Journal of Digital Life 2021, 1, 6

ArticleThe relationship of Mobile Phone Addiction and
Irrational Procrastination in College Students:
Mediating Effect of Perceived StressMengyao Shi1, Jiali Qian1, Shiyuan Li1, Xiangyu Zhai3, Yuqing Shi1, Xiang Fan1, 2, *1

Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
smy0214@sjtu.edu.cn (M.S.), qianjiali@sjtu.edu.cn (J.Q.), lishiyuan2019@sjtu.edu.cn (S.L.), stagyuan@sjtu.edu.cn (Y.S.)
2
Shanghai Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai
University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
3
Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan; xiangyu.zhai@akane.waseda.jp (X.Z.);*Correspondence: fansheva@sjtu.edu.cn (X.F.)

Abstract
This study aimed to examine the mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between mobile phone
addiction and irrational procrastination. Recent studies have shown that mobile phone addiction can cause or
aggravate irrational procrastination. 6220 Chinese college students completed the questionnaires about theirinformation of demographic, mobile phone addiction, perceived stress and irrational procrastination (response
rate of 91.6%). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS 3.5. The mediation model
was tested using Model 4 in Hayes' Process and the percentile Bootstrap algorithm with deviation correction,
repeat sampling 5000 times and calculate the 95% confidence interval. The results show that mobile phone
addiction of college students has a significant positive predictive effect on irrational procrastination after
controlling for age, tobacco and alcohol use. In addition, mediation analysis indicated significant mediation ofperceived stress in the relationship between mobile phone addiction and irrational procrastination in both maleand female students.
Keywords: Mobile Phone Addiction, Perceived Stress, Irrational Procrastination, Mediating Effect, College
Students.

1.Introduction
With the growing development of network and electronic technology, nowadays, mobile phones are deemed as a necessity
in human life, especially for young people aged 18 to 22 (Jiang & Zhao, 2016). However, excessive use of mobile phones,
even addiction has become a new issue. Evidences showed that Mobile phone addiction (MPA) had a higher detection rate
in young people (Leung, 2008; Liu et al., 2018), and MPA could lead to a range of physical, psychological and social
problems (Jun, 2016; Oktan, 2011; Yen et al., 2009).
A survey conducted by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 2019 revealed that more than three-quarters ofadults reported perceived stress (PS) (American Psychological Association, 2019). Stress in the normal range wasconsidered as a normal response to external stimuli, but excessive stress was not since it could have detrimental effects on
physical and mental health (Anastasiades et al., 2017). In line with the main population with MPA, college students werealso dominated by individuals suffering from PS (DOU et al., 2019).
Another common situation in college students was Irrational procrastination (IP). IP refers to a non-adaptive behavior inwhich individuals delay a predetermined action without a clear reason unconsciously (Kandemir, 2014), and it was morecommon in college students (Onwuegbuzie, 2000) than other populations (Steel, 2007). In China, 85.9% of college students

Received: 18 October 2021, Revised; 5 November 2021, Accepted: 1 December 2021, Published: 13 December 2021
* Correspondence: fansheva@sjtu.edu.cn
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The relationship of Mobile Phone Addiction and Irrational Procrastination in College Students: Mediating Effect ofPerceived StressMengyao Shi, Jiali Qian, Shiyuan Li, Xiangyu Zhai, Yuqing Shi, Xiang Fan
who suffered IP were detected (Zhong, 2013), and the increasing severity of IP was having a negative impact on theiracademic performance and life goals (Gareau et al., 2019; Steel & Ferrari, 2013).
Recently, the relationship among MPA, PS and IP has attracted attention. What has been examined is that IP could exert an
impact on individuals' lifestyle, emotional state, cognition and behavior (Lukas & Berking, 2017; Rothblum et al., 1986;
Zhang et al., 2019). Long-term procrastination could also trigger negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, guilt andself-blame (Sirois et al., 2015). There were unignorable links between PS and IP (Fathima, 2018). Some scholars proposedthat PS was one important predictor of IP (Khalid et al., 2019; N. Kim & Seong, 2017), and PS could result in increasing
incidence and severity of IP (Wartberg et al., 2021). However, other scholars thought that PS could be a result of IP (Sirois,
2014; Yang et al., 2020), only when IP was perceived as a personality. When IP was served as a behavior, the causality
would be reversed, which meant IP could result from PS. (Tice et al., 2001; Wartberg et al., 2021). In light of MPA, somescholars believed that MPA, an action, could lead to IP, a behavioral manifestation of psychological outcomes (LIAN et al.,2021; XIE & ZOU, 2018). Similarly, MPA has been found to have a significant positive correlation with IP (Shi et al.,2021). We have come to the conclusion in previous studies that there is a significant correlation between MPA and IP.
However, the mechanism underlying such an association is not fully understood. Based on our previous studies, this study
attempts to discuss the influencing mechanism underlying among these factors.
Based on the Self-Regulatory Failure Theory (SRFT), when individuals are affected by maladaptive factors, the failure on
self-regulation of mental activities and negative affect will be the key to procrastinate of individuals (Pychyl & Flett, 2012;
Rebetez et al., 2016), that is, when MPA generates negative psychological outcomes, the negative outcomes will be the key
to IP. What's more, according to what has been discussed above, we speculated that PS might be the negative psychologicaloutcome, and be served as a mediation. Considering the different characteristics between males and females, gender will
be considered as an influencing factor and different mediation models will be distinguished (Valenzuela et al., 2020).
Taken together, the aim of the research was to explore the relationship of mobile phone addiction (MPA), perceived stress(PS) and irrational procrastination (IP) and the mediating role of perceived stress (PS) between MPA and IP among college
students in China. It will contribute to understanding the underlying risk factors of IP, the influences of MPA and thepotential mental mechanisms on the process from MPA to IP. Also, suggestions could be given to college students to prevent
IP. The Hypothesis was that PS could play a mediating role in the correlation between MPA and IP.

Figure 1. Conceptual model of the mediating role of perceived stress on association between mobile phone addiction andirrational procrastination.
2.Methods
Participants and collection
This study was conducted at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in November 2020, approved by the Ethics Committee of
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (NO.H2020043I) on October 14th 2020. Participants were recruited following the
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The relationship of Mobile Phone Addiction and Irrational Procrastination in College Students: Mediating Effect ofPerceived StressMengyao Shi, Jiali Qian, Shiyuan Li, Xiangyu Zhai, Yuqing Shi, Xiang Fan
voluntary principle from freshman and sophomore students who enrolled at three public universities in Shanghai, China
were recruited with voluntary principle QR code for self-reported questionnaires was scanned by them voluntarily. 6788
students were enrolled in this study, 568 (8.4%) of them were excluded due to incomplete information. There were 6220
(91.6%) valid questionnaires in the end. The mean age of them was 18.71±0.87, with 4257 males (18.74±0.90) and 1963
females (18.64±0.80).
Measures and questionnaires
Mobile phone addiction (MPA) was measured by the Mobile Phone Addiction Index Scale (MPAI) (Leung, 2008) with 17
items. Cronbach’s α in Chinese university students was 0.86, which means great reliability and validity of MPAI (LIAN etal., 2018). The five degrees Likert scales (1=completely inconsistent; 5=completely consistent) was used for scoring. The
higher the score, the more severity of MPA. In the scale, item3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 14, and 15 were for screening addictive
behavior, participants who responded more than three times on those items were categorized as mobile phone addicts.
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), which has been conducted in Chinese college students extensively, was adopted toassess perceived stress (PS)(Cohen et al., 1983). The scale has been proven to have fairly acceptable reliability and validity
in Chinese college students(Lu et al., 2017, p. 10). Ten items were included in the scale, among which four items wereabout positive outcomes with revering scores. The five degrees Likert scale (0=never; 4=very often) was conducted, andtotal scores ranged from 0 to 40. The higher the scores, the more pressure (Bastianon et al., 2020; Chan & La Greca, 2013).
The Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS) with nine items was used for measuring irrational procrastination (IP). The IPS
has been demonstrated great reliability and validity among Chinese college students (NI et al., 2012). Cronbach’s alpha of
IPS was 0.79 in this research. The five degrees Likert scale (0= complete disagreement; 4= complete agreement) was
conducted, and total scores ranged from 0 to 36. The higher the scores, the more severity of IP.
Confounding factors (i.e. age, tobacco use and alcohol use) were measured by self-reported questions, for example,“Have you ever smoked/ had alcohol?” Three options (always; rarely; never) were for the answers. Anyone who
answered “Always” for those questions was categorized as a smoker and/or a drinker.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and PROCESS 3.5 (IBM Inc., Chicago,
IL, USA). First of all, means, standard deviations (SD) and percentages were for descriptive statistics on demographics.
Then, T-test and chi-square tests were for differences examinations. Cohen's d and Cramér’s phi were used to calculate theeffect size of t-tests and Chi-square, respectively(Muller, 1989; Wen, 2011). Later, correlations between each variable were
examined using Pearson correlation coefficients. The last but the most important, the mediation model was structured as
Model 4 of Hayes' Process in SPSS. 5000 times percentile Bootstrap and 95% confidence interval (CI) were conducted fortesting mediating effect since Bootstrap has greater statistical power(Preacher & Hayes, 2008).
3.Results

Table 1. Demographic and characteristics of participating students in the survey
Mean±SD or n (%)

Participant
total（n=6220)

male (n=4257)

female (n=1963)

18.71

18.74

18.64

Characteristics
Age (year)

0.87

0.90

0.80

Mobile Phone Addiction
MPAI scores

29.17

12.56

28.45

12.69

30.72

17.24

6.71

16.99

6.68

17.79

17.32

5.84

17.34

5.82

17.27

Always

46

0.7%

32

0.8%

14

0.7%

Rarely

1930

31.0%

1504

35.3%

426

21.7%

Never

4244

68.2%

2721

63.9%

1523

77.6%

Tobacco use
19

0.3%

14

0.3%

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5

0.12

<0.01

0.18

<0.01

0.12

0.63

0.01

<0.01

0.14

0.05

0.31

5.90

Alcohol use

Always

<0.01

6.74

Irrational procrastination
IPS scores*Effect Size

12.15

Perceived stress
PSS-10 scoresp-value

0.3%

The relationship of Mobile Phone Addiction and Irrational Procrastination in College Students: Mediating Effect ofPerceived StressMengyao Shi, Jiali Qian, Shiyuan Li, Xiangyu Zhai, Yuqing Shi, Xiang Fan
Rarely

67

1.1%

55

1.3%

12

0.6%

Never

6134

98.6%

4188

98.4%

1946

99.1%

Note: SD, standard deviation; MPAI, Mobile Phone Addiction Index Scale; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; IPS, Irrational
Procrastination Scale.

*Effect Size: Cohen's d for T-test; Cramér’s phi (φc) for chi-square.

Participant Characteristics
Demographics and characteristics of participants were shown in Table 1. 6220 students were recruited in this survey.
Compared with the males, more MPA, PS and less IP were reported by females.
Pearson Correlation
Correlation coefficients were presented in Table 2. There were positive correlations between MPA and PS among males (r= 0.438, p < 0.01) and females (r =0.436, p < 0.01) respectively; positive correlations between MPA and IP among males(r = 0.549, p < 0.01) and females (r = 0.561, p < 0.01) respectively; positive correlations between PS and IP among males(r = r = 0.495, p < 0.01) and females (0.465, p < 0.01) respectively.
Table 2.

Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients

VariablesMale(n=4257)
Female(n=1963)

1.MPAI
2.PSS
3.IPS
1.MPAI
2.PSS
3.IPS

Mean

SD

1

28.5
17.0
17.3
30.7
17.8
17.3

12.7
6.7
5.8
12.2
6.7
5.9

1.000
0.438**
0.549**
1.000
0.436**
0.561**

2

3

1.000
0.495**

1.000

1.000
0.465**

1.000

Note: SD, standard deviation; MPAI, Mobile Phone Addiction Index Scale; PSS,
Perceived Stress Scale; IPS, Irrational Procrastination Scale. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Mediation Models
The Mediation Models were structured as Model 4 in PROCESS, and the 5000 times BOOTSTRAP was for testing indirect
mediation effects. Table 3 for details showed that MPA could positively predict IP with controlling confounding factors
among males (0.546, p < 0.01) and females (β = 0.556, p < 0.01). After adding PS as a mediation variable, MPA was still
an important predictor of IP among males (β = 0.409, p < 0.01) and females (β = 0.440, p < 0.01). Furthermore, in path a,
PS could be positively predicted by MPA among males (β = 0.436, p < 0.01) and females (β = 0.428, p < 0.01); and in pathb, IP could be positively predicted by PS among males (β = 0.314, p < 0.01) and females (β = 0.271, p < 0.01).
Mediation effects existed based on the 5000 times BOOTSTRAP. Indirect effect was significant and there was no 0 in 95%
CI (see Table 4). For males, the direct effect (0.188) and the mediating effect (0.063) accounted for 74.9% and 25.1% of
the total effect (0.250) respectively. For females, the direct effect (0.214) and the mediating effect (0.056) accounted for
79.2% and 20.8% of the total effect (0.270) respectively.

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The relationship of Mobile Phone Addiction and Irrational Procrastination in College Students: Mediating Effect of Perceived StressMengyao Shi, Jiali Qian, Shiyuan Li, Xiangyu Zhai, Yuqing Shi, Xiang Fan

Table 3.
Outcomes

Mediation model analyses: association between mobile phone addiction and irrational procrastination via perceived stress.
Variable

Irrational Procrastination
Tobacco Use
Alcohol Use
Age
Mobile Phone Addiction
Perceived Stress
Tobacco Use
Alcohol Use
Age
Mobile Phone Addiction
Irrational procrastination
Tobacco Use
Alcohol Use
Age
Mobile Phone Addiction
Perceived Stress

males
R2
0.303

0.193

0.382

F
461.200

β

Boot SE

t

0.009
0.023
0.030
0.546

0.473
0.153
0.083
0.006

0.715
1.752
2.287*
42.331**254.627

femalesR2
F
0.316 226.332

0.194-0.021
0.015
0.032
0.436

0.584
0.189
0.103
0.007

-1.4671.067
2.294*
31.424**

0.016
0.018
0.020
0.409
0.314

0.445
0.144
0.079
0.006
0.012

1.285
1.478
1.606
30.353**23.395**525.826

0.375

5Boot SE

t

0.009
0.024
0.019
0.556

0.891
0.262
0.140
0.009

0.481
1.238
1.029
29.417**-0.0130.066-0.003
0.428

1.104
0.325
0.174
0.011

-0.6293.122**-0.14520.858**

0.013
0.006
0.020
0.440
0.271

0.852
0.251
0.134
0.010
0.017

0.697
0.333
1.121
22.030**13.613**118.138

235.169

Note: Boot SE, Boot standard error; All values are rounded to two decimal places, as follows. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

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βThe relationship of Mobile Phone Addiction and Irrational Procrastination in College Students:
Mediating Effect of Perceived StressMengyao Shi, Jiali Qian, Shiyuan Li, Xiangyu Zhai, Yuqing Shi, Xiang Fan
Table 4. Total, direct, and indirect effects: perceived stress as a mediator between mobile phone
addiction and irrational procrastination.
EffectBoot SE p
LLCIULCIPM (%)
Male

Indirect effect
0.063
0.004
<0.001
0.055
Direct effect
0.188
0.007
<0.001
0.174
Total effect
0.250
0.006
<0.001
0.239
FemaleIndirect effect
0.056
0.006
<0.001
0.046
Direct effect
0.214
0.010
<0.001
0.195
Total effect
0.270
0.009
<0.0010.252
Note: LLCI, lower of bootstrap95%CI; ULCI, upper of bootstrap95%CI;

0.071
0.201
0.262
0.067
0.233
0.288

25.1%
74.9%
—
20.8%
79.2%
—

4.Discussion
It is common for college students suffering Mobile phone addiction (MPA) and irrational procrastination(IP) (Geng et al., 2018), and has posed an impact on their study and lives (Stead et al., 2010; Steel, 2007).
Based on previous researches and the Self-Regulatory Failure Theory, this study was to explore therelationship of mobile phone addiction (MPA), perceived stress (PS) and irrational procrastination (IP)and the mediating role of perceived stress (PS) between MPA and IP among college students in China.
In recent years, an increasing amount of young people were with PS. PS, as a normal response, wasubiquitous, whereas excessive PS might give rise to a series of negative psychological outcomes, suchas anxiety, fear and depression (Anastasiades et al., 2017). Consistent with our hypothesis, this study
confirmed that MPA could positively predict IP through PS among college students. Consistent withprevious research, there was a correlation between stress and maladaptive behaviors. (Cho et al., 2017;
Sirois et al., 2003). We hold the opinion that IP, as a typical maladaptive coping strategy (Kim & Seo,2015), might be used for escaping from reality and the pressure, and that might account for the fact that
IP was influenced by PS. Evidence showed that there was a positive association between MPA and PS(LIAN et al., 2018). Therefore, it could be inferred that the more time spent on mobile phones, the morenegative emotions would be generated, and the more severe IP to cope with those psychologicalmaladjustments. Unluckily, a vicious cycle would exist that IP might lead to time-waste and/or taskincompletion, and then accumulated work would produce more negative psychological outcomes, likeanxiety and stress, and more severe maladaptive behaviors, like IP, would come out. Thus, it is very
important for college students to prevent IP.
According to our previous research on the relationship of MPA and IP(Shi et al., 2021), this study further
explored and confirmed the mediating role of perceived stress (PS) in the relationship between mobile
phone addiction (MPA) and irrational procrastination (IP) among college students.
Theoretically, not only it revealed the negative effects of MPA on individuals' psychology and behavior,
but also it could help to uncover the mechanism of the IP formation process from a perspective of
emotional health. Practically, the results suggest that campus workers can supervise and guide theirrational procrastination of college students through improving and alleviating the perceived stress ofstudents. The research results have certain theoretical and practical significance for deepening the
research on the relationship between mobile phone addiction and individual psychological and behavioral
maladjustment, and guiding college students to use mobile phone rationally for their good psychological
adaptation and social behavior.
However, there were some limitations in this study. First of all, no causal inference could be exploredbecause of cross-sectional study design. Our direction that we predicted when we built the mediation
model is based on the standpoint when irrational procrastination is seen as a behavior. In that case, IP
was more likely to be a coping strategy of individuals for maladjustment and would be affected by otherbehaviors and emotions (Ferrari, 2012; Kandemir, 2014). In addition,, since there was little subjects had
alcohol and/or tobacco experience, no significant difference between them and other people statisticallywas found, even though previous study showed that there was a connection between dysfunctional
behaviors (e.g. alcohol abuse and tobacco abuse) and IP(Sirois & Kitner, 2015). In addition, there is abias in the gender ratio of sample in our study cause the gender bias of students at these three
universities. In order to make up this bias, we calculate the effect size of t-test and chi-square tests
to compare gender differences. In the future, the researchers should put dysfunctional behaviors into
consideration and investigate the differences of them.
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The relationship of Mobile Phone Addiction and Irrational Procrastination in College Students:
Mediating Effect of Perceived StressMengyao Shi, Jiali Qian, Shiyuan Li, Xiangyu Zhai, Yuqing Shi, Xiang Fan
5. Conclusions
In a word, MPA could positively predict IP through PS among college students even after adjustingcovariates including age, smoking and drinking situation. For educators, this study provides new ideas
about improving irrational procrastination among Chinese college students. Practically, the IP brought
by MPA could be attenuated by improving and alleviating PS on students.
Author Contributions
X.F. was the principal investigator; he designed the study and oversaw the implementation of the project.
M.S. drafted the manuscript and completed the data analyses. J.Q. participated in the revision of themanuscript and improved its quality. S.L. and Y.S. participated in data collection and the discussion of
statistical methods. X.Z. offered the suggestions of statistical methods. All authors have read and agreed
to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This study is a social science research project which was supported in part by the National Key R&D
Program of China (NO.2020YFC2007004).
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the
Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (NO.H2020043I) on 14 October 2020.
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
The data in the study are not publicly available in order to protect privacy of the participants.
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to Shun Song, Can Wang, Wenxian Zhou, and other fieldworkers for their
help and contribution in data collection. We thank Xianyong Jiang for their guidance on statisticalmethods and data consolidation. We also thank all the students who participated in this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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