PARIS CLIMATEACTION PLAN
TOWARDS A CARBON NEUTRAL CITY,
100% RENEWABLE ENERGIES,
RESILIENT, FAIR AND INCLUSIVE

An action planfor 2030
and an ambition
for 2050

For a fairer
and more
inclusive city

Togetherfor climate

Conceptualized by :City of Paris
Green Parks and Environment
Urban Ecology Agency
Designed by:
Eco Act
Agence Latitude
Published:
1st edition 2018
2 edition 2020
2000 copies printed
on 100% recycled paper
nd

02
05

EDITOS

54

56	Air

PREAMBLE

Improving air quality for better health​

6 Paris, 10 years of climate action

61	Fire

9 Towards carbon neutrality

Strengthen solidarity and resilience

11 Creating a shared vision​in response to heat waves​

12 Zero local emissions

64	Earth

13 Relocation of production and innovation

Biodiversity to benefit all parisians​

13 Adaptation, resilience and social inclusion

67 	​Water
A resource that needs protection

14 Three milestones, one urgent need18

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND
100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY​
19		Energy
Paris: a solar, 100% renewable-energy city

for diversified uses

70

Paris mobilises its citizens and stakeholders

Paris, the city of shared, active
and clean transport

low-carbon and positive-energy buildings
40	Urban planning71		A successful energy transition76 	Mobilisation

25	​Mobility

A 100% eco-renovated Paris withA CITY THAT IS VIEWEDAS AN ECOSYSTEM
is a fair transition​

and a key player in French renewables​

34 	Buildings

A RESILIENT CITY
THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY
LIVING ENVIRONMENT

81 		 Governance of the low-carbon transition

84

A carbon-neutral, resilient

A CITY THAT MATCHESITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS
85 	​FinanceA city that is preparing finance for the energy

and pleasant city to inhabit

transition​

44	Waste

88 ​Carbon offsetting

Towards zero non-recovered waste

Paris fosters metropolitan cooperation

and a circular economy in parisfor climate action​

49	Food91	Advocacy

Paris, a sustainable food city

A city that speaks on behalf of cities

95

GLOSSARY© Henri Garat/Ville de Paris

ANNE HIDALGOPARIS MAYOR

P

ositioning Paris as a pioneer city in ecologicaltransformation.

Climate change is one of the most serious challenges mankind
has ever experienced. This is a daunting challenge, not tomention a formidable opportunity to completely revolutionize
the way we live, produce, travel, and consume. In view of this,cities clearly stand out as key players in building a greener andmore supportive world, as they have a tangible ability to impact
the daily lives of their citizens.
As we had pledged during the 2015 climate summit for local
leaders held at Paris City Hall, the new climate air and energy
Plan of the city of Paris heralds a strong ambition, making Parisa climate neutral city powered entirely by renewable energy
by 2050 as the latest. To achieve this, the involvement of all
territorial stakeholders -public and private entities, associations
and citizens- is critical.
Together we have the means to speed up ecologicaltransitions and lay the foundations for a sustainable city. We
are doing this already by banning diesel vehicles from 2024, byinvesting massively in the thermal insulation of buildings, by
supporting emerging green financing, by reducing our waste
production and by putting back nature in the heart of the city.
This is how we build a city that respects its environment.

2

We also must adjust Paris to climate change by cooling the city,
reducing impervious surfaces, planting trees and protecting
our buildings from heat waves. From the transformationof schoolyards into oasis or the introduction of a thousand
drinking water fountains in the city to the reclamation of theSeine river banks resilient projects are underway and at the coreof our climate plan preparing the city of Paris.
A city too that progresses along with its territory. Up and down
the Seine, we control and prevent the pollution of our river, withthe relevant municipal authorities we debate on the future of
the Parisian ring highway and beyond, and with rural areas
we are engaged in the production of renewable energy andthe creation of short food circuits. All of which constitutes atremendous opportunity to reinforce this ancient and vital bond
between Paris and its neighboring communities.
This is all the more important in the period we are going
through. Preservation of our environment implies improving ourhealth and living conditions. By now, Paris is fully committed
to carbon neutrality. Emissions have already been decreasing
and through this climate action plan, we intend to go further, tosecure a higher quality of life for our citizens. We shall not missthis historical opportunity. For our youth’s expectations are highand invite us to pursue our efforts as we seek to make Paris abetter place to live in today and tomorrow.

EDITOS //DAN LERT
DEPUTY MAYOR OF PARIS IN CHARGE OF THE ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION, THE CLIMATE ACTION
PLAN, WATER AND ENERGY

I

n recent years, extreme weather, floods, droughts, heatwaves, pollution peaks, have proven to be a serious strainon our city, particularly affecting the most vulnerable. These
events have clearly shown us that the climate emergency does
not only concern future generations or faraway countries. We
are already affected here in Paris.
Paris, as all major cities, has a key role to play in building acarbon-free world, relieved of its dependency on fossil fuels andpolluting energies. Paris hosted COP21 in 2015 and witnessed
the signing by all the states of the first universal agreement
on climate and climate change. It thus carries a singularresponsibility, a duty to lead by example the implementationof the main principles of the Paris Agreement in its territory.
By implementing 500 actions today, the Climate Plan lays out
the path towards carbon neutrality by 2050, with a territory
powered 100% by renewable energies, and a city where daily
life is more pleasant, fairer and more equal.

Parisians are entitled to breathe clean air, to eat healthy foodand to be confident that their children will be brought up in asafe environment.
To succeed in the transition to a climate-neutral city, we haveto mobilize all the people who live and work in Paris: citizens,
entrepreneurs, association leaders. We will certainly need the
support of young people of the "Climate Generation" as well
as seniors worried about their grand and great-grandchildren's
future!
As an elected official in charge of climate in Paris, I am awareof my duty in view of the urgency - we will not get a second
chance. This mandate is certainly the last chance to react andprevent irreversible disruptions that would be tragic for all of us.
Let’s act here, tomorrow, together in favor of Climate.

Jean-Julien Cassinat/Ville de ParisTo meet these objectives, we must hasten the implementationof this plan, while redoubling efforts on energy schemesby massively deploying renewable energies and ensuring a
support to all households especially the poorest one which
often are the most affected by these transformations as
ecological transition must be socially fair.

3

Preamble
THE CLIMATE IS CHANGING,
THIS IS THE REALITY
It is influencing our ecosystems,
our cities and our lifestyles here in Parisand throughout the entire world.

On 12 December 2015, during the 21st Conferenceof the Parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (COP21), 195 States
adopted the Paris Agreement, which sets out tolimit the average rise in global temperatures to well below+2°C, and strives to limit the increase to +1.5°C. Thanks
to an unprecedented mobilisation of civil society andStates, this Agreement was reached and entered into force
exceptionally quickly on 4 November 2016.
The international community has sent out a strong signal
to citizens, economic operators and members of civilsociety by setting the goal of achieving carbon neutrality
by 2050 and by defining the transition towards a moreenvironmentally and climate-friendly way of life as auniversally shared vision.

For the past ten years or so, thanks to their Climate Plans,cities have become the local leaders of the fight against
climate disruption. At Paris City Hall on 4 December 2015,
over 1,000 representatives of local governments signed
the Paris Pledge for Action which encouraged States toadopt the Paris Agreement but, above all, committed themto cutting greenhouse gas emissions in their territories
drastically (by 80%), to acquiring 100% renewable energy
resources between now and 2050, and to improving theresilience of their cities to climate risks, now and in the
future.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

Cities are dynamic ecosystems of our planet. They are
already home to nearly 60% of the world’s population,
generate the most dynamic economic activity and emit
70% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

PARIS,
10 YEARS OF CLIMATE ACTION
Back in 2007, Paris
adopted a proactive
and ambitious
Climate Action Plan
(Plan Climat) witha view to reducing
greenhouse gas
emissions in the longterm. In this way, theCity set a reduction
target of 75% between
2004 and 20501 anda short-term targetof 25% by 2020.

1- Based on 2004 levels
2- Carbon Assessment (Bilan Carbone®) methodology taking
account of all emissions (direct and indirect) in the Paris areaIn the last 10 years, the carbon footprint2 of thecity has decreased by nearly 10%. This meansthat the first key step has been made: theincreasingly steep curves of greenhouse gases
and atmospheric pollutants have been reversedby the action taken by the City in the frameworkof the first Climate Plans and Air Quality Plans.

// AN EXEMPLARY LOCALGOVERNMENT

In 2004, the City of Paris began assessing theimpact of its activities in terms of greenhousegases. In 2006, the Paris local government
published its first greenhouse gas assessment,
which revealed the most highly emitting sectors:
public facilities (56%), public transport (20%)
and consumer goods (24%). All in all, in 2014, theParis local government’s emissions amounted
to less than 2% of the carbon footprint of theterritory, at 262,000 tCO2/year.
In 2007, an ambitious programme to renovate
public property was implemented, starting withthe renovation of Paris schools and heating
systems. To date, 240 schools have been
6

renovated or are in the process of being renovated, which reduces their energy consumption
by over 30%.
Launched in 2011, the public lighting renovation
programme aims to reduce energy consumption
in this sector by 30% with no decline in thequality of the service provided. Since 2004, a 23%
drop in energy consumption has been observed,
corresponding to 33 GWh or the equivalent of
the energy consumption of the Greater Toulouse
conurbation. This programme has alreadyenabled a 33% reduction in the greenhouse gas
emissions from public lighting.
At the same time, the City of Paris has facilitatedthe installation of local renewable energy andenergy recovery facilities. Over a 10-year period,
over 50,000m² of solar panels have been
installed in the Paris area, including flagshipprojects such as the Halle Pajol (3,500m²), whichis energy self-sufficient. Since 2015, municipal
services have been powered by electricity
generated from renewable sources.
What we eat matters: French agriculture
accounts for over 20% of national greenhousegas emissions. In Paris, the food consumed by© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris// PREAMBLE

PREAMBLE //by electric, hybrid or petrol-powered cars. A
Parisians and visitors generates annual emissions
programme to remove diesel-powered vehicles
exceeding 4.7 million tCO2, corresponding tofrom the commercial vehicle fleet – including
18% of the area’s carbon footprint. That is why
refuse collection lorries – is currently in progress.
an ambitious food sustainability programme forcatering services in Paris was implemented inSometimes, reducing the territory’s carbon
the 2007 Climate Plan, with a view to reducing
footprint also means an increase in the local
the carbon footprint of the 30 million meals
government’s footprint due to additional
served annually. By 2016, significant
investments. Since 2004, newParisprogress had been made: 17,000 tCO2
separated waste collections haveavoided and 37.7% of sustainable
has become
been carried out to improve thefoods (products derived from the biggest public selective sorting system. This
organic farming, local seasonalrequired the use of additionalpurchaser
products and products with Labels
vehicles which have increasedoforganic
foods
and certifications) Paris has become
the local government’s emissions
in France (+7,000
the biggest public purchaser of organic
tCO2/year) but, in return, havefoods in France.
contributed to reducing the territory’s
carbon footprint (-50,000 tCO2/year) over the
To reduce the emissions from its transport
same period, thanks to selective waste sorting
systems, the Paris local government has adopted(cardboard, paper, glass, bio-waste, etc.).
two consecutive Mobility Plans (Plans deDéplacements) that aim to cut greenhouse gas
emissions by over 30% and reduce the associatedatmospheric pollutants. In the last 10 years, themunicipal fleet has been reduced by over 15%
and government official cars can no longer be
used. In 2015, all of the diesel-powered saloon
cars and compact cars in the fleet were replaced

All of these actions have enabled the local
government to reduce its emissions by nearly
19% over a 10-year period. However, a proportionof these savings have been offset by thestrengthening of the public service in Paris andan increase in the number of municipal facilities,
accounting for net savings of 2% in 10 years.

// KEY PROJECTS FORMING THE BACKBONE
OF THE LOW-CARBON TRANSITION IN PARIS

This has led to a reduction of over 50% for the
majority of atmospheric pollutants and 39%
for greenhouse gases. This policy has resulted
in the development of cycle paths (+700 km),the creation of the Vélib’ self-service bicycle-hire(23,600 bicycles) and the Autolib’ self-service
electric car-hire (1,100 stations) schemes incentral and greater Paris, the extension of the
Métro underground rail lines around Paris, andthe creation of 24 km of tram lines.
Buildings are, by far, the biggest consumersof energy in Paris. Reducing building energy
consumption has become a priority. Since
2008, social housing providers in Paris havebeen committed to a programme of reducing

the energy consumption of 55,000 dwellings by
at least 30% by 2020. 36,200 dwellings havebeen renovated to date or are in the processof being renovated. In addition to the energy
savings and reductions in greenhouse gases,
the benefits include better thermal comfort for
the residents in summer and winter, averagesavings of €360/year per household, and thecreation of over 7,500 jobs.
To speed up the energy transition in Paris, thecity and its partners (Météo-France, RATP, theCompagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain andEDF) have created the Paris Climate Agency(Agence Parisienne du Climat – APC). Since
2011, the APC has been an indispensable local
stakeholder in terms of the support it provides
through renovation projects for residents ofjointly owned properties, as well as for a large
number of economic operators.

© Guillaume Bontemps / Mairie de Paris

Since 2001, a policy of promoting sustainablemobility and reclaiming public land for active
and shared mobility schemes has been
implemented.

7

KEY
FIGURES+ 700 km
CYCLE PATHS

CREATION OF THE VÉLIB’

23,600

SELF-SERVICE BICYCLE-HIRE

CREATION OF

1,100

STATIONS AUTOLIB’SELF-SERVICE ELECTRIC CAR-HIRE

24 km TRAM LINES
50,000 m

2

SOLAR PANELSHAVE BEEN INSTALLEDCREATION OF+ 7,500
JOBS

240 SCHOOLS& 36,200 DWELLINGSHAVE BEEN RENOVATEDOR ARE IN THE PROCESSOF BEING RENOVATED

// PREAMBLE
Mobilising economic operators was one ofthe priorities of the 2012 Climate Plan which
established the Paris Climate Action Charter(Charte Paris Action Climat), enabling large
and small enterprises to voluntarily join thefight against climate change. To date, over
40 entities have signed the Charter andcommitted to reducing emissions by at least
750,000 tCO2/year by 2020.

The city of Paris is highly sensitive to periods ofextreme heat. To reduce the impact of urban heat

In September 2017, the City Council of Paris
incorporated this strategy into a more acomprehensive vision by adopting the first Paris
Resilience Strategy in order to adapt the city
to climate change, strengthen solidarity andfacilitate inclusion.
Lastly, Paris’s climate actions form part of a global
approach, which is now enshrined in the Paris
Climate Agreement and shared with many otherstakeholders and territories within the Greater
Paris Metropolitan Area, but also in France,
Europe and worldwide. As climate challenges
are, by their very nature, cross-border issues,
they require collective and socially responsible
actions at all levels, from local to global. The Cityof Paris has developed specific actions intended
to benefit the most vulnerable populations, suchas the City’s contribution to the United Nations’
Green Fund, and is actively involved in numerous
local authority networks (Energy Cities, C40, etc.)
in order to give cities a stronger voice in climate
diplomacy.

© Lorie Eliès / Mairie de Paris

In total, the territory’s carbon footprint decreasedby nearly 10% between 2004 and 2014.
These encouraging results demonstrate thatambitious and determined public action pays
off. To maintain this momentum, the policies
undertaken now need to be stepped up and all
stakeholders in the Paris community (residents,
users, visitors, companies and institutions) need
to be involved in the low-carbon transition.

islands, a programme to promote the greeningof Paris has added 70 hectares of gardens open
to the public. In 2012, an assessment of Paris’s
vulnerability to the impacts of climate change
was carried out. Its findings confirmed that
Paris is relatively robust city in relation to future
hazards (storms and flooding, etc.). Nevertheless,preparations must be made to adapt Paristo long periods of extreme heat (health risks,
downgrading of the city’s operations), periodsof drought (water resources, river traffic) andflooding (interruptions to urban services). The
adaptation strategy, adopted by the City Councilof Paris in September 2015, defines 65 measures
to strengthen the territory, reduce the impacts ofthese hazards, protect Parisians and plan for the
future to make the city more resilient in response
to climate change.

8© Mairie de Paris

PREAMBLE //TOWARDS CARBON NEUTRALITY
This new Paris Climate Action Plan outlines a common future for a carbon-neutralcity by 2050, which is adapted to extreme climate events and resilient in responseto crises and shocks. It conveys a positive message for a sustainable and equitablecity for everyone.

Carbon neutrality is one of the fundamental targets of the Paris
Agreement. It consists of attaining zero net greenhouse gas (or zeronet carbon) emissions, which means striking a balance between

our ecosystem’s natural capacity to absorb greenhouse gas emissions
and the irreducible emissions generated by human activities between now
and 2050.

Carbon footprint of Paris in 2014 (million tonnes of CO2)
Outer Paris emissions

FOOD CONSUMPTION

4,8

Local emissions

OUTER PARIS ON ROAD
TRANSPORT

3,4

1,5
MATERIALSCONSTRUCTION

AIR TRANSPORTPASSENGERS + GOODS

8,7

RESIDENTIALTERTIARY

2,1

2,0

9

TRANSPORTWITHIN PARIS

1,3

UPSTREAM
ENERGY

1,3
WASTE

0,4

INDUSTRY

0,1

// PREAMBLE

Carbon reduction pathways of the New Paris Climate Plan
Paris’s greenhouse gas emissions(25.6 million tonnes of CO2 in 2014) can be divided
into two major categories:

In line with the goals of the Paris Agreement, by the horizon of2050, the City of Paris undertakes to:R EDUCE LOCAL EMISSIONS BY 100%,

achieving the goal of zero emissions in Paris.

LOCAL EMISSIONS(6,0 MtCO2 in 2014)
Direct emissions from Paris area related to the energy
consumption of the residential, tertiary/service andindustrial sectors, city centre transport and the emissions
associated with the waste produced in Paris.

P ROMOTE AN 80% REDUCTION IN THE CARBON
FOOTPRINT of Paris compared to 2004 levels and involve all

local stakeholders in compensating for residual emissions inorder to attain the zero net carbon target for the Paris area.

THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE TERRITORY(6,0+19,6 MtCO2 in 2014)
Local emissions plus the upstream emissions3 produced
prior to energy consumption, emissions associated with thefood and construction sectors, and from transport outside
Paris (including air transport).

Halve energy consumption+
100% renewable energy

MtCO2/year
30

-20%

25

-40%

20

OUTER PARIS EMISSIONS
15

10

-30%
5

-80%

-50%

LOCAL EMISSIONS0COMPENSATION

-100%

-5

-10
2004

2009

2014

2020

2030

3- Upstream: transmission and distribution losses, amortization of energy facilities (creation, destruction)

10

2050

© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris

PREAMBLE //CREATING
A SHARED VISION

700This new Paris Climate Action Plan is the resultof a significant, iterative and collaborative processthat began in July 2016 with the publication of the reviewof the first 10 years of the Climate Plan.

The need for a very broad involvementof local stakeholders stems fromthe fact that private consumers are
responsible for 75% of Paris’s carbon
footprint, generated by the activities of economic
operators, Parisians and anyone who travels toParis. Mobilising everyone has therefore becomea major priority in the drafting of this new Plan.

 he forward-looking study entitled “A new era
Tfor Paris”6 which outlines one of the possible
trajectories required for Paris to become carbonneutral by 2050.

The review of the first 10 years of actions4,

From November 2016 to the end of March 2017,
700 people (citizens, professionals, associations,experts and City of Paris employees) were
mobilised, over 100 hours of debates wereorganised, and 280 proposals were received
from citizens and added to the 300 contributions
from the economic, academic and non-profit
sectors. A summary of the consultation7 was
published on 5 April 2017.

 he recommendation from the citizens’Tconference entitled “What individual andcollective contributions can change ourlifestyles?”,This has been a crucial period for the developmentof a shared vision that is receptive to the desires
and questions raised by the challenge of attaining
a carbon-neutral city by 2050.

Consequently, the consultation undertaken for
the new Paris Climate Plan has been based on
three cornerstones:

4- https://api-site-cdn.paris.fr/images/83843
5- “Quelles contributions individuelles et collectives pour changer nos modes de vie ?”http://www.paris.fr/actualites/conference-citoyenne-les-voeux-des-parisiens-pour-le-climat-4504
6- “Paris change d’ère” - http://www.paris2050.elioth.com/
7- https://api-site-cdn.paris.fr/images/91103

11

PROPOSALSRECEIVED• Promoting renewables,
eveloping active forms of• Dmobility(walking and cycling),
dentifying climate• Iambassadorsand student
•
•
•
•
•
•

climate representatives,
Facilitating the emergenceof new professions such asneighbourhood eco-managers,
Promoting property sharing
and pooling,Creating citizens’ observatories,
Encouraging fun challenge
events (carbon challenges,
vegetarian challenges, etc.) andconviviality (annual dinners),Ensuring the existenceof third-party workplaces
and teleworking centres,
establishing an annual personalcarbon declaration,
Improving the referencing of
eco-friendly tourism structures.

© Julien Paumelle// PREAMBLE

ZERO LOCAL EMISSIONS =50% REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION+ 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY
To attain zero emissions at the local level, Paris’s energy consumption will need to behalved and 100% of the energy consumed will need to be of renewable origin by 2050.
// HALVING PARIS’S ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY 2050
To halve the amount of energy consumed in its
territory, the City of Paris will prioritise housing
renovations and reducing the use of transportmodes that generate the highest levels ofcarbon emissions.
In 2014, Paris consumed more than 36 TWh ofenergy, with Paris’s 110,000 tertiary/service andresidential buildings accounting for 85% of thistotal. 95% of the buildings that will exist in 2050
have already been built or will be built in the near
future. The first stage will consist of reducing
the energy consumption by more than one third
between now and 2030.
By 2050, more than one million dwellings
and over 50 million m² of businesses, offices,
hotels and public facilities will need to havebeen thermally renovated. National, regionaland metropolitan strategies and facilitation

By 2050,
more than one million
dwellings and over
50 million m² of businesses,
offices, hotels and public
facilities will need to havebeen thermally renovated.

measures must be implemented to create theconditions required to attain this target. These
renovations will enable significant reductions in
the energy bills for buildings (hot water, heatingand electricity) while also adapting them tomore extreme summer weather conditions.
Protecting the health of Parisians and workers
by improving thermal comfort in summer andfocusing on indoor air quality (natural cooling,
ventilation, air conditioning provided by theurban cooling system, passive protection ofbuilding shells, etc.) is one of the priorities of the
new Climate Plan.
As far as the mobility of people and goods isconcerned, reducing energy consumption will
require more rapid changes in behaviours andlifestyles (better vehicle sharing, more active
mobility and fewer commuter journeys), thedevelopment of public transport and the phasingout of diesel and petrol-powered engines. This
will make significant improvements to air quality
and Parisians’ health.
And finally, the best type of energy is the energy
we do not consume. Substantial reductionsin Paris’s energy needs – by 35% in 2030 andby 50% in 2050 – will be essential to enable a
progressive shift towards 100% renewable andrecovered energy supplied to Paris.
12// 100% ENEWABLE ENERGY
Carbon neutrality can only be attained if
Paris obtains its energy from 100% renewablesources.
Paris’s energy consumption was renewably
sourced, and 5% of this was produced locally.
Between now and 2050, Paris wishes to promote
the “right to clean energy for all”. Just as they havethe right to safe drinking water, all French people
must have access to clean energy by 2050.
The City of Paris, which is the organising authority
for energy distribution throughout its territory, will
ensure the development of a 100% renewable
and recovered energy distribution system.
By 2050, the proportion of renewable energy
consumed in Paris must increase from 17% in 2014
to 25% in 2020, 45% in 2030 and 100% in 2050.
To this end, the City of Paris has undertaken
to speed up the greening of its urban heating
network energy mix by setting a 75% renewableenergy consumption target for the system in 2030
and 100% in 2050.
Fossil fuels emit substantial amounts ofgreenhouse gases and atmospheric pollutants.
That is why the new Climate Plan has established
the aim of progressively phasing out fossil fuels by
2030.

PREAMBLE //RELOCATION OF PRODUCTION
AND INNOVATIONTO DRIVE THE ENERGY TRANSITION TOWARD
A CIRCULAR ECONOMY APPROACH
The City of Paris intends to adopt a single approach to tackle two challenges:
employment and climate.

I

The City of Paris is mobilising its innovation ecosystem to find new responses
to climate issues. Numerous programmes are being launched each monthin Paris to speed up the development of innovative solutions that cancontribute to the energy and ecological transition. In this way, the Cityis supporting several initiatives such as the Paris&Co sustainable cities
incubator platform, the urban experiments being conducted by Urban Lab,and the DataCity programme on data-related solutions.

ndustry and ecology should be combined rather than opposed. In
this way, environmental issues are forcing us to rethink the urban
metabolism and the location of manufacturing sites in the city.
Herein lies the challenge raised by the circular economy: we need to
employ a different approach to developing the processes through which thecity imports, consumes, converts and exports energy, materials and waste.
By creating short supply chain, we can encourage the emergence of alow-carbon economy based on the creation of non-relocatable jobs.

The Paris Climate Plan is an opportunity to examine possible future
innovations, to prepare for them and to ensure that they will help to attainthe City’s climate-related goals. The digital revolution in particular offers
the potential to speed up the dissemination of solutions to facilitate theenergy transition. Through DataCity, and other projects such as CoRDEES8,
the City is already involving its partners in the development of new ways
to use data in response to climate change-related challenges.

The White Paper on the Circular Economy of Greater Paris and the report
entitled “Manufacturing in Paris (“Fabriquer à Paris”) propose numerous
promising possibilities that Paris and its partners have started to implement.
These include the need to set aside areas for production and urban services at
the heart of the city to enable this new economy to develop according to theprinciples of the circular economy, proximity, and by encouraging the poolingof production tools and resources in response to environmental issues.

ADAPTATION, RESILIENCEAND SOCIAL INCLUSIONI

It is essential that the energy transition
is solidarity-based and excludes no one.

n Paris, we are already familiar with the first effects of climate disruption(more frequent heat waves and flooding). Studies carried out on the
Paris climate show that over the next 100 years, periods of extreme
heat will occur more regularly and be more intense; heavy rainfall will
be more frequent as will drought phenomena, which will exacerbate thepressures on water resources. In this context, we must adapt the city andincrease its resilience9. Consequently, the City’s actions must be devisedon two levels: supporting all Parisians in the energy transition, while also
preparing them and protecting them.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

It is essential that the energy transition is solidarity-based and excludes noone, and that the new services, future forms of mobility and energy-efficientdwellings of tomorrow are within everyone’s reach. One of the challenges
for the new Climate Plan is to reduce fuel poverty significantly by 2030.
This blueprint for society will also generate jobs, innovations and careerchanges, and Paris will participate fully in this transition.
The new Paris Climate Plan is consistent with the main priorities of theresilience, biodiversity conservation and adaptation strategies10 adopted
by the Council of Paris.

8- CoRDEES : CoResponsability in District Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
9- “Urban resilience is the ability of the people, communities, institutions, enterprises and systems in a city to survive, adapt and develop irrespective of the type of chronic events and severe crises they suffer”.
10- Adopted by the Councils of Paris of September 2017, November 2011 and September 2015, respectively.

13© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris// PREAMBLE

THREE MILESTONES,ONE URGENT NEEDBY 2020

2020 - 2030

2030 - 2050

ACCELERATIONACTIONSVISION

Responding
to the urgent needfor energy transition

Developing an ambitious
operational action plan

Make Paris a resilient,inclusive, carbon-neutral
and 100% renewableenergy city

14

PREAMBLE //ACCELERATION BETWEEN NOW AND 2020RESPONDING TO THE URGENT NEED FOR ENERGY
TRANSITION

mobilisation of the available data in order to develop new solutions toaddress the key issues in the Climate Plan. In addition to the public initiatives
and in order to accelerate them, the City will be endowed with an Investment
Fund for Energy Transition.

These acceleration actions concern measures such as the thermal renovationof buildings, renewable energy supplies, the development of tools forfinancing the energy and ecological transition of the Paris area, and theThese actions will reduce emissions and consumption in Paris by 25% andensure that 25% of the energy consumed is of renewable origin by 2020,
compared to the situation in 2004.

© Jacques Leroy

To attain the targets set in the current Climate Action Plan, and in viewof the reminders we have been given of the urgent need for energy
transition, especially in the Deadline 2020 report published by the C40
in 2016, Paris will be required to undertake additional actions between
now and 2020, which will reduce the emission reduction curve.

15

// PREAMBLE

ACTIONS FOR THE 2020-2030 PERIODDEVELOPING AN AMBITIOUS OPERATIONAL ACTION PLAN
climate change and the implementation of carbon offsetting andsequestration tools to accelerate the local transition. It will enable theattainment of carbon neutrality in 2050.

The Climate Plan defines an operational action plan for 2020-2030, inline with the general targets for the territory, in terms of the reduction ofemissions and energy consumption, the development of renewable energy,
the definition of new regulations for digital innovation, adaptation to

By 2030 Paris has set the following targets:

- 50%

- 40%

45%

Become a*of local greenhousegas emissionsof renewable energies
in the overall consumption,
including 10% locally produced*of the Pariscarbon footprintZERO

fossil fueland domestic heating oil area

- 35%

*

of energy
consumption

Conform to the WHO
recommendations

ON AIR QUALITY

Guarantee a pleasant living environment that is
adapted to the climate for all Parisians.
* Compared to 2004

These major targets are applied to the different sectors and backed by a series of concrete measures developed on the basis of contributions obtained duringconsultations at workshops involving territorial stakeholders and addressing all of the City’s considerations on these issues.

16

PREAMBLE //VISION FOR 2050

MAKE PARIS A RESILIENT, INCLUSIVE, CARBON-NEUTRAL
AND 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY CITY
30 years is a very short time for such a major transformation of society.
Certain initiatives need to be implemented over a long period.

This transformation is not just beneficial for the climate; it is also a source ofjobs, innovations, improvements to the living environment and to the healthof inhabitants at the local level. Certain actions, such as reducing levels of
atmospheric pollutants, will have rapid and permanent effects. In this way,compliance with the WHO recommendations by 2030 will guarantee theair quality for 2050. Other actions will occur in the longer term, such as themodification of behaviours and lifestyles.

The transformation of energy and food systems in Europe, France, Île-deFrance and Paris will be a long-term process. The strategic choices must be
made right now to ensure a successful outcome in 2050. It is also importantto send out a strong and consistent signal to economic operators so that they
can immediately include this transformation in their long-term development.
We must also plan for an overall transformation that is based on the digital
revolution and on innovations which are still in the pipeline in order toanticipate regulations that will ensure the proper use of these technologies
and enable their mobilisation for the benefit of a shared project.

This transformation is not just beneficial
for the climate; it is also a source of jobs,
innovations, improvements to the living
environment and to the health of inhabitants
at the local level.

By 2050 Paris has set the following targets:

Make Paris aZEROlocal greenhousegas emissions area

100%

renewable energies12
including 20%
locally produced* Compared to 2004

- 80%

*

of the Pariscarbon footprint

- 50%

*

Commit the actorsof the Parisian territory
to offset the residual
emissions in order to reach

CARBONNEUTRALITY

energy consumption
throughout the territory

Ensure the climate resilience of Parisand carry out a socially fair transition.

12- Without any fossil or fissile energy17© Marc Verhille / Mairie de Paris

A carbonneutral
and 100%
renewableenergy city© Julien Paumelle

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //ENERGYPARIS: A SOLAR, 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY
AND A KEY PLAYER IN FRENCH RENEWABLES
A very significant proportion of greenhouse gas emissions is generated
by the consumption of fossil energy: fuels for cars, lorries and aircraft, fuel oil
and gas for heating buildings and a proportion of electricity production, etc.

C

fuels (oil, gas, etc.), and electricity, which is the main form of energy
consumed in Paris, is primarily produced outside the capital in a centralisedmanner.

hanging to an energy system powered by 100% renewable andrecovered energy sources13 will therefore lead to a dramatic
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, enabling the reductionof many risks associated with energy production and supply
while promoting locally exploitable resources. The Paris energy transition inorder to attain the 100% renewable energy target requires a radicaltransformation of the current energy system at both local and national
levels. Indeed, the Paris energy system is still largely dependent on fossil

To attain this 100% renewable energy target, it is essential to reduce energy
needs by making thermal improvements to buildings, adopting more frugal
behaviours and using more energy-efficient technologies and equipment.
The target will consist of halving energy consumption between now and
2050.

The target will consist of halving energy
consumption between now and 2050.
13-The following references to “100% renewable energy” include recovered energy.

19

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY
will optimise the adjustment of 100% renewable
Paris will progressively emerge from the fossil
fuel era, with renewable energy sources taking
energy production according to the consumption,
their place. The Paris area benefits fromto balance supply and demand.
substantial renewable energy resources –Due to their density, urban areas cannot
particularly geothermal and solar – that
achieve energy self-sufficiency. This is
will need to be exploited. Paris aims
Changing
because renewable resources (bioto attain the target of producing
mass, wind, sun, etc.) are situatedto an energy
20% of its renewable energy
requirement locally by 2050,
system powered in all regions. An energy system
which will guarantee its energy by 100% renewable powered by 100% renewables
is therefore decentralised andsecurity, and to develop a more
and recovered
will inevitably require new collaresilient, low-carbon model. Theenergy sources borations between territories andtransformation of the Paris energy
their stakeholders, in order to sharesystem is also based on the energy
common goals and interests, take joint
systems and grids (heating, cooling, gas
control of their energy-related futures, exploit
and electricity) that supply its territory. That
these resources optimally and strengthen theis why the City of Paris will be working withprinciples of solidarity. By promoting the target
operators to guarantee the development of anenergy supply based on smart networks, whichof 100% renewable energy supplies, the Cityof Paris is seeking to forge new, win-win territorial partnerships with local authorities and also
invest in developing the production of renewableenergy outside the city.
By developing this new 100% renewable energy
model within its territory, the City of Paris ischampioning the cause of the right to clean
energy for all Parisians, which aims to ensure
universal access to effective and sustainableenergy services, improve energy efficiency andincrease the use of renewable and recovered
energy.

The right to clean energy
for all Parisians.

Evolution of Paris’ energy supply
45

TWh

40
35

Energy demand reduction

30
25

 onventional electricity
CFossil district heating
Fossil gas
Diesel, gasoline, oil fuel
Imported renewable energy
Local renewable energy

20
15
10
5
2004

2014

2020

2030

2040

2050

// A CITY THAT DEVELOPS ITS COMPETENCIES AND ITS OPERATIONAL RESOURCES FOR THE PUBLIC
ENERGY SERVICE

To ensure the implementation of its policies,
the City of Paris intends to establish a local
energy governance system and consolidate its
operational resources.
Paris will be advocating a decentralised energy
model, including at the national and European
levels, which will allow cities to regain directcontrol of networks and grids and favours theinclusion of renewable energy in the local energy
mix with a policy of solidarity between territories
via energy grids and networks. Key issues also
apply at the metropolitan area level, e.g. toensure the optimal management of the different
networks and grids, promote exchanges of energy
and information between different areas, develop
innovative solutions and pool costs.
Managing the energy transition requires the
production and management of substantial

amounts of data. Data management is therefore
a strategic challenge to ensure the reliabilityof analyses, share the key issues among thestakeholders and provide guidance for decisions.
Consequently, the City of Paris will be establishinga public Energy Data Service to enable thegeneral public and the energy transition process
to benefit from the new opportunities arisingfrom the digital revolution: free access to theirdata for users, assistance with controllingenergy consumption and managing energy grids
and networks, in addition to support for public
policies. It will be run by the Paris Climate Agency.
The organisation of this public service will also
address data management issues, including
maintaining the confidentiality of personal data,on the one hand, and accessing reliable andanonymous data in open data format, on theother, to prevent the de facto privatisation of their
20

exploitation. This public data service will also
contribute to the personalised advice given tousers who request it via the Paris Climate Agency,
and will also produce in-depth analyses intended
to facilitate the efficient management of public
policies and provide guidance for different
stakeholders (e.g. monitoring of fuel poverty,
observation of data relating to the consumptionof buildings, or the mapping of energy resourceson the smallest possible scale). This public service
will be developed in association with the existing
stakeholders and schemes, such as the project tosupervise local government energy consumption
which is currently being rolled out - whose data
will be hosted on the City of Paris’s Data Centre
and shared with the partners concerned -, theprovision of metering data by energy distributors,
the Paris Urbanism Agency (Atelier Parisiend’Urbanisme), etc.

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CITY THAT PRODUCESRENEWABLE ENERGY ON ITSOWN SOIL
Obtaining 100% renewable energy supplies
firstly requires the mobilisation of all available
resources within the Paris area itself.

in the definition of a more consistent and effective framework for collective self-consumption– a mechanism that brings together different
consumers (private individuals, enterprises, etc.)
who share the energy they produce. To this end,changes to the legislative framework will need tobe made in order to take account of the specificities of the Paris area and to ensure the supportof the operators of energy networks and grids via
the inclusion of collective self-consumption inconcession contracts.

Paris benefits from a reasonably high level of
average sunshine (over 1,600 hours in 2017),
a figure that is set to rise due to climatechange. In this context, Paris is seeking
Parisians take ownership ofParis will Tothehelpcarbon-neutrality
to exploit the opportunity assoand
be supporting participate fully in thestrategy
ciated with its high-density built
attainment
environment to rethink the use of
the creationof this target, Paris will be
its roofs, which will be used as solarof citizens’
encouraging citizens to participate
energy production sites, possibly incooperatives in the production of renewableassociation with other uses such asenergy. In this way, the City of Paristhe planting of green roofs and urban
will be supporting the creation of citizens’
agriculture. Today, Paris has over 50,000m²
cooperatives that sponsor solar power unitof solar panels in operation. Conforming to theprojects, by identifying suitable roofs.
100% renewable energy trajectory will requirenearly 20% of roofs in Paris to be equipped withsolar power units by 2050. Associated with innoLOCAL GOVERNMENT
vative storage systems, a rise in self-consumption
and the continuously diminishing cost of installations, solar power is a priority factor for the deveA NEW SOLAR POWER PLANT
lopment of renewable energy in Paris.
IN THE BOIS DE VINCENNES
Paris has very rich architectural heritage whichneeds to be enhanced and promoted, while
facilitating energy production. The Paris Local
Land Use Plan (Plan Local d’Urbanisme – PLU)
already includes mechanisms for developing
renewable energy production in harmoniously
integrated schemes. To speed up the development of the solar industry in Paris, the City will
be strongly advocating the removal of regulatory
obstacles that are still excessively restricting therollout of solar projects on a larger scale.

To support the sector and set an example,
the City of Paris will continue to invest in urban solar power plants, as at the Halle Pajol.
Between now and 2020 a large-scale solar
power plant of between 5,000 and 10,000m²
will be installed in the Bois de Vincennes flower
park. The City will look into the possibility ofincorporating solar shade structures in public
spaces, which combine the benefits of energy
production with protection against extremeheat.

The citizens’ interest in solar energy productionis also being stimulated by new models, suchas self-consumption, which the City of Paris ishoping to support, in particular by participating

In addition to solar energy, there are substantial
geothermal resources in the Paris area. This
involves the recovery of energy generated and

LOCAL GOVERNMENTTHE PARIS HORTICULTURALPRODUCTION CENTRE
The City of Paris’s Horticultural Production(Centre de Production Horticole), situated in
the municipality of Rungis, consumes moreenergy than any other municipal site (forheating greenhouses in which seedlings andflowers are produced). Major improvements
are being made to increase its energy efficiency
and reduce its consumption by 40%. In addition, the heating system will be completelyrenovated between now and 2020, with theuse of geothermal energy being examined,as this renewable energy source could cover
20 to 25% of the Horticultural Productionenergy demand.

© Émilie Chaix / Mairie de Paris

Conforming to the 100% renewableenergy trajectory will requirenearly 20% of roofs in Paristo be equipped with solar
power units by 2050.

stored underground. There are several geologicalformations in the Paris basin which can be
exploited to supply heating and cooling systems
for buildings. From surface plants just a few
metres deep to boreholes drilled through aquifers
at depths of over 800 metres, geothermal energy
is developing thanks to a range of highly diverse
technologies that Paris has learned how to exploit
to its advantage. In the future, the City of Parisis planning to continue exploiting geothermalenergy and supporting these types of projects witha view to generating nearly 330 additional GWhof power on an annual basis between now and
2050. There are plans to drill a new geothermalborehole in the Albian formation in the future
Bercy-Charenton Designated Development Zone
(ZAC), which could be added to the existing
plants in northeast Paris and Clichy-Batignolles.
To maximise the resources and ensure territoriallybalanced production, the City will examine theexpediency of installing another geothermal
plant between now and 2025.

21

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITYWhen renewable energy is mentioned, windturbines, solar power and biomass immediately
come to mind, but to attain the renewableenergy production targets for its territory (8% of
consumption by 2020, 10% by 2030 and 20%
by 2050), Paris must show ingenuity and also
exploit “recovered” energy sources.
Many processes generate heat which can berecovered and exploited to supply heating
networks or buildings directly. There are numerous
opportunities for energy recovery in the Paris area
which will be developed in the future.

Between now and 2030, the City of Paris will be
striving to intensify the recovery and exploitationof energy within its territory. It will issue calls for
projects to test and develop underground heatrecovery systems. At the same time, Paris will be
advocating heat recovery for operators producing
substantial energy resources (laundries, data
centres, bakeries, etc.).

This involves the recovery
of energy generated
and stored underground.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTRECOVERY OF CALORIES© Gérard Sanz / Mairie de Paris

The City of Paris has already conducted
experiments on the recovery of heat fromwastewater and data centres and its use
for heating municipal swimming pools (atAspirant Dunand and Butte-aux-cailles). It willcontinue to invest in this sector and is planningto establish a project to recover heat from thesewers around the Town Hall in the 11th districtby 2020, for example.

// A CITY THAT IS SUPPLIED WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY VIA SMART GRIDS AND NETWORKS
In addition to the energy produced within
its territory, Paris’s energy supplies aremainly based on the energy distribution
grids and networks. These highly extensive
infrastructures (over 12,000 km of electricity,gas, heating and cooling grids and networks)
are therefore a major driving force for theenergy transition.
As the organising authority for energy
distribution, the City of Paris will ensure thatits grids and networks develop in a balancedmanner to improve the distribution of production
and promote the pooling of resources throughinterconnections. From 2018, Paris will publish
a heating and cooling Master Plan – a decisionmaking support tool designed to identify gridand network development possibilities andorganise planning in favour of the greeningof energy mixes. The Energy Master Plan willsubsequently include gas and electricity in order
to continue the greening of networks and grids at
the City of Paris and Greater Paris Metropolitan
Area levels.
The City of Paris will define binding targets for theshare of renewables in the energy mix suppliedby these different grids and networks in order
to attain the 100% renewable energy target
by 2050. These targets will be enshrined in the
Master Plan, which will be adopted by the City
Council of Paris and in the future energy supply
contracts that will be entered into between
2018 and 2025 (expiry dates of the current
concession contracts).

heating oil-fuelled power plants in Paris, which
provide auxiliary production during winterpeak consumption periods, will be converted
to renewable energy sources by 2030 (biogas
and biofuel). The City of Paris will also
support the creation of new renewable heatproduction units, powered by waste (including
biowaste), biomass and recovered heat.

In addition to the main production
The urban district heating system,
All of Paris’s tools (biomass, biogas production,
which is currently the main vector
for renewable energy in Paris,
energy networks hydrothermal and geothermal),intends to develop andwith a mix based on over 50%
and grids will be Paris
support local projects to ensureof renewable and recovered
transformed into a 100% renewable energy-basedenergy since 2016, will be
smart systems
power supply, diversify the energy
developed, by increasing themix and increase the resilience ofbetween now
density of connections in proximity
the energy system by developingand 2030
to the existing network and bydecentralised production. Solar energy
developing hot water loops to recover theand heat recovery offer significant potential
for renewable energy production given thelocal resources when new neighbourhoods arehigh density of Paris’s built environment.
developed, for example.
The conversion to renewable energy will also
be stepped up with the complete phasingout of coal between now and 2024. Gas and22

As periods of extreme heat are expected to
become more frequent and intense due toclimate disruption, essential cooling needs will

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //increase in the years to come and will account fornearly 10% of energy consumption by 2050.
To improve the performance of the networks
while incorporating renewable energy, thenetwork operators (distributors and suppliers)
must turn towards innovative solutions such as
optimised and smart systems. These cuttingedge technologies offer new opportunities for theefficient management of energy networks andgrids, and enable the development of predictive,
preventive and corrective solutions for faster
fault detection, fewer losses, better coordinationof network maintenance and improved
management of critical situations. The City ofParis will be working with network operators tocarry out information and energy management
campaigns directed at Parisians. It will rely on
feedback from the CORDEES14 operation in
Clichy-Batignolles, which aims to develop an
energy system management platform at theneighbourhood level that will allow for the realtime monitoring and optimisation of energy
production and consumption. This operation will
be used to test a new form of energy governancefor all of the stakeholders in a neighbourhood.

From a more general perspective, all of Paris’s
energy networks and grids will be transformed
into smart systems between now and 2030.
By adopting responsible consumption practices,
citizens will participate in the regulationof the Paris energy system. In this way, themanagement of power demands will be
improved with sufficient anticipation of theenergy needs to direct the supply towards lowcarbon or carbon-free sources. From 2018, withthe aim of optimising consumption, the City ofParis will join forces with network operators tolaunch pilot load-shedding projects that consistof not consuming electricity for a certain period,or of postponing its consumption. The aim is to
avoid consumption peaks which entail the use of
auxiliary production means that often use fossil
fuels.

To achieve energy savingsof at least 50% by 2030.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTSMART NETWORKS
AND MUNICIPAL ASSETS
Between now and 2020, the City of Paris will bedefining smart network management tools for
its own property assets, enabling the real-time
management of uses and the maintenanceof a balance between the energy available ingrids and networks and energy consumption.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTPARIS, THE CITY OF LIGHT
With over 200,000 light sources, the “City ofLight” has initiated Paris’s first innovative andenergy-efficient smart network. The energy
performance contract for public lighting will
enable a 30% reduction in the system’s energy
consumption between now and 2020. The
City of Paris intends to continue investing inorder to achieve energy savings of at least 50%
by 2030 and to use public lighting facilities(street furniture and electrical connections),
to develop new services (environmental andtraffic sensors, shade structures, etc.). To
save energy, the City of Paris will focus on themaintenance of the grid and the substations
as this generates energy savings.

// A CITY THAT ESTABLISHES TERRITORIAL
PARTNERSHIPS TO ATTAIN ITS 100% RENEWABLE
ENERGY TARGET
To attain its 100% renewable energy target and become carbon-neutral, Parismust support and contribute to the funding of renewable energy production
outside its territory. Indeed, even if it halves its needs, the French capital willneed to continue “importing” over three-quarters of its required energy supplies.
Consequently, the city is committed to supporting the transition towards a 100%
renewable energy system at the national and European levels and, in particular,
to participating in the development of the following supplementary production
capacities, which will be required to cover 100% of the Paris area’s needs by 2050:
50 km² of solar panels by 2050
3,000 wind turbines by 2050

Participating in the “greening” of energy that will be distributed via local, national
and European networks (e.g. the electricity grid) is a marvellous opportunity toassert solidarity between all territories (producers, consumers, neighbours, etc.) by
developing new forms of partnership and more direct cooperation.

14- CoRDEES : CoResponsability in District Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

23© Johny Goerend

9 TWh of biogas by the horizon of 2030

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY
Development of renewable energy
production via Énergies Posit’If

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Énergies Posit’If is a mixed-ownership company(Société d’Économie Mixte – SEM). It is the fruitof a partnership between local authorities andgroups of authorities in the Île-de-France region
and leading financial operators, with a view togenerating new models for performing energy
renovations in the collective housing sector andprojects for renewable energies production. To
date, the City of Paris has contributed nearly
10% of the capital. The main role of the mixedownership company is to provide support forresidents in jointly owned properties and forsocial housing bodies in the different stagesof ambitious energy renovation projects. This
operator also aims to invest in the developmentof renewable energy projects, such as the biogas
plant at Dammarie-les-Lys (Seine-et-Marne).

INVESTMENT IN RENEWABLESOUTSIDE THE CITY OF PARIS

To promote Paris’s aim to become a national
player in renewable energy production,
investment in production tools will be required.
The recapitalisation of Énergies Posit’If in 2018
will enable the financing of renewable energy
production capacities outside Paris in order todecarbonise the Paris energy mix. In this way, it
will also contribute to the mitigation targets of
the Metropolitan Climate Plan.

Paris will be engaging
in cooperation projects
with rural territories.

The City of Paris and its operators possessland reserves outside the French capital thatprovide an opportunity to develop renewableenergy production and carbon sequestration
capacities. In addition to its strategy ofinvesting in renewable energies on its own
territory, the City – in association with thelocal authorities concerned – will investigate
the potential for renewable energy production
and the creation of carbon sinks offered by its
properties outside the city centre, which willplay a crucial role in the attainment of the zeronet emissions target.
To supplement its own investments in renewableenergy production facilities and generate
momentum in the Greater Paris Metropolitan
Area and in the regions, from 2020, the City ofParis will be engaging in cooperation projects
with rural territories. It will provide financial andtechnical support to promote the developmentof renewable energy projects. These partnerships
will be formalised in the form of signed
agreements and will strengthen the solidarity
between territories through the implementationof win-win projects.
The assertion of the desire to procure 100%
renewable energy supplies on the energy supply
market is also a powerful lever that will offer
these sectors an outlet for their energy and willcontribute to transforming the business modelfor energy. Since 2016, electricity-purchasing
contracts for municipal buildings and the Parispublic lighting system have required the electricity
supplied to be of 100% renewable origin. At
the same time, only 0.10% of Parisians have// A CITY THAT SUPPORTS INNOVATION FOR RENEWABLE
ENERGY PRODUCTION
To position itself favourably on the path
towards carbon neutrality, the City of Parisis intending to kick-start and prepare for the
introduction of new technologies by issuingcalls for projects and research & development
challenges and providing funding for theconcrete implementation of highly promisingprojects.
For example, the City is interested in the prospects
for the exploitation of hydrogen of renewable
origin, the capture of CO2 emitted by industrialsites such as biomass and waste energy recovery
plants, and the development of “green” digital
services that use energy sparingly and efficiently,
recover the heat generated and use renewableenergy supplies.

With regard to renewable and recovered energy,
the public water operator Eau de Paris will launcha study to experiment with the use of microand pico-turbines in the drinking water supply
network, together with studies on the installationof sensors in the network, which will make its
actions consistent with a shared, “smart water”
strategy. Eau de Paris will also launch the “Nondrinking water, heat transfer fluid” solution andwill continue with the projects currently underconsideration in this field, particularly in theSaint-Vincent-de-Paul Designated Development
Zone (ZAC).

24

subscribed to a green electricity supply service.
Therefore, the challenge for Paris is to generate
momentum in the campaign to attain the 100%
renewable energy target. Between now and2030, the City of Paris must encourage Parisians
and local economic operators to subscribe torenewable energy supplies by informing them ona regular basis and by issuing reminders of theattractions and benefits of a 100% renewableenergy territory.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTGREEN ENERGY PURCHASING
The City of Paris will continue the process ofmaking greener energy purchases by supporting
renewable energy production through thepurchase of “green” certificates. From 2018, it
will be seeking to extend membership of its
purchasing group to its public partners andwill be reporting on its experiment in order toinitiate the creation of new purchasing groups
for other public and parapublic institutions.
This requirement will also concern the supplyof gas for Paris’s district municipal councils
and the urban heating network, and it will be
gradually extended to all forms of municipal
consumption in order to support and boost thedevelopment of the renewable gas sector.

Paris, in association with other local authorities
including the Greater Paris Metropolitan Area,
will also examine the expediency of creatinga cooperative operator for renewable energy
supplies between territories for local authorities,
which would promote a new form of partnershipwith rural areas, taking account of energy vectors
and the issues affecting them.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTENERGY MODERATION
IN THE DIGITAL SECTOR
After cutting down on the use of paper, weshall now turn our attention towards the
responsible use of digital technologies. In 2018,
the City of Paris will develop a “digital diet”
training programme adapted to each employee
and each department. This is because westore thousands of emails, attachments anddocuments on our servers, which increases
Paris’s energy burden and saturates the
networks. Therefore, it is essential for each of
us to learn how to archive our documents andto inform employees about the legal storage
periods that apply to certain files.

MOBILITYPARIS, THE CITY OF SHARED, ACTIVE
AND CLEAN TRANSPORTIn response to the development of the Greater Paris Metropolitan Areaand changing lifestyles, the City is constantly reinventing its transport modes
for people and goods in a determined effort to move towards zero carbon
and pollution-free mobility systems.

T

he vitality and attractiveness of Parismeans that the city-centre transport
sector is responsible for 17% of allenergy consumption in the Paris areaand 24% of its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
In Paris, half of the daily road traffic passes
through the metropolitan area outside Paris
itself, which implies that a certain number of theactions described in this chapter are intended
for inclusion in the Metropolitan Area Climate,
Air and Energy Plan.
The transport sector (road, rail, river and air)is also the biggest source of air pollution, sinceat the Île-de-France level it emits two-thirds(64%) of nitrogen oxides (NOx), more than
one-third (40%) of fine particulate matter at
the PM2.5 level (35% of which is associatedwith road traffic) and one-third (34%) of fineparticulate matter at the PM10 level (28% of

which is related to road traffic)15. 95% of all fineparticulate matter emissions associated with the
combustion of fuels for road vehicles originate
from diesel-powered vehicles. Transport –primarily motorcycle and scooter emissions – isalso the main source of ozone pollution peaks inthe Île-de-France region.
Since 2004 and the publication of the first
Carbon Inventory, the City has managed to reduce
the environmental footprint of this sector by
implementing a proactive development policy for
public transport and clean and active mobility:-39% greenhouse gas emissions in Paris, -30%
car traffic, -50% fine particulate matter. Parisbenefits from a well-developed public transportsystem, an extensive network of cycle paths, andinland waterway routes along the River Seine andits canals. Paris is also connected to French andEuropean regions via a dense and high-quality

15- Greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutant emissions – Paris – 2012 data. Airparif, December 201525

rail network. These assets, strengthened by thestrong desire to transform the personal andgoods transport systems in the capital city, will
facilitate the responses to the fundamental issueof carbon neutrality in Paris.
Because transforming the transport sector is
one of the most important environmental andsocietal challenges, the City of Paris will continue
to implement an ambitious policy for the mobilityof goods and people, by placing citizens andenterprises at the heart of its project.
To achieve its goals, the City will take action to
improve personal mobility and urban logistics
while promoting innovation in transport. By also
taking steps to improve air quality and, moregenerally, the living environment, it will use
different tools to attain carbon neutrality in thetransport sector by 2050.

© Lorie Elies / Mairie de Paris

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY// A CITY THAT REGULATESAND REDUCES CAR PRESENCE

Between now and 2050, Paris is aiming tocomplete the transition from the era of highly
polluting private cars to that of clean, active
and shared transport modes. We will need to
speed up the burgeoning cultural change thatconsists of moving on from the perceptionof the private car as an item of private
property to the development of a range ofcomplementary mobility services in which use
takes precedence over ownership.

Evolution of greenhouse gas emissions
for the transport sector in Paris

2004 - 2014

A significant improvement in air quality and in theliving environment of inhabitants will inevitably
require the transformation of the fleet of themost highly polluting vehicles. Following on
from the plan to combat atmospheric pollution,
which was launched in 2014, the City of Parishas set itself the target of phasing out dieselpowered mobility by 2024 and petrol-powered
mobility by 2030. In addition to the reduction ingreenhouse gas emissions and improvement in
air quality, these actions will also help to reduce
the presence of cars in the city and road trafficrelated noise, giving inhabitants the opportunity
to take ownership of public spaces and improvetheir quality of life.
Towards a Low Emissions Zone
throughout the Greater Paris
Metropolitan Area
On 15 January 2017, Paris established the first
Low Emissions Zone (Zone de Circulation
Restreinte - ZCR) in France. The French capitalhas been preparing since 2015 to implement thisgovernment scheme which aims to limit accessto central Paris by highly polluting vehicles bymeans of Crit’Air stickers which indicate the levelof pollution emitted by vehicles. The categories ofvehicles authorised to travel will change in several
stages (2017, 2019, 2021-2022), to ensure theprogressive implementation of the scheme until
the Zero Diesel in Paris target is attained in 2024.
In an approach based on territorial partnerships
with areas outside the Paris city limits, the Cityof Paris will be negotiating with The Grand Paris
metropolitan authority (la Métropole du Grand
Paris) to extend the ZCR to the metropolitan
area in compliance with the Breathable Cities(Villes Respirables) strategy16. To ensure theeffectiveness of this Low Emissions Zone, anautomated monitoring and penalty scheme
will be considered in partnership with Police
Headquarters. At the same time, the City will befurther strengthening the ZCR scheme within its
territory between now and 2030 with the aimof attaining the target of zero petrol-powered
vehicles in Paris by 2030.

WITHIN PARIS ITSELF(INNER RING)- 39 %

PARIS-CLOSE SUBURB- 33 %

PARIS-GREAT SUBURB- 18 %

TRANSIT- 10 %

PLANES+ 3%

The City of Paris has set itself the targetof phasing out diesel-powered mobility
by 2024 and petrol-powered mobility by 2030.

16- Villes Respirables: a call for projects launched by the French government in 2015 to promote the development of innovative projects to improve air quality, in which the Greater Paris Metropolitan Area
was an award-winner.

26

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //The Paris Local Government Mobility Plan
(Plan de Déplacement des Administrations
Parisiennes – PDAP) lists more than 20
actions designed to promote an exemplarymunicipal fleet and practices.
Having already reduced the number of lightvehicles in its fleet by nearly 30% between
2011 and 2016, the City of Paris, among otheractions, is now planning to:Eliminate diesel-powered vehicles from themunicipal fleet between now and 2020.
Over €120 million have been earmarked forthese investments during the 2014-2020
term of office.
Replace 1,200 light petrol-powered vehicles– i.e. 90% of the fleet – with clean vehicles(NGV, electric, hydrogen-powered, etc.) by
the end of 2020.
Seek alternative solutions to petrol for certain
vehicles (pavement-cleaning machines, etc.)
in association with manufacturers.
This transformation of the municipal fleet isaccompanied by several actions to change
the local government’s mobility practices,by adapting working conditions to prevent
unnecessary journeys, encourage walking andcycling, the use of public transport or car sharing,and by training employees in environmentallyfriendly driving techniques, etc.

The future of the Parisring road must be envisaged
from the perspective ofa radical change in mobility
within the Île-de-France
region, with the completionof the Grand Paris Express.

Financial incentives and support measures
are required to encourage professionals andhouseholds to invest in low-carbon vehicles andto adopt active forms of mobility. The City has
currently established a scheme that provides
grants and support for Parisians who stop using
their old vehicles, for professionals and SMEs, foryoung drivers and for owners of condominiums
to promote the installation of bike shelters andelectric charging stations. The Metropolitan
Council has established a complementary
scheme called “Métropole Roule Propre” (Clean
Travel in the Metropolitan Area). The City ofParis will look into the possibility of introducing
different parking prices according to vehicle
emissions to be introduced in 2020, which goesa step further than the current provision of freeparking for electric vehicles by introducing positive
pricing based on Crit’Air stickers: the cleaner thevehicle, the cheaper the parking.
It will examine the opportunities for broaderbased pricing of public land use in preparation
for the regulations required for driverless vehicles,in particular. The aim will be to encourage thedevelopment of mobility and logistics services
using fleets of clean vehicles that are optimised
to reduce the number of unladen journeys. A fairpricing system should integrate a fair share of
the costs relating to road use, congestion andpollution.
Inventing a new role for data-driven
regulation of mobility
The City will support initiatives promoting theimproved regulation of mobility services in orderto provide a better response to the targets set forsustainable mobility and logistics. It will encourage

operators which develop digital platforms thatmatch the supply and demand for transport (carpooling, personal transport, bicycles and scooters,
station-free vehicle sharing, deliveries, etc.) tosign up to schemes under shared regulations
with the public authorities. The City will support
data-sharing solutions enabling regulation for
optimised traffic management, reduced public
land use and promoting the use of renewableenergy supplies (electricity, gas and hydrogen).
Preparing to transform the Paris ring road
The future of the Paris ring road must be
envisaged from the perspective of a radical
change in mobility within the Île-de-France
region, with the completion of the Grand Paris
Express automated underground railway system
offering new transport capacities and bypassing
central Paris from suburb to suburb. This will
promote a redistribution of employment in Îlede-France region, a progressive reduction in thenumber of private vehicles, the developmentof shared mobility modes and technologicalrevolutions in the transport sector such as thedevelopment of autonomous transport, in
addition to new ways of working that reduce thenumber of commuter journeys (developmentof teleworking and co-working areas). With
the development of e-commerce, goods
transportation is undergoing major changes
that will need to be considered.
The Mobility 2030 policy, launched in theframework of the Metropolitan Forum, should
lead to an international consultation, under theaegis of the Forum, for the proposal of scenarios
to transform the metropolitan area’s motorways
by 2024, in order to improve their operation andtheir urban and environmental integration, andwith the longer-term aim of initiating more
ambitious transformations.

© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris

AN EXEMPLARYFLEET AND PRACTICES

Financial incentives
and support measures© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

27

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY// A CITY WHOSE RESIDENTS ARE REGAINING CONTROLOF PUBLIC SPACESThe City of Paris has a dense traffic network,with no urban obstacles, which facilitatejourneys made on foot or by bicycle. The transformation of the urban space must continue
to offer the best conditions for pedestrians,
cyclists and other low-carbon mobility modes.
Providing more space for pedestrians
In 2016, the Council of Paris adopted a vast project
to redevelop Paris’s emblematic squares with theaim of placing the activities of pedestrians andcyclists at the heart of the city’s priorities. Thisinitiative sets out to decongest the squares, easeaccess to public transport and intermodality,
create welcoming green spaces that people
will want to linger in, promote the architecturaland historical heritage of the squares, facilitate
cultural and sporting activities and simplify thejourneys of cyclists and pedestrians.

for active modes, less noise and pollution. During
the 2017 edition which was extended to theentire city, Airparif – the association responsible
for monitoring air quality in Île-de-France –observed a reduction in nitrogen dioxide (NO2)levels of up to 25%. Bruitparif recorded a drop
in noise of up to 2.7 decibels, corresponding to
the halving of perceived noise. The enormous
popularity of this outstanding event and these
positive indicators have encouraged the City ofParis to extend the scope of this scheme eachyear. Between now and 2020, the City will beworking with the Police Headquarters andmetropolitan area stakeholders (Grand Paris
metropolitan authority, adjacent municipalities,etc.) on extending the car-free day with a view to
involving other metropolitan areas.
Reducing traffic for active mobility© Guillaume Bontemps / Mairie de Paris

Paris will allocate the resources required toOver half of all journeys within central Parismake it a 100% cycle-friendly capital, which will
are made on foot. To increase the number of
involve facilitating cycling on all routes in Paris
continuous footpaths and simplify pedestrianand developing new cycle paths, providing moreaccess to the road system while facilitating accessbicycle parking spaces and reducing the speed
to public transport and improving the conditions
limit to a maximum of 30 km/h on all roads apartfor walking, the Paris Pedestrian Strategy
from the main routes, for a 100% cycle-friendly(Stratégie Paris Piéton) was adopted in 2017.
Paris by 2020.
In line with this approach, the “Paris
Adapting the city to active mobility
Breathes” (Paris Respire) scheme will
A 100%
also requires an examination of ways
provide “breathing spaces” (espaces
de respiration) for Parisians and visitors cycle-friendly to use the road system in a morein all districts of Paris, on every Sunday Paris by 2020 innovative and efficient manner (forexample adjustment of traffic lights toand public holiday between now andthe speed of cyclists, removal of traffic
2024. This will contribute to improving
lights, widespread implementation of thethe safety of pedestrians and cyclists in“give way to cyclists” rule).
these areas and to developing a more inclusive
local lifestyle in these districts. Implementation
At the same time, and because driving styles canof “green streets” (rues végétales) and “quiet
have a significant impact in terms of pollution,
streets” (rues apaisées – where soft mobility
the City will be advocating that from 2020,
primes) in all districts between now and 2020
driving schools start training their students inwill also contribute to this policy of providing an
eco-friendly driving limited to 30 km/h in Paris.
ever-increasing number of breathing spaces.
This measure will help to reduce the atmosphericpollution emissions associated with the braking
The car-free day, launched in September 2015,of vehicles, in particular.
has been revealed to have a positive impact on
the quality of life: public spaces made available

28

That is why the Cityof Paris will be supporting
the developmentof teleworking sites.
Developments to reduce the numberof commuter journeys
The Paris region holds the national record forthe time spent travelling to and from work. Thissituation has a negative impact on its inhabitants’quality of life and on the attractiveness of thearea. Teleworking, combined with a better
distribution of economic activities, is an effective
response to mobility and quality-of-life issues,
and also contributes to revitalising areas thathave fewer employment opportunities andeconomic activities. That is why the City ofParis will be supporting the development ofteleworking sites at the metropolitan area level
through the creation of third-party premises inpublic and private buildings.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTBUROLIB’
The City has been developing the “Burolib’”system for its employees since 2016, in which
several work rooms equipped with computersand connected to the City of Paris’s internal
network are accessible all day long. This
enables employees to manage their journeys
more efficiently and avoid wasting time ontransport between meetings. By 2030, each of
the City’s administrative buildings will possess
at least one area of this type. In addition,
the City of Paris will support the creation of
teleworking premises for employees living in
the outer suburbs. Lastly, by 2020, in order to
set an example as ambassadors of the City,
Paris’s elected representatives and municipal
employees will be required to use low-carbon
modes (train or electric car) for all professional
journeys of less than 3 hours by train.

The City will provide
a broader and diversified
range of mobility offerings,
while promoting
the interoperability of cleanand shared mobility modes.

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CITY THAT ENCOURAGES
CLEAN, SHARED AND TRANQUILMOBILITY
The reduction of car traffic will be accompaniedby the provision of alternative transport modes
and schemes to raise the awareness of users
in order to facilitate the adoption of a new
approach to mobility. The City will provide
a broader and diversified range of mobility
offerings, while promoting the interoperabilityof clean and shared mobility modes.

Shared mobility modes such as car-pooling, carsharing and collective taxis are currently booming
and are an effective way to reduce the numberof vehicles in the city. The City of Paris wants todevelop these new offerings and encourage theirdevelopment by facilitating their use. In this way,
the City intends to support car sharing whichallows people to dispense their private vehicles.
To this end, the City is planning to reserve moreparking spaces for car sharing between now and2020. In collaboration with metropolitan area
stakeholders and government departments, itwill also be looking into the possibility of reserving
all or part of the left-hand lane of the Paris ringroad for vehicles with at least two occupants.
Low-carbon public transport
Paris has set itself the target of running lowcarbon public transport services by 2025.
For the past few years, Paris public transport
operators have been incorporating low-carbon
technologies into their vehicles and this process
will need to be stepped up. The City is involvedin the development of public transport in theÎle-de-France region, in particular by financing
key structural network projects such as theextensions of lines 11 and 14 and of RER (Regional
Express Railway) line E to the west.
The Grand-Paris Express project will makea significant contribution to increasing theattractiveness of public transport and make iteasier for many metropolitan area residents tostop using their private cars.
Attaining this target will require a policy ofsignificant investment in mass public transport.
In this perspective the City of Paris will campaign
for a reduction of VAT on public transport.
The City will extend the establishment of rapidtransit lines (RTL – electric buses) in order tooffer high-performance alternatives to theprivate car. By 2020, Paris will have an RTL that
extends the T3 tramline in a loop around the
Maréchaux boulevards, and another rapid transit
line will be in the development stage in the “Quais
Hauts” area of the right bank of the River Seine.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

Towards shared mobility for fewer carsin the city

In addition, an inter-station RTL will be graduallycreated with completion scheduled for 2024.
Finally, the City will be joining forces with Île-deFrance Mobilités (regional transport organisation
authority), Voies Navigables de France (VNF)(French navigation authority) and HAROPA (thealliance which brings together the harbours of
Le Havre, Rouen and Paris) to establish a cleanengine river shuttle service for passengers before
2030.
Towards a single travel pass
Facilitating intermodality and developing
multimodal travel practices are two conditions
for the promotion of more intensive public
transport use. With these aims in mind, the City
will urge Île-de-France Mobilités to create a single
travel pass by 2020. This pass must make it easy
for users to combine different modes of public
transport (bus, tram, underground, regional
express railway) as well as Autolib’ and Vélib’.
The addition of other services (car-pooling, carsharing and taxis) may also be envisaged. In orderto encourage the modal shift of the occasional
travels towards public transports, the City will callfor the extension of connection possibilities withthe regular transport ticket (ticket t+) between
underground, tram, bus and regional express
railway.
Putting the bicycle at the heartof Parisians’ lives
Buoyed by the success of the Vélib’ self-service
bicycle hire scheme and the development of
the electric bicycle, cycling – an indisputably
environmentally friendly and economical meansof transport – has become an increasingly
29

popular mobility mode in its own right. To support
this development, the Paris Cycling Plan (Plan
Vélo de Paris) was approved in 2015 with the aimof creating new infrastructures and providing newservices to triple the modal share of cycling, andsetting the target of 15% of journeys being madeby bicycle. On this account, a major structural
East-West and North-South network – theExpress Bike Network (Réseau Express Vélo –REVe) – is being developed. From 1st January 2018,
Parisians, Île-de-France residents and visitors
have access to a new Vélib’ system. Available
throughout the Greater Paris Metropolitan
Area, eventually 30% of these bicycles will beelectrically assisted to enable users to travel
farther. To round off its Vélib’ service, the City will
be supporting the development of new cyclingrelated services such as the cargo bike hire forfamilies or shopping, the corporate bike service
and do-it-yourself repair workshops. It will beurging Île-de-France Mobilités (SNCF and RATP)
to allow bicycles to be transported more easilyon the regional express railway and in trains,and for the creation of a metropolitan area
network of cycle paths to supplement the Paris
Express Bike Network. In addition, to facilitatejourneys by bicycle, cyclists will be allowed to ride
through certain parks at reduced speed. The City
will create more than 10,000 new bike parking
spaces, including in securely locked bicycle boxes,
throughout the Paris area, and especially instations and near amenities (museums, libraries,
cultural and sports centres, etc.). Finally, inorder to teach future users good cycling safety
practices, between now and 2025, the City will
be introducing urban cycling training for young
Parisians before they leave primary school. These
solutions, which are valuable services for citizens,will empower cyclists and allow them to makethe most of cycling in Paris.

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY// A CITY THAT SUPPORTS

A plan for low-carbon logisticsin Île-de-France

Multimodal logistics platforms at theheart of the city for low-carbon freight

The rapid growth of new models of consumption such as e-commerce is accelerating the
expansion and development of urban logistics.
In the urban environment, the managementof logistics is particularly complex given the
fragmented and heterogeneous nature of
the flows.

Between now and 2020, the City of Paris, inassociation with the Île-de-France Region, theGrand Paris metropolitan authority and theseven other départements in Île-de-France,
intends to establish a system of governance forurban logistics that is adapted to the area. This
organisational system will define a low-carbon
logistics plan for Île-de-France with the aim of
coordinating the stakeholders’ actions. It will
promote the development of a partnershipbased approach among the stakeholders in orderto optimise transport flows and direct them
towards centralised, multimodal infrastructures.

Between now and 2030, new multimodal logistics platforms with automated interconnections
will be progressively built in the city centre andin different parts of the metropolitan area. The
new Chapelle International hub to the north of
Paris is an excellent example of this strategy –a genuine urban project reconciling economic
activities, housing and logistics at the heart of asingle neighbourhood. From 2018 onwards, thislogistics hub will accommodate the equivalent
daily capacity of two trains, corresponding to
40 traditional semi-trailer-loads of goods tobe delivered throughout the entire capital. This
project will generate environmental benefits with
13,700 fewer lorries entering Paris each year, fora reduction of 560 tonnes of CO2, in addition
to reducing noise and atmospheric pollution.
Five other hubs based on this model should
also be built in Paris between now and 2030.
By 2020, Paris wants the Grand Paris
metropolitan authorityto provide the impetus
for an urban logistics governance system thatis adapted to the territory, in collaboration withthe Île-de-France region, and covering the entire
regional territory, thus promoting the emergenceof other multimodal logistics hubs. The aim ofthese hubs is to develop the massive arrival ofgoods by train and organise deliveries to the final
customer using low-carbon transport modes(electric vehicles, natural gas vehicles, delivery
tricycles, etc.). At the same time, new Urban
Logistics Sites will be developed in Paris between
now and 2030 to create a network of logistics
sites situated at the heart of the city, as close as
possible to the final consumers, and enabling a
reduction in the number of vehicles on the roads
and the use of clean or active modes for the final
delivery miles. Under these conditions, the rail
network, which is currently mainly devoted topassenger transport, must be developed.

LOW-CARBON URBANLOGISTICS THROUGH
TO THE LAST MILE

Today, the majority of logistics hubs are situatedon the outskirts of the main areas of consumption,
which causes additional congestion, pollution
and greenhouse gas emissions. The City of Paris
intends to tackle these issues by establishinga well-organised, sustainable and coordinatedurban logistics system, comprising multimodal
infrastructures at the heart of the city, in order toreconcile economic vitality with the preservationof air quality and the living environment of
Parisians.

The Paris ring road remains one of the area’s maintransit routes for goods transport, with 70,000
lorries using it per day. The City of Paris requests a
new study on the creation and scope of a charge
on heavy goods vehicles, in association with thePrefecture of Paris, the Île-de-France region and
the Greater Paris Metropolitan area.

THE BERCY CHARENTONDESIGNATED DEVELOPMENT ZONE
An important site for experiments targeting
low-carbon freight transportation.

The Bercy Charenton Designated Development Zone (ZAC) is
an important site for experiments on creating an industrial
and small-business ecosystem covering environmental,
property-related and logistical issues.
Areas will be reserved for local small-scale production, as
the project provides business areas relating to new formsof business on a 7,500m² site (sharing economy, circular
economy, collaborative economy, etc.). The former Gare de la
Râpée train station could also be used for small business andlogistics functions. A new logistics centre forming part of the
Designated Development Zone and situated at the entrance
to the town, directly accessible via the A4 motorway and theParis ring road and with excellent rail links, will handle flows
of goods prior to their delivery to the final destinations or tourban logistics areas throughout Paris. It will be developed on
three levels: the first connected to a railway spur, the second
accessible by road from an interchange, and the third witha possible tramway connection. This makes the Designated
Development Zone a key strategic centre for developing rail
access to central Paris and moving towards low-carbon freighttransportation.

30

The City of Paris reasserts the need to maintainthe reversibility of the Petite Ceinture Ferroviaire(former circular railway line) – a legal condition
for its opening to the public – and the potential
for its adaptation for other uses according to
the wishes of the City, its partners and its
inhabitants.

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //Easing parking conditions
for professionals
In Paris, the difficulties of temporary parking for
professionals have a negative impact on traffic
flows. To remedy this problem, the City of Paris

will consider whether to enshrine the obligation
to create a “service” parking space for deliveries
and services, or any other scheme liable to meetsuch a need, in its Local Land Use Plan (PLU).
These spaces could also be used by medical andpersonal care services, breakdown services anddelivery firms.
In addition, to enable professionals to carry out
deliveries in public areas without disrupting thetraffic, the city will create the Prolib’ parking
system service by 2024. This network of spaces,
bookable online and in advance, will give priority
access to low-carbon vehicles.
A City that encourages low-carbon roadfreight transport
Heavy goods vehicles account for only 5% of
the distance travelled in Île-de-France, but they
are responsible for 31% of the nitrogen oxide
emissions generated by road transport. To reducethe impact of road freight transportation on
air quality, the City, in consultation with the Îlede-France region, will be campaigning for the
implementation of a dissuasive kilometre-based
price scale for HGVs travelling in Île-de-France
by 2030. This scheme would enable carriers to
be taxed according to the number of kilometrestravelled and the type of vehicle. The goal would
be to reduce road haulage in Île-de-France, while
also cutting the number of unladen journeys.

At the same time, to support changes in practices
by logistics operators, the City will create a “Clean
Carrier” quality label, to be awarded to contractorsthat undertake to provide low-carbon services.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT
CLEAN LAST MILE
The last mile is the part of goods transport thathas the biggest impact in terms of greenhousegas emissions. That is why the City of Paris will
be increasing the inclusion of environmental
clauses promoting the use of clean last-milemodes in all of its delivery contracts between
now and 2020. In the framework of the second
Paris Local Government Mobility (Plan deDéplacement), adopted at the start of 2017,
there are plans to encourage contract holders
to favour active mobility modes or the use of“clean vehicles” and, failing that, to require
the use of vehicles that conform to minimum
pollution standards, and an end to the use ofdiesel-powered vehicles.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

In addition to rail freight, inland waterway freighton the River Seine and its canals constitutes analternative to road traffic and is a key ecologicaldevelopment issue for goods transport in Paris.
Thanks to its energy efficiency, inland waterway
transport consumes five times less fuel thanroad transport and 2.5 times less CO2 per tonnetransported. Between now and 2030, river freightmust be developed in partnership with the French
inland waterways authority (Voies Navigables
de France – VNF), the municipalities situatedalongside the canals and HAROPA. At present,the Île-de-France inland waterway network is far
from being saturated: its traffic could be tripled,which would remove 2 million lorries from theroad network. Although it generates significant
environmental benefits, improvements must
be made to the vessels used for transporting
inland waterway freight, as their engines are still
highly polluting. The City will also be lobbying
the French government to promote low-carbon
freight transport, with a particular emphasis on
the development of clean-engine technologies
for barges.

31

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY// A CITY THAT SUPPORTS CLEAN ENERGY SECTORS AND INNOVATION FOR LOW-CARBON MOBILITY
Mobility will undergo its biggest revolution in the past century. Paris
supports the national target of phasing out diesel and petrol-powered
vehicles and is intending to become a pioneering city in this transition.
To do so, it will need to become an area for innovation andexperimentation in new solutions to enable the massive introduction ofcleaner mobility modes: electric, hydrogen, green gas, etc. with a view toending diesel mobility by 2024 and petrol by 2030.

Adaptations will need to be made to integrate these peak demand periods
into the operation of the grid. At the same time, the City undertakes to ensure
that, by 2030, it will only authorise the installation recharging terminals
powered by guaranteed renewable electricity supplies in public areas, as it
has committed to do for the power supplies of its own buildings. In addition,
to supplement the vehicle recharging network in public areas, the City ofParis will continue to subsidise the installation of recharging terminals incondominiums and underground car parks.

More sectors to supply the city with clean energy

Paris in the hydrogen era

The City of Paris has set itself the target of attaining the 100% renewableenergy goal in transport by 2050. To kick-start the transformation of vehicle
energy supplies in the area, at least 10 low-carbon energy supply points will
be developed throughout the metropolitan area between now and 2024.
Drivers of low-carbon vehicles powered by green electricity, renewable gas,hydrogen or other energy sources will be able to use these stations.

The growth of the electric car market foreshadows the developmentof hydrogen – currently a rapidly expanding sector for vehicle energy
storage and supply applications. To maintain this momentum and ensure
the development of renewable hydrogen supplies (produced by waterelectrolysis), the City of Paris will draft a hydrogen development strategy.
This will incorporate support for research into the development of themost innovative technologies, an adapted low-carbon production process,an extensive and safe distribution system throughout the entire area, aninformation policy for territorial stakeholders and a monitoring system forhydrogen consumption.

Still quite rare just a few years ago, electromobility is currently developing
rapidly in large urban areas. Although electric mobility does reduce thedirect impacts on air quality, its massive development raises questions
about supply capacities and the production resources required to meetthis demand for electricity. Consequently, to raise users’ awareness of
their resource-management responsibilities, the City will be engaging in a
dialogue with energy suppliers with the aim of eventually developing a
pricing system with a sliding scale for recharging electric and hybrid vehicles,in which an incentive rate will be provided to encourage slow recharging.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

Mobility will undergo its biggest revolution
in the past century.

32

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //Energy source evolutions for the local on-road transportation
10 000

million km

9 000
8 000
7 000
6 000

Renewable
electricity

Gasoline

5 000

Electricity

4 000
3 000

Diesel2 000

Renewable
gas

Gas

1 000
0
2004

2009

2014

2020

2030

2050

Development of driverless vehicles

Reducing carbon emissions in long-distance journeys

The City intends to use the development of driverless vehicles to further
reduce the carbon footprint of transport in Paris. These electric vehicles
offer environmental benefits because they are programmed to consumeless energy and do not emit greenhouse gases. Driverless vehicles feature
integrated technologies that enable them to communicate among
themselves, analyse the situation in real time and anticipate different
scenarios. The first experiments have revealed positive impacts on traffic on
motorway sites. Improvements and refinements are still required in order to
optimise their use in cities where they can contribute to reducing congestion
and improving traffic flows. The City of Paris will launch the development ofdriverless shuttle vehicles within the public transport network by 2024. At
the same time, an experiment will be conducted on low-carbon driverlesscars with a view to promoting the widespread integration of this transportmode between now and 2030.

Although it does not directly concern traffic in Paris, the use of air transport
by Parisians for their recreational or professional purposes is a major
component of the overall greenhouse gas assessment in Paris (6.2 million
of CO2 equivalent). Paris is one of the rare cities to include air traffic
emissions in its carbon assessment and intends to advocate the need to
improve the environmental footprint in this sector. That is why the City ofParis, with the backing of C40 cities, will challenge aviation sector
professionals to develop a sustainable alternative to the use of kerosene as
an aviation fuel, following the example of the first biofuel-powered flights
on the Paris-Toulouse line. The City will also be advocating improvements
to technical performance in the civil aviation sector.
To improve the living environment, air quality, and put an end to the different
sources of pollution generated by helicopters, the City of Paris has decided
against renewing the Heliport concession, which expires in 2024, and will
replace this highly polluting facility with an extension of the Parc Suzanne
Lenglen.
As rail transport emits far fewer greenhouse gas emissions than aircraft
for short journeys or those of moderate length, Paris will be lobbying the
French government to implement a strategy to strengthen the European
rail network.

© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris

Development of driverless shuttle vehicles
within the public transport network by 2024.

33

BUILDINGS
A 100% ECO-RENOVATED PARIS WITH
LOW-CARBON AND POSITIVE-ENERGY BUILDINGSIn response to the increase in the population and to the economic developmentof its territory, while reducing its ecological footprint, Paris must innovate to optimise
the shared use of buildings and enable new practices.

A

The renovation of 1 million dwellings betweens a consequence of the high population
density, the residential and tertiary/
now and 2050 is a massive challenge that requires
service sectors are responsible for 80%
a faster rate of execution while further improvingof energy consumption and over 20%
the quality. It also requires the involvementof the carbon footprint of the Paris area. They areof all stakeholders in this sector – particularly
also the second-biggest source of air pollution
the government – for the implementation ofafter transport, primarily as a result of fuelregulatory and financial tools. Innovative
oil-powered heating systems.
The
financing solutions will be deployed
to address the need for investment,
renovation
Over a ten-year period, the City ofof 1 million which remains one of the main
Paris has managed to reverse the
obstacles to action.
dwellings
trend and progressively reduce theenvironmental impact of buildings in between now A 100% eco-renovated city of Paris
Paris: between now and 2020, 30,000
and 2050 also addresses the key fundamensocial housing units and 300 schools willtal issue of fuel poverty by guaranteeing
have been renovated and more than 50,000
healthy accommodation that allows residents todwellings in jointly owned properties will haveheat their homes properly while controlling the
been helped to complete their renovation
cost.
formalities. As 80% of the building stock was
All new buildings built in Paris will be low-carbon
built before the introduction of the first thermal
and positive-energy designs. The key issues ofregulations in 1974, and less than 1% of new
the protection of our architectural heritage, thefloor area is constructed each year, renovating
environmental impact of projects and the use ofbuildings in a sustainable manner remains a key
environmentally friendly materials will be at theissue in the efforts to attain carbon neutrality inheart of these large-scale projects.
Paris.

34

This is also a massive source of local jobs requiring support for the organisation of local sectors
for the performance of energy renovation projects
and for the recycling and re-use of construction
materials.
Pursuing the goal of 100% low-carbon building
stock also implies changing practices in relation to buildings. Involving users and encouraging them to take responsibility for their energy
consumption, combined with “smart” energy
management systems are key to obtaining
results that match the ambitions.
Over the next 30 years, Paris will continue to accommodate new residents, with an additional
200,000 Parisians expected between now and
2050. To cope with the housing shortage, theCity has already set ambitious targets in terms ofincreasing the housing supply and improving theallocation of building surface areas.

All new buildings built
in Paris will be low-carbon
and positive-energy designs.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITYA CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CITY THAT PROVIDES THE IMPETUS FOR MASSIVE BUILDING RENOVATIONS
The building stock in Paris is generally ageing,
and 70% of the buildings are particularly
energy-inefficient. In response to this situation,
the City of Paris is setting all territorial
stakeholders the aim of renovating 100%of the existing building stock to make itcompatible with very low energy consumption
standards between now and 2050. In the
housing sector in particular, the City is aiming
to reduce energy consumption by one-third
between now and 2030 and to halve it
between now and 2050 in relation to 2004.
Similar efforts must be made with tertiary/service
sector properties. An important stage in thisprocess could be completed with the planned
introduction of an obligation to carry out energy
renovations leading to minimum energy savingsof 25% for existing buildings with a surface
area of 2,000m² or more, pursuant to the Law
on Energy Transition for Green Growth (Loi deTransition Énergétique pour une Croissance Verte– TECV).
Regulations commensurate with thechallenges of energy transition
The ambitious targets for energy renovation in
private housing stock can only be attained if theentire regulatory and operational frameworkis adapted in line with the long-term goals of
the TECV Law. In particular, the City of Paris
will be campaigning for the French government
to implement a genuine national strategy torenovate the existing building stock in compliancewith very low consumption standards. Inspired by
the New York model which imposes a maximum
level of consumption for buildings, this strategy
could be developed by imposing a binding
obligation to renovate buildings according to apredefined schedule: between now and 2030
for buildings in energy classes F and G, and by
2040 for buildings in energy classes D and E.
This strategy presupposes the development of
ambitious thermal regulations incorporating acarbon component, summer comfort and indoor
air quality requirements for the existing buildings.
Social housing at the heart of an
ambitious renovation programmeWith over 230,000 housing units on 1st January
2016, the housing stock belonging to Paris’s social
housing providers represents a key challenge
for this renovation policy. The City of Paris willcontinue to support social housing providers intheir efforts to renovate their stock on a massive
scale. The target is to reduce energy consumption
by 35% in all social housing stock by 2030 and
50% by 2050 in relation to 2004, taking accountof all improvements made.

Changes in energy consumption
in housing by 2050
kWhef /m2/year pecific electricity
S
Lighting & auxiliary
Domestic hot water
Heating

200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2004

2009

2014

2030

2050

order to boost the rate of energy renovations.
To achieve these targets, the City will continue
All stakeholders in this sector must be firmly
to finance the renovation of 4,500 housing units
committed to this process. Joint ownershipper year in compliance with the low consumption
associations will also be encouraged to playstandard. The average savings target will bean active role in energy-improvement
increased to 60%17 for all of the operations
works on jointly owned properties.
submitted by social housing providers
Requirefrom 2018 onwards, maintaining
the completion To improve air quality, the City
the maximum target of 80
of renovations of Paris will communicate with
kWh m²/year and the requirement
Parisians and encourage themat a rate ofof the best performance standards
toreplace fuel oil-powered
40,000 private
through an energy qualification.
central heating systems withdwellings
The number of renovations will
the aim of converting all boilers to
be increased to 5,000 housing units
per year energy supplies emitting lower levels ofper year as of 2020, which, in particular,
greenhouse gases and air pollutants.
will require the housing providers’ investment
capacities to be guaranteed by the State.
Eco-renovation in the tertiary/service sector
For energy-efficient jointly owned
properties that also offer summer comfort
Aiming to renovate all homes in Paris between
now and 2050 will require the completionof renovations at a rate of 40,000 private
dwellings per year with minimum savings of
50% from 2030, keeping the maximum targetof 80 kWh/m²/year and the requirement of thebest performance standards through an energy
qualification.
The energy-efficiency projects of residents ofjointly owned properties in Paris currently receive
support from the City and the Paris Climate
Agency, in particular via the “Eco-rénovons Paris”
scheme which contributes to reducing energy
consumption and combating fuel poverty. This
programme and those carried out by the APC
will need to be stepped up and adapted in

17- For the 5 uses in the Réglementation Thermique (RT – Thermal Regulations) 2012, i.e. heating, DHW, lighting, air conditioning and auxiliaries.
18- See Section V. MOBILISATION for further information about the Paris Climate Action Charter

35

Paris’s tertiary/service sector building stock
occupied 60 million m² of space in 2016. The
renovation of these premises, which often
accommodate a variety of companies in a single
building, is a particularly important issue for theattainment of our targets. The major specialised
operators and large corporations must continue
to renovate their assets and will be able tobenefit from the impetus provided by the Paris
Climate Action Charter18. In addition, the City ofParis will establish a specific support programme
for renovations carried about by small-scaletertiary/service sector operators (e.g. shops,
self-employed professionals, etc.) after 2020.
This programme will require special support inview of the complexity of decision-making forwork carried out in this sector, as reflected by the“Eco-rénovons Paris” operation already in force ofbuildings in the private housing sector.

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY
Reinforced control on the limited useof lighting at night time for the service sector
buildings

the development of products that arecompatible with the architectural quality ofthe built environment in Paris.

Since the 1st July 2013, the night time lightingof non residential buildings (business premises
facades and offices, front windows of shops or
exhibitions, display cases) is limited in order toreduce light pollution and energy consumptions.
The City of Paris will keep checking that theregulation is properly implemented by mobilising
its brigade against uncivil behaviours.

Financing energy renovation
One of the keys to attaining ambitious building
energy renovation targets consists of encouraging
the emergence of financing solutions for projects
adapted to meet the needs of different typesof property owners (households, residents injointly owned properties, landlords and housing
bodies, institutions and companies). One ofthe options chosen by the City of Paris is toencourage third party financing. This systemdesignates an overall support solution for theenergy renovation of jointly owned properties,
which includes the performance of studies, theselection of service providers, the financing of
the operation and post-renovation monitoring.
The third-party financing body advances the
sum required by property owners to financetheir projects. The reimbursement of this sum
is facilitated by the savings made on energy
bills. In 2013, the City of Paris supported
and participated in the creation of a mixedownership company – Energies Posit’If – for thispurpose. After four years of campaigning for achange in the national regulations to authorise
the use of this type of financial arrangement,
the mixed-ownership company was authorised
to offer its third-party financing solution toresidents in jointly owned properties in 2017.
The City will continue its active involvementwith this operator and may participate in therecapitalisation of the company in 2018 in orderto support its development.

Development of the professional energy
renovation sector
The Territorial Energy Renovation Platform(Plateforme Territoriale de Rénovation
Énergétique – PTRE), run by the APC withsupport from ADEME (French Environment
and Energy Management Agency) and theCity of Paris, sets out to encourage the energy
renovation of jointly owned properties ona massive scale by targeting joint property
owners and renovation professionals. This
resource publicises exemplary projects
and qualified professionals. The platform
provides access to a network of certified
operators as well as a communication andpromotional channel aimed at private
individuals. The City of Paris will maintain its
support for the APC with a view to bringing
together building-industry operators andcreating a collective brand to promote theambitious energy renovations being carriedout in the area.
At the same time, the City of Paris will
be supporting the implementation of thedecree requiring insulation work wheneverbuilding façade restoration is carried out
in order to systematise the inclusion ofenergy performance in compliance withheritage protection requirements. The
mass implementation of energy renovation
projects will also give the City of Parisan opportunity to engage in discussions
with the French government on how toreconcile heritage protection with energy
renovation by involving professionals in© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de ParisAt the same time, the City and the Metropolitan
Area will examine the expediency of creating
an operational public fund for financing energy
renovation. This would enable the provisionof direct financial support for inhabitants bycapitalising on feedback from different actions
carried out19 by the City and its partners on thissubject. This scheme would also enable work
to be carried out in partnership with financial
operators in order to encourage them to financethe renovation of buildings in the metropolitan
area.

Encouraging the emergenceof financing solutions
for projects adapted to meetthe needs of different typesof property owners.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTRENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL FACILITIESThe renovation of municipal buildings sets an
example for the population and encourages
institutional and private owners to follow suit.
The efforts already undertaken will be continued with the renovation of another 60 primary schools for a total of 300 institutions (out of600) renovated by 2020, while increasing theenergy saving target to at least 40%.
In addition, the City is setting ambitious
renovation targets for its most energyinefficient buildings with a view to reducing
the energy consumption of its entire building
stock by 40% in 2030. In this perspective, it will
launch a long-term renovation programme forits most energy-inefficient buildings including
300 primary schools, 40 secondary schools and
15 swimming pools. Between now and
2050, the energy consumption-reduction
targets will be progressively increased to60%. The Municipal Investment Programme(Programme d’Investissement de la Mandature – PIM – 2020) will form part of thistrajectory and the City of Paris is intending toemploy management and funding methods toraise the required funds. To raise the profile ofthis ambitious renovation programme, energy
certificates will be awarded in recognition ofany major renovations, which will be adapted
according to the programme of work carried out.
From 2020 onwards, projects to build newmunicipal buildings subject to the Thermal
Regulations shall meet passive energy
requirements (E+C- label). Projects exceeding
5,000m² shall conform to the maximum
requirements of this label (passive or positiveenergy buildings). In addition, the energy labelof all City of Paris buildings shall be displayedin their lobbies.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTINTRACTING
The City of Paris is seeking to diversify thesources of funding for the renovation of its
buildings. To this end, between now and 2020,
it will develop the “intracting” model to financeprojects with the energy savings that result
from them. Within the local authority, this willtake the form of an internal contract between
the Finance and Purchasing Department, theoperational Departments and the district
municipal councils in order to channel theamounts corresponding to energy savings into
energy performance projects, which will initiate
a virtuous cycle.

19- Decree no. 2016-711 of 30 May 2016 on insulation work in the event of building façade restorations, roofing repairs or the development of premises for residential occupation.

36© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CITY THAT ENCOURAGES THE WIDESPREAD CONSTRUCTION OF NEW BUILDINGSTO THE HIGHEST PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

To guarantee a high level of performance inconstruction, the City of Paris will be influencing professionals by relying on regulatory
requirements in both the environmental excellence and innovation fields.
Increasingly efficient new builds
From 2018 onwards, all new builds in Paris must
conform to the regulatory consumption target of
50 kWhpe/m² floor area/year, and the Energy 3
and Carbon 1 requirements of the Positive-Energy& Carbon Reduction (E+C-) Building reference
standard as well as the best performancestandards through an energy qualification , whileaiming for energy neutrality. These performancetargets will be incorporated into the Social Housing
Funding Circular from 2018.
To keep Paris on course to attain its target ofcarbon neutrality, all new builds must incorporatea significant proportion of renewable or recovered
energy into their supplies, corresponding to 60%of their energy needs between now and 2030
and 100% by 2050.
The City will advocate the granting of an“experimentation permit” covering the re-use ofmaterials as well as energy and environmental
performance and characteristics. If the Frenchgovernment supports this scheme and authorises
its development, it will allow for the waivingof some of the rules in force by setting actual
performance targets instead of theoreticalobligations that currently impose restrictions onbuilding design without always guaranteeing the
expected performance levels. In addition, the Cityof Paris will participate in the national debates on
how to change the thermal regulations in order
to incorporate ambitious targets into a futurerevision of the Local Land-Use Plan (PLU). In
this way, the city will encourage the drafting of
regulations that take account of several scenarios
of use and comfort (summer and winter comfort,
air quality and acoustics) and include the carbon
footprint throughout the entire building life cycle,
while also taking the adaptability of buildings for
new uses into consideration. It will also support
the consideration of the building’s capacity tostore energy and manage load shedding in orderto adapt to power demands for the available
production and to promote renewable andrecovered energy integration.
An innovative supply of flexible
and reversible buildings
In addition to implementing technical building
performance measures, a rethink of uses and37

practices will also be required to adapt buildings
to rapidly changing lifestyles. Consequently, theCity of Paris will be asking real-estate operators
to ensure that the new building supply isdesigned with reversibility and versatility in mind.
The aim is to enable a building to accommodate
several functions (family dwellings, hostels,
offices and workshops, etc.), which can changeover time without the need for renovations,major upgrading or demolition and rebuilding– operations synonymous with high levels ofgreenhouse gas emissions. For reason, by 2030,
the target will be for 30% of the office space
produced to be reversible, rising to 50% by
2050. To encourage changes in practices andto stimulate innovation, the City, in partnershipwith Paris&Co, will look into the developmentof calls for innovative projects and will seek toencourage the adoption of its approach by public
and private partners. It will step up its incentives
for innovation in public construction and majorrenovation contracts from 2018 onwards.

A rethink of usesand practices will also be
required to adapt buildings
to rapidly changing lifestyles.

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY// A CITY THAT IMPROVES ENERGYMANAGEMENT FOR THE MORE EFFICIENT USE
OF BUILDINGSLOCAL GOVERNMENTMASTER PLAN FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
OF PUBLIC BUILDINGSThe halving of energy consumption by 2050 will depend on constantefforts to make consumers aware of their responsibilities in their practices
and on monitoring the performance of technical installations over time.

In 2020, the City of Paris will draft a Master Plan for the Energy Efficiencyof Public Buildings (Schéma Directeur de Performance Énergétique desBâtiments Publics) in order to optimise the management of its property
assets. The reference standards for the buildings will be updated andshared to increase the involvement of users. At the same time, 100% of
municipal construction projects will benefit from the digital modellingof building data (BIM) by 2025 to optimise the management and sharingof building design and operational data.

Changing the role of building caretakers to improvethe management of uses and practices
The management of uses and practices requires the dissemination ofaccessible and high-quality information to residents concerning eco-friendly
behaviours and best practices at the local level. Building caretakers develop
their expertise in their dealings with residents on a daily basis in relation toissues concerning the running of buildings and appear to be ideally placedto act as local advisors. The City of Paris will strengthen the key role ofbuilding caretakers by supporting their professional development. lt will
use the range of training courses derived from the partnership developed by
the APC and the social housing providers and extend it to joint ownershipassociations.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT
36 ENERGY AMBASSADORS© Émilie Chaix / Mairie de Paris

The City of Paris will be appointing 36 energy ambassadors to work in thefield in its public building stock between now and 2020. Their role will be toact as liaison people for site managers, technicians, managing departments
and district municipalities with a view to reducing energy consumption.

38

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CITY THAT REDUCES HOUSING INEQUALITIES AND ENCOURAGES SOCIAL LINKS
The building supply will develop to takeaccount of new lifestyles incorporating
the shared use of spaces and services. The
challenge for Paris is to become an easierplace to inhabit, more socially responsible
and more energy-efficient, particularly fromthe perspective of reducing inequalities anderadicating fuel poverty.
Combating fuel poverty means
combating climate change
It is generally agreed that households which
devote more than 10% of their income toexpenditure on energy in their dwellings are in asituation of fuel poverty. Approximately 77,000
households suffer from fuel poverty in Paris.

Towards a larger housing supply anda better allocation of residential space
To tackle the shortage of housing in its territory,
the City of Paris wants to take action to reduce
the number of vacant dwellings. Between now
and 2020, the City will be introducing a “tax onvacant dwellings and an accommodation tax
on second homes” in an effort to put vacant oroccasionally occupied dwellings back on themarket. In addition, to meet the need for greateraccommodation capacities for vulnerable people,
the City of Paris will be systematically seeking to
make temporarily vacant building available foruse as emergency accommodation centres.
Towards user-friendly shared spaces

In its specific response to this issue, between now
In response to the lack of residential space,and 2020, the City of Paris will draft a territorial
new ways of living are gradually emerging. The
pact to combat fuel poverty, in partnership withsharing of accommodation in dwellings andthe shared use of common areas are becoming
territorial stakeholders with the aim of reducing
more widespread. These ways of living enable
fuel poverty by 20%. On the basis of a precise andthe reduction of housing costs and the sharing
shared local diagnosis taking account of allof larger areas. The City of Paris will
actions undertaken to date, the partners
be approaching planners, property(City, ANAH, DRIHL, IDF Region) willParisdevelopers
andconstruction
define a targeted action plan
will draft
operators to promote common andaiming to establish a fuel poverty
prevention policy that will propose a territorial pact shared spaces (working rooms,
libraries, workshops, laundry
technical solutions as well as
to combat
rooms,
in new buildings whilesocial support. The pact could,
fuel poverty ensuring etc.)that the creation of thesefor example, be backed by a Social
new spaces does not increase the cost
Support Fund for Energy Managementof the housing. The aim of this strategy is
Improvements (Fonds Social d’Aide aux
to pool uses and facilities and create social links,
Travaux de Maîtrise de l’Énergie (FSATME), which
particularly between generations.
is designed to help tenants and owner-occupiers

LOCAL GOVERNMENTMULTIPLE USES AT EVERY LEVELThe City of Paris is also striving to improve
the allocation of its occupied spaces. From
2020, the energy performance of buildings will
be taken into consideration in the planningof different activities in public facilities.
Furthermore, the City will impose a “multipurpose” criterion for any designs of newmunicipal facilities, with the aim of attaining
the target of 10% adaptable and multipurpose facilities by 2025. Lastly, the City will
ensure that any new construction of public
facilities is accompanied by optimisation
efforts, so that the total volume occupied bymunicipal assets remains stable or diminishes
between now and 2030, while continuing todevelop its range of public services.

The aim of this strategy
is to pool uses and facilities
and create social links.

on low incomes finance the performance ofenergy management improvements.

© Lola Ertel / Mairie de Paris

The City of Paris, in association with the Energy
Voucher scheme (Chèque énergie) to be
implemented by the government in 2018, will
also endeavour to adapt the allocation of its
grants and interventions to support struggling
Parisian households (energy component of the
Solidarity Fund for Housing [Fonds de Solidarité
pour le Logement – FSL], grants and actions by
the City of Paris’s Social Welfare Centre, local
social services, etc.). In addition to providing
financial support for the payment of bills, theseschemes also cover actions to prevent fuelpoverty risks through the management of usesand practices and the improvement of energy
efficiency, in particular. In this way, the City’s
partners – especially the energy suppliers – will
be called upon to improve ways of tackling fuelpoverty.

39

URBAN PLANNING
A CARBON-NEUTRAL, RESILIENT
AND PLEASANT CITY TO INHABIT
Urban Planning and land-use planning are essential tools for transforming
the city in order to develop clean mobility, improve air quality, increase the numberof natural areas within the city and improve the living environment of Parisians.

At present, 10% of the territory isundergoing urban renewal. These
10 km² of space are experimentallaboratories for the Paris Climate
Plan, as they enable the testing of innovations
in renewable energy, energy efficiency and thenatural cooling of neighbourhoods.
In the past 10 years, Designated Development
Zones such as Fréquel-Fontarabie (11th district)and Clichy-Batignolles (17th district) have seen
the emergence of positive-energy buildings,
the installation of over 40,000m² of solar
panels, greater public transport provision,
the development of green spaces and thepedestrianisation of certain streets, accompaniedby the development of economic areas andemployment centres close to housing. These

new neighbourhoods allow for the bridging ofsome of the old urban divides (creation of links
with neighbouring municipalities, former railway
complexes, etc.) and the recreation of social links
and cohesion.
The lessons learned from the construction ofthese new eco-neighbourhoods have enhanced
the Local Land-Use Plans through the creation in2016 of article 15 on local energy efficiency.
The challenge in the future will be to succeed
in becoming a more energy-efficient andlower-carbon city, while also improving Paris’s
adaptation to climate change and reconcilingthese requirements with other key sustainable
city issues: developing an attractive city that is
pleasant for Parisians to reside in and for visitors

40

to spend time in. Efforts will be made to control
the urban density, with the aim – wheneverpossible – of not exceeding the current maximum
density. The transformation of office space into
housing is a priority and the local authority will
use every means at its disposal to achieve thisobjective. The creation of “breathing spaces” isanother priority. There will be systematic efforts
to preserve open ground and create new areas ofopen ground.
The City of Paris is counting on using planningdocuments and urban development as strategic
tools to drive the ecological transition of its
territory: it would like to strengthen the regulatorycomponent while intervening further upstream indevelopment operations.

© Julien Paumelle// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITYA CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CITY THAT ADAPTS PLANNING DOCUMENTS TO SPEED UP THE ENERGY TRANSITION
Urban planning documents establish the local
rules and guidelines for land-use planning andconstruction.
These documents must include the targets forenergy transition and the adaptation of the built
environment to the effects of climate disruption.
Paris was one of the first municipalities in France
to create an article dedicated to these issues(Article 15) in its Local Land-Use Plan in 2016,
and it will continue to strengthen its aims in the
different planning documents, at the regional(Master Plan for the Île-de-France Region),metropolitan area (Coherent Territorial Planning
Scheme) and local (Local Land-Use Plan) levels,with a particular emphasis on the developmentof new digital tools.
A Local Land-Use Plan with a stronger
approach to energy-climate and urban
greening issues
Planning documents are a way to anticipatechanges in construction industry practices andurban functions. Among these documents,
the Paris Local Land-Use Plan (PLU) is a
powerful regulatory tool for improving theliving environment of all Parisians by promoting
the adoption of a sustainable conception of
Urban Planning. Modifications to the regulatory
provisions of the Paris PLU in 2016 have alreadymade changes to the application of the Climate
Plan targets, particularly in terms of energy
efficiency and renewable energy production.

Today, Article 15 of the PLU defines theobligations imposed for construction work,
projects, installations and developments visà-vis energy and environmental performance.
The City of Paris is continuing to look for
new regulatory levers to strengthen the
inclusion of renewable energy and energy
performance in the PLU. Consequently, from2020 onwards, Development and Programming
Guidelines (Orientations d’Aménagement etde Programmation – OAP) on Energy-Climate
issues will be considered with a view tosetting energy performance, renewable energy
production, carbon neutrality and climatechange adaptation targets for developers andbuilders.

Improving the local authorities’
verification procedures concerning theimplementation of provisions in the PLU

The OAPs are components of the PLU; theydescribe the manner in which the city plans todevelop and renew areas within its territory.
A thematic OAP applying to the entire territory
would limit the need for successive amendmentsof the PLU while adding greater flexibility forthe inclusion of renewable energy and energy
performance schemes in the appraisal process
for the granting of urban development permits.

From 2018, when applications for urban
development permits are submitted, the Cityof Paris and the APC will be strengthening
their advisory services for energy savings andthe implementation of the Climate Plan for
applicants, and increasing the attention paid
to the energy component of projects whenreviewing applications for permits. To supplement
this range of advisory services, they will bejointly coordinating discussion groups to identify
innovative technical, legal and organisational
solutions and will be broadly sharing any
feedback.

With regard to urban greening, the PLU alsoestablishes obligations for construction work,
projects, installations and developments.
These provisions will contribute to increasing
the proportion of urban greening in the new orexisting built environment throughout the Paris
area: green roofs and walls, areas planted onslabs or in open ground, etc.

Today, local authorities have the ability toincorporate energy performance criteria intoplanning but there is no way for them to monitor
their implementation or to sanction any failure
to do so. Therefore, the City of Paris will beasking the French government to change thelaw on the monitoring of implementation of
the provisions of the PLU and on the sanctioningof those that fail to do so.
Helping stakeholders implement
innovative energy schemes

Attractive citythat is pleasant for Parisians
to reside in and for visitors
to spend time in.

// A CITY USES NEW OPERATIONAL TOOLS TO COORDINATESUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LOCALLY© Christophe Jacquet / Mairie de Paris

In its new neighbourhoods to be developed,
Paris will be establishing operational tools prior
to the design of projects in order to improve theenergy governance of development operations
with the aim of attaining carbon neutrality.
In neighbourhoods undergoing urban renewal,
the City will be supporting the renovationof public spaces and buildings.
Towards carbon neutrality for all new
urban projects
Development operations are a way to experimentwith innovative solutions for climate change
mitigation and adaptation. In this way, thelatest operations such as Clichy-Batignolles,
Boucicaut and Fréquel-Fontarabie have acted aslaboratories for the city of the future.
41

To the north of the 14th district of Paris, the Saint
Vincent-de-Paul Designated Development Zone
(ZAC) will be the first urban project that sets out
to be carbon-neutral and resilient.
Between now and 2025, an initial evaluation ofthese projects will be carried out with a view toconsolidating and encouraging the widespread
implementation of a carbon neutrality-based
approach in urban development and renewal
operations. All new urban projects launched from2030 onwards will be carbon-neutral throughout
their entire life cycle, i.e. from the extraction of the
raw materials for construction through to waste
disposal. The major development operators will
be systematically required to integrate sites forservices enabling lower-carbon forms of mobility(bike stations, logistics areas, etc.).

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY

Before 2020, the City of Paris will develop a threedimensional Geographic Information System(GIS) in the framework of the “3D Paris” project.
The 3D GIS will facilitate the development ofdigital models of buildings and neighbourhoods
integrated into their urban environment. In thisway it will provide support for urban project
consultation and joint development tools. These
tools will also support the next revision of the
Local Land-Use Plan and its application.
The city will examine the feasibility of incorporating all relevant data concerning networks andflows (energy, water and materials), in addition
to digital models of buildings and structures(Building Information Modeling - BIM), into the
3D GIS, especially for development projects,
in order to make the 3D GIS a tool to facilitate

Management and assessment of urban
development operations
Development operations contracted by publicauthorities are reviewed in an annual financial
report whose purpose is to provide information
for the local authority. The aim is to adapt thisreport to include criteria, data and environmental

42

period will be taken into consideration in thedesign of projects. Within a broader approach,the total cost of a development project also takes
account of the positive and negative impacts of
the operation on the territory, such as protectionof the environment, social development andquality of life, etc. The total-cost-based approach
will contribute to the selection of projects
targeting low-carbon development.

© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris

Digital tools driving new urban
development targets

as well as financial technical evaluation
the energy and ecological transition. This study
will set out to determine which are the mostprocesses. Eventually, this will enable the City
appropriate tools to accompany the “3D Paris”
of Paris to publish an annual review of the
project by helping to assess the environmental
three dimensions – technical, financial andimpacts of urban projects and facilitate theenvironmental – of projects and construction
participative design of projects by means
work carried out throughout the entireof the 3D views and opportunities
duration of the operation.
The Saint
to interact with stakeholders,Vincent-de-Paul In addition, the setting of more
inhabitants and residents. It will
stringent energy and climate
also contribute to the definition
Designatedtargets will require the improof data-sharing obligations,
Development Zone vement of scoping documents:
in particular via the BIM,
will be the first urban strengthening of climate, airwhich will help commit the
project that sets out and energy clauses and criteria
stakeholders to performancetobe carbon-neutral in design contracts, specification
obligations. The data dissemiof targets in development concesnated will concern actual energy
and resilient
sion agreements and obligations in
performance (taking account ofproperty tax transfer agreements.
uses, practices and comfort), greenhousegas emissions throughout the entire life cycle
The City of Paris will experiment with a total
and other environmental impacts (air quality,
cost-based approach on a renovation project
acoustics, materials used, work site, water cycle,
between now and 2020. The total cost-basedetc.) and should be used to commit the operators
approach means that the sum of the investment,
involved to meeting specific obligations.
operational and maintenance costs over a given© Jacques Leroy / Mairie de Paris

In a perspective of adapting to climate change,
the City of Paris is making it compulsory fordevelopers to take account of the major
climate issues for Paris: heat waves, the heatisland phenomenon, heavy rainfall, flooding
and drought. To this end, requirements will
be systematically included in the major urban
projects in Paris, particularly in terms of mitigating
the heat island phenomenon and anticipating
heavy rainfall phenomena.

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CITY THAT IS CHANGING THE SCOPE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND MOVING BEYOND
THE BUILDING DIMENSIONWith a longstanding commitment to theenergy renovation of buildings in the city andafter transforming its urban developmentareas into experimental laboratories for the
Climate Plan, the City of Paris is now adopting
a neighbourhood-based approach to movebeyond the building level in its methods todesign, build and manage the carbon-neutralcity between now and 2050.
By opting for a systemic approach on a larger
scale than the initial project, development andrenovation operations may become sources of
positive externalities for an entire neighbourhood:energy performance, financial savings andeconomies of scale, attractiveness, new mobility
solutions, etc.
“Concerted Renovation Zones”
Starting in 2018, in connection with the “Eco-rénovons Paris” strategy, the City will experimentwith a scheme enabling the pooling of energy
renovation projects in the form of a Concerted
Renovation Zone (Zone de Rénovation Concertée– ZRC). This will consist of facilitating the networking of project sponsors at the neighbourhood
level and encouraging the pooling of financial
and technical resources for the renovation andmanagement of several buildings. On the basisof the experimentation coordinated by the Paris
Climate Agency in three areas situated in the
13th, 18th and 19th districts, this new scheme will
enable the creation of an operational Concerted
Renovation Zone between now and 2020, andthe roll-out of the scheme to several groups ofenergy-inefficient buildings by 2030.

Temporary urban
development involves
the creation of temporary
urban projects on vacant sites
or in unoccupied buildings.

Preparing for the emergence of new“energy facilitator” and “eco-manager”
roles
Keeping the energy promises made in relation
to eco-neighbourhoods while ensuring energy
performance and comfort for users, and reducing
energy consumption at the neighbourhood level
while involving all stakeholders in the processfrom the design stage through to the users, are
key issues that developers and local authorities
need to address today for a successful ecologicaltransition.
From 2018, the CoRDEES20 project will endeavour
to meet these challenges by combining the new
possibilities offered by digital technology witha new business model for energy governanceand management at the neighbourhood level.
This project proposes the appointment ofan energy facilitator for the neighbourhoodin Clichy-Batignolles. His or her role will be topropose technical recommendations for theenergy transition, ensure cooperation between
stakeholders and assist users with the adoptionof the different schemes. He or she will also
coordinate the creation and implementationof new services for this neighbourhood. The
project must define a new business modelthat will ensure the energy facilitator becomesa permanent post. The governance systemestablished will also aim to introduce a principleof joint responsibility shared by the different
stakeholders, from the developer through to thefinal user in order to guarantee the attainmentof environmental performance targets. The
facilitator will use a data analysis platform
with systemic, real-time analysis to improvethe coordination of production and demand.
He or she will also maintain links between thedeveloper, if there is one, and the municipality,
and will propose a range of services to benefit thecommunity and encourage behavioural changes.
The APC use its expertise and the accumulated
feedback to help define the mission of managers
of energy use, experiment with a series of tools
and select those most likely to contribute to
the eventual emergence of professional energy
facilitators. From 2020, the APC will help
to improve the post holders’ competencies
by establishing a partnership with the École
Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture of ParisBelleville and the École des Ingénieurs de la Ville
de Paris (EIVP), to create a mandatory training
course on the management of energy use.

20- CoResponsibility in District Energy Efficiency & Sustainability: http://www.uia-initiative.eu/fr/uia-cities/paris

43

Eco-managers may be appointed in each
Concerted Renovation Zone. Their work could
be partly financed by energy savings. They could
contribute to the greening of the neighbourhood,
keep an eye on vulnerable people during heatwaves, facilitate the lending or hiring of property
and equipment such as bicycles between
residents, manage a mini-urban logistics hub,carry out the pre-collection of certain types ofwaste or transfer bulky waste items to wastesorting and recovery centres. From 2018, an
initial experiment is planned in the Paris Nord
Est Designated Development Zone, based on a
project developed by developers and notaries.
In partnership with several stakeholders, theAPC will help to define and promote this role
on a larger scale, consolidate its business modeland establish a suitable training course together
with Paris universities and associations. For new
operations, the developers, in the framework of
their duties, will be responsible for supporting thetransition towards these new professions.
Between now and 2020, experiments with thesenew posts will be carried out in two different
settings: in a development operation and in a
housing block to be renovated. The aim will be todetermine the most suitable form of governanceand the associated funding methods to ensure
the long-term existence of these posts.
The need to develop initiatives to strengthensocial links at the neighbourhood level has
already led to the creation of new professions
such as the neighbourhood concierge and the
local coordinator. Their role is to provide sharedand collaborative services at the neighbourhood
level. Steps will be taken in 2018 to incorporate
an “Air, Energy and Climate” advisory component
into these existing local service offerings.
In this same perspective of creatingneighbourhood ties and regenerating local civic
and cultural life, temporary urban development
projects are emerging. Temporary urban
development involves the creation of temporary
urban projects on vacant sites or in unoccupied
buildings.
The projects are varied: housing by collectives,
artistic and cultural projects, shared green spaces,
etc. To develop these types of projects, the Cityof Paris will support the emergence of new
professions associated with this temporary urban
development.

WASTETOWARDS ZERO NON-RECOVERED WASTE
AND A CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN PARIS
Our changing modes of production and consumption have led to a significant increasein the production of waste by enterprises and households. Although the weight of theaverage Parisian dustbin has been dropping in recent years, it has doubled since 1940,
increasing from 239 kg per inhabitant to 485 kg in 2015.

T

he environmental impacts and thefinancial costs of waste collection andprocessing have prompted the City ofParis to implement a waste reduction andrecovery strategy. As a consequence, the City
launched its first Waste Prevention Plan (Plande Prévention des Déchets - PPD) back in 2006
to inform Parisians about waste reduction andsorting. As a result, the weight of the dustbin
was reduced by 70 kg per Parisian between 2006
and 2016. In 2017, the City of Paris has continued
its proactive approach by launching a new
Local Household and Similar Waste Prevention
Programme (Programme Local de Prévention desDéchets Ménagers et Assimilés – PLPDMA) which
consolidates the actions carried out in order toreduce household and similar waste (HSW)21
by 10% between 2010 and 2020, and has drafted
its first Circular Economy Plan (Plan Économie
Circulaire) which was adopted in July 2017.
In accordance with the PLPDMA, the Climate Plan
will give fresh impetus to waste managementin Paris by redesigning the current system.
In order to reduce the production of waste
at source substantially, the City of Paris is
supporting the development of new distribution
methods (bulk, deposit and packaging-freesystems, etc.), combating food waste, advocating the development of urban compositing andencouraging event organisers to adopt exemplary
behaviour.
To attain the “zero non-recovered waste” target,
it will also be necessary to improve sorting
procedures in order to recycle and recover 100%of the waste that can be recovered. To this end,
stakeholders in the area will need to sort all theirwaste efficiently and adopt the habit of repairing
items. In line with the Paris Compost Plan (PlanCompost Parisien), biowaste will become anenergy and agricultural resource. While “zero nonrecovered waste” is an ambitious target, it canbe achieved with the involvement of all stakeholders in the area.

“ZERO WASTE”
STRATEGY
1 // Reduce
2 // Re-use
3 // Recycle & Recover- 70kg2006

21- Non-hazardous waste from households or industrial enterprises, craftspeople, businesses, schools, hospitals, tertiary services, and collected under the same conditions.

44

2016

© Marc Verhille / Mairie de Paris// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITYA CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CITY THAT IS REDUCING ITS PRODUCTION OF WASTE AT SOURCEThe City of Paris’s campaigns to analyse the dustbins of Parisian households show that three-quarters of their contents could be avoided by
implementing reduction measures at source, and by the re-use or recovery of waste. The most abundant sources of waste are packaging (37%) and foodwaste (22%)22. Both of these can be reduced by implementing prevention measures, i.e. actions carried out upstream during product manufacturing
and distribution phases, and while these goods are being purchased and used by consumers.

Towards packaging-free distribution

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Current distribution methods are based primarily on the use of “disposable”
packaging. To encourage Parisians to reduce the weight of packaging intheir dustbins, distribution companies need to move towards systems basedon re-use, such as deposit schemes or bulk sales. To promote the rapid
development of this business model, the City of Paris will provide support
for the opening of “bulk sales” shops, i.e. that do not provide disposable
packaging, with the target of having one 100% bulk sales shop for 100,000
inhabitants in 2030. These business models have two positive impacts:
they produce less packaging and help to reduce food waste by encouraging
each consumer to purchase only what he or she needs. In the same way,
the City will continue to promote the consumption of tap water, which is
high-quality water available at a universally accessible price and does notproduce any packaging waste

COMBATING FOOD WASTE
In 2015, the City of Paris adopted a Plan to Combat Food Waste (Plande lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire) with a reduction target of 50%
between now and 2025. In this context, a charter to tackle food waste
in Paris’s local authority canteens and restaurants has been drawn up.
By 2020, all school administrations must have signed this Charter thatformalises the managers’ commitment to implement concrete actions(recipes using leftovers, donation of remaining meals to associations, etc.).
This will be followed by the widespread implementation of anti-waste
measures in all types of local government institutional catering.

Combating food waste“Zero-waste” events: from 100% disposable to 100% reusable

Each year in France, 10 million tonnes of food intended for humanconsumption are lost or wasted23. The theoretical value of these products
is estimated at €16 billion. In Paris, food waste is three times above thenational average, partly due to the high level of tourist activity. In relation
to the number of inhabitants, each Parisian throws away 26 kilogrammesof food per year on average24.

Paris is an open and dynamic city that hosts numerous events which have aby no means insignificant impact in terms of food waste and the productionof waste. In 2016, the City published an Eco-responsible Event Charterand between now and 2020, it will be striving to make its provisions morebinding, while the use of digital tools will facilitate the development of
paperless ticketing, for example.

To combine the fight against food waste with the provision of food aid, allfood markets held in Paris must implement a recovery-transformationdonation scheme between now and 2030. This solution will consistof collecting unsold items that are still consumable from vendors andredistributing them through specialised local associations.

“Low-carbon” construction sites© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris

Construction and renovation projects generate large flows of materials andwaste that have an impact on greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.
However, these materials can be re-used in many different ways; forexample, old plaster can be recycled to produce new plaster, rubble canbe used in embankments and earthworks for roads, etc. To minimise theenvironmental impact, the possibility of renovation must be systematicallyconsidered before resorting to demolition. In addition, the City of Paris will
be encouraging all projects to adopt circular economy principles in order
to attain the target of 50% “zero landfilled-waste construction sites” by2030 and 100% by 2050. It also wishes to promote the use of materials
that emit fewer carbon emissions throughout their life cycles, such as locally
produced wood, and has set the targets of 30% of projects being dryprocess operations by 2030 and 50% by 2050. To this end, the City of Paris
will be implementing ways to encourage these practices, particularly bylooking into the possibility of introducing provisions that could increase theconstructability of sites. In addition, prior to any demolition or dismantling,an analysis of the potential for reusing materials will be carried out.

22- According to the 2015 analysis campaign.
23- ADEME study: http://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/documents/pertes-et-gaspillages-alimentaires-201605-rapport.pdf
24- According to the 2015 dustbin analysis campaign.

45© Émilie Chaix / Mairie de Paris// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY

Effectively combating planned obsolescence strategies
The City of Paris will be campaigning at the national level to strengthen theprovisions of the 2015 Energy Transition Law (Loi de transition énergétique)that defines planned obsolescence as “all of the methods used by a vendor
with the aim of deliberately reducing the useful life of a product in order toincrease the frequency of its replacement” and penalises these practices.
It is a question of strengthening the provisions of this law to oblige firms
and producers to abandon the strategy of planned obsolescence. The
legislation must ensure that a product cannot be marketed without acertificate of durability, recyclability and reparability.

The city of Paris will support
the growth of the existing recycling centers
to 20 centers in 2020.

Initiatives promoting re-use

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Today, many goods (electronics, furniture, clothing, etc.) are still being thrownaway simply because they have fallen out of favour, despite being fully
operational or easy to repair. To combat this “throwaway” culture, the Cityof Paris will encourage the emergence of new consumer habits among all
Parisians by promoting the repair and re-use of items, or by stimulating thedebate on how to share them. To this end, it will be supporting the extensionof sorting and recovery centres in Paris with the target of establishing
20 recycling centres and associated repair workshops (recycleries) in the areaby 2020. recycling centres and associated repair workshops are intended as
depots for unused goods or equipment that are still in working condition but
no longer required by their owners. The aim is therefore to give these items
a second life by reconditioning them for sale or by passing them on to therecycling industry. Between now and 2020, a study will be commissioned on
the creation of a “Remanufacturing in Paris” cluster capable of carrying out
the large-scale collection of discarded materials and items with a view torepairing or “remanufacturing” them in small production runs.

“ZERO NON-RECOVERED WASTE”
CONSTRUCTION SITESIn order to ensure the recovery of construction waste and its re-use in theform of materials, projects carried out in the City will become “zero nonrecovered waste” construction sites by 2020, as set out in the Circular
Economy Plan. 5 to 10 sites that are representative of the diverse methodsof construction will be identified to disseminate the best solutions.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTA RE-USE EXCHANGE SCHEME
The City of Paris’s different departments have stocks of equipment(furniture, maintenance equipment, tree grilles, etc.), and construction
materials (paving stones, granite, etc.) for which they no longer have anyuse. An exchange scheme for the re-use of these materials will be set up
between the City and private operators in order to find them a second life.

46

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CITY THAT IS STEPPING UP THE SORTING AND SYSTEMATIC RECOVERY OF ALL WASTE

Many factors come into play with regard to users’sorting behaviour, including the “perceived”
capacity to establish an efficient sorting system.
That is why it is essential to clarify sorting
instructions and facilitate access to collection
systems.
In response to this issue, the City of Paris will
advocate uniform sorting instructions for all
areas, and especially at the metropolitan arealevel. This standardisation of instructions will
require the implementation of a targeted andlocalised communication plan. The fondness thatpeople might have for their place of residence
is also a factor in the success of sorting, andso it is important to carry out highly localised
awareness-raising operations. In addition, time
will be devoted to after-school activities to raisingawareness about sorting actions and the fightThe dissemination of clear and uniform sorting
instructions will be accompanied by thewidespread installation of sorting systems inall public areas, including the “Trilib’” systemwith the aim of obtaining the installation of
1,000 sorting stations in Paris by 2020. Each typeof waste will be associated with the corresponding recycling process, as the separated collectionof biowaste will be progressively generalised.

identification and quantification of waste flows
to facilitate the development of specific andadapted collection and processing systems.
In the same perspective of optimisation, the City
will negotiate with the Grand Paris metropolitan
authority with a view to initiating the collaborative mapping of waste in the metropolitan areafor economic operators in order to facilitate theirwaste management and reduction.

Sorting is only an appropriate solution if proper
recycling and processing systems have been
established. Certain types of waste, such asindustrial waste (IW), which is very varied as it
originates from a wide range of activities (shops,
industries, private and public services), arecollected by private operators. As a consequence,
the City of Paris lacks clear information about thetypology and volume of this type of waste, whichmakes it more difficult to organise dedicatedcollection and processing systems.

Alternative ecological wastewater treatment
solutions such as separated urine management
will also form part of the experiments conductedby the City in certain eco-neighbourhoods
between now and 2030. The installation ofurine collection systems at the source can reduce
the flows of nitrogen-rich and phosphate-rich
nutrients entering wastewater treatment plants
and the River Seine, and cut water consumption
by reducing the flushing of toilets. Therefore, theseparation of wastewater at the source is also
a promising solution in terms of adaptation toclimate change and the responsible consumptionof natural resources. If separated urine collection
is implemented on a large scale and it is processed
appropriately, the recovered nutrients could be
used as an agricultural resource.

To optimise the management of all types ofwastes, the City of Paris will ask the Île-de-France
Regional Waste Observatory (Observatoire
Régional des Déchets d’Île-de-France – ORDIF)
to create a waste barometer specific to eachbusiness sector by 2030, which will allow for the

In addition, the City will encourage theorganisation of sectors concerned with theprocessing, recycling and/or the re-use oftechnologies relating to the energy transitionin Paris, especially those associated with solar
panels and energy storage systems.

Adapted collection
and processing systems

47© Émilie Chaix / Mairie de Paris

Sorting and separated waste collection
on a large scale

against food waste to ensure that each pupil isaware of these issues.

© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris

Most people are aware of the positive effects
of sorting in terms of its environmental andsocial benefits. Indeed, when waste is properly
sorted, it is a source of positive externalities
for the community: resources in terms ofmaterials and energy, financial savings for the
local authority and therefore for its inhabitants,
etc. However, only 17% of the one million
tonnes of waste produced by stakeholders inParis is recycled and nearly 80% is incinerated
as residual household waste.

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY
100% recovered organic waste

Composting is a solution enabling the re-use
of food waste and its conversion into natural
fertilisers for plants and gardens. Since 2010, theCity of Paris has been helping inhabitants andpublic institutions to implement the collective
composting scheme at the level of individual
housing blocks. To extend these practices, the Cityof Paris adopted a Compost Plan at the start of2017 and since this time, the 2nd and 12th districts
have been experimenting with the collection offood waste. A “P’tit Bac” (Little Container) and“P’tit Sacs” (Little Bags) have been distributed
to each participating household. Collections arecarried out twice a week by the City in a specificbrown container kept in waste bin storage
areas. With a view to minimising the proportionof residual household waste and recovering
biowaste, the City of Paris is committed to
implementing the widespread collection offood waste between now and 2020. It will also
be installing collective composters outside
residential blocks and public facilities: the aim isto establish 1,000 composting sites by 2020.
In this perspective, in 2016, the City of Parisjoined the national “Compost plus” network ofmany different local authorities involved in therecovery of biowaste and dedicated to returningthese materials to the earth. By replacing soil
conditioners made from fossil or synthetic
materials with compost produced by recyclingorganic waste which is then made available tofarmers, the use of this organic recycled material
will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.

The collected organic waste will be partly used
Incentive strategies
for energy recovery in Paris. In 2018, studies
The Zero Waste Paris strategy requires careful
will begin to examine the opportunities forconsiderations of the incentives to be employedenergy recovery from used edible oils. Groups ofin the specific context of Paris. Incentive pricing
researchers will be asked to conduct research
could contribute to encouraging Parisians
into the potential of such a recovery process.
to change their habits and lead to better
Between now and 2020, the City will also test
management of their waste. At this stage, thethe operation of a micro-methanisation plantmechanisms suggested by ADEME (incentive
in a densely developed urban environment withcharging and incentive household waste
the support of ADEME and the Regionalremoval charge) and feedback from local
and Inter-Departmental Energy andauthorities that have implemented
Environment Directorate (DRIEE).
The
City
such systems point towards the
The biogas produced by the plant
great complexity of any possible
will
also
test
will be used to produce heat or
implementation in the Paristheoperation
electricity. Biogas production will
area (very high density, almostof a microalso be developed on a larger
exclusively collective housing,scale via the combined production
methanisation presence of a double sorting systemof biogas from sewage sludge andplant
in public spaces and bin storage
biowaste in a single plant. The City ofareas, etc.).
Paris, in association with Syctom (InterMunicipal Household Waste Processing and
Between now and 2020, the City will look into
Recycling Syndicate) has set itself the target ofthe possibility of implementing incentive
establishing medium-sized biogas production
schemes that could be seen as attractive
solutions on its territory between now and 2030.
opportunities to ramp up the reduction of waste
and the improvement of sorting.
The City of Paris is also asking Syctom todevelop organic waste recovery facilities (biogas
The City of Paris will advocate the introduction
production and industrial composting) in theof a tax on printed advertising materials for
metropolitan area, including the installation ofcommercial purposes with the aim of compellinga high-capacity biogas plant. These facilities willfirms and manufacturers to limit their paper
be capable of processing these new waste flows
production. The proceeds from this tax will, as
whose volumes will inevitably increase with thea priority, contribute to the processing, recycling
obligation to implement separation at source
and recovery of paper waste.
for all by 2025 imposed by the Law on Energy
Transition for Green Growth (TECV).

© Marc Verhille / Mairie de Paris

The aim is to establish
1,000 composting sites
by 2020.

48

FOOD
PARIS, A SUSTAINABLE FOOD CITY
Feeding urban populations around the world is a major challenge for the 21st century,
given increasing pressure on natural resources due to the impact of climate
disruption. In 2050, the number of people living in cities will represent nearly 80%of the global population, with a strong impact on the carbon footprint of these cities.

Tthe share of deliveries via electric and active modes, or inland waterway
transport to 50%.

he food sector is responsible for almost 18% of the Paris carbon
footprint. In 2014, all of these emissions were related to activities
outside the city, namely the production, transport, and processingof food products.

Lastly, agricultural production in the Île-de-France region must become
more environmentally friendly. The goal is for 20% of usable agriculturalland to use organic methods by 2030, with an increase to 30% by 2050.

The Climate Plan’s objectives for food aim to increase the advantagesof Paris’s food system (a balanced and high quality diet, dense anddiverse commercial fabric, a historical agricultural basin) and reduce its
vulnerabilities (local agricultural activities are not well structured, thesupply is highly dependent on fossil fuels, limited food self-sufficiency).

Efforts from both producers and consumers to move the current agricultural
system towards more environmentally friendly agriculture must go handin-hand with a shift in behaviours and habits towards more virtuous anddiets with less meat. Paris will foster these changes by raising awarenessamong Parisians and economic operators, and working in partnership withthe agri-food industry. The City’s objective is to reduce Paris’ greenhousegas emissions from food by 40% by 2030, so that Paris can serve as amodel of responsible food consumption.

To improve Paris’ food self-sufficiency, it is necessary to preserve agricultural land in France and protect farmland in the Île-de-France region,
to ensure its percentage does not go below the current threshold of 48%.
We also need to expand urban agriculture. Furthermore, we must secure
the capital’s food supply by diversifying our supply modes and increasing

The food sector is responsible
for almost 18% of the Paris carbon footprint.
49© Arnaud Terrier / Mairie de Paris

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY

Food system in Paris
GREENHOUSEGAS EMISSIONSDUE TO THE FOOD
CONSUMPTIONOF HOUSEHOLDSVERY LARGE FOOD PRODUCTIONCAPABILITIES AROUND PARIS

18%

With the potential autonomyof the Parisian Bassin of:

A MINIMAL DEPENDANCE ON EXTERNAL FOOD SUPPLY

480%
350%

660 Km50%

Avenage supply distancefor foods

for meat
products// A CITY THAT SUPPORTS

THE DEVELOPMENT
OF SUSTAINABLE AGRI-FOOD
CHANNELS AND
STRENGTHENS ITS FOOD
SELF-SUFFICIENCYParis is inherently dependent on other areas
to feed our 2.2 million residents, 1 million nonParisian workers, and the 280,000 tourists
who visit the capital each day.
Around 70% of food products consumed in
Paris come from France, particularly from theParisian Basin (Hauts-de-France, Normandy,etc.), which produces most of the cereals andmeat products. Nevertheless, Paris still imports
food from far away (Europe, Africa, Central
and South America, Asia), particularly fruits
and vegetables. Increasing the local productionof Paris’ food supply, even to a small degree,
is possible in the Paris Basin as long as we
increase the complementarity and improve
the organisation of our sustainable agriculturalchannels. This will require strengthening thelink between consumers and producers andeliminating barriers that hinder changes to the
local agricultural system.

Short supply chains and local production
Short food supply chains are critically important,as they promote the vibrancy of our agriculturalland, reconnect consumers to producers,
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions fromagriculture. In collaboration with Eau de Paris,
which is planning for a 67% increase in organic
agriculture and a 60% increase in sustainablesurfaces in its water catchment areas by 2020,
the City will create partnerships between our
institutional catering services and farmers
in these catchment areas, starting in 2017.
The City will also promote local short supply
chains through the creation of Community
Supported Agriculture (Association de Maintiende l’Agriculture Paysanne – AMAP) programmes
in interested schools in 2018. Lastly, we will
establish partnerships with rural or peri-urban
towns and cities to strengthen connections
between the city and the countryside.
The City will evaluate ongoing experiments toestablish sustainable and community-oriented
food markets and will examine opportunities
to create new ones, particularly in the City’spriority neighbourhoods, where both social andenvironmental issues must be addressed. These
new markets will of course take account of theexisting food supply, especially open-air markets.

50

60%
for fruits
andvegetables

for daily
products

for grains

By offering seasonal products that are locallysourced, and therefore have a lower carbon
footprint, these sustainable and communityoriented food markets will help create asustainable distribution network for high-quality
products. These markets will be accessible toall, and in this way will give all Parisians better
access to healthy products. They offer a solutionthat respects the work of farmers by offering
them a fair price while also remaining affordable
for the greatest number of people.
Furthermore, Paris will continue to develop ecofriendly urban agriculture in the city. As part ofthis objective, the City will support various urban
agriculture and permaculture projects in areasof open ground and on the walls and roofs ofmunicipal buildings. The City will also mobilise
all stakeholders, partners, and property owners
in Paris through calls for projects. One example isthe first “Parisculteurs” project launched in 2016
to encourage Parisians to participate in greening
the city, as part of the “Objective 100 hectares”
charter. The second season was launched in 2017.
The City of Paris will support and take thenecessary steps to develop, promote, andrecognise these eco-friendly urban agriculture
projects via a certification programme or an
appropriate label.

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //The City will work to strengthen connections
between Parisian consumers and local
producers. We will provide information about
urban agriculture and raise awareness about
agricultural professions and food by setting up
urban educational farms in large green spaces
within central Paris. We will continue to support
the development of community gardens in
Paris. We will also encourage Parisians to get
involved in permaculture, which is a form of
ecological food production that can be employedeven in very small areas. By 2017, we will create
permaculture training courses at the École duBreuil, in connection with the Ferme de Paris
organic educational farm and through gardening
workshops.

Cities and local governments around the world
are focusing on food and agriculture in response
to 21st century challenges. Much like Paris, thesemunicipalities are experimenting with newforms of governance and new forms of moresustainable production and consumption.
Cooperation among these cities is essential tofoster experience sharing and joint actions.
Current regulations for local and organic
agriculture (the inability to mention origin in
public procurement, subsidy mechanisms in
the European Common Agricultural Policy etc.)
can hinder efforts to make agricultural systems
more sustainable. To give citizens access tohigh-quality, local food and ensure that by 2030,
50% of food consumed in Paris originates fromthe Paris Basin (and 75% by 2050), the City ofParis will act as a mouthpiece, at the European
and international levels, for local authorities
committed to developing local organic agriculture
and sustainable food. With this aim in mind,
early 2018, the City participated in the creation of

the Organic Cities Network Europe, a network ofEuropean cities that will dialogue with European
authorities to make positive regulatory changes.
The City will also continue to work closely withother proactive cities and participate in working
groups via the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact25
and C40 networks.
Guaranteeing the food supply evenin periods of crisis
As part of the Resilience and Adaptation
Strategies, the City will ensure the security of
the capital’s food supply during periods of crisis(natural, social, or technological disasters,etc.). The goal is to facilitate communication
between crisis management services, operators,
distributors, as well as the State regarding
available food stocks and their locations.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris

Experimenting
with new forms of governanceand new forms of moresustainable production
and consumption.

Cooperation with other cities in Europe
and around the world to promotesustainable food and agriculture for all

Promote the vibrancyof our agricultural land,reconnect consumers to producers,
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
from agriculture.

25- http://www.milanurbanfoodpolicypact.org/

51© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris

Educating consumers about agriculturalprofessions and production techniques

// A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY
Much like the expansion of sustainable and community-oriented foodmarkets across Paris, a key objective for the City is to give everyone accessto varied, balanced, and sustainable food, all while supporting producers.
In this way, the City is committed to ensuring that the least affluent residents
have access to healthy food. To promote access to raw, fresh, and local
ingredients for the least affluent Parisians, we will set up collective kitchensfor people in shelters, hotels, or without enough room to cook.

// A CITY THAT ADOPTS A LOW-CARBON DIET
Like the French diet in general, the “Parisian diet” is characterised by
its world-renown gastronomic heritage. It also stands out for its lower
animal protein content, higher proportion of organic ingredients, as well
as more processed and ready-made products.
There are also strong disparities between the most affluent, educatedresidents and residents in precarious situations, which require particularattention. Adopting a low-carbon diet in Paris involves both increasing
the Parisian tendency to consume high-quality, lower-carbon food andensuring that everyone has access to this diet. Not only is this good forthe environment and the climate, it is also healthy, fresh, balanced, andaffordable.

The flexitarian diet and access to vegetarian meals
To attain targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from food, citizens
will need to adopt a more “flexitarian” diet. This involves eating more
vegetables and less meat and fish, while prioritising local, high-quality andshort supply chains. In addition to ensuring a lower environmental impact,
producers earn a higher income.

Sustainable food consumption
and the promotion of new practices

The City of Paris will thus work with local stakeholders to ensure thateveryone has access to meals with more plant-based products, in compliancewith nutritional needs. We will also encourage restaurant owners to offer
more vegetarian dishes, as part of our goal for all Paris restaurants toinclude a complete vegetarian meal on their menu, as the City has done in its
own municipal dining facilities.

Since 2011, the City has used the Paris Health Nutrition programme toencourage consumers, the food service industry, and distributors to consume
high-quality, lower-carbon food. This food should also be local, seasonal,
and organic, to the extent possible.
The current trend towards the use of processed food is increasing, while
the consumption of raw, seasonal ingredients is limited. Yet even low-cost
processed foods are generally more expensive than fresh raw ingredients.
The City will therefore implement awareness-raising measures, particularly
for the poorest residents, to promote meal preparation using raw seasonal
ingredients and raise the profile of legumes – a cheap source of protein thatemits little greenhouse gas. Cooking workshops and presentations in indoor
and outdoor markets will also be offered.

We will also invite institutional catering professionals to participate in theorganisation of a Veggie day (without meat or fish) to raise awarenessabout the need to reduce meat consumption in favour of more plant-based
options, which have a lower environmental impact. This event could also
be replicated in neighbourhoods, in collaboration with schools and Paris’
institutional catering services to educate participants about sustainable
food.

Carbon footprint of a meal
gCO2e
3 000
2 500

- 56

2 000

%

 missions reductionEStarterProtein dishSide dish
Dairy productDessert
Bread

1 500
1 000
500
0
Meat-based diet

Flexitarian diet

52

Citizens will needto adopt a more
“flexitarian” diet.

© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris

A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY //A sustainable food strategy for Paris

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

In 2018, the City will present its first food strategy to the city Council of
Paris. Created following a major consultation with food professionals, theobjective of the strategy is to develop a sustainable, inclusive, resilient, safe,and diversified food system to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This
strategy is in line with the objectives of the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact,
which the City signed in October 2015, along with 136 other international
metropolitan areas. This food strategy complements Paris’s efforts onsustainable food, particularly the Sustainable Food Plan, through which
the City has become the biggest public buyer of organic products in France
through procurement for its institutional food services. The food strategy
aims to expand this action throughout Paris and beyond, in collaboration
with public and private food industry players.

PARIS, A CITY WITH EXEMPLARY INSTITUTIONAL
CATERING FACILITIESAs a continuation of the Sustainable Food Plan (which increased the rateof sustainable food in the city’s 1,300 dining facilities to 38% in 2016),
and the introduction of one vegetarian day per week in school cafeterias,
the City of Paris has set ambitious objectives for its institutional catering
services (day-care centres, school cafeterias, shelters, staff cafeterias,etc.): a 50% reduction in the percentage of meat in meals by 2030, anda 90% increase in the use of sustainable ingredients (organic, red label,and sustainable fishing) served by institutional catering services in 2050.
After consultation with the educational community, and discussions with
suppliers to create balanced and varied menus, two vegetarian meals per
week will be offered in school cafeterias. Furthermore, the City of Paris will
examine the technical and material conditions that will allow schools,
in consultation with their management committees, to experiment withoffering vegetarian alternatives at each meal. These will need to comply
with existing legislation and take account of consumer preferences to limit
waste.

53

© Joséphine Brueder / Mairie de Paris

A resilient
city that
ensures ahigh-quality
livingenvironment

A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT //Paris is a robust city that is working to address the expected consequences of climate
disruption26. Nevertheless, vigilance is required in certain key areas: heat waves,
flooding, air pollution, and water resources.

P

aris’s climate is changing, and willcontinue to do so throughout the
21st century. Heat waves, heavy rains,droughts, dwindling water resources…
all these problems require advance planningtoday to make Paris more resistant to climatechange.
By 2050-2070, we should expect:Hotter summers and more frequent heatwaves. The average annual temperatures
will continue to increase between +2°C and+4°C. The scorching summer of 2003 may well
become a “normal” summer in 2050.
 More frequent heavy rains and storms. Climate
projections for Paris indicate an increase in thefrequency of heavy rains in the coming century,
like the storm in early July 2017.


Flooding should become neither more nor
less frequent due to climate disruption.
Nevertheless, the consequences of the Seine
flooding to levels similar to or greater than1910 would be disastrous for our connectedsociety (flooded metro tunnels and power
grids). Special vigilance is thus required:major anticipatory actions, prevention at
the catchment area-level, adaptation of thecity’s infrastructure, and preparation of the
population.
Droughts and conflict over the use of water
resources. Droughts will lead to a significant
decrease in groundwater levels and the water
system, and a major drop in the available water
volume.

Air quality is a key priority for the municipality. The
City will continue to improve air quality to protect
the health of Parisians and Île-de-France region
residents. It is important to remember that heatwaves accelerate the deterioration of air quality
when there is pollution.
In 2015, the City of Paris adopted its first
Adaptation Strategy to address climate change
and growing resource scarcity. It took stock ofParis’ strengths and weaknesses and madeproposals to boost climate resilience through 30
objectives and 35 actions for the 2020-2050
period.
The Paris Environmental Health Plan (2015),
the Resilience Strategy (2017) and the new
Biodiversity Plan complement prevention efforts
and work to improve the living environment of
Paris’s residents and users.

PARIS’S RESILIENCE STRATEGY
Urban resilience is defined as a city’s ability to prepare for, survive, and develop regardlessof the type of shocks (terrorist attack, major flood, heat wave, etc.) and chronic stresses(housing, employment, migration, climate, etc.) it may experience in the coming decades.
Many stakeholders participated: municipal departments, external institutions and public or para-publicagencies, network operators, businesses, start-ups,
researchers, and community organisations. This work
allowed us to identify strategic initiatives to create
a vision for Paris that involves residents, adapts theinfrastructure, and mobilises collective intelligenceas well as the surrounding cities and towns in orderto turn these challenges into opportunities. These
initiatives are broken down into three pillars, nine
objectives, and 35 actions that were approved by theCouncil of Paris in September 2017.

Paris’s strategy is an invitation for stakeholders tocome together and re-examine the risks and stresses
that affect city life to provide comprehensive solutions
built on solidarity for all.
The assessment of Paris’s resilience, which involved
more than 800 stakeholders, identified six major
challenges for the City: reduce social, economic, andterritorial inequalities and the risks to social cohesion;
the threat of terrorism and security issues; climate
disruption; air pollution – a major public health issue;
the River Seine and related risks; and governance.
In light of these challenges, the City launched asecond phase in the development of the strategy in
October 2016 to create initiatives to overcome them.
26- Study of the vulnerability and robustness of Paris facing climate change (2012), Explicit, Safege55© Julien Paumelle// A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENTAIRIMPROVING AIR QUALITY
FOR BETTER HEALTH
A number of parameters can affect the quality of the air we breathe:climate conditions, emissions of atmospheric pollutants (of natural origin
or caused by human activity), and the dispersion and transformation of pollutantsin the environment.

A

ir pollution data is not limited to Paris
itself but covers the Greater Paris
Metropolitan Area and the Île-deFrance region as well. Indeed, Parisians
and users may be exposed to pollution thatcomes from outside the city.

In Île-de-France, there are five atmosphericpollutants that regularly exceed thresholds or
air quality objectives in European regulations:
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particles (PM10 andPM2.5), ozone (O3), and benzene (C6H6). Of allthese pollutants, only ozone is also a greenhousegas (GHG). Unlike GHGs, such as carbon dioxide(CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O),
atmospheric pollutants do not contribute to

global warming (with the exception of ozone).
However, they do have a direct impact on health.
In 2016, 1.4 million Île-de-France residents were
exposed to air that exceeded the regulations
on nitrogen dioxide (NO2), including nearly halfof all Parisians. As for PM10 particles, 200,000
Île-de-France residents were affected by levels
exceeding the daily limit value, particularly thosenear vehicle traffic. According to the report of a2015 Senate commission inquiry into the costof air pollution, fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10)
and ozone (O3) are responsible for the premature
deaths of nearly 45,000 people in France each
year.

56

Paris’s air quality has been improving over the
past 10 years. Nevertheless, concentrations ofcertain atmospheric pollutants are still too high.
The City of Paris has set an air quality objective
for less than 10% of Parisians to be exposed topollution levels exceeding the limit values in
2020, and for this percentage to be reduced todrop zero by 2024 through compliance with limit
values for all pollutants.

Paris’s air quality
has been improving overthe past 10 years.

A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT //In response to the health impact of air pollution, the City of Paris will continue
to take action by reducing background air pollution, and implementing
measures during pollution peaks and for point source pollution. At the sametime, Paris will inform residents and local stakeholders of behaviours to
adopt and measures needed to improve both indoor and outdoor air quality.
The City of Paris will pursue research to improve the understanding of finescale, real-time pollution in Paris.

By 2030, Paris aims to exceed existing European regulations by complying
with World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values for atmosphericpollution, below which there are no negative effects on human health orvegetation:
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) :200 µg/m³ for more than an hour and 40 µg/m³ as an annual average
PM10 PARTICLES:
50 μg/m³ for more than 3 days a year and 20 µg/m³ as an annual average

Through the implementation of the Paris Environmental Health Plan, theCity will mobilise PMI (Maternal and Child Protection) and school healthservices and work with partners (AP-HP [the public hospital system], CPAM
[Local Sickness Insurance Fund], ARS [Regional Health Agency]) to improve
the screening, prevention, and treatment of respiratory illnesses, particularly
among the most vulnerable populations and residents of areas that are
most exposed to air pollution.

 M2.5 PARTICLES:P
25 µg/m³ for more than 3 days a year and 10 µg/m³ as an annual average
OZONE (O3):100 µg/m³ for more than eight consecutive hours
BENZENE (C6H6):
no WHO guideline value; European regulations of 2 µg/m³ as an annual
averageBy 2030, Paris aims
to exceed existing European regulations.

Emissions of atmospheric pollutants
per sector (2012)// A CITY THAT TAKES ACTION TO
REDUCE BACKGROUND POLLUTION
Atmospheric pollution in the Île-de-France regionis essentially caused by vehicle traffic and heating.
These two sectors are responsible for three-quartersof regional emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) andPM2.5 particles, and more than half of PM10 particle
emissions. The remaining background pollution comesfrom the agricultural sector, industry, and air andmaritime transport.

PARIS
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%

Combating traffic-related pollution
According to an Airparif inventory of emissions for reference
year 2012, vehicle traffic in Île-de-France was responsible
for more than half (56%) of the region’s nitrous oxide(NOx) emissions, more than one third (35%) of PM2.5
particle emissions, and more than one-quarter (28%) of
PM10 particle emissions. In Paris, vehicle traffic generates
half of fine particle emissions, and 95% of all trafficrelated particle emissions come from diesel engines.
It is estimated that 60% of background air pollution due
to vehicle traffic comes from engines, while the remaining
40% is produced by emissions from braking systems, tyrewear, road abrasion, and the repeated disturbance ofparticles caused by the passage of vehicles. The City ofParis will continue to roll-out Low Emissions Zone (Zone à
Circulation Restreinte – ZCR), which will gradually exclude
the most polluting vehicles according to their Crit’Air
emissions stickers. The ultimate goal is to completely phaseout diesel engines by 2024. The City will continue to workwith the Grand Paris Metropolitan Authority to extend the
ZCR to the metropolitan level by 2030, in accordance with
the Breathable Cities approach.

0

NOX COVNIVI

PM10

PM2.5

GHG

CO2

CO2
+ CO2iNOX COVNIVI

PM10

PM2.5

GHG

CO2

CO2
+ CO2iÎLE-DE-FRANCE
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0

 nergy extraction,Etransformationand distribution
ManufacturingWaste treatment
Residential and service
industry buildings
Vehicle traffic

Source: AirParif57

 rain and inlandTwaterway traffic
Airport hub
AgricultureNatural emissions
Construction sites
and quarries

// A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Pollution-free streets and areas
By 2020, the City of Paris will implement alarge restricted traffic zone (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
districts) that will not hinder public transport,
emergency vehicles, waste collection andcleaning vehicles, residents, and bicycles. Thisinitial experiment may then be duplicated inother Paris neighbourhoods starting in 2020.
Ultra-Low Emissions Routes (AUBE) will also be
introduced in several Paris neighbourhoods, inwhich a traffic lane will be permanently reservedin one direction for clean vehicles that run either
on Natural Gas for Vehicles (NGV) or electricity.
The objective is to reduce overall traffic on thatroad while encouraging users to adopt low–
carbon vehicles. The goal is to introduce theseultra-low emissions routes by 2024.

in the Île-de-France region, it is responsible formore than 90% of particle emissions (PM10 andPM2.5) from residential heating.
To prepare for the potential impact of anincrease in wood-fuelled heating systems, theCity of Paris will support implementation of the
Wood Energy Charter project in the AtmosphericProtection Plan and will ensure it is disseminatedthroughout the entire Paris community(professionals, general public, etc.).
The Paris Climate Agency will raise the generalpublic’s awareness of the subject, including theneed to stop using fireplaces during pollution
peaks.

Combating heating–related pollution

In order to limit pollution caused by fires
and individual heating by wood, the Cityof Paris will collaborate with the Grand
Paris Metropolitan Authority to support thecreation of a Metropolitan Air-Wood Fund forindividuals by 2020. This fund will support the
replacement of existing heating systems withhigh performance wood-burning appliances andthe transformation of open fireplaces into closed
fireplaces with filters.

According to Airparif, heating in Île-de-France in2012 was responsible for more than one-third(39%) of PM2.5 particle emissions, more than
one-quarter (26%) of PM10 particle emissions,and almost one-fifth (18%) of regional nitrous
oxide (NOx) emissions. Even though wood only
represents 5% of fuel consumption for heating

The City of Paris and the Paris Climate Agency willencourage the replacement of oil-fired central
heating systems through incentives to meet thetarget of zero oil-fired heating by 2030. The APC
will inform residents in jointly owned properties
and property management companies aboutalternatives to oil heating.

// A CITY THAT TAKES ACTION

Towards rapid implementationof alternate-day traffic measures

The City of Paris will also help individuals
purchase non-polluting vehicles through the“Air’volution” rating system that will rate lightduty vehicles according to their real-world
emissions of GHGs and atmospheric pollutants.

TO ADDRESS POLLUTIONSPIKES AND POINT SOURCEPOLLUTION

During spikes in pollution levels, it is critical toprovide quick and effective solutions to reduce
air pollution levels. These spikes are generally
related to weather conditions, in two recurring
situations. In addition to the springtime
pollution described above, there are spikes inozone pollution in summer and episodes ofparticle and nitrogen oxide pollution in thewinter. Urgent measures are therefore required
to reduce vehicle traffic and the attendant
pollution.
Furthermore, the City needs to address two maintypes of additional point source pollution that
degrade local air quality: construction sites andpublic works (given the fine particles that are
produced and suspended), and diesel generators.

Paris’s main tool to reduce pollution peaks
involves limiting vehicle traffic. The City will workwith decentralised government services, andparticularly the Police Headquarters, to facilitate
the rapid implementation of alternating traffic
schemes in Paris as early as the second day after
a pollution notice, and the first day of a pollution
alert for Paris.
Decreasing point source pollution
from construction sites and generators
According to Airparif, in 2012, construction sites
and quarries in Île-de-France were responsiblefor 18% of PM10 particle emissions, 11% of PM2.5
particle emissions, and 3% of nitrous oxide (NOx)emissions in the region.
By 2020, the City of Paris will implement a Clean
Worksite Charter for all construction sites in the

58

Combating pollution causedby agriculture and industry
In 2012, agriculture; industry; waste treatment;
and rail, river, and air traffic were responsible for
23% of NOx emissions, 28% of PM10 emissions(with 18% from agriculture) and 15% of PM2.5
emissions in the region.
Since pollution sources extend beyond
geographic boundaries, cooperation between
the City of Paris, the Greater Paris Metropolitan
Area, and national and rural agencies is criticalto ensuring the most effective possible action istaken to improve air quality. For the agricultural
sector, yearly crop-dusting in early spring has
contributed significantly to known pollution
peaks in the past few years. The particles
emitted at that time are compounded by thoseemitted from traffic and urban heating systems.
Currently, the City of Paris prohibits the use ofplant protection products in green spaces andin cemeteries. The goal is to go even further bypushing the French government and Europe toreduce emissions of atmospheric pollutants asmuch as possible in Europe, particularly fromagriculture, mid-sized manufacturing, and air andmaritime transport – all of which have a negative
impact on air quality. As part of our resiliencestrategy, the City of Paris will initiate pilot projects
in cooperation with rural governments to change
agricultural practices in the areas that are mostaffected by pollutant emissions stemming fromthe application of chemical products.

Paris area, with the support of the AtmosphericProtection Plan. By signing this charter,
project managers will commit to reducing theconstruction site’s impact on air quality.
For municipal construction sites, the City will
drastically reduce atmospheric pollutants by
reducing particulate emissions from diesel
engines in construction equipment and byencouraging the use of electricity rather thandiesel generators. In order to clarify vague
French regulations on pollutant emissions fromgenerators, the City will lobby Parliament toproduce regulations for generators by 2030.

A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT //THE PARIS ENVIRONMENTALHEALTH PLAN
The concept of environmental health goes beyond
a strict focus on environmental health measures toprotect human health. It addresses links between
health and the environment that have decisive
impacts on individual health and general well-being.
These can be either positive, like access to amenities(green spaces, landscapes, etc.), essential goods, andnatural resources (water, energy, etc.), or negative
through exposure to nuisances, pollution, and risks.
The Paris Environmental Health Plan, adopted in 2015,
aims to improve our understanding of health issues
stemming from living environments, and integrate
objectives to improve the health of Parisians into thecity’s operations and urban planning. It addresses
living environment-related risk factors that affect thehealth of residents, particularly the most vulnerable.
The general aim is to reduce environmental healthinequalities.

THE PLAN COMPRISES 15 MEASURES,
WITH AMBITIOUS OBJECTIVES
ndertake urban planning that improves• Uhealth,and conduct health impact assessments

for the municipal gove rnment’s major urban
projects.

etter identify and understand environmental• Bhealthissues in Paris.
revent and monitor respiratory conditions• Pamongchildren, who are most affected by poor
air quality.

evelop a common environmental health• Dculture.
reate an environmental health unit to support• Ccivic,
non-profit, and economic initiatives andrely on the expertise of researchers and theCity’s departments.

institutional catering. The goal is to eliminate
carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic
substances and endocrine disruptors from
Parisians’ living environment.

mprove the protection of the health of city
• Ipersonnel,
particularly those in exposed
professions.

59© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

evelop a service to provide Parisians with
• Dadvice
and audits of their indoor environments.
nsure that Paris improves its management of• Epublicaccess buildings, public procurement, and// A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT// A CITY THAT PROTECTSITS RESIDENTS FROM AIR
POLLUTION RISKS

To prevent and reduce the risks of pollutionrelated afflictions, it is critical to increase
the number of protected areas and informprofessionals and residents of good habits toadopt on a daily basis.
Breathing spaces for Parisians© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris

In order to offer Parisians more breathing spaces,
the City will increase the number of more tranquil
and green streets in each district by 2020. The“Paris Breathes” scheme, which already closes
23 Paris neighbourhoods to vehicle traffic every
Sunday and bank holiday, will be extended. It will
establish breathing spaces in all Paris districts on
every Sunday and bank holiday by 2024. These
areas will be reserved for pedestrians, bicycles,
rollerblades, and scooters.
Towards better indoor air quality
Indoor air quality refers to the air inside buildings
and enclosed spaces in general. The City of Paris
will improve the information and prevention
messages on indoor air pollution given to
Parisians.
During energy renovation projects, particularattention should also be paid to indoor air quality
during and following renovations in housing
units. To this end, the Paris Climate Agency will
work with its partners to define and provide
information about effective ventilation and air
circulation systems, as well as the construction
materials and techniques to avoid or favour.
It will also raise awareness among and train
professionals in the field.
Building on an Airparif study of transport
operators, the City will work with the RATP,
Île-de-France Mobilités, the SNCF and rollingstock manufacturers to improve air quality inpublic transport, particularly in undergroundrailway enclosures. The objective will be toreplace braking systems on trains and wagons,
which are the primary source of fine particle
emissions in railway transport.

Measuring the health impactof air pollution
The degradation of air quality, particularly by
new pollutants that are not yet regulated, hasa direct impact on public health: respiratory
diseases, eye irritations, and reduced immunity
to microbial infections. PM2.5 particles cause
cancer and cardiovascular diseases and reduce
life expectancy.
By 2020, studies will be launched on the cobenefits, in terms of health, well-being, and social
links, of measures to improve air quality and theclimate. One example is the new Rives de Seinepark, as part of the C40’s Healthy Liveable Cities
initiative.

The creation of the AirLab within Airparif will
increase the number of measures and innovations
to improve air quality, in collaboration with major
private sector companies as well as start-ups.
GUAPO (Global Urban Air Pollution Observatory)
is the new global observatory for pollutant
emissions and best urban practices to improve
air quality. It was created by the Grand
Paris Metropolitan Authority and Airparif, incollaboration with the WHO. Its role will be to
improve diagnoses, evaluate policies, and suggest
new partnership-based initiatives and exchanges
with various cities around the world such as
Abidjan, Accra, Auckland, London, Madrid, New
York, Beijing, Tokyo, and Rotterdam-the Hague.
Lastly, the City of Paris will support mechanisms
to provide individualised/personalised information in real time.

The City will increase the numberof more tranquil and green streets in each district by 2020.

60

FIRE
STRENGTHEN SOLIDARITY AND RESILIENCEIN RESPONSE TO HEAT WAVESHeat waves are a major short-term risk in Paris. As a very dense city with many
concrete and asphalt surfaces, Paris is particularly subject to the urban heat island(UHI) effect. The city can become a real furnace during heat waves, prompting residents
and visitors to seek out cooler areas.

G

Trees and vegetation can also help bring down temperatures. But in theevent of a drought or extreme heat wave, fires are likely to break out in Paris.
We must therefore prepare for this possibility.

reen and humid spaces provide an ideal refuge. For example,
during the 2003 heat wave, the Bois de Vincennes was up to 10°C
cooler than the centre of Paris.

Additionally, during heat waves, we must change our behaviours andlifestyles, and above all look out for our neighbours.

Between 2014 and 2016, the City of Paris conducted a study on the thermal
regulating effect of green and humid spaces in the Paris area. This study
combined field measurements in green spaces and nearby urban areas withaerial thermography maps. This research prompted the City of Paris to define
the concept of ‘cool islands’ – specific areas that are open to the public, day
and night, and which are cooler than the nearby environment.

By 2020, the goal is for all Parisians
to be within a seven-minute walk of a cool island.
61© Henri Garlat / Mairie de Paris

A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT //// A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT// A CITY THAT PLANSAHEAD AND TAKES ACTION
IN RESPONSE TO HEATWAVES AND FIRE RISKS

After the lessons learned from the 2003 heatwave, the City of Paris is planning to create
cooler areas within easy reach of Parisians andusers of the area. By 2020, the goal is for all
Parisians to be within a seven-minute walk ofa cool island.
Cool islands and routes in Paris
The City of Paris will keep working in partnershipwith the Paris Urbanism Agency (APUR), theCity of Paris School of Engineers (EIVP), theParis Climate Agency (APC), the Météo-France
weather service, and Santé Publique France(the national public health agency) to identify,
create, and inform the general public about the“cool islands and routes” that are available every
summer in Paris. The City of Paris will place aninteractive map on its website every year so thatusers can identify the best places to escape theheat. In 2018, this data will be used to develop
a mobile application with real-time information
about the closest cool areas, and the coolest
routes to take. In Paris, around 700 cool islands
have already been identified (museums, libraries,
swimming spots, green spaces, etc.). By 2030,
the City will create or open to the public at least
300 cool islands and routes.
Paris’ Resilience Strategy also includes a plan
to create more “schoolyard oases”: schoolsthat have removed their asphalt and added
greenery. These oases will contribute to theCity’s efforts to create more cool islands. They
will eventually exist in all Paris neighbourhoods,
since no Parisian lives more than 200 metresfrom a school. Schoolyards in Paris represent
more than half a million square metres that canpotentially be transformed and made accessible
to neighbourhood residents outside of current
opening hours. The experiment will begin withthree schoolyards by 2020, with the goal of
expanding to the rest of Paris.

By 2030,
the City will createor open to the public
at least 300 cool islands
and routes.

Reduced vehicle traffic during heat waves
Examination of thermography studies in Parisshow that heat from vehicle traffic is particularly
visible at night on road surfaces. Roads store theheat that accumulates from traffic during theday, and then release it at night into the urban
environment. During a heat wave, the heatreleased by vehicles further aggravates the urban
heat island (UHI) effect. In order to keep Paris
from further overheating, and reduce potentiallysignificant health risks, the City of Paris plans
to ask the Police Headquarters to prevent themost polluting vehicles from being driven in
Paris during recognised heat waves (as soon
as threshold level 2 is reached). The procedure
would be similar to that used for pollution
peaks, with strongly enforced bans during criticalsituations (level 4 of the heat wave plan).

The goal is to implement this measure in 2030.
It is important to note that heat waves
sometimes coincide with spikes in ozone
pollution, during which alternating traffic
measures are implemented to rapidly improve
air quality.
Preparing for the risk of fire in public
spacesIn order to reduce the risk of fire in woods or othergreen spaces in Paris, by 2030 vegetation will bewatered with collected rainwater or water thatis unfit for drinking.

THE ADAPTATION STRATEGY
The goal of the Adaptation Strategy, adopted in 2015, isto ensure that Paris can adapt to climate impacts andincreasing resource scarcity.

Issues to be monitored carefully include:

Heat
waves

Heavy
rains

Flooding

The preservationof waterresources

The strategy comprises 30 objectives
and 35 actions in 4 key areas:• Protect Parisians from extreme climate events• Maintain water, food, and energy supplies• Adapt to climate change through more sustainable development• ​Support the shift to new lifestyles and strengthen solidarity

62

A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT //// A CITY THAT REINVENTS ITSBUILDINGS AND ROOFSTO ADAPT TO HEAT WAVES

Profound changes to the Paris climate are
expected, which will have an impact on thearchitectural and functional decisions madefor certain buildings. For example, housing units
with zinc-covered roofs are likely to become
unbearable if heat waves intensify even further.
Buildings that are comfortablein the summer
By 2020, the City will support the creationof construction guidelines that are adapted
to climate change, particularly relating tosummer temperatures. It will address the key
ways of making buildings comfortable in thesummer: bioclimatic design, adding greeneryto buildings, solar protection, light-coloured
materials, effective ventilation, and setting thetemperature to 26°C before an environmentallyfriendly cooling system is activated. As for existingbuildings, the City will improve insulation, solar
protection, and ventilation by adding a “summer
comfort” component to all energy renovations
conducted by the City of Paris or submitted forauthorisation. With the future extension of theurban cooling network, specific communication
campaigns will be carried out to increase thenumber of buildings that are connected to
the network, and in this way reduce the use ofindividual air conditioning. This approach will
also be used for new and renovated municipal
facilities in line with the Resilience Strategy.
New roofs for Paris
By 2050, the City will make better use of
our rooftops so they can help produce three
resources that will become even more precious
in the coming decades: renewable energy withsolar roofs, food through urban agriculture,
and water through rainwater collection andstorage. Roofs that cannot produce at least oneof these resources (too steep, facing the wrong
direction, etc.) should be covered in vegetation
or reflective paint to help reduce the UHI effect.
In the meantime, by 2020 the City of Paris will
initiate a research programme to determine
how to adapt Paris’ zinc roofs to global warming
while preserving their architectural identity, incollaboration with the official French Architect’s
Body (Architectes des Bâtiments de France - ABF)
and the Paris Climate Agency. Starting in 2020,
this approach will also include experiments totransform existing roofs on willing jointly owned
properties.

// A CITY THAT PROMOTESRESILIENCE THROUGH
SOLIDARITY, INCLUSION,
AND THE MOBILISATIONOF CIVIL SOCIETY
The City aims to strengthen climate resilience inParis through solidarity and inclusion, because
a well-adapted city is one whose residents aremobilised and can count on their neighbours.
The key to this approach is the direct involvementof Parisians in the application of solutions topreserve water, green the city, and save energy.
The City of Paris will play an active role in setting
up facilitation, educational, and co-financing tools
so that residents and private stakeholders canhelp the city adapt to climate change. As part ofParis’s Resilience Strategy, the idea is to capitaliseon lessons learned from the “greening permit”
and the “Végétalisons Paris”27 (Let’s Green Paris)
platform to extend these measures to other social,environmental, and economic challenges, while
including Parisians in their definition.
Climate resilience through solidarity
By 2020, the City will help create a “civic solidarity
network” that trains residents to become a driving
force for resilience at the micro-local level. The
purpose of this network will be to improve theability of public authorities to take action during
both major crises and on a daily basis, and to build
a culture of solidarity among citizens. This network
will collaborate with the solidarity reserve unit ofretired City of Paris agents, in partnership withreserve units from the RATP, the public hospitalsystem (AP-HP), the Paris Police Headquarters,
emergency management organisations, and so on.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

By 2020, Paris will also work with community
organisations to create more social areas at theneighbourhood level in the form of local mutual
assistance networks and dedicated areas, socially
responsible shops, and community premises. This
will make it easier to match offers of and needs
for assistance (food products, basic necessities,
language courses, advice) on a daily basis. We will
also create a platform that is connected to socialand community practices, with an interactive mapof geolocated initiatives through the contributionsof decentralised municipal departments and local
community representatives.

27- https://vegetalisons.paris.fr/vegetalisons/63EARTH
BIODIVERSITY TO BENEFIT ALL PARISIANS
The greening of Paris is vital to increase biodiversity, while also providing a numberof co-benefits for the Paris ecosystem: cooler temperatures, shade, water absorption,
slowing of floods and the trapping of dust, as well as beautifying the city and creating
spaces for relaxation and even food production.

T

his is why, as part of the new Biodiversity Plan, the City has set atarget for 40% of Paris to consist of permeable green space.

Furthermore, underground Paris represents a potential source of coolness,since it has a stable temperature all year round, and is generally cooler than
the surface in the summer.

Adapting to the effects of climate disruption will require creating
more green space in the city as well as areas with cooler
temperatures. Indeed, a July 2017 study of Paris’s urban heat islands showedthat adding multiple layers of greenery (lawns, bushes, trees, green roofs)
helped reduce local temperatures28.

In order to become resilient and adapted by 2050, the City will continue to
add more green spaces and trees around Paris. We will also reinvent Paris’s
surfaces and underground areas by improving the permeability of the groundand surfacing materials.

The City has set a target for 40% of Paristo consist of permeable green space.
28- Article published on 17/07/2017 in Le Monde: “À Paris, des ‘îlots de fraîcheur’ pour rendre la canicule plus supportable”. http://k6.re/iAabY

64© Guillaume Bontemps / Mairie de Paris// A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENTA RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT //// A CITY THAT TAKES ACTION

TO ADD MORE GREENERY

For the past few years, the City of Paris has been
pursuing an ambitious greening policy.
A number of ongoing measures will be completed
by 2020: 30 hectares of green spaces newly open
to the public; 20,000 new trees planted in Paris;green streets and an “edible” street; 10 kilometresof the Petite Ceinture (a former circular railwayline) open to the public; 100 hectares of green
roofs and walls, one-third of which will be devoted
to urban agriculture.
In connection with the Adaptation Strategy, othermeasures will be deployed: the identification andcreation of new cool islands and routes, night-time
openings of certain large green spaces, plantingof green areas for better water infiltration, andmanagement of rainwater as recommended in
the Paris Rain Plan.

Increasing green spaces in Paris

Trees and urban forests in Paris

By 2030, in a context of increasing land scarcity,
the City of Paris will create new gardens andgreen spaces. These are veritable breathing areasthat will combine “zero-emission zones”, calm
areas, biodiversity zones, alternative rainwater
management zones, and cool islands.

By 2030, the aim is to increase the tree canopy
by 2%, equivalent to more than 20,000 trees.
The City will encourage tree planting byvarious stakeholders (residents, companies,
organisations). One tactic is to inform Parisiansof the city’s arboreal heritage and its ecologicalvalue using a geolocation tool.

We will also add more greenery to the city througha very dense network of vegetation (plants
grown around trees, window boxes, flower beds,
greening of streets and flights of steps in Parisstreets, etc.). One key step is to continue thegreening permit scheme that allows citizens to
help green the city.

Gradually, patches of trees could form apatchwork of small urban forests in Paris by
2050 – veritable refuges offering cooler
temperatures on hot days. We will begin thiseffort by identifying the new areas for planting
and growing trees.

© Marc Verhille / Mairie de ParisTo ensure that Paris’ greening efforts are
sustainable, natural environments must not only
be adapted to climate change and the urban
environment, but must also welcome new andtransient species. These strategic networks, orgreen and blue belts, are part of the BiodiversityPlan.

A patchwork of small urban
forests in Paris by 2050.

THE NEW 2018-2024 BIODIVERSITY PLAN
Since the adoption of Paris’ first Biodiversity Plan in 2011, the international, national,
and regional biodiversity context has changed considerably.
The adoption of the French Law for the Restorationof Biodiversity, Nature, and Landscapes; theimplementation of the Île-de-France region’s Regional
Ecological Coherence Scheme (Schéma Régional deCohérence Écologique - SRCE); and the emergence of
new biodiversity management and land-use planning
practices have set a new framework.
In 2016, in order to address these new issues andgenerate new momentum, Paris decided to review the
first Plan and identify opportunities to develop a new
Paris Biodiversity Plan.

65

This new Biodiversity Plan, jointly co-developed with
Parisians, includes a programme of 30 or so actions inthree categories:• Biodiversity in a committed city: Paris as an exemplary city,• Biodiversity by and for all: everyone can contribute to biodiversity,• Biodiversity everywhere: designing the city to be
an asset for biodiversity.

// A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT// A CITY THAT REINVENTSITS SURFACES AND
UNDERGROUND AREAS TO
ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Soil sealing causes excessive runoff of water
during heavy rains and intensifies the urban
heat island effect. For the past few years,
the City of Paris has worked on making the
ground more permeable. This includes adding
more vegetation, maintaining areas of open
ground, developing water in the city, and using
permeable paving materials for roads.

More permeable surfacing materials
Paris is mainly covered by asphalt and granite.
Even though public spaces have become greener
in the past three years, we must accelerate
the transformation of Paris’s paved surfaces
to realise the vision of a resilient Paris by 2050.
Paris must thereby completely re-evaluate its
development of public spaces. The City can takeadvantage of any new roadworks to add more
vegetation, make the roads more permeable, andinstall light-coloured materials that reduce the
UHI effect. During these redevelopments of theroad system, the use of permeable materials andthe addition of vegetation will help restore thepermeability of the ground in accordance with
rainfall zoning.
To go even further, the City of Paris will test
new surfacing materials to reduce heat effects,

pollution, and noise. The goal is to create a green“lung” in the centre of Paris, a truly communal
area with calmed traffic that prioritises otheruses: streets to play in, convivial neighbourhoods,
urban vegetable gardens and community
gardens, and pedestrian pathways to schools andamenities. The “resilient road” concept could be
used to attain this goal.
Cooler temperatures in underground Paris
We could make better use of underground Paris,
particularly in the summer, since it boasts cool andgenerally stable temperatures throughout theyear. The City of Paris will examine opportunities
to exploit underground temperatures for cooling
purposes in summer through the installation ofground–coupled heat exchangers by 203029.

© Émilie Chaix / Mairie de Paris

Reduce heat effects, pollution, and noise.
The goal is to create a green “lung” in the centre of Paris.

29- Also called earth tubes, earth-cooling tools, earth warming tubes, or earth-air heat exchangers (EAHE or EAHX), a ground-coupled heat exchanger is an underground tube that connects a building to the outside air.
Depending on the season, the outside air is either heated or cooled underground and in this way provides natural heating or cooling.

66

WATERA RESOURCE THAT NEEDS PROTECTION
FOR DIVERSIFIED USE
Water is essential to life. It is a fundamental resource for human beings and ecosystems.
Water is present all over the city in multiple forms: potable water, raw water30,
wastewater, grey water, mine water, and even decorative or ornamental water.

T

he City of Paris is unique in having
several water networks: drinking waterand non-drinking water as well as
wastewater and rainwater in the Parissewage treatment network. Though drinking
water serves basic human needs, filtered nondrinking water from the Canal de l’Ourcq and
the River Seine is used in public spaces (wateringparks and gardens, cleaning roads, supplying
lakes and rivers in the woods) and provides animportant opportunity for cooling in response to
global warming.

Water resources are vulnerable in both quality
and quantity, particularly in light of the
projected weather changes in Paris and theSeine basin. The city has already experienced
periods of drought, but these will only
worsen starting in the mid-21st century. This
raises questions about the water supply andcompeting uses at the catchment level (drinking
water, water for irrigation, cooling, industrial use,etc.). Consequently, we must prepare for thesechanges now by continuing and multiplying
our efforts to preserve and diversify our water
resources.

In addition to the increasing scarcity of water
resources, climate change can also contributeto other extreme effects, such as flooding.
Therefore, it is highly likely that very heavy
rains, which currently occur infrequently, will
become more common. This increases the riskof flooding, which we need to prepare for andprevent.
In order to be resilient and adapted to climatechange by 2050, Paris must focus more strongly
on the city’s water in its urban development
projects and in public areas to make it accessible
to all.

30- R aw water is water that is collected from underground structures (metros, tunnels, parking lots, various buried structures) in order to prevent water ingress so as not to impair their operation in any way.

67

© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris

A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT //// A RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT// A CITY THAT MAKES WATERVISIBLE AND ACCESSIBLE
TO ALL
Water in the city is used for drinking,cooling, reducing the heat island effect, andstrengthening biodiversity. In response to
climate change, Paris intends to increase therole of water in city planning to improve thehealth and well-being of its residents.

New swimming areas in Paris

The City of Paris believes everyone has the rightto water, since water is a common good, but one
that is potentially threatened by climate change.
Paris will consequently continue to make drinking
water more accessible in public spaces by adding
40 new drinking fountains from 2018, as part ofthe participatory budget. Additional fountains
will be made accessible in winter to guarantee
free access to drinking water all year, particularly
for the homeless.

In order to provide Parisians with additional areasof cooler temperatures, the City of Paris will open
new pools and new open-water swimming areas.
In 2017, a swimming area opened in the Bassinde la Villette. Other natural swimming areas will
be opened, such as in the River Seine in 2024,
following the Paris Olympic and Paralympic
Games.

Given the increasing number of heat waves andthe need for Parisians to cool off, the City of Parisis planning to convert some ornamental basins
into temporary paddling pools (Promenade duViaduc des Arts, 12th district) and potentiallyinstall water-efficient cooling systems near fire
hydrants and drinking fountains.

Paris will open new pools
and new open-water
swimming areas.

68© Joséphine Brueder / Mairie de Paris© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris

The installation of phytoremediation basins
could also help increase the number of water
bodies in the city. These basins use vegetation
to treat certain kinds of contaminated waterthat are then used for watering crops oreven swimming. For example, Eau de Paris isconducting an experiment in the Charonne
non-drinking water reservoir to analyse thequality of water obtained using the system. By
2019, wetlands will also be created in the Boisde Vincennes that use phytoremediation to
make the water in the Lac Daumesnil safe forswimming. The lake should be open to the publicby summer 2019.

The right to water for all© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

The City of Paris will create new ponds, urban
swales, and rain gardens – veritable breathing
spaces that combine conservation of biodiversity,
alternative rainwater management zones, andareas of cooler temperatures. For rainwater
management, a specific storage and treatment
project is underway at the Bugeaud Combined
Sewer Overflow in the Bois de Boulogne. In
accordance with the Paris Biodiversity Plan, a
network of wetlands and ponds will be created
and restored throughout Paris, with identificationand incentive programmes in each district. The
objective is to restore 40 wetlands by 2020 andcreate 50 new ones by 2030 all over Paris.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

More wetlands and blue belts in ParisA RESILIENT CITY THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT //Diversifying water resources// A CITY COMMITTEDTO SUSTAINABLE WATERMANAGEMENT

the security of the water supply in the Île-deFrance interconnected region. The study will
also examine how to preserve water resourcesin preparation for climate change and otherchanges affecting the area.

In order to reduce long-term pressure on water
resources, we need to develop solutions tosubstitute other types of water – raw water,mine water and rainwater – for certain uses. The
Master Plan on non-drinking water uses and thenon-drinking water network that was adopted
by the Council of Paris in September 2015 views
this network as an essential component of thesustainable city. The plan consists primarily of
renovating and modernising the network, making
changes to certain production sites, developing
new uses, improving our understanding of water
resources and creating a sustainable tool to cool
the city, adapt to climate disruption, and develop
projects that combine water and renewableenergy. An evaluation of ways to mix the different
kinds of water that supply the non-drinking
water potable system should be conducted for
implementation by 2030. Collecting rainwaterto supply the non-drinking water system or for
re-use on-site is also being considered as part ofParis’s resilience strategy.

Water is an essential common good, which
will be used more intensively as the climatechanges, coinciding with increasingly scarce
resources. In response to this challenge, Eaude Paris has developed a strategy to protect
and monitor water resources. This action
plan for 2020 relies on the expertise of Eaude Paris staff in the field of public researchand is based above all on encouraging moresustainable agricultural practices throughclose partnerships with professionals and local
authorities.
Protecting water resources
114 farmers have committed to reducing nitrogenand pesticide applications on 10,500 hectaresof the 240,000 ha of water catchment areas
identified by Eau de Paris’s in 2015, 3,500 ha ofwhich will be cultivated using organic methods.
Based on these findings, the 2020 targets are
now to increase the number of hectares farmed
using organic methods by 67%, and increase
the percentage of sustainably farmed land by
67%, while also acquiring another 200 hectaresof rural environmental leases, using agronomic,
land-use planning, and economic development
tools. Eau de Paris is also proposing to conduct
a study on changes to the availability of water
resources by 2030 in partnership with the City ofParis, local authorities in areas where Eau de Parisfacilities are located, and the Seine Normandie
Water Agency.

Preparing for crisis management
Crisis management exercises like Operation
Sequana in 2016, which simulated the floodingof the River Seine, help improve preparations
for crises and ensure that all stakeholders
are involved in decision-making. As part ofa continuous improvement approach, these
exercises will be conducted at least every two
years starting in 2020, with the involvement of
all stakeholders concerned, including civil society.
The goal is to raise awareness and help people
adopt the appropriate responses to risks. To
address ongoing climate changes, these exercises
will be extended to other extreme events, such as
severe drought.
As for floods caused by heavy rainfall, the Paris
Rain Plan aims to reduce the risks of overflows
due to saturation of the network during
thunderstorms in certain vulnerable parts of thecapital. In addition to the previously mentioned
measures on increasing ground permeability andgreening the city, the City of Paris is planning tobuild storm water management structures, suchas impermeable floodwater retention areas,
reservoirs with variable water levels, resilientparks that serve as flood plains, and rainwater
storage tanks.

Securing the drinking water supply
under all circumstances
The City is working with Eau de Paris to ensurethat users have access to drinking water in theevent of exceptional climate events. To this end,
Eau de Paris is already helping to secure waterexchanges and emergency supplies, particularly
through emergency intercommunicationagreements with other Île-de-France regional
operators and emergency drinking water
boreholes in the Albian aquifer, particularly at
Clichy-Batignolles.

One illustration of this measure is the alternative
rainwater management scheme in preparation
for the future Paris Olympic and Paralympic
Games. In order to maintain the required water
quality level in the Seine, work will be conducted
on 100 ha of land in Paris’ 5th, 12th, and 13th districts
to disconnect rainwater from the sewage systemby 2024. This will prevent sewage from being
released into the Seine when it rains, while
increasing the permeability and plant cover ofthe ground in those areas.

© Bernard Pedretti / Mairie de Paris© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de ParisTo go even further, Eau de Paris will evaluate thepossibility of opening a 7th Albian aquifer borehole
in Paris, combined with a matching geothermalborehole, in the Bercy-Charenton Designated
Development Zone (ZAC) to heat and cool thebuildings there. Furthermore, starting in 2018,
the City of Paris will conduct a joint study withpublic water supply management authorities
in the metropolitan area on guaranteeing

69

The City is working
with Eau de Paris to ensurethat users have accessto drinking water in the eventof exceptional climate events.

© Julien Paumelle

A citythat is viewed
as anecosystem

A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM //Because the climate is everyone’s concern, the City of Paris will continue to workwith local social and economic players as well as partners on making the transition
towards a low-carbon society.

S

Through the new Climate Plan, the City of Paris aims to strengthen its
connections with neighbouring cities and towns to build win-win partnerships while also forging international links in a context of cooperation andsolidarity.

ince three-quarters of emissions in Paris do not originate from theCity administration itself, the City plans to mobilise all stakeholders(particularly citizens, companies, and institutional partners) todevelop concrete action projects, adapt the regulatory context, andoffset Paris’s residual emissions.

A SUCCESSFUL ENERGY TRANSITION
IS A FAIR TRANSITION
Though the City of Paris has committed to an ambitious climate mitigation
policy, the City also wants to make sure our ecological transition is fair andinclusive. The push towards carbon neutrality, driven by the Paris Agreement
at the international level and transformed into public policy at the local level,is bringing about profound changes, particularly in the energy, construction,and transport industries. These transformations will have many positiveeffects (sustainable resource management, green growth, innovation, jobs,
living environment, etc.). However, we must be careful to ensure that theecological transition does not only benefit the most privileged people.

The Climate Action Plan
as a lever to fight against social poverty

I FEEL BETTER

Improvements to health and the environment

Since the City of Paris views the Climate Plan as a means to tackle social
insecurity, it also wants to make sure that socio-economic issues areprioritised as part of its climate efforts. To do so, it has conducted a study
on the socio-economic impacts of the energy and climate transition in orderto specifically identify the impacts of the Climate Plan, whether positiveor negative31. A range of individual, economic, social, and political impacts
were analysed for the main actions in the Climate Plan. Their effects on
employment, well-being, equity, and balance across the city were also
examined.

AIR

EARTH

Pollution
StormsThis study showed that many of the Paris Climate Plan measures will
help to improve the well-being of citizens by improving the quality of
their immediate environment, which will have an impact on physical andpsychological health. These improvements should promote support for the
Climate Plan and the willingness of citizens to contribute. In turn, increasing
individual support for and involvement in an ambitious climate transition is
critical to improving the environment and living conditions.

Greening
Agriculture

FIRE

Heat waves
Fires
Resilience

Water

Water sources
Resource
management
Flooding

PERCEPTION
OF BENEFITS/INDIVIDUALENGAGEMENTINDIVIDUAL
IMPACT

I TAKE ACTION
AND FEEL EMPOWERED

Through its actions, the Climate Plan also strengthens social links between
citizens and helps reduce insecurity related to energy, food, housing,and transport. The goal of these measures is to reduce social divides andencourage Parisians to adopt more sustainable lifestyles. Updated skills will
be needed to support the energy transition, which requires major changes in
uses, building renovations, and the installation of facilities to produce andstore renewable energy.

Civic involvement

I takeindividual action
Energy, waste,
food…

31- “Les impacts socio-économiques de la transition énergétique et climatique”, Ernst & Young, 201771

I interact
with others

Urbanisation,
co-housing,social spaces…

I contribute to
my city’s policies
Governance,
participatory
approaches…

// A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM

ON THE ECOLOGICAL
TRANSITION TO BOOST
THE LOCAL ECONOMY
Since the different components of the Climate
Plan cover all economic activities in the area,
they will generate a variety of economic
benefits.
Job creation, skills development,
emergence of new professions
The energy transition will foster job creation
as well as changes to and the emergence of
new professions and skills. The sectors mostaffected by the ecological transition include theconstruction and public works sector, transport,
waste, energy, green spaces, and agriculture. At
the national level, it is estimated that the energy
transition will generate 330,000 new jobs by2030 and 825,000 jobs by 205032.

A number of professions are
involved in the major urban
development projects that are
Through its strategy to attaincompatible with carbon neutrality, new professions
carbon neutrality by 2050 – asuch as road infrastructure
clear and stable signal of its energy
development (greening of public
transition policy – the City of Paris will boost
spaces and roads to foster active forms of
its economic attractiveness. This will appeal
mobility): landscaping, design, production ofgreatly to investors and manufacturers, and will
street furniture, and project management during
help them develop their industrial strategies
conversion and maintenance work. Furthermore,(end of reliance on diesel fuel, establishment of
the push for carbon neutrality will create new
systems to recycle construction materials, etc.).
professions related to ecological management,
Furthermore, the development of green financeand new training courses to develop certain
tools to help leverage foreign investment, andpractices.
Paris’s goal to become the international green
finance hub will further boost the shift to a local
low-carbon economy.
Attractiveness and economic gains
Paris’s ecological transition will have a range of
positive economic impacts, including economic
gains for individuals and the private sector.
The transformation of structures and uses in thetransport sector will make a positive contribution
to the local economy. First of all, measures to
add pedestrian areas to certain neighbourhoods
and streets in Paris will have a local economic
impact by promoting shopping in those areas.

© Peter Allan

For Paris, actions to promote renewable andrecovered heat and electricity production will
stimulate the market by creating significant
demand for qualified labour and supporting the
emergence of new professions. These include
renewable energy operators, demand response
operators, data analysts, eco-managers, energy
facilitators, and local coordinators. The sameis true for the construction industry, which is an
important source of jobs. For example, 10,000
jobs were created as part of energy renovation
work in Paris’ social housing units.

Pedestrianisation could have significant
positive effects on business, as illustratedby Madero Street in Mexico, where businessincreased by 30% following pedestrianisation34.
Furthermore, an increase in teleworking could
lead to productivity  
gains (estimatedat an average of +22%) by
reducing absenteeism, improving
The push forconcentration, and saving time bycarbon neutrality avoiding or shortening commuter
journeys.
will create

In the waste management and food sectors, it isestimated that more virtuous practices requirea larger workforce that cannot be relocated,in comparison to traditional methods. In thisway, for 1,000 tonnes of waste recycled throughcomposting or biogas production, 3.5
times more jobs are created incomparison to incineration33.

On a larger scale, Paris’ investments in theenergy transition, combined with the expansionof renewable energy and energy efficiency, will
reduce gas and oil imports (€39.7 billion in 2015,
or 87% of France’s trade deficit). This will bolster
France’s energy independence and security.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris// A CITY THAT RELIES

32- “Évaluation macroéconomique des visions énergétiques 2030-2050”, ADEME, 201333- ADEME 2013 data
34- Source: Healthy Liveable Cities study on Mexico City, C40

72

A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM //// A CITY THAT TAKES ACTION TO BOOST THE HEALTH, WELL-BEING,
AND RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION OF RESIDENTS
Beyond the structural changes to the economy
and society, the transition towards a lowcarbon society can only occur if citizens areat the centre of these changes. There are
two main types of impacts on individuals:
modifications to their environment that will
improve their health and well-being, andchanges in the habits and behaviours needed
to carry out this transition.
Cleaner air for better healthAir pollution from PM2.5 particles, which
is primarily caused by the use of internal
combustion vehicles, has a significant impact
in the Île-de-France region (7,000 more deaths
per year in Île-de-France in relation to areas ofsimilar size with the lowest concentrations).
Air pollution has negative impacts on the
respiratory and cardiovascular systems, as wellas on reproduction, child development, and theendocrine system.
The use of more active mobility and cleaner
transport modes to phase out diesel- and petrolpowered transport by 2030 will contributeto significantly reducing air pollution and its
associated mortality. Complementary financial
measures, such as the creation of the Air-Woodfund will have a direct impact on the metropolitan
area by reducing atmospheric pollution while
helping households change their lifestyles.
By promoting organic agriculture as part ofits food strategy, the City will contribute, evenindirectly, to improving the health of Parisians andthose living near agricultural areas by reducing air
pollution from the application of pesticides.

A living environment conducive tophysical and psychological well-being
The energy transition will also lead to majorchanges to the living environment, an area inwhich residents have consistently requested
improvements.
The increasing use of active and clean mobility
modes will have positive impacts on Parisians’
health. The aim is for 15% of all journeys to
be made by bicycle by 2020, which will offer anumber of universally recognised health benefits
and reduce the stress related to motorised
transport. A modal shift toward cycling will
also reduce the number of traffic accidents,
particularly for cyclists. Additionally, the use ofclean vehicles, which are quieter than thermal
combustion engines, will limit the negative
impact of noise on health, including sleep
disturbances and disorders. Teleworking will also
have a positive impact on employee health byeliminating the need to commute while offering
more sleep and higher job satisfaction35.

organic food contains fewer dangerous chemical
products such as cadmium, pesticide residues,
nitrates, and nitrites. The City will also inform
Parisians of the health and environmental
benefits of moving towards a more plantbased diet with lower meat consumption. The
French Agency for Food, Environmental, andOccupational Health & Safety (Agence Nationale
Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentaire Environnement
Travail – ANSES) recommends that each
inhabitant consume no more than 500 g ofmeat (other than poultry) per week, comparedto the average consumption of 1.17 kg per person
in France.

The City of Paris will also advocate theestablishment of carbon footprint labels
for consumer products that are sold on themarket, based on the existing model of energy
labels. These carbon footprint labels will allow
consumers to make responsible choices by
providing them with appropriate information
before they make their purchasing decisions. This
could provide companies with an incentive
to reduce the carbon cost of their
Reintroducing nature into the city willproduction and in this way bring acalm the living environment andcertain number of jobs back to
The transition
contribute to the psychologicaland physical well-being of towards a low-carbon France.

residents.
Increasingthe
As for energy, the idea is tosociety can only
number of green spaces andoccur if citizens are raise awareness about dailywater sources will also limit
behaviours so that people
the Urban Heat Island effect at the centre of these reconsider behaviours that havechangesby creating cool islands. As such,
become automatic. The creation
the Climate Plan will address thisof a public Energy Data Service
major public health issue, particularly
will provide information about energy
for vulnerable populations (children, seniors,
consumption, for the City as well as jointly
isolated individuals) during heat waves.
owned properties (condominiums). Access tothis data will help residents better understandtheir needs, identify possible savings, and take
Healthier and responsible lifestyles andaction to improve their management of energy
consumption habits
consumption. This civic commitment to a more
responsible use of energy could be strengthened
The decarbonisation of the economy will also
by membership of energy cooperatives supported
require shifts in consumption and dietary habitsby the City: the success of collective projects will
to focus on sustainability and responsibility (local
be visible to all (solar panels on roofs or railways
and organic food, contribution to the circularlines, for example), and will also take on more
economy, etc.).
importance in the life of Parisians. In this vein,
The City of Paris’s objectives for consumption
increased participatory financing for projects withof organic products (with 75% of Parisiana climate-energy component will also encourage
the use of individual savings to fund community
households regularly buying organic products,
projects in Paris or outside the city. These projects
and 100% doing so by 2020) will offer important
will foster strong civic engagement and cohesion.
health benefits. According to the French National
They will also help all Parisians take ownership
Institute for Agronomic Research (Institutof issues relating to the ecological transition.
National de la Recherche Agronomique – INRA),

35- Le télétravail dans les grandes entreprises françaises Comment la distance transforme nos modes de travail. French Ministry in charge of industry, energy and the digital economy, 2012.

73

// A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEMEQUITY AND DIVERSITY

The energy transition presents an opportunity
to strengthen connections between citizens
and bring them closer to the city’s stakeholders.
To make sure that all residents benefit from theenergy transition, the City will use the Climate
Plan as a tool to combat social insecurity.
Towards a more close-knit and inclusive
social fabricUrban planning associated with the energy
transition will re-appropriate certain spaces
to make it easier for citizens to meet and share
information. There is very strong potential tocreate social connections in shared spaces andareas where people come together, such as thirdparty teleworking premises and green spaces.
Through greening, the installation of street
furniture, and the promotion of local businesses,
these areas will become veritable “avenues forsocial links”, facilitating interactions between thecity’s residents and users.
The City’s efforts to support ecological housing
renovation and promote intergenerational cohabitation can foster more inclusive citizenship, sothat neighbours reach out to the most vulnerable
members of society during heat waves, for example.

Improving public transport (single travel pass,
rapid transit lines, etc.) will improve access toservices such as healthcare and education,
particularly for the most vulnerable residents who
most often use public transport. Shared mobility
could help strengthen social links by increasing
interactions between Parisians, particularly
the most isolated, such as senior citizens. The
creation of a single travel pass would facilitate
intermodality across Île-de-France and ensure
greater equity in access to transport for those inareas surrounding Paris.
A tool to combat social insecurity
Measures to support food markets and socially responsible catering, the collection of unsold
food items and the study to launch a food donation platform from private individuals to the mostvulnerable people, will help reduce the numberof people in the Paris region suffering from foodpoverty (6.5%). On the other hand, increasing
the proportion of organic products, which currently cost more than conventional products,

could undermine this objective and deepen thesocial divide in terms of access to high-quality
food. The City is consequently already increasing
its efforts to include the largest possible numberof stakeholders in the food value chain. We arealso exploring several options to make organic
food more accessible to all. Similarly, encouraging people to reduce meat consumption, which
represents 20% of food costs on average, could
help reduce overall household expenditure. It is
important to help residents change their way of
thinking.
Lastly, within the Paris conurbation, 5.3% ofresidents say they have trouble keeping theirhomes at the right temperature, while 5.4% arelate in paying their electricity bills during the year.
Several Climate Plan measures aim to reduce
this number. The renovation of one million housing units, and particularly social housing, will
have a direct impact on these two contributors
to fuel poverty: electricity bills and the feeling of
being cold. The City will continue to ensure thatrenovations are accessible to all households,
including those on the lowest incomes.

The renovation of one million housing units,
and particularly social housing, will have a direct impact
on these two contributors to fuel poverty: electricity bills
and the feeling of being cold.

© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris// A CITY THAT CHAMPIONS

74

A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM //MULTIPLE INDIVIDUAL
TRAJECTORIESIN A CARBON-NEUTRAL PARIS
The magnitude of the energy and climate transition for2050, which includes the widespread implementation ofvery ambitious targets such as the energy renovation of
all existing buildings, a substantial reduction in numberof individual car journeys, and sustainable food for all,may raise concerns about the City’s desire to promote astandard lifestyle based on a certain “model”, which may
seem unattainable to some.

© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

While this transition does indeed include all residents andvisitors, several long-range planning exercises have shownthat a wide variety of individual and collective trajectories
are possible. For example, the “A New Era for Paris” study
features a “carbon neutrality series” focusing on ninefictitious families36. They have different values, aspirations,and life events, but all share and participate in Paris’s
energy transition.
This type of exercise, as well as its cultural and symbolic
actions, will help create a common culture that is open to
the diversity of lifestyles and personal trajectories, which
all have their place in a carbon-neutral Paris.

Solidarity at the heart of Paris’s climate diplomacy// A CITY THAT SUPPORTS DEVELOPMENTIN OTHER AREAS IN BOTH FRANCE
AND ABROAD

Paris has committed to supporting low-carbon developments inneighbouring areas as well as abroad, as exemplified by our €1 million
contribution to the UN Green Climate Fund. The Climate Plan’s climate
solidarity tools will be specifically earmarked in order to make them more
effective and relevant both in environmental and diplomatic terms. Thisearmarking of Climate Fund investments in green financing is critical toeffectively fund energy transition projects outside of Paris, and to help
developing countries better prepare for climate change.

Carbon offsetting, a major issue for equity between regions
Part of Paris’ carbon offsetting efforts will be to send financial flows
outside the region to support energy transition or low-carbon development
projects. The City intends to use funding for carbon offsetting to reducegreenhouse gas emissions in France and abroad, while adding value tobenefit local populations. For example, the reforestation of an area could
create new amenities for citizens. In this vein, the City of Paris will ensurethat none of the projects it funds will upset the equilibrium in that area(for example, reforestation of agricultural land that would reducerevenues for residents). The City will also conduct consultations withaffected areas and analyse the project’s economic impact in order toprioritise certain types of projects.

Paris has committed to supporting low-carbon
developments in neighbouring areas
as well as abroad.

36- Elioth, Egis Conseil, Quattrolibri, Mana, “Paris change d’ère, Vers la neutralité carbone en 2050”, November 201675

© Guillaume Dufossé / Mairie de Paris// A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM

MOBILISATIONPARIS MOBILISES ITS CITIZENSAND STAKEHOLDERS
Though the City’s local government is directly responsible for 2% of greenhousegas emissions in the area, from its facilities or activities, the remaining emissions
come from the people who live, work, or pass through Paris. It is therefore essential
to mobilise everyone. Initially this will take the form of clear and transparent
communication campaign that is accessible to all, and disseminated by all
stakeholders in the area.

T

he transition will necessarily requirea profound cultural change in order
to transform lifestyles and guidebehaviour towards energy efficiency
and the ecological transition. The City will
actively contribute to making these long-termsocietal changes by preparing young people andfuture generations for these shifts and working
with Parisians as closely as possible. In order toaccelerate this transition, it is essential to put
tools at everyone’s disposal, individually andcollectively, to promote low-carbon choices andactions on a daily basis.

The extensive consultation for this Climate Plan
was proof of our real desire to conduct thistransition together, by increasing the number of
spaces for discussions and support for socialenvironmental movements.
All the stakeholders in the area, both citizens
and companies, can contribute to the successof the Climate Plan: some will take action in
public spaces, others through their economic
activities, and still others by participating inshared governance on various Climate Plan
monitoring committees. In order to mobilise

76

these stakeholders, the City of Paris is alreadybuilding on strong partnerships, such as with
the Paris Climate Agency, and tools such as theParis Climate Action Charter and Sustainable
Paris Stakeholders (Acteurs du Paris Durable).
Through this new Climate Plan, the City aims tostrengthen this partnership-based approach toaccelerate Paris’ energy transition.

A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM //// A CITY THAT INFORMS

CITIZENS OF CLIMATE ISSUES

As part of the consultation for this new
Climate Plan, 20 Parisians and Île-deFrance residents were brought together fora citizen’s conference. During a full weekendof information and two evening debates,
attendees learned about individual andcollective efforts to transform lifestyles andparticipate in climate change mitigation.
These citizens remarked upon the lack ofvisibility and information about actions
being taken across Paris, despite their large
number. As part of the new Climate Plan, theCity of Paris has thus decided to change how
we communicate about climate issues andexisting initiatives in order to help Parisians
take ownership of them.

To improve visibility, public guides to bestpractices will be produced by 2020, using existing
tools from the Sustainable Paris Stakeholders,or those forthcoming from the Paris Climate
Agency, to promote actions that contributeto the ecological transition. Convivial events
focused on the ecological transition such as“Paris de l’Avenir” (Paris of the Future), or partner
initiatives (the Climate March, Disco Soup, eventsin the Greater Paris Metropolitan Area, etc.) will
provide opportunities to come together andtake climate action.
Local information sources
To ensure the broadest possible dissemination of
information, it will need to be decentralised andshared through various channels and with thehelp of different partners.

The Paris Climate Agency, already identified as
the “one-stop shop” for information on energy
Targeted communication across Parisrenovation, will adapt its messages and diversify
The City will engage in comprehensive
its tools by developing a “Climate Kit”: a
discussions to create targetedcompilation of references, solutions,
All thecommunications that speak toand local events to help people
stakeholders inunderstand climate change.
everyone. Each year, starting in
2018, the City will launch a large the area, both citizens These tools will reach a muchlarger audience through clear
communications campaign inand companies,
explanations of climate data
the Paris area aimed at all
can contribute to andpublic policies.
levels of understanding and all
the success of theaudiences. We will involve local
At the grassroots level, we will
Climate Plan
partners in providing information
recruit volunteers who know how
about climate issues and encouraging
to explain and communicate about
individual and collective action on a daily
climate issues. The goal will be to create abasis.
team of 150 Climate Ambassadors in Paris tomobilise citizens to get involved in the City’s
Furthermore, signage associated with Climate
carbon-neutral programme and increase its
Plan actions will be produced. Among otherresilience. The Olympic and Paralympic games
things, this will improve the visibility of projects
in 2024 will provide an excellent initial recruitthat emerged from the participatory budget.
ment opportunity. These ambassadors could be
The objective is for 20% of participatory budget
recruited first and foremost from the holders ofprojects to have a climate action component“citizen cards”, Paris Sustainable Stakeholders,by 2020.

// A CITY THAT HELPS CITIZENSMOVE TOWARDS LOW-CARBON
LIFESTYLESThe City of Paris will not only provide Parisians
with information. It will help them in all areasof their life, from school to home to transport,
to help change their lifestyles and movetowards a transformation and reduction of
their consumption by 2050. These changes inbehaviours can be initiated through positive
incentives and by providing educational tools
at each stage of life.
Raising awareness among the next
generation
Paris has a very large network of schools
and education providers. As part of the City’scompetencies in the field of education andthe various after-school activities it manages,
it will develop and support Education for theEnvironment and Sustainability (EfES) andwill increase its efforts to inform children aboutsustainable development from the youngest
age and throughout their schooling. In particular,
it will increase the number of educational
partnerships with teachers so they canaddress topics such as food, transport, waste
management, and others during school hours.
For example, the City plans to involve theseeducation providers spaces in the renewableenergy deployment plan and energy saving
programmes, and to encourage visits to industrialsites such as waste sorting facilities. We will
provide participating schools with educational
tools to monitor the renewable energy productionand energy consumption of their buildings.

77

the Paris Youth Council, the Council of Future
Generations, etc. They could then later be mobilised for major climate or cultural projects.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTA NETWORK OF COORDINATORSAND IN-HOUSE TRAINING COURSESThe City of Paris’ “Sustainable Development
Network”, which has 1,200 members, will
provide additional intermediaries organised
around a sustainable development coordinatorin each municipal department to share bestpractices among personnel. Furthermore, a
training course on the Climate Plan will be
included in the introductory training for all
new City employees. And in partnership with
relevant organisations, a training programmeon sectoral issues in the Climate Plan will
be added to the catalogue and offered tooperational departments.

Furthermore, all projects and experiments
conducted in Paris schools, both during andoutside of school hours, will be assessed inorder to identify good practices that have had apositive impact in order to replicate them. In 2018,
the City will launch a promotional campaign toencourage schools to participate in the E3Dlabelling process. These labels are attributed
to any school that is involved in a sustainable
developed project.
Lastly, Paris will encourage the Regional
Education Authority to adapt its teacher training
programme for Paris teachers to include training
modules that cover environmental and climatechange education.

// A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM

For the past few years, the City of Paris has
supported or created educational tools toengage Parisians in climate change and guidetheir daily choices: Paris Commerce Énergie (away for businesses to reduce their energy costs);
Clim’Way Paris® (a serious game in which players
take part in Paris’s fight against climate change);
the food carbon simulator to raise awarenessabout the greenhouse gas emissions of food; thesolar register (interactive web app); CoachCopro®,developed by the APC; Climat En’jeux (a serious
game to develop eco-friendly behaviours), etc.
Encouraging collective emulation with fun andinformative tools is a great vehicle for change. The
annual Positive Energy Families challenge, whichbrings together individuals who want to reduce
their energy consumption during the heating
period (November-March), is a good example
that should be continued. In 2016, the households
involved in this collective training programmeachieved energy savings of 12%. Other types ofchallenges exist, such as CUBE2020, an energy
efficiency competition for tertiary/service sector
buildings organised by the French Institute for
Building Efficiency (IFPEB). CUBE2020 aims
to reduce the energy consumption of buildings
through the notion of managing use (changing
and adapting user behaviour). The City is planningon extending these challenges to businesses,
companies, and even schools and universities toensure the greatest number of people participate.
By 2020, we will also launch challenges such as
reducing food waste in restaurants.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTNUDGING APPROACHES
Since 2017, the City has been experimenting
with “nudging” techniques to boost the
involvement of City personnel and building
users. By expanding the use of these “nudging”
approaches, we can encourage personnel tochange their behaviours in a fun and gentle
way, rather than through imposition. In thisvein, several City buildings registered for thenational CUBE2020 competition in 2017.
Following this initial participation, the City
will consider registering more buildings in the
future.

Places for Parisians to act together
There are a number of places in Paris that arefocused on environmental issues and raisingawareness on general interest topics, such as
the Maison des Canaux, les Maisons de la Vie
Associative et Citoyenne, the Pavillon de l’Eau,
Maison Paris Nature, and Maison des Acteurs duParis Durable. The last centre is an events venue
in the heart of Paris that is committed to spreading solutions for the ecological transition thatare spearheaded by community organisations,companies, and citizens. It organises workshops
and talks led by experts for stakeholders andSince the ultimate objective is to sustain
good behaviours and low-carbon lifestyles,
participation in such challenges should havea real and shared level of motivation. In order
to also reach people who are less interested
in environmental issues, financial or material
incentives may be offered through virtuous
partnerships between the City and economic andcommunity actors.

Parisians, regardless of their level of knowledge.
Based on this principle, the City of Paris will
expand this approach by supporting the useof available spaces to ensure that each district
has venues where people can come together tounwind, talk with others, or receive training on
environmental and social issues. These venues
for conversation and sharing will expand evenfurther, based on the model of Repair Cafés,
re-use shops, mutual assistance and service
exchange platforms, or any kind of approach
involving citizens. These spaces will allow people
to find each other and work together to advance
Paris’ ecological transition.
To support the efforts of people working together,starting in 2018 the City of Paris will develop the“Réseautage Papotage” (Networking discussions)and will promote the emergence of “Planète
Quartier” (Neighbourhood for the Planet), in
collaboration with district municipalities andthe network of Sustainable Paris Stakeholders.
Through these avenues for discussion, actions led
by Parisians and stakeholders will become better
known, identified, shared, and reproduced.
Furthermore, citizens’ cooperatives for energy
production will be encouraged, along withmechanisms to financially involve people wholive close to renewable energy sites. All of thesecollective efforts will help Paris’ goal to become acarbon-neutral and 100% renewable energy city
by 2050.

© Émilie Chaix / Mairie de Paris

These spaces will allow people to findeach other and work together to advance
Paris’ ecological transition.

78© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris

Positive incentives to alter behaviour

A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM //A charter for eco-friendly events
Paris hosts a number of cultural, sporting, social,and economic events every year. In 2016, theCity created an Eco-friendly Events Charter tolimit their environmental impact by encouraging
designers and organisers to adopt sustainable
practices. This Charter applies to each step ofthe event, from design and installation throughto disassembly, as well as communication. The
City will examine the possibility of making thischarter more binding, while developing tools to
help event organisers.

IN ITS CLIMATE ACTIONS

Since 2012, the City of Paris has mobilised
economic and institutional representatives
through the Paris Climate Action Charter toground our ambitions in the city’s economic
reality and promote actions taken in theprivate and institutional sectors.
To date, around 40 companies and institutionsin Paris have recognised both the risk ofclimate change to their economic model, andthe opportunities offered by the ecologicaltransition37. The signatories of this Charter arecommitted to setting their own specific binding
objectives to limit their carbon footprints,
developing more virtuous products and services,and encouraging more sustainable working
methods and practices.
Now, bolstered by a community of active
participants, the City of Paris intends tocreate a broad initiative to involve private andinstitutional stakeholders as a way to encourageboth individual and collective action. As thebasis of the win-win partnership between Parisand the area’s economic players, the “Paris
Climate Action” initiative will help Paris becomecarbon neutral by seeking a balance between
economic and tourist attractiveness and reduced
environmental impact.

A Charter for major economic players
taking climate action
To encourage individual action amongprofessionals, the City of Paris will continue
to develop the “Paris Climate Action Charter”,
extending its commitments to 2030 with theaim of reaching carbon neutrality in 2050. The
signatories will update their individual objectives
periodically between 2020 and 2030. As
Ambassadors of the new Paris Climate Plan, theCharter signatories will continue to take action ona daily basis. As key partners of the City, they willlead initiatives for a more sustainable Paris andfacilitate negotiations between economic andinstitutional players around local determinantsof climate change.
The City of Paris will help signatories incorporate
low-carbon practices into their activities andmake decisions regarding the company’s
operations, investments, and development.

© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris

The “Paris Climate Action”
initiative will help Paris becomecarbon neutral by seeking
a balance between economic
and tourist attractiveness andreduced environmental impact.

// A CITY THAT INVOLVES PROFESSIONALS

37- http://parisactionclimat.fr

79

// A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM
Thematic communities of private
and institutional players
Beyond the voluntary and individualcommitments of the signatories to the Paris
Climate Action Charter, the City of Paris would
like to bring together a broad range of economic
and institutional players to facilitate collective
action. Starting in 2018, the City will workwith the Paris Climate Agency to co-facilitate
thematic communities that bring together key
players in Paris’ major economic sectors. These
communities are designed to engage participantsand encourage them to examine their own
practices, link them to the City of Paris’ strategic
choices in the new Climate Plan, and guarantee
their involvement in the process by creating
multi-stakeholder actions in each sector.
Each thematic community is designed as aspace for participants in a given sector to
discuss and develop partnership projects thatwill contribute to the Climate Plan roadmaps
for economic operators.
When they join a thematic community, Parisiancompanies and institutions will receive help
in preparing for an increasingly ambitious
regulatory environment. They will also be able
to identify agencies that can provide resources toensure better cohesion among participants andcoordination of initiatives.
There are currently six thematic communities(real estate, tourism and culture, commerce,
sports and leisure, health, higher education andresearch). More will be added or developed
according to the needs of participants and thematurity of certain subjects.
Supporting sustainable real estate
Office buildings represent nearly one-third ofproperty assets in Paris, most of which will still
be present in 2050. To achieve carbon neutrality,
these buildings will need to change over the
next few decades to become more adaptable.
The Paris Climate Agency and the Sustainable
Real Estate Observatory (Observatoire del’immobilier Durable - OID) coordinate the realestate community, bringing together builders,promoters, and property managers to accelerate
the energy renovation of the building stock andthe development of renewable energy. It will also
contribute to the future Public Data Service.

Promoting sustainable tourism
Paris’s rich heritage contributes to the capital’s
fame and has made it the world’s top tourist
destination. The City intends to preserve thishistorical heritage, while adapting to the major
climate changes ahead. In partnership with theParis Convention and Visitors Bureau, the City
will help professionals in this sector develop
and promote responsible cultural and tourism
offers that are compatible with the Tourism
Development Scheme and the Charter for
Sustainable Accommodation in Paris.
Involving shopkeepers and small businesses
in energy efficiency
Commerce plays a key role in Paris’ economic
fabric and the development of a low-carbon
economy by offering more sustainable products.
Shopkeepers can serve as intermediaries topromote more sustainable behaviours among
their customers. With the support of the Paris
Climate Agency, the City will help shopkeepers
reduce their water and energy consumption using
the Paris Commerce Énergie website.
Uniting sports stakeholders to take action
on climate and air quality
The “Sports and Leisure” community aims
to ensure that high-quality sporting eventsand athletic activities are accessible to all. In
preparation for the 2024 Paris Olympic Games,
this community will encourage all stakeholders in
sport to adopt sustainable development as oneof the values promoted by sporting organisations.
Specific efforts will also be made to bring acircular economy approach to sporting eventsand athletic activities.
Developing low-carbon healthcare
The City of Paris has made the fight against
unequal access to healthcare a major priority,
thanks to the presence of major hospitals anda wide range of specialised health services. This
community, supported by the Committee for
Sustainable Health (C2DS), will help healthcare
professionals ensure that all patients have accessto affordable and high-quality healthcare, while
reducing the environmental impact of healthcare
facilities and activities.

80

Encouraging higher education and research
to work towards the energy transition
Paris is a university city that is internationallyrenowned for its prestigious universities andspecialised schools. Beyond the prestige, Parisis committed to providing a supportive learning
environment that fosters creativity and research.
The City of Paris will draw on this community toprovide the resources required to produce theeducational programmes and facilities that will
help future generations tackle the challenge ofclimate change.
Developing low-carbon digital technology
Digital technology is ubiquitous in our professional
and personal lives. Although it has helped reduce
paper consumption, it consumes a great dealof energy. In 2016, the electricity consumptionof the 130 main French data centres alreadyrepresented 9% of national consumption. The
sector is aware of this problem, and is working
to reduce consumption as well as cooling needs
and waste heat emissions. By 2020, the City ofParis will encourage this community to improveenergy efficiency and use more renewable energy,
while working with all professionals and users tomanage needs and disseminate best practices(archiving, standby mode, turning off screens,etc.).
The Green Embassy Network in Paris
In 2017, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, incollaboration with ADEME and the City of Paris,
launched the Green Embassy Network in Paris.
Around 60 foreign embassies participated in the
launch. In keeping with the Paris Agreement, thisnetwork’s objective is to promote cooperation,
the sharing of good practices, and theimplementation of concrete projects in foreignembassies in Paris that are striving to reduce theirecological footprint. Through the Paris Climate
Action programme, the City of Paris will assist thisnetwork as a means to support the developmentof energy efficiency and renewable energy inParis, and above all as a catalyst for international
climate cooperation.

GOVERNANCE
OF THE LOW-CARBON TRANSITION
For this new Paris Climate Action Plan, the City wants to change the governancemodel to facilitate the more regular involvement of stakeholders in monitoring
Paris’ actions and discussions on carbon neutrality.

I

Paris’ national and international partners, since the fight against climatechange is a global challenge that requires a collective response that
extends beyond Paris’ borders.

n the past, the City consulted residents prior to drafting the official
guidance document, but not during the implementation phase,
which was limited to professional stakeholders. An innovative form ofgovernance will be redesigned by and for Parisians, in association withAn innovative form of governance will be redesigned by and for Parisians,
in association with Paris’ national and international partners.

81© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de ParisA CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM //// A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM// A CITY THAT INVOLVES ITS LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS IN GOVERNANCE
Extended Climate Plan Monitoring
Committees

Civic participation in governanceFor the past few years, the City of Paris has been
actively rethinking its governance to increase
civic involvement in municipal choices. Digitaltechnologies have helped strengthen civic
participation through collaborative platforms.
Building on this experience, the City of Paris plans
to use the Participatory Budget system to involve
citizens in the Climate Plan’s governance andallow Parisians to help make strategic choices toattain carbon neutrality. The objective is for 20%
of participatory budget projects to have a climate
action component by 2020.

Currently, steering committees and strategic
committees regularly bring together municipal
departments, elected officials, and theParis Climate Agency at key stages of theimplementation of Climate Plan actions. While
this structure will be maintained, in 2018 themonitoring committees will be extended toinclude representatives of other stakeholders
such as the Greater Paris Metropolitan Area,
NGOs, private and scientific organisations,entrepreneurs, and the City of Paris’s institutional
partners. These committees will monitor the
progress of the entire Paris Climate Energy Plan
on an annual basis. Participants will be informedof actions that are taken, and will be able toprovide recommendations and advice as part of acontinuous improvement approach. The generalobjective of these expanded committees will beto strengthen the momentum of and spread theworld about the Climate Plan’s achievements,
and to ensure that Paris’s ambition remains high.

municipal employees and public and private
stakeholders. It will act as a space to share
information and create links between all thoseworking to mobilise and inform the generalpublic and stakeholders. It will be associatedwith and take part in the City’s climate-related
consultation and cooperation measures.
Involving researchers and scientists

Given the many universities and researchorganisations in the city, Paris will work withthe scientific community to develop long-term
actions and anticipate their execution. These
Furthermore, the process of developing thescientists are already thinking about the Paris
Climate Plan has fostered discussionsof the future, and will make usefulwith Parisians about carbon neutrality,
contributions to the municipality’s
sparking their imagination anddecision-making process. In order to
To jointly
creativity to jointly develop theorganise and facilitate discussions
vision of a desirable future. The develop the vision between researchers and theof a desirable City, we may create a scientificinteresting and varied proposals
that were shared during thecommittee by 2020 to suggest
futureconsultation phase on the idea
research topics that are in line with thesubmission platform, “Madame la Maire,
Climate Plan’s objectives. The committee
j’ai une idée “ (Madam Mayor, I have an idea),
would also report on climate-related scientifichave enriched the debate and given a clear idea ofstudies for application by 2030 and 2050 in the
Parisians’ expectations for this new Plan. The City
Paris area. This scientific committee will have aof Paris will continue this exercise by conducting
longer-term vision of actions to be taken, as well
campaigns to solicit ideas on specific topics asas their relevance and methods. Its contribution
a means to support digital citizen governancewould therefore differ from that of the “experts”
tools that guarantee the essential involvementon the extended monitoring committees.
of Parisians in achieving Climate Plan objectives.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTPROVIDING THEMATIC ROADMAPSThe Climate Plan sets Paris’s policy for
attaining carbon neutrality, and aims to build
a low-carbon society at all levels (travel,
housing, food, waste, energy, adaptation, etc.).
In operational terms, these priorities will takethe form of thematic roadmaps for all City ofParis departments in order to disseminate theobjective of carbon neutrality to all municipal
activities.

© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris - Graphisme : S. CampoAt the same time, we will create a Digital Citizen’s
Council by 2020. This Council will be broader
than the monitoring committees mentioned
above, and will offer members the ability tomonitor the Plan’s actions, make suggestions,and pass on information to other government
bodies. This original form of governance,
which will be facilitated by the City, could bring
together around 50 people from civil society,
the Paris Youth Council, the Council of Future
Generations, neighbourhood councils, and Parisbased environmental organisations, along with

LOCAL GOVERNMENTTOWARDS IN-HOUSE ENGINEERING
FOCUSED ON THE CLIMATE PLAN
Starting in 2020, a substantial component ofinternal training budgets will be devoted tointer-professional exchanges, the acquisitionof new skills, and the emergence of new
professions for the City of Paris’ engineers,architects, and technicians.

To strengthen the momentum of and spreadthe world about the Climate Plan’s achievements,
and to ensure that Paris’s ambition remains high.

82

A CITY THAT IS VIEWED AS AN ECOSYSTEM //AND SHARES ITS PROGRESS

Annual monitoring report
Ever since the first Climate Plan in 2007, the City
has published its “Annual Climate and Energy
Report”, which monitors the City’s climatechange mitigation and adaptation efforts. The
City will continue to produce this evaluation
document, which contains a number of financial
and operational indicators, in order to shareand spread the word about the advancementof major projects. It will serve as the reference
document for the various governance bodies
involved in the Climate Plan.
Continuous display of Climate Plan data
The City of Paris’ Open Data department will
work with the Paris Climate Agency to create
a dashboard for the low-carbon transition as
an innovative way to actively involve the newly
created Digital Civic Council. It will provide adynamic display of Climate Plan data andupdates to indicators and reference values for theCity’s main public policies regarding Climate Plan// A CITY THAT WORKS WITH
THE PARIS CLIMATE AGENCY
TO ACCELERATE THE ENERGY
TRANSITION

Since it was created in 2011, the Paris Climate
Agency (APC) has been an important partner
to the City of Paris in providing assistance andtraining on climate change issues. The Agency
aims to strengthen and expand its missions,expertise, commitment to partnership, and its
valuable work in the field with the support andinvolvement of the City of Paris.

objectives (transport, housing, food, biodiversity,
waste, etc.). It will provide all Parisians withaccess to general and geographically specificClimate Plan data. A transition tracker will
provide a simple and instructive way to present
progress being made. By 2024, data displays willallow anyone to see what the Climate Plan has
accomplished, learn more about each item, be
inspired by good practices, and hear stories from
Climate Ambassadors.
Cooperation at the metropolitan level

Air Energy Plan. This strategic document will
dovetail with municipal climate plans to ensure
effective implementation. As part of discussions
with the Metropolitan Area and its towns andcities, the City of Paris will ensure that our own
Climate Plan is compliant and consistent with
the Metropolitan Plan and those of surrounding
areas. The City will share lessons learned,
participate in cooperation projects, and develop
partnership-based financing tools to create thebest possible conditions for achieving carbon
neutrality across the entire metropolitan area.

The Greater Paris Metropolitan Area and the Cityof Paris face the same challenges: conducting
energy renovations on private buildings, improving
air quality, providing more public transport in the
inner and outer suburbs, clean deliveries, etc.
Many of the new Paris Climate Plan actions were
designed at the Metropolitan level: the Air-Wood
Fund to improve wood heating, metropolitan
Low Emission Zones, the Vélib’ bicycle sharing
service throughout the metropolitan area, etc.
The Grand Paris Metropolitan Authority will
also tackle climate resilience and the ecologicaltransition through its Metropolitan Climate

the circular economy, and resilience. It willcontinue to lead innovative partnership-based
projects bringing together public and private
stakeholders by organising workshops on thetransition. In 2018, the APC will work with the Cityof Paris to coordinate operational groups thatbring together economic operators with similar
concerns so they can work together to overcome
the technical obstacles to the energy transitionin Paris. A second priority will be to support the
emergence of new jobs related to the ecologicaltransition, such as eco-managers and energy
facilitators.

An agile stakeholder, a trusted third party,
and a provider of support for change

An increased presence, both physicallyand virtually

The APC is the leading climate and energy
platform. Through its services, coordination, andwebsite, it gives Parisians and economic operators
the information and tools they need to takeconcrete action. In 2018, the APC will strengthen
its role as a neutral, free, and independent advisor
to residents, and bolster its comprehensive energy
renovation services in jointly owned properties
throughout the metropolitan area. By 2020,
it will oversee the creation of a public Energy
Data Service. At the same time, the Agency willdevelop new expertise in sustainable mobility,

The Pavillon du Lac – the Paris Climate
Agency’s (APC) headquarters – could becomea demonstrator for innovative low-carbon
solutions in the coming years thanks to thesponsorship of innovative companies. The APC
will be present in all the main areas that address
topics related to the Climate Plan: innovation, thecircular economy, air quality, etc. The Agency will
seize opportunities for virtual interactions, andwill help facilitate various digital communities onsocial media. To do so, the APC will more closely
target its messages and audiences by partnering
83

To create the best possible
conditions for achieving carbon
neutrality across the entire
metropolitan area.

with teams of researchers who specialise inbehavioural sciences relating to the transition.
It will also use new online training tools suchas MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) andwebinars to disseminate information.

© Agence parisienne du climat// A CITY THAT SHOWCASES© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris

A citythat matches
its meansto itsambitions

FINANCE
A CITY THAT IS PREPARING FINANCEFOR THE ENERGY TRANSITIONAs local authorities face increasing budget constraints, moving towards carbon
neutrality can seem like an overwhelming challenge. However, the key is shifting
existing capital towards the investments needed for the municipality’s energy
and ecological transition.

T

It requires a simultaneous and convergent mobilisation of local financial
players to decarbonise the portfolios of the capital’s main investors.
And Parisians must also shift their savings towards more responsible
financial products to directly support the Climate Plan’s specific projects.
The Climate Plan’s financing strategy will in this way contribute to thegrowth of a local, low-carbon economy.

his provides cities with an economic opportunity that thefinancial sector has understood ever since COP21, based on
the development of new financial products, the diversificationof financing solutions, the emergence of new public–private
partnerships, and the use of socially responsible investment38. Carbon
neutrality requires the extension of green financing to support economic
growth at the local, national, and even international level.

The financing strategy is founded on the creation of tools to mobilise
financing, the diversification of sources, and the engagement of Parisians
through the use of participatory financing tools.

Paris’ strategy to finance the Climate Plan is based on the developmentof new financial tools, the search for partners to co-finance innovative
projects, and the shifting of investments to support the energy transition.

The Climate Plan’s financing strategy will in this way
contribute to the growth of a local, low-carbon economy.

38- New Climate Economy: Better growth, better climate

85© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de ParisA CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS//

// A CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS// A CITY THAT CREATES INNOVATIVE TOOLS TO FINANCE PARIS’S ENERGYAND ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION
A wide range of innovative
financing tools is needed to attainthe goal of becoming a carbonneutral city by 2050. These tools
must distinguish between the typeof user (citizen, company, etc.)
as well as the size of the project(small project or major long-term
project).
The latter will involve a number ofdifferent participants and requirelarger amounts (tens or even
hundreds of millions of euros). In
order to meet this need, several
financial tools will be examined aspart of the Paris Climate Plan. The
Climate Plan’s different themes
already address the financing
question and offer specificoperational tools. The following
proposals will complement andstrengthen the Climate Plan’sfinancing strategy.
A Municipal Investment
Programme that incorporates
the carbon-neutral trajectory
The Climate Plan’s acceleration
measures for 2020 have been
included in the current municipal
programme and will boost Paris’transition towards carbon neutrality.
In future government mandates, theMunicipal Investment Programme(PIM) will include the carbonneutral trajectory to anticipate theinvestments that will be needed toattain the Climate Plan’s objectives.
While maintaining a high rate ofself-financing, the City will seekout innovative financing and look
for partners to co-finance projects
that meet its environmental
requirements. This funding will
come from a variety of sources,
calling on institutional aid (Europe,
State, Region) as well as private
investment capital. In particular, theCity’s Resilience Strategy will involvethe insurance industry, which has an
economic interest in investing in this
topic.

specifications will also exclude funds
from industries that produce themost greenhouse gas emissions andare based on the extraction of fossil
fuels. Additionally, the objectivesof the transition fund and theco-funding partnerships must be
defined and incorporate the creationof local and sustainable jobs,
financing for research, and training
on environmental issues.
The costs of non-adaptation
to climate change in Paris
Paris’ Resilience Strategy recommends examining costs and benefits related to climate change andmitigation activities. Prior to 2020,
the City of Paris will adopt a systematic approach to evaluating new
development projects by analysing
the cost of non-adaptation and theinvestment costs required for mitigation, as well as the co-funding
mechanisms that are required.

The massive renovationof public buildings

Towards a broad-based
eco-loan scheme

In order to speed up the renovationof Paris’ building stock, the City willcontinue to use the Energy Efficiency
Certificates (CEE) programme toprovide additional financial leveragefor our energy management
projects. This scheme, provided
for under the Grenelle Law, makes
it possible to identify additionalsources of funding depending on theenergy savings work completed. The
City has already made use of thisscheme to renovate public facilities
and public lighting.

The Paris area is divided fairly evenly
between residential and tertiary/
service buildings. A successful energy
transition in Paris necessarily requires
renovating all these buildings,
regardless of their function. By
2020, the City of Paris will therefore
evaluate whether to ask the banking
sector to create a broad-basedloan to support the environmental
transition that would be accessible
to all stakeholders: citizens,companies, and shopkeepers. By
2030, the City of Paris plans to label
sustainable development loans andwork with the Paris Climate Agency
to help project initiators prepare
their loan application and guarantee
the work is completed.

Territorial investment funds
for the ecological transition
In the summer of 2017, in order tomeet its carbon neutrality objective
and accelerate the ecologicaltransition, the City of Paris launcheda municipal investment fund forthe ecological transition, under thecompetences obtained throughthe law on Paris’ status. Paris’
Green Venture Capital Fund waslaunched with the February 2018’s
Paris Council. As a unique legal andfinancial tool, this Investment Fundfor the Ecological Transition will
mobilise private financing to support
innovative solutions, notably in the
Paris area, in the fields of climate
protection, air quality, energy andimproved energy efficiency, waste
recovery, and the development of
renewable energy and sustainabletransport modes.

The City of Paris’ useof green loans
Through the Municipal Investment
Programme, the City has allocatednearly €10 billion for the 2014-2020
period to make Paris a sustainable,
inclusive, responsible, and innovativecity. To put this commitment into
practice, the City of Paris uses green
financing mechanisms. In 2015,
the City issued its first green bondof €300 million, which compliedwith the four core components of
the “Green Bond Principles”. The
City has launched a “Sustainability
Bond” on the 9th November 2017 of€320 million, and plans to launch a“Resilience Bond” starting in 2020.
Given the success of this initial
experiment, the City of Paris now
plans to maximise the use of green
loans to encourage financial market
players to offer innovative banking
tools and to foster investment that
supports the energy and ecologicaltransition.

Developing green sponsorshipTo accelerate financing for public
investments in the ecologicaltransition, Paris plans to create amechanism to accommodate green
sponsorship by 2020. This tool will
be used to mobilise sponsors wishing
to contribute to the investments
required to attain our Climate Plan
objectives more quickly.

The City of Paris will ensure thatthe specifications for selecting
partners and co-funders for various
loans, funds, and green sponsorshipwill reject candidates that havebeen convicted of tax fraud. These

Nearly €10 billion for the 2014-2020 period
to make Paris a sustainable, inclusive, responsible,
and innovative city.
86

A CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS//// A CITY THAT DEVELOPS PARTICIPATORY FINANCING MODES// A CITY THAT PROMOTESFOR CLIMATE ACTION

Civic involvement is critical to achievingcarbon neutrality, and Parisians are its main
guarantors. In order to foster civic initiatives
relating to the energy and ecological transition,
the City of Paris intends to support thedevelopment of participatory financing.
Participatory financing to make Parisians
partners in the Climate Plan
Starting in 2020, the City of Paris intends to makeParisians true partners in the Climate Plan. We
will promote participatory financing solutions
to encourage and increase private actions
from citizens, entrepreneurs, and non-profit
organisations that contribute to the Climate Plan
objectives via:
Crowdfunding (citizens’ donations);
Crowdlending (participatory financing in theform of a loan) as a third-party financing tool
for the Climate Plan’s low-carbon projects;
A crowdequity solution (capital investment in
the project).
In order to develop this type of financing, theCity of Paris will use dedicated platforms andinnovative communications for the initiatives.

GREEN FINANCE

Paris, the green finance hub

The Participatory Budget to finance
the Climate PlanThrough the Participatory Budget, Parisians cansuggest investment projects for their own district
and/or for all of Paris. Currently, 5% of the City’s
investment budget, or close to half a billion
euros until 2020, is set aside for these projects.
In 2017, the Participatory Budget was more than€100 million. In order to support citizen-driven
climate initiatives, the City has set a target for
20% of Participatory Budget projects to have a
climate action component by 2020.
Supporting civic cooperatives for the
ecological transition
Citizens are taking collective action to develop
structures and even build a more sustainablesocial model by capitalising on individual
strengths. We will prioritise assistance tocommunity organisations that support civic
investments (i.e.: Terres de Liens, Énergie
Partagée, etc.) through the Sustainable FoodPlan, for example, and by supporting civic
initiatives on local energy production and selfconsumption.

© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris

Starting in 2020, the City of Paris intends to makeParisians true partners in the Climate Plan.

39- https://www.carbonpricingleadership.org/

87

By supporting the development of more
responsible financial products and launching a
low-carbon financing strategy, the City aims toturn Paris into the international green financemarketplace. Paris is already an importantfinancial centre for socially responsible investing,and is thus ideally positioned to become thecapital of green finance. We now need toaccelerate this shift and help green financeplayers become mobilised and coordinated.
The City is therefore supporting the “Finance forTomorrow” initiative, which brings together 36
members of the Paris financial market (Banque deFrance, EDF, SNCF Réseau, BNP Paribas, Amundi,etc.). Starting in 2018, we will help capitalise on
the city’s finance expertise, strengthen publicprivate synergies, and boost Paris’s international
reputation as a green financial centre. The Cityof Paris will continue to act as a catalyst for
financial markets by stimulating sustainable andsocially responsible investment.
Shadow pricing of carbon in Paris
By internalising the economic cost of its
greenhouse gas emissions, the City of Paris isdemonstrating its commitment to decarbonising
its investments and is also boosting the resilienceof its response to climate change by better
anticipating and managing natural, legal, andfinancial risks. This approach also sends residents,
partners, and investors a strong message about
the city’s commitment to carbon neutrality. By
joining forces with the Carbon Pricing Leadership
Coalition39, which supports and encourages theestablishment of carbon pricing throughout
the world, the City of Paris will acquire usefulevaluation tools to guide its strategic public
investments and make them compatible withour carbon neutral trajectory. Initial experimentswith several major investment projects (tramway
extension, rapid transit lines, etc.) will allow us toevaluate the benefits of this scheme by 2020.

CARBON OFFSETTING
PARIS FOSTERS METROPOLITANCOOPERATION FOR CLIMATE ACTION
Carbon neutrality is the internationally accepted principle at the coreof the Paris Agreement, requiring a massive reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
and introducing offsets for residual pollution to reach net zero emissions by 2050.

T

Carbon offsetting will allow us to cancel out greenhouse gas emissions
that could not be reduced at source by financing projects that avoid orsequester CO2 emissions. A certified carbon offsetting programme will allow
companies, citizens, and institutions that voluntarily offset their emissions
to receive carbon credits. This mechanism is a requirement to achievecarbon neutrality, but requires transparent management, and a strong
environmental ethic.

he carbon-neutral trajectory set out in Paris’ Climate Plan isaligned with this global target. It calls for a drastic reduction ingreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to attain zero local emissions
in Paris, as well as an 80% reduction in Paris’s carbon footprint
by 2050 in relation to 2004. This commitment to carbon neutrality forthe entire Paris area will require, as a last resort, introducing offsets forresidual and irreducible emissions. A dedicated offsetting programme will
ensure that by 2050, we are able to neutralise the nearly 5 million tonnesof remaining CO2 emissions each year.

Paris will therefore take a responsible
and innovative approach to carbon offsetting.
88© Guillaume Bontemps / Mairie de Paris// A CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONSA CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS//// A CITY THAT CREATESAND USES CARBON OFFSETTING TOOLS

At a time when carbon offsetting mechanisms are constantly changing, anddespite the fact that an increasing number of stakeholders (companies, event
organisers, citizens) are looking to offset their emissions, local authorities arelacking definitions and legal means regarding carbon offsets.
The City of Paris will therefore take a responsible and innovative approach tocarbon offsetting by developing tools to support the local energy transition andlow-carbon development of our partner towns and cities. To meet increasing
demand, and provide monitoring at the city level, the municipality will explore
ways to offset carbon locally.

5 GUIDELINESThe City of Paris has therefore
developed five guidelines
for our carbon offsetting policy.
1

A platform for carbon offsetting projects in Paris
The biggest challenge for local carbon offsetting is to ensure funding for energy
transition projects throughout Paris, as well as in partnership and solidarity at theMetropolitan, national, and international level. The City will therefore explore how
to set up a local carbon-offsetting scheme by 2020. This scheme would comprise adedicated platform to connect project leaders with funders, as well as an operator
that would run the platform, verify the integrity of the transactions and guaranteethat the project reduces emissions without counting carbon credits twice. The
local preference that is included in Paris’ carbon offsetting scheme will make itpossible to internally offset emissions (called in-setting) to attain zero emissions
by 2050. This practice, which needs to be created at the municipal level, presents
the advantages of reinvesting carbon offsetting funds locally, better monitoring
funded projects, and boosting the visibility of financial contributions from citizens
and stakeholders.
While voluntary carbon offsetting mechanisms are mainly geared towards
companies, the City of Paris will launch a feasibility study on creating a local
carbon-offsetting platform for Paris. The goal is to design a tool to mobilise allof the city’s stakeholders to encourage and allow them to reduce their carbon
footprint. The main purpose of the study will be to collect suggestions for a wide
variety of projects from citizens, city stakeholders, the Metropolitan Area, and theCity of Paris, using the same format as the participatory budget. The Greater Paris
Metropolitan Area wishes to be involved in this initiative.
This participatory financing tool is designed to accelerate energy and ecologicaltransition projects in Paris and in partnership with rural areas in France, fromcarbon reduction (energy renovation, renewables) to sequestration (creating
green spaces, agriculture, afforestation).

© Yann Françoise

Over time, and consistent with future carbon offsetting mechanisms that will
be defined in the Paris Agreement protocol, the platform will make it possible
to identify and finance low-carbon development projects in other countries,
according to climate solidarity principles.

89

Focus on drastically reducing greenhousegas emissions, using carbon offsets solely toneutralise residual admissions;

2Comply with the five guiding principles ofvoluntary carbon offsetting to ensure theintegrity of all projects that we finance: theymust be additional, permanent, measurable,
independently verified, and unique;3
Promote offsets at the local level to accelerate theenergy transition;

4
Use some of Paris’ carbon offsetting funding tofinance climate solidarity in Southern countries;

5
Adopt a policy to define a fair price.

The City of Paris will attempt to use carbon
offsetting as a financing tool for carbon
reduction and sequestration projects in
Paris and in partner cities and towns, in the
Greater Paris Metropolitan Area, in France,
and internationally through climate solidarity.
In order to neutralise residual and irreducible
emissions on which the Paris local government
has no direct impact, the City will work withpartners on developing offsetting mechanismsthat are open to citizens and stakeholders in the
Paris area.

// A CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONSParisians taking action
for carbon neutrality
The success of carbon offsetting efforts relies on
Parisians and local stakeholders to reduce theircarbon footprint. To set things in motion, several
operations will be launched at once.
We could conduct a communications campaign
to support the launch of the platform: a range ofeducational content will be put on the website
to explain carbon offsetting mechanisms,
recognised standards, the carbon economy, andprovide concrete examples of projects that havebeen carried out. In addition to raising awareness,
the City of Paris will promote the use of tax
incentives. We will push the State to offer tax
cuts deductions for individuals who undertakecarbon-offsetting actions, based on the same
principle of reductions for charity donations. Eaude Paris, a key player in the field of sustainable
development, has offered to evaluate thecarbon sequestration potential of its spaces andassess the benefits of agroforestry and organic
agriculture in its catchment areas by 2020.
As a dynamic and global city, Paris hosts a
number of national and international events. In
the spirit of the Eco-Friendly Events Charter, andto raise the visibility of our offsetting approach,the City will encourage event organisers to offset
their event emissions by contributing directly
to the local platform and encouraging visitors
to offset their participation in the event. These
recommendations could initially apply to eventsin public spaces, as part of the Paris Eco-Friendly
Events Charter. As for the 2024 Paris Olympic
and Paralympic Games, they will be Paris’ firstinternational event to take this approach.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTOFFSETTING BUSINESS AIR TRAVELEMISSIONSTo set the example, the City of Paris will offset
all of its residual emissions by 2050. In the
shorter-term, in 2018, the air travel of elected
officials and municipal personnel will be offset
for the purposes of eventually contributing toa carbon-offsetting platform. In accordancewith the Paris Local Government Mobility Plan,
train travel should be favoured journeys under
3.5 hours or less than 1,000 km.

A new C40 network for carbon offsetting
Through our new Climate Plan, Paris has
committed to creating a new C40 working
group in 2018 that will focus on changes tocarbon offsetting mechanisms, based on Article
6 of the Paris Agreement. The idea is to create
ITMOs (Internationally Transferred Mitigation
Outcomes, meaning carbon offset credits) thatcities can share with each other.
This carbon-offsetting group will allow the Cityof Paris to take an international approach tooffsetting by strengthening our cooperationagreements to boost low-carbon development
and climate solidarity. Cities that participate
in this initiative will provide the C40 with ashared definition of carbon neutrality andwill work together to establish a simple
verification and monitoring method for cities.
This will help overcome barriers to national
certification programmes and the current lack ofmethodology.

// A CITY THAT SHOWSSOLIDARITY TOWARDSTOWNS AND CITIESTHROUGHOUT FRANCE
AND AROUND THE WORLDTO SUPPORT LOW-CARBON
DEVELOPMENT

Paris’ climate solidarity approach has traditionally taken various forms: decentralised
cooperation, or contribution to the United
Nations Green Fund40.
In this Climate Plan, we have also decided totake citywide action for the ecological transition
by reducing our GHG emissions, while supporting
low-carbon development in neighbouring areas
or southern countries. To do so, the City wants
to make better use of networks of big cities andmetropolitan areas around the world to drive thefight against climate disruption and improve air
quality.
Climate partnerships and cooperation
At the international level, the City of Paris will
extend its support to cities in developing countries
to help them better respond to the effects ofclimate change. To do so, we will strengthen
climate-related cooperation agreements that
Paris initiates with local governments in othercountries.
Much like the “1% water and sanitation”
programme, and more recently the “1% waste”
programme, the City of Paris will create a“1% energy” programme to boost decentralised
cooperation on energy and climate issues. This
cooperation mechanism is authorised by the
Framework Law on International Development
and Solidarity Policy. It will allow the City of Paristo finance projects in developing countries thatprovide access to energy and produce renewableenergy. A commitments committee will approve
the projects that we support.
In addition to its direct investments, the City ofParis will continue to contribute to the United
Nations Green Fund.

Paris will extend its support to cities in developing countries
to help them better respond to the effects of climate change.

40- http://www.greenclimate.fund/home90

A CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS//© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris

Because cities arecatalysts, innovators,
and are implementing
concrete climate actions,the voices of local
governments must be
heard at all levelsof decision-making,from Regions to Statesto international bodies.
The role of cities wasofficially recognised
at the COP21 in 2015,
during the 1,000 Mayors
Summit at Paris City Hall,and in the Paris Climate
Agreement.

ADVOCACYA CITY THAT SPEAKSON BEHALF OF CITIESP

aris assumed leadership of the C40
in December 2016, thus representing
cities in international discussions on
the climate future, and confirming
the driving role that cities play in the success of
the Paris Agreement. The City of Paris will use

its strategic positioning to advocate conditions
that will support carbon neutrality in Paris andmore generally for all local governments. We
will fight to change legal provisions, encourage
stakeholders and industries with high greenhousegas emissions to take concrete action, and91

support city diplomacy to foster positive andambitious climate action.
In addition to this general advocacy role, specificactions are included in each section of the current
Climate Plan, insofar as they are needed to
implement some of its measures.

// A CITY THAT REACHES OUT TO INDUSTRIESTHAT AFFECT ITS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY
Through the Climate Plan, the City of Parishas set an ambitious objective to reduce its
carbon footprint by 80%. In this way, it isgoing beyond the legal requirements byintegrating indirect emissions that comemainly from aviation, the production of goods,
and the food consumed in Paris. To attain thistarget, the City of Paris plans to encourage theaviation and food industries in particular to
make their practices more sustainable.
Towards a reduction in aviation emissions
The aviation industry alone represents 2% ofworldwide CO2 emissions – if it were a country
it would have the 10th highest emissions in theworld. Because of strong growth (a 70% increasein 2020 as compared to 2005), this industry
is one of the biggest contributors to climate
disruption. In Paris, it was responsible for 23%
of greenhouse gas emissions in 2014, which is
close to one-quarter of all emissions in the city.
Without government intervention, emissions
from air travel are likely to increase and even triple
by 2050. This will further magnify the impact ofclimate disruption and undermine contributions
to the energy transition in other industries.
On the international stage, the City of Paris will
advocate for the inclusion of emissions fromaviation fuels in the Paris Agreement. This is the
only way to document these emissions, and will
require operators to take responsibility for theirimpact. At the same time, by 2020, the City ofParis, in collaboration with the C40, will call on
the International Civil Aviation Organisation(ICAO) to require airlines to make binding fuelefficiency commitments. They must become
more ambitious than just committing to carbonneutral growth, such as introducing a universal
carbon tax on airports.
Given the importance of air traffic at the global
level, Paris will call on manufacturers andsuppliers of aeronautical equipment to improve
the technical performance and fuel efficiency ofengines and fuels by 2030.
Towards more sustainable foodThough agriculture does not have a direct impact
on Paris’s greenhouse gas emissions, it does
contribute to a large proportion of it through what
Parisians eat. Agriculture alone is responsible for
24% of global greenhouse gas emissions, andthis share is only increasing. The City will thus
work with various authorities (Regional, State,
European Union) to improve support for support
local agricultural and food channels, to ensure
everyone has access to high-quality, affordable
food and support organic agriculture andmeasures to encourage more environmentallyfriendly agriculture.
At the European level, the City will campaign
for a redefinition of the Common Agricultural
Policy to take better account of environmental
issues. This will require updating tariff systems tobetter protect local production; remunerating theenvironmental and socio-economic services that
farms provide based on the idea of agriculture
as a “public good”; and more generally,
reorienting subsidies so they are dependent
on the sustainability of agricultural practices(basic assistance to all farmers to support
small farms, caps on the assistance provided toeach farm, stricter eco-conditionality). The City
will request that Europe launch, develop, andsupport mechanisms to promote balanced ruraldevelopment that will help maintain diversified
and sustainable agriculture and provide
manageable transformation tools. We will reachout to the European Union to emphasise theimportance of stimulating internal demandthrough the use of local and organic products ininstitutional catering, and the need to change
the European framework for public procurement92

to facilitate the use of local products in public
catering.
At the national level, the City of Paris will
advocate a return to local food systems andpromote local organic and seasonal agriculture
by participating in the États Généraux (a nationalsummit) on food organised by the State. It
will also push for the creation of Operations of
National Interest (Opérations d’Intérêt National)
for agricultural projects, just like the ones thatexist for urban projects. The goal is to support
innovation in intensive food production on smallplots (precision tools, new crop rotations andassociations, biomimicry, the use of renewableenergy). We will also call for simplifying
administrative procedures related to AgroEnvironmental and Climate Measures, which are
too burdensome for small farms. At the regional
level, the City of Paris will support all measures
to preserve existing agricultural land and help
structure regional sustainable production by
setting up processing facilities and encouraging
the use of local organic products in public
institutional catering services.

To improve support
for support local agriculturaland food channels, to ensure
everyone has accessto high-quality, affordable food.

© Sophie Robichon / Mairie de Paris// A CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de Paris© Jean-Baptiste Gurliat / Mairie de ParisA CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS//// A CITY THAT LOBBIES THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ON BEHALF OF CITIES COMMITTED
TO CLIMATE ACTION
The transition towards carbon neutralityof cities like Paris cannot be accomplishedwithout State government support or changes
to the legislative and regulatory framework.
This is why Paris will encourage the State to
adopt national measures to support actions
taken by local authorities, and inform European
bodies about its aims.
Towards low-carbon energy
Through our Climate Plan, the City of Parisis sending an optimistic message about thepossibility of a low-carbon society. We are
gradually introducing a right to clean energy for
all Parisians, in order to combat fuel poverty andsupport the production of renewable energy.
To deliver the full potential of energy-related
actions taken by local governments, the City ofParis will work with other French cities to ask
the State to devolve energy decisions to local
authorities. This will allow them to make realchanges to improve the security and origin of theirenergy supply, and encourage the introduction ofrenewable energy in the market.
On the topic of renewables, the City of Paris will
advocate the adoption of a legislative frameworkthat is adapted to Paris’s needs for collectiveenergy self-consumption. This could allow onethird of solar electricity production to be selfconsumed in Paris by 2030, which will bolster
the security of the local renewable energy supply.
The City of Paris will also support an initiative
launched by the National Federation of Licensing
Authorities (Fédération Nationale des Collectivités
Concédantes et Régies – FNCCR), ADEME, and theMinistry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition
to formalise a definition of renewable coolingsystems, in conjunction with the new European
directive on renewable energy. This will speed
up the conversion of individual air conditioning
systems towards more efficient district cooling
networks, and support the use of waterways(rivers and lakes) for cooling production.

energy production facilities. It will also advocate
stronger monitoring measures and possibly
sanctions regarding compliance with Local LandUse Plans.
The City will also call for the establishment of
new national renovation labels that include a
carbon criterion, much like the E+C- standard
for new constructions, as well as new incentives
for the installation of solar panels during
development projects, and incentives to convert
oil-fired boilers.
In addition to these regulatory measures, the City
will continue its dialogue with the official French
Architect’s Body (ABF) and site inspectors toincorporate renewable energy production units
into heritage buildings and sites.

In support of zero-carbon urban planning
Since 90% of Paris’ current buildings will still bestanding in 2050, attaining carbon neutrality
requires adapting the structure and uses ofthis building stock, which is subject to many
restrictions, particularly related to architecturalpreservation.
The City of Paris will therefore call on the State togive local authorities broader regulatory powers
to make local adaptations for energy efficiency
requirements or the installation of renewableAsk the State to devolve energy decisions
to local authorities.

93

// A CITY THAT MATCHES ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS// A CITY THAT STRENGTHENS URBAN DIPLOMACY ON THE EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL
STAGE, PARTICULARLY CONCERNING THE PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT

As a municipality that is heavily involved ininternational cooperation, Paris intends toactively participate in city diplomacy andstrengthen the role of non-state actors in
implementing the Paris Agreement. Above all,it will support the creation of long-term city
policies for 2050.

the COP22. By joining this movement, Paris
will advocate improved actions and financial
capacity at the local level to implement local
and regional climate strategies. This will give
local stakeholders more power in financial
negotiations and enhance their innovation
capacity.

As the leader of the C40, the City of Paris will help
local governments develop long-term plans for2050 that are in line with commitments under
the Paris Agreement, modelled on the current
Climate Plan. It will also support the “2050
Pathways Platform”, an alliance of countries,
cities, and companies committed to achievingcarbon neutrality by 2050, and it will continue
to participate in various networks, such as Energy
Cities and the C40, to improve recognition of therole cities play in climate action.

On the regulatory level, Paris will call for a stricter
European regulatory framework to provide local
support for proactive initiatives. Though cities
are mobilised and are implementing concrete
actions to fight against climate disruption, they
are often limited by national regulations. The
City will support the Global Compact’s initiative
to strengthen environmental law and principles
at the international level.

Lastly, as a continuation of the progressive
and equitable social project that is the Climate
Plan, the City of Paris supports the C40’s
Women4Climate initiative to empower of a newgeneration of female climate leaders.

As part of the Paris Agreement, governments
are called upon to step up their national
contributions for climate mitigation (NDCs for“Nationally Determined Contributions”) every five
years. Given the need to accelerate the energy
transition, an initial discussion will take placein 2018 during the COP24 to strengthen thesecontributions starting in 2020. The City of Paris
will take advantage of this opportunity to ask© Henri Garat / Mairie de Paris

In terms of financing, Paris shares thecommitments of the global campaign to ensurethat cities have direct access to Climate Financing,
led by the Global Fund for Cities Development(Fonds Mondial pour le Développement desVilles - FMDV), an international alliance of
local and regional governments launched after

the French government to increase the French
contribution in the framework of UN climate
negotiations. We will also promote this message
at the international level, in collaboration with
networks of cities working to address climatechange, to encourage the entire international
community to increase their contributions to theParis Agreement. Cities could also make “CityDetermined Contributions” that will increase
their country’s national contributions.

94

Glossary
100 Resilient Cities
An international networkof 100 Resilient Cities createdby the Rockefeller Foundation

A
ABF
Architectes des Bâtiments de France(official French Architect’s Body)
ADEME
Agence de l’Environnement
et de la Maîtrise de l’Énergie(French Environment and Energy
Management Agency)
Airparif
Association de surveillance de laqualité de l’air en Île-de-France(Air Quality Monitoring Networkin the Île-de-France region)
AMAP
Association de Maintiende l’Agriculture Paysanne(Community Supported Agriculture)
ANAH
Agence Nationale de l’Habitat(National Housing Agency)
ANSES
Agence nationale de sécurité
sanitaire de l’alimentation, del’environnement et du travail(French Agency for Food,
Environmental, and Occupational
Health & Safety)
AP-HP
Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux deParis (public hospital system in Parisand the surrounding area)
APC
Agence Parisienne du Climat(Paris Climate Agency)
APUR
Atelier Parisien d’Urbanisme(Paris Urbanism Agency)

Atmospheric Pollutants
All the gases and particles in the airthat can have a negative impact
on health, particularly nitrogenoxides (NOx), including nitrogendioxide (NO2); fine particles(PM10 and PM2.5); ozone (O3);benzene (C6H6); and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)

CAUE
Conseil d’Architecture, d’Urbanismeet de l’Environnement(Council for Architecture, Urban
Planning, and the Environment)
CEE
Certificats d’Économie d’Énergie(Energy Efficiency Certificates)
COP
Conference of the Parties, thegoverning body of an international
UN convention

AUBE
Axe Ultra Basse Émission(Ultra-Low Emissions Route)

B

COP21
The 21st UN climate change
conference held in Paris in 2015

Bilan Carbone®
(Carbon Assessment)
a method to evaluate greenhousegas emissions created by ADEME
and managed by Association Bilan
Carbone (the Carbon Assessment
Association)

COP22
The 22nd UN climate change
conference held in Marrakesh in
2016
COP23
The 23rd UN climate change
conference held in Bonn and chairedby the Fiji Islands in 2017

BIM
Building Information Modelling,creation of a digital model ofa building that includes all thetechnical information needed for
its construction, maintenance, anddismantling

COP24
The 24th UN climate change
conference to be held in 2018 in
Katowice

BTP
Bâtiment et Travaux Publics(construction and public works)

CoRDEESCoResponsability in District Energy
Efficiency and Sustainability, aEuropean energy project in the
Clichy-Batignolles eco-district,
Paris 17th districtC
C2DS
Comité Développement Durable
pour la Santé (Committee for
Sustainable Health)

CPCU
Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage
Urbain (Paris District Heating
Company)

C40
The Cities Climate LeadershipGroup, an international network of
91 of the world’s biggest cities thatare committed to tackling climatechange. Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo
became its Chairwoman
in December 2016.

95

DRIHL
Direction Régionale etInterdépartementale del’Hébergement et du Logement(Regional and Inter-Departmental
Housing and Accommodation
Directorate)

E
E+CPositive-Energy & Carbon Reduction
Building Reference Standard
ECS
Eau Chaude Sanitaire(Domestic Hot Water)
EDF
Electricité de France(French electric utility company)
EIVP
École des Ingénieurs de la Ville
de Paris (the City of Paris Schoolof Engineers)
ELU
Espace Logistique Urbain(Urban Logistics Site)
Energy Cities
A European association of local
authorities in energy transition
EnR, ENR and ENR²
Renewable and recovered energy

D

F

DAE
Déchets d’Activités Économiques(industrial waste – IW)FMDVFonds Mondial pour leDéveloppement des Villes (Global
Fund for Cities Development)

DMA
Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés(Household and Similar Waste HSW)

Carbon footprint
An area’s total greenhouse gas
emissions (direct and indirect)
calculated using the Bilan Carbone®
(Carbon Assessment) methodology

DRIEE
Direction Régionale etInterdépartementale del’Environnement et de l’Énergie(Regional and Inter-Departmental
Energy and Environment
Directorate)

FNCCR
Fédération Nationale desCollectivités Concédantes et Régies
(National Federation of Licensing
Authorities)

FSATME
Fonds Social d’Aide aux Travauxde Maîtrise de l’Énergie(Social Support Fund for Energy
Management Improvements)J

FSL
Fonds de Solidarité
pour le Logement(Solidarity Fund for Housing)

K

G
GHGs
Greenhouse Gases, all of the gasesin the atmosphere that contributeto global warming, namely
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone(O3), and fluorinated gases (PFCs,
HFCs, SF6, CFCs)

ORDIF
Observatoire Régional des Déchetsd’Île-de-France (Île-de-France
Region Waste Management
Observatory)

JOP 2024
2024 Paris Olympic and Paralympic
Games

Organic
Product of organic farming

KWh
Kilowatt hour, energy consumed by
an appliance with a power equal to1 kilowatt (1 kW = 1,000 watts) in
one hour (1 kilowatt x 1 hour)P
Paris&Co
Agence de développementéconomique et d’innovation deParis (Paris’ economic development
and innovation agency)

kWhpe
Kilowatt hour of primary energy,
1 kWh that takes into account theenergy needed to produce andtransport the energy consumed

L

PIM
Programme d’Investissement
de la Mandature(Municipal Investment Programme)

GUAPO
Global Urban Air Pollution
Observatory

LHNS
Ligne à Haut Niveau de Service(Rapid Transit Line – RTL)

PLU
Plan Local d’Urbanisme(Local Land Use Plan)

GWh
1 Gigawatt hour
= 1,000 MWh (megawatt hours)= 1,000,000 kWh (kilowatt hours)= 1,000,000,000 Wh (watt hours)

Loi TECVLoi de Transition Énergétiquepour une Croissance Verte (Law on
Energy Transition for Green Growth)

PLPDMA
Programme Local de Prévention
des Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés(Local Household and Similar
Waste Prevention Programme)

H
Ha
Hectare, an area equivalent
to 10,000m²
HAROPA
The Ports of Paris Seine Normandie,
a port system on the Seine Riverthat includes the ports of Le Havre,
Rouen, and ParisI
IDF
Île-de-France (the capital city
region)ICAOInternational Civil Aviation
Organisation
IFPEB
Institut Français pourla Performance Energétiquedu Bâtiment (French Institutefor Building Efficiency)
INRA
Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique (French National
Institute for Agronomic Research)
ITMOs
Internationally Transferred
Mitigation Outcomes

M

PPD
Plan de Prévention des Déchets(Waste Prevention Plan)

MOOC
Massive Open Online Course

PTRE
Plateforme Territoriale deRénovation Énergétique (Territorial
Energy Renovation Platform)

MtCO2
Million tonnes of carbon dioxide(or million tonnes of CO2)MWh
1 Megawatt hour = 1,00 kWh= 1,000,000 Wh(1 thousand kilowatt hours
or 1 million watt hours)

R
RATP
Régie Autonome des Transports
Parisiens (Paris public transportsystem)N

RER
Réseau Express Régional(Regional Express Train Network)

NDC
Nationally Determined Contribution,
the national climate change
mitigation contribution thatgovernments commit to under
the Paris Agreement

REVe
Réseau Express Vélo
(Express Bike Network)

NGO
Non-Governmental OrganisationS

NGVNatural Gas for Vehicles

SEM
Société d’Économie Mixte(mixed-ownership company)O

SEM Énergie Posit’if
A regional mixed-ownershipcompany that supports renewableenergy projects and energy
efficiency in collective housingbuildings

OAP
Orientation d’Aménagement
et de programmation(Development and Programming
Guidelines)

Shadow price of carbon
The monetary value assigned
to CO2 emissions to evaluate theprofitability of public investments

OLS
Organisme de Logement Social(a social housing body)
96

SNCF
Société Nationale des Chemins de
Fer français (French national railway
company)
SRCE
Schéma Régional de Cohérence
Écologique (Regional Ecological
Coherence Scheme)
SyctomAgence métropolitaine des déchets
ménagers (Metropolitan Household
Waste Agency)

TtCO2
Tonne of carbon dioxide(or tonne CO2)tCO2e
Tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent(or tonne of CO2 equivalent), a
unit that measures the different
greenhouse gases emitted into theatmosphere (CO2 as well as CH4,
N2O, PFCs, HFCs, SF6, NF3, etc.) using
carbon dioxide as a standard tomeasure the other gases
TGV
Train à Grande Vitesse(high-speed rail service)TWh
1 terawatt hour
= 1,000 GWh = 1,000,000 MWh= 1,000,000,000 kWh(1 billion kilowatt hours)

U
UHI
Urban Heat Island

V
VNF
Voies Navigables de France(French inland waterways authority)

W
WHO
World Health Organisation

Z
ZAC
Zone d’Aménagement Concerté(Designated Development Zone)
ZCR
Zone à Circulation Restreinte(Low Emissions Zone)
ZRC
Zone de Rénovation Concertée(Concerted Renovation Zone)

// Pictures captions
Cover​River Seine banks, 7th
P4/5	​Park Martin-Luther-King Clichy-Batignolles, 17th
P6​	Underground on a bridge over the river Seine, 15th
P8	Park Monceau, 8th
P9	​River Seine
P11​	Innovation Conference at Hotel de Ville, 4thP12​	Tramway line T3
P13​	Trocadéro fountain, 16th
P14	​Avenue des Champs-Elysées, 8thP15​	Solar panels at Clichy-Batignolles eco-district, 17th
P18​	Solar panels, 17th
P19​	Solar power plant at the Halle Pajol, 18th
P21​	Solar panels at the Park Martin-Luther-King, 17th
P22	​Data centre heating the water
for the Butte-aux-Cailles swimming pool, 13th
P23	​Wind turbine
P25	​Tramway line T3
P27​	Utilib’ // Underground line 12, Front Populaire
stationP28 ​Cycle lane, 4thP29	Champs-Elysées during the car free day, 8th
P31	Barge delivering within Paris, 4thP32	Biogas powered bus
P33	​Electric vehicle charging station //Bicycle delivery cart
P34	School at Clichy-Batignolles eco-district, 17th
P36	Renovation site for a residential building, 15th
P37	Incubator for innovative projects “Le Cargo”, 19th
P38	Park Martin-Luther-King Clichy-Batignolles, 17th
P39	Park Montsouris, 14th
P40	​Rungis station eco-district, 13th

P41	Low consumption standard residential building
for young workers, 19th
P42	Future eco-district Saint Vincent de Paul, 14th //Low consumption standard residential buildingsin the regeneration site Masséna, 13thP44 ​	Third place “Recyclerie” at the former Ornano
train station, 18thP45 ​	Waste sorting containers “Trilib’”at the Villette, 19th
P46	Creative re-use shop at Denfert Rochereau, 14th
P47	Bicycle re-use shop, 4th // Re-use centre La Petite
Rockette, 11th
P48​	Compost at the Olivier de Serres school, 15th
P49	School canteen
P51	Planting at the park Jardin des combattantsde la Nueve, 4th // Compost experiments at the
Littré school, 6th // Vegetable garden on the ERDF
building rooftop at 6 rue d’Aboukir, 2nd
P53	Saint-Germain market, 6th
P54​	Cycling on the banks of the river Seine
P56	​Eiffel Tower and la Défense business district
P59	Pedestrianised banks of the river Seine, 4thP60	​Park André Citroën, 15th
P61	​River Seine banks, 4th
P63	Urban agriculture on a rooftop at rue Lobau, 4th
P64	Autumn at the wood of Vincennes, 12th
P65	Green facade at BHV Homme, 4th
P66	Little green belt railroad
P67	Drinking water fountain at rue de la Bûcherie, 5th
P68	Swimming at Bassin de la Villette, 19th //Amiraux swimming pool, 18th // Olympic ringsat the Trocadéro, 16th// “Paris Plage” at Bassinde la Villette, 19th

P69	Reflective pool at Place de la République, 10th,
11th, 3rd // Sparkling water fountain at Square
Séverine, 20th
P70	​Cherry blossoms at the eco-district
Clichy-Batignolles, 17th
P72	Information given at the Parisian Climate
Agency, 12th // Station F start ups campus, 13th
P74	Park Charles Trenet at the Rungis station
eco-district, 13th
P75	2016 Paris Marathon
P76	​Actors for a Sustainable Paris event, 4th
P78	Water pavilion, 16th // Maison des Canaux, 19th
P79	Signature of the Paris Climate Action Agreement
P81	​Voting for Participatory budget
P82	​Extract of the exhibition Parisians
for climate 2017
P83	​Forum Eco-renovation 2018, 4thP84	​Paris stock exchange historical building, 1stP85	​Station F start ups campus, 13thP87 ​Launch of “Reinventing Paris II”
P88	Wood of Vincennes, 12th
P89	Panoramic view of Paris
P91	​Mayors for climate summit in Paris in 2015
P92	Opening of the Climate Summit for Local Leadersin 2015
P93	Celebrating event for the 2024 Olympics
at Alexandre III bridge, 8th // Eiffel Tower after the
adoption of the Paris Agreement, 7th
P94	“Nuit Blanche 2016” on the banksof the river Seine, 4th

ENEDIS, Énergie Partagée, Energy Cities, Établissement
Public d’Aménagement Universitaire de la Région Ilede-France, Établissement public du parc et de la grandehalle de la Villette, Département du Val-de-Marne,
Fédération Française de Ski Nautique, Fédération
Nationale de l’Enseignement Privé, Fédération del’Hospitalisation Privée, Financement Participatif
France, Fondation Internet Nouvelle Génération, FM
Logistic, Fédération Nationale des Transports Routiers,
Fédération Nationale des Transports de Voyageurs,
Foncière des régions, Fondation du Souffle, France
Tourisme, France Télévision, Fédération Unie desAuberges de Jeunesse, Gecina, GEODIS Distribution& Express, Groupement des Intellectuels Aveugles ou
Amblyopes, Graines de Changement, GRDF, Greenflex,
Green évènements, Green Property, Groupe Aéroports
de Paris, Groupe Caisse des Dépôts, Groupe Casino,Groupe Kering, Groupe La Poste, Groupe LVMH, Groupe
TF1, Guerlain, Habitat Social Français, Hertel, Holiday
Inn Express, Holiday Inn Express Paris - Canal de laVillette, Immobilière Caisse des Dépôts, ICF Habitat
La Sablière, Institut du Développement Durable etdes Relations Internationales, Immobilière 3F, Institut
Français pour la Performance du bâtiment, Institution
Nationale des Invalides, Institute for Climate Economics,
Labo de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire, Le Louvre,
Lendopolis, Lendosphère, Lerichemont, Laboratoire
Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques,
Logement Français, Love your waste, Lumo, Mairie
de Langouet, Métropole du Grand Paris, Mieux sedéplacer à bicyclette IdF, Ministère de la Ville de laJeunesse et des Sports, Ministère des Affaires Sociales
et de la Santé, Monoprix, Moulinot, Nexity, Office duTourisme et des Congrès de Paris, OGIC, Observatoire del’Immobilier Durable, Online Format Sports, Opentour,
Paris & Co, Paris Batignolles Aménagement, Parisen Selle, Paris Habitat, Paris Versailles Association,
Plaine Commune, PERIAL, PRIMUM NON NOCERE,
Projet Olympique et Paralympique - Paris 2024,
RATP, REFEDD, Réseau Action Climat France, Réseau
de Transport d’Electricité, Résidence la Chesnay,

Régie Immobilière de la Ville de Paris, Rue de l’Avenir,
Saint-Gobain Distribution Bâtiment, SEMAEST,SEMAPA, SemPariSeine, Sercib, SYCTOM, SNCF,
Solar Hôtel, Star’s Service, Syndicat National de la
Restauration Thématique et Commerciale, Syndicat
National des Résidences de Tourisme et Aparthotels,
Terre de Liens IdF, UBER, Union des Métiers et desIndustries de l’Hôtellerie, Union du grand commercede centre-ville, Union Nationale des Associations deTourisme IDF, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne,
Université Paris Dauphine, Université Paris Diderot,
Université Paris Est, Université Paris Lumières (COMUE),
Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Université
Paris Sud, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne,
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Union Nationale duSport Scolaire, Vergers Urbains, Vinci, Viparis, WARN!,WE LOVE GREEN, W.Y.L.D.E, Zero Waste Paris.

// Acknowledgments
The City of Paris thanks all the stakeholders who
contributed to the writing of this New Climate Action
Plan:
The 21 citizens of the citizen conference, the citizens on
Madam Mayor, I have an idea and Paris.fr, the experts
and steering committee, City of Paris officers, Acteurs
du Tourisme Durable, A La Découverte de l’Age Libre,
Ademe, Agence de l’Eau Seine Normandie, Agence
Française de Développement, Agence Eker, Agence
Franck Boutté Consultants, Agence Parisienne du Climat,
Agglomération de St Brieuc, Airfrance, AirParif, Algoé,
Allianz, Altarea Cogedim, Alternatiba Paris, Agencede Mutualisation des Universités et Etablissements,
Anyoji Beltrando, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux deParis, Atelier Parisien d’Urbanisme, Association Pourles Praticiens Hospitaliers et Assimilés, ARENE IDF, ASO
Marathon de Paris, Association des Usagers TransportsFédération Nationale des Associations d’Usagers desTransports IdF, Avenir Climatique, AXA Investment
Managers Real Assets, Batigère Ile-de-France, BHVMarais, BNP Real Estate, Bon Pour le climat, Bouygues
Immobilier, Banque Populaire et Caisse d’Epargne,
C40, Comité Développement Durable Santé, Caissedes dépôts, Carmine S.A., Castorama, Chambres deCommerce et d’Industrie de Paris, Centre Pompidou,
Confédération Française pour La Promotion Sociale
des Aveugles et Amblyopes, Confédération générale del’alimentation en détail Ile de France, Comité de Liaison
pour les Énergies Renouvelables, CLIMESPACE, Clubdes Dirigeants de l’Hôtelerie, Chambre de Métiers et del’Artisanat, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers,
Collecticity, Collectif 3R, Comité de candidature Paris
2024, Conseil Parisien de la Jeunesse, Conseil régional
Ile De France, Consortium Stade de France, Compagnie
Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain, Confédération desPetites et Moyennes Entreprises, Direction Régionale etInterdépartemental de l’Environnement et de l’Énergie
Ile-de-France, Eau de Paris, Eco- Emballages, ECOTRAIL,
EDF, Egis Concept « Elioth », Eiffage, École des Ingénieursde la Ville de Paris, Ekopolis, Élogie-SIEMP, Emerige,

The Deputy Mayor in charge of Climate is especiallyvery thankful to the teams participating in writing
this document: the Urban Ecology Agency, themembers of the Mayor’s cabinet and the cabinets ofher Deputy Mayors, the General Secretariat, and thepolitical groups.

CITY OF PARIS
GREEN PARKS AND ENVIRONMENTURBAN ECOLOGY AGENCY