͉̲͛ͅ
ȁΧȜϋ͈໣‫ࣉ̥̥͈ͬͤͩ͂ޗ‬ख़̳ͥષ́Ȅ൳শయ͈ୌ؎̤̫ͥͅ൐ဢ‫ૺ͈ݪࡄڠ‬ೃ͂Ȅࢩไ̈́උ৪௄ͅࡉͣͦͥ໣‫۾͈͒ޗ‬૤͈ࣞͤͬ͘ণ࿤ͅਓ̤̩̭̦͛̀͂ශ‫ͅة‬ਹါ̜̥́ͥͬ
া̱̹ത́Ȅಅඤ૞ຳঙ͈ࡄ‫ࠨ͉ݪ‬೰എͅਹါ̜̹́̽1ȫȃȁ̺̦Ȅ൳শ̠֚̾͜ͅདྷ͉̞͈͉ͦ̀̈́ͣ̈́Ȅྶহ֋૧ոࣛȄ໣‫͈ޗ‬ঐ൵৪̦ু͈ͣջ̽̀
ၛ̾ၛ‫ݗ‬തͬࡉ̾͛ೄ̱Ȅুࡨ٨‫ͬڟ‬঎̱̹षͅȄୌ؎΂ς΀ϋΗςΒθ͈ࡄ‫ܖ̷͈ͬض଼ݪ‬๕͈̱̠̱̹̭֚̾͂͂͂͢Ȅ̷̷̱̦̭̥̀̀ͣ͞‫ͅݙ‬ȶ඾ུ໣‫ޗ‬ȷ͈ຽ༑଻ͬୟޭഎͅୌ
؎ଲ‫ͅٮ‬อ૞̱̠̳̭͂ͥ͂͢ͅঢͥఱ̧̈́ഢ۟തͅΧȜϋ̦‫̵̠̺̞͉̭̹ࣣͧ̈́́͂ͩݳ‬̥ȃȁ̳͂ͥ̈́ͣȄୌ؎͈௰̥͈ͣ൐ဢ͈໣‫۾̳ͥ۾ͅޗ‬૤͂Ȅ඾ུ͈໣‫͈̥ͣޗ‬ୌ؎̫̹͒࢜ࡤ
͍̥̫͈͂Ḙ͈̏ඵ͈༷̾࢜଻̦࢐॒̳ͥ౷തḘ̷̏ͅ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ͅޗ‬చ̳ͥΧȜϋ͈‫۾‬૤ͬպ౾̫̿ͥຈါ̦̜̺̠ͥͧȃུა͉̭͈ণത̥ͣȄ̩͂ͅ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͈ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹࣱ͂ന૯൸͈ȸఱ઺໣‫ޗ‬ఱփȹ͈঵̢̻̹փ݅ͅࣉख़ͬ‫̢̜͈̳̠ͥ́ͥ͂͜͢ح‬ȃలˍડȁ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͂ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹˍȅȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ
ȁ1890ාː࠮Ȅρέ΃Οͻ΂ȆΧȜϋ͉ͺις΃൐໐ͅইͥ͘ಿ̞ၫႹ͈ྎͅȄ൶ͦྪͅࡉ̹
඾̷ུ͈ͅల֚༜ܱ̳ͬȃ൚শͺις΃͉̯̥́ͭͅͺΐͺ͈ౝངܱ͞ၫ࣐ܱ̦͈̯ͦ͜Ȅࢩไ̈́උ੥૽͈ಕ࿒ͬਬ̤͛̀ͤȄ̹͘ୌ؎൐ဢ‫͈ݪࡄڠ‬อജฺ̞ͅȄ൐ဢ͈ਕ‫ޗ‬Ȅ໣‫ͅޗ‬చ̳ͥ‫۾‬૤͜๲࿬എ̞̹ࣞ̽̀͘ͅ2ȫȃॠধͅࠇश̯̹ͦౝངܱ͞ྔ࣭ฎ။ٛͬ೒̱̀඾ུ͈ম໤
ͅ૘ͦͥ‫ܥ‬̦̜̹ٛ̽ΧȜϋ͉̹͘ȄέρϋΑ͈υΣȜ͈ȸ඾ུͺϋΕυΐȜȹ3ȫͬ೒̱̀඾
ུ͈থ໲͈֚౤͜ͅ૘ͦȄ൳̲ಠ৪͈ȸ඾ུ໲ྶȹ4ȫ̽̀͢ͅ඾ུ͉ͅਊ‫ޗ‬Ȅ૰ൽȄ໣‫̜̦ޗ‬̭ͥ͂͜‫ͅܡ‬౶̞̹̽̀ȃȁြ඾ࢃ͈ड੝͈ै຦̜́ͥȶ൐ဢల֚඾ȷ5ȫ͉́Ȅ̜̭̦ͦ௽̫̹΀ΈΖΞͻΛ·̈́൐ဢ̠̩͢͞ͅ૸ͬ౾̞̹Ȅ̷͈૧஛̈́‫̧ۜ͂ޥ‬൲͂ͬȄ̜̹̥͜උ৪͂൳শͅ໦̥̻ࣣ̠̥͈̠͢

ͅȄ̷͈֚੊֚੊ͬଠș̱̞ຊ౿́ຝ̧੄̱̞̀ͥȃ̭̭͉́Ȅ૽͈͜͜͜‫̩̯઀̦̥͜͜ة‬Ȅ໓་ͩͤ̈́ȶမୈ͈࣭ȷȶ΀σέ͈ଲ‫ٮ‬ȷ̜́ͤȄ૤࿬ͤȄ૧஛֣̈́ય̦ষș̹̯ͣͦ͜ͅȄΧȜϋ͉‫̢̞̈́ͦͣဲͬͤྺ͈ࣞޝ‬ȃȁ̺̦࿒͈ஜ࡛ͦͥͅম໤ͅ࿒ͬࡉಫِͤͬདྷ̞̹ͦ̀ΧȜϋ͉Ȅ̱̩̳͊ͣͥ͂၂̻಍̧ͬ
৾ͤ࿗̱Ȅ႖୓̹͈̺̠̥̈́̽ͧͅȃ‫؍‬ຩ͈‫̥ͬ̈́ځ‬า̫Ȅུ໤͈඾ུ͈঳ͬࡉ͙̹̞̞̀͂
̠এ̞̥͉ͣͦͥࣼͅͅȄȶ২̦ٛ་‫̜̳ͥͥا‬শ‫ͅܢ‬Ȅඏட̷̭ͅව̧ࣺ̹ͤͭ́ၫ࣐৪ȷ
Ȫ10ȫ͂Ȅুͣͬજ͙ͥဒဉͬॿ̳̠ͩ̈́͢࡞ဩܱ̳̠̞ͬ̈́̽̀ͥ͢ͅȃ৬̧̥֨࢜̽̀ͅȶΞρ࣐̫͒ȷ͂ྵ̲Ȅང͙̹ͦ̀঳͈ܱ੆͉ͅȄ൚੝͈ࣞလ͂൭ଜͅȄۜ‫̩͘͘໇͈ޟ‬ளೄͅຊͬ
‫̵̹ͣڲ‬༭͉࣬͂։̈́ͥȃ̱̩͊ͣশ̧̤ͬ੃ၪͬਹ͇̀৘ष͈ఘࡑͬ฽᧍̱ठࢹ଼̱ೄ̱̹
͈̜̠́ͥ͜͢ͅএͩͦͥȃȁȶΞρ࣐̫͒ȷ͂ྵ̲ͥΧȜϋȃ̭ͦͅ؊̢Ȅএ̞̞̹̾঳֚͒͂८ͅ૽ႁ৬ͬ௢̵ͣͥ৬ຳȃൽș͈໓ࠊȄ५࿝ུ̩̪ͬͤ൴͒͂ൢͥਔս͈အঊȃ෎૤̤ͅ४̱ͤͬȄ‫̳̫ͥͬڥܐ‬ளཀྵ̈́੢ྦྷ̷͈͂૞ަ૤ȃ̴̞ͦ͜ΧȜϋ͈૤ͬ఑̻Ȩ̫̞͈͉̞̏֨̾̈́̈́͜ȃȁ̺̦̭͈ࢃ̧֨ͅ௽̩ඵ͈̾੄̞ٛ͂చდ͉Ȅ̷͈ા́৘ष̜̹̞̠̽͂ͤ͢ͅȄশ‫̥ͬۼ‬̫̀Ⴏ̜̬ͤͣͦȄࢹ଼̯̹͈͉̞̺̠̥ͦ́̈́ͧ͜ȃ̷͈͉̭͈֚̾঳͈ਯ૖͂࢐̱̹ͩٛ
დ̜́ͥȃ੝చ࿂͈ਯ૖͚̥̽̀ͅΧȜϋ͉໣‫ޗ‬ၑͬდఴ̱ͅȄୌ؎̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͈ݪࡄޗ‬ड߃଼͈‫̜ͥ́ض‬ȸ൐༷୉ങȹ̞̾̀ͅࢊ̵͙̦̽̀ͥḘ̏ͦͅచ̱ਯ૖͉̹̺؋̱࿑̞̽̀ͥ͊
̥̜̹̞̠ͤ́̽͂ȃȸ൐༷୉ങȹͅਓ̹͛ͣͦࠐങཱུ͈࿫ȄΫȜσȄΫνσΤέȄέͿ΀ȄΟͼόͻΛΒȄΉσϋ̷͈ఈ͈Ⴛै̞̾̀ͅ‫̀̽ࢊ̥̮͂ة‬໳̵̥̠͂͢দ͙̹ȃী͉߹̫̩̀ͦͥ
̦̭̞ͦ͂̽̀‫ܨ‬঵̻̦൲̩အঊ͉̩̈́Ȅ઀୆͈࡞ͬ੥୆̦೒࿫̱̩̀ͦ̀͜Ȅ֚̾̈́ͤ͂࡞ဩͬ༐̳̫̥̹ͩ́̈́̽͜ȃȪ22ȫȁ̠͉̭͈͌͂̾͜঳ͅ‫ܙ‬਽̱̞̀ͥȄ൐‫̠̞̺͂ͭڠͬࢊם́ނ‬৹̞੥୆͈͂ٛდ̜́ͥȃ͏̞ͅང̹ͦ‫̦૽࣭ٸ‬໣‫۾ͅޗ‬૤ͬা̳͈͙ͬ̀Ȅ੥୆͉ಢ෋ͅΧȜϋ͈อ̳ͥৗ࿚ͅ൞̢̀
̞̦ͥḘ̭̏́ࡉ൪̵̞̈́͂এ͈͉ͩͦͥȄਲြ͕͂ͭ̓જ͙̹̭͈̞ͣͦ͂̈́ո‫ؿ͈ئ‬ਫ਼͉̞̺̠̥́̈́ͧȃȁ੥୆̦ΧȜϋͅ࿚̞̥̫ͥ

ȶͼϋΈρϋΡ͞ͺις΃͜ͅ໣‫ޗ‬ര͉̞͈̱̠̥ͥ́͡ȷ
ȶ໣‫ޗ‬এேͅ‫۾‬૤̦̜̞̠ͥ͂೾ഽ́͘‫͊ͦ͛܄‬Ȅ௖൚ఉ̞̳́ȷ
੥୆͉͏̞͂૸ཱུ̱ͬ̀઄͈‫̠̥͂࢜ͅۼ‬Ȅ֚ॗ͈઀߿ུͬ਀͂ͤͅḘ̻̏ͣͅओ̱

੄̱̹ȃࡉͥ͂Ȅ̷͉ͦȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ͈‫ࢊם‬ๅ̜̹́̽ȃȪ20)ȁਯ૖͈͂చდ͉́Ȅȸ൐༷୉ങȹͅ࡞‫̱ݞ‬Ȅᱳș̹ͥୌ؎໣‫ݪࡄޗ‬৪͈ྴͬႥ‫̵̦̹͙̱̀ݷ‬Ȅ༐̩͈͉̥̹̽̀ͥ̈́̽͜ȃ൚ட̜̠́ͧȄۧ࿫໣ങ̻́֗Ȅਘ࣐ͬୟ͙Ȅ঳ͬ֋঵̧̱̹̀
ਯ૖͉ͅȄྴஜ̪̞͉ͣী̱̹̭̦̜̹̱͂̽̀͜ͅͅȄୌ؎͈ͺ΃ΟηΛ·̈́໣‫଼͈ݪࡄޗ‬‫̷͈͜ض‬փ݅͜‫̹̹̽ڞ̩׿‬ଲ‫͈ٮ‬დ̱̥̩́̈́Ȅਯ૖ু૸̦૸ͬ౾̩໲‫͂ޏ۪ا‬୪̳ͥത͉
̴̢̜̠͉̥̹ͤ̈́̽͂͢͜࡞̞̺̠̽̀ͧ͢ȃȁఈ༷Ȅ‫ͬࢊם‬̢ٜ̳͉̞ͥ͂Ḙ̭̏́৹̞੥୆̦‫́ࢊם‬੥̥̹ͦ໣‫ޗ‬ව࿝੥ͬ਀͂ͥͅຈါ
͉̭̜͈̺̠̥̓ͥͧͅȃխ̞͉Ȅ̹̯̥͘ངͦͥ‫૽࣭ٸ‬۷࢕‫ݖ‬௖਀͈୰ྶဥͅဥփ̱̤̞̀
̹͈̜̠̥́́ͧ͜͜ȃ̷̱ͦ̀͜ͅ΅ςΑΠ‫͈ޗ‬ȶ‫ޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȷȪ࢖‫ޗ‬ါၑȫȪΧȜϋ͉ͺις΃শయ̳́ͅȄ΅ςΑΠ‫΃͂ޗ୹ޗ‬Ξ΅Βθ͈‫ͬͤͩ۾‬ა̲̞̀ͥȫ̥̩̈́ͣ͂ͅȄȶ໣‫͈ޗ‬΃Ξ΅Βθȷ͉֚͂ఘ‫̥͈̈́ة‬ȃ̯̹ͣ͘ͅȄ৘ष๞̦ང̹ͦ঳̷ུ͈̠̦̜̹̱̈́̽͂̀͢ͅȄਹ࢚̈́ȸ൐༷୉ങȹ͈գുഎ̈́ͺ΃ΟηΛ·଼̈́‫͉͂ض‬๤͓̩̞͐̈́͜ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ͈ྴ
̢̭̭̜ͬ́̀‫̵͙̬ͥ̀ݷ‬ຈါ͉̭̓ͅ‫̧̥̠̺̦̭ͧͥ́͂ͥ͛ݥ‬ȃȁ̭̭́࡞‫̞̯ͥ̀ͦݞ‬ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ6ȫ͉΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ (Henry Steel Olcott) ͈਀̈́ͥͅ
͈̜́ͥ͜ȃͺις΃൐໐༹̤̞̀ͅ௎‫ڰ́ٮ‬࿬̱ȄΐλȜ΢ςΑΠ଼̱͂̀ࢗͬਓ̹͛๞͉Ȅ২࢐‫̥̈́͞ل́ٮ‬඾șͬ‫ށ‬਋̳ͥಠྴ૽̱͂̀౶̞̹̦ͣͦ̀Ȅήρό͹Μ΅Ȝຳ૽͈͂୪ത
ͬං̹̭̥͂ͣ໣‫ͬݪࡄޗ‬এ̞̹̾ͅঢͤȄ1879ාͼϋΡͅളͥȃȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹͬ‫̱࣐ۏ‬̹͈͉Ȅ̷͈‫ˎ̥ޱ‬ාࢃ͈1881ා͈̭̜̹͂́̽ȃ࡛౷̧̤̞̱̥͓̀ͥͅ঍̧̾ͅȄུ‫ڒ‬എ̈́໣‫ޗ‬ਘ࣐ͬ঎̱̀൐ဢͅ௷ͬ૝̧̱̹͈̺̹̦͊̀̽Ȅൢ಍ࢃ΅ςΑΠ‫ͼͥ͢ͅޗືޗ‬ϋΡȄΓͼυϋ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ޗ‬ଚప͈࡛ેȄഥൡഎ̈́২ٛ͞໲‫࣏͈ا‬෱ͬ࿒͈̜̹̱ͤ̀ͅȄ̷͈ठ‫ޟ‬ͬ‫̠̠ͤ̈́͢ͅܐ̩ޑ‬Ȅ༷࢜ͬഢ̵̯̹͈̺̹۟̽ȃ̷̭́৽̱͂̀ͼϋΡՏఱၘ̤̫ͥͅ໣
‫ܖ͈݅ޗޗ‬யഎ̈́ၑٜ͂ຽ‫ͅݞ‬঩̳͓̩ͥȄୌ؎΂ς΀ϋΗςΑΠͥ͢ͅ໣‫̥ͣض଼͈ݪࡄޗ‬ఉ̩ͬං͈̯̹͈̦̀ͦ͜Ȅఈ̭͈̈́ͣ͆ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ̜̹́̽ȃȁ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͉Ȫ΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ୹ޗ‬঍ͥ͢ͅ‫࠺ࢷڠ‬୭̷̭͈͂́΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬ຽ‫ͅݞ‬చࢯ̱̀ȫ੝൝‫֗ޗ‬ঔ୭͈ਰ৘͜ͅႁͬ଄̩̱Ḙ̠̱̹̏ঔ୭̤̞̭͈̀͜ͅȸ࿚൞ȹͬΞ·ΑΠ͈̱̹֚̾͂ȃ̴̭ͦ͂̓ͣ͘ͅḘུ͈͉̏ଲ‫ڎٮ‬౷́໣‫͈ޗ‬੝༜എ̈́౶েͬං̹͈ͥ͛‫͈ࢡڒ‬ව࿝੥̱͂̀‫̀̽އ‬උͦ͘Ȅඅͅͺις΃͉́ๅͬਹ͇̀΀Ρ;ͻϋȆͺȜΦσΡ͈ȸͺΐͺ͈࢕ȹ7ȫ͂ࡈͬ໼͓ͥαΑΠȆΓρȜͅତ̢̭̹ͣͦͥ͂͂̈́̽ȃཱུ࿫͜ΡͼΜࢊȄέρϋΑࢊ͉̲̳ͬ͛͂ͥୌ؎੨࡞ࢊ̥̥͊ͤͺΐͺ੨ࢊ͜ͅ֊̱་̢ͣͦȄ̷͈฽‫̦͉̀͞ޣ‬඾ུ́͘ͅ‫͐ݞ‬̭̺̠͂̈́ͥͧͅȃȁ̭͂ͧ́Ḙ̭̏́ΧȜῢ̢̦̜ȶ‫ࢊם‬ๅȷ͂౯̞̭̽̀ͥ͂ͅಕփ̧̳͓͉̞̺̠́̈́ͧ

̥ȃ̞̠͈͂͜Ȅ৘̷ཱུ͉͈࿫͉̩́̈́Ȅ‫ם‬໲͈ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹȪ1882ාๅȫཱུ͈̦࣫඾ུ
̯̞̥̜́̈́ͦ̀ͥͣ́ͥȃ૧̹ͅ඾ུ௰́੬໲Ȫ‫ם‬໲ȫ̫ͬ̾Ȅཱུ࣫੄ๅ૽̱͂̀କ౓ၭட
͈ྴܱ̱ͬḘཱུ͈̦̏࣫൐‫͈ނ‬ᄵങ‫ފ‬̥ٛͣ‫͉͈̹̯࣐ͦۏ‬1886Ȫྶহ19ȫා͈̭̜̹͂́̽ȃ੬໲͈̱̹͈͉ͬ͜؎ਗͅളͤȄಿ̩໣‫ͅݪࡄޗ‬఑̻ࣺ͙Ȅఱ଼̧̈́‫̬̀ݷͬض‬ஞ̩ஜාͅ‫ܦ‬࣭ͬ‫̹̱̹ض‬ධᕢ໲ဎͅఈ̥̹̈́ͣ̈́̽ȃȁਔ౶͈̠͢ͅ΅ςΑΠ‫΃͈ޗ‬Ξ΅Βθ͉Ȅඅͅ઀঱̭̥ͦͣ͞૞ަ͈ൽͅව̠̳ͧ͂ͥ৪ͅȄ‫ޗ‬ၑ͈‫ུܖ‬എ̈́ါതͬ૸̵̫̯͓̩̾ͥͅȄ࿚൞ࠁ৆ͬৰͤ̀۰࿩ͅॽၛ̹͈̜̦̀́ͥ͜Ȅධᕢཱུ͉̭͈࣫ͅ‫̵̹ܙ‬੬໲̤̞̀ͅষ͈̠͢ͅ࡞̞̽̀ͥȃȶ̥̾̀υϋΡϋ͈̜ͥ‫ز‬ೳͅ૸ͬ‫̵̹̞̀ܙ‬শ͈̭̺̦͂Ȅ൳‫্͉ͅز‬पͬ൮ͅࡼपȄ२प͈२૽͈ဘ̞ঊ‫̹̞̦̻̹ރ‬ȃ൚শಿ੫͉‫΃́ࢷڠ‬Ξ΅Βθͬਠ̞̭̜̹͈̽̀ͥ͂ͧ́̽́Ȅ࿚̞̥̫ͣͦͥ͂‫ۼ‬อ̴̞ͦͅ൞̢ͬ੹̵̢͙̹̱̀Ȅਠ̧̹̽̀‫ޗ‬ၑཽ̹̻ͬ͜ͅ਎̫̠̀ͧ͂͞দ͙̞̹̀͜ȃ̭ͭ̈́࢕ࠊͬ࿒͈൚̹̳ͤͥ͂ͅȄِ̦࣭͈ঊ‫̦ރ‬႕̢͊ȸ໣క͉૰̜̹͈̥́̽ȹ̞̠̠͂̈́͢ౙ
੗̈́ৗ࿚̠͜͢ͅ༐൞̢̱̞̞̈́́ͥအঊ̦ອͤͅෞၔ̨͈ͬͥͬ͢؋̢̯ඳ̞ȃ̷̭̭̠́
ུ̱̹̦̞͈̥̞̠̈́͂͜এ̞ͬ‫̜͈̹̠̳̩̱ͥ́̽̈́ͥ͢ͅݛ‬ȷ8ȫȃȁධᕢ໲ဎ̢̞͂͊ྶহশయߠঐ͈ȶࣞ஺ȷȪ௩౓ȶྶহࣞ஺ഥȷȫ9ȫ̱͂̀ྴ̩ࣞȄ஖า̯ͦ̀‫ࡄࡔڦ‬ዎ͂ඵ૽Ȅ‫̹࣭̀̽ͩͅם‬ζ·ΑȆηνρȜͅ঍ম̱̹৹̧඾ș͈ࡄᲣ̷̭̥͂ͣ୆
͙੄̯̹࣭ͦषഎ̈́ުୡ̩̽̀͢͜͢ͅ౶̞̦ͣͦ̀ͥȄ̷͈ධᕢ̦̭͈̠͢ͅള؎ࢃ͈๤‫ڛ‬എ்̞౲‫ͅܡ̥ͣٴ‬Ȅ࡬࣭̤̫ͥͅྦྷਤτόͿσ͈໣‫͈ޗ‬૧̹̈́ຽ‫ݞ‬Ȅ߼࿎͈༷ഷ͜ͅ૤ͬय
̞̞̹̭͉͕̀͂͂ͭ̓౶̧̞̞̞̠͓̺̠ͣͦ̀̈́͂ͧȃ̺̦ࢃාȸ඾ུ໣‫ޗ‬਱ඵਕ઀ঃȹ
ཱུͬ࿫༎ॴ̱̀඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ޗ‬੨ਕͬജབ̳ͥ੥໤͈༎ਬ̜̹ͤͅȄ̯ͣͅȸ໣‫ޗ‬୉ങȹͬ‫̱࣐̀ۏ‬໣‫͈ޗ‬ଲ‫ٮ‬എ̈́ႤঃഎȆ౷ၑഎജབ͂এேഎȆਕ‫ޗ‬എ̈́ࢩ̦ͤͬ͂͛͘Ȅࢩไ̈́උ৪
௄ͅ૧̱̩ࢹಃ̯̹ͦ໣‫ޗ‬௨ͬ೹া̳ͥͅঢͥड੝͈֚༜̦̭̭̜̞ͥ͂̽̀͜ͅࠨ̱̀࡞̞
ً̨͉̜̹̞͈͉̞̥ͣ̈́́̈́͂ͅএͩͦͥȃˎȅධᕢȄ‫ࡔڦ‬Ȅ୤ઐȁྶহ֋૧̢ͬࠞͥ͂໣‫๋͉ྃٮޗ‬ఘଷ‫̞࢚਀̫̤ͥͅئ‬༗ࢌ͞ࡀ‫ͬף‬৐̹̥̥̽͊ͤȄȶ૰໣໦ၗȄ෱໣ኲ৷ȷ͈ଽॐ̽̀͢ͅࠨ೰എ͂͜࡞̞̠ͥ఑ࠢͬ࿎̭̹ͥ͂͂̈́̽ȃ̺̦ু͈ͣ
ठ࠺͂٨‫͈͒ڟ‬փဳ̦‫்̞͕̩̓ޥ‬౲‫̥ͣٴ‬ນ࿂‫̭̞̱͂ͥ̀͜ا‬དྷ͉̞ͦ̀̈́ͣ̈́ȃুࡨ٨‫͂ڟ‬໣‫߃͈ޗ‬య‫̫ͩͤ͂ͅا‬෎૤̜̹͈̦́̽Ȫ૆ാȫ૯ਕ̜́ͤȄྶহˑා͉ͅਕ৽࢕ఄ͈
ྵͬ਋̫̀ୌུ‫ܐ‬঳̥ͣോ౷࿑ဿȪ๞̦ྶহଽຸ͈ਕ‫ޗ‬ଽॐ̱̩ͬࠣ๡฻̳༷֚ͥȄ؎ਗ̤̫ͥͅ২ٛଷഽȪ̫͂ͤͩਕ‫ޗ‬ଷഽȫِ̦࣭ͬͅત̳ٚͥષ́ಠ̱̞࣓ࡃ̦̜̹̭͉̩̽͂͢౶
̞ͣͦ̀ͥȫ
Ȅ୤ઐႲઽȄ෿ષాဏ̦؎ༀমૂ͈ণख़ͅ໇̧Ȅ༷֚൐ུ‫ܐ‬঳͜ྶহˑා̥ͣံ
˒ා̥̫࡛̀ͅශȪఱ౓࢕᪟ȫȄ୞୼ੌరȄઐུฒ‫ل‬Ȅ଼ോ࿮ཤȄ‫۾‬૞२̦ͼϋΡͅ໣୦ͬང͇Ȅ̯ͣͅ௷ͬ૝̱͊̀؎ਗমૂ͈ণख़࣐̤̽̀ͤ͜Ȅ؎ਗ͈‫ڎ‬଎੥‫ͬ܁‬੘̽̀΍ϋΑ·ςΛΠ͈໣ങͬ‫ר‬။̱̞̀ͥȃ࡛ශ͉ȶ๞౷ඵ‫؃‬Ξ໣௨֚ߏȄ‫ٵ‬ఉ္ࠐ֚‫ے‬ϊංΞ‫ܦ‬ಱ౿ΏΗ΋Πΐλ΄Ȅଵπς‫ة‬௾Ȅ֣ഽΦ‫ڠ‬ϊ‫ޟ‬Ώࠐ‫ے‬ϊཱུ࿫ΏȄࢁ૯ਕϊ૦ΪܳΑΣັΞΧȄ֚ष଄ႁϊ௖ှθȷ10ȫ͂੆͓̤̀ͤȄ૯ਕठ‫ͼ͉ͅޟ‬ϋΡ͈໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങͬࣽࢃ͈ಎ૤എ̈́ಔ̧͈̳͓̺֚̾͂ͅ
̞̠సࡉͬা̱̞̀ͥȃȁ‫ݰ‬ြ͈ۧ࿫໣ങ͈͙ͬှ͙̳͈͉̩͂ͥ́̈́Ȫ̻ͧͭ͜႕‫̜ͤ͜ٸ‬Ȅ̷ͦոஜ͜ͅ΍ϋΑ·ςΛΠ̦ࡄ‫̦̜͉̭̹̯ͥ͂ͦݪ‬ȫȄͼϋΡͅ໣‫ࡔ͈ޗ‬തͬང͇Ȅ΍ϋΑ·ςΛΠ͞ΩȜςͥ͢ͅࠐങͬਓਬ̳ͥȃ̷̺̦͈༷֚́໣‫͈ޗ‬ၑٜ͞ࡄ‫͂ͥ̈́͂ݪ‬Ȅ߃ා̤̫ͥͅୌ؎͈൐ဢ‫ڠ‬ͬํ̱͂Ȅ̷଼͈‫ݟ༹͈༷ݪࡄ͞ض‬ਓ̧͓̜̞̠༷̾͂͛ͥ́ͥ͂ͅૻ̦ྶ‫̩̞̀̽̈́ͅږ‬ḁ̩̱̑̀ୌ؎΂ς΀ϋΠ‫ͥ͢ͅڠ‬໣‫ڠ͈ޗ‬࿚എࡄ‫̱͂ړͬݪ‬Ḙ̷̥̏ͣ໣‫ޗ͈ޗ‬ၑ͞এே͈ࡄ
‫ͬݪ‬૬͛ͥ͂͂͜ͅȄఈ༷̤̞͉̀ͅ‫ڠ̥̈́ږ‬࿚എ‫ܖ‬๕ͅၛ‫̹̱ݗ‬ષ́Ȅྦྷਤ͈͒૧̹̈́ຽ‫ݞ‬߼࿎͈༷ഷͬ࿅̱̞̭̠̳༷̫̦̯॑̀͂ͥ࢜̿̈́ͦȄஜ৪͈࿒എͬో଼̳͓̩ခෝȄခབ̈́৹̞‫ڠ‬஺ͬ஖า̱̀؎ਗͅ෩ࡍ̱Ȅड૧͈ୌ؎΂ς΀ϋΠࡄ‫̵͊ڠͬض଼͈ݪ‬Ȅ‫ޗ‬ങ͈ࡕྟ̈́ͺ΃ΟηΛ·̈́ࡄ‫ܖ͈ݪ‬யࢹಃ̦‫ܢ‬ఞ̯̹͈̺̹ͦ̽ȃ
ȁ1876Ȫྶহ˕ȫා˒࠮Ȅ஖า̯̹ͦඵ૽͈৹৪Ȅධᕢ໲ဎ͂‫ࡄࡔڦ‬ዎ͉஑ಎ͈૽֚͂̈́ͤႹ
؎ਗ̥̠͒͂࢜ȃ໲ဎু૸ͦ͊͢ͅȶ࡛ශષ૽̦ဢ࣐̯̹ͦশȄ൳࣐͈୞୼ੌర̦߯ઁ̱̥͊
ͤᕨࢊ̹͈͙ͬ̾́͞Ȅྚ̺ਰ໦ͅ෗ͬਘ̴͛Ȅࣽࢃ̠̱̭͈༷̓̀͜࿂͈‫̥͓̳ͣ֝ͬఽٳ‬̴̞͂͏͈́Ȅଛͅজో͈٬‫ٸ‬ၣ‫̜͈̹ͥ́̾̈́͂ڠ‬ȷ͂ ̞ ̠ ̭ ͂ ́ ̜ ̽ ̹ 11ȫȃ̴͘‫͈ࢊם‬ਠ੃഼͛ͅȄ̷͈ࢃȄ̠̩͢͞΂·Αέ΁ȜΡͅζ·ΑȆηνρȜͬང͇ͥ‫ܥ‬ٛͬං̹͈͉
1879Ȫྶহ12ȫා͈̭͂́Ȅոြζ·ΑȆηνρȜȄ̷̱̀ζ·ΡΥσ͈͂́͜΍ϋΑ·ςΛΠ͈‫ڠ‬ਠ͂ᕨ໣ങ͈ࡄ‫୺ͅݪ‬૤̳̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃ
ȁ1880Ȫྶহ13ȫාո͉ࣛζ·ΑȆηνρȜ͂͂͜ͅȄγΐΕϋ̽̀͢ͅઉြ̯̹ͦྫၾ਍ࠐ
͈ᕨ໲ৢུȪȸޭ‫ڢ‬௝ࡕࠐȹȫȄ඾ུ̥ͣ௣ັ̵̯̹ȸᕨۧՒ࿥కࠐȹȄȸෝ౯߄๊࣠৹෨္ྠఉࠐȹ
Ȫȸ߄๊࣠৹ࠐȹȫȄ‫܊‬ாߓণ̥ͣζ·ΑȆηνρȜͅ௭೮̯̹ͦȸ๊৹෨္ྠఉ૤ࠐȹ͈ࡄ‫ͅݪ‬ྶ̫༥̹̦ͦȄ̷͈ࡄ‫͉ض଼͈ݪ‬ȸ൐༷୉ങȷ͈ల49‫ے‬ȶఱ઺ᄵ‫ࠐޗ‬ങȹ͈‫ړ‬૤ͬࠁ̩̭̿ͥ
̹͂͂̈́̽Ȫ153Ƚ154ȫȃȪΧȜϋ͉ਫ਼௬̳ͥȸ൐༷୉ങȷ͈ಎ́͜අ̭ͦͬͅਹণ̱̹̭͉͂
ȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ̤̫ͥ֨ͅဥ̥ͣ͜ၔັ̫ͣͦͥȫȃȁ୨᠂ీཹ̱̜̠༸࿻̜̹́̽‫ࡄࡔڦ‬ዎ͉ॼැ̭̈́͂ͅ෹ۛͬංȄྫැͬ‫ޝ‬ಎͅૈͭ́Ȅ1882
Ȫྶহ15ȫා‫ڠ‬฼̱͊̀ͅ‫͈࣭ܦ‬ഷ̧̾ͅȄံ1883Ȫྶহ16ȫා͉ͅཌ̩̱̠̈́̽̀͘ȃ̭͈‫͈࣭ܦ‬ၫ͈ഷષȄ‫͉ࡔڦ‬ພ૸̤̱ͬ̀Γͼυϋͅతह̱̞̀ͥȃȶ൳͉߯‫ܦ‬ႹΓͼυϋോͅၛ‫ͤܙ‬Ȅၣ̭ͥ͂͘ඵ੐Ȅ਱֚࠮‫ܦ‬ಱ̱Ȅ෎٬ͅ୓ူ̳ͥম̹͂̈́̽ȃȷȪ175ȫ͂ධᕢ͉۰ྶͅ
ܱ̱̞̀ͥȃධᕢ͜࡞̞̠̽̀ͥ͢ͅȄඵ૽͉੄อশ̥ͣͼϋΡང࿚͂໣୦੘ႛͬැ‫̞̱̀ܐ‬̹͈͈͜Ȅྫැ͜ͅ؉Ⴙ͉́‫ܥ̳̹ض‬ٛͬං̴̞̹͈́ͅȄȶࣽষ͈‫ܦ‬ಱ͉ͅຈ̴֣ഽͅၛ̻

‫̀̽ܙ‬Ȅ໣క͈Ⴀ୥̠͉࠘́͂͢ͅȄজోඵ૽͈͈ͤͤ͢͢௖౴̜̹́̽ȷȪ163Ƚ164ȫ͈̺̦Ȅ‫ܦ͉ࡔڦ‬ႹȄ̴̢͚֚ͬ͞૽̷͈੝঎̩̭̹̫̜ͬ̾ͣ͆͂̈́̽ͩ́ͥͅȃȁȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹͅ‫̵̹ܙ‬ධᕢ͈੬໲͉ͅȄȶ୙̱͙̀ဒ̜ͤͥ൳‫͈ڠ‬༸࿻Ȅ‫ࡄࡔڦ‬ዎ͉‫࣭ܦ‬͈ഷષȄΓͼυϋͬང̹ͦȃ̷͈୬ུͤ੥ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ֚໐Ȅ̷͈ఈ૰౺‫ފڠ‬͈ٛ੄ๅ໤
ତതͬ௭೮̯̹͈̜̹ͦ́̽ȃ઀୆ͅզ̹̀‫͈ࡔڦ‬੥۰ͦ͊͢ͅȄΑζϋ΄ρఄ৪̵͈̥ͭ͊
ͬෲ̧̹̱ͭ́Ȅ൳‫ފ‬͈ٛΓͼυϋ঑໐͈ਬٛͅ܏ͬ੄̱̹͈̭̜͂͂́ͥȷȪPreface, Iȫܱ̯̞͂ͦ̀ͥȃȁ‫͂ͥ͢ͅ૸ুࡔڦ‬Ḙ͉̏ͦ൚੝ْ̥͈͈۪͉̩֚ͣࠗ́̈́Ȅ໣୦ͬང͇͓̩ͥΓͼυϋͅతह̱̹୬ͤḘ̥̏͌ͭ̈́͂ͣ͡‫ܥ‬ٛͬං̹͈̜́ͤ͜Ȅ૰౺‫ފڠ‬̭͈ٛ͞‫ފ‬ٛ͂൳౷̤̫ͥͅ
໣‫͉̓̈́߸۾͈͂ޗ‬౶̥̹̠̺ͣ̈́̽͢ȃȶ໣‫ޗ‬രΦࣻ૽ϊ૞ဥΑσ΋Πྫၾ΢ςȄ୆΄ᄜΞఀྴϊ౶ρΎςΏϊ٢ηΗςȷ͂Ȅ൚౷̤̫ͥͅ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͈ྴ୊ͅ‫̵̧̞̞ͥ́̈́֯ͬޥ‬ȃȸ‫֒ࡔڦ‬໲ਬȹ͉ͅȄȶࣻ社Ȫຊ৪ಕȃ૰౺‫ފڠ‬͈̭ٛ͂ȫΣΞ᳦ধΦᗁ΢σκΦϊ發ᆈΓςȄ࡬Σ૗șΦκΦϊ୆Σ௭‫ܙ‬ΓςȄఀಎΣ΂σ΋ΜΠΦ࣒݅൝ΦκΦȄ社Φܰ௱൝ͺςȷܱ̯̤͂ͦ̀ͤḘ̭̏́࡞̠ȶ΂σ΋ΜΠΦ࣒݅ȷ̷̭Ȅ๞͈ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹͅఈ̞̈́ͥ͘ȃȁ̭͈੥۰ͬ਋̫̹৾̽শത́Ȅධᕢ̦΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠͬ౶̞̹͈̥̽̀Ȅ̷̹͈͘ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹͬ࿒̱̹̭̦̜̹͈̥͂̽ͅḘ͈̏ത͉঩ၳ̦̩̈́‫̢̞̈́࡞͂͜ة‬ȃ̧͉̱̞̽ͤ̀ͥ
͈͉ȄͼΆςΑతह͈๤‫ڛ‬എ்̞౲‫́ٴ‬Ȅ̳́ͅධᕢ͉඾ུ̤̫ͥͅྦྷਤ௄͈͒໣‫͈ޗ‬૧̹̈́ຽ‫̷༷͈͂ݞ‬ॐ͜ͅ૤ͬय̞̞̹̭̜̀͂́ͤȄ‫̳࣭ͥܦ‬ոஜུ̭͈̞̾̀ͅͅ‫͈̥̱̦ة‬౶েͬ঵̞̹̞̠̭̜̽̀͂͂́ͥȃȁධᕢ͉࡞̞̽̀ͥȃ‫̦ࡔڦ‬ཌ̩̹̈́̽ȶ̷͈ံාȄ઀୆͉ͼϋΈρϋΡ̥ͣͺις΃ࠐဇ́‫̹̱̹ض࣭ͬܦ‬ȃ̹̺̻ͅ‫ڠ‬૓ཅ̥̈́༸࿻Ȅ୤ઐႲઽͬངͦՕग़̱̹̭͂ͧȄ୤ઐུ͉੥͈ྴ
ͬ‫̬ݷ‬Ȅ͕͖࿫̱ਞ̢̹࢛̱̹͈̺̹͂́̽͘ͅȃ̷̠̭̠̳̠̻ͥȄ‫͈֒ࡔڦ‬຦͈ାၑ̜ͅ
̹̹̽઀୆͉Ȅ௭೮̯ͦ̀‫̦ࡔڦ‬Γͼυϋ̥ͣ঵̻‫ུ̹̽ܦ‬੥ͬࡉ੄̱Ȅِ̦࣭ͅࢩ̩౶̱ͣ
̹̞͛এ̞͈ဲ̢̧̦̹ͬ‫̢̹̺͈̹̽ژ‬ȷ13ȫȃධᕢ͉̹͂͘༆͈ࠐႹͬࠐ̀୤ઐ͉‫΂ͅܡ‬Ȝσ΋ΛΠུ͈ͬඋ͚‫ܥ‬ٛͬං̤̀ͤȄ̷͈୤ઐུ̦̭͈͈̭͂ͬდఴ̳ͥ͞ͅȄ̹̺̻ͅධᕢ
͈ෞၔ̷͈ͅ੥໤͂‫͐ࠫͬ͂ࡔڦ‬஌̧̦̩̽ͤ͂ຝ̧੄̯̩͈̺̹ͦ̀ͥ̽ȃȶِ̦࣭ͅࢩ̩
౶̱̹̞ͣ͛ȷ͂࡞̞̭̥̱̽̀ͥ͂ͣ̀Ȅ̷͈ඤယ̦໣‫ྦྷ͈ޗ‬ਤ௄͈͒ຽ‫۾͂ݞ‬Ⴒ̳̭ͥ͂
ͬ๞͉̩͢౶̢̞̹̞͈͉̞̺̠̥̽̀͂ͥ́̈́ͧȃȁ୤ઐႲઽ͈ȶᄵ‫͈ޗ‬ୌஞȷ͉Ȅྶহ੝‫͈ܢ‬ई၄͂൲ဝͬา̫੄̱Ȅ඾ུ͈໣‫̦ޗ‬૧̹̈́௡̞
͈͂͜ͅஞ̩૧̹֚̈́༜ͬ൩͙੄̷̠̳͂ͥশయ̢֣̳͈̜̞ͬ࣫ͥ́ͥ͂ͥ͜ȃ୤ઐ͉ਲြ
͈ਕ෩͈௖಼̢֑̹̭ͬ͂ͧͅ఑̻ၛ̧͓̀ͣͦͥȶ඾ུ໣‫ޗ‬ȷͬ੹̢ͥȃ̷̷̱͉̯̀ͦͣ
࣭ͅඤ̭̩͂̓ͥ͂̈́͘ͅȄୌ؎ଲ‫ͅٮ‬૧̹̈́ιΛΓȜΐͬൎ̬̥̫Ȅఱ̞̈́ͥ‫۾‬૤ͬࡤ͍ܳ

̭̱Ȅఉఱ̈́‫̴̜͉̠̱͖ͥ́ͥݞͬޣג‬ȃ̭͈̠̈́͢ജབͬຝ̵̞͙̀ͥ୤ઐ̦Ȅষ͈̠͢ͅ࡞̞̭̽̀ͥ͂ͅಕ࿒̱̹̞ȃȶဒȄ‫ݖ‬ාߧུඵဋήȃକ౓୆ြΞȄༀ૽΂σ΋ΛΠঙΦ੥۰Ȅ‫ݞ‬ΫఀಠΑσਫ਼Φȸ໣‫ޗ‬࿚൞ȹΠͼΰσ੥ϊাΑȃဒȄ৾Ξ෗ϊඋθȃ੥۰ೊΒσਫ਼ȄఱΣِ‫ޗ‬Φࢬ೒ϊཝσ৪ΦශΏȷ14ȫȃ1884Ȫྶহ17ȫාͅȸ‫ܗ‬඾૧༭ȹͅࠇश̯̹̭͈ͦȶᄵ‫͈ޗ‬ୌஞȷ̤̞̀ͅȄ୤ઐ͉໣‫ͼ̥͉̀̾ޗ‬ϋΡ̥ͣ඾ུͅȶ൐ஞȷ̧̱̹̫̺̦̀ͩȄࣽഽ͉̭͈
඾ུͬܳതͅୌ؎ଲ‫̩̞̦̀̽ࢩͅٮ‬໣‫ޗ‬ȶୌஞȷ͈শ̦ൢြ̱̹͈͉̞̥́̈́Ȫȶඊς٢θȄِ‫ةޗ‬ϊոΞ΃؎ਗΣୌஞΓΎσȷȪ൳ȫ͂࿚̞̥̫̞̀ͥȃ̷̱̀Ȅ̷͉̥͈ͦ̾̀ȶ൐ஞȷ͉͂։̈́ͤȄ༷֚എ̈́൱̧̥̫͂‫̩͉͈̈́́ͥ̓͂͂͘ͅޣג‬ȪͼϋΡ̦൱̧̥̫඾̷ུ͉ͦ
ͬ਋̫গ͛ͥȫȄ൐ୌ̷̸ͦͦͅ૽ͬං̀Ȅ௖ࡽͅ൱̧̥̫̜̠̭̭͈̺͂ͧܳͥ͂ͅ࡞̠Ȫ඾ུ͈൱̧̥̫ͅచ̱̀Ḙ̏ͦͅ؊̢ͥୌ؎௰͈൲̧̦ຈါ̜́ͥȫȃ̭͈ࢃ৪͈ത́Ȅୌ؎௰̥͈ͣ൱̧̥̫͈ߓఘ႕̱͂̀୤ઐ͉΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͈ಠैͅಕ࿒̳̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽͂ͅ࡞̢̺ͥ
̠ͧȃȁ̭͈ȶ໣‫͈ޗ‬ୌஞȷ͉ͅȄ̵ࣣͩ̀କ౓զ͈΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͈੥۰Ȅ‫͍ݞ‬υϋΡΰอ࣐̯ͦ
̹ȶεȜσκȜσȆ΄ΔΛΠȷ͈ܱম͜ત̯̞̦ٚͦ̀ͥȄକ౓ͅզ̹̀1883ාˍ࠮14඾ັ̫͈΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͈੥۰͉ͅȄ̷͈ஜා1882ා11࠮ˍ඾ັ̫͈΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠզ͈କ౓͈੥۰ͬ၂
਀̱̹̭͂Ḙ̏ͦͅ൞̢̀ȶ୩৪ಠ੆Φȸ໣‫ޗ‬࿚൞ȹΦड߃ๅ֚໐ओΏષΊ࢓ȷȪ72ȫ̱͂Ȅ̯ͣͅକ౓ͅచ̱ȶ‫ڂ‬੥ཱུ࿫๭଼ȄଲΣခ‫ף‬Πࢄ෇೰๭଼࢓ං৪Ȅఀཱུ࿫ΦඅࡀΧܲ߯Σࢄોς‫خ‬૭࢓ȷȪ൳ȫ͂͜ັ̫‫̢̞ͥ̀ح‬ȃ̭̭̞̠́ȶड૧ๅȷ͉͂1882ාๅͅఈ̴̈́ͣȄ̳͂ͥ̈́ͣ‫̦ࡔڦ‬਋̫̹͈৾̽͂͜൳̜֚́ͤȄ̳̻̈́ͩධᕢཱུ̯̹͈̽̀࣫ͦ͂͢͜ͅ൳̲Ȫխ̞͉ड઀ࡠ͈։൳͈͂̓ͥ͘͜ͅȫ͂ଔ௶̯ͦͥȃȁ୤ઐ͉କ౓͈਀ࡓ̜̹̽ͅȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹͅ࿒ͬ೒̱Ȅ̷͈փ݅ͬບ‫ཱུ̱ث‬࿫͜਀̦̫̀
͙̹͈͈͜Ȅ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ̦ශ‫૽ͥ̈́ة‬໤̜́ͤḘ̶͈̠̏̈́̈́͢ಠैͬদ͙̹͈̥֚ࣽ̾ᦅ
ͅ၂̻͈̦̜̹̱̞͆̽ͣ͜ȃȶடτΡκȄ൳ঙΧ‫ة‬Φ֦‫׻‬ΣဇΞࣻΣਲমΑσμȄ੿ఀΦȶΓ΂Εέͻ΃σȄΕ΍΀ΙȜȷȪ૰౺‫ڠ‬ٛ২ȫΧ‫ة‬Φ࿒എϊոΞ୭ၛΓσμϊમρ΃ΣΓΒȷȪ൳੥71ȫ͂࡞̤̽̀ͤȄ̷ͦ́ȶ࡬Σ෗ϊ໳·ΠᪧκȄစγྚΘ۠Ξ෗ϊଲΣ࿚ΧΒȷȪ൳ȫ̞̠̭̹͂͂̈́̽ͅȪȶᄵ‫ޗ‬Φୌஞȷ̷͈ͥ͂͢ͅࢃ1884Ȫྶহ17ȫාͅέͿΦυ΍̦୤ઐͬང
࿚̱̹୬ͤȄ̹̹͘͘΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͈̭̦͂დఴ͈͖̹̦̽ͅȄ൳୘̱̞̹̀ΫΊυ;̦Ȅ‫؍‬ຩ́੄̞̹̀ȶιȜσȷঞͬা̱̀ȄȶεȜσκȜσȆ΄ΔΛΠȷ̥ͣഢश̯̹ͦȶ૰౺‫ڠ‬Φٛ൮΋υΥσȆ΂σ΋ΛΠঙȷ̞̠ܱ͂মͬ‫̠࡞̢̺͈̹̩͂ͦ̀ޗ‬ȃ̭̠̩ͦ̽̀͢͢͞ͅ
୤ઐ̷͈͜૽໤͂‫ڰ‬൲͈͂૯ᒱ͈̜̭̈́́ͥ͂ͬ͜૞̴ͥͅঢ̹̽͂࡞̞̽̀ͥȫȃȁ̺̦ධᕢ͈͂ٛࡉ͈শത͉́Ȅ̥̩͂ͅ඾ུࢊཱུͅ࿫̱੄ๅ̳̭͉ͥ͂ܰ೰͈ম৘̺̹̽ͣ
̱̩Ȅ̷̺̥̭ͣධᕢ͉඾ུࢊ࿫੄ๅͬএ̞͂̓ͤ͘Ȅ̷̤̩ͣষ஝͈ॐ̱͂̀Ȅ൳শࣣͩͅ
̵̀‫ު͈ࡔڦ‬ୡܱͬැ̳͓̩Ȅ‫ࢊם‬ๅ໘࣫ͬ‫̢̠̺ͧͥͦͣࣉ̹̱̭̳࣐͂͂ͥͅۏ‬ȃडਞഎͅ඾ུࢊ࿫͉‫ނ‬സ́ಎ‫ޗ͈ࢷڠ‬঍̱̞̹ͬ̀ࣽၛഫଜ̦ॽષ̬Ḙ̏ͦͅ୤ઐႲઽ̦‫̵̹ܙ‬੬໲Ȫ͕͖‫̹̬ݷͅܡ‬ȶᄵ‫͈ޗ‬ୌஞȷ͈ஜ฼໐̜̹ͥͅȫͬັ̱̀‫̹̯࣐ͦۏ‬15ȫȃ؎ਗণख़ࢃȄࡉ໳̱̹‫༹ͬ֗ޗࢷڠ‬४ࣉͅȄਕ࿝͈‫֗ޗ‬ଷഽ٨‫ͅڟ‬ႁͬ଄̧̩̱̹̀୤ઐ̦ྦྷਤͅచ̳ͥ໣‫ޗ‬‫ޗ‬ၑ͈߼࿎Ȅຽ‫۾ͅݞ‬૤ͬ໡̠͈͉൚ட̜̹́̽͂࡞̢ͥȃ̺̦Ȅ̷̱֚ͦ̀͜ͅ૽͈؎ༀ૽
ͅ਀̈́ͥͅȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȷ̦̭͕ͦ̓ಕ࿒ͬဵ̶͍̹͈͉̺̠̥̈́ͧȃˏȅ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͈ြ඾ȁ̭͂ͧ́ȄΧȜϋ͈ြ඾ͅ୶ၛ̽̀΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͉඾ུͬང̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̷͉ͦ1889ාˎ࠮͈̭͂́Ȅːώ࠮̹̭͈ͩͥͅతह͈ࢃȄ1891ා̠֚͜ͅഽ඾ུͬང̤ͦ̀ͤȄ̷͈ष͉ͅέͿΦυ΍ȄΫΊυ;͂࿂͈ٛ‫ܥ‬ٛ͜ං̹ȃ‫ޘ‬ള̱͈࿨ͬ౜̹͈͉̽࿤࢛஝অ჊Ȫ໘൴ȫ̜́ͤȄ๞͉ζΡρᾼ߃̞ͺΟͻͺȜͅ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠͬང͇Ȅြ඾ͬઉ୏̱̹͈̺̹̽ȃ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͉අͅΓͼυϋ̤̫ͥͅ΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ୹ޗ‬Ȅື‫ڰޗ‬൲ͅచၛ̱Ȅ൳౷͈໣‫ޗ‬໘‫׋ޟ‬൲ͅࡈවͦ
̳̠̦ͥ̈́ͥ͢ͅḘ̷̥̯̏ͣͣͅࢩ̩໣‫ޗ‬ଲ‫͈ٮ‬Ⴒࠈ͂Ⴒఝͬ଎ͥȶξ΢ͼΞΛΡȆήΛΟͻΑΠȆχȜσΡȷ͈ࢹேͬຝ̩̠̞̹̈́̽̀͢ͅȃ̭̭ͅ‫࣭ٳ‬ոြȄୌ؎͈ଽহഎȄਕ‫ޗ‬എȄ໲‫ا‬എ̈́ૺ੄̽̀͢ͅ‫̞̯̯ͥ̀ͦͣͅܥܓ‬Ȫ̜̠́ͧȫ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫۾ͅޗ‬૤̫ͬ࢜Ȅ̷͈ၛ̀ೄ̱͂‫̠ܐ̞̹͂ͤࠗͬا଻ڰ‬ၑဇ̦୆̲̭ͥ͂̈́ͥͅḁ̩̱̑̀๞͉࿤࢛͈‫͛ͅݥ‬؊̲Ȅ૯ൃ͈૰࡫͈ࢽ̷͈ͅউ࡛̱̹͈̺̹ͬ̽ȃȁ࿩ːώ࠮̹ͩͥͅ඾ུతहಎȄ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͉‫ނ‬സȄఱिȄຍႹȄྴࡣ‫ؚ‬Ȅ൐‫ނ‬Ȅ‫ؖ‬५Ȅ५࢛͂ୟޭഎͅ‫ڎ‬౷̪ͬ͛ͤȄ๊̫͈࣒֚࢜‫׵‬ٛͬट̱Ȅ̹͘‫ڎ‬ਕͬయນ̳ͥ஺ၩ͈͂ٛࡉ͞‫ފ‬݈͜ͅ؊̲̞̀ͥȃͼϋΡՏఱၘ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ޗ‬໘‫͈ࢗޟ‬ୡ͈ບ฻͈֚౤͉඾ུ͜ͅඑ̞̤̀ͤȄ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫̷͈̦ޗ‬૧̹̈́อജ͈ൽͬࡉ̧̞̺̳͓াऐ̭͈ͬ૽ͅ‫ܢ‬ఞ̳ͥ৪͉ઁ̩̈́̈́
̥̹̽ȃȁ̷͈࣒‫׵‬჏͜‫ڎ‬ਅ‫̦̞̯࣐ͥ̀ͦۏ‬Ȅ̷͈֚ॗ̜́ͥȪΰϋςȜȄωΑȄ΂σ΋ΛΠঙȫȸఱ‫׵‬୰ཌྷಶຊܱȹ16ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͉ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹͅ‫۾‬Ⴒ̱̀ষ͈̠͢ͅ࡞̞̽̀
ͥȃΓͼυΰ͉໣‫̸̯̦ޗ‬෎૤̈́૞ަͬਬ̞̺̠̞̠͛̀ͥͧ͂এ̞ͬ༴̞̀Ȅ1880ා൳౷ͅ໇̞̹΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ̜̹̦́̽Ȅ̜͉̥ͣͭ͞ͅȄ঳͉࣏֭෱̵̥͘ͅȄდ̱̥̫̹౗֚૽
̱͂̀໣‫̥̹ͬͥة͈ޗ‬౶̴ͣȄήΛΘ͈ශ‫̥ͬ૽ͥ̈́ة‬൞̢ͣͦ͆ఘ̹̩̜̹ͣ́̽ȃ̷͉ͦୌ؎੨࣭ͥ͢ͅ૒ྦྷ౷ଽॐ͂΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ୹ޗ‬Ȅື‫ͅض̹̱̹͈ࠫͣ͜ޗ‬ఈ̞̈́ͣ̈́Ȫඅͅ੝൝‫͈֗ޗ‬ঔ୭ͅාઁ৪ͬਬ͛Ȅȸ΃Ξ΅Αθȹͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̹ਕ‫ض̯̭͉࢘ͣ͂֗ޗޗ‬എ́Ȅ̷͈ࠫ‫̞ݰض‬ഥൡ͞໲‫͉ا‬๤‫ڛ‬എౣশ‫̻̠͈ͅۼ‬౯୲͈‫ͅܥܓ‬ธ̯ͦͥͅൢ̞̹̽̀ȫȃ̭̦ͦ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͉ু໦̦Γͼυϋ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͈ޗ‬ຽ‫͂ݞ‬ठ‫͈ޟ‬හ̜̹̠ͧ͂ͅ঎̳ͅঢ̹̽ၑဇ̜́
ͥȃ໣‫͈ޗ‬ठ‫ͬޟ‬଎͉ͥͅඅͅාઁ৪̫࢜ͅ໣‫̢ͥޗͬޗ‬ഐ൚̈́ව࿝৪ဥ͈Ξ·ΑΠ͈̦͂̈́ͥ͜ຈါ̜̦́ͥȄ̷͈̠͈͉̭̞̈́̓̈́͢͜͜ͅȃ̷̭́๞͉ুͣຊͬ৏̽̀ȸᄵ‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ͈̳̭̹̞̠ͬ͂̈́̽͂͜ͅȃȶ๞Φ࿣வ‫ޗ‬രΧ౗૽ΣκٜΏօ·‫ڶ‬Μಶ΅օ΅အΣ໹΢σ࿚൞ఘΣ੥΅΢ΏΞື‫ޗ‬ഥൽΣ෎૤Ασ࡬Σ઀঱ΣΞκෝ·෕ϊٜΏິ૽ΣΞκෝ·෗ϊႀΏංσΣջΞဒΧۖ஠ྫ᜺΢σࣻΦ‫ࣻޗ‬Φൽၑϊ઀঱ິ૽ΣঢσζΞκෝ·ႀٜΏංσအΣ੥΅΢΍ϋΠᄵ‫ޗ‬ϊ२ྔཿ೾κ৾ς಺͓Ξ໹օ΢σ࿚൞ఘΣΞಠΧΓΏ੥΄௲Ιᄵ‫ޗ‬࿚൞΢ςȷȪ൳੥26ȫ͂๞͉ࢊ̞̽̀ͥȃȁ΍ϋΑ·ςΛΠ͜ΩȜςٜ̯͆͜๞̦ȶ৾ς಺αȷ̹໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങ͉Ȅ‫̠̹͓͈͢ͅͅܡ‬ୌ؎΂ς΀ϋΠ‫ݪࡄڠ‬৪͈ಠ੥̜́ͤȄ๞ཱུͣͥ͢ͅ࿫̜̹́̽ȃ̷̷̱̯̭̀ͣͅͅȄૺ‫ا‬აͬ৾ͤවͦȪ̷̭͉ͅ߃య‫ڠش‬এே͂໣‫̦ޗ‬෸ಂ̱̞͈̜̭̈́́ͥ͂ͬ͜া̱̹̞̞̠͂෻ၪ̦
̜̹̽ȫȄ൳শ̹͘ͅ૰౺‫͈ڠ‬এேȪઁ̷̩͈֚̈́͂͜໐ȫȪ̭͉ͦ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ̦ಿ̩‫۾‬૤ͬ঵̻௽̫̹͈̜́ͤ͜Ȅ๞͈ෞಎ̜͉̽̀ͅ໣‫͂ޗ‬૰౺‫͉ڠ‬࿼გ̴̱̠͉̜̹ͥ́̽ȫࣺ̺͈̜̹ͬ৾ͤͭ́̽͜͜ȃ̷͈ષ̥̩́͂͜ȶධ༷໣‫΃͈ޗ‬Φϋȷͅ௲̱̹͈̞̠̤͂͜ཧັ̧ͬΑζϋ΄ρ̧̥ͣ֨੄̱̀‫̨̹̫̭࣐̾ͅۏ‬ȃ̭̠̱̜̀ͥത͉́ȶΧͼήςΛΡȷ̈́ඤယ̜̹̦́̽Ȅ̷ུ̱̥̱͈̭̦̭͈͈̫͂͂ͤͩୌ؎଼̤̫͈͈֚ͥࢗ̾ͅࡔ֦̱̹͈ͬ̈́́
͉̞̥̈́͂এͩͦͥȃȁြ඾ͅ୶ၛ̾ΣνȜ΂ȜςϋΒশయȄΧȜϋ͉‫΂ͅܡ‬Ȝσ΋ΛΠུ͈ͅ࿒ͬ೒̱̞̀ͥȃͺȜΦσΡ͈ȸͺΐͺ͈࢕ȹȪ1879ාȫͅయນ̯̭͈ͦͥশ‫͈ܢ‬ͺις΃̤̫ͥͅͺΐͺ͞໣‫ͅޗ‬చ̳ͥ‫۾‬૤͈͈ࣞͤ͘‫־‬ಎͅΧȜϋ͜պ౾̱̞̹̀ȃ̷͈‫۾‬૤͉໣‫ޗ‬୰დȄ໣‫ޗ͈ޗ‬ၑȄ̯͉ͣͅర൮̳ͥȶΥ΂ȆήΛΟͻΒθȷ͈൲࢜́͘ͅ‫̤ͤ́ͭݞ‬ȄΐλȜ΢ςΑΠ̱͈͂̀‫̞נ‬ۜ਋଻ͬส༷ͅ‫̱͊װ‬Ȅͺ΃ΟηΛ·̈́໣‫ޗ‬໲ࡃ̥ͣȄήρό͹Μ΅Ȝຳ૽͈‫׋‬൲ȄͼϋΡࡣങ໲‫ཱུ͈ڠ‬࿫́͘დఴ̱̞̀ͥͅȃ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠུ͈͉৘षͅু໦֚́ॗࣔව̳͕̜ͥ̓́̽
̹̦Ȅ̷͈ບ‫͂ͥ̈́͂ث‬Ȅ૯ୃ͈໣‫̠̞̞̹̦͂͛෇͉͂ޗ‬๛೰എ͈̈́͜ͅਞ̞̹̽̀17ȫȃȁ̷̺̫ͦͅȶ൐ဢల֚඾ȷ́ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ̦ഴા̵̯̞͈͉ͣͦ̀ͥḘ͈̏‫ۼ‬Ȅ̫͂ͤͩြ඾ࢃ்͈̞শ‫ͅܢ‬Ȅ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ͅޗ‬చ̳ͥΧȜϋ͈ࡉ༷ͅ‫͈̥ͣة‬་‫̭̹̜̦͂̽ا‬ͬ໤ࢊ͈̜ͥ́ͥ͂͜ࣉ̢̧̭̦͈͉̞̥ͥ͂́ͥ́̈́͂এͩͦͥȃȁͼϋΡ͞ಎ࣭̤̞̳̥̀̽ͤͅ෱̹ͦ໣‫̦ޗ‬Ȅ඾ུ͉́ၦେͬࡶͤȄ୆̧୆̧͂‫ڰ‬൲̱̞̀ͥȃಿ̞ഥൡ͂Ȅଚ̢̭ͥ͂ͬ౶̞ͣ̈́ସႁḘ̷̏ͅ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ͅޗ‬చ̳ͥΧȜϋ͈‫ܢ‬ఞ̦̜̹̽ȃ̺̦৘ष̧͙̽̀̀ͥ͂͞ͅȄྶহ֋૧ոࣛȄ໣‫ࡨু̈́۠ض͉ޗ‬་‫͂͒ڟ‬൩͙੄̳̭͂́Ȅ૧̹̈́௳଑ͅ༫̞͈̺̹ͦ̀ͥ̽͘ȃ̧̭͙̹̠ͦ́̀͘͢ͅȄ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͉ޗ‬༷֚́ಎ࣭͈༃ͬ઺ͤ‫̢̀ק‬Ȅ̷͈̭̠࢜ͅ໣‫੄͈ޗ‬อത̳ͬ̈́ͼϋΡ͈Ȫठȫอࡉͬ࿒ঐ̳
̭̹͂̈́̽ͅȃ̷͉ͦਲြ͈඾ུ̤̫ͥͅȶ໣‫ޗ‬ȷ͈იழ͙ͬȄ̷̜̞͉͈ͥ౷໹֚ͬ૧̳ͥ
̭͂ͅఈ̞̈́ͣ̈́ȃ̷͈༷̤̞֚̀ͅ߃య̤̫ͥͅୌ؎൐ဢ‫͈ڠ‬໣‫ͅݪࡄޗ‬ၛ‫ࠐ̱̀ݗ‬ങͬඋ͙Ȅ̜̞͉ͥඋ͙ೄ̱Ȅ̷ͦͬࣽࢃ͈໣‫͈ޗ‬৏̧͓ͥঐૻ͈ಎ૤ͅନ̢ೄ̷̠̳͂ͥȃ̭͈࿂͉́൐ဢ͈ਕ‫͈̥ͣة̦ޗ‬փྙ́ୌ؎͈໲‫ا‬Ȅএே͈͂୪തͬ঵̴̢̹̰ͥͬȄ̷͈‫ྫ͂ޣג‬‫̭̞̞͉ͬ͂̈́ͦͣ́߸۾‬া̳̭̺̠͂̈́ͥͧͅȃȁ̳͂ͥ̈́ͣȄ։ৗ̈́ါளࣺ̺ͬ৾ͤͭ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͈ȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹͅచ̱Ȅ̴̞̹ͣͅ
̷͈ȶΧͼήςΛΡȷ଻ͬঐഊ̱Ȅ‫̢͈ޗ‬૯ୃ̯݃ͅැ̧̞̺ͬȄ๡฻͈࿦ͬဵ̵͍̱̀͂͢
̳͈͉̩ͥ́̈́, ບ‫ͅث‬౵̞̳ͥୟޭഎ̈́௰࿂͜෇̧͓͉̞̥͛ͥ́̈́͂ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ̷̭ͅΧȜϋ̦̭͈ै຦ͬȶ൐ဢల֚඾ȷͅഴા̵̯̹ၑဇ̦̜̺̠ͥͧȃȁ֣ય૬̞‫؍‬ຩͬࢃͅΧȜϋ͉ઐࢺͅၫ̺̻, ߧུͬࠐ̀, 1894ාठ͍‫؍‬ຩͬང͇̤̀ͤ, ̭͈শ͈తह̥̥͈ͣ̾̀঳֭ང࿚ͬठ͍ࢊ̤̱̹ͤ̈́ȶ‫؍‬ຩ̀ͅȷ̞̠͂ξΣȜ·̈́ै຦̦୆
̭ͦͥ͂̈́ͥ͘ͅȃ̷̭͉ͅාͬਹ͇̹ਯ૖̦ഴા̱̀ΧȜῧ໣‫̪ͥ͛ͬޗ‬ٛდͬ࢐̱ͩ,܏ͬ੄̱̹৹̞੥୆͉੥౒ͬஜ̜̭̦ͦͦͅ຦೰̳̦͛ͬͥȄ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠུ͈͉ഴા̱̈́
̞ȃ̷̺̦͈ࢃȄࣴͬ၂̻಍̫̹૰࡫̥ͣΙͿϋΨτϋզͅ௣̹̽1895ා͈੥۰͈ಎ͉́ΧȜϋ͉ষ͈̠͢ͅ࡞̞̽̀ͥȃȶ΃Ξ΅Βθ̢̞͂͊Ȅ̞̯̯̥ඏฏঊ̞̈́͜დ̳̦́Ȅ໣‫΃ޗ‬Ξ΅Βθ͂́͜࡞̠̠͈̈́ͬ͢͜ै͙̹̞̽̀͂এ̹̭̦̜̱̹̽͂ͤ͘ȷ18ȫȃ̭̭͉ͅȸ໣
‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ̦ැ൮ͅ౾̥̞͈͉ͦ̀ͥྶ̥ͣ́Ȅ΂Ȝσ΋ΛΠ͈ಠ৪͈ܱ‫͉؛‬փ‫ͅٸ‬ಿ̩๞͈ෞၔ̞̹̭̦̥࣫ͦ̀͂ͩͥ͘ͅȃȁΧȜϋ͈‫؍‬ຩठངͅ୶ၛ̾1893ා͉ͅȶྔ࣭ਕ‫ޗ‬ఱٛȷ̦ͺις΃̤̞̀ͅ‫ٳ‬ट̯ͦͥȃ̷͉ͦুࡨ٨‫̬ݷͬض଼͈ڟ‬Ȅ໣‫͈ޗ‬ຽ༑എփ͈݅ౝ‫ুͅض̷଼͈͂ݥ‬૞ͬ૬̹͛඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ
໣‫̷͈̦ޗ‬ণതͬ‫ܥࢡ̳੄͙ૺ̫̀࢜͒ٸ‬̢̹ٛ͂͂ͣͣͦȃ̷̤̩̭̭ͣͅΧȜϋ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ࣉޗ‬ख़͈̠͈֚̾͜࿂Ȅ̳̻̈́ͩୌ؎̷͈͈͈͜૧̹̈́་‫ͥͩ۾ͅا‬໣‫ه̠̞͂ޗ‬ఴ̦୆̩ͦ̀ͥ͘ȃ̭͈‫ه‬ఴͅచ̳ͥ๞͈ٝ൞Ȅ̷̦ͦ΀ΛΓͼȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ͉̞̺̠̥́̈́ͧȃలˎડȁȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷˍȅȸ൐༷୉ങȹ
ȁ඾ུশయ͈లঅ๔࿒͈ಠै̜́ͥȸ໣࣭ാਚ֒ȹ19ȫͅਓ̹͛ͣͦȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢Ȫַ૩૞଼ͥ͂͢ͅȶȸ໣࣭ാਚ֒ȹͅਓ̹͛ͣͦȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷͬ੥̧ၭ̢͈ͥͅ२ාոષͬါ̱
̹ȷ20ȫ̞̠͂ȫ͉Ȅρέ΃Οͻ΂ȆΧȜϋ͈໣‫ޗ‬ၑٜ͈ൢోതͬা̳ै຦̯͂ͦȄΧȜῧ໣‫ͬ߸۾͈͂ޗ‬ა̲ͥष͉ͅຈ̴৾ͤષ̧̬̹ͣͦ̀ȃ‫̥ͅږ‬Ḙ̭͉̏ͅ໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങ̥͈ͣତఉ
̩͈֨ဥ̦८ͤ͊͛ͣͦȄ౲‫̤̀̽ͬٴ‬Σσό͹Ȝ΢ͅঢ͈ͥ́͘‫ޗ‬୰̦ત̯ٚͦȄ൳শ̹͘ͅȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ͈‫ޗ‬ၑ̪ͬ͛ͥୌ؎௰͈ၑٜ͂ࢋٜ͂ͅ࠿൦͈਀̦‫̢̞̀̀ͦͣح‬Ȅಠ৪͈໣‫ͅޗ‬చ̳ͥఉා̹ͩͥͅ૯ᒱ̈́‫۾‬૤͈̜̠̦ͤ͢ࡉ̀৾ͦͥ͂࡞̞̺̠̽̀ͧ͢ȃȁ̷̺̦͈༷֚́Ḙ͈̏΀ΛΓͼͅ໣‫̷͈͈͈͜ޗ‬ໝॠ̈́Ⴄঃഎ෸ࠊͬ൩̢͘Ȅผఱ̈́ࠐങ͈

උ෫͂‫ޗ‬ၑͅ‫ڂ̳ͥ۾‬ฎ̈́౶ে̱̹ͬ͂͜ͅȄᣰྟ́ఘࠏഎ̈́ა੆ͥ͢ͅΣσό͹Ȝ΢͈ٜྶͬ‫ܢ‬ఞ̳ͥ͂ࡈ൫̥̱͈֣ય͜྾̞ͦ̈́͂͜ঐഊ̧̯̹ͦ̀ȃ‫̥ͅږ‬Ḙ͈̏΀ΛΓͼ͉́ȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ̷͈͈ͬ͜૬̩‫̠̞̩̞̱ͤ͂̀͢ྶݪ‬Ȅ̷̦ͦ߃యୌ؎‫ڠش‬এே̭͂̓́୪ത
ͬ঵̻Ȅ͈̠̓̈́͢փ݅ͬ঵̻̠͈̥̞̠ͥ͂തͅ‫۾‬૤̦ਬಎ̱̞̠̀ͥ͢͜ͅএ̢ͥȃ̺̦໣‫ޗ‬ၑٜ̪ͬ͛ͥͺ΃ΟηΛ·̈́ளူ߱͞Ⴏ̦ࠨ̱̀਱໦̢͉̞̞̭͉͂̈́͂ΧȜϋু૸̦̩͢ઇ౶̱̞̹̭̜̀͂́ͤȄ̳̭͈͂ͦ͊19ଲ‫͈ྎܮ‬শయ̜̽̀ͅȄ๞̦͈̓౷ത̤̞̀ͅΣσό͹Ȝ΢ͅ‫۾‬૤ͬ‫̵̥͈̹̞ͬ̀ܙ‬٨͛̀࿚̞ࡉޭ͛ͥຈါ̦̜̺̠ͥͧȃȁ‫̠̹͙͢ͅͅܡ‬Ȅြ඾ոஜ̥ͣ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫۾ͅޗ‬૤ͬ঵̞̹̽̀ΧȜϋ͉Ȅ඾ུൢ಍ࢃȄ୬̩ͤ͢੄̹ٛ̽ͺ΅ρȪ૯ණࢴȫ͈ఱ̧̈́੩ႁ̜ͤ͜Ȅ‫؍‬ຩ͞‫ہ‬ா͈঳ͬང࿚̳̭̦ͥ͂́
̧̹̱Ȅ̷͈ࢃ͜୬ͅ͏ͦ̀඾ུ͈඾ુ୆‫ྦྷ͞ڰ‬ਤ௄ͅ૫൫̱̹໣‫ޗ‬໲‫͜ͅا‬૤ͬ‫̵̤ͤ̀ܙ‬Ȅ̷ͦͣͬե̠͓̩ຊͬ৏ͥष͉ͅୌന୷ఊ჊͞ఱ౓ୃ૞̧̦ͣ͢‫ފ‬ႁ৪̹̩̹͂̈́̽ͦȃȁ̺̦໣‫ޗ͈ޗ‬ၑ͞඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫̦ޗ‬౾̥̹ͦે‫̳ͥ۾ͅޙ‬૯ᒱ̈́‫۾‬૤͉Ȫ̽͋ͣ͜૰ൽอ
ࡉ̥̦͊ͤ‫̯ͥͦ಺ޑ‬ઐࢺతहশ͜ͅ‫ͅܡ‬ධᕢ໲ဎ͈ྴ̜̬ͬ̀൚শ͈඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͈ޗ‬৘षͅ‫ૂ̳ͥ۾‬༭ͬ‫͈͈̞͉ͥ̀͛͜ݥ‬ȫ21ȫȄ1894ා͈ඵഽ࿒͈‫؍‬ຩང࿚ུ̥ͣ‫ڒ‬എ̞̈́̽̀ͅ
̩͂࡞̧̠͓͉̞̺̠̥́̈́ͧȃȁȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ͉̭͈ˎഽ࿒͈‫؍‬ຩང࿚͈‫װ‬ಿ஌ષͅպ౾̳ͥȃ̭͈̠̈́͢΀ΛΓͼͬ੥̭̠̳͂ͥष͉ͅȄ൚ட̦̈́ͣ໣‫̞̀̾ͅޗ‬Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫̱̀۾ͅޗ‬Ȅ̷͈஠ఘ௨̥̩ͬ͂͜෤՜̱̞̞̠̀ͥ͂ু૞͂ু໅̦ະ‫̠̺̞̠ͧ̈́́͘͜࡞͉͈̜ͥ́ࠧخ‬ȃ̭͈ത́ΧȜϋ͉Ȅ๞͂௖ஜࢃ̱̀඾ུͅతह̱Ȅ໣‫ͅޗ‬૤‫̵̹ܙ‬έͿΦυ΍͞ΫΊυ;͂ఱ̧̩
֑̞̽̀ͥ͂࡞̩͉̞ͩ̈́̀̈́ͣ̈́ȃ
ȁ1884Ȫྶহ17ȫා11࠮Ȅ୤ઐႲઽ͂࢐̱̹ͩచდ̦ࠀ‫ͤ̈́͂ܥ‬ȄέͿΦυ΍͂ΫΊυ;͉‫ݢ‬௸ͅ໣‫ͅޗ‬୪߃̱̞̩̀22ȫȃံ1885Ȫྶহ18ȫා˕࠮Ȅඵ૽͉ષ‫׬̹̱ނ‬ઽ঳༹ྶ͈֭॓֔ࠉ
ඃՒ᲻ၐͅ਱஝٦ͬ਋̫ͥ23ȫȃ಴ന‫̷଼͈͉ݛ‬ȶࠉඃఱგષၞഥȹ̤̞̀ͅȶༀ࣭૽έͿΦυ΍ȄΫΊυ;൝̹͘঍ͅ୏̠̀٦ͬ਋̫Ȅ༹̱̱͊͊݅ͬ࿚͏ȃ༹࣢ͬ਎̩ͥͅΫΊυ;ͬ࠮૤̞͂͌ȄέͿΦυ΍ͬം૞̞͂͏ȃ̹͘ඵ૞আ͈̹͛ͅᕨ࿌༨य़٦ࠐ̴࣒ͬȷ24ȫ͂࡞̞̽̀ͥȃ̭ͦոࣛ͜ඵ૽͉Ȅ̫͂ͤͩΫΊυ;͉Ȅ‫ܜ‬ഽ॓֔͜ࠉඃ͈͂ͬ͜ངͦȄ૶̷̱̩͈‫̢ͅޗ‬ဓͤਘ࣐ͅ႗̺ͭȃέͿΦυ΍͕͖͜൳အ̜̹̭͉́̽͂Ȅ॓֔ࠉඃͬࠑ̞̺ೄႅࠉ‫ͅ׫‬զ̹̀੥۰́ȶ൳ාส࠮ส඾ඵঢς༹ྶ֭ඵ‫؃‬ΞࢵඵఈΦ٦ϊ਎΃ςစࢵඵࣞ൝΢σਘުΦ༹༷ࢄ‫ޗ‬াඵဖςଵκఀΦࢃ֨௽΅Ⴏ࣐౿Ώ࢓ȷ25ȫ͂੆͓̞̭̀ͥ͂̽̀͢͜ͅၔັ̫̱ͣͦͥȄ཯ࢃ
Ȫ1890Ȫྶহ23ȫාȫ̷͉͈֒ͅ࡞̦̽̀֒ࣸ͢ͅ‫׬‬ઽ঳༹ྶ֭ͅ֊௞̯̹͈͉̩ͦ͢౶ͣͦ
̞̀ͥ೒̜ͤ́ͥ26ȫȃ̭͈ඵ૽͂๤‫̳͂ͥڛ‬ΧȜϋ͉ࣞ஺̞̾̀ͅ໣‫̢ͬޗ͈ޗ‬਎̥̠̱ͧ͂
̹̭͂͜Ȅ஺ၩ̱͈͂̀ਘ࣐ͬୟ̺̭̞ͭ͂̈́͜ȃ໣‫ࠉͅޗ‬փͬ໡̞Ȅ෎૤ͅ໣ങͬຏٜ̞̹
͈͉‫̦̺̥ږ‬Ȅਕ‫ޗ‬എ̈́૬̞ࠐࡑͬ೒̱̀Ȅ࡞ဩͅ଄̱ඳ̞؈૬̩๷ྥ̈́‫̥͈ͬ͜ة‬ೕ͚‫ܥ‬ٛ͉ͅࠃ̥̹ͦ̈́̽͂͘࡞̧̠͓̺̠ͧȃ̺̦Ȅ̷̳̺̫͂ͦ͊ͦͅ໣‫̳ͥ۾ͅޗ‬౶েͬ਎̫̀
̩ͦͥ૽໤Ȅ̷̱̀࿹̹ͦ੥໤͈ంह̦ਹါ̴̞͉͉̥̹́̈́̈́̽ȃȁ৘षȄȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ͉ͅȶ໣‫ޗ‬૞৪͈̜ͥ࿻૽ȷ
Ȫ168ȫ̞̠֚͂୯̦̜͈̦ͥࡉ൪̵̞̈́ȃ̹͘ȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢̞̾̀ͅ଎ٜ̱̩̹̀ͦȸ̜ͥ඾ུ͈࿻૽ȹȷȪ191ȫȪ̭͈ඵ૽̦൳֚૽໤
̜̥̠̥͉́ͥ̓ະྶȫ̦̞̹̭͂͜૘̞ͦͣͦ̀̀Ȅ͕͂ͭ̓඾ུࢊ͈උ͙੥̧̧̦̥́̈́̽
̹ΧȜῧ̽̀ͅȄࠐങྴ͈඾ུࢊ͈́උ͙༷̞̹͂̽੝༜എ͈̥̈́ͣ͜Ȅඅ೰͈ࠐങ͈̥̈́
͈ਹါ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼͈ঐഊ֨͞ဥȄ̷ཱུ͈࿫̈́̓Ḙ̠̱̹̏࿻૽ͥ͢ͅ‫ޗ‬া͞ͺΡό͹ͼΑ̦̜͉̽̀
̲͛̀‫خ‬ෝ̹̭̦̈́̽͂ͅઁ̩̞̥̥̈́̈́͊ͤȄ̯͉̭̠̱̹ͣͅ‫ފ‬ႁ͞੩ႁ͈ષ͉̲͛̀ͅ
ȶ඾ུ̤̫࡛͈ͥࣽͅ໣‫͈ޗ‬஠ఘഎএேȷȪ186ȫͬೕ͙Ȅȶ໣‫ޗ‬ంहა͈ႊ‫ڜ‬ȷȪ184ȫͬຝ̧̠̞̠ͥ͂ജབ͂ু૞̦͂ΧȜϋ̴̹̯̹͉̜ͣͦ́ͥ͜ͅȃΧȜϋ͉ষ͈̠͢ͅ࡞̞̽̀ͥȃȶȸ‫؍‬ຩ̀ͅȹ͉໣‫̳ͥ۾ͅޗ‬໲ડ́ȁȽȁ̜ͥჇ஺͈͂చდ̜̳̦́ͤ͘Ȅַ૩ঙ̦ȁȽఉ̩͈ৗ࿚ͅ৘ͅࡉমͅ൞̢̀ȁȽȁ਀ഥ̩̹͈̱̹̽̀ͦ́ȷ27ȫȃȁȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ͉ͅ੥ྴ̺̫͈͈̥ͣ͜Ȅಿ̞֨ဥ̞̹ͥ́͘ͅȄઁ̥̈́ͣ͆໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങȄ໣‫߸۾ޗ‬੥̦ഴા̳ͥȃ‫ͤ͜͢ة‬ల֚ͅȸ൐༷୉ങȹȪ‫̷̭͍ͅݞ‬ਓ჏̯̹ͦࠐങȫͬ‫̬̈́ݷ‬̫̞ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃ৘ष΀ΛΓͼȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ͈ಎ͉́ȶȸ൐༷୉ങȹͅਓ̹͛ͣͦ໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങཱུ͈࿫ȷȪ164ȫȶȸ൐༷ࠐങȹͅਓ჏̯̹ͦȪȆȆȆȫȸఱ๊ᙌᖧࠐȹȷȪ165ȫ͂Ȅඵഽ̹ͩ̽̀ͅ࡞‫̞̯ͥ̀ͦݞ‬ȃΧȜϋ͈੥ल͈੥‫͉ͅط‬ͺις΃শయȄ෎૤ͅਬ̹͛࠸Ⴤ́ၛ෩̈́൳
஽੥͈‫ܜ‬ॗ̥ͅ‫̢̀ح‬Ȅ̷̤̩ͣ‫؍‬ຩ́ࣔව̯̹ͦ͂এͩͦͥల49‫͈ے‬ȶఱ઺໣‫ޗ‬ȷ̦́͘໼
̞̹ͭ́Ȫ1894ා‫ུ͉͈̭͈࣐ۏ‬ζΛ·ΑȆηνρȜͅచ̳ͥධᕢ໲ဎ͈‫ފ‬ႁ̦̜͉̲̽̀͛
଼̀ၛ̢̱̹͈̜́ͥ͜ȫȪȸ΃ΗυΈȹ͉͕̥͜ͅͅఉତ͈ࠐങȄ̷͈ఈ໣‫߸۾ޗ‬੥͈ྴ̦Ⴅ
‫͉̭̞̯͂ͥ̀ͦݷ‬٨͛̀౯̞̺̠ͥ́̈́ͧ͘͜ȫȃ̴̭̭͉̭̠̱̹́͘໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങ͞໣‫۾ޗ‬߸੥ͬȄ̷͈֚୯̵͢ͅȄ̴̜̞͉̥ͥͩ̈́ࢊ߉̵̺̫͢ͅȄ̥̩͂֨ͅဥເͬဥ̞Ȅ̜̞͉ͥͼΗς·Άນা̯̹͈ͦͬ͜ո‫̠͈͢ͅئ‬Ȅˍȫȸ൐ဢ୉ങȹͅਓ჏̯̹ͦ໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങȄˎȫ̷ͦո‫͈ٸ‬໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങȄˏȫ̷͈ఈ໣‫߸۾ޗ‬੥͈ˏ̾ͅ໦̫̀ାၑ̱͙̹̞̀ȪȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷͅഴા̳ͥਜ਼ͅ໼͓ͥȃ΃Λ΋ඤ͉ȸ൐༷୉ങȷ͈‫ے‬ତ̜́ͥȫȃˍȫȸ൐༷୉ങȹͅਓ჏̯̹ͦ໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങ“ The Diamond- Cutter ” (“ The Sacred Books of the East ” (以下においてはSBEと略記する),
vol. 49)“ Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King ” (SBE, vol.19)“ The Questions of King Milinda ” (SBE, vols.35 and 36)“ Sutra of the Great Decease ” (SBE, vol.11)“ Atthakavagga ” (SBE, vol.10)

“ Sutra of the Great King of Glory ” (SBE, vol.11)“ Mahavagga ” (SBE, vol.17)“ Sutra of the Lotus of the Good Law ” (SBE, vol.21)“ Kullavagga ” (SBE, vol.20)28ȫˎȫȸ൐༷୉ങȹո‫͈ٸ‬໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങ´&KƈLQN\żµ´+L]żKR\DNXµ´&KLVKżKLVKżµ´6RNXVKLQ-żEXWVXJLµ´(QJDNX6Kżµ´.HJRQ.\żµ $YDWDPVDND6XWUD´'DLERQ.\żLµ´'DL1LFKL.\ż6żµ´'DL]żKżVƈµˏȫ̷ͦո‫͈ٸ‬໣‫߸۾ޗ‬੥
Kuroda, “ Outlines of the Mahayana ” 29ȫˍȫȸ൐༷୉ങȷ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങȁȸີ५ࣞ൝‫ࢷڠ‬ΰσϋ໲ࡩ࿒჏ȹ
(“ Catalogue of the Lafcadio Hearn LiErary in the Toyama
High School ”)Ȫີ५Ȅ1927ාȫ30ȫͥ͂͢ͅȄζΛ·ΑȆηνρȜ͈ȸ൐༷୉ങȹ͉΃ΗυΈ
๔࣢͈890๔̥ͣ910๔͈́͘21ॗȪȸηςϋΘ͈ؐ࿚̞ȹ͉2ॗͅ໦̥̞̥ͦ̀ͥͣȄതତ͉́
20തȫͬ୸̤͛̀ͤȄ̷͈̠̻໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങ͉˕തȪ10ॗȫȪȸ൐༷୉ങȹల10Ȅ11Ȅ13Ȅ17Ȅ19Ȅ
20Ȅ21Ȅ35Ȅ36Ȅ49‫ے‬ȫͬତ̢ͥȪ̭͈̠̻ల19‫ “ے‬The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King ”Ȫȸ໣ਫ਼࣐ॶࠐȹȫ͉΍ϋΑ·ςΛΠ̥ͣۧ࿫̯̹͈͈ͦ͜‫ם‬࿫̜́ͥȫȃఱ઺໣ങ͉ల49‫̞͙͈̀̽̓͂͘ͅے‬̦ͥḘ͉̏ͦ൚শ͈ୌ؎̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͉̞̤̀ͅݪࡄޗ‬੝‫ܢ‬໣‫ୃ̷̭ޗ‬ൡུ̈́ြ͈໣‫̢́ޗ͈ޗ‬̜̯ͥ͂ͦȄ̷͈༷֚ఱ઺໣‫͉ޗ‬೩̞ບ‫̹̹̲͛ͭ۫ͅث‬Ȅཱུ࿫̦ಁ̞̹̥̺ͦ̀ͣ͂࡞̢ͥ
̺̠ͧȃȁષ́ࡉ̹̠͢ͅḘ͈̠̻̏ۧ࿫̥ͣ࿫੄̱̹ల13‫ے‬ո‫˔͈ٸ‬തȪ˕ॗȫ̥̥͈ͣ̈́ͭͣ֨ဥȪల11‫͉̥ͣے‬ਓ჏̯̹ͦ։̈́ͥˎ͈̾ࠐങ̥͈ͣ֨ဥ̦̜ͥȫ̦̯̤̈́ͦ̀ͤȄ̞̠̭͉͂͂ਫ਼
ခ̱̞̹̀໣‫͈͓̳͖͕͈̀߸۾ޗ‬ȸ൐༷୉ങȹ̥ͣ֨ဥ̱̞̞̠̭̜̀ͥ͂͂ͥͅȃ֚૽͈Ք੥‫̱̀͂ز‬ਫ਼ခ̳̳͓͈ͥ̀໲ࡃ̥ͣ֨ဥ̱̀ু͈ͣ໲ડͅ८̷̹̞̞̠̥ͤ͊͛͂͌̈́઩
൲̥̹ͣͦ͂ͅே௨̳͈͉ͥ‫̦̞̱ڢ‬Ȅ͉̭͉ͤͦ͞໣‫̢ͬޗ͈ޗ‬༊഼̢̩̠ͤ̈́͂ͣ͂͛͢Ȅ̷͈ఉအ̈́‫̦ͬͤڐ‬া̱̹̞̞̠͂এ̞̦฽‫̧̢̠̺͓ͧͥࣉ̜͂ͥ́ض̹̯ࠫͦד‬ȃ̷̱̀̭̠̱̹এ̷̞̭̦ȄΧȜϋ̦ু໦͈঵̞̽̀ͥȸ൐༷୉ങȹ͈͙ͅջ‫̱̀ݶ‬໲ડͬ೜͈ͥ́
͉̩̈́Ȅ̯ͣۧͅ࿫ͬ೒̱̀Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ඾ུ͈̯̹́ͦ͜໣‫ޗ‬໣ങͬ͜ࢩ̩৾ͤවͦȄ֨ဥ̳̭̹͈͉̞̺̠̥ͥ͂̈́̽́̈́ͧ͜ͅȃˎȫȸ൐༷୉ങȷո‫͈ٸ‬໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങȁ̭͈ΈσȜί͉́੥ྴ̦̳͓̀඾ུࢊ͈ࡤઠ͈υȜζলນܱ̽̀͢ͅা̯̤ͦ̀ͤȪ̹̺̱Ȅܱ‫֣̥̞֑؛‬क़শ͈ηᾼ̥̽̀͢ȄυȜζল೜̦ͤྶ̥ͣͅഐ୨̞́̈́͂฻౯̯͈̦ͦͥ͜
֚໐̜ͥȫȄ̷̹͈͘ࡔങ͈̦͂̈́ͥ͜ȸ࿒჏ȹ͉́‫̧̥̭̹̥ͣ͂̽̈́́෇ږ‬Ḙ͉̞̏ͦͣ
̴ͦ͜୶ͅ੆͓̹̠͢ͅ඾ུ௰͈‫ފ‬ႁ৪Ȅૂ༭೹‫ރ‬৪͈਀ͬ๏̵̹͈ͩ͂͜ࣉ̢̧͓̺̠ͥͧȃ̭ͦͣͬ৾ͤව̹ͦၑဇ͉ఱ઺໣‫ࠐ͈߸۾ޗ‬ങͬࢩ̩৾ͤව̭ͦͥ͂́Ȅୌ؎͈੝‫ܢ‬໣‫͈͒ޗ‬༊ͤͬୃ̱Ȅ໣‫̷̱͈̀ޗ‬໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങ͈஠ఘ௨ͬা̱̹̞̞̠͂փ̦࢜ΧȜϋ̜̹̥̺̽ͣ͂ͅ
ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ
ȁ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ߓ͈ޗ‬ఘഎ̈́௰࿂ͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬ȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷలː୯̤̞̀ͅȄ໣‫ͬ࡟͈ޗ‬ત̱ٚȄ඾ུ͈ྦྷਤ͉ȶᙌᖧȷͅ‫۾‬૤͉̩̈́Ȅ̽͋ͣ͜ȶޭ‫ڢ‬ȷͬ‫̞࡞̞͂ͥ̀̽ܐ‬Ȅխ̞͉̹͘૯ਕ̦ȶ࡛͈ࣽਕȪ෩ȫ͉́डఱ̥̾ड͜ີဉ̜́ͥȷȪ184ȫܱ̱̤͂̀ͤ͜Ḙ͉̏ͦ๞̦൚শ͈඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ͅޗ‬௖൚̈́‫۾‬૤ͬ໡̷̞ͦ̈́ͤͅૂ༭ͬਬ̞̹̭͛̀͂ͬȄ̷̱̭͈̀΀ΛΓͼ̤̞̀͜ͅ໣‫๊̠̞֚ͤ͂͢ޗ‬Ȅ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫̥ͣޗ‬ං̹͈ͬ͜ఱ̧̩̞͂ͤͦ
̹̭͂ͬা̧̱̞̞̠͓̺̠̀ͥ͂ͧȃ̭̠̱̹඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͈ޗ‬৘षͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬ઐࢺশయ͈੥۰̴ֺ̧̥̦̠̭̦ͩ̈́ͣ͂́͜ͅȄȶͺͼΞσ͈ΧϋΡήΛ·ಎ͈඾ུ༎͉ଃ̺ະ੄ြ
̜́ͥȆȆȆධᕢ͈̠̈́͢૽ུ̦̭̠̱̹ͬ੥̞̩̞͈̥̀ͦ̈́͜ȷ31ȫ͂੆͓̞̭̀ͥ͂͜ͅ
ಕ࿒̧̱̤̹̞̀ȃ̯̹ͣ͘ͅȶ̭͈̯̯̥̈́͞ࡄ‫ྦྷ͉̞̤̀ͅݪ‬ਤ͈૞ަ͉ե̞ͩ̈́ȷ
Ȫ185ȫ
̱͂̀Ȅ୺ͣࣞഽ̈́‫ޗ‬ၑ͈࠿൦ͅઙത̱͖̞̦ͬ̽̀ͥḘ͈̠̏̈́͢൚শ͈඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ޗ‬͈୺࿝എ̈́‫ޗ‬ၑ̪ͬ͛ͥࡎ͈̦͂̈́ͥȪˏȫࣱ͈ന૯൸͈ಠै̜́ͥȃˏȫS. Kuroda,ȨOutlines of the Mahâyâna. As taught Ey Buddhaȩ, Tokyo, Bukkyo
Gakkuwai, 1893.
ȁ̭͉ͦ૆ാਕ͈‌ന眞൸͈਀̈́ͥͅȸఱ઺໣‫ޗ‬ఱփȹȪ൐‫ނ‬Ȅᄵἕ學ٛȄ1893Ȫྶহ26ȫාȫͬ‫ם‬࿫̱̹͈̜́ͤ͜Ȅཱུ࿫͈ຈါ̦̜̹͈͉̭͈̽઀ॗঊͬͺις΃̤̞̀ͅ෻ື̱Ȅ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͈ޗ‬ၑٜ௯ૺͬ଎ͥ߼࿎എփ଎̦̜̹̥̽ͣͅఈ̞̈́ͣ̈́ȃ̳̻̭͉̈́ͩͦ1893ාȄΏ΃Ό́‫ٳ‬ट̯̹ͦȶྔ࣭ਕ‫ޗ‬ఱٛȷ̵̜ͩ̀ͅ‫̜͈̹̺͈̹̯࣐ͥ́̽ͦ͜ۏ‬ȃˎȅࣱന૯൸͂ȶྔ࣭໣‫ޗ‬ఱٛȷ
ȁ1893ා˕࠮Ȅ΋υϋΫͺྔ࣭ฎ။͈ٛ‫ٳ‬ट̵ࣣ͂ͩ̀Ȅྔ࣭ਕ‫ޗ‬ఱ̦ٛΏ΃Ό̤̞̀ͅ‫ٳ‬ट̯ͦͥ32ȫȃ΃ΠςΛ·ȄίυΞΑΗϋΠȄξΘμ‫ޗ‬ȄΪϋΡͽȜ‫ޗ‬Ȅ໣‫ޗ‬ȄͼΑρθ‫ޗ‬Ȅ૰ൽȄ̷͈ఈଲ‫ٮ‬ಎ͈ਕ‫͈ޗ‬యນ৪֚ͬ൴ͅਬ͛Ȅ̤͈̤͈͈৽ಫ͞૞ැͬ੆͓ࣣ̞Ȅ࿻݇ͬ૬͛ၑ

ٜͬ௯ૺ̳ͥ‫ܥ‬̷̳̞̠͈̦͈ٛ͂ͥ͂ਇক̜̹́̽͂࡞̢̺̠ͥͧȃȁ඾ུ̥ͣ͜΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬Ȫ઀ॄࢬൽȫȄ૰ൽȪড়നႛ֚ȫȄ̷̱̀໣‫ڎ͈ޗ‬యນ৪̦٬ͬള̽̀
४‫̱ح‬Ȅ‫ͤڬ‬൚̹̀ͣͦশ‫̞࣐ͬ׵࣒ͅۼ‬Ȅৗ݃ͅ൞̢Ȅ࢐ၠ͈‫ܥ‬ٛͬ঵̹̽ȃ໣‫͉́߸۾ޗ‬ႉफਕ͈৷ਕ‫׵‬ȄȪ૆ാȫ૯ਕ͈สໟ᪰ၨȄ૯࡞ਕ͈ാ༹ܽၨȄഛరਕ͈᩟ೋ৘஠̦ഴ౭̱̹
Ȫ̭͈͕̥ͅह‫ز‬૞৪͈໹֔߄२͜४‫̱ح‬Ȅ̷͈ࡉম̈́‫׵̹̱ঀߐͬࢊם‬౴́Ȅ։दͬ༶̽̀
̞ͥȫȪΉͼρΑ͉̭͈ྔ࣭ਕ‫ޗ‬݈ٛͅ௷ͬ‫̱̩̱ݛͬྐྵۜ́ͭ׋‬Ȅံ1894ා͉ͅȸήΛΘ͈໛‫إ‬ȹͬ੄ๅ̳ͥȃ̭ͦͅ‫̩ޑ‬૘อ̯̹͈̦ͦȄఱ̤̫ٛͥͅ৷ਕ‫ཱུ͈ࣂࡔ׵࣒͈׵‬࿫̜̹̽ͅ
̹ႝ࿐೭ఊ჊Ȫఱ୩ȫ̜́ͤȄ๞̷͉͈ˏාࢃͼςΦͼ͈ρȆ΍ȜσͅΉͼρΑͬང͇Ȅಿ̞తह͈ࢃȄ঍͈ಠ੥ͬ඾ུࢊཱུͅ࿫̳̭ͥ͂̈́ͥͅȫȃȁփဳ֜ͦͅȄփ‫̈́ࢳࡌܨ‬໣‫͈ޗ‬యນ৪ోȪȶ໣‫͈ޗ‬Ιλϋά΂ϋȷ͂ࡤ̹͊ͦȫ͉Ȅఱٛਞၭࢃ̯ͣ͜ͅ༆ഷ࣒‫ܥ͈׵‬ٛͬ୭̫Ȅ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͈ޗ‬ત഼ٚ͛ͅȄ̷͈ຽ‫߼͂ݞ‬࿎ཱིͅ௢̳̦ͥḘ͈̏‫ڰ‬൲͈֚੩̳͓̩͂Ȅତത͈઀ॗঊͬထ͛඾ུ́ဥփ̱Ȅ঵४̧̱̞̀̀
̹͈̺̹̽ȃ̷ࣱ͈̦֚̾ന͈ȸఱփȹͅఈ̞̈́ͣ̈́Ȫ͕̥ͅষ͈̠͈̦̜̹̈́̽͢͜ȃȨA
Brief Account of Shinshu Catechism.ȩȪสໟ᪰ၨȸ૯ਕࣇါȹ
ȫȨ Tendai Religion.ȩȨBasic
Principles of Nichiren.ȩȨ The Essentials of BuddhismȩȪୄాྖ෗ȸਕ‫ޗ‬ഓ‫ࣸڄڠ‬ȹȫȃȁ̭͂ͧ́Ȅ
ȸఱ઺ᄵ‫ޗ‬ఱփȹ͈੣࡞͉ͅո‫̦̜̠͈ͥ͢ͅئ‬Ḙ̏ͦͬ඾ུࢊๅ͂‫ם‬࿫͂ͬచચ̱̀ࡉ͙̠̀͢ȃ⧶ා᨝ኈฎᬍᅠཤༀࣣਤኈͅ‫̥ͥٳ‬ȕͅष̱̀Ȅ適 ଲ‫ٮ‬ਕἕఱᅠ͈擧̜ͤȄِཆఱ一ᄙᄵἕͬᎢ̩ᗳༀ‫ڎ‬ཆ͈‫ͅۼ‬ᅯ͉͒ͭͅȄ艮ͅ୷श͈ࢡ‫ͤ̈́ܥ‬ȃఉාᄵἕ͈‫ޗ‬ၑ學說ͬࢬ೒̳ͥͬո̀࿷͈֚࿒എِ̳̦͂ͥȶᄵἕ學會ȷ͉Ȅࣻ‫ͅܥ‬ᄙ̱̀Ȅఱᄙᄵἕ͈
ఱփͬ੪述̱Ȅ๞࿣வἕኈͅ‫̀؃‬眞ၑͬ‫͈͚ͥ͜ͅݥ‬對̱Ȅِ̥࢕̜ܵͥ佛క͈ἕ݅ͬ୹傳̱̀Ȅἕ‫̱ضͬྩ͈݅ز‬Ȅ࿻Ք͈情݇ͬ஠̵̠ͭȁܑ͂ͬ̀Ȅဒͅఀ述ैͬ఻̵ͤȃ33ȫ

The Parliament of Religions to Ee held this year in connection with the WorldʼsColumEian Fair, is a very good opportunity to make known among the Christiancountries the doctrine of Mahâyâna.
The ʼʼBukkyô-Gakkwai,ʼʼ a society whose sole aim is the propagation of Buddhism,
resolved to take advantage of this opportunity to impart to those Christians
who are willing to receive truth the light of Buddhism, and thus to discharge
their duty towards them as Buddhists and as fellow-men. For this purpose they

entrusted the author with the preparation of a short treatise on Buddhism. 34ȫ

ȁडࢃ͈‫ؿ‬ਫ਼̜̠ͥ͢ͅͅḘ͈̏઀ॗঊ͉ȶᄵἕ學會ȷ͈տుͬ਋ࣱ̫̀ന૯൸̦͈̱͜Ȅ̥̹̭͈̾͘ȶᄵἕ學會ȷ͈ࢷ‫͂ר‬ઇ෇ͬࠐ̀‫࣐ͅۏ‬ঢ̞̽̀ͥȃ඾ུࢊๅ͈ນঞ͉ͅষ͈̠͢
ͅࢷ‫ר‬৪̷͈͂ਕ෩̦ྶܱ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȶഛరȁᗣ࿐౓঴߰ȁ૯࡞ȁ৷‫׌‬ચȁႉफȁ৷ਕ‫׵‬ȁ௎൸ȁࣞനൽࡉȁ૯ਕȁఆષ୺ୈȁ‫רࢷڎ‬ȁ૆ാȁࣱന૯൸ȁಠ੆ȷ̜͂ͥȃȁ̭͈ȶᄵἕ學會ȷ͉̞ͩͥ͠ͺ΃ΟηΛ·̈́ࡄ‫̱̞̈́۾ܥݪ‬౬ఘ͉̩́̈́Ȅ໣‫ڎޗ‬ਕ̷̦͈௖֑Ȅ։൳಼̢ͬ̀Ȅ‫ޗ̠̱ͥ಺ފ‬ၑͬࡉ੄̱Ȅ̷̠̳̭ͥ͂́໣‫ޗ‬ȶࢬ೒ȷ͈௯ૺͬ଎ͤȄ̷͈ഥ෥Ȅຽ‫ͅݞ‬঩̳͓̩ͥ୭̫̹͈̜̹ͣͦ́̽ȃ̷ࣱ̭́ന͈ȸఱփȹ͜අ೰͈ਕ෩̷͈
̴ͦ͂̓ͣ͘ͅȄ̷͈௖಼̢֑ͬ̀‫ވ‬ခ̯̠ͦͥ໣‫̢ͬޗ͈ޗ‬া̷̠̳͈̜̹̞͂ͥ́̽͂͜
̠̭͂̈́ͥͅȃ̷ͦͬ‫ࢊם‬ๅ͉́ȶζΧȜμȜ΢͈Ρ·Πςϋȷ̞̞̦͂̽̀ͥȄ඾ུࢊๅ́
͉ȶِཆఱ઺ᄵ‫ޗ‬ȷ̞̭͂̈́̽̀ͥ͂ͅಕփ̱̹̞ȃ඾ུࢊๅͅਲ̠̈́ͣȄȶଲ‫ٮ‬ਕ‫ޗ‬ఱٛȷͅ४‫̳ͥح‬඾ུ௰͈࿒എ͉ఱ઺໣‫̷๊̩͉͈֚̈́́ͦޗ‬Ȅ̜̩́͘͜඾ུ͈ఱ઺໣‫͈ޗ‬તٚഥ෥̷̭̜̹̞̠̭̽͂͂̈́ͥͅͅȃȁਔ౶͈೒ͤȄఱ઺໣‫͉ޗ‬ಎ࣭̥ͣಱ஛฼ോͬࠐ̀඾ུͅഥ෥Ȅഥြ̱̹࿫̺̦Ȅȸఱ઺໣‫ޗ‬ఱփȹͥ̈́ͣ͢ͅȄ̷͈ࢃ͈ಿ̞শ‫ً͂͂͜ͅࠐ͈ۼ‬ȶ঑ඣȄಱ஛൝ఱ乘͈ἕ̴̧༹̜̈́ͣͅ
͂ᪧ͜Ȅ֎๷̱͂̀૦͉ȷ
Ȫ4Ƚ5ȫ̞̈́ခအͅ‫̤ͤ̀̽ۿ‬35ȫȄ࡛শത̤̞̀ͅఱ઺໣‫̦ޗ‬ၦେͬࡶͤȄ‫ڰ‬อ̈́‫ڰ‬൲̦࣐̞̞̠ͩͦ̀ͥ͂ത́Ȅ඾̷ུ̭̦ఱ઺໣‫͈ޗ‬యນ৪̹ͥͅ͏̯̱ͩ
̞̞̠͂आ‫̷̞̱̠ͥ̀͂੄ࡉ̷̭ͬͅݶ‬ȃȁ̭͉̯ͦͣͅȄಎ࣭Ȅಱ஛฼ോͬࠐ̀඾ུͅঢͥఱ઺໣‫͈ޗ‬ഥ෥͉Ȅ౷ၑഎȄশ‫ۼ‬എ̈́ଔ֊̴͂̓ͣ͘ͅȄ൳শͅఱ઺໣‫̷̦͈͈ࣞͤ͢͜ޗ‬ഽ̈́౲‫ͅٴ‬ঢͥൽ೾̜́ͤ͜Ȅ̱̹̦̽̀ड
଼̯̹ۖͦ͜ఱ઺໣‫͉ޗ‬඾̷ུ̭ͅ‫৽̧̠̞̺͓͂ͥ͛ݥ‬ಫ͍̫̞̩̭͂ࠫ̾ͣͦ̀͂̈́̽ͅ
̹ȃȁ̭͈തࣱ́നུ͈͉൚শ͈඾ུ̤̞̀ͅ໣‫͈ޗ‬ঐ൵৪௄̦Ȅྶহ֋૧ո͈ࣛুࡨ་‫̀ࠐͬڟ‬Ȅ̠̩͢͞ྶ‫̈́ږ‬௨ͬࠫ͐ͅঢ̹̽ȶ̧̜͓ͥ඾ུ͈໣‫ޗ‬ȷͬஜ࿂ͅ؋̱੄̷̠̳͂ͥփ̦࢜‫ޑ‬̩฽‫̢̥̠̺̞͉͈ͧ̈́́ͥ࡞̹̜͈̹̯͂̽́ͦ͜ד‬ȃȁ඾ུ͈໣‫͈ޗ‬අ૗͈͉֚̾ఱ઺໣‫઺઀͂ޗ‬໣‫͈ޗ‬஼༷̦‫ވ‬ం̱̞̭̀ͥ͂ͧͅ‫̞̀ͦͣ͛ݥ‬ͥȃȶఱ઀͈‫݅ޗ‬ዜட̱͂̀๵ͤȄ،ட̱͂̀େ͈̈́ͥ͜Ȅ獨ِͤཆͬո̀டͤ͂爲̳ȷȪˑȫȃ̢͉̞͂ȶఱ઺͈ἕ͉݅徧̩઀乘͈ἕ༹ͬ༫௬̱̀ဒ̳ਫ਼̈́ȷȪˏȫ̩Ȅ̷ͦ࡬ઁ̩̈́͂͜‫ޗ‬͈݅࿂͈́ఱ઺͈௙ࣣ଻̦‫̭̯ͥ̈́͂ͥͦͅ಺ޑ‬ȃ̷͈̹͛ᙌᖧ͈࿚ఴ͈̠͢ͅȄ઀઺͈ࡉٜ
͉́ຈ̴̱͜਱໦ٜ̈́ྶ̦̯̞͈̦̜̯̈́ͦ̈́ͥ͂ͦͥ͜ȃȶ઀乘͈փ͉૤૸ͬߎේ͈आུ͂
̱̈́Ȅଵͬ‫ת‬৤̱̀჋ൽͬ੄ً̱Ȅ૤૸‫ז‬྽͈ਫ਼ٜͬ౎ᙌᖧ̳͂̈́ȷ
Ȫ27ȫ̦Ȅఱ઺͈‫̢ͅޗ‬ͥ͂͢ȶ૤௖྽̳̥ͥ࡬ͅ૤଻ࡐ࡛̱̀Ȅྫၾ͈ඃ௖ͬߓ͒ඳএ͈ު௖ͬা࡛̳Ȅ࡬ͅᙌᖧ͉

ࠨ̱̀ߗ྽̴͈̭̜͂ͧͣͅȷȪ26Ƚ27ȫȃ̭̠̱̀ఱ઺Ȅ઀઺Ȅ஼༷̦‫ވ‬ం̱̦̈́ͣȄࢃ৪ͬ༫‫̳ͥ܄‬௙ࣣഎ̈́ఱ઺໣‫̦ޗ‬ȶ඾ུ͈໣‫ޗ‬ȷ͈අ૗̱ͬ̈́Ȅ̷͉̹֚ͦ͘౤‫༷͒࢜ڎ‬ഥ෥̱̹໣‫̦ޗ‬඾ུࣣ́ၠ̱ఱ‫৽̠̞̳͂̈́ͬع‬ಫͬआ‫̭̩̞̫ͥ̈́͂̀̿ͅݶ‬ȃ‫̠͈̹͓͢ͅ੆ͅܡ‬Ȅ̢̜̭̠̱̹̀৽ಫ̵̢̰̞ͬͥͬ̈́෸ࠊ͉ͅȄୌ؎൐ဢ‫ͥ͢ͅڠ‬ȶ੝‫ܢ‬໣‫ޗ‬ȷ͈ਹণ͂Ȅఱ઺໣‫ͅޗ‬చ̳ͥࠚণ̦̜ͤḘ͉̏ͦͅႝ࿐ఱ୩͜ȶఱ઺໣‫ͅޗ‬చ̳ͥഽਹ̈́ͥȄଃ̺̱̩ະ൚
̈́๱ඳȷ36ȫ͂ະྖ͈୊ͬဲ̢̞̞̹ͣͦ̈́́ȃ̷͈༷֚́Ȅ1890ාయ̈́ͥ͂ͅ৷ਕ‫׵‬Ȅ৷‫ޟ‬ட̦ΓͼυϋͅളͤΩȜςͥ͢ͅ໣ങ͈ࡄ‫ͅݪ‬఑̻ࣺ̺̭ͭ͂͜དྷ͉̞̺̠ͦ̀̈́ͣ̈́ͧ37ȫȃȁࣱ͉́നུ͈̦ΧȜϋͅ঵̢̻̹փ݅ͬࣉ̢͙̠̀͢ȃˍȫୌ؎͈໣‫̳ͥ۾ͅض଼͈ݪࡄޗ‬౶ࡉͬࠈ̢̀ြ඾̱̹ΧȜῧ̷͉̽̀ͦͅȄু͈ͣြ඾শത̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͈ޗ‬ൢోതͬ౶ͥͅ
͉ȄͼϋΡ͞ಎ࣭ͅ໇̥̩̈́̀͜Ȅ඾ུ͈໣‫͂ޗ‬୪̳̭ͥ͂́਱໦̺͂฻౯̱̠ͥआ‫ু͂ݶ‬૞ͬဓ̢̩̹̀ͦȃ̷̢ͦ͠Ȅȸ൐༷୉ങȷͅ‫̢ۧ̀ح‬࿫̷͈ఈ͈඾ུ̜ͥͅ໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങͬ‫̢ͥح‬̭͂́໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ͈஠ఘഎႊ‫̷ͤ̈́ͦͬͅڜ‬೹া̱̹̭̺̠͂̈́ͥͧ͂ͅࣉ̢̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃˎȫ඾ུ͈໣‫̦ޗ‬ୌ؎̥࢜̽̀ͅփ͈̜݅ͥιΛΓȜΐͬอ̳̭̦ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ̜́ͤȄ৘ष̷̠̱̠̱̞̭͂̀ͥ͂͢౶̹̽ȃ̭͉ͦȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ̤̫ͥͅ൚শ͈ୌ؎ଲ‫̫̤ͥͅٮ‬໲‫ا‬എȄএேഎ̈́࿚ఴ͈̥̥̤̞͂ͩͤ̀ͅ໣‫̢̠̞̩̞͂̀ͣ͂ͬޗ‬࿚ఴփে̹̱̹ͬͣ͜ȃĳȅȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷȁոષͬ൩̢̀͘٨͛̀ΧȜϋ͈ȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷͬࡉ͙̹̞̀ȃୌ؎̤̫ͥͅ໣‫̦ݪࡄޗ‬ಠ̱̞ૺೃ͙̹ͬ19ଲ‫̷͈͜ܮ‬฼͊ͅঢͥ͂Ȅ୺࿝͈΂ς΀ϋΗςΑΠ͈‫́͜ۼ‬Ȅ̹͘এே‫͞ز‬໲‫̞̤̀͜ͅۼ͈૽ا‬Σσό͹Ȝ΢ၑٜͅఱ̧̈́‫۾‬૤̦ਬͤ͘Ȅ̯̰̈́͘͘ა݈̦࢐̯ͩͦͥ
̭̹͂̈́̽ͅȃ̫͂ͤͩΣσό͹Ȝ΢͉͂ȶ‫ྫݹ͈ޭݫ‬ȷȶ֚୨͈ક྽ȷͬঐ̱Ȅ̱̹̦̽̀
໣‫͉͂ޗ‬ȶ୲చ͈ક྽ͅঢͥȷȶ‫͈ྫݹ‬ਕ‫ޗ‬ȷͅఈ̴̈́ͣȄ̷̳͉͂ͥ̈́ͣͦβΏηΒθȄΣΪςΒθͅঢͥ๱૽‫ۼ‬എ̈́‫̢̠̞̥͈̞͉݃͂̈́́ޗ‬࿚̦Ȅ̫͂ͤͩ‫ܡ‬ం͈ਕ‫ͬޗ‬သࢌ̱Ȅ̷̜̞͉̭ͥͅ໾̲̭̠̳ͧ͂ͥ͜ସႁ̥ͣ୊ࣞͅ੹̢̠̹͈̺̹ͣͦͥ̈́̽̽͢ͅ38ȫȃȁΧȜϋ͜΀ΛΓͼȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ͈లˍ୯̴̭͈́͘തͅ૘ͦḘ̏ͦͬΣσό͹Ȝ΢ͅచ̳ͥࢋ̹̽ࡉ༷̺̱̞̦͂̀ͥȄ࿚ఴ̷͉̦ͦΣσό͹Ȝ΢ၑٜ͈ະ਱໦̯͞ࡄ‫ݪ‬ະ௷ͥ͢ͅ
ࢋٜ͈͉̞̞̠̭̜͂̓ͥ́̈́͂͂ͧͤ͘͜ͅͅȄ̷͉ͦୌ؎̤̫ͥͅȶুِȷ͂൐ဢ̤̫ͅ
̷͈ͥͦ͂आུഎ̈́௖֑֦̳ܳͥͅआ͈૬̞͈̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ͜ঐഊ̱̩͉̞̈́̀̈́ͣ̈́͂ΧȜϋ͉ࣉ̢̞̀ͥȪ̷ͦ࡬̹͘Ḙ̭͉̏́ΧȜϋ͉૬‫̈́׿‬໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ̷͈͈ͬ͜૬̩ౝ‫̞̳͂ͥݥ‬̠༷͉࢜ͅຈ̴̱̥̞࢜ͩ̈́͜ȃ̷͈ࠫ‫΀͈̭ض‬ΛΓͼ̜ͥͅփྙ͈́໤௷̯ͤ̈́ͬ‫̢͂ͥژ‬ঐഊ̳ͥ૽̦̞͈ͥ͜ྫၑ͈̞̭͉̞̥̈́͂́̈́͂এͩͦͥȫȃȁȶ૰ȄऌȆȆȆ̞̹͂̽ୌ؎͈۷ැ͉໣‫ޗ‬এே͉̩̈́ͅȄ̷͈ͦͣ୸̧͓͛ͥાਫ਼͉ͅȄୌ؎ਕ‫ޗ‬এே̷ུ͈͉ͦ͂൚͈փྙ͉́చ؊̱̞͉̀ͥ͂࡞̞ඳ̞΋ϋΓίΠ̦౾̥̞ͦ̀ͥȷ
Ȫ167ȫȃ̷̠̜̦́ͥ࡬ͅȄȶୌ؎͈ంहა͈͙ͬஜ೹̱͂̀ȆȆȆȸ൐༷୉ങȹͅਓ̹͛ͣͦ
໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങͬຏٜ̞͙̀̀͜Ȅ̴̞͈ͦ༁͜ඨ̹͘ඨ͈Ⴒ௽́਀͈͕̭̱̠̩̓̈́͢͜ȷȪ164ȫȄߗ̱̩ഛͬަ̞̹́͛௳̩̥ͬ̾͊ͤ́ਞ̭̱̠ͩͥ͂̈́̽̀͘ͅȃȁ̭͈࡞ဩ͉֚ࡉ̱̹̭͉͂ͧ́հօ̈́൐ୌ๤‫ڛ‬ა݈ͅచ̱̀࠙઴ͬྺ̳͈̩ͣ͂͂ͦ̈́͜͜
͉̞̈́ȃ̺̦ΧȜϋ̦࡞̳͈͉ͩͭ͂ͥȄ‫ུ̥ͅږ‬ৗഎ̈́௖֑̦̜͈͈ͥ͜Ȅ̥̥ͩͣ͜ͅ
̴Ȅհօ̈́൳֚ণ͞ౙ̈́ͥ๤‫̴ͣ̓͂͘ͅͅڛ‬஼༷ͬచ؊̵̯̠̳̭͉͂ͥ͂͢਱໦̈́փ݅ͬ
঵̻̠̱ͥȨ̷࡛̠̳͓̏ͅমఠ̦‫ͅܡ‬୆̲̞̞̠̀ͥ͂ঐഊ̷̭̜ͥ͂ͅ࡞̧̠͓͉̞́̈́
̺̠̥ͧȃ๞̦ಕ࿒̳͈͉ͥୌ؎ଲ‫̫̤ͥͅٮ‬૧̱̞‫ڠش‬এே͈ర൮͂Ȅ̷̦ͦୌ؎̤̫ͥͅ
‫ݰ‬ြ͈ഥൡഎ̈́এே͞໲ྶ۷ͅဓ̢̞̀ͥ‫ޞ‬րȪ༆͈࡞̞༷̳ͬͦ͊ਲြ͈ॽ༷͉́ၑ̧ٜ́
̞̈́૧̱̞࿚ఴ͈ষࡓ͈ঐഊ೹ܳȫ̜́ͥȃ͞͞଎৆എͅ࡞̢͊Ȅ૧̱̞‫ڠش‬এே͈ఱ෨ͬஜ
ͅȄ‫ݰ‬ြ͈এே̦܎̈́ͅু͈ͣြ̱༷ͅ৏಍̱Ȅ̷͈౷༜ͬࡥ৿̱̠̳͂ͥ͢ࡠͤȄୌ؎̦Σσό͹Ȝ΢ͬୃ̱̩ၑٜ̳̠ͥ̈́ͥ͢ͅ඾͉̞̭̞̺̠̾̈́ͧͅȄ̷̠ΧȜϋ͉ࣉ̢̞̀ͥ͂
࡞̢̺̠ͥͧȃȁ̯̀Ȅুِ͈࿚ఴͅ࿗̠ͧȃΧȜϋͥ͂͢ͅȄୌ؎͈ࣉ̢͉́ȶুِȷ͉֚೰́Ȅ་‫̳ͥا‬̭̦̞̯̞͂̈́͂ͦ̀ͥȃ̭ͦͅచ̱̀໣‫͉̞̤̀ͅޗ‬Ȅߓఘഎ̈́ࠁͬ͂ͤȄ୆଼͂ક྽ͬ߫
ͤ༐̳ȶ΃σζȆ΀Όȷ̦̜ͤȄ̷͈༷֚́൳শͅȶ̭̓́͘͜૬̩ஆ͙ȷ
Ȅইͤ͘͜ਞͩͤ
͜౶̞̹ͣ̈́֯ͦςͺςΞͻ̦̜̽̀Ḙ̏ͦͬȶ΃σζ͈̠̻ͅథ௬̯̹ͦ໣కȷ
ȶྫِ͈ఱِȷ
͂ࡤ͐ȃ̷͉ͦȶ̯̞֯ͦ̀̀Ȅۜ‫͉́ژ‬༛̴̢ͣͣͦȄ౶̭͉̞̦ͣͦͥ͂̈́Ȅ̞͉̾ͅ‫ژ‬୑̳͓̩೰̞͛ͣͦ̀ͥȷȪ170ȫ̞̠͂ȃ̭͈തͅୌ؎̦Σσό͹Ȝ΢ͬȄ̷̱̹̯̀ͣ͘ͅ
͉໣‫ͬޗ‬ஜ̱̀ͅࢋٜ͂ྫၑٜ͂ͬ߫ͤ༐̧̱̹̀ၑဇ̦̜ͥȃȁ͉̭͈́ࢋٜ̦ٜ̥̭͉̞͈̺̠̥ͦͥ͂̈́ͧȃୌ؎̤̞̀ͅ૧̹ͅర൮̱̜̾̾ͥ‫ڠش‬এே̷̷̭̦͈ࡎͬ՜̞̽̀ͥȃ̳̻̭͈̈́ͩ૧̹̈́এே̤̞͉̀ͅȄଲ‫͉ٮ‬Ȫ̷̱̀ুِ̹͘͜ȫ୆଼͂ક྽Ȅอജ͂ଚపͬ߫ͤ༐̳̯͈̺̦͂ͦͥḘ͈̏߫ͤ༐̱͉ౙ̈́ͥ฽໘̤͈ͩͥ́ͅ
͉̩̈́Ȅ̷͈ഽ̮͂ͅ૧̹̈́୆଼̦ইͥ͘ȃষșͅ૧̹̈́་‫̦ا‬୆̲͚̭̦̞̀͂̈́͞ȃ̷̺̦̺̫͉̩ͦ́̈́Ḙ̠̱̹̏‫̞̱̈́̀ض‬་‫ͬا‬೒̱̀Ȅ̷̜̞͉͈̭̠ͥ࢜ͅȄ߫ͤ༐಼̱ͬ
̢ͥఱ̞̈́ͥȶςͺςΞͻȷ̦ۭ̯͈̜৾ͦͥ́ͤȄ໣‫ޗ‬এே̷͉͈‫̠ͥͤ̈́͂ޢ‬ȃ‫̹͘ͅݙ‬̷̠̈́ͥশ̷̭ͅȄ‫ݰ‬ြ͈ഥൡഎ̈́এே͈̠͢ͅ໣‫ޗ‬এே̤̫ͥͅȶুِȷ̴̞̹ͬͣͅ๛೰
എ̢̧̭̥ٜ͂ͣͥ͂ͣͅ༶̹ͦȄ໣‫͈͂ޗ‬୪തͬࡉ੄̷̠̳̭̦͂ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ̱̈́ͥͅȄ̷̦ͦఱ̧̈́փ݅ͬ঵̻̠͈̜ͥ́ͥȃȁ̭͈ത̥̥͈̦ͩͥͅలː୯̜́ͤḘ̷͉̏́౲‫̤̀̽ͬٴ‬Ⴀഎ̈́‫ٴ‬೺ͬ൩͙ȄडਞഎͅΣσό͹Ȝ΢ͅঢ̞̠ͥ͂໣‫ޗ͈ޗ‬୰̦ત̯̞ٚͦ̀ͥȃȶဳഛȷȄȶ૗‫ٮ‬ȷȄȶྫ૗‫ٮ‬ȷ͈‫ڎ‬౲‫ٴ‬̦๤‫ڛ‬എમ̱̩તٚȄ୰ྶ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̭̭̭́ͦͬ͜19ଲ‫ڠش͈ܮ‬এே͂చ؊̵̯̭̦ͥ͂

দ͙̤ͣͦ̀ͤȄ୆଼͂ક྽̦͂߫ͤ༐̯ͦȄ̷͈ഽ̮֚͂ͅ௄ࣞഽ̈́౲‫͂͒ٴ‬ਜ਼ষૺജ̱̀
̧̞Ȅ̷͈ൢోത͉Σσό͹Ȝ΢ͅచ؊̵̢̯̠̞ͥ͂͂ͣͣͦ̀ͥȃȁ̭̠̱̀ୌ؎̤̫ͥͅ૧̹̈́‫ڠش‬এே͈ర൮͉༷̤̞֚̀ͅਲြ͈ഥൡഎ̈́এேͅచ̳ͥఱ
̧̈́‫ޞ‬ր̞̦̈́̽̀ͥͅȄ৘͉ഥൡഎ̈́এே͈‫̞ͥ̀̽ۿ‬೪త͂Ȅুͣ͂։̈́ͥ໲‫͞ا‬ଲ‫ͅٮ‬చ̳ͥ‫ྫ͞୲ݵ‬ၑٜͬ఑̻෫ͥఱ̞̈́ͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬ๩̹͈̜̞̠̭͛́ͥ͂͂̈́ͥ͜͜ͅȃ̷̱̫̀͂ͤͩȄΣσό͹Ȝ΢̞̠͂‫ޗ‬ၑͅచ̳ͥୌ؎͈௰͈ࢋٜ͈༃ͬ࣪໚̳ͥࠨ೰എ̈́ࡎ͂
̞̈́̽̀ͥ͂࡞̢ͥȃ̷̷̠̜̭́ͦ͊ΧȜϋ͉ȶୌ؎̦൐ဢ͈এே͂΋ϋΗ·Π̠ͬ͂ͥ͢
̭̈́ͥ͂́ͅȄୌ؎͈ഥൡഎ̈́এே͈ଚపͬ௯ૺ̳̞̠͈֚ͥ͂̾ࢨ̞̈́ͥࠫ‫̦ض‬୆̲̭ͥ͂
̠̺̠̈́ͤͥͧͅȷȪ174Ƚ175ȫ͂࡞̞̽̀ͥȃ̷͉̺̦ͦȄ൐ဢ͈Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ໣‫ޗ‬എ̈́ȶুِȷͬෳ̱̀ୌ؎͈ȶুِȷ̦ু̵଼̯̭͉̩ͣͬۖͥ͂́̈́Ȅෳੰ̳̭̩ͥ͂̈́‫ͅވ‬ȶ̜ͥȷ̞̠̜͂ͥষࡓͬঐ̱̞͈̜̀ͥ́ͥȃ̢̤̥ͩͤ̀ͅ
ȁȸ໣‫ޗޗ‬ၑ࿚൞ȹ̦Ȅ֚૽͈ͺις΃૽ͥ͢ͅͼϋΡՏఱၘ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫͈ޗ‬໘‫͈ྪ̠̞͂ޟ‬ਫ਼ॲ̜̹̳́̽͂ͥ̈́ͣȄ̷͉ͦͺις΃͉̲ͬ͛ࢩ̩ୌ؎ͅ฽‫༷̳̭͍֚ܳࡤͬޣ‬Ȅୌ؎ͅ෩ࡍ̯̹ͦၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈਀̽̀͢ͅ඾ུͅ঵̻‫̹̭̽̈́͂ͥͦͣ͜ͅܦ‬ȃ̭͈ඵ͈̾੄̠̭ٛ͂ͧ
ͅΧȜϋͬպ౾̧̫̭̦̿ͥ͂́ͥȃ๞͉඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ໣‫ࡨু̦ޗ‬٨‫ͬڟ‬ทͣͦȄ૧̱̞֚༜
ͬ൩͙੄̷̠̱̞̭͂̀ͥ͂ͬ౶ͤȄ̷͉ͦ๞ু૸͈໣‫ͅޗ‬చ̳ͥ૧̹̈́‫۾‬૤ͬࡤ͍̭̳̭ܳ
̹͂̈́̽ͅȃ
ȁࣱന૯൸͈ȸఱ઺໣‫ޗ‬ఱփȹ͉ȶ඾ུ໣‫ޗ‬ȷ̦ୌ؎ͅచ̱̀Ȅু͈ͣຽ༑എ̈́փ݅ͬୟޭഎ
ͅ೹া̢̱̠̳͈̜̞̦͂ͥ́ͥ͂ͥ͢͜Ḙ͈̠̏̈́͢ୌ؎ͅచ̳ͥ໣‫͈ޗ‬Ȫ̜̞͉ͥ൐ဢ͈ȫ൱̧̥̫ͬ਋̷̫̠̳̭̭͂͛͂ͥ͂ͧ͢ͅȄୌ؎ু૸̦ুͣͬ૧̹̈́ষࡓ͒͂๲࿬̵̯ͥ‫ܥ‬̦ٛࡉ੄̯͈͉̞̥ͦͥ́̈́͂ΧȜῧ̢͉̹͈͉̞̺̠̥ͣ́̈́ͧȃȁ඾ུతह̽̀͢ͅρέ΃Οͻ΂ȆΧȜϋ͉඾ུ͂඾ུ૽͈๼͂ഥൡͬอࡉ̱Ȅ̷͈ۜ൲͂อ
ࡉ͂ͬଲ‫ͅٮ‬ഥ̢̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃ̷̺̦͈༷֚́൳শͅȄ୲̴̢൐ୌၰଲ‫̜̀̽ͅۼޛ͈ٮ‬Ȅ൐̥ͣୌ̥̠༷͒࢜࢜͂Ȅୌ̥ͣ൐͈͒൲͈࢜͂࢐॒̳ͥાͅ૸ͬ౾̧Ȅ̷͈୪തͬ‫͛ݥ‬௽̫Ȅ஼༷͍̫͓̩ͬࠫ̾ͥႁͬ଄̩̱̹̭͂͜དྷ͉̞ͦ̀̈́ͣ̈́ȃಕˍȫಅඤ૞ຳȶ։໲‫܉͈͒ا‬ओ̱ȷȪȶ๤‫ڛ‬໲‫ݪࡄڠ‬ȷల60࣢Ȅ൐ఱ๤‫ڛ‬໲‫ڠ‬ٛȄ1990ාȫ൳ȶΧȜϋȸΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȹ̞̾̀ͅȷ
Ȫȶ࣭໲‫ڠ‬ȁٜ৷͂‫ۻ‬રȷల726࣢Ȅ1991ාȃȫਲြ͈ࡄ‫̱̀͂ݪ‬Ȅఱୌ಑ဎȶ઀ஂส‫͂׌‬໣‫ޗ‬ȷȪȶ͒ͥͭȷల˕࣢Ȅ1970ාȫ໹֔೮֚ȶส‫͂׌‬໣‫ޗ‬এேȷȪ઀ஂส‫׌‬ȸ໣͈ศ͈၂༠ȁఈȹȄࢭ໲২Ȅ
1975ාȫਫ਼ਓȫȃ̹͘Ȅ໹୼祐ࢬȸ෫̹ͣͦ࿻ૂȹ
Ȫ૧ಲ২Ȅ1987ාȫ̧͉ͩ͛̀ͅਹါ̈́࿚ఴ̦եͩͦ
̞̀ͥȃஜന୺學ȶρέ΃Οͻ΂ȆΧȜϋ͈඾ུၑٜ͂඾ུ໣‫ޗ‬ȷȪȶ൐༷ȷల˕࣢Ȅ1993ාȫ͜߃ා͈াऐͅີ଼̺ͭ‫̜ͥ́ض‬ȃˎȫcf. Thomas A. Tweed, The American Encounter with Buddhism, Chapel Hill & London : The
University of North Carolina Press, 1993.
ˏȫLéon de Rosny, Anthologie japonaise, Paris:Maisonneuve, 1871.
ːȫLéon de Rosny, La Civilisation japonaise, Paris:Leroux, 1883.
ˑȫLafcadio Hearn, My First Day in Orient, in The Writings of Lafcadio Hearn, vol.V:Boston and
New York, Houghton MifÁin Company, 1922, p.10.
˒ȫHenry S. Olcott, A Buddhist Catechism, ColomEo (The Ilangakoon Catechism Fund) and London(TrüEner), 1881.
˓ȫEdwin Arnold, The Light of Asia, 1879.
˔ȫNanjio Bunyiu, Preface, I.
˕ȫ௩౓໲ဎȸྶহࣞ஺ഥȹȪ඾ུບა২Ȅ1935ාȫ
10ȫȸ૯ਕঃၳਬ଼ల਱֚‫ے‬ȹȪ൳༸ৡȄ1975ාȄ381βȜΐȫ11ȫධᕢ໲ဎȸ٥‫ݰ‬჏ȹȪఱဎ‫ڝ‬Ȅ1927ාȄ141βȜΐȫ12ȫȸ‫ࡄࡔڦ‬ዎ֒໲ਬȹȪฎ໲൴Ȅ1899Ȫྶহ32ȫාȄ148βȜΐȫ13ȫBunyiu Nanjio, Preface, i.
14ȫȸ୤ઐႲઽ঩ၳȁષ‫ے‬ȹȪུ‫ܐ‬঳੄ๅޫȄ1982ාȄ71βȜΐȫ15ȫ΀ΛΙȄ΀ΑȄϊσ΋ΛΠȸᄵ‫ޗ‬࿚൞ȹȪ໣੥‫࣐ۏ‬ٛȄ1886ාȫ16ȫȶΰϋςȜȄ΀ΑȄ΂σ΋ΛΠঙఱ‫׵‬୰ཌྷඃຊܱȷȪ૩ࢺ੄ๅȃ1889Ȫྶহ22ȫාȫ
17ȫ႕̢͊ȶ૰౺‫ڠ‬ȷȪȸρέ΃Οͻ΂ȆΧȜϋಠैਬȹలː‫ے‬Ȅࢭ໲২Ȅ1987ාȄ371Ƚ375βȜΐȫȄȶ૰౺‫ڠ‬എߘ௨෫ٟȷȪȸρέ΃Οͻ΂ȆΧȜϋಠैਬȹలˏ‫ے‬Ȅࢭ໲২Ȅ1981ාȄ44Ƚ46βȜΐȄ̈́̓ȃ
18ȫLafcadio Hearn, Letter to Chamberlain, KoEe, August 1895, in The Writings of Lafcadio Hearn,
vol.14, Boston and New York:Houghton MifÁin Company, p.384.
19ȫLafcadio Hearn, Gleanings in Buddha Fields, Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin andCompany, 1897.
20ȫ໹୼祐ࢬȸ෫̹ͣͦ࿻ૂȹȪ૧ಲ২Ȅ1987ාȄ202βȜΐȫȃ21ȫส‫׌‬ٛȪ༎ȫȸ઀ஂส‫׌‬௜ࣂȆྚ࢖‫ۏ‬੥۰ਚ֒ਬȁలඵ‫ے‬ȹȪဎઐ൴Ȅ1992ාȄ35βȜΐȫ22ȫ५࢛୓֚ȸέͿΦυ΍ȹȪષ‫ے‬ȫȪ२જ൴Ȅ1982ාȄ431Ƚ433βȜΐȫȃ23ȫΫΊυ;͈໣‫ޗ‬ၑٜͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬ո‫ͬئ‬४ચ̱̹ȃ౻ന‫ੇם‬ȸྶহ͈໣‫ޗ‬ȹȪບა২Ȅ1976ාȄ155βȜΐȫȃ24ȫ५࢛Ȅஜࠇ੥Ȅ442βȜΐȃນܱ͜൳੥ͅਲ̹̽ȃ
25ȫ५࢛Ȅஜࠇ੥Ȫ‫ےئ‬ȫȄ54βȜΐȃ26ȫΫΊυ;̞͉̾̀ͅఆࠁྶঊȶΫΊυȜၞഥȷȪȶࡣ๼੅ȷల35࣢Ȅ२द২Ȅ1971ාȫͬ४ચ̱̹ȃ27ȫΧȜϋ͈ΙͿϋΨτϋզ੥۰ȃ໹୼祐ࢬȄஜࠇ੥Ȅ169βȜΐȃ໹୼祐ࢬͥ͂͢ͅȄ‫؍‬ຩहਯַ͈૩
૞଼͈͂໲೒ͬΧȜϋͅ‫͉͈̹͛ۑ‬ༀ࣭٬߳৽̜̹ࠗۗ́̽ηΛΙͿσȆζ·Ρ΢σΡ̜̹̞̠́̽͂
Ȫ൳੥Ȅ170βȜΐȫȃ28ȫȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ̤̫ͥͅȸ൐༷୉ങȷ̥͈ͣ໣‫ࠐޗ‬ങ͈֨ဥ͉ո‫͈ئ‬೒̜ͤ́ͥȃȁȪȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷ͉ո‫ͬئ‬Ξ·ΑΠ̱͂Ȅນܱ̯̞ͦ̀ͥβȜΐତ͉൳੥͈͈̜́ͥ͜ȃLafcadio
Hearn, Nirvana, in The Writings of Lafcadio Hearn, vol.8, Boston and New York : Houghton MifÁin

and Company, 1922, pp.162-203.
ȁȁ֨ဥ໲ࡃ͉൳ै຦ಎ̩́̀ͥͅਜ਼ͤ͢ͅȄ൳̲ಠै̥ͣໝତٝ֨ဥ̯̞ͦ̀ͥાࣣ͉Ȅड੝֨ͅဥ̯
̹̭̹ͦ͂ͧ͂͛͘ͅȃΧȜϋͥ͢ͅȶΣσό͹Ȝ΢ȷಎ͈֨ဥ͉Ȅຈါ͂෇̹͛শͅࡠͤࠇश̳ͥȃ
1. The Diamond-Cutter.
in F. Max Muller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East, vol.49, Buddhist Mahâyâna texts, Oxford :Clarendon Press, 1894.
֨ဥ͉ˏ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼̜ͥȪ(1) p.162 ; (2) p.167 ; (3) p.174)
Ȫˍȫ
Because it is not possiEle, O SuEhûti, that this treatise of the Law should Ee heard Ey Eeings of little
faith, Ey those who Eelieve in self, in Eeings, in living Eeings, and in persons. (Section XV, p.130)
͕͖ࡔ໲೒ͤȃȪˎȫ... O SuEhûti, there does ot exist in those noEle-minded Bodhisattvas the idea of self, there does
not exist the idea of a Eeing, the idea of a living Eeing, the idea of a person. Nor does there exist, OSuEhûti, for these noEle-minded Bodhisattvas the idea of quality (dhama), nor of no-quality. Neither
does there exist, O SuEhûti, any idea (samgñâ) or no-idea. (Section VI, p.117)ΧȜϋ̴͉͘ષܱ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼ͬഐ൚ͅೄ̱̤̀ͤȄ̷͈ષ́ષܱ֨ဥ͈ࡔ໲ˏ࣐࿒ʼNor does there exist ...ʼո‫̦ئ‬જၞ̯ͦȄ̥̾ʼNeither does thereʼ ո‫̦ئ‬Ȅষ͈‫ؿ‬ਫ਼͂ഐܽழ̵͙ࣣ̞ͩͣͦ̀ͥȃ
Because, O SuEhûti, no one is to Ee called a Bodhisattva, for whom there should exist the idea of a
Eeing, the idea of a living Eeings, or the idea of a person. (Section III, p.114ȫȪˏȫ̭̭͉ո‫ؿˎ͈ئ‬ਫ਼ࣣͬఘ̱̹͈͂͜এͩͦͥȃȪˍȫ
Because, O SuEhûti, no one is to Ee called a Bodhisattva, for whom there should exist the idea of a
Eeing, the idea of a living Eeing, or the idea of a person. (Section III, p.114)
Ȫˎȫ
And again, O SuEhûti, a gift should not Ee given Ey a Bodhisattva, while he Eelieves in oEjects; a gift should not Ee given Ey him, while he Eelieves in anything ; a gift should not Ee given Ey
him, while he Eelieves in form ; a gift should not Ee given Ey him, while he Eelieves in the special
qualities of soud, smell, taste, and touch. (Section IV, p.114)
2. The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsang-King
in F. Max Müller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East, vol.19, The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King, Oxford :Clarendon Press, 1883.
֨ဥ͉ˍ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼Ȫp.163ȫ
ʼThe mind, the thoughts, and all the senses are suEject to the law of life and death. This fault ofEirth and death, once understood, then there is clear and plain perception ;ʼOEtaining this clear perception, then there is Eorn knowledge of self, knowing oneself and with thisknowledge laws of Eirth and death, then there is no grasping and no sense-perception.
ʼKnowing oneself, and understanding how the senses act, then there is no room for ʼʼI,ʼʼ or ground forframing it ; then all the accumulated mass of sorrow, sorrows Eorn from life and death,ʼBeing recognised as attriEutes of Eody, and as this Eody is not ʼʼI,ʼʼ nor offers ground for ʼʼI,ʼʼ thencomes the great superlative (discovery), the source of peace unending ;ʼThis thought (view) of ʼʼself ʼʼ gives rise to all these sorrows, Einding as with cords the world, Eut
having found there is no ʼʼIʼʼ, that can Ee Eound, then all these Eonds are severed.

(p.190)ષུܱ͈̠͢ͅြ୯̮͂ͅߊ୨̞͈ͣͦ̀ͥͬ͜ȄΧȜῧ͉̱̞֚͛̀ͥ͘ͅȃ
3. The Questions of King Milinda
in F. Max Müller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East, vols.35 and 36, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1890
(vol.35) (Books I-IV-4), 1894 (vol.36) (Books IV-5-VII).
̞̩̥͈̾֨ဥ̦Ⴅ‫̤̯ͤ̀ͦݷ‬Ȅ༒ܽષ˒̾ͅߊ୨ͥȃ(̴̞ͦ͜p.164)(1)
The King said : ʼNâgasena, is there any one who after death is not reindividualized ? ʼʼSome are so, and some not.ʼ
ʼWho are they ?ʼ
ʼA sinful Eeing is reindividualized, a sinless one is not.ʼ(Book II, ch.1-6, p.50.)
ΧȜϋ͈֨ဥ͉́ड੝͈͈ؐ࿚̞ͅచ̳ͥ΢Ȝ΄ΓȜ΢͈൞̢Ȅ̷̱̭̀ͦͬ਋̫̯͈̀̈́ͣͦͥؐˎ
̾࿒͈࿚̞̦જၞ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ(2)
The king said, ʼIs there, Nâgasena, such a thing as the soulȪVedaguȫ?ʼ (Book II, ch.3-6, p.86.)......
And so herein there is no such thing as soul. (Book II, Ch.3-7, p.89)
ΧȜϋ͉֨ဥ͉(pp.86-89)ܱ̱̞̦͂̀ͥȄ৘ष͉ͅ࿚̞͈໐໦͉86βȜΐ̥ͣȄ΢Ȝ΄ΓȜ΢͈൞̢
͈໐໦͉89βȜΐ̥ͣ֨ဥ̱̞̀ͥȃ̭͈‫ؿ‬ਫ਼͉́ΧȜϋ͉ಕ̫ͬ̾̀Ȅ൳̲ΑΞȜΠιϋΠ̦111βȜΐ́߫ͤ͜༐̯̞̦ͦ̀ͥḘ̷͉̏́ո‫΁·̠͈̈́͢ئ‬ςέͻΉȜΏοϋ̞̈́̽̀ͥ͂ͅ੆͓̞̀ͥȃ
(2-A)
ʼIn the highest sense, O king, there is no such thing.ʼ (Book III, ch.5-6, p.111)(3)
The king said : ʼIs there any Eeing, Nâgasena, who transmigrates from this Eody to another ?ʼ
ʼNo, there is not.ʼ (Book III, ch.5-7, p.112.)͕͖ࡔ໲೒ͤȃ(4)
The king said : ʼWhere there is no transmigration, Nâgasena, can there Ee reEirth ?ʼ
ʼYes, there can.ʼ (Book III, ch.5-6, p.111)͕͖ࡔ໲೒ͤȃ̹̺̱̭̭͉֨ͅဥβȜΐତ͈ນܱ̦̩̈́Ȅ̷͈̹͛ষ͈֨ဥ֚͂௽̧̞̈́̽̀ͥ͢ͅ
̠ͅএ̱̠̦ͩͦ̀͘Ȅ̷͉ͦࢋ̜ͤ́ͥȃ(5) The king said : ʼDoes he, Nâgasena, who is aEout to Ee reEorn know that he will Ee Eorn ?ʼ
ʼYes, he knows it, O king.ʼ(Book III, ch.5-9, p.113)
͕͖ࡔ໲೒ͤȃ(6)
ΧȜϋ͉189βȜΐ͈ಕȪˍȫ̤̞̀ͅȄȶ̭͉ͦȸηςϋΘ͈ؐ࿚̞ȹ̤̞͉̀ͅΣσό͹Ȝ΢͂൳݅́ȸͼϋέͻΣΛΠȆήςΑȹ̞̠͂࡞̞༷̦੄̩̀ͥȷ̱̞͂̀ͥȃ̺̦಺͓̹ࡠ͉ͤ́ȶͼϋέͻΣΛΠȆήςΑȷ̞̠͂ࢊᏃ͉ࡉ൚̹̞ͣ̈́ȃ̷̤̩ͣո‫̷̥̞͉͈̹̜̦̥͈͂̈́́ͥͦͦ̓ͅئ‬এͩͦͥȃ(A) all ElissʼNirvâna is all Eliss, O king.ʼ(Book IV,ch.8-58, vol.36, p.182)
ʼJust so, O king, is Nirvâna all Eliss ...ʼ(Book IV, ch.8-59. p.184)
ʼJust so, O king, is Nirvâna all Eliss, and there is no pain mingled with it.ʼ(Book IV, ch.8-60, 185)
(B) supreme Elissthe supreme Eliss of Nirvâna...(Book IV, ch.8-79, p.197)... he Ey his careful thinking will realise the supreme Eliss of Nirvâna, from which the stains andmud of evil dispositions have Eeen removed.(Book IV, ch.8-80, p.198)
4. The Book of the Great Decease.
in F. Max Müller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East, vol.11, Buddhist Suttas, Oxford:Clarendon
Press, 1881.
֨ဥ͉ˏ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼̜ͥ((1) pp.165-166 ; (2) p.190 ; (3) p.199)(1)
̭̭͉́ડ߉͈ࠁ̩́̈́Ȅ౯༌എ̈́ࢊ߉̦֨ဥເͬঔ̯ͦ̀໼͓̞ͣͦ̀ͥȃ༒ܽષ(i - vii)̳͂ͥȃ(i) It is all iniÀnite reason (ch.3-38, p.52)(ii) nothing at all existsʼʼ(ch.3-39, p.52)(iii) that state of mind to wchich the InÀnity of Space alone is present (ch.6-11, p.115)(iv) the state of mind to which the inÀnity of thought alone is present (ch.6-11, p.115)(v) that state of mind to which nothing at all is specially present. (ch.6-11, p.115)(vi) the state Eetween consciousness and unconsciousness (ch.6-11, p.115)(vii) a state in which the consciousness Eoth of sensations and of ideas had wholly passed away.
(ch.6-11, p.115)
̴̞ͦ͜‫ۍ‬ত͈༆Ȅఱ໲ল઀໲ল͈ঀ̞໦̫ͬੰ̧ఱ̧̈́௖֑͉̞̈́ȃ(2)
The sister named Nandâ, Ânanda, has, Ey the complete destruction of the five Eonds that Eindpeople to this world, Eecome an inheritor of the highest heavens, there to pass away, thence neverto return. (ch.2 - 7, p.25)
ঀဥ̳ͥࢊ߉͈৹͈ۙ௖֑̦ࡉͣͦͥȃ(3)
They all, all Eeings that have life, shall lay
Aside their complex form - that aggregation
Of mental and material qualities,
That gives them, or in heaven or on earth,
Their Áeeting individuality !
(ch.6-15, p.116)
ఉઁ͈ࢊ߉͈։൳̦̜̦ͥఱ̧̈́௖֑͉̞̈́ȃ
5. Atthakavagga
in F. Max Müller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East, vol.10, Part I : The Dammapada ; Part II : The
Sutta-Nipâta, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1881.
֨ဥ͉ˍ̾(p.179)ȃ
ʻPleasures and displeasure have their origin from phassa (touch), when there is no touch they do noarise.ʼ (11-9, p.166)
ʼdispleasureʼ ̦ΧȜϋ͈Ξ·ΑΠ͉́ʼpainsʼͅȄ̹͘ʼwhenʼ̦ʼwhereʼ̞̈́̽̀ͥͅȃ
6. Legend of the Great King of Glory.
in F. Max Müller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East, vol.11, Buddhist Suttas, Oxford : Clarendon
Press, 1881.
֨ဥ͉ˍ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼ȃ(p.182)

The Eeauty of the gods (ch.1-36, p.257)
7. Mahavagga.
in F. Max Müller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East, vol.17, Vinaya Texts(Part I), Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1881.
֨ဥ͉ˍ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼(p.183)ȃ.
ʼAnd in which way is it, Siha, that one speaking truly could say of me : ʼʼThe Samana Gotama
maintains annihilation ; he teaches the doctrine of annihilation;and in this doctrine hc trains
his disciples?ʼʼ I proclaim, Siha, the annihilation of lust, of ill-will, of delusion ; I proclaim theannihilation of the manifold conditions (of heart) which are evil and not good.(VI, 31 : 7, p.112)
ఉઁ͈ࢊ߉͈։൳͂̓ͥ͘ͅȃ
8. Kullavagga
in F. Max Müller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East, vol. 20, Vinaya Texts (Part III), Oxford :Clarendon Press, 1885.
֨ဥ͉ˍ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼(p.195)ȃ̹̺̱ ୃ̱̩͉̭͉ͦ֨ဥ͉̩́̈́Ȅུ໲ಎ͈ඤယͅ௲̱̹̜ͥഥ୰ུ̦̭͈
ͅਓ̞̱̤͛ͣͦ̀ͥ͂̀ͤȄ̷͈‫ڂ‬൚‫ؿ‬ਫ਼͉ո‫̜ͥ́ئ‬ȃ
Id, V, 8,2, pp.80-81.
9. Sutra of the Lotus of the Good Law
in F. Max Müller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East, vol.21, The Saddharma-Pundarîka : or The
Lotus of the True Law, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1881.
֨ဥ͉ˎ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼((1)p.195 ; (2)p.196)ȃ
(1)
ΧȜϋͥ͂͢ͅո‫͈ئ‬೒ͤȃʼperfectly extinct upon his throneʼ (p.195)̭͈‫ؿ‬ਫ਼͉ո‫ͬئ‬൩̢̹͈͂͘͜এͩͦͥȃ
Now the four classes of the assemEly, on perceiving the Lord PraEhûtaratna, the Tathâgata, &c., who
had Eeen extinct for many hundred thousand myriads of kotis of aeons, speaking in this way ..(p.237)(2)ΧȜϋ͈Ξ·ΑΠ́ո‫ؿ̞̠͈ͥ̀̽̈́͢ͅئ‬ਫ਼ʼʼthe great Seer who, although perfectly extinct for many kôtis of aeons, now comes to hear the Law.ʼʼ(p.196)̭͈‫ؿ‬ਫ਼͉৘͉ո‫ؿˎ͈ئ‬ਫ਼̹͈̜֚ͬ̾͂͛́ͥ͘͜ͅȃ(A) Here you see, monks, the great Seer, the extinct Chief, within the Stûpa of jewels, who now hascome to hear the law.(p.238)(B) AlEeit completely extinct for many kotis of Aeons, he yet comes to hear the law ...(p.238)
29ȫ̷͈ఈȄఴྴ͈͙‫̱͈̞̬̀͂ͥ̀ͦͣ͜ݷ‬ȸΐλȜΗ΃ȹ̦̜ͥȃ̹֨͘ဥ໲͂ࡔ໲͈చ؊̦ࡉ੄
̵̥̹͈̈́̽͜Ȅ֨ဥ໲ࡃ̦අ೰̷̸̧̥̹͈̦́̈́̽ͦͦ͜ˍ̴̜̾̾ͥȃ30ȫո‫͉́ئ‬CLHLȄ̜̞͉ͥȸ΃ΗυΈȹ͂ၞ̳ȃ31ȫส‫׌‬ٛȄஜࠇ੥Ȅ35βȜΐȃ32ȫո‫ͬئ‬४ચ̱̹ȃ৷ਕ‫׵‬ȸྔ࣭ਕ‫ޗ‬ఱٛȹȃJames Edward Ketelaar, Of Heretics and Martyrs in
Meiji Japan, Princeton University Press, 1990.
33ȫࣱന૯൸ȸఱ઺໣‫ޗ‬ఱփȹȪ໣‫ڠޗ‬ٛȄ1893Ȫྶহ26ȫාȄ7βȜΐȫ34ȫS. Kuroda, Outlines of the Mahâyâna, Tokyo:Bukkyo Gakkuwai, 1893, iii-iv.

35ȫ඾ུࢊๅ͉́ಎ࣭Ȅಱ஛͉́ఱ઺໣‫͉ޗ‬ଚ๷̱̹͂ྶ࡞̱̞̦̀ͥȄ‫ࢊם‬ๅ͉̞̯̯̥́̈́ͤ͂͜ఱ
઺໣‫̞࣐̦ͥͦ͂͂ͥ̀ͦͩޗ‬ȃ
36ȫcf. Ketelaar, Op.cit., p.264.
37ȫςΙλȜΡȆΐλέͻȜȶ৷ఄͬౝ̱̀ȷȪȸএேȹల943࣢Ȅ2002ා11࠮࣢ȫͬ४ચ̱̹ȃ38ȫcf. Henri de LuEac, La Rencontre du Bouddhisme et de lʼOccident, Paris : AuEier, 1952.
ȁRoger-Pol Droit, Le Culte du néant, Paris : Seuil, 1997.
ȁGuy Richard WelEon, The Buddhist Nirvana and its Western Interpreters, Chicago and London : The
University of Chicago Press, 1968.

ັུܱა໲͉‫ܡ‬อນ͈ո‫͈ئ‬ა໲ͬ‫ͅܖ‬Ȅ̷͈ࢃ͈౶ࡉͬ‫̢ح‬ఱ໙ͅ੥̧٨̹͈̜͛́ͥ͜ȃఆ֔໲ຳȶρέ΃Οͻ΂ȆΧȜῧ໣‫ޗ‬ȷȪȸ๤‫ڛ‬໲‫ݪࡄڠ‬ȹల85࣢Ȅ൐ఱ๤‫ڛ‬໲‫ڠ‬ٛȄ2005ාȄਫ਼ਓȫ