No.9

Life-Cycle Assessment Society of Japan

Contents

LCA-Based Development of Eco-Friendly Products and ………………………………… 1
Disclosure of Environmental Information
Establishment of a Quantitative Assessment Method through ………………………… 3
Printing Service LCA and Proposals of Eco-Friendly Actions
LCA Activities for Environmentally-Conscious Designs
in the Field of Power Systems…………………………………

6

Activities of the Snack PCR-WG: ………………………………………………………………… 10
Hoping for Dissemination of the Concept of CFP
Establishment of PCR for Publishing & ………………………………………………………… 12
Commercial Printing (work in process) in the Printing Industry
Approach to the Carbon Footprint System by Fujifilm …………………………………… 16- Important Points in PCR Creation for a PS Plate for Lithographic Printing Approach to the Carbon Footprint System by the Stationery Industry ……………… 19- Establishment of a Pilot PCR -METI Industrial Science and Technology Policy and Environment Bureau Award Winning Article

LCA-Based Development of Eco-Friendly Products andDisclosure of Environmental Information
Chiake Fukasawa

General Manager
Environment Enhancement Department
Sanden Corporation

1. Introduction

2. Objectives of LCA

Established in 1943 in Isezaki-City, Gunma, the SandenGroup has been using its cooling and heating technologies
to operate a car device business by developing car air conditioners and their compressors and also to operate a food
distribution device business by developing freezers for commercial use or refrigerated display cases and vending machines. With 'prompt response to customer requests in production' as the policy, we have been actively aiming towards
globalization of the business. Currently, we are operating at
53 bases in 23 countries.

Our objectives of conducting LCA are as follows:① Visualization of environmental burdens (CO2 emission)
throughout the life cycle of a product② Identification of processes and parts generating highenvironmental burdens③ Provision of environmental information to customers④ Benchmarking of target values for developed technologies and products, and management of these at each
design review (DR)

3. Examples of Effective Use of LCA in Products
Also, within our corporate philosophy, we regard ecofriendliness as a universal value and carry out businessactivities to preserve the environment based on theapproach and actions established by the employees. In
1993, we established the Sanden Environmental Charter as
our voluntary plan. Then in 1997, we revised our Environmental Charter and applied it to all domestic as well as international group companies as a consequence of the environmental management system provided by the establishing in
1997 of ISO14001 as an international standard, as well as
the consequence of our realization of the importance ofenvironmental preservation activities.

3.1 Vending machines
Our LCA for vending machines dates back to a joint study
with Mr. Otsuma of the National Institute of Environmental
Studies in 1992. At the time, the media reported that vending machines were damaging the cityscape and that bright
lighting of vending machines across the country was using
the power equivalent to power generated by one nuclear
power plant. Therefore, it was our urgent task to develop
energy-saving vending machines.
Around that time, CO2 emission by a vending machine was
7,330kg (for 5 years of use) and the product use stage
accounted for 94% of it (Figure 3).

Furthermore, as a corporate citizen that is expanding its
business globally, we established goals shared by all employees which are 'Environmental Vision: Eco Excellent
2010' as shown in Figure 1 and 'Environmental Action
Guideline' as shown in Figure 2 in order to ensure that all of
our corporate activities are eco-friendly. These goals havebeen incorporated into our environmental action plan.

Figure 3 Vending machine LCA result (1992)
Figure 4 Analysis of environmental burdens in the vending
machine use stage
Based on the LCA result, Figure 4 shows the more detailed
breakdown of environmental burdens during the vending
machine use stage. As shown in Figure 4, in addition tocompressor operations for cooling and heating as well as
power consumption for lighting, we found a lot of unnecessary power consumption such as thermal losses by the heatof the machine and excessive lighting for displays. Complete elimination of such waste became our technical development theme eventually leading to development ofenergy-saving vending machines.

Promotion of development of eco-friendly products anddevelopment of environmental technologies is our lifeline.
Therefore, while aiming for value generation and reductionof environmental burdens and while continuing to examine
what kind of products can make customers' lives better, weare developing products that can contribute to the realization of a sustainable society through saving energy, saving
resources, and reduction of use of toxic chemicals. Amongthese activities, we are also actively implementing a method
to properly assess products and technologies.

As implementation of environmental burden reduction technologies, we adopted the zone heating system, adopted theheat pump system, improved air tightness, adopted vacuum
heat insulating materials, and promoted learning operation
control for saving energy. At the same time, the EnergySaving Top Runner standard for vending machines was
implemented, and as a result, as shown in Figure 5, in 2009,
we were able to reduce the power consumption by the heatpump used in the 30-selection model, which is the mostfrequently used vending machine model, by 71% compared
to 2000.

This article will provide an overview of LCA-based development of eco-friendly products and disclosure of environmental information by the Sanden Group
Figure 1 Sanden Environmental Vision2010
Figure 2 Environmental Action Guideline1

co.jp/environment/index.html)

Also, as shown in Figure 6, the result of LCA in 2009 forthe latest vending machine model indicated that the CO 2
emission of the heat pump used in the 30-selection model
was 3,158kg (for 5 years of use), which meant that the CO2
emission was reduced by approximately 64% in the productuse stage.

5. Conclusion
The management policy of the Sanden Group is to grow to
the next level while focusing on environmental conservation
using our current strength, which is the creation of corporate
value from the environment, as the foundation. Based on
this management policy, we plan to develop technologies toachieve eco-friendly products and to completely eliminate
waste at factories. At the same time, we will create andimplement the next environmental vision and also mid-termtargets by observing the trends of GHG emission targets
discussed at COP15 and in international society.

Figure 5 Power consumption by a vending machine
Figure 6 Vending machine LCA result (2009)
3.2 Compressors for a Car Air Conditioners
We started LCA for a car air conditioner compressors in2002 under the supervision of Mr. Inaba, the former Manager of the Research Centre for Life Cycle Assessment of
the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology (currently a professor at Research into Artifacts,
Center for Engineering, the University of Tokyo), Mr. Naritaof the Japan Environmental Management Association for
Industry (currently a professor at Nagoya Sangyo University), and Mr. Aoki.
Also, from 2007, we have been conducting LCA based on
the Product Environmental Indicator Guideline (http://www.
japia.or.jp/work/2007/09/guideline.html) compiled by theJapan Auto Parts Industries Association.
As shown in Figure 7, the scope of LCA included the material process, supplier process, transportation between the
supplier and Sanden, processing and assembly at Sanden,transportation between a customer (car manufacturer) and
Sanden, and the product use process.
The disposal stage was excluded from the scope ofassessment because it was handled by the car manufacturer.
Figure 7 Scope of LCA for compressors for a car air conditioners
Table 1 shows the LCA results for car air conditioner compressors. As the compressor changed from the fixedvolume type to the internal variable volume type and then to
the externally variable volume type, the environmental burdens (which influence global warming) decreased. While
the CO 2 emission of the fixed volume type was 3,234kgCO2, it was 2,232kg-CO2 for the external variable volume
type, achieving reduction to 62%.
Table 1 LCA results for car air conditioner compressors

4. Disclosure of LCA Results
Environmental information on vending machines is disclosed through EcoLeaf Type III of the environmental labeling program (http://www.jemai.or.jp/ecoleaf/prodbycmp_
companyobj119.cfm).
Environmental information on car air conditioner compressors is disclosed though our CSR report (http://www.sanden.
2

LCA Japan Forum Chairman's Award Winning Article

Establishment of a Quantitative Assessment Method throughPrinting Service LCA and Proposals of Eco-Friendly Actions
Hirokazu Shimizu
President
Shimizu Printing Inc.

used products, and recycling of waste materials generated
from production factories.

1. Introduction
Assessment of eco-friendliness in printing services used tobe mathematically unsupported qualitative assessment forstereotypical activities such as use of recycled paper anduse of soy ink. Recently, printing businesses are expectedby other fields of business to reduce environmental loads,
and in order to respond to such expectations in terms ofmathematical figures, we have created the printing service
LCA system based on the quantitative assessment method.

2.2 Raw material procurement stage
In the raw material procurement stage, paper, ink, andprinting plates were the subject of environmental load calculation. We used the LCA Japan Forum database (DB) andestimates provided by material manufacturers to obtain thebasic emission unit, and calculated the amount of thesematerials used and environmental loads generated duringtransportation.

We conducted printing service LCA to reduce environmental loads by implementing the following three steps:① Numerical expression of environmental loads in the material, production, and disposal and recycling stages =visualization② Development of eco-friendly designs by reviewing thecurrent material types, production process, and structuraldesign③ Use of LCA results as base figures for calculation of theamount of carbon offset and carbon footprints① Rolled materials
The amount of rolled materials (paper or plastic) used was
the sum of the number of sheets used in actual printing andthe number of sheets to be used for pre-printing color adjustment or position adjustment. When a product had an irregular shape such as packaging or a booklet, we used a CAD
program to calculate the ratio of the product area to the entire
sheet area in order to divide the amount of rolled materials
into this ratio by weight.

2. Analysis method② Ink and varnish
The amount of ink and varnish used was estimated byobtaining the thicknesses of the ink transferred onto therolled materials based on the actual job performance values,
obtaining the average ink thickness, and multiplying the ratio

2.1 System boundary
Figure 1 shows the system boundary in printing service
LCA. We calculated environmental loads for procurement of
the main materials such as paper, ink, and printing plates,transportation of finished products to consumers, disposal of

Procurement

Production

Delivery

Paper

DeliveryInk andvarnishWater and an
additive

Printing
machines

Post press(punching or gluing)

Printing platesUse (not includedin the scope ofassessment)
Disposal byincineration (+)
Disposal byincineration (+)

Aluminum

Paper

Recycling

Recycling

Recycling
Figure 1 Printing service LCA system boundary
3

Disposal

of area with ink by the rolled material size. If an accurate
ratio of the area with ink cannot be obtained, the maximum
value for generation printing was used as a hypotheticalvalue so that the calculated area would not be smaller thanwhat it should be. As for the basic emission unit, it was
extremely difficult to obtain it using only the summation
method because a large number of types of ink pigments
were used and the supply chain extended overseas, andalso the method was underdeveloped. Therefore, werequested an ink manufacturer to make an estimate using a
combination of the summation method and input-output
analysis. As a result, we established and used the basic
emission units for the four primary colors essential in color
printing and also for coating varnish used to protect printed
surfaces.

① Printing plates
A printing plate is created by reproducing digital data created on a PC with a laser and then carrying out the exposure process. Here, electricity use by an output machinethat produced an image on the printing plate, a developing
machine, an air conditioner, and lighting was measured.
When electricity use could not be measured for any particular facility, rated output values were used.
Electricity use of lighting was about the same as the value
obtained using the rated output value. For air conditioning,
however, it would be dramatically different from what would
be obtained using the rated output value because of seasonal temperature changes or heat released from production facility. Therefore, electricity use was measured foreach of the facility types listed above. Electricity use for air
conditioning and lighting for other production facility was calculated based on the same idea.

③ Water and an additive
In general printing, repellency between ink (oil) and water
creates parts that are printed and not printed (parts where
ink is transferred and not transferred). Therefore, the water
here is a substance used in the printing process and iscalled dampening water. There were no examples that provided an official formula to allow us to predict in advance theamount of dampening water used in each printing job. For
this reason, we conducted data analysis using our printing
machine in order to find the relationship between theamount of ink used and the amount of dampening waterused. However, we have not been able to obtain the accurate water absorption rate by a rolled material or the rate ofwater evaporation due to the raised temperature inside theprinting machine. Currently, we set a tentative ink to water
ratio for each type of rolled material to calculate the amountof water used.

② Printing
We set the average electricity use per hour for our printing
machines based on the actual measurement values
recorded for over a year. Because the time spent on preparing paper or ink, time required to get ready for the nextjob, and cleaning time were all included in printing machine
operating time, time other than the machine being stopped
for no particular purpose would be regarded as operatingtime. Analysis of the actual electricity use measurement
value indicated that its power output was much lower than
its rated output value. This was because the machine operated at 70% to 80% of its rated value even when it was
operating at its full capacity, and also because the additionof preparatory and cleaning time described above lowered
the resulting value. We would like to add here that calculation of electricity use must be comprehensive, including
electricity use of a compressor or other optional devices.

An additive (isopropyl alcohol: IPA) lowers the surface tension of water so that detailed parts printed and not printed
can be formed clearly. As a general rule, the amount of IPA
added to the water is approximately 5% of the water
volume.

③ Post press
There are multiple types of post press machines such as agluing machine and a binding machine, and electricity use of
these machines was calculated in the same way as the production facility described above.

Recently, waterless printing is spreading, in which neither
water nor IPA is used, no toxic strong alkaline waste solution
is generated during the printing plate exposure process, andprinting quality is expected to improve. We are also preparing to switch to 100% waterless printing.
④ Printing plates
Printing plate manufacturers have been studying environmental loads generated in the procurement of printing
plates; therefore, there were values available for our study.

2.4 Distribution and Use Stages
In the distribution stage, electricity use was calculated
based on the weight of finished products. In the use stage,
there was no need to calculate electricity use for analog
printing services. However, it must be calculated in digitalprinting services such as website viewing. As for the basic
emission units, we referred to the LCA Japan Forum DB.

2.3 Production StageIn the production stage, electricity use in production of
printing and post press machines, and electricity use in air
conditioning and lighting for these machines were the subjects of calculation. Although ideally the primary data onelectricity use was collected, we used the rated output
values where it was impossible. As for the basic emission
units, we referred to the LCA Japan Forum DB.

① Delivery
Electricity use in product delivery was calculated by multiplying the delivery distance and the product weight, which
was obtained by subtracting the amount that did not become
products from the amount of rolled materials used. Distanceto destination was obtained by a web-based calculation toolthat automatically calculated the distance when the startpoint and destination were inputted.
4

products from rolled materials (materials that did not
become products and spare materials for pre-printing
adjustments) were calculated. Electricity use associatedwith product recycling by consumers could also be calculated if there were reliable scenarios.

② Use
In product use, electricity use associated with the use ofanalog media such as packages and booklets was notincluded in the study. However, electricity use associatedwith the use of digital media such as electronic books must
be taken into consideration. Although environmental loads
obtained here would be marginal, we still always calculatethem because these loads would be the important points forcomparison or examination purposes.

3. Conclusion
As a result of the establishment of printing service LCA:
I. The shift from qualitative studies to quantitative studies
allowed internal and external disclosure of environmentalload information in mathematical values.
II. By understanding environmental loads for each material
and process, important points in specification changes could
be identified and also mathematically-supported eco-friendly
designs increased.
III. Results of LCA were used as the basic values for calculating the amount of carbon offset or carbon footprints,
whose concepts were rapidly spreading in the industry.

2.5 Disposal and Recycling Stages
In the disposal stage, electricity use was calculated basedon the weight of products disposed of by consumers, and in
the recycling stage, electricity use was calculated based on
the weight of materials that did not become products andthat were disposed of from the factory. As for the basic
emission units, we referred to the LCA Japan Forum DB andestimated values provided by waste disposal services.
① Disposal
Electricity use must be calculated for some of the productsthat were procured by consumers and disposed of as
household waste to be incinerated and also for unsold products that were disposed of by distributors. For calculation ofincineration of rolled paper materials, the weight of plantderived material (biomass ratio), which would be other thanthe coated layer, could be registered as a negative figurebase on the concept of carbon neutrality. Here, carbon neutrality is the idea that, because CO2 emitted due to incineration of plant-derived materials is used in photosynthesis bytrees, the amount of CO2 does not increase in the overall life
cycle.

Therefore, we were able to successfully achieve the objectives that we set before carrying out LCA.
As an example, we would like to introduce the case of
paper CD packages which are our leading products (133mm
x 133mm x 9mm, 100,000 pieces). Among impact categories, we focused on GWP (greenhouse gases converted into
the amount of CO 2 ) and summarized the environmental
analysis results for: the case of waterless printing with nouse of water; the case where the use of ink was reduced by
30% for high definition printing; and the case where theweight of paper was reduced. In analog printing services,
environmental loads of paper accounted for over 75% of theenvironmental loads of the entire life cycle and for the rest,
there were not any factors other than disposal that required
attention. Although we expected that waterless printing,which is the most advanced printing technology, and reduction of use of ink by using extremely small dots would be
effective in reduction of environmental loads, they did nothave much of an impact because they accounted only forsmall percentages of the entire environmental loads. In thisexample, we found that we need to improve opposing qualities, namely reduction of paper weight and improvement ofload capacity.

Electricity use for waste materials from the factory was
based on values provided by special waste material collectors for specially-controlled waste materials such as waste
developer for printing plates used in printing that used water(waste developer in waterless printing would not applyhere).
② Recycling
In recycling, electricity use associated with all printing㩷␠ᄖ⒁plates and the amount of material obtained by subtracting
Item
Paper
Ink and varnish
Water and additive
Printing plate
Printing
Cutting and gluing
Delivery

A: Normal
1,890.0
57.1
Procurement
0.2
36.6
86.8
Production
146.0
Delivery
25.8
Disposal by incineration (+)
2,290.0
Disposal
Disposal by incineration (-)-2,170.0
Recycling of paper
94.6
Recycling
Recycling of aluminum
8.0
Total GWP:
2,465.1
Comparison with Condition A:-

B: WL
1,890.0
57.1
0.0
36.6
86.8
146.0
25.8
2,290.0-2,170.0
94.6
8.0
2,464.9
99.99%

D: PaperWS
C: FM
1,890.0
1,650.0
45.9
57.1
0.1
0.2
36.6
36.6
86.8
86.8
146.0
146.0
25.8
22.6
2,290.0
2,010.0-2,170.0-1,880.0
94.6
82.2
8.0
8.0
2,453.8
2,219.5
99.54%
90.04%

Re-acknowledging the fact that LCA-based refinement
does not necessarily lead to greater sophistication of environment assessment, we will continue to examine how printing service LCA should be carried out.

(kg-CO2e)* Calculated using SimpleLCA, the LCA software developed by the Japan Environmental
Management Association for Industry* Item A: normal practice, B: waterless printing, C: high definition printing, D: paper
weight reduction

Table 1 GWP summary by condition for printing andmanufacturing 100,000 paper CD packages
5

LCA Japan Forum Chairman's Award Winning Article

LCA Activities for Environmentally-Conscious Designs
in the Field of Power Systems
Hideki Noda

Senior Scientist, Power and Environmental System Solution GroupPower System Solution and Distribution System R&D Department
Power and Industrial System R&D Center
Toshiba Corporation

First, these apparatuses should concern not only consumption but also convert and control energy in their operation phase, it is important to clearly identify the decisive
points for environmentally-conscious designs.

1. Introduction
A t To s h i b a C o r p o r a t i o n , w e a r e e n g a g e d i n L C A
researches in the Power and Industrial System R&D Center.
In doing so, we have effectively constructed internal database and know-how on LCA analysis, and promoted LCA on
various types of apparatuses in the field of power systems.
This article will provide overviews of our activities: ① LCA
studies for the purpose of environmentally-conscious
designs; ② Publication and standardization to support LCA
activity; and ③ developing method for the purpose of
response to a wide variety of assessment needs.

Second, for these apparatuses, it is usually difficult to collect LCA data for the recycling phase and specific and various materials included in apparatus. Therefore, it is important to calculate these types of data.
Third, new methodology should be needed to meet a wide
variety of assessment needs, such as reliability or safetyassessment in addition to environmental impact assessment.

2. Characteristics of Power System Apparatuses
and Points to be Considered for LCA
As shown in Figure 1, power systems are composed ofvarious types of apparatuses, such as, waterwheel, turbine,
power generator, transformer, switchgear, arrester and otherattached components.

3. Toshiba's Activities
This section shows Toshiba's activities to successfully
carry out the points listed above.
3.1 LCA studies
To accomplish the first point, focusing decisive points forenvironmentally-conscious designs in an easy-tounderstand way, LCA studies were performed for various

These apparatuses have characteristics as shown in
Figure 2 that consumer products do not have, and there are
3 points to conduct LCA.

Generation
Steam turbine Power generator

Chimney

Power supply
deviceCondenser

Fuel tankTransformer

Transmission
lines

Boiler

Cooling water

TurbinePower
generator

Power generation system

Waterwheel

Transmission and Distribution
Central load
dispatching systeminsulated switchgear
Protection Arrester Switchgear Gas(Nishi-Gunma switchingrelay
station of Tokyo ElectricTransformer(Shin-Tama substation of Tokyo
Electric Power Co.)Power Co.)

Figure 1 Various types of apparatuses in power systems
6

Characteristics of power system apparatuses
Power system Apparatuses
Manufacturing Materials are often specific andvaluable
phase
OperationLong usage
phase
Relations with energy are
valuable (energy conversion,
control, and consumption)
DisposalUtilities manage and control
phase
after usage

In case of arrester, the environmental impact in the manufacturing phase is dominant(III). In this case, the points ofenvironmentally-conscious designs are reduction of theamount of material use and energy-saving in the manufacturing phase.

Consumer Products
Materials are often standard andinexpensive
Short usage
Relations with energy is mostly
consumption use
Recycle system functions under
extended producer responsibility

Various types of apparatuses are categorized, as shown
below.

䇭
Points to be considered for LCA(1)(1) Proposals
Proposals ofof decisivedecisive points
points forfor environmentally-conscious
environmentally-conscious designs
designs(2)(2) Calculation
Calculation ofof LCA
LCA data
data thatthat isis difficult
difficult toto findfind(3)(3) Fulfillment
Fulfillment ofof aa wide
wide variety
variety ofof assessment
assessment needs
needs

Category I: apparatuses with dominant environmental
impact in the operation phase, such as power generatorsand transformers
Category II: apparatuses with even environmental impact inthe material and operation phases, such as switchgears
Category III: apparatuses with dominant environmental
impact in the material and manufacturing phases, such asarresters䇭Promotion
Promotion ofof LCA
LCA studies,studies, publication,
publication, andand developing
developing method
methodFigure 2 Characteristics of power system apparatuses and points tobe considered for LCA

apparatuses.(1)-(3)To classify the apparatuses assists designer in clarifying
the decisive points for environmentally-conscious designs.

Figure 3 shows the typical examples of LCA results andthe decisive points for environmentally-conscious designs.
The figure suggests that the environmental impact in theoperation phase caused by generators and transformers
account for more than 90% of the overall environmental
impact (I). In this case, the point of environmentallyconscious design is improvement of operational efficiency.
Meanwhile, both high voltage switchgears and low voltage
switchgears generates the same level of environmental
impact throughout the life cycle (II). In this case, the pointsof environmentally-conscious designs are reduction of theamount of material use, replacement of materials that
reduce environmental impact, and current loss reduction in
the operation phase.

Powergenerator

Category I: apparatuses with dominantenvironmental impact in the operation phase

I

97.1

Transformer
High voltage 2.9
switchgear
Low voltage
switchgear0

3.2 Publication and standardization
For the accomplishment of the second point, preparing
LCA data that is difficult to collect, data maintenance was
performed through this LCA studies and using data createdbased on the industrial input/output table. In addition, we

99.4

0.6

ArresterFigure 4 shows the environmental impact reduction byenvironmentally-conscious designs. By these are accomplished power generator operational efficiency, reduction ofswitchgear weight and current loss, and reduction of thenumber of arrester elements through performance improvement.

6.9

67.9
45.5

29.3

14.0

25.2

III

20
40
60
80
100
Environmental impact of each phase (%)
Manufacturing

Transformer

II

40.5
70.7

Material

Power generator

Operation

Environmentally-conscious designs¾ Improvement of operational efficiency

Category II: apparatuses with even environmental
impact in the material and operation phases
High voltage switchgear

Low voltage switchgear

Typical examples of LCA results
Category III: apparatuses with dominant environmental
impact in the material and manufacturing phases
Arrester

Environmentally-conscious designs¾ Reduction of the amount of material¾ Replacement of materials that increase environmental impact¾ Energy saving in the manufacturing phase

Environmentally-conscious designs¾ Reduction of the amount of material¾ Replacement of materials that increase environmental impact¾ Reduction of current loss

Figure 3 LCA results and important points for environmentally-conscious designs
7

Environmental impact ratio (%)

Material

Power generator

100

Manufacturing

guidelines for power and industrial systems (JEMA Guideline) (March, 2008)" showing the data development procedure, and "Case studies (October, 2008)" showing the various examples were published. The participating companies
were Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Reader), Toshiba Corporation (Sub Reader), Hitachi Ltd., Fuji Electric Systems
Corporation, Yasukawa Electric Corporation, and Toyo
Denki Seizo K.K. (with the additional support of Toshiba
Plant Systems and Services Corporation). (Figure 6).

Operation

Arrester

Switchgear

82%
62%

80

51%

60
40
20
0
Old

New

z Improvement ofoperational
efficiency

Old

New

z Weight reductionz Current loss
reduction

Old

New

3.3 Developing Method
For the accomplishment of the third point, to meet with awide variety of assessment needs such as conducting reliability and safety assessment, cooperative research was
performed with Chalmers University of Technology inSweden, which had rich experience in environmental impact
assessment in the field of infrastructure. Figure 7 shows theoutline of two methods which are developed by our joint
activities. One is the damage cost calculation method ofassessing the trade-off between power failure risk and environmental impacts. Second is quantifying method of theenvironmental impact by organic chemicals included in insu-

z Improvement of
performancez Parts reduction

Figure 4 Examples of reduction of environmental impact

disclosed information essential to LCA analysis such as
basic units for electronic circuit boards for which data would
be difficult to collect and also information on standardizationin the industry.(4)-(10) Figure 5 shows some examples. For
power generators, recycle process was examined. For protection relays, standard LCA data for electronic circuit board
was proposed. A large number of electronic circuit boards
were categorized into three types of standard boards to propose a standard unit for each type of board. Transformercase study was applied to LIME and LIME2 comparison
study.
Furthermore, Toshiba participated as the Sub Reader inthe LCA working group (WG) for power and industrial systems hosted by the Japan Electrical Manufacturers' Association (JEMA). In this WG, together with the other participating companies, "Life cycle CO 2 emission assessment

Figure 6 JEMA Guideline (March, 2008)

 CO2 reduction of power generator by recycling  Damage comparison of transformer by LIME
and LIME2
100
36% Reduction

50

2.6 times

Total

㪉㪇㪇

Increase of
copper (coils) andwood (insulators)

䋲䋲

1.8 timesⵍኂ▚ቯ㗵㩿㩼㪀
Damage(%)

Recycled energy

0CO2emission
reduction㪉㪌㪇Raw material +manufacturing

CO2 emission (%)

㪊㪇㪇

䋳

㪈㪌㪇

䋱䋲
䋲

㪈㪇㪇

Source: ICEE2006 DA1-09

䋲䋲

䋳
䋲

䋱䋲
䋱

㪌㪇

 Calculation of standard unit for electronic
circuit boards for protection relays(g-CO2/g)
Standard board A (highly integrated active board) 350
Standard board B (active board)
150
Standard board C (passive board)80
Source: Proc. 2008 Annual Meeting IEEJ, 6-299

䌌䌉䌍䌅䋲

䌌䌉䌍䌅

䌌䌉䌍䌅䋲

AllోᲑ㓏䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭᧚ᢱᲑ㓏stagesMaterial stage

Dominant inventory

Source: Proc. 2009 Annual Meeting IEEJ, 6-322

Figure 5 Example of disclosed case studies
8

䋱

䋱

㪇
䌌䌉䌍䌅

䋲

䋳
䋲

䋱

䋳

27: SF6
26: PFC
25: HFC23
24: HFC
23: Dust
22: Wood
21: Limestone
20: Gravel and crushed rocks
19: Crushed stones
18: Nickel
17: Chrome
16: Manganese
15: Aluminum
14: Zinc
13: Lead
12: Copper
11: Iron
10: Natural gas
9: Coal
8: Crude oil-based fuel7: Crude oil raw material
6: T-P
5: T-N
4: COD
3: NOX
2: SOX
1: CO2

Method 1: Damage cost calculation method

on 24kV Insulated Switchgears," in Proc. 2005 Annual
Meeting IEEJ, 6-257, March, 2005.
(11) R. Carlson, S. Roos, H. Noda, R. Takahashi, "Damage
cost calculation method for energy apparatuses" 8th EcoBalance, 2008(12) H. Hatano et al, "Risk Evaluation of Organic Chemicals
Utilized in Turbine Generators" 7th Ecobalance, 2006(13) Sandra Häggström, Raul Carlson, Karolina Flemström,
Reiko Takahashi, Hiroshi Hatano, Toshiaki Murakami "Riskreducer method for defining environmental performanceindicators on life cycle risk" 7th Ecobalance, 2006(14) Sandra Häggström, Raul Carlson, Karolina Flemström,
Reiko Takahashi, Hideki Noda, Toshiaki Murakami "Application of RAVEL method for electric power generation apparatus" 7th Ecobalance, 2006

- To verify the trade-off between the power failure risk and environmental
impact- To assess the risk based on the possibility of a failure occurrencePower failure
risk

Environmental
impact

Method 2: Quantification of the impact of organic chemicals- To calculate of the reduction of the impact of the manufacturing phase- To assess the impact by using MSDS (material safety data sheets)

Figure 7 Outline of two methods

lators by using MSDS (material safety data sheets) information.(11)-(14)4. Conclusion
In addition to conventional LCA, to conducting a wide variety of assessments such as reliability assessment andsafety assessment are required in the field of power systems. Aiming for realization of a 'people lead richer lifestyles
in harmony with the Earth,' Toshiba will deliberate to further
reduce environmental impact and also to create new value.

End of document

In conclusion, we would like to take this opportunity to
express our gratitude to internal as well as external organizations and individuals who provided us with support andadvice to accomplish our LCA studies.
[References](1) Haruo Suzuki and Hideki Noda, "Examples of LCA in thePower Systems," academic journal "EICA," April, 2009. (InJapanese)(2) Hideki Noda, "LCA for Heavy Electric Apparatus," material for the 5th LCA lecture jointly hosted by The Institute ofLife Cycle Assessment, Japan, Japan LCA Forum, andJapan Environmental Management Association for Industry,
August, 2007. (In Japanese)(3) Hideki Noda, et al, "Life cycle CO2 emission assessment
for printed-circuit board used power and industrial systems
by LCI database based on Economic Input-Output Tables,"in Proc. 2007 Annual Meeting IEEJ, 1-007, March, 2007.
(4) Hideki Noda, et al, "Life Cycle Assessment for Transmission and Distribution Apparatuses applying LIME2," in Proc.
2009 Annual Meeting IEEJ, 6-322, March, 2009.
(5) Y. Ebisawa, et al, "Life Cycle Assessment on CO2 Emission for a Power Transformer" Report for CIGRE WG A2.34
Guide for Transformer Maintenance August, 2008
(6) H. Noda et al, "LCA based design of Environmental Conscious Products for Transmission and Distribution Apparatuses" ICEE2008 P-113(7) Hideki Noda, et al, "Life Cycle Assessment Methodology
for Protection Relay," in Proc. 2008 Annual Meeting IEEJ,
6-299, March, 2008.
(8) R. Takahashi et al, "A Study on Life Cycle Assessment
for Power and Energy Systems and their Apparatuses"
ICEE2006 DA1-09(9) R. Takahashi et al, "Environmental Impact Assessmentfor Heavy Electric Apparatus" 7th Ecobalance, 2006(10) Reiko Takahashi, et al, "Life Cycle Assessment Study
9Case Example

Activities of the Snack PCR-WG:
Hoping for Dissemination of the Concept of CFP
Kenji Fujioka
AdviserCalbee Foods Co., Ltd.

issues, activities addressing these issues, and corporate
history, values, and culture.

We, Calbee Foods, joined the Carbon Footprint Practical
Application and Dissemination Promotion Study Group (pilot
project) in July, 2008. At Eco-Products 2008, with the support of the study group organizer, we exhibited our productswith the Carbon Footprint Symbol attached. The exhibition
hosted a wide variety of eco events by various organizations, and conducted consumer purchase surveys and trial
sales at shops. By participating in the FY2008 pilot project,
we gained an understanding of product environmental burdens in terms of life cycle processes and also learned which
processes we should focus on in order to implement appropriate environmental burden reduction measures. Throughthe consumer purchase surveys and trial sales at shops, wefound that, although environmentally conscious consumers
were increasing, there were still many consumer comments
on CO2 emission data indicated on products from the perspectives of user friendliness, reliability, and reasons for
product purchase. This led us to the realization that it was
our mission to not only reduce environmental burdens
through corporate activities, but also to participate in dissemination activities so that, through the use of products,
people would become more environmentally conscious. For
this reason, we also participated in the pilot project in
FY2009.

In the actual work to establish Product Category Rules(PCRs), however, we encountered a difficult challenge in "1.
Scope of Application: Definition of Subject Products."
According to the organizer, an upsurge of PCRs should be
avoided and they should be applicable to products of similar
categories. Meanwhile, the industry group wanted to establish PCRs, each of which would be applied to a specifictarget product. There were many comments and opinions
regarding this issue, and we believe that our exchange was
highly meaningful. In the end, we choose PCRs for specifictarget products based on our conclusion that establishmentof many PCRs was important for the time being and that weshould start discussing aggregation of them as the numberof carbon footprint system certified products (CFP products)
increased. It should be noted that the participating companies had to spend a large number of man-hours to reach tothis conclusion. We hope that the organizer will establish
systems or rules on product definitions to be applied in CFP
system trial operation and PCR establishment.
Our first intention was to establish one PCR for all snacks.
More specifically, we planned to categorize the raw material
procurement process by main ingredients for calculation
purposes and to consider other processes that werecommon to all snacks. We planned this method perhaps
because, as a result of the six-party discussions, we wanted
to have one PCR for all. However, categorization within the
procurement process was not approved and consequently
PCRs were established for each product of each manufacturer. The organizer did take our efforts into consideration
however and added a PCR for all snacks for all six companies to the list of product-specific PCRs for each company in
the PCR Draft Creation Program Registered Item List. We
believe this shows the record of our joint effort to have our
products CFP system certified.

We participated in the project by ourselves in FY2008, but
in FY2009, the project was conducted in a working group(WG) style. In the snack section, we served as a contact
point in advertising for participants. As a result, snack
manufacturers such as KAMEDA SEIKA, KANRO, andNestle Japan, and distributors such as AEON and KOKUBU
responded and so the snack WG started with a total of six
companies.
Before publicly soliciting for participating companies, we
assumed that only snack manufacturers would respond.
However, owing to the participation of the retailer AEON andfood and alcohol beverage wholesaler KOKUBU, we wereable to aim for higher accuracy in our calculations such as
calculation of environmental burdens during retailing andenvironmental burdens in product transportation processes
from wholesalers to retailers based on actual data. Notethat the latter was not included in the scope of assessmentin the previous year since we had no access to such data.

In the previous paragraphs, we mentioned the PCRs for
specific products. When we established these PCRs, wealways investigated whether the same PCRs could beapplied when different manufacturers created products that
could be defined as the same products. As a result, these
PCRs incorporated scenarios that would not necessarily beapplied to us.

A meeting was held once a month and we took turns providing the venue. Holding a regular meeting allowed us toconfirm at the end of each meeting the tasks to be completed by the next meeting and specific deadlines for eachtask. Also, by taking turns hosting the meeting, we wereable to listen to the opening remarks by the top management of the hosting company, and this provided us with abetter understanding of the company's environmental

In the future, an examination will have to be made as towhether or not these considerations were necessary in the
PCRs for specific products.
For actual calculation using the PCRs, it is important to10increase the volume of secondary data available and maintain the currently existing data because the organizer
promptly supplied us with the secondary data we requested
but later it was pointed out by the PCR committee for certifying PCR-based calculation results that secondary data withhigher accuracy actually existed.
In the pilot project in FY2008, we were the only snack
manufacturer. However, the number increased to four in
FY2009. Because it was a pilot program, the participatingcompanies, government, and organizer all had to share a lotof the burden in completing each task.
The 3rd year of the pilot project starts in FY2010. In order
to disseminate the CFP system, the following is essential: ①
establishment and standardization of the system, ②changes in environmental awareness for both companies
and general consumers, and ③ development of new technologies and implementation of environment improvement
measures. In order to bring about a sustainable society, we
would like many companies to participate in the project.

11

Case Example

Establishment of PCR for Publishing &Commercial Printing (work in process) in the Printing Industry

Hiroyuki Nakamura

Professional Engineer (Environmental)
General Manager
Business Development Division
Japan Federation of Printing Industries

information. Aside from these meetings, members visited aplate making factory, a printing factory, a laminating/coatingprocessing factory and a book binding factory to study production process stages. Additionally, since one of our WG
members was also working in Pre-Sensitized plates for lithographic printing (PS plate) PCR WG, we were kept informed

1. Introduction
The printing industries proactively conduct environmental
conservation activities to fulfill their social responsibilities.
More specifically, they ensure compliance with laws andregulations concerning environmental conservation, establish and conform to voluntary industry standards, give
awards to excellent environment-conscious factories, andestablish green printing certification programs. Among
worsening environmental issues, global warming is recognized as the most important one for the printing industries;
therefore, they establish and reinforce their voluntary actionplans.

䌗䌇
1stmeeting

2nd
meeting

Description
x Self introductions and presentations by participating companies
x Briefing on the direction of the WG activities and discussion on theoverall concept of PCR[Assignment] x Submit questions to the WG office (members)
x Provision and description of the rough PCR plan by the WG office, anddiscussion and identification of issues regarding that planx Description and discussion on EcoLeaf information regarding the raw
material called PS plate

Since printing is utilized for many products, the printing
industry needed to establish a Product Category Rule (PCR)
for calculating the carbon footprint of products (CFP). CFP
indications on clients’ products such as books, catalogs andso on are required, so that printing companies have to present the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from printing.
Among various printing products, "Publishing & Commercial
Printing (work in process)" is selected to establish PCR as it
is one of major printing product and also the printing process used is conventional and standardized. This PCR was
approved by the PCR committee on November 10, 2009.

[Assignment] x Submit written proposals and comments to the WG office(members)
3rd
meetingx Discussion of the life cycle flow chart and identification of issues thereofx Correction based on the issues raised regarding the rough PCR plan
[Assignment] x Estimation using the flow chart (those who have past LCA
experience)x Study on raw materials and their compositions to collectsecondary data (WG office)4th
meeting

5th
meeting

2. WG activities in PCR establishment for Publishing & Commercial Printing

x Presentation on gravure printing that the members are not familiar withx Report and discussion on the progress of the PS plate WG[Assignment] x Add information in the secondary data collection chart(members)
x Create scenarios for estimation (WG office)x Discussion of the study results for raw materials and their compositions
to collect secondary datax Discussion and correction of the rough PCR plans for raw materials
x Proposition and discussion of the scenarios and estimate charts[Assignment] x Investigate which activities are required in obtaining an
estimate for pamphlets (members)

The CFP Pilot Program (the Carbon Footprint Calculationand Labeling Pilot Program, Implement trial introduction to
the market) was launched in April 2009, and METI had
started to accept applications for the registration of draft
PCR development plans from June 1, 2009. Japan Federation of Printing Industries (JFPI) applied the registration for
publishing & commercial printing on June 3, 2009. WG
members were 9 companies and one organization in total:
JFPI, five printing companies, two printing plate manufactures, one company that places printing orders, and one
software company related with printing. Also, as observers,
one printing-related organization, three printing companies,
and one printing machine manufacture participated. So, a
total of 13 companies and two organizations worked on
establishing this PCR.

6th
meetingx Discussion of both activities and secondary data required for obtaining
estimates
x Presentation and discussion of secondary data required for obtaining
estimates[Assignment] x Study activities in order to obtain estimates for pamphlets
and catalogs (members)

7thmeeting

x Review the scenarios for obtaining estimates (WG office)x Inputting in the estimate charts the number of activities for pamphlets
and catalogs and discussion regarding the inputted data
[Assignment] x Study of activities for monthly magazines and books(members)
x Create a scenario for obtaining estimates for calendars(WG office)8th
meetingx Inputting in the estimate charts activities for monthly magazines andbooks
x Discussion and correction of a scenario for obtaining estimates forcalendars[Assignment] x Study of activities for calendars (members)
x Organize the information inputted in the estimate charts(WG office)9th
meeting

Table 1 shows WG activities. The WG had meetings 12times before the draft PCR was submitted to the PCR committee. At the first meeting, members introduced themselves and discussed the future direction of WG activities.
Although there was no consultant in the WG, eight out of the
13 companies had LCA experiences in the past. Members
and observers worked in union, and had to carry out each
one's assignments. From the second meeting through thefourth, we discussed matters based on the draft PCR provided by WG secretariats and collected required technical

10th
meetingx Discussion of the items to be excluded
x Discussion and correction of the rough PCR plan
[Assignment] x Create the "Terminology and Definition" (members)
x Create a draft PCR to be filed for certification (WG office)x Read-through of the draft PCR

11thmeetingx Making replies to comments and discussion of correction of the draft
PCR

12th
meetingx Report and discussion of the progress of the PS plate WG
x Discussion of correction of the draft PCR based on the result of the PCRinterview

Table 1 WG activities for establishing the PCR for publishing &commercial printing
122. Entry of raw material acquisition stage data and calculation results
Amount of raw materials used
Collected by WG members as primary data

GHG (or CO2) emission ratio
Indicated in %Weight ratio
Indicated in %Secondary data for
estimation
Primary data (activity) W
Operation

Process

Item

Composition (unit)
OA paper (kg)

DTP

Paper
(printout for
proofing)

Prepress
Press plate

Printing

Printing

Polyester resin 85% +Printer toner
pigment 15% (kg)
CTP plate
Aluminum plate (m2)Paper(printout for(kg)
proofing)
Ink for(kg)
proofing
Subtotal
High-classcoated paper
(kg)
(A2)
Lithographic(kg)
ink
Cleanser(kg)

Dampeningw ater
Pow der

IPA solution (kg)

100% cornstarch (kg)
Cotton, polyester, andWiping rag
so on (kg)Subtotal

Cutting andbinding

Packaging

Binding andfinishing

Wire

Iron or stainless (kg)

Value
0.21

Secondary data (emission factor) a

GHG (kg)

Item

Value

Unit

(=a x W)

CO2 emission
ratio

Recycled high-quality
paper

1.17E+00

kg-CO2/kg

2.46E-01

0.05%

Japan Paper Association
2006

Weight ratio

0.21

0.06%

0.01

PET resin

2.90E+00

kg-CO2eq/kg

2.90E-02

0.01%

Tentative CFP2008

0.01

0.00%

19.11

Aluminum plate

1.23E+01

kg-CO2/m2

2.35E+02

44.04%PSWG estimate

12.38

3.63%

10.00

High-class coatedpaper (A2)

9.19E+00

Japan Paper Association
1.72%
2006

10.00

2.93%

0.10

Offset ink

9.19E-01

kg-CO2/kg

2.67E+00

kg-CO2/kg

22.70
314.50High-class coatedpaper (A2)

kg-CO2/kg

9.19E-01

2.35E+02

Japan Printing Ink Makers
0.05%
Association
44.09%

2.89E+02

54.16%

2.67E-01

Japan Paper Association
2006

Japan Printing Ink Makers
1.64%
Association
Ministry of the
0.01%
Environment

0.10

0.03%

22.70

6.65%

314.5092.17%

3.28

Offset ink

2.67E+00

kg-CO2/kg

8.75E+00

0.03

Kerosene

2.50E+00

kg-CO2/kg

7.00E-02

0.14

IPA solution

2.00E+00

kg-CO2/kg

2.80E-01

0.05%

Estimate by Fujifilm

0.14

0.04%

0.08

100% cornstarch

1.42E-01

kg-CO2/kg

1.19E-02

0.00%

0.08

0.02%

9.00E-03

kg-CO2/kg

Toshiba DB
Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry

0.06 Recycled w iping rag
318.08
0.17

Reinforced steel

4.31E-01

kg-CO2/kg

0.17

Subtotal

Additional information Activ ity conv erted
Source of the secondary
to w eight (kg)data

5.04E-04

0.00%

2.98E+02

55.87%

7.15E-02

0.01%

7.15E-02

0.01%

Forum
Plastic Waste
Management InstituteChemical Economy
Research Institute

3.28

0.96%

0.03

0.01%

0.06

0.02%

318.0893.22%

0.17

0.05%

0.17

0.05%

0.25

0.07%

0.01

0.00%

PP band

100% PP (kg)0.25

PP band3.85E-01

kg-GHG/kg

9.63E-02

0.02%

Kraft paper

(kg)

0.01

Material for Kraft
paper bag

2.55E+00

kg-CO2/kg

3.06E-02

0.01%

1.27E-01

0.02%

0.26

0.08%

5.34E+02

100.00%341.22100.00%

Packaging
Subtotal

0.26
Total GHG

Collected data
GHG (or CO2) emission estimate
Figure 1 Example GHG emission estimate chart for publishing & commercial printingucts). This PCR consisted of the raw material acquisition
stage and the production stages as shown in Figure 2.

about PS plate PCR establishment and could align two
WGs. From the fifth meeting through eighth, we were
engaged in activities concerning the calculation of GHG
emissions. We collected secondary data, and prepared
scenarios (pamphlets, catalogs, magazines, books, and calendars) and the calculation chart, and then carried out calculation. Figure 1 shows a part of the calculation a trial
chart example. As GHG emissions of printed materials
depended heavily on the volume of productions, we conducted calculations with different production volumes. At
the ninth and tenth meeting, raw materials which should be
cut off were decided according to the calculation results,
and the draft PCR was formulated for the application to becertificated. At the eleventh and twelfth meetings, we solicited comments on the draft PCR and examined issues
raised during the interview-style review of that. The draft
PCR was amended and completed to be submitted to the
PCR committee.

3-2 Characteristics of the PCR for publishing & commercial printing (work in process)As printing industries consist mainly of small and medium
sized companies, we took into consideration of following
points so that the GHG calculation method to be practical for
their usage.
① Cut-off criteria
According to the above mentioned calculation results, eightkinds of raw materials accounting for 0.1% or less of thetotal GHG emission were cut-off. Since these raw materials
were excluded from the GHG emission calculation for thisstudy the overall calculation burdens would be reduced.
Note that the total GHG emission rations of these eight raw
materials was up to 1%, the calculated GHG emission after
cut-off was divided by 0.99 (99%) to make it 100%.

3. Details of the PCR for publishing & commercial
printing (work in process)② Facilitation of data collection
In the PCR we described the details how to allocate consumption electric power of each piece of equipment when it
is difficult to actually measure. For this, we showed in the
PCR the process-specific factors that represented physicalvolumes to be allocated. In the printing process, forexample, the number of pages to be printed, volume of pro-

3-1 Scope
In order to make it clear that publishing & commercial printings are B2B products, the expression ‘work in process’ wasadded to the article title. This is because the printing industries can be involved directly up to production stage only
and thus the scope is defined as work in process (B2B prod13

Production stage

DistribuDistribution/
tion/sales
stage

Use/
Use/
maintemaintenancecontrol
stage

DistribuDistribution
Sales

Use
MainteMaintenanceDisposal at production stage (excluding recycling)Paper
waste andso on

Pre-press

Waste ink, waste
solution, paper
waste, and waste
metal

Paper waste
and wasteplastic

Paper waste,
and waste
metal

Printing

Laminating/coating
processing

Cuttingand binding

Packag-ing

Punching Bindingandand
Cutting finishing

PackagPackaging

䇭

DTP

Plate Printing
platemakingPrinting

CoatingLaminaLamination

Disposal/
Disposal/
recycling
stage

Paper waste
and wasteplastic
Disposal
Recycling

Disposal

ProofProofing
paper

Prepress
PS plate,
film
GR plate,and soand so onon

Ink, solution,
dampeningwater, paper,and so on

Varnish

Glue,
wire,
Film,
Film,
Cutterand soadhesiveon

Packagingmaterial

Coverage by This PCR:Range covered: Range not covered: Transport covered

Trace back to resource mining: Transport not covered

Raw material acquisition stage
Figure 2 Life cycle flow chart

duction by a printing machine, and the weight of printed materials were defined. As the use of rated consumption electric power of equipment was approved, GHG emission canbe calculated by knowing how many hours equipment areoperating.

D.2 Life cycle GHG emission for supply of raw materials
Materials used

③ Collection of secondary data
Not many types of emission factor for PCR have been disclosed today. Therefore, those who calculate GHG emissions need to collect more secondary data. As a reference
to search them, ‘Alternate secondary data’ including 47
types of raw materials were listed in the PCR appendix.
Table 2 shows some examples of alternate secondary data.
In this table, the items under ‘Secondary Data Name’ forwhich the Source is ‘Unspecified’ are alternate secondarydata.

Secondary Data
Name

Unit

SourcePaper for proof Recycled highoutput
quality paperkg

Unspecified (*2)

Prepress filmkg

Unspecified (*2)

kg

CFP emission
factor DB (*1)

kg

CFP emission
factor DB (*1)

PET film

PS plate

Sodiumhydroxide
Sulfuric acid
(distributed inJapan)PS plate

Developer for
PS plate

Sodiumhydroxide

Developer
Fixer

Rubber solution Natural rubber䋛Unspecified (*2)

kg

CFP emission
factor DB (*1)

kg

Unspecified (*2)

Table 2 Secondary data and alternate secondary data

4. Issue
4-1 Issue in GHG emission indication
This PCR states that GHG emission must be indicated foreach sales unit (delivery unit). This means that GHG emission must be verified for each production lot. The practical
CFP issue is how GHG emission should be calculated andverified for products with a short lead time such as weekly
magazines and reprinted books.

dard methodology for CFP calculation of printed media; it
has been decided to examine the proposal for the establishment of a task force. Aside from that, the German Printing
and Media Industries Federation (Bundesverbandes Druck
und Medien, or bvdm) provided “CO2 Rechner,” which was a
CO2 emission calculator. Prior to establishment of international standards for CFP, international discussions are about
to be initiated to determine how CFP of printed products
should be calculated.

4-2 Overseas trend
CFP has been progressively standardized by ISO/TC
207/SC7 to be released in 2011. Meanwhile, at the
ISO/TC130 (Graphic Technology) meeting held in September 2009, British participants proposed to provide a stan14

5. Future
Currently, a PS plate for lithographic printing has been
approved as a raw material to be included in the PCR for
publishing & commercial printing (work in process), draft
PCR development plans for paper/paperboard and for lithographic ink have been registered, and draft PCR development plans for other raw materials are ready to be applied
for registration. As described above, the PCR for upstream
printing processes have been improved, yet the PCR for thedownstream processes such as end consumer products has
not been approved or registered. However we believe that it
will become a common practice in the future, after the concept of CFP is disseminated. PCR for books, magazinesand catalogs which referenced the PCR for publishing &commercial printing (work in process) will be approved, andthe CFP label will be indicated on those products.
To meet the requirements of society, Japan Federation of
Printing Industries is now preparing the GHG Emission Calculation Manual consistent with the PCR for publishing &commercial printing (work in process). The objective of thismanual is to encourage small and medium sized enterprises
to conduct GHG emission calculation. Through advanced
approaches to CFP, the printing industries will carry out various activities contributing to the realization of a low-carbon
society, reducing GHG emissions, contributing to the reduction of GHG emission in relevant industries where supply
chains are involved, and encouraging consumers to reduce
GHG emissions.

15

Case Example

Approach to the Carbon Footprint System by Fujifilm- Important Points in PCR Creation for a PS Plate for Lithographic Printing Yoshiko Onuki
Graphic System Department
Fujifilm Corporation

aluminum.

1. Introduction
Under our green policy of "achieving customer satisfaction
and contributing to sustainable development by realizing
high environmental quality in products, services, and corporate activities,", one of our priorities is "the effective use ofresources" through the promotion of Design for Enviroment.
Through life cycle assessment (LCA), Fujifilm has analyzed
environmental loads related to global warming attributable tothe entire corporate group. In contrast to the products ofhome appliance manufacturers and car manufacturers,
which themselves emit considerable CO2 emissions during
the product use stage, Fujifilm product CO2 emissions are
generated mostly in their raw materials Acquisition stage. A
survey of our products revealed that the aluminum used to
manufacture "PS plates for lithographic printing" (referred tohereafter simply as PS plates)*1 accounts for the majority of
our CO2 emissions. The effective use of PS plate aluminum
could therefore contribute significantly to reduction of CO2
emissions (Figure 1).

2-2 Intermediate Goods and End-User Consumables
A PS plate is an intermediate good in the production of
printed matter. It contributes to the load allocation of suchproduction's raw materials Acquisition and production
stages. It is also, for printing companies, an end-user consumable (for businesses). For this reason, this PCR covers
the entire life cycle of a PS plate.
Covering the entire life cycle, and therefore "visualizing"
the entire life cycle, also encourages PS plate producer
responsibility in making efforts to reduce CO 2 emissions.
When PS plates are treated as an intermediate good forprinted matter production, printed matter producers are seen
as responsible for CO 2 emissions in the PS plate's
distribution/sales, use/maintenance control, and disposal
and recycling stages, all of which are actually in common
with the production stage of printed matter. But this makes
it difficult to recognize some of the efforts of PS plate producers to reduce CO2 emissions. The effects of their CO2
reduction activities, such as the development of plates
requiring less energy to image and less or no developer toprocess, which appear in the use/maintenance control
stage, and the effects of the method of recycling employedin the disposal and recycling stage, do not show up in thelabeling meant to indicate a low carbon footprint.

In this regard, the visualization of CO2 emissions of products can help in the development of eco-friendly designs
and point to areas key to reducing CO2 emissions. To thisend, Fujifilm, an early participant in the 2009 Carbon Footprint Calculation and Labeling Pilot Project sponsored by the
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, created the product category rule (PCR) for PS plates.

As described above, different products in a supply chain
may share parts of their life cycles. It is therefore necessary
to have visualizations of CO2 emissions reduction resulting
from producer designs and from product use by the consumer. So if the life cycle process is one for which both canbear responsibility, each should assess the entire life cycle
without one or the other cutting of stages at the intermediate
goods border.

*1) A PS plate is a flat plate on which image areas are madelipophilic and non-image areas made hydrophilic and oil
repellant. Ink, which is oil-based, then adheres only toimages areas. The plate is then impressed onto paper, likea seal, to transfer the image to the paper.

Note that when inter-relating PCRs within a supply chain, it
is necessary to clearly indicate which parts of a PCR overlap those of a different PCR. Therefore, in the preface, we
illustrated relationships with PCRs for 'publishing & commercial printing' and for 'Paper Containers, Packaging andWrapping' (Figure 2).

PrintedpapersRaw Material
Acquisition

Production

Distribution/Sales

Use/MaintenanceControl

Disposal/Recycling

A consumer

Printing Company

Figure 1 Overall CO2 emissions by the Fujifilm group (FY2007)1

Urging a printing company to visualize a reduction in the purchasingmaterials for LC for PS plates

PS plate manufacturing Company

2. Important Points in PCR Creation

PS Plate

2-1 PCR Covered Product
While a variety of materials are used as the support of a
PS plate, this PCR covers only PS plates manufactured with

Raw Material
Acquisition

Production

Distribution/Sales Use/MaintenanceControl

Disposal/Recycling

Figure 2 Relationship between printed matter LC and PS plate LC16

2-3 Reduction of CO 2 Emissions in the Raw Materials
Acquisition Stage
1) Characteristics of aluminum as a raw material
A PS plate is mostly aluminum, a material that requires alarge volume of electricity to refine it from bauxite. To obtain
1 kg of new metal generates CO2 emissions of 9.22 kg-CO2
e/kg. This value for 1 kg of regenerated metal, however, isonly 0.31 kg-CO 2 e/kg, approximately 3% of that of new
metal.2 Aluminum regeneration can therefore greatly contribute to reductions of CO2 emissions.

2-7 Handling of the Disposal/Recycling Stage
Currently, because used PS plates are recycled by thecascade recycling method (Figure 4) into different products(such as car parts) with lowered purity, the environmentalload for the disposal/recycling stage is not allocated. PS
plate packaging materials will not be allocated either
because they are recycled as paper materials. The environmental loads incurred in the cascade recycling of these materials will be included in the raw materials stage of otherproducts.

Another characteristic of aluminum is that once trace
metals are added to produce an alloy, they cannot be
removed to restore the aluminum to a high state of purity.

Similarly, the closed loop recycling started by Fujifilm torecycle waste PS plates into PS plates has no input into thedisposal/recycling stage. Instead, the environmental load of
this recycling method will be included in the raw materials
Acquisition stage for PS plates as discussed above in 2-3
Reduction of CO2 Emission in the Raw Materials Acquisition
Stage.

2) Characteristics of a PS plate
The product characteristics of a PS plate are as follows.
First, because plates are cut before shipment to the dimensions required by customer printing presses, a large volume
of cutting waste is produced. Second, a PS plate requires
aluminum of a purity of 99.5% or higher to maintain quality.

New metal
Aluminum refining
company

3) Reduction of aluminum-generated environmental load
For the reasons discussed above, recycling of PS plates
while maintaining its purity, a process called "closed loop
recycling," is essential to reducing CO2 emissions. Fujifilm
therefore established the world's first closed loop recycling
technology and has started recycling of the large volumes of
cutting waste back into PS plates (Figure 3).

Aluminum for PS plates

Aluminum rolling company

Recycled
metal

FusionYoshida-Minami
factory

PS plate
production

Waste aluminum

Figure 3 Closed loop recycling of cutting waste

New metal

In accordance with Carbon Footprint Scheme Guideline,
issued by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, we
determined that in this PCR, aluminum recycled in closed
loop recycling would be included in the raw materials Acquisition stage as regenerated metal. Therefore, as the use ofregenerated metal increases, the amount of new metal,
which generates much CO2, decreases, yielding significant
reductions in CO2 emissions in the raw materials Acquisition
stage.

Aluminum refining
company

To be used as cast iron alloys
in parts requiring low purity
such as car parts

Aluminum for PS plates
Aluminum rollingcompany

Yoshida-Minami
factory

PS plate
production

Aluminum scrap

Figure 4 Conventional cutting waste recycling (cascade recycling)

2-8 Display of Additional Information
Additional information that may be displayed includes: ①
indication per unit (per m2), ② rate of reduction compared toprevious products, ③ values for each process, ④ regenerated aluminum percentage, ⑤ information on closed loop
recycling, ⑥ GHG emissions of similar products, and ⑦
information and remarks regarding product thickness.

2-4 Production Stage
Primary data for the amount of energy used and theamount of waste produced in the production stage is to becollected.

Such information can show the relationships between CO2emissions and PS plate size in terms of numerous types,
thicknesses, and dimensions. In particular, displaying thevalues for each process will show that CO2 emissions arehigh in the raw materials stage.

2-5 Distribution/Sales StageFor this stage, we have created a logistics scenario for
product distribution throughout the country. Primary or secondary data is to be collected.
2-6 Use/Maintenance Management StageWe have created a scenario of the conditions of productuse. Primary data for when the plates are used according to
manufacturer recommended settings (as determined byplate characteristics) at the scenario conditions is to be collected. Processing solution and waste reductions resulting
from PS plate producer development efforts can be
expected here.

Furthermore, we have made it possible to indicate CO 2
emissions when closed loop recycling is and is not employed by PS plate users.

3. Summary
Although it has been reported that used PS plates are
100% recycled 3 , most of this is by the cascade recycling
method. Because aluminum with reduced purity can no17

longer be used as PS plate material, recycling PS plates
into PS plates will be crucial to the reduction of CO2 emissions and effective use of resources.
The carbon footprint system makes available informationthat PS plate consumers (printing companies) can use to
make choices regarding use and disposal and recycling thatwill lead to PS plate-generated reductions in CO2 emissions.
The end result is that these consumers will be able to use
low CO2 PS plates. We expect that such a mechanism willplay an effective part in promoting closed loop recycling,
thus contributing greatly to reducing the CO2 emissions ofprinted matter produced using PS plates.
References
1) Fujifilm Holdings Corporation Sustainability Report, 2008.
2) Japan Aluminum Association: Overview of LCA Data for
New Aluminum and Recycled Aluminum for Expanded Material, 2005.
3) Japan Aluminum Association: Study Report on Feasibilityof the 3R System, Recycling from Wrought Aluminum Scrap
to Wrought Aluminum, Study Outsourced by the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry in FY2006, March, 2007.

18

Case Example

Approach to the Carbon Footprint System by the Stationery Industry- Establishment of a Pilot PCR Akihiro Oonuma
Executive Director
All Japan Stationery Association

In order to resolve this issue, we have conducted CFP calculation based on design and actual measurement values.

[Introduction]
Agreeing with the objective of the carbon footprint systemthat "through visualization of CO2 emission, businesses aim
for reduction of CO2 emission, and consumers aim for low
carbon life," the All Japan Stationery Association has developed product category rules (PCRs) for calculating thecarbon footprint (CFP).

[Establishment of the Working Group (WG)]
We started examining how to conform to the carbon footprint system when the basic system rules were announced
by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in March,
2008. In order to create PCRs that incorporate the ideas
and intentions of the entire industry, we concluded that we,
as a national stationery producer, should actively take partin it. For this reason, we collaborated with KOKUYO S&T
and Shachihata, who had already applied for the FY2008
Voluntary WG Support Project for Pilot PCR Creation andestablished a voluntary WG. Soon after, SAKURA COLOR
PRODUCTS, KING JIM, Sun-Star Stationery, PLUS Stationery, and LION OFFICE PRODUCTS joined the WG. As aresult, a total of seven companies and one organization
together launched a WG. The number of types of stationery
items produced by these seven participating companies wasestimated to account for more than 90% of all types of stationery items. We started to create pilot PCRs assumingthat all types of stationery items other than paper products(PCRs for notebooks and envelopes were established by
the All Japan Paper Product Association) were covered bythese companies.

We would like to take this opportunity to report out pilot
PCRs for files and binders, and pens and pencils that theindustry developed and were approved by the PCR Committee last year.

[Characteristics of the Stationery Industry]
Major examples of characteristics of the stationery industry
are changes in modes of distribution and shortening of product life cycles. Modes of distribution have shifted fromstorefront sales to mail-order sales (direct delivery). Including direct delivery to public offices and large companies, theratio between storefront sales and direct delivery in overall
stationery sales ranges from 30:70 to 40:60. Such changes
in modes of distribution have been taken into account as animportant factor when creating scenarios of the sales process. Shortening of product cycles has posed an issue of
how fast can display of the CFP symbol keep up withrelease of new products or products with new specifications.

PCR number

PCR title

Target product categories

Example of target products

PA-AS-01

Pens and pencils

Pens, pencils, and their refills
defined based on the Standard
Ballpoint pens, marking pens,
Commodity Classification formechanical pencils, fountain pens,
Japan established by the
pencils, and other types of pens
Statistics Bureau of the Ministry ofand pencils
Internal Affairs andCommunications

PA-AR-01

Files and binders

Files, binders, and their refills
defined by the File Binder
Association

Ring binders, MP binders, flat files,
pipe files, box files, clear files, andfolders

PPR-011

Plastic stationery
items

Stationery items whose main
ingredient is plastic (accountingfor 50% of the product weight or
more)

Tape glues, whiteout tapes, card
cases, plastic rulers, trays, andname tags

PPR-012

Metal stationery
items

Stationery items whose main
ingredient is metal (accounting for Paper clips, binder clips, paper
punches, staplers, and scissors
50% of the product weight or
more)

PPR-009

Other types ofstationery items

All stationery items defined by the Seals, glues, erasers, adhesive
tapes, chalks, paints, and Chinese
Association that do not fall into
ink
the four categories above[Note] The PCRs for the product categories 'pens and pencils' and 'files and binders' were approved as of December 24, 2009.

Figure 1 List of PCR by stationery type19

Raw material
procurement

Production

Distribution and salesUse, maintenance,and management

DisposalMassretailers
Processors

Wholesalers
Generalconsumers

Half-finished products

Shops
Raw material
manufacturers(Raw materials)

Stationery
manufacturers
Companies(Raw materials)

Disposal
Recycling

Mail-ordercompanies(Parts)Parts
manufacturers
Publicoffices
Delivering
companies

Figure 2 Modes of stationery distribution[Important Points in PCR Creation]
During the course of creating pilot PCRs for files and binders, and pens and pencils, we identified the following asimportant points. We then carefully discussed them anumber of times and created the PCRs. Because we
obtained help from the Draft PCR Creation Support Project,
we were able to receive a lot of advice and information fromconsultants.
(1) Categorization of product types
When categorizing stationery items, we first planned tocreate individual PCRs for 'pens and pencils' and 'files andbinders' because they were the best selling stationery items.
For other types of stationery, we categorized them by main
raw material into 'plastic stationery items,' 'metal stationery
items,' and 'other types of stationery items (wood or fluid)' tocreate PCRs for them. However, in later discussions, we
decided to integrate these three PCRs because they shared
many processes from the raw material procurement to disposal. The document attached to the PCRs shows detailed
information for each type.

PCR number

PCR title

CFP calculation and symbol display

PA-AS-01

Pens and pencils

Marking pens

PA-AR-01

Files and binders

Pipe files, flat files, clear files, folders, clear
paper holders

PPR-011

Plastic stationery
items

Whiteout tapes, tape glues, and card cases

PPR-012

Metal stationery
items

Paper clips

PPR-009

Other types ofstationery items

Self-inking rubber stamps and erasers[Note] The PCRs for the product categories 'pens and pencils' and 'files
and binders' were approved as of December 24, 2009.

Figure 3 List of products subject to CFP calculation and CFP
symbol display during the pilot project (to be completed in FY2009)

from parts manufacturers but would be included in the production process if stationery manufacturers procured raw
materials by themselves to manufacture parts. We thenfollowed the policy of the PCR Committee and included it in
the production process.
(4) CFP calculation for new products
For the case where it is difficult to obtain data from the previous year because products are new, for example, we haveestablished a rule that design values can be used as dataon the amount of raw materials used and actual dataobtained from similar products can be used as production
equipment operation data. In the stationery industry, products cycles are short and new products are released andmodels numbers are changed constantly. Therefore, weneed a system that allows display of the CFP symbol on
products at the time of product release without having to collect one-year data in the case of new products or productswith revised specifications. Note, however, if data collectedin the previous year is not used for a particular product, weneed to provide the reason in writing, guarantee data validity
if the data is not from the previous year, and submit theactual data for verification when updating the CFP value.

(2) Items included in CFP calculation during the pilot
project period
It was difficult to calculate CFP for all types of stationery
during the pilot project period; therefore, we decided to calculate CFP for the 12 types shown in Figure 3 by March,
2010, and to display the CFP symbol on the applicableproducts.
(3) Examination of the life cycle flow diagram
Before creating a life cycle flow diagram we focused our
examination on the 12 types for which the CFP symbol is
attached to products in FY2009. Inside the flow diagram,
we discussed the possibility that intermediate products(parts) would be included in the raw material procurement
process if parts were procured (outsourced manufacturing)20

Data collection item

Raw material procurement
Parts nameRaw material production- Parts A (resin)- Parts B (paper)- Parts C (metal)

Production of Parts A raw
materials(Example: POM andABS)

Transportation(materials)

Production
Production of intermediate
products

Distribution and sales

Transportation(intermediate products)

Transportation

Processing of Parts A(Example: injection
molding)

Transportation

Production of Parts B raw
materials(Example: paperboards)

Transportation

Processing of Parts B(Example: trimming)

Transportation

Production of Parts C raw
materials(Example: stainless steel)Transportation

Processing of Parts C(Example: press)

Transportation

Transportation

Processing of indirectmaterials(Example: offset printing)Transportation

Transportation

Processing of packaging
materials(Example: gravure printing)Transportation

Assembly andprocessing

Transportation (finished products)

Sales

Use,
Disposal andmaintenance,
recycling
and management

Sales
Processing offinished products

Mail-order sales(deliverybusiness)- Adhesion- Assembly- Indirectmaterials- Packaging
materials

Production of raw
materials for indirectmaterials(Example: high-quality
printer paper)
Production of materials
for packaging materials(Example: intermediate
packaging materials andcardboard boxes)- Packing

Factories

Manufacturers'
warehouses odealers

Mass retailer(storefront
sales)

Use

Waste materialtransportation

Waste materialtransportation

Waste material
processing(incineration or
landfill)

Waste material
processing(incineration or
landfill)

Waste material
processing(incineration or
landfill)

Waste materialtransportation

Figure 4 Life cycle flow diagram (basic image)Raw material
procurement

Production[New product]

Use design
values of a
prototypeUse actual
valuesobtainedfrom similar
products
released in
the past‫ݿ‬

Apply thescenario[Product withrevisedspecification]

Use theActual values
valuesobtained
obtained
before thebefore the ‫ݿ‬
specifications ‫ݿ‬
specifications
were
were
changedchangedApply thescenario‫ݿ‬Distribution andsales

Use, maintenance,and management

Disposal andrecycling

‫ݿ‬

Zero
emissions‫ݿ‬

Apply thescenario‫ݿ‬Zeroemissions‫ݿ‬

Apply thescenario

Figure 5 Image of design values and actual values

ence data from the CFP Office, and other basic units could
be used if the individuals who calculated CFP clearly indicated good reasons for using these basic units and if theseunits were approved by the PCR committee.

(5) Secondary data
In the PCRs, it is recommended that primary data be collected in each process. However, there are cases where
cooperation of external suppliers is essential for collecting
data for, for example, parts manufactured by subcontractors.
Therefore, assuming that there are cases where primarydata cannot be collected, we examined basic units for secondary data. As required basic units, we selected 110 typesof basic units that were provided in the shared basic unit
database. Some of the basic units were provided as refer-(6) Creating scenarios① Scenarios for domestic transportation
For all domestic transportation for all processes excluding
the use, maintenance, and management process, we created scenarios to be used when it was difficult to collect21

primary data because of variable distances or loading ratios.
When creating the scenario, we assumed that the transportation distance was reasonably long, the loading ratio wasreasonably low, and trucks were used for transportation inorder to secure incentives for collecting primary data.

pens and pencils category was an oil-based ballpoint pen(105 yen, 10g). Based on the information provided by the
WG members, the ratio between mail-order sales and storefront sales was set to 70:30 for the files and binder category,
and to 60:40 for the pens and pencil category.

② Scenarios for the sales process
Because sales process conditions are different between
storefront sales and mail-order sales, we created scenarios
to be used when primary data could not be collected. The
scenarios were created based on the above mentioned
ratios between storefront sales and mail-order sales. For
each PCR, using the best selling and most popular item asa reference product, we calculated CO2 emission per 1g of
the reference product, and used the value obtained from thiscalculation as the CO2 emission for 1g of any product withinthat sales process (secondary data). The reference productin the files and binders category was a file with a cardboard
cover (997 yen, 500g), and the reference product in the(7) Handling of the use, maintenance, and management
process
In the use, maintenance, and management process, weconcluded that the CO2 emission was zero because no electricity was required to use the products and also no maintenance such as cleaning was necessary to maintain andmanage the products.

Process
Raw material
procurement(8) Disposal of packaging materials by consumers
Packaging materials to be disposed of by consumers
during the use, maintenance, and management process
was regarded as being disposed of during the disposal andrecycling stage in the PCRs.

Scenario

Remarks

1. Transportation of raw materials (raw material
manufacturer  intermediate product factory [finishedproduct factory])
2. Transportation of raw materials (domestic<Means of transportation> 4-ton truck (light oil)transportation overseas)
3. Transportation of recycled resins (waste material<Loading ratio> 50%
collector  recycled resin pellet manufacturer)
1. Transportation of intermediate products (intermediate
Production<Transportation distance> 1,000 km
product factory  finished product factory)
1. Between a factory producing a finished product and theDistribution and <Means of transportation>
4-ton truck (light oil)manufacturer's warehouse
sales<Loading ratio> 50% (pens and pencils) 2. After product shipment from the manufacturer's
warehouse<Transportation distance>

1,000 km25% (files and binders)

Disposal andrecycling<Transportation distance>

50 km<Means of transportation>

4-ton truck (light oil)

1. Transportation of waste material from a waste
collection location to a disposal center<Loading ratio> 50%
Figure 6 Scenarios for domestic transportation

Mail-order Basic unit for mail-order sales
sales
䋨0.114 g-CO2e/yen䋩×

Ratio of mail-order sales(%)

Price (yen) / weight+Storefront
sales

Basic unit for storefront sales

䋨0.556 g-CO2e/yen䋩×× (g) of the reference =Ratio of storefront sales

product

CO2 emission per 1 gof a product in thesales process(%)* The basic unit for storefront sales (0.556 g-CO2e/yen) is cited from 'Carbon Footprint in theDistribution Industry (2008)' by Ikuhiro Ono.

* The basic unit for mail-order sales (0.114g-CO2e/yen) is calculated based on the ASKUL
Environmental Report and Kaunet data.
Figure 7 Scenarios for the sales process22[Future Tasks]
The PCRs for the product categories 'file and binders' and'pens and pencils' were reviewed in November andapproved in December, 2009, by the PCR Committee. We
are currently working on having the PCR for 'office supplies(tentative category name)' approved early this year. In thestationery industry, we will calculate CFP for the products
listed in Figure 3 in accordance with the pilot PCRs, display
the CFP symbols on the applicable products, and release
them to the market.
We believe we have many CFP-related issues yet to beresolved. As we proceed with the CFP project, we will
examine what needs to be done to disseminate the conceptof CFP throughout the stationery industry as well as to consumers and also how can calculated values guarantee reliability for consumers.
Stationery has a wide range of users, from children to theelderly. By producing and distributing products with the CFP
symbol, we hope that consumers will be more aware of theconcept of CFP and lead a low carbon life to reduce CO 2
emission.

23

Information
International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology
July 12-16, 2010
Houston, Texas, USA

American Academy of Sciences
http://www.aasci.org/conference/env/2010/index.html

7th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector
September 22-24, 2010
Bari, Maraisia

Brazilian LCM Conference 2010
October 13-15, 2010

Sustainability in Design
September29- October 1, 2010
Bangalore, India

the Learning Network on Sustainability
http://www.lensconference.polimi.it/

Life Cycle Assessment X
November 2-4, 2010
Portland, Oregon, USA

American Center for Life Cycle Assessment
http://www.lcacenter.org/

ISIE Asia-Pacific Meeting
November 7-9, 2010
Tokyo, JAPANISIE Asia-Pacific Meeting & ISIE MFA-ConAccount Meeting
http://www.isieapmfa.info/index.html

SETAC North America 31st Annual Meeting
November 7-11, 2010
Portland, Oregon, USA

SETAC North America

Sustainable Innovation 2010
November 8-9, 2010
Rotterdam, The Netherlands

The Centre for Sustainable Design
http://www.cfsd.org.uk/events/tspd15/index.html

Going Green CARE INNOVATION 2010
November 8-11, 2010
Vienna, Austria

International CARE Electronics Office
http://www.re-use.net/CARE/CI2010/

9th International Conference EcoBalance
November, 9-12, 2010
Tokyo, JAPANJLCAJ
http://www.sntt.or.jp/EcoBalance2010/

The 7th Australian Life Cycle Assessment Conference
November, 15-19, 2010
Melbourne, Australia

ALCAS
http://www.conference.alcas.asn.au/

The 18th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering
May, 2-4, 2011
Braunschweig, Germany

Technische Universitat Braunschweig
http://www.lce2011.de/en/home

SETAC North America 32nd Annual Meeting
November 13-17, 2011
Boston, MA, USA

SETAC North America

3rd International Conference on Green and Sustainable Innovation 2009
December 2011
Thailand

SETAC North America 33rd Annual Meeting
November 11-15, 2012
Long Beach, CA, USA

SETAC North America

Planning & Information Sub-Committee:
Tokyo city university
Dr. Norihiro Itsubo
Japan Science and Technology Agency
Mr. Kiyoshi Ueno
The Japan Electrical Manufacturers' Association
Mr. Yasuhiko Morita
Chiba Institute of Technology
Dr. Kiyoshi SHIBATA
Mr. Junichi NAKAHASHI Asahi Kasei Corporation
Plastic Waste Management Institute
Mr. Hajime Nishihara

24

Editor's AddressLife Cycle Assessment Society of Japan (JLCA)LCA Development Office, JEMAI(Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry)
2-1, Kajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0044
tel: +81-3-5209-7708 fax: +81-3-5209-7716
E-mail: lca-project@jemai.or.jp
http://www.jemai.or.jp/english/