫̞࣐͂ͥ̀̽ͬ֗ޗ֭ڠ‬༭̱̹࣬ȃৗ࿚ນ͉́Ȅ‫͉֗ޗ‬ո‫͈ئ‬ˑਅ႒ͅ໦႒̯̹ͦȃȪˍȫ࡛૖৪ठ‫࣒֗ޗ‬ਠȄȪˎȫ֚ාո‫࣒͈ئ‬ਠȄȪˏȫ֚ාոષ͈࣒ਠȄȪːȫ୺࿝֓‫࣒͈̹͈͛֗ޗ‬ਠȄȪˑȫ‫଼࣒͈̹͈͛ူ֥ޗ‬ਠȃ೰݅ͅਲ̽̀Ȅ֚ාոષ͈Ȅఱ‫ۯڠ‬ၑ‫࣒͈ئ‬ਠ͈͙̦ఱ‫͂֗ޗ֭ڠ‬໦႒̯̹ͦȃਲ̽̀Ḙ͈̏༭࣬੥͉́Ȅ࡛૖৪ठ‫࣒֗ޗ‬ਠ‫͍֚ݞ‬ාո‫࣒͈ئ‬ਠ͉ȶ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫֗ޗ‬ȷ̱͂̀Ȅ֚ාոષ͈࣒ਠ‫୺͍ݞ‬࿝֓͂‫଼࣒͈̹͈͛ူ֥ޗ‬ਠ͉ȶఱ‫֗ޗ֭ڠ‬ȷ̱݈͂̀ა̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ
ȁ11ࢷ̦Ȅ࡛૖৪ठ‫࣒֗ޗ‬ਠ࣐̞ͬ̽̀ͥȃව‫֗ޗ͈̹͈͛ڠ‬঩‫͉ڒ‬য̤̀ͤȄ̳͓͈̀‫ࢷڠ‬͉Ȅ঎‫ܐ‬৪̦֓‫͈ڠ‬௾ު୆̜̭́ͥ͂ͬါ‫̞̱ͥ̀ݥ‬ȃ࣒ਠ͈‫͉ۼܢ‬Ȅ֚਩‫̥ͣۼ‬ส਩‫́͘ۼ‬ఉအ̜́ͥȃ֚਩‫ۼ‬൚̹͈ͤ‫֗ޗ‬শ‫͉ۼ‬Ȅ18শ‫̥ͣۼ‬48শ‫̞ͥ́ͭݞ́͘ͅۼ‬ȃ࣒ਠ͈ࣣࠗ‫ޗ‬֗শ‫͉ۼ‬Ȅडౣ̦18শ‫̥ͣۼ‬36শ‫́ۼ‬Ȅडಿ̦240শ‫̜ͥ́ۼ‬ȃ൚ட̷͈̠̈́͢শ‫͈ۼ‬௖֑͉Ȅ࣒ਠ͈࿒എȄ၌ဥ‫خ‬ෝ̈́‫ऺޗ‬Ȅ̷̱̀‫ํ͈֗ޗ‬ս͈̹̜͛́ͥȃˎࢷո‫͉ٸ‬Ȅၑა͂͂͜ͅ۷
ख़͂৘ܿͬ‫࣒͚܄‬ਠͬ೹‫̹̞̱̀ރ‬ȃ˕ࢷ͉́Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆͉੄୆ஜ૷ၷਫ਼́൱̴̥̫̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣȄ˔ࢷ͉́Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆͉੄୆ࢃ૷ၷਫ਼́൱̞̹ȃˏࢷ̱̥‫ڠ‬୆ͅ੄ॲͬੜၑ̳̭ͥ͂ͬ෇̴̤͛̀ͣȄ̷͈̠̻͈ˍࢷ͉̭͉́ͦ஖఼̜̹́̽ȃ10ࢷ̦૽ఘٜཎ࿅߿͈ࣜ࿒̞̾̀ͅ༭̱࣬Ȅ˕ࢷ̷̦͈̠࣒̈́͢ਠͬ೹‫̹̞̱̀ރ‬ȃˑࢷ͉́ຈਘȄˍࢷ͉́஖఼Ȅˎࢷ͉́ຈਘ͉̩́̈́Ȅˍࢷ̥͉ͣ༭̦̥̹࣬̈́̽ȃࠏൡഎ̈́৘ࡑ͉ˑࢷ́ါ‫̹̞̯̀ͦݥ‬ȃˍࢷ͉́஖఼Ȅˍࢷ͉́‫࣬ۑ‬Ȅˏࢷ͉́ါ‫̹̥̞̯̽̈́̀ͦݥ‬ȃȁ‫ة‬ා͈͜‫ۼ‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐‫ه‬೾͈ల२ාষ͂లঅාষ̤̫ͥͅႉ઄‫͉֗ޗ‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬୆͈ۛ৪͈͂୪૘ͬ૭
̱໦͈̞͈̳͉̈́ͥ͜ͅͅະ਱໦̜́ͤȄ‫ڠ‬୆͉ພ֭֚́ා‫࢐ۼ‬య޲ྩً̱̮̳̭̦ͬ̀͂ະ
‫̜͂ͥ́ࠧخ‬এ̧̹ͩͦ̀ȃਲ̽̀Ȅ֚໐͈֓‫͉ࢷڠ‬Ȅలࡼාষ̜̞͉ͥࡄਘාষͬȄ֓‫ڠ‬ฎআ࣢͈̹͈͛ຈଌ̱̞̹͂̀ȃ࡛हȄ12ࢷ̦Ȅలࡼාষ̞̱̈́ࡄਘාষͬါ‫̞̱ͥ̀ݥ‬ȃພ֭ࡄਘාষ͉ȄͺρΑ΃੔ਗȄ΋υϋΫͺඅ༆౷ߊȄβϋΏσόͿΣͺȄΣνȜΐλȜΐȜȄυȜΡͺͼρϋΡȄΦȜΑΘ΋ΗȄχΏϋΠϋȄηΏ΄ϋȄͼςΦͼȄΟρ;ͿͺȄͺͼ΂χȄ΍;ΑΘ΋ΗȄξΗȄ;ͻΑ΋ϋΏΰȄ֓঍྾‫ͅݺ‬ະ‫̈́ࠧخ‬ຈါૄ࠯̱͂̀नဥ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȁఱ‫ڠ͉֗ޗ֭ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫ͤ֗͜͢ޗ‬ಿ‫͐ݞͅۼܢ‬ȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅఱ‫ه֭ڠ‬೾͉Ȅͤ͢༫‫گ‬എ́ഔೲഎ̺̥̜ͣ́ͥȃ‫͉֗ޗ‬ၑேͅ߃̩Ȅࡄ‫̦ݪ‬ਹါ̈́໐໦ͬ୸͛Ȅႉ઄‫ڬ๊͉֚֓֗ͅޗ‬ͤ൚̞͈̀ͣͦ̀ͥͬ͜ષٝͥȃ֚ාոષ͈࣒ਠ͉́Ȅ࣒ਠ‫͉֚ۼܢ‬ා̥ͣ10ා͂։̈́ͤȄ̷̷͉͈࣒ͦਠ͈࿒എȄ̳̻̈́ͩ࿹๊̹֚ͦ֓ͬူ଼̳͈̥ͥȄ̷ͦ͂͜୺࿝֓ͬူ଼̳͈̥ͥȄ̞̠͂ၑဇ́୰ྶ̯ͦͥȃ
ȁ19ࢷಎȄ‫୺̹̱֗ޗ‬࿝͈֓ତ͉Ȅ༭̦̜̹࣬̽13ࢷ́ˍ૽̥ͣȶ50૽߃̩ȷ́́͘Ȅࣣ͉ࠗ
150૽ո‫̹̜̽́ئ‬ȃ˒ࢷ͉༭̱̥̹࣬̈́̽ȃ‫ޗ‬਎૖ͅਖ̩੔๵̳̹͈ͬͥ͛‫͉̱̀۾֗ͅޗ‬Ȅྶ‫ͬ֗ޗ̷̠͈̈́͢ͅږ‬೹‫͙͈́ࢷ˔͉͈̞̱ͥ̀ރ‬Ȅˍࢷ͉ȶই̹̥̽͊ͤ͘ȷȄఈ͉ȶ‫ܛ‬བ̱̞̀ͥȷȄ̷̱̀ˍࢷ͉ୃ‫ޗ‬਎͉̩́̈́‫̱֥߱̀͂ޗ‬Ⴏ̱̞̹̀ȃͺις΃͉́Ȅ1,000૽ոષ͈֓঍̦Ȅॲິ૽‫֗ͅޗش‬ਲম̱̞̀ͥȃ֓‫଼͈̹͈͛ူ֥ޗ̞̤̀ͅࢷڠ‬୭๵̦ະ਱໦
̜́ͤȄ‫֗ޗ‬૖ͅਖ̞̞̀ͥ૽‫͈ۼ‬ఉ̩͉Ȅခෝ̈́ႉ઄֓Ȅ‫֥ޗ‬Ȅࡄ‫ݪ‬৪ͥ۬͢ͅආ͞‫ͬ֗ޗ‬਋̴̫ͅȄু໦ু૸഼͈ႁ଼́ಿ̧̱̹̭͉̀͂ྶ̥̜ͣ́ͥȃ˝‫ࢷڠ͈֓ݭ‬65ࢷಎ֚။ນͅ
Ⴅ‫̞̯ͥ̀ͦݷ‬63ࢷ͈ॲິ૽‫͉ͅشڠش‬Ȅࣣࠗ1,045ྴ̦हୠ̱̤̀ͤȄ396ྴ̦ॲ‫̢ޗͬڠش‬Ȅ
343ྴ̦ິ૽‫̢ޗͬڠش‬Ȅ306ྴ̦ॲ‫͈ڠش૽ິ͂ڠش‬ၰ༷ͬ‫̢̹̞̀ޗ‬ȃȁոષ͈಺औࠫ‫̥ͣض‬Ȅ༭࣬੥͉Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͍ݞ‬ఱ‫̞̀̾֗ͅޗڠشॲ̫̤֭ͥͅڠ‬Ȅո‫ئ‬͈̠ࠫ͢ͅა̱̞̀ͥȃఱ໐໦͈ິ૽‫ش‬হၷ͉Ȅ੄ॲ͈਀ಁͦͥ͢ͅະസࣣ̈́ࠫ‫͈ض‬হၷͅ‫۾‬Ⴒ̱̞̀ͥ͂෇ে̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃॲ‫̜͈ͥͣ͠ڠش‬࿂ͅ௮̦࠘૬̩̞̈́ິ૽‫͉֓ش‬Ȅ੄ॲාႢ͈
੫଻ͅచ̳ͥ਀੅࣐̠ͬশͅ஠ఘഎͅୃ̱̩෤՜̳ͥෝႁͬ৐̱̠̽̀͘ȃ‫ئ‬ໜ໐ͬ୺࿝̱ͅ
̞̞̀̈́ॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ȅॲ‫৽͈ش‬ါ̈́ໜ໐হၷ࣐̠ͬෝႁ̦͕̞͂ͭ̓̈́ȃ੫଻ͅచ̱̀੃Ⴏ̱̹
ॲິ૽‫ش‬হၷͬঔ̱Ȅ੄ॲ͈ະസࣣ̈́ࠫ‫ͬض‬ཡ̪̹͉͛ͅȄॲ‫ڠ͈ڠش‬໐‫͂֗ޗ‬൳အȄ਱໦̈́ఱ‫̦֗ޗ֭ڠ‬ຈါ̜́ͥȃຈါ̈́ల֚༜͉Ȅ‫֗ޗ‬ঔ୭̤̫ͥͅॲ‫͈ڠش૽ິ͂ڠش‬໦࿤͈ۖ஠
̈́ൡࣣ̜́ͥȃൡࣣ̯̹ͦ‫͉́شڠ‬Ȅ஠૽֥̦Ȅළॲິ͈ೄ୪হၷ‫ڞ׿͍ݞ‬হၷ͈‫͍ݞ֗ޗ‬৘கȄ‫͍ݞ‬ၰ‫ͬ֗ޗ͈́شڠ‬ါ‫̯ͥͦݥ‬ȃఉ̩͈ਗ࣐̞́ͩͦ̀ͥ‫͉֗ޗ‬Ȅ੘࣒ٝज͞࢖‫࣒ٳ‬ज̦Ȅఱܰ࿅̈́֓‫ڠ‬എಎ૤౷̥ͣၗ̹ͦȄ̜̞͉ͥࡄਘͅ४‫̧̞̦̭̳֓̈́́͂ͥح‬঍ͅȄঁࠣ͂౶ে̹̳ͬͣ͜ခ‫༹̭̜༷ͬ͂ͥ́̈́ף‬া̱̞̀ͥȃ̭͈࣒ͦͣज͉৘கഎ́Ȅબྶफ͙͈
ম৘͈͙ͬ֓঍ͅ೹‫̱ރ‬Ȅ֚শഎၠ࣐̦‫ݺ‬ယ̧̯͓͉̞ͦͥ́̈́ȃॲ‫͈ڠش‬٨஝͉Ȅॲ‫͈ڠش‬‫ڠ‬໐‫͍ݞ֗ޗ‬ఱ‫͈֗ޗ֭ڠ‬٨‫଼̯ͥͦో͙͈̀̽͢ͅڟ‬ȃ̭͈̭͉͂Ȅ༦૶͂඿ဘ঱͈ঘཌତ
͈ࡘઁȄ‫ͬ੅਀́ࢃ͍ݞ‬ຈါ̳̠͂ͥ̈́͢ે‫̧ࣣ̳̭ܳ֨ͬޙ‬໵છ͈ࡘઁ̹̳ͬͣ͜ȃͺις΃͉́Ȅॲ‫ڠ͈ڠش‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͍ݞ‬ఱ‫͉֗ޗ֭ڠ‬Ȅ̷͈̠̈́͢‫͈֗ޗ‬ຈါͅ؊̲ͥ೾ഽ́͘ͅอ
ో̱̞̞̀̈́62)ȃ
ȁ̷̱̀༭࣬੥͉Ȅո‫̹̱࣬ۑ̭͈ͬ͂ئ‬ȃͤ͢ఉ̩͈‫֗ޗ‬ঔ୭̦ഐ୨̈́ॲ‫͈ڠش‬ఱ‫ه֭ڠ‬೾ͬ೹‫̭̳͂ͥރ‬ȄπȜυΛΩ߿͈‫ه֗ޗ‬೾̳͓͈ͬ̀֓‫ڐͅࢷڠ‬ಫ̳̭ͥ͂Ȅິ૽‫شॲͬڠش‬‫ັͅڠ‬ଟ̵̯̭ͥ͂Ȅ‫ڎ‬ఱ‫͉ࢷڠ͈֓ڠ‬Ȅ̱͜͜ఱ‫̧֨ͬ֗ޗ֭ڠ‬਋̫͈̜ͥ́ͦ͊Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐͂ఱ‫͈֭ڠ‬ါ‫ͅݥ‬؊̲͈ͥͅ਱໦̈́ఱ̧̯͈ॲ‫ش‬ພ֭ͬ๵̢̭ͥ͂Ȅ‫ܖ‬ய‫ͬڠش‬ਹণ̳̭ͥ͂Ȅ֓‫͈߱੅਀͉֥ޗ͈ࢷڠ‬Ⴏͬ਋̫̞̭̀ͥ͂Ȅ̯ͣ߱ͅႯͬ਋̫̹ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪̜͈̦́ͥབ̱̞͘
̭͂Ȅ੿ြ͈‫ڠ‬୆̦Ȅ਎ު͈଻ৗ͞‫ۼܢ‬Ȅ৾ං̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ၎ਘબྶͅ‫ͅږྶ̱̀۾‬໦̥̠ͥ͢ͅȄ၎ਘ‫ه‬೾͈ܱ੆ْ֚ͬ‫̭̳͂ͥا‬Ȅఱ‫ه֭ڠ‬೾ͬ঵̾‫ވ͉ࢷڠ‬೒͈ड೩‫ܖ‬੔ͬ୭೰̳̭ͥ͂Ȅఱ‫֭ڠ‬঎‫ܐ‬৪͉Ȅ୺࿝֓Ȅ‫֥ޗ‬Ȅ̜̞͉ͥࡄ‫ݪ‬৪̱͂̀෇͛ͣͦͥஜͅȄ̷̱̀‫ڠ‬պͬ਎ဓ̯ͦͥஜͅȄෝႁ͈‫ܖ‬੔͂̈́ͥ‫ུܖ‬എါ‫̭̳̹͂ྖͬݥ‬Ȅਗၛఱ‫͉ڠ‬Ȅ౷༷͈֓঍̦
ड૧͈ૂ༭̞̞̩̹͈̾̀͛ͅ੘ٝ৆͈਎ުͬอജ̵̯̭ͥ͂Ȅഐ୨̈́߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹֓঍͈͙
̦ॲ‫୺ش‬࿝̱֓͂̀හྵ̯̭ͦͥ͂Ȅພ͉֭Ȅ਱໦ͅ঩‫୺̜͈ͥڒ‬࿝֓ո‫ͅٸ‬Ȅ૬࣫̈́ॲ‫͈ش‬ࣣ໵છͅၛ̻̹ٛ̽ͤȄఱ̧̈́ॲ‫̭̞̱͂̈́خݺ̭̳̹࣐ͬ͂ͥͤ̽ͬ੅਀ش‬Ȅ̜̈́̓́ͥ63)ȃ

ȁ̭͈ॲ‫಺̳ͥ۾֗ͅޗڠش‬औ༭࣬੥̥ͣȄ1930ාࣼͅॲ‫̦֓ش‬࿒ঐ̱̞̹̀ॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬٨‫ͬڟ‬ո‫̠͈͢ͅئ‬ါ࿩̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃව‫ڠ‬঩‫ڒ‬Ȇ‫ۼܢ֗ޗ‬Ȇ‫֗ޗ‬୭๵Ȇ‫֗ޗ‬ඤယȆਘၭબ͞‫ڠ‬պ͈਎ဓ͈ૄ࠯̞͉̈́̓̾̀ͅ‫ͅۼࢷڠ‬ओ։̦ంह̳͈ͥ́Ȅ঎‫ܐ‬৪ͅ໦̥̳̞̠ͤ͢͞
ͅ၎ਘ༒။͈ܱ੆ْ֚ͬ‫̭̳͂ͥا‬ȃॲ‫ͬش૽ິ͂ش‬ൡࣣ̱̀Ȅ੫଻͈૸ఘ‫͍ݞ‬୆૓‫ܥ‬ෝ͈̳͓͈̀ଲდ̳ͬͥ୺࿝໦࿤̭̈́ͥ͂ͅȃॲ‫͂ڠشٸͬڠش‬൳൝ͅບ‫̱ث‬Ȅॲ‫͂̽֗͜ͅޗڠش‬਱໦̈́শ‫ͤڬͬۼ‬൚̭̀ͥ͂ȃ਱໦̈́ႉ઄‫̹͈͛֗ͅޗ‬Ȅॲ‫ش‬ພ֭͂୭๵ͬା̢̀Ȅႉ઄‫ऺޗ‬̱͂̀၌ဥ‫خ‬ෝ̈́੄ॲۛ৪ͬ̽͂͜ఉ̩਋̫ව̭ͦͥ͂ȃఱ‫ͬ֗ޗ֭ڠ‬਋̫̹৪̦Ȅ୺࿝֓Ȇ֓‫֥ޗࢷڠ‬Ȇࡄ‫ݪ‬৪̱͂̀෇̭͛ͣͦͥ͂ȃ୺࿝͈͙̦֓Ȅඳॲͅၛ̻̹ٛ̽ͤॲ‫࣐ͬ੅਀ش‬̧̹̳̭̦̭̽ͤͥ͂́ͥ͂Ȅ̜̈́̓́ͥȃ̭̠̱̀ॲ‫͉֗ޗڠش‬ȄΟςȜ֓঍ో̦৽ಫ̱̹
̠͢ͅȄॲ‫ࣞͬڠش‬ഽ̈́୺࿝૖̱͂̀୺࿝֓ͬူ଼̳༷ͥ࢜ͅૺ̞̩̭͈̜ͭ́͂̈́ͥ́ͥͅȃ̤ͩͤͅȁͺις΃͉́Ȅ18ଲ‫ࢃܮ‬฼̥ͣ੩ॲ੅Ȫmidwiferyȫ͈࣒ਠ̦੄࡛̱̹̦Ȅ൚শ͈‫࣒͉֗ޗ‬݅͂ճ੹̦ಎ૤̜́ͤȄ֓‫ڠ‬୆͉ह‫ڠ‬ಎͅ৘ष͈੄ॲ֚ͬഽ͜࿒̳̭̩ͥ͂̈́ͅȄ֓‫ͬࢷڠ‬௾ު̱̀֓঍̧̱̞͂̀̈́ͤ੄ॲ͈࡛ાͅၛ̻̫̞̭̩̜̹ٛͩ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͂̽͜͢ȃॲ‫ڠش‬͈ႉ઄‫͉֗ޗ‬19ଲ‫ܮ‬฼͊ͅड੝ͅ൵ව̯̹̦ͦȄ๊֚ͅ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͉́͘၎ਘ‫ه‬೾ͅ‫ͦͣ͛܄‬̥̹̈́̽ȃ18ଲ‫ܮ‬฼͊ոࣛ19ଲ‫ͬܮ‬೒̱̀Ȅ੩ॲ͈౜̞਀̦੩ॲ঍̥ͣ֓঍͒͂֊࣐̳̦ͥȄ̷ͦͬ‫خ‬ෝ̱̹͈͉ͅȄ౳଻֓঍͉੫଻̦਋̧̫̭͈̞ͥ͂́̈́֓‫ͬ֗ޗڠ‬਋̢̫̞̦̀ͥ͠
ͅȄհ஠́ౣশ‫́ۼ‬೑͙͈̞̈́੄ॲͬ‫خ‬ෝ̳̞̠ͥ͂ͅ෇েͬȄ֓঍͜ॲິ͜༴̞̞̹̥̀ͣ
̜̹́̽ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͈֓‫಺̳ͥ۾֗ͅޗڠ‬औ͉Ȅͺις΃̤̫ͥͅॲ‫ޗڠش‬͈֗ౚ̥̱̞ͩે‫̹̱̥ͣͅྶͬޙ‬ȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄॲ‫ޗڠش‬਎͈ఉ̩͉ෝႁ̦̩̈́Ȅॲ‫֗ޗڠش‬͈̹͈͛‫֗ޗ‬Ȇພ֭୭๵͉ະ਱໦̜́ͤȄ֓‫ڠ‬୆͉੩ॲ঍͂൳̲̩̞͈ͣ߱Ⴏ̱̥਋̫̞̀̈́
̞̞̠͂ম৘̜́ͥȃ಺औ̽̀͢ͅྶ̥̯̹ͣͦͅॲ‫̠͈̭͈̈́֗͢ޗڠش‬৘ఠ͉Ȅॲ‫֓ͅش‬‫͈֗ޗ‬٨‫͈ڟ‬ຈါ଻ͬ‫෇̩ޑ‬ে̵̯̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬٨‫͈ڟ‬ຈါ଻͉̹͘Ȅ༦૶͂඿ဘ঱͈ঘཌၚͬ೩‫̵̠̞̠̯͂ͥ͢ͅئ‬২ٛഎգႁ̽̀͢͜ͅ‫̹̯ͦاޑ‬ȃ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͕́͂ͭ̓͘‫۾‬૤ͬ໡̭̩ͩͦͥ͂̈́Ȅέτ·Α΢Ȝ༭̤̞࣬̀ͅȶड՛͈အ௖ͬ೮̱̞̀ͥȷ
͂ບ‫͉֗ޗڠشॲ̹̯ͦث‬Ȩ̭̭̏̀ͅఱ̧̩་‫̱ا‬ই̹͛ȃȁ੄ॲ͈୺࿝‫̱̀͂ز‬Ȅ֓‫̞̤̀ͅٮڠ‬ఈ͈୺࿝໦࿤͂൳൝͈౷պͬ‫ڕ‬ං̱̠̱̞̹͂̀͢ॲ
‫͉֓ش‬Ȅ̷͈̹͛ͅȄॲ‫̦ࣞڠش‬ഽ̈́୺࿝૖̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ৽ಫ̱̹ȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄ֓঍͉౗́͜
੄ॲͬ਀ഥ̧̠̭͉̦͂́ͥȨ̻̱̹̏ͭ͂‫ͬ֗ޗ‬਋̫̹୺࿝‫̦̫̺֓شॲ̜ͥ́ز‬Ȅհ஠ͅ੄ॲٚͅව̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȄ̞̠͈̜͂́ͥȃॲ‫͉੅਀ش‬ఈ͈‫͂੅਀شٸ‬൳̲̩̞ͣࣞഽ̈́
ܿ੅̜́ͤȄਲ̽̀ఈ͈‫͂֗ޗ͈̹͈͛੅਀شٸ‬൳̲̩̞͈ͣশ‫͉֗ͅޗڠشॲ̦ۼ‬ຈါ̜̯̹́ͥ͂ͦȃ̷̱̀ॲ‫͈ڠش‬ႉ઄‫֗ͅޗ‬ຈါ̈́‫ږͬऺޗ‬༗̳̹ͥ͛ͅȄ̯ͣͅఉ̩͈ॲິͬॲ

‫ش‬ພ֭ͅ਋̫ව̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ̭̠̱̀1930ා͉ࣼͅȄॲ‫͉֗ޗڠش‬ȄΟςȜ֓঍ో͈৽
ಫ̱̹̠̈́͢Ȅॲ‫ࣞͬڠش‬ഽ̈́୺࿝૖̱͂̀୺࿝֓ͬူ଼̳̹͈ͥ͛ଷഽ̱͂̀ା̢̞ͣͦ̀
̹̽ȃၰఱ୽‫͉ͅܢۼ‬Ȅॲ‫઀֗ޗڠش‬տ֥ٛ༭࣬੥̤̞̀ͅ‫̠̞̯ͥ̀ͦ࣬͢ͅۑ‬Ȅ֓‫ͅࢷڠ‬̤̞̀ॲ‫͉ش૽ິ͂ش‬੭șͅൡࣣ̯̞̹ͦ̀̽64)ȃ
ȁ1930ා͉ͅȄ˝˩˝͈ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫ڠشٸ‬໐ٛ͂ͺις΃ິ૽‫ڠ֓ش‬ٛȄͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬Ȇໜ໐‫֓شٸ‬঍̦ࣣٛ໵̱̀Ȅͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬տ֥ٛͬอ௷̵̯Ȅॲິ૽‫ش‬໦࿤͈‫ݞ֗ޗ‬͍঩‫෇ڒ‬೰ଷഽͬଷ೰̱̠̱̹͂͢ȃ1932ා́͘Ȅྴ୊̦̜ͤ෇೰̯̹ͦॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ȅ஻ই৪̱͂̀෇̹͛ͣͦȃॲ‫ڠش‬Ȇິ૽‫̞̤̀ͅڠش‬10ා‫ͬࡑࠐ͈ۼ‬঵̾֓঍͉ȄܿၾȄ࢛੆Ȅႉ઄Ȅ৘ࡑͬ‫͚܄‬দࡑࣣͅ‫̹ͦͣ͛෇̳͊ͦڒ‬ȃ૧͈ܰ୺࿝͉֓Ȅॲ‫̦֗ޗܰୃ͈ڠش‬ါ‫̯ͦݥ‬Ȅ२ා‫ڠ͈ۼ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫ͬ֗ޗ‬਋̫̀Ȅ୺࿝̱֓͂̀ઁ̩̈́͂͜ඵා‫ࡄ͈ۼ‬ਘͬ਋̫̫̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́
̥̹̽ȃ̞̥̈́ͥ୺࿝֓͜Ȅ੫଻ո‫͈ۛٸ‬৪ͬ਋̫ව̧̭͉̥̹ͦͥ͂́̈́̽ȃ̭̠̱̀Ȅ਱໦̈́‫ͬ֗ޗ‬਋๊̢̫̹̯֚֓́͜Ȅտ֥͈ٛ෇೰̳ͥ঩‫ڒ‬৪̥͉ͣෳੰ̯̹ͦȃ̯ͣͅտ֥ٛ
͉Ȅພ͈֭ॲ‫ڠش‬໐࿝͈૖ͬȄտ֥̦ٛ෇೰̱̹঩‫ڒ‬৪ͅࡠ೰̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅȄॲ‫ڠش‬໦࿤๊̤̫͈֚ͥ֓ͅ‫ڰ‬൲ͬଷࡠ̱̠̱̹͂͢ȃ1936ා́͘ͅտ֥͉ٛȄພ֭́হၷ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́
ͥ৪̧̞͂́̈́৪ͬ෇೰̳ͥ́͘ͅࡀրͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹ȃ๊֚ఱਤ͜ພ͈֭ၑম͜Ȅ਱໦̈́߱Ⴏͬ
਋̫̹୺࿝̷̠̞֓͂́̈́৪ͬে༆̳ͥ਀౲̱͂̀Ȅ঩‫෇ڒ‬೰ͬ၌ဥ̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅ65)ȃ
ȁ̷͈ࢃॲິ૽‫͈ڠش‬໦࿤͉Ȅ੫଻͈૸ఘ͂୆૓‫ܥ‬ෝ͈̳͓̀ͬ৾ͤե̠୺࿝૖̱̳͂̀͘͘
̳‫ڐ‬ఱ̱Ȅ୆૓ඤ໦๥Ȅິ૽‫ش‬ਆនȄະළછȄਔॲ‫ܢ‬Ȅႉ઄֒ഥȄࢵා‫̷͈ܢ‬ఈ͈໗୺࿝໦࿤
̦ഴા̳ͥȃ̭͈̠̈́͢ळ໦‫͉ا‬Ȅॲິ૽‫۾ڠش‬Ⴒ͈‫ڎ‬໦࿤ͬ‫ڎ̢͈ͥͅޗ‬ș͈̩̞͈̓ͣশ
‫ͤڬͬۼ‬൚̀ͦ͊ၻ̞͈̥Ȅ̞̹̠͂̽̈́͢‫֗ޗ‬എ࿚ఴͬ೹̳̭̹ܳͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃ̷͉ͦȄॲິ૽‫ͅڠش‬අခ͈࿚ఴ͉̥̹́̈́̽ȃ୺࿝໦࿤͞໗୺࿝໦࿤̦௩‫ͅވ̳͂ͥح‬Ȅ୺࿝໦࿤͈ຈ
ਘশ‫ۼ‬ତ͜௖؊ͅ௩‫̹̱ح‬ȃ֓‫͉́ࢷڠ‬Ȅ‫୺ڎ‬࿝໦࿤̦̳̳͘͘ఉ̩͈਎ުͬ೹‫̱̀ރ‬਎ުশ‫ͬۼ‬ఉ̩ං̠͂͢௔̠̠̈́ͤ͢ͅȄ၎ਘ‫ه‬೾ً͉ྟ‫̹̞̱̽̀ا‬ȃఈ༷́ळ໦‫͉ا‬Ȅ୺࿝໦࿤͈ࡀրͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̳ͥષ͈́‫̹͙̽̈́͜ͅޑ‬ȃ̭͈̠֓͢ͅၷ୺࿝૖͉Ȅ֓‫ͬ֗ޗڠ‬٨‫̭̳͂ͥڟ‬́Ȅহၷ͈ࡀր͂̈́ͤȄພ֭Ȇ֓ၷܿ੅Ȇۛ৪ͬ঑෻̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃॲິ૽‫͜ڠش‬Ȅ‫֗ޗ‬͈କ੔ͬષ̬̀୺࿝૖̱͈͂̀ࡀրͬ‫ږ‬ၛ଼̳̭̱ͥ͂ࢗͅȄ̳̳͘͘ࢩํս̹ͩ̽̀ͅ২ٛ
എୣහͬ໅̠୺࿝໦࿤̱͂̀Ȅ଼੃̱̞̩̭͈̜̀͂̈́ͥ́ͥͅȃಕˍȫWilliam Ray Arney, Power and the Profession of Obstetrics (Chicago and London: University of
Chicago Press, 1985), 53. ̜ͥႤঃ‫͉ز‬ȄΟςȜ͂;ͻςͺθΒͬȄ20ଲ‫͈ڠشॲܮ‬ඵ૽͈ȶ‫૽ݴ‬Ȫtitansȫȷ͂ࡤ̞ͭ́ͥȃD. N. Danforth,ȨContemporary Titans: Joseph Bolivar DeLee and John Whitridge
Williams,ȩAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 120 (1975): 577-88. ̹͘ඵ૽̞͉̾̀ͅ
ո‫͜ئ‬४ચȃJudith Walzer Leavitt,ȨJoseph B. DeLee and the Practice of Preventive Obstetrics,ȩ
American Journal of Public Health 78(1988): 1353-60; Harold Speert,ȨMemorable Medical Mentors:
IV. John Whitridge Williams (1866-1931),ȩObstetrical and Gynecological Survey 59(2004): 311-18.
ˎ) ͺις΃̤̫ͥͅॲ‫͈֗ޗڠش‬Ⴄঃͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬ո‫ͬئ‬४ચȃLawrence D. Longo,ȨObstetrics andGynecology,ȩin The Education of American Physicians: Historical Essays, ed. Ronald L. Numbers(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1980). ͺις΃́ड੝͈੩ॲ੅
Ȫmidwiferyȫ͈࣒͉݅Ȅ1765ාͅ;ͻςͺθȆΏΛβϋȆΐνΣͺȪWilliam Shippen, Jr.ȫ࣐̹̽̀ͩͦ͢ͅȃΏΛβϋͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬ո‫ͬئ‬४ચȃBetsy Copping Corner, William Shippen, Jr.: Pioneer in
American Medical Education (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1951).
ˏȫRosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest, Updated Edition with a New
Introduction (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998[1971]), 63-66.
ːȫThomas Neville Bonner, Iconoclast: Abraham Flexner and a Life in Learning (Baltimore andLondon: Johnʼs Hopkins University Press, 2002).
ˑȫAbraham Flexner, Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie
Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancementof Teaching, 1910).ͺις΃̤̫ͥ֓ͅ‫͈֗ޗڠ‬Ⴄঃͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬ո‫ͬئ‬४ચȃBarbara Barzansky andNorman Gevitz, eds., Beyond Flexner: Medical Education in the Twentieth Century (New York,
Westport, and London: Greenwood Press, 1992); Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Learning to Heal: The
Development of American Medical Education (Baltimore and London: Johnʼs Hopkins University
Press, 1985); Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turnof the Century to the Era of Managed Care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Ronald L.
Numbers, ed., The Education of American Physicians: Historical Essays (Berkeley, Los Angeles, andLondon: University of California Press, 1980).
˒ȫFlexner, Medical Education in the United States and Canada, 117-18.
˓ȫJohn Whitridge Williams,ȨThe Midwife Problem and Medical Education in the United States,ȩTransactions of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality 2 (1912),
165.
˔ȫIbid., 182.
˕ȫIbid., 192.
10ȫGrace L. Meigs, Maternal Mortality from All Conditions Connected with Childbirth in the UnitedStates and Certain Other Countries (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, Children's
Bureau Publication, No.19, 1917).
11ȫS. Josephine Baker,ȨMaternal Mortality in the United States,ȩJournal of the American
Medical Association 89 (1927), 2016.
12ȫLongo,ȨObstetrics and Gynecology,ȩ224.
13ȫVirginia G. Drachman,ȨThe Loomis Trial: Social Mores and Obstetrics in the Mid-NineteenthCentury,ȩin Women and Health in America: Historical Readings, ed., Judith Walzer Leavitt(Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984): 166-74.
14ȫCharlotte G. Borst, Catching Babies: The Professionalization of Childbirth, 1870-1920 (Cambridge

and London: Harvard University Press, 1995), 97.
15ȫIbid., 100.
16ȫStanley P. Warren,ȨThe Prevalence of Puerperal Septicemia in Private Practice,ȩAmerican
Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 51 (1905), 302.
17ȫFlorence Sherbon, in Discussion of Session on Obstetrics, Transactions of the American
Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality 7 (1917), 64.
18ȫBoast, Catching Babies, 100.
19ȫLudmerer, Learning to Heal, 310, n27.
20ȫBorst, Catching Babies, 99.
21ȫIbid., 100.
22ȫWilliams,ȨThe Midwife Problem and Medical Education in the United States,ȩ188-89.
23ȫCharles A. Gordon,ȨThe Conduct of Labor and the Management of Obstetric Emergencies,ȩ
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 13 (1927), 505.
24ȫJoseph Bolivar DeLee,ȨThe Prophylactic Forceps Operation,ȩAmerican Journal of Obstetrics andGynecology 1 (1920), 44.
25ȫEdward P. Davis,ȨModern Obstetrics, with Relation to the General Practitioner, the Student,
the Midwife and the Specialist,ȩJournal of the American Medical Association 59 (1912), 22-23.
26ȫGeorge Gray Ward,ȨOur Obstetric and Gynecologic Responsibilities,ȩJournal of the American
Medical Association 87 (1926), 1.
27ȫPalmer Findley,ȨThe Teaching of Obstetrics,ȩAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
16 (1928), 613.
28ȫIbid., 615-16.
29ȫIbid., 611.
30ȫReuben Peterson,ȨThe Future of Obstetrics and Gynecology as a Specialty,ȩJournal of theAmerican Medical Association 74 (1920), 1362.
31ȫJohn Osborn Polak,ȨThe Defects in Our Obstetric Teaching,ȩJournal of the American Medical
Association 76 (1921), 1809.
32ȫFrank W. Lynch,ȨThe Specialty of Gynecology and Obstetrics,ȩJournal of the American
Medical Association 83 (1924), 398.
33ȫFindley,ȨThe Teaching of Obstetrics,ȩ611.
34ȫB. P. Watson,ȨCan Our Methods of Obstetric Practice Be Improved?ȩBulletin of the New York
Academy of Medicine 6 (1930), 649-50.
35ȫ੄ॲ͈ພ֭‫͉̱̀۾ͅا‬ո‫ͬئ‬४ચȃ઀࿤ೄঊȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅ੄ॲ͈ພ֭‫͈ڠشॲ͂ا‬ర൮ȷȸີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါȹ37(2002): 37-57ȃ
36ȫPamela S. Summey and Marsh Hurst,ȨOb/Gyn on the Rise: The Evolution of Professional
Ideology in the Twentieth Century,ȩWomen and Health, Part 1, 11-1 (1986): 133-45; Part 2, 11-2
(1986): 102-22, citation, part 1, 138, and part 2, 104.
37ȫWilliams,ȨThe Midwife Problem and Medical Education in the United States,ȩ189.
38ȫJoseph Bolivar DeLee,ȨProgress toward Ideal Obstetrics,ȩTransactions of the American
Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality 6 (1916), 116.
39ȫJoseph Bolivar DeLee, in Discussion on Edward P. Davis,ȨThe Spring of a Nationʼs Life,ȩ
Transactions of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality 9 (1919),
114.
40ȫDeLee,ȨThe Prophylactic Forceps Operation,ȩ40.
41ȫIbid.ȩ43.

42ȫGeorge Clark Mosher,ȨTen Years of Painless Childbirth,ȩAmerican Journal of Obstetrics andGynecology 3 (1921), 142-43.
43ȫR. F. Skeel,ȨPresidential Address: American Association of Obstetricians, Gynecologists andAbdominal Surgeons,ȩAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5 (1923), 112.
44ȫLynch,ȨThe Specialty of Gynecology and Obstetrics,ȩ398.
45ȫWard,ȨOur Obstetric and Gynecologic Responsibilities,ȩ1.
46ȫB. P. Watson,ȨThe Responsibility of the Obstetric Teaching in Relation to Maternal Mortality
and Morbidity,ȩAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 14 (1927), 279-80.
47ȫIbid., 280.
48ȫJoseph Bolivar DeLee, Comment on George Clark Mosher,ȨReport of the Committee on
Maternal Welfare of the American Association of Obstetricians, Gynecologists and Abdominal
Surgeons,ȩAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 9 (1925).
49ȫPolak,ȨThe Defects in Our Obstetric Teaching,ȩ1809.
50ȫA. M. Mendenhall,ȨThe Teaching of Operative Obstetrics,ȩAmerican Journal of Obstetrics andGynecology 17 (1929), 586.
51ȫIbid., 587.
52ȫȨThe White House Conference on Child Health and Protection: Foreword,ȩAmerican Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynecology 21 (1931), 765.
53ȫJudy Barrett Litoff, American Midwives: 1860 to the Present (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,
1978), 108.
54ȫWhite House Conference on Child Health and Protection, Obstetric Education: Report of the
Subcommittee on Obstetric Teaching and Education (New York and London: The Century Co., 1932).
లඵॗ࿒͉Ȅథ঱Ȇ඿ဘ঱Ȇළॲິ͈ঘཌၚ͂ᑋພၚͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ༭࣬੥́Ȅ1933ාͅ੄ๅ̯̹ͦȃWhite House Conference on Child Health and Protection, Fetal, Newborn, and Maternal Mortality
and Morbidity (New York: Appleton-Century, 1933). ̭͈༭࣬੥ͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬ո‫ͬئ‬४ચȃ઀࿤ೄঊȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅළॲິঘཌၚ͂ॲ‫֓ش‬ၷଽॐȷȸີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါȹ45Ȫ2006ȫ: 71-84ȃ
55ȫWhite House Conference on Child Health and Protection, Obstetric Education, 8.
56ȫո‫ئ‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐‫̳ͥ۾֗ͅޗ‬ৗ࿚ນͅచ̳ͥٝ൞̞͉̾̀ͅȄIbid., 24-43.
57ȫIbid., 44-46.
58ȫIbid., 51-52.
59ȫIbid., 55.
60ȫIbid., 57.
61ȫո‫ئ‬Ȅ‫ڠ‬໐௾ުࢃ‫͍ݞ‬ఱ‫಺̳ͥ۾֗ͅޗ֭ڠ‬औ༭̞͉࣬̾̀ͅȄIbid., 58-87.
62ȫIbid., 88-89.
63ȫIbid., 89-90.
64ȫLongo,ȨObstetrics and Gynecology,ȩ225.
65ȫBorst, Catching Babies, 114-15, 149-50.

ັܱȁུࣂ͉Ȅ໹଼19ාഽ‫ݪࡄڠش‬๯༞੩߄৹਀ࡄ‫ݪ‬Ȫ˞ȫȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥ֓ͅၷ͈
୺࿝‫͂ا‬੫଻͈૸ఘȷȪ‫ه‬ఴ๔࣢18700671ȫͥ͢ͅࡄ‫͈֚ض଼ݪ‬໐̜́ͥȃ