CONTENTS
1. ENERGY SITUATION ······································································································ 1
1.1 World Energy Situation...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Japan’s Energy Situation.................................................................................................................... 1

2. ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICIES AND LAWS IN JAPAN ······························· 4
2.1 Outline of Energy Conservation Policies .......................................................................................... 4(1) Brief history of energy conservation policies in Japan(2) Promotion of energy conservation measures
2.2 Basic Energy Plan.............................................................................................................................. 5(1) Industrial sector(2) Residential sector(3) Business sector(4) Transportation sector(5) Cross-cutting measures
2.3 National Strategies and Plans ......................................................................................................6(1) New National Energy Strategy(2) Energy Conservation Frontrunner Plan
(3) Energy Conservation Technology Strategy
2.4 Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy .................................................................................... 8(1) Objective(2) Energy defined by the law(3) Basic policies and obligations of energy users(4) Measures for factories etc.
(5) Measures for buildings(6) Measures for equipment(7) Measures for transportation(8) Amendment of the law concerning the rational use of energy
2.5 Financial Supporting Measures ......................................................................................................... 21(1) Loan program with special interest rate (FY2010)(2) Tax incentives program (FY2010)(3) Subsidy program (FY2010)
2.6 Awarding Programs toward Energy Conservation Efforts................................................................. 24
2.7 Publicity Activities ............................................................................................................................ 25
2.8 Energy Audit Program by ECCJ........................................................................................................ 25(1) Energy audit for factories(2) Energy audit for commercial buildings

3. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS ·······································································26
3.1 Climate Change and Energy Consumption........................................................................................ 26(1) Transition of deviation of global average near-surface temperature (only at the ground level)ii

(2) Global energy balance (Index incident solar rays = 100)
(3) Transition of atmospheric CO2 concentration and CO2 emission from fossil fuel(4) CO2 emissions by country (2007)(5) Per-capita CO2 emissions (2007)
3.2 International Efforts to Counter Global Warming ............................................................................. 29(1) IPCC: accumulation of scientific knowledge(2) UNFCCC: study of international countermeasures(3) IPCC report on global warming(4) Influences of greenhouse-gases on global warming (1850-1990)(5) History of COPs of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(6) Background and main points of COP15 & COP/MOP5
3.3 Kyoto Protocol Coming into Effect................................................................................................... 32
3.4 G8 Summit......................................................................................................................................... 33(1) Outline of Gleneagles Summit(2) Outline of Hokkaido Toyako Summit(3) Outline of Muskoka Summit
3.5 Energy Conservation Activities of the Foreign Countries ................................................................. 35
3.6 Japan’s Policies to Deal with Global Warming.................................................................................. 37(1) Guideline for measures to prevent global warming(2) Kyoto protocol target achievement plan(3) Reinforcement of energy conservation measures in each sector

4. ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES BY SECTOR ·············································40
4.1 Industrial Sector................................................................................................................................. 40(1) Energy situation for the industrial sector(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the industrial sector(3) Outline of the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment (Target and
Measures of Major Organizations)(4) Overall factory inspection based on the energy conservation law(5) Dissemination and promotion of energy conservation technology(6) Energy conservation by coordination among factories and workplaces(7) Dissemination of high-efficiency industrial furnaces and high-efficiency boilers(8) Dissemination of cogeneration and fuel cells(9) Important check points concerning technical energy conservation measures(10) Challenges in typical energy conservation technology development
4.2 Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... 55(1) Energy situation for equipment(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for equipment - Top Runner Program(3) Dissemination and outreach measures for equipment
4.3 Commercial/Residential Sector ......................................................................................................... 63(1) Energy situation for the commercial /residential sector(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the residential sector(3) Energy conservation policies and measures for the commercial sectorii
ii

(4) Promotion of commercial building energy management system (BEMS) (thoroughenergy management utilizing IT)(5) Promotion of ESCO business
4.4 Transportation Sector....................................................................................................................... 72(1) Energy situation for the transportation sector(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the transportation sector

APPENDIX
1. ENERGY DATA ···············································································································76
1.1 World Energy Data .......................................................................................................................... 76(1) Energy resource reserves(2) Primary energy consumption by energy resource(3) Primary energy consumption by region(4) Trend of primary energy consumption(5) Energy supply in major countries(6) Energy consumption in major countries
1.2 Domestic Energy Data..................................................................................................................... 83(1) Demand of energy sources and GDP(2) Outlook of energy consumption and supply
1.3 Domestic Sectoral Energy Data....................................................................................................... 86(1)Industrial sector(2)Residential sector(3)Commercial sector(4)Transportation sector

2. STANDARDS OF JUDGMENT
2.1 Standards of Judgment for Factories etc. on Rational Use of Energy ............................................... 97
Table : Standards and Target Values for Operating Equipment in Factories etc................................ 114(1) Air ratios for boilers(2) Waste gas temperatures for boilers(3) Air ratios for industrial furnaces(4) Standard and target rates of waste heat recovery for industrial furnaces (including
waste gas temperatures for reference)(5) Standard values and target values of furnace wall outer surface temperatures (forindustrial furnaces with furnace temperatures of 500℃ and higher)(6) Standard value and target value of power factor(7) Target efficiencies of high efficiency motors(8) Benchmark index and medium- and long- term target level
2.2 Standards of Judgment for Buildings on Rational Use of Energy ..................................................... 122(1) Prevention of heat loss through external walls, windows, etc. of the buildings(2) Efficient use of energy by air conditioning equipment

iii
iii

(3) Efficient use of energy by mechanical ventilation equipment other than air
conditioning equipment(4) Efficient use of energy by lighting fixtures(5) Efficient use of energy by hot water supply equipment(6) Efficient use of energy by vertical transportation

3. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION....................................................................... 131
3.1 Outline of Asia Energy Conservation Program............................................................................... 131(1) Significance of energy conservation cooperation(2) Future direction of energy conservation cooperation(3) Cooperation to individual country in energy conservation field
3.2 East Asia Summit (EAS).................................................................................................................. 134(1) Overview(2) Past achievement (energy, environment etc. related issues only)
3.3 International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC)........................................... 136(1) Purpose and overview(2) Activities(3) Energy Management Action Network (EMAK)REFERENCE
1. RELATED ORGANIZATIONS ······················································································138
1.1 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
1.2 The Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ)
1.3 The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
1.4 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
1.5 The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)

2. ENERGY CALORIES (JAPAN)·····················································································144

iv
iv

1. ENERGY SITUATION
1.1 World Energy Situation
The world energy demand in 2030 is expected to continue to be in an increasing trend. As shown inthe below figure, the energy demands especially in China, India and other Asian countries are
expected to largely increase. For further world energy data, refer to the Appendix 1.1.

Increase of world energy demand
18000

2030/2007(Unit : Million ton crude oil equivalent)(16,790) Ｔotal

16000
14000

(13,488)

41%

8000

(7,228)

47%

6000
51%

4000
17%
3%
5%
4%
4%

8%

1980

4%
2%

(actual figures)

4%
6%
5%
11%
5%
6%
5%
5%

3%
5%
6%

4%
6%
5%
16%

4%

2000

21%

3%
5%

Russia

8%

India

Japan
3%

4%
7%
5%
5%
5%

8%

2007

2015

2030

(forecast)

China

23%

4%
7%
5%
5%
5%

(actual figures) (actual figures)

1.1times

E.Europe/ 1.2times
Eurasia37%(10,018)

10000

0

OECD

(12,013)

12000

2000

32%

1.4times

1.2times
2.2times
1.9times
0.9times

1.7times
Asia
Latin
America 1.5times
Middle1.9times
East

5%
6%
5%

Africa1.4times(forecast)

FY* “Total” includes international marine and aviation bunkers (not included in regional totals).
* In the data of 1980, “Russia” is included in “E.Europe/Eurasia”.
*“India” and “China” are excluded from “Asia”.
*“Japan” is excluded from “OECD”.

Source) Prepared from “World Energy Outlook 2009 (IEA)”

1.2 Japan’s Energy Situation
As shown in the below figure, Japan’s oil share among the primary energy supply total has beensignificantly lowered since the highest level (approximately 77 %) marked in 1973 to the current
lowest level (approximately 47 %) in 2008. As shown in Page 3, Japan’s energy consumption has beensteadily expanded especially in the commercial/residential sector since the 1970’s oil crises period,
largely due to convenience-thriving and energy-needing lifestyles. As for the transportation sector,
though the energy consumption was on a rising trend until 2001, after that the trend turned downward
because of a decrease in freight transport volume and improvement in fuel economy of cars. Refer toAppendixes 1.2 and 1.3 for more information of the Japan’s energy consumption trend.

11Transition of energy mix in Japan’s primary energy supply (1970-2030)
100%

80%

(77.4)

Nuclear power

9.9

Natural gas

16.8

14

19
3

Hydro/
geothermal 3.2
New energy, etc. 1.1
60%

Coal

18

21

19

17

3

4

4

22.0

5

7

20
40%

Oil

19

18

34

33

47.0
40

20%

0%
’73
1970
1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Note)

2005

’08

2010

2015

2020

2025

The estimated figures of FY 2020 and 2030 are based on the long-term energy supply anddemand outlook published by the Advisory Committee on Energy and Natural
Resource in May 2008.
The figure of “New energy, etc.” after FY1990 includes amount of “waste heat andothers”.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

22

2030

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1951~

0

'75

'77

'79

'81

Energy conservation
law

Second oil crisis

'83

'85

'87

Revision of energy
conservation law

'89

'91

'93

Revision of energy
conservation law

Industrial sector

'95

'97

Adoption of
Kyoto
Protocol

'99

'01

'03

'05

42.6%

33.8%

23.6%

'07

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Trillion yen

Revision ofenergyconservationlaw

Revision of energy
conservation law

Kyoto Protocol in
effectRevision of energy
conservation law

Revision of energy
conservation law

Commercial/residential sector

Transportation sector

380 million kL

541 trillion yen

Note that, due to revision of the aggregation method in Energy Balance Tables in Japan, values for FY1990 onwards and values forpreceding years are the results of utilizing different methods.
Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”, “Annual Report on National Accounts”, “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic
Statistics in Japan (2010)”
3

Note)

'73

First oil crisis

65.5%

18.1%

16.4%

287 million kL

Real GDP

Transition of Japan’s Final Energy Consumption and Real GDP

Million kL in crude oil equivalentHeat management
50
law

3

2. ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICIES AND LAWS
IN JAPAN
2.1 Outline of Energy Conservation Policies(1) Brief history of energy conservation policies in Japan
Since the first oil crisis, Japan has made impressive achievements in energy conservation, mostly
due to the combined efforts made by both public and private sectors. In1973 when the first oil crisis
occurred, the oil resource dependency of Japan was as high as 80% of its total primary energy
demand. The oil crisis revealed that the country’s fragility of energy supply and demand structure,
but the government took advantage of the situation as a precious lesson and has made utmost
efforts that subsequently have built a robust supply and demand structure. On the supply level, thediversification of energy sources has been facilitated by successfully switching to alternative
energies such as natural gas or nuclear power. On the demand level, the industrial sector has playeda central role in energy conservation. As the result of those tireless efforts, the country’s oil
dependency has declined to 47%, which enables Japan to realize an energy conservation oriented
society while staying as an economic power at the same time. In terms of energy consumption perGDP, Japan has been successful in curbing increasing the consumption, compared with other major
developed nations.
In the meantime, the member nations reached an agreement with the target that required developed
nations to cut their GHG emissions at the 3rd Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP3) inKyoto 1997. Further energy conservation efforts have since been perceived to reach the goal andconserve the environment on a global level. More than 90 % of GHG is carbon dioxide andapproximately 90% of carbon dioxide is emitted from combusting fossil fuels, which means nearly
80 % of GHG emissions originates from energy use. For that reason, potent and effective energy
policies are regarded to be the key player in resolving the environmental problems.
The government decided to set up measures covering both energy supply and demand to achieve
the 6% GHG emission reduction goal set by the Kyoto Protocol. On the demand level, thegovernment has urged the industrial, commercial/residential and transportation sectors to promotefurther energy conservation, even though considerable efforts have already been taken since the oilcrisis. Especially, as the countermeasures for the recent continuing rising trend of energy
consumption in the commercial sector and the transportation sector partly due to people’s lifestylechanges, the Advisory Committee on Energy and Natural Resources has reviewed the measures forenergy conservation from 2001. The committee put forward additional measures in 2005 andreviewed them in 2007 (refer to Page 39, 3.6 (3)). The expected minimum saving amount is about
77 kL-oe. Furthermore, the government announced on 23rd September, 2009 that Japan will aim to
reduce GHG emission by 25% by 2020 compared to the 1990 level.

(2) Promotion of energy conservation measures
1) Financial support of energy conservation equipment and systems
To promote energy conservation equipment, investment in industry and commerce, loan
programs have been established (low interest loans by Japan Finance Corporation) by the Law

44for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support. Additionally, tax reduction measures and thesubsidy programs are provided by the government.

2) Acceleration of development and practical application of energy conservation
technologies
To technologically ensure the practice of energy conservation in future, the R&D oftechnologies concerned with energy conservation has been promoted under the cooperation
among industries, the government, and academy.

3) Formulation and application of guidelines based on the Energy Conservation
Law(a) Industrial sector: Guidelines for factories etc. such as standards of judgment and target value
for operating equipment, etc.
(b) Transportation sector: Fuel consumption standards for automobiles and trucks.
(c) Commercial/residential sector: Standards of judgment for buildings and appliances

4) Raising people's awareness of energy conservation by publicity activities(a) Being thoroughly informed of various measures by the Council for Promotion of Energy andResources Conservation Measures, such as “Energy conservation campaign in summer andwinter.”(b) Preparing and distributing posters and pamphlets, holding symposiums and offering
information through mass media.

2.2 Basic Energy Plan
In June 2010, the government released a revised Basic Energy Plan. This revised plan lays out specificmeasures covering the next approximate 20 years, through 2030, on the premise that far-reachingreforms in the energy supply/demand structure as well as social systems and lifestyles are essential inorder to respond appropriately to the resource limitations and environmental constraints in the medium
to long term. The measures related to energy conservation are described below.

<Basic Perspective>
The energy supply and demand structure must be reformed further in order to strengthen energy
security, address global warming and at the same time achieve economic growth centered on energy.
The government must work closely with citizens, business operators and local public bodies andproceed with consideration for the unique attributes of individual sectors.

(1) Industrial sector
To maintain and reinforce the world’s highest standard of energy-conserving and low-carbon
technology, the introduction of current cutting-edge technology will be encouraged whenequipment is replaced, and the Energy Conservation Law will be more stringently enforced. In
addition,

applications

forinnovativetechnologies

(such

as

environment-friendly

ironmanufacturing processes), a fuel shift to gas using highly-efficiency facilities, the use ofcogeneration, and the development and introduction of next-generation heat pump systems will bepromoted.

(2) Residential sector
CO2 generated by energy use has increased 35% since 1990 as a result of an increase in home
appliances and a rise in the number of households. Measures targeting the residential sector are
intended to spread the use of energy conservation equipment through research and development

55

into such equipment as well as support for the adoption of global cutting-edge energy conservationequipment and the Top Runner Program in the Energy Conservation Law. In addition, the use ofhigh-efficiency home appliances and lighting, high-efficiency water heaters, and solar power
generators and the mandated adoption of energy conservation standards for houses would promote
the spread of ZEH (net zero energy houses). The policies also aim to jumpstart citizen campaigns
such as awareness reforms targeting citizens and lifestyle shifts through the increased use of smart
meters to cut in half CO2 generated by energy consumed in day-to-life (residential sector) by 2030.

(3) Business sector
CO2 generated by energy use has increased about 40% since 1990 as a result of the adoption of IT
in offices and an increase in floor space. The spread of net zero energy buildings (ZEB) will bepromoted by carrying out research and development aimed at improving the efficiency of IT
equipment and lighting, reinforcing and mandating energy conservation standards for buildings,
and giving incentives for the adoption of energy conservation equipment and high-efficiency air
conditioners with the aim of achieving substantial reductions in CO2 generated by energy use.

(4) Transportation sector
In addition to measures targeting vehicles on a stand-alone basis, a comprehensive approach will betaken that includes the development of infrastructure such as battery chargers, measures to optimize
the flow of traffic such as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), fuel measures, measures toimprove approaches to use such as citizen efforts in eco-drives, and the greater efficiency ofcommodity distribution. Specifically, this Plan aims to popularize next-generation vehicles throughan integrated deployment of measures including supply-side measures (support for research anddevelopment, fuel regulations, etc.) and demand-side measures (subsidies, tax systems, etc.). In
addition, fossil fuel consumption will be reduced by encouraging modal shifts.

(5) Cross-cutting measures
In addition to the aforementioned stand-alone measures, next-generation energy and social systems
will be developed in affiliation with city and transportation policies, as well as urban planning, forbroad-scale energy use and the utilization of renewable energy.

2.3 National Strategies and Plans(1) New National Energy Strategy
In May 2006, Japan declared the “New National Energy Strategy” which specified five featured
fields that would be the focus for the future energy security. This includes energy efficiency andconservation policy with specific measures and targets setting the 2030 targets of 30 % energy
efficiency improvement. Listed measures include:
1) Establishment of a state-of-the-art energy supply-demand structure, with the aim to reduce oil
dependence level to less than 40% by 2030, from the current level of approximately 50%.
Measures to address this aim include:(a) Energy Conservation Frontrunner Plan(b) Transport Energy for the Next Generation Plan(c) New Energy Innovation Plan(d) Nuclear Power National Plan
2) Comprehensive Strengthening of Resource Diplomacy and Energy and Environment
Cooperation, by means of:66

(a) Comprehensive Strategy for Securing Resources(b) Asia Energy and Environment Cooperation Strategy

3) Enhancement of Emergency Response Measures such as the revision and strengthening of the oilstockpiling system and preparation of the emergency response system for natural gas.

4) Other: In order to promote cooperation between the public and private sectors, technologicalchallenges to be solved by 2030 will be summarized in the energy technology strategy.

(2) Energy Conservation Frontrunner Plan
In order to secure the country’s energy security, the “New National Energy Strategy” was formulated.
This strategy sets out the strategy toward 2030 in the area of energy conservation, transport energy,
new energy, nuclear energy, etc. In this strategy, the plan called “Energy Conservation FrontrunnerPlan” was set. In the “Energy Conservation Frontrunner Plan”, as a means to improve energy
efficiency more than 30% by the year 2030, it states that a virtuous circle of technological innovation
and a social system will be established, setting an strategy for energy conservation technology thathas a look over the future and the developing and dissemination of the benchmarking approach (withthis approach, energy conservation effect can be quantitatively verified). Based on this plan, the“Energy Conservation Technology Strategy” was formulated with the prospective target ofrecognizing the energy conservation technology as Japan’s “source of the industrial competitiveness”
in the international society and achieving the respected status of the “World No.1 Country of Energy
Conservation” by overcoming the restrictions of resources and environment toward 2030.

(3) Energy Conservation Technology Strategy
The “New National Energy Strategy (May 2006)” and “Basic Energy Plan (March 2007)” specified
that the “Energy Conservation Technology Strategy” should be formulated. They specified that, inthe strategy, issues to be solved by technology should be identified and a roadmap regarding
technology development to solve these issues should be formulated. In the “Energy Conservation
Technology Strategy”, under the recognition that technology development in the energy field needs
both the long term lead time and the long lasting efforts between public and private, energy
technology expected to be commercialized were identified and classified as follows in the five items
per each policy target:
1) Total energy efficiency improvement
2) Fuel diversification in the transportation sector
3) Development and promotion of dissemination of new energy
4) Promotion of nuclear energy and securing the safety5) Security of supply of fossil fuels and utilization of effective and clean use of them
Based on these concepts, “Technology map”, “Roadmap”, and “Introduction Scenario” were made.
In the energy conservation technology development, integration of various seed technologies isimportant. Especially, to generate a radical technology, cooperation between actors which should not
be restricted in each business category and field of study. To this effect, toward 2030, for the purposeof promoting the energy conservation technology development that takes into consideration ofsocietal system change and the emergence of the synergy effect resulted from the mutual cooperationin technology development, five important technology fields were identified for the purpose of thedevelopment and dissemination in the form of a roadmap.

77

8

Consigners

Specified consigners

Obligation to make efforts imposedon consigners

Public announcement ofstandards of judgment

Submission of plan,
Periodical report

Submission of plan,
Periodical report

Appointment of Type1/Type2 energy manager

8

Obligation to make efforts imposed on general business operators on transportation of passengers

30 million ton kilo or more per year

Specified carriers

Public announcement ofstandards of judgment

200 or more tracks etc.

Carriers

Appointment of energy management control officer,
Appointment of energy management planning promoter,
Submission of medium-to-long term plan, Periodical report

Appointment of Type1/Type2 energy manager

Appointment of energy management control officer,
Appointment of energy management planning promoter,
Submission of medium-to-long term plan, Periodical report(excluding factories etc. which belong to a franchisee)

Type1/Type2 designatedenergy management factory etc.

Annual Energy Consumption
3000kL or more/1500kL or more

Specified chain business operators

Annual Energy Consumption 1500kL or more

Chain business operators

Type1/Type2 designatedenergy management factory etc.

Annual Energy Consumption
3000kL or more/1500kL or more

Specified business operators

Annual Energy Consumption 1500kL or more

Business operators

Obligation to make efforts imposedon freight and passenger carriers

4. Measures for transportation

Public announcement ofstandards of judgment

Obligations to make efforts
imposed on business operators

3. Measures for factories

2. Basic Policy

1. General (objective, definition)

Recommendations
Public announcements/Orders

Guidance/Advise

Recommendations
Public announcements/Orders

Guidance/Advise

Instructions
Public announcements/Orders

Guidance/Advise

Instructions
Public announcements/Orders

Guidance/Advise

The Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Energy Conservation Law) was enforced on 1 Oct. 1979, and revised six times until now. The latest
revision was promulgated on 30 May 2008 and enforced partly on 1 April 2009 and wholly on 1 April 2010. The latest structure of the law is as below.
(For the chronicles of revisions of the Energy Conservation Law, refer to Page 18.)

2.4 Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy

98. Penal Provisions

Note )

Obligation to make efforts imposedon energy suppliers, retailers ofenergy consuming equipment*
Obligation to make efforts imposedon distributors or lease businessowners of buildings

7. Miscellaneous Provisions

Obligation to make efforts imposedon manufacturers and importers ofenergy consuming equipment

6. Measures for equipment

Construction materials*
Obligation to make efforts imposedon residential construction clients*
Public announcement ofstandards of judgment

Obligation to make efforts imposedon construction clients and owners*
Public announcement ofstandards of judgment

5. Measures for buildings
Residences

Non-residence*

Information service to consumers

Improvement of performance,
Indication of energy consumption
efficiency

Improvement of quality/Indication

Improvrment of performance*

Notification of efforts for energy conservation,
Periodical report about maintenance/situation

Notification of efforts for energy conservation,
Periodical report about maintenance/situation

Public announcement of guidance

Recommendations
Public announcements/Orders

Guidance/Advise

Recommendations
Public announcements/Orders

Recommendations

Instructions
Public announcements/Orders

Guidance/Advise

9were amended on 30 May 2008. The parts with * and without * were enforced on 1 April 2009 and 1 April 2010, respectively.

Public announcement ofstandards of judgment

Specified equipment such as vehicles,
air conditioners, etc.

Manufacturers,
Processors and Importers

Annual new-built houses 150 or more

Residential construction clients

detached houses

Specified residence

floor area of 300㎡ or more

Type2 specified construction clientsfloor area of 2000㎡ or more

Specified construction clients
Type1 specified construction clients

Buildings**

(1) Objective
This law aims to contribute to the sound development of the national economy throughimplementing necessary measures for the rational use of energy in factories, buildings,
transportation, and machinery and equipment, and other necessary measures to comprehensively
promote the rational use of energy, while it seeks to ensure the effective utilization of fuelresources that would meet the economic and social environment of energy at home and abroad.

(2) Energy defined by the law
The term “energy” in this law means fuels such as oil, flammable natural gas, and coal, as well asheat and electricity produced by using such fuels (excluding electricity generated by the renewableenergy such as photovoltaic cells, wind power, etc.).

(3) Basic policies and obligations of energy users
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is to establish and announce fundamental
policies aiming at comprehensive promotion of the rational energy utilization in respective fields.
The main energy users in each field have to take into account of the fundamental policy and makeefforts to rationalize their energy use. This is to comprehensively promote the rational use ofenergy through the systematic formulation and the public announcement of the basic matterspertaining to the measures to promote the rational energy utilization.

(4) Measures for factories etc.
Japan’s final energy consumption in the industrial sector and commercial/residential sector
accounts for as much as 75% of the total energy consumption. More proactive actions to promote
the rational energy utilization in factories and business premises are needed and then the Energy
Conservation Law was revised in May 2008. This revised law newly defined “Specified Business
Operators” and “Specified Chain Business Operators and largely expanded the regulatory coverageof total energy consumption in the commercial sector from approximately 10% to 50%.

1) Standards of judgment for business operators
METI is to establish and announce the subject of standards of judgment regarding the measures
to be taken deliberately in order to achieve the goals towards the rationalization of fuelcombustion, utilization and recovery of waste heat, prevention of electricity loss by resistance etc,
and the relevant goals: the subject of standards of judgment are targeted to those who conductbusiness activities and utilize energy in their factories, offices or other workplaces (hereafterreferred to as factories etc.) and are purposed that the rational utilization of energy in factories
etc. would be implemented appropriately and effectively. (Refer to Appendix 2.1 “Standards of
Judgment for factories etc. on Rational Use of Energy” and Table: “Standards and Target Values
for Operating Equipment in Factories etc.”)
These standards of judgment present themselves as a set of guidelines for the individual andconcrete measures about the basic matters stated in the basic policy and to guide business
operators to judge and conduct appropriate and effective implementation of the rational energy
utilization in factories etc.

10102) Guidance and advice
The competent minister (METI and other minister(s) responsible for the programs of the relevant
factories etc.) may provide business operators with guidance and advice about the rational energy
use with the consideration of the things concerning the standards of judgment when judged
necessary by the minister.

3) Specified Business Operators
Companies who have and run factories or workplaces of which total energy consumption
amounts to over 1,500kL are designated as “Specified Business Operators”

4) Specified Chain Business Operators
Chain business operators such as convenience stores or restaurants who have and run factories,
workplaces or member stores of which total energy consumption amounts to over 1,500kL aredesignated as “Specified Chain Business Operators”“Specified Business Operators” and “Specified Chain Business Operators” are obliged to prepare
and submit a mid-to-long term plan, and report annually the status of their energy utilization to
the competent minister. Also they have to appoint an “Energy Management Control Officer”,
who may be selected from board members having a voice in the business operation, and an“Energy Management Planning Promoter”, who needs to finish the designated energy
management seminars or to be a qualified energy manager. The energy management planningpromoter will assist the energy management control officer practically.

5) Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories
Factories or workplaces which consume large amount of energy (the total consumption of fueland electricity is 3,000 kL or more per year in crude oil equivalent) and the buildings aredesignated as “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories” from the view point that therational energy utilization has to be promoted. The designated criteria were amended andreinforced in April, 2006. The “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories” are obliged toappoint either “*Type 1 Energy Managers” or “**Type 2 Energy Managers” depending on theindustrial category to promote energy management in workplaces.

6) Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories
A factory whose energy consumption is a medium scale (the total consumption of fuel andelectricity is 1,500 kL or more per year in crude oil equivalent) have to promote the rational useof energy in the same way as “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories”. Those
factories are designated as “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories”. The law
prescribes that “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories” are obliged to appoint “Type2 Energy Managers” to promote energy management in workplaces.
*The “Type 1 Energy Managers” must be selected from qualified license holders for energy management by thegovernment. (Regarding “Certified energy manager system”, refer to the item 9) in Page 14.)**The “Type 2 Energy Managers” must be selected persons who finished the designated energy management
seminars or who are qualified energy managers.

11
11

The comparison of regulatory target before and after revision in 2008
Before Revision

After Revision
Energy Management in the Company on the Whole

Energy Management per Factory or Workplace

Workplace

Factory

Workplace

Workplace

Workplace

Sales
Office3,600kℓ

1,600kℓ

1,000kℓ

500kℓ

50kℓ

≧3,000kℓ≧1,500kℓ＜1,500kℓ＜1,500kℓ＜1,500kℓ

Regulatory
targetExempted Exempted Exempted

Workplace

1,000kℓ +Regulatory
target

600kℓ

Sales
Office+100kℓ

1,700kℓ ≧ 1,500kℓ
In this case, the company on the whole consumes over 1,500kl,
thus covered as the regulatory target［ Energy management system］
 Energy management control officer is selected fromexecutives.
 Energy management planning promoter to support energy
management control officer is selected.
 Energy managers are selected for each designated energy
management factory.
［ Plan settlement and report ］
 Submission of medium and long-term plan and periodical
report by each company.

［Energy management system］
Energy managers are selected for each designated energy
management factory.
［Plan settlement and report］
Each Type1 designated energy management factoryshould submit medium-to-long term plan.
Each designated energy management factory should
submit regular report.

The condition and role of each key person for energy management after revision in 2008
【Effort by the Company as a Whole】
・Effort from a Management Point of
View
・Coordination of Preparation of
Mid-to-long Term Plan
･Planning for On-site Management,
Implementation of Practical Business
Affairs (e.g. Manual Preparation)

Specified Business Operator
Representative of Specified
Business Operator
Newly-established

Energy Management
Control Officer

Type1
Energy Manager

Type2
Energy Manager

Employees

Employees

Type1 DesignatedEnergy Management
Factory etc.

Type2 DesignatedEnergy Management
Factory etc.

Support

Newly-established

Energy Management
Planning Promoter

Employees

Employees

Other Factory etc.

Other Factory etc.

【Effort in the Workplaces】

Energy Management Control Officer
Condition : According to the law, the position shall be filled with a person who supervises and manages the implementation of the business (executive-level
employee). It means the person shall implement energy management for a company as a whole with a bird’s eye view.
Role : 1. Promotion of efforts with management perspective 2. Coordination of mid-to-long term plan
3. Planning for on-site management, implementation of practical business affairs

Energy Management Planning Promoter
Condition : A person who has completed training courses concerning energy management or who has a qualified energy manager’s license.
Role : Practical assistance for an energy management control officer

Type 1 Energy Manager and Type 2 Energy Manager
Condition : Same as before the revision
Role : Same as in the law before the revision, they shall implement management in the workplaces such as designated energy management factory. Also,
they shall collaborate with an energy management control officer and energy management planning promoter to implement systematic efforts based on
management judgment and to take effective measures for energy conservation for a company as a whole.

12127) Category of designated energy management factory
Annual Energy Consumption

Total of Fuel and Electricity

Industrial Category
Following 5 industries:
Manufacturing
MiningElectricity
supplyElectric power
supplyGas supply
Heat supply
Type 1 Designated Energy
Management Factory・ All industries other than thoselisted at left
e.g. office buildings,
department stores, hotels,
schools, hospitals, government
offices, and amusement parks)
・ Head office / office bldg. ofthe left listed industries.
Type 1 Designated Energy
Management Factory

3,000 kL
Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factory

1,500 kL

Regulatory obligations
Appointment of Type 1 Energy Manager

Appointment of Type 2 Energy Manager

8) Number of Type 1 energy managers required by the law

Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories(Coke Manufacturing, Electricity, Gas and Heat supply)
Annual Energy Consumption
3000 or less than 100,000 kL-oe
100,000 kL-oe or more

Number Required
1
2

Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories(Mining and Manufacturing other than Coke)
Annual Energy Consumption
3,000 or less than 20,000 kL-oe
20,000 or less than 50,000 kL-oe
50,000 or less than 100,000 kL-oe
100,000 kL-oe or more

Number Required
1
2
3
4

13
13

9) Certified energy manager system
The Type 1 Energy Managers must have a qualified energy manager’s license.
A license is awarded to a person who has passed the examination for qualified person for energy
management or who has been authorized by the Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry uponcompleting a qualification course of qualified person for energy management. This certification
process works as follows:(a) Examination of qualified person for energy managementa) Prerequisites : Noneb) Examination subjects
Examinees have to take No1 subject as [Requisite] and No2-4 subjects by choosing a setof [Heat] or [Electricity].

[Requisite]
1 Comprehensive energy management and laws/regulations［Heat］
2 Basics of flow of heat and fluid
3 Fuels and combustion
4 Heat utilization equipment andtheir management［Electricity］
Choice2 Basics of electricity
3 Electric equipment and machinery
4 Power applicationc) Application destination
Examination Department, Energy Management Examination and Training Center, theEnergy Conservation Center, Japand) Examination date and sites
The examination is held in August every year and at 10 locations in the whole country.
e) Announcement of successful applicants
The examinee’s number who passes the examination will be announced on the Official
Gazettef) Issue of certificate
Examinees who pass the examination first submit an application of a credential to the
Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry. The issuance of a certificate requires a year or
more of practical experience in the rational use of energy.

(b) Qualification course of qualified person for energy managementa) Contents of coursei) Lectureii) Examinationb) Prerequisites
At least three years of practical experience in the rational use of fuel/electricity.
c) Course period and sites
The course is held for 7 days in December in every year at six locations in the wholecountry.

1414d) Application destination
Training Department, Japan Energy Management Examination and Training Center, The
Energy Conservation Center, Japan(5) Measures for buildings
Most of the energy consumed in the civil sector is used in buildings. The measures focusing on theinsulation of buildings are highly effective for the rational use of energy. The law provides thefollowing rules for rational energy use in the field of buildings.
1) Obligations of building owners
Construction clients (those who intend to construct or modify buildings) and owners of buildings
must take appropriate measures to prevent heat loss through external walls, windows, etc. and toutilize efficiently the energy for building facilities such as air conditioners, mechanicalventilation systems, lighting, water heaters and elevators, with the basic policies in mind, inefforts to contribute to the rationalization of energy use in the building.
In order to ensure proper and effective implementation of such measures, the Minister of
Economy, Trade and Industry and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport are toestablish and announce standards which building owners should refer to in making decisions forrationalizing energy use in their buildings. The new standard for the buildings (excluding
residences) was announced on 30 January, 2008. (Refer to Appendix 2.2 “Standards of Judgment
for Buildings on Rational Use of Energy”.) The new standard for houses was announced on 30
January, 2008.

2) Guidance and advice
The competent authorities (Local (prefecture) authority with district construction surveyors andgoverning authorized construction procedures) may, when necessary, give necessary guidance
and advice on building design and construction to the building owners other than residences
while taking into account the standards of judgment which the building owners should refer to in
making decisions. In addition to these rules, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may
give manufacturers of insulation and other construction material necessary guidance and advice
for improving the insulation properties of their construction materials to ensure the improvementof the quality of insulation materials, which constitute a basic element in improving the total
insulation capability of buildings. For residences, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure andTransport is to establish and announce guidelines for their design and construction in accordancewith the criteria which construction clients and building owners should refer to in making
decisions.

3) Instructions for specified buildings
Under the revision of the Energy Conservation Law in May 2008, buildings having a total
non-residence floor area of “2000m2 or more” and “300m2 or more to less than 2000m2 ” aredesignated as “Type 1 Specified Buildings” and “Type 2 Specified Buildings”, respectively inorder to largely expand the regulatory coverage in the building sector.
Construction clients and owners (Specified Construction Clients, etc.) who intend to construct or
extensively modify “Type 1 Specified Buildings” or “Type 2 Specified Buildings” are obliged to15
15

submit notification of energy-saving measures to the competent authorities before the start ofconstruction. In addition, after the completion of construction or modification, the Specified
Construction Clients, etc. who submitted the abovementioned notification are obliged to submit
periodical reports on maintenance of buildings with respect to energy-saving measures.
When the competent authority finds energy-saving measures for “Type 1 Specified Buildings” tobe significantly insufficient in consideration of the criteria, the authority will instruct them for
improvement. When the Specified Construction Clients, etc. do not follow the authority’s
instruction for improvement on the measures described in the notification, the authority will
announce to the public the name of the owner in question or order them to follow the instruction.
Also, when the competent authority finds energy-saving measures for “Type 2 Specified
Buildings” to be significantly insufficient in consideration of the criteria, the authority willadvise them for improvement.

(6) Measures for equipment
Automobiles, air-conditioners, and other equipment require large amounts of energy, which aremostly purchased after systematically produced in large quantities. For the rational energy use ofsuch equipment, it is important to call for consumers to act on energy conservation effort in the use,
but a more drastic way is to improve the energy efficiency at a production stage. Based on this idea,
the law provides for various following rules in the use of equipment.

1) Obligations of manufacturers
Those who produce or import energy consuming equipment have to, with the basic policies inmind, ensure the rationalization of energy consumption concerning the equipment by improving
the energy efficiency of the equipment which they produce or import. For automobiles and otherequipment as specified in the Government Ordinance, the Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry (and also the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) is toestablish and announce standards for energy efficiency improvement which manufacturers mustrefer to in making decisions. The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (and also the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) may give necessary
recommendations to manufacturers and importers when the government finds a considerable
improvement is needed for their specific products in view of the standards which they must referto in making decisions, provided that the production or import volume for such products exceed
a certain level (for example, more than 2,000 automobiles per year, or more than 500 air
conditioners per year).
Target standard values are set based on the product in the market having the highest energy
efficiency of all the products of the same group. (“Top Runner Program”)
The years when each of the specified equipment was designated are as follows:
1 April 1999

：Gasoline and diesel passenger vehicles, Air conditioners, Fluorescentlights, TV sets, Copying machines, Computers, Magnetic disk drives,
Gasoline-fueled and diesel powered freight vehicles and Video cassetterecorders

22 December 1999 ：Electric refrigerators, Electric freezers

1616

27 December 2002 ：Space heaters, Gas cooking appliances, Gas water heaters, Oil water
heaters, Electric toilet seats, Vending machines, Transformers
15 July 2003

：LPG passenger vehicles (This is categorized in the passenger vehicles.)1 April 2006

：Microwave ovens, Electric rice cookers, DVD recorders

1 July 2009

：Routers, Switching units

2) Labeling
Equipment described above is obliged to be marked to show its “energy consumption efficiency”
to help consumers selectively purchase highly efficient equipment. The Minister of Economy,
Trade and Industry (and also the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles)
is to establish the labeling procedures to be followed by manufacturers etc. concerning “energy
consumption efficiency”, labeling method, and other matters to be observed in labeling for each
item of specified equipment, and is to issue a notification of them.
If the minister(s) deem(s) that the labeling does not conform to the notification, he (they) can givea recommendation to the manufacturer, etc., and if the manufacturer, etc. does not comply, theminister(s) can announce to that effect and give an order to take an action conforming to therecommendation.

(7) Measures for transportation
In the transportation sector, which has showed a significant increase in energy consumption during
recent years, the Energy Conservation Law had been imposed only on automobile fuelimprovement. However, under the Revised Energy Conservation Law enacted in April 2006, newobligations were imposed on carriers (freight, passenger) and consigners.
Carriers which own 200 or more trucks, 300 or more trains, and so on (Specified carriers) are
obliged to submit mid-and-long term plan and periodic report of the state of energy use to the
Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport once a year.
Also, consigners which transport 30 million ton kilo or more per year (Specified consigners) are
obliged to submit mid-and-long term plan and periodic report of the state of energy use to the
Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport once a year.
In both cases, when the authority finds that efforts are significantly insufficient or intensity has notbeen improved, advice is given to take proper measures. If the advice is not followed, the authority
will announce to the public the name of the carrier or consigner in question or order them to follow
the advice.

(8) Amendment of the law concerning the rational use of energy
The 1979 law was amended and reinforced in 1983, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2005 and 2008. In theamended version promulgated in May 2008, energy conservation measures were strengthened inboth the commercial sector including offices, convenience stores, etc. and household sector.
The chronicles of revisions of the law are shown in the following table.

17
17

18
18

19
19

20
20

2.5 Financial Supporting Measures
The financial supporting measures are provided to accelerate the introduction of energy efficienttechnologies and equipment in the industrial and commercial sectors.

(1) Loan program with special interest rate (FY 2010)
This program is based on “Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support” and was revised in2008 to apply only to small and medium-sized enterprises.
1) Energy conservation facilities (Financing Institution: Japan Finance Corporation(Operations Aimed at Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Operations Aimed at MicroBusiness and Individuals))
Target recipients< Energy conservation equipment >Enterprises which install energy
conservation equipment (including thosewhich lease or rent energy conservation
facilities based on ESCO projects)< Enterprises leasing energy
conservation equipment >The leasing enterprises or rental
companies which purchase energy
conservation equipment< Specific high energy performanceequipment >Enterprises which plan to install specifichigh-performance energy consumption
equipment and others

Available funds
Funds required to acquireenergy conservationequipment*2(1)Financing percentage*1
Up to 270 million yen<special interest rate II>
Over 270 million yen<standard rate>

Funds required to acquire
mechanical self-runningequipment for works*2(2)Up to 270 million yen<special interest rate II>
Over 270 million yen<standard rate>(1) Funds required to install
specific high-performance
furnace and boiler(2) Funds required to install
specific additional equipment
which enhances theperformance of the current
equipment to the level of ahigh-performance furnace orboilerUp to 270 million yen<Special energy conservationinterest rate B>
Over 270 million yen<standard rate>･Interests are subsidized fromEnergy Special Account*1 Financing percentage is the rate defined by Japan Finance Corporation, Operations Aimed at Small andMedium Enterprise. For the financing percentage applied by JFC, Operations Aimed at Micro Business andIndividuals, please contact the appropriate client service.
*2 Equipment items are limited to those listed below and satisfy the following conditions.
･Newly acquired equipment should improve energy efficiency by more than 25% compared to existing
average equipment.
･In the case of replacement of equipment, newly acquired equipment should improve energy efficiency bymore than 40% compared to the replaced equipment.
(1)
Subject equipment includes 52 items such as heat pump type heat source equipment, waste heat boilers,
energy saving type industrial furnaces, and cogeneration systems.
(2)
Subject equipment includes 11 items such as excavating machines, compacting machines, tractors, andfoundation work machines.

2121Additionally, there are categories for “subject equipment related to non fossil energy” and “subject
equipment related to Eco-Action 21* or reduction of greenhouse gas emission” in this loan program.
*Eco-Action 21 is a certification and registration scheme based on the guidelines for environmental
management, actions and report, which was established by the Ministry of the Environment.

2) Finance conditions
Financing limit*1

Financing percentage
Financing period

Direct loan*2
720 million yen*2
Alternate loan
120 million yen
Refer to the rate specified by the concerned
financingPredefined rate is applied
based on the credit risk andfinancing period.

Less than 15 years (of which 2 years aredesignated as a grace period)*1

These finance conditions are those defined by Japan Finance Corporation, Operations Aimed at Small and Medium
Enterprise. Operations Aimed at Micro Business and Individuals accommodate only the direct loans and the special
financing limit is 72 million yen. For the details on the conditions for finance, please contact the client service of theappropriate financial institutions.
*2
Direct loans are loans which should be applied directly at the window of financing institutions. Alternate loans arethose which are applied through the applicant’s financial agency.

(2) Tax incentives program (FY 2010)
This program is based on “Tax System Promoting Investment in the Reform of the Energy Supply and
Demand Structure”. When business operators purchase the equipment which contributes to efficientenergy use and utilize it for their business activities within a year, they can choose either one of thefollowing options:1) Tax exemption is equivalent to 7% of the equipment acquisition cost and that applies only to small
and medium sized companies. However, if the tax exemption is equivalent to 20% or more of thecorporate tax of the fiscal year, the limit of the tax exemption will be 20%.
2) Special depreciation of 30% of the equipment acquisition cost in the year of acquisition, in addition
to ordinary depreciation and that applies to all companies including large sized companies.
• Energy-conserving equipment: Equipment for general industries

22
22

74 units

(3) Subsidy program (FY2010)
This program is prepared by the government for those who will introduce energy conservation
facilities, projects and technologies.

Japan Electro-Heat Center･Support projects for promoting natural gasification ofenergy-intensive facilities･Projects for disseminating the introduction ofhigh-efficiency water heaters (town gas)
Toshi-gas Shinko Center･Model projects for the introduction of area energy
network of natural gas type

The Conference of LP Gas
Associated Organizations

Petroleum Association of Japan(PAJ)･Projects for supporting the introduction ofhigh-efficiency water heaters (LP gas)･Subsidy system for supporting the introduction ofhigh-efficiency water heaters (Eco Feel)

Individual, etc･Projects for formulating visions of regional energy
conservation etc.
･Projects for supporting business operators promoting therational utilization of energy･Projects for supporting the introduction of energy
conservation measures･Projects for promoting for homes
the introduction offor buildings
high-efficiency energy
for supporting thesystems into homes
introduction of BEMS
and buildings
for supporting the
introduction ofhigh-efficiency water heaters･Projects for promoting the energy supplier-led
collaboration of comprehensive energy conservation (forbuildings)･Projects for promoting the introduction ofhigh-efficiency water heaters (Eco Cute)･Projects for promoting the introduction ofhigh-efficiency air conditioning equipment

Companies

New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development
Organization (NEDO)

Project name

NPO, etc

Implementing Organization

Local publicauthority

Granted persons

●

▲

▲

－

●

●

●

▲

－

●

●

－

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●*1

－

●

－

All types of industries
including household
Private business operators(commercial sector) etc. who
introduce high-efficiency air
conditioning equipment(including local governments)
All types of industries
Individuals and private
business operators etc. who
introduce high-efficiency
water heaters
Business operators who
introduce this system into
buildings (including local
governments)
Individuals and private
business operators etc. who
introduce high-efficiency
water heaters
Individuals and private
business operators who
introduce high-efficiency
water heaters▲ : applied to a part of projects.
*1 : For photovoltaic etc. generation system, the upper limit is one-quarter of subsidy for other than photovoltaic etc.
generation system.

23
23

2.6 Awarding Programs toward Energy Conservation Efforts
There are various awarding and awareness raising programs on the rational use of energy as follows.
1) “Awarding of Excellent Energy Conservation Manager”
An award certificate is given to individuals who have long been pursuing energy management
and contributed to efficient energy management. (Sponsored by METI)
2) “Awarding of Excellent Energy Conservation Factory & Building”
An award certificate is given to factories or business facilities that have long made efforts torationalize the energy use, have long been pursuing energy management and contributed toenergy management as acknowledged as a paragon of successful energy management.
(Sponsored by METI)
3) “Awarding of Successful Cases of Energy Conservation in Factory & Building”
The winner of the contest is determined based on how well the technology or the procedures will
be developed based on theoretical grounds and elaborate research and can contribute to thefurther promotion of energy conservation. (Sponsored by METI)
4) “Awarding of Excellent Engineer of Energy Conservation”
An award certificate is given to individuals who have long played a central role and contributed
to promoting the efficient energy managements. (Sponsored by ECCJ)
5) “Awarding of Excellent Technician of Energy Conservation”
An award certificate is given to individuals who have long provided efforts to the energy
management service and contributed to promoting the efficient energy management. (Sponsoredby ECCJ)
6) Awarding of Energy Conservation Poster Contest and Essay Contest for elementary and juniorhigh school students (Sponsored by METI)
7) Awarding of Excellent Energy Conservation Equipment1
An award certificate is given to companies or teams for their commitment to promoting theefficient use of energy. The commitment to the global environment and security can be a crucial
variable for judging. (Sponsored by JMF2)
8) Energy Conservation Grand Prize for Excellent Energy Conservation Equipment
Awarded to equipment, resources or systems all high in energy conservation which have alreadyor likely to be in the market, the prize has three targets: i) home-use, ii) commercial use, and iii)
automobiles. Energy efficiency, originality, and marketability are factors for judgment.
(Sponsored by METI)
9) Awarding of “Top Energy Efficient Product Retailing Promotion Store”. (Sponsored by METI)
10) Awarding of “Excellent ESCO projects”. (Sponsored by METI)The awarding ceremony is held in February and prize certificates are conferred by the Minister of
Economic, Trade and Industry, the Director-General of the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy,
the President of Energy Conservation Center, Japan, etc.

1 “Energy Conservation Equipment” represents, i) devices, facilities and systems in addition to “equipment” in general sense,ii) measuring instruments remarkably contributing to energy conservation, iii) equipment that exploits unutilized
resources such as wastes.
2 JMF = The Japan Machinery Federation

24
24

2.7 Publicity Activities
In order to promote energy conservation as a nationwide activity, the government has established“Energy Conservation Day” on the 1st of every month, “Energy Conservation Month” in February
and “General Check-up Day for Energy Conservation” on the 1st of August and December.
Educational and publicity activities are conducted in cooperation with the local governments andprivate companies. In those designated days and months every year, various kinds of campaign
activities are held nationwide for promotion of energy conservation. Especially ENEX (Energy &Environment Exhibition) which is one of the biggest comprehensive exhibitions in Japan regarding
energy efficiency and conservation is held in “Energy Conservation Month” every year in February inTokyo.

2.8 Energy Audit Program by ECCJ
Several audit experts make an interview with the persons in charge about the management standards
for the factory or building which is going to have an energy audit. Then, they make an on-site survey
how the facilities in the factory or building are operated. After the survey, they draw up a list of areas
which need remedies and give advice for energy saving potential and needed actions. This energy
audit program is conducted free of charge by the Energy Conservation Center Japan.

(1) Energy audit for factories
The total number of factories which received the energy audit service is 3,528 from FY1998 to
2009.
The target factories are ones in the category of “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories”
by the Energy Conservation Law and undesignated factories whose annual energy consumption is
100kL or more of crude oil equivalent.

(2) Energy audit for commercial buildings
The total number of buildings which received the energy audit service is 3,578 from FY1998 to
2009. During this period, the target buildings were ones in the category of “Type 1 DesignatedEnergy Management Factories”.
From FY2008, the target buildings are ones in the category of “Type 2 Designated Energy
Management Factories” by the Energy Conservation Law and undesignated buildings whose annual
energy consumption is 100kL or more of crude oil equivalent.

25
25

3. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS
3.1 Climate Change and Energy Consumption

Deviation from normal value (℃)(1) Transition of deviation of global average near-surface temperature(only at the ground level)YearNote) The bar graph represents the temperature of each year, the line graph shows 5-year
running average and the straight line stands for long term trend.
Source) Prepared from “Website of Japan Meteorological Agency”(2) Global energy balance (Index incident solar rays = 100)

Note)

Figures in parenthesis represent estimated values when we assume the CO2 concentration
becomes double. In case the concentration of greenhouse effect gas such as CO2 increases,
the energy flow in the dotted line becomes larger. This causes the rise of temperature. The
global temperature is said to fall to as low as -19℃ if no carbon dioxide or no steam
should be contained in the atmosphere.
Source) Prepared from “Meteorological Research Notes No. 160, Carbon Dioxide Special” (TaroMatsuno, 1987, Meteorological Society of Japan, partially modified)26
26

(3) Transition of atmospheric CO2 concentration and CO2 emission from fossil fuelThis chart is prepared from the data of CO2 concentration level of the past millennium
based on the ice sheet core records at the D47, D57, Siple Station and the South Pole,and the CO2 level since 1958 that are measured at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii.
Ice sheet cores were all collected on the Antarctic Continent. The smooth curve is a100-year running average. The sharp rise of the CO2 level since the outset of theIndustrial Revolution is evident, going along with the increase of CO2 emissions
originating from the use of fossil fuels (See the enlarged chart since fiscal 1850).
Source) IPCC (1995), translated by the Meteorological Agency. (IPCC: Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change) “White Paper on the Environment 2000” (Ministry of theEnvironment)
Note)

27
27

(4) CO2 emissions by country (2007)

Peru, 0.1%

Others, 22.3%

New Zealand, 0.1%
China, 21.8%

Hong Kong, 0.2%
Singapore, 0.2%
Vietnam, 0.3%
Chile, 0.3%
Philippines, 0.3%
Malaysia, 0.7%
Thailand, 0.8%
Taiwan, 1.0%
France, 1.3%
Indonesia, 1.4%
Australia, 1.4%
Mexico, 1.6%

USA, 21.2%

Italy, 1.6%
South Korea, 1.7%
Canada, 1.9%
UK, 1.9%
Germany, 2.8%
Japan, 4.5%

Russia, 5.6%

India, 5.0%

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”(5) Per-capita CO2 emissions (2007)
25.00

20.00

19.24
18.00

15.00
12.02

11.92

10.82
9.53

10.00

9.34 8.72

9.81
7.27

7.35

7.13

6.42

5.74

4.53

4.28

5.00

1.21

1.69

4.20

4.21

3.30

2.49
0.81

1.06

1.02

hi
na
U
S
R A
us
si
a
In
di
Ja a
G pa
er n
m
an
y
U
C K
So an
ut a d
h
a
K
or
ea
It
al
M y
e
A xi cus otIn ral
do ia
ne
s
Fr ia
an
Ta ce
i
Th wan
ai
l
M an
al d
a
Ph y
ili siappinesCV hileiet
S i na
ng m
H ap
o
o
N ng r eew Ko
Z e ng
al
an
d
Pe
r
O u
th
er
W s
or
ld

0.00

C

t-Carbon/Person

16.03

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”
28
28

3.2 International Efforts to Counter Global Warming
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the mechanism that accumulates scientificknowledge on global warming while debates on the international countermeasures have been made in
the COPs (Conference of the Parties) of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC). These two mechanisms are complementing each other.

(1) IPCC: accumulation of scientific knowledge
IPCC is a body organized by the scientists around the world. It was founded in November 1988 by
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program(UNEP) jointly as a place to study global warming problems at a governmental level. In the reportcompiled for 1995, IPCC announced their analysis on the climate change since the 19th century.
According to their findings, global warming had been already occurring due to the increasing
amount of emitted greenhouse gases after the Industrial Revolution etc.

(2) UNFCCC: study of international countermeasures
UNFCCC discusses and performs international countermeasures to the climate change while IPCC
is a place to accumulate scientific knowledge. In UNCED (United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development: commonly named “Earth Summit”) which was held in Rio deJaneiro in Brazil in June, 1992, a large number of nations including Japan signed UNFCCC. The
purpose of this treaty is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As aresult, it is required that the amount of emitted greenhouse gases should be controlled or cut down.
UNFCCC was ratified by 50 countries and went into effect in March, 1994. Following its
effectuation, the COP1 was held in Berlin and the COP2 in Geneva, the COP3 was held in Kyoto to
adopt "Kyoto Protocol", which defined the reduction targets of greenhouse gases in the period from2008 through 2012.

(3) IPCC report on global warming
The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by theWorking Group I (WGI) published in January, 2007 concluded that the global warming is occurringin the climate system and the increase of the man-originated GHG is the cause of the climatechange.

Rise of Sea Level between 2090 - 2099 (the end of 21st century)･18-38 cm rise is estimated in the society where the environment and economic activities areprojected to be globally balanced.
･26-59 cm rise is estimated in the society where the high economic growth is achieved byrecognizing fossil fuel as the important source of energy.
Rise of Average World Temperature between 2090-2099 (the end of 21st century)･1.8℃ (1.1℃-2.9℃) rise is expected in the society where the environment and economic
activities are projected to be globally balanced.
･4.0℃ (2.4℃-6.4℃) rise is expected in the society where the high economic growth isachieved by recognizing fossil fuel as the important source of energy.
★Average world temperature has risen 0.74℃ in the past 100 years (1906-2005).
29
29

(4) Influences of greenhouse-gases on global warming (1850-1990)

Fluorides & Others
11%
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
6%
CO2
64%

Methane(CH4)19%

Source）Prepared from “IPCC Report” (2000)(5) History of COPs of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
1) COP3 outline of the Kyoto Protocol
The COP3 (the 3rd Conference of Parties) was held on December 1 - 11, 1997.
Target gases

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6

Target year

2008 - 2012
At least 5% for all Annex I parties-5% Croatia
0% Russia, New Zealand-6% Japan, Canada, Hungary, Poland-1% Norway
Reduction target*Base year:-7% US
1990+8% Australia-8% Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, UK, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Czech, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Rumania, Slovakia, Slovenia
Sinks

GHG reduction subject to afforestation is inclusive into calculation for thecommitments.

38 Parties in Annex I: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA, and 15 EU member states combined.
30
30

Kyoto mechanism
Emission Trading(ET)
Joint Implementation(JI)

Clean Development
Mechanism(CDM)

Parties in Annex I may participate in the Emission Trading in order toachieve their commitments.
For the purpose of meeting its commitments, Parties in Annex I may
transfer to or acquire from, emission reduction units, any other parties
in Annex I.
The purpose of CDM mechanism is to assist Parties not included in
Annex I in achieving sustainable development and to contribute to theProtocol, while Parties in Annex I may use the certified emission
reductions accruing from such projects.

Enforcement and effect
The Convention shall become effective 90 days after 55 or more
Enforcement

parties to the UNFCCC, incorporating Annex I parties of which total
CO2 emission in 1990 is 55% or more of total CO2 emissions of all
Annex I parties, ratify the Protocol.
When no Protocol exists, the global CO2 emission in 2010 will

Effectincrease by 24% compared with 1990. When the Protocol is enforced
in 2000, the global CO2 emission in 2010 will reduce by 5.2%
compared with 1990.

2) Meetings after COP 6
The COP 6 of the UNFCCC was held in Hague, Netherlands on Nov. 13 - 25, 2000 and its Part-2
Conference was held in Bonn, Germany on July 16 - 27, 2001.
The COP 7 was held in Marrakech, Morocco on Oct. 29 - Nov. 9, 2001.
The COP 8 was held in New Delhi, India on Oct. 23 - Nov. 1, 2002.
The COP 9 was held in Milan, Italy on Dec.1-12, 2003.
The COP 10 was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on Dec.6-17, 2004.
The COP 11 & COP/MOP 1 were held in Montreal, Canada on Nov.28-Dec.9, 2005.
The COP 12 & COP/MOP 2 were held in Nairobi, Kenya on Nov.6 -17, 2006.
The COP 13 & COP/MOP 3 were held in Bali, Indonesia on Dec.3 -15, 2007.
The COP 14 & COP/MOP 4 were held in Poznan, Poland on Dec.1-12, 2008.

(6) Background and main points of COP 15 & COP/MOP 5
The COP 15 & COP/MOP 5 were held in Copenhagen, Denmark on Dec.7-19, 2009. Though almost
all participating countries including developed countries, island states, LDCs agreed to and seeked
the adoption of the “Copenhagen Accord”, several countries including Venezuela, Cuba, Bolivia,
Sudan, etc. resisted its adoption on the grounds that the making process of the accord was unclear.
Consequently, the Conference of the Parties decided to “take note of the Copenhagen Accord”.
The main points of the Accord are:1) We shall, recognizing the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should be below
2 degrees Celsius, enhance our long-term cooperative action to combat climate change.
2) Annex I Parties and Non-Annex I Parties will submit the emissions targets for 2020 in the format
given in Appendix I and mitigation actions in the format given in Appendix II, respectively, tothe secretariat by 31 January 2010.
3131

3) Mitigation actions taken by Annex I Parties will be subject to MRV (measurement, reportingand verification). Mitigation actions voluntarily taken by Non-Annex I Parties will be subject
to international consultations and analysis after domestic MRV. However, supported
mitigation actions taken by Non-Annex I Parties will be subject to international MRV.
The COP16 & COP/MOP 6 will be held in Cancun, Mexico in November-December, 2010
Source) http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/kankyo/kiko/cop15_g.html

3.3 Kyoto Protocol Coming into Effect
The requirements for the Kyoto Protocol coming into effect included that (1) not less than 55 parties
to the convention ratify the protocol, and (2) parties included in Annex I which accounted in total forat least 55% of the total CO2 emissions in 1990 of the parties included in Annex I ratify the protocol(Figure below). The requirement (1) was met before some time, and the requirement (2) was met by
the ratification of Russia in November 2004, and thus the Kyoto Protocol came into effect on
February 16, 2005. Consequently, Japan is obliged to reduce the volume of greenhouse gas emissions
by 6% from the standard year level during the first commitment period from 2008 to 2012. With
regard to the commitment of the next period starting in 2013, the protocol stipulates that international
examination begin by the end of 2005. At the COP10 held in Buenos Aires, Argentina in December
2004, the holding of a seminar for governmental experts was agreed, which will serve as the footholdof discussion concerning the framework after 2013.

Proportions of CO2 emissions of annex I parties in 1990
Other

Australia
FrancePolandUS

Italy
CanadaUK
GermanyJapan

RussiaSource) Compiled by the Ministry of the Environment based on data collected from eachparty by the secretariat of the convention before the COP3
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32

3.4 G8 Summit(1) Outline of Gleneagles Summit
The 31st Summit (meeting of leaders of major countries) was held in Gleneagles, Scotland, theUnited Kingdom from July 6 to 8, 2005. On the issue of the global environment, the Gleneagles
Plan of Action involving energy conservation, clean energy use and other specific actions was
agreed upon as well as an agreement to begin a dialogue between the G8 nations and other countries
with significant energy needs (the outcomes are to be reported to the 2008 Summit in Japan).
During the discussions with the leaders of emerging economy countries, the G8 members asked thatthese countries shoulder greater responsibility in tackling climate change and other problems. Japanemphasized the importance of compatibility between environment protection and economic
development, use of technology for that purpose, promotion of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse andRecycle) and the spirit of mottainai (the spirit of virtue of thrift), and increasing efforts to curtail
illegal logging, etc.
The G8 nations agreed to proceed with actions in the following key areas: Conversion to theeffective use of energy; Cleaner power generation for future; Promoting research and development;
Financing the transition to cleaner energy; Managing the impact of climate change; Tackling illegal
logging.
Source)http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/summit/gleneagles05/s_03.html(2) Outline of Hokkaido Toyako Summit
The 34th Summit was held in Toyako, Hokkaido from July 7 to 9, 2008 under the chairmanship ofPrime Minister Yasuo Fukuda. It has been eight years since Japan last hosted a G8 summit (theKyushu-Okinawa Summit in 2000).
Summary on “Environment and Climate Change” is below:(a) Prime Minister Fukuda stated at the beginning that this was a very important summit, one thatshould determine whether humanity can move toward a low-carbon society, severing its
dependence on fossil fuels and addressing challenges including global warming and resource
depletion countries.
(b) Long-term Goal
With respect to the goal of achieving at least 50% reduction of global emissions by 2050, theG8 leaders agreed to seek to share and adopt it with all Parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change.
(c) Mid-term Goals
In order to achieve absolute emission reductions in all developed nations, G8 leaders agreed to
implement ambitious economy-wide mid-term goals.
(d) Sectoral Approach
It was recognized that sectoral approaches are useful tools for achieving national emission
objectives and for reducing GHG emissions.
(e) Climate Investment Funds
G8 leaders welcomed and supported the establishment of the Climate Investment Funds
administered by the World Bank to support the efforts of developing countries, and welcomed
33
33

commitments from other donors.
Source) http://www.g8summit.go.jp/eng/news/summary.html(3) Outline of Muskoka Summit
The 36th Summit was held in Muskoka, Canada from June 25 to 26, 2010.
Regarding environment and climate change, the G8 leaders collaborated with each other and had
discussions from the standpoint of giving political backup to future negotiations for the COP16. The
summary of the discussion is below:
We will reduce at least 50% of global emissions by 2050, recognizing that this implies that global
emissions need to peak as soon as possible. As part of this effort, we reaffirm a goal of developed
countries reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in aggregate by 80% or more by 2050 compared
to 1990 or more recent years and support the negotiations of the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC).
We support the Copenhagen Accord and cooperate with Mexico as the President of the COP16. We
want a comprehensive, ambitious, fair, effective, binding post-2012 agreement involving all
countries, and including the respective responsibilities of all major economies to reduce greenhousegas emissions.
Source) http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/summit/canada10/index.html

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34

3.5 Energy Conservation Activities of the Foreign Countries
Approach to prevention of global warming by the major advanced countries
Item
Greenhouse gas reduction
target set by Kyoto Protocol(1990-basis)
Ratification of Kyoto
ProtocolLaws concerning energy
conservation

Japan

U.S.

CanadaAustralia

－6%

－7%

－6%

＋8%

Ratified (June 2002)

Not-ratified

Ratified (December 2002)

Ratified (December 2007)

Law concerning Rational Useof Energy “Energy
Conservation Law”
(Enforcement in '79, revisionin '83, revision in '93, revisionin '98, revision in '02, revisionin '05, revision in '08)

Energy Policy Act
2005/Energy Independence
and Security Act 2007/The
American Recovery andReinvestment Act of 2009
（ARRA）

Energy Efficiency Act(Establishment in '92,
revision in '95, revision in'97, revision in '98,
revision in '08)

Energy Efficiency Act
1997

Kyoto Protocol Target
Achievement Plan (’04, ‘08)

National Goal to Reduce
Emissions Intensity2002

Project Green-A Plan for
Honouring our Kyoto
Commitment 2005

Energy White
Paper-Securing Australia's
Energy Future2004

National Energy Policy 2001

Economic Action Plan2009

National Framework forEnergy Efficiency NFEE
2009

Government’s plan andstrategy

Energy Efficiency
Opportunities Act 2006
Renewable Energy(Electricity) Act 2000

National Greenhouse
Strategy2002

Financial support system
concerning energy
conservation

Governmental organizations
having jurisdiction overenergy conservation

Organizations promoting
energy conservation

Assistance measures based on
the Law for Supporting
Energy Savings and 3R
Assistance (Energy ReformTax System) and various
other financial support
measures

Assistance and tax incentive
measures based on theComprehensive Electricity
Restructuring Act or 2005
Energy Policy Act

Various tax
incentive/assistancemeasures including
preferential for renewableenergy based on theincome tax act 1998 andpartial subsidy for clean
energy project based on
Economic Action Plan
2009.

Various tax
incentive/assistancemeasures based on therevised fuel tax

Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry (Agency for
Natural Resources andEnergy)Department of Energy-DOE

Natural Resources
Canada-NRCan

Department of Resources,
Energy and Tourism-RET

Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport

Department ofTransport-DOT

Transport Canada

Department ofInfrastructure andTransport

Ministry of the Environment

Environmental Protection
Agency-EPA

Environment Canada

Department of Climate
ChangeEnergy Conservation Center,JAPAN (ECCJ)

Alliance to Save Energy

Energy Technology Center(In Natural Resources
Canada-NRCan)Japan Center for Climate
Change Actions（JCCCA)

American Council for an
Energy-Efficient
Economy-ACEEE

National Appliance andEquipment Energy
Efficiency
Committee-NAEEEC
Australia Energy
Efficiency Trust

Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies(IGES)

Major domestic measuresfor promotion of energy
conservation

Australia Carbon Trust

Drastic reinforcement of Law
concerning Rational Use ofEnergy (Industry,transportation, andcommercial/residential
sectors) , pursuit of theobjectives of the voluntary
technical action plan in theindustrial sector, andexpansion and review of thestandards for top-runnerequipment

2009 Act-based measures forindustry, transportation,
public, andcommercial/residential
sectors: MEPS target
equipment expansion
continued promotion ofEnergy Star program,mandatory GHG emission
reporting system, various
voluntary agreements andprograms, utilization ofpartnership schemes

Expansion of target
products of energy
efficiency standards basedon the Energy Efficiency
Act , promotion of
EnerGuide labelingprogram, and otherassistance measures for
sectors

Various measures basedon the national energy
efficiency framework
2009 (NFEE) for industry,transportation, public, andcommercial/residential
sectors: expansion oftarget equipment of
MEPS standard, various
voluntary agreements andprograms, utilization ofpartnership schemes

Promotion of security andefficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Promotion of security andefficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Promotion of security andefficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

No nuclear power
generation

Promotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergy

35
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Item

EU

Germany

FranceU.K.

Greenhouse gas reduction
target set by Kyoto Protocol(1990-basis)－8%

Ratification of Kyoto Protocol

Ratified (May 2002)

Ratified (May 2002)

Ratified (May 2002)

Ratified (May 2002)

Directive on Energy End-Use
Efficiency and Energy
Services(2006/32/EC),
Framework Directive for
Setting Eco-Design
Requirements for Energy-Using
Products (2005/32/EC),
Directive on the promotion ofcogeneration (2004/8/EC),
Directive on the Energy
Performance of Buildings(2002/91/EC),
Directive on the promotion ofelectricity from renewableenergy sources (2001/77/EC)

Energy Conservation
Ordinance 2002, Renewable
Energy Sources Act2004,
Energy Consumption
Labeling Act2002,
Cogeneration Act2002,
Renewable Energy
Law2000, Energy Industry
Act1998"POPE Law"- Framework
Law on Energy 2005,
Decrees to Promote
Cogeneration2001, Law on
Air and Rational Energy
Use1996, 2009 Finance Law

Climate Change Act 2008/
Renewable Obligation Order
2005, Energy Act 2004,2010/ Sustainable Energy
Act2003/ Climate Change
Bill 2007/ Energy Bill 2007 2008

EU Energy Efficiency Target
2008 “20 20 by 2020”/ EU
Action Plan for Energy
Efficiency 2007 (2007-2012)

Integrated Energy andClimate Program 2008

Energy White Paper 2003
(Livre blanc sur les energies
2003)

Low Carbon Transition Plan
2009

Energy Efficiency Action
Plan 2007

Energy Conservation
Implementation Plan 2004,
2007 (Energy Efficiency:
The Government's Plan for
Action 2004)

Laws concerning energy
conservation

Government’s plan andstrategy－8%

Promotion of Kyoto Mechanism
including Emission Trading

Ecological tax, promotion of
Kyoto Mechanism including
Emission Trading, renewableenergy promotion, and tax
preferential measures forcogeneration, etc.

Promotion of Kyoto
Mechanism including
Emission Trading, assistancemeasures based on the 2009
Finance Law.

Climate change levy, tax
preferential measures basedon the climate change levy
for cogeneration power,
variation of tax rates basedon CO2 emission introducedby the VED car tax, andpromotion of Kyoto
Mechanism including
Emission Trading

Directorate-General for Energy
and Transport (In the European
Commission)Federal Ministry of
Economics andTechnology-BMWi

Ministry of the Economy,
Finance, andIndustry-MINEFI

Department of Energy andClimate Change-DECC

Federal Ministry ofTransport, Building, andHousing-BMVBWMinistry for theEnvironment

Department of theEnvironment, Food andRural Affairs-DEFRA

Governmental organizations
having jurisdiction over energy
conservation

Major domestic measures forpromotion of energy
conservation－8%

EU SAVE Program, etc.
(Intelligent Energy - Europe II
2007-2013)

Financial support system
concerning energy
conservation

Organizations promoting
energy conservation－8%

Directorate-General for
Environment (In the European
Commission)Federal Ministry for theEnvironment, Nature
Conservation, and Nuclear
Safety-BMU

European Environment
Agency-EEA

Deutsche Energie
Agentur-DENA

Agency for Environment andEnergyManagement-ADEME

Environment Agency

Various measures based on therelated directives for industry,transportation, public, andcommercial/residential sectors:
promotion of Kyoto Mechanism
including Emission Trading,various voluntary commitments,
etc.

Compliance with EU
directives, reinforcement of
the insulation or equipment
standards, voluntarycommitments, environmental
tax, utilization of economic
measures such as emission
trading, etc.

Compliance with EU
directives, various measures
based on the energy act
2005, introduction of whitecertificate scheme,
promotion of Kyoto
Mechanism including
Emission Trading

Compliance with EU
directives, various measures
based on the domesticenergy efficiency plan,
regulatory measurestargeting energy suppliers
based on the EEC program,climate change levy andclimate change agreement,
reinforcement of the building
regulation

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Phase-out of nuclear powerscheduled in 2022

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Promotion of renewable energy

Promotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergySource) Survey by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan

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36

Carbon Trust
Energy Saving Trust-EST

3.6 Japan’s Policies to Deal with Global Warming(1) Guideline for measures to prevent global warming
On March 19, 2002, the meeting of “the Global Warming Prevention Headquarters” was held in
Prime Minister's official residence, where the members agreed on “Guideline for Measures toPrevent Global Warming”. The guideline presents a broad picture of measures to realize Japan's
targets set in the Kyoto protocol (6% reduction in relation to the 1990 level) and is made up of morethan 100 measures and action plans. What needs to be stressed here is that the guideline sets a
reduction goal for each greenhouse gas respectively. For instance, in terms of the CO2 originatingfrom the use of fossil fuels, the emission level should be reduced to exactly the same level as that of1990. And the emission level of CO2 from non-fossil fuels (e.g. waste incineration), methane anddinitrogen monoxide should be reduced by 0.5% in relation to the 1990 level. In terms of CFCs
substitute, the emission level should be curtailed to the 1% increase compared with the base year
(1995).

(2) Kyoto protocol target achievement plan
Since Japan ratified the Kyoto Protocol in June 2002, the country has been actively promoting theimplementation of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including measures for energy
conservation and new forms of energy, based on the Guideline for Measures to Prevent Global
Warming. The government evaluated and reviewed the outline in FY2004, designated as the year
for carrying out these tasks.
The Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming stipulates that aplan for reaching the target should be established when the Kyoto Protocol comes into effect. In
response to the protocol coming into effect in February 2005, the Kyoto Protocol Target
Achievement Plan was established, succeeding the Guideline for Measures to Prevent Global
Warming as a result of its evaluation and review in FY2004 (Cabinet decision on April 28, 2005).
The goals of this plan are to fulfill the commitment of 6% reduction and to further reducegreenhouse gas emissions globally and continuously over a long term. In addition, this plan contains
the following items as its basic concepts: environmental conservation consistent with economic
development, the promotion of technological innovation, the participation of all entities andpartnership between them as well as the securing of transparency and the sharing of information toensure the participation and partnership, the utilization of various policy tools, emphasis on theprocess of PDCA (plan-do-check-action), and international partnership for the implementation of
measures to address global warming. The table below shows measures to change the country’s
energy supply-demand structure and structure a CO2 reducing type of society.
Source) Prepared from “Materials 3-1 for the 27th Meeting of the Global Environment
Subcommittee of the Industrial Structure Council”

37
37

Creation of CO2 Reduction Type Society

Creation of regional/urban structures andsocio-economic systems of CO2 reduction typeSpatial or network measures

CO2 reduction type of urban design Promotion of Spatial utilization of energy (District heating and cooling, etc.)
 Joint efforts between different entities (Joint energy management of integrated facilities or several
buildings by utilizing IT)
 CO2 reduction through improvement of the environment deterioration by heat by implementing
measures against heat island effects, including the planting of trees

Designing of a CO2 reduction type of transportation system Utilization of public transportation systems (Improvement in public transportation systems andconvenience, and commuting transportation management, etc.)
 Use of eco-friendly automobiles (Dissemination of idling stop and eco-friendly driving, etc.)
 Establishment of a system to ensure smooth road traffic (Regulation of the demand for automobile
traffic and the introduction of intelligent transportation systems)
 Realization of environmentally sustainable transportation (EST) (Trial in leading areas)

Formation of a CO2 reduction type logistics system
 CO2 reduction by joint efforts of cargo owners and transportation companies (Revision of the Energy
Conservation Law, Green Transportation Partnership Conference) Furthering of more efficient transportation (Modal shift, more efficient truck transportation)

Spatial utilization of new energy and the accommodation of energy
 Establishment of networks for distributed new energy system Utilization of biomass
 Effective use of unused energy sources (Energy generated from temperature differences, energy ofsnow and ice, heat from waste incineration)
 Accommodation of energy between entities (Accommodation of waste heat generated in factories in
an industrial complex)

Measures taken by a company
or other individual entities

Efforts by
manufacturers
 Steady

implementation ofindividual actionplans Thorough energy
management infactories Efforts in theresidential andtransportation
divisions in theindustrial sector

Efforts bytransportation
 Use of eco-friendly
automobiles (describedabove)
 CO2 reduction by joint
efforts between cargoowners andtransportationcompanies (describedabove)
 Furthering of more
efficient transportation(described above)

CO2 reduction in
offices and stores
 Steady implementation ofindividual action plans Thorough energy
management based on
the Energy ConservationLaw Improvement in theenergy conservation
performance of buildings
 Dissemination of BEMS
(building energy
management systems)

CO2 reduction inhouseholds
 Improvement in

the energy
conservation
performance of
housing Dissemination of
HEMS (Homeenergymanagement
systems)

CO2 reduction in the energy supply sectors
 Steady promotion of nuclear power generation
 Promotion of efficient use of oil and LP gas

Measures for machinery

Individual measures

 Lowering of CO2 emissions intensity in theelectric power field

Measures by
equipment in theindustrial sector
 Introduction ofmachinery andequipment with highenergy conservation
performance Highly efficientindustrial furnaces
 Next generation
coke ovens

 Shift to natural gas
 Promotion of introduction of new energy

 Realization of society using hydrogen

Measures for equipment in thetransportation sector

Measures for equipment in
offices, stores andhouseholds

 Dissemination of vehicles that meet the
top runner standards
 Dissemination of fuel-efficient
automobiles
 Dissemination of clean energy
automobiles
 Control of the running speed of large
trucks Introduction of equipment for idling stop Introduction of sulfur-free fuel
 Improvement in energy efficiency in therailroad, vessel and aircraft sections

 Improvement in the efficiency ofequipment based on the top
runner standards
 Provision of information on energy
conservation type equipment Support for dissemination andtechnological development ofenergy conservation type
machinery, including highly
efficient water heaters
 Reduction of standby energy

12

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(3) Reinforcement of energy conservation measures in each sector
1) BackgroundAs part of the agreement reached at the COP3, held in Kyoto in December 1997, Japan pledged a
6% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the 1990 level, to be achieved in terms of theaverage annual value for the 2008–2012 period. CO2 emissions reduction measures related toenergy use by each sector are listed below.

2) Measures for achieving the goal and expected effectSupplyTransportation Sector

Commercial/Residential Sector

Industrial Sector

Items for achieving the goal

additional measures or notes in 2005

(Unit:1,000kL-oe)
Prospect in 2010 (as of May 2007)
Expected
Expected
Minimum Effect Maximum Effect

Implementation of Keidanren Voluntary Action
Reflect improvement effect on energy intensity.
14,98014,980Plan on the Environment
Introduction of energy conservation equipment
1,080
1,600
such as high performance furnaces, boilers
Implement energy conservation by sharing
Energy consevation by coordination among
waste heat etc. among multiple factories.
450
1,000
adjacent factories(Support coordinated projects in majorindustrial complexes.)
Reinforce energy management in middle- tosmall-sized factories based on the Energy
Reinforcement of energy management
Conservation Law, expand target factories
400
400
under the Law planned to be revised in 2005
and so on.
Dissemination of fuel-efficient construction
Encourage to use fuel-efficient construction
100
100
machine in construction sector
machine and actively utilize it in public works.
Review the top runner standards (9 items) andEfficiency improvement of equipment by top
add electric rice cookers, microwave ovens and
6,100
6,100
runner standards
others to the target products.
Reduction of standby power consumption
400
400
Expect to further improve energy efficiency of
Improvement of energy saving performancebuildings, newly built houses and existing
11,30011,300(Buildings, Houses)
houses under the Energy Conservation Law
planned to be revised in 2005.
Dissemination of energy saving equipment suchas high efficient water heater, lighting (LED),
2,600
3,100
air-conditioner, and refrigerator
Expect that consumers select energy saving
Provision of energy information to consumers products and use energy more efficiently by
500
1,000
by energy supply businesses etc.
providing information to encourage them tosave energy.
Expect the effect of the replacement of or withelectric pots, dish washing machine, compact
Promotion of replacement with energy saving
fluorescent lamps, water-saving shower heads
1,800
1,800
equipment
and energy saving devices for air-conditioning
compressor.
Dissemination of HEMS and BEMS
1,600
2,200
Reinforce energy management in officebuildings based on the Energy Conservation
Reinforcement of energy management
Law, implement on-site investigation and
700
700
expand target factories under the Law planned
to be revised in 2005
Improvement of fuel efficinecy of vehicles by
Add LP gas passenger vehicles to the target
8,700
8,700
top runner standards
products.
Dissemination of clean energy vehicles
About 2.3 million vehicles
200
900
Introduction of sulphur-free fuel and vehicles
0100that can run on the fuelExpect to be disseminated at an accelerated
Support the introduction of idling stop vehicles
1020
rate by means of support measures forEnergy saving measures concerningtransportation system such as promotion of useof public transportation, modal shift to rail
11,20012,200freight, and improvement of energy efficiency ofrail and air
New energy
15,04019,100
Promotion of introduction of cogeneration with Add the effect of measures for gas engine
4980kW
5030kWnatural gas
water heaters.
Promotion of introduction of fuel cell
20kW
2200kW
Reduce CO2 emissions intensity (Emission per unit of user end electricity) by
Reduction of CO2 emissions intensity inapprox. 20% in FY 2010 compared to the FY1990 level.
electricity sector by promoting nuclear power

Source) Prepared from “Material-1 at the 11th meeting of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Energy and Natural Resource”
3939

4. ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES BY SECTOR
4.1 Industrial Sector(1) Energy situation for the industrial sector
The significant energy efficiency improvement has been monitored for the industrial sector in Japan.
In the oil shocks period, the total energy consumption share for all sectors marked at a ratio of 4:1:1
respectively for the industry, commercial/residential, and transportation, but the FY 2006 data
marked the ratio of 2:1:1, approximately, with the industry significantly resulting in lowering its
share and successfully leveled off its consumption. This industrial sector’s positive trend is regarded
attributed to the effect of the regulatory measures of the energy conservation law and manufacturers
and businesses’ accompanying efforts. For the detail of the industrial sector data, refer to the
Appendix 1.3.

(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the industrial sector
1) History of energy conservation measures for industrial sector
Since the oil crisis, Japan’s industrial sector has played a central role in the efficient use of energy.
Due to the efforts, the sector has successfully maintained almost the same energy consumption
level as in the oil crisis despite the growing output. The sector accounts for nearly 45 % of thetotal energy demand in Japan. Despite those proactive efforts, there was a growing awareness that
more measures were necessary in order to take more effective actions on global environmental
issues. In June 1997, Japan Business Federation (Keidanren) announced the “Keidanren
Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment”, aiming to promote the efficient use of energy.
As a national policy, the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Energy Conservation Law)
was revised to reinforce the sector’s voluntary energy management. The revision of 2002
expanded the range of “the Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory” designation, which
had been limited to five industries such as the manufacturing industry, to include all industries.
Through the revision, business operators became obligated to submit periodic reports, who own
factories classified as “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factory”. The revised law cameinto force on April 1, 2003.
In unison with the revision of the Energy Conservation Law, new standards to assess energy useof factories and business offices were enforced on April 1, 2003, which were to control inefficientelectric power facilities, to promote the implementation of the cogeneration system, which ishighly energy efficient and to make good use of ESCO companies.
Starting in 2005, regulations on factories and business establishments, which were implemented
based on the consumption of heat and electricity separately, shall be implemented based on the
integrated energy consumption (crude oil equivalent) of both heat and electricity. The revised law
came into force on April 1, 2006.
Moreover, regulatory structure was changed from regulating each factory or workplace toregulating the company wide management in 2008. The amendment obliged a company who
uses a certain amount of energy as the whole company to regulate all of its factories andworkplaces it has (the regulation is also introduced to a franchise chain such as convenience
stores and restaurants, considering it to be a single company). This revised law came into force
40
40

partly on April 1, 2009 and wholly on April 1, 2010.
In addition, there are financial incentives such as low interest loan programs under the Law forEnergy Conservation and Recycling Support, tax reduction measures, and the subsidy programs
to boost investment in developing energy efficient products and technologies to restructure thecountry’s energy supply-demand.

2) Relevant legislationa) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energyi) Enactment of a Basic Policy Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Cabinet decisionannounced by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) on 31 March 2009)ii) Standards of Judgment for Business Operators on the Rational Use of Energy for Factories
etc. (Announcement No.66 of METI on 31 March 2009)iii) Guidelines for Preparing Medium- and Long-Term Plans by the Type 1 Specified
Business Operator that Install Factories for their Operations in the Manufacturing Industry(Announcement No.1 of Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI),
and Ministry of Transportation on 25 February, 1999)
iv) Guidelines for Preparing Medium- and Long-Term Plans by the Type 1 Specified
Business Operator that Install Factories for their Operations in the Mining Industry,
Electricity Supply Industry, Gas Supply Industry and Heat Supply Industry(Announcement No.108 of MITI on 25 February 1999)v) Guidelines for Preparing Medium- and Long-Term Plans by the Type 1 DesignatedBusiness Operator (except the Water Supply Industry, Sewer Industry, and Waste
Processing Industry) (Announcement No.1 of Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), METI,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) on 26 February 2004)vi) Guidelines for Preparing Medium- and Long-Term Plans by the Type 1 DesignatedBusiness Operator (the Water Supply Industry, Sewer Industry, and Waste Processing
Industry ) (Announcement No.1 of MHLW, METI, MLIT and Ministry of theEnvironment on 26 February 2004)b) Supporting measuresi) Support based on the Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support by low-interest
financing by Japan Finance Corporation, etc.
ii) Tax system to promote investment to reform the energy supply and demand structureiii) Support for business operators who introduce leading-edge energy conservation equipmentiv) Advisor business regarding introduction of leading-edge energy conservation technologiesc) Awarding, dissemination and publicity activities on energy conservationi) Awarding of Excellent Energy Conservation Factory & Buildingii) Conduction of the ENEX exhibition, a general exhibition of energy conservation
technologies and equipment, etc.
d) Technology developmenti) Study to lead basic technologies for the rational energy utilizationii) Development of practical application of technologies to rationalize energy utilization

41
41

(3) Outline of the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment (Target and
Measures of Major Organizations)
Name of Organization

The Federation of Electric Power
Companies of Japan (FEPC)

TargetMeasures to Attain Goals･In the period from FY2008 to
FY2012, aim to reduce CO2
emissions intensity (Emission perunit of user end electricity) by anaverage of approx. 20% or to approx.
0.34kg- CO2 /kWh compared to theFY1990 level.

1. Promotion of nuclear power generation
based on security
2. Further improvement of efficiency inthermal power generation
3. Utilization of Kyoto mechanism etc.
4. Development and diffusion of renewableenergy･Reduce energy consumption in the
production process in FY2010 by
10 % compared to the FY1990 levelon the assumption of the crude steel
production 100 million-ton level.

1. Recovery of waste energy (enhancement of
TRT, newly installing of CDQ,
enhancement of gas recovery, recovery ofsensible heat of converter gas,
regene-burner, etc.)
2. Efficiency improvement of facilities(introduction of high efficiency oxygen ,improvement of electric turbine,
improvement of sinter, modification of
blast furnace, efficiency of motor,
streamlining of power generating facility,
modification of hot furnace, etc.)
3. Improvement of operation (reduction ofratio of reduced materials, management ofsteel temperature, utilization of chilled ironsource, etc.)
4. Effective utilization of waste plastic(utilization of waste plastic, enhancementof facility for process of waste plastic, etc.)
5. Others (dust recycle, humidity conditioning
for coal, preprocessing of ore, etc)

* Take an average of five years from
FY2008 to FY2012 to achieve theabove target.
The Japan Iron and SteelFederation (JISF)

Japan Chemical Industry
Association (JCIA)

1. In the period from FY 2008 to FY
2012, aim to reduce energy intensity
to an average of 80% of the FY
1990 level.
(However, in case aggravating
factors for energy intensity become
obvious, it could be about 87%.)
2. Establish guidelines for energy
conservation activities incommercial sector, such as
headquarters building, sales offices
and start the activities.
3. Solicit “Energy conservation
activities in residential sector
promoted by the chemical industry”
which encourages public campaign
for energy conservation led by thegovernment from all JCIA members
and start the activities.
4. Prepare “Technology handbook forenergy conservation andenvironment of Japanese chemicalindustry” and provide them topeople in developing countries etc.
who need energy conservation
technologies.
5. Develop and disseminate newmaterials for energy conservation
continuously.

4242

1. Recovery of waste energy (recovery of
waste heat and cool energy, turning waste
fluid/ waste oil/waste gas into fuel, heatstorage, etc.)
2. Rationalization of process (process
rationalization, process conversion, systemchange, catalyst change, etc.)
3. Efficiency improvement of facilities andequipment (replacement of equipment andmaterials, improvement of equipment
performance, installation of high efficiency
facilities, efficiency improvement oflighting/motor, etc.)
4. Improvement of operation methods(condition change of pressure, temperature,
flow, reduction of the number of operating
unit, advanced control, reuse/recycle, etc.)
5. Others (product modification, etc)

Name of Organization

TargetMeasures to Attain Goals･In the period from FY2008 to
FY2012, reduce energy intensity in
refineries by an average of 13%
compared to the FY1990 level.
Petroleum Association of Japan(PAJ)

Japan Paper Association

Japan Cement Association (JCA)

Japan Automobile Manufacturers
Association, Inc. (JAMA)･In the period from FY2008 to
FY2012, aim to reduce fossil energy
intensity per product by an averageof 20% and CO2 emissions intensity
derived from fossil energy by anaverage of 16% compared to theFY1990 level.
･Strive to promote forestation in
Japan and overseas to expand owned
or managed forested areas to 0.7
million ha by FY2012.

･Reduce energy intensity of cement
production (Thermal energy for
cement production + Thermal energy
for private power generation +Purchased electrical energy) in
FY2010 by 3.8% compared to theFY1990 level.
* Take an average of five years from
FY2008 to FY2012 to achieve theabove target.
･In the period from FY2008 to
FY2012, reduce the total CO2
emissions by an average of 25%compared to the FY1990 level.

Japan Auto-Body Industries
Association inc. (JABIA)(Two associations integrated
their effort to promote thereduction of GHG emission fromFY 2007.)

1. Revision of operation management(Improvement of control technology andoptimization technology)
2. Expansion of mutual utilization of waste
heat among facilities
3. Additional construction of recovering
facilities of waste heat and waste energy
4. Adoption of efficient equipment andcatalyst
5. Efficiency improvement by appropriate
maintenance of facilities
6. Participation in “Industrial Complex
Renaissance”
1. Introduction of energy conservationequipment (heat recovery equipment,
introduction of high dew point hood,
introduction of inverters etc.)
2. Introduction of high efficiency facilities(high-temperature high-pressure recovery
boilers, efficiency improvement of turbine,
high-efficiency cleaning equipment, lowdifferential pressure cleaner, highefficiency lighting, etc.)
3. Revision of manufacturing process(shortening and integration of processes)
4. Renewable energy (black liquor, wastematerials, bark, paper sludge, etc.), energy
recovery from waste (RPF, waste plastic,
waste tire, waste oil, etc.), switch to fuelwith low CO2 emission
5. Strengthening management (review ofmanagement value, reduction ofdispersion)
1. Facilities to utilize waste as alternative heat
energy source (waste wood, waste plastic,etc.)
2. Efficiency improvement of facilities (fans,coolers, finishing mills, etc.)
3. Installation of energy conservation equipment (high-efficiency clinker coolers, etc.)
4. Replacement of facilities (including repairof facilities)

1. Energy supply side measures (introductionof cogeneration, improvement of efficiency
of boilers, introduction of high-efficiency
compressors, introduction of energy
conservation facilities)
2. Energy demand side measures (energy
conservation in coating line, introductionof invertors for fans and pumps, energy
conservation in lighting and airconditioners, energy-saving operation ofcompressors, reduction of energy-loss
during operation, etc.)
3. Upgrading energy supply methods andtechnologies of operation and management(reduction of energy loss during nooperation, reduction of air leak, etc.)
4. Merger, abolition and integration of lines
5. Fuel switch

Source) Prepared from “Results of the FY2009 Follow-up to the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment(Section on Global Warming Countermeasures, Version Itemized per Business Category), in April 2010”(Website by Keidanren (Japan Federation of Economic Organization))43
43

(4) Overall factory inspection based on the energy conservation law
An on-site investigation targeting the “Type 1 designated energy management factories” (“overallfactory inspection”) has been conducted since FY 2001 guided by METI. The “Type 2 designatedenergy management factories” were also targeted from FY 2008. In the investigation, theobservance situation of the criterion part of the judgment standards is evaluated. The assessment
results based on the objective standards determine whether any directions should be given. Whenthe achievement in rational use of energy is extremely insufficient, the factory/building is given
instruction to formulate and submit a rationalization plan and to implement it after the on-site
inspection.

When thescore isless than
60 marks.

○ For Type 1 Energy Management

When the scoreis 60 to less than
80 marks.

44
44

Publication and
Order

Directive for
Preparation of
Rationalization Plan

On-siteInspection

Designated Factories

When the directive
is defied.

○ For Type 2 Energy Management
Designated Factories

Recommendation*Outsourced byConsignment

Check the setting
status of theManagement
Manual, recording,maintenance andinspection, basedon the Evaluation
Criteria.

Whenconsiderably
insufficient incomparison
with thestandards of
judgment

Guidance(2) Send backthe sheet.

Agency for Natural
Resources and Energy *Target Factory of
Investigation(1) Send a priorinvestigation
sheet.

Factory On-site Investigation

The flow diagram of the overall factory inspection is shown below.

(5) Dissemination and promotion of energy conservation technology
1) Categorization of technologies and energy conservation methods with highfeasibility for ripple effects in other fields
The presentation of energy conservation projects held at the Energy Conservation Center, Japan
included a wide range of reports on some excellent examples. Some cases used ingenious ways ofconservation energy or showed originality in selecting improvement themes. Some cases focusedon main improvement technologies. Other cases carried out comprehensive energy conservation
measures which gave special attention to detail, although the measures themselves were quite
ordinary. Introduction of new production methods taking a hint from other fields and measures
based on results of technology development, especially those based on development or
introduction/application technology development of new processes and innovative production
technology have brought large energy conservation effects. The technology and methods among
the cases that will be useful in a wide range of fields can be grouped into the following.
a) Structure and approach for promotion of energy conservationb) Understanding of current conditions by visualizationc) Abolishing the existing ideas and reviewing designed values and management criteriad) Use of surplus energy that has been left unusede) Introduction of cogeneration, improvement of operation methods, raising utilization ratef) Remodeling equipment into or replacing one with high-efficiency equipmentg) Utilization of ESCO projects/Introduction to factories and buildingsh) Energy conservation measures for power receiving system/Measures for demand sidei) Energy conservation measures for compressed air/Energy conservation measures for cleaning
and blowerj) Energy conservation measures for steamk) Energy conservation measures for air conditioningl) Energy conservation measures for hating furnace and melting furnacem) Inverter measuresn) Thermal insulation technologyo) Energy reduction with shorter hours by improving productivity / Reduction of fixed energyp) Integration, consolidation and newly establishment of production process / Reduction of fixedenergyq) Shift of fixed energy to energy proportional to the production / Reduction of fixed energyr) Reduction of production area, minimization of fixed energy area / Reduction of fixed energys) Rationalization and low loss of fixed energy equipment / Reduction of fixed energyt) Optimal control and JIT(Just in Time) “required quantity of energy supply when needed, where
needed” / Reduction of fixed energyu) Mutual utilization of energy among adjacent factories and workplaces / interindustry
collaboration

2) Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy, which is highly-needed from thedemand side
In most of the case reports, details of a preliminary investigation for selection of a task for energy
conservation improvement and narrowing down of themes were described. One of the themesthat were listed up in most of the cases was reduction of the fixed consumption of energy or
reduction of the amount of energy consumption not linked to production, even if such energy was
4545not termed a constantly required amount of energy.
There are some cases about the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy, namely, thecase that it is high because the existing utility system and low-efficiency energy supply
equipment had been maintained and operated, and another cases that it is large because the excess
equipment had been maintained expecting high economic growth.
In this way, reduction of consumption of the fixed consumption of energy is a cross-sectional
theme. Rationalizing the consumption of such energy is advantageous even if the business pattern
and main products change. According to the data of past cases, technologies to reduce
consumption of the fixed consumption of energy are summarized in the table below. Excellent
energy conservation technologies can be flexibly applied to a wide range of fields, in addition to
being able to reduce energy consumption by rationalization. Evaluation of the energy
conservation technologies is carried out reviewing the following points: high-efficiency, low-loss,
downsizing, weight reduction, adaptability, as well as improvement in user-friendliness including
capability to deal with networking and safety of the technology itself.

Methods of reducing the fixed consumption of energy introduced by excellent cases
Among the energy conservation measures in the industry sector, technology highly required by thedemand side is reduction of the fixed consumption of energy that is not in proportion to production
by converting it to a variable energy, which is an energy required in proportion to the production.
Generally, points for reducing of the fixed consumption of energy are rationalization of a utilityenergy supply system, optimization of excess demand, and reduction of consumption of a standby
power requirement.
1. Method 1: Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy by raising production efficiency andreducing production duration.
1) Cut-down of processing steps by partial integration of production steps2) Cut-down of duration by paralleling the processes that can directly influence production
efficiency
3) Cut-down of duration by rationalization of preliminary treatment, preliminary processing,preheating, etc., in production processes
4) Cut-down of duration by rationalization of post treatment, energy recovery, etc. in production
processes
5) Cut-down or omission of post treatment duration by improvement of production technology(high precision processing and high quality processing)6) Cut-down of heating/melting duration by improvement and rationalization of energy
consumption rate7) Cut-down of duration by raising production efficiency through raising production technology
by basic technology8) Cut-down of waste time to the utmost limit, including cutting standby time in production
processes
2. Method 2: Conversion the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy to the variable energy
1) Replacing hydraulic actuator system with electric actuator system
2) Replacing pneumatic actuator system with electric actuator system

46463) Lowering the set pressure for pneumatic line, and converting the fixed consumption of energy
to the variable energy by using booster pump and buffer tank4) Lowering temperature level of the retention furnace, and adopting induction heating at pouring
gate and additional heating by DC torch5) In the heating process, converting the fixed consumption of energy to the variable energy byadopting infrared heating, laser heating, and pulse combustion burner introducing
6) Reduction of heating and cooling sources by applying recovered heat in before and after
heating/cooling processes in the same production line to preheating and pre-cooling process7) Diligently setting control values before rebooting in more detail by stopping equipment to be atstandby time by the minute and second
3. Method 3: Reduction of production space and minimization of the fixed consumption of energy
amount1) Level down of clean room, etc., and raising the cleanliness of each appliance, chamber, andcontainer
2) Introduction of zone or spot air-conditioning by dividing air-conditioning area
3) Dividing into smaller lighting areas for the purpose of adaptive control of lighting for eacharea, and adopting localized lighting and natural light4) Distributed allocation and adaptive control for boilers, compressors, transformers, power factor
improvement equipment, etc.
5) Reduction of energy for lighting/air-conditioning by adopting Just In Time (JIT) production
system and dividing spaces for assembly process and parts stockyard into smaller areas
4. Method 4: Rationalization and lowering loss of appliances related to the fixed consumption ofenergy1) Adoption of higher efficiency appliances for lighting, air-conditioning, ventilation, watersupply, and other appliances that consume the constant amount of energy2) Rationalization of fluid pump, blower, etc., by introducing inverter control system
3) Reduction of energy for lighting, ventilation, air-conditioning by mitigating work environment
conditions under unmanned operation
4) Lowering losses by cascade connection of different types of pumps
5) Reduction of waste power by reducing potential risk of steam leakage, compressed air leakage,
water leakage, etc.
6) Reduction of holding energy by improvement of adiathermancy of furnace wall, etc.
5. Other methods :1) Utilization of recovered energy with a total enthalpy heat exchanger, etc., from sensible heat ofproducts in batch processing system for the energy constantly required2) Reduction of pumping energy by rationalizing pressure utilization in decompression andcompression chambers in the same production line3) Converting exhaust heat/coolant in production process to the fixed consumption of energy byusing absorption type refrigerator
4) Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy amount by utilization of internally generated
exhaust heat in clean rooms, etc., for drying5) Reduction of number of appliances consuming the fixed consumption of energy amount by
time-sharing

47
47

(6) Energy conservation by coordination among factories and workplaces
1) What is “Coordination among factories and workplaces” ?
This is comprehensive energy conservation system by mutual utilization of exhaust heat or waste
in various neighboring factories and workplaces. It includes coordination among different
industries, so it’s also called “Interindustry coordination”. In industrial complexes in various
regions in Japan, there is a growing tendency of the coordination such as mutual utilization of
exhaust heat from factories by multiple bodies.

2) Needs for “Coordination among factories and workplaces”(a)In Japanese industry, each enterprise has promoted energy conservation since the first oil crisis
in 1973 and there has been little room for improvement by effort by each enterprise (or eachtype of business). That is why coordination among factories and workplaces is expected topromote further energy conservation.
(b)More than 30 years passed after Japanese industrial complexes were built. The energy intensity
is decreasing due to aging of the facilities compared to new industrial complexes in Asian
countries. That is why coordination among factories and workplaces is expected to maintainand recover international competitiveness of Japanese industries.
(c) Now Japan has high-efficient cogeneration system and its technical advancement, newtechnical concept called “Coproduction”, pinch technology which optimizes energy use, LCA
analysis technique and various system technologies, and advanced energy management
technology. That is why coordination among factories and workplaces is expected to promotefurther energy conservation with these technologies.

(7) Dissemination of high-efficiency industrial furnaces and high-efficiency boilers
1) Development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces*1
When heat efficiency is raised by setting a higher preheating temperature of combustion air using
the existing combustion technology, a rapid increase in NOx occurs due to the regional rise inflame temperature. Accordingly, it had been thought that achieving energy conservation andreduction of environmental burden at the same time was impossible. This changed, however, with
the introduction of high-temperature air combustion technology, in which combustion air
preheated to reach over 1,000 degree centigrade is rapidly blown into the furnace and fuel issprayed into this high-speed air stream and burned at high-temperature in a low oxygen density
atmosphere. In this case, the amount of NOx generation decreases by a large margin comparedto simple high-temperature combustion by raising the preheating temperature of combustion air.
In the “Field test project on high-efficiency industrial furnace introduction,”*2 high-temperature
air combustion technology was applied to commercial furnaces. The field test, which targeted
167 industrial furnaces, confirmed an energy conservation effect corresponding to reduction of
160,000 kL of crude oil equivalent through achieving a 30% or higher energy conservation rate
and 50% or higher NOx reduction. Introduction and dissemination of high-efficiency industrial
furnaces is carried out as a project for supporting business entities making efforts to rationalize
energy use in the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
*1 This project, which is called “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces, etc.,” consists of three sub-projects:“combustion control foundation technology,” “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces,” and “high-efficiency
boilers.” These projects were carried out for seven years from FY1993 to FY1999 as entrusted business by the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
*2
The “Field test project on high-efficiency industrial furnace introduction” of NEDO was carried out for three years fromFY1998 to FY2000, receiving a governmental subsidy for one-third of the cost.

48
48

Temperature of combustion air (C)

Range of stablecombustion

III. New combustion
range (high-temperature
air combustion)

II. High-temperature
flaming range(high-temperature
combustion)
Range of unstablecombustion

High-temperature flaming

Ordinary flaming
I. Ordinary flaming range(ordinary combustion)

High-temperature
air combustion
flaming

Temperature of combustion air (C)

Density of oxygen in combustion air (%)
Temperature of combustion air and combustion
range (conceptual diagram)

Density of NOx emission in high-temperature
air combustion

The great difficulty in introduction and popularization of the high-efficiency industrial furnaces isthat the amount of facility investment is not comparable to the advantages of energy conservation
efforts.
High-temperature air combustion technology, which is extremely effective in reducing CO2 andNOx, is distinctive of Japan and can be regarded as an innovative combustion technology that plays
a leading role in carrying out effective energy use and global warming prevention measures for theworld. Currently, development research to practically apply this technology to non-industrial
combustion and heating facilities that consume a large amount of energy has finished and thetechnology is in the commercialization stage.

2) Development of high-efficiency boilers*1
The efficiency of existing industrial boilers is rather high, achieving 86%-90% (at the low
calorific value of the fuel). The boilers’ efficiency rate of energy use has also reached a high level
among heat application facilities, but its energy consumption accounted for a large portion in theindustrial sector. The project to develop high-efficiency boilers started in order to develop
high-efficiency boilers that would contribute to reduction of exhaust combustion gas such as CO2
and NOx, energy conservation, and environment conservation from perspective of global
warming prevention.
The development of high-efficiency boilers was carried out focusing on innovative elemental
technologies such as oxygen combustion and heat-exchange appliance of condensed exhausted
gas. The experiment in the pilot plant showed a greater effectiveness compared with in theexisting air combustion boilers, achieving 105.73% of total heat efficiency of the boiler (based on
low calorific value of the fuel, which equals to 98.9% in case of high caloric value).
*1

This project, which is called “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces, etc.,” consists of three sub-projects:“combustion control foundation technology,” “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces,” and “high-efficiency
boilers.” These projects were carried out for seven years from FY1993 to FY1999 as entrusted business by the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

49
49

Reduction of oxygen production cost (PSA oxygen supply device, etc.) in the case of oxygen
combustion, and selection of low-priced dew point-corrosion-proof materials in the case ofheat-exchange appliance of condensed exhausted gas (economizer using steam’s latent heatrecovery) are the future challenges. At the moment, they have potential for becoming effective
technologies when separation and recovery of CO2 will be required as a measure against global
warming in the future.

(8) Dissemination of cogeneration and fuel cells
1) Cogeneration
Cogeneration, a combined heat and power generation system, is a system in which energy is first
converted into electric energy or motive energy by activating an energy converter (driver) and theexhaust heat that is generated in the energy conversion process is then effectively used forthermal energy demand (steam, hot water, cold water). In a cogeneration system, the following
appliances are used as drivers:- Internal combustion engine: diesel engine, gas engine, gas turbine- External combustion engine: steam turbine, stirring engine- Fuel cell: PAFC (phosphoric-acid type), MCFC (molten carbonate type), SOFC (solid oxidetype), PEFC (polymer electrolyte type)
Drivers used for cogeneration are mainly internal combustion engines. The number of the engineswith cogeneration installed, the capacities, fuel used, and the main uses are shown in the tablebelow. Gas engines and gas turbines are able to effectively use gas fuels made from solid waste
and biomass. At the moment, about 60% of cogeneration systems are adopting gas firing, whichemit less environmental burden including CO2, SOx, NOx, etc., and are moreenvironmentally-friendly.

Main drivers and features of cogeneration
Diesel engine

Gas engine

Gas turbine

Number of installation

Approx. 60%

Approx. 30%

Approx. 10%

Capacity

Approx. 40%

Approx. 10%

Approx. 50%

Fuel used

Diesel oil, Crude oil

City gas, LNG

Mainly city gas, LNG

Main use

Civil use

Civil use

Industrial use

The total heat efficiency of a cogeneration system is 70 - 80%, which corresponds to 25% of theenergy conservation of a thermal power generation boiler system. However, this value can beobtained under the condition that 100% of the exhaust heat is effectively used. Accordingly, thepoint is that the exhaust heat should be applied to facilities that are expected to demand heat, suchas factories, business offices, hospitals, stores, etc.
The introduction of cogeneration is expected to be pushed forward, because it will improveenergy security and contribute to measures against global warming. The future challenge is todevelop compact and high-efficiency gas engines and gas turbines (micro gas turbines) for civiluse. Fuel cells, which are able to generate highly efficient electricity as well as exhaust heat,can make highly effective cogeneration motors. The future challenge for fuel cells is to lower the
price.

5050

2) Fuel cells
Fuel cells work based on a chemical reaction in which the fuel cells generate electricity and waterat the same time by consuming hydrogen and oxygen. This is the inverse reaction of electrolysis
of water. Fuel cells have various advantages including high power generation efficiency, small
emission of environmental burden, adaptability to a wide range of facility capacities, andapplicability to everything from distributed power generation to mass-concentrated power
generation. The table below summarizes the main types of fuel cells and their characteristics.

Main types of fuel cells and their characteristics
PAFC(phosphoric-acid type)

MCFC(moltencarbonate type)

SOFC(solid oxide
type)

PEFC
(polymerelectrolyte type)

Charge carrier

Hydrogen ion

Carbonate ion

Oxygen ion

Hydrogen ion

Operatingtemperature

Approx. 200C

600 - 700C

Approx. 1,000C80 - 100C

Facility
capacity

20 - 500 kW

500 kW - 1,000
MW50 kW – 100
MW

1 - 100 kW

Efficiency at
generating end

Approx. 45%

50 - 65%

55 - 70%

35 - 45%

Main use

Distributed powersources (cogeneration)

Distributed andmass-concentrate
d power source
substituting fire
power

Distributed andmass-concentrate
d power source
substituting fire
powerPower source forhousehold use anddriving source for
automobiles

Points to note

Poisoning of platinum
catalyst;
CO should be 1% andless.

Catalyst is not
required.

Reformer is not
required.
Catalyst is not
required.

Poisoning of
platinum catalyst;
CO should be 10
ppm and less.

51
51

(9) Important check points concerning technical energy conservation measures
Business
category
Items

Steel

Petrochemical

Paper/pulp

Operation management ofmajor production facilities
Advanced combustion control
by computers, etc.

Optimization ofnaphtha-cracking furnace
Combustion control of furnaces
such as naphtha-cracking
furnace
Optimization of reflux ratio of
distillation towers andoptimization of steam pressure
Optimum operation control bycomputers, etc.

Optimization of temperature,pressure, and material density
in each process
Optimization of electricity
consumption by operation
control of power generation
facility and processing
appliances
Optimization of steam pressure
Reinforcing of water
conservation
Effective use of waste heat

Conditions of waste energy
recovery (sensible heatrecovery for cokes and sinteredore)
Introduction of high-efficiency
heating furnaces
Temperature control of furnace
wall
Moisture control of coal charge
Reduction of coking time andcoking temperature
Optimization control ofintervals of regenerative burner
Idling prevention and speed
control of electric motor for aroller of rolling millPower generation by exhaustgas pressure from the furnace,exhaust heat recovery power
generation
Introduction of CDQ steam
driven expansion turbine
High-efficiency of private
power generation (GTCC)
Continuous casting equipment
Direct rolling equipment
Continuous annealing
equipment
Hybrid heating (electricheating/fuel heating)Waste heat recovery from
naphtha-cracking furnace
Insulation of pipes and furnace
casingEffective recovery of reaction
heatCollection of steam drain
Construction of additional
high-efficiency heat exchanger

Installation of high dew point
sealing hood in paper machine
Installation of high-efficiency
heat exchanger
Installation of automatic
combustion control appliances
Use of heat pump
Installation of waste kiln-heatrecovery appliance
Use of waste as fuels

High-efficiency compressor
Control of number of operating
units
Control of rotation speed
Intake air temperature controlof gas turbine
Rotation speed control of
motor

Rotation speed control of motor
Use of medium and low
pressure surplus steam for
power generation using
mixed pressure turbine
Electricity conservation of dust
extracting process

High-efficiency radiation tubeof naphtha-cracking furnace
Introduction status of
low-temperature low-pressure
process by changing catalysts

Sealing of process,strengthening of pressurization,
raising density
Heat cascade use control of
paper machine(1) Operation
management(2)

Additional facilities

ThermalElectrical(3)Production
facilities

Low density polyethylene
production plant
Gas phase polypropylene
production plant
Utilization of waste plastics forblast/coke furnaces

Utilization of pinch technology(4) Others

52
52

Efficient use of black liquor
recovered from pulp processing
Multiple-effect condensed
and canned black liquor
High-temperature
high-pressure recovery
boilerSludge combustion boiler

Business
category
Cement

Items

Plate glass

TextilesAutomobiles

Kiln combustion
controlManagement ofsolution tank(conditions of burner)

Operation managementof boilers (automatic
control of O2)
Operation under the
optimal conditions byattaching temperatureand moisture sensor
Control of dyeing heatpattern

Operation managementof major production
facilities(high-efficiency
operation, etc.)

Strengthening ofthermal insulation ofkiln and suspension
preheater
Renovation ofpreheater
Power generation using
medium-/low
temperature waste heat
High-efficiency clinker
cooler

Installation of waste
heat boiler
Strengthening ofthermal insulation ofsolution tankExhaust heat recovery
Drain recovery
Heat recovery fromwaste fluid
Insulation for pipes
Shortening pipes
Operation withconstant loading(accumulator)

Heat insulation of/heatrecovery from oven inpainting process
Waste heat recovery
and heat insulation of
furnace in heat
treatment process

Computer control ofmotive energy (rotation
frequency control, etc.)
Vertical millMill with preliminary
millingHigh-efficiency
separator

Rotation frequency
control of motor

Rotation frequency
control of motor
Low-pressure loss typetransformer

Load control of motorin machine processing
process
Switch from electricheating (heater, etc.)
to direct heating
Control of number androtation speed ofhydraulic/pneumatic
motor

Short-liquor dyeing
deviceWater-saving washer
Heat setter
High-efficiency dryer

Reduction of air
circulation amount inpainting booth inpainting process
Reduction of standby
electricity by
conversion of
hydraulic/pneumatic
driving into electric
drivingPrevention ofgenerating surplus
electricity by rapid
high-precision control
of welding current
Rationalization ofpainting/drying process
Hybrid heating
Heat recovery of solid
waste incinerator
Introduction ofcogeneration system(1) Operation
management(2)

Additional facilities

ThermalElectrical

NSP kiln
SP kiln
High-efficiency millFluidized bed cement
calcination furnace(3) Production
facilities

Improvement of defectrate in quality control(4) Others

Source) Survey by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan

53
53

Installation of
distribution type boiler
Introduction ofcogeneration system

(10) Challenges in typical energy conservation technology development
Business
category
SteelPetrochemical

TextilePaper/pulp

Future challenges in energy conservation technology development
Points for attention
Typical techniques
Problems
Rationalization of production
Integration of high-speed
Development of zero defect moldprocess
continuous casting process andcasting technology
hot rolling process
Cut-down of reduction energy Utilization of scrap (electric
Production of virgin iron for
furnace, cold iron-resource
dilution of electric furnace (DR, IC)
Exhaust heat recovery
melting furnace)
Lateral production of iron andEstablishment of optimal process
Development of new ironhydrogenproducing method
Direct iron ore melting
Establishment of optimal process
Development of new coke
reduction technology
production method
Future generation coke making
Establishment of optimal process
technology
Establishment of optimal process
Development of materials forMulti-purpose converter
enabling high-efficiency
Material technology for
Improvement in extremely highextremely hightemperature tolerance/durability
temperature/highly critical
based on hyperfine structure
turbineobservation technology
Rationalization of production
Gas phase polypropylene
Development of low-temperature,process
production technology
low-pressure, and high selectivity
catalyst
Development of low energy
Separation by membrane,
Development of optimal process fordecomposition technology
extraction, and absorption
high-performance membrane
separation
Reduction of environmental
Development of catalytic
load
cracking process of naphtha
Analysis and evaluation technology
Green chemistry
using bio-technology/extremely
critical catalyst
Minimization of circulating
Nozzle-type dyeing device
Stabilization of dyeing quality
stain solution
Airborne dyeing device
Dyeing measures for fabrics withheavy weigh per unit
Minimization of washing
Counter-current washer
water
Removal of impurities such as lint
Use of drying heat cascade
Vacuum drying system
Establishment of decompressing
process
Non-aqueous system
Processing technology using
Improvement of treatment capacity,
processing
plasmaetc.
Dyeing processing technology
Non-heating processing
under the condition of critical
Development of treatment appliance
CO2 density
Change in dyeing processing
Processing equipment using
Improvement of treatment capacity,
systemozone
etc.
Improvement of productivity, etc.
Ink-jet printing technology
Change in paper making
Improvement ofDevelopment/introduction of newprocess
dehydration/draining efficiency draining technology
Improving efficiency of paper
High-density paper making
Maintenance of paper quality
making method
technology
Improving efficiency of
Direct causticizing technology
Prevention of lowering of strength
causticizing process, omission High-temperatureof pulp
of caustic kiln
high-pressure causticizing
Development of gouttechnology
removal/filtration technology in
Energy conservation ofhigh temperature
pulping process
Cooking using preliminary
Searching for lignin-decomposing
treatment of microbes in chips
fungi and enzymes and increasing
Increase in amount of power
Bio-bleaching technology
their reaction speed, andgeneration by high-efficiency
consideration of their application touse of black liquor
Increase in amount of powerindustrial technology
generation by gasification
Development of recovered lignin
technology and re-powering
utilization and improvement orefficiency in recovering chemicals
Decrease in energy required forgasification

Source) Survey by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan
54
54

4.2 Equipment(1) Energy situation for equipment
In Japan in the field of equipment, the per-household energy consumption has increased, thus
contributing to the country’s steady increase in the household sector. This trend is regarded causedby the country’s societal factors such as lifestyle change leading to more energy consumption,individual’s multiple ownerships of home appliances, and so on.

Recent trend of appliance ownership rate at household (1990 to 2008)
275

Number of Units / Household (%)

250
225

Televisions

200

Space Heaters (oil)175

Room Air-conditioners

150

Electric Refrigerators

125
Personal Computers
100
Toilet withwarm-water shower
DVD Players

75
50
25
0
'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08

FY

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

Evolution of energy consumption and number of households
135

Energy consumption
Number of households

130

127

Index: FY1990 as 100

Energy consumption/household
125

124
120
115
110
105
100

98.3
95
'90

'91

'92

'93

'94

'95

'96

'97

'98

'99

'00

'01

'02

'03

'04

Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”, “Basic Resident Resister”
55
55

'05

'06

'07

'08

FY

Annual energy consumption of products (estimation)
Data in 2004
Ranking

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
*

Products

Passenger vehicles
Freight vehicles
Air conditioners
Gas water heaters
Space heaters
Fluorescent lighting fixtures
Transformers
Electric refrigerators & freezers
Oil water heaters
Gas cooking appliances
TV sets
Incandescent lighting fixtures
Electric hot-water pots
Vending machines
Electric toilet seat with warmwater-shower
Routers
Electric rice cookers
Printers, Monitors
Elevators
Electric space heaters(including warm-air type)CPU, Personal computers
Microwave ovens
Showcases
Refrigerator-freezers, Freezers,
Refrigerators (commercial use)
Electric carpets
Telephones
Laundry machines, Clothes dryers
Dishwashers (including thosewith dryers)
Electric irons
Stereo sets
Ventilators
Copyng machines, MFDs
Video cassette recorders
Hair dryers
Vacuum cleaners
Fax machines
DehumidifiersElectric fans
Magnetic disk units
DVD players
Electric clothes dryers
Electric pans
Electric massagers
DVD recorders

Number ofowned units(10³units)

Shipment
volume(10³units)

56,28818,459109,449
35,93045,446384,144
12,921
54,255
4,518
49,444
98,771
197,259
29,743
2,645

4,534
1,070
7,455
3,427
5,606
40,705
330
4,590
530
7,531
8,572
19,8884,656
366

EnergyConsumption(crude oil
equivalent:
10³kl)
51,58235,085
11,521
8,300
6,895
6,781
6,374
2,906
2,755
2,489
1,264
1,095
599
589

15,585

2,988

406

10,65737,22446,532
580

3,319
6,310
14,386
34

401
385
373
333

6,926

881

300

36,34732,057
1,174

12,609
3,475
158

254
233
227

1,004

180

181

8,643
60,01940,178

1,058
6,515
4,487

166
154
152

4,110

927

116

12,733
40,66357,515
4,190
64,14026,17339,571
16,257
4,285
11,19339,60019,415
1,432
5,918
10,75225,557

1,927
1,663
7,624
728
1,663
4,033
5,863
3,432
679
1,419
27,550
3,192
154
927
1,283
4,381

112
97
89
83
76
76
72
50
44
37
30
25
21
12
4
98

* The value are shown here as reference only because DVD recorders are included in VCRs.

Notes): Current target products under Top Runner Program
56
56

Contrarily, the energy efficiency of home electronics equipment and office equipment have largely
improved comparative to earlier energy performances in equipment, such as air-conditioners,
refrigerators/freezers, TVs, and VCRs.

Estimate of annual power consumption trends for electric refrigerators (401 – 450L)
Minimum Value

Maximum Value

kWh/year

1000
Annual Power Consumption

900

840
770

800
700

740

720

750
690

600

660

640

500

660

680

590

610

620

600
510

550

410

540

400

340

450
370

300

300

200
100
0
1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009
FY
Note) These numbers indicate guidelines as an estimate for the annual power consumption by refrigeratorswith the rated capacity of 401 to 450 liters for each fiscal year, and do not indicate the annual power
consumption by specific refrigerators.

Source) Prepared from the data by The Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for equipment - Top Runner Program
1) Outline of top runner program(a) BackgroundTo diffuse highly energy efficient appliances and vehicles, the revised energy conservation law
makes it obligatory for manufacturers and importers to ensure their products to meetenergy-saving target standards. The government launched the Top Runner Program based on the1999 amended law under which the standards are set based on the most energy efficient productcommercially available in a given category. For each manufacturer and importer, the weighted
average efficiency of all units shipped within the same category must meet the standards for thatcategory by the target year decided for each category.
(b) Designated products
Target products are ones designated as machinery and equipment which are commercially usedin large quantities in Japan, consume significant amount of energy on use and intensively
required with “energy consumption efficiency”.
(c) Target standard values
As for the designated products, manufacturers and importers etc. are obliged to meet the target
standard values concerning “energy consumption efficiency”. Target standard values are set
based on the most energy efficient product commercially available in the market in a given
category.

57
57

(d) Classification of target standard values
Target standard values are set in classifications considering a variety of models with different
sizes and functions etc. for each product.
(e) Target fiscal years
Target fiscal years by which the target standard value must be achieved are set up through taking
into consideration of future technological development forecasts and the development period of
products and so on, usually in the range of 4 to 8 years from the base fiscal year.
(f) Judgment methods of achievement
In the target fiscal year, achievement of the target is judged based on such indicators as aweighted average of shipment by product for each product category per manufacturer andimporter etc. Top Runner Standards are different from the concept of MEPS.
(g) Measurement methods
The measurement method primarily uses JIS (Japan Industrial Standards).
(h) Indications
Responsibility is assigned to indicate the “energy consumption efficiency” of the device incatalogs, on the device itself, etc.

2) Target achievement verification procedures
For each of the companies that manufactures or imports machinery and equipment specified in
the Top Runner Standard, each machinery and equipment category’s weighted average value mustachieve a standard value by the target fiscal year. To confirm the achievement of standards,
questionnaires are distributed to machinery and equipment manufacturers soon after the target
fiscal year and information are obtained on numbers of units shipped, energy consumption
efficiency, and the like in the target fiscal year. The surveys are conducted by the Agency for
Natural Resources and Energy that is responsible for enforcing the Energy Conservation Law.
Weighted average energy efficiency = the sum of {(the number of units shipped domestically foreach product name and type) × (energy consumption efficiency per unit)} ÷ the total number ofunits shipped domestically.
To confirm display implementation, product catalogues, as the primary source for displays, areperiodically and continuously collected. For displays on products themselves, submission ofname plates, etc. or retail store surveys are conducted to confirm the implementation.

3) Measures to be taken when the target values are not achieved
If the results obtained from the energy efficiency surveys mentioned in the previous paragraphappear to be remarkably low compared to judgment standards and a need to make suitable
improvements in energy efficiency is recognized at the time, the Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry (in cases involving cars, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministerof Land, Infrastructure and Transportation) offer recommendations to the manufacturer inquestion as required. Further, if this advice is not followed, the recommendations are made public

58
58

and the manufacturer may be ordered to follow the recommendations.
Manufacturers subject to these recommendations and advice should be limited to those whose
improvements in manufacturing and imports of equipment are considered to have a substantial
impact on energy consumption in Japan. Targets should be limited to manufacturers whoseorganizational capacity is economically and financially firm enough, that is, limited to
manufacturers for which there will be no problems regarding social appropriateness. For eachmachinery or equipment product covered by the Top Runner Standard, a cutback in shipping
volume will be set according to production and import volume as stipulated by the government
decree. If there are categories that partially fail to achieve goals among the many items, it will not
be appropriate to advise the manufacturer immediately. Instead, reasons why goals were notachieved, other companies’ achievement records in the same field, achievement records in othercategories of the company in question, and percentages of categories that have not achieved
target standards in overall categories, and other factors will be comprehensively evaluated. These
measures are implemented for manufacturers that do not adhere to display rules. For displays,
cutbacks based on manufacturers’ production and import volume are not applied and allcompanies are subject to these measures in spite of small volume in production and import.

4) Standards of Judgment for machinery and appliances under top runnerprogram
The standards of judgment, etc. for manufacturers, etc. regarding improvement of theperformance of “Designated Machineries” pursuant to the provision in Chapter 6 of the Law
Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (the latest amendment in 2008) are defined and notified
by the category of machinery and appliance. The details of the standards of judgment formachinery and equipment are shown in the web-site of ECCJ.
(http://www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/index.html)

59595) Designated products and its expected energy conservation effects by the target fiscal year
Efficiency
Base
TargetImprovement
FiscalFiscal(Expectation)
Year
Year
2015
2004
23.5%

Equipment
Gasoline, Diesel
1 Passenger Vehicles

LP Gas

2010

2001

11.4%

Small Buses

2015

2004

7.2%

Route Buses, Ordinary Buses

2015

2002

12.1%

Gasoline, Diesel

2015

2004

12.6%

2015
2010/2012
2015

2002
2006
2006

12.2%
15.6%
18.2%

2012

2008

37.0%

2003

1997

58.7%

Fluorescent Light Equipment

2012

2006

7.7%

Bulb-shaped Fluorescent Lamps

2012

2006

3.2%

7 Copying Machines

2006

1997

30.8%

8 Computers

2011

2007

78.0%

9 Magnetic Disc Units

2011

2007

76.0%

10 Electric Refrigerators

2010

2005

21.0%

11 Electric Freezers

2010

2005

12.7%

Gas

2006

2000

1.4%

Oil

2006

2000

3.8%

Burner Section

2006

2000

13.9%

2 Freight Vehicles
3 Air Conditioners
4 TV Sets

Trucks, Tractors
for residential use
for service use
LCD, Plasma

5 Video Cassette Recorders
6 Lighting Equipment

12 Space Heaters

13 Gas Cooking Appliances

14 Gas Water Heaters

Grill Section

2008

2002

27.4%

Oven Section
Gas Instant Water Heaters, Bath Tub Gas
Water Heaters
GWH for Space Heating (with no Hot Water
Supply Function)
GWH for Space Heating (with Hot Water
Supply Function)

2008

2002

20.3%

2006

2000

4.1%

2008

2002

3.3%

2008

2002

1.1%

2006

2000

3.5%

15 Oil Water Heaters
16 Electric Toilet Seats
17 Vending Machines
18 Transformers

2012

2006

9.7%

(Addition of Paper Container, Cups)

2012

2005

33.9%

Oil-filled

2006

1999

Molded

2007

1999

2008

2004

8.5%

19 Microwave Oven
20 Electric Rice Cookers
21 DVD Recorders

30.3%

2008

2003

11.1%

incompatible with TDB

2008

2004

22.4%

compatible with TDB

2010

2006

20.5%

22 Routers

2010

2006

16.3%

23 Switching Units

2011

2006

37.7%

Source) Prepared from a brochure “Top Runner Program (March 2010)” by METI6060

6) Efficiency improvement achieved by top runner products
Efficiency
Efficiency
TargetBase
Improvement
Improvement
Fiscal Year Fiscal Year
(initial expectation) (result)

Product Category
TV sets (using CRTs)
Video Cassette Recorders
Air Conditioners #Electric Refrigerators
Electric Freezers
Passenger Vehicles (Gasoline) #Freight Vehicles (Diesel) #Vending Machines
Fluorescent Light Equipment #Copying Machines
Computers #Magnetic Disc Units #Electric Toilet Seats

2003
2003
2004*
2004
2004
2010
2005
2005
2005
2006
2007
2007
2006

*2004 freezing year => Oct. 1, 2003 through Sep.30 2004,

1997
1997
1997**
1998
1998
1995
1995
2000
1997
1997
2001
2001
2000

16.4%
58.7%
66.1%
30.5%
22.9%
22.8%
6.5%
33.9%
16.6%
30.8%
69.2%
71.4%
10.0%

25.7%
73.6%
67.8%
55.2%
29.6%
22.8% (FY2005)
21.7%
37.3%
35.6%
72.5%
80.8%
85.7%
14.6%

**1997 freezing year => Oct.1, 1996 through Sep.30, 1997

Source) Prepared from a brochure “Top Runner Program (March 2010)” by METI
For the product categories marked with #, energy efficiency standard values are defined by the energy
consumption efficiency (e.g. km/l), while those without # mark are by the amount of energy consumption (e.g.
kWh/year). In the above table, values of the “Energy efficiency Improvement” indicate the rate of improvement
calculated based on each standard. Example: If the efficiency is improved from 10 km/l to 15 km/l, theimprovement rate is calculated as 50%. (It is not calculated as the improvement of fuel consumption by 33%
from 10 liters down to 6.7 liters for a 100km drive.) ; and if the efficiency is improved from 10 kWh/year to 5
kWh/year, the improvement rate is 50%.

(3) Dissemination and outreach measures for equipment
1) Energy labeling program
The energy-saving labeling system introduced as JIS standard in August 2000 started to give
better information for consumers of energy efficiency of home appliances. As of July 2010, thelabeling is applied to 18 products detailed in the below table. Target years are set per productcategory.
Energy conservation standard Annual electricity
achievement percentage
consumption

Target year FY2006

108％

175kWh/year

The labeling is colored in orange for a product which doesn't achieve the target standards ofenergy efficiency, while the labeling is colored in green for a product that achieves over 100% of
the target standards. The "achievement rate of energy efficiency standards" is given as apercentage indicating how far the product's energy efficiency is improved from the target value
with the special definitions given as follows for each indication of the labeling information:
Energy efficiency: Measurement process is set per product category. The indicated values are
more efficient with the higher rate of energy performance rate and less energy efficient with thelower rate of energy performance rate.

61612) New appliance labeling program
Following the introduction of the original labeling program referred as above, the government
revised the energy conservation law to include the new information requirement of the appliances’
expected electricity cost or fuel usage information. The new comparative rating system which ispresented as five-star rating provides consumers with comparative purchasing with other productsin the same category. Cost information is now required for the designated three products.

Target products for the labeling programs
Category＊
Air conditioners
Electric refrigerators
Electric freezers
Lighting equipment
Electric toilet seats
TV sets
Computers
Magnetic disk units
Space heaters
Gas cooking appliances
Gas water heaters
Oil water heaters
Transformers
Electric rice cookers
Microwave ovens

EnergyLabeling
Program

○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○

The new “Multi-Stage Indication of “Expected
Rating System”
Annual Electricity Bill”(Uniform Energy-saving
Information
Label）○○○○○

Video cassette recorders
DVD recorders
Routers
Switching units

○
○
○

○
○
○
○
○
○

○（Fuel）○（Fuel）○（Fuel）○○○○*Only TR products are targeted.
*Second hand products are not targeted.

3) Energy efficient product retailer assessment program
The new retailer commendation program was introduced, expected tocontribute to further energy efficient product sales. Selecting applianceretailers who are active in selling and promoting energy-efficient products,
the program awards a label to the store called as the “Top Energy Efficient
Product Retailing Promotion Store”. The selection indicators include shop
assistants’ knowledge, in-company training histories, etc. In FY 2009, 485
large-scale stores and 210 small-scale stores were certified as excellent
stores. From those stores, a total of 6 stores were given Minister of
Economy, Trade and Industry Award, Minister of the Environment Award,
Director-General, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Award andChairman of ECCJ Award.

4) International energy star program
Established in the US in 1992, the international Energy Star program is avoluntary product labeling program designed to promote energy-efficient
products. The US program has much wider application including programsfor buildings, housings, domestic appliances and more. Japan joined in 1995
and only participates in the office equipment application. The target
equipment includes personal computers, monitors, printers, fax machines,
copying machines, scanners, multifunction devices, and digital printing press.
6262

4.3 Commercial/Residential Sector(1) Energy situation for the commercial/residential sector
As referred in the previous equipment chapter, the significant improvements in the equipment
energy efficiency have been monitored in Japan. However, contrary to the trend, the country’s final
energy consumption of the commercial/residential sector has been rising. This trend is regarded
attributable to the increasing the number of households, convenience and affluence thriving
lifestyles, the increase of multiple appliances ownership per household, bigger size trend in
appliances, and the increase of high-tech appliances, which use energy heavily.

Commercial /residential sector final energy consumption
Energy Consumption(million in crude oil equivalent kL )

140
120

Commercial

100
75 .0

70.0

75.2

77.0

76.9

73.1

61.3

80

75.4

52.3

60

30.8
28.2

40

26.4

Residential

25.9

17.7

20
19.8

25.5

27.7

33.0

'73

'75

'80

40.3

42.7

'85

'90

50.9

54.6

55 .0

54.1

56.3

54.4

55.1

'95

'00

'02

'04

'05

'06

'07

53 .1

0
'70

Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”

'08

FY

In the commercial sector, the energy demand has still been increasing in this sector, although
the per-floor space energy intensity has remained roughly flat in recent years shown as below.
This is due to the increase of the total floor-spaces and in FY2008, it showed approximately
41.4% rise from FY1990 in the country in all business types as shown in the next page.

Energy consumption per-floor (1,000m2) of buildings
Crude oil equivalent kL /1,000 m2

46.0
44.7

45.0

43.7

44.0

43.8

43.9

42.7

43.0
42.0

44.4

41.2

41.0

42.8

41.5
40.7

40.2

41.3

42.1

43.3
41.3

40.0
39.0

39.8

39.7

40.1

40.0

38.0
37.0
'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08

FY

Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”, “EDMC Handbook of Energy &Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”
63
63

Buildings floor space share by business type (FY1990 and 2008）
2000

1,817 million m2
1800
O ffic e ,Bu ildin gs
2 6 .0Schools 20.3

Hospitals 5.8

Total Floor Area (million square meters)

1600

1400

1,285 million m2

1200

Wh o le saler e t aile r s
2 3 .82 4 .41000
2 2 .1800

S c h o o ls
2 0 .1600
2 4 .2Othe rs
1 2 .0400
1 1 .4

200

5 .0
1 .9

6 .0
3 .9

Ho spit als
Th e at e r s,
6 .1
L e isu r e plac e s
Hotels 5 .3
2 .0
1 .2

0
1990

2008

R e st au r an t s 3 .6
De par t me n t
st o r e s,
S u pe r mar ke t s
1 .3

FY

Source）Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the residential sector
1) Outline of the policies and measures for the residential sector
Although the household sector has made a progress in terms of energy efficiency of appliances,its energy demand is also increasing due to the increasing ownership of new appliances and thegrowing public demands to seek for more comfortable and convenient lifestyle.
In order to deal with this trend, following collective measures have been launched: the firstmeasure focuses on improving energy efficiency in machinery and equipment, the second
measure aims to improve the heat insulation performance in residences and buildings and thethird one manages the total energy demand.
In terms of the first one, strict standards have been set by introducing the Top-Runner Program.
At first it targeted the appliances specified in the energy conservation law such as air conditioners
and TVs. Later, the target range was extended to include gas and oil appliances/equipment,
vending machines, etc. with the revision of the law in December, 2004. Moreover, in the field of
the hot water supply system, which accounts for 30% of energy consumption in the households,

64
64more energy-efficient system has been developed and commercialized. And the support programs
to make a smooth introduction in the market are underway.
As for the second measure, the activities to promote the energy conservation labeling program forresidences and the subsidy programs for residences conforming to the energy conservation
standards are being conducted.
The third measure supports the publicity activities to disseminate energy conservation at home,
for instance, on how to best choose energy efficient appliances. And it is backing the testing anddemonstration of home energy management system (HEMS).

2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy- Standards of Judgment for Construction Clients and Owners of Specified Buildings on the
Rational Use of Energy for Houses (Announcement No.1 of METI and MLIT on 30 January,
2009)- Standards of Judgment for Residential Construction Clients on the Improvement of
Performance Required for Specified Residence (Announcement No.2 of METI and MLIT on
30 January, 2009)- Guidelines for Design, Construction and Maintenance on the Rational Use of Energy for
Houses (Announcement No.118 of MLIT on 30 January, 2009)b) Supporting measures for houses
Extra financing from the Japan Housing Finance Agency is provided for energy
conservation-oriented housesc) Dissemination and publicity activities on energy conservation- In order to promote energy conservation as a nationwide activity, the government hasestablished “Energy Conservation Day” on the 1st of every month, “Energy Conservation
Month” in February and “General Check-up Day for Energy Conservation” on the 1st ofAugust and December which were decided by the Conference to Promote Energy andResources Conservation Measures.
- Educational and publicity activities are conducted in cooperation with the local
governments and private companies through the energy conservation measures in summer
and winter.
- Preparation and distribution of posters and pamphlets, conduction of symposiums,
implementation of a house heat insulation construction engineers’ lecture course, andinformation supply through mass media- Implementation of an Energy Conservation Grand Prize, as a system to commend energy
conservation-type equipment for the Commercial/residential sector.
- Preparation for Energy Conservation Performance Catalogue (including 8 appliances: air
conditioners, TVs, DVD recorders, electric refrigerators, electric rice cookers, microwave
ovens, lighting equipment, and electric toilet seats.)

65
65

(3) Energy conservation policies and measures for the commercial sector
1) Outline of the policies and measures for the commercial buildings
In the commercial sector, the main factor of the increase of energy consumption stems from thegrowing floor space of office and commercial buildings, which is triggered by the industrial
structure change. Nevertheless, the awareness to control the energy intensity is relatively low
compared to the industrial sector, whose energy cost directly affects their production costs. In
order to address this problem, like the household sector, following measures have been taken to
improve the energy conservation performance in buildings: (i) establishing energy conservation
standards based on the energy conservation law, (ii) offering low interest loans to the buildings
which perform high energy conservation, (iii) introducing the Top Runner program to help
promote energy efficiency for office appliances, and (iv) implementing the Energy Star programthat sets energy conservation standards for office equipment.
In June 2002, the Energy Conservation Law was revised and the clause ‘industries subjected to
the “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory” was extended to the commercial sector
such as office buildings, large-scale retail stores, hotels, hospitals, etc.
Moreover, regulatory structure was changed from regulating each factory or workplace toregulating the company wide management in 2008. The amendment obliged a company who uses
a certain amount of energy as the whole company to regulate all of its factories and workplaces it
has (the regulation is also introduced to a franchise chain such as convenience stores andrestaurants, considering it to be a single company). Consequently, the regulatory coverage of totalenergy consumption in the commercial sector is expected to increase from approximately 10% to50%. (Refer to Page 68 for ”Energy conservation measures for the commercial buildings”)

2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energyi) Standards of Judgment for Construction Clients and Owners of Specified Buildings on the
Rational Use of Energy for Buildings (Announcement No. 3 of METI and MLIT on 30
January, 2009)ii) Release of Thermal Insulation Performance Value of Building Materials (MITI on 8 April,
1999)b) Supporting measuresi) As to buildings for business that meet the effort guidelines in standards of judgment forbuildings: acknowledgement on equipment investment plans, low-interest financing, andgrants for paying a fixed interest rate, based on the Energy Conservation and Recycling
Support Lawii) Financing by the Development Bank of Japan toward environmentally low-burden-type
buildings (“eco-care” buildings) (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)

66
66

(4)Promotion of commercial building energy management system (BEMS)(thorough energy management utilizing IT)
By using IT technology, BEMS system promotes and facilitates energy demand management forcommercial buildings. The system ensures recognizing real-time room conditions in buildings bytemperature sensors and/or the optimal operation of lighting and air-conditioning responding toconditions in the room. BEMS image is shown below:

67
67

Energy conservation measures for the commercial buildings
Classification

Operation control/simple remodeling

Equipment remodeling· Reduction of sunlight
Window shade operation, attachment ofsolar control film
Air-conditioning(1)Reduction of · Reduction of space load
heating and cooling Installation of wind shield room, revolving
door, use of airtight sash
load
· Concentration of air-conditioned operationarea· Reduction of outdoor air load
Reduction of surplus open air intake
Cut of open air during
preheating/pre-cooling· Heat source efficiency operation control
Air-conditioning
Unit control according to load, schedule(2)Efficiency
control, water supply temperature change
improvement of · Change of indoor temperature/humidity set
equipment system · Zero energy band control
Increase of using temperature deference(flow rate /wind volume)· Free cooling· Cleaning of heat exchanger coil filter, etc.

· Prevention from heat entering buildings
through outer wall or windows.
· Reduction of window space, adoptionof layered glass, insulation of internal(external) walls, installation ofeave/balcony, etc., adoption of air flow
system· Measurement and record for improvement ofenergy efficiency·
Periodical
maintenance checkAir-conditioning·
Maintenancecheck of automatic control(3) Management ofdevicesequipment oroverall system· As heat source, adoption of equipmentwith high part-load efficiency or heatstorage system.
· Adoption of BEMS
(humidity/temperature meter for
improving the efficiency of
air-conditioning, sensor system )· Heating appliance with far-infrared ray· Adoption of VAV (variable air volume)
system· Adoption of high efficient fan· Improvement of duct pressure damage· Adoption of VWV (Variable water
volume) system· Improvement of friction loss of pipe
· Adoption of great temperature gap
system· Adoption of HID lamp, optical ductsystem· Adoption of Hf-type lighting equipment· Task and ambient lighting· Introduction of Daylight sensor, humansensorMaterial Transfer

Lighting

Boiler and Hot
water supply· Control of fan operation time
· Inspection/repair of duct air leakage· Adoption of pump unit control· Adoption of inverters· Air volume control with various sensors for
power for ventilation· Putting out light near window· Putting out light when unnecessary (manualswitch, timer)· Light color finishing of interior· From incandescent bulb fluorescent lamp
· Periodical replacement, cleaning of lamp
· Control of hot water temperature set· Utilizing rest water of storage type boiler· Control of steam pressure·Heating loss prevention of steam (hot water)
pipe

68
68

· Efficient use of heat source
Adoption of high-efficiency heat pump,introduction of co-generation, heatstorage system· Use of natural energy
Use of solar heat, outdoor air cooling,night purge· Use of waste heat
Attachment of total heat exchanger
Heat pump system using waste heat(use of wasted heat from air cooler, &wasted water from drainage, river, etc.)· Outdoor air intake control (CO2 control)· Adoption of suitable boiler
high efficiency, small type boiler,
suitable capacity· Optimization of pipe design
Minimal length, suitable diameter· Heat pump-type hot water heater· Condensation heat recovery method
water heater

Classification
Lifting equipment

Cooking

Washroom

Operation control/simple remodeling

Equipment remodeling· Efficient operation of escalators etc. withsensors detecting the presence of a person· Prevention of water left running (opening
and closing water tap)
· Replacement of damaged packing· Heat control· Cleaning of equipment·Preventing unnecessary preheating of
range/oven· Adoption of group control system· Replacement of damaged packing· Adjustment of wash basin water stop tap· Water control of feces stool flush valve· Installation of imitation sound devices· Adoption of water conservation tap· Adoption of self closing tap· Adoption of water conservation feces stool· Examination of urinal cleaning system(water supply time control by timer, lightsensor equipment automatic water supply
system, light switch connection system,etc.)· Adoption of air cooled type freezer (water
conservation)· Attachment of back system· Adoption of energy conservation typeshowcase (double layer air curtain type,swing door, etc.)· Control of cooling temperature· Reduction of door opening (number, time)· Prevention of too much food storage· Letting hot food cool before storage
Freezer/Refrigerator/ · Putting out showcase light after closing
Showcasetime· Frost removal· Check/repair of door packing· Periodical cleaning of condenser· Night cover, night set for showcase· Speedy door opening/closing· Allowing back space (10cm or more)
Vending machine · Exact change of "hot" and "cold"· Switch off during non-business, non-store
hours· Cutting transformer at source side
· Checking ventilation of electricity reception
room (prevention of efficiency decline due
to high temperature)
Electricity reception

Equipment
maintenance· Adoption of energy conservation typeequipment (electromagnetic cooking
device, gas cooking device, pressure
cooker, steamer)· Adoption of water conservation top· Adoption of bubble maker tap· Adoption of single lever mix tap· Adoption of double tank sink

· Adoption of energy conservation typevending machine (automatic switch for
fluorescent lamp, energy conservation
timer, peek cut function, reinforcement of
insulation, etc.)· Adoption of transformer with suitablecapacity· Adoption of cell facility for power storage· Improvement of power factor (Installationof condenser)· Adoption of demand control system· Adoption of low-less transformer· Adoption of 400 volt class wiring
equipment· Repair/replacement of automatic control
equipment
Damage, bad placement of valve, damper,
sensor, etc.
· Improving precision of thermometer· Additional attachment of measuring device· Examination of energy consumption(by fiscal year, by equipment type)

Source ) “Energy Conservation Equipment Summary, 2004 Edition, Judgment Standards for Business Operators
Regarding Rational Use of Energy at Factories” (Notification of the Ministry of International Trade andIndustry, May 2006), “Energy Conservation Handbook for Small Scale Service Industry”, etc. (the Energy
Conservation Center Japan)
69
69

(5) Promotion of ESCO business
1) Outline of ESCO business
ESCO is a business that offers comprehensive services on energy conservation to clients, who inreturn will offer part of their energy saving gains (saving on utility bills, etc.) The business has
two forms: “Guaranteed savings agreement”, where customers cover business costs, and “Sharedsavings agreement”, where the ESCO business covers business costs. These options enable

Customer gain

Repayment

ESCO expenses
Interest
Initialinvestment

Utility charge
payment
Utility charge
payment

Before the introduction of
ESCO business

Energy conservation
effectservice provision according to customer needs. * ESCO stands for Energy Service Company.

ESCO operator shallguarantee theachievement.

During the implementation of
ESCO business

There are two methods of ESCO business as follows.
(a) Guaranteed method(b) Shared method

70
70

CustomerGain

Utility charge
payment

After the contract terms
completed2) Size of the ESCO-related market
In FY 2008, the total amount of repair work for energy conservation decreased by 20% comparedto the previous fiscal year. The order volume of ESCO business substantially decreased from 23
billion yen in the previous year to 17.6 billion yen, but ESCO business still accounts for 34%.
The scale of the potential market is expected 2,470 billion yen according to the ESCO Business
Introduction Promotion Study Group of The Energy Conservation Center, Japan. In the U.S., thescale of market is approx. $2 billion (2000).

Market size of repair work for energy conservation including ESCO business(1 0 0 m illio n ye n )

700
600
500
400

638

OthersDiagnosis+Repair work for energy
conservation+Performance
contract (=ESCO business)
Diagnosis+Repair work for energy
conservation

497
374

140

176

278
172

36

186

406

353

265
170

512

491

449
74

Repair work for energy
conservation only

300
200

557
515

303

34 %

19

10

100
0
1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008
FY

Source) Prepared from the data by Japan Association of Energy Service Companies

3) Future challenge
For further promotion of ESCO business, we have to make efforts to (1) promote the ESCO
business in the public sector, (2) facilitate fund procurement, and (3) improve the recognition of
the business. With respect to the item (1), we carried out the ESCO business as a model case at
the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2004. Furthermore, we will prepare an ESCO
introduction manual for municipalities and hold meetings to explain the guidelines atmunicipalities. With respect to the item (2), we will promote the use of the low-interest loans ofDevelopment Bank of Japan and the project financing method. With respect to the item (3), we
will hold ESCO business explanation meetings throughout Japan to promote introduction.

71
71

4.4 Transportation Sector(1) Energy situation for the transportation sector
The energy consumption in Japan’s transportation sector had increased until FY1996 since the oilcrisis, but the recent data shows that the previous increasing trend stopped and almost leveled off its
consumption. Its major factor is attributed to the increasing number of the ownership of passenger
vehicles. The energy consumption by passenger vehicles accounts for 83 % of the total fuelconsumption in the passenger transportation.

Evolution of energy consumption in freight and passenger transportation

Energy Consumption(Crude oil equivalent million kL)

120

Freight
100
80
60

40.5

42.1

42.0 42.1

43.9

44.4 44.7

43.5 42.5 42.0 41.4 41.2 39.5 38.9 39.1 38.7

38.7 37.9

35.1

40
20

43.7

52.9
46.5 48.3 50.0

55.2 57.2 59.2

59.9 61.2 61.5 62.6 62.4 62.2 62.1 60.6 59.3 58.3 55.9

Passenger0' 9 0 ' 9 1 ' 9 2 ' 9 3 ' 9 4 ' 9 5 ' 9 6 ' 9 7 ' 9 8 ' 9 9 ' 0 0 ' 0 1 ' 0 2 ' 0 3 ' 0 4 ' 0 5 ' 0 6 ' 0 7 ' 0 8 FY

Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”
Japan’s vehicle energy performance has significantly improved specifically since the introduction ofa new standard setting process applied for appliances and vehicles called Top Runner Program. As
mentioned in the equipment chapter, as a result of cooperative effort made by manufacturers under
the program, the great improvement in fuel efficiency in those vehicles can be monitoredcomparative to earlier energy performances as shown in the below figure.

72
72

Evolution of passenger vehicles’ average fuel consumption (10・15 modes)
17.0

16.5

16.5
16.0

15.5

Fuel Efficiency (km/L)

15.5

15.0 15.1
14.6 14.7

15.0
14.5

14.0

14.0

13.5
13.2

13.5
12.9

13.0
12.5

15.7

12.4
12.3 12.2 12.3
12.1

12.0
11.5
11.0
'93

'94

'95

'96

'97

'98

'99

'00

'01

'02

'03

'04

'05

'06

'07

'08

FY

Source) Prepared from “Vehicle Fuel Consumption List” by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism
As shown in the below figure, Japan’s per-capita transportation energy consumption marked
lower compared to other major selecting countries, but those countries have successfully
lessened the consumption level, as shown that Germany coming closer to Japan’s lowest
level.

Transition of per-capita energy consumption in the transportation sector
3.50(in 2007)(in 1971)

In d e x (2 0 0 7 J a p a n = 1 )

3.00
2.50

3.27 (USA)2.79 (USA)

USA
UK

2.00
1.15 (France)

1.50
1.00

0.69 (UK)

1.14 (UK)0.67 (Germany)

1.04 (Germany)

Ge r man y
Fr an c eJapan

0.63 (France)
1.00 (Japan)

0.50
0.52 (Japan)

0.00
19

19

19

19

20

71

73

80

90

95

00

07
2 0 062 0 05
20

19

Year

Note) To prepare this figure, actual numbers were used for only the year indicated, ’73, ’80, ’90, ’95, ’00, ’05-’07.

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”
73
73

Car ownership per household (1990-2010)
1 .2 0（Unit／Household）

1 .1 0

1.035
0.983

1 .0 00 .9 0

1.054

1.076
1.068

1.045

1.087

1.083

1.096

1.082
1.040

1.099

1.095

1.080

1.060

1.015

0.920
0.951

0.857
0.890

0 .8 00.819

0 .7 00 .6 0' 9 0 ' 9 1 ' 9 2 ' 9 3 ' 9 4 ' 9 5 ' 9 6 ' 9 7 ' 9 8 ' 9 9 ' 0 0 ' 0 1 ' 0 2 ' 0 3 ' 0 4 ' 0 5 ' 0 6 ' 0 7 ' 0 8 ' 0 9 ' 1 0 FY

Source) Prepared from “Basic Residential Resister” and “Website of Automobile Inspection &Registration Information Association”

Average weight of owned vehicles (1990-2009)A v erag e Wei g ht （k g ）

1,250
1,173

1,200

1,146

1,150

1,160
1,083

1,100
1,050

1,186
1,182

1,189
1,187

1,186
1,189

1,182
1,185

1,178
1,181

1,170
1,175

1,168

1,128

1,038
1,061

1,000
950
'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09

Year
Source) Prepared from “Website of Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association”

Energy consumption intensity by transportation (1990-2008)

Un it : MJ/(pe rson ･km)

3.0
Ve h ic le(private)

2.5

Airplane(passen ger)

2.0
1.5
1.0

Bu s

0.5

Train
(passe n ger)

0.0
'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)
74
74

FY

(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the transportation sector
1) Outline of energy conservation measures in the transportation sector
Since the energy consumption by passenger vehicles accounts for 83 % of the total fuelconsumption in the passenger transportation, implementing measures focusing on passenger
vehicles is crucial. The Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy designates gasoline- anddiesel-powered automobiles as specified equipment, aiming to improve automobiles fuelconsumption. Energy conservation target values are established for them and indication of theirenergy consumption efficiency is required.

2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy
Under the revised version of the law in 2006, new obligations were imposed on carriers(freight, passenger) and consigners: submission of plans for energy saving and submission of
periodical reports on energy use.
b) Supporting measuresi) Spreading and promotion of automobiles which use clean energy as fuel Preferential tax
measures for purchasing low-fuel-consumption cars and low-air-pollution carsii) Financial aid will be offered to help promote the purchase of clean-energy-automobiles andlow-air-pollution cars, and low-fuel-consumption cars, and for the development of therelated technology.
iii) Implementation of investment and financing for improvement of energy efficiency of
individual transportation equipment and introduction of energy efficient equipment.
c) Dissemination and publicity on energy conservationi) Dissemination by posters and pamphlets, holding symposiums, media campaigns participatedby related ministries, agencies, and various actors in different fields.
ii) Implementation of activities to acknowledge and enlighten about idling-stop during waiting at
stoplights through Idling-Stop Caravan: cross over Japan, brochures for effects of fuelconsumption reduction, etc.

75
75

APPENDIX
1. ENERGY DATA
1.1 World Energy Data
(1) Energy resource reserves(in 2009)

Allocation by region

Proved recoverable reserves
(R)

Oil

Natural gas

Coal

Uranium

1.333
trillion barrels

187.49trillion m3

826
billion tons

5.40
million tons

5.5%
14.9
1.1
9.2
56.6
9.6
3.2

4.9%
4.3
2.5
31.2
40.6
7.9
8.7

29.8%
1.8
5.6
27.4
0.2
3.9
31.4

13.0%
5.0
-*
25.0
2.0
15.0
36.5

Annual production
(P)

29.2
billion barrels(79.9 million
barrels/day)

2.99
trillion m3

6.94
billion tons

51,000 tons

Recoverable years(R/P)

45.7 years

62.7 years

119 years**140 years

North America
Central & South America
EuropeFormer Soviet Union
Middle East
AfricaAsia / PacificSourceBP statistics (year 2010)【Reserves】
OECD・
NEA&IAEA
Uranium(year 2009)【Production】
World Nuclear
Association*With regard to Uranium, there is not “Europe” in the category of allocation by region, and 3% isallocated to “Others”.
** The recoverable years for Uranium is obtained by dividing proved recoverable reserves by annual
demand.

76
76

(2) Primary energy consumption by energy resource
Unit:

Coal Hydro (2.0)
OilNatural gas(50.8)(17.6)<Total>Nuclear (1.0)

Year

'73

Mtoe

5,555

Others (1.7)(27.0)(2.2) (2.8) (1.9)'80(47.1)(18.7)

6,590(27.2)(2.3) (6.6) (2.3)'90(40.2)

8,005(27.7)(20.9)(2.5) (7.2) (2.5)'95(39.9)(21.6)

8,423(26.3)(2.5) (7.4) (2.6)'00(39.9)(22.7)

9,170(25.0)(2.4) (6.9) (2.6)'05(38.1)(22.5)

10,510(27.5)(2.4) (6.7) (2.7)'06(37.4)(22.4)

10,789(28.3)(2.4) (6.4) (2.8)'07(36.9)(22.7)

11,085(28.7)( 22.9)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Note) Figures in parenthesis represent percentage.
The figure includes international marine and aviation bunkers.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

77
77

(3) Primary energy consumption by region
Unit:
Year

OECD

Non OECD'73(67.0)(29.7)'80(61.5)

Mtoe< Total>

5,555

6,590

(35.9)

8,005'90(55.9)'95(57.4)

'00
'05

8,423

(40.0)(57.2)

9,170(39.9)(52.1)(45.0)(50.6)(46.4)(49.6)(47.4)'06'07
0(41.6)

2 000

4000

6000

8000

10,51010,78911,08510000

1 2000Note) Figures in parenthesis represent percentage.
The figure includes international marine and aviation bunkers.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

78
78

(4) Trend of primary energy consumption
1) World per-capita primary energy consumption
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90

(Year1973＝100)

Non-OECD Average
OECD Average

World Average

'73

'80

'90

'95

'00

'05'06'07 Year

Note) To prepare this figure, actual numbers were used for only the year indicated, ’73, ’80, ’90, ’95, ’00, ’05-’07.

2) World per-GDP primary energy consumption(10,000toe/1billion US$)

90
80
70

Non-OECD Total

60
50
40

World Total

30
20
10

OECD Total

0
'73

'80

'90

'95

'00

'05'06'07Note) To prepare this figure, actual numbers were used for only the year indicated, ’73, ’80, ’90, ’95, ’00, ’05-’07.

Year3) World energy consumption, GDP, and population (2007)
Primary Energy
Consumption

Real GDP (2000US$ standard)

Population

Y/Y
Avg.
Growth Growth Rate
Rate (1973-2007)

Y/Y
Avg.
Y/Y
Avg.
BillionGrowth Growth Rate Million Growth Growth Rate
US$
Rate (1973-2007)
Rate (1973-2007)

OECDTotal 5,497

0.65%

1.15%

30,0182.48%

2.70% 1,182

0.70%

0.79%

Non-OECD
5,257
Total

4.94%

3.47%

9,435

8.22%

4.38% 5,406

1.26%

1.74%

World Total 11,085

2.74%

2.05%

39,4533.80%

3.02% 6,587

1.15%

1.55%

Mtoe

Note) World Total includes international marine and aviation bunkers (not included in OECD Total and
Non-OECD Total).
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”
79
79

(5) Energy supply in major countries
1) World total primary energy supply (TPES) and shares of energy sources (2008)
Unit: %, Figures in parentheses are Million toe
(335)

(496)

13.6

Electricity

EP
-0.5

EP
0.0
3.4

11.5

(266)

(206)

EP
0.5

6.6

8.9

EP
-1.6

7.2

2.4

EP
2.0

16.9

(2,284)

EP
-1.0

5.4
9.6

0.0
9.2

16.9

Hydro/Geothermal

7.4

(266)

(175)

43.0

40.7

22.8

23.8

39.7
28.9

Nuclear22.9
24.1

Natural Gas

17.3

23.9

9.3

15.0

9.9

4.8

Coal

43.2

41.3
33.1

32.6

31.3

Germany

U.K.

France

37.3

36.2

Oil

Japan

Italy

CanadaU.S.A.

Note)1) The import and export of electric power are also included in the primary energy supply.
( “minus” in the chart represents excess of export.)
2) Coal includes other solid fuels.
Source)Prepared from “Energy balance of OECD Countries 2010” (IEA)
Comment) 1) The share of oil is especially high in Japan and Italy, accounting for about 40%.
2) In Japan, the U.S.A. and Germany, the share of coal is as high as about 20%.
3) In Canada, the share of hydraulic power is as high as 17%.
4) In France, the share of nuclear power is especially as high as 43%.

2) World sector shares in final energy consumption (2008)
Unit: %, Figures in parentheses are Million toe

Non-energy use

(319)

(236)

24.5

23.0

(143)

30.3

(166)

(133)

(202)

26.9

30.5

28.1

(1,542)39.0

Commercial /Residential

Transportation

36.8

43.3
42.6

44.6

35.7

33.9
32.8

Industry
27.2

23.4

26.9
20.8

20.2

26.4

11.5

10.3

6.3

8.3

7.3

Japan

GermanU.K.

France

Italy

19.2
11.1

CanadaSource) Prepared from “Energy balance of OECD Countries 2010” (IEA)
80
80

9.0

U.S.A.

EP
0.1

3) World total electricity generated and shares of power (2008)
Unit: %, Figures in parenthesis represent 100 billion kWh(10.82)(6.37)(3.89)
7.0

10.5

15.9

Hydro/Geothermal, etc(3.19)(5.75)

13.5

14.0(43.69)(6.51)

9.8

17.9

19.2

23.9
23.3

Nuclear power

Natural gas

26.2

60.6

13.8

20.8

54.1

45.4
76.4

Coal

14.4

26.6

45.6

32.5

Oil
12.9

1.7

Japan

Germany

1.4

U.K.

15.2
4.0
4.7
1.3

France

9.9

Italy

48.8

6.2
17.2
3.1

1.3

CanadaU.S.A.

Source) Prepared from “Energy balance of OECD Countries 2010” (IEA)(6) Energy consumption in major countries
1) World trend of energy consumption, GDP, oil consumption and dependency(Unit:%)

Real GDP growthrate (year-over-year)

Energy consumption
increase rate
(year-over-year)

Oil consumption
increase rate
(year-over-year)

Oil dependence
rate

2006

2007

2006

2007

2006

2007

2006

2007

US

2.9

2.0

-0.9

1.6

-1.5

-1.2

40.0

38.9

UK

2.9

3.0

-1.5

-3.7

-1.0

-5.0

33.0

32.6

Germany

2.9

2.5

0.8

-2.9

0.0

-10.4

34.2

31.5

France

2.2

2.2

-1.4

-1.5

-1.3

-2.1

31.8

31.6

Italy

1.8

1.5

-1.0

-1.6

-1.4

-4.0

43.1

42.1

Russia

7.4

8.1

2.9

0.3

3.6

-1.1

20.2

19.9

China

11.6

13.0

10.5

6.7

8.0

3.9

20.7

20.1

Japan

2.4

2.1

-0.1

-0.9

-3.9

-1.7

45.1

44.8

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

81
81

82

Energy intensity(oil equivalent ton/million US$ of GDP)

'73

'80

China
CanadaUSA
OECD
UK
France
Italy
German
Japan

'90

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

'73

'95

'05'07'00Year'05'06 '07(Enlarged Figure)

'95

82

Note) To prepare this figure, actual numbers were used for only the year
indicated, ’73, ’80, ’90, ’95, ’00, ’05-’07.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics
in Japan (2010)”

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2) World energy intensities

Japan

1.0

EU

1.8

USA

2.0

3.1

6.6

Canada S.Korea ASEAN Middle
-7
East

3.2

6.0

7.8

16.7

China Russia

Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen

Middle East --- Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait,

Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

ASEAN-7 --- Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,

Note) Calculated as Japan set at 1 for the primary energy consumption(oil equivalent) /GDP (price set at 2000 US dollar).
Source) Prepared from “IEA Energy Balance 2010”

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

3) Primary energy consumption per unit of GDP of countries

Index (Japan as 1.0)

1.2 Domestic Energy Data
(1) Demand of energy sources and GDP
1) Energy demand by energy sources and GDP
Energy Demand (1018J)

GDP (base year 2000) (trillion yen)

30

600First Oil Crisis

Second Oil Crisis
541.5

25

500

GDP

23.05

20

400

T o t al En e r gy De m an d

15

300
11.5
Oil De m an d
10.8

10

200

Ele c t r ic it y De m an d
(Le ft Axis: 1 0 0 bill io n
kW h )
5.1

5100
C o al De m an d
3.9
Nat u r al Gas De m an d

0

0
'70

'72

'74

'76

'78 '80

'82

'84

'86

'88

'90

'92

'94

'96

'98 '00

'02

'04

'06

'08

2) Changes in energy/GDP elasticity
Fiscal Year

1965～73

1973～80

1980～90

1990～2000 2000～08

Annual Average
Growth Rate of GDP

9.06％

3.49％

3.97％

1.16％

0.86％

Annual Average Growth
Rate of Primary Energy
Demand10.86％

0.43％

2.04％

1.40％

-0.18％

Energy/GDP Elasticity

1.20

0.12

0.51

1.21

-0.21

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”
83
83

FY

(2) Outlook of energy consumption and supply
1) Final energy consumption(Unit : million kL of crude oil equivalents)
2020(Projected)

Fiscal Year

2005
(Actual)

Items

2030
(Projected)

Current
Measures

Maximum
Additional
Measures

Current
Measures

Maximum
Additional
Measures

%

%

%

%

%
Final Consumption Total

413 100%

421 100%

375 100%

424 100%

346 100%

Industrial Sector

181

44%

180

43%

177

47%

179

42%

174

50%

Civil Sector

134

32%

149

35%

121

32%

154

36%

103

30%

Household Sector

56

14%

61

14%

52

14%

66

16%

47

14%

Commercial Sector etc.

78

19%

88

21%

68

18%

87

21%

56

16%

98

24%

92

22%

78

21%

91

22%

69

20%

Transportation Sector

2) Primary energy supply(Unit: million kL of crude oil equivalents)
2020(Projected)

Fiscal Year
2005
(Actual)Items

Primary Energy Supply

Fuel

588
Amount%2030(Projected)

Current
Measures

Maximum
Additional
Measures

Current
Measures

Maximum
Additional
Measures

627

553

637

515

Amount%Amount%Amount%%AmountOil

255 43%22736%

190 34%220 35%

265 52%

LPG

18

3%

18

3%

18

18

19

Coal

123 21%

128

20%

107 19%131 21%85 17%Natural Gas

88 15%

114

18%

89 16%

112 18%54 11%

Nuclear power

69 12%

9916%

99 18%

107 17%49 10%

Hydro power

17

3%

19

3%

19 34%

19

3%

22

4%

Geothermal

1

0%

1

0%

1

0%

1

0%

0

0%

New Energy,etc

16

3%

22

3%

30

5%

29

5%

13

3%

3%

3%

4%

Source) Prepared from the report of “Long-term Outlook of Energy Demand and Supply (recast)” issued by
the Demand &Supply Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources andEnergy in August 2009.

84
84

3) Final energy consumption by sector

300
247.6

Index : FY1973 as 100

250

Industry
Commercial/Residential
Transportation

200

191.1

150
86.2

100
50
0
'73 '75

'80

'85

'90

'95

'00

'05

'08
FY

Note)

Due to revision of the aggregation method in Energy Balance Tables in Japan, values
for FY1990 onwards and values for preceding years are the results of utilizing
different methods.
Source) Prepared from “Comprehensive Energy Statistics”

85
85

1.3 Domestic Sectoral Energy Data
(1)Industrial sector
7001) Manufacturing industry’s energy consumption
670

666

1 5 .8

1 5 .2676

Unit: 1016 J

1 3 .9

616

649

651

643

667

632
8 .0

600

604

594
584

535

Others
1 4 .3

1 2 .91 2 .4

6 .6
6 .4

500

3 .0

500

1 5 .4

1 2 .7

1 0 .63 .1

1 4 .2

1 2 .63 .3
3 .1

1 2 .7592

1 2 .4
1 1 .8

2 .3

6 .6
6 .6

6 .3
2 .3

2 .9

7 .3

6 .4
2 .2

2 .5

5 .9
2 .1

6 .0

6 .7

2 .0

2 .1

2 .2

Machinery/MetalNonferrous
Metal

7 .2
2 .3

2 .8

5 .9
3 5 .55 .2
3 1 .3400

2 .2
2 6 .82 .5
2 9 .72 8 .42 7 .52 6 .1
2 5 .92 5 .82 5 .32 6 .1Iron & Steel
2 5 .5

2 7 .6

3 0 .13 1 .9

300

7 .3
8 .4

9 .6
1 0 .0
8 .7

8 .5

7 .0

8 .0

6 .2

6 .2

6 .2

Ceramics

6 .5

8 .7

8 .3
9 .6

200
2 6 .92 8 .02 4 .23 0 .6

3 0 .92 7 .22 8 .72 8 .9

7 .1

6 .6

6 .7

6 .9

6 .7

3 2 .23 2 .23 3 .03 3 .2

Chemicals

3 3 .5
3 2 .62 7 .2

100
6 .4

0

6 .4

6 .7

7 .0

4 .3

3 .3

2 .9

2 .3

2 .4

2 .2

3 .4

3 .5

3 .5

'91

'93

'95

4 .3

4 .4

3 .0

3 .2

3 .7

3 .5

3 .4

'73

'78

'83

'87

'89

6 .3

6 .2

6 .0

6 .1

5 .8

6 .1

2 .0

2 .0

1 .8

1 .7

1 .6

3 .5

3 .5

3 .5

3 .6

1 .3
3 .7

1 .4

3 .5

'97

'99

'01

'03

'05

'07

'08

Paper & Pulp
Textile
Food

4 .0

FY
Note) Units in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

86862) Major industries’ energy costs to variable costs
35

Ceramics

30

Iron & Steel
28.1

Paper & Pulp
Chemicals

25.9

Ratio of energy cost in variable costs (%)

24.6

All Manufacturers

25

20.4

20
17.9

16.3

15.1

15

14

16.4

14
13.2

11.9

11.8

11.1

10.6
9.7

10
10.2

10.8
8.5

8.4

8.6

9.1

7.3
6.6

8.0
5.9

7.4

6.9

7.4

7.9
4.6

5

3.9

3.9

3.7

4.1

'90

'95

'00

'05

0
'83

'85

'08

Note) Variable costs = raw materials cost + fuel cost + electric power cost
Energy costs = fuel cost + electric power cost
Source) Prepared from “Industrial Statistics Table (Industry Section) 2008” announced by Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry in April 2010

87
87

Year

3) Energy demand analysis for the industrial sectora) Factors affecting manufacturing industry energy consumption
13（10 J）
90000
80000

Confounding Factor
Output Factor
Structual Factor
Energy Intensity
Total Change

70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
-10000-20000-30000-40000-50000-60000-70000-80000-90000-100000
'70

'75

'80

'85

'90

'95

'00

'05

'07 '08

FYb) Trend of factors of manufacturing sector energy consumption change(Unit: 1016 J)
Fiscal Year

'90

'92

'94

'96

'98

'00

'02

Energy Consumption Changes

13.5

-13.3

26.1

10.7

-13.7

10.7

11.4

1.5

8.5

-59.6

Output Effect

28.9

-35.7

18.3

21.4

-44.9

28.5

18.8

25.9

29.7

-85.6

Structure Effect

-2.6

10.7

3.0

-10.4

-4.2

-7.8

-3.0

-13.6

-6.8

15.7

Intensity Effect

-12.3

13.4

4.4

0.1

38.7

-8.7

-3.7

-10.0

-13.6

14.6

Factor

Source)'04'06

Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

88
88

'08

(2) Residential sector
1) Per household energy consumption (by energy sources)〔MJ/（Household・Year）〕
Year
'73

Electricity

City gas

LPG

Kerosene

6,884
22.5

7,041
23.0

4,373
14.3

10,043
32.8

'80

9,280
27.7

'82

9,882
29.0

'84

10,85828.4'86

11,48429.1'8812,16529.9'9013,172
32.7'92

13,952
32.7

7,318
21.9

6,528
19.5

7,678
22.5

Others<Total>

1,517
4.9

800
2.6

30,659

9,814
29.3

303
0.9

Coal

6,386
18.7

8,475
22.1

9,279
22.8

312
0.8

11,894
31.1

6,681
17.0

6,650
16.5

9,974
23.4

169
0.4

38,281
115
0.3

75
0.2

40,744

11,111
27.6

24
0.1

40,278

11,587
27.2

37
0.1

15,47035.1'9616,26734.8

10,712
22.9

7,187
15.4

'98

16,67636.8

10,185
22.5

7,090
15.6
6,414
13.7

'02

17,84538.8

10,370
22.5

5,993
13.0

11,79025.6'0418,35940.9

10,016
22.3

5,931
13.2

10,60623.6'06

19,05741.1

10,31422.2'07

18,745
42.6

9,904
22.5

'08

19,11343.4
10,00015,00020,00025,00046,95845,99844,912

11,280
24.3

5,723
12.3
5,574
12.7
5,373
12.2
30,00045,33012,261
26.1

10,57322.5

5,000

46,735

11,37925.1

17,71037.7

044,111

12,57026.9'00

10,29823.4

42,605
7
0.0

11,632
26.4

7,098
16.1

'94

39,397

12,472
30.6

7,055
16.6

9,903
22.4

34,070216
0.5

12,090
30.7

6,753
16.6

9,321
23.1

33,475
174
0.5

357
1.0

9,592
28.2

6,574
17.2

8,811
22.4

233
0.7

35,00046,3749,800
22.3

44,0249,270
21.0

44,05440,00045,000Note) The lower figures in the bar represent percentage distribution.
Source) Prepared from “Domestic Energy Statistics Annual Report” (Residential Environment
Planning & Research Center)

89
89

50,000

2) Per household energy consumption (by usage)
Air conditioning
Year

Heating'73

11,315
36.9

'80

9,430
28.2

'82

8,770
25.7

Hot water supply

13,548
40.5

229
0.7

14,378
42.2

297
0.9

'84

11,669
30.5

581
1.5

14,80738.7'86

11,762
29.9

486
1.2

14,95738.0'88

12,47130.6'90

10,892
27.0

827
2.1

'92

11,359
26.7

664
1.6

'94

11,67826.5

30,65910,26930.7

33,475

10,62431.2

34,070

11,22429.3

15,08337.4'9613,250
28.4

758
1.6

'98

12,246
27.0

1,067
2.4

'00

13,26028.2'0212,44527.1

39,397

12,93831.8

40,744

13,47633.5

40,27814,411
33.8

16,17038.042,605

15,44035.0

15,648
35.5

1,345
3.0

38,281

12,19230.9

14,916
36.6

419
1.0

<Total>

9,049
29.5

10,036
32.7

259
0.8

〔MJ/（Household・Year）〕

Lighting,
Electric appliances& Others

16,44035.2

16,28734.9

15,29433.7

45,33017,28636.8

46,95817,42337.9

15,065
32.8

1,064
2.3

46,735

16,72336.9

15,257
32.5

1,156
2.5

44,11045,99817,92439.9'04

10,862
24.2

1,112
2.5

15,01433.4'06

11,482
24.8

902
1.9

15,463
33.3

'07

9,897
22.5

915
2.1

15,123
34.4

18,09041.1

44,024'08

10,083
22.9

832
1.9

15,04034.1

18,09841.1

44,0540

5,000

10,00015,00020,00044,912

18,52840.0

25,00030,00035,00046,37440,00045,000Note) The lower figures in the bar represent percentage distribution.
Source) “Domestic Energy Statistics Annual Report” (Residential Environment Planning &Research Center)

90
90

50,0003) Rate of home appliance stock owned by household
Fiscal Year1970

Appliances

Warmed toilet Seat(with warm water
shower)

1980

1990

(unit/100households)

2000

2004

2008

2009

2010

-

-

-

49.2

69.7

91.7

93.5

96.7

Refrigerator

91.1

114.2

116.2

121.6

125.6

-

-

-

Microwave oven

2.2

33.6

71

98.8

102.7

-

-

-

Washing machine

92.7

103.9

108

108.6

109.1

-

-

-

Electric clothes dryer

-

-

15

21.9

22.7

31.7

30.1

30.8

Electric futon dryer

-

15

26.8

38

39.9

-

-

-

Vacuum cleaner

70.1

109.5

130.8

140.9

146.2

-

-

-

Air conditioner

6.8

51.8

114

207.6

245.3

257.1

256

263.1

Electric carpet

-

-

53.8

94.6

91.9

-

-

-

Color television

26.9

141.1

196.4

226.2

238.4

241.5

243.1

243.0

Dishwasher

-

-

-

-

-

27.9

29.4

30.5

Personal computer

-

-

11.2

48.6

92.6

110.1

111.8

118.2

Source) Prepared from “Annual Report on Consumer Confidence Survey” by Cabinet Office4) Example for improvement of energy efficiency of home electric appliances (TVs)
Simple average values of the products (1997-2010 Models)
Annual Power Consumption

Standby Power Consumption

120%

100%

2.25W 231W

220W
207W

Index: Value in 1997 as 100

100 100

95

90

80%

137W

60%

120W

59

52

40%

93W

40
0.37W

20%

16

0.17W

8

0%
'97 Model'00 Model'03 Model

CRT televisions (32-inch wide type)

0.34W

0.36W

15

16

'08 Model'09 Model

0.17W

8'10 Model

LCD televisions (32-inch wide V type)

Source) Prepared from “Catalog of Energy Efficiency Performance (summer and winter version of eachfiscal year)” by METI
91
91

(3) Commercial sector
1) Per-floor energy consumption in commercial buildings (by energy sources)(MJ/m²)

Solar
Coal

Oil

FY
'73

16
1.1

'80

33
2.8

'82

30
2.8

568
52.3

'84

40
3.7

526
47.8

'86

27
2.5

501
46.6

'88

30
2.6

510
44.7

168
14.7

427
37.4

'90

24
2.0

500
42.1

174
14.6

481
40.5

'92

20
1.6

537
43.2

'94

27
2.2

458
37.6

'96

29
2.4

414
34.7

203
17.0

'98

28
2.3

406
33.7

198
16.4

'00

24
2.0

'02

26
2.2

318
27.1

'04

24
2.1

295
25.2

238
20.3

'05

23
2.0

276
24.7

239
21.4

'06

25
2.3

232
21.9

'07

19 196
1.8 19.2'08

15 161
1.6 16.6
0

Gas

Electricity

149
9.9

265
17.5

1,082
71.5

141
12.9
148
13.4
146
13.6

1,086

381
34.6

7
0.6

1,102

392
36.6

7
0.6
7
0.6

8
0.7

232
22.0

1,242

12
1.0

1,218

534
44.7

15
1.2

1,195

557
46.3

16
1.3

1,204

569
48.0

17
1.4

1,188

581
49.7

17
1.4

1,170

596
50.9

17
1.5

1,170

17
1.5
16
1.5

553
52.3

16
1.6

559
54.7
16
1.6

549
56.8
600

1,188
10
0.8

561
50.3

225
23.3

1,142

528
43.3

229
19.5

232
22.7

1,073

492
39.6

224
18.8

800

1,000

1,115

1,058
1,022

966
1,200

1,400

Note) Lower figures in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)

92
92

1
0.1

1,179

5
0.5

194
15.9

400

5
0.4

342
31.5

183
14.8

354
29.8

200

331
28.1

144
12.2

666
56.5

＜Total＞

1,600

1,513

2) Per-floor energy consumption in commercial buildings (by usage)(MJ/m²)
Kitchen

CoolingHeating

FY

Powerand others

Hot water supply

'73

69.2
4.6

'80

52.8
4.5

'82

55.7
5.1

361.9
33.3

317.3
29.2

64.1
5.9

287.5
26.5

1,086

'84

71.9
6.5

358.3
32.5

292.1
26.5

69.9
6.4

309.8
28.1

1,102

'86 63.6
5.9

325.9
30.4

284.7
26.5

'88

74.0
6.5

323.0
28.3

302.2
26.5

75.8
6.6

'90

96.0
8.1

311.0
26.2

300.4
25.3

75.4
6.3

'92

89.5
7.2

337.7
27.2

309.5
24.9

'94

112.2
9.2

301.9
24.8

'96

98.6
8.3

289.5
24.2

257.7
21.5

85.9
7.2

463.5
38.8

1,195

'98

112.4
9.3

279.1
23.2

254.0
21.1

82.0
6.8

476.8
39.6

1,204

'00

130.6
11.0

268.1
22.6

227.2
19.1

88.9
7.5

472.7
39.8

1,188

'02

141.1
12.0

259.1
22.7

204.5
17.7

86.7
7.4

478.8
40.2

1,170

'04

139.1
11.9

237.5
20.3

92.4
7.9

494.0
42.2

1,170

'05

124.1
11.1

235.2
21.1

'06

118.8
11.2

187.6
17.7

'07

118.4
11.6

174.1
17.0

'08

116.3
11.2

148.4
15.4

0

707.5
46.8
445.3
37.8

200

158.2
15.5
143.4
14.9

400

1,179

366.9
32.1

429.1
34.5

1,058
1,022

471.7
48.8

600

1,218

1,115

482.8
47.2

86.0
8.9

1,242

473.9
42.5
475.7
45.0

88.8
8.7

1,188

446.2
36.6

92.7
8.3

1,513

1,142

405.1
34.1

80.2
6.6

198.7
13.1

1,073

76.4
6.2

91.3
8.6

184.7
17.5

278.2
23.6

331.8
30.9

67.4
6.3

277.4
22.8

189.4
17.0

54.8
3.6

65.6
5.5

336.7
28.6

206.9
17.7

483.2
31.9

<Total>

966
800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Note) Lower figures in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)

93
93

1,600

(4) Transportation sector
1) Transportation energy consumption (by type of transport)
4,000
15

（Unit：10 J）
Air

3,500

MarineTransportation 3,000
Rail

2,500

Freight Vehicle
2,000
Bus
1,500
Passenger car forbusiness use
1,000
Passenger car for
private use
500

0
75

80

75
Grand total ofTransport sector
energyconsumption
Total of passenger
sector energy
consumption
Passenger car for
private use
Passenger car forbusiness use
Bus
RailMarinetransportation
Air
Total of freightsector energy
consumption
Motor truck
Rail
Marinetransportation
Air

85

80

90

85

95

90

98
2000
Fiscal Year

95

98

2002

2000

1,938 2,302 2,465 3,114 3,627 3,820 3,798(5.3)(-1.2)

(2.4)

(4.5)

(3.1)

(1.1)

(-2.2)

996 1,244 1,424 1,880 2,269 2,449 2,432
(3.6)

(8.0)

(3.4)

(1.7)

(-2.6)

2004

2002

2006

2004

2007

2006

2008

2007

2008

3,817 3,839 3,756 3,657 3,525
(0.1)

(1.0)

(-1.2)(-2.5)(-3.6)

2,465 2,493 2,422 2,373 2,292

(7.4)

(0.9)

713

942 1,116 1,513 1,891 2,050 2,075

87

78

88

100

73

94

64

67

63

62

60

58

59
61

56
63

54
64

64
77

63
82

61
82

58
81

57
80

62
80

64
80

64
80

61
80

6

5

4

7

6

8

9

7

8

7

6

7

70

99

98

119

155

154

145

147

157

176

193

185

941 1,058 1,041 1,233 1,358 1,372 1,366

(0.0)

(1.2)

(-1.9)(-1.9)(-3.4)

2,106 2,122 2,032 1,970

1,902

1,352 1,346 1,334 1,284 1,233

(3.1)
657
17

(-3.7)
791
13(0.9) (-0.5) (2.7) (0.1) (-1.5) (0.2) (0.6) (0.2) (-3.7) (-3.9)
819 1,058 1,171 1,140 1,116 1,085 1,101 1,105 1,083 1,047
8
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5

262

244

200

151

159

203

221

239

217

199

171

157

5

9

14

17

22

22

24

22

23

24

25

23

Note) Values in parentheses represent the increase rate (%) compared with the previous fiscal year.
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in JAPAN (2010)”

94942) Energy consumption and transportation volume share (FY 2008)(by type of passenger transport)
0

20

40

60

100 (%)

80

0.3
2.7
EnergyConsumption

85.5

8.1

Passenger
Vehicle
Bus
Rail

3.5

MarineAir

Transportation
Volume

58.5

6.5

29.0

5.8
0.3

0
Source)

20

60

40

80

100 (%)

Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

3) Energy consumption and transportation volume share (FY 2008)(by type of freight transport)
0

20

60

40

100 (%)

80

1.9

0.4
EnergyConsumption

12.7

84.9

Freight
VehicleRail
Marine4.0
Transportation
Volume

62.1

Air

33.7
0.2

0
Source)

20

40

60

80

100 (%)

Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

95954) Energy intensity by type of transport (FY 2008)(Energy consumption per passenger-kilometer)
100

Rail

(203kJ/passenger-km)

340

Bus
(717kJ/passenger-km)

927

Marine(1,814kJ/passenger-km)

Passenger
Vehicle1,214(2,526kJ/passenger-km)

Air

1,158
(2,055kJ/passenger-km)

0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Note)
Index Rail =100
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

5) Energy intensity by type of transport (FY 2008)(Energy consumption per freight ton-kilometer)

100

Rail

(245kJ/ton-km)

343

Marine(958kJ/ton-km)

Freight
Vehicle

1,241(3,190kJ/ton-km)

8,695

Air
(21,864kJ/ton-km)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000Note)
Index Rail =100
Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2010)”

96
96

2. STANDARDS OF JUDGMENT
2.1 Standards of Judgment for Factories etc. on Rational Use of Energy(Announcement No.66 of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry on 31 March 2009)(Note) The following table is prepared based on “Standards of Judgment for business operators on the rational use ofenergy at factories etc.”.

Business operators should make the following efforts to appropriately manage
energy, while thoroughly manage energy by the factories, etc. and facilities indetail and comply with various standard for their factories, etc. Chain business
operators should do the same as above for factories, etc. they are affiliated with.
A. To promote a management system for efficient and effective energy
conservation as a whole.

Standards
Components

B. To place a person in charge of the management system.
C. To set policies on efforts for energy conservation, including targets andpolicies to install new facilities or replace existing ones.
D. To check and evaluate the policies on efforts and observance status, and to
make improvements based on the evaluation.
E. To regularly investigate the evaluation method of the policies on efforts andobservance status and to improve them, if necessary.
F. To grasp the situation, by creating, updating, and maintaining a documentthat describes the names, locations, and energy usage amounts related tofactories, etc.

TargetComponents-

Set a target to reduce energy consumption intensity of each factory, etc. orfactories, etc. as a whole by one percent or more on an annual average inmedium- and long-term.

-

Make technically and economically reasonable efforts to achieve the target
components.

-

Business operators specified in Table(8) shall make efforts to improve or
reduce benchmark indexes and make technically and economicallyreasonable efforts to bring these indexes to the level described in the table.

-

Chain business operators shall make efforts to achieve targets and measures
within the range of adhesive terms and conditions of the chain business.

-

Lessor and lessee shall cooperate to promote energy conservation activities
and make efforts to establish mechanisms, etc. to reflect effects to themethod of sharing monetary burden.

-

Business operators shall explore efforts to contribute to others' promotion ofenergy conservation through provision of technologies, advice, and coalitionof business, etc.

97(1) Items related to rational use of energy in factories, etc. that are exclusively used for office or other similar applications
1. Air-conditioning Facilities and Ventilation Facilities

Management(1) Management of air-conditioning facilities and ventilation facilities
A. Zone of air-conditioning shall be limited to reduce air-conditioning load and control operational time of
the facilities and indoor temperature, etc. [Management Manual] The temperature of air-conditioning
levels shall be referred to the government's recommended levels. [Management Manual]
B. For heat source facilities that burns (absorption chillers, Chilled/hot water generators, etc.), air ratio
shall be controlled. [Management Manual]
C. The heat source facilities, heat transfer facilities, air-conditioning facilities shall be managed in a waythat the efficiency will be comprehensively improved based on seasonal weather changes, etc.
[Management Manual]
D. The heat source facilities composed of multiple heat source facilities shall be managed in a way thatthe facilities efficiency will be comprehensively improved based on seasonal weather changes.
[Management Manual]
E. Multiple pumps of heat transfer facilities shall be managed in a way that the efficiency of facilities will
be comprehensively improved, such as by adjusting the number of units operating based on the loadchange, etc. [Management Manual]
F. The air-conditioning facilities composed of multiple air-conditioning units in one section shall be
managed in a way that the facilities efficiency will be comprehensively improved based on loadconditions, etc. [Management Manual]
G. Ventilation facilities and equipment shall be managed in a way that zone of ventilation is limited, andventilation volume, operational time, and temperature, etc. shall be managed. [Management Manual]Measurement& Recording(2) Measurement and recording related to air-conditioning facilities and ventilation facilities
A. The temperature and humidity levels, etc. shall be measured and recorded for each of the operationalzone. [Management Manual]
B. All factors that contribute to improvement of the facilities' collective efficiency and each unit's efficiency
shall be measured and recorded. [Management Manual]
C. Temperature and carbon dioxide concentration, etc. shall be measured and recorded for each
operational zone to grasp the condition of air and to improve ventilation efficiency.
[Management Manual]

Maintenance &Inspection(3) Maintenance and inspection of air-conditioning facilities and ventilation facilities
A. Air-conditioners shall be inspected and maintained to improve the each air-conditioner's efficiency andthe facilities' total efficiency improvement. [Management Manual]
B. The automatic controlling devices that are installed in the air-conditioning facilities and ventilation
facilities shall be inspected and maintained to keep in good condition. [Management Manual]
C. Ventilation facilities shall be inspected and maintained, including removing clogging, to keep the
efficiency of each unit and the facilities' total efficiency in a good condition. [Management Manual]

Necessary
Measureswhen Installing
New Facilities(4) Measures in installing new air-conditioning facilities and ventilation facilities
A. When installing new air-conditioning facilities, the following measures shall be enforced to improve theefficiency of energy use:(a) Each air-conditioner shall respond to the heat demand change and be independently controlled byeach operational area.
(b) High efficiency heat source such as heat pumps, etc. shall be introduced.
(c) High efficiency operation system such as controlling the number of the operational units, etc. shallbe introduced.
(d) Variable air volume and variable flow rate system such as controlling the number of rotation, etc.
shall be introduced.
(e) Total heat exchanger, outdoor air cooling control, water humidification shall be introduced.
(f)
The heat transfer facilities with large lifting height that receives heat from heat storage system andregional air-conditioning system shall introduce heat exchanger to reduce lifting height.
(g) When installing outdoor unit of an air-conditioner, insulation and ventilation conditions, etc. shall beconsidered.
(h) Measuring devices and sensors, etc. shall be installed in each air-conditioning section and BEMS
shall be introduced for appropriate control and analysis of air-conditioning.
B. Air-conditioning facilities and ventilation facilities that fall under specified equipment with energy
consumption efficiency higher than standard shall be introduced.
C. Facility architecture of ventilation facilities and equipment shall be able to respond to change of load.

Standards
Components-

Improvementof Existing
Facilities-

TargetComponents
New
Installation andUpdate ofFacilities-

Improvement of thermal insulation where air-conditioning is done shall be investigated. In addition,
shielding insulation shall be also investigated.
Reducing load of outside air processing by air-conditioning facilities shall be investigated. Introducing freecooling shall be investigated.
Introducing large temperature difference systems that can reduce air flow rate and circulation water
volume shall be investigated.
Improvement of thermal insulation of pipes and ducts shall be investigated.
For engines for ventilation, introducing air flow control shall be investigated.

Introducing heat storage heat pump system, gas cooling system, etc. for air- conditioning facilities shallbe investigated. In addition, when both cooling and heating exist, introducing heat recovery system shallbe investigated. Furthermore, introducing heat recover heat pumps and exhaust heat driven heat source
units shall be investigated.

982. Items related to Boiler Facilities and Hot Water Supply Facilities(1) Management of boiler facilities and hot water supply facilities
A.

Air ratio shall be managed according to the boiler capacities and fuel types. [Management Manual]B.

Air ratio shall be reduced referencing the Table(1). [Standard]

C. For boiler facilities, pressure and temperature of steam etc. and operating hour shall be managed.
[Management Manual]
D. Quality of water supplied to boilers shall be managed. [Management Manual]E.

For multiple boilers, number of units operated shall be managed for comprehensive efficiency. [Management Manual]F.

For hot water supply facilities, areas to supply water shall be limited according to seasons and work, and temperatureand pressure, etc. of the supplied hot water shall be managed. [Management Manual]

G. The heat source facilities for hot water supply facilities shall be managed in a way that the comprehensive efficiencyof the facilities including the heat source units and pumps, etc. is increased according to change of load.
[Management Manual]
H. Hot water supply facilities composed of multiple heat source units shall be managed in a way that the comprehensive
efficiency is increased according to change of load by adjusting the number of units operated. [Management Manual](2) Measurement and recording related to boiler facilities and hot water supply facilities
A.

For boiler facilities, fuel supply, steam pressure, temperature of hot water, residual oxygen content in exhaust gas,
temperature of exhaust gas, water volume supplied by boilers, etc. shall be measured and recorded.
[Management Manual]B.

For hot water supply facilities, supplied water volume, temperature of supplied hot water, etc. shall be measured andrecorded. [Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection of boiler facilities and hot water supply facilities
A.

For boiler facilities, all factors that contribute to improvement of the facilities' efficiency shall be inspected andmaintained. [Management Manual]

B.

Boiler facilities shall be inspected and maintained to maintain thermal insulation and to prevent leak of steam fromsteam trap. [Management Manual]

C. Hot water supply facilities shall be inspected and maintained to maintain efficiency of supplying hot water and tomaintain automatic controlling devices in a good condition. [Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new boiler facilities and hot water supply facilities
A.

When the temperature of waste gas from the boiler facilities exceed the value indicated in Table(2), the waste heatshall be utilized. Waste heat from the steam drain shall be recovered and used.

B.

For boiler facilities, actual record and future trend of demand of steam, etc. shall be thoroughly investigated todetermine appropriate facility capacity. Economizers etc. shall be installed.

C. If change in load of boiler facilities is expected, high efficiency operation system such as controlling the number of theoperational units, etc. shall be introduced.
D. When installing new hot water supply facilities, the following measures shall be enforced to improve the efficiency ofenergy use:(a) Operation according to change of hot water supply load(b) Localizing system for sections where demand for hot water is low(c) Introduction of heat pump systems and/or heat source facilities with latent heat recovery
E.

Boiler facilities and hot water supply facilities that fall under specified equipment with energy consumption efficiency
higher than standard shall be introduced.

-

Efforts to lower air ratio of boiler facilities to the "target value" in Table(1) shall be made.

-Efforts to lower the waste gas temperature of boiler facilities to the "target value" in Table(2) shall be made to increase
waste heat recovery.

-

When hot water supply facilities are installed, improvement of efficiency such as introduction of both heat pump systemand condensing heat recovery method, etc shall be investigated.

99

(1) Items related to rational use of energy in factories, etc. that are exclusively used for office or other similar applications
3. Items related to Lighting Systems, Elevators, and Engine Facilities(1) Management of lighting systems and elevators
A.

Lighting systems shall be managed referring to the provisions specified in the JIS, etc.
Dimming and turning-off using dimmer control shall be managed.
[Management Manual]B.

Elevators shall be managed for limitation of floors to stop, the number of operational
units, etc. [Management Manual]Management

Measurement& Recording(2) Measurement and recording related to lighting systems-

For lighting systems, luminance of the workplace, etc. to be lighted shall be measured
and recorded. [Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection of lighting systems, elevators, and engine facilities

Maintenance &Inspection

A.

Lighting systems shall be inspected and maintained including cleaning andreplacement, etc. [Management Manual]B.

Elevators shall be inspected and maintained to reduce machine loss.
[Management Manual]

C. Engine facilities shall be inspected and maintained to reduce machine loss including
plumbing installations and mechanic parking facilities. [Management Manual] Liquid
machines such as pumps, etc. shall be inspected and maintained to prevent leaks andpipes, etc. shall be inspected and maintained to reduce resistance.
[Management Manual]Standards
Components(4) Measures in installing new lighting systems and elevators
A.

When installing a new lighting system, the following measures shall be enforced
referring to the items related to lighting system of the standards of judgment forbuildings to improve the efficiency of energy use:(a) Energy conserving facilities such as fluorescent lighting using inverters, etc. shallbe considered for the installation.
(b) High efficiency lamps such as HID lamps, etc. shall be introduced.
(c) Maintenance factors such as cleaning, etc. shall be considered for the installation.

Necessary
Measureswhen Installing
New Facilities(d) Comprehensive energy efficiency factors including efficiency of lighting circuits orlighting fixtures, etc. shall be considered.
(e) For places where natural lighting can be used, separate circuits shall beconsidered for the installation.
(f)
B.

Installation of motion sensors, utilization of timers, and coordination withmaintenance facilities shall be considered.

Machineries, office equipment, and commercial equipment relating to lighting systems
that fall under specified equipment with energy consumption efficiency higher thanstandard shall be introduced.

C. For elevators, efficiency of energy use shall be improved referring to the items related
to elevators of the standards of judgment for buildings.

Improvementof Existing
Facilities-

For escalators, efficient operation by motion sensors, etc. shall be considered.

-

Selecting lighting systems with dimming capability or adopting automatic controllingsystem of lighting or luminance offset lighting shall be considered.

-

Adopting LED (light-emitting diode) lighting systems shall be considered.

TargetComponents
New
Installation andUpdate ofFacilities1004. Items related to Power Receiving and Transforming Facilities and BEMS

(1) Management of power receiving and transforming facilities
A.

Transformers and uninterruptible power systems shall be managed by adjusting the number of operating units andappropriate load dispatch so that the comprehensive efficiency is improved. [Management Manual]

B.

Phase advance capacitors, etc. shall be managed so that the phase factor at the receiving end shall be 95% orhigher. [Management Manual](2) Measurement and recording related to power receiving and transforming facilities-

Power consumption, voltage and current, etc. of the power receiving and transforming facilities shall be measured
and recorded. [Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection of power receiving and transforming facilities-

Power receiving and transforming facilities shall be inspected and maintained to keep in good condition.
[Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new power receiving and transforming facilities and BEMS
A.

When introducing power receiving and transforming facilities, equipment with low energy loss shall be adopted,
actual record and future trend of power demand shall be investigated, and layout of power receiving and transforming
facilities, power distribution voltages, and facility capacities shall be optimized.

B.

Power receiving and transforming facilities that fall under specified equipment with energy consumption efficiency
higher than standard shall be introduced.

C. Introducing BEMS shall be considered.

-

Energy management shall be enforced as time-series, considering past result to grasp consumption trend.

-

Comprehensive energy conservation control including air-conditioning facilities and electrical facilities, etc. shall beconsidered.

-

Grasping deterioration of equipment and facilities and timing of maintenance, etc. shall be considered.

-

Keeping the power factor at the receiving end 98% or higher shall be considered.(refer to Table(6) for equipment to be
applied)-Introducing motors with higher efficiency than the "target value" in Table(7) shall be considered.

101(1) Items related to rational use of energy in factories, etc. that are exclusively used for office or other similar applications
5. Items related to Dedicated Power Generation Facilities and Cogeneration Facilities(1) Management of dedicated power generation facilities and cogeneration facilities
A.

Proper operational management shall be achieved for high efficiency of the facilities.
[Management Manual] Facilities that are in parallel operation shall be managed toappropriately distribute load so that the comprehensive efficiency is improved.
[Management Manual]

B.

Operation of cogeneration facilities shall be controlled so that the comprehensive
efficiency is improved according to load increases and decreases.
[Management Manual]Management

Measurement& Recording(2) Measurement and recording related to dedicated power generation facilities andcogeneration facilities-

All factors that contribute to improvement of the facilities' collective efficiency
including accessories, etc. shall be measured and recorded. [Management Manual]Standards
Components
Maintenance &Inspection(3) Maintenance and inspection of dedicated power generation facilities and cogeneration
facilities-

Facilities shall be inspected and maintained to keep in the condition with high thermal
efficiency including accessories, etc. [Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new dedicated power generation facilities and cogeneration
facilities
Necessary
Measureswhen Installing
New Facilities

A.

The actual result and future trends of electricity demand shall be considered and thefacilities shall have optimal capacity size.

B.

The generation efficiency of new dedicated power generation facilities shall not besignificantly lower than the level of the annual average generation efficiency of thedomestic power generation facilities.

C. The actual result and future trends of electricity and heat demands shall beconsidered and the facilities shall have optimal capacity size.

Improvementof Existing
Facilities
TargetComponents

New
Installation andUpdate ofFacilities-

Installing cogeneration facilities shall be considered.

102

6. Items related to Office Equipment
and Commercial Equipment

7. Items related to Industrial
Equipment

8. Items related to
Other Rational
Use of Energy(1) Management of industrial equipment(1) Management of office equipment-

Office equipment shall be
managed to prevent unnecessary
operation, etc.

Industrial equipments including
kitchen equipment and industrial
refrigerators, etc. shall be managed
for required items including
seasons, days of the week, timeslots, loads, non-operational hours,
etc. [Management Manual](2) Measurement and recording related toindustrial equipment(2) N/A(3) Maintenance and inspection of
office equipment
Office equipment shall beinspected and maintained as
required.

-

All factors that contribute tounderstanding and improvement ofoperation of the professional use
equipment shall be measured andrecorded. [Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection ofindustrial equipment-

Industrial equipment shall beinspected and maintained to keep
in good condition.
[Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new
professional use equipment(4) Measures in installing new officeequipment and commercial
equipment
Office equipment and commercial
equipment that fall under
specified equipment with energy
consumption efficiency higher
than standard shall be introduced.

A.

Industrial equipment with highenergy efficiency shall be selected.

B.

For equipments that produce heat,
limiting air-conditioning zones,
restricting outdoor air, and directemission of heat to outside of
air-conditioned zones shall beconsidered.

C. Industrial equipment that fall under
specified equipment with energy
consumption efficiency higher thanstandard shall be introduced.

-

For automatic vending machines,
stopping operation during
non-selling hours shall beconsidered.

103

Lessor and lessee
shall cooperate topromote energy
conservation
activities. Lessor
shall provide lessee
with information onenergy consumption(measured values or
estimated figures)(2) Items related to rational use of energy in factories
1. Rationalization of Fuel Combustion(1) Management of fuel combustion

Management

A.

Air ratio shall be managed according to the type of fuel combustion facility and fueltypes. [Management Manual]B.

Air ratio of the facility shall be reduced referencing Table(1). [Standard]

C. For multiple facilities, the total thermal efficiency shall be managed by adjusting theload. [Management Manual]
D. Operational conditions shall be managed according to fuel properties.
[Management Manual]Standards
Components
Measurement& Recording

Maintenance &Inspection

Necessary
Measureswhen Installing
New Facilities

Improvementof Existing
Facilities(2) Measurement and recording related to fuel combustion-

Amount of supplied fuel, temperature of exhaust gas, residual oxygen present inexhaust gas, etc. shall be measured and recorded. [Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection of combustion facilities-

The combustion facilities shall be maintained and inspected to keep in goodcondition. [Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new combustion facilities
A.

The combustion equipments shall be able to adjust the fuel amount and air ratio
according to the load change.

B.

The ventilation system shall be able to adjust the airflow rate and combustion
chamber pressure.

-

Efforts to lower air ratio to the "target value" in Table(1) shall be made.

-For combustion equipments such as burners, etc. adopting facilities that are able toadjust the fuel amount and air ratio shall be considered.

-

For ventilation facilities, adopting facilities that are able to adjust the airflow rate, etc.
shall be considered.

-

For combustion controlling equipment, adopting equipment that is able to control air
ratio shall be considered.

-

When replacing or newly installing burners, adopting regenerative burners shall beconsidered.

-

Measurement devices shall be installed for each combustion facility, and appropriate
combustion management shall be enforced by using computers.

TargetComponents

New
Installation andUpdate ofFacilities

1042. Rationalization of Heating, Cooling, and Heat Transfer (2-1) Heating Equipment, etc.
(1) Management of heating, cooling, and heat transfer
A.

For the facilities using heat media, the temperature, pressure, and volume of the medium shall be controlled.
[Management Manual]B.

For industrial furnaces, the thermal efficiency shall be improved to improve the heat patterns.
[Management Manual]

C. The amount of heated or cooled objects and the positioning inside the furnace shall be managed to prevent overloads
or under loads. [Management Manual]
D. When multiple facilities are used, the loads shall be adjusted to maximize the comprehensive efficiency.
[Management Manual]E.

For repetitive processes, the waiting time between processes shall be reduced. [Management Manual]F.

Intermittent operation shall be streamlined. [Management Manual]

G. Quality of water supplied to boilers shall be managed. [Management Manual]
H. For steam facilities, valves shall be shut off when not in use.
I.

Dryness of steam in heating facilities shall be kept at an appropriate level.

J.

Factors related to heating, including heated or cooled objects, heat media, etc. shall be managed.
[Management Manual](2) Measurement and recording related to heating-

The temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc. of heat media, such as steam, etc. used for heated or cooled objects shallbe measured and recorded. [Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection of heating facilities-

Heat-transferring parts shall be maintained and inspected including removal of soot, dust, and scale, etc. of boilers
and heat exchangers, etc. and prevention of deterioration of heat transfer performance, etc. [Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new heating facilities
A.

Materials with high thermal conductivity shall be used for heat exchanging parts.

B.

Heat exchangers shall be aligned appropriately to improve comprehensive thermal efficiency.

-

Increasing dryness of steam shall be considered.

-

Improving emissivity of walls, etc. of industrial furnaces shall be considered.

-

Improving heat conductivity of heat-transfer surfaces shall be considered.

-

Using materials with high heat conductivity for heat exchanging parts shall be considered.

-

Directly heating heated objects shall be considered.

-

Increasing the stages of multiple-effect evaporators shall be considered.

-

Increasing the efficiency of distillation tower shall be considered.

-

Improving comprehensive thermal efficiency of heat exchangers shall be considered.

-

Combination of industrial furnaces that enables multistep utilization of heat shall be considered.

-

Efforts to improve the method to control heating facilities shall be made.

-Serialization, integration, cut down, and partial elimination of heating processes shall be considered.

-

Preliminary processing of heated materials shall be considered.

-Heating using vacuum steam media shall be considered.

-

When installing facilities that use heat such as boilers, etc., distributed arrangement and installing heat storage facilities
shall be considered.

-

When installing heating facilities, adopting facilities with high thermal efficiency shall be considered.

105

(2) Items related to rational use of energy in factories
2. Rationalization of Heating, Cooling, and Heat Transfer(2-2) Air Conditioning Facilities and Hot Water Supply Facilities

Management(1) Management of air-conditioning facilities and hot water supply facilities
A.
For air-conditioning to maintain manufacturing and workplace environment, air-conditioned zones shall belimited to lower air-conditioning load, and operation conditions shall be managed. [Management Manual]
B. Zone of air-conditioning in the factories and offices, etc. shall be limited to reduce air-conditioning load andcontrol operational time of the facilities and indoor temperature, etc. [Management Manual] The temperature of
air-conditioning levels shall be referred to the government's recommended levels. [Management Manual]
C. The heat source facilities, heat transfer facilities and air-conditioning facilities shall be managed in a way thatthe efficiency will be comprehensively improved based on seasonal weather changes, etc.
[Management Manual]
D. The heat source facilities composed of multiple heat source facilities shall be managed in a way that thefacilities efficiency will be comprehensively improved based on seasonal weather changes, etc.
[Management Manual]
E. Multiple pumps of heat transfer facilities shall be managed in a way that the efficiency of facilities will becomprehensively improved, such as by adjusting the number of units operating based on the load change, etc.
[Management Manual]F.
The air-conditioning facilities composed of multiple air-conditioning units in one section shall be managed in a
way that the facilities efficiency will be comprehensively improved based on load conditions, etc.
[Management Manual]
G. For hot water supply facilities, areas to supply water shall be limited according to seasons and work, andtemperature and pressure, etc. of the supplied hot water shall be managed. [Management Manual]H.
The heat source facilities for hot water supply facilities shall be managed in a way that the comprehensive
efficiency of the facilities including the heat source units and pumps, etc. is increased according to change ofload. [Management Manual]I.
Hot water supply facilities composed of multiple heat source units shall be managed in a way that thecomprehensive efficiency is increased according to change of load by adjusting the number of units operated.
[Management Manual]Measurement& Recording(2) Measurement and recording related to air-conditioning facilities and hot water supply facilities
A.
The temperature and humidity levels, etc. shall be measured and recorded for each of the operational zone.
[Management Manual]
B. All factors that contribute to improvement of the facilities' collective efficiency and each unit's efficiency shall bemeasured and recorded. [Management Manual]
C. For hot water supply facilities, all factors that contribute to improvement of the efficiency as well as the volume
and temperature, etc. shall be measured and recorded. [Management Manual]Standards
Components
Maintenance &Inspection

Necessary
Measureswhen Installing
New Facilities(3) Maintenance and inspection of air-conditioning facilities and hot water supply facilities
A.
Air-conditioners shall be inspected and maintained to improve the each air-conditioner's efficiency and thefacilities' total efficiency improvement. [Management Manual]B.
Hot water supply facilities shall be inspected and maintained to improve efficiency. [Management Manual]C.
Automatic controlling devices of air-conditioning and hot water supply facilities shall be inspected andmaintained. [Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new air-conditioning facilities and hot water supply facilities
A.
When installing new air-conditioning facilities, the following measures shall be enforced to improve theefficiency of energy use:(a) Each air-conditioner shall respond to the heat demand change and be independently controlled by each
operational zone.
(b) High efficiency heat source such as heat pumps, etc. shall be introduced.
(c) High efficiency operation system such as controlling the number of the operational units, etc. shall be
introduced.
(d) Variable air volume and variable flow rate system such as controlling the number of rotation, etc. shall be
introduced.
(e) Total heat exchanger, outdoor air cooling control, water humidification shall be introduced.
(f)
For facilities that produce heat, heat shall be directly emitted to outside of air-conditioned zones.
(g) Local air-conditioning, radiant heating, reduction of volume, etc. to be air-conditioned shall be considered.
(h) Gaps and openings of buildings shall be closed wherever possible.
(i)When installing outdoor unit of an air-conditioner, insulation and ventilation conditions, etc. shall beconsidered.
(j)Measurement devices, etc. required for improvement of efficiency shall be installed for each
air-conditioning zone; Air-conditioning shall be appropriately controlled and analyzed by introducing factory
energy management system, etc.
B.
When installing new hot water supply facilities, the following measures, etc. shall be enforced to improve theefficiency of energy use:(a) Operation according to change of hot water supply load(b) Localizing system for sections where demand for hot water is low(c) Introduction of heat pump systems and/or heat source facilities with latent heat recoveryC.
Air-conditioning facilities and hot water supply facilities that fall under specified equipment with energy
consumption efficiency higher than standard shall be introduced.
-

Improvementof Existing
Facilities-

TargetComponents
New
Installation andUpdate ofFacilities--

Improvement of thermal insulation where air-conditioning is done shall be investigated. In addition, shielding insulation
shall be also investigated.
Reducing load of outside air processing by air-conditioning facilities shall be investigated. Introducing free coolingshall be investigated.
Introducing large temperature difference systems that can reduce air flow rate and circulation water volume shall be
investigated.
Improvement of thermal insulation of pipes and ducts shall be investigated.
For engines for ventilation, introducing air flow control shall be investigated.
Introducing heat storage heat pump system, gas cooling system, etc. for air conditioning facilities shall be
investigated. In addition, when both cooling and heating exist, introducing heat recovery system shall be investigated.
Furthermore, introducing heat recover heat pumps and exhaust heat driven heat source units shall be investigated.
When hot water supply facilities are installed, improvement of efficiency such as introduction of both heat pumpsystem and condensing heat recovery method shall be investigated.
For hot water supply facilities used for heating or drying facilities, etc., heat pump systems and/or heat source facilities
with latent heat recovery shall be considered.

106

3. Waste Heat Recovery and Usage(2) Standards of waste heat recovery and usage
A.

Exhaust gas temperature or waste heat recovery rate shall be controlled according to the facility.
[Management Manual]

B.

Waste gas temperature and waste heat recovery rate shall be managed referencing Table(2) and (4). [Standard]

C. Temperature, volume, and property of steam drain shall be controlled. [Management Manual]
D. For recovery and utilization of sensible heat, latent heat, pressure, and combustible constituents of heated solid or
liquid, range of recovery shall be controlled. [Management Manual]E.

Waste heat shall be utilized in an appropriate manner according to its temperature and facilities operational
conditions, etc.

(3) Measurement and recording related to waste heat-

Temperature, heat quantity, components, etc. shall be measured and recorded to grasp situation of waste heat andpromote its utilization. [Management Manual](4) Maintenance and inspection of waste heat recovery facilities-

Waste heat recovery facilities shall be inspected and maintained including cleaning of the heat transfer surface, etc.
and prevention of heat media leakage, etc. [Management Manual](5) Measures in installing new waste heat recovery facilities
A.

Waste heat temperature of the flues and piping, etc. of the waste heat recovery facilities shall be maintained.

B.

Properties and shapes of heat transfer surfaces shall be improved to increase waste heat recovery rate; measures toincrease heat-transfer area, etc. shall be enforced.

-

Efforts shall be made to lower inlet temperature of coolers and condensers for efficient heat recovery.

-

Efforts to lower the waste gas temperature and to increase waste heat recovery rate to the "target value" in Table(2) and (4).

-Implementing measures to keep the waste heat temperature high in the flues, etc. shall be considered.

-

Measures to improve heat-transfer efficiency of waste heat recovery facilities shall be considered.

-

Methods to effectively utilize waste heat shall be investigated and considered.

-

Methods to utilize sensible heat, latent heat, pressure, etc. that heated solid has shall be considered.

-

Installing heat storage facilities for waste heat shall be considered.

107

(2) Items related to rational use of energy in factories
4. Rationalization of Conversion of Heat to Motive Power, etc.
(4-1) Dedicated Power Generation Facilities(1) Management of dedicated power generation facilities
A.

Proper operational management shall be achieved for high efficiency of the facilities.
[Management Manual] Facilities that are in parallel operation shall be managed toappropriately distribute load so that the comprehensive efficiency is improved.
[Management Manual]B.

If pressure can be lowered when partial load is put on the steam turbines of thermal
electricity plants, it shall be managed so that it is optimized. [Management Manual]Management

Measurement& Recording(2) Measurement and recording related to dedicated power generation facilities-

For dedicated power generation facilities, comprehensive efficiency shall bemeasured and recorded. [Management Manual]Standards
Components

Maintenance &Inspection(3) Maintenance and inspection of dedicated power generation facilities-

Dedicated power generation facilities shall be inspected and maintained so that thecomprehensive efficiency is maintained high. [Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new dedicated power generation facilities
Necessary
Measureswhen Installing
New Facilities

A.

The electricity demand and future trends shall be considered and the facilities shallhave optimal capacity size.

B.

The generation efficiency of new dedicated power generation facilities shall not besignificantly lower than the level of the annual average generation efficiency of thedomestic power generation facilities (Dedicated power generation facilities inelectricity suppliers shall have the highest level of gross efficiency among
general-purpose machines).

Improvementof Existing
Facilities
TargetComponents
New
Installation andUpdate ofFacilities

1084. Rationalization of Conversion of Heat to Motive Power, etc.
(4-2) Cogeneration Facilities(1) Management of cogeneration facilities
A.

Operation of cogeneration facilities shall be controlled so that the comprehensive efficiency is improved according toload increases and decreases. [Management Manual]

B.

When bleeding gas/back pressure turbines are used for cogeneration facilities, allowable minimum levels of bleedinggas/back pressure shall be controlled. [Management Manual](2) Measurement and recording related to cogeneration facilities
A.

The thermal efficiency shall be measured and recorded. [Management Manual]

B.

When operating turbines at minimum pressure, inlet and outlet pressures, bleeding gas pressure, back pressure, etc.
shall be measured and recorded. [Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection of cogeneration facilities-

Cogeneration facilities shall be inspected and maintained to keep in the condition with high thermal efficiency.
[Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new cogeneration facilities-

The actual result and future trends of electricity and heat demands shall be considered and the facilities shall have
optimal capacity size.

-

Modification of bleeding gas turbines or back pressure turbines to improve efficiency shall be considered.

-

When demand for steam or hot water is high and exhaust heat can be utilized enough in the future, installingcogeneration facilities shall be considered.

109

(2) Items related to rational use of energy in factories
5. Prevention of Energy Loss due to Radiation, Conduction, and Resistance, etc.
(5-1) Prevention of Heat Loss due to Radiation and Conduction, etc.

(1) Standards of thermal insulation

Management

Standards

Measurement& RecordingA.

The standards of heat-using facilities' heat insulation shall be compliant with
provisions of JIS, etc.

B.

Heat insulation shall be performed for newly installed industrial furnaces based on thetemperature of the external surface of the furnace wall specified in Table(5).
[Standard] For existing furnaces, heat insulation shall be performed based on thetemperature of the external surface of the furnace wall specified in Table(5), if
possible. [Standard](2) Measurement and recording related to heat loss-

Components

Each facility's temperature of external surfaces of furnace wall, heated objects, waste
gas, etc. shall be measured and recorded, and heat balance etc. shall be analyzed.
[Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection of heat-using facilities
Maintenance &Inspection

A.

Heat-using facilities shall be inspected and maintained for heat loss prevention
measures including thermal insulation work. [Management Manual]

B.

Facilities shall be inspected and maintained to maintain thermal insulation and toprevent leak of steam from steam trap. [Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new heat-using facilities

Necessary
Measureswhen Installing
New Facilities

A.

When installing new heat-using facilities, thermal insulation shall be improved byusing thicker heat insulation materials or materials with low heat conductivity, or
doubly-layered thermal insulation, etc., and fire-retardant heat insulation materials
shall have enough fire resistance.

B.

When installing new heat-using facilities, heat loss shall be prevented by reducing or
sealing openings of heat-using facilities, installing double doors, or insulation using air
flow, etc.

C. When installing new heat-using facilities, radiation area shall be reduced byrationalization of pipe arrangement rout for heat media.

Improvementof Existing
Facilities
TargetComponents-

Reduction of thermal capacity of carry-in wagons, etc. to industrial furnaces shall beconsidered.

-

Measures to improve thermal insulation properties of industrial furnaces to the "target
value" in Table(5) shall be considered.

-

Improving thermal insulation of heat-using facilities shall be considered.

-Prevention of heat loss from openings of heat-using facilities shall be considered.

-

Measures to prevent leakage of heat media shall be considered.

-

Reduction of radiation area pipes to transfer heat media shall be considered.

-

For open type facilities, etc. installing casing shall be considered.

New
Installation andUpdate ofFacilities1105. Prevention of Energy Loss due to Radiation, Conduction, and Resistance, etc.
(5-2) Prevention of Electricity Loss due to Resistance, etc.
(1) Management of power receiving and transforming facilities and power distribution facilities
A.

Transformers and uninterruptible power systems shall be managed by adjusting the number of operating units andappropriate load dispatch so that the comprehensive efficiency is improved. [Management Manual]

B.

Power receiving and transforming facilities shall be managed to have proper arrangement, to reduce the distributionlines and to have appropriate voltage. [Management Manual]

C. The power factor at the receiving end shall be set to 95% or higher based on the "standard" for Table(6), and thistarget shall be achieved by measures such as installing phase advance capacitors, etc.
D. Phase advance capacitors shall be managed to properly start/stop according to the facility to which they are installed.
[Management Manual]E.

When a single-phase load is connected to a three-phase load, voltage imbalance shall be prevented and controlled.
[Management Manual]

F.

Electricity-using facilities shall be operated to reduce the maximum current by equalizing the power consumption.
[Management Manual]

G. Electrical loss from power receiving and transforming facilities and power distribution facilities, etc. shall be reduced.
[Management Manual](2) Measurement and recording related to power receiving and transforming facilities and power distribution facilities-

Power consumption, voltage and current, etc. of the power receiving and transforming facilities and power distribution
facilities shall be measured and recorded. [Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection of power receiving and transforming facilities and power distribution facilities-

Power receiving and transforming facilities and power distribution facilities shall be inspected and maintained to keep
in good condition. [Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new power receiving and transforming facilities and power distribution facilities
A.

For power receiving and transforming facilities and power distribution facilities, the actual demand and future trendsof electricity demand shall be considered to determine the arrangement, distribution voltage and capacity of facilities.

B.

When introducing a new transformer, the transformer's energy efficiency shall comply with or higher than the levels
stipulated in the standards for manufacturers' standards of judgment, etc. for transformers performance.

-

Keeping the power factor at the receiving end 98% or higher shall be considered (refer to Table(6) for equipment to be
applied).

-Appropriate measurement management by grasping electricity consumption situation and by using computers, etc.
shall be considered.

-

Adopting high efficiency transformers, preferably at the standard energy consumption efficiency level of better, shall beconsidered.

111

(2) Items related to rational use of energy in factories
6. Rationalization of Conversion of Electricity to Motive Power, Heat, etc.
(6-1) Motor Applied Facilities, Electric Heaters, etc.
(1)

Management

Measurement& Recording

Motor applied facilities shall be capable of stopping operation when unnecessary in order to prevent
electrical loss due to motor's idle operation, taking into account of the relation with the power needed tostart operation. [Management Manual]

B.

When using multiple electrical motors, the number of operating motors and the load distribution shallbe appropriately adjusted so that the comprehensive efficiency of the entire electrical motors is high.
[Management Manual]C.

For fluid machines, pressure at the using end and delivery feed shall be investigated to manage thenumber of operating units and rotations, etc. [Management Manual] If variation of load change isconstant, measures such as change of pipe work and ducts, and impeller cut, etc. shall be considered.

D.

For electrical heating facilities of induction furnaces, etc., thermal efficiency shall be improved by
improving loading method of the heated object, reduction of electricity loss during unloaded operation,and insulation or waste heat recovery. [Management Manual]E.

Efficiency of electrolytic facilities shall be improved by appropriately managing distance between
electrodes, concentration of electrolytic solution, etc. [Management Manual]

F.

Electrical loss shall be lowered by managing the voltage and current, etc. of each energy-using facility.
[Management Manual](2) Measurement and recording related to motor applied facilities and electrical heating
facilities, etc.
-

Standards
Components(3)

Maintenance &Inspection

Necessary
Measureswhen Installing
New Facilities

Improvementof Existing
Facilities

TargetComponents
New
Installation andUpdate ofFacilities

Management of motor applied facilities and electric heaters, etc.

A.

For motor applied facilities, electrical heating facilities, etc., voltage and current, etc.
shall be measured and recorded. [Management Manual]
Maintenance and inspection of motor applied facilities and electrical heating facilities, etc.

A.

Motor applied facilities shall be inspected and maintained to reduce mechanical loss of the load
machine, the power transmission section, and the motor. [Management Manual]

B.

Fluid machines shall be inspected and maintained to prevent the fluid leakage and to reduce the pipe
resistance. [Management Manual]

C.

Electrical heating facilities, etc. shall be inspected and maintained to reduce the resistance loss of thewire connections and contact parts of switches, etc. [Management Manual](4) Measures in installing new motor applied facilities-

For the motor applied facilities where frequent load change is expected, the facilities
shall be configured to enable an operation easily adjustable based on the load
fluctuations.

-

Installing electric machineries whose capacities are suitable for the required output
shall be considered.

-

For escalators, etc., efficient operation by motion sensors, etc. shall be considered.

-

For automatic vending machines, stopping operation during non-selling hours shallbe considered.

-

Introducing motors with higher efficiency than the "target value" in Table(7) shall beconsidered.

-

For motor facilities, installing equipment to control rotation shall be considered.

-Electrical heating facilities shall be introduced after comparing heating methods otherthan electricity. Electrical heating facilities with appropriate heating method shall be
introduced according to the temperature level.

-

Distributed arrangement of compact air compressors and blower fans for low
pressure application shall be considered.

112

Factory Energy
Management
System

6. Rationalization of Conversion of Electricity to Motive Power, Heat, etc.
(6-2) Lighting Systems, Elevators, Office Equipment, and Commercial Equipment(1) Management of lighting systems, elevators, and office equipment
A.

Lighting systems shall be managed referring to the provisions specified in the JIS,
etc. Dimming and turning-off using dimmer control shall be managed.
[Management Manual]B.

Elevators shall be managed for limitation of floors to stop and the number ofoperational units, etc. [Management Manual]

C. Office equipment shall be turned off when unnecessary and low power mode shall be
configured.

(2) Measurement and recording related to lighting systems-

For lighting systems, luminance of the workplace, etc. to be lighted shall bemeasured and recorded. [Management Manual](3) Maintenance and inspection of lighting systems, elevators, and office equipment
A.

Lighting systems shall be inspected and maintained including cleaning andreplacement, etc.
[Management Manual]B.

Elevators shall be inspected and maintained to reduce machine loss.
[Management Manual]

C. Office equipment shall be regularly inspected and maintained as required.
(4) Measures in installing new lighting systems, elevators, office equipment, and commercial equipment
A. When installing a new lighting system, the following measures shall be enforced referring to the items
related to lighting system of the standards of judgment for buildings to improve the efficiency of energyuse:(a) Energy conserving facilities such as fluorescent lighting using inverters, etc. shall be considered
for the installation.
(b) High efficiency lamps such as HID lamps, etc. shall be introduced.
(c) Maintenance factors such as cleaning, etc. shall be considered for the installation.
(d) Comprehensive energy efficiency factors including efficiency of lighting circuits or lighting fixtures,etc. shall be considered.
(e) For places where natural lighting can be used, separate circuits shall be considered for the
installation.
(f) Installation of motion sensors, utilization of timers, and coordination with maintenance facilities
shall be considered.
B. For elevators, efficiency of energy use shall be improved referring to the items related to elevators of
the standards of judgment for buildings.
C. Machineries, office equipment, and commercial equipment relating to lighting systems that fall under
specified equipment with energy consumption efficiency higher than standard shall be introduced.

--

Energy management
shall be enforced as
time-series, considering
past results to grasp
consumption trend.

-

Comprehensive energy
conservation control
including combustion
facilities, heat-using
facilities, waste heatrecovery facilities,
cogeneration facilities,
electricity-using facilities,
air-conditioning facilities,
ventilation facilities, andhot water supply
facilities, etc. shall beconsidered.

-

Grasping deterioration ofequipment and facilities
and timing ofmaintenance, etc. shallbe considered.

For escalators, efficient operation by motion sensors, etc. shall be considered.

-

Selecting lighting systems with dimming capability or adopting automatic controlling systemof lighting shall be considered.

-

Adopting LED (light-emitting diode) lighting systems shall be considered.

113

Table : Standards and Target Values for Operating Equipment in
Factories etc.
(1) Air ratios for boilers
Classification

Air ratio
Solid fuelByproduced
gas such as
Item
Gas fuel
blast furnace
gasStandard For electric utility *75-1001.05-1.2 1.05-1.1
1.0
General30t/h or more
50-1001.3-1.45
1.2-1.45
1.1-1.25
1.1-1.2
1.2-1.3
boilers
10 to less than 30t/h 50-100
1.3-1.45
1.2-1.45
1.15-1.3 1.15-1.3(evaporation 5 to less than 10/t
50-1001.2-1.3
1.2-1.3
volume)Less than 5t/h
50-1001.2-1.3
1.2-1.3
Small once-through boilers
100
1.3-1.45 1.25-1.4
Target For electric utility *75-1001.05-1.1 1.05-1.1
1.15-1.2
General30t/h or more
50-1001.2-1.3
1.2-1.25 1.05-1.15 1.05-1.15
1.2-1.3
boilers
10 to less than 30t/h 50-100
1.2-1.3
1.2-1.25 1.15-1.25 1.15-1.25(evaporation 5 to less than 10/t
50-1001.15-1.3 1.15-1.25
volume)Less than 5t/h
50-1001.15-1.3 1.15-1.25
Small once-through boilers
100
1.25-1.4 1.2-1.35* The classification "for electric utility" above refers to boilers installed by electric power companies for power generation.
Load factor
Liquid fuel(%)
Fixed bed Fluidized bed< Standard >Note 1：The standard values of air ratio mentioned in the table above define those to be obtained inmeasurements at the boiler outlet when fired at a constant level of load after regularinspection and in a stable state.
Note 2：Turbine load factor shall be used for boilers installed for power generation, and the loadfactor of the boiler itself for those installed for other purposes.
Note 3：The air ratio value of each boiler should be calculated using the following expression.
Round the result to one decimal place if the corresponding standard value as defined
above is significant down to the first decimal, and to two decimal places if it is significant
down to the second decimal.
Air ratio = 21/[21 - (Oxygen concentration in the exhaust emission in percentage)]
Note 4：As to the pulverized coal fired boiler included in the fixed bed solid fuel types, standard
air ratio values of 1.15-1.3 shall apply to electric utilities, and 1.2-1.3 to otherapplications (those having the quantity of evaporation of 30 t/h or more, and of 10 toless than 30 t/h only).

< Target >Note 1：The target values of air ratio mentioned in the table above define those to be obtained inmeasurements at the boiler outlet when fired at a constant level of load after regularinspection and in a stable state.
Note 2：Refer to Notes 2 and 3 of the above < Standard > for calculation of load factor and air ratio.
Note 3：As to the pulverized coal fired boiler included in the fixed bed solid fuel types, target air
ratio values of 1.15-1.25 shall apply to electric utilities, and 1.2-1.25 to other applications(those having the quantity of evaporation of 30 t/h or more, and of 10 to less than 30 t/honly).
Note 4：Target air ratio values shall be 1.2-1.3 for boilers firing black liquor at a load factor between
50 and 100%.

114
114

(2) Waste gas temperatures for boilers

Classification

Waste gas temperature
Solid fuelByproduced
Load factor
gas such as
Item
Liquid fuel Gas fuel(%)
blast furnace
Fixed bed Fluidized bed
gasStandard For electric utility *75-100145
110
200
General30t/h or more
50-100
200
200
200
170
200
boilers
10 to less than 30t/h 50-100
250
200
200
170
(evaporation 5 to less than 10/t
50-100220
200
volume)Less than 5t/h
50-100250
220
Small once-through boilers
100
250
220
Target For electric utility *75-100135
110190
General30t/h or more
50-100
180
170
160
140
190
boilers
10 to less than 30t/h 50-100
180
170
160
140
(evaporation 5 to less than 10/t
50-100300
180160
volume)Less than 5t/h
50-100320200180Small once-through boilers
100
200
180
* The classification "for electric utility" above refers to boilers installed by electric power companies for power generation.
< Standard >* The classification “for electric utility” above refers to boilers installed by electric power companies
for power generation.
Note 1：The standard values of waste gas temperature mentioned in the table above define those to beobtained in measurements at the boiler outlet when fired at 100% of load factor (turbine loadfactor shall be used for boilers installed for power generation, and the load factor of theboiler itself for those installed for other applications) after regular inspection, with its inlet
air temperature set at 20ºC. The boiler outlet may be the outlet of a waste heat recovery plantor a flue gas treatment system for environmental protection if such equipment is in use.
Note 2：As to the pulverized coal fired boiler included in the fixed bed solid fuel types, standard
waste gas temperature values of 150ºC shall apply to electric utilities, and 200ºC to otherapplications (those having the quantity of evaporation of 30 t/h or more, and of 10 toless than 30 t/h only).

< Target >Note 1：The target values of waste gas temperature mentioned in the table above define those to beobtained in measurements at the boiler outlet when fired at 100% of load factor (turbine loadfactor shall be used for boilers installed for power generation, and the load factor of theboiler itself for those installed for other applications) after regular inspection, with its inlet
air temperature set at 20ºC. The boiler outlet may be the outlet of a waste heat recovery plantor a flue gas treatment system for environmental protection if such equipment is in use.
Note 2：As to the pulverized coal fired boiler included in the fixed bed solid fuel types, target waste
gas temperature values of 140ºC shall apply to electric utilities, and 160ºC to otherapplications (those having the quantity of evaporation of 30 t/h or more, and of 10 to lessthan 30 t/h only).
Note 3：Target waste gas temperature values shall be 180ºC for boilers firing black liquor.

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115

(3) Air ratios for industrial furnaces
Gas fuel
Liquid fuelItem
Continuous Intermittent Continuous Intermittent
type
type
type
type
Standard Melting furnace for metal forging
1.25
1.35
1.3
1.4
Continuous reheating furnace (billet, bloom, slab)
1.20
1.25
Metal heating furnace other the above
1.25
1.35
1.25
1.35
Metal heat treatment furnace
1.20
1.25
1.25
1.3
Oil heating furnace
1.20
1.25
Thermal decomposition furnace and reforming furnace
1.20
1.25
Cement kiln
1.30
1.3
*1
Coal kiln
1.30
1.35
1.3
1.35
*1
Drying furnace
1.25
1.45
1.3
1.5
*2
Target Melting furnace for metal forging
1.05-1.20 1.05-1.25 1.05-1.25 1.05-1.30
Continuous reheating furnace (billet, bloom, slab)
1.05-1.15
1.05-1.20
Metal heating furnace other than the above
1.05-1.20 1.05-1.30 1.05-1.20 1.05-1.30
Metal heat treatment furnace
1.05-1.15 1.05-1.25 1.05-1.20 1.05-1.30
Oil heating furnace
1.05-1.20
1.05-1.25
Thermal decomposition furnace and reforming furnace 1.05-1.20
1.05-1.25
Cement kiln
1.05-1.25
1.05-1.25*1Coal kiln
1.05-1.25 1.05-1.35 1.05-1.25 1.05-1.35 *1
Drying furnace
1.05-1.25 1.05-1.45 1.05-1.30 1.05-1.50 *2*1 Value of liquid fuel in case pulverized coal firing*2 Burner portion only

< Standard >Note 1：The standard values of air ratio mentioned in the table above define those to be obtained inmeasurements at the exhaust port of kiln or furnace when fired at a level of load around therated after inspection and repair.
Note 2：Standard values for liquid fuel types shall apply to industrial furnaces that use by-productgases such as blast furnace gas as fuel.

< Target >Note 1：The target values of air ratio mentioned in the table above define those to be obtained inmeasurements at the exhaust port of kiln or furnace when fired at a level of load around therated after inspection and repair.
Note 2：Target values for liquid fuel types shall apply to industrial furnaces that use by-product gases
such as blast furnace gas as fuel.

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116

(4) Standard and target rates of waste heat recovery for industrial furnaces(including waste gas temperatures for reference)

Reference

Exhaust gas
temperature(℃)

Capacity
category

Standard waste
heat recovery
rate %

Target waste
heat recovery
rate (%)

Less than 500

A ・B

25

35

500 - 600

A ・B

25

35

335

230

A

35

40

365

305

B

30

35

400

270

C

25

30

435

230

A

35

40

420

350

B

30

35

460

310

C

25

30

505

265

A

40

45

435

440

B

30

40

480

395

C

25

35

525

345

A

45

55

385

595

B

35

45

485

490

C

30

40

535

440

A

45

55

-

-

B

35

45

-

-

C

30

40

-

-

600 - 700

700 - 800

800 - 900

900-1,000

1,000 or more

Waste gas
temperature (℃)

Preheated air (℃)

275

190

* In the above table, A refers to the furnaces with the rated capacity of 84,000 MJ per hour or
more. And B includes the furnaces with the rated capacity from 21,000MJ per hour or more toless than 84,000MJ. Finally, C refers to the furnaces that have the hourly rated capacity from
840MJ or more to less than 21,000MJ.
< Standard >Note 1：The standard waste heat recovery rates mentioned in the table above define the percentage ofrecovered heat in relation to sensible heat of the exhaust gas emitted from the furnacechamber when fired at a level of load around the rated.
< Target >Note 1：The target waste heat recovery rates mentioned in the table above define the percentage ofrecovered heat in relation to sensible heat of the exhaust gas emitted from the furnacechamber when fired at a level of load around the rated.
Note 2：The waste gas and preheated air temperature values indicated above as reference are thoseresulting from calculations of waste gas temperatures during waste heat recovery at thecorresponding target rates and air temperatures during preheating using such recovered heat.
The values have been calculated based on the following conditions:(i) Temperature drop due to heat radiation-diffusion loss between furnace outlet and heatexchanger: 60ºC(ii) Heat radiation-diffusion rate from heat exchanger: 5%(iii) Use of liquid fuel (equivalent to heavy oil)(iv) Outside air temperature: 20ºC(v) Air ratio: 1.2

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117

(5) Standard values and target values of furnace wall outer surface temperatures(for industrial furnaces with furnace temperatures of 500℃ and higher)
Furnace wall outer surface temperature (℃)
ItemStandard

TargetFurnace temperature (℃)
Ceiling

Side wall

Bottom in contact with open air

1,300 or more

140

120

180

1,100-1,300

125

110

145

900-1,100

110

95

120

Less than 900

90

80

100

1,300 or more

120

110

160

1,100-1,300

110

100

135

900-1,100

100

90

110

Less than 900

80

70

90

< Standard >Note 1：The standard values of furnace wall outer surface temperature mentioned in the table
above define the average temperature of furnace wall outer surface (except specificparts) during its normal, steady operation at an outside air temperature of 20ºC.
< Target >Note 1：The target values of furnace wall outer surface temperature mentioned in the table above
define the average temperature of furnace wall outer surface (except specific parts) during
its normal, steady operation at an outside air temperature of 20ºC.

(6) Standard value and target value of power factor< Standard >The standard value of power factor at the power receiving end is 95% or more.
< Target >The target value of power factor at the power receiving end is 98% or more and it is applied to theequipment listed below and electric power substation facilities.
Equipment nameCage-type induction motor
Coil-type induction motor
Induction furnace
Vacuum melting furnace
Induction heater
Arc furnace
Flash butt welder (excluding portable type)
Arc welder (excluding portable type)
Rectifier

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118

Capacity (kW)more than 75
more than 100
more than 50
more than 50
more than 50
more than 10
more than 10
more than 10,000

(7) Target efficiencies of high efficiency motors① Totally enclosed types ( 0.2 – 160 kW)
Output
(kW)
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.5
2.2
3.7
5.5
7.5
11.0
15.0
18.5
22.0
30.0
37.0
45.0
55.0
75.0
90.0
110.0
132.0
160.0

2-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
70.0
71.0
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.5
83.0
84.0
84.5
85.5
87.0
87.5
88.0
88.5
88.5
89.0
90.0
90.2
90.0
90.2
90.6
91.0
91.0
91.0
91.4
91.7
92.1
92.4
92.4
92.7
92.7
93.0
93.6
93.6
94.3
94.5
94.3
94.5
94.8
95.0
94.8
95.0

Efficiency Values (%)
4-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
72.0
74.0
76.0
78.0
80.5
82.5
82.5
84.0
85.5
87.0
86.0
87.5
88.5
89.5
88.5
89.5
90.2
91.0
90.6
91.0
91.7
92.4
91.7
92.4
92.4
93.0
92.4
93.0
92.7
93.0
93.3
93.6
94.1
94.5
94.1
94.5
94.1
94.5
94.5
95.0
94.8
95.0

6-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
73.0
76.0
78.5
80.0
83.0
84.5
84.5
86.0
86.0
87.0
88.0
89.0
88.5
89.5
89.5
90.2
89.5
90.2
91.0
91.7
91.0
91.7
91.7
92.4
91.7
92.4
92.4
93.0
93.3
93.6
93.6
94.1
93.9
94.1
94.5
95.0
94.5
95.0
94.5
95.0

Efficiency Values (%)
4-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
80.0
82.0
82.0
84.0
85.0
86.5
86.0
87.5
87.5
88.5
88.5
89.5
90.0
90.6
90.2
91.0
90.6
91.4
91.4
92.1
91.7
92.1
92.1
92.4
92.1
92.7
92.4
93.0
92.7
93.3
93.0
93.6
93.3
93.6
93.3
93.9
93.6
94.5

6-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
78.0
80.0
82.0
84.0
84.0
85.5
85.5
87.0
87.0
88.5
88.0
89.0
89.0
90.0
89.5
90.6
90.6
91.4
91.0
91.7
91.4
92.1
91.7
92.4
92.1
92.7
92.4
93.0
92.4
93.0
92.7
93.3
93.0
93.6
93.3
93.9
93.6
94.1

② Protected type (0.75 – 160 kW)
Output
(kW)
0.75
1.5
2.2
3.7
5.5
7.5
11.0
15.0
18.5
22.0
30.0
37.0
45.0
55.0
75.0
90.0
110.0
132.0
160.0

2-poles
50Hz
60Hz
200V or
220V or
400V
440V
77.5
78.5
83.0
84.0
83.0
84.0
85.0
85.5
87.0
87.5
88.0
88.5
89.0
89.5
89.5
90.2
90.6
91.0
90.6
91.0
91.0
91.4
91.4
91.7
91.7
92.1
92.1
92.4
92.4
92.7
92.7
93.0
93.0
93.3
93.3
93.6
93.9
94.1

Note：Efficiency values shall be measured according to the procedures set forth in Section 7.3 - “Efficiency
Test” of JIS C 4212 titled “High-efficiency, Low Voltage Three-phase Squirrel Cage Induction
Motors,” by applying the tolerance values provided in its Section 4.2 - “Applicable Tolerances.”

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119

(8) Benchmark index and medium- and long-term target level
Classification
1A

1B

1C

Business Field

Benchmark Index
The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the blast furnaces for(business to manufacture pig iron using blast steel business
B : Amount of raw steel
furnaces to manufacture products)

Iron manufacturing using blast
furnaces

Common steel manufacturing using
electrical furnaces

Sum of (1) and (2)Special steel manufacturing using
electrical furnaces

Sum of (1) and (2)0.143 kL/t or less

(1) The value obtained by A/B(business to manufacture pig iron using
electrical furnaces to manufacture rolled steel A : Energy consumption in the process to
products, excluding iron manufacturing using manufacture raw steel using electrical furnaces
B : Amount of raw steel
blast furnaces)(2) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the process to
manufacture rolled common steel products frombilletB : Amount of rolled steel
0.36 kL/t or less

(1) The value obtained by A/B(business to manufacture pig iron using
A : Energy consumption in the process toelectrical furnaces to manufacture special
steel products (rolled special steel products, manufacture raw steel using electrical furnaces
B : Amount of raw steel
hot special steel pipes, cold-drawn special(2) The value obtained by A/B
steel pipes, cold-finished special steel
products, forged special steel products, casted A : Energy consumption in the process to
manufacture special steel products (rolled special
special steel products), excluding ironsteel products, hot special steel pipes, cold-drawn
manufacturing using blast furnaces)
special steel pipes, cold-finished special steel
products, forged special steel products, casted
special steel products) from billet
B : Amount of shipped (sold) steel
The value obtained by A/B (thermal efficiency(industry that supplies electricity determined standardized index)
by 2.1 of Act on the Rational Use of Energy A : Thermal efficiency obtained by a performance
among general electricity industry determined test of rated output at thermal electric powerby 2.1.1 of Electricity Utilities Industry Law generation facilities of factories that run thisor wholesale electricity industry determined business (excluding low power facilities)
by 2.1.3 of Electricity Utilities Industry Law) B : Designed efficiency of the rated output
In the case of plural facilities in the factory, thevalue is determined by a weigted average method
based on the rated output.

Electrical supplier2

Level to Target
0.531 kL/t or less

100.3% or moreof thermal
efficiency
standardized index

The value obtained by A/B (thermal electric power
generation efficiency)
A : Total electrical energy generated by thermal
electric power generation facilities of factories thatrun this business
B : Higher calorific value of the fuel that was
required to generate the total energy

Cement manufacturing(business to manufacture portland cement(JIS R 5210), blast furnace cement (JIS R
5211), silica cement (JIS R 5212), fly-ash
cement (JIS R 5213))

3

Total of (1) to (4)(1) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the raw material process
B : Production volume in the raw material part(2) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the pyroprocess
B : Production volume in the pyroprocess part(3) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the finishing process
B : Production volume in the finishing part
(4) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the shipping process,etc.
B : Shipping volume

120
120

3,891 MJ/t or less

Classification

Business Field

Benchmark Index
The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the process to(mainly, business to manufacture paper
manufacture paper(printing paper (including coated printing
paper, lightweight coated printing paper and B : Production volume
excluding tissue paper), communication
paper, packing paper and newsprint paper)from wood pulp, used paper and other fibers,
excluding business to manufacture special
paper such as hybrid paper etc. and sanitary
paper)

Level to Target
8,532 MJ/t or less

The value obtained by A/B(mainly, business to manufacture board paper A : Energy consumption in the process to
manufacture paper board(linerboard for corrugated board (liner and
B : Production volume
corrugating medium) and board paper for
paper ware (including white paperboard,strawboard, colorboard and chipball) fromwood pulp, used paper and other fibers,
excluding business to manufacture base paperfor building material, insulating paper, basepaper for food and other special paper)

4,944 MJ/t or less

Paper manufacturing

4A

Paperboard manufactuirng

4B

Oil refining industry(industry determined by 2.5 of Petroleum
Stockpiling Act)
5

The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the petroleum refining
process
B : Total of multiplying (1) by (2)(1) Coefficient recognized as appropriate based on
the world average etc. of each plant in the
petroleum refining process(2) Oil throughput of each plant in the petroleum
refining process

Basic petrochemicals manufacturing The value obtained by A/B(including derivatives produced from an
integrated process)
6A

Soda chemical industry

6B

0.876 or less11.9 GJ/t or less

A : Energy consumption in the process to
manufacture ethylene
B : Production volume of ethylene etc.
(Products : ethylene, propylene, butadiene,
benzene, etc)
Total of (1) and (2)(1) The value obtained by A/B
A : Energy consumption in the electrolytic process
B : Weight of sodium hydroxide from electrolyticcell(2) The value obtained by A/B
A : Heat quantity of steam usage in theconcentration process
B : Weight of liquid sodium hydroxide

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121

3.45 GJ/t or less

2.2 Standards of Judgment for Buildings on Rational Use of Energy(Announcement No.3 of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry/Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport on 30 January 2009)This is the outline of the “Standards of Judgment for Construction Clients and Owners of Specified
Buildings on the Rational Use of Energy for Buildings”. For full-text and details of the scores, pleaserefer to the website by ECCJ. (http://www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp/law/ken1_e.html)(1) Prevention of heat loss through external walls, windows, etc. of the buildings(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to prevent heat loss through the external walls,
windows, etc. of buildings, with due consideration given to the following particulars.
i)They shall make the site and floor plans for buildings with due consideration given to
the orientation of the external walls, layouts of rooms, and other matters.

ii) They shall use thermal insulating materials for external walls, roofs, floors, windows, andopenings.
iii) They shall reduce the solar radiation load by adopting a system capable of properly
controlling solar radiation through windows, planting trees, or taking other measures.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (1)-(a) related to the external walls, windows, etc. of buildings (except for those of thebuilding type described in Column (8) of Table 1 and common in Paragraphs from (1)-(b) to(1)-(e) below) shall be made based on Paragraph (1)-(c). Note that for external walls, windows, etc.
of buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less, the judgment may be madebased on Paragraphs (1)-(c) and (1)-(d). For external walls, windows, etc. of buildings having a
total floor area of less than 2,000 square meters, the judgment may be made based on Paragraph(1)-(c) and (1)-(d), and Paragraph (1)-(e).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual thermal load of the indoor perimeter zones of abuilding by the total of the floor areas (unit: m2) of the indoor perimeter zones shall be equal to or
smaller than the value calculated by multiplying the value specified for each cell in Row (a) of
Table 1 by the scale correction coefficient. Indoor perimeter zone means an indoor zone of 5 m orless in horizontal distance from the center line of the external wall of each floor excluding thebasement, the indoor floor of the top story just beneath the roof, and the indoor floor just above thefloors exposed to the outside air.
(d) For external walls, windows, etc. of buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters orless that are important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated by adding
the score selected according to the building type and regional classification to the total of theevaluation scores shown in i) to iv) below, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score of the site and floor plans of buildings”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item.
122122ii) “The evaluation score of the thermal insulation performance of the external walls androofs”The score in a warm or cold district shall be the total of the scores selected based on theimplemented measures for each item in the district. The scores in a tropical district shallbe 0. When 2 or more measures are taken for one item, the judgment shall be madebased on an area-weighted average of the thicknesses of the thermal insulators.
iii) “The evaluation score of the thermal insulation performance of windows”
The score in a warm or cold district shall be selected based on the implemented
measures in the district of the building. The score in a tropical district shall be 0.
iv) “The evaluation score of the solar heat shading performance of windows”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures in the district of thebuilding.
(e) For external walls, windows, etc. of buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000 square
meters that are important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated byadding the score selected according to the building type and regional classification to the total of
the evaluation scores shown in i) and ii) below, shall be 100 or more.
i) “The evaluation score of the thermal insulation performance of the external walls”
The score in a warm or cold district shall be the score selected based on the implemented
measures in the district. The evaluation score in a tropical district shall be 0.
ii) “The evaluation scores of both the thermal insulation performance and solar heatshading performance of windows”
The score shall be the total scores selected based on the implemented measures for each
item in the district..
(f) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to prevention ofheat loss through external walls, windows, etc. of the buildings(2) Efficient use of energy by air conditioning equipment(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by air
conditioning equipment, with due consideration given to the following practices.
i)

They shall take into consideration the air conditioning load characteristics of rooms andother factors in designing air conditioning systems.

ii) They shall make heat retention plans to minimize energy loss in air ducts, piping, andothers.
iii) They shall adopt a proper control system for air conditioning equipment.
iv) They shall adopt a heat source system with high energy efficiency.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph 2-1 related to air conditioning equipment installed in buildings (except for those of thebuilding type described in Column (8) of Table 1 and common in Sections from (2)-(b) to (2)-(e)123123shall be made based on Paragraph (2)-(c). Note that the judgment for air conditioning equipment(which is limited to both package air conditioners (limited to the air-cooling type) defined in JIS
B8616 (package air conditioners) and gas engine-driven heat pump air conditioners defined in JIS
B8627 (gas engine-driven heat pump air conditioners) and common in Paragraphs (2)-(b), (2)-(d)and (2)-(e) installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less may bemade based on Paragraph (2)-(d), as well as Paragraph (2)-(c). The judgment for air conditioning
equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000 square meters may bemade based on Paragraphs (2)-(c), (2)-(d) and (2)-(e).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption by the air conditioning
equipment to be installed in buildings to treat the air conditioning load in terms of heat quantity(Joule) by the assumed air conditioning load of the building in the same period shall be equal to or
smaller than the value specified in each cell of Row (b) of Table 1.
(d) For the air conditioning equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square
meters or less that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated byadding the score according to the building type and regional classification to the total of theevaluation scores in i) to iii) below, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score for the reduction in outside air load”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item.

ii)“The evaluation score for the installation location of an outdoor unit and the length ofthe pipe from the outdoor unit to the indoor unit”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.

iii) “The evaluation score for the efficiency of heat source equipment”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.
(e) For the air conditioning equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than
2,000 square meters that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is
calculated by adding the score selected according to the building type and regional classification
to the total of the evaluation scores shown in i) and ii) below, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score for the reduction in outside air load”
The score shall be the total of scores selected based on the implemented measures.

ii)“The evaluation scores for the efficiency of heat source equipment”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.

(f) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to air conditioning
equipment.

124
124

(3) Efficient use of energy by mechanical ventilation equipment other than air
conditioning equipment(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by mechanicalventilation equipment other than air conditioning equipment, with due consideration given to thefollowing practices.
i)

They shall make a plan to minimize energy loss in air ducts and others.

ii) They shall adopt a proper control system for mechanical ventilation equipment otherthan air conditioning equipment.
ii) They shall introduce mechanical ventilation equipment with high energy efficiency and aproper capacity for the required ventilation volume.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (3)-(a) related to mechanical ventilation equipment (except for air conditioning
equipment and mechanical ventilation equipment with the rated output of 0.2kW or less, andlimited to mechanical ventilation equipment of which total rated output is 5.5kW or more. The
same applies to Paragraphs from (3)-(b) to (3)-(d)) installed in a building (except for that of thebuilding type described in Column (8) of Table 1 and common in Paragraphs from (3)-(b) to(3)-(d)) shall be made based on Paragraph (3)-(c). Note that the judgment for mechanicalventilation equipment installed in a building having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or lessmay be made based on Paragraph (3)-(d), as well as Paragraph (3)-(c).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption for mechanicalventilation equipment installed in a building in terms of heat quantity (Joule) by the annual
assumed primary energy consumption for ventilation of the building in the same period in terms ofheat quantity shall be equal to or smaller than the value specified in each cell of Raw (c) of Table
1.
(d) For the mechanical ventilation equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000
square meters or less that is important from the viewpoint of energy use and installed in non-air
conditioned rooms, the score, which is calculated by adding 80 to the total scores selected basedon the implemented measures for each item, shall be 100 or more.
(e) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to mechanicalventilation equipment other than air conditioning equipment(4) Efficient use of energy by lighting fixtures(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by lighting
fixtures, with due consideration given to the following practices.
i)

They shall introduce lighting fixtures with high lighting efficiency.

ii) They shall adopt a proper control system for lighting fixtures.
iii) They shall install lighting fixtures in a manner that facilitates easy maintenance andmanagement.
125125iv) They shall properly lay out lighting fixtures, set illuminance, and select room shape andinterior finishes.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (4)-(a) related to lighting fixtures (limited to lighting fixtures which are installedindoors mainly for the purpose of providing lighting necessary for work environment, excluding
those installed for special purposes, such as evacuation and lifesaving purposes. The same applies
from Paragraphs (4)-(b) to (4)-(e) installed in a building shall be made based on Paragraph (4)-(c).
Note that the judgment for lighting fixtures installed in a building having a total floor area of 5,000
square meters or less may be made based on Paragraph (4)-(d), as well as Paragraph (4)-(c). The
judgment for lighting fixtures installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000
square meters may be made based on Paragraph (4)-(e), as well as Paragraphs (4)-(c) and (4)-(d).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption for lighting fixturesinstalled in a building in terms of heat quantity (Joule) by the annual assumed primary energy
consumption for lighting of the building in the same period in terms of heat quantity shall be equal
to or smaller than the value specified in each cell of Row (d) of Table 1.
(d) For lighting fixtures installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less,for each lighting section that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is
calculated by adding 80 to the total of the evaluation scores listed in i) to iii) below, shall be 100 or
more. If there are two or more lighting sections, the score, which is calculated by adding 80 to an
area-weighted average of the scores in all the lighting sections, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score for the lighting efficiency of lighting fixtures”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item.

ii) “The evaluation score for the control method of lighting fixtures”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.
iii) “The evaluation score for the layouts of lighting fixtures, setting of illuminance, andselection of room shape and interior finishes”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item.
(e) For lighting fixtures installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000 square
meters, for each lighting section that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score,
which is calculated by adding 80 to the total of the evaluation scores listed in i) to iii) below, shallbe 100 or more. If there are two or more lighting sections, the score, which is calculated byadding 80 to an area-weighted average of the scores of all the lighting sections, shall be 100 or
more.
i)

“The evaluation score for the lighting efficiency of lighting fixtures”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures.

ii) “The evaluation score for the control method of lighting fixtures”
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The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.
iii) “The evaluation score for the layouts of lighting fixtures and setting of illuminance,”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.
(f) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to lighting fixtures.

(5) Efficient use of energy by hot water supply equipment(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by hot watersupply equipment, with due consideration given to the following practices.
i)

They shall consider shorter piping, thermal insulation of piping, etc. in planning proper
piping.

ii)

They shall adopt a proper control system for hot water supply equipment.

iii) They shall adopt an energy-efficient heat source system.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (5)-(a) related to hot water supply equipment (limited to the central heat source systemhaving a hot water return pipe. The same applies to Paragraphs from (5)-(b) to (5)-(e) installed ina building shall be made based on Paragraph (5)-(c). Note that the judgment for hot water supply
equipment installed in a building having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less may bemade based on Paragraph (5)-(d), as well as Paragraph (5)-(c). The judgment for hot water supply
equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of less than 2,000 square meters may bemade based on Paragraph (5)-(e) as well as Paragraphs (5)-(c) and (5)-(d).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption for hot water supply
equipment installed in a building in terms of heat quantity (Joule) by the annual assumed hot
water supply load of the building in the same period in terms of heat quantity shall be equal to or
smaller than the value specified in Row (e) of Table 1.
(d) For hot water supply equipment installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square
meters or less that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated
by adding 70 to the total scores of the scores specified in i) to v) below, shall be 100 or more.
i)“The evaluation score for the piping plan”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item. (When there are two or more measures taken for one item, the highest scoreamong the corresponding scores shall be used.)ii) “The evaluation score for the control system of hot water supply equipment”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures foreach item (When there are two or more measures taken for one item, the highest scoreamong the corresponding scores shall be used.)iii) “The evaluation score for the efficiency of heat source equipment”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures. (When there are two or
more measures taken are applicable, the highest score among the corresponding scores127
127

shall be used.)iv) When solar heat is used as a heat source, the evaluation score to be added shall beobtained by multiplying by 100 the value calculated by dividing the quantity of solar
heating (unit: kilojoules/year) by the hot water supply load (unit: kilojoules/year).
v) When supplied water is preheated, the evaluation score to be added shall be obtained bymultiplying by 100 the value calculated by dividing the annual average of watertemperature raise by preheating (unit: ºC) by a temperature difference between thetemperature of hot water used (unit: ºC) and the annual average of supplied watertemperature by region (unit: ºC).

(e) For hot water supply equipment installed in a building having a total floor area of less than 2,000
square meters that is important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated
by adding 80 to the total of the scores specified in i) to v) below, shall be 100 or more.

i) “The evaluation score for the piping plan”
The score shall be the total of the scores selected based on the implemented measures.
(When there are two or more measures for one item, the highest score among thecorresponding scores shall be used.)ii) “The evaluation score for the control system of hot water supply equipment”
The score shall be selected based on the implemented measures.

iii) The evaluation scores shall be 10 when either latent heat recovery water heaters or heatpump water heaters are used.

iv) The evaluation scores shall be 10 when solar heat is used.
v) The evaluation scores shall be 5 when supply water is preheated.
(f) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to hot watersupply equipment.

(6) Efficient use of energy by vertical transportation(a) Construction clients shall take proper measures to achieve efficient use of energy by verticaltransportation, with due consideration given to the following practices.
i)

They shall adopt a proper control system for vertical transportation.

ii)

They shall adopt a drive system with high energy efficiency.

iii) They shall adopt a proper installation plan for the required transport capacity.
(b) The judgment whether construction clients have taken proper measures for the matters listed in
Paragraph (6)-(a) related to elevators (limited to the cases where three or more elevators are
installed. The same applies to Paragraphs from (6)-(b) to (6)-(d) among vertical transportation
installed in a building (only for that of the building type described in Column (1) and Column (4)of Attached Table 1 and common in Paragraphs from (6)-(b) to (6)-(d) shall be made based on
Paragraph (6)-(c). Note that the judgment for elevators among vertical transportation installed in a

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building having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less may be made based on Paragraph(6)-d), as well as Paragraph (6)-(c).
(c) The value calculated by dividing the annual primary energy consumption for elevators installed ina building in terms of heat quantity (Joule) by the annual assumed primary energy consumption forelevators of the building in the same period in terms of heat quantity shall be equal to or smaller
than the value specified in each cell of Row (f) of Table 1.
(d) For the elevators installed in buildings having a total floor area of 5,000 square meters or less thatare important from the viewpoint of energy use, the score, which is calculated by adding 80 to thetotal of evaluation scores for the elevator control, shall be 100 or more.
(e) Obligations of owners of specified building regarding the maintenance related to verticaltransportation.

Table 1
(1)

(2)

HotelsHospitals
and others and others

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Shops
RestauOffices
Schools
Halls
Factories
selling
rants,and others and others
and others and others
goods
and others
and others

420340(a) 470 (in the 370 (in the

380

300

320

550

550

–

cold district) cold district)

(b)

2.5

2.5

1.7

1.5

1.5

2.2

2.2

–

(c)

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

0.8

1.5

1.0

–

(d)

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

–

–

–

–

In the case of 0 < l x  7
In the case of 7 < l x  12(e) In the case of 12 < l x  17
In the case of 17 < l x  22
In the case of 22 < l x
(f)

1.0

–

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
–

Note)
1. “Hotels and others” mean hotels, Japanese-style hotels, and other facilities which are similar fromthe viewpoint of energy use.
2.

“Hospitals and others” mean hospitals, nursing homes, institutions for those with physicaldisabilities, and other facilities which are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.

3.

“Shops selling goods and others” mean department stores, markets, and other facilities which aresimilar from the viewpoint of energy use.

4.

“Offices and others” mean offices, government and other public offices, libraries, museums, andother facilities which are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.

5.

“Schools and others” mean elementary, junior high, and senior high schools, universities,
technical colleges, advanced vocational schools, professional schools, and other facilities which
are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.

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6.

“Restaurants and others” mean restaurants, buffets, coffee houses, cabarets, and other facilities
which are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.

7.

“Halls and others” mean auditoriums, halls, bowling alleys, gymnasiums, theaters, cinemas,
pachinko parlors, other facilities which are similar from the viewpoint of energy use.

8.

“Factories and others” mean factories, livestock barns, garages, bicycle-parking areas,
warehouses, pavilions, wholesale markets, crematories, and other facilities which are similarfrom the viewpoint of energy use.

9.

In this table, Ix shall be the value calculated by dividing the sum of the length of thecirculation piping for supplying hot water and that of the primary piping (unit: m) by the dailymean of the total amount of hot water consumed (unit: m3).

【About indicator (a) ~ (f) in Table 1】
Top floor･Indicator (a) is called “PAL”.
PAL stands for “Perimeter Annual Load” and is defined as follows:
PAL =Intermediate
floor
Bottom floor

Annual thermal load of the indoor perimeter zones (MJ/year)
Floor area of the indoor perimeter zones (m²)

PilotisDefinition of the indoor perimeter zone

･Indicator (b) ~ (f) is called “CEC/AC”, “CEC/V”, “CEC/L”, “CEC/HW” and “CEC/EV”, respectively.
CEC stands for “Coefficient of Energy Consumption”.
CEC definition for air-conditioning (indicator (b) : CEC/AC) and hot water supply (indicator (e) :CEC/HW):

CEC =Annual primary energy consumption of the target equipment (MJ/year)
Annual assumed load of the relevant use (MJ/year)

CEC definition for ventilation (indicator (c) : CEC/V), lighting (indicator (d) : CEC/L) and elevator(indicator (f) : CEC/EV):

CEC =Annual primary energy consumption of the target equipment (MJ/year)
Annual assumed primary energy consumption of the target equipment (MJ/year)

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3. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
3.1 Outline of Asia Energy Conservation Program(1) Significance of energy conservation cooperation
Energy conservation cooperation is needed from the point of view of enhancing energy
supply-demand structure, solving global environmental problems, promoting international
contribution, reducing destabilizing factors in the Asian countries, deepening the businessexchange between Japan and Asian countries and so on.

1) Improving energy supply-demand structure
Energy demand has been sharply increasing in Asian countries primarily in China and India due
to rapid economic growth, and it causes globally tight market conditions on energy demand andsupply and historical high price of crude oil. Accordingly it is an urgent need to deter a sharp
increase of demand in Asian countries by promoting energy conservation cooperation with thosecountries to improve their energy efficiency.
2) Solving global environmental problems
The promotion of energy conservation cooperation will contribute to solving global
environmental problems in Asian countries.
3) International contribution
Since most of Asian countries are heavily dependent on imported oil and have a fragile energy
supply-demand structure, there is an increasing need for them to promote the energy
conservation. So Japan’s active commitment to respond to their expectations on energy
conservation cooperation is of great significance for improving energy security in Asia.
4) Reduction of destabilizing factors in the Asian economy
Japan has been sustaining profound economic relationships of interdependence with Asian
countries. It is important for Japan’s economy to prevent destabilization of the whole economy
in Asia due to fluctuations in energy price.
5) Deepening the business exchange between Japan and Asian countries
Promoting energy conservation in Asian countries will contribute to business exchange between
Japan and Asian countries through future expansion of the demand for energy-efficient
appliances and facilities.

(2) Future direction of energy conservation cooperation
In order to promote energy conservation in Asian countries on their own initiative,
international cooperation in the energy conservation field will be implemented based on thefollowing ideas:
1) Support for establishing the institutional system in Asian countries･Implementing the establishment of the institutional system concerning energy conservation
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through the strengthening of support for the development of human resources including
dispatch of long term experts to Asian countries and reception of trainees in the training course
in Japan, etc.
･Supporting for operation and management of energy conservation centers in various countries
and regions as well as for appropriate operation of the institutional system concerning energy
conservation in Asian countries .

2) Cooperation in the residential/commercial, transportation, and electric power sectors･In addition to the existing cooperation in the industrial sector, extending the cooperation in theresidential/commercial, transportation and power sectors that includes the support forformulating the energy-efficiency standards/labeling system, developing the ESCO system.
3) Support for the business-based diffusion of Japanese-made energy-efficient appliancesand facilities into Asian countries･Supporting the business-based diffusion of energy-efficient appliances and facilities throughthe Japanese companies’ business activities by promoting dialog among industries and businessmeeting and utilizing policy-based finance and the CDM scheme etc.
4) Collaboration with international organizations, the government and agencies
concerned･Collaborating with international organizations including the IEA and APEC and supportinginternational NPOs which formulate energy efficiency standards and labeling etc.
･Strengthening coordination between the government and agencies concerned in order toimplement effective cooperation.
5) Active utilization of the international framework･Contributing actively to the operation of the international framework including the sectoral
benchmark approach.

(3) Cooperation to individual country in energy conservation field
It is necessary to consider comprehensively the following factors of each country to develop
cooperation in energy conservation field strategically:a) Size for energy demandb) Importance of a country in the energy policy of Japanc) Economic relation with Japand) Commitment and attitude to the promotion of energy conservation
Bilateral policy dialogs will be held with the Asian countries for cooperation. An action plan
will be formulated to promote continued energy conservation cooperation.
Source) Prepared from “Material at the 9th Energy Efficiency and Conservation Subcommittee ofthe Advisory Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (May 2006)”
http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/materials/downloadfiles/g60607h11j.pdf

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<Outline of the Effort for Energy Conservation of Prioritized Countries for Cooperation>a) China: The most prioritized country for cooperation in energy conservation field･China is the world’s second largest energy consumer with large potential of energy
conservation. The share of the industrial and residential/commercial sectors in the
consumption is large, but the growth of the consumption is expected in the transportation
sector along with the rapid spread of motorization.
･20% reduction of energy intensity was set as the improvement target in the 11th Five-Year
Plan. The Energy Conservation Law went into effect in ’98 and was revised in ’08. Now it
is expected that more effective measures will be implemented.
b) India: Strengthening of cooperation in energy conservation field･India is the world’s fourth largest energy consumer with large potential of energy
conservation. The share of the industrial sector in the consumption is large, but thegrowth of the consumption is expected in the transportation sector along with the rapid
spread of motorization.
･Since the establishment of the Energy Conservation Law in ’01, energy conservation
measures have been actively promoted such as the development of related legislations andthe strengthening of implementation systems etc.
c) Thailand: Support of the programs for supplementing the operation of the policies andlegal system concerning energy conservation in the industrial, and residential/commercial.
･The energy consumption of Thailand is approximately 20% of that of Japan.
･Thailand has the Energy Conservation Law similar to Japan’s one. It is an advanced
country in energy conservation in ASEAN including the effective implementation ofenergy manager system. Also, measures are implemented in residential/commercial
sector such as labeling system for residential/commercial equipment, dissemination
program of energy-efficient equipment by an Electricity Generating Authority ofThailand, etc.
d) Indonesia: Support for the launch of the legal system concerning energy conservation
including support for the structure improvement for promoting energy conservation in theindustrial sector･Indonesia’s energy consumption is approximately 30% of that of Japan. It has alreadybecome a net-importer of oil with the growth in energy consumption.
･ Awareness on energy conservation has increased in response to the high price of crude
oil and the reduction of subsidy for energy price,

and Government Regulation on

Energy Conservation was established in December 2009.
e) Vietnam: Support for formulation and enforcement of the energy conservation law･Vietnam’s energy consumption is approximately 10% of that of Japan.
･The Energy Conservation Law similar to Japan’s one is scheduled to go into effect inJanuary 2011. However, the development of related legislations and implementation
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systems to implement the law is still needed. Also, the fact that low price of energy does
not provide an incentive for energy conservation is an issue.
Source) Survey by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan

3.2 East Asia Summit (EAS)(1) Overview
While discussion on the future establishment of an East Asian community (EAc) was emerged, thereport of the East Asia Vision Group (EAVG) was submitted to the 2001 ASEAN + 3 Summit
Meeting by a group of experts in the private sector. The report referred to the evolution of theASEAN + 3 Summit Meeting into an EAS as a means of realizing the EAc.
At the ASEAN + 3 Summit Meeting held in November 2004, it was officially decided that a first
EAS would be held in December 2005 in Kuala Lumpur.
The ASEAN side decided on three conditions for participation in the first EAS as follows: The
country should (1) be a Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) member or havethe will to become a member, (2) be a complete ASEAN Dialogue Partner, and (3) have substantive
relations with ASEAN.
At the ASEAN + 3 Ministerial Meeting held in Laos at the end of July 2005 , it was formallydecided that Australia, India and New Zealand, which do not belong to ASEAN + 3, would take partin the EAS.
Then the participant countries are now 16 as follows:
ASEAN 10 countries, Japan, China, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, India(2) Past achievement (energy, environment etc. related issues only)
1) First EAS (Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 14 Dec. 2005)･ The leaders of the participating countries discussed the future directions of East Asia and, inthat context, how the region should further develop regional cooperation in East Asia, from both
broad and strategic perspectives.
･ Release of the Kuala Lumpur Declaration (the major points as follows):
a. The EAS could play a "significant role" in community building in this region;b. The EAS will be an open, inclusive, and transparent forum;c. The participating countries of the EAS will strive to strengthen global norms and universally
recognized values;d. The EAS will focus on a wide range of areas, notably, political, security, economic, social andcultural issues;e. The EAS will be convened annually (this point is provided in the EAS Chairman's Statement).
The EAS will be hosted and chaired by an ASEAN member country and held back-to-back withthe annual ASEAN Summit.

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2) Second EAS (Cebu (Malaysia), 14 Dec. 2005)
・Session on Energy
As a priority area for the second East Asia Summit, a special session on energy was convened
to achieve shared goal of ensuring affordable energy sources for development in the region.
The leaders of the participating countries agreed that discussions should take into
consideration : energy security, renewable and alternative energy sources, energy efficiency
and conservation, climate change.
Then the participating countries adopted “Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security”,
which aims to establish goals and action plans on energy efficiency and conservation, to
promote the use of biofuels, etc.
In the session, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced the four-pillar initiative entitled “Fueling
Asia - Japan's Cooperation Initiative for Clean Energy and Sustainable Growth.” consisting of
the followings:
a. Promotion of energy efficiency and conservation (receive 1,000 trainees and dispatch 500
experts in 5 years, establish “Asia Energy Efficiency and Conservation Collaboration Center”
etc.)b. Promotion of biomass energy (receive 500 trainees in 5 years etc.)
c. Clean use of coal (establish “Coal Liquefaction Assistance Center” etc.)”
d. Eradication of energy poverty (provide energy-related ODA of approximately USD 2.0 billion
over the next 3 years)”,
and the leaders of the participating countries welcomed the initiative.
3) Third EAS (Singapore, 21 Nov. 2007)
・Session on Energy, Environment, Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda gave a clear message that global environmental issues must be
addressed urgently, especially on climate change issues, a practical framework after 2013 joinedby all major countries should be established for COP 13 held in Bali in December. He
announced that Japan could be in a leadership position to address environmental issues bytaking advantage of experience of overcoming pollution and possession of leading-edge
technology in the environmental energy field. Based on this point, he said that Japan would liketo strive for the realization of a sustainable society in East Asia with the other participating
countries and announced Japan’s environmental cooperation initiative: “Building a low carbon
and sound material-cycle society”, “Conservation of rich and diverse nature”, and “Developing
an intellectual infrastructure for environmental conservation towards the future”.
4) Fourth EAS (Cha-am Hua Hin (Thailand), 25 Oct. 2009)・Environment, Climate Change
The leaders of the participant countries expressed their commitment to continue to contributeactively in bringing about a successful outcome of the Copenhagen Conference (COP15) andshared the view that it is important to work closely to ensure that such outcome shouldincorporate long-term cooperative actions to address climate change in accordance with theprinciples and provisions of the UNFCCC and the Bali Action Plan, taking into account the
principles of “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities”, and135
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the specific national circumstances of the participating countries.
Source) http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/eas/index.html
http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/eas/index.html

3.3 International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation(IPEEC)(1) Purpose and overview
IPEEC (International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation), which aims for promoting
voluntary efforts of participating countries to improve energy conservation such as sharing
advanced practices and exchanging information related to energy conservation measures andtechnologies, was officially launched at the G8 energy ministers' meeting held in Rome in May
2009 since major economies (China, Korea, Brazil and Mexico) signed its organization requirement
as well as G8 countries. Also, India and EU officially signed to join at the first executive meeting
held in September 2009 and the second executive meeting held in January 2010, respectively.

(2) Activities
The following activities are expected to be undertaken:･ Development of energy efficiency indicators, collection of best practice and enhance datacollection.
･ Exchange information on sectoral and cross-sectoral approach to improve energy conservation･ Development of public-private partnerships in the major energy consumption sector･ Joint research and development of major energy-saving technology･ Promoting the diffusion of energy saving products and services･ Efforts to be determined by individual participating countries
This partnership is intended to provide a forum for discussion and information sharing. Thisdeclaration is not an international treaty and without restriction by law.
In addition to the Japan-led ”Energy Management Action Network (EMAK) (refer to (3) below)”,
there are key projects such as “Sustainable Building Network : SBN, led by Germany”, “Worldwide
Energy Efficiency Action through Capacity Building and Training : WEACT, led by Italy”,“Assessment of Energy Efficiency Finance Mechanisms, led by India”, “Improving Policies throughEnergy Efficiency Indicators, led by France”, and “Super-efficient Equipment and ApplianceDeployment, led by USA”.

(3) Energy Management Action Network (EMAK)
Energy Management Action Network (EMAK) is a Japan-led project which Japan proposed as oneof the tasks under IPEEC in order to promote cooperation on energy conservation. The task of
EMAK is to create a robust forum to promote energy management practices in industry by utilizing
a network of different actors. EMAK interconnects policy makers and industry practitioners incharge of energy management, who are the two different major actors. Networking these key actors

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serves as a platform which enables them to share the best practices on policy frameworks, humanresource development, as well as the state-of-art energy management systems and practices
including energy management system.
The first workshop was held in Paris in January 2010. The purposes of this workshop were to shareenergy management practices and to discuss the design of effective and useful concept of EMAK.
Then in the second workshop held in Washington, D.C. in May 2010, the presentations provided
insights into the energy management institutions and regulatory systems of various countries, andprovided a learning experience for all participants. Also, the sessions included one focused solely on
how the introduction of ISO50001 can facilitate energy management in a company and support theachievement of the goal of EMAK.
Source) http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/topics/090529.htm
http://ipeecshare.org/
http://www.nedo.go.jp/kankobutsu/report/1064/1064-4.pdf
http://sites.google.com/site/emakbiz/

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REFERENCE
1. RELATED ORGANIZATIONS
1.1 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)(1) Organization of METI

(as of September 1, 2009)

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
MinisterInternal Bureaus

Senior Vice Minster

Minister’s Secretariat

Senior Vice Minster

Economic and Industrial Policy Bureau

Parliamentary Secretary

Research and Statistics Dept.

Parliamentary Secretary
Vice Minister

Regional Economic & Industrial Policy
Group

Vice Minister

Trade Policy Bureau
Multilateral Trade System Dept.
Trade & Economic Cooperation Bureau
Trade Control Department
Industrial Science and Technology Policy
and Environment Bureau
Manufacturing Industries Bureau
Commerce and Information Policy Bureau
Commerce and Distribution Policy Group

External Bureaus
Agency for Natural Resource & Energy

Training Institute of
Economy, Tradeand Industry

Nuclear & Industrial Safety Agency
Japan Patent Office
Small and Medium Enterprise Agency

METI Website : http://www.meti.go.jp/english/index.html

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138

8 Regional Bureaus(Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto,
Chubu, Kansai, Chugoku,
Shikoku, Kyusyu)

(2) Organization of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE)(as of September 1, 2009)

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy
Director - General
Director - General for Natural Resources andEnergyDeputy Director - General
Director-General’s Secretariat
General Policy DivisionInternational Affairs Division
Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Dept.
Policy Planning DivisionInternational Affairs Office
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Division
New and Renewable Energy Division
Natural Resources and Fuel Dept.
Policy Planning Division
Petroleum and Natural Gas Division
Petroleum Refining and Reserve Division
Petroleum Distribution and Retail Division
Coal Division
Coal Mine Subsidence Division
Mineral and Natural Resources Division
Electricity and Gas Industry Dept.
Policy Planning Division
Electricity Market Division
Gas Market Division
Electricity Infrastructure Division
Nuclear Energy Policy Planning Division
Nuclear Facilities Development and
Fuel Cycle Industry Division
ANRE Website : http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/index.htm
1391391.2 The Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ)(as of August 1, 2010)

ECCJ/AEEC Website : http://www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp/index.html
140140

1.3 The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)(as of July 1, 2010)

Source) NEDO Website :http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/introducing/organization.html

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1.4 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(as of October 1, 2009)
President
Senior Vice-President

Auditors

Vice-President
Headquarters

Office of the President

Domestic Offices

Office of Audit
General Affairs Department

Overseas Offices

Information Policy Department
Office of Media and Public Relations
Personnel Department
Budget and Accounting Department
Treasury Department
Operations Strategy Department
Southeast Asia 1 and Pacific Department
Southeast Asia Department 2
East and Central Asia and the Cauvcasus

South Asia Department
Latin America and the Caribbean Department
Africa Department
Middle East and Europe Department
Office for Private Sector Partnership
Economic Infrustructure Department
Public Policy Department
Human Development Department
Global Environment Department
Office for Climate Change
Rural Development Department
Industrial Development Department
Training Affairs and Citizen Participation
Department
Financing Facilitation and Procurement
Supervision
Credit Risk Analysis and Environment Review
Department

Procurement Department
Loan and Grant Administration Department
Evaluation Department
Department of Human Resources forInternational
Secretariat of Japan Overeas Cooperation

Source) JICA Website :http://www.jica.go.jp/english/about/organization/

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Secretariat of Japan Disaster Relief TeamJICA Research Institute1.5 The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)(as of April 1, 2010)

Source) IEEJ Website :http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/about/organization.html

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2. ENERGY CALORIES (JAPAN)
EnergyUnit

Average Calorie (kcal)

Energy<Coal>
Coking Coal (Domestic)

Coking Coal (Import)

Steam Coal (Domestic)

Steam Coal (Import)

Hard Coal (Domestic)

Hard Coal (Import)

Brown Coal
Coke

Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas

Kerosene
kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg
kg

m3
m3

Unit

Average Calorie (kcal)

L

1953-99

8,900

1953-55

7,400

2000-

1956-60

7,500

8,767

1953-99

9,200

1961-65
1966-

7,600

2000-04

9,126

7,700

2005-

1953-99

7,600

9,006
9,300

2000-04

6,904

2005-

6,928

1953-65

5,900

1966-70

5,800

1971-80

5,600

2000-04

9,962

1981-99

5,800

2005-

10,009

2000-

5,375

1953-99

9,600

1953-99

6,200

2000-04

6,354

Gas OilL

Fuel Oil A

L

1953-99
2000-

9,341

Fuel Oil B

L

1953-99

9,600

2000-

9,651

Fuel Oil C

L

1953-99

9,800

Lubricants
Other Petroleum

L
kg

2000-

9,603

1953-99

10,10010,105

2005-

6,139

2000-04

1953-65

5,700

2005-

9,771

1966-70

5,600

1971-75

6,100

1976-

4,300

1953-99

6,500

2000-04

8,504

2000-04

6,498

2005-

7,143

1953-99

12,000Refinery Gas

m3

1953-99

9,400

2000-

10,726

Petroleum Cokekg

1953-99

8,500

2005-

6,426

1953-99

4,100

LPG

kg

2000-04

11,992

2000-

4,109

2005-

12,136

1953-99

7,200

Natural Gas

m3

1953-99

9,800

2000-04

7,191

Natural Gas (Domestic)m3

2000-04

9,771

2005-

7,023

2005-

10,392

1953-99

4,800

LNG

kg

1953-99

13,000

2000-

5,041

Natural Gas (Import)kg

2000-04

13,0191953-99

800

2005-

13,043

1953-99

10,000Coal Field Gas

m3

Town Gas

m3

2000-

815

Converter Gasm3

1953-99

2,000

2000-

2,009

2000-04

9,818

Patent Fuelkg

1953-99

5,700

2005-

10,702

2000-

5,709

<Oil>
Crude Oil

NGL
Gasoline
Naphtha

Jet Fuel

L

L
L
L

L

Electricity

kWh

8,600

( ) is thermal efficiency(20.7%)

1953

4,150

1953-559,300(22.2%)

1954

3,850

1956-60

9,350(24.0%)

1955

3,600

1961-70

9,400(25.8%)

1956

3,350

1971-809,300(26.8%)

1957

3,200

1981-999,250(28.6%)

1958

3,000

2000-

9,126

(31.1%)

1959

2,750

1953-998,100(31.9%)

1960

2,700

2000-

8,433

(32.7%)

1961

2,650

1953-998,400(33.9%)

1962

2,550

2000-

8,266

(36.0%)

1963

2,400

1953-99

8,000(36.5%)

1964

2,350

2000-048,146(36.9%)

1965

2,350

2005-

8,027

(37.4%)

1966-70

2,300

1953-998,700(38.1%)

1971-99

2,250

2000-

8,767

(39.98%)

2000-04

2,150(40.88%)

2005-

2,105

Source) Prepared from “EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in JAPAN (2010)”
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