The Digital Earth: Understanding
our planet in the 21st Century
by Al Gore

Given at the California Science Center, Los Angeles, California, on January 31, 1998.
A new wave of technological innovation is allowing us to capture, store, process and display anunprecedented amount of information about our planet and a wide variety of environmental andcultural phenomena. Much of this information will be "georeferenced" - that is, it will refer to somespecific place on the Earth’s surface.
The hard part of taking advantage of this flood of geospatial information will be making sense ofit. - turning raw data into understandable information. Today, we often find that we have more
information than we know what to do with. The Landsat program, designed to help us understandthe global environment, is a good example. The Landsat satellite is capable of taking a complete
photograph of the entire planet every two weeks, and it’s been collecting data for more than 20years. In spite of the great need for that information, the vast majority of those images have neverfired a single neuron in a single human brain. Instead, they are stored in electronic silos of data.
We used to have an agricultural policy where we stored grain in Midwestern silos and let it rot
while millions of people starved to death. Now we have an insatiable hunger for knowledge. Yet agreat deal of data remains unused.
Part of the problem has to do with the way information is displayed. Someone once said that if we
tried to describe the human brain in computer terms, it looks as if we have a low bit rate, but very
high resolution. For example, researchers have long known that we have trouble remembering
more than seven pieces of data in our short-term memory. That’s a low bit rate. On the otherhand, we can absorb billions of bits of information instantly if they are arrayed in a recognizable
pattern within which each bit gains meaning in relation to all the others — a human face, or agalaxy of stars.
The tools we have most commonly used to interact with data, such as the "desktop metaphor"
employed by the Macintosh and Windows operating systems, are not really suited to this newchallenge. I believe we need a "Digital Earth". A multi-resolution, three-dimensional
representation of the planet, into which we can embed vast quantities of geo-referenced data.
Imagine, for example, a young child going to a Digital Earth exhibit at a local museum. Afterdonning a head-mounted display, she sees Earth as it appears from space. Using a data glove,she zooms in, using higher and higher levels of resolution, to see continents, then regions,countries, cities, and finally individual houses, trees, and other natural and man-made objects.
Having found an area of the planet she is interested in exploring, she takes the equivalent of a"magic carpet ride" through a 3-D visualization of the terrain. Of course, terrain is only one of themany kinds of data with which she can interact. Using the systems’ voice recognition capabilities,
she is able to request information on land cover, distribution of plant and animal species, realtime weather, roads, political boundaries, and population. She can also visualize theenvironmental information that she and other students all over the world have collected as part of
the GLOBE project. This information can be seamlessly fused with the digital map or terrain data.
She can get more information on many of the objects she sees by using her data glove to click ona hyperlink. To prepare for her family’s vacation to Yellowstone National Park, for example, sheplans the perfect hike to the geysers, bison, and bighorn sheep that she has just read about. Infact, she can follow the trail visually from start to finish before she ever leaves the museum in her
hometown.
She is not limited to moving through space, but can also travel through time. After taking a virtual
field-trip to Paris to visit the Louvre, she moves backward in time to learn about French history,
perusing digitized maps overlaid on the surface of the Digital Earth, newsreel footage, oral
history, newspapers and other primary sources. She sends some of this information to her
personal e-mail address to study later. The time-line, which stretches off in the distance, can beset for days, years, centuries, or even geological epochs, for those occasions when she wants tolearn more about dinosaurs.
Obviously, no one organization in government, industry or academia could undertake such aproject. Like the World Wide Web, it would require the grassroots efforts of hundreds ofthousands of individuals, companies, university researchers, and government organizations.
Although some of the data for the Digital Earth would be in the public domain, it might also
become a digital marketplace for companies selling a vast array of commercial imagery andvalue-added information services. It could also become a "collaboratory"-- a laboratory without
walls — for research scientists seeking to understand the complex interaction between humanityand our environment.
Technologies needed for a Digital Earth
Although this scenario may seem like science fiction, most of the technologies and capabilities
that would be required to build a Digital Earth are either here or under development. Of course,
the capabilities of a Digital Earth will continue to evolve over time. What we will be able to do in2005 will look primitive compared to the Digital Earth of the year 2020. Below are just a few of thetechnologies that are needed:
Computational Science: Until the advent of computers, both experimental and theoretical waysof creating knowledge have been limited. Many of the phenomena that experimental scientists
would like to study are too hard to observe - they may be too small or too large, too fast or too
slow, occurring in a billionth of a second or over a billion years. Pure theory, on the other hand,cannot predict the outcomes of complex natural phenomena like thunderstorms or air flows overairplanes. But with high-speed computers as a new tool, we can simulate phenomena that are
impossible to observe, and simultaneously better understand data from observations. In this way,
computational science allows us to overcome the limitations of both experimental and theoreticalscience. Modeling and simulation will give us new insights into the data that we are collecting
about our planet.
Mass Storage: The Digital Earth will require storing quadrillions of bytes of information. Later thisyear, NASAs Mission to Planet Earth program will generate a terrabyte of information each day.
Fortunately, we are continuing to make dramatic improvements in this area.
Satellite Imagery: The Administration has licensed commercial satellites systems that will
provide 1-meter resolution imagery beginning in early 1998. This provides a level of accuracy
sufficient for detailed maps, and that was previously only available using aerial photography. Thistechnology, originally developed in the U.S. intelligence community, is incredibly accurate. As onecompany put it, "It’s like having a camera capable of looking from London to Paris and knowing
where each object in the picture is to within the width of a car headlight."
Broadband networks: The data needed for a digital globe will be maintained by thousands ofdifferent organizations, not in one monolithic database. That means that the servers that areparticipating in the Digital Earth will need to be connected by high-speed networks. Driven by the
explosive growth of Internet traffic, telecommunications carriers are already experimenting with
10 gigabit/second networks, and terrabit networking technology is one of the technical goals of
the Next Generation Internet initiative. The bad news is that it will take a while before most of us
have this kind of bandwidth to our home, which is why it will be necessary to have Digital Earthaccess points in public places like children’s museums and science museums.

Interoperability: The Internet and the World Wide Web have succeeded because of theemergence of a few, simple, widely agreed upon protocols, such as the Internet protocol. TheDigital Earth will also need some level of interoperability, so that geographical information
generated by one kind of application software can be read by another. The GIS industry isseeking to address many of these issues through the Open GIS Consortium.
Metadata: Metadata is "data about data." For imagery or other georeferenced information to be
helpful, it might be necessary to know its name, location, author or source, date, data format,resolution, etc. The Federal Geographic Data Committee is working with industry and state andlocal government to develop voluntary standards for metadata.
Of course, further technological progress is needed to realize the full potential of the Digital Earth,especially in areas such as automatic interpretation of imagery, the fusion of data from multiple
sources, and intelligent agents that could find and link information on the Web about a particularspot on the planet. But enough of the pieces are in place right now to warrant proceeding with thisexciting initiative.
Potential Applications
The applications that will be possible with broad, easy to use access to global geospatialinformation will be limited only by our imagination. We can get a sense of the possibilities bylooking at today’s applications of GIS and sensor data, some of which have been driven byindustry, others by leading-edge public sector users:
Conducting virtual diplomacy: To support the Bosnia peace negotiations, the Pentagon
developed a virtual-reality landscape that allowed the negotiators to take a simulated aerial tourof the proposed borders. At one point in the negotiations, the Serbian President agreed to a wider
corridor between Sarajevo and the Muslim enclave of Gorazde, after he saw that mountains
made a narrow corridor impractical.
Fighting crime: The City of Salinas, California has reduced youth handgun violence by using
GIS to detect crime patterns and gang activity. By collecting information on the distribution andfrequency of criminal activities, the city has been able to quickly redeploy police resources.
Preserving biodiversity: Planning agencies in the Camp Pendelton, California region predictthat population will grow from 1.1 million in 1990 to 1.6 million in 2010. This region contains over
200 plants and animals that are listed by federal or state agencies as endangered, threatened, orrare. By collecting information on terrain, soil type, annual rainfall, vegetation, land use, andownership, scientists modeled the impact on biodiversity of different regional growth plans.
Predicting climate change: One of the significant unknowns in modeling climate change is theglobal rate of deforestation . By analyzing satellite imagery, researchers at the University of New
Hampshire, working with colleagues in Brazil, are able to monitor changes in land cover and thus
determine the rate and location of deforestation in the Amazon. This technique is now being
extended to other forested areas in the world.
Increasing agricultural productivity: Farmers are already beginning to use satellite imagery
and Global Positioning Systems for early detection of diseases and pests, and to target theapplication of pesticides, fertilizer and water to those parts of their fields that need it the most.
This is known as precision farming, or "farming by the inch."
The Way Forward
We have an unparalleled opportunity to turn a flood of raw data into understandable information
about our society and out planet. This data will include not only high-resolution satellite imageryof the planet, digital maps, and economic, social, and demographic information. If we aresuccessful, it will have broad societal and commercial benefits in areas such as education,
decision-making for a sustainable future, land-use planning, agricultural, and crisis management.

The Digital Earth project could allow us to respond to manmade or natural disasters - or tocollaborate on the long-term environmental challenges we face.
A Digital Earth could provide a mechanism for users to navigate and search for geospatial
information - and for producers to publish it. The Digital Earth would be composed of both the"user interface" - a browsable, 3D version of the planet available at various levels of resolution, arapidly growing universe of networked geospatial information, and the mechanisms for integrating
and displaying information from multiple sources.
A comparison with the World Wide Web is constructive. [In fact, it might build on several key Web
and Internet standards.] Like the Web, the Digital Earth would organically evolve over time, astechnology improves and the information available expands. Rather than being maintained by asingle organization, it would be composed of both publically available information and commercial
products and services from thousands of different organizations. Just as interoperability was thekey for the Web, the ability to discover and display data contained in different formats would beessential.
I believe that the way to spark the development of a Digital Earth is to sponsor a testbed, withparticipation from government, industry, and academia. This testbed would focus on a few
applications, such as education and the environment, as well as the tough technical issues
associated with interoperability, and policy issues such as privacy. As prototypes becameavailable, it would also be possible to interact with the Digital Earth in multiple places around thecountry with access to high-speed networks, and get a more limited level of access over theInternet.
Clearly, the Digital Earth will not happen overnight.
In the first stage, we should focus on integrating the data from multiple sources that we alreadyhave. We should also connect our leading children’s museums and science museums to highspeed networks such as the Next Generation Internet so that children can explore our planet.
University researchers would be encouraged to partner with local schools and museums to enrich
the Digital Earth project — possibly by concentrating on local geospatial information.
Next, we should endeavor to develop a digital map of the world at 1 meter resolution.
In the long run, we should seek to put the full range of data about our planet and our history at
our fingertips.
In the months ahead, I intend to challenge experts in government, industry, academia, and nonprofit organizations to help develop a strategy for realizing this vision. Working together, we canhelp solve many of the most pressing problems facing our society, inspiring our children to learn
more about the world around them, and accelerate the growth of a multi-billion dollar industry.