First Symposium on Steller’s and White-tailed Sea Eagles in East Asia pp. 71-82, 2000
UETA, M. & MCGRADY, M.J. (eds) Wild Bird Society of Japan, Tokyo Japan

Diet of the Steller’s Sea Eagle in the Northern Sea of Okhotsk
Irina UTEKHINA1, Eugene POTAPOV2* & Michael J. MCGRADY3#
1. Magadan State Reserve, Portovaya str. 9, Magadan 685000, Russia. e-mail: zapoved@online.magadan.su
2. Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan 685000, Russia.
3. Raptor Research Center, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725-1516, USA.

Abstract. Qualitative data on the diet of adult and young Steller’s Sea Eagles Haliaeetus pelagicus inNorth Okhotia during spring (incubation period) and summer (chick rearing period) have been
analyzed. The total of 177 prey samples containing 551 prey items from nests located on rivers,seacoast and on islands with large sea bird colonies were analyzed. The diet of Steller’s Sea Eagles
consists (in descending order of importance) of birds, fish, mammals, and carrion. Birds dominate thediet of the coastal pairs (73%, N = 107), especially in the pairs breeding at the sea bird colonies (91%,N = 211). The proportion of birds in the diet of eagles nesting on rivers is much lower (11%, N = 38).
In summer fish is a dominant component of diet only in riparian pairs (77%, N = 78). In coastal pairs,
as well as in pairs at the seabird colonies the proportion of fish was lower: 26% and 7% (N = 28 and 19)
respectively. Carrion is very important for Steller’s Sea Eagles in spring. In nests along rivers 83% (N= 6) of prey in spring is carrion from traps set by trappers. In spring the eagles occupying riparian nest
sites consume mostly mammals and carrion, whereas on the coast eagles feed on birds. In summer the
riparian pairs switch to fish, whereas coastal nesting pairs consumed mostly birds, although the fishcomponent increased also. The composition of the diet of chicks was dramatically different between
habitats. Chicks reared in riparian nests have fish-oriented diet, whereas chicks reared in coastal
nests eat mostly birds. At sea bird colonies the Steller’s Sea Eagles selected species that were
extremely abundant and were relatively less manoeuvrable in flight.

INTRODUCTION
Studies of Steller’s Sea Eagles Haliaeetus pelagicus during the breeding period in
Kamchatka (Lobkov & Neifeldt 1986, Ladygin 1992) and Amur (Masterov 1992) have foundthat fish are the most important component of the diet in these places. In other sea eagle
species fish are an important part of the diet for the population as a whole, but in some areas
and for some individual pairs other taxa are most important. Some pairs of Bald Eagle H.
leucocephalus (Stalmaster 1987), White-tailed Sea Eagle H. albicilla are known to prey upon
* Present address: School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, Woodland Rd, Bristol, BS8 1UG UK.
# Present address: Institute for Wildlife Studies, P.O.Box 1104, Arcata, CA 95521, USA.

e-mail: mikemcgrady@hotmail.com

72
seabirds and wildfowl where they are locally abundant. This paper presents data on the diet of
Steller’s Sea Eagles in North Okotia. Data are from nests on rivers, along portions of sea shore,and on islands. Although data were not collected from all nests, the study area probably
includes about 25% of the breeding population of Steller’s Sea Eagles. The variety ofsituations in which nests are found in the study area means that a wide range of diet are seen.
We report upon the composition of diet in the study area and highlight the importance of sea
birds in the diet of some pairs.

METHODSThe diet of Steller’s Sea Eagles living along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Koni
peninsula in the east to the Lisyanskiy peninsula in the west as well as along the rivers Yama,
Tauy, Kava, Chelomdja, Ul’beya, Kukhtuy and at the sea bird colonies at the islands of Talan
and Umara has been studied in 1991-1998. Only qualitative data on the diet of adults andyoung during spring (incubation period) and summer (chick rearing period) have been
analyzed.
Prey remains were collected from nests and the area under them. In addition we recorded
prey species captured by adults during hunting bouts and during food deliveries to the nests.
From direct observations of eagles and their nests, a food item is defined as: A single
individual food item obtained during hunting (whether delivery to the nest was observed ornot), or a single individual food item consumed by a chick.
When analyzing prey items and pellets collected from under the nest we included only
items that were not recorded in the pellets and prey remains collected from the nest.
All dietary items collected in nests with chicks were classified as part of nestling diet,however portions of these items may have been eaten by adults as well. Pellets collected underperches used by adult eagles and pellets containing small items which normally are notdelivered to the chicks (e.g. nuts of Siberian Dwarf Pine Pinus pimula, voles, Nereidae worms,
small squid and chitons) were considered to be from adults.
Prey species were identified by comparing the remains with a collection of prey items
made during fieldwork as well as collections from the Zoological Museum, Russian Academyof Sciences, St. Petersburg, collections of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North,
Russian Academy of Sciences (Magadan), and the collection of the Magadan State Reserve.
A total of 177 prey samples containing 551 prey items were analyzed. We analyzed dietfrom nests located on rivers, seacoast and on islands with large sea bird colonies (i.e. Umara
and Talan islands) separately. Collection date was also noted. In this paper we analyze diet ofspring (mostly incubation period) and summer (mostly chick) rearing period separately.
Index of selectivity was calculated using Ievlev index, which has been used for bird of
prey diet analysis by Galushin (1982):

73

N = 551

Birds
Fish
Mammals

Carrion
OthersFig. 1. Diet of Steller's Sea Eagles in Northern Okhotia.

where E - index of selectivity, r - percent of prey species in diet, p - percent of the same
species in the wild.
With this index, preferred species have positive values, whereas the species that are
avoided have negative values. A zero value means that the species is preyed upon in
proportion to its availability in the wild.

RESULTS
General overview of diet
The diet of the Steller’s Sea Eagles consists (in descending order of importance) of
birds, fish, mammals, and carrion (Fig. 1). ‘Other’ items are taken, but these are of relatively
little importance. Detailed data on diet from all nests are given in Appendix.
Amongst birds the Thick-billed and Thin-Billed Murres Uria aalge and lomvia
dominated the diet, followed by gulls (Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla and Slateybacked Gulls Larus schistisagus), Crested Auklet Aethia cristatella and Pelagic CormorantPhalacrocorax capillatus. The fish portion of the diet consisted largely of Pink Onchorynchos
gorbuscha and Chum Salmon O. keta, Dolly Varden Charr Salvelinus malma, S. leucomaenis
and various cod species Gadidae. Mammals were represented by Red Fox Vulpes vulpes,
Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus, and Okhotian Ringed Seal Phoca hispida ochotensis. The eagles
also consumed carrion. Including animals taken from gin-traps set by fur trappers, remains ofdead seals and on one occasion a dead swan (possibly Cygnus bewickii). Other items on thediet list include pieces of Siberian Dwarf Pine cones, Nereis Worm Nereis sp., squid andchiton.

74
River
100

N = 13

N = 51Sea
N = 23

N = 41% in diet

75

Birds

50

Mammals
Carrion25

Fish
Others0
BeforeAfterhatching hatching

BeforeAfterhatching hatching

Fig. 2. Difference between diets of coastal and riparian pairs. Nests at sea-bird colonies are excluded.

Birds
Birds dominate in the diet of eagles at coastal nests (73%, N = 107), and especially in thediet of pairs breeding at sea bird colonies (91%, N = 211). The proportion of birds in the dietof eagles nesting on rivers is much lower (11%, N = 38). The bird portion of the diet of eagles
nesting in riparian areas is diverse, including ducks Anas sp., Black-headed L. ridibundus andSlatey-backed Gulls, crow Corvus spp., and passerines. In coastal nests the species
composition of birds in the diet was different. Apart from ducks, remains of Short-Eared Owl
Asio flammeus, Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca, Carrion Crow Corvus corone and Raven C.
corax. were also found. Pairs at sea bird colonies consumed many kittiwakes, murres, Pelagic
Cormorants, Slatey-backed Gulls, Tufted Lunda cirrhata and Horned Puffins Fratercula
corniculata, Ancient Murrelets Synthliboramphus antiquus and Crested Auklets.
In spring (before hatching) birds are the mainstay of the diet of eagles using coastal nests(64%, N = 23), however in the diet of riparian pairs we did not record birds (Fig. 2).
At seabird colonies eagles take many nestlings and recent fledglings, concentrating,mostly of those species whose young do not hide in borrows and do not go to sea during theearly fledgling stages. These species include Pelagic Cormorant, Slatey-backed Gull, andkittiwake. In most instances of eagles preying upon young seabirds at colonies that we
observed, eagles were seen to walk between nests and collect chicks or eggs. Eagles are very
delicate in transporting small prey items to their nest, using their beaks rather than in feet. On
an eagle nest on Umara Island we found an undamaged egg of murre, and live chicks ofkittiwake (body weight 120-200 g) and cormorant (body weight 200-300 g). Chicks brought inas prey sometimes remain alive for more than a day, sometimes feeding on the remains of fishin the eagle’s nest.

75
Fish
In summer, fish dominates only in the diet of riparian pairs (77%, N = 78). In coastal
pairs, as well as in the pairs at sea-bird colonies the proportion of fish was lower: 26 and 7% (N= 28 and 19) respectively. Pairs breeding in riparian areas feed mainly on Pink Salmon,
Chum Salmon, Dolly Varden Charr, and Grayling Thymallus arcticus. Sometimes weobserved intensive bouts of feeding on Stickleback Gastrossteus aculeatus. In coastal nests fish
species living in the littoral zone comprise half (50%) the diet, followed by coastal (27%) andpelagic species (23%). The most common species found in the diet of coastal pairs was
Wolfish Anarchichas orientalis, but Hemitripterus villosus, Aptocyclus ventricosus,
Myoxocephalus spp., and Cottidae were also consumed. Species found relatively rarely
include Mintai Theranga chalcogramma, Cod Gadus macrocephalus, and Pacific Herring
Clupea pallasi. In pairs nesting at sea bird colonies we recorded only Navaga Eleginus
gracilis.
Mammals and carrion
Amongst mammal prey items Red Fox, American Mink Mustela vison and Dog Puppy
Canis familiaris were noted in the diet of eagles in riperian areas. In some instances werecorded remains of Red Bank Vole Clethrionomys rutilus and Root Vole Microtus oeconomus.
On the coast young Ring Seal Phoca hispida ochotensis was found. This is the smallest of theresident seals.
Carrion is very important for Steller’s Sea Eagles in spring. In nests along rivers 83% (N= 6) of prey in spring is carrion from traps set by trappers. These species include Sable
Martes zibellina, Red Fox, and American Mink. At coastal sites carrion includes seals of
various species, and in one instance Snow Sheep Ovis nivalis.
In summer the most common mammal in the diet of pairs using riparian nests was
muskrat Ondatra zibethicus, however the overall proportion of mammals in the diet is rather
small.
Diet of coastal and riverine pairs
The diet of Steller’s Sea Eagles breeding on seacoasts and along rivers is fundamentallydifferent (Fig. 2). In spring eagles occupying riparian nest sites consume mostly mammals andcarrion, whereas on the coast eagles feed on birds. In summer the riparian pairs switch to fish,
whereas at coastal nests the majority of items consumed were birds, although the fishcomponent increased also. Birds dominated the diet of eagle pairs breeding at large sea-birdcolonies (90.6% N = 178), at nest of eagles on the sea coasts the bird portion the diet issomewhat lower (73%, N = 99), whereas at riparian nests the proportion of birds is much lower(10.7%, N = 6).
Diet composition of chicks was dramatically different between the habitats (Fig. 3).
Chicks reared in riparian nests have a fish-oriented diet, whereas chicks reared in coastal nest

76

100

N = 22

N = 40N = 26% in diet

75

50
Birds
25
Mammals
Fish

0
River

Sea

Colonies

Fig. 3. Diet of chicks in diffrent habitats.
N = 29100

N = 11
P. pelagicus
L. schistisagus

75

R. tridactyla
Uria spp.
C. carbo

50

L. cirrhata + F. corniculata
S. antiquus + C. psittacula

25

A. cristatella
Other birds
unidentified birds

0

Wild

Diet

Umara Is.

Wild

Diet

Talan Is.

Fig. 4. Diet in comparison to the composition of available birds.

chicks eat mostly birds.
Selectivity of prey species
At sea bird colonies the Steller’s Sea Eagles selected a higher proportion of Thick andThin-billed Murres, Ancient Murrelets and Parakeet Auklets and kittiwakes (in one island oftwo) than other birds. Despite the high numbers of Slatey-backed Gulls, Tufted and Horned
Puffins, Pelagic Cormorants and Crested Auklets, their proportion in the diet was lower (SeeTable 1, Fig. 4). Eagles preferred species that were extremely abundant and were relatively lessmanoeuvrable in flight. However, the proportions of different species in the diet of eagles at

77
Table 1. Indicies of use of prey species of Steller's Sea Eagle nesting on
two islands that have large breeding colonies of sea birds.
Rissa tridactyla
Uria spp.
Phalacrocorax pelagicus
Larus schistisagus
Cerrphhus carbo
Lunda cirrhata + Falcedo corniculata
S. antiquus + C. psittacula
A. cristatella

Talan Island
0.8
0.8
-1
-1
-1
-0.4
0.2
-0.7

Umara Island
-0.1
0.8
0.4
-0.6
-0.2
-0.6
0.5
-1

coastal nests and at seabird colonies differ. Slatey-backed Gull is the most abundant bird on theseacoast (Golubova & Pleshenko 1997) and it is dominant in the diets of the coastline pairs.
However, eagles breeding at large bird colonies avoid Slatey-backed Gull (Fig. 4, Table 1) andprefer kittywakes and murres.

DISCUSSION
Most researchers that have studied the diet of Steller’s Sea Eagles have noted a significant
seasonal shift in diet (Babenko et al. 1988, Lobkov & Neifeldt 1986, Shibnev 1981,
Wunderlich 1980). Our findings are consistent with these. In addition, we recorded differencesin dietary shift between eagles nesting in riparian and coastal areas.
The dietary shift in riparian areas is more dramatic, than in coastal areas. This seems tobe because with the break up of the river ice, and the spawning of large numbers of salmonids,
fish resources are generally more available on the rivers than in coastal areas. In coastal
pairs the beak-up of the sea ice has similar effect, but the bird proportion of the diet stays highbecause suitable avian prey is available both before and after the ice break-up, and the relative
availability of fish does not increase to the same extent as it does on the rivers.
Seabird colonies attract many eagles, some of which do not breed there. In spring 1998
we observed about 20 eagles feeding at Talan Island, which has only 2 breeding pairs. It
appears that these eagles fly to Talan from the mainland (some 7 km away). The constantcrossing of the strait between Talan Island and the mainland by eagles was observed from endof April to mid May, when the sea ice had drifted away. During that time we observed eagles
feeding on birds on the island, as well as carrying prey to the mainland. In summer, when thenumbers of seabirds on the island increases, no eagle concentrations are observed there. The
movement of eagles from the mainland in spring is probably linked to the fact that ice covermakes hunting unprofitable in coastal waters, and is facilitated by the fact that eagles are not yet
territorial.
The spring diet of the Steller’s Sea Eagle has been most completely described by Lobkov& Neifeldt (1986). Our observations agree with their findings. In our study we have more data

78
to compare diet between riparian and coastal nesting pairs. In spring at riparian sites the diet ismore or less balanced across taxa, whereas at coastal sites diet is composed mostly of birds. In
Magadan region rivers are blocked by ice until mid-May, and at that time only dead fish leftfrom last year’s spawning are available to eagles. This source of food is absent at the seacoast.
Fish in the diet of coastal pairs in early spring was noted only once.
Carrion and live mammals play an important role in spring, whereas their proportion insummer time diet dramatically decreases. In spring there were direct observations of successful
hunting by eagles of American Mink and Red Fox (Miroshkin, G., Sokolov, A., Arshiev, E.
pers. comm.). Arshiev, E. (pers. comm.) complained that an eagle had preyed upon a puppy at
his hunting hut in the Kava river valley. However, at sea bird colonies there were no reported
cases of eagles attacking foxes. In Talan Island we observed eagles and foxes in close
proximity to one another, but did not see eagles attacking foxes. On one occasion we observeda fox approaching an eagle sitting on sea ice. As the fox approached the eagle started to takeoff, while the fox made several jumps towards it. The eagle then landed on the nearby ice
sheet, and the fox continued on its way. Researchers working for more than a decade on Talan
Island have not noted foxes mortality caused by eagles (Kondratiev et al. 1992). Lobkov &Neifeldt (1986) did describe cases of eagles attacking foxes in winter, but said that eagles do
not pay attention to foxes in summer. We noted foxes in the diet of one riparian pair
(Chelomdja River) and of one coastal pair (Motykley Bay).
In spring we found hair of Red Bank Vole in pellets from one nest on the Chelomdja
River, and on two occasions the hair of Root Vole (Malakchan estuary and Motykley Bay
coast).
Seal pups play an important role in the diet of coastal pairs (57% N = 4). The predationof seal pups by Steller’s Sea Eagle was reported by Tikhomirov (1966) and Belopolskiy(Belopolskiy & Rogova 1947). All reported cases refer to the Okhotsk Ringed Seal or Akiba
Phoca hispida ochotensis. This is the smallest seal amongst 4 resident species. Other species
include Bearded Seal Erignathus barbatus, Largha Okhotian common seal, Phoca vitulina
largha and Winged Seal P. fasciata. The pupping areas of Akiba are the closest of all resident
seals to the coastline. Akiba pups weigh 3.5-4 kg, which puts them within the weight range ofprey for Steller’s Sea Eagle, and in contrast to the Largha Seal, Akiba Seals (both pups andmothers) are not aggressive at the rookeries (Bukhtiayarov, pers. comm.).
In spring eagles are opportunists and feed upon what they can find, even in the presenceof humans. A. Krechmar (pers. comm.) observed the eagle trying to fly away with a dead swan
Cygnus sp. A.L. Fedorov (pers. comm.) observed an eagle walking c. 50 m to get to a gin-trap
in which a hare was held, as it was not possible to fly close to the trap. N. Turin (pers.
comm.) observed an eagle taking Mink from the gin trap. E. Arshiev (pers. comm.) describedan eagle taking a goose just been shot by him, but before he had managed to retrieve it. A
similar observation was made by A. Krechmar on the Chukcha River, where an eagle picked up
a Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator just wounded by a hunter.

79
On the coastline Steller’s Sea Eagles were seen to eat dead adult seals on the ice.
Rangers of the Magadan State Reserve regularly see eagles feeding close to concentrations ofseals that have hauled out onto the ice. However, there is no direct evidence that the eagles kill
adult seals.
In summer both carrion and mammals are rare in the diet of eagles, both at riparian andcoastal sites. This is consistent with observations by Ladygin (1992) made in Kamchatka.
The concept that Steller’s Sea Eagles specialize on Pacific salmon comes fromobservations in Kamchatka (Stenchenko 1974, Lobkov 1978, Lobkov & Neifeldt 1986,
Ladygin 1992), made mostly on inland nests. In our study, the fish proportion in the diet ofeagles breeding at the sea bird colonies was only 7%, and at sites along the coastline 26%. It
was only on the rivers that fish was the main source of food (77%). Masterov (1992) andBabenko et al. (1988) give similar figures for the proportion of fish in the diet of Steller’s Sea
Eagles on inland water bodies of southern Khabarovsk District. The difference between there
and the study in Magadan is only that the local ichthyofauna differs. Coastal nests were notstudied in detail in Kamchatka or southern Khabarovsk District.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Mikhail Nazarkin (IBPN) for valuable help in identifying fish remains. Dr.
Alexander Ya. Kondratiev (IBPN, Magadan) and Prof. Roald L. Potapov (ZIN, St. Petersburg) aided in
the identification of bird remains. Food items from eagles nesting on Talan and Umara islands werekindly collected by D. Pogorelko (Magadan State University). The research was funded in different years
by Chugach National Forest, Institute for Wildlife Studies (California), WWF Russian Program Grant(1996), Institute of Biological Problems of the North (Russian Academy of Sciences), Magadan State
Reserve, Olle & Signhild Engkvists Stiftelser and WWF/Sweden (grants to EP, 1996), U.S. Departmentof Defense, and personal contributions. We are grateful for help in the field by G. Bukaria, V. Mandehall,
A.Ya. Kondratiev, B. Benter, M. Thompson, R. Shrank, A. Sovkov, Yu. Balulis,S. Matvienko, and D.
Garcelon. We thank the Osprey Foundation for the 1996 endorsement grant to IU, and Avon Inflatables,
Ltd. (Dyfed, Wales, UK) for the supply of the fine inflatable motor-boat which was key to travel between
nests.

LITERATURE CITED
Babenko, V.G., Mzhulis, D.V., Ostapenko, V.A., Pererva, V.I. & Poyarkov, N.D. 1988. Distribution, numbers
and breeding ecology of the Steller's Sea Eagle in the Lower Amur. In: Litvinenko N.M. (ed). Rare
Birds of the Far East and Their Conservation. pp. 132-137. Nauka Publishers, Vladivostok. In
Russian.
Belopolskiy, L.O. & Rogova, E.N. 1947. To the ornithofauna of the north-eastern part of the Kamchatka
peninsula. Bull. MOIP, Biol. Sec. 52(2): 39-50. In Russian.
Galushin, V.M. 1982. Role of the birds of prey in the ecosystems. In: Role of the Birds in Ecosystems.
Results of the Sciences and Technique, Ser. Zoology of Vertebrates 11: 158-239. In Russian.

80
Golubova, E.Yu. & Pleshenko, S.V. 1997. Colonies of sea birds in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. In:
Kondratiev, A.Ya. (ed). Species Diversity and State of the Populations of Waterfowl Birds in the
North-East of Asia. pp. 141-162. Magadan. In Russian.
Kondratiev, A.Ya., Zubakin, V.A., Golubova, E.Yu., Kondratieva, L.F., Kharitonov, S.P & Kitayskiy, A.S.
1992. Fauna of terrestrial vertebrates of Talan Island. In: Kondratiev, A.Ya. (ed). Coastal Ecosystemsof the Northern Okhotsk Sea -Talan Island-. pp. 72-108. Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan. In
Russian.
Ladygin, A. 1992. Morpho-ecological adaptations of the Steller’s Sea Eagle and White-tailed Sea Eagle. In:
Kurochkin, E. (ed). Modern Ornithology. pp. 56-59. Nauka Publishers, Moscow. In Russian.
Lobkov, E.G. 1978. Steller’s Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) in Kamchatka. Zool. Zhurn. 57: 1048-1053.
Lobkov, E.G. & Neufeldt, I.A. 1986. Distribution and biology of the Steller's Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus
Pall.). Proc. Zoological Institute, Academy of Science 150: 107-146. In Russian.
Masterov, V. 1992. Ecological energetics and interspecies relationships of sea eagles H. albicilla and H.
pelagicus at Lower Amur and Sakhalin. PhD Thesis,, Moscow State University.
Shibnev, Yu.B. 1981. Wintering of large birds of prey in Prymorie. In: Litvinenko, N.M. (ed). Rare Birds ofthe Far East. pp. 100-107. Vladivostok. In Russian.
Stalmaster, M.V. 1987. The Bald Eagle. Universe Book, New York.
Stenchenko, A.M. 1974. Steller’s Sea Eagle in Kamchatka. Materials of VI- All-Union Ornithological
Conference, Moscow, part 2: 139-140. In Russian.
Tikhomirov, E.A. 1966. Some data on distribution and biology of Largha Seal in the Sea of Okhotsk insummer-autumn and organisation of its commercial use. Proc. Icthiological Commission (12). In
Russian.
Wunderlich K. 1980. Zum Nahrungsspektrum freilebender Riesenseeadler, Haliaeetus pelagicus (Pallas), im
Fernen Osten//Mitu. 5 (1-2). In German.

81
Appendix. Prey species in the Steller's Sea Eagle diet.
Species
Birds
MurrieBlack-legged Kittiwake
Slaty-backed Gull adultBlack-legged Kittiwake young
Crested Aucklet
Tufted Puffin
Unidentified birds
Slaty-backed Gull chickPelagic cormorant juvenile
Slaty-backed Gull young
Ancient Murrilet
Spectacled Guillemot
eggs
Guilemot sp
Pelagic cormorant
Gull
Parakeet Aucklet
FulmarDuck spBlack-headed Gull
Red-breasted Merganser
Raven
Crow
Black-legged Kittiwake chickGull fledgling
Murrie fledgling
Horned puffin
Crested Aucklet subadultMarbled murrelet
Cormorant subadult
Shoveler
Mallard juv
PintailRaven juv
Snowy Owl
Short-eared Owl
Passerine

Latin nameN%

Cerphus spp.
Phalacrocorax pelagicus
Larus spp.
Cyclorrhynchus psittacula
Fulmaris glacialis
Anas spp.
L. ridibundus
Mergus serrator
Corvus corax
Corvus corone
Rissa tridactyla pull.
Larus sp.
Uria sp.
Fratercula corniculata
Aethia cristatella
Brachyramphus marmoratus
Phalacrocorax pelagicus
Anas clypeata
Anas platyrhynchos
Anas acuta
Corvus corax
Nyctea scandiaca
Asio flammeus
Passeriformes sp.

114
40
28
28
24
23
13
12
11
9
9
8
8
7
6
5
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

20.7
7.3
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.2
2.4
2.2
2
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

Mammals
CarrionMuskratVole
Akiba seal juv
Red FoxAmerican Mink
Sable
Dog puppy

Mammalia spp.
Ondatra zybethica
Clethrionomys sp.
Phoca hispida ochotensis
Vulpes vulpes
Mustela vision
Martes zibellina
Canis familiaris

11
8
4
4
4
1
1
1

2
1.5
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2

Fish
Pink salmon
Stickleback
WolfishSalmonChum
MintaiFish spDead salmon
CottdaeSea fish
KerchakHairfishChar

Onchorynchos gorbuscha
Gastrossteus aculeatus
Anarchichas orientalis
Onchorynchos spp.
O. keta
Theranga chalcogramma
Pisces spp.
Onchorinchus spp.
Cottidae
Pisces spp.
Myoxocephalus sp.
Hemitripterus villosus
Salvelinus sp.

37
19
11
10
10
9
9
8
4
3
3
2
1

6.7
3.4
2
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.5
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.2

Uria spp.
Rissa tridactyla
Larus schistisagu ad
Rissa tridactyla
Aethia cristatella
Lunda cirrhata
Aves spp.
L. shistisagus Subadult
Phalacrocorax pelagicus
L. schistisagus
Synthliboramphus antiquus
Cerphus carbo

82
Appendix. Continued.
Species
Grayling
Cod
Frog-fish
Pacific Herring
OthersNereis worm
Pine cones
Junk
Squid
KhitonTotal avesTotal Fish
Total mammals
Total others

Latin name
Thymallus arcticus
Gadus macrocephalus
Aptocyclus ventricosus
Clupea pallasi
Nereis sp.
Pinus pimula
Khiton spp.

N
1
1
1
1

%
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

4
4
1
1
1

0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2

376
130
34
11

68.2
23.6
6.2
2