Billionaire Bonanza 2020, published by the Institute for Policy Studies on April 23, 2020.
CO-AUTHORS
Chuck Collins directs the Program on Inequality and the Common Good at the Institute for Policy
Studies, where he also co-edits Inequality.org. His most recent books include Is Inequality in America
Irreversible? and Born on Third Base. Among other reports and books by Collins: Reversing Inequality:
Unleashing the Transformative Potential of An More Equal Economy, and 99 to 1: How Wealth Inequality is
Wrecking the World and What We Can Do About It. His 2004 book Wealth and Our Commonwealth, writtenwith Bill Gates Sr., explores the history and future of the estate tax.
Omar Ocampo is a researcher for the Program on Inequality and the Common Good at the Institute for
Policy Studies. He has a BA in political science from the University of Massachusetts and a Masters ininternational relations from the American University in Cairo.
Sophia Paslaski is a researcher and writer with the Program on Inequality at the Institute for Policy
Studies. She has a BA in film production from Emerson College and a MA in Comparative andInternational Social Policy from the University of York, UK.
GRAPHIC DESIGN: Jannae Knospe designed the cover. Sarah Anderson and Chuck assisted with layout.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We would like to thank Alan Davis, Larry Ottinger and our colleagues at IPS
who helped us throughout: Sarah Anderson, Olivia Alperstein, Bob Keener, and Sam Pizzigati. Thanks
also to our colleagues at Americans for Tax Fairness who we collaborate on billionaire research, includingFrank Clemente, Arianna Fano, Andrea Haverdink, and Craig Johnson.
The Institute for Policy Studies (www.IPS-dc.org) is a multi-issue research center that has been
conducting path-breaking research on inequality for more than 20 years. The IPS Program on Inequality
and the Common Good was founded in 2006 to draw attention to the growing dangers of concentrated
wealth and power, and to advocate policies and practices to reverse extreme inequalities in income,wealth, and opportunity. The program has been investigating the intersection of inequality and race,
taxation, philanthropy and the problem of hidden wealth.
The IPS Inequality.org website (http://inequality.org/) provides an online portal into all things related tothe income and wealth gaps that so divide us, in the United States and throughout the world. Subscribe
to our weekly newsletter at Inequality.org or follow us on Twitter and Facebook: @inequalityorg
About the Program on Inequality and the Common GoodOTHER REPORTS: For more on wealth inequality, see our Billionaire Bonanza series of reports on
wealth inequality, including the 2018 report, Billionaire Bonanza 2018: Inherited Wealth Dynasties in
the 21st Century United States, available online at https://ips-dc.org/report-billionaire-bonanza-2018/
Institute for Policy Studies - National Office1301 Connecticut Ave NW, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20036
www.ips-dc.org, Twitter: @IPS_DC Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/InstituteforPolicyStudies
Institute for Policy Studies – New England Office
30 Germania Street, Building L
Jamaica Plain, MA. 02130
Email: omar@ips-dc.org and chuck@ips-dc.org© 2020 Institute for Policy Studies

Contents
Key Findings

1

Introduction

2

The Billionaires and the Rest of Us

5

Billionaire Taxes Down 79 Percent since 1980

9

Billionaire Wealth and the Pandemic

10

Billionaire Pandemic Profiteers

11

Recommendations

16

Methodology

18

Notes

19

Key Findings•

Between 1990 and 2020, U.S. billionaire wealth soared 1,130 percent in 2020
dollars, an increase more than 200 times greater than the 5.37 percent growth of
U.S. median wealth over this same period.

•

Between 1980 and 2018, the tax obligations of America’s billionaires, measured asa percentage of their wealth, decreased 79 percent.

•

Between January 1, 2020 and April 10, 2020, 34 of the nation’s wealthiest 170
billionaires have seen their wealth increase by tens of millions of dollars. Eight ofthese billionaires — Jeff Bezos (Amazon), MacKenzie Bezos (Amazon), Eric Yuan
(Zoom), Steve Ballmer (Microsoft), John Albert Sobrato (Silicon Valley realestate), Elon Musk (Tesla and SpaceX), Joshua Harris (Apollo Global
Management), and Rocco Commisso (Mediacom) — have seen their net worth
surge by over $1 billion.

•

The Jeff Bezos wealth surge is unprecedented in modern financial history andvaries greatly day by day. As of April 15, his fortune had increased by an
estimated $25 billion since January 1, 2020. This is larger than the Gross Domestic
Product of Honduras, $23.9 billion in 2018.

•

Billionaire wealth rebounded quickly after the 2008 financial crisis, taking lessthan 30 months to attain its pre-meltdown levels. Between 2010 and 2020, U.S.
billionaire wealth increased 80.6 percent in 2020 dollars, more than five times themedian wealth increase of 15.1 percent for U.S. households over the 2010 to 2016
years, based on most recent available data.

•

The billionaire share of America’s increased wealth has risen throughout the past
four decades. Between 2006 and 2018, nearly 7 percent of the real increase in
America’s wealth went to the country’s 400 wealthiest households.

Recommendations
•
•
•
•
•
•

Establish a Pandemic Profiteering Oversight Committee that goes beyond
oversight of stimulus funds.
Discourage wealth hiding through passage of the Corporate Transparency Act.
Levy an emergency 10 percent Millionaire Income Surtax.
Unleash a Charity Stimulus to mandate payouts of donor-advised funds andemergency 10 percent payout for private foundations for three years.
Make the federal estate tax more progressive and institute a wealth tax.
Shut down the global hidden wealth system.

1

Introduction
In the United States and globally, these have become the “Billionaire Years.” Billionaires
dominate our politics, culture, and economy. Our media hail their philanthropic
gestures and treat their utterings as the pronouncements of modern-day monarchs.
Each January, these royals assemble in Davos, dropped down from the skies inthousands of private jets.
We have watched billionaires deploy their wealth for political purposes and buy their
way onto presidential debate stages. Two billionaire candidates for the Democraticpresidential nomination spent more than $1.2 billion in quixotic runs for our nation’s
highest office.1 Other members of America’s top 0.1 percent wield enormous influence
down ballot in U.S. congressional races and state races.
We have also watched the expansion of billionaire philanthropy and the mushroomingof private foundations and donor-advised funds. Philanthropy in the United States has
become increasingly “top heavy,” with almost all the growth in giving over the past 15
years coming from the super-rich. This growth masks a troubling trend: Donations by
low-income and middle-income givers have been steadily declining.
This spring, in the face of a global pandemic, headlines are trumpeting the beneficenceof billionaires who are donating what amounts to as little as 0.00001 percent of theirfortunes to help their fellow humans in need. Forbes magazine has even created an
online tracker to record the billionaire “agents of change” and their seemingly selflessacts.2
Meanwhile, the hidden wealth problem grows as billionaires pay millions to the WealthDefense Industry — an army of lawyers, accountants, and wealth managers — to hide
their collective trillions. Our global billionaire class, by one estimate, has hidden over
$21 trillion in offshore tax havens, trusts, and shell companies.3

Should Billionaires Exist?
In recent months, commentators and candidates have begun to ask a question neverbefore ventured: “Should billionaires exist?” Behind that query lies a concern about an
economic system that grows billionaires at the expense of everything else we care about— including our democracy.
The accelerating concentration of our nation’s wealth has created a situation where asmall sliver of the population enjoys a wildly disproportionate say over how our society
operates. Wealth, as this report shows, has concentrated mightily over the last four2decades. By wealth we mean net worth, or assets (what you own) minus liabilities(what you owe). Income tells the story of the annual flow of wages, investment income,and entitlement payments. Wealth, by contrast, provides a long-term indicator of
financial well-being.
If expanding billionaire wealth “lifted all boats” and created, in effect, a society thatworked well for everyone, we could perhaps afford to worry less about billionaire
fortunes. But the number of households with zero or negative wealth, as these pages
show, is increasing. Our society is most definitely not working for all of us. A highpercentage of U.S. households are living on the edge, paycheck to paycheck. The
current pandemic is exposing our central economic and social reality: Extreme wealthinequality has become America’s “pre-existing condition.”
This “pre-existing condition” has left our political system too feeble to function
democratically. Many billionaires, the research shows, are investing their fortunes inways that expand their own wealth and power. The politicians they back are cutting
their taxes and blocking public investments like early childhood education and low-costcollege that expand opportunity for everyone else.

Spending Millions to Dodge Billions
In their 2018 study, Billionaires and Stealth Politics, political scientists Benjamin Page,
Jason Seawright, and Matthew Lacombe found that billionaires overwhelmingly favor
cutting their own taxes and reducing social safety net benefits. Their politicalcontributions, whether they go to Democrats or Republicans, reflect these preferences.4
Billionaire dollars, in short, are fraying our social safety net.5 To add to the insult:
Working-class Americans now pay, after the billionaire-backed GOP tax cuts, a higher
percentage of their income in taxes than billionaires.6
Billionaires are paying millions to dodge billions in taxes, a dynamic that leaves far
fewer resources available to support programs that help ordinary people.
Multimillionaires and billionaires are bankrolling an entire “wealth defense industry”
of professionals — tax lawyers, accountants, wealth managers — who help hide mega
fortunes in offshore tax havens and dynasty trusts. With trillions in otherwise taxable
income stashed overseas, middle- and working-class taxpayers who lack access to thesetax-dodging mechanisms are left covering a larger share of the U.S. tax burden.7
The current pandemic is bringing us daily reports of compassionate billionaires making
donations to charities or lending their private planes to transport medical equipment.
We should all celebrate generosity. But we should all also remember that for every $1 a3

billionaire donates to charity, we the taxpayers chip in roughly half or more of that
donation in lost tax revenue.8
Government-subsidized charity can never adequately substitute for a tax system thathas the super-rich paying their fair tax share and contributing to the full funding of
public institutions and infrastructure at the federal, state, and local levels.
Charitable giving vehicles like donor-advised funds actually take “giving” out of theequation. These vehicles help the affluent secure huge tax benefits without moving any
dollars to support real nonprofits. An estimated $120 billion is currently sitting
warehoused in donor-advised funds. Traditional tax-privileged charitable foundations
must spend down a portion of their assets each year. Donor-advised funds come underno such compulsion.9
We need today, more than ever before, to develop a healthy skepticism of billionaire
behavior, whether that behavior involves running for office, bankrolling candidates, or
giving billions to charity.

Source: Forbes Global Billionaire lists. IPS calculated figures in 2020 dollars based on the Consumer Price Index for
10
Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for March 2020. See Methodology section.

4

The Billionaires and the Rest of Us
In 1990, 66 U.S. billionaires held a total wealth of $118.8 billion, or $239.56 billion in2020 dollars. The United States now hosts 614 billionaires with a total wealth of $2.947
trillion.11
Between 1990 and 2020, the U.S. billionaire class has seen its net worth increase over
1,130 percent. Meanwhile, U.S. median household net worth between 1989 and 2016
grew by a mere 5.37 percent.12 Billionaire wealth has grown 210 times faster than
median wealth.
As we discuss later, U.S. billionaire wealth has rebounded quickly after downturns.
Between 2010 and 2020, U.S. billionaire wealth almost doubled, increasing 80.6 percent
in 2020 dollars, while the median wealth of U.S. households only increased 15.1 percent
between 2010 and 2016, the latest data available (2019 data will be available later thisyear).
Number ofBillionaires

Total Wealth

Total Wealth in 2020
Dollars% of Wealth
Growth from Year
to 2020

1990

66$118.8 billion$239.56 billion

1,130%

2000

298$1.112 trillion$1.690 trillion

74%

2010

401

$1.37 trillion$1.631 trillion

80%

2020

614

$2.947 trillion

N/A

N/A

Source: Forbes Global Billionaire lists published each spring. IPS calculated figures in 2020 dollars based on
13
the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for March 2020.

Three U.S. billionaires — Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates, and Warren Buffett — continue to own
as much wealth as the bottom half of all U.S. households combined. The 400 richest
Americans on the Forbes 400 list own as much wealth as America’s bottom 64 percent,nearly two-thirds of the nation’s households combined.14

5

Billionaires Under Trump
Since Trump’s January 2017 inauguration, the wealth of America’s billionaires has
increased 10.6 percent. According to the Forbes 2017 billionaires list, the combined
wealth of America’s 565 billionaires stood at $2.755 trillion, or $2.92 trillion in 2020
dollars. In Forbes’ latest list of global billionaires, 614 American billionaires have a total
wealth of $2.947 trillion.
Forbes provides daily updates on the net worth of the billionaire class. On April 10,
2020, this daily tally showed both an increase in the number of billionaires (to 629) anda surge in billionaire net worth. Billionaire wealth increased $282 billion, or 9.5 percent,in just 23 days, bringing the combined net worth of the billionaire class to $3.229
trillion.

6

The Rest of Us
The concentration of wealth at the top contrasts starkly with the number of households
living on the edge. Even before the current economic crisis, a growing number of U.S.
households had zero or negative net worth (meaning they owed more than theyowned). These “underwater” households increased as a share of the U.S. total from 15.5
percent in 1983 to 21.2 percent in 2016. For people of color, the trend has been evenmore disturbing. Over 32 percent of Latino families and 37 percent of black families
have zero or negative wealth.15

Source: Institute for Policy Studies, “Ten Solutions to Bridge the Racial Wealth Divide” (April 2019).

16

More than income or employment rates or other leading economic indicators, wealthreflects a family’s ability to overcome unexpected financial challenges. Wealth also
provides the collateral security necessary to attain financial stability, take risks, andacquire additional wealth, as well as the resources to make intergenerational transfersthat seed financial stability for future generations.
The 2019 government shutdown turned the spotlight on the large segment of the
population living with low or no financial reserves. One study estimated that 78 percent

7

of households were living paycheck to paycheck.17 With unemployment surging under
the pandemic, this lack of reserves has once again returned to center stage.
Most U.S. households have serious liquidity challenges. Financial planners suggest thathouseholds set aside three to six months of expenses in accessible savings to protect
against an unexpected income disruption. According to a 2018 Federal Reserve study,
only 40 percent of U.S. households have the minimum three months of financial
reserves set aside and only 30 percent have six months of reserves. In other words, 60
percent of U.S. households have financial reserves insufficient to cover their expenses ina crisis situation.18
A widely publicized Fed study has found that only 61 percent of U.S. families, facedwith an unexpected $400 expense such as a car repair, would be able to cover that
expense with cash or an equivalent. Twelve percent of those surveyed would not be able
to pay the expense right away, with 27 percent saying they would have to borrow on acredit card, take out a loan, borrow from a friend or family, or sell something.19

8

U.S. Billionaire Taxes Down 79 Percent over Four
Decades
Between 1980 and 2018, the taxes paid by America's billionaires, measured as apercentage of their wealth, decreased 79 percent. Over this same period, the billionaire
share of America’s increased wealth has grown substantially. Between 2006 and 2018
alone, nearly 7 percent of the real increase in America’s wealth went to the country’s
400 wealthiest households.
These trends are documented in a new IPS Inequality Briefing Paper by tax policy
expert Robert Lord.20 This research demonstrates that the relative constraints imposedon the abilities of billionaires and ordinary Americans to accumulate wealth have, overthe past four decades, been tilted dramatically in favor of billionaires.
Lord’s research details why we can only appropriately measure the tax burden on
billionaires by calculating the percentage of their wealth they pay in total taxes. Most of
us rely on our incomes to build wealth. Our outlays for living expenses constrain how
much we can save. Billionaires live in a different world. They do not rely on income
from the work they do to generate additional wealth. Their existing wealth generates
more wealth, and, unlike the rest of us, the living expenses of billionaires do notparticularly constrain how much wealth they accumulate. Only taxes act as a serious
constraint on how much wealth the ultra-wealthy can accumulate. That reality makes
taxes paid as a share of total wealth the most meaningful metric for examining the true
tax burden our wealthiest bear.
By allowing this burden to plummet since 1980, policy makers have let the nation’s
wealth concentrate obscenely at America’s economic summit. In the 12 years between
2006 and 2018, nearly 7 percent of America’s real increase in wealth, measured in 2018
dollars, went to the nation’s top 400 billionaires.21 If the pattern of the past four decades
does not change, an even greater share of the nation’s newly created wealth over the
next 12 years will flow to the billionaire class.
As we emerge from the pandemic with trillions in additional national debt, substantial
tax increases will be inevitable. Our super-rich must bear their fair share of theseincreases (see Recommendations section). Early out of the box should be a 10 percent
surtax on the incomes of the top 0.1 percent of households, including on capital income.
These households have annual incomes over $2.4 million and at least $32 million in
wealth.22 We should also strengthen the estate tax to limit the intergenerational transfersof billionaire wealth. But central to the program should be a tax that limits the further
accumulation — that is, hoarding — of wealth by the billionaire class: a wealth tax.

9

Billionaire Wealth and the Pandemic
In its 34th annual list of global billionaires, published on April 7, 2020, Forbes reports amodest decline in the total number of billionaires from 2,153 in 2019 to 2,095 in 2020.
“The world’s richest are not immune to the devastating impact of the coronavirus,”
noted Kerry Dolan, Forbes assistant managing editor of wealth. “The drop in thenumber of billionaires this year reflects the economic impact the pandemic is alreadyhaving.”23
The total combined net worth of the global billionaire class declined from $8.7 trillion in2019 to $8 trillion in 2020, due both to the pandemic and to roiling global markets. A
total of 267 affluents dropped off the list because their fortunes fell below $1 billion.
Another 21 who made the 2019 list have since passed away.
Of the total 2,095 billionaires on the Forbes global list, 1,033, or 49 percent, have seen
their wealth increase over the past year.
U.S. billionaires have seen ups and downs over the same period. Their ranks increased
from 607 to 614 people, but their total wealth declined from $3.111 trillion in 2019 to$2.947 trillion in 2020, according to Forbes.
This year’s Forbes report examines billionaire wealth as of March 18, 2020, a bit later
than the February dates fixed upon in the magazine’s previous 33 annual reports. By
April 5, two-plus weeks after March 18, U.S. billionaires had seen their collective wealthrise back to $3.017 trillion, and by April 10 their wealth had surged to $3.229 trillion,
surpassing the 2019 level. Between March 18 — the near bottom point of the pandemic
financial swoon — and April 10, 2020, U.S. billionaire wealth rebounded by $282 billion.
The Jeff Bezos Wealth Surge is an unprecedented dynamic in the history of modern
markets. Tracking Bezos’ wealth requires a real-time hour-by-hour tracker. As of the
publication of this report, Bezos’ wealth has increased over $25 billion since January 1,
2020 and $12 billion since February 21st, 2020, the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic.24
Billionaire wealth, as these numbers show, tends to rebound from market meltdowns.
In the immediate aftermath of the global economic crisis of 2008, the Forbes 400 saw
their combined wealth decline $300 billion from $1.57 trillion in 2008 to $1.27 trillion in2009.25 Within 30 months of the September 2008 crash, most of these fortunes recovered.
By 2012, billionaire wealth had reached $1.7 trillion,26 exceeding pre-2008 levels.
Between 2010 and 2020, the combined wealth of the U.S. billionaire class surged by astaggering 80.6 percent, from $1.631 trillion to $2.947 trillion in 2020 dollars.27
10

We can probably expect that Wall Street and equity markets will rebound faster than
the rest of the economy, including unemployment, savings, home values, and othereconomic indicators that measure the economic security of the bottom 80 percent ofhouseholds.

Billionaire Pandemic Profiteers
Ordinary people around the globe may now be struggling to survive a ravaging publichealth and economic crisis, but early indicators suggest the billionaire class will
maintain its wealth or even see a major surge.
Since January 1, 2020, 34 of the wealthiest 170 U.S. billionaires have seen their total net
worth increase by tens of millions of dollars according to the Bloomberg BillionaireIndex.28 These include eight billionaires who, as of April 10, have seen wealth gains ofover $1 billion.29
1. Jeff Bezos, Amazon founder and CEO: up $10 billion ($25 billion as of April
15, 2020)
The stock market crash initially left Bezos’ net worth deeply damaged, down to ameager $105 billion on “Black Thursday” March 12, the stock market’s lowest point.
Bezos’ wealth has been trending upward ever since, with no company better positioned
to profit from the pandemic than Amazon.30 The closure of hundreds of thousands ofsmall businesses is giving Amazon the opportunity to increase its market share,strengthen its place in the supply chain, and gain more pricing power over consumers.
Despite Amazon’s e-commerce dominance, Bezos has been unable to protect his
workforce from Covid-19: Workers in 10 different Amazon warehouses tested positive
for the disease in late March.31 Instead, in early April, Bezos announced a donation of$100 million of his $140 billion in wealth to Feeding America.
2. Elon Musk, Tesla CEO and SpaceX founder and CEO: up $5 billion
After initially dismissing the coronavirus pandemic as “dumb,” Musk is now taking thecrisis much more seriously as confirmed cases continue to grow. New York City Mayor
Bill DeBlasio directly reached out to Musk via Twitter and asked him to help address
the shortages of critical medical equipment.32 SpaceX responded by partnering with
Medtronic, a medical device company, to help increase the firm’s capacity to produce
ventilators,33 while engineers at Tesla are creating prototypes from used car parts.34 As aresult, Musk’s wealth has recovered since mid-March after dipping $3.1 billion below

11

its level at the beginning of the year. This turnaround has added $8.1 billion to theMusk fortune in less than a month.
3. MacKenzie Bezos, novelist and philanthropist: up $3.5 billion (and up $8.6
billion as of April 15, 2020)
MacKenzie Bezos owns a 4 percent stake in Amazon transferred to her by ex-husband
Jeff Bezos and has likewise enjoyed the company’s market domination in recent weeks.
She is behaving somewhat more charitably. In 2019, before the divorce and transfer ofassets finalized, she signed the Giving Pledge, promising to give away the majority ofher wealth. Jeff Bezos has yet to sign.35
4. Eric Yuan, Zoom founder and CEO: up $2.58 billion
The Covid-19 pandemic made Yuan one of the few billionaires whose net worth
increased as the markets crashed in late February, an unsurprising gain since social
distancing has increased the demand for videoconferencing. More people used Zoom in
the first few months of this year than in all of 2019.36 Zoom’s success has made Yuan ahousehold name and earned him a spot on the Forbes world billionaires list. But theZoom platform has of late come under much sharper scrutiny, with widespread global
concern over its lax privacy practices and security breaches.37
5. Steve Ballmer, Los Angeles Clippers owner and former Microsoft CEO: up$2.2 billion
Ballmer, no longer in a position of leadership at Microsoft, remains a significant
shareholder in the company. Microsoft has two online videoconferencing platforms,
Skype and Teams. Skype daily activity has increased 70 percent,38 a modest gain
compared to a 1,000 percent upsurge in March for Teams, a business app.39 Microsoft islooking to take advantage of this sudden popularity of Teams by announcing that aversion for consumers will soon be appearing. Ballmer has also been active inphilanthropy, pledging to donate more than $25 million — 0.04 percent of his wealth —to combat the coronavirus.40
6. John Albert Sobrato, Silicon Valley real estate mogul: up $2.07 billion
Sobrato is the chairman emeritus of the Sobrato Organization, whose portfolio includes
the Silicon Valley office spaces of Amazon, Google, Facebook, Netflix, and Apple.41 It’s
unclear how Sobrato has managed to grow his fortune during the pandemic, but thetech giants his company houses are all doing well in this period of social distancing.

127. Joshua Harris, Apollo Global Management cofounder and owner of multiple
professional sports teams: up $1.72 billion
Harris’ financial links with Jared Kushner position him to influence the Trumpadministration’s economic response to COVID-19. Apollo, a major private equity firm,
helped ensure that Trump’s coronavirus bailout funds provided liquidity to businesses.
These funds did not go to private equity firms directly, but they did shore up the firms’
portfolios by going to companies where these firms have holdings.42 Harris is seeking to
profit further from the pandemic by asking the administration to relax rules on a loan
program in a way that would directly benefit his firm.43
8. Rocco Commisso, Mediacom Communications founder and CEO andowner of two professional soccer teams: up $1.09 billion
The stock market crash originally handed Commisso a net loss of $800 million, but his
net worth recovered around the time Mediacom secured a March 23 financing deal thatlowered its interest payments and extended the vast majority of the company’s debt
maturities.44 Commisso, who immigrated to the United States from Italy at the age of 12,
has directed most of his COVID-19 philanthropic efforts to Italian hospitals.45
Mystery Man: Eric Smidt (not Eric Schmidt of Alphabet) serves as the chairman and
CEO of Harbor Freight Tools. We have no Bloomberg Billionaire Index data on his net
worth in January 2020, or even December 2019, and cannot say definitely how much his
wealth has increased since the beginning of the year. We do know his net worth has
jumped $1.21 billion since April 2019.

Other Billionaire Wealth Gainers
Other billionaires who have seen big gains in the tens and hundreds of millions ofdollars include:
Stan Druckenmiller (+$780m): Druckenmiller spent 30 years as a hedge fund manager
before closing Duquesne Capital Management in 2010. Until 2000, he worked for fellow
billionaire George Soros.46
Leon Black (+$710m): The chairman and CEO of Apollo Global Management owns
about 23 percent of the company he cofounded with Joshua Harris and Marc Rowan.47
David Tepper (+$700m): Hedge fund manager Tepper founded Appaloosa
Management in 1993 and now manages $13 billion. He also owns the Carolina Panthers
football team.48

13

Charles Butt (+$680m): Butt works in the family business running his grandmother’s
Texas grocery chain H-E-B, which has 316 locations in Texas and 52 more in Mexico.49
Jensen Huang (+$610m): Born in Taiwan and raised in Thailand and, later, the UnitedStates, Huang cofounded computer graphics card maker Nvidia in 1993.50
Steve Cohen (+$610m): Cohen currently oversees the $16 billion hedge fund Point72
Asset Management. His old hedge fund, SAC Capital, was forced to close after it pledguilty to insider trading.51
Ted Lerner (+$490m): Since borrowing $250 from his wife to start a real estate company
in 1952, Lerner has grown Lerner Enterprises into “one of the largest owners of realestate in the Washington, D.C. area,” according to Forbes. Lerner also owns the
Washington Nationals.52
Dan Gilbert (+$480m): Gilbert cofounded online mortgage lender Quicken Loans in
1985.53 He is controversial for reaping massive tax breaks for high-end developments in
downtown Detroit, now a coronavirus hot spot.
Tamara Hughes Gustavson (+$450m): Gustavson’s 11 percent stake in Public Storage
makes her the largest shareholder in the company cofounded by her father.54
Chase Coleman (+$420m): Coleman is the founder of investment firm Tiger Global
Management, which oversees $30 billion in assets.55
Reed Hastings (+$420m): Hastings, the cofounder and CEO of Netflix, owns 1.3
percent of the company,56 which has seen a recent uptick in stock value.57 The authors of
this report speculatively call this the “Ozark Effect.”
Stan Kroenke (+$400m): Mogul Kroenke owns 30 million square feet of real estate, theLos Angeles Rams, the Denver Nuggets, the Colorado Avalanche, the Colorado Rapids,
and Britain’s Arsenal soccer club. He is married to Walmart heiress and fellow
billionaire Ann Walton-Kroenke.58
Bert Beveridge (+$380m): The founder of Tito’s Vodka saw a 39 percent jump in thenumber of bottles sold from 2017 to 2018. 59 The way 2020 is going so far, no one will be
surprised if sales spike again.
Alice Walton (+$300m): An art curator, the only daughter of Walmart founder Sam
Walton does not work for Walmart.60

14

Red Emmerson (+$260m): With nearly 2 million acres to his name, Emmerson rates as
the country’s third-largest landowner. His private lumber production firm, Sierra
Pacific Industries, is the nation’s largest with 14 sawmills in California andWashington.61
Henry Laufer (+$220m): A former math professor at Stony Brook University, Lauferjoined hedge fund Renaissance Technologies as its chief scientist and vice president ofresearch in 1992 and still owns a stake in the company.62
Li Ge (+$190m): Ge, who holds a PhD in organic chemistry from Columbia University,
cofounded pharmaceutical company Wuxi PharmaTech in 2000.63
Ann Walton Kroenke (+$120m): A registered nurse and the daughter of Bud Walton,
who helped his brother Sam found Walmart.64
Larry Ellison (+$100m): Oracle cofounder Ellison left his role as CEO in 2014 but stillsits on the board as chairman.65
Jim Simons (+$100m): The founder of hedge fund Renaissance Technologies once
chaired the math department at Stony Brook University and served as a codebreaker
during the Vietnam War.66
Bob Kraft (+$40m): Kraft owns the New England Patriots and, more recently, sent theteam jet to China to pick up PPE masks for pandemic first responders in
Massachusetts.67 Kraft also owns the New England Revolution MLS club, has a stake in
Ultimate Fighting Championship, and, in 2017, started a professional e-sports team in
Boston.68
David Siegel (+$30m): Siegel cofounded the hedge fund Two Sigma Investments. He
holds a PhD in computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.69
John Overdeck (+$30m): Overdeck, the other cofounder of hedge fund Two Sigma
Investments, won a silver medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad at age
16.70
Marc Rowan (+$20m): The third member of Apollo Global Management’s cofounding
trio.71
Christy Walton (+$20m): Walton married into the Walton clan of Walmart fame andinherited her fortune when her husband John passed away in 2005. She now owns aninvestment fund with interests in sustainable seafood.72

15

Recommendations
Short-Term Reforms
As part of the emergency pandemic response, the nation should now:
Establish a Pandemic Profiteering Oversight Committee. Congress needs toconvene an oversight commission, modeled after the Truman Commission during
World War II, to both monitor the stimulus package and root out corruption andprofiteering in society as a whole. As part of the passage of the CARES Act in March
2020, Congress created several oversight bodies to monitor the $2 trillion in funds
appropriated, including a five-member Congressional Oversight Commission and thePandemic Response Accountability Committee. But oversight needs to go beyond justthe administration of stimulus programs and look at profiteering in the economy atlarge.
Enact an Excess Profits Tax. During the major wars of the 20th century, Congressinstituted excess profits taxes to discourage speculating and profiteering around thebasic needs of life. These taxes proved workable and effective.
Stop Wealth Hiding. As much as $21 trillion in wealth is now sitting hidden in offshore
tax havens, shell companies, and trusts. Congress should crack down on capital flightand wealth hiding. A good start would be to pass the Corporate Transparency Act (HR2513) and require the disclosure of beneficial ownership of corporations and limited
liability companies, key tools in the wealth hiding toolbox.
Set an Emergency Millionaire 10 Percent Income Tax Surtax. Congress should
signal to the wider public that the first several trillion dollars of revenue raised to help
cover the nation’s bailout costs will come from the billionaires and richest 0.2 percent of
taxpayers — those Americans who have seen the most enormous gains over the last
several decades. Middle- and working-class families, many of whom have yet torecover from the 2008 economic meltdown, should be held harmless from additional tax
liabilities until the richest households have paid their fair share.
A wealth tax might be attractive as an emergency measure, but enacting a new tax
regime on assets would be challenging in the short term. Using the existing income tax
system, Congress could levy an emergency 10 percent millionaire surtax on the top 0.2
percent, those with incomes over $2 million. Unlike income tax rate hikes on wages andsalaries, the surtax would apply equally to income from investment returns. Though
only affecting the richest 0.2 percent of Americans, a millionaires surtax would raise an
estimated $635 billion over 10 years and hit the very wealthy who garner substantial

16

revenue from capital gains — that is, from owning assets, rather than just working for awage.73 The Millionaire Surtax (S. 2809, HR. 5043) was introduced in Congress in 2019
by Senator Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) and Senator Sherrod Brown (D-OH) and
Representative Don Beyer (D-VA).
Create a Charity Stimulus. Billionaires have for years now been donating funds todonor-advised funds and private foundations, accepting tax breaks, and warehousing
funds that ought to be distributed to charitable operations. Congress should act tomandate a timely payout of these taxpayer-subsidized charity funds to fulfill the public
interest.
•

Donor-Advised Funds. Over $120 billion is warehoused in private donor-advised
charity funds (DAFs) without any requirement for dispersal. Donors have alreadytaken tax breaks on these dollars and have no incentive to move funds to active
charities on the ground. Congress should mandate that DAFs payout funds within
three years.

•

Foundation Payouts. Private foundations hold an estimated $1.2 trillion and are
required to pay out 5 percent per year. But overhead expenses can be included
toward this 5 percent. Congress should institute a three-year emergency payout
mandate, temporarily increasing the payout to 10 percent and excluding overhead,
impact investments, and donations to donor-advised funds from satisfying thisrequirement. Such a program could raise $190 billion over three years.74

Longer-Term Revenue Raisers and Reforms
A Progressive Estate Tax. Congress should pass a series of estate tax reforms such as
those introduced by Senator Bernie Sanders that would levy a top rate of 77 percent oninheritances over $1 billion. The Sanders bill, the “For the 99.8% Act,” would also plug
up loopholes and ban trusts that wealthy families use to hide and perpetuate wealthdynasties.75
Wealth Tax. Sen. Elizabeth Warren has proposed a 2 percent annual tax on household
wealth over $50 million and a 3 percent rate on wealth over $1 billion.76 These ideas
have broad public support, including among Republican voters who recognize we areliving in a second Gilded Age of wealth inequality.77
Shut Down the Hidden Wealth System. For any of these tax policies to be effective,
Congress must shut down the international wealth hiding apparatus by using
legislation, trade negotiations, and international sanctions to require greater corporatetransparency, eliminate tax dodges, and provide greater resources for tax enforcement.

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Methodology
Original calculations are based on IPS analysis of data provided through the Bloomberg
Billionaire Index (https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/) and an analysis of Forbes’
Global Billionaires and Forbes 400 Lists over the decades between 1990 and the present.
Both Bloomberg and Forbes maintain real-time assessments of billionaire wealth that
we have consulted and compared in our analysis. Bloomberg provided us with theability to search and trace a billionaire’s net worth over time. We were able to get theJanuary 1, 2020 net worth of every billionaire under the “Billionaire Pandemic
Profiteers” section except for Eric Yuan (December 1), Li Ge (January 10), Marc Rowan(January 10) and Eric Smidt (April 5, 2019). We did our calculations for them based on
those 4 dates.
Data from 1990 comes from an Associated Press report on the Forbes 400, Oct. 9, 1990.
https://apnews.com/64a97ffd61c3c807b7bedf53d992d7d5. Data from 2000 comes fromForbes 400, Oct. 9, 2000 edition of the magazine. 2010 data comes from Forbes.com, “TheWorld’s Billionaires,” March 10, 2010. https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires2010_The-Worlds-Billionaires_Rank.html. 2019: Forbes.com, Billionaires: The Richest
People in the World, Mar. 5, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/#26b99a05251c.
2020 data comes from Forbes.com, “The Richest in 2020,” published on April 7, 2020.
www.forbes.com/billionaires (data based on March 18, 2020).
Analysis of U.S. median wealth statistics comes from Federal Reserve Survey ofConsumer Finance, the triennial reports between 1989 and 2016 and the quarterly
reports of the Distributional Financial Accounts(https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/efa/efa-distributional-financial-accounts.htm).
For more on methodology for the bottom half of household net worth, see Ed Wolff’s
National Bureau of Economic Research paper Household Wealth Trends in the UnitedStates, 1962-2013 and the Institute for Policy Studies’ 2017 Billionaire Bonanza: The
Forbes 400 and the Rest of Us.

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Notes1

Bloomberg spent more than $900 million on his failed presidential run:https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/us/politics/bloomberg-campaign-900-million.html
Steyer spent more than $300 million on his presidential bid
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/tom-steyer-coronavirus-food-bank-billionaire-money-donatea9436866.html
2
Hayley C. Cuccinello, “Billionaire Tracker: Actions The World’s Wealthiest Are Taking in Response to theCoronavirus Pandemic,” Forbes, March 17, 2020 but continuously updated.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2020/03/17/billionaire-tracker-covid-19/#36e2d1687e69
3
The amount of hidden wealth is difficult to measure because it is hidden. At the low end, researchers estimated in2014 that 8 percent of the world’s private wealth is hidden, over $7.6 trillion. Gabriel Zucman, The Hidden Wealthof Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens (The University of Chicago Press, 2016). According to Credit Suisse
2019 Wealth Report, total global wealth was U.S. $360 trillion. Eight percent of this would be $28 trillion.
Anthony Shorrocks, Jim Davies, and Rodrigo Lluberas, Global Wealth Report 2019 (Credit Suisse ResearchInstitute, October 2019). https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html.
Researchers from the Tax Justice Network argue that these estimates grossly underestimate the amount of
hidden wealth. They estimated in 2012 that hidden wealth ranged as high as $21 trillion to $32 trillion if nonfinancial assets such as real estate, yachts, art and gold are included. They estimate the amount of hidden
wealth was $21 trillion to $32 trillion. James Henry, The Price of Offshore Revisited (Tax Justice Network, 2012).
https://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/Price_of_Offshore_Revisited_120722.pdf.
4
Benjamin Page, Jason Seawright, and Matthew Lacombe, Billionaires and Stealth Politics (University of Chicago
Press, 2018).
https://books.google.com/books?id=TS16DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=snippet&q=substanti
al%20sums&f=false
5
Political Spending: See OpenSecrets, “Most expensive midterm ever: Cost of 2018 election surpasses $5.7 billion,”Open Secrets, February 6, 2019. https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2019/02/cost-of-2018-election-5pnt7bil/.
Safety Net: Tami Luby, “Trump budget includes deep cuts to health care and safety net programs,” CNN, February
10, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/trump-budget-health-care-safety-net/index.html
6Taylor Nicole Rogers, “American Billionaires paid less in taxes in 2018 than the working class,“ Business Insider,
October 9, 2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/american-billionaires-paid-less-taxes-than-working-classwealth-gap-2019-10
7Gabriel Zucman, The Hidden Wealth of Nations, and other papers: Thomas Torslov, Ludvig Wier, and Gabrial
Zucman, “The Missing Profits of Nations,” September 22, 2019. http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/TWZ2019.pdf
8
Ray Madoff, “Three Simple Steps to Protect Charities and American Taxpayers from the Rise of Donor-Advised
Funds,” Nonprofit Quarterly, July 25, 2018. https://nonprofitquarterly.org/three-simple-steps-to-protect-charitiesand-american-taxpayers-from-the-rise-of-donor-advised-funds/
9
Chuck Collins, Josh Hoxie, Helen Flannery, “Warehousing Wealth: Donor-Advised Charity Funds Sequestering
Billions in the Face of Growing Inequality,” Institute for Policy Studies, July 25, 2018. https://ips-dc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/07/Warehousing-Wealth-IPS-Report-1.pdf
10
Calculator at the Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl
Note: up-to-date with March 2020 data was released on April 10, 2020.
11
See our Methodology on p. 18.
12
See our Methodology on p. 18..
13
Calculator at the Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl
Note: up-to-date with March 2020 data was released on April 10, 2020.
14
Collins and Hoxie, “Billionaire Bonanza 2017: Forbes 400 and the Rest of Us,” Institute for Policy Studies, October
17, 2017. https://inequality.org/research/billionaire-bonanza-2017/
Based on 2016 Survey of Consumer Finance Data, excluding durable goods.
15
Dedrick Asante-Muhammad, Darrick Hamilton, Chuck Collins, Josh Hoxie, “Ten Solutions to Bridge the Racial
Wealth Divide” (April 2019) https://ips-dc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Ten-Solutions-to-Bridge-the-RacialWealth-Divide-FINAL-.pdf
16
Dedrick Asante-Muhammad, Darrick Hamilton, Chuck Collins, Josh Hoxie, “Ten Solutions to Bridge the Racial
Wealth Divide” https://ips-dc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Ten-Solutions-to-Bridge-the-Racial-Wealth-DivideFINAL-.pdf
Based on 2016 Fed Survey of Consumer Finance (more recent 2019 data forthcoming). Excludes durable goods cars, appliances -which in a situation like this don’t help much. Only looks at financial wealth
17
Emmie Martin, “The government shutdown spotlights a bigger issue: 78% of US workers live paycheck to
paycheck,” CNBC, January 9, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/09/shutdown-highlights-that-4-in-5-usworkers-live-paycheck-to-paycheck.html
18
Bhutta and Dettling, 2018 https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/assessing-families-liquidsavings-using-the-survey-of-consumer-finances-20181119.htm

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Federal Reverse, “Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2018,” May 2019.
https://www.federalreserve.gov/consumerscommunities/files/2018-report-economic-well-being-us-households201905.pdf
20
Bob Lord, “The Case of a U.S. Wealth Tax,” Institute for Policy Studies Briefing Paper, April 13, 2020.
https://inequality.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/WealthTax-Briefing-Paper-April9-2020.pdf
21
Bob Lord, “The Case of a U.S. Wealth Tax,” Institute for Policy Studies Briefing Paper, April 13, 2020.
https://inequality.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/WealthTax-Briefing-Paper-April9-2020.pdf
22
See “Millionaire Surtax Backgrounder,” Americans for Tax Fairness, www.surtax.org, November 7, 2019http://surtax.org/millionaires-surtax-backgrounder/
23
Introduction, April 7, 2020. www.forbes.com/billionaires
24
Sergei Klebnikov, “Jeff Bezos Gets $6.4 billion Richer as Amazon Stock Hits a New High,” Forbes, April 14, 2020.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2020/04/14/jeff-bezos-gets-63-billion-richer-as-amazon-stock-hitsa-new-record-high/#1e12098053b0
25“The Forbes 400,” Forbes, September 30, 2009. https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/29/forbes-400-buffett-gatesellison-rich-list-09-intro.html#131409187726
26th“Forbes 400 ranking of the richest Americans 30 anniversary issue,” Forbes, September 19, 2012.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2012/09/19/forbes-400-ranking-of-the-richest-americans-30th-anniversaryissue/#59dfaddd241d27
Luisa Kroll, “The Richest People in America,” Forbes, September 22, 2010.
https://www.forbes.com/2010/09/21/forbes-400-gates-buffett-facebook-rich-list-10-intro.html#396600ad1b1f
28
Bloomberg Billionaire calculator: https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/
29
IPS calculation based on Bloomberg Billionaire calculator.
30
Brian Fung, “The pandemic is playing to almost every one of Amazon's strengths,” CNN, April 9, 2020.
https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/09/tech/amazon-dominance-coronavirus/index.html
31
Jay Greene, “Amazon workers test positive for covid-19 at 10 U.S. warehouses,” The Washington Post, March 25,
2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/03/24/amazon-warehouse-workers-coronaviruspositive/
32
Sean O’Kane, “NYC mayor asks Elon Musk to manufacture ventilators for COVID-19 patients,” The Verge, March
19, 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/19/21186634/bill-de-blasio-elon-musk-ventilator-shortagecoronavirus-pandemic-covid-19
33
Michael Sheetz, “SpaceX coronavirus cases rise to six employees as Musk’s company continues ‘mission
essential’ work,” CNBC, April 6, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/06/spacex-coronavirus-cases-sixemployees-test-positive-for-covid-19.html
34“Tesla reveals prototype ventilator made from electric vehicle parts,” CNBC, April 6, 2020.
https://www.cnbc.com/video/2020/04/06/tesla-reveals-prototype-ventilator-made-from-electric-vehicle-parts.html
35
Forbes profile of MacKenzie Bezos, https://www.forbes.com/profile/mackenzie-bezos/#40ad27341294
36
Jordan Novet, “Zoom has added more videoconferencing users this year than in all of 2019 thanks to coronavirus,
Bernstein says,” CNBC, February 26, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/zoom-has-added-more-users-sofar-this-year-than-in-2019-bernstein.html
37
Hannah Murphy and Richard Waters, “Privacy concerns grow over Zoom videoconferencing platform,” Financial
Times, March 31, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/bdedc70b-e559-489e-bfa0-445b9c882f7b
38
Emil Protalinski, “Microsoft announces Teams for consumers, Skype daily active users up 70% to 40 million,”
Venture Beat, March 30, 2020. https://venturebeat.com/2020/03/30/skype-passes-40-million-daily-active-usersup-70-due-to-coronavirus/
39
Frederic Lardinois, “Microsoft says video calls in Teams grew 1,000% in March,” Tech Crunch, April 9, 2020.
https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/09/microsoft-says-video-calls-in-teams-grew-1000-in-march/
40
Adam Wells, “Clippers Owner Steve Ballmer, Wife Connie Donate $25M to Coronavirus Relief,” Bleacher Report,
March 27, 2020. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2883435-clippers-owner-steve-ballmer-wife-connie-donate25m-to-coronavirus-relief
41
Forbes profile of John A. Sobrato https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-a-sobrato/#61e9994d2c08 and The Sobrato
Organization’s website https://www.sobrato.com/
42
Brian Schwartz, “Private equity lobbyists involved in $500 billion coronavirus bailout fund,” CNBC, March 31, 2020.
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/31/coronavirus-private-equity-firms-lobbied-congress-treasury-in-bailoutpush.html
43
Ken Dilanian and Stephanie Ruhle, “Seeking coronavirus relief, investment firm with ties to Kushner emails
Kushner, Trump admin,” CNBC, April 4, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/seekingcoronavirus-relief-investment-firm-ties-kushner-emails-kushner-trump-n1176686
44“Mediacom Communications Corporation Completes $2.170 Billion of Financing Transactions,” Yahoo! Finance,
March 23, 2020. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/mediacom-communications-corporation-completes-2123000632.html
45
Stephanie Pagones, “Mediacom's Rocco Commisso leading Italian coronavirus relief effort,” Fox Business, April 3,
2020. https://www.foxbusiness.com/healthcare/coronavirus-italy-mediacom-acf-fiorentina

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Forbes, “Billionaires: Stanley Druckenmiller,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/stanleydruckenmiller/?list=billionaires#696d57e117ff
47
Forbes, “Billionaires: Leon Black,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/leon-black/#1d2f67641629
48
Forbes, “Billionaires: David Tepper,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/davidtepper/?list=billionaires#cacdd92384c6
49
Forbes, “Billionaires: Charles Butt,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/charles-butt/#6b0c8cc45054
50
Forbes, “Billionaires: Jensen Huang,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/jensen-huang1/?list=billionaires#56ac40cd3a6c51
Forbes, “Billionaires: Steve Cohen,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/stevecohen/?list=billionaires#736be09763f8
52
Forbes, “Billionaires: Ted Lerner,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/tedlerner/?list=billionaires#4c5b95ad7464
53
Forbes, “Billionaires: Daniel Gilbert,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/daniel-gilbert/#255782f57128
54
Forbes, “Billionaires: Tamara Gustavson,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/tamaragustavson/#1d9b40fe48bb
55
Forbes, “Billionaires: Chase Coleman III,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/chase-colemaniii/?list=billionaires#5e0aafc4e44e
56
Forbes, “Billionaires: Reed Hastings,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/reed-hastings/#2ea3f9227829
57
Forbes, “Companies: Netflix (NFLX),” Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/companies/netflix/#6198bb6a8541.
Accessed April 14, 2020.
58
Forbes, “Billionaires: Stanley Kroenke,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/stanley-kroenke/#3f47696f742c
59
Forbes, “Billionaires: Bert Beveridge,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/bert-beveridge/#14a9940164ec
60
Forbes, “Billionaires: Alice Walton,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/alice-walton/#6da1dede4eb2
61
Forbes, “Billionaires: Archie Aldis Emmerson & family,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/archie-aldisemmerson/#345711495f90
62
Forbes, “Billionaires: Henry Laufer,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/henrylaufer/?list=billionaires#3162b3560303
63
Forbes, “Billionaires: Li Ge,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/li-ge-1/#59da5df6624e
64Forbes, “Billionaires: Ann Walton Kroenke,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/ann-waltonkroenke/#68e5788b3785
65
Forbes, “Billionaires: Larry Ellison,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/larry-ellison/#2a6681c324c2
66
Forbes, “Billionaires: Jim Simons,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-simons/#2198440e3b6a67
Stephanie Murray, “Bob Kraft sends Patriots jet to pick up medical supplies from China,” Politico, April 2, 2020.
https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/02/bob-kraft-patriots-plane-massachusetts-masks-160936
68
Forbes, “Billionaires: Robert Kraft,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-kraft/#72489573ff4c
69
Forbes, “Billionaires: David Siegel,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-siegel-1/#6abc3eb27bc8
70
Forbes, “Billionaires: John Overdeck,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-overdeck/#58e221e73740
71
Forbes, “Billionaires: Marc Rowan,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/marc-rowan/#219010a2f38b
72
Forbes, “Billionaires: Christy Walton,” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/christy-walton/#3fd285b72a60
73
See “Millionaire Surtax Backgrounder,” Americans for Tax Fairness, www.surtax.org, November 7, 2019http://surtax.org/millionaires-surtax-backgrounder/
74
Helen Flannery and Chuck Collins, “Increasing Private Foundation Payout,” Policy Brief, Institute for Policy Studies,
April 2020.
https://inequality.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Policy-Brief-April2020-IncreasingFoundationPayout.pdf
75“For the 99.8% Act: Summary of Sen. Bernie Sanders legislation to tax the fortunes of the top 0.2 percent, Sanders
Senate Office, February 2019. https://www.sanders.senate.gov/download/estate-tax-one-pager?inline=file76
https://elizabethwarren.com/plans/ultra-millionaire-tax
77
Christopher Ingraham, “Over 60 percent of voters- including half of Republicans –support Elizabeth Warren’s
wealth tax,” The Washington Post, February 5, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/uspolicy/2019/02/05/over-percent-voters-including-half-republicans-support-elizabeth-warrens-wealth-tax/
Also see popularity of raising top tax rates: Eric Levitz, “Poll: Majority Backs AOC’s 70 Percent Top Tax Rate,” NewYork Magazine, January 15, 2019. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/01/poll-large-majority-backs-aocs-70top-marginal-tax-rate.html

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