Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), Vol. 24 (issue 8), Art 205, pp. 1849 - 1859, August 2024
online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES

Original Article

Strategies for extreme self-organization among handball players
VIKTOR PLOKHIKH1, IHOR POPOVYCH2, KOSTYANTYN KRUGLOV3, OLEKSIY SABADUKHA4,
NADIIA MELNYK5, SERHII OMELIANIUK6, IHOR HOIAN7
1
V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, UKRAINE
2
Kherson State University, Kherson, UKRAINE
2
Mykola Yarmachenko Institute of Special Pedagogy and Psychology, NAPS of Ukraine, Kyiv, UKRAINE
3
Institute of Psychology and Entrepreneurship, Kozyn, UKRAINE
4
Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, Zhytomyr, UKRAINE
5
Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk, UKRAINE
6
Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University, Kyiv, UKRAINE
7
Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, UKRAINE
Published online: August 31, 2024
Accepted for publication : August 15, 2024
DOI:10.7752/jpes.2024.08205
Abstract:
Aim: This study aims to conduct theoretical and empirical research into the strategies of extreme selforganization among handball players in competitive context. Methods: The research sample consisted of 34
athletes, aged 20–28 years (Мe = 22.00; М = 21.87; SD = ± 3.64), who had been actively involved in handballfor 4–12 years and represented both women’s and men’s teams. Validated psycho-diagnostic tools, extensively
tested in team sports research, were used. Additionally, purposeful non-participant observation was performed
using standard protocols. Theoretical methods were employed to analyze, generalize, and explain the empiricalresults. Results: The research strategy included comparing the parameters of two attack lines, the first line
(Group 1) and the second line (Group 2), to assess their extreme self-organization strategies. It was found thatexperienced handball players rely on perfectly practiced functional models of organization, focusing on
permanent significant changes in spatio-temporal relations of a competitive situation. It was established that thedominant strategies are as follows: taking responsibility; self-control; problem-solving planning. It was foundthat the competitive strategy orientated towards social support is manifested moderately. The moderation is
explained by the connection of the players’ game expectations with successful functional self-realization of
teammates, rather than with the emotionally colored personal self-realization. It was established that the strategy
of confrontation is statistically pronounced in the experienced handball players of the first line of attack. Thispreference was regarded as a consequence of the functionally determined and normatively provided close
physical contact with the players of the team-competitor. It was highlighted that the excessive confrontational
attitude of experienced players is compensated by distancing oneself from provoking circumstances. Discussion
and conclusions. It was established that the strategies of handball players’ extreme self-organization are
motivational-behavioral patterns, caused by stressogenic situations of a contest, the players’ role positions on the
sports ground, external and internal factors of sporting activities and organizational-content features of handballcompetitions. It was substantiated that the strategies of extreme self-organization of the first and second lines ofattack have regular different functional-content parameters. It was proved that the obtained results of theresearch into the strategies of extreme self-organization possess scientific novelty and are valuable forrepresentatives of team sports.
Key words: stressogenic conditions, defense mechanisms, health, confrontation, mental state, social
notions, leadership, self-actualization.
Introduction
Handball is a team sport of higher achievements, which along with other game sports is constantly
improving. Despite its more than a century-long history of development, content components of handball
players’ game, techniques and tactics are constantly changing and improving, and players are constantly
enhancing their skills. Over the past decade, handball has been making a remarkable progress. This progress isdetermined by implementation of modern methodological and scientific achievements, application of thetechnologies of computer modelling for competitive activity, wide scale introduction of analytical-statistical
tools for operational accounting and capture of game indicators. Recent advances in the area of artificial
intelligence have also added new opportunities to this sport.
A number of studies show that application of an individual approach to performing certain tactical exercises----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1849
Corresponding Author: IHOR POPOVYCH, E-mail: ihorpopovych999@gmail.com

VIKTOR PLOKHIKH, IHOR POPOVYCH, KOSTYANTYN KRUGLOV, OLEKSIY SABADUKHA,NADIIA MELNYK, SERHII OMELIANIUK, IHOR HOIAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and elements at the stage of educational-training preparation has shown its effectiveness (Atwater, 2000;
Barrett, 2013). It was found that the components lying in the plane of technical-tactical training depend on thepsychology of an individual player, their mental resource (Popovych et al., 2022f) and the optimal state ofcompetitive activity (Kurova et al., 2023; Popovych et al., 2019a; 2023d). At the same time, it is necessary not
only to develop personal skills and predict individual potential of each player, but also to model their efficacy inteamwork. It is determined by the very philosophy of the attacking handball game (Pokrajac, 2007). Since
results in handball are highly dependent on teamwork, the coordinated interaction of attack and defense, the firstand second lines of attack and the goalkeeper come to the fore. There are many examples of a star team’s
winning over a team of stars. Team play can offset an individual superiority of certain strong competitors.
Articulation of the above problems encourage conducting theoretical-empirical research into the strategies ofhandball players’ extreme self-organization and finding content features and advantages in competitive
strategies between the lines of attack and between the players by game roles.
The research by O. Solovey et al. (2022) confirms the importance of teamwork, analyzed in the context ofindividual superiority of players. The indicators of competitive activity of the men’s national handball team of
Ukraine at the European Championship of 2022 were analyzed. The high efficacy indicators include: individualcompletion of attacks with a throw; average maximum speed of scoring a goal; a high level of mastery inpenalty throws; high individual indicators of overcoming certain distances; sufficiently high speed of movementon the sports ground. It allowed permanently observing the players of Ukraine’s handball team in the top fiveranking. However, a low level by the components of the team’s technical-tactical actions did not allow realizing
the potential of the team’s play at a high level and confirming individual mastery with the team’s efficiency(Solovey et al., 2022). Team efficiency requires time for enhancing teamwork, developing strengths andpracticing techniques, which allow improving or overcoming weaknesses. researcher I. Synigovets (2011)
analyzed the factors affecting teamwork and listed them in the following order: 1) athletes’ technical level ortechnical arsenal; 2) tactical level or tactical arsenal; 3) operationalization of technical-tactical arsenal; 4)effectiveness of technical-tactical actions in the conditions of competitive activity; 5) the mastery of performing
the assigned function on the sports ground or the game role; 6) demonstration of competitive creativity, tacticalthinking, emotional intelligence, if necessary – competitive aggressiveness; 7) development of specific features,
skills and abilities for playing handball; 8) functional capabilities and 9) morphological indicators, specificallyfor competitive activity of handball players. This list of factors is not exhaustive. It rather reflects a logicalsequence of its components. There are factors which are dependent on team play, in particular, “demonstrationof competitive creativity, tactical thinking, emotional intelligence, if necessary – competitive aggressiveness”
and “development of specific features, skills and abilities for playing handball”. The above components require
systematic team training, technical-tactical practices, prepared variants and the mastery of reading a gameinstantly and switching to the optimal tactical scheme in timely manner to ensure the desired result.
Other researchers R. Stasyuk et al. (2020) characterized the content features of the method “programming”
in handball players’ competitive activity. This method allowed systematizing the training of athletes creating an
optimal model of training and competitive processes. The starting point of modelling is an individual athlete forwhom a general strategy of training, uniform distribution and the dynamics of loads are determined. The
purpose of this modelling is to achieve the desired performance in the planned period of time (Stasyuk et al.,2020). Combination of educational and training components in time dimensions also has a number ofadvantages. As shown in the studies by V. Plokhikh et al. (2024), O. Smolinska et al. (2024), N. Zavatskа et al.
(2023), we should not forget about organization of time perspective of an individual subject involved in teaminteraction.
Handball is a contact sport which is considered to be highly traumatic. Traumatism and psychogenic factors,
as shown in a number of studies (Popovych et al., 2021c; Shcherbak et al., 2023), can make significant
corrections to the tactical scheme of the game and have severe rehabilitation consequences (Staude et al., 2023a;
2023b; 2024). Psychological preparation of individual players and the team as a whole sometimes come to thefore in ensuring the result. This can be well observed in both individual principal competitions and the longcompetitive distance of the tournament. For instance, the effective play of the pivot or the winger, or theconfident play of the center back and the goalkeeper can have a significant impact and affect team play. It wasproved that the functional state is related to the efficiency of sporting activities (Cretu et al., 2021; Kozin et al.,2022; 2023). Athletes’ efficacy is affected by individual-typological characteristics and coordinated interaction
with the coach (Halian et al., 2023a; 2023b). There are studies which empirically research the role and place of
psychological parameters in sporting activities (Popovych et al., 2021c; 2022e; 2023b; Tavrovetska et al., 2023).
Since the research findings of the dominant mental states in various areas of human activity (Blikhar et al.,2024; Popovych et al., 2019b; 2022a; 2022c) show the importance of the internalized psycho-complexes andconditions in which they are demonstrated, there is reason to believe that the strategies of handball players’
extreme self-organization are also a result of the long-term educational-training work actualized in stressogenic
and critical competitive situations of the competition.
Strategies of handball players’ extreme self-organization are considered to be motivational-behavioral
patterns determined by stressogenic situations of the competition, game roles of the players on the sports ground,
1850---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JPES ® www.efsupit.roVIKTOR PLOKHIKH, IHOR POPOVYCH, KOSTYANTYN KRUGLOV, OLEKSIY SABADUKHA,NADIIA MELNYK, SERHII OMELIANIUK, IHOR HOIAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------external and internal factors of sporting activities and organizational-content features of handball competitions.
Hypothesis. We assume that: 1) the researched strategies of handball players’ extreme self-organization will
possess scientific novelty and be valuable for the representatives of team sports; 2) there will be statisticallysignificant differences by the researched parameters between the handball players of the first and second lines ofattack.
Aim. To conduct theoretical-empirical research into strategies of handball players’ extreme self-organizationin competitive dimensions of sporting activities.
Methods
Methodology. The research into strategies of extreme self-organization is based on the fundamentals of theconcept of coping strategies by R. Lazarus and S. Folkman (1984). Discomfort which arises on the sports groundis considered to be disharmony between individual evaluation of the circumstances and resources available forinteraction with the environment. A handball player evaluates a situation as stressogenic and develops strategies
of extreme self-organization. The key principles of the concept of emotion regulation of activity (Chebykin,2023; Chebykin et al., 2024; Karpenko et al., 2024; Popovych et al., 2023e), the work of defense mechanisms(Plokhikh, 2023), social notions, pre-game expectations (Popovych et al., 2021a; 2023с) andpsychophysiological and age-related characteristics of the research sample (Hoian et al., 2024; Hrys et all., 2024;
Popovych et al., 2021d; 2022b; 2022d; 2023d; Shevchenko et al., 2024; Tsiuniak et al., 2024) were taken into
consideration in substantiating certain elements of the methodology.
When conducting the empirical part of the research, we studied the experience from the relevant areas ofhuman activity in the context of an individual’s self-organization under extreme conditions (Blynova et. al.,2019; Mamenko et al., 2022; Nosov et al., 2021; Zinchenko et al., 2022), the impact of an individual’s
psychological safety on the efficiency of activity (Blynova et al., 2022; Kalenchuk et al., 2023), optimization of
extreme situations by means of automation of management processes (Zinchenko et al., 2020; 2023a; 2023b), thedevelopment of modern educational and training technologies (Halian, 2024; Hudimova et al., 2021; Kobets etal., 2021a; 2021b), which are related to the issue of strategies of an individual’s extreme self-organization(Kariyev et al., 2024; Moldakhanova et al., 2024; Popovych et al., 2019; Popovych & Blynova, 2019).
Participants. The sample included handball players representing professional handball clubs of the Super
League and the Higher League of the Ukrainian Handball Federation. Female handball players (n = 21)
represented two clubs: “Dniprianka” (Kherson) and Spartak (Kyiv). Male handball players (n = 13) also
represented two clubs: “HFKhR-CSSChY1-KhAI” (Kharkiv) and “Portovyk” (Yuznyi). The sample size was n= 34, the age ranged from 20 to 28 years. The descriptive characteristics of the sample (Мe = 22.00; М = 21.87;
SD = ± 3.64). The athletes have been engaged in handball continuously from four to twelve years. They areparticipants and prize-winners of numerous tournaments for the national, European and world championships.
The athletes’ qualification levels are as follows: Master of Sports, Candidate for Master of Sports and the first
adult category.
Procedures and instruments. The selected psycho-diagnostic methods are valid, reliable and tested in sports
research. In order to find the prevailing coping strategies, the version of the method “Way of Coping
Questionare” (“WCQ”) (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) adapted by T. Kriukova and Ye. Kuftiak (2007) wasapplied. All eight scales were used to identify the strategies of the respondents’ extreme self-organization, fourof them were considered to be constructive: self-control (SC), taking responsibility (TR), problem-solving
planning (PSP), positive revaluation (PR); and four strategies were considered to be destructive: confrontation(C), distancing (D), search for social support (SSS) and escape-avoidance (E-A). The test contained fifty
statement, to which the research participants chose one of the responses which was in the range of a four-point
scale: never – “0” and often – “3”. The applied scale is a unipolar semantic scale. The Cronbach (α) parameter ofhomogeneity is satisfactory (.759). In order to determine the resultant dimension, the scale “motivation forachieving success” from the method of the same name “МAS” (Elers, 2002), tested in the research by
L. Prokhorenko et al. (2023), was used. The Cronbach (α) parameter of homogeneity was recorded at a highlevel (.859). The evaluation of the handball players’ level of anxiety was determined using the method“Personality Scale of Manifest Anxiety” (PSMA) J. Taylor (1953) which combined fifty statements andcontained the scale of the same name. The Cronbach (α) parameter of homogeneity was at a medium level(.803). The method “Self-evaluation of Emotional States” (SES) A. Wessman and D. Ricks (1966) was applied
to determine the respondents’ self-evaluation of their emotional state before the contest and after it. The method
contains four ten-point differentiated scales: “calmness – anxiety”, “energy – fatigue”, “elation – depression”,“self-confidence – helplessness”. The integral indicator of the emotional state was used. The Cronbach (α)
parameter of homogeneity was recorded at a medium level (.815).
Organization of Research. The summative research strategy with the elements of comparison of the first andsecond lines of attack was used. Comparison of the parameters by the handball players’ game roles was
performed. Obtaining the results of the empirical cross-section by the integral indicator of the emotional state
before and after the contest allowed determining the amplitude and the statistical significance of the shift causedby stressfulness of the competitive situation. The randomly selected research participants, who possessed a----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1851
JPES ® www.efsupit.roVIKTOR PLOKHIKH, IHOR POPOVYCH, KOSTYANTYN KRUGLOV, OLEKSIY SABADUKHA,NADIIA MELNYK, SERHII OMELIANIUK, IHOR HOIAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sufficiently high level of mastery, represented the Super League and the Major League. The empirical data werecollected in February – March 2024. The organizers received the consent of the club administrations to collectempirical data. The data were collected by means of Google Forms using standardized forms of the methods.
Purposeful non-participant observation was applied using standard protocols. The respondents were informed inadvance. Confidentiality of personal and empirical data was maintained. This approach ensured voluntarinessand frankness of responses.
Statistical Analysis. The initial data were processed with the computer program “MS Excel”. Statisticalparameters were found using the application “IBM SPSS Statistics” version 29.0.0.0 (241). The data werevisualized by the graphical editor “MS Word”. The following statistical parameters were used: Cronbach (α)
coefficient of homogeneity, correlation coefficients Spearman (rs), Student’s t-test, Friedman’s χ2-test,
Kolmogorov-Smirnov λ-test. Correlations and differences at the level of р ≤ .050 and р ≤ .010 were considered
to be statistically significant.
Results
Statistical indicators of the distinctiveness of implementation of the strategies of handball payers’ extreme
self-organization were determined and given through the main descriptive frequency characteristics (Tabl. 1).
Table 1. Statistical indicators of the distinctiveness of implementation of the strategies of extreme selforganization in the group of research participants (n = 34)
Strategies of extreme self-organization
C
D
SC
SSS
55.60
50.00
71.40
58.35
38.90
33.30
42.90
38.90
77.80
100.0090.50
100.00Statisticalparameter
Me
min
max

TR
75.00
41.70
100.00

E-A
56.25
37.50
91.70

PSP
66.70
50.00
100.00

PR
57.10
47.60
90.50

Note: Me – median (given in italics); min – minimum value; max – maximum value; C – confrontation; D –distancing; SC – self-control; SSS – search for social support; TR – taking responsibility; E-A – escapeavoidance; PSP – problem-solving planning; PR – positive revaluation.
The obtained statistical parameters do not have significant differences by the measurement scales incomparison with the data obtained in other samples which are similar in a number of characteristics (Popovych
et al., 2023a). It is worth noting the prevailing trends by the following scales: SC (Me = 71.40; min = 42.90; max= 90.50), TR (Me = 75.00; min = 41.70; max = 100.00).
Tabl. 2 presents statistical comparison by means of Friedman’s χ2-test in order to determine thedistinctiveness of different combinations of strategies of extreme self-organization in the groups of research
participants (n = 34).
Table 2. Statistical comparison of the distinctiveness of different combinations of strategies of extreme selforganization in the groups of research participants (n = 34)
Combinations of strategies of extreme self-organization
Statistical parameter

C, D, SC, SSS, TR,
E-A, PSP, PR

C, D, SC, SSS, E-A,
PSP, PRC, D, SSS, E-A, PSP, C, D, SSS, E-A,
PR
PR

χ2

37.98331.42923.339

7.207

df

7

6

5

4

p

.000

.000

.000

.125

Note: χ2 – Friedman’s test; df – the number of degrees of freedom; p – level of significance; Strategies ofextreme self-organization: C – confrontation; D – distancing; SC – self-control; SSS – search for social support;
TR – taking responsibility; E-A – escape-avoidance; PSP – problem-solving planning; PR – positive revaluation.
According to the empirical research strategy, regularities of correlations were determined and the correlation
matrix of the strategies of handball players’ extreme self-organization was created (Tabl. 3).
Table 3. Correlation matrix of the distinctiveness of the strategies of extreme self-organization in the group of
research participants (n = 34)
Strategy
C
D
SC
SSS
TR

SP
rs
p
rs
p
rs
p
rs
p
rs
p

C
1.00

D

.343*
.047
-.035
.845
-.188
.287
-.263
.132

1.00
-.057
.750
-.245
.163
-.053
.766

SC

SSS

TR

E-A

PSP

PR

1.00
-.086
.629
.413*
.015

1.00
.169
.339

1.00

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PSP
PR

rs
p
rs
p
rs
p

-.279
.110
-.085
.631
.167
.345

.114
.520
-.306
.078
-.183
.300

-.042
.814
-.011
.949
-.227
.196

.344*
.047
.567**
.000
-.042
.815

.254
.147
.232
.186
-.018
.920

1.00
-.004
.984
-.067
.708

1.00
.126
.477

1.00

Note: SP – statistical parameter; C – confrontation; D – distancing; SC – self-controls; SSS – search for social
support; TR – taking responsibility; E-A – escape-avoidance; PSP – problem-solving planning; PR – positive
revaluation; * – p < .050; ** – p < .010.
The correlation matrix demonstrated four statistically significant correlations: D (r = .343; p = .047), TR (r =.413; p = .015), E-A (r = .344; p = .047), PSP (r = .567; p = .000). The established correlations are direct.
Since competitive activity has a distinctive resultant component, identifying the distinctiveness of theindicators of motivation for achieving success is of scientific interest. Statistically significant differences of thestrategy of confrontation (C) and the scale of anxiety symptoms (SAS) of the handball players of the first Group1 (n = 13) and the second Group 2 (n = 18) lines of attack, found by means of Student’s t-test (Tabl. 4), are alsopresented.
Table 4. Statistical comparison of the distinctiveness of significant differences of the researched parameters inGroup 1 and Group 2
Statistical parameter
Parameter
Group
М
SD
t-testp
Group 1
58.98
11.23
Strategy of confrontation (C)
2.068
.048
Group 250.93
10.31
Group 1
15.462
1.854
Motivation for achieving success
2.097
.045
(MAS)
Group 217.2222.579
Note: Group 1 – the first line of attack; Group 2 – the second line of attack; М – mean; SD – squared deviation;
t-test – Student’s statistical parameter; p – level of significance.
Fig. I presents comparison by the researched strategies of the handball players’ extreme self-organization inGroup 1 and Group 2. The data underwent a z-transform procedure aimed to normalize the measurements by the
researched scales.

Note: Me – median (given in italics); Group 1 – players of the first line of attack; Group 2 – players of thesecond line of attack; C – confrontation; D – distancing; SC – self-control; SSS – search for social support; TR –taking responsibility; E-A – escape-avoidance; PSP – problem-solving planning; PR – positive revaluation.
Figure І. Diagram of comparison of the distinctiveness of the strategies of handball players’ extreme
self-organization in Group 1 and Group 2
Fig. I presents the dynamics of the distinctiveness of the strategies of extreme self-organization by the
median (Me). The superiority of Group 1 is statistically significant by confrontation (t = 2.068; p = .048). The
rest of the compared pairs demonstrated only tendencies for superiority, by which Group 2 dominates.
In the general group of research participants (n = 34), there were correlations between the indicators ofanxiety by the method “Personality Scale of Manifest Anxiety” J. Taylor (1953) and the distinctiveness of the----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1853
JPES ® www.efsupit.roVIKTOR PLOKHIKH, IHOR POPOVYCH, KOSTYANTYN KRUGLOV, OLEKSIY SABADUKHA,NADIIA MELNYK, SERHII OMELIANIUK, IHOR HOIAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------strategy “escape-avoidance” (rs = .349; p = .043), between the indicators of motivation for achieving success andthe distinctiveness of the strategy “distancing” (rs = .429; p = .011), between the indicators of the duration ofengagement in handball and the distinctiveness of the strategy “positive revaluation” (rs = -.343; p = .047).
Tabl. 5 presents the results of comparing self-estimation of the emotional state of the research sample (n =34) before the contest and after it by means of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Z).
Table 5. Results of comparing self-estimation of the emotional state before and after the contest (n=34)
Self-estimation of anxiety
Before the contest
After the contest

Statistical parameter
min
Me
28.00
22.00
30.50
25.00

max
33.00
34.00

Z

р

- 4.657.000

Note: Me – median (given in italics); min – minimum; max – maximum; Z – Wilcoxon signed-rank test; p – thevalue of significance.
Discussion
Daily routine of athletes with higher qualifications is mainly organized around solution of sports problems
orientated towards new achievements. When enhancing sports mastery, athletes improve their life experience,
their personality, develop certain approaches and methods for solving the arising problems and, especially,
overcoming critical situations on the basis of special experience. As their sports mastery is enhanced in theprocess of successfully overcoming their own personal limitations, experienced handball players inevitably
improve certain strategies of extreme self-organization and coping strategies (Popovych et al., 2020a; 2021b;
Stasyuk et al., 2020).
Step-by-step statistical determination and subsequent identification of the most pronounced strategies of theresearch participants’ extreme self-organization allowed finding out a basic set of the dominant strategies (seeTabl. 1 and 2). This set includes only constructive coping strategies aimed, firstly, at taking responsibility,
secondly, at self-control, thirdly, at problem-solving planning. It is noteworthy that all the identified basic
strategies of extreme self-organization are mainly related to improvement of individual mastery of experienced
handball players. Another constructive strategy – the strategy of positive revaluation – is important, but, to agreater extent, at the initial stages of an athlete’s development, when there is a constant need for deep reinterpretation of the gained experience as a result of mistakes, failures and defeats in competitions. At moreadvanced levels of mastery, when the experience contains well-formed basic functional models of organizing
sporting activities, critical comprehension and necessary correction of an athlete’s game actions mostly occur
almost automatically as a practiced component of the feedback contour of the activity structure. In this case,critical thinking and correction of actions are mainly related to improvement of typical functional models ofsolving sports problems in adjusting them to numerous spatio-temporal configurations of certain game situations.
As a result, over the years of gaining sports mastery, the importance of conscious emotionally colored radical
revaluation of success or failure of game actions decreases for handball players.
The empirically identified dominant strategies of experienced handball players’ extreme self-organization
sufficiently correspond to the most significant factors proposed I. Synigovets (2011) which affect athletes’
teamwork. Players’ orientation towards interpersonal support both in the list of the proposed factors and in ourfindings is not of paramount importance (see Tabl. 1 and 2). The reason for this correlation should be sought in
the regularities of organizing a handball game.
As mentioned above, handball is a highly dynamic, emotionally and physically intense sporting activity.
Furthermore, the necessity to quickly and accurately evaluate the rapidly changing current game situation andpromptly plan one’s own actions requires handball players’ considerable intellectual efforts. A game situation in
handball, given the permissible time of a player’s holding a ball, changes in no more than three seconds. Radical
changes in a game can also occur almost instantly if the ball is taken from a competitor or by a competitor, andattack actions immediately turn into defense actions, and defense turns into attack. Under such conditions, with aconstant shortage of time for evaluating the situation and adequate response, timeliness of an athlete’s actions islargely based on the previously learnt typical cognitive schemes, functional models of actions in typical spatiotemporal configurations of players’ positioning on the sports ground. On the other hand, actualization of typicalgame functional models from memory must consider the peculiarity of the current situation which allows
developing adequate attitude and making the right decisions. This consideration for successful game activity
involves not so much “embedding” typical actions in the current real situation, but rather using them creatively
in the anticipatory process of a sensory-perceptive level of mental activity for identifying trends in thedevelopment of a game situation in the near future, for predicting behavior of team-mates and competitors, andfor preparing one’s own version of actions (Pomytkina et al., 2024; Plokhikh et al., 2022). This self-realizationof a handball player meets tactical-technical requirements of their activity and the empirically established focus
on the development of a constructive strategy orientated towards problem-solving planning (see Tabl. 1).
Considerable game loads as stressors for handball players evoke emotions. As shown in the results of otherstudies, the reaction caused by strong emotions often appears to be inappropriate and erroneous (Plokhikh, 2023;
Shcherbak et al., 2023). In this context, the findings of our research elevate the importance of well-developed
1854---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JPES ® www.efsupit.roVIKTOR PLOKHIKH, IHOR POPOVYCH, KOSTYANTYN KRUGLOV, OLEKSIY SABADUKHA,NADIIA MELNYK, SERHII OMELIANIUK, IHOR HOIAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------self-control over emotions for experienced handball players. A positive emotional background is an important
prerequisite for fruitful activity. However, intensified emotional reactions distort evaluation of the current
situation, block productive anticipation, provoke application of wrong behavioral patterns, and destroyorganization and implementation of the necessary sequence of game actions.
In the typical cognitive models of organizing actions which are available in handball players’ experience,different players are mainly represented by their functional resource. Expectations and personal intentions ofeach player are defined according to resource capabilities of their teammates and competitors. In theconsiderably compressed time and space constraints of the game, the overall result of the team largely depends
on successful or erroneous realization of each handball player’s actions. The above obviously testifies to thegreat importance of personal responsibility of each player for the most effective realization of their game
functions in any extreme game circumstances. Therefore, it is not surprising that, according to the obtained
results, the significance of the strategy of taking responsibility for personal self-organization and, at the sametime, adequate game initiative appears to be relatively higher in experienced handball players among the options
considered (see Tabl. 1 and 2).
The empirically established emphasis in the orientation of experienced handball players’s self-organization
towards the strategies mainly aimed at enhancing individual mastery does not fundamentally contradict to theteam nature of handball. In the functional models learnt and implemented by athletes during intense training andcompetitions, teammates are represented by their game responsibilities and capabilities according to their gameroles. In this variant, a player’s personality appears mainly in their game functionality, and not as a carrier of
certain views, features, personal experiences and mental states. The above personal manifestations mostly act ascorrective impacts on the actual functional capabilities of a handball player. And, according to our findings, suchcorrections on the part of the request for social support can be orientated in constructive and non-constructive
directions (see Tabl. 3). In the constructive variant, the request for social support appears mainly as a result ofobjective complications in the effective implementation of the game functionality. It should be taken into
consideration when planning a game. In the destructive variant, if a player is not motivated for efficient gameself-realization, has increased anxiety and avoids playing a game, the game load and responsibility aretransferred to others. The above usually has a negative impact not only on the process and results of the teamplay, but also on the psychological climate and interpersonal relationships in the team. At the same time, thestrategy of search for social support in a generalized version is secondary by its level of intensity for experienced
handball players (see Tabl. 1).
Though handball is a contact and somewhat traumatic sport, confrontational strategies are not main ones forplayers (see Tabl. 1). However, the normative requirements for functional responsibilities in the game dependingon the game role affect the preferences in choosing a confrontational strategy of extreme self-organization. Thiscan be explained by the fact that the players of the first line of attack (Group 1) have to be in a tough physicalcontact with their competitors more often and more closely in comparison with the players of the second line of
attack (Group 2). As it was found in our empirical research, the confrontation attitude of the players of the firstline of attack is relatively high and statistically significant (see Tabl. 4 and Fig I). At the same time, given thefact that interpersonal confrontation in its emotional intensity and excessive manifestations destroys attitudes andplans for the game. Handball players with higher levels of mastery find appropriate ways to cope with aggressive
intentions and develop relevant compensators. Experienced handball players develop the strategy of distancing
themselves and weakening too close contact with competitors as such a compensator (see Tabl. 3).
Conclusions
It was substantiated that the strategies of handball players’ extreme self-organization are motivationalbehavioral patterns caused by stressogenic situations of a contest, the athletes’ game roles in the sports ground,external and internal factors of sporting activities and organizational-content features of handball competitions.
It was found that experienced handball players who rely on perfectly practiced functional models oforganizing their activities (even in the regularly occurring mode of time scarcity during the game) are orientatedtowards permanent significant changes in spatio-temporal relations of a competitive situation. First of all,constructive strategies of extreme self-organization which prepare handball players for independent effective
solution of game problems are formed. The dominant strategies are as follows: taking responsibility; self-control;
problem-solving planning.
It was empirically established that the competitive strategy orientated towards social support is moderately
manifested in experienced handball players. This moderation is related to players’ game expectations, not topersonal emotionally colored self-realization, but to successful functional self-realization of teammates in a tenseand highly dynamic game situation. The emphasis in players’ expectations for teammates is related to theattitude towards rationally verified problem-solving planning on the basis of actualization of the known
functional models or to the attitude towards avoidance of active participation in the game and is accompanied byincreased anxiety.
It was found that the strategy of confrontation is considerably more pronounced in experienced handball
players of the first line of attack. It was explained that distinction has a moderate level and is a consequence of----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1855
JPES ® www.efsupit.roVIKTOR PLOKHIKH, IHOR POPOVYCH, KOSTYANTYN KRUGLOV, OLEKSIY SABADUKHA,NADIIA MELNYK, SERHII OMELIANIUK, IHOR HOIAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the functionally determined and normatively expected close contacts with competitors. Excessiveness inexperienced handball players’ confrontational attitude is compensated by distancing themselves from provoking
circumstances.
Acknowledgements
The research was conducted within the framework of the EU program Erasmus+, the area Development ofHigher Education Potential. The project of Kherson State University Boosting University Psychological
Resilience and Wellbeing in (Post-) War Ukrainian Nation (101129379 – BURN – ERASMUS-EDU-2023CBHE).
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