Journal of Global Resources
Volume 6 (01)August 2019-January 2020
Page 96-101
UGC –CARE Listed Journal in Group D
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

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LAND USE TRANSFORMATION IN THAR DESERT: A CASE STUDY OF BARMER
DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN
Balak Ram1 and J. S. Chauhan2Former Principal Scientist, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
2
Chief Technical Officer, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
Email: dr.brmayank@gmail.com

1

Abstract: Barmer, the western most district of Arid Rajasthan, has recently witnessed dynamicchanges in land use; agriculture and irrigation, exploration of crude oil and natural gas, lignite
and other minerals; and infrastructure developments. Using multifaceted historical data from
1960-61 and interpretation of LANDSAT 8 images of January, 2018 and Sentinel-2A imagery
of February, 2017, major changes/developments in relation to physical environment as well as
natural and human resources, are assessed and mapped. Drivers of such changes as well theirpositive and negative impacts are brought out and key challenges are highlighted towards
development planning. Barmer district with 28387 Km2 areas has its 78 percent area under
agriculture which is mainly rainfed and supported on sand dunes and interdunal plains. Net andgross irrigated area is now 9.22 percent and 13.58 percent. Cumin, isabgol and castor are mostpromising cash crops. Since 1960-61 the net sown area has increased by 27.9 percent, net
irrigated area by 27.5 times and gross irrigated area by 40.5 times. Total crop production has
increased by 183.4 percent. Consequently, five blocks of the district are overexploited throughgroundwater and the state of groundwater development is 114.23 percent. Major developments
are: exploration of minerals like lignite; crude oil and natural gas from Barmer-Sanchore Basin;
Introduction of Narmada Canal for irrigation and drinking water in 83000 ha command area in
Dhorimanna and Guda Malani tehsils, coming up of 9.0 MMTPA capacity HRRL Pachpadra
Refinery; and development of Desert National park and Wildlife Sanctuary.
Key words: Land use, Irrigation, Cropping Pattern, Arid Zone, Lignite, Barmer- Sanchore
Basin, Oil and Natural Gas, Narmada Canal
Introduction
Land use keeps changing with time through human intervention influenced by their needs andchoices. In fragile hot arid zone of India, the land use system is highly delicate, lessdependable and minimal livelihood supportive. However, in recent past enormous changes anddevelopments in land use systems are taken place. Man has succeeded to create irrigation
potential through sinking more wells and bringing canal irrigation; cultivation of cash crops,
exploration of minerals and oil and gas and infrastructure development. Spread over an area of
28387 Km2 and accommodating over 26 lac human and 54 lac livestock population, thedevelopment scenario of the district is enormously changed from 1990 onward. In view of suchdevelopments, the present study has been undertaken to study, assess and map thesechanges/developments in relation to physical environment as well as natural and humanresources analysing multifaceted and historical dataset from 1960-61 to 2016-17. These
include; land use, irrigation, cropping pattern, crop production; Narmada Canal Project, Desert
National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary; Textile dyeing and printing industries and impact ofindustrial effluents; exploration of lignite as well as crude oil and natural gas from BarmerSanchore Basin; and coming up of HRRL Pachpadra Refinery. Major drivers of such changes
and their impact on environment, natural resources and animate and inanimate life of thisdesert district, are discussed. The human and livestock population in the district has increasedby 300.7 percent and 155 percent respectively since 1961.
Net sown area and total cropped area are increased by 27.9 percent and 44.4 percent.
Net irrigated area has increased 27.5 times i.e. from 9440 ha in 1960-61 to 259877 ha in 201617 and gross irrigated area by 40.5 times. Crop production has increased just 183.4 percent
from 123849 tons to 350951 tons over this period. Major challenges of the region are fastdegradation of ground water resources, declining productivity and dependency from rainfed
agriculture, increasing man-induced land degradation, creation of mine spoil area and96

shrinkage, encroachment and degradation of pastures and other common lands. Strategies toaddress crucial challenges are suggested.
Method and Materials
Basic framework on climate and natural resources set up for this study, has been adopted fromthe natural and human resources survey report of CAZRI (1989), Land use/land cover report(CAZRI,1990), Wasteland Mapping (Balak Ram and Gheesa Lal,1999) and Wasteland
Updation (Balak Ram, 2004). Trend in land use, cropping pattern and crop production from
1960-61 to 2016-16 had been worked out these reports and annual Statistical abstracts ofRajasthan. Various aspects of human resources are analysed from Census of India, 2011.
Recent developments are synthesised from published and unpublished reports of CGWB
(2013), Narmada Canal Project, Rajasthan (2017), CAIRN India (2018), RSMML and WAPCOS(2014), Management Plan of Desert National Park (Anon. 2017c), innovative farming systemmodel (BAIF, 2012) and other departments. Based on these reports a map depicting suchdevelopments is prepared.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Location and Administrative setup
Barmer the westernmost district of Rajasthan with a total geographical area of 28387 Km2
extends from 70° 05’ 06” to 72° 50’ 55” E longitudes and from 24° 38’ 52” to 26° 30’ 41” Nlatitudes. It is bounded by Jaisalmer and Jodhpur districts towards north; Jalor district towards
south; Jodhpur and Pali districts towards north east and Tharparkar district of Pakistan towards
west (Fig.1). The district is divided into eight sub-divisions; 17 Development Blocks or
Panchayat Samiti viz. Sheo, Barmer, Baytu, Chohtan, Dhorimanna, Sindhari, Siwana, Balotra,
Dhanau, Patodi, Ramsar, Gadra Road, Gida, Samdari, Guda Malani, Sedva and Kalyanpur (Anon. 2010, 2012); 14 tehsils with 2712 villages and 2 towns viz. Barmer and Balotra. .
As per 2011 census the district has a population of 2603751 (1369022 males and1234729 females) with a density of 92 persons/ Km2 and decennial growth of 32.52 percent. 93
percent population reside in rural areas while rest 7 percent in urban centres. Literacy rate is
57.49 percent. Scheduled caste and Scheduled Tribes population constitute 16.8 percent and6.8 percent. Religion wise Hindus constitute 86.72 percent, Muslim 12.34 percent, Jain 1.31
percent and rest by other religious communities. Work participation rate is 46.2 percent. Out of
total population main workers are 28.47 percent, marginal workers 17.71 percent and nonworking population 53.82 percent. Out of total workers cultivators are 62.7 percent, agriculturallabourers 11.0 percent household industries 2.6 percent and others 23.7 percent respectively(Anon. 2014). The livestock population of the district as per 2012 livestock census is 5366732
with a density of 189 animals/km2. Out of total animal population cattle constitute 14.69
percent, buffaloes 3.99 percent, sheep 26.16 percent, goat 53.97 percent, horse and ponies
0.05 percent mules and donkey 0.33 percent and camel 0.81 percent respectively . The total
milk production in 2013-14 comes to 5960,000 MT which is an increase of 138.4 percent from2001.
Environment and Resources
The climate of the district is extremely arid with a mean aridity index of 85 percent and standard
deviation of 8.7 mm. Extremes of temperatures, erratic and fitful rainfall, high dust storms
during summer and frequent droughts mark climatic characters. May and June are the hottest
months recording mean maximum temperatures of 41.9°C and 40.3°C respectively which may
often cross 45°C. During December and January, the mean minimum temperatures are lowest
being in order of 10 to 12°C with lowest mean monthly temperatures recorded being 9.2°C and
7.5°C respectively. Mean annual rainfall of the district (1901-1998 average) is 268.35 mm
which varies from (NW) 209.7 mm at Sheo to 345.8 mm at Siwana occurring in 9.4 to 15.2 rainydays. The average annual rainfall from last 10 years (2009-2018) comes to 331.5 mm (Water
Resources Dept. Raj.).
The district present a picture of vast sandy plain dotted with sand dunes and interdunes
and at places rugged hills and saline depressions. The ephemeral Luni is the only river of thisregion which has its outlet in Rann of Kachchh. Soils of the district are dominantly coarse
textured. Soil texture along the bank of river Luni ranging from loamy sand to clay loam; sandy
plains with fine sand to loamy sand, 70-90 cm deep underlain by lime concretionary horizon;
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sand dunes and inter dunes with fine sandy, very deep and slightly calcareous soils. Thesesoils have low available water holding capacity and low fertility status (CAZRI, 1989). Total
water resources in the district as per 2010 estimation comes to 2444.3 Mm3/year. This includes
surface water 351.2, imported water 1499.9 and dynamic ground water 592.9 Mm3/year (fresh
310.5 and saline 282.4). The total water requirement comes to 4827 Mm3/year (Beg and
Ahmad, 2015). Net groundwater availability is 257.5135 MCM and annual groundwater draft
294.1440 MCM. Stage of groundwater development thus comes to 114.22 percent (CGWB,
2013). Five blocks in the district viz. Baytu, Balotra, Siwana, Dhorimanna and Sheo are
identified as overexploited.
Barmer district has achieved significant achievement in mineral exploration. Lignite ismost important among them with an annual production of 7.54 million tons. Others arebentonite (171706 tons), gypsum (76275 tons), siliceous earth (12120 tons), fuller’s earth(13096 tons) and selenite 1800 tons (Anon. 2016). Besides; granite, masonry stone,
kankar/bajri and murram/gitti are too produced with an order of 206775, 1700705, 1431057 and
150000 tons respectively (Deptt. of Mines and Geology, Raj.). There are 1427 mineral basedindustries in the district. Total registered medium and small (MSME) units by the end of March,2016 are 4168 giving employment to 26565 person which includes 2145 textile industries (otherthan handloom), 260 agro based, mineral based 371, service and repair 464 and wooden 199(MSME, 2011 and Anon. 2017d, 2017e).
Land use and Agriculture
Barmer is a unique district of ‘Thar Desert’ which has 78 percent of its total area under
agriculture which is dominantly rainfed and supported by sand dunes and inter dunal plains. As
per agricultural statistics of 2016-17 (Anon. 2019), the net sown area in the district comes to59.3 percent, current fallow 7.44 percent 2-5 years fallow 11.2 percent and culturable waste
6.25 percent respectively. Double cropped area comes to 7.88 percent, net irrigated area 9.22
percent and gross irrigated area 13.58 percent. Area under forest land is 1.18 percent, land put
to non-agricultural uses 2.85 percent, barren and uncultivable land 4.42 percent and permanentpasture/grazing land 7.2 percent. Out of gross irrigated area, 243830 ha or 92.28 percent
percent is served by wells and tube wells, 7.71 percent by Narmada canal system and 0.01
percent by other sources.
Limited choice of crops is one of the major constraints in arid agro-ecosystem. Bajra,
guar and moth are dominant crops constituting 42.0 percent, 22.05 percent and 13.45 percentof the total cropped area in the district (Anon. 2019). Other important crops are cumin (7.29
percent), Isabgol (7.03 percent), moong (3.94 percent), castor (1.21 percent), wheat (0.93
percent) and mustard (0.76 percent). Besides; jowar, gram, groundnut, methi, taramira, fennel,
pomegranate, onion and other vegetable and fodder crops are taken. Total production was 3.51
lac tons. Area and production of important crops for the year 2016-17 is shown in fig. 2. The
impact of rainfall on failure of rainfed crops is such that during the year 2018, crops in 44.4
percent area and in 2016 the crops in 67. 6 percent area was damaged due to severe
drought/failure of monsoon.
Narmada Canal Command Area
458 km. long Narmada canal taken out from Sardar Sarovar Dam has been designed toprovide irrigation as well as drinking water to Jalor and Barmer districts of Rajasthan with agross command area (GCA) of 2.86 lakh ha and culturable command area of 2.46 lakh ha, wasinaugurated on 24th April, 2008. 74 km long Narmada main canal in Rajasthan with a
distribution system of 1719 km. of distributaries, minor, sub-minor and lift. In Barmer district it
has 83000 ha culturable command area (4000 ha under flow and 79000 ha under lift) of
Dhorimanna and Guda Malani tehsils. Thus 11 villages will be served with flow irrigation and 97
villages with lift (Swain et al. 2018). Besides 667 villages will be benefited with drinking water.
There will be pressurized irrigation in lift area through micro irrigation system (MIS) withsprinkler and drip (nwm.gov.in/default/waterwiki/14.pdf).
Lignite Exploration
Lignite opencast mining in Barmer district started in 1994 from Giral mine field. Major lignite
mine fields area located in Giral, Shivkar, Sonari, Kapurdi and Jalipa covering mining lease
area of 11174 ha. The total production at present comes to 4771286 tons. Giral and Shivkar
field covers 2655.7 ha; Sonari 1512.5 ha, Kapurdi 3223.51 ha and Jalipa 3782.31 ha
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respectively (BLMCL, 2014 and RSMML and WAPCOS, 2014). Lignite based two thermal
power plants (Giral TPP 250 MW and Kapurdi TPP 108 MW) are also in operation to provide
electric power to this industry.
Table 01: Land use changes (percent) in Barmer District, RajasthanLand use category
ForestLand put to non-agrl. uses
Barren and uncultivable land
Pasture/grazing land
Misc. tree crops & groves
Culturable waste
Other fallow land
Current fallow
Net area sown
Total cropped area
Area sown more than once
Gross irrigated area
Net irrigated area

1960-61
0.43
2.66
5.18
0.85
0.00
9.75
23.54
9.12
46.27
46.62
0.15
0.33
0.32

1970-71
0.44
1.73
5.60
7.29
0.00
14.96
20.92
4.17
44.34
45.07
0.51
0.46
0.36

1980-81
0.50
2.33
4.82
7.55
0.00
11.88
12.19
7.75
52.98
53.83
1.64
1.38
0.78

1990-91
0.89
2.59
4.51
7.44
0.00
9.44
11.68
7.70
55.86
57.06
1.21
1.50
0.61

2000-01
1.01
2.61
4.38
7.23
0.00
8.21
13.90
7.38
55.09
58.58
3.49
5.34
2.90

2010-11
1.14
2.62
4.39
7.22
0.00
6.28
8.26
6.47
63.62
70.26
6.64
9.03
5.85

2016-17
1.18
2.85
4.42
7.20
0.04
6.25
11.40
7.44
59.31
67.19
7.88
13.58
9.22

Sources: Anon. (1992) Trend in land use statistics, Rajasthan and Statistical Abstracts

Hydrocarbon Oil and Gas Exploration, Development and Production
Initiated in 1999, the exploration, development and production of hydrocarbon crude oil in
Barmer district were commenced from 2004 in Barmer Basin RJ-ON-90/1 Block by CAIRN Oil
and Gas Division of Vedanta group. This basin was discovered in 2004 and production started
in August 2009 in Mangala, 2012 in Bhagyam and 2013 in Aishwariya oil fields. The block withan area of 3111 km is spread mainly in Barmer and partly in Jalor districts. Mangala Processing
Terminal (MPT) and Raageshwari gas terminal (RGT) are two terminals for processinghydrocarbons. MPT is producing on an average 175000 BOPD. RGT is producing up to 55
MMSCFD of natural gas (CAIRN, 2018). CAIRN has developed 700 km long and 24” crude oilpipeline (from MPT in Barmer to Bhogat in Gujarat) and 600 km long 8” gas pipeline from RGT
to Bhogat, Dwarka. 38 oil and gas fields are discovered 783 oil wells are drilled which will able
to produce 400000 BOPD and 750 MMSCFD of gas. In addition, multiple satellite fields aredeveloped. The crude oil from these satellite oil fields can be directly spiked to export crude tooil pipeline. A total of 640.09 lac metric tons or 463.00 million barrels crude oil has been
produced so far from 29.8.2009 to May 2018 (Kothari et al. 2015).
HPCL Rajasthan Refinery, Pachpadra
HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited is coming up near Pachpadra town with a capacity of 9.0
MMTPA (Million metric tons per annum) with an investment of 37230 crores. Rajasthan Govt.
has provided 926 ha of land free of cost. It will be located in villages Sajiyali Roopji Kanthawar
and Sambhara of Pachpadra tehsil. It will spread over 1780.75 ha for Refinery cum Petrochemical complex and marketing terminal and additional 167.42 ha is reserved for townshipand reservoir which will be 2.5 km from complex (EIL, 2018).
Textile Dyeing and Printing Industries and its Environmental Impact
Balotra town is famous for textile dyeing and printing industries and so called, ‘Poplin City’.
This industry is developed around Balotra, Jasol and Bithuja region. There are more than 5000
textiles dyeing and printing units in Balotra and environ. The effluents emanated from theseunits posed serious problem. Consequently, three CETP (Common Effluents Treatment Plant)
are established to treat industrial effluents (EIL, 2018).
Desert National Park Wildlife Sanctuary
Out of total 3162 km2 area of Desert National Park Wildlife Sanctuary, 1400 Km lies in Barmer
district and 1762 Km in Jaisalmer district. In Barmer district it occupies 31 complete villages
and 22 partial villages of Sheo tehsil. Out of total area of DNP, 36.95 percent comprises
revenue land, 42.6 percent private holdings and 20.45 percent Gochar land. Total area under
forest is 1579.1019 ha which includes 263.7477 Protected Forest and 1315.3532 ha
unclassified forest. (Anon. 2017c). Major objectives of this project are to develop desert ecosystem; protect rare, threatened and endangered elements of flora and fauna; increase
population of Great Indian Bustard; and promote eco-development and eco-tourism.

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Change in Land Use, Cropping Pattern and Crop Production
Net sown area, double cropped area an irrigated area have shown significant increase in land
use system over the period from 1960-61 to 2016-17 ( Anon. 1992, 2017a, 2017b and 2019).
Consequently, the area under long fallowing practices has declined. Details are given in table
2. Net sown area and total cropped area are increased by 27.9 percent and 44.4 percent. Net
irrigated area has increased 27.5 times i.e. from 9440 ha in 1960-61 to 259877 ha in 2016-17
and gross irrigated area by 40.5 times (Anon. 2019). Crop production has increased just 183.4
percent from 123849 tons to 350951 tons over this period. In 1990-91 it was 308634 tons
(Anon. 2018). Thus crop production has mainly increased from irrigated crops while in rainfed
crops shown dormant trend. Surprisingly, the production of bajra has increased just by 2.28
percent. Cumin and isabgol proved most promising cash crops.
IMPACTS OF CHANGES/DEVELOPMENT
Prospective: Substantial increase in agricultural production particularly of irrigated cash crops
like cumin, isabgol and castor; creation of pressurized irrigation potential over undulating
sandy area through sprinkler and drip; increase in economy and revenue has enhanced thestandard of living and purchasing power of households. Other impacts are employment
generation; better improvement in mobility, accessibility and transport of goods, availability ofbetter education and health facilities; landmark development in exploration of crude oil andnatural gas as well as establishment of oil refinery; and exploration of minerals like lignite,bentonite and gypsum, will together bring revolution in regional economy.
Retrospective: Degradation of ground water resources has already turned hectares of irrigateddouble cropland into single crop/wasteland and in future this hazard is going to be more
harmful. Unmanaged textile industrial effluents is continue to ruin irrigated cropland, harm
irrigation wells and destroy native flora and fauna. Rainfed farming become less supportive to
peasant’s livelihood and hence their interest is gradually declining. Illegal, unscientific andunplanned mining activities disfigured the terrain, blocked the natural drainage system andcreated new wastelands. Shrinkage, encroachments and removal of trees and shrubs led toloss of grazing material and degradation/ reduction of pastures/grazing lands. Uncontrolled
spread of Prosopis juliflora has supressed important native flora and hampering mobility of
man and animal. Lack of proper planning and support led to ruin the salt industry of famous
Pachpadra Salt basin.
Conclusion
Barmer district though has ¾ area under agriculture but most of it (82.17 percent) is rainfed
which is highly risky, full of uncertainty with poor yield from less remunerative crops viz. bajra,
moth bean and guar. Net and gross irrigated area are now 9.22 percent and 13.58 percent.
Cumin, isabgol and castor are most promising cash crops. Since 1960-61 the net sown area
has increased by 27.9 percent, net irrigated area by 27.5 times and gross irrigated area by 40.5
times. Total crop production has increased by 183.4 percent. Five blocks of the district areoverexploited through groundwater and the state of groundwater development is 114.23
percent. Major developments are exploration of minerals like lignite; crude oil and natural gas
from Barmer-Sanchore Basin; Introduction of Narmada Canal for irrigation and drinking water in
83000 ha command area in Dhorimanna and Guda Malani tehsils, coming up of 9.0 MMTPA
capacities HRRL Pachpadra Refinery; and development of Desert National Park and Wildlife
Sanctuary. Important strategies for development of the region are: to develop innovative
integrated farming system based on livelihood model; increase water productivity; equitable
exploitation, judicious use and proper management of water resources; scientific andenvironmental friendly exploitation of mineral resources; rehabilitation and development ofdegraded lands; effective management of industrial effluents; promote traditional skill andrelated enterprises; and create basket of opportunities for desert communities to generate
income in their own setting.
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