目次

発刊にあたって第１章

総論（神門事務局長） ········································································· 11.1.

非鉄金属とは ························································································· 1

1.1.1.

金属の分類 ························································································· 1

1.1.2.

金属の主な用途 ··················································································· 2

1.1.3.

主要金属の生産金額の比較 ···································································· 4

1.1.4.

ベースメタル、レアメタル、貴金属 ························································ 5

1.1.5.

非鉄金属の利用の歴史 ·········································································· 61.2.

非鉄金属資源の開発・生産から利用、回収・リサイクルまで························ 11

1.2.1.

非鉄金属資源と探査による鉱床の発見 ··················································· 11

1.2.2.

非鉄金属資源開発のステップ ······························································· 12

1.2.3.

非鉄金属鉱山 ···················································································· 13

1.2.4.

非鉄金属製錬 ···················································································· 14

1.2.5.

非鉄金属の加工 ················································································· 17

1.2.6.

非鉄金属のリサイクル ········································································ 18

1.3.

非鉄金属の価格形成 ·············································································· 19

1.4.

各非鉄金属の特性、用途等 ····································································· 22(1) 銅 ······································································································· 22(2) 亜鉛 ···································································································· 23(3) 鉛 ······································································································· 24(4) ニッケル ······························································································ 25
第2章

資源編（太田、平林、竹田、馬場、渡辺、大井、桜井主任研究員、
神門事務局長） ···································································· 26

2.1.

非鉄金属資源概要 ················································································· 26

2.1.1.

鉱床の分類 ······················································································· 27(1) 火成鉱床 ······························································································ 28(2) 堆積鉱床 ······························································································ 36(3) 変成鉱床 ······························································································ 38
2.1.2.

鉱物の種類 ······················································································· 39(1) 銅（Cu） ····························································································· 42(2) 亜鉛（Zn）··························································································· 45(3) 鉛（Pb） ······························································································ 46
3

(4) ニッケル（Ni） ····················································································· 48
2.1.3.

非鉄金属資源の探査 ··········································································· 52(1) 探査フロー ··························································································· 52(2) 探査技術 ······························································································ 53(3) 鉱床の評価（鉱量計算、F/S） ································································· 66
2.2.

埋蔵量、生産量、輸入量 ········································································ 71

2.2.1.

主な金属の国別埋蔵量（Reserves） ······················································ 71(1)

銅 ······································································································· 71(2)亜鉛 ···································································································· 73(3)鉛 ······································································································· 75(4)ニッケル ······························································································ 77

2.2.2.

主な金属の国別生産量 ········································································ 78(1)

銅 ······································································································· 78(2)亜鉛 ···································································································· 82(3)鉛 ······································································································· 84(4)ニッケル（鉱石生産量：金属換算） ·························································· 86

2.2.3.

主な鉱石の輸入量（精鉱量） ······························································· 90(1)

銅（精鉱中銅量） ·················································································· 90(2)

亜鉛（精鉱中亜鉛量） ············································································ 92(3)鉛（精鉱中鉛量） ·················································································· 94(4)ニッケルの輸出入 ·················································································· 96

2.3.

非鉄金属資源の開発 ·············································································· 99

2.3.1.

開発までの流れ·············································································· 99(1) フィージビリティー・スタディ（Feasibility Study：FS） ··························· 99(2) 許認可 ································································································106(3) 設計・建設 ··························································································109
2.3.2.

非鉄金属資源の採掘（技術） ······························································ 112(1)採鉱法の概要 ······················································································· 112(2)

露天掘り（Open Pit Mining） ································································ 113(3)

坑内掘り（Under Ground Mining） ························································ 116

2.3.3.

非鉄金属資源の選鉱 ··········································································124(1)

選鉱の概要 ··························································································124(2)選鉱方法 ·····························································································125(3)選鉱技術の課題 ····················································································132

2.4.

主要資源開発企業（国内外） ·································································137

2.4.1.

資源メジャー ···················································································1374(1)資源メジャーについて ···········································································137(2)

資源メジャーの誕生と発展の歴史 ····························································138(3)

資源メジャーの再編による寡占化の進展 ···················································141(4)

決算内容比較 ·······················································································142(5) 主要メジャーの 7 社の動向 ·····································································146
2.4.2. 日本の非鉄製錬企業・非鉄金属鉱山 ·······················································160(1)

日本の企業動向 ····················································································160(2)

日本企業による海外鉱山開発 ··································································168(3)

日本企業による海外製錬所 ·····································································171(4)

日本の鉱山および製錬所 ········································································172

2.5.

非鉄金属資源を取り巻く課題 ·································································178

2.5.1.

環境規制の高まり ·············································································178(1)

国際会議・条約等·················································································178(2)

欧州 ···································································································179(3) 米国 ···································································································180(4) 中国 ···································································································181(5) 日本 ···································································································182
2.5.2.

低品位下、不純物の増加 ····································································193(1)

銅鉱石の低品位化 ·················································································193(2)

不純物の増加 ·······················································································195

2.5.3.

資源ナショナリズム ··········································································200(1) 資源ナショナリズムの台頭 ·····································································200(2) 近年の資源保有国の資源ナショナリズムに関連する主な鉱業政策の概要 ·········202(3) 資源ナショナリズムの類型化 ··································································207(4) 資源ナショナリズムに関連する新たな課題 ·················································209
2.5.4.

海底鉱物資源開発 ·············································································217(1) 海洋基本法と海洋基本計画 ·····································································218(2) 海洋エネルギー・鉱物資源開発計画 ···························································219
2.6.

鉱物資源政策とは ················································································221

2.7.

鉱物資源政策と理念と体系 ····································································221

2.7.1.

鉱物資源の安定供給の必要性 ······························································222

2.7.2.

国内に非鉄金属製錬業が存立する意義 ··················································222

2.7.3.

レアメタルの安定供給確保の必要性 ·····················································224

2.7.4.

鉱物資源政策の体系 ··········································································2262.8.

鉱物資源政策の変遷 ·············································································227

2.8.1．戦後の鉱業政策 ·················································································22752.8.2．鉱業政策の確立 ·················································································228
2.8.3．鉱業政策から鉱物資源政策へ ·······························································229
2.9.

供給リスクの発生要因と具体的な事例 ·····················································231

2.10.

具体的な施策の内容 ···········································································234

2.10.1.

探鉱開発の促進 ···············································································234

2.10.2.

鉱業税制 ························································································235

2.10.2.1.

減耗控除制度の概要と変遷 ·····························································236

2.10.2.2.

海外投資等損失準備金制度 ·····························································238

2.10.3.

レアメタル備蓄 ···············································································238

2.10.4.

海洋資源開発 ··················································································239

2.10.5.

資源外交の展開 ···············································································239

2.11.

鉱業法の改正 ····················································································240

2.12.

政策実施機関 ····················································································241

2.12.1.

独立行政法人石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（JOGMEC） ·················241

2.12.2.

株式会社国際協力銀行（JBIC） ························································242

2.12.3.

株式会社日本貿易保険（NEXI） ························································242

2.13.

鉱物資源政策の今後の展開 ··································································243(1) 背景 ···································································································243(2) 対応の方向性 ·······················································································244
第3章

製錬編（桜井、太田、竹田主任研究員）··············································246

3.1.

非鉄金属製錬技術 ················································································246

3.1.1.

銅の製錬技術 ···················································································246(1)

原料 ···································································································246(2)

湿式銅製錬法 ·······················································································246(3)乾式銅製錬法 ·······················································································251(4) 副産物 ································································································262
3.1.2.

亜鉛の製錬技術 ················································································269(1) 乾式技術 ·····························································································269(2) 湿式技術 ·····························································································274
3.1.3.

鉛の製錬技術 ···················································································278(1) 乾式技術 ·····························································································278(2) 湿式技術 ·····························································································280
3.1.4．ニッケルの製錬技術 ···········································································281(1) 硫化鉱の処理 ·······················································································282(2) 酸化鉱の処理 ·······················································································286
6

3.2.

電気銅の需給 ······················································································293(1)

国際需給 ·····························································································293(2)

国内需給 ·····························································································298

3.3.

亜鉛の需給 ·························································································301

3.3.1.

亜鉛地金の国際需給 ··········································································301

3.3.2.

亜鉛地金の国内需給 ··········································································304

3.4.

鉛の需給 ····························································································305

3.4.1.

鉛地金の国際需給 ·············································································305

3.4.2.

鉛地金の国内需給 ·············································································308

3.5.

ニッケルの需給 ···················································································310(1) 国内需給 ·····························································································310(2) 国際需給 ·····························································································312(3) ステンレスの需給について ·····································································3127