Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

11 years
Decommissioningof Fukushima DaiichiNPS©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Fukushima Daichi site today
U4 Upper Roof damaged (Cover installed)
U3 Core molten (Cover installed)
U2 Core molten（Add. Standunder const.）
U1 Core molten (Coverunder const.)

Photo：REUTER, May 19, 2022 (ttps://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-nuclear-regulator-grantsinitial-nod-fukushima-water-release-plan-2022-05-18/) (Originally taken by Kyodo on Mar 17, 2022)©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation1

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

What happened in the reactor?
・Tsunami attacked
・Power source lost

Hydrogen explosion ＠U1,3 and 4

Spent fuel pool

Air release withradionuclides to avoid
pressure build-up atreactor

Radionuclides leak from PCV
Hydrogen generated/
Radionuclide evaporated
FA melted and collapsed

Molten fuel dropped
Reactor pressure
vesselPrimary
containment
vessel©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation2

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Major risk sources1

Spent fuel removal

Remove and store safe

2

Fuel debris retrieval

Retrieve and store safe

3

Contaminated2 watermanagement

Purify, reduce generation and4

reduce amount of residue

Solid waste
Once in storage, volume reduction, generation
lowered, characterization, and finally long-term
disposal

5

Other various
contaminants©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Stabilize and move to low risk
conditions

3

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Long-term Strategy（Risk varies with time）
Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation⚫ If current risks leave untouched, risk further increases due toageing etc.
⚫ By implementing lower risk work with careful preparation, futurerisks could be reducedHigh risk

Risk

Lower risk

Now

©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation CorporationTime

Future4

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Long-term decommissioning plan (Government’s policy)
2011.03.11 2011.11〜

2013.11〜

Early stage

Step 1

Step 2

Until cold
shutdown

Until
start ofspent fuelremovalUntil
start offuel debris
retrievalSignificantly
reducing
release ofradioactive
materials/watersUntil
today

In-reactor inspection
Study FD retrieval method
Treat in-house stagnant watermanagement
Contaminated water treatment
U. 3,4 SF removal
U. 1,2 SF removal prepa.

In case of U1

Ca. 2023〜

Ca. 2031〜

Step 3－Ⅰ

Step 3－Ⅱ

End of Stage 2〜End of Remediation
Final goal; Finish of Step 2(2011 End) 〜30-40 years later・SF removal complete
・Trial fuel debris (FD) retrieval
・Stepwise expanded retrievalof FD retrieval
・Minimize contaminated water・Promote Waste management

Fromtomorrow

Aiming at full-scale D&D at Step-3, projects andengineering being advanced by TEPCO D&D
company

SF removal completed©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation• Ful—fledged SF removal• Solve contaminated water issue• Solid waste storage, volume-reduction,management etc.
• Challenge to building demolishing and siteuse

FD retrieval
completed

Future demolishing
starts5

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Hazard level of reactor decreases drastically with time
Reactor decay powerCore radioactivity

Ambient Cs-137 release from reactor buildings
12100%

Immediately
事故直後
after accident

0.18%
0.18%
Immediately事故直後after accident

現在
Now

Hourly release (100MBq/hr)

0.04%
0.04%

セシウム137放出量[億Bq/h]Cs-137
release rate［100MBq/h］

10100%

現在
Now

86420

By calculation for U3

2011/4/1

2013/3/31

2015/4/1

2017/4/1

2019/4/2

2021/4/2

一般の皆さんも防護具なしで見学できる

Cs137 inside of harbor

Cs137 outside of harbor

800

1,000

1～4号機取水口北側
Point northof cooling water outlet of
Unit-1 to 4600
400
200

ND

0
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2011/4/1
2013/3/31
2015/4/1
2017/4/1
2019/4/2
2021/4/2©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Concentration (Bq/L)

Concentration (Bq/L)

1,000

800

Point north5/6号機放水口北側of cooling water outlet of
Unit-5 and 6

600
400
200
02011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2011/4/1
2013/3/31
2015/4/1
2017/4/1
2019/4/2
2021/4/2

6

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Priority is to ensure safe storage

Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation⚫ SF removed from accident reactor is securely stored indry casks (custody facility).
⚫ Large amount of solid radioactive waste in temporalstorage will be stored in a robust waste facility that isbeing extended, with efforts to reduce the amount
generated and volume of waste in the future .

Rubble storage facility

SF custody cask
Miscellaneous solid waste
incinerator

New waste storage©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

7

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

ALPS treated water

Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation“Natural question” to be jointly thought of;⚫ Insufficient information⚫ Uneasiness・・・⚫ Possible reputational damage

Q-1; Influence to environment?
Q-2 ; Reputational damage?
Q-3 ; Comparison with precedents or worldexperiences?
Q-4 ; Long term impact on 1F D&D?
Q-5 ; How to overcome psychological burden of you?

Photo： NUCLEAR HISTROY, Mar 11, 2022 (https://www.ans.org/news/tag-fukushima+daiichi/)©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

8

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

How ALPS treated water generated?
Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation CorporationReactor cooled by water

Undergroundwater
150m3/dayRemove radioactive Cs

Remove salt

Remove radioactive nuclideby ALPSStore T-containing water

Photo NUCLEAR HISTROY, Mar 11, 2022 (https://www.ans.org/news/tag-fukushima+daiichi/)©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation CorporationPlanNuclearof Damage
oceandischarge of ALPS treated water (Licensing)

Dilute treated water with seawater taken from theharbor and discharge

Discharge from seabed offshore
1km

Via sea bed tunnel
Facility foranalysis, dilution
and discharge

1. As much lower concentration of nuclides other than T
2. Dilute T lower than 1/40 of regulated threshold
3. Limit annual discharge lower than before accident
4. Periodical monitoring of seawater and fish at neiboring ocean

Photo： REUTERS, Feb 14,2022 (https://www.reuters.com/world/asiapacific/japan-welcomes-iaeas-inquiry-into-fukushima-water-release-2022-02-14/)©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation10

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Radiological impact of ALPS treated water discharge to ocean
Q-1 Influence to environment? (Impact of exposure at site vicinity)

Stomach X-rays examination

texi

Natural background exposurein Japan

Flight between Tokyo and NYK
Chest X-ray examination

Tooth X-ray examination
Annual radiological impact by
ALPS treated water discharge
unit;mSv
無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Amount of T discharge at world nuclear facilities
Q-3 Comparison with precedents or world experiences?
Annual Tritium release amount
La Hague reprocessing plant(France)
In the annual rainfall (Japan)

Qinshan Nuclear Power Plan(China)
Kori Nuclear Power Plan (Korea)
Japanese PWR (average)
ALPS treated water discharge(in policy)
Japanese BWR (average)unit;1TBq
無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Impact of radioactivity in fuelQ-4

How to see the impact to the long-term 1F D&D?

Radiation effects

Fuel debris

Treatedwater

Plutonium etc.
プルトニウム等CesiumTritium
10y

100y

Further futureTime elapsed after the accident©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Alliance and role-sharing toward decommissioning
Organizations in place across the country toensure safe and steady advancement ofdecommissioning
Grand Policy
Progress management

Government

Overseeing TEPCO andtechnical supportNuclear Damage
Compensation &Decommissioning
Facilitation Corp.

Enforcing safety
regulations

Nuclear Regulation
Authority

Environment
reconstruction /revitalization

Reconst. Agency
Min. of Environ.

Steady D&D

TEPCO HD
R&D
Universities / Research
Organizations(Fukushima Daiichi
D&D
TEPCO HDEngineering Company)(Fukushima Daiichi D&D
Engineering Company)©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Local Municipalities(Pref. Cities, Villages)

Local citizens

14

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Toward D&D business jointly with local citizens
Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Challenge to build up clusters of D&D industries
Foster 1F D&D business for 1F to local industry

Sellafield (UK)M￡15M£ out of 21M£ goes tolocality21
60% of local GDP!

2,250

2.1B￡
430

Worker’s
consumption

Subcontractor

1,500
960

Regain safe and active Hamadoori by joining of local
companies to D&D business promoting D&D and economical
activities
Step １
Enlarge local entries

7200

directTotal

Step ３

Support local organization’s
capacity

Encourage new entries
and prepare contracting
environment

Support entry to high standard
business

Inform business schedule,chance for negotiation,
consultation

Technical raining,
Support after awarded,
Alliance outside
enterprises

750
Sellafield

Step ２©Nuclearindirect
Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Support higher technical capacityand management

Local creation of new
business
Establish new faculties orbusiness enterprises aiming
at enlarged production

New factories for D&D
Local employment,
consortiums, acquisition

15

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構

Future of reconstruction progressing together with decommissioning

2021

20112050

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Further strengthening of
infrastructure

Environment decontamination
Activation of educational humanresources development

Lifting evacuation orders

International center foreducation and research
Creation of industry
including Innovation Coast
Framework

Development of specific reconstruction
and revitalization centers
Development of service infrastructure/return/rebuilding of livelihoods/others

Activation of Specified
reconstruction and revitalization
base

More residents
returning home

Decontaminationof areas other thanspecifiedreconstruction andrevitalization base

Growing the number ofrelocation andexchange population

Overcoming decommissioningmountains through careful preparation

Future use ofFukushima Daiichi
site by locals

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Thank you

©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

17

無断複製・転載禁止 原子力損害賠償・廃炉等支援機構