Infectivity of SARS-CoV2(COVID-19) to animals
One World One HealthResearch Forum

Edit : KH

SARS-CoV2 belongs to beta coronavirus

M.A. Shereen et al./Journal of Advanced Research 24 (2020) 91‒98

About SARS-CoV2• The phylogenetic tree based on the full-length
gene sequence of the new coronavirus (SARSCoV2) is shown on the right.
• Red is Pangolin-derived CoV• Pink isolated SARS-CoV2 in China• Green indicates bat-derived CoV with 96%
similarity to SARS-CoV2.
• Viruses isolated from bats and pangolins andphylogenetic tree analysis show that they areclosely related.
ØThe origin of SARS-CoV2 is presumed to befrom bats (Zhou, P. et al., 2020. Nature 579 270-273).

Tao Zhang et al.,Current Biology 30, 1–6, April 6, 2020
Figure 2. Phylogenetic Relationship of CoVs Based on the Whole Genome a

Red text denotes the Malayan Pangolin-CoV. Pink text denotes SARS-CoV-2. Green te3 | RESULTS

How the virus invades the animal host ？

ALS AND METHODSSARS‐CoV‐2 encodes at least 27 proteins, including 15 nonstructural

12es useduACE2in the study
proteins, 4structural proteins,andTMPRSS2
8 auxiliary proteins.
Spike gly(Angiotensin-convertingenzyme2) and(whichcleaves viral S

coprotein (S), a structural protein located on the outer envelope ofprotein) on our cells are SARS-CoV2
host side receptors.

equences of spike glycoprotein and ACE2 werethe virion, binds to the host‐receptor angiotensin‐converting enzyme(ACE2).
S glycoproteinof SARS‐CoV,MERS‐CoV,and SARS‐
uACE2 is widely expressed2 intheThebody,including
the heart,
liver,
testis, kidney andsion number:digestive
QHU79173, QHR84449,
tract. QHQ71963, CoV‐2 has 1104 to 1273 amino acids and contains an amino (N)‐e NCBI GenBank Database, including SARS‐CoV‐20594, QHN73795, QHD43416, and BBW89517)

terminal S1 subunit and a carboxyl (C)‐terminal S2 subunit13

uTMPRSS2 is expressed in(Figurenasal
mucosaandtherespiratory1). Inthe S1 subunit,receptor‐bindingorgans.
domain (RBD),

teins (accession number: ACU31051, ACU31032,

36, AAR91586, and AAP37017), bat SARS‐like CoV

spanning about 200 residues, consists of two subdomains: the coreuThe SARS-CoV2 S proteinandbinds
to host cell ACE2
(RBD shown in green).
external subdomains.
The RBD core subdomain is re2, AVP78031, ATO98231, AGZ48828, AKZ19087,
14,15

16

The external
for the formation of S trimer particles.
uAfter binding to the ACE2sponsible
receptor,
it is cleaved by the enzymatic
action ofsubdomain contains two exposed loops on the surface, which bind
AID (http://www.GISAID.org). The pangolin metaTMPRSS2, which activates
the S protein and fuses it with the cell membrane.
with ACE2. Investigating the evolutionary relationship of the RBD
nloaded from the NCBI BioProject databasebat SARS‐like CoV RaTG13 sequence was down-17

sequence
spike ACE2
protein isand
helpfulTMPRSS2.
for understanding the virus
uCoronavirus penetrates cells
by inhostd the coronavirus genomes sequences were ana-

origin trends.

Coronavirus spike (S) protein structure

Spike protein（S)Viral nucleic acid（RNA)https://www.scientificanimations.com
Zhixin Liu et al., J Med Virol. 2020;1–7
tural diagrams of spike glycoproteins of SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV‐2. All spike proteins of coronaviruses

Keep distancefrom SARS-CoV2sensitive animals

Predict host range by comparing spike protein
recognition sites of mammalian ACE2 (14 position)• Primates (chimpanzees, macaques, etc.)• hamster• Feline (cat, tiger, lion, etc.)• Pangolin• ferret• Dog (does not multiply).
• the infection is unknown in livestock(it does not grow in pigs, horses and chickens).

Number matching
human ACE2
amino acid％

Human

14/14

100

Gorilla

14/14

100

Monkey (Macaque)

14/14

100

Hamster / cat

11/14

79

Pangolin

10/1471Dog / bat

9/14

64

Mouse

８/1457

Species• SARS-CoV2 can infect animals with receptors like humans, so stay away when you are unwell• Domestic companion animals (cats, ferrets, hamsters) avoid contact with other susceptible animals
and live a safe life against viral infections.
• In general, animals may have various zoonotic diseases, so close contact should be avoided.
• After touching the animal, wash your hands thoroughly with soap.