CONTENTS
1. ENERGY SITUATION ······································································································ 1
1.1 World Energy Situation...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Japan’s Energy Situation.................................................................................................................... 1

2. ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICIES AND LAWS IN JAPAN ······························· 4
2.1 Outline of Energy Conservation Policies .......................................................................................... 4(1) Brief history of energy conservation policies in Japan(2) Promotion of energy conservation measures(3) Promotion of international energy conservation measures
2.2 The Basic Energy Plan ...................................................................................................................... 5(1) Energy security(2) Adaptability to the environment(3) Utilization of market mechanism
2.3 Japan’s Recent National Strategies and Activities ............................................................................ 6
2.4 Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy ..................................................................................... 7(1) Objective(2) Energy defined by the law(3) Basic policies and obligations of energy users(4) Measures for factories etc.
(5) Measures for buildings(6) Measures for equipment(7) Measures for transportation(8) Amendment of the law concerning the rational use of energy
2.5 Standards of Judgment for Factories etc. on Rational Use of Energy ............................................... 19(1) Items related to rational use of energy in factories etc. that are exclusively used for officeor other similar applications(2) Items related to rational use of energy in factories
Table : Standards and Target Values for Operating Equipment in Factories etc................................ 36(1) Air ratios for boilers(2) Waste gas temperatures for boilers(3) Air ratios for industrial furnaces(4) Standard and target rates of waste heat recovery for industrial furnaces (including
waste gas temperatures for reference)(5) Standard values and target values of furnace wall outer surface temperatures (forindustrial furnaces with furnace temperatures of 500℃ and higher)(6) Standard value and target value of power factor(7) Target efficiencies of high efficiency motors(8) Benchmark index and medium- and long- term target level
2.6 Standards of Judgment for Building on Rational Use of Energy....................................................... 43(1) Prevention of heat loss through external walls, windows, etc. of the buildingsi(2) Efficient use of energy by air conditioning equipment(3) Efficient use of energy by mechanical ventilation equipment other than air
conditioning equipment(4) Efficient use of energy by lighting fixtures(5) Efficient use of energy by hot water supply equipment(6) Efficient use of energy by vertical transportation
2.7 Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support ...................................................................... 52(1) Guidelines for efforts(2) The definition of specified projects(3) Approval of projects(4) Assistance measures(5) Specified facilities(6) Enforcement of the law
2.8 Financial Supporting Measures ......................................................................................................... 53(1) Loan program with special interest rate (FY2008)(2) Tax incentives program (FY2008)(3) Subsidy program (FY2008)
2.9 Awarding Programs toward Energy Conservation Efforts................................................................. 56
2.10 Publicity Activities .......................................................................................................................... 57
2.11 Energy Audit Program by ECCJ..................................................................................................... 57(1) Energy audit for factories(2) Energy audit for commercial buildings

3. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS ·······································································58
3.1 Climate Change and Energy Consumption........................................................................................ 58(1) Transition of deviation from normal surface temperature (only at the ground level)(2) Global energy balance (Index incident solar rays = 100)(3) Increase of the carbon dioxide level and changes in fossil energy consumption(4) CO2 emissions by country (2006)(5) Per-capita CO2 emissions (2006)
3.2 International Efforts to Counter Global Warming ............................................................................. 61(1) IPCC: accumulation of scientific knowledge(2) UNFCCC: study of international countermeasures(3) IPCC report on global warming(4) Influences of greenhouse-gases on global warming (1850-1990)(5) History of COPs of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(6) Background and main points of COP14 & COP/MOP4
3.3 Kyoto Protocol Coming into Effect................................................................................................... 64
3.4 G8 Summit......................................................................................................................................... 65(1) Outline of Gleneagles Summit(2) Outline of Hokkaido Toyako Summit(3) Outline of L’Aquila Summit
3.5 Energy Conservation Activities of the Foreign Countries ................................................................. 67ii

3.6 Japan’s Policies to Deal with Global Warming.................................................................................. 69(1) Guideline for measures to prevent global warming(2) Kyoto protocol target achievement plan(3) Reinforcement of energy conservation measures in each sector

4. ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES BY SECTOR ·············································72
4.1 Industrial Sector................................................................................................................................. 72(1) Energy situation for the industrial sector(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the industrial sector(3) Outline of the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment (Target and
Measures of Major Organizations)(4) Overall factory inspection based on the energy conservation law(5) Dissemination and promotion of energy conservation technology(6) Energy conservation by coordination among factories and workplaces(7) Dissemination of high-efficiency industrial furnaces and high-efficiency boilers(8) Dissemination of cogeneration and fuel cells(9) Important check points concerning technical energy conservation measures(10) Challenges in typical energy conservation technology development
4.2 Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... 87(1) Energy situation for equipment(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for equipment - Top Runner Program(3) Dissemination and outreach measures for equipment
4.3 Commercial and Residential Sector .................................................................................................. 95(1) Energy situation for the commercial /residential sector(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the residential sector(3) Energy conservation policies and measures for the commercial sector(4) Promotion of commercial building energy management system (BEMS) (thoroughenergy management utilizing IT)(5) Promotion of ESCO business
4.4 Transportation Sector....................................................................................................................... 104(1) Energy situation for the transportation sector(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the transportation sector

APPENDIX
1. ENERGY DATA ···············································································································108
1.1 World Energy Data .......................................................................................................................... 108(1) Energy resource reserves(2) Primary energy consumption by energy resource(3) Primary energy consumption by region(4) Trend of primary energy consumption(5) Energy supply in major countriesiii

(6) Energy consumption in major countries
1.2 Domestic Energy Data (Outlook) .................................................................................................... 115(1) Demand of energy sources and GDP(2) Outlook of energy consumption and supply
1.3 Domestic Sectoral Energy Data....................................................................................................... 118(1)Industrial sector(2)Residential sector(3)Commercial sector(4)Transportation sector

2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION/ASIA ENERGY CONSERVATIONPROGRAM ...................................................................................................................... 130
2.1 Significance of energy conservation Cooperation .......................................................................... 130(1) Improving energy supply-demand structure in Asia
(2) Solving global environmental problems(3) International contribution(4) Reduction of destabilizing factors in the Asian economy(5) Deepening the business exchange between Japan and Asian countries
2.2 Future course to strengthen cooperation in the energy conservation field....................................... 131(1) Support for establishing the legal/policy system in Asian countries(2) Cooperation in the household, transportation, and electric power sectors(3) Support for the business-based diffusion of Japanese-made energy-saving appliances andfacilities into Asian countries(4) Collaboration with international organizations(5) Collaboration with the government and agencies concerned(6) International development of the benchmark approach using the international framework
2.3 Future efforts.................................................................................................................................... 132(1) Countries to be concentrated(2) Implementation plan

REFERENCE
1. RELATED ORGANIZATIONS ······················································································133
1.1 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
1.2 Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ)
1.3 The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
1.4 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
1.5 The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)

2. ENERGY CALORIES (JAPAN)·····················································································139

iv

1. ENERGY SITUATION
1.1 World Energy Situation
The world energy demand in 2030 is expected to continue to be in an increasing trend. As shown inthe below figure, the energy demands especially in China and other Asian countries excluding China
are expected to largely increase. For further world energy data, refer to the Appendix 1.1.

Increase of world energy demand centering on China and the rest of Asia
20000

2030/2005(Unit: Million ton crude oil equivalent)

18000(17,721) Total

16000

OECD

(14,361)

14000
12000

(11,429)

10000

9%

22%

China

20%

3%

4%

15%

Japan
Asia

(excluding Japan, China and Korea )

5%

12%
4%
5%
5%

5%
6%
5%

Central andSouth America
Middle East
Africa2005(actual figures)

2015(forecast)

2030(forecast)

2.2times

47%
9%

0

3%
5%

1.3times

8%

8000

2000

(excluding Japan)

FormerSoviet Union

39%

44%

4000

1.2times

35%(8,755)6000

1.6times

18%
10%

5%

8%

4%

1990
(actual figures)

4%

15%
5%
11%

4%

1.1times
1.9times

1.7times
2.0times
1.6times

Source) Prepared from “World Energy Outlook 2007 (IEA)”

1.2 Japan’s Energy Situation
As shown in the below figure, Japan’s oil share among the primary energy supply total has beensignificantly lowered since the highest level (approximately 77 %) marked in 1973 to the current
lowest level (approximately 48 %). As shown in the next page, Japan’s energy consumption has beensteadily expanded especially in commercial/residential and transportation sectors since the 1970’s oil
crises period, largely due to convenience-thriving and energy-needing lifestyles. Refer to the
Appendixes 1.2 and 1.3 for the Japan’s energy consumption trend.

1Transition of energy mix in Japan’s primary energy supply (1970-2030)
100%
Nuclear power

14

Natural gas 16.6

(77.4)

80%

9.9

19
3

Hydro/
geothermal 3.1
New energy, etc. 1.1

60%

Coal

18

21

19

17

3

4

4

21.4

5

7

20
Oil

40%

19

47.8

18

40
34

20%

0%
1970

’73

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Note)

’07

2005

2010

2015

2020

33

2025

The estimated figures of FY 2020 and 2030 are based on the long-term energy supply anddemand outlook published by the Advisory Committee on Energy and Natural
Resource in May 2008.
The figure of “New energy, etc.” after FY1990 includes amount of “waste heat andothers”.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

2

2030
FY

3

2. ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICIES AND LAWS
IN JAPAN
2.1 Outline of Energy Conservation Policies(1) Brief history of energy conservation policies in Japan
Since the first oil crisis, Japan has made impressive achievements in energy conservation, mostly
due to the combined efforts made by both public and private sectors. In1973 when the first oil crisis
occurred, the oil resource dependency of Japan was as high as 80% of its total primary energy
demand. The oil crisis revealed that the country’s fragility of energy supply and demand structure,
but the government took advantage of the situation as a precious lesson and has made utmost
efforts that subsequently have built a robust supply and demand structure. On the supply level, thediversification of energy sources has been facilitated by successfully switching to alternative
energies such as natural gas or nuclear power. On the demand level, the industrial sector has playeda central role in energy conservation. As the result of those tireless efforts, the country’s oil
dependency has declined to 48%, which enables Japan to realize an energy conservation oriented
society while staying as an economic power at the same time. In terms of energy consumption perGDP, Japan has been successful in curbing increasing the consumption, compared with other major
developed nations.
In the meantime, the member nations reached an agreement with the target that required developed
nations to cut their GHG emissions at the 3rd Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP3) inKyoto 1997. Further energy conservation efforts have since been perceived to reach the goal andconserve the environment on a global level. More than 90 % of GHG is carbon dioxide andapproximately 90% of carbon dioxide is emitted from combusting fossil fuels, which means nearly
80 % of GHG emissions originates from energy use. For that reason, potent and effective energy
policies are regarded to be the key player in resolving the environmental problems.
The government decided to set up measures covering both energy supply and demand to achieve
the 6% GHG emission reduction goal set by the Kyoto Protocol. On the demand level, thegovernment will urge the industrial, the commercial and residential and the transportation sectors
to promote further energy conservation, even though considerable efforts have already been taken
since the oil crisis. If these measures are put into place, an aggregate of 56 million kL energy isestimated to be saved in 2010, almost equivalent to the annual energy consumption in all
households in Japan. This indicates the goal of the energy conservation measures presents itself
highly ambitious one. However, based on the recent continuing rising trend of energy consumption
in the commercial sector and the transportation sector partly due to people’s lifestyle changes, theAdvisory Committee on Energy and Natural Resources has reviewed the measures for energy
conservation from 2001. The committee put forward additional measures in 2005 and reviewed
them in 2007 (refer to Page 71, 3.6 (3)).
Furthermore, the government announced on 23rd September, 2009 that Japan will aim to reduce
GHG emission by 25% by 2020 compared to the 1990 level.

4(2) Promotion of energy conservation measures
1) Financial support of energy conservation equipment and systems
To promote energy conservation equipment, investment in industry and commerce, loan
programs and tax reduction measures have been established (low interest loans by Japan FinanceCorporation and a tax system for promoting investment to reform energy supply and demand
structure) by Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support.

2) Acceleration of development and practical application of energy conservation
technologies
To technologically ensure the practice of energy conservation in future, the R&D oftechnologies concerned with energy conservation has been promoted under the cooperation
among industries, the government, and academy.

3) Formulation and application of guidelines based on the Energy Conservation
Law(a) Industrial sector: Guidelines for factories etc. such as standards of judgment and target value
for operating equipment, etc.
(b) Transportation sector: Fuel consumption standards for automobiles and trucks.
(c) Commercial and residential sector: Standards of judgment for buildings and appliances

4) Raising people's awareness of energy conservation by publicity activities(a) Being thoroughly informed of various measures by the Council for Promotion of Energy andResources Conservation Measures, such as “Energy conservation campaign in summer andwinter.”(b) Preparing and distributing posters and pamphlets, holding symposiums and offering
information through mass media.

(3) Promotion of international energy conservation measures
Under the government policy and support, ECCJ conducts various training programs targetingdeveloping countries mainly in Asia to promote energy efficiency and conservation as well as toenhance Japan’s stable energy supply. Programs include lectures; practical trainings at trial plants;
factory tours, etc., aiming at transferring Japan’s experiences and information including energy
conservation policies, energy management activities and status, technologies regarded highly
efficient, etc., which could serve as useful reference for their planning/implementation/diffusion ofenergy efficiency and conservation.

2.2 The Basic Energy Plan
The Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE) submitted the Basic Energy Plan to the Dietin October, 2003. This plan defines the next 10-year direction of measures on the demand and supply
based on the three principles set in the Fundamental Law on Energy Policy Measures. The threeprinciples are as follows:(1) Energy security
To deal with the future growth of energy demand in the Asian region and Japan’s high oil
dependency on the Middle East countries, the following measures should be promoted: (i) Energy
conservation, (ii) Diversifying imported energy resources and strengthening the relationship with5

major oil exporting nations, (iii) Diversifying energy resources, such as developing domestically
produced fuels, (iv) Securing the oil and LP gas reserves.
The supply-demand problem of electricity in the Kanto area should be considered, and reliability
and stability of domestic supply should be secured. Securing energy is a prerequisite for the stableenergy supply. The government and business owners should make full efforts to secure the stablesupply.

(2) Adaptability to the environment
In addition to reducing the emissions of NOx and SOx, the following measures will be promoted tocombat global warming: (i) Energy conservation, (ii) Use of non-fossil energy and switch to gas
energy and (iii) Development and introduction of clean fossil fuel systems and energy efficiency
technology.

(3) Utilization of market mechanism
Promote the institutional reforms and design plans to utilize market principles in the frameworkthat meets Japan’s real situations, considering “Securing the stable supply of energy” and“Environmental sustainability”
According to the law, the Plan is called for review in every three years and shall be amended whennecessary. In 2007, the amendment was made for the 2003 October's “Basic Energy Plan”, taking
into account the recent fluctuation of energy related status. The amendments are as follows:
1. Promotion of nuclear power generation including nuclear fuel cycle and expansion and steadyincrease of new energy,
2. Strengthening of strategic and comprehensive actions toward energy security of energy resources
such as oil, etc.,
3. Strengthening of energy conservation policies, active initiative in setting an internationalframework that is effective to the issue of climate change.
4. Breakthrough of constraint on energy or environment through technology (Strengthening oftechnologies and promotion of its strategic use).

2.3 Japan’s Recent National Strategies and Activities
Responding to the stringent global energy situation such as an oil price rise, the “new national energy
strategy” was studied in consideration with energy security and officially announced on May 31, 2006.
The “energy conservation technology strategy” was established and declared in the “energy
conservation frontrunner plan” under the “new national energy strategy” in order to improve theenergy efficiency by at least 30% by the year 2030 compared to the year 2003. This improvement will
be achieved by establishing a virtuous circle of technological innovation and reform of the social
system.
In order to cope with a weakening of the energy supply-demand structure caused by a sharp increasein energy demand in Asian countries, the “Asia energy conservation promotion program” waspresented as an effort of international cooperation to voluntarily promote energy conservation in
Asian countries. Refer to Appendix 2 for further detail of Japan’s international cooperation.

6

2.4 Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy
Structure of the law
Enforced on 1st Oct. 1979, revised on 30th May 2008 (is the revised part)

Objective
Basic Policy
Measures for factories etc.
Obligations to make
imposed on business
operators

Factory/Office/Workplace

Public announcement ofevaluation criteria

Specified business operators

Guidance/advise
Appointment of energy management control officer,
Appointment of energy management planning promoter,
Submission of plan, Periodical report
Appointment of Type1 energy manager

Type1 specified business operators

Appointment of Type2 energy manager

Type2 specified business operators
Specified chain business operators

Instructions
Public announcements/orders
Investigation for confirmation

Appointment of energy management control officer,
Appointment of energy management planning promoter,
Submission of plan, Periodical report

Type1 specified chain business operators

Appointment of Type1energy manager

Type2 specified chain business operators

Appointment of Type2energy manager

Instructions
Public announcements/orders
Investigation for confirmation

Measures for transportation
Obligation to make efforts
imposed on freight andpassenger carriers

Carriers

Public announcement ofevaluation criteria

Specified carriers

Obligation to make efforts
imposed on consigners

Consigners

Public announcement ofevaluation criteria

Specified consigners

Guidance/advise
Submission of plan
Periodical report

Recommendations
Public announcements/orders
Guidance/advise

Submission of plan
Periodical report

Recommendations
Public announcements/orders

Obligation to make efforts imposed on general transportation of passengers
Measures for buildings
Obligation to make efforts
imposed on construction
clients and owners, andresidential construction clients

Buildings (non-residence)

Public announcement ofevaluation criteria

Type1 specified buildings

Guidance/advise

Residences
Public announcement of guidance
Notification of efforts forenergy conservation

Instructions
Public announcements/orders

Periodical report aboutmaintenance/situation

Recommendations
Building investigation

Notification of efforts forenergy conservation

Recommendations

Periodical report aboutmaintenance/situation

Recommendations
Building investigation

Specified residence

Improvement of energy
conservation performance

Recommendations
Public announcements/orders

Manufacturers,
Processors and importers

Improvement/indication of quality

Guidance/advise

Improvement of performance,
Indication of energy consumption
efficiency

Recommendations
Public announcements/orders

Type2 specified buildings

Construction materials
Measures for equipment
Obligation to make efforts
imposed on manufacturers
and importers of energy
consuming equipment

Specified equipment such as vehicles,
air conditioners, etc.
Public announcement of evaluation criteria

Measures for consumers
Obligation to make efforts
imposed on energy suppliers,
retailers of energy consuming
equipment and distributors orlease business owners of buildings

Information service to consumers

7(1) Objective
This law aims to contribute to the sound development of the national economy throughimplementing necessary measures for the rational use of energy in factories, buildings,
transportation, and machinery and equipment, and other necessary measures to comprehensively
promote the rational use of energy, while it seeks to ensure the effective utilization of fuelresources that would meet the economic and social environment of energy at home and abroad.

(2) Energy defined by the law
The term “energy” in this law means fuels such as oil, flammable natural gas, and coal, as well asheat and electricity produced by using such fuels (excluding electricity generated by the renewableenergy such as photovoltaic cells, wind power, etc.).

(3) Basic policies and obligations of energy users
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) shall establish and announce fundamental
policies aiming at comprehensive promotion of the rational energy utilization in respective fields.
The main energy users in each field shall take into account of the fundamental policy and makeefforts to rationalize their energy use. This is to comprehensively promote the rational use ofenergy through the systematic formulation and the public announcement of the basic matterspertaining to the measures to promote the rational energy utilization.

(4) Measures for factories etc.
Japan’s final energy consumption in the industrial sector and commercial and residential sector
accounts for as much as 75% of the total energy consumption. More proactive actions to promote
the rational energy utilization in factories and business premises are needed and then the Energy
Conservation Law was revised in May 2008. This revised law newly defined “Specified Business
Operators” and “Specified Chain Business Operators and largely expanded the regulatory coverageof total energy consumption in the commercial sector from approximately 10% to 50%.

1) Standards of judgment for business operators
METI shall establish and announce the subject of standards of judgment regarding the measures
to be taken deliberately in order to achieve the goals towards the rationalization of fuelcombustion, utilization and recovery of waste heat, prevention of electricity loss by resistance etc,
and the relevant goals: the subject of standards of judgment are targeted to those who conductbusiness activities and utilize energy in their factories, offices or other workplaces (hereafterreferred to as factories etc.) and are purposed that the rational utilization of energy in factories
etc. would be implemented appropriately and effectively. (Refer to 2.5 “Standards of Judgment”
and Table: “Standards and Target Values”.)
These standards of judgment present themselves as a set of guidelines for the individual andconcrete measures about the basic matters stated in the basic policy and to guide business
operators to judge and conduct appropriate and effective implementation of the rational energy
utilization in factories etc.

82) Guidance and advice
The competent minister (METI and other minister(s) responsible for the programs of the relevant
factories etc.) may provide business operators with guidance and advice about the rational energy
use with the consideration of the things concerning the standards of judgment when judged
necessary by the minister.

3) Specified Business Operators
Companies who have and run factories or workplaces of which total energy consumption
amounts to over 1,500kl are designated as “Specified Business Operators”

4) Specified Chain Business Operators
Chain business operators such as convenience stores or restaurants who have and run factories,
workplaces or member stores of which total energy consumption amounts to over 1,500kl aredesignated as “Specified Chain Business Operators”“Specified Business Operators” and “Specified Chain Business Operators” shall prepare andsubmit a mid-to-long term plan, and report annually the status of their energy utilization to thecompetent minister. Also they shall appoint an “Energy Management Control Officer”, who may
be selected from board members having a voice in the business operation, and an “Energy
Management Planning Promoter”, who shall finish the designated energy management seminars
or be qualified energy manager and will assist the energy management control officer practically.

5) Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories
Factories or workplaces which consume large amount of energy (the total consumption of fueland electricity is 3,000 kL or more per year in crude oil equivalent) and the buildings aredesignated as “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories” from the view point that therational energy utilization has to be promoted. The designated criteria were amended andreinforced in April, 2006.
The “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories” shall appoint a “*Type 1 energy
manager” to promote energy management in workplaces.

6) Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories
A factory whose energy consumption is a medium scale (the total consumption of fuel andelectricity is 1,500 kL or more per year in crude oil equivalent) shall promote the rational use ofenergy in the same way as “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories”. Those factories
shall be designated as “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories”. The law prescribesthat “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories” shall appoint a “**Type 2 energy
manager” to promote energy management in workplaces.
*The “Type 1 energy managers” must be selected from qualified license holders for energy management by thegovernment. (Regarding “Certified energy manager system”, please refer to Page 12, 9))**The “Type 2 energy managers” must be selected persons who finished the designated energy management
seminars or who are qualified energy managers.

9The comparison of regulatory target before and after revision in 2008
Before Revision

After Revision

Energy Management per Factory or Workplace

Factory

Workplace

Workplace Workplace

Sales
Office3,600kℓ

1,600kℓ

1,000kℓ

500kℓ

50kℓ

≧3,000kℓ≧1,500kℓ＜1,500kℓ＜1,500kℓ＜1,500kℓ

Exempted

Exempted

Exempted

Energy Management in the Company on the Whole
Workplace Workplace

1,000kℓ +Regulatory target Regulatory target

Sales
Office600kℓ + 100kℓ

1,700kℓ ≧ 1,500kℓ
In this case, the company on the whole consumes over 1,500kl, thus covered as the regulatory target［ Energy management system］¾ Energy management control officer is selected from executives.
¾ Energy management planning promoter to support energy
management control officer is selected.
¾ Energy managers are selected for each designated energy
management factory.
［ Plan settlement and report ］¾ Submission of medium and long-term plan and periodical reportby each company.

［Energy management system］¾Energy managers are selected for each designated energy
management factory.
［Plan settlement and report］¾Each Type1 designated energy management factory should
submit medium-to-long term plan.
¾Each designated energy management factory should submit
regular report.

The condition and role of each key person for energy management after revision in 20081【Effort by the Company as a Whole】
・Effort from a Management Point of
View
・Coordination of Preparation of
Mid-to-long Term Plan
･Planning for On-site Management,
Implementation of Practical Business
Affairs (e.g. Manual Preparation)

Specified Business Operator
Representative of Specified
Business Operator
Newly-established

Energy Management
Control Officer

Type1
Energy Manager

Type2
Energy Manager

Employees

Employees

Type1 DesignatedEnergy Management
Factory etc.

Type2 DesignatedEnergy Management
Factory etc.

Support

Newly-established

Energy Management
Planning Promoter

Employees

Employees

Other Factory etc.

Other Factory etc.

【Effort in the Workplaces】

Energy Management Control Officer
Condition : According to the law, the position shall be filled with a person who supervises and manages the implementation of the business (executive-level
employee). It means the person shall implement energy management for a company as a whole with a bird’s eye view.
Role : 1. Promotion of efforts with management perspective 2. Coordination of mid-to-long term plan
3. Planning for on-site management, implementation of practical business affairs

Energy Management Planning Promoter
Condition : A person who has completed training courses concerning energy management or who has a qualified energy manager’s license.
Role : Practical assistance for an energy management control officer

Type 1 Energy Manager and Type 2 Energy Manager
Condition : Same as before the revision
Role : Same as in the law before the revision, they shall implement management in the workplaces such as designated energy management factory. Also,
they shall collaborate with an energy management control officer and energy management planning promoter to implement systematic efforts based on
management judgment and to take effective measures for energy conservation for a company as a whole.

107) Category of designated energy management factory
Annual Energy Consumption

Total of Fuel and Electricity

Industrial Category
Following 5 industries:
Manufacturing
MiningElectricity
supplyElectric power
supplyGas supply
Heat supply
Type 1 Designated Energy
Management Factory・ All industries other than thoselisted at left
e.g. office buildings,
department stores, hotels,
schools, hospitals, government
offices, and amusement parks)
・ Head office / office bldg. ofthe left listed industries.
Type 1 Designated Energy
Management Factory

3,000 kL
Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factory

1,500 kL

Regulatory obligations
Appointment of Type 1 Energy Manager

Appointment of Type 2 Energy Manager

8) Number of Type 1 energy managers required by the law

Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories(Coke Manufacturing, Electricity, Gas and Heat supply)
Annual Energy Consumption
3000 or less than 100,000 kl-oe
100,000 kl-oe or more

Number Required
1
2

Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories(Mining and Manufacturing other than Coke)
Annual Energy Consumption
3,000 or less than 20,000 kl-oe
20,000 or less than 50,000 kl-oe
50,000 or less than 100,000 kl-oe
100,000 kl-oe or more

11

Number Required
12
349) Certified energy manager system
The Type1 Designated Energy Management Factories shall appoint the Type 1 Energy Manager
who has a qualified energy manager’s license.
A license is awarded to a person who has passed the examination for qualified person for energy
management or who has been authorized by the Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry uponcompleting a qualification course of qualified person for energy management. This certification
process works as follows:(a) Examination of qualified person for energy managementa) Prerequisites : Noneb) Examination subjects
Examinees shall take No1 subject as [Requisite] and No2-4 subjects by choosing a set of[Heat] or [Electricity].

[Requisite]
1 Comprehensive energy management and laws/regulations［Heat］
2 Basics of flow of heat and fluid
3 Fuels and combustion
4 Heat utilization equipment andtheir management［Electricity］
Choice2 Basics of electricity
3 Electric equipment and machinery
4 Power applicationcc) Application destination
Examination Department, Energy Management Examination and Training Center, theEnergy Conservation Center, Japand) Examination date and sites
The examination is held in August every year and at 10 locations in the whole country.
e) Announcement of successful applicants
The examinee’s number who passes the examination will be announced on the Official
Gazettef) Issue of certificate
Examinees who pass the examination first submit an application of a credential to the
Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry. The issuance of a certificate requires a year or
more of practical experience in the rational use of energy.

(b) Qualification course of qualified person for energy managementa) Contents of coursei) Lectureii) Examinationb) Prerequisites
At least three years of practical experience in the rational use of fuel/electricity.
c) Course period and sites

12The course is held for 7 days in December in every year at six locations in the wholecountry.
d) Application destination
Training Department, Japan Energy Management Examination and Training Center, The
Energy Conservation Center, Japan(5) Measures for buildings
Most of the energy consumed in the civil sector is used in buildings. The measures focusing on theinsulation of buildings are highly effective for the rational use of energy. The law provides thefollowing rules for rational energy use in the field of buildings.
1) Obligations of building owners
Construction clients (those who intend to construct or modify buildings) and owners of buildings
must take appropriate measures to prevent heat loss through external walls, windows, etc. and toutilize efficiently the energy for building facilities such as air conditioners, mechanicalventilation systems, lighting, water heaters and elevators, with the basic policies in mind, inefforts to contribute to the rationalization of energy use in the building.
In order to ensure proper and effective implementation of such measures, the Minister of
Economy, Trade and Industry and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport shallestablish and announce standards which building owners should refer to in making decisions forrationalizing energy use in their buildings. The new standard for the buildings (excluding
residences) was announced on 30 January, 2008. (Refer to the item 2.6 Standards of Judgment
for Buildings.) The new standard for houses was announced on 30 January, 2008.

2) Guidance and advice
The competent authorities (Local (prefecture) authority with district construction surveyors andgoverning authorized construction procedures) may, when necessary, give necessary guidance
and advice on building design and construction to the building owners other than residences
while taking into account the standards of judgment which the building owners should refer to in
making decisions and for private dwellings shall establish and announce guidelines for theirdesign and construction in accordance with the criteria which construction clients and building
owners should refer to in making decisions. In addition to these rules, the Minister of Economy,
Trade and Industry may give manufacturers of insulation and other construction material
necessary guidance and advice for improving the insulation properties of their construction
materials to ensure the improvement of the quality of insulation materials, which constitute abasic element in improving the total insulation capability of buildings.

3) Instructions for specified buildings
Under the revision of the Energy Conservation Law in May 2008, buildings having a total
non-residence floor area of “2000m2 or more” and “300m2 or more to less than 2000m2 ” aredesignated as “Type 1 Specified Buildings” and “Type 2 Specified Buildings”, respectively inorder to largely expand the regulatory coverage in the building sector.
Construction clients and owners (Specified Construction Clients, etc.) who intend to construct or
extensively modify “Type 1 Specified Buildings” or “Type 2 Specified Buildings” shall submit
13notification of energy-saving measures to the competent authorities before the start ofconstruction. In addition, after the completion of construction or modification, the Specified
Construction Clients, etc. who submitted the abovementioned notification shall submit periodical
reports on maintenance of buildings with respect to energy-saving measures.
When the competent authority finds energy-saving measures for “Type 1 Specified Buildings” tobe significantly insufficient in consideration of the criteria, the authority shall instruct them for
improvement. When the Specified Construction Clients, etc. do not follow the authority’s
instruction for improvement on the measures described in the notification, the authority shallannounce to the public the name of the owner in question or order them to follow the instruction.
Also, when the competent authority finds energy-saving measures for “Type 2 Specified
Buildings” to be significantly insufficient in consideration of the criteria, the authority shalladvise them for improvement.

(6) Measures for equipment
Automobiles, air-conditioners, and other equipment require large amounts of energy, which aremostly purchased after systematically produced in large quantities. For the rational energy use ofsuch equipment, it is important to call for consumers to act on energy conservation effort in the use,
but a more drastic way is to improve the energy efficiency at a production stage. Based on this idea,
the law provides for various following rules in the use of equipment.

1) Obligations of manufacturers
Those who produce or import energy consuming equipment shall, with the basic policies in mind,
ensure the rationalization of energy consumption concerning the equipment by improving theenergy efficiency of the equipment which they produce or import. Automobiles and otherequipment as specified in the Government Ordinance, the Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry (and also the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) shallestablish and announce standards for energy efficiency improvement which manufacturers
should refer to in making decisions. The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (and also the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) may give necessary
recommendations to manufacturers and importers when the government finds a considerable
improvement is needed for their specific products in view of the standards which they shouldrefer to in making decisions, provided that the production or import volume for such products
exceed a certain level (for example, more than 2,000 automobiles per year, or more than 500 air
conditioners per year).
Target standard values are set based on the product in the market having the highest energy
efficiency of all the products of the same group. (“Top Runner Program”)
The years when each of the specified equipment was designated are as follows:
1 April 1999

：Gasoline and diesel passenger vehicles, air conditioners, fluorescentlights, television sets, copying machines, computers, magnetic disk
drives, gasoline-fueled and diesel powered trucks and VTRs

22 December 1999 ：Electric Refrigerators, Electric Freezers

14

27 December 2002 ：Space Heaters, Gas Cooking Appliances, Gas Water Heaters, Oil Water
Heaters, Electric Toilet Seats, Vending Machines, Transformers
15 July 2003

：LPG passenger vehicles (This is categorized in the passenger vehicles.)1 April 2006

：Microwave ovens, Electric rice cookers, DVD Recorders

1 July 2009

：Routers, Switches2) Labeling
Equipment described above shall be marked to show its “energy consumption efficiency” to help
consumers selectively purchase highly efficient equipment. The Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry (and also the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) shallestablish the labeling procedures to be followed by manufacturers etc. concerning “energy
consumption efficiency”, labeling method, and other matters to be observed in labeling for each
item of specified equipment, and shall issue a notification of them.
If the minister(s) deem(s) that the labeling does not conform to the notification, he (they) can givea recommendation to the manufacturer, etc., and if the manufacturer, etc. does not comply, theminister(s) can announce to that effect and give an order to take an action conforming to therecommendation.

(7) Measures for transportation
In the transportation sector, which has showed a significant increase in energy consumption during
recent years, the Energy Conservation Law had been imposed only on automobile fuelimprovement. However, under the Revised Energy Conservation Law enacted in April 2006, newobligations were imposed on carriers (freight, passenger) and consigners.
Carriers which own 200 or more trucks, 300 or more trains, and so on shall submit mid-and-longterm plan and periodic report of the state of energy use to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure andTransport once a year.
Also, consigners which transport 30 million ton kilo or more per year shall submit mid-and-longterm plan and periodic report of the state of energy use to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure andTransport once a year.
In both cases, when the authority finds that efforts are significantly insufficient or intensity has notbeen improved, advice is given to take proper measures. If the advice is not followed, the authority
shall announce to the public the name of the carrier or consigner in question or order them to follow
the advice.

(8) Amendment of the law concerning the rational use of energy
The 1979 law was amended and reinforced in 1983, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2005 and 2008. In theamended version promulgated in May 2008, energy conservation measures were strengthened inboth the commercial sector including offices, convenience stores, etc. and household sector.
The chronicles of revisions of the law are shown in the following table.

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Table : Standards and Target Values for Operating Equipment in
Factories etc.
(1) Air ratios for boilers
Classification

Air ratio
Solid fuelByproduced
gas such as
Item
Gas fuel
blast furnace
gasStandard For electric utility *75-1001.05-1.2 1.05-1.1
1.0
General30t/h or more
50-1001.3-1.45
1.2-1.45
1.1-1.25
1.1-1.2
1.2-1.3
boilers
10 to less than 30t/h 50-100
1.3-1.45
1.2-1.45
1.15-1.3 1.15-1.3(evaporation 5 to less than 10/t
50-1001.2-1.3
1.2-1.3
volume)Less than 5t/h
50-1001.2-1.3
1.2-1.3
Small once-through boilers
100
1.3-1.45 1.25-1.4
Target For electric utility *75-1001.05-1.1 1.05-1.1
1.15-1.2
General30t/h or more
50-1001.2-1.3
1.2-1.25 1.05-1.15 1.05-1.15
1.2-1.3
boilers
10 to less than 30t/h 50-100
1.2-1.3
1.2-1.25 1.15-1.25 1.15-1.25(evaporation 5 to less than 10/t
50-1001.15-1.3 1.15-1.25
volume)Less than 5t/h
50-1001.15-1.3 1.15-1.25
Small once-through boilers
100
1.25-1.4 1.2-1.35* The classification "for electric utility" above refers to boilers installed by electric power companies for power generation.
Load factor
Liquid fuel(%)
Fixed bed Fluidized bed< Standard >Note 1：The standard values of air ratio mentioned in the table above define those to be obtained inmeasurements at the boiler outlet when fired at a constant level of load after regularinspection and in a stable state.
Note 2：Turbine load factor shall be used for boilers installed for power generation, and the loadfactor of the boiler itself for those installed for other purposes.
Note 3：The air ratio value of each boiler should be calculated using the following expression.
Round the result to one decimal place if the corresponding standard value as defined
above is significant down to the first decimal, and to two decimal places if it is significant
down to the second decimal.
Air ratio = 21/[21 - (Oxygen concentration in the exhaust emission in percentage)]
Note 4：As to the pulverized coal fired boiler included in the fixed bed solid fuel types, standard
air ratio values of 1.15-1.3 shall apply to electric utilities, and 1.2-1.3 to otherapplications (those having the quantity of evaporation of 30 t/h or more, and of 10 toless than 30 t/h only).

< Target >Note 1：The target values of air ratio mentioned in the table above define those to be obtained inmeasurements at the boiler outlet when fired at a constant level of load after regularinspection and in a stable state.
Note 2：Refer to Notes 2 and 3 of the above < Standard > for calculation of load factor and air ratio.
Note 3：As to the pulverized coal fired boiler included in the fixed bed solid fuel types, target air
ratio values of 1.15-1.25 shall apply to electric utilities, and 1.2-1.25 to other applications(those having the quantity of evaporation of 30 t/h or more, and of 10 to less than 30 t/honly).
Note 4：Target air ratio values shall be 1.2-1.3 for boilers firing black liquor at a load factor between
50 and 100%.

36

(2) Waste gas temperatures for boilers

Classification

Waste gas temperature
Solid fuelByproduced
Load factor
gas such as
Item
Liquid fuel Gas fuel(%)
blast furnace
Fixed bed Fluidized bed
gas
75-100145110200Standard For electric utility *General30t/h or more
50-100
200
200
200
170
200
boilers
10 to less than 30t/h 50-100
250
200
200
170
(evaporation 5 to less than 10/t
50-100220
200
volume)Less than 5t/h
50-100250
220
Small once-through boilers
100
250
220
75-100135110190Target For electric utility *General30t/h or more
50-100
180
170
160
140
190
boilers
10 to less than 30t/h 50-100
180
170
160
140
(evaporation 5 to less than 10/t
50-100300
180160
volume)Less than 5t/h
50-100320200180Small once-through boilers
100
200
180
* The classification "for electric utility" above refers to boilers installed by electric power companies for power generation.
< Standard >* The classification “for electric utility” above refers to boilers installed by electric power companies
for power generation.
Note 1：The standard values of waste gas temperature mentioned in the table above define those to beobtained in measurements at the boiler outlet when fired at 100% of load factor (turbine loadfactor shall be used for boilers installed for power generation, and the load factor of theboiler itself for those installed for other applications) after regular inspection, with its inlet
air temperature set at 20ºC. The boiler outlet may be the outlet of a waste heat recovery plantor a flue gas treatment system for environmental protection if such equipment is in use.
Note 2：As to the pulverized coal fired boiler included in the fixed bed solid fuel types, standard
waste gas temperature values of 150ºC shall apply to electric utilities, and 200ºC to otherapplications (those having the quantity of evaporation of 30 t/h or more, and of 10 toless than 30 t/h only).

< Target >Note 1：The target values of waste gas temperature mentioned in the table above define those to beobtained in measurements at the boiler outlet when fired at 100% of load factor (turbine loadfactor shall be used for boilers installed for power generation, and the load factor of theboiler itself for those installed for other applications) after regular inspection, with its inlet
air temperature set at 20ºC. The boiler outlet may be the outlet of a waste heat recovery plantor a flue gas treatment system for environmental protection if such equipment is in use.
Note 2：As to the pulverized coal fired boiler included in the fixed bed solid fuel types, target waste
gas temperature values of 140ºC shall apply to electric utilities, and 160ºC to otherapplications (those having the quantity of evaporation of 30 t/h or more, and of 10 to lessthan 30 t/h only).
Note 3：Target waste gas temperature values shall be 180ºC for boilers firing black liquor.

37

(3) Air ratios for industrial furnaces
Gas fuel
Liquid fuelItem
Continuous Intermittent Continuous Intermittent
type
type
type
type
Standard Melting furnace for metal forging
1.25
1.35
1.3
1.4
Continuous reheating furnace (billet, bloom, slab)
1.20
1.25
Metal heating furnace other the above
1.25
1.35
1.25
1.35
Metal heat treatment furnace
1.20
1.25
1.25
1.3
Oil heating furnace
1.20
1.25
Thermal decomposition furnace and reforming furnace
1.20
1.25
Cement kiln
1.30
1.3
*1
Coal kiln
1.30
1.35
1.3
1.35
*1
Drying furnace
1.25
1.45
1.3
1.5
*2
Target Melting furnace for metal forging
1.05-1.20 1.05-1.25 1.05-1.25 1.05-1.30
Continuous reheating furnace (billet, bloom, slab)
1.05-1.15
1.05-1.20
Metal heating furnace other than the above
1.05-1.20 1.05-1.30 1.05-1.20 1.05-1.30
Metal heat treatment furnace
1.05-1.15 1.05-1.25 1.05-1.20 1.05-1.30
Oil heating furnace
1.05-1.20
1.05-1.25
Thermal decomposition furnace and reforming furnace 1.05-1.20
1.05-1.25
Cement kiln
1.05-1.25
1.05-1.25*1Coal kiln
1.05-1.25 1.05-1.35 1.05-1.25 1.05-1.35 *1
Drying furnace
1.05-1.25 1.05-1.45 1.05-1.30 1.05-1.50 *2*1 Value of liquid fuel in case pulverized coal firing*2 Burner portion only

< Standard >Note 1：The standard values of air ratio mentioned in the table above define those to be obtained inmeasurements at the exhaust port of kiln or furnace when fired at a level of load around therated after inspection and repair.
Note 2：Standard values for liquid fuel types shall apply to industrial furnaces that use by-productgases such as blast furnace gas as fuel.

< Target >Note 1：The target values of air ratio mentioned in the table above define those to be obtained inmeasurements at the exhaust port of kiln or furnace when fired at a level of load around therated after inspection and repair.
Note 2：Target values for liquid fuel types shall apply to industrial furnaces that use by-product gases
such as blast furnace gas as fuel.

38

(4) Standard and target rates of waste heat recovery for industrial furnaces(including waste gas temperatures for reference)

Exhaust gas
temperature(℃)

Capacity
category

Standard waste
heat recovery
rate %

Target waste
heat recovery
rate (%)

Less than 500

A ・B

25

500 - 600

A ・B
A

600 - 700

700 - 800

800 - 900

900-1,000

1,000 or more

Reference
Waste gas
temperature (℃)

Preheated air (℃)

35

275

190

25

35

335

230

35

40

365

305

B

30

35

400

270

C

25

30

435

230

A

35

40

420

350

B

30

35

460

310

C

25

30

505

265

A

40

45

435

440

B

30

40

480

395

C

25

35

525

345

A

45

55

385

595

B

35

45

485

490

C

30

40

535

440

A

45

55

-

-

B

35

45

-

-

C

30

40

-

-

* In the above table, A refers to the furnaces with the rated capacity of 84,000 MJ per hour or
more. And B includes the furnaces with the rated capacity from 21,000MJ per hour or more toless than 84,000MJ. Finally, C refers to the furnaces that have the hourly rated capacity from
840MJ or more to less than 21,000MJ.
< Standard >Note 1：The standard waste heat recovery rates mentioned in the table above define the percentage ofrecovered heat in relation to sensible heat of the exhaust gas emitted from the furnacechamber when fired at a level of load around the rated.
< Target >Note 1：The target waste heat recovery rates mentioned in the table above define the percentage ofrecovered heat in relation to sensible heat of the exhaust gas emitted from the furnacechamber when fired at a level of load around the rated.
Note 2：The waste gas and preheated air temperature values indicated above as reference are thoseresulting from calculations of waste gas temperatures during waste heat recovery at thecorresponding target rates and air temperatures during preheating using such recovered heat.
The values have been calculated based on the following conditions:(i) Temperature drop due to heat radiation-diffusion loss between furnace outlet and heatexchanger: 60ºC(ii) Heat radiation-diffusion rate from heat exchanger: 5%(iii) Use of liquid fuel (equivalent to heavy oil)(iv) Outside air temperature: 20ºC(v) Air ratio: 1.2

39

(5) Standard values and target values of furnace wall outer surface temperatures(for industrial furnaces with furnace temperatures of 500℃ and higher)
Furnace wall outer surface temperature (℃)
ItemStandard

TargetFurnace temperature (℃)
Ceiling

Side wall

Bottom in contact with open air

1,300 or more

140

120

180

1,100-1,300

125

110

145

900-1,100

110

95

120

Less than 900

90

80

100

1,300 or more

120

110

160

1,100-1,300

110

100

135

900-1,100

100

90

110

Less than 900

80

70

90

< Standard >Note 1：The standard values of furnace wall outer surface temperature mentioned in the table
above define the average temperature of furnace wall outer surface (except specificparts) during its normal, steady operation at an outside air temperature of 20ºC.
< Target >Note 1：The target values of furnace wall outer surface temperature mentioned in the table above
define the average temperature of furnace wall outer surface (except specific parts) during
its normal, steady operation at an outside air temperature of 20ºC.

(6) Standard value and target value of power factor< Standard >The standard value of power factor at the power receiving end is 95% or more.
< Target >The target value of power factor at the power receiving end is 98% or more and it is applied to theequipment listed below and electric power substation facilities.
Equipment nameCage-type induction motor
Coil-type induction motor
Induction furnace
Vacuum melting furnace
Induction heater
Arc furnace
Flash butt welder (excluding portable type)
Arc welder (excluding portable type)
Rectifier40

Capacity (kW)more than 75
more than 100
more than 50
more than 50
more than 50
more than 10
more than 10
more than 10,000

(7) Target efficiencies of high efficiency motors① Totally enclosed types ( 0.2 – 160 kW)
Output
(kW)
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.5
2.2
3.7
5.5
7.5
11.0
15.0
18.5
22.0
30.0
37.0
45.0
55.0
75.0
90.0
110.0
132.0
160.0

2-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
70.0
71.0
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.5
83.0
84.0
84.5
85.5
87.0
87.5
88.0
88.5
88.5
89.0
90.0
90.2
90.0
90.2
90.6
91.0
91.0
91.0
91.4
91.7
92.1
92.4
92.4
92.7
92.7
93.0
93.6
93.6
94.3
94.5
94.3
94.5
94.8
95.0
94.8
95.0

Efficiency Values (%)
4-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
72.0
74.0
76.0
78.0
80.5
82.5
82.5
84.0
85.5
87.0
86.0
87.5
88.5
89.5
88.5
89.5
90.2
91.0
90.6
91.0
91.7
92.4
91.7
92.4
92.4
93.0
92.4
93.0
92.7
93.0
93.3
93.6
94.1
94.5
94.1
94.5
94.1
94.5
94.5
95.0
94.8
95.0

6-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
73.0
76.0
78.5
80.0
83.0
84.5
84.5
86.0
86.0
87.0
88.0
89.0
88.5
89.5
89.5
90.2
89.5
90.2
91.0
91.7
91.0
91.7
91.7
92.4
91.7
92.4
92.4
93.0
93.3
93.6
93.6
94.1
93.9
94.1
94.5
95.0
94.5
95.0
94.5
95.0

Efficiency Values (%)
4-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
80.0
82.0
82.0
84.0
85.0
86.5
86.0
87.5
87.5
88.5
88.5
89.5
90.0
90.6
90.2
91.0
90.6
91.4
91.4
92.1
91.7
92.1
92.1
92.4
92.1
92.7
92.4
93.0
92.7
93.3
93.0
93.6
93.3
93.6
93.3
93.9
93.6
94.5

6-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
78.0
80.0
82.0
84.0
84.0
85.5
85.5
87.0
87.0
88.5
88.0
89.0
89.0
90.0
89.5
90.6
90.6
91.4
91.0
91.7
91.4
92.1
91.7
92.4
92.1
92.7
92.4
93.0
92.4
93.0
92.7
93.3
93.0
93.6
93.3
93.9
93.6
94.1

② Protected type (0.75 – 160 kW)
Output
(kW)
0.75
1.5
2.2
3.7
5.5
7.5
11.0
15.0
18.5
22.0
30.0
37.0
45.0
55.0
75.0
90.0
110.0
132.0
160.0

2-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
77.5
78.5
83.0
84.0
83.0
84.0
85.0
85.5
87.0
87.5
88.0
88.5
89.0
89.5
89.5
90.2
90.6
91.0
90.6
91.0
91.0
91.4
91.4
91.7
91.7
92.1
92.1
92.4
92.4
92.7
92.7
93.0
93.0
93.3
93.3
93.6
93.9
94.1

Note：Efficiency values shall be measured according to the procedures set forth in Section 7.3 - “Efficiency
Test” of JIS C 4212 titled “High-efficiency, Low Voltage Three-phase Squirrel Cage Induction
Motors,” by applying the tolerance values provided in its Section 4.2 - “Applicable Tolerances.”41

(8) Benchmark index and medium- and long-term target level
Classification
1A

1B

1C

Business Field
Iron manufacturing using blast furnaces(business to manufacture pig iron using blast
furnaces to manufacture products)

Common steel manufacturing using electrical
furnaces (business to manufacture pig iron using
electrical furnaces to manufacture rolled steel(1) The value obtained by A/B
products, excluding iron manufacturing using
A : Energy consumption in the process toblast furnaces)
manufacture raw steel using electrical furnaces
B : Amount of raw steel(2) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the process to
manufacture rolled common steel products from billet
B : Amount of rolled steel
Special steel manufacturing using electrical
Sum of (1) and (2)0.36 kl/t or lessfurnaces (business to manufacture pig iron using
electrical furnaces to manufacture special steel (1) The value obtained by A/B
products (rolled special steel products, hot
A : Energy consumption in the process to
special steel pipes, cold-drawn special steel
manufacture raw steel using electrical furnaces
pipes, cold-finished special steel products,
B : Amount of raw steel
forged special steel products, casted special(2) The value obtained by A/B
steel products), excluding iron manufacturing
A : Energy consumption in the process tousing blast furnaces)
manufacture special steel products (rolled special
steel products, hot special steel pipes, cold-drawn
special steel pipes, cold-finished special steel
products, forged special steel products, casted special
steel products) from billet
B : Amount of shipped (sold) steel
Electrical supplier (industry that supplies
electricity determined by 2.1 of Act on the
Rational Use of Energy among generalelectricity industry determined by 2.1.1 ofElectricity Utilities Industry Law or wholesale
electricity industry determined by 2.1.3 ofElectricity Utilities Industry Law)

2

3

Benchmark Index
Target Level
The value obtained by A/B
0.531 kl/t or less
A : Energy consumption in the blast furnaces for steelbusiness
B : Amount of raw steel
Sum of (1) and (2)0.143 kl/t or less

The value obtained by A/B (thermal efficiency
100.3% or more ofstandardized index)
thermal efficiency
A : Thermal efficiency obtained by a performance test standardized index
of rated output at thermal electric power generation
facilities of factories that run this business (excluding
low power facilities)
B : Designed efficiency of the rated output
In the case of plural facilities in the factory, the value
is determined by a weigted average method based on
the rated output.

The value obtained by A/B (thermal electric power
generation efficiency)
A : Total electrical energy generated by thermal
electric power generation facilities of factories thatrun this business
B : Higher calorific value of the fuel that was
required to generate the total energy
Cement manufacturing (business to manufacture Total of (1) to (4)3891 MJ/t or lessportland cement (JIS R 5210), blast furnace
cement (JIS R 5211), silica cement (JIS R(1) The value obtained by A/B5212), fly-ash cement (JIS R 5213))
A : Energy consumption in the raw material process
B : Production volume in the raw material part(2) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the pyroprocess
B : Production volume in the pyroprocess part(3) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the finishing process
B : Production volume in the finishing part
(4) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the shipping process, etc.
B : Shipping volume42

2.6 Standards of Judgment for Building on Rational Use of Energy(Announcement No.3 of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry/Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport on 30 January 2009)This is the outline of the “Standards of Judgment for Building on Rational Use of Energy”.
For full-text and details of the scores, please refer to the website by ECCJ.
(http://www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp/law/ken1_e.html)(1) Prevention of heat loss through external walls, windows, etc. of the buildings(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to prevent heat loss through the external walls,
windows, etc. of buildings, with due consideration given to the following particulars.
i)They shall make the site and floor plans for buildings with due consideration given to
the orientation of the external walls, layouts of rooms, and other matters.

ii) They shall use thermal insulating materials for external walls, roofs, floors, windows, andopenings.
iii) They shall reduce the solar radiation load by adopting a system capable of properly
controlling solar radiation through windows, planting trees, or taking other measures.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (1)-(a) related to the external walls, windows, etc. of buildings (except for those of thebuilding type described in Column (8) of Table 1 and common in Paragraphs from (1)-(b) to(1)-(e) below) shall be made based on Paragraph (1)-(c). Note that for external walls, windows, etc.
of buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less, the judgment may be madebased on Paragraphs (1)-(c) and (1)-(d). For external walls, windows, etc. of buildings having a
total floor area of less than 2,000 square meters, the judgment may be made based on Paragraph(1)-(c) and (1)-(d), and Paragraph (1)-(e).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual thermal load of the indoor perimeter zones of abuilding by the total of the floor areas (unit: m2) of the indoor perimeter zones shall be equal to or
smaller than the value calculated by multiplying the value specified for each cell in Row (a) of
Table 1 by the scale correction coefficient. Indoor perimeter zone means an indoor zone of 5 m orless in horizontal distance from the center line of the external wall of each floor excluding thebasement, the indoor floor of the top story just beneath the roof, and the indoor floor just above thefloors exposed to the outside air.
(d) For external walls, windows, etc. of buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters orless that are important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated by adding
the score selected according to the building type and regional classification to the total of theevaluation scores shown in i) to iv) below, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score of the site and floor plans of buildings”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item.
43ii) “The evaluation score of the thermal insulation performance of the external walls androofs”The score in a warm or cold district shall be the total of the scores selected based on theimplemented measures for each item in the district. The scores in a tropical district shallbe 0. When 2 or more measures are taken for one item, the judgment shall be madebased on an area-weighted average of the thicknesses of the thermal insulators.
iii) “The evaluation score of the thermal insulation performance of windows”
The score in a warm or cold district shall be selected based on the implemented
measures in the district of the building. The score in a tropical district shall be 0.
iv) “The evaluation score of the solar heat shading performance of windows”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures in the district of thebuilding.
(e) For external walls, windows, etc. of buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000 square
meters that are important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated byadding the score selected according to the building type and regional classification to the total of
the evaluation scores shown in i) and ii) below, shall be 100 or more.
i) “The evaluation score of the thermal insulation performance of the external walls”
The score in a warm or cold district shall be the score selected based on the implemented
measures in the district. The evaluation score in a tropical district shall be 0.
ii) “The evaluation scores of both the thermal insulation performance and solar heatshading performance of windows”
The score shall be the total scores selected based on the implemented measures for each
item in the district..
(f) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to prevention ofheat loss through external walls, windows, etc. of the buildings(2) Efficient use of energy by air conditioning equipment(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by air
conditioning equipment, with due consideration given to the following practices.
i)

They shall take into consideration the air conditioning load characteristics of rooms andother factors in designing air conditioning systems.

ii) They shall make heat retention plans to minimize energy loss in air ducts, piping, andothers.
iii) They shall adopt a proper control system for air conditioning equipment.
iv) They shall adopt a heat source system with high energy efficiency.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph 2-1 related to air conditioning equipment installed in buildings (except for those of thebuilding type described in Column (8) of Table 1 and common in Sections from (2)-(b) to (2)-(e)44shall be made based on Paragraph (2)-(c). Note that the judgment for air conditioning equipment(which is limited to both package air conditioners (limited to the air-cooling type) defined in JIS
B8616 (package air conditioners) and gas engine-driven heat pump air conditioners defined in JIS
B8627 (gas engine-driven heat pump air conditioners) and common in Paragraphs (2)-(b), (2)-(d)and (2)-(e) installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less may bemade based on Paragraph (2)-(d), as well as Paragraph (2)-(c). The judgment for air conditioning
equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000 square meters may bemade based on Paragraphs (2)-(c), (2)-(d) and (2)-(e).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption by the air conditioning
equipment to be installed in buildings to treat the air conditioning load in terms of heat quantity(Joule) by the assumed air conditioning load of the building in the same period shall be equal to or
smaller than the value specified in each cell of Row (b) of Table 1.
(d) For the air conditioning equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square
meters or less that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated byadding the score according to the building type and regional classification to the total of theevaluation scores in i) to iii) below, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score for the reduction in outside air load”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item.

ii)“The evaluation score for the installation location of an outdoor unit and the length ofthe pipe from the outdoor unit to the indoor unit”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.

iii) “The evaluation score for the efficiency of heat source equipment”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.
(e) For the air conditioning equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than
2,000 square meters that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is
calculated by adding the score selected according to the building type and regional classification
to the total of the evaluation scores shown in i) and ii) below, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score for the reduction in outside air load”
The score shall be the total of scores selected based on the implemented measures.

ii)“The evaluation scores for the efficiency of heat source equipment”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.

(f) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to air conditioning
equipment.

45

(3) Efficient use of energy by mechanical ventilation equipment other than air
conditioning equipment(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by mechanicalventilation equipment other than air conditioning equipment, with due consideration given to thefollowing practices.
i)

They shall make a plan to minimize energy loss in air ducts and others.

ii) They shall adopt a proper control system for mechanical ventilation equipment otherthan air conditioning equipment.
ii) They shall introduce mechanical ventilation equipment with high energy efficiency and aproper capacity for the required ventilation volume.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (3)-(a) related to mechanical ventilation equipment (except for air conditioning
equipment and mechanical ventilation equipment with the rated output of 0.2kW or less, andlimited to mechanical ventilation equipment of which total rated output is 5.5kW or more. The
same applies to Paragraphs from (3)-(b) to (3)-(d)) installed in a building (except for that of thebuilding type described in Column (8) of Table 1 and common in Paragraphs from (3)-(b) to(3)-(d)) shall be made based on Paragraph (3)-(c). Note that the judgment for mechanicalventilation equipment installed in a building having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or lessmay be made based on Paragraph (3)-(d), as well as Paragraph (3)-(c).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption for mechanicalventilation equipment installed in a building in terms of heat quantity (Joule) by the annual
assumed primary energy consumption for ventilation of the building in the same period in terms ofheat quantity shall be equal to or smaller than the value specified in each cell of Raw (c) of Table
1.
(d) For the mechanical ventilation equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000
square meters or less that is important from the viewpoint of energy use and installed in non-air
conditioned rooms, the score, which is calculated by adding 80 to the total scores selected basedon the implemented measures for each item, shall be 100 or more.
(e) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to mechanicalventilation equipment other than air conditioning equipment(4) Efficient use of energy by lighting fixtures(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by lighting
fixtures, with due consideration given to the following practices.
i)

They shall introduce lighting fixtures with high lighting efficiency.

ii) They shall adopt a proper control system for lighting fixtures.
iii) They shall install lighting fixtures in a manner that facilitates easy maintenance andmanagement.
46iv) They shall properly lay out lighting fixtures, set illuminance, and select room shape andinterior finishes.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (4)-(a) related to lighting fixtures (limited to lighting fixtures which are installedindoors mainly for the purpose of providing lighting necessary for work environment, excluding
those installed for special purposes, such as evacuation and lifesaving purposes. The same applies
from Paragraphs (4)-(b) to (4)-(e) installed in a building shall be made based on Paragraph (4)-(c).
Note that the judgment for lighting fixtures installed in a building having a total floor area of 5,000
square meters or less may be made based on Paragraph (4)-(d), as well as Paragraph (4)-(c). The
judgment for lighting fixtures installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000
square meters may be made based on Paragraph (4)-(e), as well as Paragraphs (4)-(c) and (4)-(d).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption for lighting fixturesinstalled in a building in terms of heat quantity (Joule) by the annual assumed primary energy
consumption for lighting of the building in the same period in terms of heat quantity shall be equal
to or smaller than the value specified in each cell of Row (d) of Table 1.
(d) For lighting fixtures installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less,for each lighting section that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is
calculated by adding 80 to the total of the evaluation scores listed in i) to iii) below, shall be 100 or
more. If there are two or more lighting sections, the score, which is calculated by adding 80 to an
area-weighted average of the scores in all the lighting sections, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score for the lighting efficiency of lighting fixtures”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item.

ii) “The evaluation score for the control method of lighting fixtures”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.
iii) “The evaluation score for the layouts of lighting fixtures, setting of illuminance, andselection of room shape and interior finishes”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item.
(e) For lighting fixtures installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000 square
meters, for each lighting section that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score,
which is calculated by adding 80 to the total of the evaluation scores listed in i) to iii) below, shallbe 100 or more. If there are two or more lighting sections, the score, which is calculated byadding 80 to an area-weighted average of the scores of all the lighting sections, shall be 100 or
more.
i)

“The evaluation score for the lighting efficiency of lighting fixtures”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures.

ii) “The evaluation score for the control method of lighting fixtures”
47

The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.
iii) “The evaluation score for the layouts of lighting fixtures and setting of illuminance,”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.
(f) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to lighting fixtures.

(5) Efficient use of energy by hot water supply equipment(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by hot watersupply equipment, with due consideration given to the following practices.
i)

They shall consider shorter piping, thermal insulation of piping, etc. in planning proper
piping.

ii)

They shall adopt a proper control system for hot water supply equipment.

iii) They shall adopt an energy-efficient heat source system.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (5)-(a) related to hot water supply equipment (limited to the central heat source systemhaving a hot water return pipe. The same applies to Paragraphs from (5)-(b) to (5)-(e) installed ina building shall be made based on Paragraph (5)-(c). Note that the judgment for hot water supply
equipment installed in a building having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less may bemade based on Paragraph (5)-(d), as well as Paragraph (5)-(c). The judgment for hot water supply
equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000 square meters may bemade based on Paragraph (5)-(e) as well as Paragraphs (5)-(c) and (5)-(d).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption for hot water supply
equipment installed in a building in terms of heat quantity (Joule) by the annual assumed hot
water supply load of the building in the same period in terms of heat quantity shall be equal to or
smaller than the value specified in Row (e) of Table 1.
(d) For hot water supply equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square
meters or less that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated
by adding 70 to the total scores of the scores specified in i) to v) below, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score for the piping plan”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item. (When there are two or more measures taken for one item, the highest scoreamong the corresponding scores shall be used.)ii) “The evaluation score for the control system of hot water supply equipment”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item (When there are two or more measures taken for one item, the highest scoreamong the corresponding scores shall be used.)iii) “The evaluation score for the efficiency of heat source equipment”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures. (When there are two or
more measures taken are applicable, the highest score among the corresponding scores48

shall be used.)iv) When solar heat is used as a heat source, the evaluation score to be added shall beobtained by multiplying by 100 the value calculated by dividing the quantity of solar
heating (unit: kilojoules/year) by the hot water supply load (unit: kilojoules/year).
v) When supplied water is preheated, the evaluation score to be added shall be obtained bymultiplying by 100 the value calculated by dividing the annual average of watertemperature raise by preheating (unit: ºC) by a temperature difference between thetemperature of hot water used (unit: ºC) and the annual average of supplied watertemperature by region (unit: ºC).
(e) For hot water supply equipment installed in a building having a total floor area of less than

2,000 square meters that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is
calculated by adding 80 to the total of the scores specified in i) to v) below, shall be 100 or
more.
i) “The evaluation score for the piping plan”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures.
(When there are two or more measures for one item, the highest score among thecorresponding scores shall be used.)ii) “The evaluation score for the control system of hot water supply equipment”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.
iii) The evaluation scores shall be 10 when either latent heat recovery water heaters orheat pump water heaters are used.
iv) The evaluation scores shall be 10 when solar heat is used.
v) The evaluation scores shall be 5 when supply water is preheated.
(f) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to hot water supply
equipment.

(6) Efficient use of energy by vertical transportation(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by verticaltransportation, with due consideration given to the following practices.
i)

They shall adopt a proper control system for vertical transportation.

ii)

They shall adopt a drive system with high energy efficiency.

iii) They shall adopt a proper installation plan for the required transport capacity.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (6)-(a) related to elevators (limited to the cases where three or more elevators are
installed. The same applies to Paragraphs from (6)-(b) to (6)-(d) among vertical transportation
installed in a building (only for that of the building type described in Column (1) and Column (4)of Attached Table 1 and common in Paragraphs from (6)-(b) to (6)-(d) shall be made based on
Paragraph (6)-(c). Note that the judgment for elevators among vertical transportation installed in a49

building having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less may be made based on Paragraph(6)-d), as well as Paragraph (6)-(c).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption for elevators installed ina building in terms of heat quantity (Joule) by the annual assumed primary energy consumption forelevators of the building in the same period in terms of heat quantity shall be equal to or smaller
than the value specified in each cell of Row (f) of Table 1.
(d) For the elevators installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less thatare important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated by adding 80 to thetotal of evaluation scores for the elevator control, shall be 100 or more.
(e) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to verticaltransportation.

Table 1
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Shops
RestauHotels
Hospitals
selling
Offices
Schools
Halls
Factories
rants,
goods
and others and others
and others and others
and others and others
and others
and others
420340(a) 470 (in the 370 (in the
380
300
320
550
550
–
cold district) cold district)

(b)

2.5

2.5

1.7

1.5

1.5

2.2

2.2

–

(c)

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

0.8

1.5

1.0

–

(d)

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

–

–

–

–

In the case of 0 < l x 7
In the case of 7 < l x 12(e) In the case of 12 < l x 17
In the case of 17 < l x 22
In the case of 22 < l x
(f)

1.0

–

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
–

Note)
1. “Hotels and others” mean hotels, Japanese-style hotels, and other facilities which are similar fromthe viewpoint of energy use.
2.

“Hospitals and others” mean hospitals, nursing homes, institutions for those with physical3.

disabilities, and other facilities which are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.
“Shops selling goods and others” mean department stores, markets, and other facilities which aresimilar from the viewpoint of energy use.

4.

“Offices and others” mean offices, government and other public offices, libraries, museums, andother facilities which are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.

5.

“Schools and others” mean elementary, junior high, and senior high schools, universities,
technical colleges, advanced vocational schools, professional schools, and other facilities which
are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.

6.

“Restaurants and others” mean restaurants, buffets, coffee houses, cabarets, and other facilities
50

which are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.
7.

“Halls and others” mean auditoriums, halls, bowling alleys, gymnasiums, theaters, cinemas,
pachinko parlors, other facilities which are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.

8.

“Factories and others” mean factories, livestock barns, garages, bicycle-parking areas,
warehouses, pavilions, wholesale markets, crematories, and other facilities which are similarfrom the viewpoint of energy use.

9.

In this table, Ix shall be the value calculated by dividing the sum of the length of thecirculation piping for supplying hot water and that of the primary piping (unit: m) by the dailymean of the total amount of hot water consumed (unit: m3).

【About indicator (a) ~ (f) in Table 1】
Top floor･Indicator (a) is called “PAL”.
PAL stands for “Perimeter Annual Load” and is defined as follows:

Intermediate
floor
Bottom floor

Annual thermal load of the indoor perimeter zones (MJ/year)
PAL =Floor area of the indoor perimeter zones (m²)

PilotisDefinition of the indoor perimeter zone

･Indicator (b) ~ (f) is called “CEC/AC”, “CEC/V”, “CEC/L”, “CEC/HW” and “CEC/EV”, respectively.
CEC stands for “Coefficient of Energy Consumption”.

CEC definition for air-conditioning (indicator (b) : CEC/AC) and hot water supply (indicator (e) :CEC/HW):
Annual primary energy consumption of the target equipment (MJ/year)
CEC =Annual assumed load of the relevant use (MJ/year)

CEC definition for ventilation (indicator (c) : CEC/V), lighting (indicator (d) : CEC/L) and elevator(indicator (f) : CEC/EV):

Annual primary energy consumption of the target equipment (MJ/year)
CEC =Annual assumed primary energy consumption of the target equipment (MJ/year)51

2.7 Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support
The law is designed to support business operators voluntarily implementing projects to promote therationalization of the use of energy and natural resources.

(1) Guidelines for efforts
The competent minister shall establish guidelines for business operators and building owners
voluntarily implementing projects to promote the rationalization of the use of energy and natural
resources.

(2) The definition of specified projects
Three categories of projects are defined as "specified". Business operators etc. who takes on the
projects must draw up and submit project plans to the competent minister in order to receive his/her
approval. The three categories are the projects that:a. Install or improve the equipment that can contribute to the rational use of energy in factories orother business sites1.
b. Use any building materials or install or improve any equipment that can contribute to the rationaluse of energy at the time of building construction.
c. Conduct R&D on the manufacturing technology of industrial products that can contribute to therational use of energy.

(3) Approval of projects
The competent minister shall approve the projects if he/she recognizes that they meet therequirements of the guidelines stated in (1).

(4) Assistance measures
The specified business projects that are conducted in conformity with the approved plan get support
with the following assistance measures:a. Interest rate subsidy2,
b. Bond issued by NEDO

(5) Specified facilities
Heat supply facilities that are necessary to establish the effective energy utilization system will be
designated as “specified facilities. The effective energy utilization system includes “the large-scalecogeneration regional heat supply system” or “the cascade heat utilization-type industrial complex”.
And the funds borrowed to install or improve those facilities will be covered by the bonds by the
NEDO.

(6) Enforcement of the law
The law was enforced on 25 June, 1993 and had a ten-year life span. However, it was partiallyrevised in 1 October, 2003 and determined to be extended until 31 March, 2013.
1

The same business categories as covered by the designated energy management factory scheme (Section 1, Article 6,
Energy Conservation Law).
2
Financial institutions (Development Bank of Japan, etc.) who lend the necessary funds have the interests partially coveredby Oil Special Account (currently Energy Special Account) (budgetary action without any legal provision). The interest is
far lower than the lowest interest for the fiscal investments and loans (a. 1.8% for the specific activities of factories, etc, b.
1.85% for those of buildings, as of March 14, 2000).

52

2.8 Financial Supporting Measures
The financial supporting measures are provided to accelerate the introduction of energy efficienttechnologies and equipment in the industrial and commercial sectors.

(1) Loan program with special interest rate (FY 2008)
This program is based on “Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support” and applied only
to small and medium-sized enterprises from FY 2008.
1) Energy conservation facilities (Financing Institution: Japan Finance Corporation (Operations
Aimed at Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Operations Aimed at Micro Business andIndividuals))
Target recipients< Energy conservation equipment >Enterprises which install energy
conservation equipment (including thosewhich lease or rent energy conservation
facilities based on ESCO projects)<Enterprises leasing energy
conservation equipment>
The leasing enterprises or rental
companies which purchase energy
conservation equipment<Specific high energy performanceequipment>
Enterprises which plan to install specifichigh-performance energy consumption
equipment and others

Available funds
Financing percentage*
Funds required to acquire
Up to 270 million yen
energy conservation equipment <special interest rate I>
Over 270 million yen<standard rate>
Funds required to acquire
mechanical self-runningequipment for works

Up to 270 million yen<special interest rate I>
Over 270 million yen<standard rate>(1) Funds required to install
Up to 270 million yen<Special energy conservation
specific high-performanceinterest rate B>
furnace and boiler
Over 270 million yen(2) Funds required to install
specific additional equipment <standard rate>･Interests are subsidized fromwhich enhances theperformance of the current
Energy Special Accountequipment to the level of ahigh-performance furnace orboiler*Financing percentage is the rate defined by Japan Finance Corporation, Operations Aimed at Small and Medium Enterprise.
For the financing percentage applied by JFC, Operations Aimed at Micro Business and Individuals, please contact theappropriate client service.

532) Subject equipment related to energy resources alternative to petroleum (Financing Institution:
Japan Finance Corporation (Operations Aimed at Small and Medium-sized Enterprises))
Target recipients(1) Enterprises which install required
equipment that uses a form ofalternative energy instead of petroleum(2) Gas companies which supply
alternative forms of energy that replacepetroleum

Available funds
Funds required for acquiring theequipment that uses alternative
energy sources instead of oil,including remodeling and updatingof those existing.

Gas companies

Funds required formodernization or safetyassurance of gas operation

3)Finance conditions
Financing limit*1

Financing percentage
Financing period

Financing percentage
Up to 270 million yen in
the case of acquiring 1
described below –(Special interest rate for analternative form of energy
instead of petroleum)
Up to 270 million yen in
the case of acquiring 2
described below –(Special interest rate II)
Up to 270 million yen in
the case of acquiring 3, 4,
and 5 described below –(Special interest rate I)
Over 270 million yen(standard rate)

Direct loan*2
720 million yen
Alternate loan*2
120 million yen
Refer to the rate specified by the concerned
financing *3

Predefined rate is applied
based on the credit risk andfinancing period.

Less than 15 years (of which 2 years aredesignated as a grace period)*

1. For the details on the conditions for finance, please contact the client service of the appropriate financial institutions.
2. Direct loans are loans which should be applied directly at the window of financing institutions. Alternate loans arethose which are applied through the applicant’s financial agency.
*
3 Financing limit for low-rate loans and financing percentage are those specified and applied by Japan FinanceCorporation (JFC), Operations Aimed at Small and Medium Enterprises. JFC, Operations Aimed at Micro Businessand Individuals accommodate only the direct loans and the special financing limit is 72 million yen.
*

(2) Tax incentives program (FY 2008)
This program is based on “Tax System Promoting Investment in the Reform of the Energy Supply and
Demand Structure”.
When business operators purchase the equipment which contributes to efficient energy use and utilize
it for their business activities within a year, they can choose either one of the following options:1) Tax exemption equivalent to 7% of the equipment acquisition cost (which should not be more than
20% of the income tax or corporate tax payable.) and that applies only to small and medium sizedcompanies.
2) Special depreciation of 30% of the equipment acquisition cost in the year of acquisition, in addition
to ordinary depreciation and that applies to all companies including large sized companies.
• Energy-conserving equipment: Equipment for general industries

54

88 units

(3) Subsidy program (FY2008)
This program is prepared by the government for those who will introduce energy conservation
facilities, projects and technologies.

Local publicauthority

University, etc

NPO, etc

Individual, etc

Small andmediumenterprise

Project name

Large company

Granted persons
Granted projects/facilities<Energy Conservation Measures><Industrial Sector>･Support Project for operators promoting therational utilization of energy *1●･Project for promoting the introduction ofenergy conservation measures (Energy
Conservation Diagnosis) *2･Project for promoting the introduction ofenergy conservation measures (Project for
supporting the introduction of ESCO) *3･Strategic development project for therational utilization of energy

●

●

●

●

●

●
●

●

●

Project to provide grants to projects
introducing energy conservationequipment or technologies into
existing factories and businessfacilities
Diagnosis projects including
consideration of the possibility of
introducing energy conservation
technologies
ESCO (Energy Service Company)
project to provide comprehensive
energy conservation services
Development of technologies withhigh energy saving effects<Commercial Sector>･Projects for promoting the introduction ofhigh-efficiency energy systems into homes
and buildings (Leading System Project)●･Projects for promoting the introduction ofhigh-efficiency energy systems (Energy
Conservation Diagnosis) *2･Project for promoting the introduction ofenergy conservation measures (Project for
supporting the introduction of ESCO) *3･Grants to cover the costs of project for
promoting the introduction ofhigh-efficiency water heaters･Support project for the introduction ofhigh-efficiency water heaters (latent heatrecovery type water heaters and gas- engine
water heaters using city gas as fuel)･Support projects for the introduction ofhigh-efficiency water heaters (latent heatrecovery type water heaters and gas-engine
water heaters using LP gas as fuel)･Support project for the introduction ofhigh-efficiency air conditioning equipment

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

High-efficiency energy systems forhomes and buildings (consisting of air
conditioning equipment, hot watersupply, lighting and insulating
materials, etc.)
Diagnosis projects including
consideration of the possibility of
introducing energy conservation
technologies *1
ESCO (Energy Service Company)
project to provide comprehensive
energy conservation services *2
High-efficiency water heaters (CO2coolant heat pump water heaters)
High-efficiency water heaters (latent
heat recovery type water heaters andgas-engine water heaters using city
gas as fuel)High-efficiency water heaters (latent
heat recovery type water heaters andgas-engine water heaters using LP gas
as fuel)High-efficiency air conditioning
equipment<Transportation Sector>･Project for promoting the introduction offuel consumption efficiency improving
systems into motor vehicles*1 Granted persons shall be qualified as a juridical person.
*2 Granted persons shall be determined depending on energy consumption.
*3 Granted persons shall include leading medium-sized enterprises.

55

Idling stop type motor vehicles andidling stop devices (installed asadditional devices)2.9 Awarding Programs toward Energy Conservation Efforts
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan conducts various awarding and awareness raising programson the rational use of energy as follows.
1) “Awarding of Excellent Energy Conservation Manager”
An award certificate is given to individuals who have long been pursuing energy management
and contributed to efficient energy management. (Sponsored by METI)
2) “Awarding of Excellent Energy Conservation Factory & Building”
An award certificate is given to factories or business facilities that have long made efforts torationalize the energy use, have long been pursuing energy management and contributed toenergy management as acknowledged as a paragon of successful energy management. (Sponsored
by METI)
3) “Awarding of Successful Cases of Energy Conservation in Factory & Building”
The winner of the contest is determined based on how well the technology or the procedures will
be developed based on theoretical grounds and elaborate research and can contribute to thefurther promotion of energy conservation. (Sponsored by METI)
4) “Awarding of Excellent Engineer of Energy Conservation”
An award certificate is given to individuals who have long played a central role and contributed
to promoting the efficient energy managements. (Sponsored by ECCJ)
5) “Awarding of Excellent Technician of Energy Conservation”
An award certificate is given to individuals who have long provided efforts to the energy
management service and contributed to promoting the efficient energy management. (Sponsoredby ECCJ)
6) Awarding of Energy Conservation Poster Contest and Essay Contest for elementary and juniorhigh school students (Sponsored by METI)
7) Awarding of Excellent Energy Conservation Equipment1
An award certificate is given to companies or teams for their commitment to promoting theefficient use of energy. The commitment to the global environment and security can be a crucial
variable for judging. (Sponsored by JMF2)
8) Energy Conservation Grand Prize for Excellent Energy Conservation Equipment
Awarded to equipment, resources or systems all high in energy conservation which have alreadyor likely to be in the market, the prize has three targets: i) home-use, ii) commercial use, and iii)
automobiles. Energy efficiency, originality, and marketability are factors for judgment.
(Sponsored by METI)
9) Awarding of “Top Energy Efficient Product Retailing Promotion Store”. (Sponsored by METI)
10) Awarding of “Excellent ESCO projects”. (Sponsored by METI)The awarding ceremony is held in February and prize certificates are conferred by the Minister of
Economic, Trade and Industry, the Director-General of the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy,
the President of Energy Conservation Center, Japan, etc.

1 “Energy Conservation Equipment” represents, i) devices, facilities and systems in addition to “equipment” in general sense,ii) measuring instruments remarkably contributing to energy conservation, iii) equipment that exploits unutilized resources
such as wastes.
2 JFM = The Japan Machinery Federation

56

2.10 Publicity Activities
In order to promote energy conservation as a nationwide activity, the government has established“Energy Conservation Day” on the 1st of every month, “Energy Conservation Month” in February and“General Check-up Day for Energy Conservation” on the 1st of August and December. Educational
and publicity activities are conducted in cooperation with the local governments and privatecompanies. In those designated days and months every year, various kinds of campaign activities

are held nationwide for promotion of energy conservation. Especially ENEX (Energy &Environment Exhibition) which is one of the biggest comprehensive exhibitions in Japan
regarding energy efficiency and conservation is held in “Energy Conservation Month” every year
in February in Tokyo.

2.11 Energy Audit Program by ECCJ
Several audit experts make an interview with the persons in charge about the management standards
for the factory or building which is going to have an energy audit. Then, they make an on-site survey
how the facilities in the factory or building are operated. After the survey, they draw up a list of areas
which need remedies and give advice for energy saving potential and needed actions. This energy
audit program is conducted free of charge by the Energy Conservation Center Japan. The procedure ofenergy audit is given below.

(1) Energy audit for factories
The total number of factories which received the energy audit service is 2,513 in the decadefrom FY1998 to 2007.
The target factories are ones in the category of “Type 2 Designated Energy Management
Factories” by the Energy Conservation Law and undesignated factories whose annual energy
consumption is 100kL or more of crude oil equivalent.

(2) Energy audit for commercial buildings
The total number of buildings which received the energy audit service is 2,306 in the decadefrom FY1998 to 2007. During this period, the target buildings were ones in the category of“Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories”.

From FY2008, the target buildings are ones in the category of “Type 2 Designated Energy
Management Factories” by the Energy Conservation Law and undesignated buildings whose
annual energy consumption is 100kL or more of crude oil equivalent.

57

3. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS
3.1 Climate Change and Energy Consumption(1) Transition of deviation from normal surface temperature

Deviation from normal value (℃)(only at the ground level)YearNote) The bar graph represents the temperature of each year, the line graph shows 5-year
running average and the straight line stands for long term trend.
Source) Prepared from “Website of Japan Meteorological Agency”(2) Global energy balance (Index incident solar rays = 100)

Note)

Figures in parenthesis represent estimated values when we assume the CO2 concentration
becomes double. In case the concentration of greenhouse effect gas such as CO2 increases,
the energy flow in the dotted line becomes larger. This causes the rise of temperature. The
global temperature is said to fall to as low as -19℃ if no carbon dioxide or no steam
should be contained in the atmosphere.
Source) Prepared from “Meteorological Research Notes No. 160, Carbon Dioxide Special” (TaroMatsuno, 1987, Meteorological Society of Japan, partially modified)58

(3) Increase of the carbon dioxide level and changes in fossil energy consumption

This chart is prepared from the data of CO2 concentration level of the past millennium
based on the ice sheet core records at the D47, D57, Siple Station and the South Pole,and the CO2 level since 1958 that are measured at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii.
Ice sheet cores were all collected on the Antarctic Continent. The smooth curve is a100-year running average. The sharp rise of the CO2 level since the outset of theIndustrial Revolution is evident, going along with the increase of CO2 emissions
originating from the use of fossil fuels (See the enlarged chart since fiscal 1850).
Source) IPCC (1995), translated by the Meteorological Agency. (IPCC: Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change) “White Paper on the Environment 2000” (Ministry of Environment)
Note)

59

(4) CO2 emissions by country (2006)

Others, 23.6%
Peru, 0.1%
USA, 21.1%

New Zealand, 0.1%
Vietnam, 0.3%
Hong Kong, 0.2%
Singapore, 0.2%
Chile, 0.2%
Philippines, 0.3%
Malaysia, 0.7%
Thailand, 0.8%
Taiwan, 1.0%
Indonesia, 1.2%
Australia, 1.4%
Mexico, 1.6%
France, 1.4%
South Korea, 1.7%
Italy, 1.6%
Canada, 1.9%
UK, 2.1%

China, 20.6%

Germany, 3.0%
Japan, 4.5%

India, 4.6%

Russia, 5.7%

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”(5) Per-capita CO2 emissions (2006)
25.00

20.00

19.28
18.12

14.93

15.00
12.29
10.94
9.70 9.90 9.55

10.00

9.55
8.35

7.62
6.22

5.00

4.29

8.33

6.86
4.15

4.20

4.00

3.56

2.59
1.51

1.14

0.80

0.99

0.99

0.00

U
SA
C
hi
n
R a
us
si
a
In
di
Ja a
G pa
er n
m
an
y
U
C K
an
ad
a
So
ut Ita
l
h
K y
or
e
Fr a
an
M ce
e
A xi cus ot
I n ra l
do ia
ne
s
Ta ia
iw
Th an
ai
l
M an
al d
Ph ay
ili sia
pp
in
es
C
Si hi
ng le
H ap
on or
e
g
K
V ong
N ie
e w tn
Ze am
al
an
d
Pe
r
O u
th
er
W s
or
ld

t-Carbon/Person

15.92

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

60

3.2 International Efforts to Counter Global Warming
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the mechanism that accumulates scientificknowledge on global warming while debates on the international countermeasures have been made in
the COPs (Conference of the Parties) of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC). These two mechanisms are complementing each other.

(1) IPCC: accumulation of scientific knowledge
IPCC is a body organized by the scientists around the world. It was founded in November 1988 by
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program(UNEP) jointly as a place to study global warming problems at a governmental level. In the reportcompiled for 1995, IPCC announced their analysis on the climate change since the 19th century.
According to their findings, global warming had been already occurring due to the increasing
amount of emitted greenhouse gases after the Industrial Revolution etc.

(2) UNFCCC: study of international countermeasures
UNFCCC discusses and performs international countermeasures to the climate change while IPCC
is a place to accumulate scientific knowledge. In UNCED (United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development: commonly named “Earth Summit”) which was held in Rio deJaneiro in Brazil in June, 1992, a large number of nations including Japan signed UNFCCC. The
purpose of this treaty is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As aresult, it is required that the amount of emitted greenhouse gases should be controlled or cut down.
UNFCCC was ratified by 50 countries and went into effect in March, 1994. Following its
effectuation, the COP1 was held in Berlin and the COP2 in Geneva, the COP3 was held in Kyoto to
adopt "Kyoto Protocol", which defined the reduction targets of greenhouse gases in the period from2008 through 2012.

(3) IPCC report on global warming
The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by theWorking Group I (WGI) published in January, 2007 concluded that the global warming is occurringin the climate system and the increase of the man-originated GHG is the cause of the climatechange.

Rise of Sea Level between 2090 - 2099 (the end of 21st century)･18-38 cm rise is estimated in the society where the environment and economic activities areprojected to be globally balanced.
･26-59 cm rise is estimated in the society where the high economic growth is achieved byrecognizing fossil fuel as the important source of energy.
Rise of Average World Temperature between 2090-2099 (the end of 21st century)･1.8℃ (1.1℃-2.9℃) rise is expected in the society where the environment and economic
activities are projected to be globally balanced.
･4.0℃ (2.4℃-6.4℃) rise is expected in the society where the high economic growth isachieved by recognizing fossil fuel as the important source of energy.
★Average world temperature has risen 0.74℃ in the past 100 years (1906-2005).
61

(4) Influences of greenhouse-gases on global warming (1850-1990)

Fluorides & Others
11%
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
6%
CO2
64%

Methane(CH4)19%

Source）Prepared from “IPCC Report” (2000)(5) History of COPs of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
1) COP3 outline of the Kyoto Protocol
The COP3 (the 3rd Conference of Parties) was held on December 1 - 11, 1997.
Target gases

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6

Target year

2008 - 2012
At least 5% for all Annex I parties-5% Croatia
0% Russia, New Zealand-6% Japan, Canada, Hungary, Poland-1% Norway
Reduction target*Base year:-7% US
1990+8% Australia-8% Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, UK, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Czech, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Rumania, Slovakia, Slovenia
Sinks

GHG reduction subject to afforestation is inclusive into calculation for thecommitments.

38 Parties in Annex I: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA, and 15 EU member states combined.
62

Kyoto mechanism
Emission Trading(ET)
Joint Implementation(JI)

Clean Development
Mechanism(CDM)

Parties in Annex I may participate in the Emission Trading in order toachieve their commitments.
For the purpose of meeting its commitments, Parties in Annex I may
transfer to or acquire from, emission reduction units, any other parties
in Annex I.
The purpose of CDM mechanism is to assist Parties not included in
Annex I in achieving sustainable development and to contribute to theProtocol, while Parties in Annex I may use the certified emission
reductions accruing from such projects.

Enforcement and effect
The Convention shall become effective 90 days after 55 or more
Enforcement

parties to the UNFCCC, incorporating Annex I parties of which total
CO2 emission in 1990 is 55% or more of total CO2 emissions of all
Annex I parties, ratify the Protocol.
When no Protocol exists, the global CO2 emission in 2010 will

Effectincrease by 24% compared with 1990. When the Protocol is enforced
in 2000, the global CO2 emission in 2010 will reduce by 5.2%
compared with 1990.

2) Meetings after COP６
The COP 6 of the UNFCCC was held in Hague, Netherlands on Nov. 13 - 25, 2000 and its Part-2
Conference was held in Bonn, Germany on July 16 - 27, 2001.
The COP 7 was held in Marrakech, Morocco on Oct. 29 - Nov. 9, 2001.
The COP 8 was held in New Delhi, India on Oct. 23 - Nov. 1, 2002.
The COP 9 was held in Milan, Italy on Dec.1-12, 2003.
The COP 10 was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on Dec.6-17, 2004.
The COP 11 & COP/MOP 1 was held in Montreal, Canada on Nov.28-Dec.9, 2005
The COP 12 & COP/MOP 2 was held in Nairobi, Kenya on Nov.6 -17, 2006
The COP 13 & COP/MOP 3 was held in Bali, Indonesia on Dec.3 -15, 2007

(6) Background and main points of COP 14 & COP/MOP 4
The COP 14 & COP/MOP 4 was held in Poznan, Poland on Dec.1-12, 2008.
In the decision of the COP 13 & COP/MOP 3, agreements regarding the framework after 2013 will
be reached at the COP 15 & COP/MOP 5 (Bali Action Plan). The COP 14 & COP/MOP 4 wasregarded as the halfway point to it and as the place for sorting out the points for full-scale discussion
in the next year.
The main points were 1) sorting out proposals from each country for the next framework, 2) rangeof the reduction of greenhouse effect gas by developed countries and 3) action plan for 2009.
The COP15 & COP/MOP 5 will be held in Copenhagen, Denmark in December 2009.
Source) http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/kankyo/kiko/cop14_gh.html
http://www.cop14.gov.pl/index.php?lang=EN63

3.3 Kyoto Protocol Coming into Effect
The requirements for the Kyoto Protocol coming into effect included that (1) not less than 55 parties
to the convention ratify the protocol, and (2) parties included in Annex I which accounted in total forat least 55% of the total CO2 emissions in 1990 of the parties included in Annex I ratify the protocol(Figure below). The requirement (1) was met before some time, and the requirement (2) was met by
the ratification of Russia in November 2004, and thus the Kyoto Protocol came into effect on
February 16, 2005. Consequently, Japan is obliged to reduce the volume of greenhouse gas emissions
by 6% from the standard year level during the first commitment period from 2008 to 2012. With
regard to the commitment of the next period starting in 2013, the protocol stipulates that international
examination begin by the end of 2005. At the COP10 held in Buenos Aires, Argentina in December
2004, the holding of a seminar for governmental experts was agreed, which will serve as the footholdof discussion concerning the framework after 2013.

Proportions of CO2 emissions of annex I parties in 1990
Other

Australia
FrancePolandUS

Italy
CanadaUK
GermanyJapan

RussiaSource) Compiled by the Ministry of the Environment based on data collected from eachparty by the secretariat of the convention before the COP3

64

3.4 G8 Summit(1) Outline of Gleneagles Summit
The 31st Summit (meeting of leaders of major countries) was held in Gleneagles, Scotland, theUnited Kingdom from July 6 to 8, 2005. On the issue of the global environment, the Gleneagles
Plan of Action involving energy conservation, clean energy use and other specific actions was
agreed upon as well as an agreement to begin a dialogue between the G8 nations and other countries
with significant energy needs (the outcomes are to be reported to the 2008 Summit in Japan).
During the discussions with the leaders of emerging economy countries, the G8 members asked thatthese countries shoulder greater responsibility in tackling climate change and other problems. Japanemphasized the importance of compatibility between environment protection and economic
development, use of technology for that purpose, promotion of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse andRecycle) and the spirit of mottainai (the spirit of virtue of thrift), and increasing efforts to curtail
illegal logging, etc.
The G8 nations agreed to proceed with actions in the following key areas: Conversion to theeffective use of energy; Cleaner power generation for future; Promoting research and development;
Financing the transition to cleaner energy; Managing the impact of climate change; Tackling illegal
logging.
Source) http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/summit/gleneagles05/s_03.html(2) Outline of Hokkaido Toyako Summit
The 34th Summit was held in Toyako, Hokkaido from July 7 to 9, 2008 under the chairmanship ofPrime Minister Yasuo Fukuda. It has been eight years since Japan last hosted a G8 summit (theKyushu-Okinawa Summit in 2000).
Summary on “Environment and Climate Change” is below:(a) Prime Minister Fukuda stated at the beginning that this was a very important summit, one thatshould determine whether humanity can move toward a low-carbon society, severing its
dependence on fossil fuels and addressing challenges including global warming and resource
depletion countries.
(b) Long-term Goal
With respect to the goal of achieving at least 50% reduction of global emissions by 2050, the G8
leaders agreed to seek to share and adopt it with all Parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change.
(c) Mid-term Goals
In order to achieve absolute emission reductions in all developed nations, G8 leaders agreed to
implement ambitious economy-wide mid-term goals.
(d) Sectoral Approach
It was recognized that sectoral approaches are useful tools for achieving national emission
objectives and for reducing GHG emissions.
(e) Climate Investment Funds
G8 leaders welcomed and supported the establishment of the Climate Investment Funds
administered by the World Bank to support the efforts of developing countries, and welcomed
commitments from other donors.
Source) http://www.g8summit.go.jp/eng/news/summary.html
65

(3) Outline of L’Aquila Summit
The 35th Summit was held in L’Aquila, Italy from July 8 to 10, 2009.
Summary on “Environment and Climate Change” is below:
For the COP15 held in December 2009, the G8 leaders collaborated with each other and had
discussions from the standpoint of giving political backup to future negotiations.
(a) Mitigation
The G8 leaders reaffirmed the goal of achieving at least 50% reduction of global emissions by 2050,
and supported the goal of achieving 80% or more reduction by developed countries as a whole. They
also agreed that major developing countries would need to take quantifiable action to significantly
reduce emissions as a whole by certain year.
(b) Funds and technology
The G8 leaders discussed importance of technological development and research including clean
energy, form of funding mechanism by mobilizing resources of both public and private, role ofmarket for emission reduction, support for mitigation or adaptation measures of developing countries
and so on, and agreed to work cooperatively for agreements at COP15.
Source) http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/summit/italy09/sum_gai.html
http://www.g8italia2009.it/

66

3.5 Energy Conservation Activities of the Foreign Countries
Approach to prevention of global warming by the major advanced countries
Item
Greenhouse gas reduction
target set by Kyoto Protocol(1990-basis)
Ratification of Kyoto
ProtocolLaws concerning energy
conservation

Japan

U.S.

CanadaAustralia

－6%

－7%

－6%

＋8%

Ratified (June 2002)

Not-ratified

Ratified (December 2002)

Ratified (December 2007)

Law concerning Rational Useof Energy(Enforcement in '79, revisionin '83, revision in '93, revisionin '98, revision in '02, revisionin '05, revision in '08)

Energy Policy Act
2005/Energy Independence
and Security Act 2007/The
American Recovery andReinvestment Act of 2009
（ARRA）

Energy Efficiency Act(Establishment in '92,
revision in '95, revision in'97, revision in '98,
revision in '08)

Energy Efficiency Act
1997
Energy Efficiency
Opportunities Act 2006
Renewable Energy(Electricity) Act 2000

Kyoto Protocol Target
Achievement Plan (‘04)
Government’s plan andstrategy

National Goal to Reduce
Emissions Intensity2002

Project Green-A Plan for
Honouring our Kyoto
Commitment 2005

Energy White
Paper-Securing Australia's
Energy Future2004
National Framework forEnergy Efficiency NFEE
2004

National Energy Policy 2001

National Greenhouse
Strategy2002

Financial support system
concerning energy
conservation

Governmental organizations
having jurisdiction overenergy conservation

Organizations promoting
energy conservation

Subsidy measures based on
the Law for Supporting
Energy Savings and 3R
Assistance (Energy ReformTax System) and various
other financial support
measures

Assistance and tax incentive
measures based on theComprehensive Electricity
Restructuring Act or 2005
Energy Policy Act

Various tax
incentive/assistancemeasures including
preferential for renewableenergy based on theincome tax act 1998 andbio-energy incentive basedon the federal tax

Various tax
incentive/assistancemeasures based on therevised fuel tax

Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry (Agency for
Natural Resources andEnergy)Department of Energy-DOE

Natural Resources
Canada-NRCan

Department of Industry,
Tourism, andResources-ITR

Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport

Department ofTransport-DOT

Transport Canada

Department of Transportand Regional ServicesDOTARS

Environment Canada

Department of Climate
ChangeEnergy Technology Center(In Natural Resources
Canada-NRCan)National Appliance andEquipment Energy
Efficiency
Committee-NAEEEC

Ministry of the Environment

Environmental Protection
Agency-EPA

Energy Conservation Center,JAPAN (ECCJ)

Alliance to Save Energy

Japan Center for Climate
Change Actions（JCCCA)

American Council for an
Energy-Efficient
Economy-ACEEE

Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies(IGES)

Major domestic measuresfor promotion of energy
conservation

Drastic reinforcement of Law
concerning Rational Use ofEnergy (Industry,transportation, andcommercial/residential
sectors) , pursuit of theobjectives of the voluntary
technical action plan in theindustrial sector, andexpansion and review of thestandards for top-runnerequipment

2005 based measures forindustry, transportation,
public, andcommercial/residential
sectors: MEPS target
equipment expansion
continued promotion ofEnergy Star program, various
voluntary agreements andprograms, utilization ofpartnership schemes

Expansion of target
products of energy
efficiency standards basedon the Energy Efficiency
Act , promotion of
EnerGuide labelingprogram, and otherassistance measures for
sectors

Various measures basedon the white paper 2004
for industry,transportation, public, andcommercial/residential
sectors: expansion oftarget equipment of
MEPS standard, various
voluntary agreements andprograms, utilization ofpartnership schemes

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

No nuclear power
generation

Promotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergy

67

Item

EU

Germany

FranceU.K.

Greenhouse gas reduction
target set by Kyoto Protocol(1990-basis)－8%

Ratification of Kyoto Protocol

Ratified (May 2002)

Ratified (May 2002)

Ratified (May 2002)

Ratified (May 2002)

Directive on Energy End-Use
Efficiency and Energy
Services(2006/32/EC),
Framework Directive for
Setting Eco-Design
Requirements for Energy-Using
Products (2005/32/EC),
Directive on the promotion ofcogeneration (2004/8/EC),
Directive on the Energy
Performance of Buildings(2002/91/EC),
Directive on the promotion ofelectricity from renewableenergy sources (2001/77/EC)

Energy Conservation
Ordinance 2002, Renewable
Energy Sources Act2004,
Energy Consumption
Labeling Act2002,
Cogeneration Act2002,
Renewable Energy
Law2000, Energy Industry
Act1998"POPE Law"- Framework
Law on Energy 2005,
Decrees to Promote
Cogeneration2001, Law on
Air and Rational Energy
Use1996

Climate Change Act 2008/
Renewable Obligation Order
2005, Energy Act 2004,
Sustainable Energy Act2003/
Climate Change Bill 2007/
Energy Bill 2007 - 2008

EU Energy Efficiency Target
2008 “20 20 by 2020”/ EU
Action Plan for Energy
Efficiency 2007 (2007-2012)

Integrated Energy andClimate Programme 2007/
Energy Efficiency Action
Plan 2007/ National Climate
Change Programme 2005

Energy White Paper 2003
(Livre blanc sur les energies
2003)

Energy White Paper 2003
(Our Energy Future-Creatinga Low Carbon Economy
2003)

Laws concerning energy
conservation

Government’s plan andstrategy－8%－8%

EU Energy Conservation Plan,
SAVE Program, etc. (Intelligent
Energy Europe 2003-2006)

Energy Efficiency Action
Plan 2007

Implementation of energy
conservation program based on
the EU Parliament/Board
decision (No.1230/2003/EC)
Ecological tax, promotion of
Kyoto Mechanism including
Emission Trading, renewableenergy promotion, and tax
preferential measures forcogeneration, etc.

Promotion of Kyoto
Mechanism including
Emission Trading

Climate change levy, tax
preferential measures basedon the climate change levy
for cogeneration power,
variation of tax rates basedon CO2 emission introducedby the VED car tax, andpromotion of Kyoto
Mechanism including
Emission Trading

Directorate-General for Energy
and Transport (In the European
Commission)Federal Ministry of
Economics andTechnology-BMWi

Ministry of the Economy,
Finance, andIndustry-MINEFI

Department of Trade andIndustry-DTI

Federal Ministry ofTransport, Building, andHousing-BMVBWMinistry for theEnvironment

Department forTransport-DfT

Governmental organizations
having jurisdiction over energy
conservation

Major domestic measures forpromotion of energy
conservation

Energy Conservation
Implementation Plan 2004,
2007 (Energy Efficiency:
The Government's Plan for
Action 2004)

Promotion of Kyoto Mechanism
including Emission Trading
Financial support system
concerning energy
conservation

Organizations promoting
energy conservation－8%

Department of Energy andClimate Change-DECC
Department of theEnvironment, Food andRural Affairs-DEFRA

Directorate-General for
Environment (In the European
Commission)Federal Ministry for theEnvironment, Nature
Conservation, and Nuclear
Safety-BMU

European Environment
Agency-EEA

Deutsche Energie
Agentur-DENA

Agency for Environment andEnergyManagement-ADEME

Environment Agency

Various measures based on therelated directives for industry,transportation, public, andcommercial/residential sectors:
promotion of Kyoto Mechanism
including Emission Trading,various voluntary commitments,
etc.

Compliance with EU
directives, reinforcement of
the insulation or equipment
standards, voluntarycommitments, environmental
tax, utilization of economic
measures such as emission
trading, etc.

Compliance with EU
directives, various measures
based on the energy act
2005, introduction of whitecertificate scheme,
promotion of Kyoto
Mechanism including
Emission Trading

Compliance with EU
directives, various measures
based on the domesticenergy efficiency plan,
regulatory measurestargeting energy suppliers
based on the EEC program,climate change levy andclimate change agreement,
reinforcement of the building
regulation

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Phase-out of nuclear powerscheduled in 2022

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Promotion of renewable energy

Promotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergy68

Carbon Trust
Energy Saving Trust-EST

3.6 Japan’s Policies to Deal with Global Warming(1) Guideline for measures to prevent global warming
On March 19, 2002, the meeting of “the Global Warming Prevention Headquarters” was held in
Prime Minister's official residence, where the members agreed on “Guideline for Measures toPrevent Global Warming”. The guideline presents a broad picture of measures to realize Japan's
targets set in the Kyoto protocol (6% reduction in relation to the 1990 level) and is made up of morethan 100 measures and action plans. What needs to be stressed here is that the guideline sets a
reduction goal for each greenhouse gas respectively. For instance, in terms of the CO2 originatingfrom the use of fossil fuels, the emission level should be reduced to exactly the same level as that of1990. And the emission level of CO2 from non-fossil fuels (e.g. waste incineration), methane anddinitrogen monoxide should be reduced by 0.5% in relation to the 1990 level. In terms of CFCs
substitute, the emission level should be curtailed to the 1% increase compared with the base year
(1995).

(2) Kyoto protocol target achievement plan
Since Japan ratified the Kyoto Protocol in June 2002, the country has been actively promoting theimplementation of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including measures for energy
conservation and new forms of energy, based on the Guideline for Measures to Prevent Global
Warming. The government evaluated and reviewed the outline in FY2004, designated as the year
for carrying out these tasks.
The Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming stipulates that aplan for reaching the target should be established when the Kyoto Protocol comes into effect. In
response to the protocol coming into effect in February 2005, the Kyoto Protocol Target
Achievement Plan was established, succeeding the Guideline for Measures to Prevent Global
Warming as a result of its evaluation and review in FY2004 (Cabinet decision on April 28, 2005).
The goals of this plan are to fulfill the commitment of 6% reduction and to further reducegreenhouse gas emissions globally and continuously over a long term. In addition, this plan contains
the following items as its basic concepts: environmental conservation consistent with economic
development, the promotion of technological innovation, the participation of all entities andpartnership between them as well as the securing of transparency and the sharing of information toensure the participation and partnership, the utilization of various policy tools, emphasis on theprocess of PDCA (plan-do-check-action), and international partnership for the implementation of
measures to address global warming. The table below shows measures to change the country’s
energy supply-demand structure and structure a CO2 reducing type of society.
Source) Prepared from “Materials 3-1 for the 27th Meeting of the Global Environment
Subcommittee of the Industrial Structure Council”

69

Creation of CO2 Reduction Type Society

Creation of regional/urban structures andsocio-economic systems of CO2 reduction typeSpatial or network measures

CO2 reduction type of urban design• Promotion of Spatial utilization of energy (District heating and cooling, etc.)• Joint efforts between different entities (Joint energy management of integrated facilities or several
buildings by utilizing IT)• CO2 reduction through improvement of the environment deterioration by heat by implementing
measures against heat island effects, including the planting of trees

Designing of a CO2 reduction type of transportation system• Utilization of public transportation systems (Improvement in public transportation systems andconvenience, and commuting transportation management, etc.)• Use of eco-friendly automobiles (Dissemination of idling stop and eco-friendly driving, etc.)• Establishment of a system to ensure smooth road traffic (Regulation of the demand for automobile
traffic and the introduction of intelligent transportation systems)• Realization of environmentally sustainable transportation (EST) (Trial in leading areas)

Formation of a CO2 reduction type logistics system• CO2 reduction by joint efforts of cargo owners and transportation companies (Revision of the Energy
Conservation Law, Green Transportation Partnership Conference)• Furthering of more efficient transportation (Modal shift, more efficient truck transportation)

Spatial utilization of new energy and the accommodation of energy• Establishment of networks for distributed new energy system• Utilization of biomass• Effective use of unused energy sources (Energy generated from temperature differences, energy ofsnow and ice, heat from waste incineration)• Accommodation of energy between entities (Accommodation of waste heat generated in factories in
an industrial complex)

Measures taken by a company
or other individual entities

Efforts by
manufacturers• Steady

implementation ofindividual actionplans• Thorough energy
management infactories• Efforts in theresidential andtransportation
divisions in theindustrial sector

Efforts bytransportation• Use of eco-friendly
automobiles (describedabove)• CO2 reduction by joint
efforts between cargoowners andtransportationcompanies (describedabove)• Furthering of more
efficient transportation(described above)

CO2 reduction in
offices and stores• Steady implementation ofindividual action plans• Thorough energy
management based on
the Energy Conservation
Law• Improvement in theenergy conservation
performance of buildings• Dissemination of BEMS
(building energy
management systems)

CO2 reduction inhouseholds• Improvement in

the energy
conservation
performance of
housing• Dissemination of
HEMS (Homeenergymanagement
systems)

CO2 reduction in the energy supply sectors• Steady promotion of nuclear power generation• Promotion of efficient use of oil and LP gas

Measures for machinery

Individual measures• Lowering of CO2 emissions intensity in theelectric power field

Measures by
equipment in theindustrial sector• Introduction ofmachinery andequipment with highenergy conservation
performance• Highly efficientindustrial furnaces• Next generation
coke ovens• Shift to natural gas• Promotion of introduction of new energy• Realization of society using hydrogen

Measures for equipment in thetransportation sector

Measures for equipment in
offices, stores andhouseholds• Dissemination of vehicles that meet the
top runner standards• Dissemination of fuel-efficient
automobiles• Dissemination of clean energy
automobiles• Control of the running speed of large
trucks• Introduction of equipment for idling stop
• Introduction of sulfur-free fuel• Improvement in energy efficiency in therailroad, vessel and aircraft sections• Improvement in the efficiency ofequipment based on the top
runner standards• Provision of information on energy
conservation type equipment• Support for dissemination andtechnological development ofenergy conservation type
machinery, including highly
efficient water heaters• Reduction of standby energy

1270

(3) Reinforcement of energy conservation measures in each sector
1) BackgroundAs part of the agreement reached at the COP3, held in Kyoto in December 1997, Japan pledged a
6% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the 1990 level, to be achieved in terms of theaverage annual value for the 2008–2012 period. CO2 emissions reduction measures related toenergy use by each sector are listed below.

2) Measures for achieving the goal and expected effect(Unit:1,000kl-oe)

SupplyTransportation Sector

Commercial/Residential Sector

Industrial Sector

Items for achieving the goal

additional measures or notes in 2005

Prospect in 2010 (as of May 2007)
Expected
Expected
Minimum Effect Maximum Effect

Implementation of Keidanren Voluntary Action
Reflect improvement effect on energy intensity.
14,98014,980Plan on the Environment
Introduction of energy conservation equipment
1,080
1,600
such as high performance furnaces, boilers
Implement energy conservation by sharing
waste heat etc. among multiple factories.
Energy consevation by coordination among
450
1,000
(Support coordinated projects in major
adjacent factories
industrial complexes.)
Reinforce energy management in middle- tosmall-sized factories based on the Energy
Conservation Law, expand target factories
400
400
Reinforcement of energy management
under the Law planned to be revised in 2005
and so on.
Dissemination of fuel-efficient construction
Encourage to use fuel-efficient construction
100
100
machine in construction sector
machine and actively utilize it in public works.
Review the top runner standards (9 items) andEfficiency improvement of equipment by top
add electric rice cookers, microwave ovens and
6,100
6,100
runner standards
others to the target products.
Reduction of standby power consumption
400
400
Expect to further improve energy efficiency ofbuildings, newly built houses and existing
Improvement of energy saving performance
11,30011,300houses under the Energy Conservation Law(Buildings, Houses)
planned to be revised in 2005.
Dissemination of energy saving equipment suchas high efficient water heater, lighting (LED),
2,600
3,100
air-conditioner, and refrigerator
Expect that consumers select energy saving
Provision of energy information to consumers products and use energy more efficiently by
500
1,000
providing information to encourage them toby energy supply businesses etc.
save energy.
Expect the effect of the replacement of or withelectric pots, dish washing machine, compact
Promotion of replacement with energy saving
1,800
1,800
fluorescent lamps, water-saving shower heads
equipment
and energy saving devices for air-conditioning
compressor.
Dissemination of HEMS and BEMS
1,600
2,200
Reinforce energy management in officebuildings based on the Energy Conservation
Law, implement on-site investigation and
Reinforcement of energy management
700
700
expand target factories under the Law planned
to be revised in 2005
Improvement of fuel efficinecy of vehicles by
Add LP gas passenger vehicles to the target
8,700
8,700
top runner standards
products.
Dissemination of clean energy vehicles
About 2.3 million vehicles
200
900
Introduction of sulphur-free fuel and vehicles
0100that can run on the fuelExpect to be disseminated at an accelerated
Support the introduction of idling stop vehicles
1020
rate by means of support measures forEnergy saving measures concerningtransportation system such as promotion of use
11,20012,200of public transportation, modal shift to rail
freight, and improvement of energy efficiency ofrail and air
New energy
15,04019,100
Promotion of introduction of cogeneration with Add the effect of measures for gas engine
4,980
5,030
natural gas
water heaters.
Promotion of introduction of fuel cell20
2,200Reduce CO2 emissions intensity (Emission per unit of user end electricity) by
Reduction of CO2 emissions intensity inapprox. 20% in FY 2010 compared to the FY1990 level.
electricity sector by promoting nuclear power

Source) Prepared from “Material-1 at the 11th meeting of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Energy and Natural Resource”
71

4. ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES BY SECTOR
4.1 Industrial Sector(1) Energy situation for the industrial sector
The significant energy efficiency improvement has been monitored for the industrial sector in Japan.
In the oil shocks period, the total energy consumption share for all sectors marked at a ratio of 4:1:1
respectively for the industry, residential and commercial, and transportation, but the FY 2006 data
marked the ratio of 2:1:1, approximately, with the industry significantly resulting in lowering its
share and successfully leveled off its consumption. This industrial sector’s positive trend is regarded
attributed to the effect of the regulatory measures of the energy conservation law and manufacturers
and businesses’ accompanying efforts. For the detail of the industrial sector data, refer to the
Appendix 1.3.

(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the industrial sector
1) History of energy conservation measures for industrial sector
Since the oil crisis, Japan’s industrial sector has played a central role in the efficient use of energy.
Due to the efforts, the sector has successfully maintained almost the same energy consumption
level as in the oil crisis despite the growing output. The sector accounts for nearly 45 % of thetotal energy demand in Japan. Despite those proactive efforts, there was a growing awareness that
more measures were necessary in order to take more effective actions on global environmental
issues. In June 1997, Japan Business Federation (Keidanren) announced the “Keidanren
Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment”, aiming to promote the efficient use of energy.
As a national policy, the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Energy Conservation Law)
was revised to reinforce the sector’s voluntary energy management. The revision of 2002
expanded the range of “the Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory” designation, which
had been limited to five industries such as the manufacturing industry, to include all industries.
Through the revision, business operators became obligated to submit periodic reports, who own
factories classified as “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factory”. The revised law cameinto force on April 1, 2003.
In unison with the revision of the Energy Conservation Law, new standards to assess energy useof factories and business offices were enforced on April 1, 2003, which were to control inefficientelectric power facilities, to promote the implementation of the cogeneration system, which ishighly energy efficient and to make good use of ESCO companies.

Starting in 2005, regulations on factories and business establishments, which were
implemented based on the consumption of heat and electricity separately, shall be
implemented based on the integrated energy consumption (crude oil equivalent) of both heatand electricity. The revised law came into force on April 1, 2006.
Moreover, regulatory structure was changed from regulating each factory or workplace toregulating the company wide management in 2008. The amendment obliged a company who
uses a certain amount of energy as the whole company to regulate all of its factories andworkplaces it has (the regulation is also introduced to a franchise chain such as convenience
stores and restaurants, considering it to be a single company). This revised law came into
72

force partly on April 1, 2009 and wholly on April 1, 2010.
In addition, there are financial incentives such as low interest loan programs to boost investment
in developing energy efficient products and technologies under the law concerning energy
conservation and recycling assistance and tax breaks under the tax measures to promote theinvestment in restructuring the country’s energy supply-demand.

2) Relevant legislationa) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energyi) Enactment of a Basic Policy Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Cabinet decisionannounced by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) on 31 March 2009)ii) Standards of Judgment for Business Operators on the Rational Use of Energy for Factories
etc. (Announcement No.66 of METI on 31 March 2009)iii) Guidelines for Preparing Medium- and Long-Term Plans by the Type 1 Specified
Business Operator that Install Factories for their Operations in the Manufacturing Industry(Announcement No.1 of Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI),
and Ministry of Transportation on 25 February, 1999)
iv) Guidelines for Preparing Medium- and Long-Term Plans by the Type 1 Specified
Business Operator that Install Factories for their Operations in the Mining Industry,
Electricity Supply Industry, Gas Supply Industry and Heat Supply Industry(Announcement No.108 of MITI on 25 February 1999)v) Guidelines for Preparing Medium- and Long-Term Plans by the Type 1 DesignatedBusiness Operator (except the Water Supply Industry, Sewer Industry, and Waste
Processing Industry) (Announcement No.1 of Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), METI,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) on 26 February 2004)vi) Guidelines for Preparing Medium- and Long-Term Plans by the Type 1 DesignatedBusiness Operator (the Water Supply Industry, Sewer Industry, and Waste Processing
Industry ) (Announcement No.1 of MHLW, METI, MLIT and Ministry of theEnvironment on 26 February 2004)b) Supporting measuresi) Support based on the Energy Conservation and Recycling Support Lawii) Low-interest financing by the Development Bank of Japan, etc.
iii) Tax system to promote investment to reform the energy supply and demand structureiv) Support for business operators who introduce leading-edge energy conservation equipmentv) Advisor business regarding introduction of leading-edge energy conservation technologiesc) Awarding, dissemination and publicity activities on energy conservationi) Awarding of Excellent Energy Conservation Factory & Buildingii) Conduction of the ENEX exhibition, a general exhibition of energy conservation
technologies and equipment, etc.
d) Technology developmenti) Study to lead basic technologies for the rational energy utilizationii) Development of practical application of technologies to rationalize energy utilization73

(3) Outline of the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment (Target and
Measures of Major Organizations)
Name of Organization

The Federation of Electric Power
Companies of Japan (FEPC)

TargetMeasures to Attain Goals･In the period from FY2008 to
FY2012, aim to reduce CO2
emissions intensity (Emission perunit of user end electricity) by anaverage of approx. 20% or to approx.
0.34kg- CO2 /kWh compared to theFY1990 level.

1. Promotion of nuclear power generation
based on security and confidence-building
2. Further improvement of efficiency inthermal power generation and discussion
on the management and control of thermal
power source
3. Utilization of Kyoto mechanism etc.
4. Development and diffusion of renewableenergy･Reduce energy consumption in the
production process in FY2010 by
10 % compared to the FY1990 levelon the assumption of the crude steel
production 100 million-ton level.

1. Recovery of waste energy (enhancement of
TRT, newly installing of CDQ,
enhancement of gas recovery, recovery ofsensible heat of converter gas,
regene-burner, etc.)
2. Efficiency improvement of facilities(introduction of high efficiency oxygen ,improvement of electric turbine,
improvement of sinter, modification of
blast furnace, efficiency of motor,
streamlining of power generating facility,
modification of hot furnace, etc.)
3. Improvement of operation (reduction ofratio of reduced materials, management ofsteel temperature, utilization of chilled ironsource, etc.)
4. Effective utilization of waste plastic(utilization of waste plastic, enhancementof facility for process of waste plastic, etc.)
5. Others (dust recycle, humidity conditioning
for coal, preprocessing of ore, etc)

1. In the period from FY 2008 to FY
2012, aim to reduce energy intensity
to an average of 80% of the FY
1990 level.
(However, in case aggravating
factors for energy intensity become
obvious, it could be about 87%.)
2. Establish guidelines for energy
conservation activities incommercial sector, such as
headquarters building, sales offices
and start the activities.
3. Solicit “Energy conservation
activities in residential sector
promoted by the chemical industry”
which encourages public campaign
for energy conservation led by thegovernment from all JCIA members
and start the activities.
4. Prepare “Technology handbook forenergy conservation andenvironment of Japanese chemicalindustry” and provide them topeople in developing countries etc.
who need energy conservation
technologies.
5. Develop and disseminate newmaterials for energy conservation
continuously.

1. Recovery of waste energy (recovery of
waste heat and cool energy, turning waste
fluid/ waste oil/waste gas into fuel, heatstorage, etc.)
2. Rationalization of process (process
rationalization, process conversion, systemchange, catalyst change, etc.)
3. Efficiency improvement of facilities andequipment (replacement of equipment andmaterials, improvement of equipment
performance, installation of high efficiency
facilities, efficiency improvement oflighting/motor, etc.)
4. Improvement of operation methods(condition change of pressure, temperature,
flow, reduction of the number of operating
unit, advanced control, reuse/recycle, etc.)
5. Others (product modification, etc)

The Japan Iron and SteelFederation (JISF)

Japan Chemical Industry
Association (JCIA)

74

Name of Organization

TargetMeasures to Attain Goals･In the period from FY2008 to
FY2012, reduce energy intensity in
refineries by an average of 13%
compared to the FY1990 level.

1. Revision of operation management(Improvement of control technology andoptimization technology)
2. Expansion of mutual utilization of waste
heat among facilities
3. Additional construction of recovering
facilities of waste heat and waste energy
4. Adoption of efficient equipment andcatalyst
5. Efficiency improvement by appropriate
maintenance of facilities
6. Participation in “Industrial Complex
Renaissance”･In the period from FY2008 to
FY2012, aim to reduce fossil energy
intensity per product by an averageof 20% and CO2 emissions intensity
derived from fossil energy by anaverage of 16% compared to theFY1990 level.
･Strive to promote forestation in
Japan and overseas to expand owned
or managed forested areas to 0.7
million ha by FY2012.

1. Introduction of energy conservationequipment (heat recovery equipment,
introduction of inverters etc.)
2. Introduction of high efficiency facilities(high-temperature high-pressure recovery
boilers, high-efficiency cleaning
equipment, high-dehydrated press, etc.)
3. Revision of manufacturing process(shortening and integration of processes)
4. Fuel switch (switch to biomass energy,
waste energy)
5. Strengthening management (review ofmanagement value, reduction ofdispersion)

Petroleum Association of Japan(PAJ)

Japan Paper Association

Japan Cement Association (JCA)･Reduce energy intensity of cement
production (Thermal energy for
cement production + Thermal energy
for private power generation +Purchased electrical energy) in
FY2010 by 3.8% compared to theFY1990 level.
* Take an average of five years from
FY2008 to FY2012 to achieve theabove target.
･In the period from FY2008 to
FY2012, reduce the total CO2
emissions by an average of 22%
compared to the FY1990 level.

Japan Automobile Manufacturers
Association, Inc. (JAMA)
Japan Auto-Body Industries
Association inc. (JABIA)(Two associations integrated
their effort to promote thereduction of GHG emission fromFY 2007.)

1. Facilities to utilize waste as alternative heat
energy source (waste wood, waste plastic,etc.)
2. Efficiency improvement of facilities (fans,coolers, finishing mills, etc.)
3. Installation of energy conservation equipment (high-efficiency clinker coolers, etc.)
4. Replacement of facilities (including repairof facilities)
1. Energy supply side measures (introductionof cogeneration, improvement of efficiency
of boilers, introduction of high-efficiency
compressors, introduction of energy
conservation facilities)
2. Energy demand side measures (energy
conservation in coating line, introductionof invertors for fans and pumps, energy
conservation in lighting and airconditioners, energy-saving operation ofcompressors, reduction of energy-loss
during operation, etc.)
3. Upgrading energy supply methods andtechnologies of operation and management(reduction of energy loss during nooperation, reduction of air leak, etc.)
4. Merger, abolition and integration of lines
5. Fuel switch

Source) Prepared from “Results of the FY2008 Follow-up to the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on theEnvironment (Section on Global Warming Countermeasures, Version Itemized per Business Category),in March 2009” (Website by Keidanren (Japan Federation of Economic Organization))75

(4) Overall factory inspection based on the energy conservation law
An on-site investigation targeting the “Type 1 designated energy management factories” (“overallfactory inspection”) has been conducted since FY 2001 guided by METI. The “Type 2 designatedenergy management factories” were also targeted from FY 2008. In the investigation, theobservance situation of the criterion part of the judgment standards is evaluated. The assessment
results based on the objective standards determine whether any directions should be given. Whenthe achievement in rational use of energy is extremely insufficient, the factory/building is given
instruction to formulate and submit a rationalization plan and to implement it after the on-site
inspection.

When thescore isless than
60 marks.

○ For Type 1 Energy Management

When the scoreis 60 to less than
80 marks.

76

Publication and
Order

Directive for
Preparation of
Rationalization Plan

On-siteInspection

Designated Factories

When the directive
is defied.

○ For Type 2 Energy Management
Designated Factories

Recommendation*Outsourced byConsignment

Check the setting
status of theManagement
Manual, recording,maintenance andinspection, basedon the Evaluation
Criteria.

Whenconsiderably
insufficient incomparison
with thestandards of
judgment

Guidance(2) Send backthe sheet.

Agency for Natural
Resources and Energy *Target Factory of
Investigation(1) Send a priorinvestigation
sheet.

Factory On-site Investigation

The flow diagram of the overall factory inspection is shown below.

(5) Dissemination and promotion of energy conservation technology
1) Categorization of technologies and energy conservation methods with highfeasibility for ripple effects in other fields
The presentation of energy conservation projects held at the Energy Conservation Center, Japan
included a wide range of reports on some excellent examples. Some cases used ingenious ways ofconservation energy or showed originality in selecting improvement themes. Some cases focusedon main improvement technologies. Other cases carried out comprehensive energy conservation
measures which gave special attention to detail, although the measures themselves were quite
ordinary. Introduction of new production methods taking a hint from other fields and measures
based on results of technology development, especially those based on development or
introduction/application technology development of new processes and innovative production
technology have brought large energy conservation effects. The technology and methods among
the cases that will be useful in a wide range of fields can be grouped into the following.
a) Structure and approach for promotion of energy conservationb) Understanding of current conditions by visualizationc) Abolishing the existing ideas and reviewing designed values and management criteriad) Use of surplus energy that has been left unusede) Introduction of cogeneration, improvement of operation methods, raising utilization ratef) Remodeling equipment into or replacing one with high-efficiency equipmentg) Utilization of ESCO projects/Introduction to factories and buildingsh) Energy conservation measures for power receiving system/Measures for demand sidei) Energy conservation measures for compressed air/Energy conservation measures for cleaning
and blowerj) Energy conservation measures for steamk) Energy conservation measures for air conditioningl) Energy conservation measures for hating furnace and melting furnacem) Inverter measuresn) Thermal insulation technologyo) Energy reduction with shorter hours by improving productivity / Reduction of fixed energyp) Integration, consolidation and newly establishment of production process / Reduction of fixedenergyq) Shift of fixed energy to energy proportional to the production / Reduction of fixed energyr) Reduction of production area, minimization of fixed energy area / Reduction of fixed energys) Rationalization and low loss of fixed energy equipment / Reduction of fixed energyt) Optimal control and JIT(Just in Time) “required quantity of energy supply when needed, where
needed” / Reduction of fixed energyu) Mutual utilization of energy among adjacent factories and workplaces / interindustry
collaboration

2) Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy, which is highly-needed from thedemand side
In most of the case reports, details of a preliminary investigation for selection of a task for energy
conservation improvement and narrowing down of themes were described. One of the themesthat were listed up in most of the cases was reduction of the fixed consumption of energy or
reduction of the amount of energy consumption not linked to production, even if such energy was77not termed a constantly required amount of energy.
There are some cases about the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy, namely, thecase that it is high because the existing utility system and low-efficiency energy supply
equipment had been maintained and operated, and another cases that it is large because the excess
equipment had been maintained expecting high economic growth.
In this way, reduction of consumption of the fixed consumption of energy is a cross-sectional
theme. Rationalizing the consumption of such energy is advantageous even if the business pattern
and main products change. According to the data of past cases, technologies to reduce
consumption of the fixed consumption of energy are summarized in the table below. Excellent
energy conservation technologies can be flexibly applied to a wide range of fields, in addition to
being able to reduce energy consumption by rationalization. Evaluation of the energy
conservation technologies is carried out reviewing the following points: high-efficiency, low-loss,
downsizing, weight reduction, adaptability, as well as improvement in user-friendliness including
capability to deal with networking and safety of the technology itself.

Methods of reducing the fixed consumption of energy introduced by excellent cases
Among the energy conservation measures in the industry sector, technology highly required by thedemand side is reduction of the fixed consumption of energy that is not in proportion to production
by converting it to a variable energy, which is an energy required in proportion to the production.
Generally, points for reducing of the fixed consumption of energy are rationalization of a utilityenergy supply system, optimization of excess demand, and reduction of consumption of a standby
power requirement.
1. Method 1: Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy by raising production efficiency andreducing production duration.
1) Cut-down of processing steps by partial integration of production steps2) Cut-down of duration by paralleling the processes that can directly influence production
efficiency
3) Cut-down of duration by rationalization of preliminary treatment, preliminary processing,preheating, etc., in production processes
4) Cut-down of duration by rationalization of post treatment, energy recovery, etc. in production
processes
5) Cut-down or omission of post treatment duration by improvement of production technology(high precision processing and high quality processing)6) Cut-down of heating/melting duration by improvement and rationalization of energy
consumption rate7) Cut-down of duration by raising production efficiency through raising production technology
by basic technology8) Cut-down of waste time to the utmost limit, including cutting standby time in production
processes
2. Method 2: Conversion the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy to the variable energy
1) Replacing hydraulic actuator system with electric actuator system
2) Replacing pneumatic actuator system with electric actuator system

783) Lowering the set pressure for pneumatic line, and converting the fixed consumption of energy
to the variable energy by using booster pump and buffer tank4) Lowering temperature level of the retention furnace, and adopting induction heating at pouring
gate and additional heating by DC torch5) In the heating process, converting the fixed consumption of energy to the variable energy byadopting infrared heating, laser heating, and pulse combustion burner introducing
6) Reduction of heating and cooling sources by applying recovered heat in before and after
heating/cooling processes in the same production line to preheating and pre-cooling process7) Diligently setting control values before rebooting in more detail by stopping equipment to be atstandby time by the minute and second
3. Method 3: Reduction of production space and minimization of the fixed consumption of energy
amount1) Level down of clean room, etc., and raising the cleanliness of each appliance, chamber, andcontainer
2) Introduction of zone or spot air-conditioning by dividing air-conditioning area
3) Dividing into smaller lighting areas for the purpose of adaptive control of lighting for eacharea, and adopting localized lighting and natural light4) Distributed allocation and adaptive control for boilers, compressors, transformers, power factor
improvement equipment, etc.
5) Reduction of energy for lighting/air-conditioning by adopting Just In Time (JIT) production
system and dividing spaces for assembly process and parts stockyard into smaller areas
4. Method 4: Rationalization and lowering loss of appliances related to the fixed consumption ofenergy1) Adoption of higher efficiency appliances for lighting, air-conditioning, ventilation, watersupply, and other appliances that consume the constant amount of energy2) Rationalization of fluid pump, blower, etc., by introducing inverter control system
3) Reduction of energy for lighting, ventilation, air-conditioning by mitigating work environment
conditions under unmanned operation
4) Lowering losses by cascade connection of different types of pumps
5) Reduction of waste power by reducing potential risk of steam leakage, compressed air leakage,
water leakage, etc.
6) Reduction of holding energy by improvement of adiathermancy of furnace wall, etc.
5. Other methods :1) Utilization of recovered energy with a total enthalpy heat exchanger, etc., from sensible heat ofproducts in batch processing system for the energy constantly required2) Reduction of pumping energy by rationalizing pressure utilization in decompression andcompression chambers in the same production line3) Converting exhaust heat/coolant in production process to the fixed consumption of energy byusing absorption type refrigerator
4) Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy amount by utilization of internally generated
exhaust heat in clean rooms, etc., for drying5) Reduction of number of appliances consuming the fixed consumption of energy amount by
time-sharing79

(6) Energy conservation by coordination among factories and workplaces
1) What is “Coordination among factories and workplaces” ?
This is comprehensive energy conservation system by mutual utilization of exhaust heat or waste
in various neighboring factories and workplaces. It includes coordination among different
industries, so it’s also called “Interindustry coordination”. In industrial complexes in various
regions in Japan, there is a growing tendency of the coordination such as mutual utilization of
exhaust heat from factories by multiple bodies.

2) Needs for “Coordination among factories and workplaces”(a)In Japanese industry, each enterprise has promoted energy conservation since the first oil crisis
in 1973 and there has been little room for improvement by effort by each enterprise (or eachtype of business). That is why coordination among factories and workplaces is expected topromote further energy conservation.
(b)More than 30 years passed after Japanese industrial complexes were built. The energy intensity
is decreasing due to aging of the facilities compared to new industrial complexes in Asian
countries. That is why coordination among factories and workplaces is expected to maintainand recover international competitiveness of Japanese industries.
(c) Now Japan has high-efficient cogeneration system and its technical advancement, newtechnical concept called “Coproduction”, pinch technology which optimizes energy use, LCA
analysis technique and various system technologies, and advanced energy management
technology. That is why coordination among factories and workplaces is expected to promotefurther energy conservation with these technologies.

(7) Dissemination of high-efficiency industrial furnaces and high-efficiency boilers
1) Development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces*1
When heat efficiency is raised by setting a higher preheating temperature of combustion air using
the existing combustion technology, a rapid increase in NOx occurs due to the regional rise inflame temperature. Accordingly, it had been thought that achieving energy conservation andreduction of environmental burden at the same time was impossible. This changed, however, with
the introduction of high-temperature air combustion technology, in which combustion air
preheated to reach over 1,000 degree centigrade is rapidly blown into the furnace and fuel issprayed into this high-speed air stream and burned at high-temperature in a low oxygen density
atmosphere. In this case, the amount of NOx generation decreases by a large margin comparedto simple high-temperature combustion by raising the preheating temperature of combustion air.
In the “Field test project on high-efficiency industrial furnace introduction,”*2 high-temperature
air combustion technology was applied to commercial furnaces. The field test, which targeted
167 industrial furnaces, confirmed an energy conservation effect corresponding to reduction of
160,000 kL of crude oil equivalent through achieving a 30% or higher energy conservation rate
and 50% or higher NOx reduction. Introduction and dissemination of high-efficiency industrial
furnaces is carried out as a project for supporting business entities making efforts to rationalize
energy use in the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
*1 This project, which is called “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces, etc.,” consists of three sub-projects:“combustion control foundation technology,” “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces,” and “high-efficiency
boilers.” These projects were carried out for seven years from FY1993 to FY1999 as entrusted business by the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
*2
The “Field test project on high-efficiency industrial furnace introduction” of NEDO was carried out for three years fromFY1998 to FY2000, receiving a governmental subsidy for one-third of the cost.

80Temperature of combustion air (°C)

Range of stablecombustion

III. New combustion
range (high-temperature
air combustion)

II. High-temperature
flaming range(high-temperature
combustion)
Range of unstablecombustion

High-temperature flaming

Ordinary flaming
I. Ordinary flaming range(ordinary combustion)

High-temperature
air combustion
flaming

Temperature of combustion air (°C)

Density of oxygen in combustion air (%)
Temperature of combustion air and combustion
range (conceptual diagram)

Density of NOx emission in high-temperature
air combustion

The great difficulty in introduction and popularization of the high-efficiency industrial furnaces isthat the amount of facility investment is not comparable to the advantages of energy conservation
efforts.
High-temperature air combustion technology, which is extremely effective in reducing CO2 andNOx, is distinctive of Japan and can be regarded as an innovative combustion technology that plays
a leading role in carrying out effective energy use and global warming prevention measures for theworld. Currently, development research to practically apply this technology to non-industrial
combustion and heating facilities that consume a large amount of energy has finished and thetechnology is in the commercialization stage.

2) Development of high-efficiency boilers*1
The efficiency of existing industrial boilers is rather high, achieving 86%-90% (at the low
calorific value of the fuel). The boilers’ efficiency rate of energy use has also reached a high level
among heat application facilities, but its energy consumption accounted for a large portion in theindustrial sector. The project to develop high-efficiency boilers started in order to develop
high-efficiency boilers that would contribute to reduction of exhaust combustion gas such as CO2
and NOx, energy conservation, and environment conservation from perspective of global
warming prevention.
The development of high-efficiency boilers was carried out focusing on innovative elemental
technologies such as oxygen combustion and heat-exchange appliance of condensed exhausted
gas. The experiment in the pilot plant showed a greater effectiveness compared with in theexisting air combustion boilers, achieving 105.73% of total heat efficiency of the boiler (based on
low calorific value of the fuel, which equals to 98.9% in case of high caloric value).
*1

This project, which is called “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces, etc.,” consists of three sub-projects:“combustion control foundation technology,” “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces,” and “high-efficiency
boilers.” These projects were carried out for seven years from FY1993 to FY1999 as entrusted business by the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

81

Reduction of oxygen production cost (PSA oxygen supply device, etc.) in the case of oxygen
combustion, and selection of low-priced dew point-corrosion-proof materials in the case ofheat-exchange appliance of condensed exhausted gas (economizer using steam’s latent heatrecovery) are the future challenges. At the moment, they have potential for becoming effective
technologies when separation and recovery of CO2 will be required as a measure against global
warming in the future.

(8) Dissemination of cogeneration and fuel cells
1) Cogeneration
Cogeneration, a combined heat and power generation system, is a system in which energy is first
converted into electric energy or motive energy by activating an energy converter (driver) and theexhaust heat that is generated in the energy conversion process is then effectively used forthermal energy demand (steam, hot water, cold water). In a cogeneration system, the following
appliances are used as drivers:- Internal combustion engine: diesel engine, gas engine, gas turbine- External combustion engine: steam turbine, stirring engine- Fuel cell: PAFC (phosphoric-acid type), MCFC (molten carbonate type), SOFC (solid oxidetype), PEFC (polymer electrolyte type)
Drivers used for cogeneration are mainly internal combustion engines. The number of the engineswith cogeneration installed, the capacities, fuel used, and the main uses are shown in the tablebelow. Gas engines and gas turbines are able to effectively use gas fuels made from solid waste
and biomass. At the moment, about 60% of cogeneration systems are adopting gas firing, whichemit less environmental burden including CO2, SOx, NOx, etc., and are moreenvironmentally-friendly.

Main drivers and features of cogeneration
Diesel engine

Gas engine

Gas turbine

Number of installation

Approx. 60%

Approx. 30%

Approx. 10%

Capacity

Approx. 40%

Approx. 10%

Approx. 50%

Fuel used

Diesel oil, Crude oil

City gas, LNG

Mainly city gas, LNG

Main use

Civil use

Civil use

Industrial use

The total heat efficiency of a cogeneration system is 70 - 80%, which corresponds to 25% of theenergy conservation of a thermal power generation boiler system. However, this value can beobtained under the condition that 100% of the exhaust heat is effectively used. Accordingly, thepoint is that the exhaust heat should be applied to facilities that are expected to demand heat, suchas factories, business offices, hospitals, stores, etc.
The introduction of cogeneration is expected to be pushed forward, because it will improveenergy security and contribute to measures against global warming. The future challenge is todevelop compact and high-efficiency gas engines and gas turbines (micro gas turbines) for civiluse. Fuel cells, which are able to generate highly efficient electricity as well as exhaust heat,can make highly effective cogeneration motors. The future challenge for fuel cells is to lower the
price.

82

2) Fuel cells
Fuel cells work based on a chemical reaction in which the fuel cells generate electricity and waterat the same time by consuming hydrogen and oxygen. This is the inverse reaction of electrolysis
of water. Fuel cells have various advantages including high power generation efficiency, small
emission of environmental burden, adaptability to a wide range of facility capacities, andapplicability to everything from distributed power generation to mass-concentrated power
generation. The table below summarizes the main types of fuel cells and their characteristics.

Main types of fuel cells and their characteristics
PAFC(phosphoric-acid type)

MCFC(moltencarbonate type)

SOFC(solid oxide
type)

PEFC
(polymerelectrolyte type)

Charge carrier

Hydrogen ion

Carbonate ion

Oxygen ion

Hydrogen ion

Operatingtemperature

Approx. 200°C

600 - 700°C

Approx. 1,000°C

80 - 100°C

Facility
capacity

20 - 500 kW

500 kW - 1,000
MW50 kW – 100
MW

1 - 100 kW

Efficiency at
generating end

Approx. 45%

50 - 65%

55 - 70%

35 - 45%

Main use

Distributed powersources (cogeneration)

Distributed andmass-concentrate
d power source
substituting fire
power

Distributed andmass-concentrate
d power source
substituting fire
powerPower source forhousehold use anddriving source for
automobiles

Points to note

Poisoning of platinum
catalyst;
CO should be 1% andless.

Catalyst is not
required.

Reformer is not
required.
Catalyst is not
required.

Poisoning of
platinum catalyst;
CO should be 10
ppm and less.

83(9) Important check points concerning technical energy conservation measures
Business
category
Items

Steel

Petrochemical

Paper/pulp

Operation management ofmajor production facilities
Advanced combustion control
by computers, etc.

Optimization ofnaphtha-cracking furnace
Combustion control of furnaces
such as naphtha-cracking
furnace
Optimization of reflux ratio of
distillation towers andoptimization of steam pressure
Optimum operation control bycomputers, etc.

Optimization of temperature,pressure, and material density
in each process
Optimization of electricity
consumption by operation
control of power generation
facility and processing
appliances
Optimization of steam pressure
Reinforcing of water
conservation
Effective use of waste heat

Conditions of waste energy
recovery (sensible heatrecovery for cokes and sinteredore)
Introduction of high-efficiency
heating furnaces
Temperature control of furnace
wall
Moisture control of coal charge
Reduction of coking time andcoking temperature
Optimization control ofintervals of regenerative burner
Idling prevention and speed
control of electric motor for aroller of rolling millPower generation by exhaustgas pressure from the furnace,exhaust heat recovery power
generation
Introduction of CDQ steam
driven expansion turbine
High-efficiency of private
power generation (GTCC)
Continuous casting equipment
Direct rolling equipment
Continuous annealing
equipment
Hybrid heating (electricheating/fuel heating)Waste heat recovery from
naphtha-cracking furnace
Insulation of pipes and furnace
casingEffective recovery of reaction
heatCollection of steam drain
Construction of additional
high-efficiency heat exchanger

Installation of high dew point
sealing hood in paper machine
Installation of high-efficiency
heat exchanger
Installation of automatic
combustion control appliances
Use of heat pump
Installation of waste kiln-heatrecovery appliance
Use of waste as fuels

High-efficiency compressor
Control of number of operating
units
Control of rotation speed
Intake air temperature controlof gas turbine
Rotation speed control of
motor

Rotation speed control of motor
Use of medium and low
pressure surplus steam for
power generation using
mixed pressure turbine
Electricity conservation of dust
extracting process

High-efficiency radiation tubeof naphtha-cracking furnace
Introduction status of
low-temperature low-pressure
process by changing catalysts

Sealing of process,strengthening of pressurization,
raising density
Heat cascade use control of
paper machine(1) Operation
management(2)

Additional facilities

ThermalElectrical(3)Production
facilities

Low density polyethylene
production plant
Gas phase polypropylene
production plant
Utilization of waste plastics forblast/coke furnaces

Utilization of pinch technology(4) Others

84

Efficient use of black liquor
recovered from pulp processing
Multiple-effect condensed
and canned black liquor
High-temperature
high-pressure recovery
boilerSludge combustion boiler

Business
category
Cement

Items

Plate glass

TextilesAutomobiles

Kiln combustion
controlManagement ofsolution tank(conditions of burner)

Operation managementof boilers (automatic
control of O2)
Operation under the
optimal conditions byattaching temperatureand moisture sensor
Control of dyeing heatpattern

Operation managementof major production
facilities(high-efficiency
operation, etc.)

Strengthening ofthermal insulation ofkiln and suspension
preheater
Renovation ofpreheater
Power generation using
medium-/low
temperature waste heat
High-efficiency clinker
cooler

Installation of waste
heat boiler
Strengthening ofthermal insulation ofsolution tankExhaust heat recovery
Drain recovery
Heat recovery fromwaste fluid
Insulation for pipes
Shortening pipes
Operation withconstant loading(accumulator)

Heat insulation of/heatrecovery from oven inpainting process
Waste heat recovery
and heat insulation of
furnace in heat
treatment process

Computer control ofmotive energy (rotation
frequency control, etc.)
Vertical millMill with preliminary
millingHigh-efficiency
separator

Rotation frequency
control of motor

Rotation frequency
control of motor
Low-pressure loss typetransformer

Load control of motorin machine processing
process
Switch from electricheating (heater, etc.)
to direct heating
Control of number androtation speed ofhydraulic/pneumatic
motor

Short-liquor dyeing
deviceWater-saving washer
Heat setter
High-efficiency dryer

Reduction of air
circulation amount inpainting booth inpainting process
Reduction of standby
electricity by
conversion of
hydraulic/pneumatic
driving into electric
drivingPrevention ofgenerating surplus
electricity by rapid
high-precision control
of welding current
Rationalization ofpainting/drying process
Hybrid heating
Heat recovery of solid
waste incinerator
Introduction ofcogeneration system(1) Operation
management(2)

Additional facilities

ThermalElectrical

NSP kiln
SP kiln
High-efficiency millFluidized bed cement
calcination furnace(3) Production
facilities

Improvement of defectrate in quality control(4) Others

Installation of
distribution type boiler
Introduction ofcogeneration system

Source) Survey by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan85

(10) Challenges in typical energy conservation technology development
Business
category
SteelPetrochemical

TextilePaper/pulp

Future challenges in energy conservation technology development
Points for attention
Typical techniques
Problems
Rationalization of production
Integration of high-speed
Development of zero defect moldprocess
continuous casting process andcasting technology
hot rolling process
Cut-down of reduction energy Utilization of scrap (electric
Production of virgin iron for
furnace, cold iron-resource
dilution of electric furnace (DR, IC)
Exhaust heat recovery
melting furnace)
Lateral production of iron andEstablishment of optimal process
Development of new ironhydrogenproducing method
Direct iron ore melting
Establishment of optimal process
Development of new coke
reduction technology
production method
Future generation coke making
Establishment of optimal process
technology
Establishment of optimal process
Development of materials forMulti-purpose converter
enabling high-efficiency
Material technology for
Improvement in extremely highextremely hightemperature tolerance/durability
temperature/highly critical
based on hyperfine structure
turbineobservation technology
Rationalization of production
Gas phase polypropylene
Development of low-temperature,process
production technology
low-pressure, and high selectivity
catalyst
Development of low energy
Separation by membrane,
Development of optimal process fordecomposition technology
extraction, and absorption
high-performance membrane
separation
Reduction of environmental
Development of catalytic
load
cracking process of naphtha
Analysis and evaluation technology
Green chemistry
using bio-technology/extremely
critical catalyst
Minimization of circulating
Nozzle-type dyeing device
Stabilization of dyeing quality
stain solution
Airborne dyeing device
Dyeing measures for fabrics withheavy weigh per unit
Minimization of washing
Counter-current washer
water
Removal of impurities such as lint
Use of drying heat cascade
Vacuum drying system
Establishment of decompressing
process
Non-aqueous system
Processing technology using
Improvement of treatment capacity,
processing
plasmaetc.
Dyeing processing technology
Non-heating processing
under the condition of critical
Development of treatment appliance
CO2 density
Change in dyeing processing
Processing equipment using
Improvement of treatment capacity,
systemozone
etc.
Improvement of productivity, etc.
Ink-jet printing technology
Change in paper making
Improvement ofDevelopment/introduction of newprocess
dehydration/draining efficiency draining technology
Improving efficiency of paper
High-density paper making
Maintenance of paper quality
making method
technology
Improving efficiency of
Direct causticizing technology
Prevention of lowering of strength
causticizing process, omission High-temperatureof pulp
of caustic kiln
high-pressure causticizing
Development of gouttechnology
removal/filtration technology in
Energy conservation ofhigh temperature
pulping process
Cooking using preliminary
Searching for lignin-decomposing
treatment of microbes in chips
fungi and enzymes and increasing
Increase in amount of power
Bio-bleaching technology
their reaction speed, andgeneration by high-efficiency
consideration of their application touse of black liquor
Increase in amount of powerindustrial technology
generation by gasification
Development of recovered lignin
technology and re-powering
utilization and improvement orefficiency in recovering chemicals
Decrease in energy required forgasification

Source) Surveyed by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan86

4.2 Equipment(1) Energy situation for equipment
In Japan in the field of equipment, the per-household energy consumption has increased, thus
contributing to the country’s steady increase in the household sector. This trend is regarded causedby the country’s societal factors such as lifestyle change leading to more energy consumption,individual’s multiple ownerships of home appliances, and so on.

Recent trend of appliance ownership rate at household (1990 to 2007)
275

Number of Units / Household (%)

250
225

Televisions

200

Space Heaters (oil)175

Room Air-conditioners

150

Electric Refrigerators

125
Personal Computers
100
Toilet withwarm-water shower
DVD Players

75
50
25
0
'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07

FY

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

Evolution of energy consumption and number of households
135

Energy consumption
130

Number of households

Index: FY1990 as 100

Energy consumption/household
125

120

115

110

105

100
'90

'91

'92

'93

'94

'95

'96

'97

'98

'99

'00

'01

'02

'03

'04

Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”, “Basic Resident Resister”
87

'05

'06

'07

FY

Annual energy consumption of products (estimation)

Ranking

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
*

Products

Passenger vehicles
Freight vehicles
Air conditioners
Gas water heaters
Space heaters
Fluorescent lighting fixtures
Standard transformers
Electric refrigerators & freezers
Oil water heaters
Gas cooking appliances
TV sets
Incandescent lighting fixtures
Electric hot-water pots
Vending machines
Electric toilet seat with warmwater-shower
Routers
Rice cookers
Printers, Monitors
Elevators
Electric space heaters(including warm-air type)CPU, Personal computers
Microwave ovens
Showcases
Refrigerator-freezers, Freezers,
Refrigerators (commercial use)
Electric carpets
Telephones
Laundry machines, Clothes dryers
Dishwashers (including thosewith dryers)
Electric irons
Stereo sets
Ventilators
Copiers, MFDs
VCRs
Hair dryers
Vacuum cleaners
Fax machines
DehumidifiersElectric fans
Magnetic disk units
DVD players
Electric clothes dryers
Electric pans
Electric massagers
DVD recorders

Number ofowned units(10³units)

Shipment
volume in2004(10³units)

2004
56,28818,459109,449
35,93045,446384,144
12,921
54,255
4,518
49,444
98,771
197,259
29,743
2,645

2004
4,534
1,070
7,455
3,427
5,606
40,705
330
4,590
530
7,531
8,572
19,8884,656
366

EnergyConsumption(crude oil
equivalent:
10³kl)
2004
51,58235,085
11,521
8,300
6,895
6,781
6,374
2,906
2,755
2,489
1,264
1,095
599
589

15,585

2,988

406

10,65737,22446,532
580

3,319
6,310
14,386
34

401
385
373
333

6,926

881

300

36,34732,057
1,174

12,609
3,475
158

254
233
227

1,004

180

181

8,643
60,01940,178

1,058
6,515
4,487

166
154
152

4,110

927

116

12,733
40,66357,515
4,190
64,14026,17339,571
16,257
4,285
11,19339,60019,415
1,432
5,918
10,75225,557

1,927
1,663
7,624
728
1,663
4,033
5,863
3,432
679
1,419
27,550
3,192
154
927
1,283
4,381

112
97
89
83
76
76
72
50
44
37
30
25
21
12
4
98

* The value are shown here as reference only because DVD recorders are included in VCRs.

Notes): Current target products under Top Runner Program88

Contrarily, the energy efficiency of home electronics equipment and office equipment have largely
improved comparative to earlier energy performances in equipment, such as air-conditioners,
refrigerators/freezers, TVs, and VCRs.

Evolution of refrigerators’ annual electricity consumption(1998-2008 Models, Rating capacity 401~450L)

1000

900
840

Annual Power Consumption

900

770

800
700

Minimum Value

Maximum Value

kWh

800

740

720
660

750
690

600

660

640

590

500

680
620

600
510

610
550

410

540

400

450
370

300
200
100
0
1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Source) Prepared from the data by The Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association

2007

2008
FY

(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for equipment - Top Runner Program
1) Outline of top runner program(a) BackgroundTo diffuse highly energy efficient appliances and vehicles, the revised energy conservation law
makes it obligatory for manufacturers and importers to ensure their products to meetenergy-saving target standards. The government launched the Top Runner Program based on the1999 amended law under which the standards are set based on the most energy efficient productcommercially available in a given category. For each manufacturer and importer, the weighted
average efficiency of all units shipped within the same category must meet the standards for thatcategory by the target year decided for each category.
(b) Designated products
Target products are ones designated as machinery and equipment which are commercially usedin large quantities in Japan, consume significant amount of energy on use and intensively
required with “energy consumption efficiency”.
(c) Target standard values
As for the designated products, manufacturers and importers etc. are obliged to meet the target
standard values concerning “energy consumption efficiency”. Target standard values are set
based on the most energy efficient product commercially available in the market in a given
category.

89

(d) Classification of target standard values
Target standard values are set in classifications considering a variety of models with different
sizes and functions etc. for each product.
(e) Target fiscal years
Target fiscal years by which the target standard value must be achieved are set up through taking
into consideration of future technological development forecasts and the development period of
products and so on, usually in the range of 4 to 8 years from the base fiscal year.
(f) Judgment methods of achievement
In the target fiscal year, achievement of the target is judged based on such indicators as aweighted average of shipment by product for each product category per manufacturer andimporter etc. Top Runner Standards are different from the concept of MEPS.
(g) Measurement methods
The measurement method primarily uses JIS (Japan Industrial Standards).
(h) Indications
Responsibility is assigned to indicate the “energy consumption efficiency” of the device incatalogs, on the device itself, etc.

2) Target achievement verification procedures
For each of the companies that manufactures or imports machinery and equipment specified in
the Top Runner Standard, each machinery and equipment category’s weighted average value mustachieve a standard value by the target fiscal year. To confirm the achievement of standards,
questionnaires are distributed to machinery and equipment manufacturers soon after the target
fiscal year and information are obtained on numbers of units shipped, energy consumption
efficiency, and the like in the target fiscal year. The surveys are conducted by the Agency for
Natural Resources and Energy that is responsible for enforcing the Energy Conservation Law.
Weighted average energy efficiency = the sum of {(the number of units shipped domestically foreach product name and type) × (energy consumption efficiency per unit)} ÷ the total number ofunits shipped domestically.
To confirm display implementation, product catalogues, as the primary source for displays, areperiodically and continuously collected. For displays on products themselves, submission ofname plates, etc. or retail store surveys are conducted to confirm the implementation.

3) Measures to be taken when the target values are not achieved
If the results obtained from the energy efficiency surveys mentioned in the previous paragraphappear to be remarkably low compared to judgment standards and a need to make suitable
improvements in energy efficiency is recognized at the time, the Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry (in cases involving cars, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministerof Land, Infrastructure and Transportation) offer recommendations to the manufacturer inquestion as required. Further, if this advice is not followed, the recommendations are made public

90and the manufacturer may be ordered to follow the recommendations.
Manufacturers subject to these recommendations and advice should be limited to those whose
improvements in manufacturing and imports of equipment are considered to have a substantial
impact on energy consumption in Japan. Targets should be limited to manufacturers whoseorganizational capacity is economically and financially firm enough, that is, limited to
manufacturers for which there will be no problems regarding social appropriateness. For eachmachinery or equipment product covered by the Top Runner Standard, a cutback in shipping
volume will be set according to production and import volume as stipulated by the government
decree. If there are categories that partially fail to achieve goals among the many items, it will not
be appropriate to advise the manufacturer immediately. Instead, reasons why goals were notachieved, other companies’ achievement records in the same field, achievement records in othercategories of the company in question, and percentages of categories that have not achieved
target standards in overall categories, and other factors will be comprehensively evaluated. These
measures are implemented for manufacturers that do not adhere to display rules. For displays,
cutbacks based on manufacturers’ production and import volume are not applied and allcompanies are subject to these measures in spite of small volume in production and import.

4) Standards of Judgment for machinery and appliances under top runnerprogram
The standards of judgment, etc. for manufacturers, etc. regarding improvement of theperformance of “Designated Machineries” pursuant to the provision in Paragraph 1 of Article 18of the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Law No.49 of 1979) are defined and notified
by the category of machinery and appliance. The details of the standards of judgment formachinery and equipment are shown in the web-site of ECCJ.
(http://www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/index.html)

915) Designated products and its expected energy conservation effects by the target fiscal year
TargetBase
Efficiency
FiscalFiscalImprovement
Year
Year
(Projected)
2015
2004
23.5%

Equipment
Gasoline, Diesel
1 Passenger Vehicles

2 Freight Vehicles
3 Air Conditioners
4 TV Sets

LP Gas

2010

2001

11.4%

Small Buses

2015

2004

7.2%

Route Buses, General Buses

2015

2002

12.1%

Gasoline, Diesel

2015

2004

12.6%

TrucksNon-ducted/Wall mounted/Cooling･
Heating/under 4kW
Other than the above(Cooling･Heating)

2015

2002

12.2%

2010

2005

22.4%

2007*

1997**

63.0%

LCD, Plasma

2008

2004

15.3%

2003

1997

58.7%

5 Video Cassete Recorders
6 Flourescent Lights

2005

1997

16.6%

7 Copying Machines

2006

1997

30.0%

8 Computers

2008

2001

69.0%

9 Magnetic Disc Units

2008

2001

71.0%

10 Electric Refrigerators

2010

2005

21.0%

2010

2005

12.7%

2006

2000

1.4%

11 Electric Freezers
12 Space Heaters

13 Gas Cooking Appliances

14 Gas Water Heaters

Gas
Oil

2006

2000

3.8%

Burner Section

2006

2000

13.9%

Grill Section

2008

2002

27.4%

Oven Section
Gas Instant Water Heaters, Bath Tub Gas
Water Heaters
GWH for Space Heating (with no Hot Water
Supply Function)
GWH for Space Heating (with Hot Water
Supply Function)

2008

2002

20.3%

2006

2000

4.1%

2008

2002

3.3%

2008

2002

1.1%

15 Oil Water Heaters

2006

2000

3.5%

16 Electric Toilet Seats

2012

2006

9.7%

(Addition of Paper Container, Cups)

2012

2005

33.9%

Oil-filled

2006

1999

Molded2007

1999

17 Vending Machines
18 Transformers

30.3%

19 Microwave Oven

2008

2004

8.5%

20 Electric Rice Cookers

2008

2003

11.0%

non DTB-capable

2008

2004

22.4%

DTB-capable

21 DVD Recorders

2010

2006

20.5%

22 Routers

2010

2006

16.3%

23 Switches

2011

2006

37.7%

*2007 freezing year => Oct. 1, 2006 through Sep.30 2007,**1997 freezing year => Oct.1, 1996 through Sep.30, 1997
Source) Prepared from “Annual Energy Report FY2008” (METI),ECCJ website (http://www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/index.html)

926) Efficiency improvement achieved by top runner products
TargetFiscal Year

Equipment
Gasoline Passenger Vehicles #Diesel Freight Vehicles #Air Conditioners #Fluorescent Lamps #TV Sets (CRT)Video Cassette Recorders
Copying Machines
Computers
Magnetic Disc Units
Electric Refrigerators
Electric Freezers
Vending Machines

Base
Fiscal Year

2010
2005
2004*
2005
2003
2003
2006
2005
2005
2004
2004
2005

Efficiency
Efficiency
Improvement Improvement(Projected)(Actual)

1995
1995
1997**
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1998
1998
2000

*2004 freezing year => Oct. 1, 2003 through Sep.30 2004,

22.8% 26.0% (FY2005)
6.5%
21.7%
66.1%
67.8%
16.6%
35.6%
16.4%
25.7%
58.7%
73.6%
30.0%
72.5%
83.0%
99.1%
78.0%
98.2%
30.5%
55.2%
22.9%
29.6%
33.9%
37.3%

**1997 freezing year => Oct.1, 1996 through Sep.30, 1997

Source) Prepared from “Annual Energy Report FY2008” (METI), “Top Runner Program (Dec.2007)” (ECCJ)
For the product categories marked with #, energy efficiency standard values are defined by the energy
consumption efficiency (e.g. km/l), while those without # mark are by the amount of energy consumption (e.g.
kWh/year). In the above table, values of the “Energy efficiency Improvement” indicate the rate of improvement
calculated based on each standard. Example: If the efficiency is improved from 10 km/l to 15 km/l, theimprovement rate is calculated as 50%. (It is not calculated as the improvement of fuel consumption by 33%
from 10 liters down to 6.7 liters for a 100km drive.) ; and if the efficiency is improved from 10 kWh/year to 5
kWh/year, the improvement rate is 50%.

(3) Dissemination and outreach measures for equipment
1) Energy labeling program
The energy-saving labeling system introduced as JIS standard in August 2000 started to give
better information for consumers of energy efficiency of home appliances. As of April 2007, thelabeling is applied to 16 products detailed in the below table. Target years are set per productcategory.
Energy conservation standard Annual electricity
achievement percentage
consumption

Target year FY2006

108％

175kWh/year

The labeling is colored in orange for a product which doesn't achieve the target standards ofenergy efficiency, while the labeling is colored in green for a product that achieves over 100% of
the target standards. The "achievement rate of energy efficiency standards" is given as apercentage indicating how far the product's energy efficiency is improved from the target value
with the special definitions given as follows for each indication of the labeling information:
Energy efficiency: Measurement process is set per product category. The indicated values are
more efficient with the higher rate of energy performance rate and less energy efficient with thelower rate of energy performance rate.

932) New appliance labeling program
Following the introduction of the original labeling program referred as above, the government
revised the energy conservation law to include the new information requirement of the appliances’
expected electricity cost or fuel usage information. The new comparative rating system which ispresented as five-star rating provides consumers with comparative purchasing with other productsin the same category. Cost information is now required for the designated three products.

Target products for the labeling programs
Category＊
Air conditioners
Electric refrigerators
Electric freezers
Fluorescent Lights
Electric Toilet Seats
TV sets
Computers
Magnetic disksSpace heaters
Gas cooking appliances
Gas water heaters
Oil water heaters
Transformers
Electric rice cookers
Microwave Ovens
Video-cassetterecorders
DVD recorders

The new “Multi-Stage Indication of “Expected
Rating System”
Annual Electricity Bill”
Energy Labeling(Uniform Energy-saving
Information
ProgramLabel）

○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○

○
○

○
○
○
○
○
○

○

○（Fuel）○（Fuel）○（Fuel）○○○○○＊ Only TR products are targeted. Second hand products are not targeted.

3) Retailer assessment program
The new retailer commendation program was introduced, expected tocontribute to further energy efficient product sales. Selecting applianceretailers who are active in selling and promoting energy-efficient products,
the program awards a label to the store called as the “Top Energy Efficient
Product Retailing Promotion Store”. The selection indicators include shop
assistants’ knowledge, in-company training histories, etc. In FY 2004, 43
large-scale stores and in FY 2005 88 large-scale stores and 18 small-scale
stores were awarded. Effective in FY2004, Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry Award and Minister of Environment Award were established.

4) International energy star program
Established in the US in 1992, the international Energy Star program is avoluntary product labeling program designed to promote energy-efficient
products. The US program has much wider application including programsfor buildings, housings, domestic appliances and more. Japan joined in 1995
and only participates in the office equipment application, including personal
computers, monitors, printers, fax machines, copying machines, scanners,
and multifunction devices.

944.3 Commercial and Residential Sector(1) Energy situation for the commercial /residential sector
As referred in the previous equipment chapter, the significant improvements in the equipment
energy efficiency have been monitored in Japan. However, contrary to the trend, the country’s final
energy consumption of the residential and commercial sector has been rising. This trend is regarded
attributable to the increasing the number of households, convenience and affluence thriving
lifestyles, the increase of multiple appliances ownership per household, bigger size trend in
appliances, and the increase of high-tech appliances, which use energy heavily.

Commercial /residential sector final energy consumption
Energy Consumption(million in crude oil equivalent kL)

140
120

Commercial
100
70.0

75.0 75.2 77.0 76.9 73.1

61.3

80
52.3

60

30.8
28.2

Residential

26.4 25.9

40
17.7

20

27.7
19.8 25.5

33.0

40.3 42.7

50.9

54.6 55.0 54.1 56.3 54.4 55.1

'95

'00

0
'70

'73

'75

'80

'85

'90

'02

'04

'05

'06

'07

Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”

FY

In the commercial sector, the energy demand has still been increasing in this sector, although
the per-floor space energy intensity has remained roughly flat in recent years shown as below.
This is due to the increase of the total floor-spaces and in FY2007, it showed approximately
39.6% rise from FY1990 in the country in all business types.

Energy consumption per-floor (1,000m2) of buildings

Crude oil equivalent kL /1,000 m2

46.0
44.7

45.0

43.7

44.0

43.9

42.7

43.0
42.0

44.4
43.8

41.2

41.0

42.8

41.5
40.7

40.2

41.3

43.3
41.3

40.0
39.0

39.8

39.7

40.1

40.0

38.0
37.0
'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07

FY

Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”, “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic
Statistics in Japan (2009)”
95Buildings floor space share by business type (FY1990 and 2007）
1800

O ffic e ,Bu ildin gs
2 6 .01600

Schools 20.3

Hospitals 5.8

Total Floor Area (million square meters)

1400

1200

Wh o le saler e t aile r s
2 3 .82 4 .41000

2 2 .1800

S c h o o ls
2 0 .1600
2 4 .2Othe rs
1 2 .0400
1 1 .4

200

5 .0
1 .9

6 .0
3 .9

Ho spit als
Th e at e r s,
6 .1
L e isu r e plac e s
Ho t e ls 5 .3
2 .0
1 .2

0
1990

2007

R e st au r an t s 3 .6
De par t me n t
st o r e s,
S u pe r mar ke t s
1 .3

FY

Source）Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the residential sector
1) Outline of the policies and measures for the residential sector
Although the household sector has made a progress in terms of energy efficiency of
appliances, its energy demand are also increasing due to the increasing ownership of new
appliances and the growing public demands to seek for more comfortable and convenient
lifestyle.
In order to deal with this trend, following collective measures have been launched: the firstmeasure focuses on improving energy efficiency in machinery and equipment, the second
measure aims to improve the heat insulation performance in residences and buildings and thethird one manages the total energy demand.
In terms of the first one, strict standards have been set by introducing the Top-Runner
Program. At first it targeted the appliances specified in the energy conservation law such as
air conditioners and TVs. Later, the target range was extended to include gas and oil
appliances/equipment, vending machines, etc. with the revision of the law in December,96

2004. Moreover, in the field of the hot water supply system, which accounts for 30% ofenergy consumption in the households, more energy-efficient system has been developed andcommercialized. And the support programs to make a smooth introduction in the market areunderway.
As for the second measure, the activities to promote the energy conservation labelingprogram for residences and the subsidy programs for residences conforming to the energy
conservation standards are being conducted.
The third measure supports the publicity activities to disseminate energy conservation at
home, for instance, on how to best choose energy efficient appliances. And it is backing thetesting and demonstration of home energy management system (HEMS).

2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of EnergyStandards of Judgment for Construction Clients and Owners of Specified Buildings on the
Rational Use of Energy for Houses (Announcement No. 1 of METI and MLIT on 30
January, 2009)b) Supporting measures for houses
Extra financing from the Japan Housing Finance Agency is provided for energy
conservation-oriented housesc) Dissemination and publicity activities on energy conservationi) To make various measures thoroughly known through the energy conservation.
Measures in summer and winter, which were decided by the Conference to Promote Energy
and Resources Conservation Measuresii) Introduction of energy conservation labeling system
Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) C9901

iii) Spreading and publicity activities, etc., by ECCJ and the Construction
Environment and Energy Conservation Organization, etc.;- Preparation and distribution of posters and pamphlets, conduction of symposiums,
implementation of a house heat insulation construction engineers’ lecture course, andinformation supply through mass media- Implementation of an Energy Conservation Grand Prize, as a system to commend energy
conservation-type equipment for the C&R sector- Preparation for Energy Conservation Performance Catalogue (including 7 appliances: air
conditioners, TVs, VTR, refrigerators, laundry machines, lighting equipment, andcopiers)- Establishment of a ‘Heat Insulation Spreading and Promotion Liaison Conference’, forgeneral consumers and builders- Implementation of a system to acknowledge excellent energy conservation building
construction techniques, etc.

97(3) Energy conservation policies and measures for the commercial sector
1) Outline of the policies and measures for the commercial buildings
In the commercial sector, the main factor of the increase of energy consumption stems from thegrowing floor space of office and commercial buildings, which is triggered by the industrial
structure change. Nevertheless, the awareness to control the energy intensity is relatively low
compared to the industrial sector, whose energy cost directly affects their production costs. In
order to address this problem, like the household sector, following measures have been taken to
improve the energy conservation performance in buildings: (i) establishing energy conservation
standards based on the energy conservation law, (ii) offering low interest loans to the buildings
which perform high energy conservation, (iii) introducing the Top Runner program to help
promote energy efficiency for office appliances, and (iv) implementing the Energy Star programthat sets energy conservation standards for office equipment.
In June 2002, the Energy Conservation Law was revised and the clause ‘industries subjected to
the “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory” was extended to the commercial sector
such as office buildings, large-scale retail stores, hotels, hospitals, etc.

Moreover, regulatory structure was changed from regulating each factory or workplace toregulating the company wide management in 2008. The amendment obliged a company who
uses a certain amount of energy as the whole company to regulate all of its factories andworkplaces it has (the regulation is also introduced to a franchise chain such as convenience
stores and restaurants, considering it to be a single company). Consequently, the regulatory
coverage of total energy consumption in the commercial sector is expected to increase fromapproximately 10% to 50%.
※Refer to page 100 for ”Energy conservation measures for the commercial buildings”

2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energyi) Standards of Judgment for Construction Clients and Owners of Specified Buildings on the
Rational Use of Energy for Buildings (Announcement No. 3 of METI and MLIT on 30
January, 2009)ii) Release of Thermal Insulation Performance Value of Building Materials (MITI on 8 April,1999)iii) Outline of the International Energy Star Program System (Announcement No. 321 of
METI on 5 December, 2005)b) Supporting measuresi) As to buildings for business that meet the effort guidelines in standards of judgment forbuildings: acknowledgement on equipment investment plans, low-interest financing, andgrants for paying a fixed interest rate, based on the Energy Conservation and Recycling98Support Lawii) Financing by the Development Bank of Japan toward environmentally low-burden-type
buildings (“eco-care” buildings) (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)c) Dissemination and publicity activities on energy conservationi) Familiarize various measures through the Energy Conservation Measures in Summer andWinter, which were decided by the Conference to Promote Energy and Resources
Conservation Measures.
ii) Dissemination and publicity activities pushed through by the Energy Conservation Center,
Japan, the Construction Environment and Energy Conservation Organization, etc.
- Preparation and distribution of posters and pamphlets, conduction of symposiums,
implementation of a house heat insulation construction engineers’ lecture course, andinformation supply through mass media- Implementation of an Energy Conservation Grand Prize as a system to commend
energy conservation-type equipment, and grant an award to buildings performing wellfor environment and energy conservation- National for energy conservation outstanding cases- Evaluation on energy conservation for buildings, and business sector- Japan Association of Energy Service Company (JAESCO)- Certified mark system for Environment-and-energy friendly buildings(4)Promotion of commercial building energy management system (BEMS)(thorough energy management utilizing IT)
By using IT technology, BEMS system promotes and facilitates energy demand management forcommercial buildings. The system ensures recognizing real-time room conditions in buildings bytemperature sensors and/or the optimal operation of lighting and air-conditioning responding toconditions in the room. BEMS image is shown below:

99

Energy conservation measures for the commercial buildings
Classification

Operation control/simple remodeling· Reduction of sunlight
Window shade operation, attachment ofsolar control film
Air-conditioning(1)Reduction of · Reduction of space load
heating and cooling Installation of wind shield room, revolving
door, use of airtight sash
load
· Concentration of air-conditioned operationarea· Reduction of outdoor air load
Reduction of surplus open air intake
Cut of open air during
preheating/pre-cooling· Heat source efficiency operation control
Air-conditioning
Unit control according to load, schedule(2)Efficiency
control, water supply temperature change
improvement of · Change of indoor temperature/humidity set
equipment system · Zero energy band control
Increase of using temperature deference(flow rate /wind volume)· Free cooling· Cleaning of heat exchanger coil filter, etc.
· Measurement and record for improvement ofenergy efficiency·
Periodical
maintenance checkAir-conditioning·
Maintenancecheck of automatic control(3) Management ofdevicesequipment oroverall system

Material Transfer

Lighting

Boiler and Hot
water supply· Control of fan operation time
· Inspection/repair of duct air leakage· Adoption of pump unit control· Adoption of inverters· Air volume control with various sensors for
power for ventilation· Putting out light near window· Putting out light when unnecessary (manualswitch, timer)· Light color finishing of interior· From incandescent bulb fluorescent lamp
· Periodical replacement, cleaning of lamp
· Control of hot water temperature set· Utilizing rest water of storage type boiler· Control of steam pressure·Heating loss prevention of steam (hot water)
pipe

100

Equipment remodeling· Prevention from heat entering buildings
through outer wall or windows.
· Reduction of window space, adoptionof layered glass, insulation of internal(external) walls, installation ofeave/balcony, etc., adoption of air flow
system· Efficient use of heat source
Adoption of high-efficiency heat pump,introduction of co-generation, heatstorage system· Use of natural energy
Use of solar heat, outdoor air cooling,night purge· Use of waste heat
Attachment of total heat exchanger
Heat pump system using waste heat(use of wasted heat from air cooler, &wasted water from drainage, river, etc.)· Outdoor air intake control (CO2 control)· As heat source, adoption of equipmentwith high part-load efficiency or heatstorage system.
· Adoption of BEMS
(humidity/temperature meter for
improving the efficiency of
air-conditioning, sensor system )· Heating appliance with far-infrared ray· Adoption of VAV (variable air volume)
system· Adoption of high efficient fan· Improvement of duct pressure damage· Adoption of VWV (Variable water
volume) system· Improvement of friction loss of pipe
· Adoption of great temperature gap
system· Adoption of HID lamp, optical ductsystem· Adoption of Hf-type lighting equipment· Task and ambient lighting· Introduction of Daylight sensor, humansensor· Adoption of suitable boiler
high efficiency, small type boiler,
suitable capacity· Optimization of pipe design
Minimal length, suitable diameter· Heat pump-type hot water heater· Condensation heat recovery method
water heater

Classification
Lifting equipment

Cooking

Washroom

Operation control/simple remodeling

Equipment remodeling· Efficient operation of escalators etc. withsensors detecting the presence of a person· Prevention of water left running (opening
and closing water tap)
· Replacement of damaged packing· Heat control· Cleaning of equipment·Preventing unnecessary preheating of
range/oven· Adoption of group control system· Replacement of damaged packing· Adjustment of wash basin water stop tap· Water control of feces stool flush valve· Installation of imitation sound devices· Adoption of water conservation tap· Adoption of self closing tap· Adoption of water conservation feces stool· Examination of urinal cleaning system(water supply time control by timer, lightsensor equipment automatic water supply
system, light switch connection system,etc.)· Adoption of air cooled type freezer (water
conservation)· Attachment of back system· Adoption of energy conservation typeshowcase (double layer air curtain type,swing door, etc.)· Control of cooling temperature· Reduction of door opening (number, time)· Prevention of too much food storage· Letting hot food cool before storage
Freezer/Refrigerator/ · Putting out showcase light after closing
Showcasetime· Frost removal· Check/repair of door packing· Periodical cleaning of condenser· Night cover, night set for showcase· Speedy door opening/closing· Allowing back space (10cm or more)
Vending machine · Exact change of "hot" and "cold"· Switch off during non-business, non-store
hours· Cutting transformer at source side
· Checking ventilation of electricity reception
room (prevention of efficiency decline due
to high temperature)
Electricity reception

Equipment
maintenance· Repair/replacement of automatic control
equipment
Damage, bad placement of valve, damper,
sensor, etc.
· Improving precision of thermometer· Additional attachment of measuring device· Examination of energy consumption(by fiscal year, by equipment type)101· Adoption of energy conservation typeequipment (electromagnetic cooking
device, gas cooking device, pressure
cooker, steamer)· Adoption of water conservation top· Adoption of bubble maker tap· Adoption of single lever mix tap· Adoption of double tank sink

· Adoption of energy conservation typevending machine (automatic switch for
fluorescent lamp, energy conservation
timer, peek cut function, reinforcement of
insulation, etc.)· Adoption of transformer with suitablecapacity· Adoption of cell facility for power storage· Improvement of power factor (Installationof condenser)· Adoption of demand control system· Adoption of low-less transformer· Adoption of 400 volt class wiring
equipment

(5) Promotion of ESCO business
1) Outline of ESCO business
ESCO is a business that offers comprehensive services on energy conservation to clients, who inreturn will offer part of their energy saving gains (saving on utility bills, etc.) The business has
two forms: “Guaranteed savings agreement”, where customers cover business costs, and “Sharedsavings agreement”, where the ESCO business covers business costs. These options enable

Customer gain

Repayment

ESCO expenses
Interest
Initialinvestment

Utility charge
payment
Utility charge
payment

Before the introduction of
ESCO business

Energy conservation
effectservice provision according to customer needs. * ESCO stands for Energy Service Company

ESCO operator shallguarantee theachievement.

During the implementation of
ESCO business

There are two methods of ESCO business as follows.
(a) Guaranteed method(b) Shared method

102

CustomerGain

Utility charge
payment

After the contract terms
completed2) Size of the ESCO-related market
The ESCO-related market has been growing rapidly in these years. In FY 2007, the total amountof repair work for energy conservation increased by 30% compared to the previous fiscal year.
The order volume of ESCO business substantially increased from 27.8 billion yen in the previous
year to 40.7 billion yen and ESCO business still accounts for more than half. The scale of thepotential market is expected 2,470 billion yen according to the ESCO Business Introduction
Promotion Study Group of The Energy Conservation Center, Japan. In the U.S., the scale ofmarket is approx. $2 billion (2000).

Market size of repair work for energy conservation including ESCO business(1 0 0 m illio n ye n )

700
600
500
400

Others638

Diagnosis+Repair work for energy
conservation+Performance
contract (=ESCO business)
Diagnosis+Repair work for energy
conservation

557
515

74

Repair work for energy
conservation only

497

140

374

172

36

200

170

186

10

407

353

265

300

492

449

303

278
64 %

19

100
0
1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007
FY

Source) Prepared from the data by Japan Association of Energy Service Companies

3) Future challenge
For further promotion of ESCO business, we have to make efforts to (1) promote the ESCO
business in the public sector, (2) facilitate fund procurement, and (3) improve the recognition of
the business. With respect to the item (1), we carried out the ESCO business as a model case at
the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2004. Furthermore, we will prepare an ESCO
introduction manual for municipalities and hold meetings to explain the guidelines atmunicipalities. With respect to the item (2), we will promote the use of the low-interest loans ofDevelopment Bank of Japan and the project financing method. With respect to the item (3), we
will hold ESCO business explanation meetings throughout Japan to promote introduction.

103

4.4 Transportation Sector(1) Energy situation for the transportation sector
The energy consumption in Japan’s transportation sector had increased until FY1996 since the oilcrisis, but the recent data shows that the previous increasing trend stopped and almost leveled off its
consumption. Its major factor is attributed to the increasing number of the ownership of passenger
vehicles.

Evolution of energy consumption in freight and passenger transportation

Energy Consumption(Crude oil equivalent million kL)

120
100

Freight

8060

4 0 .5

4 2 .14 2 .0 4 2 .1

4 3 .94 4 .4 4 4 .7

4 3 .5 4 2 .5 4 2 .0 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 3 9 .5 3 8 .9 3 9 .1 3 8 .7

3 8 .7 3 7 .940
20

4 8 .3 5 0 .0
4 3 .7 4 6 .5

5 2 .9 5 5 .2 5 7 .2

5 9 .2 5 9 .9 6 1 .2 6 1 .5 6 2 .6 6 2 .4 6 2 .2 6 2 .1 6 0 .6 5 9 .3 5 8 .3

Passenger
0'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 FY
Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”
As shown in the below figure, Japan’s per-capita transportation energy consumption marked lower
compared to other major selecting countries, but those countries have successfully lessened theconsumption level, as shown that Germany coming closer to Japan’s lowest level. The energy
consumed by passenger vehicles accounts for 90 % of the total fuel consumption in this sector.
Japan’s vehicle energy performance has significantly improved specifically since the introduction ofa new standard setting process applied for appliances and vehicles called Top Runner Program. As
mentioned in the equipment chapter, as a result of cooperative effort made by manufacturers under
the program, the great improvement in fuel efficiency in those vehicles can be monitoredcomparative to earlier energy performances as shown in the below figure.

104

Transition of per-capita energy consumption in the transportation sector
3.50
3 . 0 4 (USA)3.00
Index (2006 Japan=1)

2 . 5 6 (USA)

USA

2.50

UK
Germany

2.00
1.50
1.00

0 . 6 9 (UK)
0 . 6 5 (Ge r m an y)

1 . 3 0 (UK)1 . 1 6 (Fr an c e )France1 . 0 8 (Ge r m an y)Japan

0 . 6 1 (Fr an c e )1 . 0 0 (Japan )0.50
0 . 4 9 (Japan )

0.00
1971

1973

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2006

Year

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

Evolution of passenger vehicles’ average fuel consumption (10・15 modes)
17.0
16.5
16.0

15.5

Fuel Efficiency (km/L)

15.5

15.0 15.1
14.6 14.7

15.0
14.5

14.0

14.0

13.5
13.2

13.5
12.9

13.0
12.5

15.7

12.4

12.3

12.2 12.3

12.1

'93

'94

'96

12.0
11.5
11.0
'95

'97

'98

'99

'00

'01

'02

'03

'04

'05

'06

Source) Prepared from “Vehicle Fuel Consumption List” by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism

105

'07

FY

Car ownership per household (1990-2009)
1 .2 0（ Un it/ hou se hold）

1 .1 0

1.035
0.983

1 .0 0

1.068

1.045

1.096

1.087
1.083

1.095

1.082
1.099

1.040
1.060

1.015

0.920

0 .9 0

1.076

1.054

0.951

0.857
0.890

0 .8 00.819

0 .7 00 .6 0'9 0 '9 1 '92 '9 3 '9 4 '95 '9 6 '9 7 '98 '9 9 '0 0 '01 '0 2 '0 3 '04 '0 5 '0 6 '07 '0 8 '0 9 FY

Source) Prepared from “Basic Residential Resister” and “Website of Automobile Inspection &Registration Information Association”

Average weight of owned vehicles (1990-2007)

A v era g e W ei g ht （k g ）

1,250

1,173

1,200
1,146
1,150

1,160
1,083

1,100
1,050

1,189

1,186
1,182

1,187

1,186
1,189

1,182
1,185

1,178
1,181
1,175

1,128

1,038
1,061

1,000
950

'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 Year
Source) Prepared from “Website of Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association”

Energy consumption intensity by transportation

Un it : MJ/ (pe rson･km)

3.0
Veh icle(private )2.5

Airplan e(passenger)

2.0
1.5
1.0

Bus

0.5

Train
(passe nger)

0.0'90 '91 '92 '9 3 '94 '95 '96 '9 7 '98 '99 '00 '0 1 '02 '03 '04 '0 5 '06 '07
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)106

FY(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the transportation sector
1) Outline of energy conservation measures in the transportation sector
Given the continuing increasing trend of the transportation sector’s energy consumption and thegrowth from FY1990 to 2005 of energy consumption of passenger vehicles accounting for almost
90 % of that in the sector, implementing measures focusing on passenger vehicles is crucial. The
Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy designates gasoline- and diesel-powered automobiles
as specified equipment, aiming to improve automobiles fuel consumption. Energy conservation
target values are established for them and indication of their energy consumption efficiency isrequired.

2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy
Under the revised version of the law in 2006, new obligations were imposed on carriers(freight, passenger) and consigners: submission of plans for energy saving and submissionof periodical reports on energy use.
b) Supporting measuresi) Spreading and promotion of automobiles which use clean energy as fuel Preferential tax
measures for purchasing low-fuel-consumption cars and low-air-pollution carsii) Financial aid will be offered to help promote the purchase of clean-energy-automobiles andlow-air-pollution cars, and low-fuel-consumption cars, and for the development of therelated technology.
iii) Improvement of energy efficiency of individual transportation equipment. Implementationof investment and financing, etc. to introduce energy efficient equipment.
c) Dissemination and publicity on energy conservationi) To make various measures thoroughly known through the Energy Conservation Measures insummer and winter, of which measures were decided by the Conference to Promote Energy
and Resources Conservation Measures.
ii) Dissemination by posters and pamphlets, holding symposiums, media campaigns participatedby related ministries, agencies, and various actors in different fields.
iii) Implementation of activities to acknowledge and enlighten about idling-stop during waiting at
stoplights through Idling-Stop Caravan: cross over Japan, brochures for effects of fuelconsumption reduction, etc.

107

APPENDIX
1. ENERGY DATA
1.1 World Energy Data
(1) Energy resource reserves(in 2008)

Allocation by region

Proved recoverable reserves
(R)

Oil

Natural gas

Coal

Uranium

1.258
trillion barrels

185.02
trillion m3

826
billion tons

5.47
million tons

5.6%
9.8
1.1
10.3
59.9
10.0
3.3

4.8%
4.0
3.2
30.8
41.0
7.9
8.3

29.8%
1.8
9.7
23.3
0.2
3.9
31.4

14.0%
5.0
-*
31.0
2.0
18.0
26.0

Annual production
(P)

29.9
billion barrels(81.8 million
barrels/day)

3.07
trillion m3

7.08
billion tons

44,000 tons

Recoverable years(R/P)

41.4 years

60.3 years

117 years

132 years

North America
Central & South America
EuropeFormer Soviet Union
Middle East
AfricaAsia / PacificSourceBP statistics (year 2009)【Reserves】
OECD・
NEA&IAEA
Uranium(year 2007)【Production】
World Nuclear
Association*With regard to Uranium, there is not “Europe” in the category of allocation by region, and 4% isallocated to “Others”.
108

(2) Primary energy consumption by energy resource
Unit:
N ucl ea r ( 1.0)

H y dro

Year
Oi l

'73

N atura l g a s( 49.8)Others ( 1.7)

Coa l

<Total>5 ,436( 27.5)( 18.0)Mtoe( 2.3) ( 2.9) ( 1.9)

'80

( 46.3)( 19.1)

6,47 9( 27.6)( 2.4) ( 5.6) ( 2.2)

'85

( 40.5)( 20.3)

6,95 4( 29.0)( 2.3) ( 6.7) ( 2.2)

'90

( 39.4)( 21.2)

7,88 5( 28.1)( 2.6) ( 7.3) ( 2.4)

'95

( 39.0)( 22.0)8 ,292( 26.7)（2.5) ( 7.5) ( 2.5)

'00

( 38.8)( 23.2)

9,02 0( 25.4)( 2.4) ( 7.1) ( 2.4)

'05

(37.6)(22.8)(27.6)

10,330(2.4)(7.0)(2.7)

'06
0
Note)

2000

4000

10,583(28.0)(22.9)(37.2)

6000

8000

10000

Figures in parenthesis represent percentage.

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

109

12000

(3) Primary energy consumption by region
Unit:

Mtoe

Year
OECD

Non-OECD'73( 69.0)( 31.0)'80( 62.9)'85( 59.4)'90( 57.3)( 59.0)'00( 59.0)'05(53.8)'06(52.3)

Note)

5 ,43 6

6 ,4 79( 37.1)'95

0<Total>20 00

6,9 54( 40.6)( 42.7)

7 ,88 5

( 41.0)

8 ,2 92( 41.0)

9 ,0 2 0

10,330(46.2)

10,583(47.7)

40 00

60 00

80 00

10 00 0

12 00 0Figures in parenthesis represent percentage.

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”110

(4) Trend of primary energy consumption
1) World per-capita primary energy consumption(Year1973＝100)

180
170
160
150

Non-OECD Average

140
130
120

OECD Average

World Average

110
100
90
1973

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2006 Year

2) World per-GDP primary energy consumption(10,000toe/1billion US$)90
80
Non-OECD Total

70
60
50
40

World Total

30
20OECD Total

10
0
1973

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2006

Year

3) World energy consumption, GDP, and population (2006)
Primary Energy
Consumption
Mtoe

Y/Y
Avg.
Growth Growth Rate
Rate (1973-2006)

Real GDP (2000US$ standard)

Population

Y/Y
Avg.
Y/Y
Avg.
BillionGrowth Growth Rate Million Growth Growth Rate
US$
Rate (1973-2006)
Rate (1973-2006)

OECDTotal 5,537 -0.30%

1.23%

29,2182.89%

2.79% 1,175

0.67%

0.83%

Non-OECD
5,045
Total

5.65%

3.48%

8,649

7.42%

4.38% 5,336

1.28%

1.81%

World Total 10,583

2.45%

2.10%

37,8683.89%

3.09% 6,511

1.17%

1.61%

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”111

(5) Energy supply in major countries
1) World total primary energy supply (TPES) and shares of energy sources (2007)
Unit: %, Figures in parentheses are Million toe

Electricity

EP
0.0

EP
-0.4

EP
0.2

3.4

8.6

2.4

EP
-1.9

EP
2.2

EP
0.1

EP
-0.8

0.0

Hydro/Geothermal

NuclearNatural Gas

Coal

Oil

Japan

Germany

U.K.

FranceItaly

CanadaU.S.A.

Note)1) The import and export of electric power are also included in the primary energy supply.
( “minus” in the chart represents excess of export.)
2) Coal includes other solid fuels.
Source)Prepared from “Energy balance of OECD Countries 2009” (IEA)
Comment) 1) The share of oil is especially high in Japan and Italy, accounting for about 40%.
2) In Japan, the U.S.A. and Germany, the share of coal is as high as about 20%.
3) In Canada, the share of hydraulic power is as high as 16%.
4) In France, the share of nuclear power is especially as high as 43%.

2) World sector shares in final energy consumption (2007)
Unit: %, Figures in parentheses are Million toe

Non-energy use

Commercial /Residential

Transportation

IndustryJapan

GermanU.K.

FranceItaly

CanadaSource) Prepared from “Energy balance of OECD Countries 2009” (IEA)
112

U.S.A.

3) World total electricity generated and shares of power (2007)
Unit: %, Figures in parenthesis represent 100 million kWh

Hydro/Geothermal, etc

Nuclear power

Natural gas

Coal

Oil

Japan

Germany

U.K.

FranceItaly

CanadaU.S.A.

Source) Prepared from “Energy balance of OECD Countries 2009” (IEA)(6) Energy consumption in major countries
1) World trend of energy consumption, GDP, oil consumption and dependency(Unit:%)

Real GDP growthrate (year-over-year)

US
UK
Germany
France
Italy
RussiaChina
Japan

Energy consumption
increase rate
(year-over-year)

Oil consumption
increase rate
(year-over-year)

Oil dependence
rate

2005

2006

2005

2006

2005

2006

2005

2006

3.2
1.9
0.9
1.7
0.1
6.4
10.4
1.9

2.9
2.8
2.8
2.0
1.9
6.7
10.7
2.2

0.6
0.6
-1.2
0.3
1.3
2.2
9.8
-0.5

-0.9
-1.4
1.0
-1.3
-0.8
3.0
10.5
-0.2

0.5
1.1
-1.6
-0.6
-1.6
2.7
2.3
-1.8

-1.6
-0.9
0.3
-0.9
-1.1
3.6
8.0
-4.0

40.7
36.1
35.7
33.1
44.2
20.7
21.3
47.4

40.4
36.3
35.4
33.3
44.1
20.8
20.8
45.6

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

113

114

1.2 Domestic Energy Data (Outlook)(1) Demand of energy sources and GDP
1) Energy demand by energy sources and GDP
Energy Demand (1018J)

GDP (base year 2000) (trillion yen)
600

30First Oil Crisis

562.8

Second Oil Crisis

25

GDP

20

23.47

500

400

T o t al En e r gy De m an d

15

300
11.9
Oil De m an d
11.2

10

200

El e c t r ic i t y De m an d
(Le ft Axi s: 1 0 0 bi llio n
kW h )
5.0

5100
C o al De m an d
3.9
Nat u r al Gas De m an d

0

0
'70

'72

'74

'76

'78 '80

'82

'84

'86

'88

'90

'92

'94

'96

'98 '00

'02

'04

'06

2) Changes in energy/GDP elasticity
Fiscal Year

1965～73

1973～80

1980～90

1990～2000 2000～07

Annual Average
Growth Rate of GDP

9.06％

3.49％

3.97％

1.16％

1.54％

Annual Average Growth
Rate of Primary Energy
Demand10.86％

0.43％

2.04％

1.40％

0.05％

Energy/GDP Elasticity

1.20

0.12

0.51

1.21

0.03

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”
115

FY(2) Outlook of energy consumption and supply
1) Final energy consumption(Unit : million kL of crude oil equivalents)
2020(Projected)

Fiscal Year

2005
(Actual)

Items

2030
(Projected)

Current
Measures

Maximum
Additional
Measures

Current
Measures

Maximum
Additional
Measures

%

%

%

%

%
Final Consumption Total

413 100%

421 100%

375 100%

424 100%

346 100%

Industrial Sector

181

44%

180

43%

177

47%

179

42%

174

50%

Civil Sector

134

32%

149

35%

121

32%

154

36%

103

30%

Household Sector

56

14%

61

14%

52

14%

66

16%

47

14%

Commercial Sector etc.

78

19%

88

21%

68

18%

87

21%

56

16%

98

24%

92

22%

78

21%

91

22%

69

20%

Transportation Sector

2) Primary energy supply(Unit: million kL of crude oil equivalents)
2020(Projected)

Fiscal Year
2005
(Actual)Items

Primary Energy Supply

Fuel

588
Amount%2030(Projected)

Current
Measures

Maximum
Additional
Measures

Current
Measures

Maximum
Additional
Measures

627

553

637

515

Amount%Amount%Amount%%AmountOil

255 43%22736%

190 34%220 35%

265 52%

LPG

18

3%

18

3%

18

18

19

Coal

123 21%

128

20%

107 19%131 21%85 17%Natural Gas

88 15%

114

18%

89 16%

112 18%54 11%

Nuclear power

69 12%

9916%

99 18%

107 17%49 10%

Hydro power

17

3%

19

3%

19 34%

19

3%

22

4%

Geothermal

1

0%

1

0%

1

0%

1

0%

0

0%

New Energy,etc

16

3%

22

3%

30

5%

29

5%

13

3%

3%

3%

4%

Source) Prepared from the report of “Long-term Outlook of Energy Demand and Supply (recast)” issued by
the Demand &Supply Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources andEnergy in August 2009.

1163) Final energy consumption by sector

300

250
Index : FY1973 as 100

247.0

Industry
Commercial/Residential
Transportation

200
202.1

150
98.3

100

50

0
'73 '75

'85

'95

Note)

'03 '05 '07

Due to revision of the aggregation method in Energy Balance Tables in Japan, values
for FY1990 onwards and values for preceding years are the results of utilizing
different methods.
Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”

117

FY

1.3 Domestic Sectoral Energy Data
(1)Industrial sector
1) Manufacturing industry’s energy consumption

Unit: 1016 J

700
670
651

643

666

663

15.7

15.4

673

648

632
8.0

600

592
584

500

12.7

10.6
535
3.1
3.0

15.2

12.6

3.3
3.1

12.7

12.9

12.4

6.6
46.4

500
12.4
11.8

6.6
6.3
2.3

2.9

2.3
6.6

Others

15.1

14.2

604

594

2.2

5.9
2.1

2.5

Machinery/MetalNonferrous
Metal

6.6

6.4

6.0

6.3

2.0

2.0

25.8

25.7

6.2

2.1

2.8

5.9
35.5

5.2
31.3

400

2.2
26.8

2.5
29.7

28.4

27.5

26.1
25.9

25.6

Iron & Steel

6.2

6.3

Ceramics

Chemicals

27.6

30.1
31.9

300

7.3

9.6
10.0
8.7

8.5

7.0

8.4

8.0

30.6

30.9

32.2

32.4

33.1

33.5

33.5

8.7

8.3
9.6

200
26.9

28.0
24.2

27.2

28.7

28.9

7.0

7.1

6.6

6.7

6.9

6.7

6.3

6.2

6.0

5.7

5.6

2.0

27.2

100
6.4

0

6.4

6.7

4.3

4.4

4.3

3.3

3.0

3.2

3.7

3.5

2.9
3.4

2.3
3.4

2.4
3.5

2.2
3.5

2.0
3.5

3.5

1.8
3.5

1.7
3.5

1.6
3.5

1.6
3.6

'73

'78

'83

'87

'89

'91

'93

'95

'97

'99

'01

'03

'05

'07

Paper & Pulp
TextileFood

FYNote) Units in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

1182) Major industries’ energy costs to variable costs
35

Ceramics

30

Iron & Steel
28.1

Paper & Pulp
Chemicals

25.9

All Manufacturers

Ratio of energy cost in variable costs (%)

25

21.8

20.4

20
17.9

16.3

15.1

15

14

16.4

14
13.2

11.8

11.1

11.3

10.6
9.7

10
10.2

10.8

8.4

8.6

9.1

8.2

7.3
6.6
5.9

7.4

6.9

8.0

7.7

7.4

5

3.9

3.9

3.7

4.1

4.2

'90

'95

'00

'05

'07

0
'83

'85

Year

Note) Variable costs = raw materials cost + fuel cost + electric power cost
Energy costs = fuel cost + electric power cost
Source) Prepared from “Industrial Statistics Table (Industry Section) 2008” by Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry

1193) Energy demand analysis for the industrial sectora) Factors affecting manufacturing industry energy consumption
13（10 J）
90000
80000

Confounding Factor
Output Factor
Structual Factor
Energy Intensity
Total Change

70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
-10000-20000c-30000-40000-50000-60000-70000-80000

'70

'75

'80

'85

'90

'95

'00

'05

'07

FY

b) Trend of factors of manufacturing sector energy consumption change(Unit: 1016 J)
Fiscal Year

'90

'92

'94

'96

'98

'00

'02

Energy Consumption Changes

13.5

-13.3

26.1

10.7

-13.7

10.7

10.0

0.7

8.3

2.1

Output Effect

28.9

-35.7

18.3

21.4

-44.9

28.5

18.8

25.8

29.6

17.9

Structure Effect

-2.6

10.7

3.0

-10.4

-4.2

-7.8

-3.0

-13.6

-6.8

-11.0

Intensity Effect

-12.3

13.4

4.4

0.1

38.7

-8.7

-5.1

-10.8

-13.7

-4.5

Factor

Source)'04'06

Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

120

'07

(2) Residential sector
1) Per household energy consumption (by energy sources)〔MJ/（Household・Year）〕
Year
'73

Electricity

City gas

LPG

6,884
22.5

7,041
23.0

4,373
14.3

'80

9,280
27.7

'82

9,882
29.0

'84

10,85828.4'86

11,48429.1'8812,16529.9'9013,172
32.7'92

13,952
32.7

7,318
21.9

Kerosene
10,043
32.8

9,814
29.3

800
2.6

30,659

9,974
23.4

11,111
27.6

7,055
16.6

15,47035.1'9616,26734.8

10,712
22.9

7,187
15.4

'98

16,67636.8

10,185
22.5

7,090
15.6

7,098
16.1

115
0.3

11,632
26.4

40,74424
0.1

40,27842,605
7
0.0

6,680
14.1

'02

17,845
38.6

10,370
22.4

6,242
13.5

11,79025.5'0418,35940.7

10,016
22.2

6,177
13.7

10,60623.5'07

18,745
42.3

9,929
22.4

0

5,000

10,00015,00020,00025,00047,224

46,24645,158

11,280
24.2

5,960
12.8
5,791
13.1
30,00045,33012,261
26.0

10,57322.4

10,31422.1

46,735

11,37925.1

17,71037.5

19,05740.9

44,111

12,570
26.9

'00

'06

39,397

75
0.2

37
0.1

11,587
27.2

'94

9,903
22.4

38,281216
0.5

12,472
30.6

6,650
16.5

34,070
169
0.4

312
0.8

12,090
30.7

6,753
16.6

9,321
23.1

33,475
174
0.5

357
1.0

6,681
17.0

9,279
22.8

233
0.7

11,894
31.1

6,574
17.2

8,811
22.4

<Total>

303
0.9

9,592
28.2

6,386
18.7

8,475
22.1

Others

1,517
4.9

6,528
19.5

7,678
22.5

Coal

9,800
22.1
35,00040,00046,61244,26545,000Note) The lower figures in the bar represent percentage distribution.
Source) Prepared from “Domestic Energy Statistics Annual Report” (Residential Environment
Planning & Research Center)

121

50,000

2) Per household energy consumption (by usage)
Air conditioning
Year

Heating'73

11,315
36.9

'80

9,430
28.2

'82

8,770
25.7

Hot water supply
259
0.8

9,049
29.5

10,036
32.7

229
0.7
297
0.9

〔MJ/（Household・Year）〕

Lighting,
Electric appliances& Others<Total>30,65913,54840.5

10,26930.7

33,475

14,37842.2

10,62431.2

34,070'84

11,669
30.5

581
1.5

14,80738.7'86

11,762
29.9

486
1.2

14,95738.0'88

12,471
30.6

419
1.0

14,91636.6

12,93831.8

40,744

13,47633.5

40,278'90

10,892
27.0

827
2.1

15,08337.4'92

11,359
26.7

664
1.6

16,17038.0'94

11,678
26.5

1,345
3.0

15,64835.5'9613,250
28.4

758
1.6

16,44035.2'9812,246
27.0

1,067
2.4

15,29433.7'00

13,27428.1'0212,461
26.9

1,112
2.5

'06

11,495
24.7

902
1.9

'07

9,904
22.4
0

5,000

915
2.1
10,00015,00012,19230.9

39,397

14,411
33.8

44,111

16,28734.9

46,735

16,72336.9

45,33017,28636.6

47,224

17,42337.7

15,24433.8

46,246

17,924
39.7

15,68733.7

45,15818,52839.7

46,612

18,11240.9

15,33434.6
20,00042,605

15,44035.0

15,298
33.1

1,064
2.3

10,87724.1

38,281

15,509
32.8

1,156
2.4

'04

11,22429.3

25,00030,00035,00044,26540,00045,000Note) The lower figures in the bar represent percentage distribution.
Source) “Domestic Energy Statistics Annual Report” (Residential Environment Planning &Research Center)

122

50,0003) Rate of home appliance stock owned by household
Fiscal Year
Appliances

Warmed toilet Seat(with warm water
shower)

1970

1980

1990

(unit/100households)
2004

2000

2008

2009

-

-

-

49.2

69.7

91.7

93.5

Refrigerator

91.1

114.2

116.2

121.6

125.6

-

-

Microwave oven

2.2

33.6

71

98.8

102.7

-

-

Washing machine

92.7

103.9

108

108.6

109.1

-

-

Electric clothes dryer

-

-

15

21.9

22.7

31.7

30.1

Electric futon dryer

-

15

26.8

38

39.9

-

-

Vacuum cleaner

70.1

109.5

130.8

140.9

146.2

-

-

Air conditioner

6.8

51.8

114

207.6

245.3

257.1

256

Electric carpet

-

-

53.8

94.6

91.9

-

-

Color television

26.9

141.1

196.4

226.2

238.4

241.5

243.1

Dishwasher

-

-

-

-

-

27.9

29.4

Personal computer

-

-

11.2

48.6

92.6

110.1

111.8

Source) Prepared from “Annual Report on Consumer Confidence Survey” by Cabinet Office1234) Improvement of energy efficiency of home electric appliancesa) Air Conditioners (1996-2008 Models)
Simple average values of typical models of energy conservation type wall-mounted cooling andheating air conditioners with 2.8kW cooling capability.
'96 M odel

347

'98 M odel

300

1159

859

262

'02 M odel

241

706

947

'04 M odel

237

708

945

'06 M odel

217

665

882

'08 M odel

214

644

858

755

300

Power
consumption
for space heating

1017'00 M odel

0

Power
consumption
for air cooling

1302

955

600

900

*The rightmost
numbers show total
power consumption
during term

1200

1500

1800

(Unit: kWh)

Note)

Based on Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association standards
JRAS4046(standards for calculating room air conditioner term power consumption)
Source) Prepared from the data by Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Associationb) TVs (1997-2008 Models)
Simple average values of the products.
Standby Power Consumption%
100

Annual Power Consumption

2.25W 231W
220W

100 100

207W

95
Index: Value in 1997 as 100

90
80
161W
150W

70

141W

65

60

59
40

20

0.37W

16

0.31W
0.17W

14

0.35W

0.37W

16

15

8
0

LCD televisions (32-inch wide V type)

CRT televisions (32-inch wide type)

Source) Prepared from “Catalog of Energy Efficiency Performance (summer and winter version of eachfiscal year)” by ECCJ
124

(3) Commercial sector
1) Per-floor energy consumption in commercial buildings (by energy sources)(MJ/m²)

Solar
FY

Coal

Oil

Gas

Electricity

149
9.9

265
17.5

'73

16
1.1

'80

33
2.8

'82

30
2.8

568
52.3

'84

40
3.7

526
47.8

'86

27
2.5

501
46.6

'88

30
2.6

510
44.7

168
14.7

427
37.4

'90

24
2.0

500
42.1

174
14.6

481
40.5

'92

20
1.6

537
43.2

'94

27
2.2

458
37.6

'96

29
2.4

414
34.7

203
17.0

534
44.7

15
1.2

1,195

'98

28
2.3

406
33.7

198
16.4

557
46.3

16
1.3

1,204

'00

24
2.0

354
29.8

224
18.8

569
48.0

17
1.4

1,188

'02

26
2.2

334
28.1

232
19.5

581
48.9

17
1.4

1,190

'04

24
2.0

306
25.8

241
20.4

596
50.3

17
1.4

1,184

'05

23
2.0

285
25.3

247
21.9

'06

25
2.3

239
22.4

'07

19
1.8
0

1,082
71.5
666
56.5

215
20.6

141
12.9
148
13.4
146
13.6

1,086

381
34.6

7
0.6

1,102

392
36.6

7
0.6

239
22.4

8
0.7

528
43.3

800

1,000

1,188
10
0.8

1,242

12
1.0

1,218

17
1.5

555
53.2
600

1,142

492
39.6

548
51.4

1,126

16
1.5

1,067

16
1.6

1,043

1,200

1,400

Note) Lower figures in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)

125

1,513

1,073
7
0.6

554
49.2

1
0.1

1,179

5
0.5

194
15.9

400

5
0.4

342
31.5

183
14.8

239
22.9
200

331
28.1

144
12.2

＜Total＞

1,600

2) Per-floor energy consumption in commercial buildings (by usage)(MJ/m²)
Kitchen

CoolingHeating

FY

Powerand others

Hot water supply

'73

69.2
4.6

'80

52.8
4.5

'82

55.7
5.1

361.9
33.3

317.3
29.2

64.1
5.9

287.5
26.5

1,086

'84

71.9
6.5

358.3
32.5

292.1
26.5

69.9
6.4

309.8
28.1

1,102

'86 63.6
5.9

325.9
30.4

284.7
26.5

'88

74.0
6.5

323.0
28.3

302.2
26.5

75.8
6.6

'90

96.0
8.1

311.0
26.2

300.4
25.3

75.4
6.3

'92

89.5
7.2

337.7
27.2

309.5
24.9

'94

112.2
9.2

301.9
24.8

'96

98.6
8.3

289.5
24.2

257.7
21.5

85.9
7.2

463.5
38.8

1,195

'98

112.4
9.3

279.1
23.2

254.0
21.1

82.0
6.8

476.8
39.6

1,204

'00

130.6
11.0

268.1
22.6

227.2
19.1

88.9
7.5

472.7
39.8

1,188

'02

142.3
12.0

269.8
22.7

211.3
17.7

87.7
7.4

478.8
40.2

1,190

'04

140.2
11.9

244.2
20.6

93.5
7.9

494.0
41.7

1,184

'05

125.5
11.2

242.0
21.5

'06

120.0
11.2

192.7
18.1

189.4
17.7

'07

120.3
11.5

186.2
17.9

166.6
16.0

200

400

0

707.5
46.8
445.3
37.8

278.2
23.6

1,179

366.9
32.1

1,242

446.2
36.6

95.2
8.4
93.3
8.8

1,188

429.1
34.5

80.2
6.6

1,218

468.4
41.6

1,126

471.2
44.2

1,067

479.0
45.9

90.9
8.7

600

800

1,043
1,000

1,200

1,400

Note) Lower figures in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)

126

1,513

1,142

405.1
34.1

76.4
6.2

277.4
22.8

198.7
13.1

1,073

331.8
30.9

67.4
6.3

194.8
17.3

54.8
3.6

65.6
5.5

336.7
28.6

211.8
17.9

483.2
31.9

<Total>1,600

(4) Transportation sector
1) Transportation energy consumption (by type of transport)
4,000
15

（Unit：10 J）
Air

3,500

MarineTransportation 3,000
Rail

2,500

Freight Vehicle
2,000
Bus
1,500
Passenger car forbusiness use
1,000
Passenger car for
private use
5000Grand total ofTransport sector
energyconsumption
Total of passenger
sector energy
consumption
Passenger car for
private use
Passenger car forbusiness use
Bus
RailMarinetransportation
Air
Total of freightsector energy
consumption
Motor truck
Rail
Marinetransportation
Air

75

80

85

75

80

90

85

92

90

95
98
Fiscal Year

92

95

2000

98

1,938 2,302 2,465 3,114 3,327 3,627 3,820(5.3)(-1.2)

(2.4)

(4.5)

(2.3)

(3.1)

(1.1)

2002

2000

2004

2002

2006

2004

2007

2006

2007

3,798 3,817 3,839 3,756 3,657(-2.2)

(0.1)

(1.0)

(-1.2)(-2.5)

996 1,244 1,424 1,880 2,044 2,269 2,449

2,432 2,465 2,493 2,422 2,373

(7.4)

(0.9)

(-2.6)

713

942 1,116 1,513 1,664 1,891 2,050

87

78

88

100

104

73

94

64

67

63

62

60

59
61

56
63

54
64

64
77

62
79

63
82

61
82

58
81

57
80

62
80

64
80

64
80

6

5

4

7

8

6

8

9

7

8

7

6

70

99

98

119

127

155

154

145

147

157

176

193

(3.6)

(8.0)

(3.5)

(3.4)

(1.7)

941 1,058 1,041 1,233 1,283 1,358 1,372

(0.0)

(1.2)

2,075 2,106 2,122(-1.9)(-1.9)

2,032 1,932

1,366 1,352 1,346 1,334 1,284

(3.1)
657
17

(-3.7)
791
13(0.9) (-0.5) (0.2) (2.7) (0.1) (-1.5) (0.2) (0.6) (0.2) (-3.7)
819 1,058 1,105 1,171 1,140 1,116 1,085 1,101 1,105 1,083
8
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

262

244

200

151

153

159

203

221

239

217

199

171

5

9

14

17

18

22

23

24

22

23

24

25

Note) Values in parentheses represent the increase rate (%) compared with the previous fiscal year.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in JAPAN (2009)”

1272) Energy consumption and transportation volume share (FY 2007)(by type of passenger transport)
0

20

40

60

100 (%)

80

0.3
2.7
EnergyConsumption

85.5

8.1

Passenger
Vehicle
Bus
Rail

3.4

MarineAir

Transportation
Volume

58.8

6.3

28.7

6.0
0.3

0
Source)

20

60

40

80

100 (%)

Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

3) Energy consumption and transportation volume share (FY 2007)(by type of freight transport)
0

20

60

40

EnergyConsumption

80

100 (%)

0.5

1.9
13.3

84.3

Freight
VehicleRail
Marine4.0
Transportation
Volume

60.9

Air
34.9
0.2

0
Source)

20

40

60

80

100 (%)

Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

1284) Energy intensity by type of transport (FY 2007)(Energy consumption per passenger-kilometer)
100

Rail

(203kJ/passenger-km)

363

Bus
(717kJ/passenger-km)

883

Marine(1,814kJ/passenger-km)

Passenger
Vehicle1,242(2,526kJ/passenger-km)

1,159

Air
(2,055kJ/passenger-km)

0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Note)
Index Rail =100
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

5) Energy intensity by type of transport (FY 2007)(Energy consumption per freight ton-kilometer)

100

Rail

(245kJ/ton-km)

352

Marine(958kJ/ton-km)

Freight
Vehicle

1,276(3,190kJ/ton-km)

8,969

Air
(21,864kJ/ton-km)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000Note)
Index Rail =100
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2009)”

129

2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION/ASIA ENERGYCONSERVATION PROGRAM
2.1 Significance of energy conservation cooperation
The significance of Japan’s international cooperation in the energy conservation field with Asian
countries is as shown below.

(1) Improving energy supply-demand structure in Asia
Cooperation in the energy conservation field with Asian countries will improve energy efficiency,
suppress a sharp increase in demand for energy, and improve the energy supply-demand structure.
Consequently, the cooperation will contribute to stabilizing the mid- and long-term energy
supply-demand in Asia, while at the same time stabilizing the crude oil market price andimproving the global energy supply-demand structure. In particular, the suppression of energy
demand and the reform of energy supply-demand structure in foreign countries through energy
conservation cooperation will contribute to the energy security of Japan, which is heavily
dependent on overseas countries for most of its energy resources.

(2) Solving global environmental problems
Asian countries consume a large amount of energy and at the same time are attributed to a large
proportion of CO2 emissions in the world. The promotion of cooperation in the energy
conservation field will lead to the reduction of CO2 emissions in Asian countries and contributeto solving global environmental problems.

(3) International contribution
Generally speaking, Asian countries are heavily dependent on imported oil and have a fragile
energy supply-demand structure. For this reason, under present circumstances, with oil prices athistorically high levels, there is an increasing need for the stabilization of energy supply-demandin Asian countries. Against the above problem, there are great expectations for Japan, which has
the world’s top track record in terms of energy conservation, to cooperate in the energy
conservation field. Japan’s active promotion of cooperation in the energy conservation field with
Asian countries will meet their expectations and externally show our attitude of a firm
commitment to energy security in Asia. This international contribution is of great significanceand will help to strengthen Japan’s leadership in Asian countries in energy and other fields.

(4) Reduction of destabilizing factors in the Asian economy
Recently, Japan has undergone an extremely profound economic interdependence with Asian
countries, including China, in both export/import and investment exchange. However, the energy
problem remains a destabilizing factor for growing Asian economy. The promotion ofcooperation in the energy conservation field will make Asia’s economic structure invulnerable tofluctuations in energy price, prevent the energy problem from hampering economic growth, andresult in the reduction of destabilizing factors of the whole economy in Asia, including Japan.

(5) Deepening the business exchange between Japan and Asian countries
In order to promote energy conservation in Asian countries, it is necessary to improve energy
conservation-related systems, develop human resources, and diffuse energy-saving appliancesand facilities. Energy conservation is needed in all fields, including the industrial, commercial
and household fields of each country. It is expected that the market size of energy-saving
appliances and facilities in Asian countries will substantially expand with future economic
growth. Asian countries have a big expectation of the transfer of globally leading energy-saving
technology possessed by the Japanese industry. Responding to such expectations will contributeto encouraging energy conservation in Asia and deepening the business exchange between Japanand Asian countries.

1302.2 Future course to strengthen cooperation in the energy conservation
field
The energy supply-demand structure needs to be improved in Asian countries by promoting
energy conservation on their own initiative, in the light of the above-mentioned. In order to doso, efforts for international cooperation in the energy conservation field will be drasticallymade to implement the “Asia energy conservation program” based on the following ideas:(1) Support for establishing the legal/policy system in Asian countries
Some improvements have been made on the legal system concerning energy conservation,
including the Energy Conservation Law and energy-efficiency standards. However, it is still
pointed out that the legal system has not been working satisfactorily due to lack of
substantial enforcement, although the foundation of the legal system concerning energy
conservation has been built in Asian countries.
Under these circumstances, Japan will reinforce a support for establishing and implementing
the legal system concerning energy conservation in Asian countries. To be more specific,
Japan will support for the development of human resources, including the dispatch of longterm experts to Asian countries, and receiving of trainees in the training course, and for theformulation of energy efficiency standards and the establishment of energy statistics system.
Japan will also support for establishing an energy conservation center in various countries
and regions.

(2) Cooperation in the household, transportation, and electric power sectors
In the heavy-energy-consuming countries in Asia, including China and India, the industrial
sector consumes considerable amount of energy, and Japan has been cooperating with thesecountries, mainly in the industrial sector. Because energy demand is forecasted to increase
sharply due to the drastic improvement in the standard of living and the progress inmotorization, a growing need arises for the promotion of energy conservation in thehousehold and transportation sectors. In response to the above, Japan will start to cooperate
in the energy conservation of the household and transportation sectors, while continuing acooperation in the industrial sector as before. Specifically, Japan will cooperate ininternationally expanding the energy-efficiency standards, the labeling system and the
ESCO system. There are many countries where low efficiency is kept unimproved in theelectric power generation and distribution, for which Japan will cooperate.

(3) Support for the business-based diffusion of Japanese-made energy-saving
appliances and facilities into Asian countries
In order for Asian countries to voluntarily promote energy conservation, it is helpful tointroduce energy-efficient appliances and facilities in the industrial, commercial, household,and transportation sectors, as well as to establish the legal systems. In order to activate an
investment in energy conservation in Asian countries, it is necessary for Japanese companies
to support the business activities in Asian countries, through transferring their own
energy-saving technology. In order to support the business activities of the Japanesecompanies in Asian countries, it is necessary to promote business exchange through dialog
among industries, business meeting, etc. Policy-based finance will be provided by the Japan
Bank for International Cooperation (independent administrative agency) and others. The
CDM scheme will be also helpful from the viewpoint of supporting energy-saving
businesses.

(4) Collaboration with international organizations
The energy supply-demand problem in Asia is important, not only to Japan but also to theglobal energy market. As known well, European countries, the USA and internationalorganizations have cooperated with Asian countries in the energy conservation field. Under
present circumstances, in order to lend effective cooperation in the energy conservation field,
it is necessary to establish an international cooperation system in collaboration with overseas
131

donors, including the IEA and APEC, and international financial institutions, such as the
ADB, to facilitate smooth financing for energy conservation projects. In addition, it ispresented to support the formulation of energy efficiency standards of electric appliances incollaborate with international NPOs, for which Japan is ready to provide the necessaryfinancial support.

(5) Collaboration with the government and agencies concerned
The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan International
Cooperation Agency, Japan Bank for International Cooperation, Japan External Trade
Organization, The Energy Conservation Center, Japan, and other agencies concerned havebeen enthusiastically striving to implement an international cooperation in the energy
conservation field. To be more effectively and efficiently, close communication andcoordination are strongly requested among the international projects supported by overseas
donors, while reinforced coordination between the government and agencies concerned isessential. The “energy conservation/new energy international cooperation council”,
consisting of some cooperation agencies and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry,should play an active role as a principal gathering to orientate an effective international
cooperation in both the energy conservation and new energy fields. In order to cope withinternational cooperation needs in the energy conservation field, the functions of theagencies concerned should be reexamined and strengthened, as necessary.

(6) International development of the benchmark approach using the internationalframework
The benchmark approach that enables the comparison of energy efficiency in each sector isan effective means of promoting energy conservation. Japan will strongly support the IEA in
preparing an energy efficiency benchmark. Based on the benchmark approach, Japan will
help companies with technical capabilities to carry out business activities, participate in theenergy conservation technology transfer project proposed in the Asia-Pacific Partnership(APP), and diffuse the benchmark approach through the international framework of APEC,ASEAN plus 3 and others. In addition, the benchmark approach can be employed for raising
the technological rating of the Japanese companies which have an excellent energy-saving
technology.

2.3 Future efforts(1) Countries to be concentrated
It is necessary to consider the following factors and select the Asian countries on which Japan
should concentrate a cooperation in energy conservation field:a) Size for energy demandb) Importance of a country in the energy policy of Japanc) Economic relation with Japand) Commitment to the promotion of energy conservation
After considering the above, China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam are prioritizedcandidate for cooperation.

(2) Implementation plan
Bilateral policy dialogs will be held with the above-mentioned countries to discuss future
directions for Japan’s cooperation. Considering the energy situation and cooperation needs ofeach country, an action plan will be formulated to promote a cooperation in the energy
conservation field.
Source) Material at the 9th Energy Efficiency and Conservation Subcommittee of theAdvisory Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (May 2006)
http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/materials/downloadfiles/g60607h11j.pdf

132

REFERENCE
1. RELATED ORGANIZATIONS
1.1 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)(1) Organization of METI

(as of September 1, 2008)

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
MinisterInternal Bureaus

Senior Vice Minster

Minister’s Secretariat

Senior Vice Minster
Economic and Industrial Policy Bureau

Parliamentary Secretary

Research and Statistics Dept.

Parliamentary Secretary
Vice Minister

Regional Economic & Industrial Policy
Group

Vice Minister

Trade Policy Bureau
Multilateral Trade System Dept.
Trade & Economic Cooperation Bureau
Trade Control Department
Industrial Science and Technology Policy
and Environment Bureau
Manufacturing Industries Bureau
Commerce and Information Policy Bureau
Commerce and Distribution Policy Group

External Bureaus
Agency for Natural Resource & Energy

Training Institute of
Economy, Tradeand Industry

Nuclear & Industrial Safety Agency
Japan Patent Office
Small and Medium Enterprise Agency

METI Website : http://www.meti.go.jp/english/index.html

133

8 Regional Bureaus(Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto,
Chubu, Kansai, Chugoku,
Shikoku, Kyusyu)

(2) Organization of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE)(as of September 1, 2008)

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy
Director - General
Director - General for Natural Resources andEnergyDirector-General’s Secretariat
General Policy DivisionInternational Affairs Division
Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Dept.
Policy Planning DivisionInternational Cooperation Office
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Division
New and Renewable Energy Division
Natural Resources and Fuel Dept.
Policy Planning Division
Petroleum and Natural Gas Division
Petroleum Refining and Reserve Division
Petroleum Distribution and Retail Division
Coal Division
Coal Mine Subsidence Division
Mineral and Natural Resources Division
Electricity and Gas Industry Dept.
Policy Planning Division
Electricity Market Division
Gas Market Division
Electricity Infrastructure Division
Nuclear Energy Policy Planning Division
Nuclear Facilities Development and
Fuel Cycle Industry Division
ANRE Website : http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/index.htm
1341.2 Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ)(as of July 1, 2009)

ECCJ/AEEC Website : http://www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp/index.html
1351.3 The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)(as of August 17, 2009)
General Affairs and Policy Planning Department
Personnel Affairs Department
Chairman

Auditors

Accounting Department
Inspection and Operational Management Department

President
Executive
Directors

Assets Management Department
Information and Systems Department
Project Evaluation Department
Industrial Technology Center
Research and Development Promotion Department
Electronic and Information Technology Development Department
Nanotechnology and Materials Technology Development Department
Biotechnology and Medical Technology Development Department
Machinery System Technology Development Department
Energy and Environment Technology Center
Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Department
Electricity Storage Technology Development Division

Energy and Environment Policy Department
New Energy Technology Development Department
Energy Conservation Technology Development Department
Environment Technology Development Department
Kyoto Mechanisms Promotion Department
Clean Coal Projects Department
Overseas Offices (Washington, Europe, Beijing, Bangkok-Jakarta Liaison, New Delhi)
Branch offices (Hokkaido, Kansai, Kyusyu)

NEDO Website : http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/index.html

1361.4 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(as of October 1, 2009)

President
Senior Vice-President

Auditors

Vice-President
Headquarters

Office of the President

Domestic Offices

Office of Audit
General Affairs Department

Overseas Offices

Information Policy Department
Office of Media and Public Relations
Personnel Department
Budget and Accounting Department
Treasury Department
Operations Strategy Department
Southeast Asia 1 and Pacific Department
Southeast Asia Department 2
East and Central Asia and the Cauvcasus

South Asia Department
Latin America and the Caribbean Department
Africa Department
Middle East and Europe Department
Office for Private Sector Partnership
Economic Infrustructure Department
Public Policy Department
Human Development Department
Global Environment Department
Office for Climate Change
Rural Development Department
Industrial Development Department
Training Affairs and Citizen Participation
Department
Financing Facilitation and Procurement
Supervision
Department
Credit Risk Analysis and Environment Review
Department

Procurement Department
Loan and Grant Administration Department
Evaluation Department

JICA Website :http://www.jica.go.jp/english/index.html

Department of Human Resources forInternational
Cooperation
Secretariat of Japan Overeas Cooperation

Secretariat of Japan Disaster Relief TeamJICA Research Institute1371.5 The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)(as of October 1, 2009)

Strategic Planning GroupInternational Relations○ General Affairs Group○ Project Accounting Group○ General Planning Group○ International Cooperation Group○ Resources/Reference Room

Planning and
Administration Unit
Board ofDirectors
AuditorChairman& CEO
CouncilSenior Managing
Director & COO
Senior Managing
Director & CKO

Strategy andIndustry Research
Unit○ International Strategy Analysis Group○ Oil & Gas Strategy Group○ Nuclear Energy Group○ New and Renewable Energy Group○ Electric Power, Gas Industry & Coal
Research Group

Energy Data andModelling Center(EDMC)○ Energy Demand, Supply and
Forecast Analysis Group○ Statistics Information Group

Global Environment
and Sustainable
Development Unit

○ Climate Change Policy Research Group○ Energy Conservation GroupJIME - IEEJ (Middle-east Research Center)

The Oil Information Center
Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC)The Green Energy Certification Center (GECC)IEEJ Website : http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/138

2. ENERGY CALORIES (JAPAN)
EnergyUnit

Average Calorie (kcal)<Coal>
Coking Coal (Domestic)

Coking Coal (Import)

Steam Coal (Domestic)

Steam Coal (Import)

Hard Coal (Domestic)

Hard Coal (Import)

Brown Coal
Coke

Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg
kg

m3
m3

Converter Gas

m3

Patent Fuelkg

NGL
Gasoline
Naphtha

Jet Fuel

L

L
L
L

L

Unit

Average Calorie (kcal)

L

1953-99

8,900

2000-

8,767

1953-99

9,200

1953-55

7,400

1956-60

7,500

1961-65

7,600

2000-04

9,126

1966-

7,700

2005-

9,006

1953-99

7,600

1953-99

9,300

2000-04

6,904

2000-

9,341

2005-

6,928

1953-99

9,600

1953-65

5,900

2000-

9,651

1966-70

5,800

1953-99

9,800

1971-80

5,600

2000-04

9,962

1981-99

5,800

2005-

10,009

2000-

5,375

1953-99

9,600

1953-99

6,200

2000-04

6,354

20051953-65
1966-70

5,600

1971-75

6,100

1976-

4,300

1953-99

6,500

2000-04

6,498

2005-

7,143

2005-

6,426

1953-99

12,0001953-99

4,100

2000-04

11,992

2000-

4,109

2005-

12,136

1953-99

7,200

Natural Gas

m3

1953-99

9,800

2000-04

7,191

Natural Gas (Domestic)m3

2000-04

9,771

2005-

7,023

2005-

10,392

1953-99

4,800

LNG

kg

1953-99

13,000

2000-

5,041

Natural Gas (Import)kg

2000-04

13,0191953-99

800

2005-

13,043

2000-

815

1953-99

2,000

1953-99

10,000

2000-

2,009

2000-04

9,818

1953-99

5,700

2005-

10,702

2000-

5,709

Gas OilFuel Oil A
Fuel Oil B
Fuel Oil C

Lubricants

L

L
L
L

L

2000-

9,603

1953-99

10,1006,139

2000-04

10,105

5,700

2005-

9,771

<Oil>
Crude Oil

EnergyKerosene

Other Petroleum

Refinery Gas
Petroleum Coke

LPG

kg

m3
kg

kg

Coal Field Gas

m3

Town Gas

m3

Electricity

kWh

1953-99

9,400

2000-

10,726

1953-99

8,500

2000-04

8,504

8,600

( ) is thermal efficiency(20.7%)

1953

4,150

1953-559,300(22.2%)

1954

3,850

1956-60

9,350(24.0%)

1955

3,600

1961-70

9,400(25.8%)

1956

3,350

1971-809,300(26.8%)

1957

3,200

1981-999,250(28.6%)

1958

3,000

2000-

9,126

(31.1%)

1959

2,750

1953-998,100(31.9%)

1960

2,700

2000-

8,433

(32.7%)

1961

2,650

1953-998,400(33.9%)

1962

2,550

2000-

8,266

(36.0%)

1963

2,400

1953-99

8,000(36.5%)

1964

2,350

2000-048,146(36.9%)

1965

2,350

2005-

8,027

(37.4%)

1966-70

2,300

1953-998,700(38.1%)

1971-99

2,250

2000-

8,767

(39.98%)

2000-04

2,150(40.88%)

2005-

2,105

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in JAPAN (2009)”
139