͉̲͛ͅ
ȁĳĲଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮͈࡛हȄͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭͉́ພ৒̤̞̀֓ͅ঍͈อ࡞͉໼͈͈̞͐̈́͜‫ޣג‬ႁͬ঵̞̽̀ͥȃພ֭੄ॲ͉́Ȅॲ‫̦֓ش‬ଈ೑͞੄ॲ͈͒ٚව͈ଵ๱‫ࠨ̷༹༷͈͍ͬݞ‬೰̳͈ͥͅచ̱̀Ȅఈ͈‫߸۾‬৪ĂĂȝළॲິু૸Ȅ‫ز‬௼Ȅۭࢌ঍Ȅ̷͈ఈ͈ၛٛ૽ȝĂĂ͉֓‫ڠ‬എ౶ͬ਋̫වͦ
̞̀ͥȃ̱̥̱ȄĲııාஜ̷͉̠͉̥̹́̈́̽ȃĳıଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮́͘Ȅ֓঍͉ॲິ͈ૢర͈ਔս́Ȅఈ͈ၛٛ૽͂൳൝̷̜̞͉ͥͦո‫͈ئ‬อ࡞ႁ̱̥঵̴̤̽̀ͣȄॲ৒̤̫ͥͅࡀրͬ‫ڕ‬ං̱̠͂͢໭൰̱̞̹̀ȃȁĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ܢ‬ͺις΃̤̞̀ͅॲ‫ࡀ͈֓ش‬ր̦‫ً̹̯ͦاޑ‬೾̞͉̾̀ͅȄΐνΟͻΑȆ˳ȆςȜόͻΛΠȪJudith W. Leavittȫ̦ȄĲĹĹıා̥ࣼͣĲĺĳıා͈ࣼ́͘‫ٳ‬൮੅Ȫᦔ̥͈ͣഊ੄ͬ
‫خ‬ෝ̳̹ͥ͛ͅͅథ঱͈൮‫ͬࣸڀ‬୨౯̳ͥ‫੅਀شٸ‬ȫ̪ͬ͛ͥა௔ͅઙതͬ൚̀̀໦ଢ଼̱̞̀
ͥĲȫȃĲĺଲ‫́͘ͅྎܮ‬Ȅ঱൮ࣸ๕ະ޳࣑Ȫథ঱͈൮̦੫଻͈ࣸ๕‫ͤ͜͢ࠂ؍‬ఱ̧̨̳ͥેఠȫͅచੜ̳͉ͥͅȄ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͅ‫̢̀ح‬ᱛঊ਀੅Ȅ౹ࣣࣸࠫ୨‫੅ٳ‬Ȫ‫ࣸޛ‬๕͈౹ࣣࣸࠫͬ୨౯໦ၗ̱Ȅ୆థ঱͈೒ًͅ਱໦̠̈́͢ͅယୟͬ௩̳̭͂ȫȄೱؐ୨‫خ̦ٳ‬ෝ̈́஖఼ঠ̹͂̈́̽ȃ̭̠̱̹૧̱̞ܿ੅͉Ȅडਞഎ֓ͅ঍̦ॲ৒̤̫ͥͅ঑෻ࡀͬ‫ڕ‬ං̳̹͈ͥ͛໌‫̹̽̈́͂ܕ‬ȃ੫଻͈ఉ̩͉̺͘ু఺́੄ॲ̱̞̹̦̀Ȃ̭͈ͦͣ਀੅͈ໝॠ̈́ܿ੅͉Ȃ֓ၷ୺࿝‫ز‬ո‫ॲ੄͈ٸ‬ၛٛ૽̦։ુ໦༔͈ٜࠨ༹༷͈ࠨ೰ͅ४‫̭̳ࣾͬ͂ͥح‬ඳ̱̹ͅȃຳ͞୉૖৪̦Ȅ༦૶͂థ঱͈୆ྵ
͈̻̦̓ͣਹါ̥ͬࠨ೰̳ͥ࿨‫̱̹ضͬڬ‬ই̹̦͛Ȅథ঱ͬ୆ం‫خ‬ෝ̳ͥͅ૧̱̞֓ၷܿ੅͉Ȅഥൡഎͅॲິ̷͈͂‫ز‬௼Ȇ࿻૽̦঵̞̹̽̀੄ॲ༹༷͈ࠨ೰ࡀ్̞ͬ৾ͥ‫ܥ‬ٛͬȄ֓঍ͅ೹‫ރ‬̱̹ȃ૧̱̞‫͉੅਀شٸ‬ൽඃഎȆ২ٛഎ݈ა̧̭̱̹̦ͬ֨ܳȄ֓঍͉૧̱̞‫͈੅਀شٸ‬ഐ؊Ȫ̜ͥ৖͈ۛহၷ̹͉͘૷౯ષ͈࠿औͬই̜̹͛ͥ̽̀ͅ‫ܖ‬੔͈͂̈́ͥ͜ȫͬ֓‫ڠ‬ဥࢊ́೰̳݅ͥ
̭͂ͤ͢ͅȄ๱֓ၷ୺࿝‫݈ͬز‬ა̥ͣෳੰ̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ֓঍̦ॲ৒̤̞̀ͅड੝ͅঐ‫ܞ‬ࡀͬ‫ڕ‬ං̱̹͈͉Ḙ̠̱̹̏‫ͬ੅਀شٸ‬ຈါ̳͂ͥ‫̹̜̞̤͂̽́̀ͅॲ੄̞͈ࣞ଻ࡏܓ‬ȄςȜόͻΛΠ͉ࠫა̱̞̀ͥȃ֓঍͉੭șͅȄ̳͓͈̀੄ॲ̤̞̀ͅ૧̱̞ࡀրͬ၌ဥ̳̠ͥ͢ͅ
̹̈́̽ȃȁུࣂ͈࿒എ͉Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅͂ೱؐ୨‫̪ͥ͛ͬٳ‬ა௔̥ͣȄĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ܢ‬ͺις΃̤̫ͥܿͅ੅
͈อో͂֓‫୺͈ڠ‬࿝‫ا‬ȄΐͿϋΘȜȆ૸ఘȆ୆ྵ̪ͬ͛ͥͼΟ΂υΆȜ͈௖‫̥ͣͅྶͬ߸۾۾‬̳̭̜ͥ͂́ͥȃĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ܢ‬Ȅ঱൮ࣸ๕ະ޳࣑͈̠̈́͢։ુ໦༔̤̞̀ͅȄ୆ం̱̞̀ͥ

థ঱ͅచ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅͂ೱؐ୨‫̴̞͈ͬͦٳ‬஖఼̳̥̞̠ͥ͂࿚ఴ͉Ȅ֓঍͈‫݈̞̱ࠣ́ۼ‬ა̧̭̱̹ͬ֨ܳȃ̷͈݈ა̥ͣྶ̥͈͉ͣ̈́ͥͅȄĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ࡀ͈ڠشॲ̫̤ͥͅܢ‬ր͈‫ڐ‬ఱ̷͈͂ࡠ‫̢̀حͅٮ‬Ȅ༦૶͂థ঱͈୆ྵ͈‫ث‬౵͞੄ॲ̳ͥ૸ఘ̱͈͂̀੫଻͈࿨‫̳ͥ۾ͅڬ‬২ٛഎȆൽඃഎ‫ث‬౵۷͈་ယ͈အ௖̜́ͥȃˍȁ‫ٳ‬൮੅̥ೱؐ୨‫̥ٳ‬ȁĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ոஜ͈੄ॲ̤̞̀ͅȄॲൽ৭౯ٜͬࠨ̳̹͉ͥ͛ͅ͏̹͈̾஖఼ঠ̦ంह̱̹ȃల͉֚Ȅథ঱͈൮ࠪͬͅ‫̫ٳ‬Ȅ൮‫͈ࣸڄ‬ඤယ໤ͬෳ੄̱Ȅ൮‫ͬࣸڀ‬य̞̀థ঱̧ͬ֨੄̳‫ٳ‬൮੅̜́ͥȃ֓঍͉ఉ̩͈ાࣣȄఈ༹͈༷͉́੄ॲ̵̧̯̭̦̞ͥ͂́̈́ঘཌ̱̹థ঱ͬ༦థ̥ͣ
̧֨੄̳̹͛ͅȄ‫ٳ‬൮੅࣐̹ͬ̽ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄథ঱ͬଇ௸݂ͅ୅̳̭̦ͥ͂ͅ༦૶͈୆ྵ
ͬ‫͈̹̠͛ݣ‬डࢃ͈਀౲̜̞̠́ͥ͂޽‫ݢ‬মఠ͉ͅȄ୆ం̱̞̀ͥథ঱͈൮ࠪͬͅ‫̹̫ٳ‬ȃ‫ٳ‬൮੅͉ࣾඳ́ະ١̈́਀੅̺̹̦̽Ȅఈ༹͈༷͉́ະ‫خ‬ෝ̈́Ȅ੫଻͈୆ྵͬ‫͈̹̠͛ݣ‬ഥൡഎ̈́਀౲̺̹̽ȃĲĺଲ‫ཻͅܮ‬ଜ͈ঀဥ͂૧̱̞਀੅༹༷͈൵ව̽̀͢ͅ٨஝̯̹̭͈ͦ਀੅͉Ȅĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ܢ‬Ȅड̱̞ࠣ͜ॲ‫ڠش‬എა௔͈എ̹̈́̽ͅȃȁలඵ͉Ȅໜ༃͂ঊ‫ͬݠ‬୨‫̱̀ٳ‬ঊ‫̱੄ͤ৾ͬރ‬Ȅໜ༃ͬ༽ࣣ̳ͥೱؐ୨‫̜ͥ́ٳ‬ȃೱؐ୨‫ٳ‬͉ࡣయ̥࣐̞̹̦ͣͩͦ̀ȄႤঃષ͕͉͂ͭ̓༦૶͈ঘࢃథ঱ͬ੩̫̹͈͙࣐̞ͥ͛ͩͦ̀ͅ
̹ȃ΃ΠςΛ·͈࣭ș͉́Ȅ༦૶ͬ‫̩͉̹̠̈́́͛ݣ‬Ȅథ঱͈͒஄ႛͬ࿒എ̱͂̀ೱؐ୨‫̦ٳ‬࣐̹ͩͦȃೱؐ୨‫̳ͥ۾༹༷͈ͅٳ‬ड੝͈୰ྶ੥͉ȄĲĵĹıා͈ࣼΡͼΜධ໐ͅஸͥĳȫȃ୆ం̱̞̀ͥ੫଻͈૸ఘ̥ͣঊ‫̹࣐̹̳ͦͩ͛ͅ੄ͤ৾ͬރ‬ड੝͈႕͉ȄĲĵĺĲා͈̭̯̞͂͂ͦ̀ͥĴȫȃͺις΃́ड੝͈ೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬ȄĲĸĺĵාͅΐͿΏȜȆαΥΛΠȪJesse Bennetȫ̦तͅచ̱࣐̹͈̜̯̞̦̀̽́ͥ͂ͦ̀ͥ͜ȄͺȜ΍ȜȆˣȆ΅ϋΈȪArthur G. Kingȫ͉Ȅ̷͉ͦ਀੅̦࣐̹̯̞ͩͦ͂ͦ̀ͥশ̥ͣĲĴĶාࢃͅ੝͛̀༭̯̹͈࣬ͦ́͜ഥ໳બ‫̩̥̱̈́ݶ‬Ȅౙ̈́ͥ࡞̞ഥً̢̨̞̱̈́͂ͅĵȫȄͺις΃ܱ́჏̯̞ͦ̀ͥड੝ུ͈‫ڒ‬എ̈́ೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬ȄĲĹĳĸ
ාː࠮ĳĳ඾ͅΐοϋȆρϋΨȜΠȆςΛΙκϋΡȪJohn Lambert Richmondȫ࣐̽̀ͩͦ͢ͅ
̹͈͂ࠫ͜ა̱̞̀ͥĶȫȃĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ոஜ͉ͅȄೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬ঘ̧̦̠̾͂͘୲བഎ̈́਀੅̜́ͤȄ྽ఉ࣐̥̹ͩͦ̈́̽ͅȃέͻρΟσέͻͺ͈υΨȜΠȆˬȆΧςΑȪRobert P. Harrisȫ֓঍͈ਬࠗͦ͊͢ͅȄͺις΃͉́ĲĹĶĳා̥ͣĹıා͈‫ͅۼ‬ೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬Ĳĳı࠯࣐ͩͦȄ༦૶͈ĸı૽Ȅ࿩ĶĹΩȜΓϋΠ̦ঘཌ̱̞̹̀ķȫȃȁĲĺଲ‫̥ͣܮ‬ĳıଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮ཻ̥̫̀ͅଜ͞કඉȆྫ޿ܿ੅̦อో̱Ȅ਀੅༹༷̦٨஝̯ͦ̀Ȅೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬๤‫ڛ‬എհ஠́၌ဥ‫خ‬ෝ̈́஖఼ঠ̹̈́̽ͅȃĲĺଲ‫͉́͘ܮ‬Ȅೱؐ୨‫ٳ‬শͅ୨‫̹̱ٳ‬ঊ‫͉ݠ‬Ȅ஄૆ո‫͈ٸ‬হၷ͉ຈါ̞̞̠̈́͂փࡉ๊̦֚എ̺̹̽ȃঊ‫͈ݠ‬ਓੀ͂౸۱̦Ȅ༽ࣣ͈࢘‫̢̜̥̹̞ͥ́ͣ̀ͦͣࣉ̳̩͂̈́ͬض‬ȃ൚শ͉Ȅໜ໐ͬ໾̲̹ࢃ́༽ࣣঝͬ৾ͤੰ̩̭
͉͂ະ‫خ‬ෝ̜́ͥ͂ࣉ̢̞̹ͣͦ̀ȃĲĸķĺාͅτΨΑȪLebasȫ̦୨‫̹̱ٳ‬ঊ‫ͬݠ‬໾̲̭ͥ͂

ͬ೹մ̱̹̦ȄĲĹଲ‫ྫ̞̀̾ͅ੅ܿ޿ྫ͈ܮ‬౶̺̹̽শయͅȄ‫ݟ‬ਓ଻͈̞̈́ࡆঝ͞Տཻঝͬ
ࢃ́৾ͤ੄̳̹͛ͅੱ࢛̥͉͙ͣ੄̱̹̱̤̩̭͉̀͂͘͘ͅȄ൚டۜஅͥ͢ͅ༦૶͈ঘཌ
ၚͬ௩‫̵̹̯ح‬ȃ੄ࠬ͂ۜஅͥ͢ͅঘͬཡ̪̹͛ȄͼΗςͺ͈΀ΡͽͺσΡȆευȪEduardo
Porroȫ͉ĲĹĸķාͅȄథ঱ͬ੄ॲ̵̯̹ࢃͅ໐໦എঊ‫ݠ‬ഊ੄੅࣐̠̭ͬ͂ͬ೹մ̱̹ȃ੿ြ͈୆૓ႁ݂ͬ୅̱̀́͜ͅȄ༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫̜͈̹̱̠̤ͥ́͂ݣ‬ȃೱؐ୨‫͈ٳ‬ഢ۟ത͉ȄĲĹĹĳ
ාͅΡͼΜ͈ζΛ·ΑȆ΍ϋ΄ȜȪMax Sängerȫ̦Ȅঊ‫͉ࣣ༽͈ݠ‬ະ‫৽̜͂ͥ́ࠧخ‬ಫ̱Ȅड઀ࡠ͈ழ૕฽؊̱̥̹̯̞ͣ̈́࢘͜‫ض‬എ̈́߆ঝͬ൵ව̱̹̭̜͂́ͥȃ̭̠̱̀੿ြ͈୆૓ႁ
݂ͬ୅̵̴ͅͅ༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫خ̦̭̠͂ݣ‬ෝ̹̈́̽ͅȃ৘͉΍ϋ΄Ȝ̦ঊ‫ࣣͬ༽ݠ‬೹մ̳ͥː
ාஜ͈ĲĹĸĹාͅȄͺις΃͈ΧςΑ֓঍̦୶̲̞̹ͭ̀ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣΧςΑ͉Ȅঊ‫ࣣ༽ݠ‬̳͓͈ͬ̀ೱؐ୨‫̩͉̈́́ٳ‬஖఼̯̹֚ͦ໐͈ೱؐ୨‫̭̠࣐͙͈ͬ͂́ٳ‬೹մ̱̞̹̀ȃडਞഎͅೱؐ୨‫ۜͥ͢ͅٳ‬அ͉Ȅྫ޿ܿ੅͂ࢯ୆໤ৗ͈၌ဥ̽̀͢ͅࡘઁ̱̹ĸȫȃȁ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ոࣛೱؐ୨‫ࠣͅݢ͉ٳ‬௩‫̹̱ح‬ȃĲĺııා̥ͣĲĺıĺාͅͺις΃͈ఱພ͉֭́ೱؐ୨‫̦ٳ‬஠੄ॲ͈ˍΩȜΓϋΠͅో̱ȄĲĺĴıාయ͉ͅĴįĳΩȜΓϋΠ̹̈́̽ͅĹȫȃ঱ൺ͈࠲ࢫ͂༗ࢌͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬γχͼΠΧ;Α݈ٛȪWhite House Conference on Child Health and Protectionȫ͉ȄĲĺĴıාͅͺις΃͈ĲĲĺ͈ພ͈֭಺औ࣐̞ͬȄ஠੄ॲ͈ĳįĺΩȜΓϋΠ́ೱؐ୨‫ٳ‬̦࣐̹̭ͩͦ͂ͬྶ̥̱̹̦ͣͅĺȫḘ͉̏ͦ႕̢͊ΑΠΛ·γσθॲ‫ش‬ພ͉֭́ೱؐ୨‫̦ٳ‬஠੄ॲ̴͈̥ͩıįıķΩȜΓϋΠً̨̥̹̭̈́̽͂͂ͅ๤‫̳͂ͥڛ‬Ȅ̥̥̹̈́ͤࣞ̽Ĳıȫȃȁ̭͈̠̈́͢ೱؐ୨‫͈ٳ‬௩‫͉֦͈֚ح‬Ȅೱؐ୨‫ํ࣐̦ͥͦͩٳ‬ս̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹̭̜͂́ͥȃγχͼΠΧ;Α݈͈ٛ಺औͦ͊͢ͅȄ̥̾̀ೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬ȶࣸ๕֎ੀ͞ॲൽ৭౯͈̠̈́͢ၑဇ̦̜ͥ
ાࣣȄ̷̱̀༦૶̦యੲ‫ܥ‬ෝະ஠͈૤௫ພ͈̈́̓৖͈ۛાࣣ͈͙࣐ͩͦͅȄ̥̈́ͤ‫̹̺̽ܭ‬ȃȆȆ̱̥̱Ȯೱؐ୨‫ٳ‬ȯ਀੅̦࣐ͩͦͥํս͉Ȅළૡ‫͍ݞ‬ଈ೑̤̞̀ͅࣉ̢̳͓͈ࣣͣͦͥ̀໵છ
ͬ‫ڐ́ͥ͛͘ͅ܄‬ఱ̱̹ȃ̷͈ఈ͈ાࣣȄۛ৪͈‫ܛ‬བ̦ࠨ೰എ̈́ါ֦̺̹̽ȷ̱Ȅ̞̩̥͈̾
ພ֭́ೱؐ୨‫ٳ‬ၚ̦̞͈͉ࣞȄౙͅ༒ܽഎ̈́ၑဇ֦͈̺̹ͥ̽͜ͅĲĲȫȃ‫͈੅ܿشٸ‬อోฺ̽ͅ
̀Ȅೱؐ୨‫ິॲͥ͢ͅٳ‬ঘཌၚ͉ȄĲĹĺıාయ͈ĲĳįĲΩȜΓϋΠ̥ͣĲĺĴıාయ͉ͅĵįĵΩȜΓϋΠͅ೩‫̹̱ئ‬Ĳĳȫȃ̱̥̱Ȅհ஠ͅೱؐ୨‫̧͉͈̦̭̠࣐ͥ́͂ͬٳ‬Ȅࣞഽ̈́߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹୺
࿝̺̫̺̹֓̽ȃ႕̢͊ĲĺĳĴා̥ͣĳķා̥̫͈̀ͅΪνȜΑΠΰ͈༭࣬ͦ͊͢ͅȄ๊֚‫ٸ‬‫̹࣐ͦͩ̀̽֓͢ͅުٳ๊֚͂֓ش‬ೱؐ୨‫͉́ٳ‬ȄĶĲ࠯ಎঘཌၚ̦ĴĴΩȜΓϋΠ̺̹͈̽ͅ
చ̱̀Ȅॲ‫୺ش‬࿝๊͈͙̜̞͉֚֓ͥ‫ވ͂֓شٸ‬൳࣐̹́ͩͦೱؐ୨‫͉́ٳ‬ȄĶķ࠯ಎঘཌၚ
͉ĲįĹΩȜΓϋΠ̺̹̽ĲĴȫȃೱؐ୨‫̀̽͂ͅິॲ̦ٳ‬௖་̴ͩͣ‫෇̭̜ͬ͂ͥ́ࡏܓ‬ে̱̞̹̀֓঍͉Ḙ͈̏਀੅͈௖చഎࢗऻ̪݈ͬ͛̽̀ა̱̹ȃȁ঱൮ࣸ๕ະ޳࣑͈̠̈́͢։ુ໦༔̤̞̀ͅȄ‫ٳ‬൮੅͂ೱؐ୨‫̴̞͈ͬͦٳ‬஖఼̳̥͈ͥ‫ܖ‬੔͉Ȅĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫֓ͅܢ‬঍̱̞݈ٛ́ࠣა̧̭̱̹ͬ֨ܳȃ݈ა͉ໝॠ̺̹̽ȃ୆ం̱̞̀ͥ
థ঱ͬ੄ॲ̵̯̭̦ͥ͂ࣾඳ̈́ે‫֓́ޙ‬঍ో͉Ȅ༦૶͂థ঱͈୆ྵ͈௖చഎ‫ث‬౵͈̠ͬ̓͢ͅ

๤‫ࣉڛ‬ၾ̳̥ͥȄະۖ஠̈́ે‫༹༷ͬ੅਀͈̓́ئޙ‬஖఼̳̥̞̠ͥ͂࿚ఴ৾ͤͅழ̫̈́ͦ͊͘
̥̹̈́ͣ̈́̽ȃȁೱؐ୨‫͈ٳ‬ൡࠗͬਓਬ̱̹ΧςΑ֓঍͉ĲĹĹĲාͅȄ̱͜͜‫ٳ‬൮੅ͥ͢ͅ੫଻͈ঘཌၚ̦
ĳıΩȜΓϋΠȄࣸ๕ࠂ஌Ȫࣸ๕࣌ͬࠁ଼̳ͥ‫ڎ‬ਅ͈ˎത‫ݻ͈ۼ‬ၗȫ̦ĳįĶͼϋΙո‫͈ئ‬ાࣣ͉ĴĸįĶΩȜΓϋΠ̞̠͂ࡉୟ̦ͤ͜ୃ̱̫ͦ͊Ȅଈ೑‫ٳ‬ইࢃତশ‫ۼ‬ոඤ࣐ͩͦͥͅೱؐ୨‫͢ͅٳ‬ͥ੫଻͈୆ంၚ͉ĸĶΩȜΓϋΠ́Ȅ̷͈ષঊ‫͈ރ‬୆ంၚ͉ĹĳΩȜΓϋΠ͈̈́́Ȅೱؐ୨‫͈ٳ‬༷̦ࠨ೰എͅ࿹պ̜́ͥ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃ̷̱̀ೱؐ୨‫̦ࣣڬ͈ٳ‬௩‫̱ح‬Ȅ̷ͦͅచ؊̱̀థ঱ͬ
෫ٟ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅͈ତ͉ࡘઁ̧̳͓̜ͥ́ͥ͂ࣉ̢̞̹̦̀Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅̦ຈါ͂এͩͦͥાࣣ͜ͅ
ೱؐ୨‫଼̹̥̱̽̈́ॷ͉̭̠࣐͂ͬͅٳ‬ȃ୺࿝‫͈ز‬ಎ͉ͅȄథ঱ͬ෫ٟ̳̭͉ͥ͂ൽඃഎͅ‫ۼ‬֑̞̽̀ͥ͂ࣉ̢̀Ȅ̱͜͜ೱؐ୨‫̫͊ͦ̈́ͦͣ͛෇̦ٳ‬థ঱̦ঘ͆́͘ఞ̾৪̦̞̦ͥḘ͉̏ͦȄ༦૶͂̽̀ͅ‫̞֑͂ͥ̀̽ۼ̜ͤ́ࡏܓ‬ΧςΑ͉ࣉ̢̞̹̀ȃ̩ͥພ́་ࠁ̱̹ࣸ๕ͬ
঵̾੫଻͈ાࣣȄ੝ॲິͅచ̱͉̀‫ٳ‬൮੅̦ୃ̱̞੄ॲ༹༷̺̦Ȅඵഽ࿒ո͈ࣛළૡ͉́Ȅ๞੫͉ࣸ๕͈‫̞̀̾ͅࠁܗ‬਱໦̈́౶েͬ঵̤̽̀ͤȄ‫̭̜ͬ͂ͥ́ࡏܓ‬ၑٜ̱̹ષ́ළૡ̱̹͈
̜̥́ͥͣȄ୺࿝‫̷̠͈͉ۛ̈́͢ز‬৪ͅ‫ة‬ഽ͜‫ٳ‬൮੅ͬঔ̧̳͓͉̩́̈́Ȅೱؐ୨‫ͬٳ‬஖఼̧̳͓̜́ͥ͂ȄΧςΑ͉৽ಫ̱̹ĲĵȫȃȁĲĹĹĵාͅχΏϋΠϋॲິ૽‫֓ش‬঍͈ٛٛಿ΍ην΀σȆ˟ȆΨΓͼȪSamuel C. Buseyȫ͉Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͥ͢ͅঘཌၚͬఈ͈਀੅̷ͥͦ͂͢ͅ๤‫̱̀ڛ‬Ȅȶ๊֚ͤ͢എ̈́૽ൽ৽݅͂ࢩํսͩͅ
̹ͥခဥ଻͈̹͛ͅȄজ͉Ȅ‫̀̽͢ͅڠش‬ٜྶ̯ͦȄ߃ා͈ૺ༜͈ࠫ‫̹̯ͦ෇ږض‬ൽͬૺ͙Ȅఈ༷͈հ஠ͬ༗બ̧̳̭̦̞͈༷͈֚ͥ͂́̈́ͅ୆ྵ్̠ͬͤ͢͜Ȅ͏̹͈̾୆ྵͅ‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬ೹‫̠̺̳ͧͥރ‬ȷ͂Ȅ୆ం̱̞̀ͥథ঱ͅచ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͅ฽చ̱̹ĲĶȫȃȁΣνȜπȜ·‫ٸ‬ြۛ৪૷ၷਫ਼͈ΐνςͺΑȆυȜΔϋΨȜΈȪJulius Rosenbergȫ֓঍͉Ȅ༦૶ͅ୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬဓ̢̹ͥ͛ͅঊ‫͈ރ‬୆ྵ݂ͬ୅̳̭͉ͥ͂ͅࠨ̱̀‫̦̞̯̈́ͦݺ‬Ȅ̜ͥે‫͉́ئޙ‬୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫ͅރ‬చ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅̦ୃ൚‫̩̫̺̯̈́́ͥͦا‬Ȅྫૄ࠯ͅঐা̯̭ͦͥ
͂ͅఱఉତ͈૽ș͉൳փ̱̞̀ͥ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶ௖చഎഐ؊̤̞̀ͅ‫ٳ‬൮੅͂ೱؐ୨‫̹͏͈ٳ‬͈̾਀੅ͬ๤‫̳͂ͥڛ‬Ȅ࡛ह͉́Ȅ୆ం̱̞̀ͥథ঱ͅచ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͬ෱গ̳̭͉ͥ͂ୃ൚‫ا‬̯̞ͦ̈́͂জ͉̲̞ۜ̀ͥȃ̭͈਀੅͉Ȅఈ͈ຊ৪͜৽ಫ̱̞̠̀ͥ͢ͅȄ୲చຈါ́Ȅೱؐ୨‫̀̽৾ͅٳ‬య̧̭͉̞ͩͣͦͥ͂́̈́ȃೱؐ୨‫͈ٳ‬৘ঔ͈༷̦‫ٳ‬൮੅͉̥ͤͥ͢͜ͅ‫̱͊ܔ‬̞̭͉͂෇̫̞̦͛̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́Ḙ͈̭͉̏͂Ȅྔඳͬෳ̱̀ೱؐ୨‫ͬٳ‬Ȃ̞̠͂߄࡞ͬୃ൚
‫̞͉͈̳̈́́ͥ͜ا‬ȷȃυȜΔϋΨȜΈͦ͊͢ͅȄȶࡕྟ̈́ࡔ௱ͅࡥ৏̳̭͕ͥ͂̓Ȃ֓ၷܿ੅͈อోͬಁ̵͈͉̞ͣͥ̈́͜ȃ֓‫̩͉̈́́ڠش̈́ڒࡕ͉ڠ‬Ȅ̥͈̈́ͤুဇഽ̦ຈါ̜́ͥȃ฻౯ႁ͂ࠐࡑ̦೰௱৾̽̀ͅయ̧͓̜ͩͥ́ͤȄࡢș͈છ႕͉৘ఠͅ‫ࣉ̞̀̿ܖ‬ၪ̯̫ͦ̈́ͦ͊
̞̈́ͣ̈́ȃȸࠨ̱̀஖఼എ਀੅̱͂̀ೱؐ୨‫̞͉࣐̈́ͣ̈́̀̽ͬٳ‬ȹ͂࡞̠̭̦͂‫̜̞֑́ۼ‬͈ͥ͂൳အͅȄȸ୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫ͅރ‬చ̱̀ࠨ̱̀‫ٳ‬൮੅࣐͉̞ͬ̽̀̈́ͣ̈́ȹ͂੥̩૽‫͉ۼ‬‫̞֑ͥ̀̽ۼ‬ȃِș͉ಎရͬ஖఼̱̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃ̷̦ͦȄ࿷͈֚ၑ଻എ̈́ੜ౾̜́ͤȄड͜ྖ௷͈̞̩ࠫ‫̞̳̱̹ͣͬ͜͞ض‬ȷȃ̷̱̀๞͉ষ͈̠ࠫ͢ͅა̱̹ȃȶ̱͜͜੫଻͈ଈ೑
̦ಿ̞̞̹֨̀ͣȄ̱͜͜ᦔ͈࠿औ̦ອ้࣐̞̹ͩͦ̀ͣͅȄ̱͜͜ఘ‫أ‬ષઌ̜̞͉ͥঊ‫ݠ‬ཛྷಫેఠ̜̹̽ͣͅȄ̱͜͜ঊ‫ݠ‬ਓੀ̜̞͉ͥ੄ॲ͈দ͙̽̀͢ͅథ঱͈୆ྵ̦‫̯̯ͦͣͅࡏܓ‬̞̹̀ͣȄ̷̱̱̀͜͜థ঱̦‫̹̺ͤ̽ࠁܗ‬୆ం‫خ‬ෝ̥̹̱̹́̈́̽ͤͣȄ̷͈শ͉ͅథ঱ͬ
݂୅̱̀ͅȄఱఉତ͈છ႕̤̞̀ͅ౿ྵഎ̈́਀੅ͬ੫଻ͅ਋̵̫̯̞̭̦̈́͂Ȅِș͈݅ྩ̜́ͥȷĲķȫȃ
ȁĲĺııාͅΏ΃Ό‫ٸ‬ြۛ৪૷ၷਫ਼͈˟Ȇ˯ȆαȜ΋ϋȪC. S. Baconȫ֓঍͉Ȅȶࣞᱛঊ਀੅Ȅೱؐ୨‫ٳ‬Ȅ౹ࣣࣸࠫ୨‫̦੅ٳ‬٨஝̯̹ͦࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫ͅރ‬చ̳ͥ౯൮੅Ȯੜ౾ະෝ̈́
ඳॲ͈ાࣣȄ
༔੄ͬယօ̳̹ͥ͛ͅͅథ঱͈൮໐ͬ୨౯̳ͥɁ‫ٳ‬൮੅ȯ͉ೇ̧̱̩̹̦̈́̽̀Ȅ̳͓͈̀છ႕̷̤̞͈̀ͅ਀੅ͬ๱ඳ̳͈ͥͬુ̳̭͉͂ͥ͂ະ‫خ‬ෝ̜́ͥȷ͂੆͓̹ȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅ๱ુͅ৻̞̽̀ͥঊ‫خ̧̦̭̠ͥ́͂ݣͬރ‬ෝ଻͉̱̞̱݃ͩȄۜஅ̱̹༦૶͂̽ͅ
̀ೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬๱ુͅ૬̺̥̜࣫ͣ́ͥȃ̯ͣͅȄȶঔ੅৪ু૸͈‫੅਀شٸ‬ෝႁ͞‫׳‬੩͈‫خ‬ෝ଻͜ࣉၪͅව̫̞ͦ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȷ͂αȜ΋ϋ͉৽ಫ̱̹ĲĸȫȃȁΣνȜπȜ·͈ΑυȜϋॲ‫ش‬ພ͈֭ΐͿȜθΒȆˠȆό͹ΪȜΒȪJames D. Voorheesȫ֓঍͜Ȅೱؐ୨‫ͥ͢ͅٳ‬༦૶͈ঘཌၚ̦೩‫ٳ͈̹̱́ئ‬൮੅͉஖఼̧̯͓͉̞̦ͦͥ́̈́Ȅ஖఼̯ͦͥ
̧͓ાࣣ̜ͥ͂͜৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶೱؐ୨‫ͥ͢ͅٳ‬༦૶͈ঘཌၚ̦೩̞͈́Ȅ̱͜͜ঊ‫̦ރ‬୆ం̱̞̀ͥ̈́ͣȄ‫̈́ܭ‬ાࣣͬੰ̞̀Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅͉ࠨ̱̀஖఼̧̯͓͉̞ͦͥ́̈́ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄ੫଻̦ࢡ̱̩̞۪̈́͘‫́ޏ‬Ȅ̳́ͅଈ೑̦ಿ̧֨ੜ౾̦՛̩̀ۜஅ̱̞̠̀ͥ̈́͢ે‫̜̈́ͥͅޙ‬ͣȄ̢̹͂ঊ‫̦ރ‬୆ం̱̤̀ͤၻࢡ̈́ેఠ̜̹̱̽͂̀͜ͅȄ‫ٳ‬൮੅̦஖఼̧̯͓̜ͦͥ́ͥȃ̱͜͜ঊ‫̦ރ‬Ȅྤฏତ̦௸̩̀৻̩̀ঘ͈ಣ࢓ͬা̱̞̹̀ͣȄ̱͜͜ᱛঊͥ͢ͅࡁ̦֨ಿ֨
̞̀൮ͅఅੱͬ๭̞̹̽̀ͣȄ̷̱̱̀͜͜୆̧̹͘͘࠲ࢫ́୆ͦͥ͘ಣ࢓ͬা̱̞̥̀̈́̽
̹ͣȄ‫ٳ‬൮੅̧̦࣐͓̜ͩͦͥ́ͥȃ൳শͅȄࣾඳ̈́‫ٳ‬൮੅͉ೱؐ୨‫̱̱͊͊ͤ͜͢ٳ‬༦૶͂̽̀ͅ‫̭̠̞̜ͬ͂͂ͥ́ࡏܓ‬Ȅདྷ͉̞ͦ̀̈́ͣ̈́ȃ໮य̯̹ͦŜథ঱͈Ş൮̧ͬ֨੄̳̭̦͂Ȅ༦૶͈඲໐Ȫࣸ͂඲ࣸͬੰ̞̹ఘழ૕ȫ͈झੱ͂Ⴈੱًͥ͢ͅഽ͈ΏοΛ·͂੄̧̭ࠬͬ֨ܳ
̳̠̈́ࣸ͢๕ਓੀ͈ાࣣ͉ͅȄࠨ̱̀‫ٳ‬൮੅ͬদ̧͙͓͉̞ͥ́̈́ȃ̹͘Ȅًഽ͈౎၂ழ૕̥
ͣ෴ࠬછٟ͂ঘ̦̭̠ܳͥ̈́͢ાࣣ͜ͅȄ‫ٳ‬൮੅̧࣐̠͓͉̞ͬ́̈́ȃ̷͈̠̈́͢ાࣣ͉ͅȄ‫ٳ‬ໜ੅̽̀͢ͅঊ‫̧̜͓̥ͥ́ͥͦੰ̦ͤ৾ݠ‬ȷȃ̱̥̱๞͉Ȅȶ޽‫ݢ‬মఠ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ̷̱̀ࢡ̱̩̞۪̈́͘‫͉́ޏ‬Ȅ୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫ͅރ‬ຈါ̈́‫ٳ‬൮੅̦শș࣐̺̠̦ͩͦͥͧȄॲ‫ܿڠش‬੅͈౶ে๊̦֚എ̈́ͥ̾ͦ̀ͅͅ‫̠̺ͧͥ̈́ͅܭ‬ȷ͂ထ‫̹̞̱̀ܢ‬ĲĹȫȃȁĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ոࣛȄ֓‫ڠ‬ॠধ̤̞̀ͅೱؐ୨‫̳ͥ۾ͅٳ‬༭̦࣬‫ࠣͅݢ‬௩‫̹̱ح‬ȃ̭͈௩‫͉֦ࡔ͈ح‬Ȅພ͈֭௩‫ڟ͈੅ܿ͂ح‬૧ͅ‫̧̦̭̳ͥ́͂ͥܦ‬ȃྫ޿ܿ੅Ȅཻଜ࿪Ȅ̷̱̀˴஌͉Ȅ‫੅਀شٸ‬଼͈ࢗၚͬષ̬̹ȃ̷͈̹̳̳͛͘͘ఉ̩͈֓঍̦Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅͉শయಁͦ́Ȅ̷ͦͅှͥ֓঍͉

థ঱ͬະຈါ݂ͅ୅̱̞̞̠̀ͥ͂ͅփࡉͬນྶ̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬༦૶͂థ঱͈
ၰ༷͈୆ྵͬ‫̧͈̦̭̠́ͥ́͂ݣ‬Ȅఉ̩͈૽ș̦Ȅ̱͜͜հ஠ͅ਀੅̦࣐͈̜ͩͦͥ́ͦ͊
ೱؐ୨‫̦༷͈ٳ‬བ̱̞͂͘এ̠̠̹̈́̽͢ͅȃΐοȜΐΗ;ϋఱ‫ޗڠشॲ͈ڠ‬਎ΐοϋȆˢȆκρϋȪJohn F. Moranȫ͉ȄĲĺıĶාͅষ͈̠͢ͅ੆͓̞̀ͥȃȶ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄफ़޿༹͈শయ
͈ൢြոြȄ̥͉̾̀Ķı ȡ ĺıΩȜΓϋΠ̺̹̽ঘཌၚ̦੭șͅ೩‫̱ئ‬Ȅ࡛ह͉́Ȅࠐࡑͬୟ̺ͭঔ੅৪͈਀̥̥ͦ͊ͅˑΩȜΓϋΠո‫̜ͥ́ئ‬ȃȆȆ‫ٳ‬൮੅͉Ȅ͉̥̾̀͜͞୸̞̹͛̀
౷պͬ༗঵̱͉̞̞̀̈́ȃ̶̈́̈́ͣȄঊ‫͉ރ‬୆ං͈ࡀ၌ͬခ̱̤̀ͤȄ̷͉ͦ༦૶ͅచ̳ͥ‫ܓ‬ࡏͬ௩̱̀͜ఄਹ̧̯͓̺̥̜ͦͥͣ́ͥȷĲĺȫȃȁ̯ͣͅκρϋ֓঍͉ȄĲĺĲĶාͅχΏϋΠϋॲິ૽‫ފش‬͈ٛٛಿ‫׵‬୰̤̞̀ͅȄȶ୆ం̱̞̀
ͥঊ‫ͅރ‬చ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅̦࣐̩̹̭͉ͩͦ̈́̈́̽͂Ȅ߃యॲ‫͈ڠش‬ռఱ̈́ੳ၌͈͌͂̾ȝ෴ཤ̥ͣੳ၌͈͒໰̞ͦ̈́͜ഢ۟തĂĂȝ̜́ͥȃ໲ྶ͈͕͖ই̥ͤͣ͘‫ة‬ଲ‫̧࣐̹̀ͦͩ̀̽ͩ͜ͅܮ‬̹̭͈୨౯਀੅͉Ȅࢨ̞̭̈́͂ͅȄၰ༷͈୆ྵͬ‫̭̠ͬ͂ݣ‬࿒എ̳͂ͥ૽ൽഎ̈́ٚව਀੅৾̽ͅ
̀య̹ͩͣͦȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹ĳıȫȃȁ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄೱؐ୨‫͈ٳ‬ાࣣȄ֓‫֗͞ޗڠ‬୭๵͈ະ௷ͤ͢ͅȄঔ੅৪‫͈ۼ‬Ȅ̷̱̀സঌ͂
౷༷͈ພ଼̤̫֭ͥࢗͅၚ͈ओ͉ȄĲĺĳıාయ́͘ం௽̱̹ȃͺις΃́ພ̦֭ດ੔‫̯ͥͦا‬͈͉ĲĺĲıාయո͈̭̜ࣛ͂́ͤȄॲ‫͉֗ޗڠش‬Ĳĺĳıාయ́͘ະ਱໦̺̹̽ĳĲȫȃĲĺĴıාͅͺις΃֓঍͈ٛॲ‫ڠش‬໐ٛ͂ͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ފش‬ٛȪAmerican Association of Obstetricians andGynecologistsȫȄͺις΃ິ૽‫ފش‬ٛȪAmerican Gynecological Societyȫ̦ࣣ൳̱̀ͺις΃ॲິ૽‫ش‬տ֥ٛȪAmerican Board of Obstetricians and Gynecologistsȫͬ୭ၛ̱Ȅ୺࿝໦࿤͈‫֗ޗ‬‫͍ݞ‬঩‫෇ڒ‬೰ଷഽͬଷ೰̱̠̱̹͂͢ȃĲĺĴĳා́͘Ȅॲ‫ڠش‬Ȇິ૽‫̞̤̀ͅڠش‬Ĳıා‫ࠐ͈ۼ‬ࡑͬ঵̾֓঍͉Ȅদࡑࣣͅ‫̳͊ͦڒ‬஻୭৪̱͂̀෇̹͛ͣͦȃ૧̱̞୺࿝‫ޗܰୃ͈ڠشॲ͉ز‬̦֗ါ‫̯ͦݥ‬Ȅˏා‫͈ۼ‬ఱ‫୺͂֗ޗ֭ڠ‬࿝‫ˎ̩͂̈́͜ઁ̱̀͂ز‬ා‫͈ۼ‬৘ਠͬ਋̫̫̈́ͦ͊̈́
̥̹ͣ̈́̽ȃ̞̥̈́ͥ֓঍͜Ȅ੫଻ո‫͈ۛٸ‬৪ͬ਋̫ව̧̭͉̥̹ͦͥ͂́̈́̽ȃ̭̠̱̀Ȅ਱໦̈́߱Ⴏͬ਋๊̫̹֚֓Ȫgeneral practitionersȫ̢̯́͜տ֥͈ٛ঩‫෇ڒ‬೰̥͉ͣෳੰ̯ͦ
̹ȃ̯ͣͅտ֥͉ٛȄພ͈֭ॲ‫ش‬૖ͬտ֥͈ٛտ֥ͅࡠ೰̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅȄॲ‫ڠش‬໦࿤̤̫ͅ
๊͈֚ͥ֓‫ڰ‬൲ͬଷࡠ̱̠̱̹͂͢ȃĲĺĴķා́͘ͅտ֥͉ٛȄພ֭́হၷ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ
৪̧̞͂́̈́৪ͬ෇೰̳ͥ́͘ͅࡀրͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹ȃ๊֚ఱਤ͜ພ͈֭ၑম͜Ȅ਱໦̈́߱Ⴏͬ਋
̫̹୺࿝̷̠̞֓͂́̈́৪ͬে༆̳ͥ਀౲̱͂̀Ȅ঩‫෇ڒ‬೰ͬ၌ဥ̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅĳĳȫȃˎȁॲ৒̤̫ͥͅփএࠨ೰৪͈་‫ا‬ȁ։ુ໦༔͈षͅ‫ٳ‬൮੅͂ೱؐ୨‫̴̞͈ͬͦٳ‬஖఼̳̥̞̠݈ͥ͂ა͉Ȅĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ॲ͈ܢ‬৒̤̫ͥͅփএࠨ೰ࡀ̪ͬ͛ͥ޽ಫેఠͬ฽‫̹̞̱̀ד‬ȃ̳͓͈̀‫߸۾‬৪̷͉̤̩ͣȄ̱͜͜‫خ‬ෝ̜́ͦ͊༦૶͂ঊ‫͈ރ‬ၰ༷͈୆ྵͬ‫̭̠ͬ͂ݣ‬஖఼̱̹̺̠ͧȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄ੄ॲ̦ࣾඳ̈́ે‫͉́ޙ‬Ȅॲິ̷͈͂࿻૽͉͕̞͂ͭ̓̾͜Ȅॲິ͈୆ྵ͂࠲ࢫͬ৿ͤ੿ြ͈੄ॲ͈̹͛
͈‫ͬ଻ࡏܓ‬ड઀ࡠ̳̹ͥ͛ͅͅȄೱؐ୨‫ٳͤ͜͢ٳ‬൮੅ͬ঑঵̱̹ȃॲິ͈ຳ͜‫̱̀ٽ‬Ȅत͈୆ྵͬల֚ͅ‫̠ݣ‬ຈါ଻ͬஶ̢̹ȃ΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬ര͈‫ز‬௼͈ાࣣȄ୉૖৪͉ȶऻ૬̞ȷ༦૶͢
ͤ͜ȶྫࢠ̈́ȷథ঱͈̹͛ͅอ࡞̱̹ȃ̭͈̠̈́͢ાࣣȄॲ‫͉֓ش‬ȶࠨ೰ͬऒֲ̳ͥȷຘͬൎ
̲̹ͥ͛ͅȄॲ৒̤̫ͥ֓ͅ‫ڠ‬എࡀրͬ‫ږ‬ၛ̱̠̱͂͢Ȅম৘֓঍͈ຘ̦ड͜ਹါ̞̈́̽̀ͅ
̩͈̜́ͥȃ
ȁ੄ॲͥ͢ͅঘͬ‫̹̞̀ͦޔ‬੫଻ో͉ȄĲĹଲ‫ܮ‬฼͊ոࣛȄᱛঊȄཻଜȄ̷͈ఈ͈࿪͞‫਀شٸ‬੅͈‫ث‬౵͂‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬ෇ে̱Ȅ̷ͦͬ၌ဥ̳̹ͥ͛֓ͅ঍̞̠͂୺࿝‫ॲͬز‬৒ͅࡤ͍ව̠ͦͥ͢
̹̈́̽ͅĳĴȫȃ߃య֓‫͉ڠ‬ഥൡഎ͈̈́ͤ͜͢Ȅܿ੅എ̥̈́ͤͅໝॠ́ඳٜ̺̹̽ȃਲ̽̀Ȅഥൡഎ̈́੄ॲܿ੅̱̥੃౶̱̞̥̹̀̈́̽ॲິ͞ഥൡഎ̈́੄ॲၛٛ૽͉Ȅ૧̱̞߃య֓‫ͬ੅͈ܿڠ‬෤՜̧̥̹́̈́̽ȃ̢͉̞͂Ȅু఺੄ॲ͉́Ȅॲິ͞ഥൡഎ̈́੄ॲၛٛ૽͉੄ॲ༹༷͈஖఼ͅ
̤̞̀ୟޭഎ̈́࿨‫̱̹ضͬڬ‬௽̫̹ȃအș̈́ါ֦̦੫଻͈੄ॲ༹༷͈஖఼ͅ‫ͬޣג‬ဓ̢̹ȃల͉̻֚ͧͭ͜Ȅॲິ͈୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻̺̹̽ȃ̱̥̱Ȅॲິً͉‫ࠐॲ੄͈ݲ‬ႤȄ̳̻̳̈́ͩ́ͅ‫ة‬૽͈୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫̥̞̦ͥރ‬Ȅ਀੅̽̀͢ͅ੿ြ͈੄ॲ̦‫خ‬ෝ̥̠̥̓͜ࣉၪ̱̹ȃ̱̳́͜͜ͅ୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫̞̦͊ͦރ‬Ȅॲິু૸͈࠲ࢫ͞୆ྵͬ࿹୶̵̯̥̱̥̹ͥͦ̈́̽͜ȃ̱͜͜ॲິً̦‫ةͅݲ‬ഽ͜ঘॲ̱̞̀ͦ͊Ȅ͉ࣽٝ୆ం‫خ‬ෝ̈́ঊ‫ͬࡏܓ̹̳͛ͥͅॲ੄ͬރ‬ཙ̳̥̱̥̹ͦ̈́̽͜ȃȁĳıଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮́͘Ȅু఺੄ॲ͉́֓঍͉Ȅॲິ͞ഥൡഎ̈́੄ॲၛٛ૽͈஖఼ͬࣉၪͅවͦ̈́
̫̥̹ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́̽ȃഥൡഎ̈́੄ॲၛٛ૽̦Ȅॲິ̦‫ે̈́ࡏܓ‬ఠͅ‫̞͂ͥ̀̽ۿ‬এ̞ͩ̈́ࡠͤȄ֓঍̦੄ॲͅၛ̻̠̹ٛ͛ͅॲ৒ͅࡤ͍ව̭͉͕̥̹ͦͣͦͥ͂͂ͭ̓̈́̽ȃ੄ॲͅၛ̻ٛ̽
̹ાࣣ́͜Ȅॲ৒͉́ॲິ̷͈͞ఈ͈੄ॲၛٛ૽̦੄ॲ༹༷͈஖఼̤̞̀ͅୟޭഎ̈́࿨‫ضͬڬ‬̹̱Ȅ֓঍̷͉̱̱͈͊͊ࠨ೰ͅਲ̠̭͂ͬဒܻ̩̯̹̈́ͦȃ;ͿΑΗϋςΎȜήఱ‫ڠشॲڠ‬Ȇ‫ޗڠشٸ‬਎͈ΘΡτȜȆˬȆͺτϋȪDudley P. Allenȫ͉ĲĹĺĸාͅȄȶ‫ز‬௼͉Ȅঊ‫͈ॲ்̦ރ‬‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̜ͤȄထ೰඾ͅ୆̞̥̱̞̬̹ͦ̈́ͦ̈́͂࣬ͣͦ͘͜ȃ๞͉ͣոஜͅඵ૽͈ঊ‫ͬރ‬ཌ̩̱̤̀ͤȄ୥ࠑ̨ͬ๱ુͅབ̞̹͈ͭ́́Ȅୟޭഎͅೱؐ୨‫ࠨ͈ٳ‬փ̱̹ͬȃ਀੅଼͈͈ࢗ
ඳ̱̯͉௖൚̺̹̽ȷ͂༭̱࣬ĳĵȫȄαȜ΋ϋ֓঍͜ĲĺııාͅȄȶ༦૶͂຿૶̦Ȅ༦૶͂̽̀ͅ
૬࣫̈́‫͜ͅ੅਀̥̞̳̹ͥ̈́ͣͬ͜ࡏܓ‬฽చ̳ͦ͊Ȅঔ੅৪͉ঊ‫݂ͬރ‬୅̳̭ͥ͂ͬͅဒܻ̈́
̩̯̺̠ͦͥͧȷ͂ঐഊ̱̹ĳĶȫȃ̹͘ό͹ΪȜΒ֓঍͜ĲĺıĳාͅȄȶఉ̩͈߃యഎॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ȅঊ‫݅ͅ৽̠̞̞̫͂̈́ͣ̈́͊ͦ̈́ͩݣͬރ‬ਲ̠݅ྩ̲̦ͬۜ̈́ͣ͜Ȅশ͉ͅু͈ͣၻ૤͞ड஝
͈฻౯ͅুဇͅਲ̧̠̭̦̞͂́̈́ે‫ͅޙ‬౾̥ͦͥȃۛ৪ু૸̷͈͞࿻૽̦Ȅ୨౯਀੅ͬ‫୲ݵ‬̳̥̱̞̥̜ͥͦ̈́ͣ́ͥ͜ȷ͂੆͓̞̹̀ĳķȫȃȁĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫́͘ܢ‬Ȅఉ̩͈੫଻͉Ȅ਀੅࣐̠͈ͬͅഐ̱̹۪‫̹̱ॲ੄́఺ু̞͉̈́́ޏ‬ȃ਀੅̳̭̹ͬͥ͂̈́̽ͅાࣣȄ֓঍͉ພ֭ͅ֊൲̳̭ͥ͂ͬۛ৪ͅොං̵̯̫̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́

̥̹̽ȃ̷̠̫́̈́ͦ͊Ȅ֓঍͉๞̦ͣ‫ܖ‬੔ո‫̠࣐ͬ੅਀́ޏ̢۪ͥࣉ͂ئ‬ຈါ଻ͅೄ࿂̱̹ȃ̯ͣ֓ͅ঍̦੄ॲ֓ၷܿ੅͈߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹ۭࢌ঍ͬႲ࣐̥̫ͦ̀̈́ͦ͊Ȅഐ୨̈́߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̀
̞̞̈́ఈ͈ၛٛ૽ͅ੩ႁͬ‫̹̥̥̱̽̈́ͥ͛ݥ‬ȃ֓঍̦ॲິͬພ֭ͅ֊൲̵଼̯̭̱ͥ͂ࢗͅ
̹ા̢ࣣ̯́͜Ȅ֊൲͈̹͛ܲͅਹ̈́শ‫̦ۼ‬৐ͩͦȄ਀੅଼͈‫ͬض‬ଷࡠ̱̹ȃ̭͈ͦͣါ֦ͅ
‫̢̀ح‬Ȅఱ໐໦͈֓঍͉Ȅ̷ͦ́͘౶̥̹ͣ̈́̽Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ࠿૷̱̹̭̦̥̹͂̈́̽ॲິ͈੄
ॲͅၛ̻̠̹ٛ͛ͅࡤ̞̠͊ͦͥ͂ম৘͉Ȅ֓঍͈ࡉٜ̥̳ͣͥ͂Ȅ๞͈ͣॲ৒̤̫ͥͅ঑෻
ࡀͬգുഎͅଷࡠ̱̞̹̀ȃ̭͈̠͢ͅȄఱ໐໦̦ু఺੄ॲ̜̹́̽শయ͈֓‫ڠ‬എࡀր͉Ȅ๱֓‫ڠ‬എါ֦̥̽̀̈́ͤ͢ͅଷࡠ̯̞̹ͦ̀ȃȁ਀੅̦ܿ੅എࣞͅഽ̈́ͥ̾ͦ̀ͅͅȄ੄ॲ༹༷ͅ‫ࠨ͈ິॲ̳ͥ۾‬೰ࡀ͉ଚప̱Ȅॲິ͈ຳ̦
ఱ̧̈́࿨‫̹̞̠̳̹̽̀̽̈́͢ͅضͬڬ‬ȃ੄ॲ༹༷͈ࠨ೰̤̫ͥͅຳ͈ೄ୪എ̈́࿨‫̞̀̾ͅڬ‬͉Ȅ̷̜ͦ́ͤ͘͘࡞‫̦̹̥̭̯̽̈́̀ͦݞ‬Ȅĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫͂ͥ̈́ͅܢ‬Ȅ୆ྵͬ‫̳̯ͣͅࡏܓ‬̠̈́͢੄ॲ͉́Ȅຳ̦ࡀրͬ঵̹̽ਹါ̈́อ࡞৪̱͂̀‫̹̞̠̬̽̀̽̈́ͥͦͣ͢ͅݷ‬ȃ਀੅ͬࣉၪ̳ͥषȄ֓঍͉ॲິু૸̥ͣ͂൳̲̩̞ͣອ้ͅॲິ͈ຳ̥ͣ‫ͬخݺ‬ං̠̳͂ͥ͢
̠̹̈́̽͢ͅȃ႕̢͊ȄΦȜΑ;ͿΑΗϋఱ‫ޗڠشॲ͈ڠ‬਎ΐοΔέȆ˞ȆΟςȜȪJoseph B.
ȶ֓঍͉ͅȄ༦૶͈൳փ̱̈́ͅ๞੫ͬ‫̳̯ͣͅࡏܓ‬ൽඃഎࡀ၌͉̞̈́͂
DeLeeȫ͉ĲĺıĲාͅȄএ̠ȃ̱͜͜๞੫̦փেະྶ̜̞͉ͥୈ૰։ુ̈́ͣ͊Ȅ๞੫͈యၑ૽ȄຳȄड߃૶৪͈൳փͬ
ං̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃ̱͜͜փࡉ̦໦Ⴈ̱̹ͣȄ༦૶̦ঊ‫ͬރ‬བ̞ͭ́̀຿૶̦त͈༗ࢌͬབ
̞̹ͭ́ͣȄজ͈փࡉ͉́Ȅຳ͈࡞ဩ̦ࠨ೰എ̧̜͓̜́ͥ́ͥȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹ĳĸȫȃȁέͻρΟσέͻͺ͈΀ΡχȜΡȆˬȆΟͼόͻΑȪEdward P. Davisȫ֓঍͉ĲĺıĳාͅȄඳॲ̈́ͥ͂ͅထ௶̱̹੫଻͈ᦝպȪ໦༔শͅథ঱͈ᦝ໐̦୶ૺ̳ͥథպȫ͈છ႕ͬ༭̱̹࣬ȃȶۛ৪͈ຳ͉Ȅࣣ໵છ̦࡛̞̯ͦ̀ͥ͂࠙࣬ͦȄۛ৪̦‫̹̬̜ͦͣ࣬͂ͥ́ࡏܓ‬ȃȆȆຳ͉Ȅ੄ॲஜ́͜੄ॲಎ́͜ଟփͅ௖౴̧̳̭̦̬̹ͥ͂́ͥ͂࣬ͣͦȷ
ȃΟͼόͻΑ͉ೱؐ୨‫̞࣐ͬٳ‬̹̥̹̽ȃȶೱؐ୨‫̦ٳ‬ຳͅ೹մ̯ͦȄ௲जͅ਋̫ව̹ͦͣͦȷ
ȃ֓঍͉ࢨ̞̭̈́͂ͅȄࢡࠫ‫ض‬ͬຳͅ૞̵̧̲̯̭̦̹ͥ͂́ȃȶࢨ̞͜ͅຳ͉ે‫෇̩̱ୃͬޙ‬ে̱Ȅ๞͈ଇ௸́࢘ၚഎ̈́ႁ
ഞ̢́છ႕଼͉ࢗၕͅਞ̹ͩ̽ȷĳĹȫȃȁ̭͈̠͢ͅȄশ͉֓ͅ঍͂ຳ̦Ȅ̜ͥ਀੅࣐̠̥̠̥ͬ̓ͬ‫̱݈ފ‬Ȅ‫݈ފ‬ඤယͬ੫଻ͅ౶ͣ
̵̥̠̥݈ͥ̓ͬა̱̹ȃ̷̤̩ͣॲ৒͈༌ߛ͞ႋ৒̷࣐̹͈̠́ͩͦ̈́͢‫͉݈ފ‬Ȅ੫଻̥ͣ౳଻͈͒੄ॲ༹༷͈ࠨ೰ࡀ͈֊࣐ͬྶ‫ͅږ‬া̱̞̹̀ȃഥൡഎͅȄ੄ॲ̦ਞ͕ͩͥ́͂ͭ̓͘
ႋ৒ͅ೏̞ͣͦ̀͞੄ॲ̥ͣෳੰ̯̞̹ͦ̀ຳ͉Ȅ੄ॲͅచ̳ͥ֓‫ڠ‬എٚවͬ฻౯̳̹͈ͥ͛
ࠐࡑഎ౶েͬ঵̞̥̹̽̀̈́̽ȃ঱൮ࣸ๕ະ޳࣑͈̠̈́͢޽‫ݢ‬মఠ͈ાࣣȄ๞̷͉̤̩ͣͣॲ
ິ͞ഥൡഎ̈́੄ॲၛٛ૽̥ͤ̈́ͤ͢͜ယօ֓ͅ‫ڠ‬എࡀրͬ਋̫ව̹ͦȃ੄ॲͅ‫ࡑࠐ̳ͥ۾‬എ౶েͬ঵̞̥̹̽̀̈́̽ຳ͉Ȅत͈୆ྵ̦‫́ޙે̈́ࡏܓ‬Ȅ֓‫ڠ‬എ฻౯ͬ֓঍ͅ‫̰ͬͥ͛ݥ‬ං̥̹͈̜̈́̽́ͥȃ̭̠̱̀֓঍͉ຳͬփএࠨ೰৪ͅ‫̭ͤ͂ͥ͛͢ͅ܄‬Ȅຳ͈಑୍૤ͬੳ̻৾ͤȄ֓঍͈ࠨ೰ͅచ̳ͥ঑঵ͬຳ̥ͣං̧̭̦̹ͥ͂́ȃȁഥൡഎ̈́ॲ৒͈޳࣑ͬई၄̵̯Ȅ֓঍͈ࡀրͬ๱ુͅ‫͉͈̹̱̥ޞ‬Ȅॲ৒ͅంह̳ͥ৪Ȅ̳̻̈́ͩథ঱͈ȶయၑ૽ȷ̱͂̀փএນা̳ͥ΃ΠςΛ·͈୉૖৪͈ࡀր͈૟ව̺̹̽͂ȄςȜόͻΛΠ͉ঐഊ̱̞̀ͥĳĺȫȃĲĺଲ‫֓́͘ܮ‬঍͜୉૖৪͜Ȅ૽‫͈ۼ‬୆ྵ͉༦૶̦థ൲̲̹ͬۜ
শͅই̞̠ͥ͂͘ࡣయ̥͈ͣ૞ૄͬ‫ވ‬ခ̱̞̹̀ȃథ൲ͥ͢ͅߊ໦͉Ȅథ঱͈୆ྵͤ͢͜༦૶
͈୆ྵͬఄਹ̵̯̹ȃĲĺଲ‫͉ͅܮ‬Ȅ၅୪ࣣঊ̥͈ͣ᥷ঊ͈อ֗Ȫథ঱͉၅ঊ͂ୈঊ͈ဏࣣͅ
̽̀͢ैͤ੄̯ͦͥȫ̞̠͂୰̦Ȅ֓঍͂୉૖৪͈Ȅ୆ྵ͈ইͤ͘ͅ‫๊̳֚ͥ۾‬എ෇েͬ੭șͅ་̢ই̹͛ȃ΃ΠςΛ·͈૰‫ڠ‬৪͉੭ș̷͈ͅ୰ͬनဥ̳̠ͥ̈́ͤ͢ͅȄ̷͉ͦథ঱ͅȄ਋ୈ͈੊‫͈̱̀͂ۼ૽̥ͣۼ‬ͺͼΟϋΞͻΞͻ͂༦૶͂൳൝͈୆ྵࡀͬဓ̢̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃ΃
ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬͉ٛȄĲĺଲ‫̥ͣྎܮ‬ĳıଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮̥̫̀ͅͺις΃ͅൢ಍̱̹࿩Ķııྔ૽͈ධ൐؎
੄૸͈΃ΠςΛ·ࠏ֊ྦྷ͈֓ၷۭࢌ̧ͬ֨਋̫̠͂͢໭൰̱Ȅ΃ΠςΛ·ࠏ͈ພ֭ତ͉ĲĹĸĳා͈ĸĶ̥ͣĲĺĲıා͉ͅĵııͅ‫ݢ‬௩̱̹ȃ΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬̦ٛ֓ၷۭࢌͅ‫̠̾ͥ̈́ͥͩ͢ͅͅ۾‬ͦ̀Ȅ૰‫ڠ‬৪ో͉‫ٳ‬൮੅ͅచ̳ͥൽඃഎ݃࿚ͬນྶ̳̠̹̦ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȄ๞͈ͣࡉٜ͜အș́ᔛཾ̺̹̽ȃ΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬ٛ͂̽̀ͅ‫ٳ‬൮੅͈ൽඃഎ࿚ఴ̦ٜࠨ̱̹͈͉ȄĲĹĺĶා˓࠮ĳĵ඾ͅό͹Ι΃ϋ̦‫ٳ‬൮੅ͅ฽చ̳ͥࠨ೰ͬอນ̱̥̺̹̀ͣ̽Ĵıȫȃȁഥൡഎ̈́੄ॲ͉́ྶ̥ͣͅȄథ঱͈୆ྵͤ͢͜༦૶͈୆ྵ̦ఄਹ̯̹ͦȃ̱༷̦֚͜͜ఈ༷
ͬ‫݂̹̠͛ͅݣ‬୅̫̞͈̜̈́ͣ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́́ͦ͊ͅȄ༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫๊̦̭̠֚͂ݣ‬എ̺̹̽ȃ༦૶͉̳́ͅ২͈֥̜֚ٛ́ͤȄՔૂ͂২ٛഎ‫߸۾‬Ȅ݅ྩ͂ୣහͬခ̱̞̹̀ȃ๞੫͉Ȅ๞੫͈ଲდͬຈါ̱̞͂̀ͥঊ‫̱̹̥̱̥̞̽̈́ͦͥ́ͭ͜ॲ̳́ͬͅރ‬Ȅఈ͈ঊ‫̭̳ͥॲ੄ͬރ‬̧̦̥̱̥̹͂́ͥͦ̈́̽͜ȃड͜བ̱̞͈͉̻ͧͭ͘͜༦૶͂ঊ‫͈ރ‬ၰ༷͈୆ྵͬ‫̭̠͂ݣ‬̺̹̦̽Ȅၰ༷̦୆ం̳̭̦ͥ͂ະ‫خ‬ෝ̈́ે‫͉́ޙ‬Ȅঊ‫݂ͬރ‬୅̱̀́͜ͅ༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫̠ݣ‬̹͈͛ੜ౾̦࣐̭ͩͦͥ͂ͅȄ֓঍͜༦૶͜൳փ̱̞̹̀ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬͉ٛȄ༦૶͈୆ྵͤ͢͜థ঱͈୆ྵͬఄਹ̱̹ȃ༦૶͉̳́ͅऻ૬̞̦Ȅథ঱͉੗ଘ́ྫࢠ́ऻͬๆ̱̀
̞̥̹̈́̽ȃਲ̽̀Ȅ୆ྵ͈ইͤ͘ͅ‫๊̳֚ͥ۾‬എ෇ে̦་‫̳̀ͦ̾ͥͅا‬Ȅ΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬͉ٛ୆ం̱̞̀ͥథ঱ͅచ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͅ౯ࡥ̱͂̀฽చ̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬ٛͦ͊͢ͅȄ‫ٳ‬൮੅͉ྫࢠ̈́୆ྵͬ෫ٟ̳͈̜ͥ́ͤ͜Ȅংऱ͉ۛ৪͈྅ࡓ́ఈ͈੄ॲ༹༷ͬ৽ಫ̳
̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃȁΟςȜ֓঍͉Ȅ‫ޗ‬͈ٛ‫ޣג‬ႁͬষ͈̠͢ͅ႕બ̱̞̀ͥȃȶଈ೑͉ķıশ‫ۼ‬௽̞̤̀ͤȄঊ‫ރ‬͉૭̱໦̞̈́ેఠ́ۛ৪͉ۜஅ̱̞̥̹̦̀̈́̽Ȅଈ೑̦ಿ̞̞̹͈֨̀́Ȅຊ৪͉ೱؐ୨‫ٳ‬࣐̞̠ͬͩ̈́͢ͅ಑̱̹࣬ȃۛ৪͉΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬ര́Ȅংऱ̦ࡤ͊ͦͥ͂Ȅংऱ͉ೱؐ୨‫ͬٳ‬৽ಫ̱̀ۛ৪ͬ؋̱୨̹̽ȃ̷͉ͦ‫̈́ࡏܓ‬ੜ౾̴͕̥̈́ͣͅȄۛ৪͉਀੅̥ͣ١໘̳̭ͥ͂̈́
̩ˏ඾࿒ͅঘཌ̱̹ȃঊ‫͉ރ‬୆ం̱̞̹̀ȃ̭͈છ႕͉জ͈૤ͅ‫֣̞ޑ‬યͬॼ̱̹ȃ̶̈́̈́ͣȄ‫ٳ‬൮੅̈́ͣۛ৪ͬ‫̧̹̦̭̠͂́͂ݣ‬জ͉‫ږ‬૞̱̞̥̜̀ͥͣ́ͥȷĴĲȫȃȁ΃ΠςΛ·͈୉૖৪͉Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅͉̞̥̈́ͥાࣣ̤̞̀͜ͅऻ૬̩Ȅ༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫͉̭̠͂ݣ‬ȶ஝ၻ́བ̱̞̭͉̜̦͂́ͥ͘Ȅ̷ͦুఘ̦෸ඃഎ̈́਀౲ͬ၌ဥ̳̭͉ͥ͂Ȅୃ൚‫̯̈́ͦا‬̞̱෇̞͛ͣͦ̈́ȃ૽‫͈ۼ‬फ़‫͉ٺ‬Ȅ̷̢̹͈͂૽‫̦ۼ‬ఈ͈ࡔ֦̳̪́ͅঘཌ̳ͥ͂ࣉ̢̹ͣͦ
̱͂̀͜Ȅ՛̜́ͤफ़૽̜́ͥȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹Ĵĳȫȃ̜ͥংऱ͉ĲĺĲĸාͅȄȶ̢̹͂༦૶͂඿ဘ঱
͈ၰ༷̦ঘ̫̞̭̦̈́̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͂ထࡉ̯̹̱ͦ͂̀͜Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅༹͉֑̜́ͥȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅ̷͉ͦྫࢠ̈́ంहͬೄ୪फ़‫̜̥̳ͥ́ͣͥٺ‬ȃ֚૽͈ྫࢠ̈́૽‫̦ۼ‬फ़̯ͦͥͤ͢͜Ȅఉ̩͈༦૶̦ঘ༷̦̱̜͆́ͥ͘ȷ͂੆͓̹ĴĴȫȃ΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬ര͉ͺις΃͉́ઁତ෩̺̹̦̽Ȅ‫ޗ‬̷͉͈ٛൽඃഎၛાͬ֓‫ڠ‬എ൦აͅओ̱‫଼̹̱̭͚ࢗ͂ͅޖ‬ȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅඅ೰͈ਕ‫ޗ‬എ‫ͬ݅ޗ‬಼̢̀࿚ఴͬ೰̱̹̥̜݅ͣ́ͥȃ‫ٳ‬൮੅࣐̠ͬ֓঍ͬȶफ़૽৪ȷ͂๱ඳ̳̭ͥ͂́Ȅ΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬͉ٛ֓঍ͬȄ‫ޗ‬͈ٛ‫ޣג‬ႁͬྫণ̧̳̭̦̞ͥ͂́̈́ၛાͅ౾̞̹ȃ̷͈̹͛֓঍͉Ȅ΃
ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬ര͈੫଻͈੄ॲ༹༷ͬ஖఼̳̜̹ͥ̽̀ͅȄু͈ͣࡀࡠ̦๱ુͅଷࡠ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂
̲̞̹ۜ̀ȃ
ȁ༹ၙ͉Ȅ֓঍͈‫ݫ‬౷ٜͬࠨ̳ͥ੩̫͉̥̹̈́ͣ̈́̽ͅȃ֓঍ু૸༹̦ၙٜͬ৷̱̞̹̠̀͢
ͅȄ‫ٳ‬൮੅̷࣐̠̭ͬ͂ͦͬ͜‫༹̭̳͂ͥ͜୲ݵ‬എ͉ͅ༗બ̯̞̹ͦ̀ȃΟςȜ֓঍ͦ͊͢ͅȄȶࡣయυȜζ༹͉Ȅঊ‫͉ރ‬༦૶͈֚໐̜́ͥ͂෇̞͛̀ͥȃ̭͉ͦड߃ȄȮͼςΦͼȯਗ͈व฻́ठ‫̹̯ͦ෇ږ‬ȃঊ‫ݠ‬ඤ́అੱ̱̹ঊ‫͈ރ‬࿻૽̦Ȅঊ‫͈ރ‬యၑ૽̱͂̀Ȅఅੱͬ໅̵̹ͩঔ୭
ͬஶ̢̹ȃव฻ਫ਼͉ষ͈̠͢ͅ੆͓̹ȃȸ౪୆ஜ͈ঊ‫͉ރ‬৘ष͉ͅ༦૶͈֚໐̜́ͤȄ౪୆শͅ༦૶̥ͣ໦ၗ̳̞̠̭̞ͥ͂͂݃ͬͅओ̱‫ِ̧̞͉̭͚͂̈́́͂ޖ‬ș͉ࣉ̢ͥȹ
ȃ̭͈ࡔ௱ͅ‫̞̀̿ܖ‬Ȅ੫଻͉Ȅু໦͈୆ྵ̦‫̞̯̯ͥ̀ͦͣͅࡏܓ‬শ͉ͅȄਆន͈̠͢ͅȄঊ‫̠̓ͬރ‬̳̥̞ͥ̾̀ͅփࡉͬ੆͓ͥࡀ၌༹̦̜̭ͥ͂ͬၙ͉෇̞͛̀ͥȄ͂জ͉૞̲̞̀ͥȃȆȆঊ‫͉ރ‬༦૶͈֚໐̴ً̨ͅȄ༹എ͉ͅॲ‫͉ྩ͈݅֓ش‬༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫̜̭̠ͥ́͂ݣ‬ȃȆȆ̱̥̱Ȅ
̱֓͜͜঍̦ু໦́‫̫̩̹̱͊ͦ̈́ͅ਀ͬߓܕ‬Ȅۛ৪ͬ‫̩̭̳̯̈́͂ͣͅࡏܓ‬Ȅఈ͈঩‫̜͈ڒ‬ͥ֓঍ͬ‫ږ‬༗̳ͥ਱໦̈́‫ܥ‬ٛͬ೹‫̱̀ރ‬Ȅ̷͈ۛ৪̥ͣ਀̩̭͉ͬ֨͂ুဇ̜́ͥȷĴĵȫȃ̭͈̠͢ͅȄ֓঍͉ু͈ͣࡀ၌̤̞̀ͅ‫ٳ‬൮੅࣐̠̥̠̥ͬ̓ͬ஖఼̳̭̦ͥ͂Ȅ༹എ͉ͅ‫خ‬ෝ̺̹̽ȃȁྶ‫༹̈́ږ‬എঐૻ̦ဓ̢̞̥̹͈ͣͦ̀̈́̽́Ȅ֓঍͉୺࿝‫ز‬ඤ໐݈́ა̱Ȅ୉૖৪๊֚͞૽
݈ͬა̥ͣ‫̫̰̀׿‬࿚ఴͬ֓‫̹̱̠̱͂͢اڠ‬ȃম৘Ȅ֓঍̦ड੝ͅࡀր͈ྶ‫ͬٮޏ̈́ږ‬୭೰̳ͥຈါ଻ͬ෇ে̱̹͈͉Ȅ΃ΠςΛ·‫ޗ‬̥͈ٛͣ։݈૭̱ၛ̀ͬ೒̱̺̹̀̽ȃ୉૖৪̦֓
ၷੜ౾ͅ൩͙ࣺͭ́ঐ଎̱̠̱̹͂͢শͅȄ֓঍͉ু͈ͣྫႁͅೄ࿂̷̱̀ͦͬ࣪໚̱̀֓‫ڠ‬͈ࡀրͬ‫ږ‬ၛ̱̠̱̹͈̜͂́ͥ͢ȃΐοȜΐȆ˥ȆζΛΉσ;ͿͼȪGeorge I. MaKelwayȫ
֓঍͉Ȅॲ৒̤̫ͥ֓ͅ‫ڠ‬എ঑෻ࡀ͈‫ڕ‬ං͈ਹါ଻ͬষ͈̠͢ͅ৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶॲ‫ة̦̫̺֓ش‬̧̳͓̥ͬͬ฻౯̱̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́Ȅ̞̠͂ম৘ͬ‫̳ͥ಺ޑ‬ຈါ͉͕̞̠͂ͭ̓̈́͢ͅএͩ
ͦͥȃྫ౶́༊ࡉͬ঵̹̽ۛ৪̷͈͞࿻૽Ȅ༷͈֚୆ྵ݂ͬ୅̱̀ͅఈ༷͈୆ྵͬ‫̳̠̤͂ݣ‬ͥ߹࢜Ȅ༷͈֚୆ྵ݂ͬ୅̱̀ͅఈ༷͈୆ྵͬ‫଼̜ͦ́ॷ̭̠͂ͅݣ‬฽చ̷̜́ͦͦͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬ۜૂഎ̈́փࡉ̦Ȅ֓঍͈ࣉ̢ͅգႁ̥̫̹༷ͬͤૻͬࠨ೰̵̧̯̹̳͓͉̞ͤͥ́̈́ȃୣහ͉֓঍̷͈࣐͂և̜ͤͅȄఈ͈౗̥̦஖఼̱̹̞̠͂ၑဇ́Ȅু໦̦ະංॐ̜̞͉ͥ‫̞֑̀̽ۼ‬ͥ͂૞̲̭ͥ͂ͬ֓঍̢̦࣐͊Ȅ๞͉ু໦ু૸͈ၻ૤ͅਲ̧̠̭͉̞͂́̈́ȷ
ȃ๞͉Ȅ֓‫ڠ‬എͅȶ߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹౶ে͂฻౯ȷ̦Ȅȶఈ͈૽ș͈ۜੱ͞༊ࡉȷͅ఑̧̻͓̜࣪̾́ͥ͂૞̲̀
̞̹ĴĶȫȃ
ȁΣνȜπȜ·֓‫ڠ‬ͺ΃ΟηȜ͈΀ΈΨȜΠȆˤȆΈρϋΟͻϋȪEgbert H. Grandinȫ֓঍͜Ȅȶ૰‫ڠ‬৪͉ॲ‫ࠨ̹͈͛֓ͅش‬೰̧̳̭͉̞ͥ͂́̈́ȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶِș͉̭͈࿚ఴȮ‫ٳ‬൮੅ȯͬ੗ଘͅ‫ڠش‬എ۷ത̥ͣࣉख़̱Ȅྶ̥ͣ̈́‫ڠش‬എম৘ͅચ̱ͣ̀๡฻̱̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃઁ̩̈́͂֓͜঍̦‫ͤࡠͥͩ۾‬Ȅ̷̠̞̠࿚ఴ̜́ͥȷ
ȃΈρϋΟͻϋͦ͊͢ͅȄȶள૽͉‫ڠش‬എম৘ͬ‫̴̫̥ͅܨ‬Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅̥ೱؐ୨‫͈̥ٳ‬஖఼̤̞̀ͅȄൡࠗ঩ၳ̜̯ͬ̽ͤ৤̱̠̀̀͘ȃȆȆ੫଻ͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬Ȅ୆̞̞ͦ̀̈́͘ঊ‫͈ރ‬୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻͈̹͛ͅ࡬փͅೱؐ୨‫ͬٳ‬஖఼̳̭̦ͥ͂
̧͕́ͥ̓Ȅ‫̞ޑ‬༦଻ུෝͬ঵̞̭͉̽̀ͥ͂‫̜ͥ́ܭ‬ȷȃ̷ͦͅచ̱̀֓঍͉Ȅ༷͈֚୆ྵ
͈௖చഎ‫ث‬౵ͬఈ̷༷͈ͦͤ͢ఄਹ̳̭͉̞ͥ͂̈́͂৽ಫ̱̹Ĵķȫȃ̭̠̱̀֓঍͉Ȅॲ৒͈́੄ြম͈ࠨ೰̤̞̀ͅள૽ͬෳੰ̱Ȅ୺࿝‫͈̱֓̀͂ز‬঍͈อ࡞̦୲చഎ̜́ͥ͂৽ಫ̳ͥ͢
̠̹̈́̽ͅȃ૧̱̞਀੅༹༷ͬनဥ̱Ȅ࿚ఴͬ֓‫ڠ‬ဥࢊ́೰̳̭̦݅ͥ͂Ȅॲ৒̤̫ͥͅ๞ͣ
͈ࡀր͈‫ڕ‬ංͬယօ̳ͥ͂ͅၑٜ̳̠̹͈̜ͥ̈́̽́ͥ͢ͅȃȁೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬Ȅ଼̳ࢗͦ͊༦૶͂ঊ‫͈ރ‬ၰ༷͈୆ྵͬ‫̧̦̹̦̭̠́͂ݣ‬Ḙ͈̏਀੅͉‫ٳ‬൮੅ͤ͢͜༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫͈̹́ͦۿͅࡏܓ‬Ȅ֓঍͉థ঱͈ஆहഎ୆ྵ̦༦૶͈୆ྵͤ͢͜‫ث‬౵̦̞̭ࣞ͂ͬબྶ̱̫̥̹̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́̽ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣḘ̏ͦͬ֓‫ڠ‬എआ‫̞̀̿ܖͅݶ‬બྶ̧̳̭͉̥̹͈ͥ͂́̈́̽́Ȅഥൡഎ̈́੄ॲၛٛ૽͞୉૖৪̥ͣॲ৒̤̫ͥͅ঑෻ࡀ్̠̹ͬ͛ͅ
‫ݖ‬۷എ̈́‫ڠش‬എ฻౯ͬঢ͈͈̱̠ࣞ͂͂͜͢໭൰̱̞̹̀শȄ֓঍͉ু໦ో͈ୃ൚଻͈आ‫ͬݶ‬২ٛഎȆൽඃഎ̈́࡞ဩ́ນ̵࡛̰ͥͬං̥̹̈́̽ȃȶِș͉Ȅȸ̢̹͂ঊ‫݂ͬރ‬୅̱̀͜ͅ༦૶
͈୆ྵͬ‫̦̭̠͂ݣ‬๞੫͈ࡀ၌̜́ͥȹ͂ྶ࡞̳ͥ՛͈आ࡙͂ೄ୪୽̫̞ͩ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȷ͂
ΨΓͼ֓঍͉৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶِș͉Ȅ๊֚ͤ͢എ̈́૽ൽ৽݅͂ͤ͢ࢩํս̹ͩͥͅခဥ଻͈̹͛
ͅȄ‫ૺ͈ڠش‬༜ͬ਋̫වͦȄ༷͈֚հ஠ͬ༗બ̧̞͈́̈́ͅఈ༷͈୆ྵ్̠ͬͤ͢͜Ȅ͏̹͈̾୆ྵͅ‫ܥ‬ٛͬဓ̢̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȷ
ȃΨΓͼͦ͊͢ͅȄȶ‫۝‬ਠ༹͉ఱ࿒ͅࡉ̥̱̞ͥͦ̈́͜
̱Ȅঌྦྷ༹͂ߺ༹͉๭࣬૽ͬྫऻ̳̥̱̞̦ͥͦ̈́͜ͅȄփ଎എ̈́࡬փ͈फ़૽ͅచ̳ͥൽඃഎ
ୣහ̥ͣ൪̧̭͉̞ͦͥ͂́̈́ȷȃ̷̱̀ȶ૯͈‫ڠش‬৪͂૯͈΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬ര͈࿒͉ͅȄ̳͓͈̀୆ྵ͉൳൝͈‫ث‬౵̦̜ͥȷ͂ঐഊ̱̹Ĵĸȫȃ̭͈̠֓͢ͅ঍͉Ȅ֓‫ڠ‬എ฻౯‫ܖ‬੔͂ൽඃഎ฻౯
‫ܖ‬੔ͬ൳֚‫̭̳̀̽͂ͥ͢ͅا‬Ȅॲ৒̤̫ͥ֓ͅ‫ࡀ͈ڠ‬րͬ‫ڕ‬ං̱̠̱̹͈̜͂́ͥ͢ȃȁ̭̠̱̀ॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ⴄঃષ੝͛̀Ȅॲ৒̤̞̀ͅఈ͈૽ș͈‫ܛ‬བͅ؊̲͈͉̩ͥ́̈́Ȅু໦͈এ̞೒ͤͅঐ‫ͬܞ‬৏̠̱ͧ͂ই̹͛ȃĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫́͘ͅܢ‬Ȅ֓঍͉শ͉ͅփেഎͅॲິ̷͞

͈ఈ͈੄ॲၛٛ૽݈ͬა̥ͣෳੰ̱̀Ȅ͈̓੄ॲ༹༷̦ഐ̱̞̥̀ͥͬু໦ో݈́ა̳̠ͥ͢
̹̈́̽ͅȃඳॲͅၛ๊̻̹̦֚ٛ̽֓୺࿝֓ͬࡤ͍੄̱Ȅࣸ๕͉థ঱͈൮͈ఱ̧̯ͅ਱໦̥Ȅథ঱͉୆ం‫خ‬ෝ̥Ȅॲິ͉਀੅ͅఛ̢͕ͣͦͥ̓સຳ̥Ȅ෴ࠬછ̥̥̞̞̥̽̀̈́ͅȄॲິͬພ֭ͅ‫خ̦̭͂͐׋‬ෝ̥̠̥̓ͬ௖౴̱̹ȃ̷̱̀Ȅ༦૶͈୆ྵȆ࠲ࢫ͂థ঱͈୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬ๤‫ࣉڛ‬ၾ̱̀Ȅ႕̢͊ೱؐ୨‫̥̠̥̠࣐̓ͬٳ‬Ḙ̷࣐̠̥̏̓́ͦͬȄ౗ͅ‫׳‬੩ͬ‫̥ͬͥ͛ݥ‬ࠨ೰̱̹ȃ֓ၷܿ੅͈อో͉Ȅథ঱ͬ୆ం‫خ‬ෝ̳ͥͅೱؐ୨‫ͬٳ‬Ȅ։ુ໦༔͈ष͈஖఼ঠ̳ͅ
̭ͥ͂ͬ‫خ‬ෝ̱̹͈́ͅȄഥൡഎͅ‫ز‬௼̦঵̞̹̽̀ॲ৒̤̫ͥͅࠨ೰ࡀ్ͬ̽̀ু͈ͣ঑෻
‫ͅئ‬౾̩‫ܥ‬ٛͬȄ֓঍ͅ೹‫̹̱ރ‬ȃ֓঍̦ॲ৒́ड੝ͅ঑෻ࡀͬ঵̠̹͈͉̾̈́̽͢ͅȄ঱൮ࣸ๕ະ޳࣑͈̠͢ͅ਀੅͈ٚවͬຈါ̳͂ͥ‫̞͈ࣞ଻ࡏܓ‬છ႕̤̞̜̦̀́ͥͅȄࢃ̳͓̀ͅ
͈੄ॲ̤̞̀ͅ๞͈ͣ૧̱̞ࡀրͬ၌ဥ̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃˏȁథ঱͈ȶอࡉȷȁೱؐ୨‫̦ٳ‬థ঱͈୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬࣞ͛ͥ̾ͦ̀ͅȄॲ৒̤̫ͥͅഥൡഎ̈́փএࠨ೰͈အ৆͉෱
̞̹ͦ̀̽ȃ̷͉̹ͦ͘Ȅ૸ఘഎ‫઀ًͬິॲ̞ͥ̀̽ۿͅࡏܓ‬ບ‫̹̭̳̽̈́͂ͥͅث‬ȃథ঱͈୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻̦ࣞͥ̾ͦ̀͘ͅȄॲິ͈อ࡞ࡀ͉৻̩̞̹̈́̽̀̽ȃ੫଻̦ঊ‫̀֗ۼ࠮̥˕́ݠ‬̞̀ͥ୆ྵ̦Ȅ๞੫ͅະ၌ͅ൱̩̠̹̈́̽͢ͅȃ֓঍͉Ȅॲິͬథ঱͈ഌచ৪͂ࡉ̱̈́ই̹͛ȃ̷͉ͦȄ੫଻͈୆ྵ̜̞͉ͥ࠲ࢫచథ঱͈୆ྵ͈஖఼̺̹̽ȃ̷͈̠̈́͢஖఼̤̞̀ͅȄ੫଻͉‫ݖ‬۷എၛા̜͉ͥ͂ͅࡉ̴̯̈́ͦḘ̷̥̏ͣෳੰ̯̫̥̹ͦ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́̽ȃȶ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄঊ‫͈ރ‬ంह͂஼༷͈‫ͅࡏܓ‬ୣහ̦̜ͥ੄ॲಎ͈੫଻ͅȄ̷͈̠̈́͢Ȯ஖఼͈ȯࡀ၌͉෇͛ͣͦ
̞̈́ȷ͂ΨΓͼ͉৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅ̷ͦ̽̀͢ͅ๞੫͉Ȅ๞੫͈୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻̴̥ͬͩ
ً̨̞ࣞ͛ͥ̈́ͅͅफ़૽࣐ևͬȄऻ͈̞̈́ঔ੅৪ͅ‫̜̥̳ͥ́ͣه‬ȷĴĹȫȃ̭̠̱̀֓঍͉Ȅ̥͉̾̀੄ॲ༹༷͈஖఼̤̞̀ͅಎ૤എ̈́࿨‫ͬິॲ̹̞̱̹̀ضͬڬ‬Ⴆպͅప̫̀Ȅ֓঍ͬडࣞ
༰̳͂ͥ‫ٴ‬௄ଷͬैͤ੄̱̹͈̜́ͥȃȁ̻ͧͭ͜Ȅ
੫଻͈੄ॲ࿨‫ͅڬ‬చ̳ͥ֓঍͈ࡉٜ͉ࠨ̱֚̀ཿ‫܊‬എ͉̥̹́̈́̽ȃ̜ͥ֓঍͉Ȅ੫଻ͤ͢͜୆̞̞ͦ̀̈́͘థ঱͈୆ྵ̩ͬࣞບ‫͈̹̞̱́̀ث‬Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͬ‫̱̹̱୲ݵ‬Ȅఈ͈֓঍͉Ȅ੫଻͈২ٛഎ‫ث‬౵͉థ঱̷͈̞ͦͤࣞ͂͢͜৽ಫ̱̀Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͬ঑঵̱௽̫̹ȃ႕̢͊ΧςΑ֓঍͉Ȅঊ‫͈ރ‬୆ྵ͈ະ‫ږ‬৘଻͂༦૶͈୆ྵ͈‫ث‬౵ͬࣉၪ̳ͥ͂Ȅࣸ๕ਓੀ͈છ႕̤ͅ
̞͉̀Ȅȶೱؐ୨‫͈ٳ‬٨஝̦ঊ‫ݠ‬୨‫ٳ͞ٳ‬൮੅ͥ͢ͅ੄ॲ͂൳̲̩̞ͣհ஠̜̭̦́ͥ͂ၛબ
̯ͦͥ́͘Ȅ༦૶͈୆ྵ̦ঊ‫͈ރ‬୆ྵͤ͢͜ఄਹ̯ͦ௽̫̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃథ঱͉̜ͥ೾ഽࡀ၌ͬခ̱̤̀ͤȄ‫خ‬ෝ̜́ͦ͊‫̧̦̺͓ͥͦͩݣ‬Ȅȶ̱͜͜‫ٳ‬൮੅ͤ͢͜ೱؐ
୨‫̦༷͈ٳ‬੫଻͉̥͂̽̀ͥͅͅ‫̜͊ͣ̈́ͥ́ࡏܓ‬Ȅ̷̤̩ͣࡧ঱̈́ͥ͂ͅএͩͦȄ̷̠̳ͦ͊༦૶͈ଲდͬ਋̫̞͈̈́́৹̩̱̀ঘཌ̳ͥ͂এͩͦͥঊ‫͈ރ‬୆ྵͬ‫̹̠͛ͅݣ‬Ȅ༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫̳̯ͣͅࡏܓ‬ȷ̭͉͂ͅॷ଼̱̥̹̈́̽ȃȶ੫଻͂థ঱͈୆ྵ͈௖చഎਹါ଻ͬບ‫̳ͥث‬শȄ୆̹ͦ͘ঊ‫͈ރ‬฼໦͉ˑप̈́ͥͅஜͅঘཌ̱Ȅೱؐ୨‫̀̽͢ͅٳ‬୆̹ͦ͘ঊ‫͉ރ‬ഐ୨̈́ଲდͬ
਋̫̞͈̈́́໹޳̱̀ౣྵ̜̞̠̭́ͥ͂͂ͬདྷ͉̞ͦ̀̈́ͣ̈́ȷ͂ΧςΑ͉৽ಫ̱̹Ĵĺȫȃȁό͹ΪȜΒ֓঍͜Ȅȶଈ೑ಎ͉༦૶͈၌‫̦ף‬࿹୶̱Ȅ̱̻̥̦݂̓ͣ͜͜୅̫̈́ͣ̈́ͦ͊ͅ
̞͈̜̈́ͣ̈́́ͦ͊Ȅ̷͉ͦྚ౶ତ̭͈́ଲͅᣏ͈̞̈́ঊ‫̧͓̜ͥ́ރ‬ȷ̜́ͥ͂૞̲̞̹̀ȃȶ̱͜͜ঊ‫ࣸ͂ރ‬๕͈ఱ̧̯̦ະ޳࣑́ଈ೑̦ಿ̧֨Ȅ੫଻̦৻̞̹̽̀ͣĂĂȝྤ̦௸̩̹̈́̽
ͤȄఘ‫̦أ‬ષ̦̹̽ͤȄঊ‫ࣁ̦ݠ‬ೄ̱̹̱̞̹ͤ̀ͣĂĂȝઁ̱͜ᯈᯄ̵̴ͅ୆ం̱̞̀ͥథ঱ͅ
చ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͬ‫̳ͥ࣬ۑ‬ȃ̶̈́̈́ͣȄ୨౯਀੅̽̀͢ͅ༦૶͈୆ྵ̦‫̱̥̯̯ͥͦͣ͜ͅࡏܓ‬̞̥̜ͦ̈́ͣ́ͥȃ߫ͤ༐̳̈́ͣ͊Ȅ̱͜͜థ঱̦ঘ̥̥̞̽̀̀ͅ୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̱̫݃ͩͦ
͊ĂĂȝଈ೑̦ಿ̞̞̹֨̀ͤᱛঊ͈ঀဥͅ‫ة‬ഽ͜৐෴̱̞̹̱̹̀ͤͣĂĂȝࣸ๕̦ण̦̞̽̀̀໮
य̱̹థ঱͈੄ॲ͈༷̦ೱؐ୨‫ۛͤ͜͢ٳ‬৪ͅ‫ͤࡠ̞̯̹̈́ͣͬ͜ࡏܓ‬Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͬ஖఼̳̭ͥ
͂ͬᯈᯄ̱̞̈́ȷ
ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄພ֭੄ॲ͉́ೱؐ୨‫ͥ͢ͅٳ‬༦૶͈ঘཌၚ͉೩‫̤̱ͤ̀ئ‬Ȅ୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫̵̧̦̭̯ͥ́͂ͥॲ੄ͬރ‬ೱؐ୨‫̦ٳ‬಍৘ͅ஖఼̧̯̠̹͈ͦͥ̈́̽̀͢ͅ
́Ȅȶ‫ٳ‬൮੅̦੭șͅ๱ુͅତઁ̞̈́਀੅̭̈́ͥ͂ͬͅབ̤ͭ́ͤȄ୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫̷ͦͅރ‬࣐̠ͬၑဇ̦͉̩̈́̈́ͥ͜͞඾̦̳̪ͅြ̺̠ͥͧȷ͂ထ‫̹̞̱̀ܢ‬ĵıȫȃȁఈ͈֓঍͉Ȅ੫଻͈২ٛഎ౷պ̥ͣॲິ͂థ঱͈୆ྵ͈๤‫ڛ‬എ‫ث‬౵ͬ฻౯̱Ȅ֓‫ڠ‬എ‫͍ݞ‬২ٛഎఏ‫ފ‬തͬࡉ੄̷̠̱̹͂ȃ̷̠̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅȄ๞͉ͣ੄ॲ৪̱͈͂̀੫଻͈࿨‫۾ͅڬ‬̳ͥু͈ͣ༊ࡉͬႺ೮̳̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃΈρϋΟͻϋ֓঍͉ĲĹĺıාͅȄ੝͛̀ළૡ̱̹ĳĹप͈๱ँ੫଻ͅచ̱࣐̹̀̽ೱؐ୨‫̞̀̾ͅٳ‬༭̱̞࣬̀ͥȃ๞੫͉໦༔ĲĴ඾ࢃͅঘཌ̱̹ȃΈρϋΟͻϋ͉̭͈ۛ৪̞̾̀ͅষ͈̠ࠫ͢ͅა̱̹ȃȶ̭͈ࢡ̱̩̞̈́͘છ႕͜ͅ‫̴ͣͩ۾‬ȆȆজ̷͉࣐̹̭ͦͬ̽͂ͬࢃ٣̱̞̞̀̈́ȃȆȆ๞੫͉̞̾͜ະ‫́࠹ܥ‬࿿ᗩ̜́ͤȄ̷͈ે‫͉ޙ‬Ȅ๞੫ͅ࿻૽͜‫ز‬௼̞̞̞̠̈́͂͜ম৘̯̽̀ͣ͢ͅͅ՛‫̹̱ا‬ȃȆḘ̑ͦͬ੥̞̞̀ͥশതȪ࿩˒਩‫ۼ‬ȫ́ঊ‫ࢫ࠲͉ރ‬࿹ၻ̜́ͤȄ਀੅̞̾̀ͅ৫ऻ̳̭̦ͥ͂‫̥͊ͦ̈́ͤͅڥܨ‬Ȅඵ૽͈୆ྵ͈̠̻ͤ͢‫ث‬౵̦̜༷̦ͥ‫̥̞͉͈̹͂̈́́ͦͩݣ‬࿚̠̺̠ͧȷĵĲȫȃΈρϋΟͻϋ͉ু໦͈֓‫ڠ‬എ࣐ևͬȄ২ٛഎ໲ྤ́သࢌ̱̹ȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄ੫଻͈ँ֧ેఠȄ২ٛഎΥΛΠχȜ·͈ࠧශȄ̷̱̀ᗩພ̦Ȅ๞੫͈૽୆ͬঊ‫͈ރ‬ஆहഎ‫خ‬ෝ଻ͤ͢͜‫ث‬౵͈̞͈̱̹͈̜̈́́ͥ͜ͅȃȁΐοϋΒȆγί΅ϋΒఱ‫ޗڠشॲ͈ڠ‬਎ΐοϋȆγͼΛΠςΛΐȆ;ͻςͺθΒȪJohn
ȶজ͈ࣉ̢͉́ȄȮ‫ٳ‬൮੅͂ೱ
Whitridge Williamsȫ֓঍͉Ȅ੫଻͈੄ॲ̞̠͂࿨‫ͬڬ‬ਹণ̱̹ȃؐ୨‫̠̞̥̠࣐̻͈݃͂ͬͣ̓ٳ‬࿚ͅచ̳ͥȯٝ൞͉Ȅ੫଻͈২ٛഎ౷պȄ୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫ރ‬ͅచ̳ͥ‫ܐ‬བȄ̷̱̀අͅȄ
๞੫̦‫͈̥૽ة‬ঊ‫͈ރ‬༦૶̥੝͛̀ළૡ̱̹̥ͅջͥȃஜ৪͈ાࣣȄ
ঊ‫ئݠ‬໐୨౯੅͉ୃ൚͂෇͛ͣͦͥ਀੅̜́ͥ͂এ̠ȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅۛ৪͉̳࣭́ͅ‫ͅز‬చ̳ͥ݅ྩͬ‫̤̱̹ͤ̀ض‬Ȅ̯ͣ̈́ͥ੄ॲ̞͉̾̀ͅ௖చഎͅྫ‫۾‬૤̜́ͥ͂ࡉ̯̈́ͦͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̜̥̜ͥͣ́ͥȃఈ༷ࢃ৪͈ાࣣȄ̷͈̠̈́ٚ͢ව͉๱ુͅ๱ඳ̧̯͓͈̜ͦͥ́ͤ͜Ȅ৹̞੫଻͈୆૓‫ܥ‬ෝͬ‫ͅݛז‬෫ٟ̳ͥͤ͢͜‫ٳ‬൮੅͈༷̦བ̱̞͂͘‫̲̩ͥۜޑ‬ȷĵĳȫȃȁೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬Ȅ଼̳ࢗͦ͊༦૶͂ঊ‫͈ރ‬ၰ༷͈୆ྵͬ‫̧̦̹̦̭̠́͂ݣ‬Ḙ͈̏਀੅͉‫ٳ‬൮੅ͤ͢͜༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫خͥͦۿͅࡏܓ‬ෝ଻̦̥̹͈ࣞ̽́Ȅ֓঍͉థ঱͈ஆहഎ୆ྵ̦༦૶͈୆
ྵͤ͢͜‫ث‬౵̦̞̭ࣞ͂ͬબྶ̱̫̥̹̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́̽ȃম৘Ȅĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫̥ͣࣼܢ‬Ȅ֓঍͈‫́͜ۼ‬༦૶͈୆ྵͤ͢͜థ঱͈୆ྵ͈༷̦‫ث‬౵̦̞̞̠ࣞ͂৽ಫ̦࣐̠̹ͩͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃĲĹĹĺාͅΉϋΗΛ΅Ȝਗσͼόͻσ͈;ͻςͺθΒȆˤȆ;Ϳͼ΍ϋȪWilliams H. Wathenȫ
֓঍͉Ȅȶ২࣭ٛ͞‫੿͈ز‬ြ͈໛ছ̦Ȅథ঱୨౯੅৪͕͂ͭ̓ͅྫণ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃȶ༦૶͉୆̞̞ͦ̀̈́͘ঊ‫ͤ͜͢ރ‬Ȅ‫ز‬௼Ȅ২ٛȄ࣭‫̀̽͂ͅز‬௲जͅຈါ̜́ͥȷ̞̠͂ഥ
ൡഎ̈́‫ږ‬૞͉Ȅ̷̤̩ͣ։‫ޗ‬ര͈‫́ۼ‬୆̹͈̜ͦ́ͤ͘͜Ȅȶ‫́৻ݹ‬࿨ͅၛ̹̞̈́୆ྵȄ̜̞͉࣭ͥ‫͞ز‬২̜ٛ͂̽̀ͤ͘ͅ‫ث‬౵͈̞̈́୆ྵ͉Ȅ࣭‫͞ز‬২ٛ͂̽̀̽͂͜ͅ‫ث‬౵͈̜ͥ୆ྵ
ͬ༗ࢌ̳̹݂ͥ͛ͅ୅̯ͦͥͅȷ͂ಿ̞‫ۼ‬ႃၑ‫ڠ‬৪̽̀͢ͅ‫̧̢̹̀ͦͣޗ‬ȃ։‫ޗ‬ര͈ഓ‫ڠ‬৪͞ႃၑ‫ڠ‬৪͉̭͈ࡔ௱͕͖ࣣͅփ̧̱̹̦̀Ȅ΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬ര͈ഓ‫ڠ‬৪͞ႃၑ‫ڠ‬৪̷͉̠͉́̈́
̞͂Ȅ;Ϳͼ΍ϋ͉৽ಫ̱̹ȃ‫ٳ‬൮੅̦ঐা̯͈͉ͦͥȄȶ̹̞̞̀୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫̞̞̦̈́ރ‬Ȅ̜̞͉ͥॲ̧͚̭̦̞͂́̈́੫଻̜́ͥȃਲ̽̀๞੫ో͈ంह͉ȄຳȄ২ٛȄ࣭‫͈ز‬ೄ୪എ̈́၌‫͂ף‬໛ছ࣓ͅࡃ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥࡠ̤̞͈͙ͤ̀ͅຈါ̜́ͤȄঘ͂‫ͅވ‬๞੫ో͈ခဥ଻͉
৐ͩͦͥȃ̷͈̠̈́͢ાࣣȄঊ‫͈ރ‬फ़‫͉ٺ‬๱ુͅ၌ࡨഎ̈́࿚ఴ̜́ͥȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅໜ໐୨‫ٳ‬਀੅̽̀͢ͅ༦૶͈୆ྵͬಠ̱̩‫̩̭̳̯̈́͂ͣͅࡏܓ‬୆̧̹͘͘੄ॲ̳̥̱̞̥ͥͦ̈́ͣ͜
̜́ͥȃ̷̠̳ͦ͊Ȯঊ‫͉ރ‬ȯ২࣭ٛ͞‫ͅز‬࿨ၛ֥֚̾͂̈́ͤȄ้૓̱௽̫ͥঊ‫̳ͥॲ੄ͬރ‬̥̱̞ͦ̈́͜ȷĵĴȫȃȁΦȜΑ΃υρͼ΢ਗͺΏνόͻσ͈έρϋ·Ȇις;ͿΎȜȪFrank Meriwetherȫ֓঍͜ĲĺıĲාͅȄ༦૶͈୆ྵͤ͢͜థ঱͈୆ྵ͈༷̦‫ث‬౵̦̞ࣞ͂াऐ̱̹ȃȶ༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫̹̠ݣ‬͛ͅȄ̺͘୆̞̞ͦ̀̈́͘ঊ‫ͬރ‬फ़̳̭̦͂ୃ൚‫̥͈̯ͥͦا‬ȃ༹എȆਕ‫ޗ‬എ۷ത̥ͣȄজ͉ୃ൚‫͉̯͂ͥͦا‬এ̞ͩ̈́ȃȸපफ़̳̥̈́ͦȹ͉Ȅ୆̹ͦ͘ঊ‫͂ރ‬൳အȄ̺͘୆̞̞ͦ̀̈́͘
ঊ‫ݠ‬ඤ͈ঊ‫͜ͅރ‬ഐဥ̯ͦͥȃ̷͉ͦȄۜ‫ͬژ‬঵̹̽ྚอో͈୆໤̜̭͉́ͥ͂ম৘̺̦Ȅ̷͈୆ྵ͉ଲ͈ಎ͂̽̀ͅ༦૶͈୆ྵ͉̥ͤͥ͢͜ͅ‫ث‬౵̦̜̥̱̞ͥͦ̈́͜ȷĵĵȫȃȁάΛΜΨȜΈ͈ΧυσΡȆ˝ȆηρȜȪHarold A. Millerȫ֓঍͉ĲĺĲĳාͅȄȶِș͉Ȅ߃ාॲ‫͈ڠش‬૧̱̞শయͅඏව̱̹ȷ͈́Ȅȶ༦૶͈ࢨ໛͂઩ඏ̳ͥশ͉̞̾͜ͅ඿ဘ঱̦݂୅ͅ
̯ͦͥȄً̞̠͂‫͈ݲ‬ഥൡ͂༊ࡉȷͬ৤̀Ȅȶ੄ॲͅਲম̳ͥ৪͉Ȅ਋థ͈ల͈֚࿒എ͉੄ॲ
̜̞̠̭́ͥ͂͂ͬ૤ͅၣ͛Ȅ༦૶̥ͣ਀௷ͬ୨౯̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́୆ం̱̞̀ͥ࠲ࢫ̈́ঊ‫੄ͬރ‬ॲ̵̯̹শͅ੝͛̀Ȅ੄ॲ଼͉̜ࢗ́ͥȷ͂৽ಫ̱̹ĵĶȫȃχΏϋΠϋˠ˟͈ΐοΔέȆ˯Ȇ;΁ȜσȪJoseph S. Wallȫ֓঍͜Ȅȶঊ‫͈ރ‬၌‫̦ף‬༦૶̷͈ͦۖͅ஠ͅਲ௺̱̞̹͈͉̀Ȅ੝‫͈֓ܢ‬‫̭͈̞̤͂̀ͅڠ‬ȷ̜́ͤȄȶ୆ం̱̞̀ͥঊ‫ͅރ‬చ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅̹̭͉ͬ͛͂͞Ȅ̷ͦুఘ඿
ဘ঱͈ࡀ၌ͬ෇̹̭̜͛͂́ͤȄ̷ͦȮ඿ဘ঱͈ࡀ၌ȯ͉߃య֓ၷ‫͈ڠش‬อో͈̤̥̬́Ȅਲြ͉౶̞̥̹ͣͦ̀̈́̽౷պͬ‫ڕ‬ං̱̹ȷ͂ঐഊ̱̹ĵķȫȃథ঱͞඿ဘ঱͈୆ྵͬ༗ࢌ̳̭ͥ͂

̦‫࡬ة‬ਹါ̧̹͈̥̈́̽̀ͅȃΟͼόͻΑ֓঍ͦ͊͢ͅȄ̷͉ͦȶະ‫خ‬๰എ࣭̈́ष‫އ‬௔̤̞͉̀ͅȄষଲయ̦̭͈࣭͈ଽহႁ͂୆ྵႁͬࠨ೰̳ͥȃࣽ඾͉́ࣽ́͘ոષͅȄ඿ဘ঱͈୆ྵ͂
࠲ࢫ̦Ȅষଲయ͈࣭ႁ͈༗ࡏ͞༗બ̈́ͥͅȷ̥̺̹ͣ̽ĵĸȫȃȁ̭̠̱̀ĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ܢ‬ոࣛȄॲ‫͉֓ش‬Ȅ༦૶͉̩́̈́థ঱ͬ༗ࢌ̳̹ͥ͛ͅ੄ॲٚͅව̳
̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃథ঱͉ĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ܢ‬ոࣛͅȶอࡉȷ̯̹͈̜ͦ́ͥȃ̷͉ͦॲ‫̀̽͂֓ͅش‬Ȅ߃య֓‫͈ڠ‬ੳ၌̺̹̽ȃ̷͈ࢃॲ‫۾͈ڠش‬૤͉Ȅ̳̳͘͘థ঱͈୆ྵ͂࠲ࢫ͈༗ࢌͅਬಎ̳ͥ
̠̞̩͈̜̈́̽̀́ͥ͢ͅȃ̤ͩͤͅȁ঱൮ࣸ๕ະ޳࣑͈̠̈́͢ඳॲ̤̞̀ͅȄ୆ం̱̞̀ͥథ঱ͅచ̳ͥ‫ٳ‬൮੅͂ೱؐ୨‫̴̞͈ٳ‬ͦͬ஖఼̳̥̞̠ͥ͂࿚ఴ͉Ȅĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫֓ܢ‬঍͈‫݈̞̱ࠣ́ۼ‬ა̧̭̱̹ͬ֨ܳȃॲ৒̤̫ͥͅࡀր͈ະ௷ͬౚ̞̞̹̀֓঍ో͉Ȅథ঱݂ͬ୅̱̀ͅ༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫̳̠̤ͥ͂ݣ‬ഥൡഎ̈́੄ॲၛٛ૽͈‫۝‬ਠ͞Ȅథ঱͈యၑ૽̱͂̀༦૶͈୆ྵͤ͢͜థ঱͈୆ྵͬఄਹ̳ͥ୉૖৪̥
ͣॲ৒̤̫ͥͅ঑෻ࡀ్̠̹ͬ͛ͅȄ࿚ఴͬ֓‫ڠ‬എٜͅࠨ̳̭ͥ͂ͬ৽ಫ̱̹ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣ
৘ष͉ͅȄ֓঍͈֓‫ڠ‬എ฻౯‫ܖ‬੔͉๞͈ͣ੫଻۷ͅջం̱̞̹̀ȃ̳̻̈́ͩ๞͉ͣȄ੄ॲ৪̱͈͂̀੫଻͈২ٛഎȆ࣭‫ز‬എ࿨‫͂ڬ‬థ঱͈୆ྵ͂ͬ๤‫ࣉڛ‬ၾ̱̹͈̜́ͥȃĳıଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ܢ‬ոஜ͉ͅȄ੄ॲͅၛ̻̹ٛ̽֓঍ో͉థ঱͈ેఠͅ௖చഎͅྫ‫۾‬૤̺̹̽ȃ๞͉ͣ༦૶ͬඳॲ͈
ߎ̱͙̥ͣ‫֚਀͈̠ͅݣ‬෵̺̹̽ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄĲĺଲ‫ܮ‬฼͊ոཻࣛଜ͈ঀဥ͞ȄકඉȆྫ޿ܿ੅͈൵වȄ਀੅༹༷͈٨஝̈́̓ͤ͢ͅȄథ঱͈୆ం‫خ‬ෝ଻̦ࣞͥ̾ͦ̀͘ͅȄ੄ॲಎథ঱͈୆ྵͬ‫̳̠̤ͥ͂ݣ‬૧̱̞߹̦࢜୆̲̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃΩιρȆ˯Ȇ΍ιͼȪPamela S.
Summeyȫ͂ζȜΏλȆΧȜΑΠȪMarsha Hirstȫ̦ঐഊ̳̠ͥ͢ͅȄॲ‫̦ڠش‬ంह̳̹ͥ͛
͉ͅ੫଻̦ຈါ̺̦Ȅ֓‫́ٮڠ‬౷պ͂ࡀႁͬ‫ڕ‬ං̳̹͉ͥ͛ͅȄȶలඵ͈଻ȷ͈͒ջంͬड઀
ࡠ̱̫̥̹̳̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́̽͂ͦ͊ͅĵĹȫȄ༦૶͈୆ྵ͞࠲ࢫͤ͢͜థ঱͈୆ྵ͈༗ࢌͬఄਹ̳
ͥೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬Ȅȶలඵ͈଻ȷ͈͒ջంͬ࣪໚̳ͥခ࢘̈́਀౲̺̹̽ȃȁ༦૶͂థ঱͈ၰ༷͈୆ྵͬ‫خ̠ݣ‬ෝ଻̹̳ͬͣ͜ೱؐ୨‫͉ٳ‬Ȅ‫ٳ‬൮੅ͤ͢͜༦૶͈୆ྵͬ‫ܓ‬ࡏͅ‫̦̹ͦۿ‬Ȅ֓঍͈ࡀրͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̳͈ͥͅခ̺̹࢘̽ȃ֓঍͉੄ॲ༹༷͈஖఼‫ܖ‬੔ͬ֓‫̳اڠ‬̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅȄॲ৒̤̞̀ͅఈ͈੄ॲၛٛ૽͈ٚවͬෳੰ̱̀֓‫ڠ‬എࡀրͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̱Ȅ޽‫ݢ‬মఠͅ‫͈ͣুͬॲ੄̞ͥ̀̽ۿ‬঑෻‫ͅئ‬౾̩̭͂ͬ‫خ‬ෝ̱̹ͅȃ̷̷̱͉̀ͦࢃͅȄ̳͓͈̀੄
ॲ̤̫ͥ֓ͅ঍͈ඊ୸എ঑෻ࡀ͈‫ڕ‬ං̦̞̩͒͂̾̈́̽̀ȃ̷ً͈೾́Ȅ༦૶͂థ঱͈୆ྵ͈
௖చഎ‫ث‬౵͞Ȅ੄ॲ̳ͥ૸ఘ̱͈͂̀੫଻͈࿨‫̳ͥ۾ͅڬ‬২ٛഎȆൽඃഎ‫ث‬۷͜་ယ̱̞̀̽
̹͈̜́ͥȃ

1）Judith Walzer Leavitt, “The Growth of Medical Authority: Technology and Morals in Turn-of-the-Century Obstetrics,” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 3 (1987): 230-55.ȁ
2）Samuel Lurie and Marek Glezerman, “The History of Cesarean Section,” American Journal of Obstetrics andGynecology 189 (2003), 1804.
3）T. Gaillard Thomas, “Gastro-Elytrotomy: A Substitute for the Caesarean Section, A Paper Read before the
Yonkers Medical Association,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 3 (1871),
126.
4）Arthur G. King, “The Legend of Jesse Bennet’s 1794 Caesarean Section,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine
50 (1976): 242-50.
5）Arthur G. King, “America’s First Cesarean Section,” Obstetrics and Gynecology 37 (1971): 797-802.
6）Robert P. Harris, “Special Statistics of the Cesarean Operation in the United States, Showing the Successes
and Failures in Each State” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 14 (1881), 347.
7）Lurie and Glezerman, “The History of Cesarean Section,” 1804-5.
8）Edward Shorter, Women’s Bodies: A Social History of Women’s Encounter with Health, and Medicine, witha New Introduction by the Author (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991 [1982 as A History of
Women’s Bodies], 162, Table 7-2.
9）White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, Fetal, Newborn, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality: Report of the Subcommittee on Factors and Causes of Fetal, Newborn, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality(New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1933), 233, Table 16.
10）Ibid., 235, Table 20.
11）Ibid., 231.
12）Shorter, Women’s Bodies, 162, Table 7-2.
13）White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, Fetal, Newborn, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality, 239-40.
14）Harris, “Special Statistics of the Cesarean Operation in the United States,” 356-60.
15）Samuel C. Busey, “Craniotomy upon the Living Child Is Not Justifiable,” American Journal of Obstetrics andDiseases of Women and Children 17 (1884), 193.
16）Julius Rosenberg, “The Indications for Craniotomy upon the Living Child, and the Contra-Indications to Cesarean Section,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 26 (1892), 326-27, 330.
17）C. S. Bacon, “The Mutilating Operation in Obstetrics,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Womenand Children 42 (1900), 63.
18）James D. Voorhees, “A Report of Seven Cesarean Sections,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of
Women and Children 52 (1905), 187.
19）John F. Moran, “Indications for Cesarean Section: Report of Two Cases; Recovery,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 51 (1905), 320.
20）John F. Moran, “The Endowment of Childhood from the Obstetric Standpoint,” Journal of the American Medical Association 65 (1915), 2226.
21）Lawrence Longo, “Obstetrics and Gynecology,” in The Education of American Physicians: Historical Essays,
ed. Ronald Numbers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980): 205-25.
22）Charlotte G. Boast, Catching Babies: The Professionalization of Childbirth, 1870-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1995), 114-15, 149-50.
23）18ଲ‫ܮ‬฼͊ոࣛȄ੄ॲ̦֓‫ً̳ͥاڠ‬೾̞͉̾̀ͅո‫ͬئ‬४ચȃJanet Carlisle Bogdan, “Care or Cure?
Childbirth Practices in Nineteenth-Century America,” Feminist Studies 4 (1978): 92-99; Jane Donegan, Womenand Men Midwives: Medicine, Morality and Misogyny in Early America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,

1978); Pamela S. Eakins, ed., The American Way of Birth (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich and English Deidre, Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of Women Healer (New York:
Feminist Press, 1973); Sylvia D. Hoffert, Private Matters: American Attitudes toward Childbearing and Infant
Nurture in the Urban North, 1800-1860 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989); Frances E.
Kobrin, “The American Midwife Controversy: A Crisis of Professionalization,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 40 (1966): 318-26; Judith Walzer Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1986) ); Sally G. McMillen, Mothers in the Old South: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Infant Rearing (Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1990); Catherine M. Sholton, Childbearing in American Society, 1650-1850 (New York: New York University Press, 1985); Richard W. Wertz andDorothy C. Wertz, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America (New York: Free Press, 1977); ႝ࿐্๼ȸ੄ॲ
͈Ⴄঃ૽႒‫ڠ‬Ƚॲ෬ଲ‫͈ٮ‬ٜఘ̥ͣুட੄ॲ‫׋‬൲͒ȽȹȪ૧ဟ২Ȅ1997ාȫ.
24）Dudley P. Allen, “Cesarean Section,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 35(1897), 395.
25）Bacon, “The Mutilating Operation in Obstetrics,” 63.
26）James D. Voorhees, “Craniotomy,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 46(1902), 768.
27）Joseph B. DeLee, “Three Cases of Cesarean Section, and a Consideration of the Indication for Craniotomy,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 44 (1901), 470-71.
28）Edward P. Davis, “Six Cesarean Sections,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 49 (1902), 177-78.
29）Leavitt, “The Growth of Medical Authority.”30）‫ٳ‬൮੅ͅచ̳ͥ΃ΠςΛ·͈ఠഽ̞͉̾̀ͅȄRyan, “The Chapel and the Operating Room.”31）DeLee, “Three Cases of Cesarean Section,” 463.
32）A. Sabetti, “The Roman Catholic View of Craniotomy,” Medical Record : A Weekly Journal of Medicine andSurgery 28 (1885), 606-7.
33）A. J. Shulte, “The Rights of the Unborn Child as Viewed by the Catholic Church,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 75 (1917), 886.
34）DeLee, “Three Cases of Cesarean Section,” 471-72.
35）George I. McKelway, “Delivery through the Abdominal Wall vs. Craniotomy in Otherwise Impossible
Births,” Journal of the American Medical Association 19 (1892), 8.
36）Egbert H. Grandin, “Is Embryotomy of the Living Foetus Justifiable?” Medical Record: A Weekly Journal of
Medicine and Surgery 39 (1891), 642.
37）Samuel C. Busey, “The Wrong of Craniotomy upon the Living Fetus,” American Journal of Obstetrics andDiseases of Women and Children 22 (1889), 53, 55, 66.
38）Ibid., 67.
39）Harris, “Special Statistics of the Caesarean Operation in the United States,” 357.
40）Voorhees, “Craniotomy,” 768, 770.
41）Egbert H. Grandin, “The Cesarean Section from the Standpoint of Relative Indication,” Transactions of theAmerican Gynecology Society 74 (1916), 393.
42）John Whitridge Williams, “The Abuse of Caesarean Section,” Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics 25 (1917),
194.
43）William H. Wathen, “Is Craniotomy upon the Living Child Justifiable?” American Journal of Obstetrics andDiseases of Women and Children 22 (1889), 1236-37.
44）Frank Meriwether, “Cesarean Section versus Craniotomy,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of
Women and Children 44 (1901), 207.

45）Harold A. Miller, “Difficult and Dangerous Labors: Selecting the Method of Delivery,” Journal of the American Medical Association 59 (1912), 770.
46）Joseph S. Wall, “The Status of the Child in Obstetric Practice,” Journal of the American Medical Association
66 (1916), 255.
47）Edward P. Davis, “The Spring of a Nation’s Life: Chairman’s Address,” Transactions of the American Association for Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality 9 (1919), 106.
48）Pamela S. Summey and Marsha Hurst, “Ob/Gyn on the Rise: The Evolution of Professional Ideology in the
Twentieth Century, Part 2,” Women and Health 11-2 (1986), 106.

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