ᅠቊ⦘ୡકΉ◛ ᵥ 79 ఫ ᵥ 10 ‫ ۥ‬2015 497㏏
503CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨǺ࣠ǴǞ⓹۰ቦᄦǽগୋ᫢ᐦ⢧△ϢᗕǽᎰ╿ৃ ቧ ᭙ ര1,㈙᜕ Ʒ ӡ ര2⽩ ⍪ ᗬ ᗱ1ነ ˁ ᗱ ͒1Ⱂ ቆ ᲂ ˴11ኇ‫ل‬গકগક⭐కકᮾ᳣ᲇ‫ك‬કకકଗფ
2ᅠቊɛɀɭȪɳȽȬȰɻɁጋ೙Ή᰷

J. Japan Inst. Met. Mater. Vol. 79, No. 10 2015 , pp. 497㏏
503㈘ 2015 The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials

Method of Estimating Perspective Structure for Composite Material Based on CT Value Histogram

Masahiko Okumura1,㈙, Katsuhiko Taki2, Yasuhiro Saito1, Yohsuke Matsushita1 and Hideyuki Aoki1
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980㏏
8579
2Nihon Visual Science, Inc., Tokyo 160㏏
0022

The effect of perspective structure on the computed tomography CT value histogram of a three㏏dimensional 3D X㏏ray
computed tomographic image was investigated. Images of sphere bead packed beds were taken and the histograms were compared with each other. Normal distributions were fitted to histogram peaks to evaluate histogram shapes. Peaks corresponding to
air and alumina were observed in histograms of alumina bead packed beds. The difference between mean values of the peaks
decreased and peak standard deviations increased with decreasing bead diameter because of a stronger partial volume effect.
Because of this effect, the CT value of a boundary voxel is between CT values of materials present in the voxel. Peaks corresponding to air and glass were observed in histograms of glass bead packed beds. The mean value of the air peak in glass bead packed
beds was smaller than that observed in alumina bead packed beds because the specific gravity of glass is smaller than that ofalumina. For beds packed with both alumina and glass beads, peak positions of each material differed from those obtained forbeds packed with either alumina or glass beads. This indicates that the partial volume effect is caused by boundaries between not
only air and beads but also alumina and glass beads. Therefore, the shape of CT value's histogram depends on the 3D structure of
the bed. This suggests that the three㏏dimensional structure can be evaluated on the basis of histogram shape.
=doi:10.2320jinstmet.J2014064?
Received December 22, 2014; Accepted July 10, 2015; Published October 1, 2015

Keywords: image analysis, computed tomography, composite materialଓǦǵ١ոǹո╫⃆Ǜർ┶ǶǑȚ⾽୮˛ȘǾ⾻႓Қᆣǽո╫

1.

Ἐ

╵

⃆ǹǸǽቷͲȡং‫ك‬ǤǪǵ۴ʶǽȴɱɁɛʀɂӛन୧ȡ႓ҚǦ⾻Ǭǽệእȡ࣠Ǻ X ἠ CT ʿᓎәҚǺǙǠȚ̘ᭀᐦ༔ቦ

⡨౫⾻ቦᄦǽʿᓎәᐦ⢧ǽ╞૴ɿ△ϢǺ X ἠȻɻɜɭʀ

ᄦǽᭀո⮼ǽ‫⃆۝‬මǺǳǓǵ☟ǧǮ3 ⾽െȘǾȴɱɁɛʀɂ

ɇᄺ୧႓഻ᗕ X㏏ray Computed Tomography, X ἠ CT Ǜᘍǽḩൎȡᨋả ɤȷɃɳ ǽগǜǤǶ⭒ǦǮоǛǑȚоȡˁࡋ᧸ǤțǵǓȚ⾽X ἠ CT Ǿᢼ✤ǽ૛ಏǺᭀ⬄ǨȚ CT оȡʿǲǮई۰Ǻ⾻ᭀո⮼Ǜࡓ⮽ǶǑȚǢǷȡअ‫ܝ‬ǦǮ⾽ȍǮ⾻Xᓎә᫢Ǻ‫ۄ‬ൡǦ⾻Ǭǽቦᄦǽʿᓎәᐦ⢧ȡⰞᯊफ़ǚǳⰞယ╮ἠ CT ȡ᧸ǓǵʿᓎәҚȡൡȚ⭾⾻ո╫⃆ǛⶲǓȊǸ႓Қ╋Ƕⶲո╫⃆Ǻ࿘ǗȚǢǷǛ‫⃆۝‬ǶǑȚ⾽ǬǽǮȐ⾻కᏡ⓯‫ݨ‬⦕Ǜ᣼ǞǹȚǮȐ⾻႓Қଓ⛅ᢼȡତǤǞǨȚർ┶ǛǑȚ⾽Ǧǽԑ⤴ᓍ⭓ǽ△Ϣ1 ⾻এઃ✤ΧǽᴗΧᐦ⢧ǽ╞૴2 ǹǸᅝǺǮǛǲǵ⾻ଓ⛅ǽ଍ᗕȡତǤǞǨȚǢǷǛǶǜǹǓई۰ȓ౺এᄋǽ⣪᧸όǛઇࢀǨȚ⾽ʶόǷǦǵ⾻ભ⤹ૈȘǾɥʀɱɁǓ᳧⫻ǽᐦ⢧ȡ△ϢǨȚई۰Ǿ⾻ո╫⃆Ǻ⭈ᨕǛ᧯ǧ⾻ệእȪɳɧɓȮɨǽᕧઃǽബຎȡ△ϢǨȚǮȐ⾻ȪɳɧɓȮɨǷǷǦǵ̘о‫ك‬ǺȗȚ△ϢǛࡓ⮽ǺǹǲǵǞȚ⾽ǢțȍǶ⊣‫‮‬᳧ᕧǽ CT оǽఞᨵǚȘɥʀɱɁȪɳɧɓȮɨԑ⤴ǽʿᓎә

ȘǾ X ἠ CT ȡ᧸Ǔǵӛन୧ԑǺǙǠȚ۰⦘ḩ੿ӛन୧ǽᐦ⢧ȡྎլǦ⾻ǬǽᕧઃΧ᳒ȡ△ϢǦǵǓȚ2 ⾽ǢǽȗǕǺ

ং‫ك‬ȡ╞૴ǦǮǛ4 ⾻ո╫⃆˃❣ǽǮȐḩ੿Ƿ⫻⭼ǽऴᨕǛ⓹ᄋǽᢼ✤Ƕᐦ༔ǤțǮቦᄦȡ X ἠ CT Ƕ႓ҚǦǮൖ⾻CT

˃⸝ᅽǶǑș⾻۰⦘ḩ੿ǛӛनǤțǮᶽࡕǽྎլȡ̘о‫ك‬ǽоȡ࣠ᛡǷǦǵ̘о‫ك‬ǨȚǢǷǺȗǲǵ⾻ʿᓎәҚǚȘᣀ઻ȎǺȗǲǵ⒅ǕǢǷǾࡓ⮽ǶǑǲǮ⾽ǬǽǮȐ⾻⊣‫‮‬ȘǾǽᐦ⢧ȡྎլǦ△ϢǨȚǢǷǾȗǞ⒅ȞțǵǓȚ⾽ʶⅺǺ

Watershed ᗕȡǾǧȐǷǦǮ⓹ᄋǽᨋҚ՘ᥴȡẻȎ۰ȞǪX ἠ CT ʿᓎәҚǚȘᐦ⢧ȡྎլǨȚǮȐǺǾ⾻Ǭǽᐦ⢧ǺȚǢǷǶ⾻ӛन୧ᨋҚǚȘḩൎոళȡྎլǦǮ5 ⾽ǢǽȗǕǺ⾻ʿᓎәҚǽ△ϢǾ̘о‫ك‬ȡǾǧȐǷǦǮᨋҚ՘ᥴཪ⒈ȡ㈙Ʒ
ኇ ‫ ل‬গ ક গ ક ⭐ ᧯ ⾻ ᥰ ࢀ テ ͜ ۞ ⶲ ᵱ ଗ ⫨ ક ገ Graduate
Student, Tohoku University, Present address: National Instituteof Technology, Sendai CollegeẻȎ۰ȞǪǵ⒅ȞțȚǢǷǛএǞ⾻ᣀǺᐦ⢧ǺଓǨȚո╫⃆Ǜ˃❣ǨȚई۰ǺǾ⾻̘о‫ك‬Ǜࡓ⮽ǶǑȚǮȐǺǬǽ՘ᥴǛ

498

ᵥ

ᅠ ቊ ⦘ ୡ ક Ή ◛ 2015

Table 1ⶲಏǚǳ⓹⮰ǷǹȚ⾽ǬǽǮȐ⾻ʿᓎәҚǺଓǨȚ⓹⮰ǹᨋˀ▉ǽȗǕǺǬǽᐦ⢧ǽ⓹⮰ǤǺଓǦǵո╫⃆ǛӛոǶǹǓቷͲǺǙǓǵ X ἠ CT ȡ႓ҚǨȚǷ⾻ʿᓎәҚȡᐦ༔ǨȚӴɤȷɃɳᄋǺଓǦ⾻ᨵǹȚ૛ಏȡ྾ǲǮቦ✤ǽᨕⰢǺΡΈǨȚɤȷɃɳᄋǽׂ۰ǛগǜǞǹȚ⾽ǢǽȗǕǹɤȷɃɳǺǾ⤴ոΧ᳒‫׼‬እ Partial Volume Effect, PVE ǷܵǿțȚఫ

Amount of packed beads.

Қ՘ᥴȡΒȞǩǺʿᓎәᐦ⢧ȡ△ϢǨȚǮȐǽཪ⒈ǛᕷȐȘ

Alumina

țǵǓȚ⾽

79

Glass

3 mm

2 mm

1 mm

2 mm

Only 3 mm
Only 2 mm
Only 1 mm

12.1
â
â

â
12.5
â

â
â
12.8

â
â
â

Alumina
Glass
Alumina⾺glass

â
â
â

12.6
â
7.22

â
â
â

â
8.39
4.01
⾷Unit: g഻ⱶǛ᧯ǧȚǮȐ⾻ɤȷɃɳǺ‫܅‬ȍțȚӴቦ✤ǽ૛ಏǽ˛⫻͛⡨ǺᭀഝǨȚ CT оȡᰳǨ6 ⾽ǢǢǶ⾻ᑥ⟸Ǻ CT оȡ⾻ὓ⟸ǺǬǽ CT оȡ྾ǲǮɤȷɃɳᄋȡɟɵɋɐǦǮȸɱɝǾ CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨǷܵǿțǵǓȚ⾽ո╫⃆ȡং‫ك‬ǤǪǵ⾻۴ǧଓ⛅ȡ X ἠ CT Ƕ႓ҚǨȚǷ⾻ӴɤȷɃɳᄋǺଓ
ǨȚ PVE ȡ‫ۅ‬ǠǮɤȷɃɳᄋǽᕉ᤹Ǜং‫ك‬Ǧ⾻ɚɁɐȸɱ
ɨǽബᣞǺং‫ك‬Ǜ᧯ǧȚǢǷǛ᮪ȘțǵǓȚ⾽ǤȘǺ⾻ǢǽPVE ȡ‫ۅ‬ǠǮɤȷɃɳᄋǽᕉ᤹Ǿᐦ⢧ǺȗȚ഻ⱶȑ‫ۅ‬ǠȚǮȐ⾻ᐦ⢧ǽఞᨵǛɚɁɐȸɱɨǽɜʀȷബᣞǺ഻ⱶȡ‫ڽ‬ȋǨǢǷǛ̔็ǤțȚ⾽ᣀǺ X ἠ CT ȡ᧸Ǔǵ൮ẫǹᐦ⢧ȡ႓ҚǦǮई۰⾻‫ٸ‬ΡΧ᳒ഝǮșǽᨕⰢǛऻ‫ף‬Ǧ⾻ PVE ȡ‫ۅ‬

Fig. 1 Example of a stacked packed bed case, and b imaging object.

ǠǮɤȷɃɳǽᕉ᤹Ǜऻ‫ף‬ǨȚ⾽ǬǽǮȐ⾻X ἠ CT ǽո╫⃆Ǜ႓ҚǦǮᐦ⢧ȗșȑḮǓई۰⾻X ἠ CT Ƕ႓ҚǦǮʿᓎәҚǽɚɁɐȸɱɨǽബᣞȡ△ϢǨȚǢǷǺȗǲǵ⾻ଓ⛅ǷǙȗȂ 200 kV Ƿ▚઻ǦǮ⾽႓Қ╋⦕Ǿ 67 mm j 67 mm jǦǵǓȚቦᄦǽʿᓎәᐦ⢧ǽᣀ൰Ǜ△ϢǶǜȚ‫⃆۝‬මǛⶲ

60 mm ǷǦǮ⾽ɤȷɃɳȽȬɂǾ 0.131 mm j 0.131 mm jǓ⾽ǢǽɚɁɐȸɱɨǽബᣞǺ࣠ǴǞʿᓎәᐦ⢧ǽ△ϢǾ⾻0.131 mm ǶǑȚ⾽ⶲಏǚǳ⓹⮰ǹᨋҚ՘ᥴȡർ┶ǷǦǹǓǮȐ⾻ᷮϪǹཆᗕǷൡȘțǮʿᓎәҚǚȘ⾻۬▿ᄦǺᭀഝǨȚӛन୧ǽ˛ൺ⤴

Ǧǵቃ൏ǶǜȚ⾽ǦǚǦǹǛȘ⾻ᅝൊǽᮾ᳣ǺǙǓǵ⾻ɚɁ

120 j 120 j 60 voxel 15.7 mm j 15.7 mm j 7.86 mm ȡǬțɐȸɱɨǽബᣞǺ᭭ᬶǦ⾻႓Қᢼǽᐦ⢧ȡ△ϢǦǮόǾ᫤ᠪǭț૓ࠔ⤴ոǽ༔ոȡ‫܅‬ȍǹǓȗǕǺྎլǦ⾻ɚɁɐȸɱɨ

ǶǑȚ⾽ȡΰ༔ǦǮ⾽ǢǽɚɁɐȸɱɨǾ۬ɤȷɃɳǽ CT оǽⲟಏǢǽȗǕǹ₥ᇄǽȑǷ⾻ቊᮾ᳣ǶǾ CT ʿᓎәҚǽ CT оոళǶǑș⾻႓Қଓ⛅ᢼȡᐦ༔ǨȚ۬ቦ✤ǽ૛ಏǺඅǧǮɚɁɐȸɱɨȡ࣠Ǻ൮ẫǹʿᓎәᐦ⢧ȡ△ϢǨȚཆᗕǺǳǓɜʀȷǛǬțǭțᥰțȚ⾽ǦǚǦǹǛȘ⾻X ἠ CT ǺȗǲǵǵᎰ╿ǨȚ⾽۴ʶǽո╫⃆Ƕᐦ⢧ǽẫǚǤǛᨵǹȚᐦ⢧ȡ႓ൡǮ CT оǺǾᢼ✤ԑ⤴ǽ૛ಏǽɨɱᵱǺȗȚ◳ఞǛ᫘᧯ǨҚǦ⾻Ǭǽ CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨȡᕉ⟿ǨȚǮȐ⾻ḩൎǙȗȂ

ȚǮȐ⾻ɚɁɐȸɱɨ˛ǽ۬ɜʀȷǾǑȚ CT оȡ˛ൺǺոቦ✤ǽᨵǹȚᥱǶᐦ༔ǦǮӛन୧ȡଓ⛅Ǻ⾻Ǭǽ X ἠ CTళȡ྾ǳǢǷǛ̔็ǤțȚ⾽ʶⅺǺ⾻ǢǽȗǕǹ◳ఞǺ❙ࡍʿᓎәҚǚȘ‫ۄ‬ൡǦǮ CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨȡỚ╹᫢ཆᗕǺȗǨȚոళǽബᣞǾᓺ╄ոళǺ൝ǕǷȎǹǪȚȑǽǛএǓ⾽Ǭǲǵ△ϢǨȚǢǷǶ⾻ʿᓎәᐦ⢧ǛɚɁɐȸɱɨǺ‫ڽ‬ȋǨ഻ǢǶ⾻ቊᮾ᳣ǶǾ⾻۬ɜʀȷǺଓǦᓺ╄ոళȡɝȫɋɎȫɻⱶǺǳǓǵ◌ẫǺᎰ╿ǦǮ⾽ȸǨȚǢǷǶǬǽബᣞȡ△ϢǦǮ⾽ɜʀȷǛ‫ٸ‬ʶǶǑȚई
۰⾻ɚɁɐȸɱɨӴΧǷǽఞǽ̘˻݅ǛሬତǷǹȚȗǕǺ⾻

2.

ી

⵮

ᓺ╄ոళȡɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦǮ⾽ʶᅀ⾻ɜʀȷǛ⓹ᄋઇࢀǨȚई۰ǺǾ⾻۬ɜʀȷ‫ܦ‬⡙ǽ CT оǺଓǦ⾻ͨˁǽཆⱽǶᓺɥɲɁɉɴɻ૓ࠔ ԑൎ 26 mm⾻ঋൎ 32 mm ǺȪɳɧɒ╄ոళǶɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦǮ⾽ȍǩ⾻ሬȑⶲǓ CT оѩǽᥱ ḩൎ 1 mm⾻2 mm⾻3 mm⾻૛ಏ 3.6j103 kgm3 ǙȗȂɜʀȷǺଓǦǵ⾻ Fig. 2 a ǺᰳǨȗǕǺ⾻ɜʀȷǽⲏࣕȡḩ ൎ 2 mm ⾻ ૛ ಏ 2.1 j 103 kg  m3

ȴɱɁᥱ

ȡǬțǭț

ⱹ᠊͛⡨ǽ CT оȡऴǺոׂǦ⾻ǬǽǕǰǽⶲǓ CT оѩǷ

Table 1 ǺᰳǨ⥎ոǶӛनǦǮȑǽȡ▿ᄦǷǦǮ⾽ǢțȘǽǽఞǽ̘˻݅ǛሬତǷǹȚȗǕǺᓺ╄ոళǶɝȫɋɎȫɻȸ▿ᄦǚȘൡȘțȚệእȡᕉ⟿ǨȚǢǷǶ⾻ḩൎǙȗȂ૛ಏǽǦǮ⾽ᓎǺ⾻˛⫻ǺઇࢀǨȚɜʀȷǺଓǦ⾻ Fig. 2 b ǺᰳఞᨵǺȗȚ഻ⱶ⾻ǙȗȂ૛ಏǽᨵǹȚḩ੿ǽᚆ۰ǺȗȚ഻ⱶǨȗǕǺɚɁɐȸɱɨǚȘᓺ╄ոళǽоȡఞǦ೟ǜ⾻ሬȑⶲȡᎰ╿ǦǮ⾽ǹǙ⾻ቊᮾ᳣ǶǾ۴ʶǽቷͲǶɏʀɇȡᕉ⟿ǨǓ CT оѩǺઇࢀǨȚɜʀȷǺଓǦ⾻ɜʀȷ֭ൖǽоǷǽఞȚǮȐǺ⾻Table 1 ǽˀᔲ 3 ǳǙȗȂˁᔲ 3 ǳȡӛनǦǮ૓ǽ̘˻݅ǛሬତǷǹȚȗǕǺᓺ╄ոళǶɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦࠔȡǬțǭț Fig. 1 ǽȗǕǺẻȎ۰ȞǪ⾻ΩȑӛनǤțǵǮ⾽ǹǙ⾻ǢǽႣΰǾ˛⫻ǽɜʀȷǛઇࢀǨȚई۰ǽȎǺ⒅ǓǹǓ૓ࠔȡ‫܅‬Ȑǵ႓ҚǦǮ⾽ǲǮ⾽Ǭǽൖ⾻ሬȑ΢Ǔ CT оѩǺΡΈǨȚɜʀȷǺଓǦ⾻Fig. 1 b ǽ૓ࠔȡଓ⛅Ǻ⾻ǬǽʿᓎәҚȡ X ἠ CT ⓓΈ

Fig. 2 c ǺᰳǨȗǕǺǤȘǺɚɁɐȸɱɨǚȘᓺ╄ոళǽ

SMX ㏏225CT ㏏SV3 Shimadzu Corporation, Japan ȡ᧸ǓǵоȡఞǦ೟ǜ⾻ɜʀȷǽⲏࣕȡⱹ᠊͛⡨ǽ CT оȡऴǺոׂ႓ҚǦǮ⾽Ǭǽ⭾⾻ᶩ⯍ᘓǙȗȂᶩ⯍ࡿȡǬțǭț 100 mA

Ǧ⾻ǬǽǕǰǽ΢Ǔ CT оѩǷǽఞǽ̘˻݅ǛሬତǷǹȚȗ

ᵥ

10

‫ۥ‬

CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨǺ࣠ǴǞ⓹۰ቦᄦǽগୋ᫢ᐦ⢧△ϢᗕǽᎰ╿499

Ǖᓺ╄ոళȡɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦǮ⾽ሬൖǺ⾻ǤȘǺɚɁɐȸǓǵᎰ╿ǨȚ⾽ Fig. 3 Ǻḩൎ 3⾻ 2 ǙȗȂ 1 mm ǽȪɳɧɒɱɨǚȘᓺ╄ոళǽоȡఞǦ೟ǞǢǷǶ⾻ Fig. 2 d ǺᰳǨḩ੿ӛन୧ǽᄺⰢҚǷʿᓎәҚȡᰳǨ⾽ࡖ˛ǽ↠Ǿ CT оǺȗǕǹệእȡൡǮ⾽ǢǽȗǕǺǦǵൡȘțǮᓺ╄ոళǽᑙᛡଓඅǦǵǙș⾻᫛↠Ǻ⡨ǓȊǸ CT оǛⶲǞ⾻ࡖ˛ǽ⼽↠ǽіఞ s⾻౪ࢍо m ǙȗȂәǽɚɁɐȸɱɨǚȘɝȫɋɎȫɻ⤴ոǾ᳧ᕧǺ⾻៪↠ǽ⤴ոǾḩ੿ǺᭀഝǨȚ⾽ḩ੿⤴ոǺ᭭ȸệእȡఞǦ೟ǓǮо Remained Voxels ȡ࣠Ǻ⾻ɚɁɐȸᬶǨȚǷ⾻Ǔǩțǽḩൎǽӛन୧ǺǙǓǵȑḩ੿ǽബᣞǛᨋɱɨǽബᣞȡ△ϢǦǮ⾽ҚǚȘ᯺◜ǶǜȚ⾽᳧⭼⤴ոǺ᭭ᬶǨȚǷ⾻ḩൎ 3 mm ǽӛन୧ǽԑ⤴Ǻḩ੿⫻ǽ᣼Ǔ⫻⭼Ƿ⾻গǜǹ᳧⭼ǛઇࢀǨȚǢ3.

ệ እ Ƿ ‬ ૴ǷǛ᯺◜ǶǜȚ⾽ʶᅀ⾻ḩൎ 1 mm ǽई۰ǺǾԑ⤴Ǻ᣼Ǔ⫻⭼Ǜⶲ૛ಏǺઇࢀǨȚǢǷǛȞǚȚ⾽ǳȍș⾻ḩ੿ǽḩൎǛḩൎǽȎǛᨵǹȚȪɳɧɒḩ੿ǽӛन୧ȡᕉ⟿Ǧ⾻ X ἠତǤǞǹȚȊǸ⾻ӛन୧ǽᐦ⢧ǾẫǚǞǹȚǷǓǗȚ⾽ǢǽCT Ƕ႓ҚǦǮଓ⛅ǽᐦ⢧ǛɚɁɐȸɱɨǺ‫ڽ‬ȋǨ഻ⱶǺǳᐦ⢧ǽ⣖ǓǛɚɁɐȸɱɨǽബᣞǺ‫ڽ‬ȋǨ഻ⱶȡᎰ╿ǨȚǮ
Ȑ⾻ Fig. 3 ǽʿᓎәҚǚȘ‫ۄ‬ൡǦǮɚɁɐȸɱɨȡ Fig. 4ǺᰳǨ⾽ a Ǿ᳧ᕧǽȎȡଓ⛅ǷǦǵɚɁɐȸɱɨȡ‫ۄ‬ൡǦǮệእǶǑș⾻ b ⾻ c ǙȗȂ d ǺǙǓǵ⾻ⶲǓ CT оǽѩǷ΢Ǔ CT оǽѩǺǬțǭțɜʀȷǛȎȘțȚǛ⾻Ȫɳɧɒǽ૛ಏǾ᳧ᕧȗșগǜǓǮȐ⾻ǢțȘǽɜʀȷǾǬțǭț
Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿ǷǬǽ⫻⭼ǽ᳧ᕧǺᨁቻǨȚȑǽǶǑȚ⾽a ⾻ b ǺȎȘțȚ᳧ᕧǽɜʀȷǺǳǓǵ⾻ʿᓎәҚ˛ǺȪɳɧɒḩ੿ǛઇࢀǨȚई۰⾻᳧ᕧǽɜʀȷǾⶲǓ CT оǽѩȇȿɝɐǦ⾻ౙǛ౺Ǟ ɞɵʀɑǺ ǹȚǢǷǛȞǚȚ⾽ǤȘǺ⾻Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿ǽḩൎǛତǤǞǹȚȊǸ⾻ɜʀȷǾȗșⶲǓ CT оǽѩȇȿɝɐǦ⾻ǤȘǺɞɵʀɑǺǹȚ⾽ʶᅀ⾻Ȫɳɧɒǽɜʀȷǽई۰ǺǾȪɳɧɒḩ੿ǽḩൎǛତǤǞǹ
ȚȊǸ⾻ɜʀȷǾȗș΢Ǔ CT оǽѩȇȿɝɐǦ⾻᳧ᕧǽɜʀȷǷ۴ᐯ⾻ɞɵʀɑǺǹȚǢǷǛȞǚȚ⾽ɚɁɐȸɱɨ
ǺᥰțǮǢțȘǽং‫ك‬ȡ઻⦖᫢Ǻ△ϢǨȚǮȐ⾻ Fig. 5 Ǻ
Fig. 4 ǶൡȘțǮ CT оǺଓǦ⾻᳧ᕧǙȗȂȪɳɧɒǽɜʀȷǺଓǦǵɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦǮᓺ╄ոళǷ⾻әǽɚɁɐȸɱ
ɨǚȘ᳧ᕧǙȗȂȪɳɧɒǽᓺ╄ոళǽоȡఞǦ೟ǓǮᔞɤȷɃɳ Remained voxels ȡᰳǨ⾽ Fig. 5 ȗș⾻Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿ǽḩൎǽগǜǤǺǚǚȞȘǩ 2 ǳǽᓺ╄ոళǽ⫻ǺǾᔞɤȷɃɳǛઇࢀǦǵǓǮ⾽Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿ǽḩൎǛତǤǞǹȚǷ⾻ᔞɤȷɃɳǽ⦖Ǜऻ‫ף‬ǦǮ⾽᳧ᕧǷȪɳɧɒḩ੿ǽɜʀȷǺɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦǮᓺ╄ոళǽᑙᛡіఞǷ౪ࢍоȡ
Fig. 6 ǺᰳǨ⾽᳧ᕧǽȎǽɜʀȷǺଓǦǵɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦǮᓺ╄ոళǽᑙᛡіఞǙȗȂ౪ࢍоǾ⾻Ǭțǭț 102 Ǚȗ
Fig. 2 Schematic of fitting procedure; a first, b second,c third step, and d result.

Fig. 3

Ȃ 34504 ǶǑǲǮ⾽ࡖȗș⾻Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿ǽḩൎǛତǤǞǹȚǷ⾻᳧ᕧǙȗȂȪɳɧɒǽᓺ╄ոళǽᑙᛡіఞǛऻ‫ף‬a Cross㏏sectional and b three㏏dimensional images of 1 3 mm, 2 2 mm, and 3 1 mm alumina bead packed beds.

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fect PVE Ǜ᧯ǧȚ⾽ǳȍș⾻ᔞɤȷɃɳǾ PVE ȡ᧯ǧǮɤȷɃɳǶǑȚǷǓǗȚ⾽ Fig. 7 a Ƿᕉ⟿Ǧǵ⾻ Fig. 8 a
ǽ X ἠ CT ᄺⰢҚǺǾ PVE ȡ᧯ǧǮɤȷɃɳǛএǞ‫܅‬ȍțȚ⾽ǤȘǺ⾻Fig. 7 b ǙȗȂ Fig. 8 b ǽɱȬɻɟɵɝȩȬɳȗș⾻ḩൎ 3 mm ǽȪɳɧɒӛन୧Ƿᕉ⟿Ǧǵḩൎ 1 mm
ǽȪɳɧɒӛन୧ǽ X ἠ CT ᄺⰢҚǺǙǠȚ CT оǽংؔǛগǜǓ⾽ᣀǺ⾻ɱȬɻɟɵɝȩȬɳ˛ǺǙǠȚ CT оǽሬগоǾȊȋᵱǦǓȑǽǽ⾻CT оǽሬ΢оǾḩൎ 1 mm ǽȪɳɧɒӛन୧ǽȊǕǛগǜǹоȡᰳǦǵǓȚ⾽ǢțǾḩൎ 1
mm ǽȪɳɧɒḩ੿ӛन୧ǺǙǓǵ⾻Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿⫻ǽ⫻⭼ǛᨋҚǽո╫⃆ȗș᣼Ǟ⾻ PVE ȡ᧯ǧǮɤȷɃɳǽȎǶ⫻⭼Ǜ⒙ᥰǤțȚǮȐǶǑȚ⾽ǢǽǢǷǚȘ⾻ӛन୧ȡᐦ༔ǨȚḩ੿ǽḩൎǛତǤǓȊǸ᳧ᕧǷȪɳɧɒǽɜʀȷǛ⡨ယǨȚᥴᨁǾ⾻ PVE Ǜ᧯ǧǮǢǷǺȗǲǵ⾻᳧ᕧǙȗȂȪɳɧɒǛ྾ǳቊቻǽ૛ಏǺଓඅǦǮ CT оȡᰳǨɤȷɃɳǛ᚛ଦǦǮǮȐǶǑȚ⾽ᣀǺ⾻ȪɳɧɒǷᕉ⟿Ǧǵ᳧ᕧǽɜʀȷǛḩൎǽ᚛ଦǺଓǦǵগǜǞং‫ك‬ǦǮǽǾ⾻Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿Ƕᐦ༔ǤțȚᐦ⢧ȗșȑ⾻Ǭǽ⫻⭼ǽᐦ⢧ǛẫǞ╫ҚǦǺǞǞ⾻PVE ǺȗȚ഻ⱶȡഁǞ‫ۅ‬ǠǮǮȐǶǑȚ⾽ǳȍș⾻ଓ⛅ǷǨȚᢼ✤ǽᐦ⢧ǛẫǚǞ⓹⮰ǶǑȚȊǸ⾻Ǭǽᢼ✤ǺଓඅǦǮɜʀȷǽബᣞǛո╫⃆ǽং‫ك‬ǺଓǦǵগǜǞং‫ك‬ǨȚȑǽǷ‬ǗȘțȚ⾽ǤȘǺ⾻ɜʀȷǽബᣞȡᓺ╄ոళǺɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦ⾻ᑙᛡіఞȓ౪ࢍоǹǸǽəɱɩʀɇȡᕉ⟿ǨȚǢǷǶ⾻ᐦ⢧ǽ⓹⮰මȡ઻⦖᫢Ǻ△ϢǶǜȚǢǷǛᰳǤțǮ⾽ᓎǺ⾻ḩൎȡᵱǦǞǦ⾻ቦ✤ǛᨵǹȚḩ੿ǚȘᐦ༔ǤțȚӛन୧ȡᕉ⟿Ǧ⾻ቦ✤Ǜ X ἠ CT ǽɚɁɐȸɱɨǺ‫ڽ‬ȋǨ഻ⱶǺǳǓǵᎰ╿ǨȚ⾽Fig. 9 ǺȪɳɧɒḩ੿ǽȎ⾻ȴɱɁḩ੿ǽȎ⾻ǙȗȂȪɳɧɒḩ੿ǷȴɱɁḩ੿ȡΧ᳒ᕉ 1テ 1Ƕᚆ۰ǦǵӛनǦǮӛन୧ǽᄺⰢҚǙȗȂʿᓎәҚȡᰳǨ⾽ǹ Ǚ ⾻ Ǔ ǩ ț ǽ ḩ ੿ ǽ ḩ ൎ ȑ 2 mm Ƕ Ǒ Ț ⾽ ࡖ ˛ ǽ ↠ ǾFig. 3 Ƿ۴ᐯǺ CT оǷଓඅǦǵǓȚ⾽Fig. 9 ǺᰳǦǮḩ੿ӛन୧Ǿᵱḩൎǽḩ੿Ƕᐦ༔ǤțǵǓȚǮȐ⾻ӛन୧ǽᐦ⢧
Fig. 4 Histograms of a air void and b 3 mm, c 2 mm,
and d 1 mm alumina bead packed beds.

ǺǳǓǵǾ⾻ȊǷȢǸఞᨵǾǹǓ⾽ʶᅀ⾻૛ಏǽఞᨵǺȗș⾻Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿ǛȴɱɁḩ੿Ƿᕉ⟿ǦǵᅽȚǞ⒙ᰳǤțǵǓȚ⾽ǢǕǦǮቷͲˁǶ⾻૛ಏǽఞᨵǙȗȂ૛ಏǽᨵǹȚᢼǦ⾻᳧ᕧǽᓺ╄ոళǽ౪ࢍоǾऻ‫ף‬Ǧ⾻Ȫɳɧɒǽᓺ╄ոళ✤ǽᚆ۰Ǜ CT оǽɚɁɐȸɱɨǺ‫ڽ‬ȋǨ഻ⱶȡᎰ╿ǨȚ⾽ǽ౪ࢍоǾ᚛ଦǦǮ⾽Ȫɳɧɒǽई۰Ƿᕉ⟿Ǧǵ⾻᳧ᕧǽᓺFig. 10 Ǻ Fig. 9 ǽʿᓎәҚǚȘ‫ۄ‬ൡǦǮɚɁɐȸɱɨȡᰳ╄ոళǺǙǠȚᑙᛡіఞǷ౪ࢍоǾ⾻ḩൎǽং‫ك‬ǛȗșগǜǨ⾽ǹǙ⾻ Fig. 10 a Ǿ Fig. 4 a Ƿ۴ᐯǺ⾻᳧ᕧǽȎȡଓǞ഻ⱶǦǵǓȚǢǷǛȞǚȚ⾽Fig. 7 ǙȗȂ Fig. 8 Ǻḩൎ 3⛅ǷǦǵɚɁɐȸɱɨȡ‫ۄ‬ൡǦǮệእǶǑȚ⾽۬ቦ✤⫻ǽ૛

mm ǙȗȂ 1 mm ǽȪɳɧɒӛन୧ X ἠ CT ᄺⰢҚǽʶ⤴

ಏǽఞᨵȗș⾻Fig. 10 b ǙȗȂ Fig. 10 c ǶǾ΢Ǔ CT оǙȗȂɱȬɻɟɵɝȩȬɳȡᰳǨ⾽ Fig. 7 a ǙȗȂ Fig. 8ǽѩǽɜʀȷǛ᳧ᕧ⾻ⶲǓ CT оǽѩǽɜʀȷǛȪɳɧɒǑa ǽ X ἠ CT ᄺⰢҚǾ CT оǺඅǧǵ᭭↠ǤțǵǙș⾻ᔞȚǓǾȴɱɁǺᨁቻǦ⾻Fig. 10 d ǶǽɜʀȷǾ΢Ǔ CT оɤȷɃɳǛএǚǲǮ CT оǽᶽࡕǺǳǓǵǾ⾻ Fig. 7 c ǙǽѩǚȘ᳧ᕧ⾻ȴɱɁ⾻ȪɳɧɒǺᨁቻǨȚ⾽Fig. 10 b ǷȗȂ Fig. 8 c ǺᰳǨȗǕǺ΢Ǔ CT оǽѩǚȘⰒ⾻❆⾻c ȡᕉ⟿ǨȚǷ⾻Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿ӛन୧ȗșȑȴɱɁḩ੿ӛ἗⾻⼶Ƕ᭭↠Ǧ⾻Ȫɳɧɒǽᓺ╄ոళǺ⡨ǓⲏࣕǾ᫛Ƕ᭭↠न୧ǚȘൡǮɚɁɐȸɱɨǺǙǠȚ᳧ᕧǽɜʀȷǽȊǕǛȗ

ǦǵǓȚ⾽Fig. 7 b ǙȗȂ Fig. 8 b ǽɱȬɻɟɵɝȩȬɳșӞ⨮ ȿɫʀɟ ǶǑș⾻Fig. 10 a ǺᰳǦǮɚɁɐȸɱɨ

Ǿ⾻ Fig. 7 a ǙȗȂ Fig. 8 a ˛ǽ៪↠ǽἠո AB ˀǺǙǠǽɜʀȷǽΡΈǺ⡨ǓǢǷǛȞǚȚ⾽ȍǮ⾻Fig. 10 d ǽȴȚ CT оǽং‫ك‬ȡᰳǦǵǓȚ⾽ᔞɤȷɃɳǛএǚǲǮ CT оɱɁǙȗȂȪɳɧɒǽɜʀȷǽΡΈǾ⾻ Fig. 10 b ǙȗȂȡ྾ǳɤȷɃɳǾ⾻Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿Ƿ᳧ᕧǽऴᨕ⤴ոǺઇࢀǨc ǺǙǓǵɚɁɐȸɱɨǺǬțǭțᥰțǮȴɱɁǙȗȂȪȚ⾽ǢǽȗǕǹऴᨕ⤴ոǶǾ 1 ǳǽɤȷɃɳ᳧⫻Ǻ 2 ǳǽɳɧɒǽɜʀȷǽΡΈǷᕉ⟿ǦǵⶲǓ CT оǽѩǺȿɝɐǦᢼ✤ǛᚆࢀǨȚǮȐ⾻ɤȷɃɳǽ CT оǛɤȷɃɳǺ‫܅‬ȍțǵǓȚǢǷǛȞǚȚ⾽ɚɁɐȸɱɨǺᥰțǮǢțȘǽং‫ك‬ȡȚǨȈǵǽᢼ✤ǽ૛ಏǽ˛⫻оǷǹȚ⾻ Partial Volume Ef-

઻⦖᫢Ǻ△ϢǨȚǮȐ⾻ Fig. 11 ǺɚɁɐȸɱɨǷǬțǺଓ

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CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨǺ࣠ǴǞ⓹۰ቦᄦǽগୋ᫢ᐦ⢧△ϢᗕǽᎰ╿

501

Fig. 7a Cross㏏sectional image, b line profile of the 3 mmalumina bead packed bed image, and c contour map of a .

Fig. 5 Fitting results of a air void and b 3 mm, c 2mm, and d 1 mm alumina bead packed beds.

Fig. 6

Fig. 8a Cross㏏sectional image, b line profile of the 1 mmalumina bead packed bed image, and c contour map of a .

a Standard deviation and b mean value of fitting results in Fig. 5.

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Fig. 9
beds.

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a Cross㏏sectional and b three㏏dimensional images of 1 alumina, 2 glass, and 3 alumina and glass bead packed

Fig. 11 Fitting results of a alumina, b glass, and c alumina and glass bead packed beds.

Fig. 10 Histograms of a air void , b alumina, c glass,and d alumina and glass bead packed beds.

ᛡіఞǙȗȂ౪ࢍоǾǬțǭț 81 ǙȗȂ 34671 ǶǑȚ⾽Ȫɳɧɒḩ੿ӛन୧ǽʿᓎәҚǷᕉ⟿Ǧǵ⾻ȴɱɁḩ੿ӛन୧ǽʿᓎәҚǚȘྎլǦǮɚɁɐȸɱɨǺǙǠȚ᳧ᕧǽᓺ╄ոǦǵɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦǮᓺ╄ոళȡ⾻ Fig. 12 ǺɝȫɋɎȫళǽᑙᛡіఞǾତǤǞ⾻౪ࢍоȑ⇙౩ǶǾǑȚǛତǤǹоȡɻȸǦǮᓺ╄ոళǽᑙᛡіఞǙȗȂ౪ࢍоȡǬțǭțᰳǨ⾽ᰳǦǮ⾽ǢțǾȪɳɧɒȗșȑȴɱɁǽ૛ಏǛତǤǓǢǷǛ

᳧ᕧǽȎǽɜʀȷǺଓǦǵɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǦǮᓺ╄ոళǽᑙ‫ࡍڤ‬ǶǑș⾻᳧ᕧǷǽऴᨕǶ PVE ȡ᧯ǧǮɤȷɃɳǽ CT

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CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨǺ࣠ǴǞ⓹۰ቦᄦǽগୋ᫢ᐦ⢧△ϢᗕǽᎰ╿

Fig. 12503

a Standard deviation and b mean values of fitting results in Fig. 11.

Ɂɐȸɱɨ˛ǺઇࢀǨȚɜʀȷǽং‫ك‬ȡ઻⦖᫢Ǻ△ϢǨȚǢǷǶ⾻Ǭǽᐦ⢧ȡᭀଓ᫢Ǻ△ϢǶǜȚǷ‬ǗȘțȚ⾽

ệ

4.

╵

ቊᮾ᳣ǶǾ⾻CT ʿᓎәҚǽ CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨȡ࣠Ǻ൮ẫǹʿᓎәᐦ⢧ȡ△ϢǨȚཆᗕǺǳǓǵᎰ╿ǨȚǮȐ⾻ȪɳɧɒᥱǙȗȂȴɱɁᥱǽӛन୧ȡᲷƼǽቷͲǶΰ⓯Ǧ⾻ X
ἠ CT ʿᓎәҚǚȘ CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨȡ‫ۄ‬ൡǦǵǬǽബᣞ
Fig. 13 Schematic of a alumina and b alumina and glass
bead packed beds.

ȡᕉ⟿ǦǮ⾽Ǭǽ⭾⾻ɚɁɐȸɱɨ˛ǺᥰțȚɜʀȷȡᓺ╄ոళǶ⡨ΚǨȚǢǷǶ△ϢǦ⾻ʿᓎәᐦ⢧ǛɚɁɐȸɱɨǺ‫ڽ‬ȋǨ഻ⱶǺǳǓǵᎰ╿ǦǮ⾽Ǭǽệእ⾻ͨˁǽ᮪╀ǛൡȘțǮ⾽ㆌ㎥оǛቊቻǽ᳧ᕧǽ૛ಏǺଓඅǦǮ CT оǺȗș⡨ǓоǷǹș⾻ԑ⤴Ǻ⓹ᄋǽቦ✤ǛᚆࢀǨȚᐦ⢧ȡ X ἠ CT Ƕ႓Қ

PVE ǽ഻ⱶǛତǤǞǹǲǮǮȐǷ‬ǗȘțȚ⾽ȍǮ⾻ȪɳǦǮʿᓎәҚǺǳǓǵ⾻Ǭǽ CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨǺǙǠȚ۬ɧɒḩ੿ǷȴɱɁḩ੿ȡᚆ۰ǦǮӛन୧ǺǙǓǵǾ⾻ Fig.

ቦ✤ᨁቻǽɜʀȷǽΡΈǾ⾻ PVE ǺȗȚ഻ⱶȡ‫ۅ‬ǠȚǮ11 c ȗș⾻ǨȈǵǽᓺ╄ոళǽ⫻ǺᔞɤȷɃɳǽઇࢀǛ᯺Ȑ⾻ർǩǦȑቦ✤ǽ૛ಏǺଓඅǨȚࡘ઻ǦǮ CT оǺᥰțȚ◜ǤțȚ⾽ǤȘǺ⾻ Fig. 12 ȗș⾻ȪɳɧɒǙȗȂȴɱɁǽȞǠǶǾǹǓ⾽ PVE ǺȗȚ഻ⱶǽগǜǤǾᐦ⢧Ǻȗǲǵᨵᓺ╄ոళǽᑙᛡіఞǛ΢ˁǦ⾻౪ࢍоǛऻ‫ף‬ǦǵǓȚ⾽ǢǢǹȚǮȐǺ⾻ɜʀȷǾᐦ⢧ǽᣀ൰ǚȘ഻ⱶȡ‫ۅ‬ǠȚ⾽Ƕ⾻۴ǧቦ✤ǽḩ੿ǽӛन୧ǙȗȂᨵǹȚቦ✤ǽḩ੿ȡᚆ۰ㆍ㎥

X ἠ CT ǽʿᓎәҚǚȘ CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨȡ‫ۄ‬ൡǦǮӛन୧ǺǳǓǵ⾻ǬțǭțǺઇࢀǨȚ PVE ȡ᧯ǧȚᨕǦ⾻۬ቦ✤ᨁቻǽɜʀȷǺᓺ╄ոళȡɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǨȚǢⰢǽ᏶ඔࡖȡ Fig. 13 ǺᰳǨ⾽႓Қⲏࣕ˛ǺઇࢀǨȚḩ੿Х

ǷǶ⾻ɚɁɐȸɱɨǽബᣞȡ઻⦖᫢Ǻ△ϢǨȚǢǷǛǶǜȚ⾽ᄋǛᵱǦǓई۰⾻ḩ੿ǽΧ᳒ǺଓǨȚᨕⰢǽ⦖Ǿ᚛ଦǨȚǮㆎ
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X ἠ CT ʿᓎәҚǽ CT оɚɁɐȸɱɨǽബᣞȡ઻⦖Ȑ⾻۬ᢼ✤ǽɜʀȷǺଓǨȚ PVE ǽ഻ⱶǾତǤǞǹș⾻Ȫ᫢Ǻ△ϢǦ⾻ᕉ⟿ǨȚǢǷǶ⾻Ǭǽʿᓎәᐦ⢧ǽ⓹⮰මȡᭀɳɧɒḩ੿ǽᓺ╄ոళǽΡΈǛⶲǓ CT оǽѩǺȿɝɐǦǮଓ᫢Ǻ△ϢǶǜȚǷ‬ǗȘțȚ⾽ȑǽǷ‬ǗȘțȚ⾽ȍǮ⾻۴ǧቦ✤ǽḩ੿ǽӛन୧ǺǙǓǵǾ᳧ᕧǷǬǽᢼ✤Ƿǽ⫻ǶǦǚ PVE Ǜ᧯ǧǹǓǽǺଓǦ⾻ጋ ஢ᗽ⓯ΰཀǺǣ‫מٴ‬ǓǮǯǓቊᮾ᳣ǺǙǠȚ႓Қ▿⵮Ǿ㎥ᨵǹȚቦ✤ǽḩ੿ȡᚆ۰ǦǮई۰⾻Ǭțǭțǽቦ✤ǽḩ੿ǷǮ⾽ቊᮾ᳣Ǿ JSPS ᲇᮾ⛻ 13J06639⾻24760619 ǽ‫׬‬༔ȡ‫ۅ‬᳧ᕧǽᨕⰢǙȗȂᨵǹȚቦ✤ǽḩ੿ǽᨕⰢǶ PVE Ǜ᧯ǧǠǮȑǽǶǑȚ⾽Ț⾽ǬǽǮȐ⾻ȴɱɁǽᓺ╄ոళǽΡΈǛⶲǓ CT оǽѩǺȿɝɐǦǮȑǽǷ‬ǗȘțȚ⾽ᄙᤙͨˀȗș⾻X ἠ CT ʿᓎәҚǚȘ‫ۄ‬ൡǦǮɚɁɐȸɱɨǺǾ⾻ǬǽҚǛ‫܅‬ȏ۬ቦ✤ǺଓඅǦǮɜʀȷǛᥰțȚ⾽ǦǚǦ

1

ǹǛȘ⾻۬ɜʀȷǾർǩǦȑ۬ቦ✤ǽ૛ಏǺଓඅǨȚࡘ઻ǦǮ CT оǺᥰțȚȞǠǶǾǹǞ⾻ǬțȘǽɜʀȷǽΡΈǾʿ2ᓎәᐦ⢧ɿቦ✤ǽᚆ۰ᣞຎǺȗǲǵ᧯ǧȚ PVE ǺఖۡǤț

3Ț⾽ǢǽȗǕǹ҉۹Ǿ⾻ᣀǺḩ੿ɿএઃΧǷǓǲǮ⓹⮰ᐦ⢧ǺǙǓǵⲩ⊣ǺȎȘțȚȑǽǶǑȚ⾽ǢțǺ⬄Ǧǵ⾻ᓺ╄ո4ళȡǬțǭțǽቦ✤ǽɜʀȷǺଓǦɝȫɋɎȫɻȸǨȚǢǷ

5Ƕ⾻ɜʀȷǽᣀ൰ȡ઻⦖᫢Ǻ△ϢǨȚǢǷǛ‫⃆۝‬ǶǑȚ⾽Ǥ

6ȘǺ⾻ᨵǹȚᐦ⢧ǽʿᓎәҚȡ X ἠ CT Ƕ‫ۄ‬ൡǦ⾻Ǭǽɚ

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