Department of
Human Pathology
Outline and Research Objectives
The Department of Human Pathology was established in 1997, originating from the First
Department of Pathology of the Faculty of Medicine. The Department of Human Pathology is
specifically dedicated to the research of anatomical and surgical pathology of human diseases.
The Department of Pathology was established in 1887 and has a long history of bothanatomical and experimental pathology. Professor Dr. Katsusaburo Yamagiwa (professor:
1905-1923) was the first in the world who succeeded in inducing skin carcinoma on rabbit
ears with coal tar in 1908. He was also known to publish a book regarding the carcinogenesis of the stomach. The First and the Second Department Pathology, like as one unit, were
engaged in research, diagnosis and teaching. The main research topics of the Department in
one hundred years, either anatomical or experimental, varied according to the specialties of
its professors and the academic demands of the time in Japan. A brief list of the topics
includes clonorchiasis, tsutsugamushi disease, beriberi and salivary gland hormones whichwere investigated before World War II, and thereafter pathology of atomic bomb injuries,
tuberculosis, hepatic disorders, bone marrow pathology and neoplastic diseases of variousorgans (e.g., stomach, liver, and bone). The experimental aspects of pathology are now succeeded and have been developed by the Department of Molecular Pathology.
The practice of anatomical pathology was a basis of research in the past, but it still constitutes a source of ideas even in the research-oriented pathology. The number of autopsies conducted from 1883 to the present has reached 33,950 and in spite of the current decline in the
autopsy rate, one hundred autopsies are still performed each year. Surgical pathology has
increasingly become important in the practice of pathology. The laboratory of surgical pathology in the University Hospital, which was established in 1955, became an independent division of the central laboratory of the hospital in 1975. After the integration of the Branch
Hospital into the University Hospital in 2001, the numbers of histological and cytological
specimens examined each year are expected to be more than 12,000 and 20,000, respectively.
The division has been run with the cooperation of the Department of Pathology.
The Department of Human Pathology has succeeded the classical aspects of the
Department of Pathology. Its mission is to be the bridge between clinical medicine and basic
life sciences. Its research objectives are (1) to discover a new entity of human diseases basedon the practice of anatomical and surgical pathology, (2) to clarify disease mechanisms basedon morphology, and (3) to function as a “museum” for various forms of human disorders.

Faculties and Students
Professor and Chair

Masashi Fukayama, M.D., D.M.Sc.
(1999-)
Associate Professors Toshiro Niki, M.D., D.M.Sc., Ph.D.
Lecturer
Ja-Mun Chong, M.D., D.M.Sc.
Associate .................................3
Graduate student ..................13
Research student.....................2

Past Research and Major Accomplishments
Our research projects in the past ten years attempt
to investigate the role of chronic inflammation in thedevelopment and progression of carcinoma. We
focused our investigations on the following diseases:(1) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated neoplasms,
such as gastric carcinomas, pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL), Hodgkin’s disease and AIDS lymphomas, and (2) lung carcinomas in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and lung adenocarcinoma with central scar formation.
1. EBV-associated neoplasms
EBV is the first virus that was identified in a humanneoplastic cell in 1963. More than 90% of the world population is infected with EBV before adolescence, and it isthought that certain small populations develop EBVassociated malignancy in an endemic manner, such as
Burkitt’s lymphoma in equatorial Africa and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Southern China. However, recent
advances in molecular biological techniques have55

demonstrated that various neoplasms in the general
population are associated with EBV infection.
1-1) EBV-associated gastric carcinoma
EBV-associated gastric carcinoma is now considered to be the most common among EBV-associatedneoplasms, and its frequency is 10% or less of gastriccarcinomas in Japan. We found that EBV-associatedgastric carcinoma is a distinct subgroup of gastric carcinoma, and that it develops against a background ofsevere atrophic gastritis. In our evaluation of genetic
abnormalities, EBV-associated gastric carcinoma wasfound to be remarkable in its paucity of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability.
Since it is difficult to maintain epithelial cells in
vitro in the latent form of EBV infection, we established one strain of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma
transplantable to severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID) mice, which faithfully maintains the original
EBV and the expression of EBV-related genes.
Applying the DNA-chip analysis to the gastric carcinoma strains with or without EBV-infection in SCID
mice, we clarified the expression profile specific to
EBV-associated gastric carcinoma, and found that theexpression of IL1-β is markedly up-regulated in thistype of carcinoma. Of interest is the observation that
IL1- β facilitates the growth of a gastric cancer cellline, suggesting that it is an autocrine growth factor in
EBV-associated gastric carcinoma.
1-2) EBV-associated lymphomas
PAL develops within the pleural cavity of patients
who had a 20-50-year history of pyothorax following
tuberculous pleuritis or an artificial pneumothorax forthe treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Although
the reason is not clear at present, most patients of
PAL are Japanese. We discovered in 1993 that EBV iscausally associated with PAL and that PAL shows thesame expression pattern of EBV latency genes as thatof AIDS lymphomas.
2. Lung carcinoma
Lung cancer is the major cause of cancer-related
deaths among Japanese. Since one of our specialties isthe pathology of lung and thymus, two issues are underinvestigation, that is, the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and development of lung cancer, and therole of fibrosis in the progression of adenocarcinoma.
2-1) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung carcinoma
We evaluated the frequency of lung cancer among
the patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)by performing autopsy-based case control study.
Then, we morphologically evaluated the atypicalepithelial proliferation in the honeycombed area.

56

Although squamous metaplasia is much more frequent in the honeycombed area of IPF patients withlung carcinoma, we confirmed the necessity to evaluate the genetic abnormalities in minute foci of atypicalepithelial cells in tissue sections.
2-2) Small adenocarcinoma
Among nonsmall cell carcinomas of the lung, theprognosis of adenocarcinoma is relatively poor. Onethird of the patients with stage I adenocarcinoma dieof the disease within five years after surgery, and the
5-year recurrence rate is as high as 20% for adenocarcinomas of less than 2 cm in diameter. In our study ofsmall adenocarcinoma, inactivation of p16 may play arole in accelerating scar formation and lymph nodemetastasis, and through these mechanisms p16-inactivation may contribute to a poor prognosis of thepatients.

Current Research
1. EBV-associated neoplasms
1-1) Global methylaion in EBV-associated gastriccarcinoma
Recently we discovered the phenomenon of global
and nonrandom methylation of the promoter regionof cancer-associated genes in EBV-associated gastriccarcinoma. Such a global methylation was notobserved in EBV-negative carcinomas. One of theimportant roles of DNA methylation is to act as adefense against extrinsic pathogens. The latent infection of viruses in either episomal (EBV), or integrated
form (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 orhuman T-cell leukemia-virus type-1), is restricted bymethylation of viral genomes. Thus, we are now
investigating a possible mechanism; that is, overridden methylation of cellular genes suppresses exprssion of important genes of EBV-infected epithelial
cells, leading to the development of carcinoma.
1-2) EBV-associated lymphomas and human herpes virus 8
Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) was first discoveredin tissues of Kaposi sarcoma in 1994, and is associatedwith primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric
Castleman’s disease. However, its epidemiology inlymphoproliferative disorders and its relation to EBV
have not been fully clarified. We are now investigating the molecular epidemiology of HHV8-associateddiseases in Japan and Asian countries.

2. Lung carcinoma
2-1) Laser capture microscopy-assisted analysis ofprecursor lesions
Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is now widely
applied to analysis of precursor lesions of various carcinomas. We are also applying it to the evaluation ofepithelial cells of honeycombed areas in the diseased
lungs of IPF patients, and atypical epithelial cells of
adenomatous hyperplasia, a precursor of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung. Nuclei of target
cells directly obtained from paraffin-embedded sections are subjected to PCR-based analysis.
Invasion-associated gene expression: Niki et al
demonstrated the colocalization of cox-2 and laminin5 at the invasive front of early-stage lung adenocarcinomas. Current data suggest that p53 abnormalities
and EGFR signaling are involved in the aberrant
expression of these proteins. Coregulation and interaction of these molecules at the invasive front of cancer may facilitate tumor angiogenesis and invasion ina coordinated manner. Several on-going projects
investigate the expression of invasion-associated proteins in lung adenocarcinoma, including S100-related
proteins. We are also developing a technique thatenables us to apply DNA-chip analysis to tiny tissuesof the invasive front using the LCM-assisted sampling.

years, a new molecular approach will clarify changesof disease profiles in Japan in the 20th century.

2-2) Morphological analysis of lung carcinoma andthymic tumors
It is still necessary to review the histology of theseneoplasms in order to develop an evaluation system
for invasiveness and to identify the specific subgroupsof neoplasms.

1. Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Takizawa t, Koike M, Endo
S and Okumura H. Glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit in human stomach. J Histochem Cytochem 34,
995-1001, 1986.
2. Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Hajikano H and
Okumura H. Human chorionic gonadotropin in lungand lung tumors. Immunohistochemical study on
unbalanced distribution of subunits. Lab Invest 55,
433-443, 1986.
3. Fukayama M, Hayashi Y and Koike M. Human chorionic gonadotropin in gastric carcinoma. An immunohistochemical study suggesting independent regulation of subunits. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 411,
205-212, 1987
4. Fukayama M and Koike M. So-called sclerosing
hemangioma of the lung. An immunohistochemical,
histochemical and ultrastructural study. Acta Pathol
Jpn 38, 627-642, 1988.
5. Fukayama M, Maeda Y, Funata N, Koike M, Saito K,
Sakai T and Ikeda T. Pulmonary and pleural thymoma. Diagnostic application of lymphocyte markers to
the thymoma of unusual site. Am J Clin Pathol 89,
617-621, 1988.
6. Fukayama M, Funata N, Hayashi Y, Maeda Y, Koike
M, Wantanabe J and Okabe T: Brain associatedsmall-cell lung cancer antigen (BASCA) in the lungand lung tumor. Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic study. J Histochem Cytochem
38, 51-57, 1990.

Future Prospects
There are two opposite directions that pathology is
expected to pursue at present and in the future. One isto be included among the fields of life science and cellbiology. The other is to remain a basic field for clinicalmedicine, which in its essence is a good partner andcritic of clinical medicine. To keep up with the growing demand for an intimate relationship with clinicalmedicine, we have decided to combine our department
with the Division of Surgical Pathology of the
University Hospital. The union is expected to facilitatecross talks between pathology and clinical medicine,which will lead us to our goal, namely, the discovery
of a new entity of human diseases and the clarificationof their mechanisms based on morphology.
We will also be obligated to maintain the museum
function of human pathology. Since we have archivesof paraffin blocks, including more than 20,000 autopsy specimens that were accumulated in these past 100

Research Grants
1. 1997-1999: Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (B)from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports andCulture of Japan. “Pulmonary fibrosis and development of lung carcinoma. Analysis of dysplasic andneoplastic epithelial cells of pulmonary fibrosis.”
2. 1999-2002: Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (B)from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports andCulture of Japan. “Molecular epidemiology of humanherpes virus 8-associated diseases in Japan and Asia.”
3. 2001: Grant in Aid for Scientific Research on a
Priority Area (C) from the Ministry of Education,
Science, Sports and Culture of Japan. “ Establishmentof gene diagnosis system for lung adenocarcinoma.”
4. 2002: Grant in Aid for Scientific Research on a
Priority Area (C) from the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. “Establishment of gene diagnosis system for lung adenocarcinoma.”
5. 2002-2004: Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (A)from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology of Japan. “Pathogenesis of
Epstein-Barr virus-associated neoplasms.”

Select Publications57

7. Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Shiozawa Y, Furukawa E,
Funata N and Koike M. Human chorionicgonadotropinα-subunit in endocrine cells of fibrotic
and neoplastic lung. Its mode of localization and thesize profile of granules. Lab Invest 62, 444-451, 1990.
8. Hayashi Y, Watanabe J, Nakata K, Fukayama M and
Ikeda H. A novel diagnostic method of pneumocystis
carinii. In situ Hybridization of ribosomal ribonucleic
acid with biotinylated oligonucleotide probes. Lab
Invest 63, 576-580, 1990.
9. Nakata K, Akagawa KS, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y,
Kadokura M and Tokunaga T: Granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes theproliferation of human alveolar macrophages in vitro.
J Immunol 147, 1266-1272, 1991.
10. Fukayama M, Kanno T, Brody S, Kirby M and Crystal
RG. Respiratory tract gene transfer. Transplantationof genetically modified T-lymphocytes directly to therespiratory surface. J Biol Chem 266, 18339-1844,
1991
11. Rosenfeld MA, Siegfried W, Yoshimura K, Yoneyama
K, Fukayama M, Stier LE, Paakko PK, Gilardi P,
Stratford-Perricaudet LD, Perricaudet M, Jallat S,
Pavirani A, Lecocq J and Crystal RG. Adenovirusmediated transfer of a recombinant a1-antitrypsin
gene to the lung epithelium in vivo. Sience 252, 431252, 1991.
12. Rosenfeld MA, Yoshimura K, Trapnell BC, Yoneyama
K, Rosenthal ER, Dalemans W, Fukayama M, Bargon
J, Stier LE, Stratford-Perricaudet L, Perricaudet M,
Guggino WB, Pavirani A, Lecocq J and Crystal RG. In
vivo transfer of the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene to the airway
epithelium. Cell 68, 143-155, 1992.
13. Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Konishi M, Ito S, Seki M,
Tanaka K, Maeda Y, Iino H, Fukayama M, Koike M,
Mori T, Sakuraba H, Fukunari H, Iwama T and
Miyaki M. Genetic changes of both p53 alleles associated with the conversion from colorectal adenoma toearly carcinoma in familial adenomatous polyposis
and non-familial adenomatous polyposis patients.
Cancer Res 52, 3965-3971, 1992.
14. Fukayama M, Ibuka T, Hayashi Y, Ooba T, Koike M
and Mizutani S. Epstein- Barr virus in pyothoraxassociated pleural lymphoma. Am J Pathol 143, 10441049, 1993.
15. Hayashi Y, Fukayama M, Koike M, Kaseda S, Ikeda T
and Yokoyama T. Cell-cycle analysis detecting
nuclear antigens: Comparison with BrdU-in vivolabeling and application to lung tumors. Acta Pathol
Jpn 43, 313-319, 1993.
16. Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Iwasaki Y, Chong J, Ooba
T, Takizawa T, Koike M, Mizutani S, Miyaki M andHirai K. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastriccarcinoma and EBV-infection of the stomach. Lab
Invest 71, 73-81, 1994.
17. Ibuka T, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Funata N, Koike
M, Ikeda T and Mizutani S. Pyothorax-associatedpleural lymphoma: A case evolving from T-cell richlymphoid infiltration to overt B-cell lymphoma in

58

association with Epstein-Barr virus. Cancer 73, 738743, 1994.
18. Iino H, Fukayama M, Maeda Y, Koike M, Mori T,
Takahashi T, Kikuchi -Yanoshita R, Miyaki M,
Mizuno S and Watanabe S. Molecular genetics forclinical management of colorectal carcinoma. 17p,
18q, and 22q loss of heterozygosity and decreased
DCC expression are correlated with the metastatic
potential. Cancer 73,1324-1331, 1994.
19. Miyaki M, Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R,
Enomoto M, Igari T, Tanaka K, Muraoka M,
Takahashi H, Amada Y, Fukayama M, Maeda M,
Iwama T, Mishima Y and Koike M. Characteristics ofsomatic mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli
gene in colorectal tumors. Cancer Res 54, 3011-3020,
1994.
20. Hishima T, Fukayama M, Fujisawa M, Hayashi Y,
Arai K, Funata N, Koike M: CD5 expression inthymic carcinoma. Am J Pathol 145:268-1994.
21. Chong J, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Takizawa T, Koike
M, Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Miyaki M:
Microsatellite instability in the progression of gastriccarcinoma. Cancer Res, 54:4595-4597, 1994.
22. Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Ooba T, Funata N, Ibuka T,
Koike M, Hebisawa A, Kurasawa A, Fukayama M,
Nakahiro K and Kudoh S. Pyothorax-associated lymphoma: development of Epstein-Barr virus-associatedlymphoma within the inflammatory cavity. Pathol
Int 45, 825-831, 1995
23. Egawa N, Fukayama M, Kawaguchi K, Hishima T,
Hayashi Y, Funata N, Ibuka T, Koike M, Miyashita H
and Tajima T. Relapsing oral and colonic ulcers withmonoclonal T-cell infiltration. A low grade mucosal
T-lymphoproliferative disease of the digestive tract.
Cancer 75, 1728-1733, 1995.
24. Shimada-Hiratuka M, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y,
Ushijima T, Suzuki M, Hishima T, Funata N and
Koike M, Watanabe T. Primary gastric T-cell lymphoma with and without human T-lymphotropic
virus type 1. Cancer 80, 292-303, 1997.
25. Harada M, Suzuki M, Ikeda T, Kaneko T, Harada S
and Fukayama M. Clonality in nevocellular nevus
and malignant melanoma. An expression-based clonality analysis at the X-linked genes by polymerase
chain reaction. J Invest Dermatol 109, 656-660, 1997.
26. Chong J-M, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Funata N,
Takizawa T, Koike M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Miyaki
M and Mizuno S. CD44 variants in gastric carcinoma
in association with or without Epstein-Barr virus. Int
J Cancer 74:450-454, 1997
27. Chong J, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Hishima T,
Funata N, Koike M, Matsuya S, Konishi M and
Miyaki M. Microsatellite Instability and loss of heterozygosity in gastric lymphoma. Lab Invest 77, 639645, 1997.
28. Hishima T, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Fujii T, Arai K,
Shiozawa Y, Funata N and Koike M: Neuroendocrine
differentiation in thymic epithelial tumors with special reference to thymic carcinoma and atypical thymoma. Hum Pathol 29, 330-338, 1998.

29. Iwasaki Y, Chong J-M, Hayashi Y, Ikeno R, Arai K,
Kitamura M, Koike M, Hirai K and Fukayama M:
Establishment and characterization of a human
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in
SCID mice. J Virol 72, 8321-8326, 1998.
30. Sakurai S, Fukayama M, Kaizaki Y, Saito K,
Kanazawa K, Kitamura M, Iwasaki Y, Hishima T,
Hayashi Y and Koike M: Telomerase Activity in
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST). Cancer 83,
2060-2066, 1998.
31. Fukayama M, Chong JM and Kaizaki Y. Epstein-Barrvirus and gastric carcinoma. Gastric Cancer 1, 104114, 1998.
32. Ishida T, Takashima R, Fukayama M, Hamada C,
Hippo Y, Fujii T, Moriyama S, Matsuba C, Nakahori
Y, Morita H, Yazaki Y, Kodama T, Nishimura S and
Aburatani H. New DNA polymorphisms of human
MMH/OGG1 gene: prevalence of one polymorphism
among lung- adenocarcinoma patients in Japanese.
Int J Cancer 80, 18-21, 1999.
33. Sakurai S, Fukasawa T, Chong JM and Fukayama M.
Embryonic Form of Smooth Muscle Myosin Heavy
Chain (SMemb/MHC-B) in Gastrointestinal Stromal
Tumor and Interstitial Cells of Cajal. Am J Pathol
154, 23-28, 1999.
34. Kawabuchi B, Moriyama S, Hironaka M, Fujii T,
Koike M, Moriyama H, Nishimura Y, Mizuno S and
Fukayama M. p16 inactivation in small sized lungadenocarcinoma: its association of poor prognosis.
Int J Cancer 84, 49-53, 1999.
35. Hayashi Y, Fukayama M, Funata N, Hishima T, Oba
T and Koike M. Polymerase chain reaction-screeningof immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor g
gene rearrangements. A practical approach tomolecular DNA analysis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in asurgical pathology laboratory. Pathol Int 49, 110-117,
1999.
36. Kaizaki Y, Sakurai S, Chong JM and Fukayama M:
Atrophic gatritis, Epstein-Barr virus infection, andEpstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma.
Gastric Cancer 2, 101-108, 1999.
37. Koshiishi N, Chong JM, Fukasawa T, Ikeno R,
Tanaka A, Kanazawa K, Ogura M, Ebuchi M,
Takizawa T, Funata N and Fukayama M.
Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity
in primary and secondary proliferative lesions of theparathyroid gland. Lab Invest 79, 1051-1058, 1999.
38. Sakurai S, Fukasawa T, Chong JM, Tanaka A andFukayama M. C-kit gene abnormalities in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (tumors of interstitial cell of
Cajal). Jpn J Cancer Res 90, 1321-1328, 1999.
39. Hironaka M and Fukayama M. Pulmonary fibrosis
and lung carcinoma: A comparative study of metaplastic epithelia in honeycombed areas of usual interstitial pneumonia with or without lung carcinoma.
Pathol Int 49, 1060-1066, 1999.
40. Hishima T, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Fujii T, Ooba T,
Funata N and Koike M. CD70 in thymic carcinoma.
Am J Surg Pathol 25, 742-746, 2000.

41. Kurihara K, Shimizu S, Chong JM, Hishima T, Funata
N, Kashiwagi H, Nagai H, Miyaki M and Fukayama
M. Nuclear localization of immunorective b-cateninis specific to familial adenomatous polyposis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 91, 11001102, 2000.
42. Fukasawa T, Chong JM, Sakurai S, Koshiishi N,
Ikeno R, Tanaka A, Matsumoto Y, Hayashi Y, Koike
M and Fukayama M. Allelic loss of 14q, and 22q,
NF2 mutation, and genetic instability occur independently of c-kit mutation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Jpn J Cancer Res 91, 1241-1249, 2000.
43. Fukayama M, Chong JM and Uozaki H. Pathology
and molecular pathology of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
258, 91-102, 2001.
44. Takeuchi K, Morishita Y, Fukayama M and Mori S.
Marked decrease in the Epstein-Barr virus positivity
rate in nodular sclerosis subtype Hodgkin’s diseasein Tokyo: trend between 1955 and 1999. Br J
Haematol 113, 429-431, 2001.
45. Sakurai S, Oguni S, Hironaka M, Fukayama M,
Morinaga S and Saito K. Mutations in c-kit geneexons 9 and 13 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors
among Japanese. Jpn J Cancer Res 92, 494-498, 2001.
46. Hippo Y, Taniguchi H, Tsutsumi S, Machida N,
Chong JM, Fukayama M, Kodama T and Aburatani
H. Global gene expression analysis of gastric cancer
by oligonucleotide microarrays. Cancer Res, 62, 233240, 2002.
47. Niki T, Kohno T, Iba S, Moriya Y, Takahashi Y, Saito
M, Maeshima A, YamadaT, Matsuno Y, Fukayama
M, Yokota J and Hirohashi S. Frequent CoLocalization of Cox-2 and Laminin-5 gamma2 Chainat the Invasive Front of Early-Stage Lung
Adenocarcinomas. Am J Pathol, 160, 1129-1141,
2002.
48. Chong JM, Sakuma K, Sudo M, Osawa T, Ohara E,
Uozaki H, Shibahara J, Kuroiwa K, Tominaga S,
Hippo Y, Aburatani H, Funata N and Fukayama M.
Interleukin-1beta expression in human gastric carcinoma with Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Virol 76,
6825-6831, 2002.
49. Kakiuchi C, Ishida T, Sato H, Katano H, Ishiko T,
Mukai H, Kogi M, Kasuga N, Takeuchi K, Yamane K,
Fukayama M and Mori S. Secretion of interleukin-6
and vascular endothelial growth factor by spindlecell sarcoma complicating Castleman’s disease (socalled ‘vascular neoplasia’). J Pathol 197, 264-271,
2002.
50. Osawa T, Chong J-M, Sudo M, Sakuma K, Uozaki H,
Shibahara J, Nagai H, Funata N and Fukayama M.
Reduced Expression and Promotor Mehtylation of
p16 Gene in Epstein-Barr Virus-associated Gastric
Carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res in press.

59Department of
Molecular Pathology
Outline and Research Objectives
Our department has a more than 100-year history from its establishment as the
Department of Pathology. The Second Department of Pathology has changed its name to
the Department of Molecular Pathology; after the retirement of Dr. Takatoshi Ishikawa, Dr.
Miyazono began to work as the Professor of the Department.
Our research is focused on molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis, using molecular biological techniques. Transforming growth factor-b (TGF-β) is a potent growth inhibitor for
many cells, and perturbations of TGF-b signaling result in progression of various cancers.
We are interested in the signaling mechanisms of the TGF-β superfamily, including TGF-β
and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and studying how TGF-β signals regulate progression of various cancers, e.g. colorectal cancer.
We are also interested in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Signals induced by TGFβ and BMPs play important roles in the development and homeostasis of blood vessels.
Abnormalities in TGF-β/BMP signals result in genesis of certain vascular disorders. We haverecently started to investigate the mechanisms of growth and differentiation of murine
embryonic stem (ES) cells. Using an in vitro system, we are trying to regulate the differentiation of ES cells into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). The results
will be useful for the development of new strategies for treatment of cancers and vasculardiseases.

Faculty and Students

Past Research and Major Accomplishments

Professor and Chair

Members of the TGF-β superfamily bind to two
different types of serine/threonine kinase receptors,
and activate intracellular signaling molecules, theSmads. Smads move into the nucleus and regulatetranscription of target genes, including c-myc andcyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Signaling by
Smads is regulated by various molecules, including
inhibitory Smads (I-Smads) and transcriptional corepressors, c-Ski and SnoN (Figure 1).
We isolated cDNAs for TGF-β type I receptor(TbR-I, also called ALK-5) in 1993 [3]. In addition, we
have cloned five additional type I receptors, which
turned out to be the type I receptors for BMPs andKohei Miyazono, M.D., D.M.S.
(from 2000)
Associate Professors Keiji Miyazawa, Ph.D.
Associates ...............................2
Postdoctoral Fellow ................1
Research Technicians .............4
Ph.D. Students ........................2
Master Course Students .........3
Visiting Researcher .................1
Visiting Ph.D. Students ..........7
Secretaries ...............................2

Figure 1. Signaling by TGF-β through serine/threonine kinase receptors and Smads

60

activins [6], and the type II receptor for BMPs (BMPRII) [11]. Using these receptors, we demonstrated how
the members of the TGF-β superfamily bind to different combinations of type II and type I receptors.
During our studies of intracellular signaling activated by the serine/threonine kinase receptors, wehave cloned one of the mammalian I-Smads, Smad6[17], and reported that Smads can be classified into
three subclasses, i.e. R-Smads, Co-Smads, and I-Smads[18]. Moreover, we demonstrated how I-Smads inhibit
signaling activities of the TGF-β superfamily
cytokines [27, 29, 44]. We have shown that E3 ubiquitin ligases, Smurfs, interact with I-Smads, recruit
them from the nucleus to the cell surface receptor
complexes, and induce ubiquitination and degradation of the type I receptors [40, 48]. These findings
suggested that Smurfs support the inhibitory activityof I-Smads in TGF-β superfamily signaling.
We have also investigated the mechanisms bywhich Smads regulate transcription of target genes of
the TGF-β superfamily cytokines. We have shownthat Smads interact with various transcription factors,
including the vitamin D3 receptor and Runx proteins(also known as Cbfa/AML/PEBP2α proteins) [25, 30,37], which play important roles for TGF-β superfamily
cytokines in exhibiting various biological effects indifferent types of cells. In addition, we demonstrated
that Smads interact with transcriptional co-activators,
p300 and CBP, and transcriptional co-repressors, c-Ski
and SnoN [26, 31]. c-Ski was originally identified as
an oncogene. Our findings suggest that c-Ski may regulate growth and differentiation of various cells
through regulating the actions of Smads.
We are also studying vascular diseases induced byperturbation of the TGF-β/BMP signaling systems.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias (HHTs) are
induced by mutations of the human endoglin or ALK1 genes. ALK-1-null mice exhibit vascular abnormalities reminiscent of human HHT [34]. Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is induced by mutationsof BMPR-II; however, we have shown that mutations

occur in various portions of the BMPR-II in PPH
patients, which may contribute in different fashions
to the pathogenesis of this disease [47]. Using adenovirus vectors containing constitutively active formsof TGF-β type I receptor (ALK-5) or ALK-1, we haveidentified target genes induced by these receptors.
These findings will become useful for our future studies designed to elucidate the mechanisms of pathogenesis of vascular diseases induced by abnormalities
of TGF-β and BMP signaling.

Current Research
Our current research activities are focused on two
major projects. First, we are trying to elucidate thesignaling mechanisms of the TGF-β superfamily
through Smad proteins, and to modulate TGF-β signaling by various molecules. Many tumor cells areresistant to the growth inhibitory activity of TGF-β.
Thus, perturbations of TGF-β superfamily signaling
result in progression of various cancers, including
hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
and pancreatic cancer (Figure 1). However, the molecular mechanisms of the resistance to effects of TGF-β
are still not fully understood. We have recently
shown that cis-compound disruption of murine
Smad2 gene accelerates malignant progression ofintestinal tumors in Apc knockout mice [49].
Moreover, we have shown that TGF-β regulates transcription of c-myc through Smads [45], and we are
currently studying the molecules that regulate c-myc
transcription together with Smads, including the TCF4/Lef-1 family of transcription factors.
We have shown that I-Smads and c-Ski/SnoN negatively regulate TGF-β signaling. Based on their threedimensional structures, we are trying to elucidate
how these inhibitory molecules interact with the
TGF-β receptors or Smads. We are also trying to identify novel molecules that regulate TGF-β/BMP signaling by yeast two-hybrid systems and DNA microarray
analyses. Experiments using Xenopus embryos which

Figure 2. Differentiation of ES cells into ECs and SMCs in vitro.

61we have recently started in our laboratory will be useful for examining the biological activities regulated bythese molecules. Although perturbations of TGF-β signaling result in malignant progression of tumors,tumor cells by themselves produce large amounts of
TGF-β, which induce progression of tumors throughinduction of neovascularization, inhibition of immune
function, and accumulation of extracellular matrices.
We have recently found that adenoviruses containing
Smad7 and c-Ski prevented metastasis of breast
tumors in nude mice. Thus, molecules that negatively
regulate TGF-β signaling may be useful for regulationof progression and/or metastasis of certain cancers.
Our second project is to study the growth and differentiation of murine ES cells. Formation of new
blood vessels involves the proliferation and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) circulatingin peripheral blood. We are studying whether TGF-β
superfamily signals play roles during the differentiation of EPCs into endothelial cells (ECs) and smoothmuscle cells (SMCs) using an in vitro ES cell system(Figure 2). Our preliminary findings suggest that thebalance of two major signaling pathways of the TGF-β
superfamily cytokines, i.e. TGF-β-like signals and
BMP-like signals, plays important roles in the differentiation of EPCs into ECs and SMCs. We also foundthat TGF-β regulates differentiation and formation oftight junction of ECs. Moreover, we have obtainedsome evidence that certain fractions of ECs express
specific markers for lymphatic ECs, suggesting thatlymphangiogenesis may be induced from EPCs.

Future Prospects
Our future goals will include further elucidation of
signaling mechanisms of the TGF-β superfamily
cytokines. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling by I-Smads
or transcriptional co-repressors appears to be a powerful method of preventing tissue fibrosis and cancer
metastasis. Development of molecules that regulate
TGF-β signaling pathways may thus be useful fortreatment of various clinical disorders. We will also
extend our research to generate cells of different lineages from murine ES cells. Our knowledge of TGF-β
and other cytokine signaling pathways will be usefulin these projects. Generation of ECs and SMCs fromES cells will be valuable for treatment of various vascular diseases. Moreover, generation of lymphatic ECs
will be useful for identification of genes specifically
expressed in lymphatic tissues. These studies willthus be beneficial not only for application of thesecells in the field of regenerative medicine, but also fordevelopment of new strategies for diagnosis and treatment of metastatic tumors.

62

Research Grants
1. Research for the Future Program: Study on the Signal
Transduction by Serine-Threonine Kinase Receptors(1996-2000) Kohei Miyazono (284,485,000 JPY)
Supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science.
2. Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas(Advanced Research on Cancer): Signaling
Mechanisms of TGF-β and Their Abnormalities in
Human Cancer (2000-2004) Kohei Miyazono(224,270,000 JPY in 2000-2002) Supported by the
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, andTechnology of Japan.
3. Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A): Study on the
Biological Activities of Serine-Threonine Kinase
Receptors (2002-2005) Kohei Miyazono (40,900,000
JPY) Supported by the Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science.
4 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)(2): Signal
Transduction by Smad Proteins and Their Biological
Activities (1999-2001) Kohei Miyazono (14,900,000
JPY) Supported by the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japanand the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
5. Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (2): Signal
Transduction and Biological Activities of theMembers of the TGF-β Superfamily (1997-1998)
Kohei Miyazono (15,100,000 JPY) Supported by the
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, andTechnology of Japan.

Select Publications (* indicates 10 selectPublications, for which copies are attached)
1. Miyazono, K., Olofsson, A., Colosetti, P., and Heldin,
C.-H. A role of the latent TGF-b1-binding protein in
the assembly and secretion of TGF-b1. EMBO J. 10,
1091-1101, 1991.
2. ten Dijke, P., Ichijo, H., Franzén, P., Schulz, P., Saras,J., Toyoshima, H., Heldin, C.-H., and Miyazono, K.
Activin receptor-like kinases: A novel subclass of cellsurface receptors with predicted serine/threonine
kinase activity. Oncogene 8, 2879-2887, 1993.
3.* Franzén, P., ten Dijke, P., Ichijo, H., Yamashita, H.,
Schulz, P., Heldin, C.-H., and Miyazono, K. Cloningof a TGFb type I receptor that forms a heteromericcomplex with the TGFb type II receptor. Cell 75,
781-792, 1993.
4. Yamashita, H., Ichijo, H., Grimsby, S., Morén, A., ten
Dijke, P., and Miyazono, K. Endoglin forms a heteromeric complex with the signaling receptors fortransforming growth factor-b. J. Biol. Chem. 269,
1995-2001, 1994.
5. Taipale, J., Miyazono, K., Heldin, C.-H., and KeskiOja, J. Latent transforming growth factor-b1 associates to fibroblast extracellular matrix via latent TGFβ binding protein. J. Cell Biol. 124, 171-181, 1994.
6.* ten Dijke, P., Yamashita, H., Ichijo, H., Franzén, P.,
Laiho, M., Miyazono, K., and Heldin, C.-H.

Characterization of type I receptors for transfoming
growth factor-b and activin. Science 264, 101-104,
1994.
7. ten Dijke, P., Yamashita, H., Sampath, T.K., Reddi,
A.H., Estevez, M., Riddle, D.L., Ichijo, H., Heldin, C.H., and Miyazono, K. Identification of type I receptors for osteogenic protein-1 and bone morphogenetic protein-4. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 16985-16988, 1994.
8. Okadome, T., Yamashita, H., Franzén, P., Morén, A.,
Heldin, C.-H., and Miyazono, K. Distinct roles of theintracellular domains of transforming growth factorb type I and type II receptors in signal transduction.
J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30753-30756, 1994.
9. Yamashita, H., Okadome, T., Franzén, P., ten Dijke,
P., Heldin, C.-H., and Miyazono, K. A rat pituitary
tumor cell line (GH3) expresses type I and type II
receptors and other cell surface binding protein(s) for
transforming growth factor-b. J. Biol. Chem. 270,770-774, 1995.
10.* Yamashita, H., ten Dijke, P., Huylebroeck, D.,
Sampath, T.K., Andries, M., Smith, J.C., Heldin, C.H., and Miyazono, K. Osteogenic protein-1 binds toactivin type II receptors and induces certain activinlike effects. J. Cell Biol. 130, 217-226, 1995.
11. Rosenzweig, B.L., Imamura, T., Okadome, T., Cox,
G.N., Yamashita, H., ten Dijke, P., Heldin, C.-H., andMiyazono, K. Cloning and characterization of ahuman type II receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7632-7636,
1995.
12. Nishitoh, H., Ichijo, H., Kimura, M., Matsumoto, T.,
Makishima, F., Yamaguchi, A., Yamashita, H.,
Enomoto, S., and Miyazono, K. Identification of type
I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors for
growth/differentiation factor-5. J. Biol. Chem. 271,
21345-21352, 1996.
13. Souchelnytskyi, S., ten Dijke, P., Miyazono, K., andHeldin, C.-H. Phosphorylation of Ser165 in TGF-β
type I receptor modulates TGF-b1-induced cellularresponses. EMBO J. 15, 6231-6240, 1996.
14.* Ichijo, H., Nishida, E., Irie, K., ten Dijke, P., Saitoh,M., Moriguchi, T., Takagi, M., Matsumoto, K.,
Miyazono, K., and Gotoh, Y. Induction of apoptosis
by ASK1, a mammalian MAPKKK that activates
SAPK/JNK and p38 signaling pathways. Science 275,
90-94, 1997.
15. Nakajima, Y., Miyazono, K., Kato, M., Takase, M.,
Yamagishi, T., and Nakamura, H.Extracellular fibrillar structure of latent TGFb binding protein-1: Rolein TGFb-dependent endothelial-mesenchymal transformation during endocardial cushion tissue formation in mouse embryonic heart. J. Cell Biol. 136, 193204, 1997.
16. Nakao, A., Imamura, T., Souchelnytskyi, S.,
Kawabata, M., Ishisaki, A., Oeda, E., Tamaki, K.,
Hanai, J.-i., Heldin, C.-H., Miyazono, K., and ten
Dijke, P. TGF-β receptor-mediated signalling throughSmad2, Smad3 and Smad4. EMBO J. 16, 5353-5362,
1997.

17.* Imamura, T., Takase, M., Nishihara, A., Oeda, E.,
Hanai, J.-i., Kawabata, M. and Miyazono, K. Smad6
inhibits signalling by the TGF-β superfamily. Nature
389, 622-626, 1997.
18.* Heldin, C.-H., Miyazono, K., and ten Dijke, P. TGFβ signalling from cell membrane to nucleus throughSmad proteins. Nature 390, 465-471, 1997.
19. Saitoh, M., Nishitoh, H., Fujii, M., Takeda, K.,
Tobiume, K., Sawada, Y., Kawabata, M., Miyazono,
K., and Ichijo, H. Mammalian thioreodxin is a direct
inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)
1. EMBO J. 17, 2596-2606, 1998.
20. Takeda, K., Ichijo, H., Fujii, M., Mochida, Y., Saitoh,
M., Nishitoh, H., Sampath, T.K., and Miyazono, K.
Identification of a novel bone morphogenetic protein-responsive gene that may function as a noncoding RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 17079-17085, 1998.
21. Inoue, H., Imamura, T., Ishidou, Y., Takase, M.,
Udagawa, Y., Tsuneizumi, K., Tabata, T., Miyazono,
K., and Kawabata, M. Interplay of signal mediatorsof Decapentaplegic (Dpp): Molecular characterizationof Mothers aganst dpp, Medea, and Daughtersagainst Dpp. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 2145-2156, 1998.
22.* Kawabata, M., Inoue, H., Hanyu, A., Imamura T.,
and Miyazono, K. Smad proteins exist as monomers
in vivo and undergo homo- and hetero-oligomerization upon activation by serine/threonine kinase
receptors. EMBO J. 17, 4056-4065, 1998.
23. Nishitoh, H., Saitoh, M., Mochida, Y., Takeda, K.,
Nakano, H., Rothe, M., Miyazono, K., and Ichijo, H.
ASK1 is essential for JNK/SAPK activation by TRAF2.
Mol. Cell 2, 389-395, 1998.
24. Yagi, K., Goto, D, Hamamoto, T., Takenoshita, S.,
Kato, M. and Miyazono, K. Alternatively-spliced variant of Smad2 lacking exon 3: Comparison with wildtype Smad2 and Smad3. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 703-709,
1999.
25. Yanagisawa, J., Yanagi, Y., Masuhiro, Y., Suzawa, M.,
Toriyabe, T., Kashiwagi, K., Watanabe, M.,
Kawabata, M., Miyazono, K., and Kato, S.
Convergence of transforming growth factor-b andvitamin D signaling pathways on SMAD transcriptional coactivators. Science 283, 1317-1321, 1999.
26. Nakashima, K., Yanagisawa, M., Arakawa, H.,
Kimura, N., Hisatsune, T., Kawabata, M., Miyazono,
K., and Taga, T. Synergistic signaling in fetal brain
by STAT3-Smad1 complex bridged by p300. Science
284, 479-482, 1999.
27. Nakao, A., Fujii, M., Matsumura, R., Kumano, K.,
Saito, Y., Miyazono, K., and Iwamoto, I. Transient
gene transfer and expression of Smad7 prevents
bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. J. Clin.
Invest. 104, 5-11, 1999.
28. Nishihara, A., Hanai, J.-i., Imamura, T., Miyazono,
K., and Kawabata, M. E1A inhibits transforming
growth factor-b signaling through binding to Smadproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 28716-28723, 1999.
29.* Fujii, M., Takeda, K., Imamura, T., Aoki, H.,
Sampath, T.K., Enomoto, S., Kawabata, M., Kato, M.,
Ichijo, H., Miyazono, K. Roles of bone morphogenetic

63

protein type I receptors and Smad proteins in
osteoblastic and chondroblastic differentiation. Mol.
Biol. Cell 10, 3801-3813, 1999.
30. Hanai, J.-i., Chen, L.F., Kanno, T., Ohtani-Fujita, N.,
Kim, W.Y., Guo, W.-H., Imamura, T., Ishidou, Y.,
Fukuchi, M., Shi, M.-J., Stavnezer, J., Kawabata, M.,
Miyazono, K., and Ito, Y. Interaction and functional
cooperation of PEBP2/CBF with Smads: Synergistic
induction of the immunoglobulin germline Ca promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31577-31582, 1999.
31. Akiyoshi, S., Inoue, H., Hanai, J.-i., Kusanagi, K.,
Nemoto, N., Miyazono, K., and Kawabata, M. c-Ski
acts as a transcriptional co-repressor in TGF-β signaling through interaction with Smads. J. Biol. Chem.
274, 35269-35278, 1999.
32. Kusanagi, K., Inoue, H., Ishidou, Y., Mishima, H.K.,
Kawabata, M., and Miyazono, K. Characterization ofa bone morphogenetic protein-responsive Smadbinding element. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 555-565, 2000.
33. Ishida, W., Hamamoto, K., Kusanagi, K., Yagi, K.,
Kawabata, M., Takehara, K., Sampath, T.K., Kato,
M., and Miyazono, K. Smad6 is a Smad1/5-induced
Smad inhibitor: Characterization of bone morphogenetic protein-responsive element in the mouse
Smad6 promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6075-6079,
2000.
34. Oh, S.P., Seki, T., Goss, K.A., Imamura, T., Yi, Y.,
Donahoe, P.K., Li, L., Miyazono, K., ten Dijke, P.,
Kim, S., and Li, E.) Activin receptor-like kinase 1
modulates transforming growth factor-b1 signaling
in the regulation of angiogenesis Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 97, 2626-2631, 200.
35. Miyazono, K. Positive and negative regulation of
TGF-β signaling. J. Cell Sci. 113, 1101-1109, 2000.
36. Beppu,, H., Kawabata, M., Hamamoto, T., Chytil, A.,
Minowa, O., Noda, T., and Miyazono, K. BMP type II
receptor is required for gastrulation and early development of mouse embryos. Dev. Biol. 221, 249-258,
2000.
37. Zhang, Y.-W., Yasui, N., Huang, G., Fujii, M., Hanai,
J.-i., Nogami, H., Ochi, T., Miyazono, K., and Ito, Y.
A RUNX2/PEBP2αA/CBFA1 mutation displaying
impaired transactivation and Smad interaction incleidocranial dysplasia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97,
10549-10554, 2000.
38. Miura, S., Takeshita, T., Asao, H., Kimura, Y.,
Murata, K., Sasaki, Y., Hanai, J.-i., Beppu, H.,
Tsukazaki, T., Wrana, J.L., Miyazono, K., andSugamura, K. Hgs (Hrs), a FYVE domain protein, isinvolved in Smad signaling through cooperation with
SARA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 9346-9355, 2000.
39. Yoshida, Y., Tanaka, S., Umemori, H., Minowa, M.,
Usui, M., Ikematsu, N., Hosoda, E., Imamura, T.,
Kuno, J., Yamashita, T., Miyazono, K., Noda, M.,
Noda, T., and Yamamoto, T. Negative regulation of
BMP/Smad signaling by Tob in osteoblasts. Cell 103,1085-1097, 2000.
40.* Ebisawa, T., Fukuchi, M., Murakami, G., Chiba, T.,
Tanaka, K., Imamura, T., and Miyazono, K. Smurf1
interacts with transforming growth factor-b type I

64

receptor through Smad7 and induces receptor degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12477-12480, 2001.
41. Fukuchi, M., Imamura, T., Chiba, T., Ebisawa, T.,
Kawabata, M., Tanaka, K., and Miyazono, K.Liganddependent degradation of Smad3 by a ubiquitin ligase complex of ROC1 and associated proteins. Mol.
Biol. Cell 12, 1431-1443, 2001.
42. Furuhashi, M.,Yagi, K.,Yamamoto, H., Furukawa, Y.,
Shimada, S., Nakamura, Y., Kikuchi, A., Miyazono,
K., and Kato, M. Axin facilitates Smad3 activation in
the transforming growth factor-b signaling pathway.
Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 5132-5141, 2001.
43. Kusanagi, K., Kawabata, M., Mishima, H.K., andMiyazono, K. a-Helix 2 in the amino-terminal Mad
homology 1 domain is responsible for specific DNAbinding of Smad3. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 28155-28163,
2001.
44.* Hanyu, A., Ishidou, Y., Ebisawa, T., Shimanuki, T.,
Imamura, T., and Miyazono, K. The N-domain of
Smad7 is essential for specific inhibition of transforming growth factor-b signaling. J. Cell Biol. 155,
1017-1028, 2001.
45. Yagi, K., Furuhashi, M., Aoki, H., Goto, D., Kuwano,
H., Sugamura, K., Miyazono, K., and Kato, M. c-myc
is a downstream target of Smad pathway. J. Biol.
Chem. 277, 854-861, 2002.
46. Ring, C., Ogata, S., Meek, L., Song, J., Ohta, T.,
Miyazono, K., and Cho, K.W.Y. The role of a
Williams-Beuren syndrome-associated helix-loophelix domain-containing transcription factor in
activin/nodal signaling. Genes Dev. 16, 820-835,
2002.
47. Nishihara, N., Watabe, T., Imamura, T., andMiyazono, K. Functional heterogeneity of BMPR-II
mutants found in patients with primary pulmonary
hypertension. Mol. Biol. Cell 22, 5212-5221, 2002.
48. Suzuki, C., Murakami, G., Fukuchi, M., Shimanuki,T., Shikauchi, Y., Imamura, T., and Miyazono, K.
(2002) Smurf1 regulates the inhibitory activity of
Smad7 by targeting Smad7 to the plasma membrane.
J. Biol. Chem. in press.
49. Hamamoto, T., Beppu, H., Okada, H., Kawabata, M.,
Kitamura, T., Miyazono, K., and Kato, M. (2002)
Compound disruption of Smad2 accelerates malignant progression of intestinal tumors in Apc knockout mice. Cancer Res. in press.
50. Miyazono, K., and Miyazawa, K. (2002) Id: A target
of BMP signaling. Science’s STKE in press.

Department ofMicrobiology
Outline and Research Objectives
Microbial disease has been recognized as the major threat to human health throughout
the history. Despite the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions against
some pathogenic microbes, infectious disease is still one of the most significant medical
problems. On the other hand, microbial organisms have served as a useful model as well for
elucidating the human molecular mechanisms of a variety of biological events, providing
useful insights into life science. Efforts have also been initiated by a number of researchgroup to utilize animal viruses as a tool for human gene therapy. In order to familialize students with these issues, importance of microbiology in medical education is increasing more
rapidly than ever. To fulfill this requirement, our department, as the only basic microbiology
unit in the Faculty and Graduate School, currently assumes a responsibility for teaching bacteriology and virology to medical undergraduates, and for educating graduate students in afield of virology on animal RNA viruses.
Our major research interest is to elucidate molecular mechanisms for species-, tissue-,and cell-specific pathogenicity of poliovirus and hepatitis C virus. For this purpose, we
attempt to identify viral and host factors required for the viral replication and disseminationin animal model. Tissue and cell distribution of host factors in host species or animal model
may give an insight into molecular pathogenesis of those RNA viruses. Thus, the main
objectives in our department are as follows;
I. Replication, dissemination, and neurovirulence of poliovirus
Poliovirus (PV), the causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a human enterovirus that belongs
to the Picornaviridae. The genome of PV is a single-stranded RNA of positive polarity andconsists of approximately 7500 nucleotides (nt). To this RNA, a small protein VPg isattached at the 5’end, and poly(A) at the 3’ end. PV mRNA does not have VPg and starts
with simple pU. Thus PV mRNA is an exceptional eukaryotic mRNA. An internal ribosome
entry site (IRES) was identified in the 5’ untranslated region (UTR) of the RNA.
Natural PV infection in humans is thought to begin with oral ingestion. After ingestion,
the virus multiplies in the alimentary mucosa; the tonsils and Peyer’s patches are possibly
also invaded early in the course of infection. Following multiplication in these loci, the virus
moves into the deep cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes and then into the blood.
Neutralizing antibodies to PV in the blood prevent the development of poliomyelitis, whichsuggests that viremia is necessary for the spread of virus to the central nervous system(CNS). The circulating virus then invades the CNS and replicates in neurons, particularly the
motor neurons. There are two possible routes through which PV can enter the CNS. One isvirus permeation through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the other is virus transmission
via peripheral nerves. Paralytic poliomyelitis occurs as a result of neuronal destruction.
Specifically, we are working on the following projects.
1. Roles of human PV receptor (hPVR) in PV infection.
2. Molecular mechanisms for BBB permeation of PV.
3. Molecular mechanisms for retrograde axonal transport of PV.
4. Replication of PV in neurons.
II. Replication and pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), the main causative agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis, is a memberof Flaviviridae. Chronic infection of HCV frequently leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The genome of HCV is a single-stranded RNA of positive polarity andconsists of approximately 9500 nt. An IRES was found in the 5’ portion of the HCV RNA
like PV RNA, although it is not known whether the 5’ end is capped or not. As for the 3’65UTR, the HCV RNA does not have a poly(A) tail but a poly(U/C) tract of 80-130 nt followed
by a highly conserved 98 nt sequence among HCV isolates, termed the X region. Thus, HCV
RNA has an unique structure as an eukaryotic mRNA. Specifically, we are working on thefollowing projects.
1. Molecular mechanisms for development of HCC by HCV infection.
2. Replication mechanisms of HCV RNA replicon.
III. IRES-dependent virus tropism
Virulent strains of PV can replicate well both in the CNS and the alimentary mucosa,
whereas attenuated strains of PV cannot replicate well in the CNS although these strains
have a strong replicating capacity in the alimentary mucosa. Therefore, virulent and attenuated PV strains have different tissue tropism each other. Relatively strong determinant for
the attenuation phenotype was identified in the 5’ UTR within the IRES. It is possible that
IRES activity differ in tissues, and that viral replication capacity reflects the IRES activity.
IRES was first described for picornavirus RNAs, and later for many cellular mRNAs as
well as other viral RNAs. Nucleotide sequences that serve as IRES, so far discovered, have avariety of lengths and predicted secondary structures, although all of them have a similarfunction in translation initiation. Existence of a variety of IRES structures suggests that different sets of trans-acting cellular factors are required for activity of individual IRESs.
Cumulative evidence suggests that cellular factors required for IRES activities are quantitatively and/or qualitatively different in individual IRESs. Specifically, we are working on thefollowing projects.
1. Construction of recombinant viruses that have mutated IRESs.
2. Identification of host factors required for activity of various IRESs.
3. Establishment of method for measuring IRES activity in vivo.

Faculties and Students
Professor and Chair Akio Nomoto, Ph.D. (since 1999)
Associate Professor Tetsuro Matano, M.D., Ph.D.
Associate .................................2
Postdoctoral Fellow ................3
Graduate Students ................12
Secretary .................................2

Past Research and Major Accomplishments
1. Structural analysis of the 5’ termini of all the PV
specific RNAs and proposal of VPg-primer theoryof PV RNA synthesis.
2. Determination of the primary structure of the
genomes of all three attenuated PV serotypes
3. Construction of infectious cDNA clone of theattenuated PV strain (Sabin 1 strain) and first genemanipulation of animal RNA virus using the infectious clone.
4. Proposal of new copy choice model of RNA
genome for its deletion and recombination events.
5. Molecular genetic analysis of the attenuation phenotype of type 1 PV.
6. Construction of new attenuated PV strains basedon knowledge of stability of attenuation mutations.
7. Discovery of hPVR.

66

8. Establishment of hPVR/transgenic (Tg) mice susceptible to PV.
9. Analysis of interaction between PV and hPVR.
10. Formation of a concept “IRES-dependent virus tropism”.
11. Study on dissemination pathway of PV using Tgmouse model.
12. Subcellular localization of hPVR in polarized cells.
13. Response of neural cells to poliovirus infection.
14. Discovery of HCV IRES

Current Research
1. There are two isoforms of functional human PV
receptors, hPVRα and hPVRδ. These two isoforms differ only in a part of amino acid sequence
within the cytoplasmic domain. Basolateral sorting signal was identified in the cytoplasmic
domain of hPVRα but not hPVRδ. Indeed, hPVR
αlocalizes to the basolateral membran and hPVR
δ apical membrane. It is possible that PV infection occurs by using hPVRδin the human alimentary tract.
2. Using a hPVR/Tg mouse model, we have shownthat PV permeates the BBB at a fairly high rate,
independently of the presence of hPVR or virus
strain-specific effects. Thus, some host cell molecules other than hPVR must be involved in the
BBB permeability of PV. We are currently investi-

3.

4.

5.

6.

gating which host molecules are involved in thisdissemination process.
Our recent results strongly suggest the following;
Intramuscularly inoculated PV is incorporated by
hPVR-mediated endocytosis at synapses without
conformational change. The endosomes containing PV is associated with dynein motor molecule,and retrogradely transported to neuron cell bodyalong microtubules. After the retrograde transport
through the axon, lytic replication of PV occurs in
the cell body. The virulent and attenuated PV
strains do not show significant difference in efficiency of this dissemination route in a hPVR/Tg
mouse model. We are attempting to prove theabove bypothesis.
PV-infected neural cells do not show cytopathic
effect when the infected cell cultures are addedwith anti-PV or anti-PVR antibodies 2 hours after
the infection. Similar phenomenon cannot be
observed in PV-infected HeLa cells. We precisely
analyzed this phenomenon, and found that PV
IRES activity was inhibited in the infected neuralcells, and that PV-specific 2A protease was transported to the nucleus, and therefore translation
initiation factor eIF4G was restored in the infected
cells. We are currently attempting to elucidate
why PV IRES activity is inhibited in the infectedneural cells.
Development of cancers always accompanies
mutations in chromosomes. Although HCV
genome does not have any specific tumor gene, it
is possible that some HCV gene products induce
instability of human chromosome structure. We
found that nuclear transport system was disturbed
by HCV core protein. This may result in instabilityof human chromosome structure in the HCVinfected hepatocytes. We are now investigatinginteraction between HCV core protein and nuclear
transport receptors.
Chimeric PV whose IRES was replaced by HCVIRES was constructed. This recombinant virus canreplicate well in the liver of hPVR/Tg mice but notin the brain of the mice. This indicates that HCVIRES is active in the liver but not in the brain. The
results support our notion “ IRES-dependent virus
tropism”.

Future Prospects
PV is now one of the most well characterized virus
and recent studies of its molecular biology have madegreat progress. Additionally, the development of atransgenic mouse model for poliomyelitis has not
only facilitated investigations of PV dissemination but
has transformed PV research into an important area ofneuroscience. The elucidation of the molecular basisof PV neurovirulence is only at its starting point, andsome basic questions proposed in section of “ Current
Research” must be answered if we are to understandfully the molecular mechanisms responsible. This
research could eventually lead to the development of
new strategies to control poliomyelitis and other viraldiseases.
It is an important question in life science whyviruses without tumor gene are able to cause cancers.
Extensive effort have been made to elucidate mechanisms for development of HCC by HCV infection.
However, little is known, as yet, about the mechanisms responsible. Since development of effective vaccine to control HCV infection seems to be difficult,and altogether may be impossible, only sure way tocontrol HCV is to elucidate molecular mechanisms
responsible for onset of HCV disease, resulting in thedevelopment of new strategies to control the viral disease.
Our approach to study pathogenicity of RNA viruses may also provide useful insights into general life
sciences.

Research Grants
1995-1999 Grant-in-aid for Specially Promoted Research(total ¥273,000,000)
2000-2004 Grant-in-aid for Specially Promoted Research(~2002 ¥182,000,000)
2001-2005 Research Grant from the Organization for
Pharmaceutical Safety and Research (~2002¥65,000,000)

Select Publications
1. Akio Nomoto, Yuan Fon Lee & Eckard Wimmer. The
5’ end of poliovirus mRNA is not capped with
m7G(5’)ppp(5’)Np.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 375-380, 1976
2. Yuan Fon Lee, Akio Nomoto, Barbara M. Detjen &Eckard Wimmer. A protein covalently linked topoliovirus genome RNA.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74(1): 59-63, 1977
3. Akio Nomoto, Barbara M. Detjen, Rudy Pozzatti &Eckard Wimmer. The location of the polio genome
protein in viral RNAs and its implication for RNA
synthesis.
Nature 268(5617): 208-213, 1977
4. Akio Nomoto, Naomi Kitamura, Fred Golini &Eckard Wimmer. The 5’-terminal structures ofpoliovirus RNA and poliovirus mRNA differ only in
the genome-linked protein VPg.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72(12): 5345-5349, 1977
5. Akio Nomoto, Ann Jacobson, Yuan Fon Lee, John
Dunn & Eckard Wimmer. Defective interfering particles of poliovirus: Mapping of the deletion and evi-67

dence that the deletions in the genomes of DI (1), (2)and (3) are located in the same region.
J. Mol. Biol. 128(2): 179-196, 1979
6. Akio Nomoto, Toshiko Omata, Haruka Toyoda,
Shusuke Kuge, Hitoshi Horie, Yutaka Kataoka, Yuko
Genba, Yasuko Nakano & Nobumasa Imura.
Complete nucleotide sequence of the attenuatedpoliovirus Sabin 1 strain Genome.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79(19): 5793-5797, 1982
7. Haruka Toyoda, Michinori Kohara, Yutaka Kataoka,
Toshiyuki Suganuma, Toshiko Omata, Nobumasa
Imura & Akio Nomoto. Complete nucleotide
sequences of all three poliovirus serotype genomes:
Implication for genetic relationship, gene function
and antigenic determinants.
J. Mol. Biol. 174(4): 561-585, 1984
8. Toshiko Omata, Michinori Kohara, Yuko Sakai,
Atsuko Kameda, Nobumasa Imura & Akio Nomoto.
Cloned infectious complementary DNA of poliovirus
Sabin 1 genome: biochemical and biological properties of the recovered virus.
Gene 32 (Part I): 1-10, 1984
9. Michinori Kohara, Toshiko Omata, Atsuko Kameda,
Bert L. Semler, Heihachi Itoh, Eckard Wimmer &Akio Nomoto. In vitro phenotypic markers of apoliovirus recombinant constructed from infectious
cDNA clones of the neurovirulent Mahoney andattenuated Sabin 1 strains.
J. Virol. 53(3): 786-792, 1985
10. Toshiko Omata, Michinori Kohara, Shusuke Kuge,
Toshihiko Komatsu, Shinobu Abe, Bert L. Semler,
Atsuko Kameda, Heihachi Itoh, Mineo Arita, Eckard
Wimmer & Akio Nomoto. Genetic analysis of theattenuation phenotype of poliovirus type 1.
J. Virol. 58(2): 348-358, 1986
11. Michinori Kohara, Shinobu Abe, Shusuke Kuge, Bert
L. Semler, Toshihiko Komatsu, Mineo Arita,
Heihachi Itoh & Akio Nomoto. An infectious cDNA
clone of the poliovirus Sabin strain could be used asa stable repository and inoculum for the oral polio
live vaccine.
Virology 151(1): 21-30, 1986
12. Shusuke Kuge, Izumu Saito & Akio Nomoto. Primarystructure of poliovirus defective interfering particle
genomes and possible generation mechanisms of theparticle.
J. Mol. Biol. 192: 473-487, 1986
13. Shusuke Kuge & Akio Nomoto. Construction of
viable deletion and insertion mutants of the Sabin
strain of type 1 poliovirus: Function of the 5’ noncoding sequence in viral replication.
J. Virol. 61(5): 1478-1487, 1987
14. Akio Nomoto, Narushi Iizuka, Michinori Kohara &Mineo Arita. Strategy for construction of live picornavirus vaccines.
Vaccine 6(2): 134-137, 1988
15. Michinori Kohara, Shinobu Abe, Toshihiko Komatsu,
Katsuhiko Tago, Mineo Arita & Akio Nomoto. A
recombinant virus between the Sabin 1 and Sabin 3

68

vaccine strains of poliovirus as a possible candidate
for a new type 3 poliovirus live vaccine strain.
J. Virol. 62(8): 2828-2835, 1988
16. Shusuke Kuge, Noriyuki Kawamura & Akio Nomoto.
Genetic variation occurring on the genome of an invitro insertion mutant of poliovirus type 1.
J. Virol. 63(3): 1069-1075, 1989
17. Noriyuki Kawamura, Michinori Kohara, Shinobu
Abe, Toshihiko Komatsu, Katsuhiko Tago, Mineo
Arita & Akio Nomoto. Determinants in the 5’ noncoding region of poliovirus Sabin 1 RNA that influence the attenuation phenotype.
J. Virol. 63(3): 1302-1309, 1989
18. Shusuke Kuge, Noriyuki Kawamura & Akio Nomoto.
Strong inclination toward transition mutation in
nucleotide substitutions by poliovirus replicase.
J. Mol. Biol. 207(1): 175-182, 1989
19. Narushi Iizuka, Michinori Kohara, Kimiko HaginoYamagishi, Shinobu Abe, Toshihiko Komatsu,
Katsuhiko Tago, Mineo Arita & Akio Nomoto.
Construction of less neurovirulent polioviruses byintroducing deletions into the 5’ noncoding sequenceof the genome.
J. Virol. 63(12): 5354-5363, 1989
20. Kimiko Hagino-Yamagishi & Akio Nomoto. In vitro
construction of poliovirus defective-interfering particles.
J. Virol. 63(12): 5386-5392, 1989
21. Satoshi Koike, Hitoshi Horie, Iku Ise, Akira Okitsu,
Michihiro Yoshida, Narushi Iizuka, Kenji Takeuchi
Tsutomu Takegami & Akio Nomoto. The poliovirus
receptor protein is produced both as membranebound and secreted forms.
EMBO J. 9(10): 3217-3224, 1990
22. Satoshi Koike, Choji Taya, Takeshi Kurata, Shinobu
Abe, Iku Ise, Hiromichi Yonekawa & Akio Nomoto.
Transgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88(3): 951-955, 1991
23. Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara, Michinori Kohara, Kenjiro
Yamaguchi, Noboru Maki, Ayumi Toyoshima,
Keizaburo Miki, Satoshi Tanaka, Nobu Hattori &Akio Nomoto. A second group of hepatitis C virus.
Virus Genes 5(3): 243-254, 1991
24. Satoshi Koike, Iku Ise & Akio Nomoto. Functional
domains of the poliovirus receptor.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88(5): 4104-4108, 1991
25. Narushi Iizuka, Hiromichi Yonekawa & Akio
Nomoto. Nucleotide sequences important for translation initiation of enterovirus RNA.
J. Virol. 65(9): 4867-4873, 1991
26. Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara, Narushi Iizuka, Michinori
Kohara & Akio Nomoto. Internal ribosome entry site
within hepatitis C virus RNA.
J. Virol. 66(3): 1476-1483, 1992
27. Satoshi Koike, Iku Ise, Yasuko Sato, Kotoko Mitsui,
Hitoshi Horie, Hideaki Umeyama & Akio Nomoto.
Early events of poliovirus infection.
Seminars in Virology, Vol.3, 1992, Cellular Receptors
for Virus Infection (A. Nomoto, ed.) pp109-115,
Saunders Scientific Publications/ Academic Press28. Satoshi Koike, Iku Ise, Yasuko Sato, Hiromichi
Yonekawa, Osamu Gotoh & Akio Nomoto. A second
gene for African green monkey poliovirus receptor
that has no putative N-glycosylation site in the functional N-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain.
J. Virol. 66(12): 7059-7066, 1992
29. Akio Nomoto. Recombinant polioviruses as candidates for oral poliovaccines.
Microbiol. Immunol. 37(3): 169-174, 1993
30. Akio Nomoto, Satoshi Koike & Junken Aoki. Tissue
tropism and species specificity of poliovirus infection.
Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 2, No.2, 47-51, 1994
31. Hitoshi Horie, Satoshi Koike, Takeshi Kurata,
Yasuko Sato-Yoshida, Iku Ise, Yoshihiro Ota,
Shinobu Abe, Kyoji Hioki, Hideki Kato, Choji Taya,
Tatsuji Nomura, Sou Hashizume, Hiromichi
Yonekawa & Akio Nomoto. Transgenic mice carrying
the human poliovirus receptor: new animal model
for study of poliovirus neurovirulence.
J. Virol. 68 (2): 681-688, 1994
32. Junken Aoki, Satoshi Koike, Iku Ise, Yasuko SatoYoshida & Akio Nomoto. Amino acid residues onhuman poliovirus receptor involved in interaction
with poliovirus.
J. Biol. Chem. 269 (11) : 8431-8438, 1994
33. Shinobu Abe, Yoshihiro Ota, Satoshi Koike, Takeshi
Kurata, Hitoshi Horie, Tatsuji Nomura, So
Hashizume & Akio Nomoto. Neurovirulence test fororal live poliovaccines using poliovirus-sensitivetransgenic mice.
Virology 206: 1075-1083, 1995
34. Kazuko Shiroki, Toshihiko Ishii, Takahiro Aoki,
Yoshihiro Ohta, Wei-Xing Yang, Toshihiko Komatsu,
Yasushi Ami, Mineo Arita, Shinobu Abe, So
Hashizume & Akio Nomoto. Host range phenotype
induced by mutations in the internal ribosomal entry
site of poliovirus RNA.
J. Virol. 71 (1): 1-8, 1997
35. Wei-Xing Yang, Tetsuya Terasaki, Kazuko Shiroki,Seii Ohka, Junken Aoki, Shuichi Tanabe, Tatsuji
Nomura, Eiji Terada, Yuichi Sugiyama & Akio
Nomoto. Efficient delivery of circulating poliovirus tothe central nervous system independently ofpoliovirus receptor.
Virology 229 (2): 421-428, 1997
36. Nobuhiko Kamoshita, Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara,
Michinori Kohara & Akio Nomoto. Genetic analysis
of internal ribosomal entry site on hepatitis C virus
RNA: implication for involvement of the highlyordered structure and cell type specific trans-acting
factors.
Virology 223 (1): 9-18, 1997
37. Junken Aoki, Satoshi Koike, Hiroaki Asou, Iku Ise,
Hiroshi Suwa, Toshiyuki Tanaka, Masayuki
Miyasaka & Akio Nomoto. Mouse homolog ofpoliovirus receptor-related gene 2 product, mPRR2,
mediates cell aggregation.
Exp. Cell Res. 235: 374-384, 1997

38. Minetaro Arita, Satoshi Koike, Junken Aoki, Hitoshi
Horie & Akio Nomoto. Interaction of poliovirus with
its purified receptor and conformational alteration in
the virion.
J. Virol. 72 (5): 3578-3586, 1998
39. Seii Ohka, Wei-Xing Yang, Eiji Terada, KunikoIwasaki & Akio Nomoto. Retrograde transport ofintact poliovirus through the axon via the fast transport system.
Virology 250 (1): 67-75, 1998
40. Minetaro Arita, Hitoshi Horie, Mineo Arita & Akio
Nomoto. Interaction of poliovirus with its receptor
affords a high level of infectivity to the virion inpoliovirus infections mediated by the Fc receptor.
J. Virol. 73(2): 1066-1074, 1999
41. Kazuko Shiroki, Takeshi Isoyama, Shusuke Kuge,
Toshihiko Ishii, Shinobu Ohmi, Syoji Hata, Koichi
Suzuki, Yoshinari Takasaki & Akio Nomoto.
Intracellular redistribution of truncated La protein
produced by poliovirus 3Cpro-mediated cleavage.
J. Virol.73(3): 2193-2200, 1999
42. Qingmei Jia, Seii Ohka, Kuniko Iwasaki & Akio
Nomoto. Isolation and molecular characterization ofa poliovirus type 1 mutant that replicates in the
spinal cords of mice.
J. Virol. 73(7): 6041-6047, 1999
43. Takeshi Isoyama, Nobuhiko Kamoshita, Kotaro
Yasui, Atsushi Iwai, Kazuko Shiroki, Haruka Toyoda,
Akio Yamada & Akio Nomoto. Lower concentrationof La protein required for internal ribosome entry on
hepatitis C virus than on poliovirus RNA.
J. Gen. Virol. 80(9): 2319-2327, 1999
44. Kyoko Murakami, Michikazu Abe, Tsutomu
Kageyama, Nobuhiko Kamoshita & Akio Nomoto.
Down regulation of translation driven by hepatitis C
virus internal ribosomal entry site by the 3’ untranslated region of RNA.
Arch. Virol. 146(4): 729-741, 2001
45. Qingmei Jia, James M. Hogle, Tsutomu Hashikawa &Akio Nomoto. Molecular genetic analysis of revertants from a poliovirus mutant that is specifically
adapted to the spinal cord of mice.
J. Virol., 75(23): 11766-11772, 2001
46. Seii Ohka, Hitoshi Horie, Koujiro Tohyama & Akio
Nomoto. Basolateral sorting of human poliovirus
receptor a involves an interaction with the m1B subunit of the clathrin adaptor complex in polarized
epithelial cells.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 287: 941-948, 2001
Seii Ohka & Akio Nomoto. Recent insights into
poliovirus pathogenesis.
Trends in Microbiology, 9(10): 501-506, 2001
48. Qingmei Jia, Fengyi Liang, Seii Ohka, Akio Nomoto& Tsutomu Hashikawa. Expression of brain-derived
neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system ofmice using a poliovirus-based vector.
J. NeuroVirology, 8(1): 14-23, 2002
49. Akio Nomoto & Isao Arita. Eradication of
Poliomyelitis
Nature Immunology, 3(3): 205-208, 2002

69

50. Takeshi Isoyama, Shusuke Kuge & Akio Nomoto.
The core protein of hepatitis C virus is imported into
the nucleus by transport receptor Kap123p but
inhibits Kap121p-dependent nuclear import of yeastAP1-like factor in yeast cells.
J. Biol. Chem., 277(42): 39634-39641, 2002
Publications indicated by bold letters are attached.

70Department of Infection
Control and Prevention
Outline and Research Objectives
The Department of Infection Control and Prevention was founded in 1994 in order tominimize hospital infections. This department is, therefore, very new, but is the oldest one
in the field of infection control in Japan. It started at first as the Division of Hospital
Infection and Control Services on January 23, 1991. This division developed into theDivision of Infection Control and Prevention on September 1, 1993 and the present department on June 24, 1994.
Research and practice of hospital infection control in Japan has been very primitives, andat least 15-20 years behind those in USA and European countries. The main objectives ofour department are; 1) to control and prevent hospital infections, 2) to develop and propagate new effective methods to control and prevent hospital infections and 3) to be a modeland lead of infection control in Japan. Therefore, surveillance of hospital infections, early
detection of outbreaks, analyses of the causes of outbreaks and intervention are the mostimportant parts of our activities. Education of medical and comedical staffs and students is
also a very important role of our department.

Faculties and Students
Professor and Chair Satoshi Kimura, MD, PhD (1996〜)
Lecturer (Hospital) Kyoji Moriya, MD, PhD (2002〜)
Associate (Hospital) ................2
Postdoctoral Fellow ................1
Research student.....................2
Secretary .................................2

Past Research and Major Accomplishments
1. Establishment of hospital infection surveillancesystem in the University of Tokyo Hospital (comprehensive and targeted).
2. Reduction of surgical site infections by replacing
razor with clipper for preoperational removal ofbody hair at surgical sites.
3. Introduction of EPINet system into Japan and conduction of nationwide surveillance of needlestick
injuries in health care workers in Japan.
4. Reduction of needlestick injuries among healthcare workers by employing safety devices.
5. Epidemiological analyses of Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other drug
resistant microbes by using PFGE and/or PCR in
the University of Tokyo Hospital.
6. Control of MRSA outbreak in NICU by unselected
use of mupirocin ointment.
7. Control of Ralstonia pickettii colonization ofpatients in an obstetric ward.
8. Evaluation of disinfectant and antiseptics.
9. Nationwide surveillance of opportunistic infections in HIV infection.

10. Development of PCR systems for diagnosis ofopportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS.
11. Quantitative analyses of cytomegalovirus (CMV) inthe blood using real-time PCR for early diagnosis,
monitoring and prospecting of CMV infections.
12. Evaluation of clinical efficacy of antiretroviral
agents and highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART).
13. Pharmacodynanic analyses of anti-HIV agents.
14. Evaluation of clinical significance of drug-resistance mutations of HIV against protease inhibitors.
15. Analyses of hospital visits among HIV-infected
persons and AIDS cases in Japan.
16. Anti-HIV activities of oligodeoxyribonucleotides,
ribozymes, fluoroquinolones etc..
17. Elucidation of molecular mechanism of viral hepatocarcinogenesis (HBV and HCV).
18. Elucidation of molecular mechanism of chemotaxis.
19. Elucidation of mode of action of defensin andcloning of a nevel mouse β-defensin.
20. Establishment of certification system of Infection
Control Doctors (ICD) in Japan by organizing
Japanese Council of ICD consisting of 16 scientificsocieties in the field of infectious diseases.

Current Research
We have been mainly studying on following subjects:
1. Surveillance, analyses of hospital infections, andplanning to reduce hospital infections and occupational infections, such as needle stick injuries.

712. Epidemiological analyses of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus and other drug-resistantmicrobes using PFGE, AP-PCR, etc.
3. Evaluation of disinfectants and antiseptics.
4. Development of sensitive and rapid methods todetect pathogens.
5. Evaluation of multiple-drug therapies for HIV
infection.
6. Quantification of DNA viruses in the blood using
real-time PCR.
7. Preparation of guideline for appropriate use of
antimicrobials.
8. Molecular mechanism o viral hepatocarcinogenesis.

Future Prospect
Surveillance is most important for the analysis ofcauses of outbreaks, and for the development of new
preventive measures. So far, we have established surveillance system in the University of Tokyo Hospital.
ICD system established by Prof. S. Kimura in 1999
greatly stimulated the trend to start surveillance inmany other hospitals all over Japan. Thus, level of
infection control and prevention in Japan will be rapidly elevated. In this process, staffs in our department
will gain initiative.
By reducing hospital infections, duration of hospital stay of patients is to be shortened, medical
expense be reduced, prognosis of patients be better,and quality of life be improved.

Research Grants
1. 1998：Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health andWelfare of Japan（H-9-AIDS-002） Studies on HIV
Infection” ¥216,400,000
2. Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health andWelfare of Japan Studies on Epidemiology of HIV”
¥500,000
3. Grant-in-Aid
forInternational
MedicalCooperation“Studies on International Medical
Cooperation against HIV Pandemic” ¥22,000,000
4. Grant-in-Aid from the Organization for
Pharmaceutical Safety and Research“Epidemiologicaland Clinical Studies on Complications of HIV
Infections” ¥90,000,000
5. 1999：Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health andWelfare of Japan（H-9-AIDS-002） Studies on HIV
Infection” ¥216,426,000
6. Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health andWelfare of Japan Studies on Epidemiology of HIV”
¥500,000
7. Grant-in-Aid from the Organization for
Pharmaceutical
SafetyandResearch
Epidemiological and Clinical Studies on
Complications of HIV Infections” ¥90,000,00072

8. 2000：Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health,
Labor and Welfare of Japan（H-12-AIDS-004）
Studies on the Management of Complication in
HIV/AIDS” ¥70,000,000
9. Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health, Labor andWelfare of Japan Socio-epidemiological Studies on
the Trends of HIV/AIDS in Japan and Its
Intervention” ¥500,000
10. 2001：Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health,
Labor and Welfare of Japan（H-12-AIDS-004）
Studies on the Management of Complication in
HIV/AIDS” ¥1,005,000,000
11. Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health, Labor andWelfare of Japan Socio-epidemiological Studies on
the Trends of HIV/AIDS in Japan and Its
Intervention” ¥500,000
12. 2002：Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health,
Labor and Welfare of Japan（H-12-AIDS-004）
Studies on the Management of Complication in
HIV/AIDS” ¥63,000,000
13. Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ofJapan, US-Japan Cooperative Medical Science
Program AIDS Panel ¥6,500,000
14. Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health, Labor andWelfare of Japan Socio-epidemiological Studies on
the Trends of HIV/AIDS in Japan and Its
Intervention” ¥500,000

Select Publications
1. S. Kimura, J. Matsuda, S. Ikematsu, K. Miyazono, A.
Ito, T. Nakahata, M. Minamitani, K. Shimada, Y.
Shiokawa, and F. Takaku; Efficacy of recombinanthuman granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia in patients with AIDS. AIDS 4: 1251-1255,
1990
2. S. Oka, K. Urayama, Y. Hirabayashi, K. Ohnishi, H.
Goto, K. Mitamura, S. Kimura, and K. Shimada;
Quantitative estimation of human immunodeficiency
virus type-1 provirus in CD4+ T lymphocytes using
the polymerase chain reaction. Mol. and Cellular
Probes 5: 137-142, 1991
3. T. Toyoshima, S. Kimura, S. Muramatsu, H.
Takahagi, and K. Shimada; A sensitive nonisotopic
method for the determination of intracellular azidothymidine 5’-mono-, 5’-di-, and 5’-tri-phosphate.
Analyt. Biochem. 196: 302-307, 1991
4. K. Kitada, S. Oka, S. Kimura, K. Shimada, T.
Serikawa, J. Yamada, H. Tsunoo, K. Egawa, and Y.
Nakamura; Detection of Pneumocystis carinii
sequence by polymerase chain reaction: animal models and clinical application to noninvasive specimens.
J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 1985-1990, 1991
5. S. Oka, K. Urayama, Y. Hirabayashi, S. Kimura, K.
Mitamura, and K. Shimada; Human immunodeficiency virus DNA copies as a virologic marker in a clinical trial with β-interferon. J. Acquir. Immun. Def.
Synd. 5: 707-711, 1992

6. S. Kimura; Current state of AIDS treatment - Can
AIDS be controlled? - . Asian Med. J. 35: 251-259,
1992
7. S. Kimura, S. Oka, T. Toyoshima, Y. Hirabayashi, Y.
Kikuchi, K. Mitamura, and K. Shimada; A randomized trial of reduced doses of azidothymidine inJapanese patients with human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 infection. Intern. Med. 31: 871-876,
1992
8. S. Oka, M. Goto, Y. Kaji, S. Kimura, K. Matsuda, Y.
Asai, M. Sanada, S. Nakagawa, M. Inoue, and K.
Shimada; Synergistic activity of imipenem/cilastatin
combined with cefotiam against methicillin-resistant
Stapylococcus aureus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 31:
533-541, 1993
9. K. Yamada, S. Kimura, M. Negishi, J. Takamatsu, M.
Inagaki, M. Aihara, Y. Nishida, K. Mori, K. Fukutake,
J. Mimaya, N. Takata, and K. Shimada. Phase I/II
trial of didanosine (2’, 3’-dideoxyinosine) in hemophiliac patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex.
Clin. Diagnostic Virol. 1: 245-256, 1993
10. S. Oka, K. Kitada, T. Kohjin, Y. Nakamura, S.
Kimura, and K. Shimada; Direct monitoring as well
as sensitive diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by polymerase chain reaction on sputum samples. Mol. Cellular Probes 7; 419-424, 1993
11. J. Hoy, E. J. Wright, and S. Kimura; Early HIV infection. AIDS 8 (suppl 2): s29-s35, 1994
12. T. Shioda, S. Oka, S. Ida, K. Nokihara, H. Toriyoshi,
S. Mori, Y. Takebe, S. Kimura, K. Shimada, and Y.
Nagai; A naturally occurring single basic amino acidsubstitution in the V3 region of HIV-1 Env protein
alters the viral cellular host range and antigenic
structure. J. Virol. 68: 7689-7696, 1994
13. H. Furukawa, K. Momota, T. Agatsuma, I.
Yamamoto, S. Kimura, and K. Shimada; Mechanismof inhibition of HIV-1 infection in vitro by guaninerich oligonucleotides modified at the 5’ terminal bydimethoxytrityl residue. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 56215627, 1994
14. S. Watanabe, M. Shinkai, S. Hitomi, H. Kozuka, S.
Kimura, K. Shimada, R. Hondo, and N. Yamaguchi; Apolymorphic region of the human cytomegalovirus
genome encoding putative glycoproteins. Arch. Virol.
137: 117-121, 1994
15. A. Yasuoka, S. Oka, K. Komuro, H. Shimizu, K.
Kitada, S. Shibahara, T. Takeuchi, S. Kondo, K.
Shimada, and S. Kimura; Successful treatment with
Benanomicin A (ME1451) of Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia in mice. Antimicrobial Agents
Chemother. 39: 720-724, 1995
16. A. Suzaki, M. Kimurua, S. Kimura, K. Shimada, M.
Miyaji, and L. Kaufman; An outbreak of histoplasmosis contacted by Japanese visitors to a bat-inhabited cave near Manaus, Brazil. J. Mycol. Med. 5: 40-43,
1995
17. M. Goto, S. Oka, N. Tachikawa, K. Kitada, M. Wada,
C. Abe, K. Shimada, and S. Kimura; KatG sequence
deletion is not the major cause of isoniazid resistancein Japanese and Yemei Mycobacterium tuberculosis

isolates. Molecular and Cellular Probes 9: 433-439,
1995
18. A. Yasuoka, N. Tachikawa, K. Kaoru, S. Kimura, andS. Oka; (1-3)β-D-glucan as a quantitative serologicalmarker for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Clin.
Diag. Lab. Immunol. 3: 197-199, 1996
19. H. Hotoda, K. Momota, H. Furukawa, T. Nakamura,and M. Kaneko S. Kimura and K. Shimada;
Biologically active oligodeoxyribonucleotides- IV:
Anti-HIV activity of TGGGAG having hydrophobic
substituent at 5’-end via phosphodiester linkage.
Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 15: 531-538, 1996
20. H. Shiga, T. Shioda, H. Tomiyama, Y. Takamiya, S.
Oka, S. Kimura, Y. Yamaguchi, T. Gojoubori, H-G.
Rammensee, K. Miwa, and M. Takiguchi;
Identification of multiple HIV-1 cytotoxic T-cell epitopes presented by human leukocyte antigen B35
molecules. AIDS. 10: 1075-1083, 1996
21. S. Oka, Y. Nagata, Y. Fujino, A. Yasuoka, N.
Tachikawa, K. Shimada, S. Kimura, A. Iwamoto, M.
Mochizuki; CD8+ T lymphocytes in cytomegalovirus
retinitis in a patient with AIDS. Brit. J. Ophtalmol.
80: 1108-1109, 1996
22. S. Kimura; Neurologic manifestations in humanimmunodeficiency virus infection/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Editorial): Intrenal Medicine
36: 160-161,1997
23. S. Ida, H. Gatanaga, T. Shioda, Y. Nagai, N.
Kobayashi, K. Shimada, S. Kimura, A. Iwamoto, andS. Oka; HIV type 1 V3 variation dynamics in vivo:
Long-term persistence of non-syncytium-inducing
genotypes and transient presence of syncytiuminducing genotypes during the course of progressive
AIDS. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 13:
1597-1609, 1997
24. K. Momota, H. Furukawa, S. Kimura, H. Hotoda, S.
Oka, and K. Shimada; Antiviral and biological properties of dimethoxytrityl-linked guanine-richoligodeoxynucleotides that inhibit replication by primary clinical human immunodeficiency virus type-1
isolates. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. : 8: 497-505,
1997
25. H. Yotsuyanagi, K. Yasuda, S. Iino, K. Moriya, Y.
Shintani, H. Fujie, T. Tsutsumi, S. Kimura, and K.
Koike; Persistent viremia after recovery from selflimited acute hepatitis B. Hepatology 27: 1377-1382,
1998
26. K. Moriya, H. Fujie, Y. Shimtani, H. Yotsuyanagi, T.
Tsutsumi, K. Ishibashi, Y. Matsuura, S. Kimura, T.
Miyamura and K. Koike; The core protein of hepatitis C virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Nature Medicine, 4 (9): 1065-1067, 1998.
27. S. Hitomi, S. Baba, H. Yano, Y. Morisawa and S.
Kimura; Antimicrobial effects of electrolytic productsof sodium chloride - Comparative evaluation withsodium hypochlorite solution and efficacy in handwashing. J. Jpn. Assoc. Infect. Dis. 72 (11): 11761181, 1998
28. K. Koike, K. Moriya, H. Yotsuyanagi, Y. Shintani, H.
Fujie, T. Tsutsumi, and S. Kimura; Compensatory73apoptosis in preneoplastic liver of a transgenic
mouse model for viral hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer
Lett 134 (2): 181-186, 1998
29. M. Koizumi, Y. Ozawa, R. Yagi, T. Nishigaki, M.
Kaneko, S. Oka, S. Kimura, A. Iwamoto, Y. Komatsu,
and E. Otsuka; Design and anti-HIV-1 activity ofhammerhead and hairpin ribozymes containing a stable loop. Nucleosides & Nucleotides 17 (1-3) : 207218, 1998
30. H. Kashiwase, K. Momota, T. Ohmine, T. Komai, T.
Kimura, T. Katube, T. Nishigaki, S. Kimura, K.
Shimada and H. Furukawa; A new fluoroquinolone
derivative exhibits inhibitory activity against humanimmunodeficiency virus type 1 replication.
Chemotherapy 45: 48-55, 1999
31. N. Tachikawa, M. Goto, Y. Hoshino, H. Gatanaga, A.
Yasuoka, T. Wakabayashi, Y. Katano, S. Kimura, S.
Oka, and A. Iwamoto; PCR detects Toxoplasma
gondii, Epstein-Barr virus, and JC virus DNAs in the
cerebrospinal fluid in AIDS patients with focal CNS
complications. Intern. Med. 38: 556-562, 1999
32. H. Fujie, H. Yotsuyanagi, K. Moriya, Y. Shintani, T.
Tsutsumi, T. Takayama, M. Makuuchi, Y. Matsuura,
T. Miyamura, S. Kimura, and K. Koike; Steatosis andintrahepatic hepatitis C virus in chronic hepatitis. J.
Med. Virol. 59: 141-145, 1999
33. Y. Shintani, H. Yotsuyanagi, K. Moriya, H. Fujie, T.
Tsutsumi, Y. Kanegae, S. Kimura, I. Saito, and K.
Koike; Induction of apoptosis upon the switch-on of
the hepatitis B virus X gene mediated by Cre/loxP
recombinase system. J. Gen. Virol. 180: 3257-3266,
1999
34. E. Noiri, T. Yokomizo, A. Nakao, T. Izumi, T. Fujita,
S. Kimura, and T. Shimizu; An in vivo approach
showing the chemotactic activity of leukotriene B4 inacute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. 97 (2): 823-828, 2000
35. S. Hashimoto, T. Matsumoto, M. Nagai, Y.
Matsuyama, Y. Nakamura, T. Umeda, M. Kamakura,
S. Ichikawa, S. Kimura, K. Fukutomi, and M. Kihara;
Delays and continuation of hospital visits among
HIV-infected persons and AIDS cases in Japan. J.
Epidemiol. 10 (1): 65-70, 2000
36. Y. Shintani, H. Yotsuyanagi, K. Moriya, H. Fujie, T.
Tsutsumi, T. Takayama, M. Makuuchi, S. Kimura,and K. Koike; The significance of hepatitis B virus
DNA detected in hepatocellular carcinoma of
patients with hepatitis C. Cancer 88 (11): 2479-2486,
2000
37. U. Machida, M. Kami, T. Fukui, Y. Kazuyama, M.
Kinoshita, Y. Tanaka, Y. Kanda, S. Ogawa, H. Honda,
S. Chiba, K. Mitani, Y. Muto, K. Osumi, S. Kimura,and H. Hirai; Real-time automated PCR for early diagnosis and monitoring of cytomegalovirus infection
after bone marrow transplantation. J. Clin. Microbiol.
38 (7): 2536-2542, 2000
38. A. Yoneyama, H. Yano, S. Hitomi, K. Okuzumi, R.
Suzuki, and S. Kimura; Ralstonia pickettii colonization of patients in an obstetric ward caused by a con-74

taminated irrigation system. J. Hosp. Infection 46:
77-80, 2000
39. S. Hitomi, M. Kubota, N. Mori, S. Baba, H. Yano, K.
Okuzumi, and S. Kimura; Control of a methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit by unselective use of nasal
mupirocin ointment. J. Hosp. Infection 46: 123-129,
2000
40. H. Yotsuyanagi, Y. Shintani, K. Moriya, H. Fujie, T.
Tsutsumi, T. Kato, K. Nishioka, T. Takayama, M.
Makuuchi, S. Iino, S. Kimura, and K. Koike; Virologic
analysis of non-B, non-C hepatocellular carcinoma inJapan: frequent involvement of hepatitis B virus. J.
Infect. Dis. 181: 1920-8, 2000
41. E. Noiri, A. Nakao, A. Oya, T. Fujita, and S. Kimura;
Hepatitis C virus in blood and dialysate in hemodialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 37 (1): 38-42, 2001
42. H. Fujie, K. Moriya, Y. Shintani, H. Yotsuyanagi, S.
Iino, S. Kimura, and K. Koike; Hepatitis B virus genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan.
Gastroenterology 120: 1564-1565, 2001
43. K. Tsuchiya, S. Matsuoka, A. Hachiya, A. Yasuoka,
N. Tachikawa, Y. Kikuchi, I. Genka, K. Teruya, S.
Kimura and S. Oka; Accumulation of lopinavir resistance-associated mutations over 3 years follow-up ofpatients on highly active antiretroviral therapy:
implication in salvage therapy. AIDS 15 (9): 11831184, 2001
44. H. Fujie, K. Moriya, Y. Shintani, T. Tsutsumi, T.
Takayama, M. Makuuchi, S. Kimura and K. Koike;
Frequent β-catenin aberration in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology Research 20: 39-51,
2001
45. K. Moriya, K. Nakagawa, T. Santa, Y. Shintani, H.
Fujie, H. Miyoshi, T. Tsutsumi, T. Miyazawa, K.
Ishibashi, T. Horie, K. Imai. T. Todoroki, S. Kimura
and K. Koike; Oxidative stress in the absence of
inflammation in a mouse model for hepatitis C virusassociated hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 61:
4365-4370, 2001
46. Y. Yamaguchi, S. Fukuhara, T. Nagase, T. Tomita, S.
Hitomi, S. Kimura, H. Kurihara and Y. Ouchi; A
novel mouse β-defensin, mBD-6, predominantly
expressed in skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (34):31510-31514, 2001
47. A. Yoshida, S. Hitomi, T. Fukui, H. Endo, Y.
Morisawa, Y. Kazuyama, K. Osumi, S. Oka and S.
Kimura; Diagnosis and monitoring of humancytomegalovirus diseases in patients with humanimmunodeficiency virus infection by use of a realtime PCR assay. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33: 17561761, 2001
48. M. Tanaka, C. Yasuoka, I. Genka, N. Tachikawa, Y.
Kikuchi, K. Teruya, A. Yasuoka, Y. Hirabayashi, S.
Kimura and S. Oka; Sustained cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ T cell response associated with prevention of recurrence of cytomegalovirus retinitis without secondary prophylaxis after highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. AIDS Res.
Human Retroviruses 17 (18): 1749-1756, 2001

49. S. Ida, N. Tachikawa, A. Nakajima, M. Daikoku, M.
Yano, Y. Kikuchi, A. Yasuoka, S. Kimura and S. Oka;
Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
infection on acute hepatitis A virus infection. Clinical
Infectious Diseases 34, 379-85, 2002
50. K. Koike, K. Moriya and S. Kimura; Role of hepatitis
C virus in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: Transgenic approach to viral hepatocarcinogenesis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17: 394-400, 2002

75

Department of
Immunology
Outline and Research Objectives
Research projects, currently being conducted in our Department, have stemmed fromthe original identification of two cytokine genes between the late 1970s and early 1980s,
namely, the genes encoding human fibroblast interferon (renamed thereafter as IFN-β) andinterleukin-2 (IL-2), and their molecular characterization. In fact, the molecular distinction
and consolidation of an enormous number of cytokine molecules, which are usually produced simultaneously at low levels in many cell types, have made it possible to study eachcytokine as a single molecule and to elucidate their intracellular signaling mechanisms aswell as their gene regulation mechanisms.
Given the fact that these cytokines are intimately involved in the regulation of immunityand oncogenesis, the above initial studies have led us to further extend the characterizationof these cytokine systems in the context of the regulation of immune responses and oncogenesis. More recently, we have also initiated a project linking the immune system andbone remodeling in the context of cytokine signaling cross talk. Thus, our current research
objectives are aimed at clarifying the following.
1. The mechanisms of signaling and transcription networks operating in the IFN-α/β system in innate immune responses.
2. The function and regulation of the transcription factor family, i.e., the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), in innate and adaptive immune responses.
3. The mechanisms of regulation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), typically dendrite cells(DCs), by IFNs and other cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs).
4. The regulation of ontogenesis by IFN-α/β and the tumor suppressor p53, particularly
their mutual cooperation and function on target genes.
5. The regulation of bone remodeling by RANKL of the TNF family member and its signaling cross talks with IFNs and other cytokines.
The above projects are being conducted in a coordinated manner with much emphasis
on interaction with researchers and students inside and outside of the Department, and collaborations, including international ones, are highly encouraged. The important objectives of our Department include the fostering of independent scientists with international
experience, and search for new concepts critical for future developments in immunology
and cancer biology.

Faculties and Students
Professor and Chair Tadatsugu Taniguchi, Ph.D. (1995~)
Lecturer
Akinori Takaoka, M.D., Ph.D. (2000~)
Associate .................................2
Postdoctoral Fellow ................4
Graduate student ..................12
Research student.....................1
Technical Assistant ................2
Secretary .................................2

Past Research and Major Accomplishments
T. Taniguchi, Professor and Chairman of thisDepartment, obtained his Ph. D. at the University of
Zurich in 1978 (Title of doctoral dissertation: RNARNA interactions in the process of 70S initiation com-76

plex formation between E. coli ribosomes and bacteriophage Qb RNA), and returned to work at The
Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer
Research in Tokyo, wherein the molecular characterization of soluble mediators of the immune response,
now collectively termed cytokines, was initiated. In
fact, we initially identified and characterized thegenes encoding IFN-β and IL-2, and established the
production of cytokines by recombinant DNA technology (Refs 1-6). The subsequent characterizationsof the promoters of these genes, performed at theinstitute, were further extended after we moved to
the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology ofOsaka University, and we identified distinct regulatory cis-elements within the promoter of IFN-β gene,which function as a virus-inducible enhancer (Refs. 7,
12). The work on the IFN-β enhancer led us to thediscovery of a novel family of transcription factors,
the IRF family, which now has nine members (Refs.
15, 18, 48). In fact, IFN-α/β genes as well as a number of IFN-inducible genes were shown to be involved
in regulating cell proliferation and to be potential critical target genes of IRFs. We also identified the regulatory sequences of the IL-2 gene, which have since
been extensively studied in the context of T cell activation and anergy by many other groups (Ref. 9). We
also continued working on the mechanisms of IL-2
signaling by characterizing and analyzing the structure and function of the IL-2 receptor complex. The
achievements, made during and after transition to thecurrent Department, are briefly summarized below oneach project.
(1) Gene regulation in IFN-α/β system; Operationof “revving up” mechanism for robust antiviral
responses.
The work on the IFN-β enhancer led us to discover
the IRF family of transcription factors. A number of
IFN-inducible genes were shown to be involved inregulating cell proliferation and to be potential criticaltarget genes of IRFs (Ref. 48). In fact, to evaluate thediverse biological effect of IRFs in vivo, we initiallyestablished the mice deficient in IRF-1 or IRF-2 genein collaboration with T. Mak and his colleagues,
University of Toronto (Ref. 29). We first found thatIRF-1 is a critical regulator for the antiviral response
by IFNs, but that it is not essential for virus-induced
IFN-α/β gene expression (Refs. 29, 31). More recently, we and others have focused on other two related
IRF members, IRF-3 and IRF-7. These two factors
reside in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells and undergo translocation to the nucleus after viral infection.
We adduced experimental evidence that these two
IRFs indeed activate the IFN promoters, and the exact
role of these factors became clear when we generated
mice deficient in these genes (Refs. 45, 48, 49). It was
found that cells have an acquired auto-amplification
mechanism for efficient IFN-α/β gene expression.
Briefly, viral infections first result in the phosphorylation of the constitutively expressed IRF-3, and thephosphorylated IRF-3 primarily activates the IFN-β
promoter. Once IFN-β is produced, it signals the cellto activate ISGF3, a heterotrimer complex consistingof STAT1, STAT2 and IRF-9; ISGF3 in turn induces
IRF-7 gene expression. The de novo produced IRF-7
then undergoes virus-induced phosphorylation, similar to IRF-3, and activates the IFN-α/β promoters.
Thus, massive IFN-α/β production can be achieved
through the positive-feedback loop (Refs. 48, 49).
We also found that the constitutive, IRF-3/IRF-7independent production of IFN-α/β in uninfected cells
is critical for setting the IRF-7 expression levels that
determine whether or not the above-mentioned posi-

tive-feedback mechanism will operate effectively upon
viral infection. We discussed the significance of spontaneous IFN-α/β gene expression, in the context ofwhat we proposed as the “revving up” model. In fact,a weak IFN-α/β signaling also provides a foundation
for cells to respond efficiently to other cytokines,
such as IFN-γ and IL-6 (Ref. 49). In the “revving up”
by the IFN-α/β signal, signaling molecules remain
constantly activated, albeit weakly, and the expression level of target genes such as IRF-7 (and probably
many others) is maintained, thereby providing a foundation for more efficient signaling, either in that pathway or in different pathways. Thus, the consumptionof cellular resources is not futile but a regulated“trade-off” to provide the cell with a greater dynamic
range (signal-to-noise) in its response to stimuli (Ref.
49). It is likely that mechanisms similar to what we
found in the context of the “revving up” model may
be operational in other immune responses, since theimmune system generally requires such mechanisms
so as to render the operation against invading
pathogens effective.
(2) Function of IRF-1 and IRF-2: Regulation of
immunity and oncogenesis.
In continuation of our analysis of the IRF-1-deficient mice, we found that IRF-1 is absolutely required
for Th1 type of CD4+ T cell responses and NK cell differentiation. In fact, IRF-1 is essential for the induction of IL-12 and inducible nitric oxide synthase,
which are critical for the induction and effector phaseof Th1 response, respectively, and it is also essential
for IL-15 gene expression in stroma cells to induce NK
cell development (Refs. 37, 38, 48). In addition, IRF-1
is found to be a tumor susceptibility gene. IRF-1 isrequired in the induction of apoptosis of oncogeneexpressing fibroblasts and DNA-damaged, proliferating mature T cells (Refs. 35, 36, 42). In DNA-damaged fibroblasts, IRF-1 cooperates with p53 to induce
cell cycle arrest by activating the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene. We
have shown that the loss of IRF-1 alleles per se has noeffect on spontaneous tumor development in themouse, but that it dramatically exacerbates previous
tumor predispositions caused by the c-Ha-ras transgene or nullizygosity for p53. In addition, notable
alterations in the tumor spectrum of IRF-1, p53 double-deficient mice indicated that IRF-1 is not hypostatic to p53. We also adduced evidence that the loss-offunction mutation in the IRF-1 gene may be involvedin cancer development in humans (Ref. 42, 48). In
continuation of this project, we attempted to isolate
genes functioning downstream of IRF-1/p53, andidentified a novel gene, Noxa . The Noxa geneencodes a BH3-only protein of the Bcl-2 family, and its
expression is actually dependent on p53; it also
induces apoptosis when it is overexpressed (Ref. 43).

77

Although IRF-2 was originally identified as a negative regulator of IRF-1, it has a unique function in negatively regulating IFN-α/β signaling. IRF-2 is a very
stable nuclear factor that attenuates transcription by
the IFN-activated ISGF3. Interestingly, IRF-2-deficient
mice spontaneously develop an inflammatory skindisease, resembling psoriasis. CD8+ T cells appear to
be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition, andCD8+ T cells from these mice are hyper-responsive toantigen stimulation in vitro, which is accompanied bya markedly upregulated expression of genes induced
by IFN-α/β (Refs.46, 48). Thus, IRF-2 is necessary forbalancing the beneficial and harmful effects of the
spontaneous IFN-α/β signaling, as described above.
(3) Characterization and functional studies on the
IL-2 receptor complex.
The use of recombinant IL-2 made it possible tostudy this “T cell growth factor” in the context of regulation of intracellular signaling mechanisms. T.
Waldmann and colleagues first discovered the IL-2
receptor, as an IL-2Rα chain, and it turned out thatthe functional receptor consists of subunits (Refs. 28,
34). We then isolated the second chain, IL-2Rβ chain,and showed for the first time that this cytokine receptor, lacking any catalytic domains, can transmit thesignals to the cell interior by recruiting non-receptor
tyrosine kinases (Refs. 8, 10, 17, 19, 34). In addition,
it was also shown that multiple signaling molecules
are recruited to the receptor, which play distinct functions. It is now known that IL-2R consists of IL-2Rα,β (termed cβ) and γ (termed cγ) chains.
We also took an in vivo approach to study the distinct domains of the IL-2Rβ cytoplasmic region byintroducing each mutant cDNA that lacked one ofthese domains into IL-2Rβ-deficient mice. We showedthat the lack of the membrane-distal H-region, whichmediates activation of STAT5/STAT3 transcription
factors, selectively affects the development of naturalkiller (NK) cells and T cells bearing γδ T cell receptors.
In contrast, the A-region, which is located next to the
H-region and mediates the activation of Src-family
protein tyrosine kinases, contributes to the downregulation of the T cell proliferation function. The IL2Rβc null mutant mice develop severe autoimmune
symptoms, but these are all suppressed following theexpression of either of the mutant cDNAs (Ref. 40).
(4) Osteoimmunology: Signaling cross talks
between IFNs and RANKL in bone remodeling.
The regulation of osteoclast differentiation is an
aspect central to the understanding of the pathogenesis and the treatment of bone diseases such as
autoimmune arthritis and osteoporosis. In fact,
excessive signaling by RANKL, a TNF family member
essential for osteoclastogenesis, may contribute to78

such pathological conditions. We found unique signaling cross talks between RANKL and IFNs. We provided evidence that activated T cells maintain bonehomeostasis by counterbalancing the action of
RANKL through IFN-γ production. IFN-γ induces the
rapid degradation of the RANK adapter protein,
TRAF6, resulting in the strong inhibition of theRANKL-induced activation of NF-κB and JNK (Ref.
47). This work was introduced as a new area of
research called osteoimmunology [Arron, J. R. et al.
Nature, 408, 535, 2000]. More recently, we also foundthat RANKL induces the IFN-β gene, but not IFN-α
genes, in osteoclast precursor cells, and that IFN-β
strongly inhibits osteoclast differentiation by interfering with the RANKL-induced c-Fos expression (Ref.
50). The series of in vivo experiments revealed thatthese two IFN-mediated regulatory mechanisms, distinct with one another, are both important to keepbalancing the homeostatic bone resorption.
Collectively, these studies revealed novel aspects ofthe two types of IFNs, beyond their original roles in
immune response, and may offer a molecular basis forthe treatment of bone diseases.

Current Research
As described above, we have gained new insight
into the mechanisms of signaling and transcription
networks operating in the IFN-α/β system in immune
responses. The current research projects in our laboratory are summarized as follows:
1. Function and regulation of IRFs.
Still elusive is the mechanism(s) by which IRF-3
and IRF-7 are activated by viruses. We have been trying to identify a virus-activated kinase(s), which is
responsible for this activation by taking a proteomics
approach. We have identified several molecules thatare associated with IRF-3, and these molecules are
currently subjected to functional analyses to determine their involvement in IRF-3 regulation. We havegenerated IRF-7-deficent mice and are now confirming
the role of IRF-7 in IFN-α/β gene induction in distinct
cell populations, particularly, in bone marrow-derived
cells, such as DCs. Our preliminary data indicate thatgerminal center formation is impaired in the mutant
mice, and we are going to analyze the underlying
mechanisms. The generation of IRF-3/IRF-7 double
deficient mice is also under way. As for IRF-1, we
have been working on the role of IRF-1 in CD4+ T celldifferentiation, particularly the identification of the
IRF-1 target genes.
2. Mechanisms of regulation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), typically dendritic cells (DCs).
We found that the IFN-α/β system is criticallyinvolved in DC maturation, which is induced by TLRs.
We are currently studying the mechanism by which
TLR expression is regulated by the IFN-α/β system.
We are also working on the differentiation and maturation of DCs, which are found to be abnormal in IRF2-deficient mice.
3. Regulation of oncogenesis by IFN-α/β and thetumor suppressor p53.
A critical function of p53 in tumor suppression is
the induction of apoptosis in cells exposed to noxious
stresses, such as DNA damage. We have previously
shown that Noxa belongs to the BH3-only subfamilyof the Bcl-2 family proteins and that Noxa overexpression causes apoptosis of some cells. More recently,
we generated mice deficient in the Noxa gene or inboth Noxa and Bax genes. In addition, we are continuously studying on the cooperation between IFN signaling and p53 pathways in relation to oncogenesis
using mutant mice that are defective in some of thesepathways.
4. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation.
During the differentiation process of hematopoietic stem cells to osteoclasts with bone-resorbing activity, transcription factors such as PU.1, c-Fos, NF-κB,
and MITF play a critical and specific role. To date,however, little is known about how RANKL, but notother cytokines that activate similar pathways, specifically induces the terminal differentiation of osteoclasts through a specific transcriptional program.
Previous observations suggest that RANKL signaling
activates an as yet unknown pathway(s) that specifically invokes the transcriptional program leading thecells to undergo terminal differentiation. To gain
insight into the mechanism of the RANKL-specificinduction of the osteoclast differentiation program,
we took a genome-wide screening approach to identify genes specifically induced by RANKL, but not by
IL-1, and came up with the NFATc1 transcription factor. We are currently analyzing the complex signaling
and transcription networks in the RANKL-cFos/TRAF6-NFATc1 pathways to gain more insight
into the differentiation programs.

Future Prospects
From the inception of the molecular analyses of
the cytokine systems in the late 1970s, research projects in our laboratory have progressed and differentiated in many ways. This was natural and importantfor our laboratory, particularly in fostering the nextgeneration scientists who are independent and haveinternational experience. In fact, more than ten former colleagues have been promoted to full professor
in renowned universities. The discovery and func-

tional analyses of the IRF family of transcription factors provided new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the efficient induction of IFN-α/β
genes, as well as the regulation of immune responses
and oncogenesis. As for future prospects, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms of activation ofthese transcription factors in virus-infected cells.
Considering the increasing interest in the IFN-α/βsystem induction by nonviral pathogens in antigen
presenting cells, it will also be important to elucidate
the role of IFNs and IRFs in linking the innate andadaptive immune systems. We are beginning to see a
new link between IFN systems and p53, and this will
hopefully reveal a new and interesting area of
research in cancer biology. We also continue elucidating the RANKL-mediated mechanisms of bone remodeling. We hope that our studies will provide novel
therapeutic strategies for controlling infectious andneoplastic diseases, as well as bone diseases. In fact,
it is also our long-term goal to gain insight into themechanisms of autoimmunity and tumor immunity,
so as to provide a means for the treatment of these
diseases.

Research Grants
1. A grant for Advanced Research on Cancer from the
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, andTechnology of Japan (1998-to date)
2. The research for the Future Program (96L0037) fromJapan Society for the Promotion of Sciences (19951999).
3. Human Frontier Science Program (1996-1998); In collaboration with Drs. D. Littman (USA), B. Malissen
and O. Acuto (France)

Selected Papers (50)
1. Taniguchi, T., Sakai, M., Fujii-Kuriyama, Y.,
Muramatsu, M., Kobayashi, S.and Sudo,T. ;Construction and identification of a bacterial plasmid
containing the human fibroblast interferon genesequence. Proc. Jpn. Acad., 55B, 464-469, 1979.
2. Taniguchi, T., Ohno, S., Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. and
Muramatsu, M. ; The nucleotide sequence of humanfibloblast interferon cDNA. Gene, 10, 11-15, 1980.
3. Taniguchi, T., Mantei, N., Schwarzstain, M., Nagata,
S., Muramatsu, M. and Weissmann, C. ; Humanleukocyte and fibroblast interferons are structurally
related. Nature, 285, 547-549, 1980.
4. Ohno, S. and Taniguchi, T. ; Structure of a chromosomal gene for human interferon-β. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 78, 5305-5309, 1981.
5. Taniguchi, T., Matsui, H., Fujita, T., Takaoka, C.,
Kashima, N., Yoshimoto, R. and Hamuro, J. ;Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for
human interleukin-2. Nature, 302, 305-310, 1983.

79

6. Kashima, N., Nishi-Takaoka, C., Fujita, T., Taki, S.,
Yamada, G., Hamuro, J. and Taniguchi,T. ; Uniquestructure of murine interleukin-2 as deduced fromcloned cDNAs. Nature, 313, 402-404, 1985.
7. Fujita, T., Ohno, S., Yasumitsu, H. and Taniguchi, T. ;Delimitation and properties of DNA sequences
required for the regulated expression of human interferon-β gene. Cell, 41, 489-496, 1985.
8. Hatakeyama, M., Minamoto, S., Uchiyama, T., Hardy,
R. R., Yamada, G. and Taniguchi, T. ; Reconstitutionof functional receptor for human interleukin-2 inmouse cells. Nature, 318, 467-470, 1985.
9. Fujita, T., Shibuya, H., Ohashi, T. Yamanishi, K. andTaniguchi, T. ; Regulation of human interleukin-2
gene. : Functional DNA sequences in the 5’ flanking
region for the gene expression in activated T lymphocytes. Cell, 46, 401-407, 1986.
10. Taniguchi, T., Fujita ,T., Hatakeyama, M., Mori, H.,
Matsui, H., Sato, T., Hamuro, J., Minamoto, S.,
Yamada, G. and Shibuya, H. ; Interleukin-2 and its
receptor: Structure and functional expression of thegenes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp., LI, 577-586, 1986.
11. Maruyama, M., Shibuya, H., Harada, H.,
Hatakeyama, M., Seiki, M., Fujita, T., Inoue, J-I.,
Yoshida, M. and Taniguchi, T. ; Evidence for aberrant activation of the interleukin-2 autocrine loop by
HTLV-1-encoded p40x and T3/Ti complex triggering.
Cell, 48, 343-350, 1987.
12. Fujita, T., Shibuya, H., Hotta, H., Yamanishi, K. andTaniguchi, T. ; Interferon-β gene regulation:
Tandemly repeated sequences of a synthetic 6bp
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16. Fujita, T., Kimura, Y., Miyamoto, M., Barsoumian, E.
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17. Hatakeyama, M., Tsudo,M., Minamoto, S., Kono, T.,
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three receptor forms by cloned human αandβchain
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18. Harada, H., Fujita, T., Miyamoto, M., Kimura, Y.,
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T. ; Structurally similar but functionally distinct factors, IRF-1 and IRF-2, bind to the same regulatory

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elements of IFN and IFN-inducible genes. Cell, 58,
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19. Hatakeyama, M., Mori, H., Doi, T. and Taniguchi, T.
; A restricted cytoplasmic region of IL-2 receptorβ
chain is essential for growth signal transduction but
not for ligand binding and internalization. Cell, 59,
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20. Taniguchi, T., Hatakeyama, M., Minamoto, S., Kono,T., Doi, T., Tsudo, M., Miyasaka, M. and Miyata, T. ;Interleukin-2 receptorβchain: Molecular cloning andfunctional expression of the human cDNA. Cold
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22. Hatakeyama, M., Kono, T., Kobayashi, N., Kawahara,A., Levin, S. D., Perlmutter, R. M., and Taniguchi, T.
; Interaction of the IL-2 receptor with the src-family
kinase p56lck: Identification of novel intermolecularassociation. Science, 252, 1523-1528, 1991.
23. Shibuya, H., Yoneyama, M., Ninomiya-Tsuji, J.,
Matsumoto, K., and Taniguchi, T. ; IL-2 and EGF
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24. Minami, Y., Kono, T., Yamada, K., Kobayashi, N.,
Kawahara, A., Perlmutter, R. M., and Taniguchi, T. ;Association of p56lck with IL-2 receptor β chain is
critical for the IL-2 induced activation of p56lck.
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25. Harada H., Kitagawa, M., Tanaka,N., Yamamoto, H.,
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26. Willman, C. L., Sever C. E., Pallavicini, M. G., Harada,
H., Tanaka, N., Slovak, M. L., Yamamoto, H.,
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T. ; Deletion of IRF 1 , mapping to chromosome
5q31.1, in human leukemia and preleukemic
myelodysplasia. Science, 259, 968-971, 1993.
27. Minami, Y., Kono, T., Miyazaki, T., and Taniguchi, T.
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28. Taniguchi, T., and Minami, Y. ; The IL-2/IL-2 receptor system: A current overview. Cell, 73, 5-8, 1993.
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Ohashi, P. S., Paige, J. C., Taniguchi, T. and Mak, T.
W.; Targeted disruption of IRF-1 or IRF-2 results inabnormal type I IFN gene induction and aberrant
lymphocyte development. Cell, 75, 83-97, 1993.
30. Tanaka, N., Ishihara, M., Kitagawa, M., Harada, H.,
Kimura, T., Matsuyama, T.,Lamphier, M. S., Aizawa,S., Mak, T. W. and Taniguchi, T.; Cellular commit-

ment to oncogene-induced transformation or apoptosis is dependent on the transcription factor IRF 1.
Cell, 77, 829-839, 1994.
31. Kimura, T., Nakayama, K., Penninger, J., Kitagawa,
M., Harada, H., Matsuyama, T., Tanaka, N., Kamijo,
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antiviral responses to interferons. Science, 264, 19211924, 1994.
32. Miyazaki, T., Kawahara, A., Fujii, H., Nakagawa, Y.,
Minami, Y., Liu, Z-J., Oishi, I., Silvennoinen, O.,
Witthuhn, B.A., Ihle, J.N., and Taniguchi, T.;
Functional activation of Jak 1 and Jak3 by selective
association with IL-2 receptor subunits. Science, 266,
1045-1047, 1994.
33. Minami, Y., Nakagawa, Y., Kawahara, A., Miyazaki,T., Sada, K., Yamamura, H. and Taniguchi, T. ;Protein tyrosine kinase Syk is associated with andactivated by the IL-2 receptor, possible link with thec-myc induction pathway. Immunity , 2, 89-100,
1995.
34. Taniguchi, T. ; Cytokine signaling through nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases. Science, 268, 251-255,
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35. Tamura, T., Ishihara, M., Lamphire, M.S., Tanaka,N., Oishi, I., Aizawa, S., Matsuyama, T., Mak, T. W.,
Taki, S. and Taniguchi, T. ; An IRF-1-dependent
pathway of DNA damage-induced apoptosis in mitogen-activated T lymphosytes. Nature, 376, 596-599,
1995.
36. Tanaka, N., Ishihara, M., Lamphier, M., Nozawa, H.,
Matsuyama, T., Mak, T.W., Aizawa, S., Tokino, T.,
Oren, M. and Taniguchi, T. ; Cooperation of thetumor suppressors IRF-1 and p53 in response to
DNA damage. Nature, 382, 816-818, 1996.
37. Taki, S., Sato, T., Ogasawara, K., Fukuda, T., Sato,
M., Hida, S., Suzuki, G.,Mitsuyama, M., Shin, E.-H.,
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regulation of Th1-type immune responses by thetranscription factor IRF-1. Immunity, 6, 673-679,
1997.
38. Ogasawara, K., Hida, S., Azimi, N., Tagaya, Y., Sato,T., Yokochi-Fukuda, T.,Waldmann, T.A., Taniguchi,
T. and Taki, S. ; Requirement of IRF-1 for the
microenvironment supporting natural killer cell
development. Nature, 391, 700-703, 1998.
39. Miyazaki, T., Takaoka, A., Noguerira, L., Dikic, I.,
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40. Fujii, H., Ogasawara, K., Otsuka, H., Suzuki, M,
Yamamura, K., Yokochi, T, Miyazaki, T., Suzuki, H.,
Mak, T. W., Taki, S. and Taniguchi, T.; Functional
dissection of the cytoplasmic subregions of the IL-2
receptor βc chain in primary lymphocyte populations. EMBO J., 17, 6551-6557, 1998.
41. Takaoka, A., Tanaka, N., Mitani, Y., Miyazaki, T.,
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Schlessinger, J. and Taniguchi, T.; Protein tyrosine

kinase Pyk2 mediates the Jak-dependent activationof MAPK and Stat1 in the IFN-γ, but not IFN-α,signaling. EMBO. J., 18, 2480-2488, 1999.
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S., Yokochi, T., Ogasawara, K., Nakatsuru, Y.,
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Ishikawa, T., Katsuki, M., Muto, T., Taniguchi, T.,
and Tanaka, N.; Loss of transcription factor IRF-1
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43. Oda, E., Ohki, R., Murasawa, H., Nemoto, J., Shibue,T., Yamashita,T., Tokino, T., Taniguchi, T. andTanaka, N.; Noxa, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2
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44. Takaoka, A., Mitani, Y., Suemori, H., Sato, S.,
Yokochi, T., Noguchi, S., Tanaka, N., and Taniguchi,T.; Crosstalk between interferon-γand-α/βsignaling components at caveolar membrane domain.
Science, 288, 2357-2360, 2000.
45. Sato, M., Suemori, H., Hata, N., Asagiri, M.,
Ogasawara, K., Nakao, K., Nakaya, T., Katsuki, M.,
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and essential roles of transcription factors IRF-3 andIRF-7 in response to viruses for IFN-α/βgene induction. Immunity, 13, 539-548, 2000.
46. Hida, S., Ogasawara, K., Sato, K., Abe, M.,
Takayanagi, H., Yokochi, T., Sato, T., Hirose, S.,
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47.Takayanagi, H., Ogasawara, K., Hida, S., Chiba, T.,
Murata, S., Sato, K., Takaoka, A., Yokochi, T., Oda,
H., Tanaka, K., Nakamura, k. and Taniguchi, T.; Tcell-mediated regulation of osteoclastogenesis by signalling cross-talk between RANKL and IFN-γ.
Nature, 408, 600-605, 2000.
48. Taniguchi, T., Ogasawara, K., Takaoka, A, andTanaka, N.; IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 19,
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50. Takayanagi, H., Kim, S., Matsuo, K., Suzuki, H.,
Suzuki, T., Sato, K., Yokochi, T., Oda, H., Nakamura,K., Ida, N., Wagner, E. F., and Taniguchi, T.; RANKL
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2002.

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