The 19th Korea -Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Vision

Estimation of Subjective Age Based on the Facial
Images of Others:
Experimental Verification of a Younger Identity Caused by the Effect of Delusions of the
Accumulated Memory of a Known Face
Masato Konishi
Kenji Katahira
Kensuke Tobitani
Yasuhiro Azuma
Noriko Nagata

Takashi X. Fujisawa

Graduate School of Science and Technology
Kwansei Gakuin University
Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japankonishi -m@kwansei.ac.jp

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
Nagasaki University
Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japanfujisawa@nagasaki-u.ac.jp

Abstract-This study assesses how people interpret humanages based on images of faces. We assigned the age of the people
imagining how old they are as the "subjective age" and proposed
an experiment to identify its mechanism. The participants in theexperiment were presented with the facial images of other people
and asked to estimate the ages of those in the images as either
younger or older than their own ages. Then, we calculated thedifference between the subjective ages given by participants thatmatched their own ages and the actual ages of the people in theimages. Results showed that subjective age was generally
underestimated by Japanese, Korean, and American groups. The
results also suggest that the factors of a younger identity include
1) the effect of delusions of the accumulated memory of selfimage, and 2) sociopsychological parameters. To examine theeffect of delusions of the accumulated memory of faces, we
conducted the experiments of relative age comparison between
well-known others' faces (own brothers/sisters) and unknown
others' faces. The results confirmed that people tended tounderestimate the ages of well-known others' faces comparedwith unknown faces. These results are consistent with our
hypothesis that a younger identity is influenced by the effect ofdelusions of the accumulated memory of known faces.

underestimation of one's own age image than actual age. We
conducted this research using three distinct and homogeneousgroups: (1) Japanese, (2) Americans, and (3) Koreans [1]-[4],and indicated the possibility that there is a prevailing tendency
toward indicating a younger identity regardless of race or
nationality, and that a younger identity is related to thememory of facial images from the past.

Keywords-Facial
Regression Analysiss

images,I.

Subjectiveage,

In this study, to examine one's own memory of past facial
images (we call it the effect of delusions of the accumulated
memory), we propose a new method for age comparison
between well-known others and unknown others. Using thememory of past brothers or sisters faces, notwithstanding thememory of one's own face, it was possible to verify that,indeed, the attribution of a younger identity arises from theeffect of delusions of the accumulated memory.
II.

Non-linear

INTRODUCTION

When individuals engage in communication, they tend to
make judgments about the attributes (e.g., age, gender, etc.) of
those with whom they communicate based on their appearance
or voice. Age is one of the most important factors in forming
attitudes during social interactions; we use this to establish theappropriate attitude and language to adopt. However, we often
overestimate the age of people with whom we arecommunicating. We then tend to feel surprised when we learn
their actual age.

One of the most significant results to emerge from thesestudies is "subjective age bias," where individuals tended tooverestimate the ages of the facial images of others. Although
the tendency to perceive another person's face as older wasoften pointed out in various areas, it was not an intended topic
of the research [7]-[9].
We focused on the tendency of claiming younger identityand assumed that the perception that participants viewed otherpeople as older than their actual ages was because of the

We assumed that this tendency of overestimating age ofothers' faces was not caused by an erroneous estimate of theother person's age, but caused, instead, by the mistaken

978-1 -4673 -5621 -3/13/$31.00 02013 IEEEPREVIOUS WORKS

Numerous studies explored age estimation using faces [5][13]. In particular, much of the research focused on automaticage estimation by computer [5]-[14]. The applications of thistechnology have recently been extended to a variety of fields
including biometrics, security, and digital consumer
electronics. However, because of the particularity andcomplexity of faces, various technical issues with automaticage estimation remain that relate to sociology and psychology
as well as the biological or anthropometric perspective [15]
[16].

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The 19th Korea -Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Vision

perception that participants felt themselves younger than theiractual ages. In our previous study, we processed data obtained
from relative age estimation, such as the classification of otherpeople by participants as older or younger than themselves,using nonlinear regression analysis and then calculated thesubjective age of each participant.

The scale used to determine the bias values of thesubjective ages in Figure 2 is entirely different from that used
traditionally; that is, the subjective ages of young people were
lowest, and males tended to underestimate their own ages to agreater extent than did females.
The template is used to format your paper and style thetext. The subjective ages were obtained by estimating theactual ages of other people whom the participants considered
to be of the same age by rating whether they perceived thesubjects as older or younger. These subjective ages were
described as "relative imaginary ages." Moreover, we foundthat the subjective ages remained the same regardless ofstimulus expression, gender, or age group. Using the results
stated above, we were able to narrow down the factors
responsible for the underestimation of one's own age to thefollowing two factors from the original four factors [4].

Thus, we could apply the bias value of the subjective ageof each participant to ANOVA and observe the relationshipbetween the subjective age and the profile (gender and age
group). The ANOVA analysis revealed that Japanese andAmericans tended to perceive themselves as younger (i.e.,
perceive other people as older), as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Moreover, when we considered age perception on the basis ofprofile differences, Japanese males tended to underestimate
their ages to a greater extent than did Japanese females. The
tendency to underestimate age was strongest in the age group25-34. The older the participants were, the closer the
subjective ages were to the real ages.

Accumulated memories from one's own past(younger) facial images may have a deluding effect, andpeople may not remember the most recent image ofthemselves. In face-to-face communication, other people's
images are always current, but our own facial image needs tobe remembered.
As Barak and Stern made clear, there seems to be alink between age and socio-psychological parameters; forexample, confidence and social rank of an individual are
related to other people's perceptions of their age.
To clarify the effect of delusions of the accumulated
memory, we proposed a new method for age comparison
between well-known others and unknown others. While our
final goal was to separate and extract the bias caused by thememory of our own faces from estimating the age of others,
this is quite difficult. Thus, in spite of the possible effect of thememory of one's own face, we used the memory of past
brothers and sisters. Here, comparing between unknown others'
faces and well-known brothers/sisters faces, we verified
whether younger identity arose as a result of the effect ofdelusions of the accumulated memory.

Fig. 1. Bias values of subjective age (Japanese and American).

III.

AGE COMPARISON EXPERIMENTFor the purpose of experimental verification of a younger
identity caused by the effect of delusions of the accumulated
memory of one's own face, we conducted the following
experiments:
Experiment I: Facial-image-based age comparison
experiment between well-known others (brothers and sisters)
and unknown others.
Experiment II (control): The same age comparison
experiment between unknown others and unknown others.
These experiments followed other important experiments
pertaining to the estimation of subjective age [1]-[4].

Fig. 2. Bias values of subjective age.(age class)

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The 19th Korea -Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Visionevaluation system. We conducted this method for eachcomparison of facial images, and obtained a total of 30
evaluation values per participant.

A. Participants
Experiment I and II were conducted with 19 people ofJapanese descent (9 males and 10 females). Each participant
was between 25 and 54 years old, and had brothers or sisters.
(The absolute value of age difference of participants andbrothers/sisters was 5.3 years, on average.).
B. Stimuli
Stimuli in the experiments were facial images of unknown
others, which were all adults between 20-59 years of age. The
same number of facial images was prepared for each gender.
These facial images were classified in 5-year increments. Eachclassification included at least 15 facial images for each gender.
Figure 3 shows a sample of the facial images used. Then, eachparticipant in the experiment prepared well-known others'(brothers and sisters) facial images. All facial images wereprepared to 300x350 pixels using a digital system, and saved as
full-color images.

Fig. 4. An example of the choice screen of the estimation system

For Experiment II, we selected 5 unknown others' facial
images which were of the same gender and ±2 years' age
difference of the participants' well-known others.

To collect facial images easily, no special conditions forshooting and lighting were set; this policy is consistent with thecollection of facial images in our previous research. In thisstudy, we prepared more than enough facial images tocomplete the experience (i.e., more than 250 images ofJapanese faces, which was 3-4 times the amount needed). We
then chose facial images at random to make the influence byusing various facial images taken under different conditions, ata minimum.

Next, among 30 unknown others' facial images of the sameage as participants' well-known others, we selected 25 facial
images as comparison facial images. Five facial images werealready selected as standard facial images.
One unknown other facial image from 5 standard images
and 25 comparison images were selected at random, then,made 25 pairs of unknown other facial images. Furthermore,from 5 standard facial images, we selected 2 images at random,and made 5 pairs of standard facial images.

Also, to avoid influence from the time and cultures, we
attempted to renew the stock of facial images render suchinfluence minimal. We avoided using facial images taken
several years ago, or that tended to receive biased evaluationfrom participants.

In the PC display, these pairs of facial images were set andshowed side-by-side. Participants were then required toevaluate which facial image looked older or younger using 5
rating criteria. Participants made 30 individual evaluations(25+5). The reason we arranged 5pcs of standard unknown
other facial images was to prevent imbalanced evaluation of
the standard facial images.

Furthermore, the facial images of brothers and sisters wereused as unknown other facial images for other participants tomaintain balance in the number of images used for eachparticipant.

During these two experiments, actual ages were indicated at
the bottom of the well-known others' facial images inExperiment I and the standard unknown facial images ofExperiment II (when comparing an image to the standard facial
images, the subject's actual age was indicated at the bottom of
one of the facial image, which was much closer to the actual
age of the participant's brother or sister). This eliminated thedifference between Experiment I and Experiment II; forexample, the participants knew the actual age of well-known
others in Experiment I, but they did not know the actual age ofstandard facial images.

Fig. 3. Example of facial imagesc. Procedure
Regarding Experiment I, 3 groups of unknown others' facial
images were selected at random as the images of comparison
according to the following classifications: A) same age groupto which participants' well-known others (brothers and sisters)
belonged, B) older age group, and C) younger age groupcompared with the actual age group of well-known others(brothers and sisters). In total, 5 facial images per age
classification group x 3 (age classified groups) x 2 (gender) =30 total facial images selected for comparison.

D. Analysis
Evaluation data consisted of pairs of actual age difference(Experiment I: comparison images - well-known others' facial
images; Experiment II: comparison images - standard images)
and the evaluation value for facial images, which was
calculated from evaluation value rating points, such as"definitely older (2)", "probably older (1)", "unable to estimate(0)", "probably younger (-1)" and "definitely younger (-2)."

The facial images of well-known others and one of an
unknown other were selected at random for comparison andput side-by-side in a computer (PC) display. Then, participants
were asked to evaluate which images looked younger or olderusing 5 ratings. Figure 4 shows the computer display of this69
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The 19th Korea -Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Vision

These were rated based on whether they were well-known
others' facial images or standard facial images.

as an outlier (R2 < 0.1) at first, then, we calculated averagevalue and standard deviation from the rest of the data
(Experiment I : 19 participants, Experiment II: 19 participants).

As was the same in our method for the subjective age
quantification, we plotted these results on a two-dimensional
grid with the x-axis as the difference in actual age and the yaxis as the evaluation value. Then, we applied a non-liner
regression analysis for the distribution of each participant (30evaluation points per participant) using the logistic function.
Figure 4a shows the result.

The reason we applied the logistic function for theapproximate model is that it is possible to directly calculate thesame age that the participants estimated as parameter b). Thisis the definition of the bias value, and it is the zero crossing
point for older and younger estimation. The outlier was
extracted using multiple coefficient of determination.

The logistic function of this study converged at a rating
value of 2 or -2, therefore, we assumed following themathematical formula;y=4

E. Result and Discussion
Table I and Figure 6 show the results of the age
comparison experiments between facial images of well-known
others (brothers/sisters) and facial images of unknown others(Experiment I), and between unknown others' facial images(Experiment II).

2

l+exp(-Q(x-b)(1)
Here, parameter a) is the slope of the curve, and parameterb) is the zero crossing point in the approximation curve withthe x-axis.

STATISTICS ASSOCIATED TO THE EXPERIMENTS I AND II. CM','SD' AND 'N' REPRESENT MEAN OF THE BIAS VALUES OF SUBJECTIVE AGE,
STANDARD DEVIATION AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS, RESPECTIVELY)TABLE I.

By a nonlinear regression analysis, parameter a) and b) are
estimated, then, we defined parameter b) as "the bias value ofthe age comparison" of well-known others facial images orstandard facial images.

Experiment I

Experiment II

M

-3.87

-1.95

SD

(3.39)(2.12)

N

19

19

Fig. 6. The bias values of the age comparison in the experiment I and II

To examine whether the difference between theexperimental methods affected the bias values, a one-way
factor analysis of variance ANOVA, a method of statistical
hypothesis testing to determine the effect of the factor was
performed by using the experimental methods as a factor andthe bias value of age comparison as a dependent variable.
The ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of theexperimental method (F [1, 21] = 6.83, p < .05), which was
the simple effect of the factor on the dependent variable.
This result indicates the tendency toward identifying thefacial images of well-known others as younger, compared to
the facial images of unknown others. That is, it was confirmedthat the accumulated memory of well-known faces pulled theimages of well-known facial images or the images of age
toward the younger direction. The results obtained in thisstudy are consistent with the hypothesis that predicted that theFig. 5. Calculation method of the bias value of the age comparison

Figure 5b depicts the calculation results of the bias valueof the age comparison for 10 participants.
The data with extreme low value of multiple coefficient ofdetermination in the estimated regression curve was removed

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The 19th Korea -Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Vision

only unknown others' facial images were displayed as thestandard stimuli in Experiment III, and only labels of age
indications in Experiment IV (Figures 7a and 7b). Then, theparticipants were required to evaluate whether the comparison
images looked younger or older than the standard stimuli by
five-point scale rating.

accumulated memory of one's own face caused the younger
identity of the subjective age.
On the other hand, in Experiment II, the tendency toward
younger identity itself was also observed in the age
comparison between unknown others' facial images.
According to our hypothesis, it was expected that the effect ofthe delusions caused by the accumulated memory would haveno effects regarding the age comparison between unknown
others' facial images; thus, there would be no tendency toward
younger identity.

D. Results and Discussion
Table II and Figure 8 show the results of the age
comparison experiments in Experiments III and IV. The bias
value observed in Experiment III was close to 0, and there wasa negative bias value in Experiment IV. Given these results, it
is considered that the negative bias value in Experiment IIarose from the influence of the labels of age indications.

This unexpected result suggests the possibility of otherfactors for younger identity; however, the result could becaused by the method of the experiment, in which information
included within experimental stimuli differed between thestandard facial images and the comparison facial images: theformer included age information.
To investigate this possibility, we conducted additional
experiments. The details of these experiments are described in
the next chapter.
IV.

AGE COMPARISON EXPERIMENT 2(ADDITIONAL)

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the factor
that caused the bias value in the age comparison experiment
between unknown others' facial images, as mentioned above.
Based on the method of Experiment II, we conducted thefollowing two experiments, in which the information includedin the standard facial images was manipulated:[Experiment III] Facial-image-based age comparison
experiment between unknown others without labels of age
indications for the standard facial images.
[Experiment IV] An age comparison experiment between
un-known others' facial images and the standard stimuli
consisted of labels of age indications only.

Fig. 7. The standard stimuli used in the experiment III (a) and IV (b)If the bias values in the age comparison between unknown
others were induced by labels of age indications added to thestandard facial images, the bias values were observed only inExperiment IV, but not in Experiment III.

To examine the influence of labels of age indications on
the bias value, a one-way factor ANOVA was performed byusing the experimental methods, including Experiment II as afactor and the bias value of age comparison as a dependent
variable. The ANOVA revealed a significant difference
between the Experiments II and III, and between Experiments
III and IV (all p < .01). This finding suggests that the bias
value observed in Experiment II was caused by labels of age
indications added to the standard facial images.

We would now like to discuss the experiments in detail.
A. Participants
Experiments III and IV were conducted with 12 (3 maleand 9 female) and 13 (3 male and 1 female) participants,
respectively, all of whom were Japanese. All of theparticipants were between 25 and 54 years old.

°

The reason why labels of age indications affected the bias
values could be explained as follows: When labels of age
indications were presented, participants might imagine people
whose ages were close to the labels of age indications, andthey utilized those imagined people as the standard for age
comparison. Because these images consisted of accumulated
memories pertaining to acquaintances, a tendency toward ayounger identity arose. Then, the comparison images wererated relatively older than the standard stimuli.

B. Stimuli
The stimuli used in the experiments were facial images
identical to those used in Experiments I and II.

c. Procedure
The selection procedure of facial images was the same as inExperiment II, and the only difference from Experiment II wasin the display methods of the standard stimuli. To examine therelationship between bias value and labels of age indications,

Furthermore, the fact of the bias value in Experiment I
being significantly stronger than in Experiment II would be

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The 19th Korea -Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Visioncaused by the strengthened effect of the delusions caused by
the accumulated memory. Because the well-known others
introduced in Experiment I consisted of the closest family
member the brother/sister of the participant theaccumulated memories about them were established on a very
long time scale. Therefore, the effect of the delusions causedby the accumulated memory for well-known others wasstronger than the effect for imagined people evoked by labelsof age indications.

others' faces, it is appropriate to compare the results between
Experiments I and III. In Experiment I, the younger identity
occurred to a great degree, compared with Experiment III.
Then, it was confirmed that a younger identity-the result of theeffect of delusions caused by the accumulated memory-also
occurred with respect to well-known others.
In the results of Experiments I and II, a significant
difference occurred. It was assumed that if the participants had
long-term memories of their own brothers/ sisters, then suchaccumulated memories caused a strong effect of delusions.

TABLE II.
STATISTICS ASSOCIATED TOTHEEXPERIMENTS III ANDIV.
CM', 'SD' AND'N' REPRESENT MEAN OF THEBIAS VALUES OFSUBJECTIVE AGE,
STANDARD DEVIATION ANDTHENUMBER OFPARTICIPANTS, RESPECTIVELY)
Experiment III

Experiment IV

M

-0.40

-3.15

SD

(2.31)(3.21 )

N

12

13

V.

VI.

CONCLUSIONSIn this study, we conducted experiments on relative age
comparison between the faces of well-known others (ownbrothers/sisters) and the faces of unknown others (ExperimentI); as well, a relative age comparison experiment between thefaces of unknown others (Experiment II) was conducted, andwe discussed the effects of delusions caused by theaccumulated memory of facial images considered as one of thefactors of a younger identity.

GENERAL DISCUSSION

As a consequence, we found a tendency toward identifying
the facial images of well-known others as being younger,
compared to the facial images of unknown others. Similarly,
we found a tendency toward identifying standard facial
images as being younger in a relative age comparison
experiment between unknown others' faces. The results fromadditional experiments (Experiments III and IV) suggested,
however, that the manipulation of age information caused thetendency toward younger identity of standard facial images.
On the whole, the results of this study suggest that thetendency toward younger identity confirmed in the previous
studies on subjective age is also found in the case of facial
images of well-known others. These results are consistent with
our hypothesis that a younger identity is influenced by theeffect of delusions associated with the accumulative memory.

Fig. 8. The bias values of the age comparison in the experiment III andIV

In Experiments I and II, to examine younger identity
associated with well-known others' faces by observing theeffects of delusions caused by the accumulated memory of
faces, we conducted an experiment that involved relative age
comparison. This experiment confirmed that a stronger
tendency toward younger identity occurred in association withwell-known others' faces.

In future works, it would be important to increase thenumber of samples. We could thereby examine the influenceof age-group and gender of participants and of well-known
others' faces. Moreover, it is necessary to examine inparticular the relationship with sociopsychological parameters
pointed out as one of the factors of a younger identity, forexample, as by including participants of other nationalities inthe study.

On the other hand, in the experiment on age comparison
between unknown others' faces, it was confirmed that younger
identity occurred more strongly than we had expected. From
the results of Experiments III and IV, it was assumed thatyounger identity associated with the standard facial images
was incurred due to the influence of the labels of age
indications on facial images.

Finally, we will address the challenge of development of amethod to measure the effects of delusions caused by theaccumulated memory not of well-known other' faces, but of
one's own face.

The reason for this effect was that the facial images basedon the memory produced in the process of looking at labels of
age indication were used for age comparison. However, suchfacial images came from the participant's own previous
memories; thus, an effect of delusion was caused by theaccumulated memory.

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