ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢቑຍࡣ㑅ᣲࢆ࡝࠺ኚ࠼ࡓ࠿㸫㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝ࡜ฟཱྀㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࡢ⪃ᐹ㸫
Increase in Early Vote and Voting BehaviorᇼỤ ᾈHiroshi Horieࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸯㸬ᢞ⚊⋡㸰㸬ᢞ⚊ඛ㸱㸬ᨻඪ㸪ᨻ἞ᐙ㸲㸬᭷ᶒ⪅㸳㸬ฟཱྀㄪᰝࠑせ᪨ࠒ㑅ᣲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ไᗘࡀᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚㸪ࡇࡢไᗘࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿேࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᨻඪࡸೃ⿵⪅㸪㐠ືဨࡽࡶᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡟⾜ࡃࡼ࠺࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࢆᙉࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢቑຍࡣ㑅ᣲ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋไᗘࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓ  ᖺࡢཧ㝔㑅௨㝆ࡢᅜᨻ㑅ᣲࢆศᯒࡍࡿ࡜㸪඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ᢞ⚊⋡ࢆᢲࡋୖࡆࡿຠᯝࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓᒙࡀ๓ಽࡋ࡛ᢞ⚊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋẚ㍑ⓗ㸪⤌⧊⚊ࡀከ࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡓᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡔࡀ㸪㏆ᖺࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ⤌⧊໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᒙࡢ฼⏝ࡀቑ࠼㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡜ᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡢᆒ㉁໬ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ

Early voting has become popular in elections, resulting in an increased number of people using thisoption to cast their ballots. Political parties, candidates, and campaign workers are also strongly urging
people to vote early. What impact does an increase in early voting have on elections? An analysis ofnational elections since 2004, when early voting was implemented in an upper house election, indicatesthat it may not increase overall voter turnout. Rather, it is more likely that those who previously voted
on election days are instead now casting early votes. Many early votes were organized votes, but inrecent years, voters who are not necessarily part of any organized voting bloc may increasingly use thisoption, narrowing the difference between early voting and election day turnout.

3


政策と調査 第16号（2019年3月）
ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝࠉ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ไᗘࡣ  ᖺࡢබ⫋㑅ᣲἲᨵṇ࡛᪂タࡉࢀ㸪ᅜᨻ㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣ  ᖺࡢཧ㝔㑅࠿ࡽᑟධࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ୙ᅾ⪅ᢞ⚊ไᗘࡀᢞ⚊࡛ࡁࡿせ௳ࢆཝࡋࡃつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ไᗘࡣせ௳ࢆ࠿࡞ࡾ⦆ࡵࡓࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣ௙஦ࡸ᪑⾜㸪ࣞࢪ࣮ࣕ㸪ෙ፧ⴿ⚍࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⌮⏤࡛ࡶᢞ⚊࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪බ♧㸦࿌♧㸧⩣᪥࠿ࡽᢞ⚊᪥๓᪥ࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫㸪࠸ࡘ࡛ࡶᢞ⚊࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ᗘࡣ࠿࡞ࡾᗈࡀࡗࡓࠋᑡࡋ࡛ࡶᢞ⚊⋡ࢆୖࡆࡼ࠺࡜ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢ฼⏝ࢆ㑅ᣲ⟶⌮ጤဨ఍ࡀ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭱㏆ࡣከࡃࡢேࡀ㞟ࡲࡿࢩࣙࢵࣆࣥࢢࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡸ㥐㸪኱Ꮫ࡞࡝࡟ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ᡤࡀタࡅࡽࢀࡿ࡞࡝㸪฼౽ᛶࡣቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᢞ⚊ᡤࡢᩘ࡛ࡳ࡚ࡶᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ᡤࡀῶࡿ୍᪉㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ᡤࡣᚎࠎ࡟ቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᖺ  ᭶࠿ࡽࡣࠕኳ⅏ཪࡣᝏኳೃ࡟ࡼࡾᢞ⚊ᡤ࡟฿㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠖࡶᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⌮⏤࡟ຍࢃࡗࡓࠋ┤ᚋ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ  ᖺ  ᭶ࡢ⾗㝔㑅ࡣ㸪ྎ㢼  ྕࡀᢞ㛤⚊᪥ࡢ๓ᚋ࡟᪥ᮏิᓥኴᖹὒᓊࢆ⦪᩿ࡋࡓࠋᝏኳೃࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵ஦๓࡟ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆࡍࡿேࡀᛴቑࠋ㑅ᣲ⟶⌮ጤဨ఍ࡶᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪 ᖺ⾗㝔㑅࡛ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆࡋࡓேࡣ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢ 㸣㸪ᢞ⚊⪅ࡢ㸣࡟ࡢࡰࡿࠋ⛅⏣┴ࡣᢞ⚊⪅ࡢ 㸣࡜༙ᩘ௨ୖࡀᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪㑅ᣲ⟶⌮ጤဨ఍࡟ຍ࠼㸪᭱㏆ࡣ㑅ᣲᡓࢆࡓࡓ࠿࠺㝕Ⴀࡸᨻඪࡢഃࡶ฼⏝ࢆ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᨭᣢ⪅ࡢẼᣢࡕࡀኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺᪩ࡵ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡉࡏࡿ≺࠸࠿ࡽࡔࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢቑຍࡀ㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝࡸ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢព㆑࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓ  ᖺཧ㝔㑅௨㝆㸪 ᖺࡢ⾗㝔㑅ࡲ࡛࡟  ᅇ࠶ࡗࡓᅜᨻ㑅ᣲࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᇶ࡟ศᯒࡋࡓࠋ㸬ᢞ⚊⋡ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡣᚑ᮶ࡢ୙ᅾ⪅ᢞ⚊ࡢせ௳ࢆ⦆࿴ࡋ㸪ᢞ⚊ࡋࡸࡍࡉࡣ᱁ẁ࡟ྥୖࡋࡓࡀ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀ඲యࡢᢞ⚊⋡ࢆᢲࡋୖࡆࡿࡲ࡛࡟ࡣ⮳ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᅗ  ࡣ  ᖺ࠿ࡽ  ᖺࡲ࡛࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡍ࡭

Policy & Research No.16 (March 2019)
3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 0DUFK

4࡚ࡢཧ㝔㑅㸪⾗㝔㑅ࡢ඲ᅜࡢᢞ⚊⪅ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦㸯㸧ࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ㒑ᨻゎᩓࠖ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ  ᖺ⾗㝔㑅࡜㸪⮬Ẹඪ࠿ࡽẸ୺ඪ࡬ࡢᨻᶒ஺௦࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓ ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ࡣ㸪ᢞ⚊⪅⥲ᩘࡀ  ୓ே๓ᚋࡢỈ‽࡟㐩ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࢀ௨እࡣ  ୓ே๓ᚋ࡛㸪 ᖺཧ㝔㑅௨㝆ࡣ  ୓ேྎ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪 ᖺཧ㝔㑅࡛ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆࡋࡓேࡣ  ୓ேࡔࡗࡓࡀ㸪 ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ࡣ  ୓ே࡟ቑ࠼ࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢ㛫㸪᭷ᶒ⪅ᩘࡣ࡯ࡰᶓࡤ࠸࡛᥎⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ ṓ㑅ᣲᶒࠖࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓ  ᖺཧ㝔㑅ࡀࢃࡎ࠿࡟ቑ࠼࡚᭷ᶒ⪅ᩘࡣ᭱ከ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡀ㸪 ᖺࡣῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷ᶒ⪅ᩘࢆຍ࿡ࡋࡓᢞ⚊⋡࣮࣋ࢫ࡛ࡳ࡚ࡶ㸪඲యࡢᢞ⚊⋡ࡣ  ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ࢆࣆ࣮ࢡ࡟ྑୗࡀࡾ࠿ᶓࡤ࠸ࡢഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ 㸧ࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢቑຍࡀᢞ⚊⋡ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿୗⴠࢆ㣗࠸Ṇࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿ≧ἣࡔࠋࢢࣛࣇࡢᙧࢆ࠿࠼࡚㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡜ᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࢆ୪࡭࡚ẚ࡭ࡓࡢࡀᅗ  ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ᭷ᶒ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿ๭ྜ㸦ᢞ⚊⋡㸧࡛㸪ᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡀῶࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ୍᪉㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟㸪ᢞ⚊⪅඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡜ᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡢ๭ྜࢆࡳࡓࡢࡀᅗ  ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺཧ㝔㑅࡛ࡣ  ๭㏆ࡃࡀᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡋ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡣ  ๭࡯࡝ࡔࡗࡓࡀ㸪 ᖺ⾗㝔㑅࡛ࡣᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡣ 㸣࡟ῶࡾ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡣ 㸣࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟  ᖺ࠿ࡽ  ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡣ  ࣏࢖ࣥࢺቑ࠼ࡓࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢቑຍࡣᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡢῶᑡ࡜㐃ືࡋ࡚᥎⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ඲యࡢᢞ⚊⋡ࡣ  ᖺ௨㝆㸪ῶᑡഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ඲యࡢᢞ⚊⪅ࡀቑ࠼࡞࠸≧ἣ࡛ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀቑ࠼ࢀࡤ㸪ᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡣῶࡿ㛵ಀ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ඲ᢞ⚊⪅ࢆ  ࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢ๭ྜ㸦ࠕᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚⪃ᐹࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋపᢞ⚊⋡ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡣࡩࡔࢇᢞ⚊࡟⾜ࡃே࡜⾜࠿࡞࠸ேࡢᅛᐃ໬ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣࡣ㸪ࡩࡔࢇᢞ
⚊࡟⾜ࡃேࡓࡕࡀ๓ಽࡋ࡛ᢞ⚊ࢆࡍࡲࡏ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪㏆ᖺࡢ㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡸᢞ⚊ᡤ࡟ฟྥࡃ᫬ᮇࡀ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚᪩ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᢞ⚊ࡢ๓ಽࡋഴྥࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜㸪㑅ᣲ㐠ືᮇ㛫୰࡟ೃ⿵⪅ࡢ୺ᙇࡸே᯶࡞࡝ࢆࡌࡗࡃ

5

政策と調査 第16号（2019年3月）
ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝ ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡾぢᐃࡵࡓୖ࡛ᢞ⚊᪥࡟ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿ㸪࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᢞ⚊⾜ືࡣᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢᐃ╔࡛ኚᐜࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢿࢵࢺ㑅ᣲ㐠ືࡢゎ⚗࡛ೃ⿵⪅࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡀ⡆༢࡟ᡭ࡟ධࡿ᫬௦࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ᝟ሗ⎔ቃࡢኚ໬ࡶ๓ಽࡋᢞ⚊ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸰㸬ᢞ⚊ඛᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢቑຍ࡜ᢞ⚊ඛ࡟ࡣఱ࠿㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ⾗ཧࡢẚ౛༊ᢞ⚊ඛ࡛ㄪ࡭ࡓࠋᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓᨻඪࡣ  ᖺཧ㝔㑅࠿ࡽ  ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ࡲ࡛㏻ࡋ࡚ᒆࡅฟ࡚࠸ࡿᨻඪࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪⮬Ẹ㸪ᪧẸ୺⣔㸪බ᫂㸪ඹ⏘࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋᪧẸ୺⣔ࡣ ཧࡣẸ㐍ඪ㸪 ⾗ࡣ❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ࡜ᕼᮃࡢඪ㸦ᙜ᫬㸧ࡢྜ⟬࡛ぢࡓࠋ ᅗ  ࡣ඲ᅜ  㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡢᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜ࡜㸪ྛᨻඪࡢ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡈ࡜ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࢆ㑅ᣲࡈ࡜࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺࢆ㝖ࡃ࡜㸪࠾࠾ࡴࡡ㸪⮬Ẹࡣᖺࢆ㏣࠺ࡈ࡜࡟ṇࡢ್ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᪧẸ୺⣔ࡣ㈇ࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿࡀ㸪ᚎࠎ࡟ࢮࣟ࡟㏆࡙ࡃࠋ୍᪉㸪බ᫂ࡣṇࡢ್ࡀῶᑡࡍࡿഴྥ
࡟࠶ࡿࠋඹ⏘ࡣ㈇ࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡾ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟࣐࢖ࢼࢫ᪉
ྥ࡟኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᨻඪࡶ ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ࡣࡑࢀࡲ࡛࡜␗࡞ࡿഴྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋྎ㢼ࡢく᮶࡜࠸࠺እⓗ࡞ᨩ஘せᅉࡀᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢฟ㊊࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋࡓ࡜ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᖺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࠶࡜᳨࡛ウࡍࡿࠋ ḟ࡟㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊඲యࡢ๭ྜࡢ᥎⛣࡜ྛඪࡢᚓ
⚊⋡ࡢቑῶഴྥࢆྠࡌࢢࣛࣇୖ࡛ẚ࡭࡚ࡳࡓࠋࡇ
ࡇ࡛ࡣᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜ㸪ྛᨻඪࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟඲ᅜࡢ㞟ィ್ࢆᣦࡍࠋ⮬Ẹ㸦㸦ᅗ 㸧
ᚓ⚊⋡ࡢቑῶ࡟᣺ࢀᖜࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪෌ࡧᨻᶒ஺௦ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓ  ᖺ⾗㝔㑅௨㝆㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡢቑຍ࡜Ṍㄪࢆྜࢃࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᚓ⚊⋡ࡣୖ᪼ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ



ᅗ5 ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜ䛸ᚓ⚊⋡䛾┦㛵ಀᩘ䛾᥎⛣
4ཧ

5⾗

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⮬ẸPolicy & Research No.16 (March 2019)
3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 0DUFKᪧẸ୺⣔6බ᫂ඹ⏘

16ཧ17⾗ᪧẸ୺⣔㸦㸦ᅗ 㸧࣭㸦ᅗ 㸧 ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ࡢᨻᶒ஺௦࡟ྥ࠿࠺ 㸪 ᖺࡣᚓ⚊⋡ࢆ࠶ࡆࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪 ᖺཧ㝔㑅௨㝆ࡣୗ㝆㸪ᖺ⾗㝔㑅௨㝆ࡣ཯㌿ࡋ࡚ୖ᪼ࡋࡓ㸦ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ  ᖺཧ㝔㑅ࡣẸ㐍㸧ࠋᩘࡢ୍᫬ⓗ࡞ୖ᪼࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢቑຍ࡜බ᫂ᚓ⚊⋡ࡀ஋㞳ࡍࡿഴྥ࡟ኚ໬ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ࡢᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࠶࡜࡛ヲ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ㸦ᅗ 㸧㸧ඹ⏘㸦඲యഴྥࡣ஋㞳ࡀ㐍ࡴࡀ㸪㸪 ᖺࡣᚓ⚊⋡࡜ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟ୖࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸪 ᖺ㸪ඹ⏘ࡣ㆟ᖍࢆቑࡸࡋ㸪ᨻᶒᢈุ⚊ࡢཷࡅ─࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋẸ㐍ඪศ⿣࡜❧᠇Ẹ୺ඪ㸪ᕼᮃࡢඪ㸦ᙜ᫬㸧ࡢタ❧ࢆཷࡅࡓ  ᖺࡢ⾗㝔㑅ࡣ㸪❧᠇࡜ᕼᮃࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࢆྜࢃࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࢢࣛࣇࢆᥥ࠸ࡓࡢࡀḟࡢᅗ  ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺ௨㝆ࡢᚓ⚊⋡࡜ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡢቑຍࡀ㐃ືࡋ࡚ୖ᪼ᇶㄪ࡟࠶ࡿᵝᏊࡀࡳ࠼ࡿࠋ㸯㸵ᖺၥ㢟 㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡈ࡜ࡢᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜ࡜ᨻඪᚓ⚊⋡ࡢ┦㛵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚  ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ࡣࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢഴྥ࡜␗࡞ࡿ⤖ᯝ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ௨ୗ㸪ࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡣ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡈ࡜࡟ࡳࡿ࡜㧗࠸┴࡜ప࠸┴ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㧗పࡢഴྥࡀ㑅ᣲࢆࡲࡓ࠸࡛ࡶ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡓࠋᙜヱ㑅ᣲ࡜୍᫬Ⅼ๓ࡢ㑅ᣲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡈ࡜ࡢᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡳࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧ࠋ ᖺ㸦 ᖺ࡜ ᖺ࡜ࡢ┦㛵㸧࠿ࡽ  ᖺࡲ࡛┦㛵ಀᩘࡀ⣙ 㹼 ࡜㧗࠸್ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪 ᖺ㸦 ᖺ࡜ ᖺࡢ┦㛵㸧ࡣ  ྎ࡟పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛࡜බ᫂㸦㸦ᅗ 㸧 ᖺࢆ⤒࡚ࡶᚓ⚊⋡ࡀ࡯ࡰᶓࡤ࠸࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜ࡜ࡢ஋㞳ࡀᖺࠎ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔ㸪 ᖺ⾗㝔㑅࡛㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡈ࡜ࡢᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜ࡜බ᫂ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡢ┦㛵ࡀୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧ࠋᅗ  ࡣ඲ᅜ㞟ィࡋࡓᚓ⚊⋡࡜ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡢ஋㞳࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᅗ  ࡣ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡈ࡜࡟ࡳࡓᮇ᪥๓ᚓ⚊๭ྜ࡜ᚓ⚊⋡ࡢ┦㛵࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺ⾗㝔㑅ࡣᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡀቑ࠼ࡓ㒔㐨ᗓ┴࡜බ᫂ࡢᚓ
⚊⋡ࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㧗࠸㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡀࡑࢁ࠺ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪୍᪉࡛඲ᅜࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡣపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧ࠋྎ㢼ࡢᙳ㡪࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠸㸪බ᫂ࡢᆅ┙ࡀẚ㍑ⓗᙉ࠸ᆅᇦ࡛ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀ኱ࡁࡃఙࡧࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿ┦㛵ಀ7

政策と調査 第16号（2019年3月）
ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝ ➨ྕ ᖺ᭶㸧ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ྎ㢼࡟ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁࡃస⏝ࡋࡓ࡜ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋḟࡢ㑅ᣲ࡛ྎ㢼ࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦ែࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ  ᖺ௨๓ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢࣃࢱࣥ࡟ᡠࡿ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡣ㐪࠺ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡢศᕸ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ  ᖺ࠿ࡽ  ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡢఙࡧࡀ኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡣ⾲㸯ࡢ㏻ࡾࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣୖ఩  㒔┴ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋἈ⦖ࡣ  ࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖ᪼ࡍࡿ࡞࡝࠸ࡎࢀࡶ஧ࡅࡓ௨ୖࡢቑຍࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥ࡢ⾗㝔㑅ᢞ⚊᪥ࡢ๓ᚋ࡟ྎ㢼 ྕࡀ᪥ᮏิᓥࡢኴᖹὒἢᓊࢆ⦪᩿ࡋ㸪ኴᖹὒἢᓊࡢ㒔┴ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀቑ࠼ࡓࠋ⾲  ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡢఙࡧᖜ12345678910Ἀ⦖┴ᚨᓥ┴୕㔜┴࿴ḷᒣ┴Ⲉᇛ┴༓ⴥ┴ᮾி㒔රᗜ┴㧗▱┴ዉⰋ┴ 㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡈ࡜ࡢᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜ࡜ᨻඪᚓ⚊⋡ࡢ┦㛵㸦ᅗ 㸧࠿ࡽ㸪⮬ẸࡸᪧẸ୺⣔࡞࡝㸪ẚ㍑┦㛵ಀᩘࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿഴྥࡀぢ࠼ࡿࠋ㏫࡟ᚓ⚊⋡Ỉ‽ࡢప࠸ᑠᨻඪࡣಀᩘࡀୗ㝆ࡍࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢቑຍࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ࿧ࡧ㎸ࡴవᆅࡢ࠶ࡿ኱ᨻඪ࡟ࡣ᭷฼࡟ാࡃྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡔࡀ㸪ᑠᨻඪࡣᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢆாཷࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ᵓ㐀࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑠᨻඪࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡣከᑡࡢቑῶࡣ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ኱ࡁࡃኚືࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣపࡃ㸪ቑ኱ࡍࡿᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡜㸪ᶓࡤ࠸ࢆࡓ࡝ࡿᚓ⚊⋡࡜ࡢ஋㞳ࡀᖺࠎ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊⪅ࡢ࡞࠿࡟༨ࡵࡿᑠᨻඪࡢᨭᣢ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟ῶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᥎ ࡉࡏࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪බ᫂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪᫬ᮇࢆࡉ࠿ࡢࡰࡿ࡯࡝ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡜ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢ༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡀࡲࡔᑠࡉ࠸  ᖺࡸ  ᖺࡣබ᫂ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࡣ⮬Ẹࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ࠋ๰౯Ꮫ఍ࢆᨭᣢẕయ࡜ࡍࡿබ᫂ࡣᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᨭᣢ⪅࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡟࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᨭᣢ⪅ࡶከࡃࡀᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡟ฟྥࡃࡇ࡜࡛▱ࡽࢀࡿࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀࡲࡔᑡ࡞࠸᫬ᮇࡣᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡛ࡢබ᫂ᨭᣢᒙࡢ༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣ㧗࠸ࡀ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊⪅ࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚බ᫂ᨭᣢᒙࡢ๭ྜࡣⷧࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪┦㛵ಀᩘࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㻝㻤㻚㻡㻤㻝㻢㻚㻢㻟㻝㻢㻚㻠㻣㻝㻢㻚㻟㻝㻝㻠㻚㻞㻟㻝㻟㻚㻡㻣㻝㻞㻚㻥㻡㻝㻞㻚㻤㻠㻝㻞㻚㻣㻜㻝㻞㻚㻢㻡㸦 ᖺ⾗ࡢᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜ࠿ࡽ  ᖺཧࡢᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࢆᘬ࠸ࡓࡶࡢࠋ༢఩ࡣࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ㸧ࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛㸪㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡈ࡜ࡢఙࡧᖜ࡜  ᖺ⾗㝔ẚ౛༊ࡢᨻඪᚓ⚊⋡࡜ࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡳࡓࡢࡀᅗ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋබ᫂ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸ࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡀ኱ࡁࡃఙࡧࡓᆅᇦࡣẚ㍑ⓗ㸪බ᫂ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ᆅᇦࡔࡗࡓࠋ㏫࡟⮬ẸࡸᪧẸ୺⣔ࡣ㈇ࡢ┦㛵࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᖺࡣྎ㢼࡜࠸࠺ᨩ஘せᅉࡀᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢฟ㊊࡟኱ࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡲ࡛࡜ࡣ㐪࠺ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊๭ྜࡢࣃࢱࣥࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓࠋᅗ  ࡟ࡳࡿබ᫂ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࡢୖ᪼ࡣ㸪ẚ㍑ⓗබ᫂ࡢᚓ⚊⋡ࡢ㧗࠸ᆅᇦ࡛ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀቑ࠼ࡓࡢ࡟㐃ືࡋࡓ

Policy & Research No.16 (March 2019)
3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 0DUFK

8௨ୖࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆࡍࡿᒙࡢኚ໬ࡀ࠺࠿ࡀ࠼ࡿࠋไᗘᑟධ┤ᚋࡣᚲࡎᢞ⚊࡟⾜ࡃሀ࠸ᨭᣢᒙࡀ୰ᚰ࡛㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ᢞ⚊ࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࡀ㸪᭱㏆ࡣ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ᢞ⚊ࡢ๭ྜࡀῶࡾ㸪࡝ࡕࡽ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ᙅ࠸ᨻඪᨭᣢᒙࡸ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿ↓ඪὴᒙࡢ๭ྜࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡜ᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡢᆒ㉁໬ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓഴྥࡣฟཱྀㄪᰝ࡛࡝ࡇࡲ࡛☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪ㄢ㢟࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡀᮇ᪥๓ฟཱྀㄪᰝࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢᅔ㞴ࡉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ඲᪥⛬࠿ࡘ඲ᆅᇦࢆࣂࣛࣥࢫⰋࡃᢕᥱࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᮇ᪥๓ฟཱྀㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ⭾኱࡞ࢥࢫࢺࡀ࠿࠿ࡾ㸪஦ᐇୖ୙ྍ⬟࡞ࡓࡵࡔࠋ୍㒊ࡢᢞ⚊ᡤࡸ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ᪥ᩘࡢㄪᰝ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪㑅ᣲࡈ࡜࡟ㄪᰝᆅⅬࡸᐇ᪋᪥ᩘ࡞࡝ㄪᰝタィࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪⤖ᯝࢆ༢⣧࡟ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ௨ୗࡢഴྥࡣㄞࡳྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋձᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀ኱ࡁࡃቑ࠼ࡿ࡜ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡟࠾ࡅࡿබ᫂ᨭᣢᒙࡢ༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡀపୗࡍࡿࠋղᨭᣢᨻඪ࡜ᢞ⚊ඛ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᮇ᪥๓ฟཱྀㄪᰝ࡜ᙜ᪥ฟཱྀㄪᰝࡢ஋㞳ࡣᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡜ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮇ᪥๓ฟཱྀㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢᢅ࠸ࡣៅ㔜࡛࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪࡜ࡃ࡟ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡀ኱ࡁࡃఙࡧࡓ  ᖺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢ㑅ᣲ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡟࠾ࡅࡿබ᫂ᨭᣢᒙࡢ๭ྜࡢపୗ࡜ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡜ᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡢᆒ㉁໬ࡢ㐍⾜࡜࠸࠺ഴྥࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓኚ໬ࡀ㑅ᣲ඲⯡࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ௨ୗ㸪ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ㸱㸬ᨻඪ㸪㸪ᨻ἞ᐙ 㑅ᣲ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ᨻඪࡸᨻ἞ᐙࡀᨭᣢ⪅࡟☜ᐇ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡢࡣ⮳ୖ࿨㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㑅ᣲ㐠ືᮇ㛫୰࡟ᨭᣢ⪅ࡢẼᣢࡕࡀኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺㸪᪩ࡵ࡟ᢞ⚊ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡢࡣᡓ␎ୖ㸪࡜࡚ࡶ㔜せࡔࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࡿ㑅ᣲ㐠ືࡀᖺࠎᙉࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢯ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣕࣝࢹ࢕࢔࡛ࡢ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࡣᖖዓᡭẁ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪⾤㢌₇ㄝ࡟ࡶኚ໬ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ᡤࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓ᪋タࡢ๓࡛⾤㢌₇ㄝࢆ⾜࠸㸪⤊஢ᚋ㸪ࠕࡳ࡞ࡉࢇࡢᚋࢁ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡀᢞ⚊ᡤ࡛ࡍࠋ௒ࡍࡄᢞ⚊ࢆࠖ࡜㞟ࡲࡗࡓᨭᣢ⪅࡟࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࡿ㝕Ⴀࡶ⌧ࢀࡓࠋ㝕Ⴀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡳࢀࡤືဨࡋࡓᨭᣢ⪅ࢆ☜ᐇ࡟⚊࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡽࢀࡿᡓ⾡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡘ࡛ࡶ⡆༢࡟ᢞ⚊࡛ࡁࡿᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ไᗘࡣࠕẖ᪥ࡀᢞ⚊᪥ࠖ≧ែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࠋ࠸࠿࡟ᨭᣢᒙ࡟ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡟⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺࠿㸪᪂ࡓ࡞㑅ᣲᡓ⾡ࡀ࠺ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪ࡑࡇ࡟ࡣୡㄽࡸ♫఍ࡢศ᩿ࡶᙳࢆⴠ࡜ࡍࠋ⾗㝔㑅࡟ᑠ㑅ᣲ༊ไࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓ  ᖺ௨㝆㸪஧ᗘࡢᨻᶒ஺௦ࢆ࡬࡚୚㔝ඪࡢᢈุࡢᛂ㓘ࡣᙉࡲࡿࡤ࠿ࡾࡔࠋᩛ࡜࿡᪉ࢆ஧ศࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᑐỴᆺᨻ἞ࡢᙉࡲࡾࡣ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢព㆑࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࠋ⤒῭ⓗ࡞᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱࡜࡜ࡶ࡟௰㛫࠺ࡕ࡛ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣕࣝࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᬑཬࡶ┦ࡲࡗ࡚㸪ୡㄽࡢศᴟ໬ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋᨻඪࡸᨻ἞ᐙࡣ↓ඪὴᒙ࡞࡝ᖜᗈ࠸ᒙ࠿ࡽࡢᨭᣢࢆᚓࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡼࡾࡶ㸪⮬ࡽࡢᨭᣢ⪅ࢆࡋࡗ࠿ࡾᅛࡵࡿ㑅ᣲᡓ⾡࡬࡜㍈㊊ࢆ⛣ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢⅬ࡛ᨭᣢᒙࢆ☜ᐇ࡟⚊࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡸࡍ࠸ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡣᨻඪ࣭ᨻ἞ᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚฼⏝ࡋࡀ࠸ࡢ࠶ࡿไᗘ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㸲㸬᭷ᶒ⪅ࡑࡶࡑࡶ㑅ᣲࡣᢞ⚊᪥ࡀ୍᪥࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ௨እ࡟ᢞ⚊࡛ࡁࡿ୙ᅾ⪅ᢞ⚊ࡣࠕࡸࡴࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠖ஦ែࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࡓ౛እⓗ࡞ᥐ⨨࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ⤒⦋ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ௒ࡢࡼ࠺࡟▐᫬࡟᝟ሗࡀᗈࡀࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡞࡝ࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࢁ㸪ೃ⿵⪅ࡢ᝟ሗࡀ㑅ᣲ༊඲ᇦ࡟⾜ࡁΏࡿࡲ࡛᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡗࡓ᫬௦ࡣ๓ಽࡋ࡛ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㑅ᣲ㐠ືᮇ㛫୰࡟ೃ⿵⪅ࡢッ࠼ࡸே᯶ࢆࡼࡃ▱ࡗࡓୖ࡛ᢞ⚊᪥࡟ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡶೃ⿵⪅ࡶ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡔࡀ㸪᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩࡜࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ౑ࡗࡓ㑅ᣲ㐠ືࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛㸪බ♧㸦࿌♧㸧┤ᚋ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡣೃ⿵⪅ࡸබ⣙࡞࡝ࡢ᝟ሗࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡟⾜ࡃࡼ࠺㸪ᨻඪࡸ㝕Ⴀ࠿ࡽാࡁ࠿ࡅࡀᙉࡲ
ࡿࡢࡀ᭱㏆ࡢ㑅ᣲࡔࠋೃ⿵⪅ࡢ୺ᙇࡸே᯶࡞࡝ࢆ᭱ᚋࡲ࡛ぢᴟࡵࡓ࠸࡜ᙉࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸㝈ࡾ㸪㝕Ⴀࡸᨻඪࡢ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚᭷ᶒ⪅ࡀᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ᛮ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㧗ࡲࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡞ࡿ࡜㸪ೃ⿵⪅ࡸッ࠼ࡢ୰㌟ࢆࡼࡃ▱ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ᪩ࡵ࡟ᢞ⚊ࢆࡍࡲࡏࡿ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡶከࡃ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡣ౽฼࡞ไᗘࡔࡀ㸪⇍⪃ࡢ࠺࠼࡛ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓព㆑ࡀⷧࢀ㸪㢗ࡲࢀࡓࡾࢿࢵࢺ࡛ᚓࡓࡾࡋࡓ᝟ሗࡔࡅ࡛ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿேࡀቑ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆࡍࡲࡏࡓ࠶࡜࡛㑅ᣲᡓࡢ≧ἣࡀኚࢃࡾ㸪ೃ⿵⪅ࡢ୺ᙇࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓࡾ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢព㆑ࡀኚࢃࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼ࡿࡀ㸪9

政策と調査 第16号（2019年3月）
ᨻ⟇࡜ㄪᰝ ➨ྕ㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡋࡓ⚊ࡣྲྀࡾᾘࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ㸳㸬ฟཱྀㄪᰝሗ㐨ᶵ㛵࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪ᢞ⚊⪅ࡢ⾜ືࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆࡍࡲࡏࡓேࡓࡕࡢ㔜ࡳࡀቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔࡀ㸪඲యീࢆࡘ࠿ࡴࡢࡣᴟࡵ࡚㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟ᅜᨻ㑅ᣲࡸ▱஦㑅ᣲࡣ]㛤タࡉࢀࡿᮇ㛫ࡢ㛗ࡉࡸᢞ⚊ᡤࡢከࡉ࠿ࡽ㸪ㄪᰝᆅⅬࡸᐇ᪋᪥ࡣసⅭⓗ࡟Ỵࡵࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣᗇ⯋ෆࡢ఍㆟ᐊ࡞࡝࡟ᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ᡤࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡿ࡜㸪୍⯡ࡢ᮶ᗇ⪅࡜ᢞ⚊࡟᮶ࡓேࡢ༊ูࡀࡘ࠿࡞࠸ࠋᅜᨻ㑅ᣲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮇ᪥๓ฟཱྀㄪᰝࡣ㝈ࡽࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡋ࠿࡞࠸࠺࠼ᖖ࡟೫ࡾࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ࡝࠺ぢᴟࡵࡿ࠿ࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟࡟࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪↓సⅭᢳฟࡀྍ⬟࡛᪥᭙᪥ࡀㄪᰝ᪥࡜࡞
ࡿᙜ᪥ฟཱྀㄪᰝࡣẚ㍑ⓗࣂࣛࣥࢫⰋࡃᢞ⚊⪅࡟᥋ゐ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪ᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡢῶᑡ࡟ࡼࡿ೫ࡾࢆព㆑ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࡼࡾከ࠸஦ែࡣࡍ࡛࡟⌧ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᙜ᪥ฟཱྀㄪᰝࡔࡅ࡛඲ᢞ⚊⪅ࡢ⾜ືࢆㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ࡜ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶゝ࠼࡞࠸࠿ࡽࡔࠋᮇ᪥๓㸪ᙜ᪥࡜ࡶ࡟༢యࡔࡅ࡛඲యࢆ᥎ ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ᮇ᪥๓࡜ᙜ᪥ࡢฟཱྀㄪᰝࢆᢞ⚊⪅๭ྜ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚㔜ࡳ௜ࡅࡋ㸪ྜ⟬ࡋ࡚඲యࢆண ࡍࡿࡢࡶྍ⬟ࡔࡀ㸪ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ᮇ᪥๓ฟཱྀㄪᰝ࡟೫ࡾ࡜Ḟ ࡀ࠶ࡿ௨ୖ㸪ྜ⟬ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡃࡲ࡛௬᝿ࡢ್࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࠋ㝈ࡽࢀࡓᆅⅬ㸪᪥᫬ࡋ࠿࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᮇ᪥๓ฟཱྀㄪᰝࢆά⏝ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪඲యࡢ㞟ィ್࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡼࡾᆅⅬࡈ࡜ࡢ᫬㛫ⓗኚ໬ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ࡭ࡁࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᮇ㛫୰㸪⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ᢞ⚊⾜ືࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿ࢆᆅⅬࡈ࡜࡟ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪㏫࡟ࡑࢀ࡯࡝⤌⧊໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᒙࡢືྥࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ᝟ሗࢆࡶ࡜࡟ᙜ᪥ฟཱྀㄪᰝࡢ೫ࡾࢆぢᴟࡵ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ฟཱྀㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠼ࡤᙜ᪥ฟཱྀㄪᰝࢆᣦࡍࡢࡀ୍⯡ⓗࡔࡗࡓࡀ㸪ቑ኱ࡍࡿᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊ࢆཷࡅ࡚ᮇ᪥๓ฟཱྀㄪᰝࡢᚲせᛶࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᖖ࡟೫ࡾࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠺࠼ࢥࢫࢺ㠃ࡢၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪༢⣧࡟ᐇ᪋ࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡲࡓつᶍࢆ኱ࡁࡃࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ㑅ᣲ⤖ᯝࢆⓗ☜࡟ぢ㏻ࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ᮇ᪥๓ฟཱྀㄪᰝ㸪ᙜ᪥ฟཱྀㄪᰝࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࠕࡃࡏࠖࢆᖖ࡟ព㆑ࡋ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟࠶ࡿ඲యീࢆぢ㏻ࡍᢏ⾡ࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛௨ୖ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ㸦ᮅ᪥᪂⪺♫⦅㞟ጤဨ㸧Policy & Research No.16 (March 2019)
3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK1R 0DUFK10ὀ ᅗ  ࡣ඲ᢞ⚊⪅࠿ࡽᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊⪅ࢆᘬ࠸ࡓࡶࡢࢆࠕᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࠖ࡜ࡋࡓࠋཝᐦ࡟ࡣ୙ᅾ⪅ᢞ⚊࡜ᅾእᢞ⚊ࡀࠕᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࡀ㸪඲య࠿ࡽࡳࢀࡤᑡᩘ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᮏ✏ࡣᮇ᪥๓ᢞ⚊࡛࡞࠸ࡶࡢࢆࠕᙜ᪥ᢞ⚊ࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࠋཧ⪃ᩥ⊩⥲ົ┬㑅ᣲ㒊 ┠࡛ぢࡿᢞ⚊⋡ᖹᡂ  ᖺ  ᭶∧ࡢࣜࣥࢡ
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