Aquaphotomics Winter Webinar
Coherence in water as a negentropic engine
Livio Giuliani 1,2Time &amp; Date: 2024/02/27 (Tuesday)
Starts at: Japan Time (GMT) 5:00 PM
Central European Time (CET) 9:00 AM
Ends at: Japan Time (GMT) 6:00 PM
Central European Time (CET) 10:00 AM
1 ECERI (European Cancer and Environment Research Institute) - Scientific Committee,

Bruxelles (B)

2 ICEMS-CIRPS (International Commission for Electromagnetic Safety- Interuniversitary Center for

Research on Sustainable Development), Valmontone (I)One of the paradoxes attributed to Ilya Prigogine can be formulated
equivalently as a question:
WHY CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN LIVING ORGANISMS REQUIRE LESSENERGY THAN IN INDUSTRIAL REACTORS?
Or else:WHO PROVIDES MISSING ENERGY TO LIVING SYSTEMS FOR THEYROWN CHEMICAL REACTIONS?

A early answer came in 1988, thank to Italian

Emilio Del Giudice and Giuliano Preparata

Giuliano Preparata and Emilio Del
Giudice, up

Ilya Prigogine

Theoretical Physicists [1], who compared water to a free electric
dipole laser, stating that liquid water is a biphasic liquid: a mixof molecules at two different levels of energy. This theory was
further developed [2] and, in 1995, G. Preparata published a
Quantum Electrodynamics essay [3], providing a full theory ofquantum molecular physics of liquid water: it is a BIPHASIC
liquid and one of the two phases is a COHERENT phase. In
which, coherent clusters of water molecules are dynamicallydefined since they are arising and dissolving forming a phasewhich compenetrates the opposite, incoherent phase, made of neutral molecules or hydrate ions,each one moving in a disordered way.
Twenty years later than the theoretical prediction [1], clusters of water molecules
were observed by Huang C. et al. (2009) [4] and confirmed indipendently by Taschin
et al. (2013) [5]Coherence In Radiation

Coherence In Matter
COHERENCE WAS DISCOVERED IN HERTZIAN WAVES
by A. Kastler, in 1950, who proposed the laser as an opticalpump, earning the Nobel Prize in 1966.
In 1962 L.D. Landau earned
his Nobel Prize with thediscovery of coherencein the superfluid state of He-4

In 1988 E Del Giudice, G Preparata and G Vitiello theorized
the similarity of water and free electron lasers, which
implied the existence of coherence in water at labpressure and temperature.

Coherence in Water at
Room Temperature
Water at room temperature and pressure can be considered as adynamic equilibrium between water single molecules and water
clusters organized as mesoscopic aggregates:
clusters molecules are tuned in phase i.e. clusters are coherent

A public artistic image

Since clusters are coherent they may be named Coherence Domains (CDs)Measurement of coherencein waterAs De Ninno A. and A.
CongiuCastellano
showed (2010, [6]),FTIR provides a way
to test the degree of
coherence of water atroom pressure andtemperature,inagreement with thecomputed
averagevalue in [3].
Fig. 1
In fig. 1, the absorpiton peak of water, related to oscillation of O-H bond andsited in the range 2650-3750 cm-1 is deconvoluted in 3 peaks, The one at lower
energy is relatable with molecules of the coherent fraction since coherence isthe state with lower internal energy. The one at higher energy is relatable tonon coherent water and the intermediate peak to the integration of all
flickering aggregates between single molecules and coherent domain.

Coherence in Water
It is only thank to the Novikov-Zhadin experiment (NZe) that we
can understand how water is storing energy and information.
Thus we discovered the existence of Mixed Water Coherent
Domains (MWCDs), clusters of water molecules and ions tunedin phase
Once Abe Liboff.
said: only cations
Anions are solvated inare responsive tobulk water according
the ion cyclotron
to their hydration
resonance.
number (less or more)
As a matter of[6b]fact I never saw
anions move
under the Liboffor Zhadin- effectAn artistic image
Credit to Grafimax by M. Paolini

In the picture, coloured balls are cations where water molecules,
white underlined, can be distinguished, as well, in the CD-surface

Novikov-Zhadin Experiment
Replication in Rome
Fig. 2 - Replication of the Zhadin experiment at the CNR facility at Tor
Vergata, Rome, (Ion Cyclotron Resonance of Glutamic Acid), 2004-15.

Settimio Grimaldi

Noise without
signalsNovikov-Zhadin Experiment:
Replication in Rome
Fig. 2 bis - Replication of the Zhadin experiment at the CNR facility at
Tor Vergata (Ion Cyclotron Resonance of Glutammic Acid - Glu), 2004-15.
In an electrolytic cell,filled with an aqueous
solution, with electrodes
linked through a
conductor without
supply, when an AC MF isapplied (5 Hz tuned with
0,02 mT DC MF) a signal
arises (middle panel).
Signal is due to an ion
current of the solutechemical specie, which
is sensitive to ion
cyclotron resonance (inthe case ICR of GLU).

Novikov-Zhadin Experiment:
Replication in Rome
A remotely controlledsolenoid-incubator within
the hypomagnetic room of
CNR in Rome:the signal generator andthe CO2 and Temperature
Control Unit
In 2000 years the Zhadin
experiment had been
replicated in otherindependent laboratories in
Frascati (2002) [10, Annex C],
in Muenchen (2004) [11],in
Legnaro (Padoa 2006) [15], inTurin, in Rome(2008) [12,18].

Novikov-Zhadin experiment:
Replication in Kgs. Lymby (DK)
(Copenhagen)m-Metal Tubeof the Space
Instituteat
DTU, K.Lymby
allows almost«zero-field»,
insideLiboff’s Experiment at
Kgs. Lymby (DK) 2015 Jan
19. jan 2015.
Test B: Fluid: CaCl

Time: 11.44 Sweep: 0.1-20 Hz in 100 s

Electrometer: U
peak at 15 Hz
Cell has been cleaned and fluid has been made 10-20 minutes before.

The Liboff-Zhadin Effectand the so called Water EZ
Abraham R Liboff

Martin Fleischmann

The Liboff Effect and Nze are the former prooves of theexistence of pure and mixed CDs in water. Indeedi.
the b-dumping-shape of the peak shows that it is aresonant peak ;ii. the observed peak of current overcomes the kT
threshold without external source of energy (DelGiudice E & Giuliani L 2010) [14] (Del Giudice E & al.,2002) [10]; energy beeing provided by CDs [10, App. A];iii. only molecules coming from CDs near the electrodes
concur forming the peak of ion current (2006) [15]. This
paper shows only CDs near surfaces are stable: that’s
why someone later discovered the so called EZ water(better as later, Inclusion Zone would be proper);iv. previously CDs capture ions or zwitterions from bulk
water the same then forming the ion currents detectedin LZE. That’s prooving the existence of mixed CDs andinduced ionization by Non Ionizing Radiation in water;
v. moreover zwitterions, as glutamic acid in acid aqueous
solutions (PH=2.9), are ionized by a very weak AC MF(20-80 nT), as it was straightly detected by means of
FTIR-ATR by De Ninno A & A. Congiu (2010) [6a]

NZe implies MWCDs andionization in waterSpecifically, the NZe early provided the proof ofexistence of Mixed Water CDs, made by H2O
molecules and ions coming from one or morechemical species, solved in aqueous solution (Zhadin
M N & L Giuliani 2006) [16].

Summarizing:
Mikhail N Zhadin

Vadim V Novikov• the Liboff effect shows that ions are forming acurrent, under a couple of DC-AC magnetic fields,
tuned according to Ion Cyclotron Resonance, but
the NZe shows that also zwiterions are able toform a current and it implies their own previous
ionization• Ionization occurs on the boundary of CDs,
according to the argument early provided in thequoted [16] and to the mechanism described in
the quoted [14] and in the continuation.

NZe – 1^Step: attraction.

An artistic image
Credit to Grafimax by M. Paolini

A Coherent Domain has an electromagnetic field B trapped inside, which is the cause of
the formation of the CD itself. B =  x A. Outside there is not coherence. Thus there isneither B nor A. As a consequence, there is a strong gradient of |A| on the CD-boundary.

Resonance in classical physics
Fig. 3, from Wikipedia

NZe – 2^ Step:
mixing by resonance.
The attraction is due to a well known strenght in classical electromagnetics
CDs are structures with minimum energy and entropy since their molecules
are tuned in phase, they cannot be penetrated by molecules not in phase.

[2b]-Water IR spectrum
NZe can be extended to other chemical species, not to all of them.

Constraints are imposed by resonance.
Molecules can be captured by water CDs, forming MWCDs, only if they havevibration modes in the proximity of water ones, as in the following Fig.4. IN thecase, surficial water is inclusive, for other chemical species becomes EZ water!

Settimio Grimaldi

Antonella Lisi

Water and Heavy Water
IR Spectrum
Only water has two peaks so large and so deep to include so much!

Settimio Grimaldi

Antonella Lisi

Fig. 4 bis. IR spectra of 1 m-thick ordinary water (H) and heavy water (D) reveal that D
isotope attenuates the intensity and softens all phonons of the H2O, although the shape ofspectra is the same at all temperatures (Chang Qing Sun & Yi Sun, 2016). From
[16,Fig.37]

Water and Heavy Water
IR Spectrum
Only water has two peaks so wide and so deep to include so much!
Not so wide to include, for istance, titanium dioxide.

Settimio Grimaldi

Antonella Lisi

Fig. 4 ter. IR spectrum of titanium dioxide. Absorbance in ordinates. TiO2 has neither arelevant peak close to the O-H water phonons peak, about 3000 cm-1 , nor a peak about
1650 cm-1 like the electron oscillator of water. For TiO2 surficial water is EZ water!

NZe – 2^ Step:
mixing by resonance
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A COHERENT DOMAIN CAPTURES AN
EXTERNAL MOLECULE? ORDER INCREASING.

Resonance plays its role, as in the movie «32 metronome
synchronization» linked at https://youtu.be/5v5eBf2KwF8?t=21

Before the zwitterion capture by CD:0<(nmol- nwater)2 << 1i.e.
nmolnwater
After the capturenmolnwater
In a MWCD all molecules oscillate with the same
frequency. If the frequency is the one related to theoscillation of nucleons captured molecules simulate watermolecules and share their energy.

NZe – 2^ Step:
mixing by resonance.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A COHERENT DOMAIN CAPTURES AN
EXTERNAL MOLECULE? ORDER INCREASING (Fig. 6-7)
Phases Diagram of CD + external
single molecule (arbitrary values)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Momentum

A more ordered stage is reached: all the molecules, after the capture, havethe same momentum. The system losses one degree of freedom, i.e. inprinciple, it reduces of 1 the number of possible vectorial stages of thesystem. If we approximate 1 with N>>0, where N is the maximum of stages
with different momentum of the external molecule with non negligible
probability. If G, G* are the set of arrays of the molecules of the system before
and after the capture, we have G*= G/N!.

NZe – 2^ Step:
mixing by resonanceTWO SIMPLE MODELS TO GET A QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF
BEHAVIOUR OF ENTROPY IN A NZe.
In the case of maximum density of water (4 °C, 105 Pa), we can assume thatthe number of placements with non negligible probability is roughly equal to
the number of molecules in incoherent water, Nbulk, due to the maximum
density of water; and such number be roughly the same of water molecules in
the coherent fraction, Nwater [Fig. 1].
Let us consider the case when the moments of molecules in the bulk does notchange, but the one of molecules captured by CDs. Thus, computing thedifference of entropy before and after the capture, they are not important thevalues of moments, but only their number, after a suitable discretization. In thecase, in order to compute the number of configurations of the crystal (CD)following a blending, we could apply the well known formula for blending
atoms of two species B, C to a crystal of atoms of species A:
G = (NA+NB+NC)!/(NA!NB! NC!). In our further hypothesis Nwater  Nbulk [6]where Nbulk = max {Nbulk,placements, Nbulk,moments}, N= max {Nwater, Nbulk} and N>>1

NZe – 2^ Step:
mixing by resonance
WHAT HAPPENS IN A NZe? ENTROPY INITIALLY DECREASES AND
THEN INCREASES. IT IS AT ZERO-SUM.
We can further approximate, when N is large enough,
G=(Nwater + Nbulk)!/ (Nwater ! Nbulk,placements! Nbulk,kmoments !). i.e. G  (3N)!/N!3

G*(3N+1)!/((N-1)!(N+1)!2)=(3N+1)N/(N+1)2G  3 G
G**  (3N-1)!/((N+1)!(N-1)!2) = (3N)!/[3N(N+1)N(N-1)!3  G/3
From here on ‘’ means “definitely equal”
S  k ln(3N)!-3k ln N!
S*-S > k ln 3 > 0

S* > k ln 3 + S

S** < S – k ln 3

S**-S < - k ln3 < 0

S*-S**  2 k ln 3

S*+S**- 2S  0

NZe – 2^ Step:
mixing by resonance
WHAT HAPPENS IN A NZe? ENTROPY INITIALLY DECREASES AND THEN
INCREASES. IT IS AT ZERO-SU
In the case of maximum density of water (4 °C, 105 Pa), in the same
upper hypotheses, instead of combinations we can consider a simplest
model, based on the set of permutations of molecules along the threeaxes of vectorial phases: one for the placements of molecules belonging
to Coherent Domains and two axes for the molecules of bulk water.
Thus we can further approximate, when N is large enough:Nwater  Nbulk  N >>1

G  Nwater! Nbulk!2  N!3 S = 3k ln N!

G* = (N-1)!(N+1)!2 =(N)!3N(1+1/N)2& S*= k [3 ln N! + ln N + 2 ln (1+1/N)]

G** = (N+1)!(N-1)!2 = 1/N(1+1/N)N!3 & S**= k[3 ln N! – ln N + ln (1+1/N)
S*-S= k [ln N+ 2 ln (1+1/N)] > 0& S*-S > k ln N

S**-S= k [ln (1+1/N) - ln N] < 0& S**-S = - k ln N < 0, as N >> 1

as N >> 1

S*-S** = 2 k ln N + ln (1+1/N) > 0 & S*-S** > 2 k ln N as N >> 1

S*+S**- 2S  3 k ln (1+1/N) ≥ 0& S*+S**-2S  0 as N >> 1

NZe – 2^ Step:
mixing by resonance.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A COHERENT DOMAIN CAPTURES AN
EXTERNAL MOLECULE? ENTROPY DECREASESDS* =S*-S= k ln N >0 & DS** =S**-S ≥ - k ln N < 0, as N>> 1

Solvating soluble molecules (e.g. an ion escaping a MWCD) in theuncoherent fraction of an aqueous solution,
entropy increases,
but when a molecule is captured by a CD
in the coherent fraction, entropy decreases.

At the lab pressure and temperature and in an electrolytic cell,
where the volume of the solution doesn’t change, EG, the freeenergy, is related to entropy variation:
DEG = E – T DS
then
DEG*<0while
DEG**>0(* and ** as in the previous notation).

NZe – 3^ Step:
storing energy.
We have to provide energy when we solve a soluble
molecule in aqueous solution (for instance, turning theteaspoon into the coffee cup), but in the coherent water,a fraction of the provided energy is stored in a Mixed CD.
Somewhere.

As in a flock of birds,
there are many way tostore energy in the
angular momentum in a
CD, the preferred way
being the one that
increases order anddecreases entropy.

NZe – 3^ Step:
storing energy
WHERE?
Electrons in CD are almost free, since the energy gap hn -hbeing the Planck constant n the frequency- between the
ground and the first excited state of a water molecule is:hn =12,06 eV 12,60 eV =hnescapeSince in the CD there are more than 5 millions of moleculesand 13% of all water molecules are actually in the firstexcited state [3], the almost free electrons are so many tocreate vortices on the surface of the CD; and energy isstored, for instance, in the angular momentum of these
vortices, ready to be released and shared, in the selectedchannel of electromagnetic interaction, when a molecule
escapes the CD, under the Liboff-Zhadin effect.

NZe – 4^ Step: releasing
Energy and information

Credit to Grafimax by M. Paolini

It recalls a train running with the door open.
The solute molecule is like a voyager who can
get on or off the train, under the influence ofthe ponderomotive attraction or under the LZ,
respectively. He get off with the kinetic energyof the train, as well.

NZe – 4^ Stage: releasing
Energy and information
Ion motion is almost straight,
along the ion cyclotron orbit inhighly coherent ambient as we
can suppose
to be
the
cytoplasm. The electric field
does the rest. But ion initially
escapes along its cyclotron
orbit,
withradiusr=
vm/qB=2E/m.
Finally, ion escapes adding to E – energy provided by the appliedalternate magnetic field- the vibrational one of the water CD too!
It recalls a train running with the door open.
The solute molecule is like a voyager who can
get on or off the train, under the influence ofthe ponderomotive attraction or under the LZ,
respectively. He get off with the energy of train

Water CD is anegentropic engine
Water CD is a negentropic engine
able• to capture energy and matter from everywhere in every
way and• to store them in electron vortices,• to release the energy stored to escaping ions in thechannel of electromagnetic interactions, under LZ,• to release information in the form of charged mass withcyclotron motion, thus providing information about itself.
It recalls a train running with the door open. The
solute molecule is like a voyager who can get on or
off the train, under the influence of theponderomotive attraction or under the LZ,
respectively. He get off providing information
about its own identity, as he fell with a banner

The extended LiboffZhadin Effect (eLZ)
Giuliani L et al. (2008) observed that the Liboff-Zhadin effect arises
in a vessel without sunk electrodes, as well, under a suitable static
electric field (~ 0,1 V) [18-19].

The upper observation seems to be crucial to explain ion currents incytoplasm, which is surrounded by cell membrane, which can beapproximated by a spherical condenser surface.
It is an extension of the Liboff-Zhadin effect outside of theelectrochemistry that concerns biology, better, cytology.
Settimio Grimaldi
Antonella Lisi
Indeed LZe induces motion of calcium
ions in cytoplasm
even fromcell organelles, shown in the short video by Grimaldi S andcolleagues at CNR-Tor Vergata Hypomagnetic Facility [next page].

This fact allowed us to apply interaction between electromagnetic
fields and water - based on LZe to several topics in Biology andMedicine, following the Liboff’s patents and intuition [21-29] and toformulate hypotheses about the others’ use of the LZ-effect [30-44].

The extended Liboff-Zhadin
Effect (eLZ)

Calcium chromophores of a cell are marked with Rhode island and then observed by means ofa microscope equipped with a coil generating DC and AC MFs. When the coil is switched on and
MFs are tuned with the Ca++-ICR, CA-ions escape from organelles and diffuse in cytoplasm.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to Enrico D’Emilia of the Institute ofInsurance at Work, Monteporzio C. (Rome), to
Settimio Grimaldi and to Antonella Lisi of CNR,
Tor Vergata (Rome), and to Antonella De
Ninno of ENEA, Frascati (Rome), for theirprecious researches.
Many thanks to Pierre Madle for his kind help in
the present edition.
Many thanks to Lars Pedersen, Michael Bake,
Nikolaj Blom for the brilliant Liboff-effect,
detected at DTU, Kgs Lymby (Copenhagen)[look at previous p.11]

Water: an universal amplifier
for the signals of life

Geomagnetic intensiity
distribution in 2000
(from IGRF)

THANK YOUSO MUCH!

The magnetic declination
distribution is stongly
depending on time
(http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Campo_geomagnetico)

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