Guideline for Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Eco-Efficiency Evaluation

March 2006

The Japan Forum on Eco-efficiency

Table of Contents

1. Preface...........................................................................................................1
2. Framework for Evaluation of ICT Environmental Impact .....................................2
2.1 General ............................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Functional Unit.................................................................................................. 4
2.3 System Boundary ............................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 Life Cycle of ICT.......................................................................................................... 5
2.3.2 Target Activities of the Assessment ........................................................................... 7

3. Outline of ICT Eco-efficiency Evaluation ........................................................16
3.1 The definition of eco-efficiency......................................................................... 16
3.2 ICT value.......................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Examples of value indicators........................................................................... 17

4. Framework of ICT Comparative Evaluation......................................................19
4.1 Principles of Comparative Evaluation............................................................. 19
4.1.1 Comparative evaluation of Environmental Impact ................................................ 19
4.1.2 Comparative evaluation of Eco-Efficiency............................................................... 19

4.2: Methods for Comparative Evaluation ............................................................ 20
4.2.1: Comparative Evaluation of the Environmental Impact ........................................ 20
4.2.2: Comparative Evaluation of Eco-efficiency.............................................................. 20

4.3: Reminders ....................................................................................................... 21
4.4: Additional Note ............................................................................................... 21

5. Examples ......................................................................................................22
5.1 <Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Group> “FLET’S Service” ....................... 22
5.2 <NEC Corp.> “GreenGlobe – Next Generation Environmental Information
Management Solution” .......................................................................................... 28
5.3 <Hitachi, Ltd.>................................................................................................. 34
5.3.1 Case example of evaluation “ReportMission” ........................................................ 34
5.3.2 Case example of evaluation 2 library management system “Livre” ...................... 39

5.4 <Fujitsu Ltd.> “MyWeb Portal Office Groupware Easy-to-operate forEveryone” ............................................................................................................... 45

List of Working Group Members ...................................................................51

1. Preface
This guideline includes the general framework, principles, and requirements relating to evaluationof environmental impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the eco-efficiency
evaluation of ICT as well as the comparative evaluation of the environmental impact of ICT. The
purpose of this guideline is to provide an objective tool in evaluating environmental impact caused
by individuals, businesses and the whole of society relevant to ICT: to be concrete, it mainly
focuses on assessing the CO2 emissions that lead to global warming. The evaluation targets are ICT
services and solutions in general, provided through the system combined with devices, softwareand associated services for improvement in business and lifestyle. The guideline is a manual for
ICT providers, while it is open to the public and available to everybody.
The following is the structure of this guideline: Framework of ICT environmental impact
assessment (Chapter 2): Outline of ICT eco-efficiency assessment (Chapter 3): Framework ofcomparative evaluation of ICT environmental impact, eco-efficiency and Factor X (Chapter 4): andexamples of evaluation based on the guideline (Chapter 5).
For assessment of ICT environmental impact, Chapter 2 can be referred. Chapter 2 and 3 forevaluation of ICT eco-efficiency, Chapter 2 and 4 for comparative evaluation of ICT environmental
impacts, and Chapter 2, 3 and 4 for the comparative evaluation of eco-efficiencies. However, beaware that the comparative evaluation may be too difficult to be assessed for some types of ICT. In
the case of applying this guideline for ICT comparative evaluation, the reminders in Chapter 4. 3,
which aim at comparative evaluation, not among ICT, but between ICT and the alternative way,should be referred in advance.

12. Framework for Evaluation of ICT Environmental Impact
2.1 General
As a general rule, ICT environmental impact should be assessed based on the Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA), which is explained in detail in ISO14040 series.1 This chapter explains theframework on how to apply LCA for ICT. This section deals with the general notices for assessing
ICT environmental impact. The detailed explanation on functional units and system boundaries isavailable in the following sections.
As shown in ISO14040, the outline of the LCA implementation consists of the following fourstages.
(1) Definition of goal and scope(2) Life cycle inventory analysis(3) Life cycle impact Assessment(4) Life cycle interpretation
For ICT environmental impact assessment, in stage (1) “definition of goal and scope”, thefunctional unit and system boundary also should be set in the beginning. In LCA, theenvironmental impact of a product is quantified from the viewpoint of its life cycle, from raw
material acquisition to production, use, disposal and recycling.
In stage (2) “inventory analysis”, inputs and outputs considered as environmental impact (e.g. fueloil, CO2) should be calculated along the lifecycle of the product. It is essential to specify datacollection and allocation, data quality requirement of the process that might have enormous impact
on its consequence and the reference data used for the calculation in the analysis.
Stage (3) “impact assessment” consists of three stages, that is, classification, characterization andweighting. Classification and characterization are essential parts of the life cycle impact assessment.
The process of classification and characterization, essential part of impact assessment, are scientific,
leaving relatively little room for subjective values. Note, however, there is some difference of
scientific knowledge accumulation and data availability among each impact category. Aggregating
is another process of life cycle impact assessment. By aggregating the results of multiple indicators
through weighting, the trade-off among various environmental aspects can be considered and thencomprehensive evaluation is possible. Aggregated indicators, on the other hand, mutually compare
and relatively assess environmental factors with different standpoints: the assessment depends
greatly on social values and preferences. As environmental concerns vary industry by industry,some aggregated indicators are favorable to a specific industry, and others are unfavorable.
Moreover, an aggregated indicator favorable to a specific product/service might be unfavorable toanother in the same industry; therefore, the comparative evaluation with aggregated indicators
should be done carefully and used appropriately. ISO14040 series provide that in the case ofcomparative assertions disclosed to the public shall not contain aggregated data.
Stage (4) “interpretation” is the phase of confirming whether LCA in which the finding from the1

ISO14040, 14042 and 14043 will be revised when they are integrated into ISO14040 and ISO14044 in the firsthalf of FY2006. In this document, ISO14040 is used as the general term for LCA standards.

2

inventory analysis and the impact assessment are implemented, in order to reach conclusions andrecommendations, and digesting the results. This stage may involve the iterative process ofreviewing and revising the nature and quality of the data collected consistent with the defined goal.
The findings of the interpretation phase should reflect the results of any sensitivity analysis that is
performed.

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2.2 Functional Unit
ISO14040 series define the functional unit as the “quantified performance of a product system foruse as a reference unit in life cycle assessment study (ISO14040. 3.5).” Specifically, it means the“quantitative representation of the main performance/function of an evaluated product in a certain
numerical unit.” 1) The term of “product” is considered to include the whole product system as well
as service system.
A function of the assessed product/service system, that is, a functional unit, should be specified
when the environmental impact is evaluated. It is important to set the functional unit in advance,
specifically and quantitatively.
Functional units may be defied as follows:(1) Environmental impact assessment of “system of application/authorization to personnel/generalaffairs division”
Annual number of applications/authorizations at the personnel/general affairs division of A
corporation: 5 million(2) Environmental impact assessment of “online shopping system”
Annual number of sales through the system: 7,000 copies of books, 2000 copies of software
As shown in the examples above, a functional unit should be selected and disclosed with attention
to its fairness, representativeness and accuracy, consistent with the goal and scope of the study.
The functional unit for the ICT environmental impact assessment is generally defined as the“quantification of annual activity,” presuming customers would like to know the annual change(improvement) triggered by the new ICT introduction. As many ICT have more than one year of
product age, the environmental impact induced by production and disposal/recycling generally
needs to be divided (distribution) by the years of service or .legal durable years【Reference】
1) “JIS Handbook vol.58 Environmental Management 2005” (edited by Japan Standards
Association) January 20054

2.3 System Boundary
System boundary is an interface between a product system and the environment or other productsystem. Generally, product system consists of complex connected unit processes. The systemboundary determines which unit processes shall be included within the study of the LCA.
Ideally, the system boundary should be defined, involving the whole unit processes from raw
material acquisition to emission into the environment, covering consumption of material and energy
through the entire life cycle of product. In many cases, however, there is not enough time, data, andresource to carry out a comprehensive study: It would be worthwhile to examine the appropriate
degree of detail regarding the study. Extra elaboration is not necessary for negligible activity andunit process that may little impact on the result of the study. The most critical part is the definedsystem boundary should be disclosed clearly in order to keep the transparency and consistency withthe goal of the study.
This section deals with life cycle of ICT, activities to be considered in each stage.
2.3.1 Life Cycle of ICT
For determining the system boundary of ICT, it is necessary to consider that the system is acombination of a number of devices, software products, and services. Figure 2.3.1-1 shows anexample of the stages regarded as the life cycle stages from production to disposal/recycling, whichis specific to ICT. To make them relevant, the assessed stages can be determined each time withmodification, e.g. the addition and/or exclusion of the stages.
(2) Design/development / production(3) Shipment(4) Distribution(1) Procurement(5) Installation(6) Setup(7) Operation(9) Disposal/recycling(8) Collection

Figure 2.3.1-1 Example of life cycle stages
The following is the explanation of each stage shown in figure 2.3.1-1. The activities to beconsidered at each stage will be described in section 2.3.2 and figure 2.3.2-1.
(1) Procurement
At this stage, personal computers, server devices and software, and materials as well as packaging
for devices and papers for the product manual are considered. The upper stages like raw
5material/natural resource acquisition are also contained at this stage.
(2) Design/development/production
At this stage, manufacturing devices and software as a final product is categorized, as well as
designing and developing.
(3) Shipment
At this stage, the devices and software are shipped. This stage also includes installation of software
into recording media, preparing manuals, and packaging products.
(4) Distribution
At this stage, the devices and software are delivered to the users through the following method oftransportation.
z Transport from the manufacturing factory to the warehouses of the distributors
z Transport from the warehouses of the distributors to shops
z Transport from the shops to the destination of users
If necessary, distribution within a stage or between stages should be considered, e.g. thetransportation of materials and parts of products and the automobile driving accompanied withinstallation or setup.
(5) Installation
At this stage, devices are installed on site to be available for operation.
(6) Setup
At this stage, ICT is set up to be available for users.
(7) Operation
At this stage, ICT is in operation. This stage also includes maintenance of devices and the updatingof versions of software during operation.
(8) Collection
At this stage, used devices and recording media are transported to recycling plants and/or disposal
facilities.
(9) Disposal/recycling
At this stage, devices and recording media are recycled at recycling plants, or industrial waste isdisposed at disposal facilities.

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2.3.2 Target Activities of the Assessment
2.3.2.1 General
The target of the ICT environmental impact evaluation includes activities by individuals, businessesor the whole of society, involved in any stage of the life cycle. Activities to be assessed include“goods/energy consumption,” “use of ICT devices,”, “use of network infrastructure,” “use ofsoftware” “shipping ~transport substitution,” “traveling ~transport substitution,” “storage,” and“workforce.” The target of the assessment can be selected from among these activities in each life
cycle stage of the product system. Figure 2.3.2-1 is an example table of the relevance between life
cycle stages and target activities of the assessment.
Table 2.3.2-1 Relevance between life cycle stages and target activities of the assessment(9) Disposal/

recycling(8) Collection(7) Operation(6) Setup(5) Installation(4) Distribution(3) Shipment(2) Design/development/

production

Target activity(1) Procurement

Life cycle stages

1) Material/energy consumption2) Use of ICT devices3) Use of network infrastructure4) Use of software5) Shipping ~transport substitution
6) Traveling ~Transport substitution7) Storage
8) Workplace

1) Goods/energy consumption
The activities that occur and are relevant to the life cycle of material/energy input/output to the
product system, excluding activities included in 2) – 8). The “material” includes information paper,
information media like CDs and toner cartridge for printers, water and compressed air. Also, the“energy” includes fuel (e.g. gasoline and fuel oil) and electricity.
2) Use of ICT devices
The activities that occur and are relevant to the life cycle of devices used in the system for the ICT,
especially related to energy consumed by the devices. In the operation stage, the target of theevaluation is limited to the activities relevant to the life cycle of energy consumed by using ICT
devices.
3) Use of network infrastructure
The activities that occur and are relevant to the life cycle of facilities used in network infrastructure,especially related to material and energy consumed by the facilities. The network infrastructure
aforesaid means the facilities providing ICT-related services for the assessed ICT, e.g. telephone
communication, ISP (internet service provider) connection, and data offer at data centers. (See
2.3.2.2 for details).
4) Use of software infrastructure

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The activities that occur and are relevant to the life cycle of materials and energy consumed in thedesign, development and use of software. The software aforesaid includes individual software,
packages, middleware, and OSs (operating systems). (See 2.3.2.2 for details.)5) Shipping ~transport substitution
The activities that occur and are relevant to the life cycle of various types of shipping, especiallyrelated to material (including pallet and secondary material) and energy used for transportation.
6) Traveling ~ transport substitution
The activities that occur and are relevant to the life cycle of various types of traveling, especiallyrelated to material and energy used for the transfer including public transportation.
7) Storage
The activities that occur and are relevant to the life cycle of material and energy required to keep
relevant goods in storage without losing its quality.
8) Work force
The activities that occur and are relevant to the life cycle of material and energy required for workforce at office or working place.

82.3.2.2 Network Infrastructure(1) Purpose of targeting network infrastructure in the assessment
As shown in the following figure 2.3.2-1, ICT is provided based on a hierarchy composed of threelayers: AP (application), information sharing platform, and network infrastructure.
Application (AP)Information sharing platform*
Network Infrastructure* The layer composed of various middleware mutual to various AP

Figure 2.3.2-1 Hierarchy layers of ICT 1)
The layer “network infrastructure” is a foundation necessary for providing ICT and exist as layers
in a physical form. The “information sharing platform” is the middle layer connecting the network
infrastructure and application, and the “application” layer means individual application of ICT. The
hierarchy shows that the application layer exists supported by the lower two layers.
Therefore, the environmental impact by network infrastructure should be included in theeco-efficiency evaluation of ICT. This section describes the ideas necessary for the assessment ofenvironmental impact by network infrastructure.
(2) Evaluation methods for network infrastructure
A process-sum method is appropriate for the evaluation of the environmental impact by network
infrastructure. If a process-sum assessment is not available, macro statistical estimation based on
various data can also be made applicable e.g. for the environmental impact per certain amount of
information.
A) Functional unit for the evaluation of network infrastructure
It is necessary to set up a functional unit for the assessment of the environmental impact by
network infrastructure. The functional unit should be set up based on the following method,
matching the functional unit for the assessment of the environmental impact of ICT described in thesection 2.2.
(a) Firstly, the functional unit (e.g. annual environmental impact (Lnw) per line) is established forthe environmental impact assessment of network infrastructure, and the environmental impact
per unit is estimated.
Incidentally, the life cycle of network infrastructure cannot be generalized with terms such as
from cradle to grave,” as the infrastructure has been developing in various forms since the first
telephone network was established in Japan in 1890. Consequently, each communication
facility composing the infrastructure necessary for providing ICT is regarded as a system,
which is the target of the environmental impact assessment. The total environmental impact byeach facility is divided by its legal life years, in order to calculate the environmental impact per
year.
(b) The environmental impact of network infrastructure is presented in the functional unit for theenvironmental impact assessment of ICT. (If the ICT requires 2 lines, for example, its

9environmental impact per year is Lnw×2.)
B) Life cycle stages of network infrastructure
There are five life cycle stages: production, installation, use, removal, and disposal/recyclingC) Grouping of network infrastructure and basic rules for the addition of environmental impacts
Network infrastructure at present is grouped into (a) the wired network, (b) IP network and (c)mobile network. Each network consists of subscriber station (e.g. terminal equipment, terminating
equipment and protector), access facilities (e.g. telephone poles, conduits, changer, local switches
and base station) and transfer facility (e.g. router and transmitter）. Figure 2.3.2-2 shows a typicalsample of communication equipment used in network infrastructure.
Subscriber
stationequipment
for customers

equipment
Access network
for network
equipment
accessequipment
Transfer
for network
facilityrelay

cable
protector

terminal
equipmentterminating
equipment

local modem
Telephonepole

conduitrouterFigure 2.3.2-2 Sample of communication equipment used in network infrastructure
In the evaluation of network infrastructure, environmental impacts per year in terms of total
equipment (including (a), (b) and (c)), which is used for the assessed ICT, was calculated by themethod shown in 1).
D) Allocation
As shown in Figure 2.3.2-3, there are various types of applications used for operating ICT. For
calculating the environmental impact of each application, the target of assessment should beallotted among all the applications used in network infrastructure, although the total number andscale cannot be specified. The environmental impact of network infrastructure used for operating
ICT, instead, is estimated as follows: calculate the environmental impact per unit (e.g.
communication time or amount of information) by the infrastructure, then multiply the functional
unit by the unit quantity used for operating ICT.
APAP…
Information sharing platform
Network Infrastructure

AP

Figure 2.3.2-3 Functional structure of AP1)(a) Information network systems are grouped into two types: line communication and10

packet-switching. The former type is assessed per communication time, the latter per amount of
information.
(b) Regarding subscriber station (Cf. Figure 2.3.2-2) used for operating ICT, the environmental
impact of the equipment is estimated based on its use situation, and the allotment for the ICT iscalculated based on the communication time or amount of information used.
NOTE: Sample estimation of the environmental impact by subscriber station [terminal devices]
The following is the estimation of environmental impact of PCs, included in subscriber station.
【Annual environmental impact per PC [kg-CO2/(unit･year)】 x 【Number of used units (unit)】× 【Operation
hours for the ICT service (hours/service)】x 【Frequency of use of the ICT service (times/year)] 】 ÷【[Total
operation hours of the PC (hours/year)】(The assessed item of environmental impact = CO2)(c) For the assessment of access equipment (Cf. Figure 2.3.2-2), a fixed unit (e.g. environmental
impact per subscriber) is applied regardless of its usage situation, as the subscribers always
occupy the equipment whether or not they are using it. When the equipment is used for several
purposes, the allotment of environmental impact for the target ICT is calculated.
(d) Unlike access equipment, transfer facility (Cf. Figure 2.3.2-2) is occupied only when used.
Therefore, the environmental impact for operating ICT is allotted among the environmental
impact by the equipment corresponding with the usage time or amount of information.
(e) For the evaluation of environmental impact of terminal equipment, its operation rate
corresponding the traffic situation can be taken into account.
(3): Example of evaluation of network infrastructure
The assessment of B FLET’S (business type) is described as a sample assessment based on themethods above in Chapter 6.
【Reference】
1) “Reports on effectiveness regarding samples and standards of the calculation of ICT
eco-efficiency” (March 2004, the Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry)11

2.3.2.3 Evaluation method for software(1) Definition and scope of software
As shown in Table 2.3.2-2, software equipped with ICT is grouped into four types in the guideline.
Type 2, 3, and 4 (general-purpose software) are collectively referred to as “software infrastructure.”
As type 1 is exclusively produced for a specific customer, the environmental impact of software
composing ICT is counted as 1/1 (=all of the environmental impact in terms of production). The
environmental impact of type 2, 3, 4 that are mass-produced for multiple customers, on the other
hand, is expressed as 1/number of shipped/operated units (divided by the “number ofshipped/operated units).” Considering the characteristics of programming, the volume of the“number of shipments/operation” of type 2 (L), 3 (M) and 4 (N) is usually L＜M＜N. The term of
L stands for the number of shipped business packages, the term of M stands for the number of
middleware. N represents the number of operating system.
Table 2.3.2.3-1 Classification of ICT software and the environmental impact of each type
Type
Classification
Category
Environmental
impact throughproduction
Software customized for users
1
1 Individual software(for individual part)
2 Software infrastructure
Business packages
1/L(for general purpose)(e.g. system software for electronic
application)
3
Middleware
1/M(e.g. information system management,
database and others)
4
Operating system
1/N(e.g. Unix and Windows*)* UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Microsoft is a registered trademarkof Microsoft Corp. in the U.S. and other countries.

(2) Calculation Method for Environmental Impact of Software
1) Process-sum method
The environmental impact of the whole system is calculated by totaling the environmental impacts
of individual software. Even if all of the actual data for the environmental impact is not available,
the entire environmental impact of ICT can be estimated by using the volume (ex. Price) and theenvironmental impact if a part of software can be is available. In the case of estimating the entire
impact by using environmental impact from a part of software, it is appropriate to deal withnumbers within the same class of software category.
[Gross amount used for[Total CO2 emission (kg-CO2) software size]＝xby software][Amount used for the volume(ex. Price) of software using
the process-sum method]
12[Unit amount of CO2 emission
by the software products
estimated using th process sum
method (kg-CO2)]

(2) Input/output table
Based on input/output table, the environmental impact is calculated by multiplying the unit amountof CO2 emission (kg-CO2/yen) for the information service industry together with the gross amountspent for the assessed software infrastructure.
[Gross amount used for[Total CO2 emission (kg-CO2)＝ software infrastructure]x
by software infrastructure][Unit amount of CO2 emission
for information service industry(kg-CO2/yen)]

NOTE: The years spent developing software infrastructure is not a term in the formula above. Evenin the case it takes two years for development, the unit amount of CO2 emission does not need to be
doubled, as the gross amount is for two years. As it takes longer for the development, naturally, thegross amount increases.
When sales volume or CO2 emission is available for the evaluation, the precision for the total
emission from the software will be raised. Less error occurs if the amount for information service
sector (including operation services) and software (including individual software), when the first
type software, individual software, described in the table 2.3.2.3-1 is considered.
Error could be categorized into (a) Error estimated from the data of information service andsoftware sector in input/output tables8) and (b) error derived from the total amount of data that
accumulated data of a part of product. Less error occurs when the data for software is calculated byusing (b). In either case, when the data is handled by using process- sum methods, it is possible tocalculate both input/output table data and the way of (a) and to compare in order to raise theprecision.

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2.3.2.4 Evaluation method for traveling(1) Classification of facilities for traveling
The following are the facilities used for traveling influenced by the introduction of ICT.
(a) Railway (train, subway, new transit system, monorail linear-motor train, and others)(b) Bus(c) Ship(d) Airplane(e) Automobile (including taxi)(2) Assessment method for traveling
The environmental impact of traveling related to the ICT introduction is estimated as follows.
Example of calculation:[Total CO2 emission (kg-CO2) by traveling] =【Number of passengers[persons] 】x [distance (km)] x [generic data(reference unit) of CO2
emission for transportation (kg-CO2/person・km)]

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2.3.2.5 Evaluation for storage and workforce(1) Evaluation methods for the environmental impact induced by storage
The environmental impact e.g. CO2 emission (kg-CO2/year) induced by storage is calculated bymultiplying the generic data (reference unit) (annual CO2 emission) together with the operating
years as follows:[Environmental impact of storage] =[Environmental impact induced by storage per year] x [Operating years](2) Evaluation method for the environmental impact induced by workforce
The environmental impact e.g. CO2 emission (kg-CO2) induced by the use of an office is calculated
by multiplying the generic data (reference unit) (annual CO2 emission) together with the operating
years as follows:[Environmental impact of workforce] =[Environmental impact induced by the use of an office per year] x [Operating years]153. Outline of ICT Eco-efficiency Evaluation
The previous chapter describes the methods for calculating the environmental impact of ICT. While
ICT contributes to the creation and development of value (benefits) e.g. the efficiency in industry
and our life, it also increases the environmental impact by consuming resources and energy throughthe production and operation of infrastructure. Therefore, the idea of “eco-efficiency” is necessary
to compare the environmental impact with the value produced by ICT. This chapter describes theeco-efficiency of ICT.
It is at the stage where the discussion has just begun according to the basic concept of reducing
environmental impact and increasing value. It is probably the most critical issue to ensuretransparency and improve reliability of the method of eco-efficiency evaluation.
It is appropriate to avoid misunderstanding by, for example, using the common principles andexplaining that the formulae were not created by defining them in a way that benefits corporations
in particular.
3.1 The definition of eco-efficiency
The following is the general formula to calculate the eco-efficiency of ICT,
Value provided by ICT
Eco-efficiency =Environmental impact of ICT
3.2 ICT value
The evaluation method for environmental impact (denominator of eco-efficiency) per functional
unit of ICT is explained in the previous chapter. The value (numerator), which cannot be expressedin the functional unit, rather, is, for instance, the quantification of value brought by ICT.
The indicator which stands for value can be expressed by various index in line with the target level(product, company, country and others) or purposes. The following are the principles for defining
value indicators
1) To clarify the target (nation, industry, product and others) to be evaluated, the audience to bereported and the purpose
2) To consider which items appropriately represent as the numerator, together with the systemboundary for environmental impact assessment
3) To define clearly evaluation items and the reasons to be selected; the numerator can be set bytaking physical indicator, sensory component indicator, and economic indicator. Physical indicatormeans communication speed, sensory indicator means the level of comprehension, conformity, andeconomic indicator includes price and added value.
4) The indicators for value should have no dependency with the environmental impact.
5) The indicators for value should use publicly available data and information in product brochures
or catalogs in order to keep transparency or reliability.

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It is well explained that price indexes (economic indicator) of product or service stand for the valueof the product or service in a hedonic approach. A complete free market let the consequence work.
However, when government intervention like regulation ， oligopoly situation, informational
imbalance between product/ service providers and consumers, price is not appropriate indexes.
Considering the facts, it is important to evaluate the appropriateness of using economic indicators

3.3 Examples of value indicators
Examples are provided in Table 3.3-1

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Table 3.3-1 Examples for index of numerator
Application
TV conference

Internet access

Level
Product

Target of users
Business person
Conference organizer

Purposes of using indicators
Assessment of product quality (value)and environmental aspects

Product

Consumers

Product

Consumers

Supply chain
management

Company,business place

Business person

Assessment of product quality (value)and environmental aspects
Assessment of product quality (value)and environmental aspects
Profitability and environmental impact

Document
management system

Company,business place

Business person,
administrator (systemadministrator)

Assessment of product quality (value)and environmental aspects

Multimedia learning
systemCompany,business place

Business person,
administrator (systemmanager)

Library management
systemElectric paper (poster)
systemSchool, municipality,business place
Company, officeBusiness person, enterprises,
administrator
Business person, enterprises

Assessment of product quality (value)and environmental aspects
Evaluation of expansibility andenvironmental aspects
Assessment of service improvement andenvironmental improvement
Assessment of product quality (value)and environmental aspects

18

Items for numerator
Labor productivity
Accomplishment of conference, conformity, comprehension,
satisfaction (sensory value)Internet connection speed (physical value)
Accessibility of connection (sensory value)
Labor productivity,
stock turnover rate(economic value)
Information security (physical and sensory value)
Achievement of high hit rate for search information(sensory value)
Accessibility of connection (sensory value)
Learning level(sensory value)

Rotation frequency of books (physical value)
Viewability (sensory value)4. Framework of ICT Comparative Evaluation
Based on the assessment of environmental impact/eco-efficiency of ICT explained at the Chapter 2
and 3, this chapter describes the general principles necessary for comparing more than one ICT
evaluation, results and/or comparing ICT with existing means (e.g. the comparison between TV
conferences and face to face meetings that require traveling).
4.1 Principles of Comparative Evaluation
In order to make a quantitative assessment of ICT, the system boundary shall be equivalent. The
following are the principles of comparative evaluation for ICT:
4.1.1 Comparative evaluation of Environmental Impact
1) The functional unit is identical.
2) The system boundary is clearly defined.
3) 1) and 2) should be defined in detail for ensuring the transparency and objectivity of thecomparative evaluation.
4.1.2 Comparative evaluation of Eco-Efficiency
1) The functional unit applied for environmental impact evaluation (denominator of eco-efficiency)
is identical.
2) The system boundary is clearly defined.
3) The value which responds to the functional unit of environmental impact should be evaluated.
4) The unit of value is identical
NOTE: Points to remember for the eco-efficiency evaluation and the comparative evaluation* For the comparative evaluation of eco-efficiency, the unit of value (quantified value) should be
identical<Inappropriate examples> Japanese Yen (monetary value) and kbps, kbps and Mbps
* For the comparative evaluation of eco-efficiency, the system boundary should be consistent.
<Inappropriate examples> One covers all stages, manufacturing the system, operation and disposal
stages as the system boundary. The other covers only operation as the system boundary

Eco-efficiency of ICT (A) =Eco-efficiency of ICT (B) =Value provided by ICT (A)Environmental impact per functional unit of ICT (A)Value provided by ICT (B)Environmental impact per functional unit of ICT (B)Consistency in theunit of value*Consistency inthe functional unit
*Clear explanation of
the system boundary19

4.2 Methods for Comparative Evaluation
Comparative evaluation of ICT is grouped into the comparative evaluation of environmental impact
and the comparative evaluation of eco-efficiency. Either of the following two methods can beapplied according to the purpose of assessment:
4.2.1 Comparative Evaluation of the Environmental Impact
In comparative evaluation of environmental impact of the targeted ICT, the baseline ICT orconventional way (baseline service) should be configured. Below are the formulas for comparing
the environmental impact of ICT: (See the chapter 2 for evaluation of ICT environmental impact)[Quantitative change in environmental impact] =[Environmental impact of the targeted ICT] - [environmental impact per functional unit of baseline(conventional) service][Rate of change in environmental impact] =[Change in environmental impact] ÷ [Volume of environmental impact per functional unitof baseline service]
The terms “quantitative change in environmental impact” and “rate of change in environmental
impact” defined above can be reworded as follows:・ When the quantitative change is a positive value, the terms are reworded as “quantitative
increase in environmental impact” and “increasing rate in environmental impact.”・ When the quantitative change is a negative value, the terms are reworded as “quantitative
decrease in environmental impact” and “decreasing rate in environmental impact.”
They may be reworded so as to fit for each purpose.
4.2.2 Comparative Evaluation of Eco-efficiency
Below is the formula for the comparative evaluation of eco-efficiency of ICT (See the chapter 3 forthe assessment of eco-efficiency by ICT):[Comparative evaluation of eco-efficiency] =[Eco-efficiency of the targeted ICT] ÷ [Eco-efficiency of baseline service]
Comparative evaluation of eco-efficiency may be expressed as “Factor X evaluation” accordingly.

20

4.3 Reminders
In comparative evaluation of ICT, there are some activity items to be assessed helpful for better
understanding its potential, other than the items considered in the assessment of environmental
impact or eco-efficiency described in Chapter 2 and 3.
NOTE: Activity items to assess the potential of ICT
Examine TV conference system as an example of ICT.
In the assessment of environmental impact of the TV conference system, the following are the major
items to be assessed based on Section 2.3.2.
*Use of ICT devices*Use of network infrastructure*Use of software
In the comparative evaluation of the TV conference (targeted ICT) with the face to face meeting requiring
business trip (baseline service), however,*Traveling by transportation
should be also assessed.
In such case, the evaluation should follow the procedure described in section 2.3.2.4..
Even if the TV conference system could be more helpful to reduce traveling by transportation, comparedwith the face to face meeting requiring business trip, the timetables of public transportation at the
moment may not be influenced by ICT immediately, while substantial reduction of fuel like gasoline
could be expected in the case of private vehicle for transportation. When ICT including the TV
conference becomes more popular in the future, however, it will cause a drastic change in the social
structure, inducing the actual reduction in traffic.
It is desired that such activities will be considered in the comparative evaluation of ICT with the baseline
service as a potential for inducing a change in environmental impact.
Other activity items with a similar potential include,* Storage* Workforce

4.4 Additional Note
This chapter does not necessarily show a negative view to the invention of different types of ICT
comparative evaluation, including one in which setting up a baseline service is difficult. However,the validity of any method for comparative evaluation should be examined by critical reviews.

21

5. Examples
This chapter introduces examples that are evaluated based on the content of the guidelines. Genericdata used in each example are not in common usage; each method may be referred to by different
names in different examples. Those data are neither standardized data nor recommended data. The
data each company selected are explained within each example.
5.1 <Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Group> “FLET’S Service”►Outline/overview of FLET’S Service
FLET’S Service offers communication lines to provide internet connections with flat monthly
charge. The following is the outline of services.
* FLET’S ISDN: services of offering communication lines to provide internet connections via
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) lines* FLET’S ADSL: services of offering communication lines to provide internet connections via
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) lines* B FLETʼS Service of offering communication lines to provide high-speed internet connections
via optical fiber► Overview of evaluation
This section describes the following studies for FLET’S Service (FLET’S ISDN, FLET’S ADSL,[MORE], B FLET’S [Family Type]) provided by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone East Corp.
(NTT East).
* Environmental impact evaluation* Eco-efficiency evaluation* Comparison of eco-efficiency evaluation (Factor evaluation)(1) Environmental impact evaluation► Functional unit
Functional unit is that a customer uses FLET’S Service to access the Internet for two hours andtransmits/receives 50MB of data each day throughout the year.
► System boundary
Evaluation model is described in Figure 5.1-1. The model includes foundational equipment anddevices for providing the services. That is, equipment for users (e.g. personal computers (hereafter
called PC), , ADSL modem and ), access equipment (e.g. , , , , optical cable, telephone poles,
manholes, and conduits), and transfer facility (e.g. LAN switches, routers, power/air-conditioning
facilities and others). These models are established based on the actual network facilities in theTokyo metropolitan region. Equipment for maintenance operation and user management is notincluded, as its environmental impact is quite small. User’s terminal is supposed to be desktop PC
and notebook PC. Average data is used for the evaluation. It is assumed that terminating equipment
for subscribers, ADSL modem, optical networks is energized 24 hours a day.
The life cycle stages to be assessed include production (including constructing equipment andcabling), use, and disposal/recycling (including removal) in the life cycle of each facility. (Figure5.1-2)
22

“Recovery by recycling” means the effect of recycling on reducing environmental impact in thesociety: it is indicated as a negative quantity in the assessment. When the metal in a product isrecycled as pig iron, for example, the environmental impact of the recycling is added to the“disposal/recycling” stage, while the base unit for pig iron production is expressed as a negativevalue gained through “recovery by recycling”.
Internet Service Provider

Evaluation scope

Transfer facility

LAN switch

LAN

RouterRouterLAN switch

Subscriber module

DSLAM

Metallic cable

Metallic cable

DSU

PC
FLE’TS・ISDN

OLT

Optical cable
ONU

ADSL modem

PC

Access network equipment

Subscriber station

PC

PC
FLE’TS・ＡＤＳＬB FLET’S (FAMILY TYPE)(MORE)

Figure 5.1-1 Evaluation model of FLET’S Service

23Constructionof equipment

Production
Installation

Use

RemovalDisposal/
Recycling
Disposal/Recycling

Figure 5.1-2 Life cycle stages

Table 5.1-1 shows relevance between the life cycle stages and evaluation targets/activities shown in“2.3.1 life cycle of ICT”.
Table 5.1-1 Relevance between the life cycle stages of B FLET’S and the target items/activities of
LCA[Explanatory note: (〇: assessed / ̶: not assessed)]
Collection*3

̶

̶

̶

〇

〇

〇

̶

〇

〇

̶

〇

〇

〇

Disposal/

Operation̶

Recycling

Setup

*4

Installation*3〇

Distribution*3

̶Shipment

Design/〇Production*3

Use of network infrastructure*1〇

Development/

Procurement*2

Use of ICT devices*1*1: “Use of ICT devices” means equipment for users (subscribers) in Figure 5.1-1. “Network
infrastructure” is equivalent to transfer facility and access equipment*2: The “procurement” stage in the cycle of “use of ICT devices” covers the “production” in Figure5.1-2 since the procurement is considered to include the purchase of ICT devices, e.g. PC, by
the users of FLET’S Service, which is a prerequisite before use. Meanwhile, the “procurement”
stage in the cycle of “use of network infrastructure” is equivalent to the “construction (ofequipment),” as it means the procurement of communication facilities by NTT, the provider of
network infrastructure.
*3: In the cycle of “use of network infrastructure,” “production,” ‘distribution,” and “installation”
stages are equal to the “construction (of equipment)”in Figure 5.1.2, while the “collection”
corresponds to the “removal (of equipment) ”in Figure 5.1-2.

24

*4: Design and development are not included for this study.
► Evaluation method
The environmental impact evaluation of each FLET’S service is based on “2.3.2.2.2 Network
infrastructure” in the guidelines.
* Equipment for subscribers: The environmental impact is based on the functional unit; a customer
uses PC to access the internet for two hours and uses DSU, ADSL modem and ONU for 24 hours
each day throughout the year.
* Access equipment: The environmental impact is allocated by the number of subscribers within aequipment and computed the environmental impact per user throughout the year.
* Transfer facility: Based on the functional unit, the environmental impact is calculated for theoperation of transmitting/receiving 50MB of data each day throughout the year.
► Results of environmental impact evaluation
Figure 5.1-3 shows the results of environmental impact evaluation for FLET’S Service.
* FLET’S ISDN: The environmental impact throughout its life cycle is 89.1kg-CO2/year/user. If it
includes recovery by recycling, the impact is 83.2 kg-CO2/year/user. Approximately 22% of thetotal environmental impact was produced in the production stage, 76% in the use stage, and 2% in
the disposal/recycling stage.
* FLET’S ADSL (MORE): The environmental impact throughout its life cycle is112.6kg-CO2/year/user. If it includes recovery by recycling, the impact is 106.6 kg-CO2/year/user.
Approximately 18% of the total environmental impact was produced in the production stage, 80%
in the use stage, and 2% in the disposal/recycling stage.
* B FLET’S (Family Type): The environmental impact throughout its life cycle is
63.2kg-CO2/year/user. If it includes recovery by recycling, the impact is 57.4 kg-CO2/year/user.
Approximately 33% of the total environmental impact was produced in the production stage, 63%
in the use stage, and 4% in the disposal/recycling stage.
廃棄・リサイクル
Disposal/recycling
使用
Use

Environmental impact (kg-CO2/year /user)

環境負荷 〔kg-CO 2 /（年・ユーザ）〕

120.0

Production
製造
100.0

Recovery by recycling
リサイクルによるリカバリー

80.0
60.0

112.6
89.1

40.0

63.2

20.0
0.0
-20.0

-5.9

-6.0

-5.8

フレッツISDN
FLE’TS・ISDN

フレッツ・ADSLFLE’TS・ＡＤＳＬ（モア）(MORE)Bフレッツ
B FLET’S(FAMILY TYPE)（ファミリータイプ）

Figure 5.1-3 Environmental impact by internet access service(FLET’S Service)25

Recovery by recycling(2) Eco-efficiency evaluation► Evaluation method
Each environmental impact evaluation of FLETʼS Service follows the content of “3. outline of ICT
Eco-efficiency Evaluation” in the guidelines.
► Target audiences and purposes for eco-efficiency evaluation
For subsequent evaluation of eco-efficiency, some details are mentioned.
The targets of eco-efficiency evaluation are FLETʼS Service (FLET’S ISDN, FLET’S ADSL
[MORE], B FLET’S [Family Type]). The scope covers NTT East business area. The target
audience is customers within the business area. The purpose of evaluation for eco-efficiency
analysis is to provide the information so that customer can select favorable service.
► Value brought by ICT
The value is defined as communication speed of transmitting/receiving data, which can bequantified as physical value. When the communication speed of transmitting data is different fromthat of receiving data, the average data is applied. The unit is kbps (kilo bits per second) (refer totable 5.1-2). Other document that includes the above evaluation is NTT group CSR report 2005.
► Results of eco-efficiency evaluation
In case of defining communication speed of FLETʼS Service as the value of eco-efficiency, theresults are 0.769 kbps/kg-CO2 with FLET’S ISDN, 61.0 kbps/kg-CO2 with FLET’S ADSL
(MORE), 1740 kbps/kg-CO2 with B FLET’S (Family Type). The highest eco-efficient service is B
FLET’S (Family Type), which performs with the smallest environmental impact and with thehighest communication speed (Table 5.1-2).
(3) Comparison of eco-efficiency evaluation► Evaluation method
Comparative evaluation of eco-efficiency follows the content of “4. Framework of ICT
Comparative Evaluation”, setting the value of FLET’S ISDN as its baseline. The functional unit ofeach FLET’S service is consistent with the functional unit defined in environmental impact
evaluation (refer to (1) environmental impact evaluation). Similarly, the system boundary is
consistent with the definition in the environmental impact evaluation (refer to (1) environmental
impact evaluation).
► Generic data
Generic data used in the evaluation is the data of communication equipment that is composed of
ICT equipment and network infrastructure or materials used. Generally, data is calculated inprocess-sum method. In case of being difficult, the data is obtained from EASY-LCA made by
Toshiba or LCA SUPPORT made by NEC.
► Results of eco-efficiency evaluation
26

Evaluation of comparing eco-efficiency (Factor) results in 79.3 in case of FLET’S ADSL (MORE),
2,260 in case of B FLET’S (family type), setting the value of FLET’S ISDN as a baseline (Table
5.1-2).
Table 5.1-2 Relevance between the life cycle stages of B FLET’S and the target items/activities of
LCA
Unit
FLETʼS Service
Index items
FLET’S ISDN
FLET’S ADSL B’FLET’S(MORE)(family type)
Value
kbps
64.0
6500
100,000
Environmental impact
Eco-efficiency
Comparison of eco-efficiency(Factor evaluation)

kg-CO2kbps/kg-CO2
-

83.2
0.769
１

106.6
61.0
79.3

►Reference
1) NTT group CSR Reports (2005) http://www.ntt.co.jp/csr_e/2005report/index.html

27

57.4
1740
2260

5.2 <NEC Corp.> “GreenGlobe – Next Generation Environmental Information Management
Solution”
1) Outline of GreenGlobe
Figure 5.2-1 describes the outline of GreenGlobe, the solutions for constructing the advanced
eco-management system. It is based on the intensive system of environmental information (e.g.
data on environmental impact and environmental accounts) management, utilizing the intranet forcollecting data dispersedly managed on each site either inside or outside the country. It is thesolution that provides the one-stop services from consulting and system construction to its
operation and maintenance.

Image of GreenGlobe system
MicrosoftR Word

Head office

Factory A
MicrosoftR Excel
Sent data

Data
Data collecting
collecting function
function
Document
Documentmanagement
managementfunction
function

Document

MicrosoftR Excel management

Task
Task management
managementfunction
function

Factory B
MicrosoftR Excel Sent data

MicrosoftR Excel

management
Support for
decision making◆ Information
disclosure to the
publicEnvironmental
reports

GreenGlobe
database
List of data
gatheringconditions

Related businesses◆ Executive

Datacalculation
R

Data processing

Microsoft Excel◆ Research/

Unsent data

Reminder ofdata to be sent
Based
Based onon thethe list
listofof datadata gathering
gathering conditions,conditions,remindersreminders areare sent
sent toto thethe parties
parties who
who havehave
notnot sent
sent thethe required
required data
data yet.
yet.

Task
management

1

Data management function:
to intensively manage and systematically calculate eco-information gathered from each site

2

Document management function:
to provide integrative management of documents on all the parties related to the business3

Task management function:
the realization of self-regulating management of business, based on its original work flow

application
Local/national
governments
external researchorganizations

Figure 5.2-1 Outline of GreenGlobe
2) Environmental impact evaluation of GreenGlobe► Purposes of evaluation
Environmental impact evaluation is focusing on GreenGlobe, which provides solution services,aiming at letting customers, especially corporate clients, to learn the effect of environmental impact
reduction through the solution services.
► Functional unit
The functional unit is a set of GreenGlobe systems with the following functions:z Data management function capable of managing data simultaneously from seven businessestablishmentsz Document management function capable of managing documents equivalent to one million
sheets of A4 size paper28

z Task management function capable of giving simultaneous directions to seven businessestablishments► System boundary
Figure 5.2-2 shows the evaluation models, which are based on the following conditions:A) Evaluation model (before the introduction of GreenGlobe)a) Data calculation
For the simultaneous calculation of various environmental data from 7 business establishments, 300
sets of PCs and monitors are used for 60 hours per year.
b) Data collection / business management
For the e-mails to send calculated data to the head office as well as to manage daily works in theenvironmental management, 300 sets of PCs and monitors are used for 40 hours while 24MB
internet access is available throughout the year.
c) Data calculation
For the calculation of gathered data, 5 sets of PCs and monitors are used for 64 hours per year at
the head office.
d) Document management
The paper equivalent of a million sheets of A4 size is consumed and 100 units of printers areoperated for 8.33 hours per year, for preparing various documents on the information aforesaid
required for the eco-management system. Incidentally, parts of the documents equivalent to330.000 sheets of A4 size paper are transported from business establishments to the head office
60km away.
e) Audit procedure
For the audit of the environmental management system, three auditors traveled six times per year
over a distance of 60km by train.
B) Evaluation model (after the introduction of GreenGlobe)a) Data calculation
Same as before GreenGlobe was introduced.
b) Data collection / business management
As a result of the introduction of the GreenGlobe system, which is used as an alternative method of
information exchange using e-mails, just one server is regularly occupied, and the volume of
information utilized through the intranet is approximately ten times more than before.
c) Data calculation
As work efficiency is improved by the introduction of the GreenGlobe system, the time spent ondata collecting by PC and monitor is approximately 1/5 less than before.
d) Document management29

As the management system is computerized by the introduction of the GreenGlobe system,
approximately 1/3 of the amount of paper (equivalent to A4 size) is consumed, 1/3 of the time isspent printing, and 1/3 of the amount of paper is transported compared to before.
e) Audit procedure
As the electric audit of the environmental management system is realized by the introduction ofGreenGlobe, the auditors travel approximately half the times they used to.

GreenGlobe collects and compiles various environmental data on businesses, represented as environmental reports,based on the monitoring of environmental information dispersed inside/outside the country. Additionally, GreenGlobe
contributes toward more advanced eco-management by businesses, through the operation of combining data
management with document management as well as task management.
Before the introduction of GreenGlobe

Consumed paper:
approximately 1 million sheets/year

Head office

Use of printers
for paper documents:

Use of PCs
for business management:

7 businessestablishments

approximately 100 units x 40 hours

8.33 hours/unit x 100 units
Data collection/business management via e-mails
Management of paper documents

Human transfer by train(for ISO investigation)
After the introduction ofGreenGlobe
Additional use of server: 1 unit
(for data collection, business management and document management)

Use of PCs for data collection ：approximately 300 units × 60 hours
Use of PCs for data calculation ：approximately 5 units × 64 hours

Transportation of paper (e.g. manuals) ：approximately 330.000 sheets/year¾Use of paper and printers ⇒ Cutback by approximately 2/3¾Human transfer by train ⇒ Cutback by approximately 1/2¾Use of PCs ⇒ Cutback by approximately 1/5¾Transportation of paper ⇒ Cutback by approximately 2/3

7 businessestablishments

GreenGlobe

Figure 5.2-2 Environmental impact evaluation model for GreenGlobe► Evaluation method
The evaluation basically follows the content described in the guideline. Table 5.2-1 shows therelevance between the life cycle stage and the items/activities in the environmental impact
assessment. Only the operation stage is assessed because the environmental impact by the otherstages in the life cycle is small enough to be disregarded.

30

Table 5.2-1 Relevance between the life cycle stage and the items/activities in the environmental
impact assessment for GreenGlobe[Explanatory note: ○...assessed, ̶...not assessed]
Operation
Material/energy consumption○
Use of ICT devices○
Use of network○
infrastructure
Use of software̶Shipping○
Storage○
Traveling̶
Workforce̶The actual assessment was estimated with a support tool for eco-solution designing1) developed byNEC. The functional unit of CO2 emission (including the one by electricity) is setup with“LCASUPPORT Database Japan” and “LCA SUPPORT Database: Input-Output Table FY1995.”
The environmental impact by IP access service is set at 2.5 × 10-3kg-CO2/Mbyt, based onreference2). Table 5.2-2 explains basic unit of environmental impact, which are used forGreenGlobe evaluation.
Table 5.2-2 Basic unit of environmental impact, which are used for GreenGlobe evaluation
References
Target activities
Environmental
CO2 base unit
impactMaterial/energy
consumption

Paper
manufacturing
and, incinerating−

Use of ICT devices−

Use of network
infrastructure

Generating
electricity
Utilizing IP
network

Shipping-transport
substitution

Commercial truck(normal type)0.176 kg-CO2/t・km

Traveling-transport
substitution

Railway

0.018
kg-CO2/person/km

0.0025 kg-CO2/MB

31

Calculation of Paper
manufacturing is derived fromJEMAI-LCA database, paper
incineration is based on data torefer complete burning ofcellulose
LCA SUPPORT database, JapanJEMAI “eco-efficiency of ICT
services~case study and study
reports
regardingevaluation
rules” (2004)
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport,(MLIT)“ Transportation and Energy
Handbook” (2001)
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport,(MLIT)“ Transportation and Energy
Handbook” (2001)

► Results of the assessment
Figure 5.2-3 shows the comparison of CO2 emission between the models before and afterGreenGlobe was introduced: it is assessed that approximately 58% of CO2 emission was cut by the
introduction. In the model without GreenGlobe, approximately 80% of CO2 emission is induced bymaterial/energy consumption, which is due to the paper used for document management. As
GreenGlobe computerizes document management, it can minimize the use of paper and reduce CO2
emission: as paper documents are decreased, CO2 emission by shipping due to paper transportationis also cut. CO2 emission due to traveling also decreases through the introduction of ab electronic
audit, which reduces the time of travel by auditors. On the other hand, CO2 emission through theuse of ICT devices as well as network infrastructure increases by the introduction of GreenGlobe,
as intranet is utilized more for information exchanges necessary for business management.
Nevertheless, the decrease in CO2 emission on the whole was achieved, as the increased CO2
emission through the use of ICT devices and network infrastructure is much smaller than thedecrease due to other activities.

100%
Rate
Rateofofreduction:
reduction:approximately
approximately58%
58%

CO2 emission

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Before GreenGlobe

After GreenGlobe

Material/energy consumption (for paper)
Use of ICT devices

Material transfer

Human transfer

Use of network infrastructure

Figure 5.2-3 Environmental impact assessment of the GreenGlobe system (per year of operation)3) Eco-efficiency evaluation of GreenGlobe► Purposes of evaluation
Environmental impact evaluation is focusing on GreenGlobe, which provides solution services,aiming at letting customers, especially corporate clients, to learn the effect of eco-efficiency
improvement through the solution services.

32►Evaluation method
The evaluation method follows the content of this guideline. Regarding “value” which is defined as
the numerator of eco-efficiency evaluation, both of values before/after introducing the GreenGlobe
is considered as equal, that is one, though it is possible to describe productivity, convenience,
operationality, costs and others as value indicators. The denominator of eco-efficiency is derived
from the amounts of CO2 emission that is calculated at 2).
► Results
Figure 5.2-4 shows the comparison of eco-efficiency between the models before and after
introducing the GreenGlobe: it is assessed that approximately 2.4 times of eco-efficiency was
improved, when the number of the eco-efficiency before introduction is assumed as 1.
2.5

CO2排出量当たり価値

CO2 emission per value

2

Factor: approximately 2.4
ファクター：約2.4

ファクター：約2.4

1.5

1

0.5

0

Before introducing
GreenGlobe導入前

After introducing
GreenGlobe導入後GreenGlobe

GreenGlobe

Figure 5.2-4 Comparison of eco-efficiency of the GreenGlobe system (per year of operation)[References]
1) “Design Support Tool for IT/Network Solutions,” Hiroo HARADA and Shigeyuki MIYAMOTO(Summaries of the 1st colloquium of the Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan, 2005)
2) “Reports on the Results Regarding Samples and Calculation Standards of the Eco-efficiency of
ICT services,” p. 21 (the Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry, March 2004)

33

5.3 <Hitachi, Ltd.>
Hitachi sets the following common conditions; evaluation method, basic unit of CO2, life cycle
stages, evaluation tools for the two case examples.; since those conditions are explained in the
beginning,
1) Evaluation method: each study follows the content of 2.3.2 Target Activities of the Assessment2) Environmental impact to be assessed: CO2 emission3) CO2 basic unit (example)
Table 5.3-1 Examples of CO2 basic unit for case studies
Environmental impact
Base unit and others
References
Electricity

0.436kg-CO2/kWhFederation of Electric Power Companies（2003）

Paper production

2.339kg-CO2/kg

Paper pulp handbook 1998 others

Environmental impact by 2.5g-CO2/MB
transmitting data

Data Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport white paper（2002）
Japan Environmental Management Association
for Industry[1]Number of man power

Actual measurement at office

Vehicle forledger sheet

delivering 0.145kg-CO2/t･km

2.36kWh/person･h4) Life cycle stages: both studies follow the content of “2.3.1 life cycle stages for ICT”. In bothcase examples, the stages cover procurement, design, develop and production, shipment,
distribution, installation, setup, operation, collection, disposal/recycling5) Evaluation tool: SI-LCA (System Integration –Life Cycle Assessment) developed by Hitachi isapplied. [2]5.3.1 Case example of evaluation “ReportMission” [2]► Outline of the system
The ReportMission is a system which provides electronic report on the screen and enables
automatic search /transmission without outputting paper instead of conventional services which
requires the processing results on real paper in order to make forms control.
CenterPrinting

Sorting

Shipping Location

Department Archiving

Improvement
Improvement ininefficiency
efficiency Cost
Cost
reduction.
reduction.

Man's
Man's power
power

Data management

Data transfer
Automatic Sorting

SearchingArchivingServerClientFigure 5.3-1 Outline of the electronic report system “ReportMission”

34► Functional unit
ReportMission delivers 48 million reports for a year to 100 departments (10 locations, 10
departments/ location).
► System boundary
Figure 5.3-2 shows an evaluation model before introducing ReportMission system, Figure 5.3.-3
explains the evaluation model after introducing the system. These models assume that report is sent
to each location from base center. Before introducing the system, those reports used to be printed
and classified into each location and transported into each center, where the reports are sorted anddelivered to each department. After the introduction, 10% of reports are still delivered by track, therest of 90% are searched and viewed through the Intranet. In this evaluation, manufacturing devices(printer, server, PC) , use, sorting, searching / viewing, and transportation. Table 5.3.-2 presents theevaluation targets of each life cycle stage.

35

センタ
Center
① Department
部署②
印刷
Printing

仕分け作業
Sorting①Location
拠点

③

②

④

③

⑤

④

⑥

Searching
Searched
検索 by 3 persons/ day
1１部署で３人/日が検索
hour/ person/day
Archiving
保管

検索時間：1時間/人･日

仕分け作業⑤ Sorting

⑦

⑥

⑧

⑦

⑨ After
exceeding storage limitations（保管期限が切れたら）

⑧

⑩

⑨

Recycling
リサイクル

⑩拠点
Location

Sorting
expired
保管満期処理作業（保管期限切れ帳票を選別）

10拠点に配送
Shipping
to 10 locations

documents

Outside 評価対象外
the evaluation scope

Figure 5.3-2 Model before the introduction of ReportMission(90% （全体の90％）of reports)

センタ
CenterDatatransfer
データ転送

自動保存管理ReportMission

Server
サーバ

液晶モニタ
Monitor①Department
部署②

印刷
Printing（全体の10％）(10% of reports)
仕分け作業
Sorting① Location
拠点③

Searched by 3 persons/ day②④

0.3 hour/ 検索時間：0.3時間/人･日
person/day③⑤（削減率＝７０％）
70% reduction

④
⑤

⑥
仕分け作業
Sorting⑦

１部署で３人/日が検索

Archiving
保管

Searching
検索

⑧

⑥
⑦

storage limitations⑨After exceeding（保管期限が切れたら）⑧⑩Department
部署⑨⑩ Location
拠点
Shipping to10拠点に配送
10 locations

保管満期処理作業
Sorting
expired（保管期限切れ
documents
帳票を選別）

リサイクル
Recycling

評価対象外
Outsidethe evaluation scope

Figure 5.3-3 Model after the introduction of ReportMission

36

Table 5.3-2 Evaluation targets in each life cycle stage
Life cycle stage
Procurement

Before the introduction of ReportMission
Manufacturing 4 units of printers

After the introduction of ReportMission
Manufacturing printers, servers, monitors, and PCs
for clients(The results of LCA with Hitachi eco design
assessment tools are utilized.)

Design/development/productEnvironmental impact for system design andion(*)

development

Shipment

CD: 1,, user’s manual : 500,, and corrugated carton: 1

CD：１ piece，manual book：paper 500 sheets，
packaging cardboard：1 box（carton）
Distribution

Installation(*)

Transport of printers (transportation: 4-ton

Transport of the above equipments (transportation:

truck / distance: 100km)

4-ton truck / distance: 100km)

2 days for installation

1 day

Setup(*)

8 persons/ day/ one setup
setup covers setup, registering reports, and user
guidance

Paper consumption

48 million sheets/year (A4 size printing

4.8million sheets/year (A4 size printing paper)

Operation

paper)
Human work

75 workers/year (sorting)Power consumption

Power

consumption

13 workers/day/yearbyprinters:

45,000kWh/year
Shipping

480,000km/year

Power consumption by scanners, PCs and servers:
17,946kWh/year(Transportationfor

240,000km/year

delivering reports)
Use of

Data capacity for considering searching and viewing

internet infrastructure(6kb/paper)Collection

Transportation of 4 units of printers fromTransportation of printers and servers to recycling

the head office/branches to recycling

facilities (transportation volume: full load for 4-ton

facilities (full load for 4-ton truck /truck / distance: 50km)

distance: 50km)
Disposal/recycling

Printer

Printer, server, monitor, client PC

Eco-efficiency of the business establishment:“Total sales by the business establishment” ÷ / “environmental impact”

37► Assessment method
Table 5.3-3 shows the relevance between the life cycle stages and assessed items/activities in theassessment of environmental impact by ReportMission.
Table 5.3-3 Relevance between the life cycle stages and assessed items/activities in the assessmentof environmental impact by ReportMission[Explanatory note: ○...･･･assessed / −...･･･not assessed]

Setup

Operation

Collection

−

○

○

○

○

−

−

−

−

−

−

○

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

○

−

−

−

○

−

−

−

−

−

−

Shipping

−

−

−

○

−

−

○

○

−

Traveling

−

−

−

−

−

−

○

−

−

Storage

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

Workforce

−

○

−

−

○

○

○

−

−

Use of ICT devices
Useof

network

infrastructure
Use of software−○

Disposal/

Installation○

recycling

Distribution○

Design/○consumption

production

Shipment

development/

Procurement○

Material/energy► Results
Figure 5.3-4 shows the results obtained from SI-LCA (the CO2 emission) throughout a year both
before and after the introduction of ReportMission Table 5.3.-4 explains the results only for
operation stage. Though ReportMission increases CO2 emission by power consumption in
production and operation of server and PCs, it reduces paper consumption in the operation stage
and distance for delivery tracks. Additionally, it cuts down man-hourpower, through the significant
improvement in searching and sorting speed. As a result, CO2 emission throughout the life cycle
was reduced by approximately 82%.

Procurement

585,000

ReportMission

Design/Development
Shipping

Before introduction

Transportation
Installation

ReportMission
After introduction

Start up

82.0%Reduction
107,000

Usage(give)
Usage(receive)
MaintenanceCollection

CO2 emissions for Total of Life cycle

kg-CO2

Figure 5.3-4 Results of the Assessment

38

Recycle/Waste

Environmental
impactPaper use
Workforce
Electricity
consumption
Automobile run
Other impacts

Table 5.3-4 Evaluation results of operation stage
CO2emission（kg-CO2）
ReportReportReductio
MissionMissionn rateEvaluation target
Beforeafter the（％）
the
introductio
introductnion
449,088
44,90990
Printing paper
12,3842,206
82
Searching, sorting, disposal of expired reports
19,6207,832
60Power consumption for Printer, server,
monitor , client PC
90,23045,11550
Tracks for delivering reports
051―
Impact from network infrastructure with datatransfer► Target audiences of eco-efficiency
Manager (system user)► Values
The ReportMission ensures high speed data analysis due to swift data transfer from center to eachdepartment. However, it is difficult to evaluate the effect quantitatively. Therefore, the values
defined in eco-efficiency is considered as 1, “value before introducing the ReportMission=value
after introducing the ReportMission=one”.
► Results of eco-efficiency and factor
ReportMission introduction=.1/585 t-CO2=0.0017
ReportMission introduction=.1/107 t-CO2=0.0093
Factor =b/a= 5.5
5.3.2 Case example of evaluation (2), library management system “Livre”► Outline of system
The outline of Livre is shown in the figure 5.3.-5. Livre is a system that supports a wide range oflibrary services; speedy circulation procedure with barcodes, quick search to find a book,computer-assisted information search for library records, books, serials, articles, special materials,
quick, easy and systematically. By using the web for reserving a book and asking delivery, users do
not have to go to a library. The benefit for users is large. Document management also can be welloperated. Circulation work and management work can be implemented only with manager’s
personal computer which controls all book databases.

39

Figure 5.3-5 library management system “Livre”► Functional unit
Livre controls a library that carries 10,000 books for a year.
► System boundaries
Figure 5.3.6 shows before and after Livre services. In this study, the evaluation assumes application
for lending books by using the web function, excluding delivery services.
Before introducing Livre, users are asked to have a borrower card which is required for borrowing.
Library has to operate book control by using an inventory book on real paper. After introducing the
Livre, lending can be implemented with barcode. Daily management and making an inventory canbe done with DB server and personal computers and with barcode.
Table 5.3.5 shows evaluation target of each life cycle stage and values of evaluation.

40

窓口業務
Circulation
desk

Library管理業務
management

貸出･返却
Circulation
貸出カード記入borrower’s card
Filling

台帳管理
Inventory entry
管理台帳記入Users
利用者

Document
紙文書
Inventory
book
管理台帳

Checking
card and
貸出カードとbooks
図書のチェック

Managing due date

期限管理

Inventory
check
台帳チェック
Searching from
目録からの検索

Document
紙文書

Inventory

Statistical work
統計処理
Cross
table about usage
・利用状況等各種集計

Aggregate analysis
集計データ

Inventory
record
棚卸結果

Disposal of expired cards
使用済カードの廃棄

紙文書
Document

Figure 5.3-6 Model before introducing Livre

Library管理業務
management

窓口業務
Circulation
desk
貸出・返却
Circulation
Scanning borrower’s card
Terminal for and利用者カード・図書
books（検索用端末）searchingのバーコードスキャン
利用者
Users

（DBサーバ）DB
Server

台帳管理
Inventory entry

Electronic data
電子データ

管理台帳記入Inventory
book
管理台帳

Registration, return
Managing due date
バーコードスキャンによる期限管理
procedure by barcode
登録・台帳・返却処理
scanning
Inventory
check
台帳チェックElectronic data
電子データ

Terminal
for searching（検索用端末）Statistical work
統計処理

Spreadsheet
集計データ

Cross table about usage

・利用状況等各種集計
Inventory
record
棚卸結果

Disposal of expired cards
使用済カードの廃棄

Electronic data
電子データ

Figure 5.3-7 Model after introducing Livre

41

Table 5.3-5. Evaluation target of each life cycle stage
Life cycle stages
Before the introduction of “Livre”
After the introduction of “Livre”
Server, PC, Copying machine：
Copying machine：one (The results ofone (The results of LCA with Hitachi eco
LCA with Hitachi eco design assessment

Procurement

tools are utilized.)（using Hitachi

Design/development/−

Shipment

100km transportation ofmachine ,with 4 ton truck

Installation(*)

copying−−

Setup(*)
Paper

assessment

tools

are

utilized.)

Development cost of Livre（calculatingwith office eco-efficiency）−

production (*)

Distribution

design（ using Hitachi environmental
environmental consideration designingconsideration
designingassessment tool）
assessment tool）

9,892 papers per year

CD：１ piece，manual book：paper 375
piecessheets，packaging cardboard：1
box（carton）
100km transportation of server,pc,
copying machine with four 4 ton
truck
Installation man-hours（calculating with
office eco-efficiency）
Setup man-hours（Calculating with
office eco-efficiency）
751 papers per year

consumption
Operation

Workforce
Electric
power
consumption
Other
environmental
load

Annual workforce＝48.6 people perday
Electric consumption ofmachine :11.2kWh/year

copying

User card (plastic）
Book labeling（paper）

User card（plastic）

Collection

Maintenance work of copying machine（calculated as office eco-efficiency*）
Transporting copying machine withfour ton truck, 100km

Disposal/recycling

Copying machine

Maintenance (*)

Annual workforce＝22.4 people perday
Electric consumption of server, PC,
copying machine ， PC ， and others
whole system ：567kWh/year

Maintenance works for whole system（calculated as office eco-efficiency*）
Transporting server, PC，copying
machine and others with four tones
truck to recycling cites 100km away
server，PC，copieng machine etc* Eco-efficiency of the business establishment:“Total sales by the business establishment” ÷ / “environmental impact”► Evaluation method
Table 5.3.6 shows the relation among life cycle stages and evaluation targets and activities atenvironmental impact evaluation in Livre.

42

Table 5.3-6 The relation among life cycle stages and evaluation targets and activities at Livre（○：evaluation target，−：not evaluation ）Setup

Operation

Collection*3

○

○

○

○

○

○

2) Use of ICT devices

−

−

−

−

−

−

○

−

−

3) Use of network infrastructure

−

−

−

−

−

−

○

−

−

4) Use of software

−

○

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

5) Shipping ~transport substitution

−

−

−

○

−

−

−

○

−

6) Traveling ~Transport substitution

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

7) Storage

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

8) Workplace

−

○

−

−

○

○

○

−

−

Disposal/

Installation*3○

Recycling

Distribution*3○

Design/○Development/

Shipment

Production*3

Procurement*2

1) Goods/energy consumption► Results
Figure 5.3-8 explains CO2 emission before and after introducing the Livre with operation for one
year.
The Livre introduction increases manufacturing the procurement equipment and power
consumption in the operation stage. However, the consumption of paper in the operation stage canbe reduced, and the work man-hour by the efficiency improvement of routine works. 41% of the theCO2 emission can be reduced at all life cycles.

Procurement

8,400“Livre”

Design/Development
Shipping
Transportation

Before introduction

Installation
Start up

41％Reduction“Livre”
After introduction

Usage(receive)
Maintenance

5,000
CO2 emissions for Total of Life cycle

Usage(give)

Collection

kg-CO2

Recycle/Waste

Figure5.3-8 Results of evaluation► Target audiences of eco-efficiency evaluation
Librarian► Values
Library books Turnover (number of books per year/ number of book stock

43

“Livre” may increase the turnover ratio of book stock. But until now, the evidence is yet obtained.
Instead, the example is derived from other example at a library, “Bunkyo ward library”, where theonline system for searching and reservation was already introduced. According to theannouncement of the library, approximately 2.08 times increases for reservation and requesting,1.07 times increases for lending books. Therefore the number of 1.07 was applied for the potential
effect(Calculation of turnover ratio of book stock) * 900 books was defined as number of lending book
per month in this case study.
Turnover ratio of book stock before introducing Livre=(900books/ month*12 *10,000books) *100=108%
Turnover ratio of book stock before introducing Livre=(900books/ month*1.07*12 *10,000books) *100=115.6%► Results of eco-efficiency and factor evaluation
Eco-efficiency before introducing Livre = 108.0/8.4 t-CO2/year =12.9……(A)Eco-efficiency after introducing Livre =115.6/5.0t-CO2/year=23.1…(B)Factor=B/A=1.8► References
1) NISHI, “SI-LCA: Assessment Method for Environmental impact by System Products,” brochurefor the speech at the 2nd Conference of LCA Society of Japan, August 2005
2) NISHI et al, “SI-LCA: Assessment Method for Environmental impact by System Products,”
Collection of papers for “Eco-design 2004 Japan symposium, pp.268-271, 2004

44

5.4 <Fujitsu Ltd.> “MyWeb Portal Office Groupware Easy-to-operate for Everyone”
1) Outline of system[Outline of functions]Figure 5.4-1 describes the outline of MyWeb Portal Office, the groupware for better internal
communication and information sharing throughout companies via the intranet.
MyWeb Portal Office is a communication tool well adapted to the “Japanese-style” organizationthat is easy to operate for everybody on the Web. The standard model has 17 functions, including abulletin board, scheduling, and approval. It is available for step-by-step use e.g. concealing
unnecessary functions on the display. Additionally, MyWeb Portal Office can correspond withmobile terminals (i-mode, EZweb and Vodafone live!) and PDA (PocketPC2002/2003), featuring
accessibility from anywhere, anytime.

* MyWeb Portal Office is the registered trademark of Fujitsu Shikoku Ltd.

Figure 5.4-1 Outline of Fujitsu’s Groupware “MyWeb Portal Office”

452) Functional unit
The functional unit, in this case MyWeb Portal Office, is operated for a year, providing thecirculation of a bulletin board of documents on a library, schedule management, and managementof facility booking for a company with 200 workers.
The list of values and base data used for the assessment is presented in [Assessment method].
3) System boundary
Based on the “2.3.1 Life cycle of ICT” in the guidelines, the “operation” stage is solely chosen as
the target of the assessment, as it is significantly effected by the introduction of ICT.
Figure 5.4-2 shows the evaluation models before/after the introduction of MyWeb Portal Office.
Before theintroduction

Submissions
Documents
for co-use
Minutes ofproceedings

Letters to be shared among
employees (e.g. notices,
documents/records for co-use) were
distributed and made available on thebulletin board and/or as notices forcirculation.

After theintroduction* As the information for co-use in thecompany is collectively managed through
MyWeb, labor e.g. for document
distribution and confirmation by telephone
was reduced. Consequently, the work
efficiency drastically improved.

Presented on the bulletinboard or circulative notices
after the distribution

Improvement in efficiency
of information sharing

Facility booking
Schedule management* Booking of facilities andschedule management for othersections used to be a manual task
involving using the telephone.

One server for MyWeb
Portal Office only

Figure 5.4-2 Models before/after the introduction of MyWeb Portal Office
Before the introduction:
1. Letters for internal co-use in companies (e.g. notices, documents/records for co-use) used to beshared by reproducing the necessary number of copies from the original, and presenting them on
the bulletin board and/or as circulative notices.
2. Schedule management used to be performed by employees and the information was presented ona white board and/or in a schedule book.
3. Booking of facilities used to be managed by the administrative section at each site. When an
employee needed to make a booking, it was necessary to ask the administrative section or make thebooking by him/herself by phone.
After the introduction:
1. As the server collectively manages all the documents on the bulletin board as well as in theminutes/library, it becomes unnecessary to make copies for distribution. Consequently, the volumeof paper for documents is significantly reduced.
46

2. As the server collectively manages schedules of all employees (with an enrollment list and aregister of users), the efficiency of internal communication within companies considerably
improves.
3. As all the bookings of facilities becomes available on the Web, manual labor for booking byphone or through the use of a schedule book becomes unnecessary.
► Assessment method
The assessment is based on the “2.3.2 Target activities of the assessment” in the guideline.
Table 5.4-1 shows the relevance between the life cycle stages of MyWeb Portal Office and thetarget items/activities, for while Table 5.4-2 presents the base data used in the assessment. The
assessment method for environmental impact by ICT, adapted by Fujitsu, was used.
Table 5.4-1 Relevance between life cycle stages and the target items/activities[Explanatory note: ○...assessed / ̶...not assessed]

Use of network infrastructure*○

Use of software*̶Shipping̶Traveling̶

Storage*○

Workforce*○

Disposal/○

recycling○

Use of ICT devices*

Collection

Operation

Setup

Installation

Distribution

Shipment

Design/development/

production

Procurement

Material/energy consumption** The target factors of the assessment are as follows, based on the assessment method forenvironmental impact by ICT adapted by Fujitsu.
Material/energy consumption (paper consumption in this assessment)
Use of ICT devices: power consumption for the target ICT devices
Use of network infrastructure: volume of network data communication
Storage: office/storage space
Workforce: office space

47

Table 5.4-2 Basic data before/after the introduction of MyWEb Portal OfficeEffect factor at
Before theTarget activities
Basic data
Fujitsu
introduction
Material/energy
consumption
Use of ICT devices
Use of network
infrastructure

Usage amountPower consumption
for IT/NW
Volume of data
communication
on network

storage
Office space
workforce

After
the
introduction

Sheets of used paper

46.500 (sheets)

2.200 (sheets)

Server546 kWh

6,646 kWh

Data communication

1,090 Mbyte

58,195 Mbyte

Space for documents
Space for devices

0.42 m2
0.0 m260
persons/month0.02 m2
0.5 m220
persons/month

Number of man-hour

Column: Base unit for office space
Fujitsu sets fundamental base units based on the inter industry tables on FY1995. The base unit for
workforce is estimated as follows, by calculating CO2 emission from an office building necessary
for an employee to work for a year.
Environmental impact by the business building3):: 87.7kg-CO2/m2・year ---- (1)Required space for a worker4): 13.1/m2/worker ---- (2)CO2 emission from an office building necessary for an employee to work for a year: 1.149kg-C O2/㎡・year ---- (1)×(2)4) Results of Assessment
Figure 5.4-3 shows the CO2 emission from an operation for a year before/after the introduction of
MyWeb Portal Office. Following are the effects produced from the introduction of MyWeb Portal
Office:1. As copying documents on data for co-use becomes unnecessary, the consumption of paper isreduced.
Approximately 46.000 sheets/year → 2.000 sheets/year
2. Labor for co-use of internal data and communication within companies is significantly cut down.
Approximately 60 men/month → 20 men/month
While CO2 emission increases because of power consumption by server and ICT devices, the CO2
emission by paper consumption and workforce is significantly reduced. Overall, 21% of CO2
emission is reduced.

48

CO2 emission (%)

CO2 emission (%)

100
80

0.04
20.7%

3.8
92.8

60

2.3
45.9

40
20

Volume of NW
data
communicationPower
consumption for
IT/NW
Office Space

30.9

3.4

0
Before theintroduction

Used material

0.2

After theintroduction* CO2 emission before the introduction is set at 100%.
Figure 5.4-3 Results of Assessment
5) Target audience for providing eco-efficiency
The target for assessing eco-efficiency is a variety of products. The above data is disclosed tor theclients who purchase MyWeb Portal Office. The purpose of the evaluation is to show
environmental improvement by comparing before/after introducing my web portal office to acertain company that has 200 employees.
6) Indicators
In terms of the definition of eco-efficiency in 3.1, values are considered as equal before and afterusing MyWeb Portal Office, ICT environmental impact (denominator) is defined as CO2 emission
in this study.
Factor is a ratio of eco-efficiency. Then, the factor can be explained as follows;
Factor= 1/(1-0.207)=1.3
7) References
Case studies of ICT solutions, that are expected to show environmental improvement, including
My-Web Portal Office, are available from the following;
http://jp.fujitsu.com/about/csr/eco/solutions/envsolutions/list.html
Reference of this example is available from the following web;a) http://www.myweb-jp.com/portaloffice/b) http://jp.fujitsu.com/group/labs/business/activities/activities-3/index.html#envtechc)” Investigation on actual conditions of energy consumption for general use” by NEDOd) Building Owners and Managers Association, Japan
http://www.birukyo.or.jp

498) Basic unit
For calculation of CO2 emission, the following reference data were applied.
Table 5.4-3 Table of basic unit
Environmental impact
Goods consumption

Basic unit
1.6*10 0

Paper

kg-CO2/kg

source1995 interindustry table(1999)

4.00*10-3

kg/ sheet

Paper, pulp handbook 1998

8.77*101

kg-CO2/m/year

1995 interindustry table

Workspace per person

1.31*10

1

Electricity

4.40*10 -1

Weight basis factor
Office space2

Per 1 m(1999)（use stage only）
2

M /person

Building Owners andManagers Association, Japan

Power consumption of IT,

Kg-CO2/kWh

network devices
Power consumption of1995 interindustry table(1999)

Data communication

2.5*10-3

Kg-CO2/Mbyte

Reports about eco-efficiency

network dataof ICT servies (JEMAI)

communication(2004)*Basic units that are derived from input/output table are arranged and converted in Fujitsu’s own right.

50

List of Working Group Members
The members of the working group are:Working Group Leader
MemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberDr. Yasunari Matsuno
Mr. Norihiro Mochizuki
Mr. Hideki Kobayashi
Mr. Yoshinori Kobayashi
Mr. Shigeyuki Miyamoto
Mr. Masahiro Suda
Mr. Shiro Nishi
Mr. Takashi Sawada
Mr. Takeshi Origuchi
Mr. Takayuki Nishi
Mr. Shinkichi Ebata
Mr. Mitsukiyo Tani
Mr. Yuji Ito
Mr. Takafumi Hashitani
Ms. Taeko Aoe

University of Tokyo
Canon Inc.,
Toshiba Co.,
Toshiba Co.,NEC Co.,NEC Co.,NTT Co.,NTT Co.,NTT Co.,Hitachi, Ltd.,
Hitachi, Ltd.,
Hitachi, Ltd.,
Fuji Xerox Co.,Ltd.,
Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.,
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.,The most recent version is available fromhttp://www.jemai.or.jp/CACHE/eco-efficiency_detail_e_grunge220.cfm

For information
Ms. Chie Nakaniwa
Phone: +81-3-5209-7708
Fax: +81-3-5209-7716
E-mail: eco-efficiency@jemai.or.jp
Japan Forum on Eco-efficiency
Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry
2-2-1, Kaji-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN 101-0044* Contents in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested,
together with a reference to the document.
This guideline is drawn up as part of the “Eco-management Control System for Rationalization of Energy Use (Eco-efficiency
Research),” entrusted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan.

51