目第4章
4.1.

次

金属取引編（馬場、桜井主任研究員）···················································· 1

金属取引所とその役割 ············································································· 1(1) LME の概要···························································································· 1(2)

LME の機能···························································································· 2(3)LME の取引種類 ····················································································· 5(4)LME の契約タイプ ·················································································· 7(5)LME のメンバー ····················································································· 9(6) LME の歴史·························································································· 10
4.2.

LME 価格の推移 ·················································································· 124.3.

買鉱条件 ····························································································· 13(1)買鉱製錬の歴史 ····················································································· 13(2)

TC/RC ································································································· 16(3)

契約内容 ······························································································ 18(4)ヘッジ操作 ··························································································· 19(5)

Pb、Zn の TC 動向 ················································································ 19

第5章

加工編（諏訪、島田、大井、大山、太田、竹田主任研究員） ··················· 21

5.1.

電線 ··································································································· 21

5.1.1.

電線とは ·························································································· 21(1) 生活と電線 ··························································································· 21(2) 産業と電線 ··························································································· 22(3) 電線の種類と役割 ·················································································· 22
5.1.2.

電線の歴史 ······················································································· 24(1) 電気の語源 ··························································································· 24(2) 最初の電気伝送 ····················································································· 24(3) 電流の発見 ··························································································· 24(4) 発電機と変圧器の考案 ············································································ 25(5) 電信機の発明 ························································································ 25(6) 銅線製造のはじまり ··············································································· 26(7) 海底電信線の敷設 ·················································································· 26(8) 電話機の発明 ························································································ 26(9) 電気ランプの製造に成功 ········································································· 26(10) 日本における電気事業のはじまり ··························································· 26(11) 電線産業の成長時代 ·············································································· 27
2

(12) 技術への挑戦時代················································································· 27(13) 繁栄時代 ····························································································· 27(14) 電線用材料の進歩················································································· 28(15) さまざまな電線の開発··········································································· 28(16)

これからの電線···················································································· 29

5.1.3.

電線の種類と用途 ·············································································· 30

5.1.3.1.

電力用の電線 ·················································································· 31(1) 送電用の電線 ························································································ 31(2) 配電用の電線 ························································································ 37(3) 配線用の電線 ························································································ 37
5.1.3.2.

通信用の電線 ·················································································· 43(1) メタル通信ケーブル ··············································································· 44
5.1.3.3.

巻線 ······························································································ 53(1) 横巻線 ································································································· 53(2) エナメル線 ··························································································· 55
5.1.3.4.

機器用の電線 ·················································································· 58(1) 電気機器用の電線 ·················································································· 58(2) 電子・通信機器用の電線 ········································································· 60
5.1.3.5.

輸送用の電線 ·················································································· 61(1) 自動車用電線（AV 線） ·········································································· 61(2) 航空機用電線 ························································································ 62(3) 船用電線（舶用線） ··············································································· 62(4) 車両用電線 ··························································································· 64(5) エレベータ用電線 ·················································································· 64
5.1.4.

電線の製造工程 ················································································· 65

5.1.4.1.

銅およびアルミから導体ができるまで ················································· 65(1) 荒引線の製造工程 ·················································································· 65(2) 伸線工程 ······························································································ 66(3) 焼鈍（どん）工程 ·················································································· 67(4) 錫めっき工程 ························································································ 67(5) 撚（より）線工程 ·················································································· 67
5.1.4.2.

絶縁電線の製造工程 ········································································· 68

5.1.4.3.

電力ケーブルの製造工程 ··································································· 69

5.1.4.4.

メタル通信ケーブルの製造工程 ·························································· 70

5.1.4.5.

光ファイバケーブルの製造工程 ·························································· 71

5.1.4.6.

巻線の製造工程 ··············································································· 72
35.1.5.

電線の材料 ······················································································· 73

5.1.5.1.

導電材料 ························································································ 73

5.1.5.2.

被覆材料 ························································································ 74

5.1.5.3.

主な材料の製造方法 ········································································· 74

5.1.5.4.

主な材料と用途 ··············································································· 75

5.1.6.

世界の電線産業 ················································································· 77

5.1.6.1.

世界の電線需要 ··············································································· 77

5.1.6.2.

世界の電線メーカー ········································································· 79

5.1.7.

日本の電線産業 ················································································· 79

5.1.7.1.

企業数・従業員数 ············································································ 80

5.1.7.2.

出荷量と出荷額で見る市場規模の推移 ················································· 81

5.1.7.3.

電線業界の変遷と事業提携 ································································ 83

5.1.7.4.

輸出入 ··························································································· 85

5.1.7.5.

日系企業の海外進出 ········································································· 87

5.1.8.

電線・ケーブルに関する主な法規、規格等 ············································· 89(1) 国内法・省令 ························································································ 89(2) 規格等（国内、国際、海外） ··································································· 90
5.2.

伸銅 ··································································································101

5.2.1.

伸銅品とは ······················································································101

5.2.2.

伸銅品の歴史 ···················································································101(1) 近世の伸銅業 ·······················································································101(2) 近代的伸銅業のはじまり ········································································104
5.2.3.

伸銅品の生産、輸出入 ·······································································105

5.2.4.

伸銅品の種類と特性 ··········································································109(1)

銅全般 ································································································109(2) 合金の種類 ························································································· 115(3)

純銅 ··································································································· 115(4) 純銅系希薄銅合金 ················································································· 119(5) ⻩銅 ···································································································123(6) 快削⻩銅 ·····························································································130(7) りん⻘銅 ·····························································································132(8) 洋白 ···································································································138(9) ベリリウム銅 ·······················································································139(10) チタン合金·························································································141(11) コルソン合金（コルソン銅） ·································································142(12)Cu-2.3Fe（19400）·············································································14345.2.5．伸銅品の製造工程 ·············································································148
5.2.5.1.

銅および合金条の製造方法 ·······························································148(1) 溶解鋳造 ·····························································································149
5.2.5.2.

板条の製造方法 ··············································································154(1) 材料設計の基礎 ····················································································154(2) 圧延加工 ·····························································································157(3) 熱処理 ································································································158
5.2.5.3.

その他形状（線、棒、管）の製造方法 ················································161(1) 押出 ···································································································161(2) 内面溝付け加工 ····················································································162
5.2.6. 伸銅品のトピックス ··························································································· 163(1) 銅管の高性能化 ····································································································· 163(2) 銅管の蟻の巣状腐食と対策 ·················································································· 164(3)

快削⻩銅棒の Pb フリー化 ··················································································· 164(4) 日本の電子条の発展
5.2.7.

半導体リードフレーム材の開発 ······································· 166

伸銅品に関する主な法規（国内）、規格等（国内、海外） ····························· 178(1) 国内法 ···················································································································· 178(2) 規格等（国内、海外） ·························································································· 179
5.3.

亜鉛・鉛製品 ······················································································187

5.3.1.

亜鉛めっき ······················································································187(1) 溶融亜鉛めっき ····················································································189(2) 電気亜鉛めっき ····················································································191
5.3.2.

伸銅品（銅・亜鉛合金） ····································································193

5.3.3.

ダイカスト ······················································································194

5.3.4.

無機薬品 ·························································································196(1) 亜鉛化成品 ··························································································196(2) 鉛化成品 ·····························································································197
5.3.5.

電池 ·······························································································197(1) 亜鉛 ···································································································197(2) 鉛 ······································································································198
5.3.6.

はんだ ····························································································200

5.4.

ニッケル製品 ······················································································202

5.4.1.

ステンレス鋼 ···················································································202(1) オーステナイト系（SUS304 系） ····························································202(2) ２相系ステンレス（SUS329 系） ····························································203(3) フェライト系（SUS430 系） ··································································203
5(4) マルテンサイト系（SUS410 系） ····························································203
5.4.2.

耐熱・特殊合金 ················································································206(1) 耐熱・耐酸性特殊合金 ···········································································206(2) リードフレーム ····················································································207(3) コバール材 ··························································································207(4) 磁気特性合金 ·······················································································207
5.4.3.

めっき ····························································································208(1) リードフレームへの下地めっき ·······························································208(2) 電鋳 ···································································································208(3) セルメット ··························································································209
5.4.4.

電池材料 ·························································································209(1)ニッケル水素電池 ················································································210(2) リチウムイオン電池（LiB） ···································································212(3) 生産量推移とニッケル必要量 ··································································213(4) 燃料電池（SOFC）用途 ·········································································216
5.4.5.

触媒 ·······························································································216

5.4.6.

MLCC 用ニッケル電極 ······································································217

第6章

リサイクル編（渡辺、桜井、竹田、大井主任研究員） ···························220

6.1. 非鉄金属のリサイクル ···········································································220
6.1.1. 非鉄金属のリサイクルの現状と動向 ·····················································220(1) 日本における銅、鉛、亜鉛のリサイクル ····················································221(2) 世界の地金生産におけるリサイクル原料比率について ··································230(3) 世界のリサイクル企業について ································································235(4) 日本のリサイクル企業について ································································238
6.1.2.

リサイクルの現状と問題点 ·································································242(1)

リサイクルの効果 ·················································································242(2)リサイクル技術の問題点 ········································································243(3)

廃家電（E-Waste、WEEE）のリサイクル問題 ··········································248

6.1.3.

持続可能な開発と非鉄産業の役割 ························································251(1)

持続可能な開発とは ··············································································251(2)

循環型社会とは ····················································································252(3)

非鉄業界と持続可能な開発 ·····································································252(4)非鉄製錬企業の動向 ··············································································254

6.1.4．ステンレスのリサイクル ·····································································259
6.1.5.

電池材料のリサイクル ·······································································259
6

(1) 小型電池のリサイクル（JBRC） ·····························································259(2) 自動車メーカーの取り組み ·····································································260(3)非鉄製錬各社の取り組み ········································································265

6.1.6.

その他のニッケルリサイクル ······························································270

6.1.7.

中国のスクラップ輸入規制 ·································································271(1)

中国の環境 ··························································································271(2)スクラップ輸入禁止政策 ········································································271(3)銅需要への影響 ····················································································273(4)中国の銅スクラップの輸入状況 ·······························································274(5)

日本の動向 ··························································································275

6.1.8.

リサイクルの法的環境整備（バーゼル法の改正等） ································278(1) 全体法・計画 ·······················································································278(2) 個別 6 法 ·····························································································2807