Table of ContentsPart I Health ScienceLesson 1健康の科学The March of the Microbes: Evolution of Germs and Disease …… 1（微生物の発展―微生物と病気の進化）Lesson 2Genetic Doping: The Latest Challenge to Sports ……………………… 6（遺伝子ドーピング―スポーツへの最新の挑戦）Lesson 3Ethics in Science: Facing the Pressures for Research Success …… 11（科学における倫理―研究と成功の重圧）Lesson 4Stem Cell Research: Promises and Problems ………………………… 16（幹細胞研究―期待と問題）Part II Environmental ScienceLesson 5環境の科学Tsunami, Hurricanes, and Global Warming:Cries of the Earth ……………………………………………………………… 21（津波・ハリケーン・温暖化―地球の叫び）Lesson 6World Population: Too many—or Too Few? …………………………… 26（世界の人口―多すぎる，少なすぎる）Lesson 7After the Peak Oil Crash: Visions of a Post-Petroleum Future …… 31（石油枯渇の後―脱石油の展望）Lesson 8Starvation, Famine, and Hunger: Getting to the Roots ………… 36（飢餓・飢饉―真相を突き止める）Part III Machinery and Technology 機械の科学Lesson 9Nanotechnology: Miniature Machines to the Rescue? ……………… 41（ナノテクノロジー―人命を救う極小機器）Lesson 10 Efficient Cars: Hybrids, New Fuels, and Other Alternatives ……… 46（未来の車―ハイブリッドと代替燃料）Lesson 11 Cyborgs:Exploring the Border between Humans, Machines, and Nature ……… 51（サイボーグ―人間・機械・自然の境界を探る）Lesson 12 Identity Theft: Robbery on the Internet Highway …………………… 56（ID 盗難―ネット上の泥棒）Part IV Space Science宇宙の科学Lesson 13 Chaos Theory: Exploring the Other Side of Order …………………… 61（カオス理論―もう一つの宇宙理論）Lesson 14 Comets, Meteors, and Asteroids: Recycling the Universe ……… 66（彗星・流星・小惑星―宇宙の再生）Lesson 15 Space Stations and Outer Space Exploration:Reaching for Distant Frontiers ……………………………………………… 71（宇宙ステーションと宇宙探索―はるかなる開拓地への到達）Lesson 16 Life on Other Planets: Aliens’— or Our Own? ……………………… 76（地球外の生命―宇宙人か，人間か）Part V Natural Science 自然の科学Lesson 17 Arguing against Evolution: The Intelligent Design Controversy

81（進化論争―知能デザインをめぐる議論）Lesson 18 Fixing Nature: Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology …… 86（自然の再生―保存生物学と生態系の回復）Lesson 19 Remaking the Face of the Earth:Geology, Environment, and Human Interactions ………………………… 91（地表面の再生―地殻，環境，人間の共生）Lesson 20 Protecting our Natural Heritage: Working beyond Borders …… 96（自然遺産の保護―国境を越える活動）Lesson●

1The March of the MicrobesEvolution of Germs and DiseaseI. Tips for Aggressive Reading蜷 ……………………………………… Sense Group Reading フレーズごとに読む英語に限らず，日本語でも文は必ずセンス・グループ（Sense Group）と呼ばれる意味のまとまりをユニット（Unit）として組み立てられています。例えば，Once upon a time there was a kingwho could not speak. という文は，Once / upon / a / time / there / was / a / king / who / could / not /speak. という構造ではなく，Once upon a time / there was a king / who could not speak. という 3つのユニットから成り立っています。このようなユニットがセンス・グループであり，言語コミュニケーションにおける意味の伝達は，基本的にセンス・グループ単位で行われるのです。
この構造は，例文を声に出して読むと明らかです。Once / upon / a / time / there / was / a / king /who / could / not / speak. と読む人はいないでしょう。もしこのように読むとすれば，文の意味を全く理解していないからでしょう。センス・グループとその区切れを見分けるための最も有効な方法は，文を声に出して読むときに，一気に読むまとまりがセンス・グループであり，自然にポーズ（息継ぎ）をするところが意味の切れ目です。

Exercise:次の英文をセンス・グループごとに分けましょう。各ユニットの切れ目に（／）を記入しましょう。

1II. Reading1–02Evolution is based on the gradual process of species differentiation. It occurs throughsmall changes called mutations. Sometimes these changes provide an organism withsurvival benefits. Evolution occurs fastest on the level of microbes—tiny bacteria,germs, and viruses that play a vital role in health and disease. Microbes have alwaysbeen evolving, but in modern times the drugs we use may be affecting their evolution.
Microbes are now evolving in ways that enable them to survive the effects of our drugs.
One of the greatest problems in modern medicine is drug resistance. Many of the“wonder drugs” which stopped such terrible epidemic diseases as tuberculosis (TB),malaria, polio, and plague are becoming ineffective. Accordingly, these diseases—manyof which we had thought to be practically eliminated—are returning as major healththreats. Hospital-acquired infections that resist treatment—notably MRSA—are a constantly increasing threat to health care. Why are these problems occurring? Much ofthe answer lies in the ability of microbes to rapidly mutate into resistant forms. Andinfluencing this evolution process is our use—and often overuse—of common drugs.
The rapid advance of modern medicine was largely initiated by the discovery ofantibiotic drugs. Their initial success led many people, including doctors, to over-rely onthem. Today in Japan patients often demand antibiotics for treating common healthproblems. Many people think that doctors are not capable if they do not prescribe thesedrugs. Yet antibiotics are ineffective for curing common virus-based illnesses such asthe common cold. Our overuse of antibiotics overloads our bodies with drugs. In turn,this gives microbes a stimulus to evolve into resistant forms.
Another major source of drugs in our lives is our food. Much of our beef, chicken,pork—and now even fish taken from “fish farms”—contains significant amounts ofantibiotics. It may also contain growth hormones and genetically modified substancesfed to the animals to prevent diseases or to promote growth.
What can we do to prevent such health problems? For one thing, we can use fewermedical drugs. Generally, strong drugs should be used only in severe illnesses; not asdaily health supplements. And we can change our eating habits. Eating more organicfoods and less meat can help us avoid such chemicals. We can also eat foods known as“probiotics,” which are natural foods such as yogurt that provide our bodies withhealthy bacteria to help us fight off dangerous bacteria naturally, without drugs. Usingdrugs will continue to be part of the process of fighting disease. But learning to usefewer drugs and eating wisely can help us to more actively promote our health.

2Notes ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffmicrobe 微生物，病原菌 germ 細菌，ばい菌 tuberculosis（TB）結核 malaria マラリアpolio ポリオ plague（大規模な）疫病 infection 伝染，感染 MRSA（Methicillin ResistantStaphylococcus Aureus）メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌 antibiotic drug 抗生物質 fish farm養魚場 growth hormone 成長ホルモン genetically modified 遺伝子組み換えの probiotics プロバイオティックスfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffExercise 1:Vocabulary StudyMatch each word or phrase with the Japanese word.
1. evolution2. mutation3. resistance4. ineffective5. eliminate6. initiate7. prescribe8. significanta. 始めるe. 耐性Exercise 2:b. 効果のないf. 進化c. かなりのg. 処方するd. 突然変異h. 除去するComprehension Questions−True or FalseWrite T if a statement is true, F if it is false.
1. Evolution occurs through mutations.
2. Drug resistance is one of the greatest problems in medicine.
3. Antibiotic drugs helped the rapid advance of modern medicine.
4. Only a few of our foods contain large amounts of antibiotics.
5. Using more medical drugs can prevent drug resistance.
Exercise 3:Comprehension Questions−Fill in the BlanksFill in each blank with the most appropriate word or phrase.
1. Evolution is based on the gradual process of species (A. multiplicationB. mutationC. protection2. Hospital-acquired infections, such as (A. TBB. MRSA3. Our (C. probiotics).
D. resistance), are threats to our health.
D. fish farms) of antibiotics gives microbes a stimulus to evolve into resistantforms.
A. sourceB. virus-basedC. overuseD. rejection4. The fish raised in fish farms may contain genetically (A. damagedB. prescribedC. supplied) substances.

D. modified5. In order to promote our health, it is important to learn to use fewer drugs and to eat().
A. economicallyB. a lotC. littleD. moderately
3Exercise 4:Listening and Completing the Summary1–03Listen to the recording, fill in the blanks, and complete the summary.
In modern times, the drugs we use may be affecting the microbes’ evolution. Microbesare now evolving 1() () () () () (greatest problems in modern medicine is drug resistance. 2(()(). One of the) () ()) are becoming ineffective. This is because of the ability of microbes torapidly mutate into resistant forms. And influencing this evolution process is our3()()()(). The rapid advance of modern medicine was large-ly initiated by the discovery of antibiotic drugs. Our overuse of antibiotics overloads ourbodies with drugs. Another major 4 (() () () () ()) is our food. Much of our beef, chicken, pork and fish contains significantamounts of antibiotics. 5()()()()(), we can use fewermedical drugs. Also, eating more organic foods and less meat can help us avoid suchchemicals.
Exercise 5:Questions for Discussion and WritingAnswer the following questions in Japanese first. Then discuss them in class or writeyour opinions in English.
1. 病気の治療に抗生物質を使うことや家畜に抗生物質を投与することについてどのように思いますか。
What do you think of using antibiotics to treat disease and to feed animals?

2. 本文で学んだことを参考に，健康な生活を送るためにはどのようにすればよいと思いますか。その理由も考えましょう。
What advice in the reading would you like to follow to promote your health?
Explain your reasons.

4III. Grammar Focus英文の中で用いられている構文・文法事項を確認しましょう。

蜷 1. such 〜 as … 「…のような〜」Many of the “wonder drugs” which stopped such terrible epidemic diseases astuberculosis (TB), malaria, polio, and plague are becoming ineffective.
解説：「such + 名詞 + as + 例」のように用い，「…（例で上げている）ような〜（名詞）」という意味になる。
例文： There is no such thing as a free lunch.
蜷 2. many of which 「…のうちの多くは」Accordingly, these diseases—many of which we had thought to be practicallyeliminated—are returning as major health threats.
解説： many of them と同じ用法であると考えると理解しやすい。「…のうちの多く」という意味になる。
例文： He wrote a lot of novels, many of which are very famous.

Exercise:太字のことばに注意して，次の英文を日本語に訳しなさい。

1. We will cover such diverse topics as global warming, environmentally friendlytransport, and the future of e-commerce.

2. Dr. Prince has written 12 books on entrepreneurship, many of which are used incollege courses.

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