2002 Survey Report
ＮＥＤＯ−ＩＣ−０２−ＥＤ−０３

Infrastructure Improvement Project for
Rationalization of International Energy Use(Survey Project on Best Practices of Energy Conservationfor Building in South‑East Asian Countries)

March, 2003

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
Entrusted to

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Infrastructure Improvement Project for Rationalization of International Energy Use(Survey Project on Best Practice of Energy Conservation for Building in South-East
Asian Countries)

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
March 2003
Study Purpose
This survey is intended to render technical assistance to develop database / benchmark /guideline for the smooth promotion of both the energy conservation and the operation of
the energy conservation building award system for commercial buildings in ASEAN
countries that was newly setup by ACE（ASEAN Center for Energy）in 2000, in order toreduce the increasing energy consumption by commercial buildings. The objectives ofthe survey are to transfer the energy conservation technologies for buildings and thetechnologies for evaluating buildings to be awarded and conducting the energy audits.

Preface
In recent years, the challenge of preventing the global warming has become an issue of theutmost concern for the whole human race, while there has been an equally strong need forsustainable economic development. It is thus crucial to reconcile these conflicting interests
in order to find a solution to the severe problems we face.
Under these conditions, what is needed, in particular, is the technological innovation thatwill create methods of using energy more efficiently and minimizing the environmental load,
as well as developing such forms of energy as will cause no environmental load.
To contribute to the well-harmonized achievement between economic development andenvironmental protection, it is required to provide the support that is acceptable to eachcountry and appropriate to the country’s particular circumstances through the following.
- Understanding the energy use and measures for environmental protection- Investigating the status of infrastructure establishment, lifestyle and means of livelihood
Under the situations mentioned above, in the fiscal year of 2002, the project activities
concentrated on the establishment of the organization and basis to develop the database /benchmark / guideline to systematically implement improvements for energy conservationin the future in ASEAN countries. The activities are based both on the assistance inperforming the award system for energy conservation buildings of commercial use and on
the results of energy audits for buildings including the technology transfer.
In 2002, four buildings, or buildings of quite different types of “Best Practice” and “Retrofit”
at two countries, were chosen and the energy audits including actual measurement wereconducted at these four building.
Especially, in order to ensure the technology transfer, the energy audits of demonstration
type in field on a basis of OJT (On the Job Training) were conducted and the workshops forparticipants to experience processing collected data by simulation was applied.
Among ASEAN countries, Vietnam and Myanmar are the countries more probable to befurther developed in the future, accordingly, it is expected that new buildings will be
constructed and the existing buildings will be revamped. In this sense, it is believed that the
project activities in these two countries were very fruitful to obtain a large effect toward thefuture.
Moreover, it is also highly evaluated that the future direction of the project activities could
be specifically shown by the establishment of the basis for promoting further energy
conservation through initiating to develop database / benchmark / guideline for buildings,
based on the actual results of activities for these three years.

We sincerely hope that this project will contribute to energy conservation andenvironmental protection in ASEAN countries. Additionally, we hope that those countries
will continue to follow the path of environmentally friendly sustainable development. At thesame time, it is expected that this project will serve as a vehicle for technological exchange
and friendship between Japan and ASEAN countries.

March 2003
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Contents

Summary
I. Purposes and Background of the Survey
II. Vietnam
1. Summary of Audits
2. Political and Economic Conditions in Vietnam
3. Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings
4. Audits of Buildings in Vietnam
4.1 Hotel Nikko Hanoi
4.2 Lake Side Hotel
5. Database, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Vietnam
III. Myanmar
1. Summary of Audits
2. Political and Economic Conditions in Myanmar
3. Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings
4. Audits of Buildings in Myanmar
4.1 FMI Center
4.2 Pansea Hotel
5. Database, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Myanmar
IV. ASEAN Activities
1. ASEAN Workshop Summary
2. Energy Audit for Buildings
3. Database, Benchmarks and Guideline
V. Attached Reference Materials
1. PROMEEC - Building Activities in Vietnam and Myanmar
2. (Workshop: Case Study) Development of Database/Benchmark/Guideline
3. Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking in Buildings in Japan
4. Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking in Buildings in Vietnam & Myanmar
5. Data and Information Political and TechnicalSummary
The ASEAN economies are continuing to grow at a brisk pace, and accordingly their energy
consumption is also anticipated to increase rapidly from now on. In this context, it will bevital to use energy more efficiently, as well as to give due consideration to global warming.
This project has entered its third year, and the ASEAN Center for Energy (hereinafterreferred to as “ACE”), our counterpart, is engaged in increasingly full-fledged andsubstantial energy conservation activities, thereby contributing to the spread of awareness ofthe need for energy conservation among the people in ASEAN countries.
It is particularly notable that in the year 2002 which is supposed to be a turning point of the
project, the achievements from the past project activities were reviewed and earnest
discussions were held on the future direction of activities with Japanese specialists joining in
the panel. Specifically, it is underlined that discussions on the evaluation system such as theaward system further developed into the actual commencement of preparations forformulating database, benchmarks and guidelines in order to share the achievements
accumulated during the past three years among ASEAN member countries. In other words,
in the Inception Workshop held immediately after the commencement of the 2002 projectand in the Workshop held at the end of February 2003 on completion of the 2002 field
operations, positive and extensive discussions were held focusing on the development of
database, benchmarks and guidelines in the future. In addition, in the Workshop at the end of
February 2003, it was resolved that a working group would be formed by delegates from therespective ASEAN countries. This means that the ASEAN has established a substantial
system in which achievements and results of the project can continuously be followed up in
the future by developing database, benchmarks and guidelines.
Specific details of activities through this project for this year are as follows;
November 25 to November 26, 2002; Participation in the “Inception Workshop of the
SOME-METI Project on PROMEEC - Buildings and PROMEEC - Industries” (Singapore)(1) Introduction to energy conservation promotion measures, energy management andtypical energy conservation technologies employed in buildings and in the industrial
sector in Japan(2) Explanation and discussions on the action plans to be implemented in the 2002 project(buildings and major industries)(3) Discussions on scheduling and local arrangements for the planned field surveys onbuildings and major industries(4) Discussions on the plan to develop benchmarks for energy consumption in buildings(5) Exchange of views on future project plan
January 6 to January 17, 2003; 1st Site Survey in Vietnam and Myanmar(1) Introduction to energy conservation technologies used in buildings in Japan (Vietnam andMyanmar)(2) Energy audits of two buildings in Hanoi, Vietnam(3) Energy audits of two buildings in Yangon, Myanmar
February 17 to February 27, 2003; 2nd Site Survey in Vietnam and Myanmar(1) Explanation/discussion on the results of the energy audits of two buildings in Hanoi,
Vietnam and additional surveys(2) Explanation/discussion on the results of the energy audits of two buildings in Yangon,
Myanmar and additional surveys(3) Workshop for development of database and benchmarks (Vietnam and Myanmar)
February 28 to March 1, 2003; Participation in the “Workshop of The Working Group for
Benchmarking and Audit Guideline Development Projects, SOME-METI Work Program”(Yangon, Myanmar)(1) Report and discussions on the results of the 2002 building audits (Vietnam, Myanmar)(2) Report and discussions on the results of the 2002 industrial factory audits (iron andsteel industry in Philippine and apparel manufacturing in Cambodia)(3) Introduction to the status quo of Japan in connection with the development of database,benchmarks and guidelines and subsequent discussions(4) Case study in Vietnam and Myanmar for the development of database, benchmarks andguidelines(5) Introduction to the ASEAN’s view of the benchmarking concept, its implementation
status and action plans and subsequent discussions(6) Discussions on the future direction and proposed plans regarding the PROMEEC
project (buildings and major industrial fields)
We gained good cooperation in Vietnam and Myanmar where we implemented surveys in thefiscal year 2002. In Hanoi in Vietnam, we practiced the energy audit of Hotel Nikko Hanoi
and Lake Side Hotel respectively for a “Best Practice Building” and a “Retrofit Building”. In
Myanmar, at the same time, we carried out the energy audits of FCI Center and Pansea Hotelrespectively for a “Best Practice Building” and a “Retrofit Building”. As both Vietnam andMyanmar are yet in the process of further development among ASEAN countries, thenumber of large-sized modern buildings in their capitals is very small compared with
Singapore, Thailand, etc. In this sense, as the buildings that we are able to survey is very
limited, we deeply appreciate ACE and the governments of the both countries for theirefforts to locate and determine the target buildings for our audit.
In either county, representatives from two or three ASEAN countries other than the countries
concerned and delegates of the ACE as well as government ministries in charge, ministries,
agencies and organizations concerned and the hotel staff concerned proactively participatedin the audit and we were impressed with their serious attitude and readiness to learn fromJapanese experts’ experience and knowledge. In the current year, we implemented oursurveys also focusing on giving “OJT (On the Job Training) in Field” to local survey
participants.
Specifically, using mainly a demonstration approach, Japanese experts gave participants
concrete instructions on how to carry out an audit on the site while actually proceeding with
their survey duties on the spot, starting from how to reply to a preliminary survey form andhow to enter data. In the second site survey, they tried a simulation where by the workshop
method, the results of the audit were actually input in a computer as data and audit
parameters were calculated to analyze the results. Although it took quite a time and work forJapanese experts to make preparations for such training, their strenuous efforts made it
happen. Their efforts and seriousness were probably felt by local participants and the results
obtained were fruitful to both sides.
We sincerely hope that the recommendations proposed in this report will be realized at an
early opportunity, furthermore that these materials and the experience described above will
be effectively utilized and all results and achievements will be accumulated and disseminatedto ASEAN countries so as to serve a basis for their future activities, thereby contributing to
the promotion of both energy conservation and environmental protection in ASEAN
countries.
We reiterate our most sincere gratitude for the generous cooperation rendered by the various
relevant organizations of respective countries, including ACE, and by persons in charge ofthe buildings concerned.

I.

Purposes and Background of the Survey
This project was set up in 2000 with the aim of reducing energy consumption incommercial buildings that continue to emerge in the ASEAN region with thecooperation of ASEAN Center for Energy that served as the core organization. This
project supports the award system for the best practice building for energy consumptionthat targets business use buildings in ASEAN countries in its technical and operational
aspects.
The secretariat of ASEAN Center for Energy that serves as a representative of ASEAN
countries for this project understand the purposes of this project as follows;
1. Enhancing even more the cooperative relationship between ASEAN countries andJapan in the field of energy
2. Promoting energy efficiency and energy conservation in buildings in ASEAN
countries
3. Promoting transfer of Japanese technologies in this particular field andintroduction of successful energy-saving cases realized in Japan to ASEAN
countries
4. Improving qualities of ASEAN countries through energy use audits on a basis of
OJT
5. Developing and establishing Guideline, Database and Benchmark for the energy
audit in ASEAN countries
Based on the discussion with ASEAN members including ACE, this cooperative projectis considered to consist of the three stages as follows. The activities in this fiscal year
should bridge the first and second stages, reviewing achievements made during the past
two years and determining the direction of the activities in the next stage.
1st stage 2000-2002 Transfer of technologies and experience from Japan to ASEAN
countries
2nd stage 2003-2006 Cooperative work interacting between Japan and ASEAN
counties
3rd stage 2007Advancement in energy conservation through ASEAN countries’
self efforts
Surveys on the actual condition of energy management were implemented specificallyby the following process.

c Checking of the overall conditions of a building
d Checking of the overall conditions of facilities and systems
e Checking in details of the condition of energy management according to the replies
to the questionnaire on energy management which had been requested to prepare
beforehand, and confirming the operation record if necessary.

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f Presenting the recommended improvements in facilities and energy management for
the reduction of energy consumption based on the results obtained from the steps
mentioned above.
Database, benchmarks and guidelines that provide rough standards of energy
consumption in buildings should differ from country to country due to their differencesin climate, lifestyle, established infrastructure, etc. Accordingly, as it is impossible toestablish unified standards for all ASEAN countries from the beginning, we suggested
that respective countries establish their own standards independently in the first place,then work together to complete standards that can be used commonly by ASEAN
countries. This year, as a first step, we organized how to proceed with the plan andconducted training in the creation of database in Vietnam and Myanmar.

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II.

Vietnam1.

Summary of Audits
Site survey and audit periods
1st Site Survey : January 6 through 11, 2003
2nd Site Survey : February 17 through 21, 2003
Participants from the International Engineering Department of the Energy Conservation
Center, Japan. (ECCJ)• Kazuhiko Yoshida (General Manager) January 6 through 7, 2003
• Akira Ueda (Technical Expert)
January 6 through 11 and February 17
through 21• Akira Kobayashi (Technical Expert)
January 6 through 11 and February 17
through 21(1st Site Survey)
Date

Events, destination, etc.

Jan. 6 Workshop(Mon.) (Hotel Nikko Hanoi
84 Tran Nhan Tong St.
Hanoi)

Description••••

Welcome Remarks
Opening Statement
Introduction of ECCJ
Presentation on the current energy conservation
technology and experience in buildings in Japan• Presentation on the procedure of auditing buildings
Participants Mr. Vu Van Thai
(Deputy Director General
Department of International
Cooperation)
Mr. Le Tuan Phong (Ministry of Industry)
Mr. Phuong Hoang Kim (Ministry of Industry)
Ms. Ho Kim Nga(Electricity of Vietnam)
Mr. Antonio B. Dizon(Chief Engineer Hotel Nikko Hanoi)
Mr. Thang(Engineer Lakeside Hotel)
Mr. Tam(Engineer Lakeside Hotel)
Mr. Mohd Muhtazam Noordin(Malaysia Energy Centre)
Mr. Christopher Zamora(ACE)
and 5 other persons

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Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description

Jan. 7(Tue.)

Hotel Nikko Hanoi(Best Practice
Building)
Survey/audit(in Hanoi City)• Provided OJT in auditing to participants through thesurvey/audit of Hotel Nikko as Best Practice Building
Use of building: Hotel (260 rooms)
Size: 1 basement and 17 floors above the groundTotal floor area: 29,164 m2• Survey on the overall condition of the building by
documents/interviewing• Survey on the overall condition of the equipment by
documents/interviewing• Survey on energy consumption by documents/
interviewing• On-site investigation
There were many participants from various fields.
Participants: Mr. Le Tuan Phong
Mr. Phuong Hoang Kim
Ms. Ho Kim Nga
Mr. Antonio B. Dizon
Mr. Thang
Mr. TamMr. Mohd Muhtazam Noordin
Mr. Christopher Zamora
and 6 other persons

Jan. 8 Lakeside Hotel(Wed.) (Retrofit Building)
Survey/audit(in Honoi city)• Provided OJT in auditing to participants through thesurvey/audit of Lakeside Hotel as “Retrofit Building”• Use of building: Hotel (76 rooms)
Size: 5 floors above the groundTotal floor area: 6,981 m2• Survey on the overall condition of the building by
documents/interviewing• Survey on the overall condition of the equipment by
documents/interviewing• Survey on energy consumption by documents/
interviewing• On-site investigation
Participants: Mr. Le Tuan Phong
Mr. Phuong Hoang Kim
Ms. Ho Kim Nga
Mr. Antonio B. Dizon
Mr. Thang
Mr. TamMr. Mohd Muhtazam Noordin
Mr. Christopher Zamora
and 8 other persons

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Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description

Jan. 9(Thu.)

Audits of Hotel Nikko
Hanoi and LakesideHotel• Conducted a survey for reconfirmation of data on Hotel
Nikko Hanoi (Best Practice Building) and Lakeside Hotel(Retrofit Building)Participants: Hotel Nikko Hanoi
Mr. Antonio B. Dizon
and 2 other persons
Lakeside Hotel
Mr. Tam
Ms. Nguyen Thuy Hai
and 2 other persons

Jan. 10 Wrap-up meeting(Fri.) (Hotel Nikko Hanoi)• Summarized the preliminary results of surveys/audits ofHotel Nikko Hanoi and Lakeside Hotel and reported toparticipants.
Participants: Mr. Le Tuan Phong
Mr. Phuong Hoang Kim
Ms. Ho Kim Nga
Mr. Antonio B. Dizon
Mr. Thang
Mr. TamMr. Mohd Muhtazam Noordin
Mr. Christopher Zamora
and 6 other persons

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(2nd Site Survey)
Date

Events, destination, etc.

Feb. 17 Pre-report meeting(Mon.) Interim reports on theaudit results for Hotel
Nikko Hanoi and
Lakeside Hotel(Hotel Nikko Hanoi)

Description• Made interim reports based on the results of the 1st
surveys/audits of Hotel Nikko Hanoi and Lakeside Hotel(Major contents)
Hotel Nikko Hanoi• Analysis of the current condition
Power consumption, total energy consumption, energy
composition, trends in annual energy consumption, daily
power consumption, comparisons with other buildings,
water consumption data
• Recommendations and expected effects
Improvement in the chilled water temperature,application of the variable flow rate control system to thecurrent cold water pumps, improvement in air ratios forboilers, renewal to high efficiency lighting fixtures,
improvement in heat insulation of steam pipes and valves
and introduction of cogeneration system.
Lakeside Hotel• Analysis of the current condition
Trends in monthly power consumption, energy
composition, annual power consumption andcomparisons with other buildings• Recommendations
Improvement in setup temperature for hot-water supply
and review of heat source for hot-water supply
Participants: Mr. Le Tuan Phong
Mr. Phuong Hoang Kim
Ms. Ho Kim Nga
Mr. Antonio B. Dizon
Mr. Thang
Mr. TamMr. Mohd Muhtazam Noordin
and 2 other persons

Feb. 18 Survey of Hotel Nikko(Tue.) Hanoi• Carried out the secondary survey on Hotel Nikko Hanoi• Out of the energy saving measures proposed in the wrapup meeting in January, some improvements have beenrealized including “heat insulation of steam pipes andbare tubes of valves”, “change in chilled water outlet
temperature of chillers”, etc.
Participants: Mr. Antonio B. Dizon
and 2 other persons

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Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description

Feb. 19 Survey of Lakeside(Wed.) Hotel• Carried out the secondary survey on Lakeside Hotelfocusing on solar-powered hot water supply system
Participants: Mr. Tam
Ms. Nguyen Thuy Hai
and 2 other persons

Feb. 20 Hotel Nikko Hanoi(Thu.) Workshop on databaseand benchmark
development• Made a presentation on benchmarks and databases
established in Japan• Had interviews to get information regarding the status ofbenchmarks and databases in buildings in Vietnam• Had discussions on the current condition in Vietnam
having Mr. Le Tuan Phong of M.O.I. as M.C.
• Although there was no benchmarking and databasesystem, 14 buildings had already been audited under
supervision of Hydro Quebec International Co. in
Canada.
Participants: Mr. Le Tuan Phong
Mr. Phuong Hoang Kim
Ms. Ho Kim Nga
Mr. Antonio B. Dizon
Mr. Thang
Mr. Tamand 6 other persons

Feb. 21 Benchmark and(Fri.) database creation in
VietnamInstitute of Energy• Created database and benchmarks in Vietnam using
energy audit results of 14 buildings collected by Instituteof Energy
Participants: Mr. Le Tuan Phongand 2 others persons

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2.

Political and Economic Conditions in Vietnam(1) National indicators, political system and economic indicator1) National indicators
Country name:Area:
Population:
Capital city:
Ethnic distribution:

Languages:
Religion:
Climate:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
331,688 km2 (approx. 0.87 times the area of Japan)
Approx. 78.69 million (as of the end of 2001)
Hanoi: 2.72 million, Ho Chi Minh: 5.13 million
Hanoi
Vietnamese group (87%), Chinese (1.3%), Khmer(Cambodian) (1%) and others for a total of 50 ethnic
groups mainly residing in mountainous areas
Vietnamese (official language spoken by approximately
90% of the population)
80% Mahayana Buddhism, 9% Catholic, Cao Dai, Hoa
Hao and others
Sub-tropical climate in the north
Tropical monsoon in the south2) Political system
Form of government:
Head of state:Socialist Republic
Tran Duc Luong (inaugurated in September
1997)
Political parties:
Communist Party of Vietnam (Single party)
Chairman of the Communist party: Nong Duc Manh (Elected in May 2002)
Legislature:
National Assembly: unicameral with 5-year
terms, consisting of 498 seats)
National Assembly Chairman: Nguyen Van
AnhAdministration:
Prime
Minister
Phan
Van
Khai
(inaugurated in September 1997)
Administrative district:
4 directly administered cities, 57 provinces
Governmental ministries and departments: Office of Government, Ministry of
Defense, Ministry of Police, Ministry ofForeign Affairs, Ministry of Justice,
Ministry of Planning and Investment,
Ministry of Finance, Ministry ofCommerce, Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural
Development,
MinistryofTransportation
andCommunication,
Ministry of Construction, Ministry ofII-6

Industry, Ministry of Fishery, Ministry ofLabor, War Invalids and Social Affairs,
Ministry of Science, Technology andEnvironment, Ministry of Culture andInformation, Ministry of Education andTraining and Ministry of Public Health andWelfare3) Economic indicators
Item

Unit
billion
VND

GDP (Nominal)
Actual GDP growthrate
GDP per capita
Rate of increase in
consumer prices(compared with theend of December)
Exports
Imports
Exports to Japan
Imports from Japan
Direct investments
received

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

272,036 313,623 361,468 399,942 444,646 484,493

%

9.3

8.2

5.8

4.8

6.8

6.8

US$

311

320

340

372

390

391

0.1

-0.6

0.8

%
million US$
million US$
million US$
million US$

11,541 14,483 15,027
11,742 15,637 16,162
1,786 2,575 2,510
1,618 2,301 2,215

million US$

1,567

Current balance (balance of international payments base)Trade balance (balance of international payments base)Foreign currency reserves
Outstanding foreign debt
Exchange rate (term average) against the US$
Exchange rate (term-end value) against the US$

1,989

2,472

US$563 million in 2000
US $500 million in 2000
US$3,674.57 million in 2001
US$12,787 million in 2000
US$14,725.2 in 2001
US$15,084 in 2001

Reference: “’99 Latest Vietnam Statistics”; Vietnam Economic Research Institute, datafrom Vietnam Statistics Bureau(2) Political condition
The policy of economic reforms (Doi Moi) centering around the transition from acentralized planned economy to a market economy was implemented following its
approval by the sixth Communist Party Congress in 1986. The Doi Moi policy canbe broken down into the following four points.
• Re-evaluation of socialist policy line
A break from the traditional line of extremist radical socialism

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• Change in industrial policy
The previous policy to prioritize the heavy industry was reexamined, and thepresent a policy more prioritize the agriculture and light industry. Of these, thethree items of food and food products, consumable goods and import substitutes
were targeted for increased production, with 60% of all investments concentrated
in these industrial areas, to facilitate their growth.
• Introduction of a market economy
Introduction of market mechanisms was introduced to facilitate economic reform.
Diverse forms of ownership are tolerated, with the traditional centralized form ofplanned re-distributive economy reexamined.
The existence of managerial arrangements other than national and public entities
such as capitalist management and private management is tolerated.
• Participation in international cooperation
Enthusiastic participation in international regimes of specialization andcooperation. Contribution not only to peace on the Indo-China Peninsula, butalso to achieving world peace and global economic growth is aimed at. (From aconflict coexistence stance)
Under this policy, reforms have been enhanced since 1988, namely the establishmentof new foreign capital legislation, financial and banking reforms, reforms of national
corporations, deregulation of production and distribution, deregulation of pricecontrol, and deregulation of controls on trade and foreign exchange, etc. This
movement has been accelerated significantly along with the generation change inpolitical leadership and the law amendment that took place in 1998.
In the 9th Communist Party Assembly in 2001, the succession of the previous basic
policy of maintaining the socialist regime controlled by the Communist Party as the
single political party and continuing “Doi Moi (reforms)” line was confirmed while
streamlining of the leadership of the party through various measures for eradicating
corruption of the party members, the reduction in the number of regular staff of theCentral Committee and political bureau, etc. was proposed. In this Congress, Nong
Duc Manh, Speaker of National Assembly, was elected the new Chairman of theParty.
(3) Foreign relationships
The country joined the United Nations in 1977. In 1995, the country normalized
relations with the United States. Following the war with China, relations with its
northern neighbor were normalized in November of 1991. Vietnam joined ASEAN
in 1995 and APEC in 1998. Although membership of the WTO has been sought
since they applied for it in January 1995, the country was required by the WTO toreform the import/export license system, are still in the process of preparing.
As for realization of AFTA (the ASEAN Free Trade Area), which is Vietnam’s
gateway to international trade, the country has agreed, in principle, in 1999, toreduce duties on trade within the area to 5% or below by 2003, and with certain
exceptions, to eliminate import duties levied on all products in principle by 2015.

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(4) Economic conditions
The export of primary products such as crude oil and rice had been in goodcondition for the period from 1992 to 1996. At that time, the domestic demand
expanded, mainly owing to direct investment from foreign countries and privatesector consumption, thus the country registered a real GDP average growth rate of
8.9%. In the first half of 1997, while the growth of domestic private-sector
consumption temporarily declined and the economic growth tended to slow down,
an economic growth rate of 9% was achieved with an extremely low inflation rate.
Affected by the Asian economic crisis, however, the growth rate leveled off at 5.8%
in 1998 and 4.8% in 1999 because of a slump in exports and a decrease in direct
investment from foreign counties. In 2000, the growth rate picked up to 6.7% due tothe expansion of business in the mining and industrial sectors and for other positive
reasons and showed a steady growth rate of 6.8% in 2001 while other ASEAN
economies were slowing down due to a slump in the IT industry.
With agriculture as the main industry (23% of GDP, employing 72% of total labor
force), the primary industry also including fishery, forestry, mining (petroleum,
anthracite, apatite, iron ore, chrome ore, tin ore) are the main locomotives of theeconomy. Although industrialization has been promoted since the adoption of the
Doi Moi Policy, the DGP rate of growth in both industry and agriculture has been
declining since 1995. GDP per capita reached US$ 350 in 1999, but this is only onetenth that of the leading nations such as Thailand and Malaysia. The effect of the
Asian economic crisis was small when compared to other Southeast Asian nations,as trade had not been completely opened.
Trade, which consists of the export of the primary products and the import of thesecondary and tertiary products, is that of a typical agricultural country. As for the
trading, the main export items include clothes, textiles, crude oil, rice, footwear andso on, while the import items include machinery, petroleum products, fabrics and soon.
The Foreign Investment Law (concerning the investment from other countries) was
revised in November 1996, to adopt measures, including the reduction of assessment
period (from 90 days to 60 days), unification of the investment license and operation
registration certificate, and transfer of investment approval rights to certain domestic
authorities. The revision of the taxation system enforced in January 1999 has
incorporated many measures devised to address long-standing problems. The
effectiveness of such measures will be evaluated by future foreign investment
trends.

II-9(5) Privatization of state-run enterprises
The policy to introduce a market economy after the adoption of the Doi Moi policy
has led to the approval of the existence of capitalistic and individual private forms ofmanagement other than national and public management, thereby facilitating theprivatization (incorporation) of state-owned and public enterprises. The number ofstate-owned enterprises in 2000 was 5,280. According to the 1999 statistics, thebreakdown in form of management of gross production by domestic enterprises was
40% for state-owned enterprises, 9% for joint-ventured enterprises, 41% for private
enterprises and households combined, and 10% for foreign-affiliated companies.
Almost half of gross production is associated with state-run enterprises.
By 1999, 300 national and public enterprises had been privatized (only 24 of which
had been owned and operated by the Ministry of Industry; a very low rate), andadditional 320 enterprises plan to be privatized by 2000. Moreover, it is planned thatthe number of national and public enterprises will be cut to 3000 by 2003 and to2000 by 2005 through the mergers and closures.

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3.
3.1

Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings
General Process
The energy audit for buildings is generally proceeded in the 6-step sequencedescribed below.
In STEP 1 and STEP 2, general information and data on the building and equipment
concerned are collected and the energy consumption data obtained is analyzed.
In the present audit, the participants collaborated with Japanese experts in STEP 1 to
3. In the wrap-up meeting held on completion of the 1st site survey, ECCJ specialists
outlined points for improvement for STEP 4. In the interim report meeting in the 2ndsite survey, then the results of the study on the methods of improvement and expected
effects were explained, and for further confirmation, additional surveys wereconducted. This report reflects the results of the 2nd site survey.
STEP-1 Gathering and confirming general information and data on the building
STEP-2 Gathering and confirming general information and data on theequipment
STEP-3 Gathering and evaluating data on energy consumption
STEP-4 Identifying points for improvement by data analysis and evaluation
STEP-5 Studying recommendations for improvement including expected effects
STEP-6 Determining and explaining the recommendations to be implemented

3.2

Description of Each Step
Major survey items of each step are as follows:(1) STEP-1 Gathering and confirming general information and data on thebuilding
1) Year of construction completed
2) Size: Gross floor area (area for major use, indoor parking area), Number ofstories, structure3) Use4) Owner5) Number of employees, Number of clients (business days, holidays), andother items(2) STEP-2 Gathering and confirming general information and data on theequipment
1) Air-conditioning systems, electrical systems, sanitary facilities, etc.
2) Specifications of equipment3) Operation management status: Operating hours, setting of room temperature,and other items

II-11

(3) STEP-3 Gathering and Evaluating data on energy consumption
1) Monthly energy consumption2) Changes in yearly energy consumption
3) Energy consumption by day of the week4) Energy consumption by hour of the day5) Energy consumption by use6) Data on water consumption, and other items(4) STEP-4 Identifying points for improvement by data analysis and evaluation
1) Comparison of the total energy consumption of the building concerned withthat of similar buildings
2) Comparison of its energy consumption by use with that of similar buildings
3) Analysis of its monthly energy consumption trends
4) Analysis of changes in energy consumption for a period of several years5) Analysis of its energy consumption by day of the week and hour of the day6) Confirmation of room environment: Temperature, humidity, CO2concentration, luminance7) Confirmation of operation log: Operation status during peak load hours,
operation status during light load hours, Number of equipment units inoperation, operation time and operation temperature conditions8) On-site inspection: Operation status of equipment, temperature indicators,
ammeters, voltmeters and power factor indicators, valve condition, damper
condition, heat insulation, layout of equipment, maintenance of equipment
and piping9) Determination of how the facilities and equipment are actually used:
Density of people in a room, condition of OA equipment, identification oflocations of energy loss, and other items(5) STEP-5 Studying recommendations for improvement including expected
effects
1) Studying improvement plans: Application of other successful improvementcases and most-advanced technologies
2) Estimation of effects for improvement: Reduced energy consumption andcosts
3) Estimation of costs for improvement(6) STEP-6 Determining and explaining the recommendations to be implemented1) Determination of the recommendations to be applied
2) Preparation of a report
3) Explaining the report

II-12

3.3

On-site Auditing Procedure
The energy audits for the building concerned were conducted in accordance with thefollowing procedure.
(1) Interviewing
1) General description of the building2) General description of the equipment
3) How the building is used and the operation status of equipment
4) Data and information on overall energy use(2) Confirmation on drawings and reference materials
1) Building design drawing
2) Equipment drawings including drawings of air-conditioning systems,
electrical systems and sanitary facilities
3) Operation log
4) Energy consumption data
5) Room environment data
(3) On-site confirmation
1) Typical room2) Machine room3) Electrical room4) Outdoor facilities and equipment (placed on rooftop and on the ground)(4) Simple measurements (if possible)
1) Temperature, humidity and luminance2) Electric current
3) CO2 concentration, etc.

II-13

4.
4.1

Audits of Buildings in Vietnam
Hotel Nikko Hanoi(1) Outline of the building
1) Name: Hotel Nikko Hanoi

2) Use: Hotel (260 rooms)
3) Size: 1 basement and 17 floors above the groundTotal floor area; 29,164 m24) Age of the building: 4.5 years5) Outline of electrical systems:
Receiving voltage 10 kV, Transformer capacity 1,500 kVA × 2 sets
Power generator 810 kVA × 2 sets (water-cooled type)Elevator 18 kW × 3, Service elevator 18 kW × 1 set
6) Outline of air-conditioning systems:
Turbo chiller 300 RT (199 kW) × 3 sets,
Air-conditioning equipment + fan coil unit system
7) Sanitary facilities:
Steam boiler (diesel oil) 8 kg/cm2 × 2,400 kg/h × 2 sets,
Water receiving tank 225 m3 × 2 sets (city water, well water),Lifting pump 30 kW × 2 sets, Lifted water tank 100 m3(2) Analysis of current energy consumption status
1) Monthly energy consumption
a. Power consumption (2000-2002)
As the graph below shows, power consumption peaks around in Julyand drops most in February throughout each year. The power
consumption in February 2002 was almost 52% of that in July 2002.

II-14

Hotel Nikko Electricity Consumption
700,000
600,000kwh

500,000

2000
2001
2002

400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000

Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n
Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

0

Total energy consumption (2002)
The graph below shows monthly total numbers of electricity, diesel oil
and LPG consumptions using the respective conversion factors in thefollowing table. (Note: The conversion factor for electricity is thenumber currently used in Japan, which has been derived taking power
generation efficiency at the power plant, etc. into account. Therefore
the conversion factor for Vietnam should be determined separately. The
conversion factor used herein is derived through dividing power unit (1kWh = 3.6 MJ) by the average power generating efficiency ofapproximately 35% at power companies in Japan.)
According to the graph, electricity consumption changes from month tomonth while changes in diesel oil and LPD consumptions are small.
Total energy consumption also peaks in July and hits the bottom in
February.

Electricity

Primary energy conversion factor
10.256
MJ/kWhDiesel oil

38.937

MJ/L

LPG

27.617

MJ/L

2002 MONTHLY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0

II-15

V
NO

P
SE

JU
L

M
AY

AR

DIESEL FUELLPG
ELECTRICITY

M

JA
N

MJ

b.

2) Energy composition by type
In Hotel Nikko Hanoi, electricity, diesel oil and LPG are the energy sources.
The percentage of each energy consumption is shown in the circular graphbelow. Electricity and diesel oil consumptions respectively respectively
share about 66% and 32% of the total while the consumption of LPG
currently used only for kitchen shares only 2.8%.

Composition of energy consumption (2002)
LPG
2.8%
Oil
31.5%

Electricity
65.7%

Diesel oil is used for boilers and power generators, and its breakdown is asshown in the graph below. As shown in the graph below, oil for boilers
accounts for 26% of the total energy consumption. Boilers are used forsupplying hot water, steam for laundry and heat source for air-conditioning.
In order to reduce the overall energy consumption, the efficient boiler
operation is essential.
Composition of energy consumption (2002)
LPG
2.8%
Oil for boier
26.0%

Oil for generator
5.5%

Electricity
65.7%3) Trends of yearly energy consumption and occupancy rates of the hotel
Changes in the energy consumption and occupancy rates of the hotel during
the past 3 years are shown below.
If the total energy consumption in 2000 is normalized at 100, those of 2001
and 2002 are respectively 112 and 122. As the annual average occupancy
rate increased from 31.9% to 48.3% and up to 68.5%, increases in the totalenergy consumption can be explained by the increase in the occupancy rate.

II-16

Annual Energy Consum ption
100,000,000

MJ

80,000,000
L.P.G
Diesel FuelElectricity

60,000,000
40,000,000
20,000,000
0
2000

2001

2002

%

Avge Occupancy Rate
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
2000

2001

2002

4) Daily power consumption
Typical 24-hour electricity demand curves for weekday and weekend areshown below.
In weekdays, the peak of electricity demand appears at between 18:00 and
20:00 and the hourly fare of electricity is most expensive during three hoursof a day. Measures to reduce power consumption during these hours of the
day will, therefore, critically impact the total electricity costs.
In fact, power generators have been in operation during these hours, which
contribute to reducing electric power costs. This fact proves highmanagement capability of technical managers.
As power consumption is high also for early hours in the morning, somemeasures for this time period should be studied.

II-17

Typical Electricity Demand Curve
700
600

kWh

500
400

Week Day
Week End

300
200
100

0
:00
14
:00
16
:00
18
:00
20
:00
22
:00
0:0
0
10

0
6:0

8:0

0
4:0

0

5) Comparison with other buildings
a. Comparison of ambient temperatures between Hanoi and Tokyo
As no comparable data for evaluation of energy consumption wasavailable for Hanoi, ambient temperatures that affect energy
consumption for air-conditioning systems were compared prior tocomparing energy consumption per unit area for the hotel with that ofbuildings in Japan. Monthly average ambient temperatures in Tokyoand Hanoi are shown below.

35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0

b.

Ｊｕ
ｌ
Ａｕ
ｇ
Ｓｅ
ｐ
Ｏ
ｃｔ
Ｎｏ
ｖ
Ｄｅ
ｃ

Tokyo
HaNnoi

Ｊａ
ｎ
Ｆｅ
ｂ
Ｍ
ａｒ
Ａｐ
ｒ
Ｍ
ａｙ
Ｊｕ
ｎ

℃

Monthly Average Temperature

Comparison of energy intensity with that of buildings in Japan
While the average energy intensity value for hotels in Japan is 3,278
MJ/m2, the value for Hotel Nikko Hanoi is 3,248 MJ/m2. Both are little
different. It is estimated that the value is almost the same as Japanese
because this hotel was designed by a Japanese design firm and mainly
used by Japanese guests.

II-18

Energy consumption intensity MJ/m2
3,278

3,500

3,248

3,000

MJ/m2

2,500

2,222

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
office average Hotel averagein Japanin Japanc.

HOTEL NIKKOHANOIComparison of energy consumption by use
Hotel Nikko Hanoi’s energy consumption by use, which was calculated
based on the equipment specifications and their operating hours, isshown below. The typical energy consumption for hotels in Japan is
also shown for comparison.
In comparison of the both graphs, energy consumption for “Hotwater/steam” at Hotel Nikko Hanoi is 26% while the hotel in Japanaverage is 12%, which shows a great difference. In addition, in the itemof “Heat transportation”, Hotel Nikko Hanoi shows a larger value.
Accordingly, it would be appropriate to study for improvement
focusing on these items.
The bar chart that more clearly shows the comparison of energy
consumption by use is also shown below.

Hotel Nikko Hanoi
PowerOther
11% 4%
Lighting andOutlets
15%

Hot water,Steam
26%

II-19

Heat
Source27%

Heat
delivery17%Hotel in Japan Average
Ｏther
5%
Power
13%

Heat Source
36%

Lighting andOutlets
23%

Heat delivery
11%

Hot water,Steam12%

Hotel Nikko Hanoi

Hotel in Japan Average

5

20

0

10

15

25

30
28

Heat Source11

Hot water ,Steam

12

4

Ｏther

36

26
15

Lighting and Outlets
Power

40

17

Heat delivery

11

35

23

13

5

6) Water consumption dataa. Monthly water consumption
Monthly water consumptions for three years from 2000 to 2002 areshown below.
A water consumption in August 2002 seems an abnormal data. Water
consumption is increasing year by year.

Water Consumption(m3 )12,00010,000
2000
2001
2002

6,000
4,000
2,000

II-20

Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n

0
Ja

m3

8,000

b.

Trends of yearly water consumption
Yearly water consumptions were graphed below. If the water
consumption in 2000 is normalized at 100, those in 2001 and 2002 arerespectively 140 and 153. As mentioned previously, beeause the hotel’soccupancy rate is growing year by year, this upward trend can be
explained.
Water Consumption Ａｎｎｕａｌ Total
100,000

ｍ3

80,00060,00040,00020,000
0
2000

2002

Comparison with other buildings
The water consumption for the total floor area, or water consumption
intensity, should be checked for evaluating water consumption.
However, as no comparable data was available in Vietnam, data ofHotel Nikko Hanoi was compared with the data for buildings in Japan
investigated by ECCJ. Water consumption intensity of Hotel Nikko
Hawai is 3.23 m3/m2 while that of Japanese hotel shows 3.64 m3/m2,
resulting in almost no difference. It is probable that the value of Hotel
Nikko Hanoi is similar to the average number for hotels in Japanbecause it is used by a large number of Japanese guests.

Water consumption intensity m3/m2

m3/m2

c.

2001

4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00

3.64
3.23

0.98

office average Hotel averagein Japanin Japan

II-21

HOTEL NIKKO
HANOI

(3) Points for improvement and calculation of expected effects
1) Improvement in the temperature of chilled water
Current condition
Chillers are in automatic operation with a chilled water outlet
temperature set at 7°C.

Proposed improvement
Raising the chilled water outlet temperature during the season of low
cooling load to achieve a higher efficiency operation of chillers
Formula(Power consumption by chillers) × (a saving rate as the result of
improvement in the chilled water outlet temperature)
Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for estimation
Seasons of low cooling load
6 months from January to Marchand October to December
Chilled water outlet temperature
7°C → 10°C
(current temp. → improved temp.)
Saving rate due to an improvement in 7% (based on the reference
the chilled water outlet temperaturematerial)
Average load factor during the
80% (Based on one chiller in
low-cooling-load seasons
operation) (Although there are 3
chillers, all three chillers are in
operation for only 2 or 3 days
throughout the year. Mostly one
chiller is in operation whencooling load is light.)
Power of chiller

209 kW
Electricity cost
1400 VD/kWh
18:00~22:00 (4h)
22:00~4:00 (6h)Average cost

II-22

4:00~18:00 (14h)2360 VD/kWh
760 VD/kWh
1400 VD/kWhb.

Calculation
Reduced power consumption
209 × 0.8 × 24 × 30 × 6 = 722,304 kWh
722,304 × 0.07 = 50,561 kWh
Reduced cost
50,561 × 1,400 = 70,785,400 VD
Assuming 1US$ = 15,000 VD (1US$ = J¥120),
70,785,400 ÷ 15,000 = 4,719US$ (J¥566,280)

Reference data

Electric motor output (%)

Condition: Constant freezing capacity (100%)
Electric motor output is set at 100% under a chilled watertemperature of 10/5°C and a cooling water temperatureof 32/37°C
Cooling water
entrance
temperature

Chilled water outlet temperature (°C)

Figure 3.3 Electric Turbo Chiller
Relations among chilled water temperature, coolingwater temperature and electric motor output
2) Adoption of a variable flow rate system for cold water pumps
Current condition
Three secondary cold and hot water pumps are installed and the numberof pumps to operate is controlled depending on the volume of cold andhot reflux.
Proposed improvement
Adopting control of the number of operating pumps and the inverter
control method to reduce pumps’ power consumption
Formula(Pump capacity) × (an inverter reduction rate) × (operating hours)

II-23

Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for estimation
Secondary cold/hot water pump capacity 55 kW × 3 sets
Pumps operating hours

24 hours × 365 days = 8,760 h

Assuming the pump’s rotation frequency is reduced to 75% on the
average after inverter installation.

b.

Change in power rate

0.75 × 0.75 × 0.75 = 0.42

Power reduction rate

1 – 0.42 = 0.58

Calculation
Reduced power consumption
55 × 0.58 × 8,760 = 279,444 kWh
Reduced costs
279,444 × 1,400 = 391,221,600 VD
391,221,600 ÷ 15,000 = 26,081US$ (J¥3,129,720)

3) Improvement in air ratio for boiler
Current condition
Although two oil burning steam boilers are in operation, the air ratio is
not controlled by measurement.
Proposed improvement
Measuring air ratios and determining
on the proper ratio
Formula(Oil consumption for boiler) × (Reduction
rate by air ratio improvement)
Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for calculation
Current air ratio
Assumed at 1.5
Target air ratio
1.2
Improved air ratio
0.3
Waste gas temperature
Assumed at 200°C
Reduction rate after improvement
3.0%
Yearly oil consumption for boiler
633,081 liters
Oil price0.22 $/liter

II-24

b.

Calculation process
Reduced oil consumption after improvement in air ratio
633,081 × 0.03 = 18,992 L
Reduced cost
18,992 × 0.22 = 4,178US$ (J¥501,360)

Reference data
Relation between rate of waste heat loss for boiler and rate of fuelreduction by improvement in air ratio(2) Boiler emission gas heat loss rate and fuel savingrate by air ratio improvement rate

Rate of waste gas heat loss (%)
lg = (Waste gas heat loss)/(Low calorific value) × 100
L g = Waste gas volume (wet) × Waste gas specific heat × ∆t

Average for heavy oil

Outside air absolute temperature = 0.008kg/kg2

Rate of fuel saving (%)
Representing a value for a 530 t/h-boiler with m= 1.3 setting

Emission gas temperature-outside air temperature = ∆t°C

Air ratio improvement range

4) Replacement by high-efficiency lamps and lighting fixtures
Current condition
Although high-efficiency lighting fixtures are installed in most parts ofthe building, the following conventional types of lamps are still used inguest rooms and corridors of the guest room floors.

II-25

100 W lamp

12 units/floor × 11 floors

60 W lamp

12 units/floor × 11 floors

Corridor ceiling

60 W lamp

6 units/floor × 11 floors

Corridor walls

40 W lamp

3 units/floor × 11 floors

Guest room

Proposed improvement
Replacing 100 W of lamps with 23 W of lamps, and 60 W and 40 W oflamps with 7 W of high-efficiency lamps respectively
Formula(Power saving by high-efficiency lamp) × (No. of replacements) ×(lighting hours/day) × (occupancy rate) × 365 days
Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for estimation
Lighting hours:
3 h/day for guests rooms
24 h/day for hallway ceilings
10 h/day for hallway walls
Guest room occupancy rate: 70%b.

Calculation
Guest rooms 100 W(100 – 23) × 132 × 3 × 0.7 × 365 × 1/1000 = 7,791 kWh

Guest rooms 60 W

(60 – 7) × 132 × 3 × 0.7 × 365 × 1/1000 = 5,362 kWhCorridor ceilings 60 W (60 – 7) × 62 × 24 × 1 × 365 × 1/1000 = 28,785 kWhCorridor walls 40 W

(40 – 7) × 35 × 10 × 1 × 365 × 1/1000= 4,216 kWh
Total 46,154 kWh

Reduced cost
46,154 × 1,400 = 64,615,600 VD
64,515,600 VD ÷ 15,000 = 4,308US$ (J¥516,960)

II-265) Improvement in the insulation of steam pipes and valves
Current condition
Some parts of steam pipes, valves, flanges are not insulated and havecaused energy loss due to heat radiation therefrom.

Proposed improvement
Insulating steam pipes and valves to prevent heat loss caused by heatradiation from bare pipes
FormulaLength of bare pipe × heat loss/unit length × operating hours
Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for estimation
The surface area of valves is assumed to be equivalent to 1.2m of astraight tube having its nominal diameterNo. of steam valves
0.8 MPa 100 A
6
0.2 MPa 100 A 11
Radiated heat
100 A, 0.8 MPa, 0.95 kW/m = 3.42 MJ/mh
100 A, 0.2 MPa, 0.6 kW/m = 2.16 MJ/mh
Boiler efficiency
70％
Calorific heat of diesel oil 38.937 MJ/ｌ
Operating hours
8,760 hb.

Calculation process
Reduced heat loss after insulation work
(6 × 1.2 × 3.42 + 11 × 1.2 × 2.16) × 8,760 = 465,471 MJ
Reduced oil per year
465,471 ÷ 38.973 ÷ 0.7 = 17,062 L
Reduced cost
17,062 × 0.22 = 3,754US$ (J¥450,480)

II-27

Reference data

Radiated Heat (kW/m)Radiated heat from bare tubes

Ambient temperature 20(°C)
Steam pressure (gauge)
Nominal tube diameter

Comment
At the time of the second site survey in February, the insulation work ofvalves had already been completed as shown in the photo below. The
Japanese experts felt that such a prompt reaction reflected their strong
awareness of energy conservation.

6) Heat recovery from cooling water of power generator
Current condition
Although the operation of diesel power generators during the hours withan expensive electricity price contributes to reduction in power cost,
exhaust heat has not been reused.

II-28

Proposed improvement
Recovering exhaust heat that is released at the cooling tower to preheat
water for hot-water supply.
By leading the cooling water piping, which goes toward the cooling
tower on the rooftop, up to the heat exchanger newly installed nearby thelifted water tank for heat exchange with makeup feed water going to the
hot-water storage tank for a purpose of heat recovery.
Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for calculations
Specifications of cooling water pump for power generator
575.4 L/min × 70 ｍ× 15 kW
Power generators’ oil consumption
125 L/h (calorific value 38.937 MJ/L, oil unit price 0.22US$/L)
Power generators’ operating hours:
Boiler efficiency

4 h/day and 232 days/year

0.85

Temperature difference of heat recovery at heat exchanger:
assumed at 5°Cb.

Calculation
575.4 × 5 × 60 × 4.1868 × 4 × 232 ÷ 1,000 = 670,689 MJ/year
670,689 ÷ 085 ÷ 38.937 = 20,265 L
20,265 × 0.22 = 4,458US$/year (J¥534,960/year)

II-29

(4) Summary of effects of improvement
Comparison standard: Power consumption in 2002 6,072,900 kWh
Diesel oil consumption for boiler in 2002 633,081L
Reducedelectric power
kWh
%
1
2

3
4

5
6

Improvement in thetemperature of chilled water
Adoption of a variable flowrate system for cold/hot
water pumps
Improvement in air ratios
for boiler
Replacement by highefficiency lamps andlighting fixture
Heat insulation of steam
pipes and valves
Heat recovery from coolingwater of power generator
Total

Reduced oil

Cost effect

L

%

US$

J¥

50,561

0.8

–

–

4,719

279,444

4.6––

26,081 3,129,000––

18,9923.0

4,178

501,000

46,154

0.8

–

–

4,308

517,000––

17,0622.7

3,754

450,000––

20,2653.2

4,456

535,000

376,159

6.2

56,3198.947,496 5,181,000

II-30

566,000

4.2

Lake Side Hotel(1) Outline of the building
1) Name: LAKE SIDE HOTEL

2) Use: Hotel (76 rooms)
3) Size: 5 floors above the ground without basement
Total floor area; 6,981.1 m24) Age of the building: 8 years5) Outline of electrical systems:
Receiving voltage 20 kV, Transformer capacity 1,000 kVA
Power generator (for emergency use) 800 kVA
Elevator 10.2 kW × 2 sets
6) Outline of air-conditioning systems:
Chiller 74 kW × 3 sets, fan coil unit system
7) Sanitary facilities:
Hot-water supply system: solar panel (96 panels) + electric boiler(162 kW)
Hot-water storage tank: approx. 5,400L × 4 sets
(2) Analysis of current energy consumption status
1) Monthly power consumption (2000-2002)
Monthly power consumptions for the period from 2000 to 2002 are shownin the figure below.
In the graph for the fiscal year of 2000, it is notable that there is a large
difference in electricity use in June and July. According to the interview tothe technical engineers, bulbs of lighting fixtures were changed to energysaving type of bulbs and a campaign for switching power off at unnecessary
times was started. The change in electricity use from June to July of 2000
clearly reflects the results of their energy conservation activities. In thegraphs for the fiscal years of 2001 and 2002, the peak of power
consumption comes in June or July and the bottom comes in February or
November.

II-31

LAKE SIDE HOTEL Monthly Electricity Use (3 years)
140000120000kwh

100000
2000
2001
2002

80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2) Energy composition by typea. Composition ratio based on converted calorific values
Electricity and LPG were converted into primary energy calorificvalues and their composition ratios against their combined total are
shown in the circular graph below. Electricity makes up 85% of thetotal and LPG used for kitchen accounts for 15%. The consumption ofoil for an emergency power generator was disregarded here because its
amount was too small to make little difference to the result.

Composition of e ne rgy consu mption (20 01 )

LPG
1 5%

Elec tricity
8 5%

b.

Composition of cost rate by energy (2001) ~ including water
The rate of energy cost including water cost is shown in the graphbelow. Electricity accounts for about 84% of the total cost. The average
unit price of electricity for calculation is 0.18US$/kWh, which is as
double expensive as the unit price for Hotel Nikko Hanoi, which is
0.09US$/kWh.
As this difference seems to come from the difference in conditions of
the power contract, the possibility for improvement should be soughtfor by reviewing the power contract in the future.

II-32

Cost rate by energy (2001)
Water
7.8%
Gas
8.4%

Electricity
83.8%3) Trends of yearly power consumption trends
Changes in power consumption for the past three years are shown below.
Power consumption has decreased year by year probably owing to
improvements made for energy conservation in 2000 including employees’
energy conservation efforts. In the meantime, the hotel’s occupancy rate hascontinued to grow from 75% in 2000 to 82% in 2001 and 90% in 2002. It isclear that energy conservation efforts have achieved an effect that was morethan the effects by an increase in the hotel’s occupancy rate.

kWh

Annual Electricity Consumption
1000000
900000800000700000600000500000400000300000200000100000
0
2000

2001

2002

4) Energy Consumption by use
The following table shows the energy consumptions by use for Lake Side
Hotel, which is calculated based on the equipment specifications andoperating time. The power consumption in 2001 is calculated forcomparison, assuming that the summer is between April and October andthe winter is between November and March.
In the table, the overall energy consumption is shown by converting electric
power to the unit of MJ and adding LPG consumption.
In comparison with hotels in Japan, the ratio of the heat source is larger andII-33

the ratio of the hot water/steam supply is smaller. The energy composition isshown by the circular graph below.
Power consumption by use

Heat source
Heat transportation
Hot water/Steam supply
Lighting
Driving power
OthersTotal(Calculated)/(Actual)
Total (Actual)[kwh]
Summer(April to October)
358,974
65,903
7,144
149,119
29,951Winter(November to March)
93,24019,35428,917
106,514
21,394

611,09299.9%
611,920

269,41899.1%
272,000

Comparison of energy consumption by use for hotel

Heat source
Heat transportation
Hot water/Steam supply
Lighting
Driving power
Others (LPG)
Total

Lake Side Hotel Hotels in Japan (Ave.)
%
%
44.6
36
8.1
11
3.6
12
25.2
23
5.1
13
13.2
5
100.0
100

Energy Consumption by use (Lake Side Hotel)

Others (LPG)
13.2%
Driving pow er
5.1%
Heat source
44.6%
Lighting
25.2%
Hot w ater/Steam
supply3.6%

Heattransportation
8.4%

II-34

Sum

(%)

452,21485,25736,061
255,633
51,3450880,510
99.6%
883,920

51.4%
9.7%
4.1%
29.0%
5.8%
0.0%
100.0%

5) Comparison with other buildings
a. Comparison of energy intensity with that of buildings in Japan
Respective energy intensity values for office buildings and hotels inJapan, Lake Side Hotel and Hotel Nikko Hanoi are shown below.
The graph shows that the energy consumption in Lake Side Hotel isvery low and almost half compared with that of hotels in Japan.
Although a large difference in specifications of the equipment may bepart of the reason, this result reflects energy efficiency-oriented
operation of the equipment in Lake Side Hotel.
Heating of hot-water supply, for example, relies on solar panels, thesupply temperature of chilled water is set at 10°C and air-conditioners
in unused rooms are turned off as frequent as possible. Energy-saving
operations are widely in practice.

Energy consumption intensity MJ/m2
3,278

3,500

3,248

3,000
MJ/m2

2,500

2,222

2,000

1,525

1,500
1,000
500
0
office average Hotel averagein Japanin Japan

LAKE SIDE
HOTEL

HOTEL NIKKO
HANOI

6) Water consumption data
Water consumption intensity, which is gained from water consumption
divided by the total floor area in the same way as energy consumption
intensity, is shown below.
That of Lake Side Hotel is remarkably high. We could not determine thereason for it from the interviewing based on the technical report. It is
probably attributed to a low unit price of water and employees’ lack ofawareness of water conservation.

II-35

Water consumption intensity m3/m2

6.00

5.12

m3/m2

5.00
3.64

4.00

3.23

3.00
2.00
1.00

0.98

0.00
office average Hotel averagein Japanin Japan

LAKE SIDE
HOTEL

HOTEL NIKKO
HANOI(3) Points for improvement and calculation of expected effects
1) Improvement in the temperature of hot-water supply
Current condition
The temperature for hot-water supply is set at 80°C.
Proposed improvement
Setting the temperature at 60°C as far as the capacity of the hot-water
storage tank allows and reducing heat loss from piping, etc.
Formula• (Reduced heat loss as the result of lowering the temperature) ×(length of piping × hours)• Formula for colculating radiated heat from insulated piping
Q = 2π (t1 – t2)/{2/(d2·α} + 1/λ × ln (d2/d1)}
Q : Radiated heat from the surface of 1-m pipe per hour [W/m]
80°C, 60°C
t1 : Temperature of fluid in the pipet2 : Outside air temperature
20°C
d1 : Piping external diameter
0.028 m0.068 md2 : Heat insulation tube external diameter2
α : Heat transfer rate [W/(m ·K)] = 12
λ : Heat transfer rate of insulating material [W/(m·K)] = 0.052
Radiated heat of value of heat diffused at 80°C Q80=19.3 W/mRadiated heat of value of heat diffused at 60°C Q60=12.9 W/mRadiated heat value reduced by lowering the temperature∆Q=19.3 – 12.8=6.4W/m

II-36

Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for estimation
In addition to the conditions listed above;
Representative diameter of piping 25 mm
Length of piping
500 m
Operating hours
8,760 hIt is assumed that heating for hot water supply is made by an electricalboiler.
Electric power cost
0.18US$/kWh (Average unit price in 2001)b.

Calculation process
Reduced electric power
6.4 × 500 × 8,760 = 28,032,000 W = 28,032 kW
Reduced cost
28,032 × 0.18 = 5,046US$ (J¥605,520)

2) Study on heat source for hot-water supply
Current condition
As the heat sources for the current hot-water supply system the solar
panels are used for the primary heating and an electrical boiler is used
for the secondary heating. The capacity of the electrical boiler is 162 kW.
Its power consumption and costs are quite high.

Proposed improvement
Studying heat source other than electricity (LPG)
Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for estimation
Assumption of calorific value of the supplied hot water:
It is assumed that heating solely depends on electric heater.
Hot water used per day per room: 150 L (at 40°C), 76 rooms
Temperature of the supplied water: 20°C
Annual guest room occupancy rate: 90%

II-37

Electricity cost 0.18US$/kWh (Calorific value per 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ)
LPG cost
0.6US$/kg (Calorific value per1 kg = 27.617 MJ)b.

Calculation process
150L × 76 × (40 – 20) × 0.9 × 4.1868 × 365 ÷ 1,000 = 313,583 MJ/year
In the case of electric heating
313,583 ÷ 3.6 = 87,106 kWh,87,106 × 0.18 = 15,679US$/year

In the case of LPG heating
313,583 ÷ 27.617 = 11,355 kg,c.

11,355 × 0.6 = 6,813US$/year

Cost effect
15,679 – 6,813 = 8,866US$/year (J¥1,063,920/year)

3) Management of power consumption
Current condition
Power consumption is not specifically managed and is confirmed by the
invoices (for payment) from the power company.
Proposed improvement
Taking yearly, monthly, weekly, daily and hourly records on power
consumption
Estimation of effects
The first step of promotion of energy conservation is to review thecurrent status of electricity use. It is important to see the energy
consumption by year, week, day and time in addition to on a monthly
basis.
Even if consumption (kWh) cannot directly be read in some equipment,
it will be possible to obtain estimated power consumption, voltages, andpower factors recorded. It is recommended that hourly records and daily
records be taken for a typical period of time, even not throughout the
year.

II-38

(4) Summary of improvement effects
Basis for comparison:
Power consumption in 2001
LPG consumption in 2001

1
2

Improvement in the temperatureof hot-water supply
Change of heat source for hotwater supply
Total

Reducedelectricity
kWh%28,032
3.2

883,920 kWh
27,263 kg

Reduced LPG
Kg%

Cost effect
US$
5,046

¥
606,000

87,1069.8 ▲11,355 ▲41.6

115,138

13.0 ▲11,355 ▲41.6 13,925 1,670,000

II-39

8,866 1,064,000

5.

Database, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Vietnam

5.1

Current status of the Development of Database, Benchmarks and Guidelines
for Buildings• DSM program was started in 2000.
• Institute of Energy was designated to be the organization to promote energy audits.
• Under the assistance of “Hydro Quebec International Co.” in Canada in audit
procedure, 14 buildings were audited limited to power consumption.
• No database for the building and industrial secters has been created.
• There is no benchmark.
• More training in energy audit is yet to be provided.
• There is only a small number of large-size buildings.

5.2

Introduction of Energy Audits and Database, Benchmarks and Guidelines
Regarding Buildings in Japan
We introduced energy audits, database creation & benchmarking of buildings in Japan
regarding the following items.
See Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking in Buildings for Japan Slide Outline in
Table II-5-1.
Table II-5-1 Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking for Buildings in Japan
Slide Outline

No.
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8

Title
Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking in Buildings in Japan
Outline of Presentation
Introduction
Energy Audit
Database and Benchmarking
Guidelines for Energy Efficient Buildings- Guidelines of equipment in Japan- Operating guidelines for factories and buildings
Future Direction
Introduction
Trend in Final Energy Consumption by Sector
Energy Audit
Application and Process of Energy Audit in Japan
Distribution of Energy Audits by Type of Buildings
Proposed Measures to Identify Savings through Energy Audit

II-40

Note
Cover

Title
Title

No.
9
10

11

12
13
14
15

Title
Note
Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings
1) General management
Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings
2) Heat source/air-conditioning equipment
Heat source/air-conditioning equipment
Control of fresh air intake
Monitoring proper air ratio of combustion equipment
Proper temperature and humidity for rooms
Proper saving in water transfer by introduction of VWVChange of the pre-set outlet temperature of cold water in accordance withthe season
Prevention of heat emission by thermal insulation of stream valves
Reduction in solar radiation loads on windows
Power saving air delivery by introduction of VAVProper segmentation and zoning for air-conditioning
Required minimum ventilation in machine rooms
Opening window and cooling with outside air
Proper ventilation of car park through CO2 monitoring
Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings
3) Hot water and water supply/Lighting/Electricity/Lifts/Load leveling• Hot water and water supply• Water saving by installation of sound-making equipment at
woman
lavatories• Use of water saving type valve disc or low shower head
• Lighting/Electricity/Lifts• Demand-based control (automatic and manual)• Control of electric transformers demand rate and reduction in no-loadlosses• Use of high efficiency lumps and light• Use of inverter-control lighting fixtures and ballasts• Lighting at proper times and places• Segmentation of lamplighter insulation positions and lighting circuits• Setting of illuminance standard and proper control of the illuminance• Load leveling• Leveling of electric load by heat storage and use of gas• Introduction of CGS and optimized operation• Study of introduction of new energy including photovoltaic power
generation
Type of Data Collected
1) Building Information
Type of Data Collected:2) Energy Consumption
Calculation of Building Energy Efficiency Index (in MJ/m2)
Database & Benchmarking System
Title

II-41

No.
16
17
18
19
20
21

22

23

24
25
26
27
28

Title
Standardization of Units
Conversion factors
Database & Benchmarking System
Benchmarks in Various Types of Buildings in Japan
Information Dissemination of Database and Benchmarks
Energy Efficient Buildings： Guidelines in Japan
Obligations of Building Owners
1) Prevention of heat loss through external walls、windows, etc. of abuilding:
1) Efficient use of air conditioners;
2) Efficient use of mechanical ventilating equipment;
3) Efficient use of lighting facilities;
4) Efficient use of hot water supply systems;
5) Efficient use of elevators
1) Prevention of heat loss through external walls, etc. of a buildingAnnual thermal load of the perimeter zone (MJ/year)
Total floor area of the perimeter zone (m2)
→ [(Assumed load)/(Area)](PAL): Perimeter Annual Load
Thermal load of the ambient indoor space:
Heat lost through external walls, windows, etc. for a year, total ofheating and cooling load generated by heat generated in the ambient
space.
The quantity of open air taken in is presumed to be a constantcalculated on the basis of the area, etc.
2) Efficient use of air conditioners
Quantity of energy consumed for air conditioning (MJ/year)
Assumed air-conditioning load (MJ/year)→[Actually consumed energy/(Virtual load)](CEC/AC): Coefficient of Energy Consumption for Air Conditioning*Quantity of energy consumed for air-conditioning:
Quantity of energy of given air conditioner consumed to treat air
conditioning loud for a year
Virtual air-conditioning load (Unit: MJ/year):
The quantity of open air taken in is presumed to be a constant calculatedon the basis of the area, etc.
Decrease in load by using exhaust heat recovery is not taken into account.
Standard value of energy conservation for buildings
Guidelines for the Use of Energy Efficient Equipment in Japan
Air conditioner
Fluorescent lamp
Operating Guidelines for Factories and Buildings

II-42

Note

Title

Title

Title

No.
29

30
31
32
33

34

35
36
37

Title
Areas for Rational Use of Energy
1) Fuel combustion2) Heating, cooling, heat transfer, etc.
3) Prevention of heat loss due to radiation, conduction, etc.
4) Recovery and utilization of waste heat5) Rationalization in the conversion of heat to power, etc
6) Prevention of electricity loss due to resistance, etc
7) Rationalization of conversion from electricity to mechanical power, heat,etc.
Standard values and target values of air ratios
Future Direction
Obligation of Building Owners
By the law
Building data will gather
1st Category : about 1000
2nd Category : about 1000 ~ 2000
total : 2000 ~ 3000
1st Category
The reduction plan of 1% or more is made by the period average
Promotion of BEMS
BEMS: Building Energy Management System
Subsidy of 1/3 of the total investment cost
To avail of subsidy, energy must be measured for each of the following:
1. Heat source
2. Pump
3. Illumination/outlet
4. Others
BEMS can determine the energy consumption of each equipment.
Measurement Sample: Heat Source
Energy Profile of Equipment
Current and Future Program of ECCJ
2002 ~
Energy audit[1] Interview/QuestionnaireNumber of Audit: Office ~ 180 buildings, others ~ 120 building
GFA: 15,000 m2 or more.
Areas for investigation- Capacity of equipment and operating time
- Kind of illuminator and lighting time
- Amount of electric power according to feeder- Others

II-43

Note

Title

No.
38

5.3

Title
Current and Future Program of ECCJ
[2] Measurement investigation
Office: ~15 buildings, others〜 10 buildingPurpose ~To check the accuracy of data
To make the management standards (model of the measurement and record)※ 2003, 2004 ~Plan to expand investigations to other type of buildings
Development of Database and Benchmarks in Vietnam
In the course of discussions with participating members on development of databaseand benchmarks, it was known that energy audits at 14 buildings were completed andsummaries of the results were available. The results are outlined in Table II-5-2“Energy and Audit Commercial Sector Global Results Preliminary.”
Table II-5-3, Monthly Electricity Consumption, shows monthly power consumptionof the 3 buildings, on one of which was described in the report and on two of which
was audited by ECCJ this time.
Table II-5-3

Monthly Electricity Consumption

Monthly Electricity Consumption
Hotel
Hotel
N HotelL Hotel
Hanoi
Hanoi
HL-1
HL-2
2002
2002

Category
Building
Location
Data No
Data year
Electricity
intensity[kWh/m2]

208.2
4262003372004136004996005392005970006441006078005812005221004426004623006072900

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total

II-44

126.6
49920
43680
65920
72800
86560
91040
99600
89600
89280
83040
60160
52320
883920Hotel・Office
HTC
Hanoi
HO-1
2001
211.2
3693703806404037634758406470607183306797307653607063305630704440703939906547553

NoteTable II-5-2

Type

Building

City

P2-Energy audits-Commercial Sector Global Results-Preliminary
Electricity of Vietnam-Institute of Energy
W*

Ｗ

Area

Annualconsumption㎡

kWhLighting

9,604

1,482,647

9.1%

9.1%

Reduction of annual consumption
Envelope

Total

Savings

Cost

P ay-Back

US$

US$

Years

12.58722.556

1.8

II-45

Hotel

C HotelHo Chi MinhHotel

M HotelHo Chi Minh

11,0552,172,720

11.9%

11.9%

24.11912.6430.5

Hotel

NW HotelHo Chi Minh

55,7601,531,433

4.9%

4.9%

66.58925.7060.4

Hotel

SP HotelHo Chi Minh

Ｗ

15,5904,000,000

7.7%

7.7%

25.98722.8770.9

Hotel ,Office

HTC

Hanoi

Ｗ

31,0006,358,000

5.0%

5.0%

33.23342.596

1.3

Office

MIH

Hanoi

6,000

468,846

16.9%

16.9%

6.040

12.1572.0

OfficeST

Ho Chi MinhＷ

20,2403,494,051

5.8%

5.8%

20.87895.571

4.8

OfficeP C2

Ho Chi Minh

Ｗ

3,891

738,548

15,7

15,7

6.797

20.250

3.0

Office

EVB

Hanoi

Ｗ

8,000

472,703

20.9%

6.0%

26.9%

7.199

39.551

5.5

Store

SS

Hanoi

1,000

476,717

12.0%

3.5%

15.5%

9.082

9.207

1.0

Store

M

Ho Chi Minh

19,1432,907,895

12.1%

12.1%

31.38456.004

1.8

SchoolKLS. School Hanoi

Ｗ

5,260

63,208

25.7%

25.7%

798.000

7.592

9.5

Hospital

V Hospital

Hanoi

Ｗ

36,385

1,984,666

11.9%

11.9%

10.98840.888

3.7

Other

HR Station

Hanoi

Ｗ

102,000

278,899

16.3%

16.3%

2.986

12.725

4.3

330,878

40,213,223

258.585420.325

23,6342,872,373

18.47030.023

Total

14

Average*W=Walk-through, Blank=Detailed

12.6%

13.2%

2.9

Rev. 0, 2002-08-05

(1) Building Energy Database in Vietnam outlined in Table II-5-4 below contains the existing data on 14 buildings plus data on the two buildings audited
in the current project. A new category of energy intensity that represents energy consumption per m2 was also added to it.
Table II-5-4

category
Hotel

Building

Location

Building Energy Database in Vietnam

data No GFA [m2] DateYear

Electricity
Electricity
intencity[kWh][kWh/m2]oil [l]LPG [l] LPG [kg]

Water
[m3]

Water
intensity[m3/m2]766,995

94,842

94,077

3.2

35,741

5.1

Hanoi

HL-1

29,164

2002

6,072,900

208.2

L hotel

Hanoi

HL-2

6,981

2001

883,920

126.6

C HotelHo Chi Minh HL-3

9,604

1,482,647

154.4

M HotelHo Chi Minh HL-4

11,0552,172,720

196.5

NW HotelHo Chi Minh HL-5

55,76015,314,323

274.6

SP HotelHo Chi Minh HL-6

15,5904,000,000

256.6

Hotel ,Office HTC

Hanoi

HO-1

31,0006,547,553

211.2

Office

MIH

Hanoi

O-1

6,000

468,846

78.1

ST

Ho Chi Minh O-2

20,2403,494,051

172.6

PC2

Ho Chi Minh O-3

3,891

738,548

189.8

EVB

Hanoi

O-4

8,000

472,703

59.1

SS

Hanoi

S-1

1,000

476,717476.7

M

Ho Chi Minh S-2

19,1432,907,895

151.9

II-46

N hanoi

Store

2001

SchoolKLS School Hanoi

SC-1

5,260

63,20812.0

Hospital

V Hospital Hanoi

HS-1

36,385

1,984,666

54.5

Other

HR Station Hanoi

OT-1

102,000

278,899

2.7

27,263

(2) The results of regression analysis and trend analysis of energy consumption in
Vietnam were as follows.
1) Annual electric power consumption in 16 buildings
16 buildings’ annual electric power consumption [kWh/m2]

600.0

kWh/m2

500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
0

Figure II-5-1

20,00040,00060,00080,000GFA[m2]100,000

120,000

Annual Electric Power Consumption in 16 Buildings

2) Annual electric power consumption in 6 hotels and 1 hotel and shopscombined building

ｋWh/m2

Annual electric power consumption in 6 hotels and 1 hotelplus-shops building [kWh/m2]

300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0

10,000Figure II-5-2

20,00030,00040,000GFA[m2]50,00060,000

Annual Electric Power Consumption in 6 Hotels and
1 Hotel-and-Shops Building

II-473) Annual electric power consumption in office buildings
Annual electric power consumption in office buildings （ｋWh/㎡）
n=4
200.0

kWh/㎡

150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0

Figure II-5-3

5,000

10,00015,000GFA[㎡]

20,00025,000

Annual Electric Power Consumption in Office Buildings

4) Annual water consumption

Annual water consumption （m3/㎡） n=2
6.0[m3/㎡]

5.0
4.0
3.0

Series1

2.0
1.0
0.0
0

10,000Figure II-5-4

20,000[㎡]

30,000

Annual Water Consumption

II-48

40,000

5) Transition of monthly electric power consumption trends

9000008000007000006000005000004000003000002000001000000

Figure II-5-5

g

p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

Se

Au

Ju

l

N HotelL Hotel
HTC

Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n

kWh

Monthly Electri Power Consumption [kWh]Transition of Monthly Electric Power Consumption

II-49

III.

Myanmar1.

Summary of Audits
Site Survey and Audit
1st site survey : January 13 through 17, 2003
2nd site survey : February 24 through 27, 2003
Participants from the International Engineering Department of The Energy
Conservation Center, Japan (hereinafter referred to as “ECCJ”)• Kazuhiko Yoshida (General Manager) February 26-27, 2003
• Akira Ueda (Technical Expert)
January 13-17 and February 24-27, 2003
• Akira Kobayashi (Technical Expert)
January 13-17 and February 24-27, 2003

(1st Site Survey)
DateJan. 13(Mon.)

Events, destination, etc.
Workshop(FMI Center Building#380,BogyokeAung
SanRoad,Pabedan
Township,Yangon)

Description
Welcome Remarks
Opening Statement
Introduction of ECCJ: See Table III-1-1.
Presentation on the current energy conservation
technology and experience in buildings in Japan• Presentation on the procedure of auditing buildings
Participants Mr. TinTun(Deputy Minister of Energy)
Mr. Brig Gen Thein Aung
(Deputy Minister of Energy)
Mr. Soe Mint
(Director General, Energy Planning Dep.) .
Mr. U Thein Lwin (Deputy Director
General Energy Planning Dep.)
Mr. U Aung Kye(Director Construction Service)
Mr. Christpher Zamora (ACE)
Mr. U KyawTin(Director Dep. Electric Power)
Mis.Daw Than Win(Professor Yangon Technological University)
Mr. U Thang Dan (FMI Center Manager)and 19 other persons
•
•
•
•

III-1

Date
Jan. 14(Tue.)

Jan. 15(Wed.)

Events, destination, etc.
Description
FMI Center Building• Provided OJT in auditing to participants through the(Best Practicesurvey/audit of FMI Center Building as “Best Practice
Building)
Building”
Survey/audit
Use of building: Offices and shops(in Yangon City)
Size: 1 basement and 11 floors above the GroundAge of the building: 8 years
Total floor area: 10,953 m2• Survey on the overall condition of the building by
documents/interviewing• Survey on the overall condition of the equipment by
documents/interviewing• Survey on energy consumption by documents/
interviewing• On-site investigation
Participants: Mr. U Kyaw Tin (Director Dep. Eic.Power)
Mr. U Thang Nyunt
Ms. U Myat Ko Ko
Mr. U ThantZynn
Mr. U Thang Dan (FMI Center)
Mr. U Thein Htwe (Pansea Hotel)
Mr. U Aung Kyi
and 10 other persons
Pansea Hotel• Provided OJT in auditing to participants through the(Retrofit Building)survey/audit of Pansea Hotel as “Retrofit Building”
Survey/audit
Use of building: Hotel (50 rooms)(in Yangon city)
Size: 2 basements and 5 floors above the GroundAge of the building: 80 years
Total floor area: 7,111.1 m2• Survey on the overall condition of the building by
documents/interviewing• Survey on the overall condition of the equipment by
documents/interviewing• Survey on energy consumption by documents/
interviewing• On-site investigation
Participants: Mr. U Kyaw Tin (Director Dep. Eic.Power)
Mr. U Thang Nyunt
Ms. U Myat Ko Ko
Mr. U ThantZynn
Mr. U Thang Dan (FMI Center)
Mr. U Thein Htwe (Pansea Hotel)
Mr. U Aung Kyi
and 10 other persons

III-2

Date
Jan. 16(Thu.)

Jan. 17(Fri.)

Events, destination, etc.
Description
Confirmation and• Conducted a survey for reconfirmation of data on FMI
audits of FMI Center
Center Building (Best Practice Building) and Pansea
Building and Pansea
Hotel (Retrofit Building)HotelParticipants:
FMI Center Building
Mr. U ThaungDan
Mr. U Aung Myo Htun
Mr. U ThaungDan
and 4 other persons
Pansea Hotel
Mr. U Thein Htwe
Ms. U Maw Lin
and 4 other persons
Wrap-up meeting (FMI • Summarized the surveys/audits of the preliminary
Center Building)results of FMI Center Building and Pansea Hotel andreported to participants.
Participants: Mr. U KyawTin (Dep. Electric Power)
Mr. U ThanungNyunt (R&D)
Mr. U Shwe Yu Kaw (Public Works)
Mr. U Myat Ko Ko (Public Works)
Mis. Daw Than Win (Yangon Tech.
University)
Mr. U Khine Win (Yangon Tech.University)
Mr. U Maung Mang Aye (Yangon City)
Mr. U Sein Win (FMI Center)
Mr. U Aung Myo Hturn (FMI Centre)
Mr..U Thang Dan (FMI Center)
Mr. U Aung Kye (Industrial Construction)
Mr. U Thin Htwe (Pansea Hotel)
Mr. U Maw Lin (Pansea Hotel)
and 8 other persons

III-3

(2nd Site Survey)
Date
Feb. 24(Mon.)

Events, destination, etc.
Pre-report meeting
Interim reports on FMI
Center Building andPansea Hotel(The Grand Mee YaHta#372Bogyoke Aung
San RD Pebedam
Township Yangon)

Description• Made interim reports based on the results of the 1st
surveys/audits of FMI Center Building and Pansea
Hotel(Major contents)
FMI Center Building• Analysis of the current condition(Monthly power consumption trends, yearly energy
consumption trends and comparison with otherbuildings, comparison of temperatures between Yangon
and Tokyo, comparison of energy intensity with thoseof buildings in Japan, energy composition by use andenergy consumption by use in office buildings in Japan,
comparison of energy consumption depending on daysof the week and time of the day, electricity
consumption in typical office buildings (measured
values and simulated values, monthly water
consumption, changes in yearly water consumption andcomparison with water consumption in other buildings)• Recommendations and expected effects(Improvement in the temperature of chilled water,
effective use of indoor exhaust air and study on
application of waste heat recovery system)
Pansea Hotel• Analysis of the current condition(Power consumption and hotel’s occupancy rates,
monthly energy consumption, energy consumption byuse, comparison with other buildings, amount of heatsource for air conditioning and comparison with that ofother buildings)• Recommendations and expected effects(Replacement with high-efficiency lamps, review of
hot-water supply system, improvement of power factor
and water consumption management)
Participants: Mr. U KyawTin (Dep. Electric Power)
Mr. U ThanungNyunt (R&D)
Mr. U Shwe Yu Kaw (Public Works)
Mr. U Myat Ko Ko (Public Works)
Mis. Daw Than Win (Yangon Tech. University)
Mr. U Khine Win (Yangon Tech.University)
Mr. U Maung Mang Aye (Yangon City)
Mr. U Sein Win (FMI Center)
Mr. U Aung Kye (Industrial Construction)
Mr. U Thin Htwe (Pansea Hotel)

III-4

Date

Feb. 25(Tue.)

Feb. 26(Wed.)

Feb. 27(Thu.)

Events, destination, etc.

Description
Mr. Christpher Zamor (ACE)and 9 other persons
Surveys of FMI Center • Carried out surveys and discussions particularly
Building and Pansea
focusing on the recommendations including “theHotelcooled water outlet temperature for chiller” discussed
in the pre-report meeting.
Participants: FMI Center Building
Mr. U ThaungDan
Mr. U Aung Myo Htun
and 4 other persons
Pansea Hotel
Mr. U Thein Htwe
Ms. U Maw Lin
and 4 other persons
Workshop on database • Made a presentation on benchmark system and(Hotel: The Grand Mee
database established in Japan
YaHta)• Collected basic data on energy consumption in 11
buildings in Myanmar
Participants: Mr. U KyawTin (Dep. Electric Power)
Mr. U ThanungNyunt (R&D)
Mr. U Shwe Yu Kaw (Public Works)
Mr. U Myat Ko Ko (Public Works)
Mis. Daw Than Win (Yangon Tech. University)
Mr. U Khine Win (Yangon Tech.University)
Mr. U Maung Mang Aye (Yangon City)
Mr. U Sein Win (FMI Center)
Mr. U Aung Kye (Industrial Construction)
Mr. U Thin Htwe (Pansea Hotel)
Mr. Christpher Zamor (ACE)and 9 other persons
Care study on• Based on the results of the 2 audits implemented in thebenchmarking andcurrent schedule and the data on energy consumption in
database developmentbuildings prepared by the participants, the database andin Myanmar
benchmarks for Myanmar have been studied anddeveloped and practiced to make a protocol byparticipants.
• Energy consumption per unit area is quite low in
Myanmar’s governmental office buildings.
Participants: Same members as on February 26

III-5

Table III-1-1

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

ECCJ ’s Activity
Slide List
Title

Profile of ECCJ
History of ECCJ under Charge of Energy- related Situation
ECCJ Organization Chart (out line)
Budget in 2002FY
Main Activity of ECCJ
Energy Audit for Factories and Buildings
The National Conservation of Excellent Successful Cases inEnergy Conservation Activities
Training course for energy management
License of Energy Manager
International Corporation of ECCJ

III-6

Note

2.

Political and Economic Conditions in Myanmar(1) National indicators, political system and economic indicator1) National indicators
Country name:
The Union of Myanmar
Area:
678,330 km2 (approx. 1.8 times the area of Japan)
Population:
47.75 million (mid-2000 estimate)
Capital city:
Yangon (Populations: 5.3 million as of 1997)
Ethnic distribution: Myanmar (68%), Sham (8.9%), Karen (6.6%), Arakan
race (4.4%), Kachin, Mon, and approximately 50 otherethnic minorities.
Languages:
Myanmar (official language), Sham, Karen and English
Religion:
Hinayana Buddhism (about 90%), Christianity (4.6%),
Islam (3.9%), Hinduism, and Animism
Topography:
Myanmar constitutes the western part of Indochina, with
the Irrawaddy River running southward through thecentral area of the land, thus forming an extensive alluvial
plain. The country is bordered by China to the north, byIndia and Bangladesh to the west, and by Laos andThailand to the east.
Climate:A tropical climate prevails in the south facing the Bay of
Bengal, with high temperatures and a great deal of rainthroughout the year; in particular period from May to
September, heavy rain falls due to the south-west
monsoon. A temperate climate prevails in the inland area.
2) Political system
Form of government: Federal system (military administration; provisional
government since September 18, 1988)
Head of state:
Senior General Than Shwe (serving also as Chairman ofState Peace and Development Council (SPDC);
assumed the office in 1992 (SLORC was reorganized as
SPDC in 1997)
National assembly:
People’s Assembly (unicameral system; 492 seats with
4-year terms)
Cabinet:(major cabinet ministers)
Chairman, Premier and Defense Minister : Than Shwe, Senior General
Minister of Finance and Revenue: Khin Maung Threin,
Brigadiere General
Minister of Foreign Affairs: Win Aung
Minister of State Planning and: Soe Tha
Economic Development

III-7

Minister of Energy: LunThi, Brigadier General
Minister of Commerce: Pyi Son, Brigadier General
Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation: Nyunt Tin, Major General
Minister of State Peace and Development Council Chairman Office:
Min Thein, Vice Admiral D.O. Abel, Lieutenant General
3) Economic indicators
Actual GDP growth rate: 13.6% (2000)
Nominal GDP total: 2,552,723 million kyat (2000)
6,287,495,073 US$ (2000) US$1 = 406 kyat (real rate)
Nominal GDP per capita: 164 US dollars (2001)
Consumer price inflation rate: minus 1.7% (2000)
Current account (international balance of payments):
Minus 526.60 million kyat (2000)
Minus 79,893,192 US$
1 US$ = 6.5913 kyat (official rate in 2000)
Trade balance (international balance of payments):
Minus 3,036 million kyat (2000)
Minus 460, 607,163 US$ (2000)
1 US$ = 6.5913 kyat (official rate)
Foreign currency reserves US$400,459,000 (2001)
Exchange rate (mid-term average) against the US$ 6.8066 kyat (2001)
Exchange rate (term-end value) against the US$
6.8924 kyat (2001)
Export value:
17,130,700,000 kyat (2001)
2,516,777,833$ (2001)$1 = 6.8066 kyat (official rate)
Exports to Japan:
450,700,000 kyat (2001)
66,215,144 US$ (2001)$1 = 6.8066 kyat (official rate)
Import value:
18,377,700,000 kyat (2001)
2,699,982,370 US$ (2001)$1 = 6.8066 kyat (official rate)
Imports from Japan: 2,390,400,000 kyat (2001)
351,188,552 US$ (2001)$1 = 6.8066 kyat (official rate)
Direct investment received: 1,306,128,000 kyat (2000)
217,688,000 US$ (2000)
Major items in trade with Japan:
Exports to Japan: Shrimp (39.1%), copper and copper alloy (13.5%),
clothes and apparel (7.3%), etc.

III-8

Imports from Japan: General machinery (49.1%), transport machines andequipment (21.7%), electrical equipment (11.0%) etc.
Features of trade with Japan: Governmental control including importregulations and foreign exchange regulations
due to lack of foreign currency on the
Myanmar side
Investment by Japanese enterprises: Number of cases: 24
Value: 237.6 million dollars
Cumulative total from the deregulation of foreign investment in 1988 toAugust 2002 based on investments approved by the Government: ranks 9th
by country (in terms of the amount of money)(2) Political condition
Mr. Ne Win resigned in 1988, and the Burmese national army assumed power in
September. Sow Maung, Defense Minister as well as Chief of Staff, formed theState Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) and assumed the position ofchairman. SLORC, which now came into power, promised the people that it
would ensure the establishment of a democratic system and economic
liberalization, with a view to suppress pro-democracy demonstrations. Thus, ageneral election based on a multiple-party scheme took place in May 1990. The
National League for Democracy (NLD), led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, won an
overwhelming victory, but in spite of this, the military administration refused totransfer power to the elected party.
In 1997, SLORC was renamed “State Peace and Development Council” (SPDC),
and it has continued to run the country under that name. Direct dialog between
Ms. Suu Kyi and the administration was started in October 2000. The
government released more than 350 political prisoners whom it had detained
over the period to August 2002 and allowed 38 NLD branches to restart theiractivities. SPDC also lifted restrictions imposed on Ms. Suu Kyi’s activities in
May 2002.
1989: Burma was renamed Myanmar.
1990: Daw Aung San Suu Kyi won a Nobel Peace Prize.
1997: The country joined ASEAN.
November 2000 : ILO Council decided to impose sanctions on Myanmar.
(3) Economic condition
The enclosure scheme resulted in the decline of the economy, and this recession
was accelerated by political instability. Thus, in 1987, the Myanmar was
categorized to one of the world’s poorest countries by the United Nations.
Because of the military coup d’etat in September 1988, most of supporting
countries stopped their aid to Myanmar. Also in the same period, the militaryadministration gave up the economic scheme of the Burmese socialist line, andIII-9

launched economic reforms focusing on the market economy and an open-door
policy. While privatization of state-owned enterprises was also started, in reality
the controlled economy has continued.
The economic growth rate declined significantly by 11% in 1988 and by 0.7% in
1991. In the 4-year plan from fiscal 1992 to fiscal l995, an average 7.5% growthrate was achieved versus the target of 5.1%. Thereafter, however, the rate of
economic growth slowed down to 6.4% in 1996, and 5.7% and 5.0%
respectively in 1997 and 1998 due partly to the Asian currency crisis
experienced during that period. In 1999 and 2000, the agricultural divisionachieved a certain level of growth rate due to a good condition in rice cropping.
The currency crisis reduced investment from ASEAN by half, thus accelerating
the country’s shortage of foreign currency reserves since 1997. In order toprevent an excessive outflow of foreign currency, the government limited theremittance of foreign currency to US$50,000 per company a month starting inJuly 1997, and further reduced it to US$10,000 from August 2000. In addition,
strict restrictions were imposed on the acquisition of an import license, while atthe same time, regulations on the import of luxury goods was strengthened in
March 1998.
In May 2001, the Ministry of State Planning and Economy unofficiallyannounced that the growth rate of GDP for the fiscal year of 2000 was 13.9%,
which means that it exceeded 10.9% for the fiscal year of 1999. This figure,however, deviates from the actual severe economic situation in the country,
including the slump in investment from abroad.
July 29, 1948 : The country joined GATT.
January 1, 1995 : The country joined WTO.

III-103.
3.1

Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings
General Process
The energy audit for buildings is generally proceeded in the 6-step sequencedescribed below.
In STEP 1 and STEP 2, general information and data on the building and equipment
concerned are collected and the energy consumption data obtained is analyzed.
In the present audit, the participants collaborated with Japanese experts in STEP 1 to
3. In the wrap-up meeting held on completion of the 1st site survey, ECCJ specialists
outlined points for improvement for STEP 4. In the interim report meeting in the 2ndsite survey, then the results of the study on the methods of improvement and expected
effects were explained, and for further confirmation, additional surveys wereconducted. This report reflects the results of the 2nd site survey.
STEP-1 Gathering and confirming general information and data on the building
STEP-2 Gathering and confirming general information and data on theequipment
STEP-3 Gathering and evaluating data on energy consumption
STEP-4 Identifying points for improvement by data analysis and evaluation
STEP-5 Studying recommendations for improvement including expected effects
STEP-6 Determining and explaining the recommendations to be implemented

3.2

Description of Each Step
Major survey items of each step are as follows.
(1) STEP-1 Gathering and confirming general information and data on thebuilding
1) Year of construction completed
2) Size: Gross floor area (area for major use, indoor parking area), Number ofstories, structure3) Use4) Owner5) Number of employees, No. of clients (business days, holidays), and otheritems(2) STEP-2 Gathering and confirming general information and data on theequipment
1) Air-conditioning systems, electrical systems, sanitary facilities, etc.
2) Specifications of equipment3) Operation management status: Operating hours, setting of room temperature,and other items

III-11

(3) STEP-3 Gathering and Evaluating data on energy consumption
1) Monthly energy consumption2) Changes in yearly energy consumption
3) Energy consumption by day of the week4) Energy consumption by hour of the day5) Energy consumption by use6) Data on water consumption, and other items(4) STEP-4 Identifying points for improvement by data analysis and evaluation
1) Comparison of the total energy consumption of the building concerned withthat of similar buildings
2) Comparison of its energy consumption by use with that of similar buildings
3) Analysis of its monthly energy consumption trends
4) Analysis of changes in energy consumption for a period of several years5) Analysis of its energy consumption by day of the week and hour of the day6) Confirmation of room environment: Temperature, humidity, CO2concentration, luminance7) Confirmation of operation log: Operation status during peak load hours,
operation status during light load hours, Number of equipment units inoperation, operation time and operation temperature conditions8) On-site inspection: Operation status of equipment, temperature indicators,
ammeters, voltmeters and power factor indicators, valve condition, damper
condition, heat insulation, layout of equipment, maintenance of equipment
and piping9) Determination of how the facilities and equipment are actually used:
Density of people in a room, condition of OA equipment, identification oflocations of energy loss, and other items(5) STEP-5 Studying recommendations for improvement including expected
effects
1) Studying improvement plans: Application of other successful improvementcases and most-advanced technologies
2) Estimation of effects for improvement: Reduced energy consumption andcosts
3) Estimation of costs for improvement(6) STEP-6 Determining and explaining the recommendations to be implemented1) Determination of the recommendations to be applied
2) Preparation of a report
3) Explaining the report

III-12

3.3

On-site Auditing Procedure
The energy audits for the building concerned were conducted in accordance with thefollowing procedure.
(1) Interviewing
1) General description of the building2) General description of the equipment
3) How the building is used and the operation status of equipment
4) Data and information on overall energy use(2) Confirmation on drawings and reference materials
1) Building design drawing
2) Equipment drawings including drawings of air-conditioning systems,
electrical systems and sanitary facilities
3) Operation log
4) Energy consumption data
5) Room environment data
(3) On-site confirmation
1) Typical room2) Machine room3) Electrical room4) Outdoor facilities and equipment (placed on rooftop and on the ground)(4) Simple measurements (if possible)
1) Temperature, humidity and luminance2) Electric current
3) CO2 concentration, etc.

III-13

4.
4.1

Audits of Buildings in Myanmar
FMI Center(1) Outline of the building
1) Name: FMI Center

2) Use: Offices and shops
3) Size: 1 basement and 11 floors above the groundTotal floor area; 10,953 m24) Age of the building: 8 years5) Outline of electrical systems:
Receiving voltage 6.6 kV, Transformer capacity 1,600 kV
Power generator (for emergency) 750 kVA
Elevator 11 kW × 2 sets, 20 kW × 1 set
6) Outline of air-conditioning systems:
Shops: chiller 210 RT (231 kW) × 1 set, Fan coil unit (174 units)
Offices: Split type (135 units)7) Sanitary facilities:
Lifting pump 11 kW × 2 sets, Lifted water tank 29.5 m3(2) Analysis of current energy consumption status
1) Monthly power consumption (2000-2002)
Changes in monthly power consumption for 3 years from 2000 to 2002 areshown in the figure below.

III-14

The months with a maximum consumption in 2000, 2001 and 2002 are
March, November and June respectively and these are not consistent. The
months with a minimum consumption in 2000, 2001 and 2002 are
December, February and March respectively and they not consistent, either.
Particularly, the values in May and June of 2002 differ largely and it seems
that there is a problem with the way of data collection.
FMI Monthly Electricity Use (kWh)250000kwh

200000
2000
2001
2002

150000100000
50000

O
ct
N
ov
D
ec

Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n
Ju
ly
Au
g
Se
p

0

2) Trends of yearly power consumption trends
Changes in yearly power consumption during the period of these 3 years areshown below.
If the power consumption in 2000 is normalized at 100, those of 2001 and2002 are respectively 110 and 119, showing an about 10% of yearly
increase. As FMI Center building is a complex building for offices andshops, it is presumable that their operating intensity is increasing year by
year. The same upward trend is clear in changes in yearly water
consumption.
Annual Electricity Use
2500000

kWh

2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
2000

2001

2002

3) Comparison with other buildings
a. Comparison of temperatures between Yangon and Tokyo
As no reference data was available in Yangon for evaluation of energy
consumption status, the values for analysis were compared with thoseof buildings in Japan. Before comparing energy consumption per unit
area between the two cities, the ambient conditions that affects energy
consumption for air conditioning were checked. The average monthly
temperatures in Tokyo and Yangon are shown below.

III-15

Monthly Average Temperature
35.0
30.0

℃

25.0
20.0

Tokyo
Yangon

15.0
10.0
5.0

b.

Ｄｅｃ

Ｏｃｔ

Ｎｏｖ

Ｓｅｐ

Ａｕｇ

Ｊｕｌ

Ｊｕｎ

Ａｐｒ

Ｍａｙ

Ｆｅｂ

Ｍａｒ

Ｊａｎ

0.0

Comparison of energy intensity with that of buildings in JapanThe energy intensity for FMI Center is 1,915 MJ/m2 while the averagevalue for office buildings in Japan is 2,222 MJ/m2. It is about 86%
compared with Japan. The reason why FMI Center showed a lower
value despite of a large number of shops in the building may be
explained by the fact that overtime working time is short and OA
equipment condition is different from Japan in the FMI Center officezone.

Energy consumption intensity[MJ/m2]
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Japan's Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ Japan's hoteｌ
averageaveragec.

FMI Center

Comparison of energy composition
The following tables show the calculated energy consumption by use
based on the specifications of equipment and operating time.
Moreover, the comparisons with those of office buildings in Japan are
shown in the table and circular graph. In case of FMI Center, the energy
consumption for heat source shares 42.9% versus 28.0% for theJapanese. Therefore, the improvement in heat source should be studied
for saving energy.

III-16

Composition of Energy Consumption by Use (FMI Center)

Heat Source
Water Transportation
Heated Air Transportation
Lighting
Air Ventilation
Elevator
Driving Sanitary Equipment
OthersTotal (Calculated)
Total (Actual)(Calculated)/(Actual)

CommonUse
361,674
75,1680
200,033
18,792
23,177
8,603
140,700
828,147
817,189
101.3%Heat Source
Heat Transportation
Lighting
Driving Power
Others

Office

Shop

Sum

Ratio

521,057054,309294,005
18,478000887,849
889,100
99.9%

0
069,483
270,4540000339,937
340,21199.9%

882,73175,168
123,792
764,492
37,27023,177
8,603
140,700
2,055,933
2,046,500
100.5%

42.9%
3.7%
6.0%
37.2%
1.8%
1.1%
0.4%
6.8%
100.0%FMI Center
42.9%
9.7%
37.2%
3.4%
6.8%

Office Building in Japan
28.0%
14.0%
35.0%
13.0%
10.0%

FMI Center
Others
6.8%
Driving Power
3.4%

Heat Source
42.9%

Lighting
37.2%

Heat
Transportation
9.7%

III-17

Office Building in Japan
Others10.0%
Heat Source
28.0%

Driving Power
13.0%

Heat
Transportation
14.0%

Lighting
35.0%4) Energy consumption by use
The graph below shows monthly power consumptions in the public space orcommon-use space, offices and shops. The values for public space in Marchand May look unnatural and the reason may be that the measurement timing
is not consistent.
Monthly Electricity Use (kwh)
120000100000kwh

80000

shopping
OfficePublic Area

60000
40000
20000

Ja

n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n
Ju
ly
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

0

The energy consumption distribution by zone is shown in the following
circular graph.
It should be noted that the value for the public space includes energy
consumption by chillers for the shop zone.

III-18Electricity Use
shopping
17%
Public Area
40%

Office43%5) Comparison by day of the week
The office zone is used half a day on Saturdays and not used on Sundays.
The shop zone is open also on weekends and closed only on holidays. As
the shop zone area accounts for about 40% of the total floor area, it isanticipated that the energy consumptions in the building on Saturdays andSundays will be respectively around 70% and 40% of the total on weekdays.
The figure below shows energy consumption on weekends. The
measurement of energy consumption is carried out at different times
everyday, thus the data obtained is hardly utilized. It was not possible toconfirm anticipated values.

Daily Electric Power Consumption

kWh(1.11.2002〜23.11.2002)
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Weekday 4 times
average

Saturday 2 imes
average

Sunday 2 times
average6) Energy consumption by time of the day
The load curb over 24 hours of a typical day of May is shown below.
In the graph, the value of peaked hourly consumption is 800 kWh, which isalmost the peak energy consumption value of the year for this building. The
power consumption rapidly decreases immediately after the closing time of

III-19the day at around 6 o’clock in the evening and this shows that workers do
not work overtime very much. The power consumption at midnight, whichis around 70 kW, is also less than one tenth of the consumption during the
day time.

10 9
〜
1
12 1
〜
1
14 3
〜
1
16 5
〜
1
18 7
〜
1
20 9
〜
2
22 1
〜
23

7

8〜

5

6〜

4〜

2〜

0〜

3

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1

ｋＷｈ

Daily Electricity Use

7) Power consumption in typical office rooms
a. Measurement values
The figure below shows monthly power consumption in 2 typical
officer rooms. Both rooms show the similar trends including
prominently high power consumption in March and September. As eachroom is air-conditioned using a split-type air conditioner and the power
consumption for air-conditioning is reflected in the graph below, themajor factor for the similar trends may be the temperature outside thebuilding.

503,703 electric power
consumptuion
6000
5000
kWh

4000
703
503

3000
2000
1000
Dec

Oct

Nov

Sep

Jul

Aug

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Jan

b.

Feb

0

Simulation graph
The graph below shows a simulation of monthly electricity
consumption in the room No. 503 above, calculated based on the fixed
power consumption by lighting fixtures and office equipment and thevaried power consumption by air conditioners set as a load factor withmonth. The simulation graph shows similar values to the actual line.

III-20

The appropriateness of assumption was confirmed.

503 electric power consumpution
2000

kWh

1500
calculation
actual

1000
500

no
v

se
p

ju
l

m
ay

jan

m
ar

0

8) Water consumption dataa. Monthly water consumption (2000-2002)
Monthly water consumptions for the period of 3 years from 2000 to
2002 are shown below. Although monthly changes are not so large, it isclear that overall water consumption is increasing year by year.
Monthly Water Use (2000〜2002)
1200
1000

m3

800

2000
2001
2002

600
400
200

b.

v

c
De

ct
O

No

p

g

Se

ly

Au

Ju

n

ay

Ju

r
Ap

M

ar
M

b
Fe

Ja

n

0

Changes in annual water consumption
Annual water consumptions for the same period are shown below. If thewater consumption in 2000 is normalized at 100, that of 2001 and 2002
will be respectively 121 and 135, showing a large yearly increases. As
the refrigeration facilities of FMI Center is air-cooling chillers, there is
no water consumption in cooling towers and thus the water
consumption in the building is considered to be the water use by people.
Hence, it is assumed that the number of users in the offices and shops
has dramatically been increasing.

III-21

Annual Water Use
12000
10000

m3

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2000

c.

2001

2002

Comparison with other buildings
The graph below shows water consumption of FMI Center comparedwith that of office buildings in Japan. Both shows the same water
consumption intensity of 0.98 m3/m2.

m3/m2

Water consumption intensity(2002)
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

3.64

0.98

Japan's Ｏｆｆｉｃｅaverage

0.98

Japan's hoteｌ
average

FMIceter(3) Points for improvement and calculation of expected effects
1) Improvement in the temperature of chilled water
Current condition
Chillers are in operation with the temperature setting of the chilled wateroutlet temperature at a low temperature even during the light-loadseasons.

III-22

Proposed improvement
Raising the chilled water outlet temperature during the season of low
cooling load to achieve high efficiency operation of chillers
Formula(Power consumption by chillers) × (Saving rate as the result of
improvement in the chilled water outlet temperature)
Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for estimation
Seasons of low cooling load
9 months from January to March and July to December
Chilled water outlet temperature
6°C (some data show 4°C) → 9°C
Saving rate due to an improvement in the chilled water outlet
temperature
9% (See the reference graph)
Average load factor during the low-cooling-load seasons40%

Business days of the shopping zone in a year
264 days,365 – (30+31+30) –10 = 264

Business hours/day of the shopping zoneb.

9h

Chillers’ compressor power

100 kWB × 2 sets

Chillers’ motor efficiency

0.86

Calculation
Power consumption for 9 months
100 × 2/0.86 × 0.4 × 9 × 264 = 211,023 kWh
Reduced power consumption
211,023 × 0.09 = 18,992 kWhThis amount corresponds to 2.3% of power consumption in the publicarea in 2002 that is 817,189 kWh and 0.9% of the total power
consumption of the building that is 2,046,500 kWh.

III-23Reference graph

and
under

Cooling capacity (kW)Heat exchanger on the air side
Intake air wet-bulb temperature

Chilled water outlet temperature (°C)2) Effective use of indoor exhaust air(Improvement in efficiency of separate-type package)
Current condition
Outdoor equipment of the split-type air-conditioners is installed in void
space inside building and the efficiency of air-conditioners is falling due
to high-temperature of intake air.

Proposed improvement
By directing indoor exhaust air released above outdoor equipment down
toward the outdoor equipment, in-take air temperature for the outdoor
equipment can be lowered and eventually its efficiency can improve.
Formula(Power consumption by air-conditioners) × (Input power reduction rate
as the result of improvement in the temperature of the outdoor equipment
intake air)III-24

Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for estimation
Operating hours of the office zone
For 1 month: 20 days × 9 h + 4 days × 3.5 h = 194 h
For 1 year: 194 h × 12 = 2,328 h
Rated power of air conditioners

473 kW (total of 135 units)

Average load factor

40%

Improvement range of intake air temperature 2°C
Improvement rate of input powerb.

3% (Reference graph)

Calculation
Yearly air-conditioners’ power
473 × 0.4 × 2,328 = 440,458 kWh
Reduced power consumption
440,458 × 0.03 = 13,214 kWh
This amount corresponds to 1.5% of power consumption in the officezone in 2002 that is 889,100 kWh and 0.6% of the total power
consumption of the building that is 2,046,500 kWh.

Reference graph
Input power correction coefficient

Indoor intake
air wet-bulb
temperature(°CDB)

Outdoor intake air dry-bulb temperature (°CDB)

III-25

3) Introduction of total enthalpy heat exchanger
Current condition
Air supplying and exhausting systems for the shopping zone work
independently and the waste air heat is not effectively used.

Proposed improvement
Recovering cryogenic heat of exhaust air by total enthalpy heatexchanger to cool supply air
Estimation of effects
a. Conditions for estimation
Outside air intake quantity (based on the existing design drawing)
10,000 m3/h (assumed)
Exhaust air quantity (based on the existing design drawing)
9,576 m3/h
Condition of outside air during the peak demand hours
35°C, 65% → 97 kJ/kg
Indoor condition

26°C, 50% → 53 kJ/kg

Outside air load during the peak demand hours
10,000 × 1.2 × (97–53) = 528,000 kJ = 528 MJ
Yearly load factor

0.4

No. of business days/year at the shopping zone 348 days (365–17=348)
No. of business hours/day at the shopping zone 9hb.

Heat recovery efficiency(assumed at 0.6)

COP of chillers(assumed at 3.0)

Calculation
Heat quantity to be recovered
528 × 0.4 × 9 × 348 × 0.6 = 396,887 MJ

III-26

Reduced power of chillers
396,887 ÷ 3.0 = 132,296 MJ
132,296 ÷ 3.6 = 36,749 kWh
This amount corresponds to 4.8% of power consumption in the publicarea in 2002 that is 817,189 kWh and 1.8% of the total power
consumption of the building that is 2,046,500 kWh.
Reference figure

Outside air

Air (Supply)

Exhaust air

Air (Return)(4) Summary of improvement effects
Standard for comparison: power consumption in 2002 2,046,600 kWh12
3

Improvement in the chilled water temperature
Effective use of indoor exhaust air
Introduction of total enthalpy heat exchanger
Total

III-27

Reduced powerkWh%18,992
13,21436,74968,955

0.9
0.6
1.8
3.3

4.2

Pansea Hotel(1) Outline of the building
1) Name: Pansea Hotel

2) Use: Hotel (50 guest rooms)
3) Size: 2 basements and 3 floors above the groundTotal floor area; 7,111.1 m24) Age of the building: 80 years5) Outline of electrical systems:
Receiving voltage 6.6 kV × 50 Hz, Transformer capacity 500 kVA
Power generator (for emergency) 315 kVA
6) Outline of air-conditioning systems:
Split type air-conditioner (62 units)7) Sanitary facilities:
Well pump
1.1 kW × 1, 0.56 kW × 1 set,
Underground water receiving tank
36.4 m3
Booster pump
4.1 kW × 2, 1.9 kW × 2 sets,
Hot water storage-type electric water heater in guest rooms
50 l × 1.8 kW(2) Analysis of current energy consumption status
1) Monthly power consumption (2001, 2002)
Changes in monthly power consumption in 2000 and 2002 are shown in the
figure below.
Both years show almost the same power consumption trends. Powerconsumption peaks in November and March and falls during the period
from June to September.

III-28

Monthly Electricity Use (2001,2002)
120000100000

kWh

80000
2001
2002

60000
40000
20000
0
Ja

n

Fe

b

M

ar

Ap

r
M

ay

Ju

n

Ju

ly

Au

g

Se

p

Oc

t

No

v

De

c

2) Power consumption and hotel’s occupancy rate
The relation between power consumption and the hotel’s occupancy rate in2002 is shown in the figure below. Sequential line graphs show the same
trends except in March and April in which they move in a slightly different
way. According to the explanation by the chief engineer, the hotel
underwent refurbishing construction of the rooms in March and April when
the hotel’s occupancy rate was low. He clearly analyzed that the use of airconditioning during the construction might be reflected in the power
consumption at that time.
Electric power consumpution ＆ Occupancy rate (2002)
120000kWh,%*1000

100000Electric
power
Occupancy

80000
60000
40000
20000
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

0

3) Energy consumption by use
The figure below shows energy consumption distribution percentage by use
estimated based on capacities of the respective equipment and theiroperation hours. It is estimated that 32% of the energy is consumed in guest
rooms and the remaining 68% is consumed in the common space.

III-29Enegy consumption rate by use
ＧＵＥＳＴ
ＲＯＯＭ
32%

ＣＯＭＭＯＮ
ＳＰＡＣＥ
68%

The further breakdown of the above circular graph is shown below. The airconditioning equipment for guest rooms consumes 19% of the total energy.
Hot water supply system and guest room’s lighting fixtures respectively
consume 4% and 7% of the total energy. The reason why others combined
make up 25% is that equipment of large electric capacity is used in kitchen
and laundry.

Energy consumption rate by use
Ｇuest Room
ＡＣ
19%

ＯＴＨＥＲＳ
25%

ＧＲ ＨＷ
4%
GR LIGHTING 7%

GR OTHRS 1%

LIGHTIG
19%
ＰＵＭＰ
7%

ＦＡＮ
4%

ＡＣ
14%

4) Comparison with other buildings: total energy consumption
Energy consumption intensity of Pansea Hotel is 1,196 MJ/m2, which isabout one third (1/3) of the average energy consumption intensity value forhotels in Japan, i.e. 3,278 MJ/m2.

III-30Energy consumption intensity[MJ/m2]
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Japan's Ｏｆｆｉｃｅaverage

Japan's hoteｌ
average

FMIceter

Pansea Hotel

5) Comparison with other buildings: air-conditioning heat source energy
consumption
The reason why the hotel’s energy consumption is extremely low is that thebuilding’s design itself is excellent and the hotel is designed based on aconcept of passive design to be in a comfortable condition without airconditioning by maximizing the advantage of nature.

The following chart compares air-conditioning-related energy consumptions
between Pansea Hotels and hotels in Japan. Energy consumption of Pansea
Hotel is also about one third (1/3) of that of hotels in Japan.

III-31

AC Heat Source
1400
1200
MJ/m2

1000
800
600
400
200
0
Ｊａｐａｎ's Hotel

Pansea Hotel(3) Points for improvement/calculation of expected effects
1) Replacement with high-efficiency lamp
Current situation
In each guest room and its entrance, conventional-type filament lamps
are used as follows;
Guest room
40 W lighting fixture 4 units × 50 rooms
Guest room entrance 40 W lighting fixture 2 units × 50 rooms
Corridor
40 W lighting fixture 10 units

Proposed improvement
Replacing the current 40 W filament lamps with 7 W high-efficiency
lamps
Formula(Energy saved by high-efficiency lamps) × (No. of lamps replaced) ×(lighting hours/day) × (occupancy rate) × 365
Estimation of effects
a. Conditions of estimation
Lighting hours Guest rooms: 10 hours/day
Guest room occupancy rate: 32%, 365 days
Guest room entrance and corridor: 12 hours/day, 365 days

III-32b.

40 watt → 7 watt
Replacement of 310 lamps
Calculation
Reduced power consumption
Guest rooms(40 – 7) × (200 × 10 × 0.32) × 365 ÷ 1,000 = 7,709 kWh
Guest room entrance and corridor(40 – 7) × (110 × 12) × 365/1,000 = 15,899 kWh
Total

23,608 kWh2) Review of hot water supply system
Current condition
A 50-liter hot water storage-type of electric water heater supplies hot
water to each guest room. The temperature of hot water drops when hot
water is used for the bathtub.

Proposed improvement
Ensuring a comfortable temperature level even when hot water is used tofill the bathtub
Conditions for calculation
Current hot water storage capacity and temperature 50 l, 60°C
Supplied water temperature
20°C
Bathtub volume
200 l
a.

Bathtub temperature under the current condition x°C
x = (60 × 50 + 20 × 150) ÷ 200 = 30 → x = 30°Cb.

Hot water storage capacity required to retain the temperature of thebathtub hot water at 40°C y l
200 × 40 = 60y + 20 × (200 – y)y = (8,000 – 4,000) ÷ 40 = 100 → 100 l

The current problem can be solved by installing two units of 50-liter water
heater.

III-33Reference material
In Japan, hot water supply equipment using heat pump with CO2 coolant
came into use.
Heat pump unit

Hot water storage unit

Expansion
valvePower 1Bathroom
remotecontroller

Hot water
supplyWater heatexchanger

Kitchenremotecontroller

Compressor

Heatabsorption
from air 2

Air heatexchanger
Heat pump unit

CO2
cycle

Expansion
valve

Pump

Cold watersupplyWater
heating

Hot water storage unit

COP of this equipment is 3.0 and its energy consumption is one third(1/3) of the currently used electric water heater.
Expected effects realized by the installation of this equipment for Pansea
Hotel were estimated.
Estimation of effects
a. Estimation of yearly power consumption of the current electric water
heaterAssumed that:- One guest room consumes 50 liters of hot water 1.7 times in a day, and- The Hotel’s average occupancy rate is 50%.
No. of guest rooms is 50.
50 × (60 – 20) × 1.7 × 50 × 0.5 = 85,000 kcal

85,000 ÷ 860 = 98.8 kWh

98.8 × 365 = 36,062 kWhThis amount accounts for 4.3% of Pansea Hotel’s total power
consumption in 2002, i.e. 840,882 kWh.
b.

Effects expected by the adoption of heat pump water heating system
Power consumption of heat pump equipment
36,062 ÷ 3 = 12,021 kW
Reduced power
36,062 – 12,021 = 24,041 kWh
This value corresponds to 2.9% of the hotel’s yearly power
consumption.

III-34

3) Improvement in power factor
Current situation
The equipment was in operation at a power factor of 85%.
Proposed improvement
Retaining power factor at near 100% by the automatic control of power
factor
Expected effects
As power factor improves to closer to 100%, load current decreases. As
a result, power distribution channel loss decreases and reactive power
decreases accordingly, thus contributing to energy saving.
Although it is reported that power factor is not linked with electric power
charge in Myanmar, the improvement in power factor definitely helps
energy conservation in the view of f overall power system.
4) Water volume management
Current situation
Water used in the hotel is pumped by 2 sets of well pumps. The volume
of water used is unknown, however, because no measurement is carriedout.

Proposed improvement
Measuring and recording water volumes by installing water flow meter
Expected effects
Pansea Hotel has a big swimming pool and consuming a large volume ofwater.
Measuring water volumes will help management of operation of well
pumps and booster pumps as well as early detection of water leakage
from piping and the pool.

III-35

(4) Summary of improvement effects
Comparison standard: Power consumption in 2002

1
2

Replacements with high-efficiency lamps andequipment
Utilization of heat pump hot water supply
systemTotal

III-36

840,882 kWh

Reduced electricity
kWh%23,6082.8

24,041

2.8

39,9404.7

5.

Database, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Myanmar

5.1

Energy audits for energy conservation and the development of database, benchmarks
and guidelines for buildings in Japan were introduced. (Almost the same content as
those introduced in Vietnam)

5.2

Development of Database and Benchmarks in Myanmar(1) As any compiled data were not found in Myanmar, we requested participants of
the workshop to prepare and submit data on the buildings they had. Based onthese data and materials, all the participants were trained through studying todevelop database and benchmarks. The submitted data consist of 11 cases shownin Table III-5-1, namely the data of 9 buildings prepared by the participants andthe data of 2 buildings in which the energy audits were conducted in the current
survey.
Table III-5-1

Sample Buildings Used for Database Development

Use of Category

NumberRemarks

Government Office6

Temple1

Hospital2

Commercial Office1

ECCJ Audit

Hotel

1

ECCJ Audit(2) Information on energy consumption for the respective buildings was collected tothe extent possible using Table III-5-2 “Energy Consumption Data” and Table
III-5-3 “Building Information”.
Table III-5-2
Electricity (kWh)Jan

24,811

Feb

25,132

Mar

29,744

Apr

27,956

May

29,224

Jun

26,656

Jul

27,232

Aug

26,958Sep

273,123

Oct

25,002

Nov

18,550Dec

16,320

Energy Consumption Data

Demand Peak (KW)

III-37

LPG (Kg)

OIL (L)

Water (m3)Table III-5-3

Building Information

・Name of the Building:
Address・Category of Usage:
・Landload building or Tenant building・Age of Building:・Size：
・Total gross floor
・Number of stories
・Basement Stories
・Electrical facilities:
Receiving voltage
Ａgreement capacity
Transformer capacity
・Air conditioning facility:
Heat source capacity for cooling
Main equipment
Heat source capacity for heating
Main equipment
Air conditioning system
・Sanitary facility:
Water supply system
Hot water supply system
・Air conditioner setting temperature and humidity:
Summer°C%・Working hour:
Week daySaturday
SundayPublic Works
60 shwedagonpagoda road
Landload building
3011044 m2
4 F
0 F
6.6 kV
500 kVA
Split unit
City,well

24 °C
50 ％
8 H
0 H
0 H

The data obtained was summarized in Table III-5-4 “Building Energy Databasein Myanmar (1)” and Table III-5-4 “Building Energy Database in Myanmar (2)”including data on the 2 buildings that ECCJ audited, in terms of the energy
intensity, or the energy consumption per 1m2 of gross floor area.

III-38

Table III-5-4

No.

Category

CategoryNo.

Building Energy Database in Myanmar (1)Location

Electricity

GFA

GFA

Date

Electricity

[Ft2]

[m2]

[Year]

[kWh]

5,244

2002

152,837[kWh/m2]
29.1

4,058

2002

221,314

54.5

3,866

2002

66,08617.1

intensity

1

Government Office GO-1

Yangon2

Government Office GO-2

Yangon3

Government Office GO-3

Yangon4

Government Office GO-4

Yangon21,600

2,007

2002

45,50022.7

5Government Office GO-5

Yangon20,000

1,858

2002

58,61031.5

6Government Office GO-6

Yangon11,044

2002

304,798

27.6

7

TempleTE-1

Yangon10,115

2002

96,071

9.5

8Commercial Office

CO-1

Yangon10,953

2002

2,046,500

186.8

9

Hotel

HL-1

Yangon

7,111

2002

840,882

118.3

10 Hospital

HS-1

Yangon13,998

2002

315,632

22.5

11 Hospital

HS-2

Yangon12,8652002

1,143,648

88.9

43,680

III-39

Table III-5-5 Building Energy Database in Myanmar (2)Electricity Monthly Consumption [kWh]Category
No.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Government Office

GO-1

15764

15764

15764

10100

8868

14499

15948

17352

14962

12760

5368

5688

152837

Government Office

GO-2

17234

23227

22953

32186

31100

23151

22263

18325

13664

6462

5524

5225

221314Government Office

GO-3

5080

5488

5488

5488

6604

6226

7156

6304

6174

5656

5420

1002

66086

Government Office

GO-4

3600

3800

3700

3950

3900

4000

3600

3450

3800

3700

3900

4100

45500

Government Office

GO-5

4640

4880

5200

5060

4890

5340

4700

4300

4700

4500

5100

5300

58610

Government Office

GO-6

24811

25132

29744

27956

29224

26656

27132

26958

27313

25002

18550

16320

304798

Temple

TE-1

6292

4554

6721

12309

12969

8502

7535

7359

7027

7777

8690

6336

96071

Commercial OfficeCO-1

149600 159200 143100 175000 121200 210700 175200 197500 170100 190800 192300 161900

2046600

Hotel

HL-1

72000

73002

82200

76398

63780

53190

59976

61176

51006

73410

96960

77784

840882

Hospital

HS-1

12256

15048

16500

18810

19206

10032

10758

8712

9434

21516 104544

68816

315632

Hospital

HS-2

81576

84480

76560 147048 103752 106128 121440

74976

60720

1143648

CcategoryIII-4092400 111408

83160

(3) Results of regression analysis of data for Myanmar
The analysis is summarized as follows.
1) Electricity Intensity in Myanmar
Electricity intensity in Myanmar [kWh/m2][kWh/m2]

200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0

5,000

10,00015,000GFA[m2]

Figure III-5-1

Electricity Intensity in Myanmar2) Electricity Intensity for Government Office
Government Office Electricity intensity [kWh/m2]
60.0[kWh/m2]

50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0

2,000

Figure III-5-2

4,000

6,000
GFA[m2]8,000

10,00012,000Electricity Intensity for Government Office

III-41

3) Monthly Electric Power Consumption for Government Office

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0

GO-1
GO-2
GO-3
GO-4
GO-5
GO-6

Ja

n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n
Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

kWh

Monthly Electric Power Consumption(Govenment Office) [kWh]Figure III-5-3

Monthly Electric Power Consumption for Government Office

III-42

IV.

ASEAN Activities

1.

Summary of ASEAN Workshop
Date: February 28 and March 1, 2003

Participants from ECCJ:• Kazuhiko Yoshida; General Manager, International Engineering Department• Akira Ueda; Technical Expert, International Engineering Department• Akira Kobayashi; Technical Expert, International Engineering Department
Date
Events, Location, etc.
February ASEAN Workshop
28 (Fri.) (At the Grand Mee
YaHta)&March 1
(Sat.)

Activity• ECCJ members participated in the ASEAN Workshop
held over 2 days and reported on the following matters.
Reported itemsc Results of the surveys and energy audits of buildings
in Vietnam and Myanmar
See Table IV-1-1 “PROMMEC Buildings Slide List”.
The presentation material is attached herewith.
Item 1. “Report on the results of the audits” ofbuildings of Section V. “Materials”.
d Current status of developing of database, benchmarks
and guideline in Japan
See Table IV-1-2 “Development of database Slide
List” and Table IV-1-3 “Energy Audit, Database &Benchmark in Buildings in Japan Slide List”.
The presentation materials are attached herewith.
Item 2. “Promotion of database development” andItem 3. “Database in Japan” of Section V.
“Materials”.
e Current situation regarding the development of
database, benchmarks and guideline in Myanmar
See Table IV-1-4 “Energy Audit, Database &Benchmarking in Buildings in Vietnam Slide List”.
The presentation material is attached hereto.
Item 4. “Database in Vietnam and Myanmar” ofSection V. “Material”.
• These reports were well evaluated and followed by
active discussions on the subjects by all theparticipants;

IV-1

Date

Events, Location, etc.

Table IV-1-1
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Activity
Participants from ASEAN countries
Mr. Tin Tun(Guest, Myanmar)(Deputy Minister, Ministry of Energy)
Mr. Pravit Teetakeaw (Chairman, Thailand)(Executive Director, Ministry of Energy )Ms. Swanee Saratuni,(Thailand)
Mr. Parlindungan(Indonesia)
Dr. LeeSiewEang(Singapore)
Mr. Majid Hajid Hajai Sapar(Singapore)
Mr. Abdul Rashid B Ibrahim(Singapore)
Ms. Azah Ahmad(Malaysia)
Mr. Artemio P.Habitan(Philippine)
Mr. Le Tuan Phong(Vietnam)
Mr. LiengVuthy(Cambodia)
Mr. Anousak Phongsavath(Lao PDR)
Mr. AungKyi(Myanmar)
Mr. U TheinLwin(Myanmar)
Mr. U Aye Kyaw
Mr. Maung Maw
Mr. Kyaw T
Dr. Sein Myint
Mr. Christpher Zamora(ACE)
and 5 others persons
PROMEC Building(Slide List)

Title
PROMEEC-Building Activities in Vietnam and Myanmar
Outline of Presentation
Overview of Activities
PROMEEC-Building Activities in Vietnam and Myanmar
Energy Conservation Technologies
Workshop in Vietnam
Workshop in Myanmar
Workshop on Energy Conservation Technologies: Objectives
Workshop on Energy Conservation Technologies: Talking
Energy Audit and on the Job Training
The Audit Buildings
The Audit Approach: Data gathered
The Audit Approach: On-Site investigation
The Audit Approach: Calculation of Energy Savings
Simulation by Calculation
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 1

IV-2

Note
Cover

Title

No.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

Title
Note
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 2
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 3
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 4
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 5
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 6
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 7
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 8
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 9
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 10
Energy Data & Performance Indicators 11
Improvement Plan and Recommendation
Title
Summary of Energy Saving Measures
Change of Chiller water outlet temperature
Reference Data
Use of Indoor Exhaust Air
Reference Data
Improvement of Heat Exchanger and Cool Supply air
Collect exhaust air heat energy by heat exchange and cool supply air
Heat pump Hot water Supply System
Current Practice Good Case
Use of Solar Water Heater
Excellent Passive Design for Tropical Building
Good to excellent Active Design and Management
Speedy Improvement
Benchmarking & Database Development
Benchmarking & Database Development: Bench Marks for
Various Buildings in Japan
Benchmarking & Database Development
Table IV-1-2

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Development of Database/Benchmark/Guideline(Slide List)

Title
Workshop: Case Study Development of Database/Benchmark/Guideline
Development of Database/Benchmark/Guideline
Development Process: Database/Benchmark/Guideline
Database Development (Building)
Statistical Processing (Building)
Benchmark/Criteria Setting Analysis (Building)-1
Benchmark/Criteria Setting Analysis (Building)-2Study to Setup Guideline (Building)
Basic Approach for database/Benchmark/Guideline Development

IV-3

Note
Cover
Title

Table IV-1-3 Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking for Buildings in Japan(Slide List)
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Title
Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking in Buildings in Japan
Outline of Presentation
Introduction
Trend in Final Energy Consumption by Sector
Energy Audit
Application and Process of Energy Audit in Japan
Distribution of Energy Audits by Type of Building
Proposed Measures to Identify Savings through Energy Audit
Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings 1)
Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings 2)
Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings 3)
Type of Data Collected 1)
Type of Data Collected 2)
Calculation of Building Energy Efficiency Index (in MJ/m2)
Database & Benchmarking System
Standardization of Units
Database & Benchmarking System
Benchmarking in Various Types of Buildings in Japan
Information Dissemination of Database & Benchmarks
Energy Efficiency Buildings: Guidelines in Japan
Obligation of Building Owners
1) Prevention of heat loss through external walls, etc
2) Efficient use of air conditioners
Standard value of energy conservation for building
Guidelines for the Use of Energy Efficient Equipment in Japan
Air conditioner
Fluorescent lamp
Operating Guidelines for Factories and Buildings
Areas for Rational Use of EnergyStandard values and target values of air rations
Future Direction
Obligation of Building Owners
By the Law
Promotion of BEMS
Measurement Sample: Heat Source
Energy Profile of Equipment

IV-4

Note

Table IV-1-4

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking for Buildings in Vietnam &Myanmar (Slide List)

Title
Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking in Buildings in
Vietnam & Myanmar
Outline of Presentation
Overview of Activities
Case Study for Building in Japan
Exercise in Vietnam
The Participants
Building Audit Report of EVV & IE
Sample Size: 14 + 2 Buildings
Data Management 1
Data Management 2
Energy Efficiency Index of 16 Buildings
EE Index of 6 Hotels + 1 Mixed Use Buildings
EE Index of Office Buildings
Performance Indicator: Water Intensity
Data Management
Exercise in Myanmar
The Participants
Sample Size: 11Buildings
Data Management: Building Information Sheet
Data Management: Energy Consumption Data Sheet
Energy Efficiency Index of 11 Buildings
Energy Efficiency Index of Government Office
Performance Indicator: Government Office Buildings Monthly
Data
Comments

IV-5

Note

2.

Energy Audit for Buildings

2.1

Actual Achievements
Energy audits for buildings were carried out in the fiscal years of 2002 and 2001
consecutively and the actual energy audits for the following buildings were
implemented by 2002.
2000 Thailand
Office building
Singapore
Complex-use building
2001 Cambodia
Hotel building
Indonesia
Office building
Philippine
Office building
2002 Vietnam
Hotel buildings (2)Myanmar1 complex-use building (offices and shops) and 1 hotel building
Energy audits conducted in 2000 and 2001 focused on transferring technologies toadvance energy conservation and the results are summarized in the reports.
In 2002, energy audits were carried out at 2 buildings each country in 2 countries(total 4 buildings). These energy audits are particularly characterized by focusing on
OJT (On the Job Training) in field to participants in addition to the actual energy
audit by Japanese experts.
During the interviews with persons from the audited buildings, participant attended
the interviews to understand what points to ask, and they joined the actual survey infield, for the purpose of checking auditing points. On the following day of the 1st
survey, the wrap-up meeting was held to report on the points for improvement foundin the survey on the previous day and had discussions with the participants.
In the 2nd site survey, the additional surveys were conducted to raise the precisenessof calculations while giving participants lectures about the methods to calculate
expected improvement effects.
Based on the actual results, we believe that about 20 engineers from the two countries
where the energy audits were conducted in 2002 could understand and acquire
auditing technique and procedure through these activities.

2.2

Future Direction
Regarding the procedure of the energy audit, based on the results of the project
activities in the fiscal year of 2002, it is recommended to conduct the energy audit on
a basis of OJT. Through this procedure, the transfer of the technologies realized inJapan to engineers from ASEAN countries can be ensured, which will result in larger
effects.
Concerning the time schedule of the project implementation, it is also recommended
to set up time frame sufficient for analysis and study between the completion of theinvestigation at buildings and the wrap-up meeting where the audit results andrecommendation shall be satisfactorily and fruitfully discussed.

IV-6

3.

Database, Benchmarks and Guideline
In the fiscal year of 2002, the project activities consisted of not only the energy auditsof buildings but also the case studies to discuss and experience developing thedatabase, benchmarks and guideline for buildings in Vietnam and Myanmar.
In Myanmar, for example, the participants were requested to obtain data on total floorarea and energy consumption of the buildings concerned prior to the site survey. And,on the day of audit training, the respective persons in charge reported on the featuresand energy consumption status of the buildings in front of other participants. Basedon the same understanding of all the participants about the general backgroundknowledge of the buildings, the energy intensities of the respective buildings werestudied and discussed.
Although it was the first time to apply the case study which was conducted on thetrial and error basis, the whole process was very meaningful and fruitful owing toparticipants’ strong awareness. In the countries having a limited number of buildings,
the activities created a valuable benchmark and because local participants joined inand created it by themselves, they were successfully able to establish the foundation
for the future activity.
In the ASEAN Workshop also, it was decided to organize the task force to develop
the database, benchmarks and guidelines for ASEAN in the future. For the countries
where the energy audits for buildings will be conducted in the future, it isrecommended to develop the activities coincident with those of the ASEAN task
force and to establish the database, benchmark and guideline reflecting the actual
local conditions of the respective countries.

IV-7

V.

Material – 1

Attached Reference Materials:

PROMEEC-Building Activities inVietnam and Myanmar

Material – 2:(Workshop : Case Study)
Development of Database / Benchmark /Guideline

Material – 3: Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking
in Buildings in Japan

Material – 4: Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking
in Buildings in Vietnam & Myanmar

Material – 5: Data and Information Political andTechnical

Material – 1

PROMEEC-Building Activities inVietnam and Myanmar

Presented during the 2nd PROMEEC Workshop, Yangon, Myanmar,A-1
28 February – 1 March 2003.

28 February 2003

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Akira Kobayashi

PROMEEC - Building Activities
in Vietnam and Myanmar



A-

2

Overview of Activities Workshop on EC Technologies
 Energy Audit and On-the-Job Training Improvement Plan & Recommendation
 Benchmarking & Database

Outline of Presentation

A-3

Overview of Activities

Exercises
Workshop
Benchmarking Benchmark
Database
Database

Workshop
ECTs

EnergyAudit &
OJT

A-

Draft
ReportWrap-up
Meeting

InceptionWorkshop
Singapore

4

ASEANJapan
Workshop

PreReport

Final
ReportDistribution

Additional
Audit

PROMEEC–Building Activities
in Vietnam and Myanmar

A-

5Workshop on
Energy Conservation
Technologies

ECCJ & ACE

COORDINATOR• PTM (Malaysia)• LAKESIDE HOTEL• HOTEL NIKKO H.

• IE

• EVN

• MOI

25 PARTICIPANTS

A-

6

Workshop in Vietnam

MOST

YCDC

YTU

FMIC

• MOI

• MOC

• ACG

• SEL

• ECCJ & ACE

COORDINATOR• Pansea Hotel

MEPE

• MOE

25 PARTICIPANTS

A-

7

Workshop in Myanmar• To introduce techniques and procedures in energy
auditing, benchmarking, and database development
as applied in Japan.
A- 8• To develop national capacities in conducting energy
audit in buildings.

• To introduce energy conservation technologies
ａｄｏｐｔｅｄ in buildings in Japan to the ASEAN
countries.

• To share Japan’s overall energy efficiency andconservation programs and activities.

OBJECTIVES

Workshop on Energy Conservation
Technologies

participantsA-

9• Feedbacks, comments, & suggestions from• Recent energy conservation technologies forbuildings (e.g. air flow window, high performance
paints, ice storage, large temperature differential for
AC, high efficiency chiller, etc.)• Energy Conservation Law of Japan• Energy Situation in Japan• Policy, Plans, and Programs on EE&C of Japan• ACE Plans & Programs on EE&C

TALKING POINTS

Workshop on Energy Conservation
Technologies

A- 10

Energy Audit andOn-the-Job Training

50-Rm Hotel
2 BF
3 Storeys
7,111.1 ｍ2
80 years

Office, Shop
1 BF
11 Storeys
10,953m2
8 years

260-Rm Hotel
1 BF
17 Storeys
29,164 ｍ2
4.5 years

76-Rm Hotel
5 storeys
6,981.1 ｍ2
8 years

A- 11

Building B
Myanmar

Building A
Myanmar

Building B
Vietnam

Building A
Vietnam

The Audited Buildings

- OthersA- 12- Operation & Maintenance Data

- Equipment Data

- Energy Data

- Drawings- Building Data

Data gathered:

1. DISCUSSION WITH KEY STAFF OF BUILDINGS;ENGINEERS & PLANNERS PARTICIPATINGThe Audit ApproachTo explain to the trainees the key points of Aaudit
13

To verify accuracy of records and data

To check condition of equipment, facilities, and lay-out

2. ON-SITE INVESTIGATION & SIMPLE MEASUREMENT

The Audit Approach

ANALYSISFORMULATION OF
IMPROVEMENT
PLAN

WRAP – UP MEETING
Presentation of Results

REPORT••••

3. CALCULATION OF
ENERGY SAVINGS

A- 14

photo

The Audit Approach

0

500

1000

1500

2000

jan

ar
m
ay
m

l
ju

A- 15

p
se

v
o
n

calculation
actual503 electricity consumpution

Simulation by calculation

The Audit ApproachkWhA- 16ENERGY DATA &PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS[MJ/m2}

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

1915

Ｏffice F Builaverage in
Japan

2,222

A- 17

Hotel
d
average in
Japan

3,278

N Hoteln

3,248

Energy Consumption Intensity [MJ/m2]

L Hotel g

1,525Energy Data &Performance Indicators

P Hotel

1196

Oil
31.5%

LPG
2.8%

Electricity
65.7%

Composition of energy consumption (2002)

A- 18

Oil for generator
5.5%

Oil for
26.0%

LPG
2.8%

Electricity
65.7%

Composition of energy consumption(2002)

Energy Data &Performance Indicators

℃

35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0

ｎ ｅｂ ａｒ ｐｒａ
Ｊ Ｆ Ｍ Ａ
Ｍ

ａｙ

A- 19

ｎ ｕｌ ｕｇ ｅｐ ｃｔ ｏｖ ｅｃ
ｕ
Ｊ Ａ Ｓ
Ｏ Ｎ Ｄ
Ｊ

Ｍｏｎｔｈｌｙ Averagｅ Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ

Energy Data &Performance Indicators

Tokyo
HaNnoi
Yangon[m3/m2]

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

0.98

Ｏffice F Builaverage in
Japan

0.98

3.23

A- 20

Hotel
d
N Hotelnaverage in
Japan

3.64

L Hotel

5.12

Water Consumption Intensity [m3/m2]

Energy Data &Performance Indicators

gP Hotel

100,000,000
90,000,000
80,000,000
70,000,000
60,000,000
50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
0

MJ

2000

2001

2002

Annual Energy Consumption

L.P.G
Diesel FuelElectricity

A- 21

80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
2000

2001

Avge Occupancy

Energy Data &Performance Indicators

%

2002

kWh,%*1000

n
Ja

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000120000

ar
M

ay
M

l
Ju

A- 22

p
Se

v
No

Electricity
Occupancy

Electricity consumpution ＆ Occupancy rate (2002)

Energy Data &Performance Indicators

0～

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
2～

3
4～

5

6～

7

8～

9
10

12

～
A- 23

～

11

13
14

～

15
16

～

17
18

～

19

Daily Electricity Use

20

～

21
22

～

23

Energy Data &Performance Indicators

ｋＷｈ

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Weekday 4 times
averageA- 24

Saturday 2 imes
average(1.11.2002～23.11.2002)

Sunday 2 t
average

Daily Electricity Consumption

Energy Data &Performance Indicators

kWhHot water,Steam26%

Heat deliver
17%

ＯtherN Hotel
4%
Power
Heat Source
11%
27%
Lighting andOutlets
15%

A- 25

Hot water,Steam12%

Lighting andOutlets
23%

Ｏther
5%
Power
13%

Heat deliver
11%

Heat Source
36%

Hotel in Japan Average

Energy Data &Performance Indicators

ＯtherPower

Lighting and Outlets

Hot water ,SteamHeat deliver

Heat Source

0

4

5

5

15

11

15

17

20

23

25

26

28

30

Hotel in Japan Average

A- 26

13

12

y 11

10

N Hotel35
36

40Energy Data &Performance Indicators

A- 27

IMPROVEMENT PLAN &RECOMMENDATION

2.4
3.0
0.3

3 Lamp replacement

4 Improvement of air ratio

5 Insulation of steam valves

A- 28

4.6

2 Chilled water pump VWV

9 Heat pump hot water supply system

2.3

8 Examination of heat exchanger

0.8

M-A

0.6

3.2

V-A

Energy Savings in %7 Effective use of indoor exhaust air

6 Change of hot water temperature

0.8

V-B

1 Change of chiller water temperature

Measures(Interim Report）

2.9

1.4

M-B

Summary of Energy Saving Measures

Change the set
point

A- 29

Change of chiller wateroutlet temperatureA- 30Chilled Water Outlet Temperature

Reference Data

Motor rated output %



A- 31

Use the exhaust-air
which come from indoor.
 The exhaust air comesfrom upper side ofoutdoor machine.
 Improvement range ofsuction temperature 2℃（assumption）
 Improvement rate of
input 3％Use of Indoor Exhaust Air

A- 32

Reference data



A- 33

Supply air and exhaust air system
are operated independent

Improvement of Heat Exchanger

A- 34

Collect exhaust air heat energy byheat exchanger and cool supply air



A- 35

Heat pump hot watersupply equipment with
ＣＯ2 refrigerant inJapan
 COP is 3.0

Heat Pump Hot Water Supply
SystemA-36

Current Practices:
Good caseA- 37

Use of Solar Water Heater

A- 38

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Ｊａｐａｎ's Hotel

AC Heat Source

P HotelExcellent Passive Design for
Tropical Building

MJ/m2

Key Card System

A- 39

Power Management

Good to Excellent Active
Design and Management

January: during the audit

A- 40

February: Suggestion Adopted

Speedy Improvement

[kWh/m2]

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

0

Vietnam

GFA[m2]20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

Electricity intencity [kWh/m2]

A- 41

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

200.0

0

GFA m2

10,000

Myanmar

5,000

Electricity intencity in Myanmar [kWh/m2]

Benchmarking &Database Development

Eleectrical intensity kWh/m2

15,000Hospitals

Hotels

1663

1647

A- 42
Total No. Buildings Audited: nearly
800

Schools

assembly hallsSupe

Department stores

Office buildings

Government offices

0

3492

3508

3278

2943

2588

2222

Energy consumption intensity [MJ/m2]
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Energy consumption intensity by purpose of building

Benchmarking & Database
Development: Benchmarks for
Various Buildings in Japan

Public Works・Name of the Building :・Address
60 shwedagonpagoda road・Category of Usage:
Landload building
・ Landload building or Tenant building・Age of Building:30・Size：
・Total gross floor
11044 m2
・Number of stories
4F
・BasementStories
0F・Electrical facilities:
Receiving voltage
6.6 kV
Ａgreement capacity
Transformer capacity
500 kVA・Air conditioning facility:
Heat source capacity for cooling
Main equipment
Heat source capacity for heating
Main equipment
Air conditioning systemsplut・Sanitary facility:
Water supply system
city,well
Hot water spply system
・Air conditioner setting temperature and humidity:
Summer
℃
24 ℃
％
50 ％
・Working hour:
Week day8H
Sat day0H
Sun day
0H

A- 43

24811
25132
29744
27956
29224
26656
27132
26958
27313
25002
18550
16320
304798

Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total

kg

kWh
Jan

LPG

Electricity

Benchmarking &Database Development
L

OIL

m3

Water

A- 44The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Thank you

Material – 2(Workshop : Case Study)
Development of Database / Benchmark/ Guideline

ECCJ

A- 45

〔ECCJ〕The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

February 28, 2003

Database / Benchmark / Guideline

Development ofWorkshop : Case Study

ECCJ

A- 46

Development ProcessofConceptual Understanding

Database / Benchmark / Guideline

Development ofAssessment of Criteria to Be Targeted
Identification of Problems
Possible Countermeasures(Assessment of Action / Business Plans )Impact Evaluation of Each Countermeasure

Guideline Setting

ECCJ

Actual Implementation
A- 47

Technical & Practical
Assessment toAchieve Targeted Criteria

Data Processing / Analysis
Evaluation for Setting

Evaluation of Data To Be Controlled-Statistical Processing(Best / Average / Standard Deviation)- Factor / Correlation / Comparison / Analysis- Theoretical Consideration, etc.

Benchmark Assessment

Database

Data Collection by Audit(Output) Energy Balance / PFD
Action / Business Plan to Improve

Development Process : Database / Benchmark / Guideline

Country H

Country G

ECCJ

Database

DatabaseA- 48 ICountryCountry J

Database

Country F

Country E

Country D

Country C

Database

Database

Database

・・・・
A ・・ ・・

Country B

HospitalA B C ・・

Database

Wall Insulation
Window：：
Elevetor
Air Conditioner
Lighting
Transformer：：

OfficeA B C ・・

Database

Equipment

Archtechtual
DesignHotel
A B C ・・

Database

Country A

Database

Category

Database Development (Building)

ECCJ

Index D

Index C

Index B

Index A

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
ASEAN
Maximum
Minimum
AverageCountry

A- 49

:

・・・・・
Hotel
OfficeHospitalMax. Min. Ave. Standard Max. Min. Ave. Standard Max. Min. Ave. Standard
Deviation
Deviation
Deviation

Statistical Processing (Building)ECCJ

Hospital

Office

Hotel

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
ASEAN
Best
Worst
AverageCountry Index A Index B

A- 50

:

Affecting Factors
Temperature
Humidity
Working・・・・・
Max. Min. Ave. Max. Min. Ave. Hours

・・・・・

Benchmark / Criteria Setting Analysis (Building) - 1

：
：

E

ECCJ

D

C

B

A

ActualIndex A

ActualIndex B

・・・・・

:
:
A- 51

Social Factor
Climatic Factor
Temp.
Humidity Working H ・・・・・・

Facility / Equipment (Item
Situation Analyses
1)Country
Cultural Factor
Religion・・・・・・

ASEAN

Consideration

Theoreticalfor Improvement
Index A Index B
・・・・・

Targeted Criteria

Benchmark / Criteria Setting Analysis (Building) - 2

ECCJ

：
：

E

D

C

B

A

Country

Index
Index A
Index B：
Index A
Index B：
Index A
Index B：
Index A
Index B：
Index A
Index B
：
：
：
：
：

：
：

: A- 52

ASEAN

：
：

：
：

：
：

CriticalCriteria
Identification of Bottle Neck
Practical
Actual TargetedConditions Technological

Facility / Equipment Item - 1：：

Action to Achieve Criteria

Study to Setup Guideline (Building)

ECCJ

A- 53

• Activity Based on Country by Country• Establishment of Systematic Data Collection- Establish Audit / Reporting System (Law ?)- Utilization of Data Collected To Date
• Sharing data among 10 ASEAN countries- Regular Workshop• Organization of Taskforce- Standardized Procedure for Analysis and Study- Regular Assessment of Study Results

Basic Approach for
Database / Benchmark / Guideline Development

Material – 3

Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking
in Buildings in Japan

A-54

Akira Kobayashi
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
26 February 2003

SOME-METI WORK PROGRAMME 2002-2003

PROMEEC – BUILDING

Energy Audit, Database &Benchmarking in Buildings
in Japan








A-55

Introduction
Energy Audit
Database and Benchmarking
Guidelines for Energy Efficient Buildings- Guidelines of equipment in Japan- Operating guidelines for factories andbuildings
Future Direction

Outline of Presentation

A-56

Introduction

ECCJ

50

100

150

200

250

99

105

140

202

213

'73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98

Industrial Sector

Total Energy Consumption

Residential andCommercial
SectorTransportation Sector

57
FiscalA-Year< shown by index based on '73 >(1999)

Trend in Final Energy Consumption by Sector

Index

A-58

Energy Audit

ECCJ(Improvement measuresfor energy conservation)(Effect-estimation)

Appraisal report

Notification of
audit

Energy management sheet

Application for audit
Free ofcharge

A-59(Web site, FAX, mail)• free of charge ----- subsidized by Japanese Government

Audit

Preparation
for audit

Acceptanceofapplication• one-day on-site examination by thermal and electric experts· Interview, access to
documents· On-siteexamination· Analysis, Report· Selection ofexperts· Pamphlet,
application form

Application and Process of Energy Audit in Japan

A-60

109

•Supermarket

Total

101

•Department Stores

22
41•Assembly Hall

•School

787----------

125•Hospitals

92

165

•Office•Hotel132

Number•Government OfficeType of Building

Distribution of Energy Audits
by Type of Buildings

A-61

1.Elimination of waste
2.Energy saving while maintaining comfortablecondition
3.Reduction in energy losses from buildings andfacilities
4.Waste heat recovery
5.Demand-based flexible supply contract energy
suppliers
6.Enhancement of equipment and facilities efficiency
7.Active use of natural energy

Proposed Measures to Identify Savings
through Energy Audit

A-62

1.Record and utilization of energy data
2.Regular repair and maintenance ofequipment
3.Developing and establishment of energy
management system
4.Management of energy intensity
5.Setting of management target for energy
conservation

1) General management

Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings















A-63

Control of fresh air intake
Monitoring proper air ratio of combustion equipment
Proper temperature and humidity for rooms
Proper saving in water transfer by introduction of VWVChange of the pre-set outlet temperature of cold water in accordancewith the season
Prevention of heat emission by thermal insulation of stream valves
Reduction in solar radiation loads on windows
Power saving air delivery by introduction of VAVProper segmentation and zoning for air-conditioning
Required minimum ventilation in machine rooms
Opening window and cooling with outside air
Proper ventilation of car park through CO2 monitoring Heat source/air-conditioning equipment

2) Heat source/air-conditioning equipment

Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings

A-64

Leveling of electric load by heat storage and use of gas
Introduction of CGS and optimized operation
Study of introduction of new energy including photovoltaic power generation

Load leveling

Demand-based control( automatic and manual)
Control of electric transformers demand rate and reduction in no-load losses
Use of high efficiency lumps and light
Use of inverter-control lighting fixtures and ballasts
Lighting at proper times and places
Segmentation of lamplighter insulation positions and lighting circuits
Setting of illuminance standard and proper control of the illuminanceLighting/Electricity/Lifts

Water saving by installation of sound-making equipment at woman lavatories
Use of water saving type valve disc or low shower head

Hot water and water supply























Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings
3) Hot water and water supply/Lighting/Electricity/Lifts/Load leveling

A-65

・Name
d・s
A
d
se
h
:
e
・Category of Usage:
Landload building or Tenant building・Age of Building:・Size：
Total gross floor ａｒｅａｍ２
Number of stories ・Basement Stories
・Electrical facilities:
Receiving voltage、
Agreement capacity
Transformer capacity
・Air conditioning facility:
Heat source capacity for cooling
Main equipment
Heat source capacity for heating and hotwater
Main equipment
Air conditioning system
・Sanitary facility:
Water supply system
Hot water spply system
・Air conditioner setting temperature and humidity:
Summer℃%， Winter ℃ %・Working hour:
Week day, SataAday, Sun day65

Building Information Sheet

1) Building Information

Type of Data CollectedTotal

Mar

Feb

Jan

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

month

ｋW

Maxim
um

kWh

Dayti
me
kWh

NighttimeElectricity

kWhgenerat
or
ｍ3

City
gas

A-66

ｋｇ

ＬＰＧ

2) Energy Consumption

Type of Data Collected:

kL

Oil

GJ

Cold
water

GJ

Stea
m

District heatand cooling

Ｍ3

Water
supplyｍ3

Well

Water service

m2

12A

A-67
=

A/B

=

＝

＝

＝

＝

＝

＝

C

B

40.19338.93750.242

41.86

46.054

10.25

Total gross floor area

×

×

×

×

×

×

MJ/unitHeat
equivalent

A

kL

B

Annualconsumption

Total consumed

kL

A

kg

m2

kWh

Unit

13A

Classification

Energy consumption intensity (annual bassis):

Heavy oil

LPG

City gas

Electricity

Kind

EnergyCalculation ofEnergy Intensity

MJ/yearCalculation of Building Energy
Efficiency Index (in MJ/m2)

MJ/m2 yearm2

MJ/yearA-68

Database & Benchmarking System

Electricity
City gas 13A
City gas 12A
City gas 6A
City gas 6B
LPG
Heavy oil A
Heavy oil B

kWh
m3
m4
m5
m6
kg
kl
kl

unit

A-69

10.25046.05441.86029.37018.83750.24238.93740.193conversion coefficient[MJ/unit]

Standardization of Units
conversion factors

A-70• It also serves as the reference point to indicateenergy efficient buildings•

It is the average of building energy efficiency
indices of audited buildings, expressed in terms of
MJ/m2.

What is a Benchmark?

Database & Benchmarking System

Hospitals

HotelsI will show how do we make it.

Schools

assembly hallsSupe

Department stores

Office buildings

Government offices

0

A-71

1663

1647

3492

3508

3278

2943

2588

2222

Energy consumption intensity [MJ/m2]
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Energy consumption intensity by purpose of building

Benchmarks in Various Typesof Buildings in Japan

A-72

Information Disseminationof Database and Benchmarks

A-73

Energy Efficient Buildings：
Guidelines in Japan

A-741) Prevention of heat loss through external
walls、windows, etc. of a building:2) Efficient use of air conditioners;
3) Efficient use of mechanical ventilating
equipment;
4) Efficient use of lighting facilities;5) Efficient use of hot water supply systems;
6) Efficient use of elevators

Obligations of Building Owners

A-75→［(Virtual load)/(Area)］(PAL) : Perimeter Annual Load
 *Thermal load of the ambient indoor space:
Heat lost through external walls, windows, etc. for a year,
total of heating and cooling load generated by heatgenerated in the ambient space.
The quantity of open air taken in is presumed to be aconstant calculated on the basis of the area, etc.

 Annual thermal load of the perimeter zone (MJ/year)
Total floor area of the perimeter zone (m2)1) Prevention of heat loss throughexternal walls, etc. of a building



A-76

*Quantity of energy consumed for air-conditioning:
Quantity of energy of given air conditioner consumed to treat
conditioning loud for a year
Virtual air-conditioning load (Unit: MJ/year):
The quantity of open air taken in is presumed to be a constantcalculated on the basis of the area, etc.
Decrease in load by using exhaust heat recovery is not taken
account.

into

air

→[Actually consumed energy/(Virtual load)](CEC/AC): Coefficient of Energy Consumption for Air Conditioning

Quantity of energy consumed for air conditioning (MJ/year)
Virtual air-conditioning load (MJ/year)2) Efficient use of air conditioners

Hospitals
340
2.5
1..0
1.0
1.7
-

Stores
380
1.7
0.9
1.0
1.7
-

Offices
300
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0

Schools
320
1.5
0.8
1.0
-

Restaurant
550
2.2
1.5
1.0
-

A-77

correcting standard values to relax controls of small scale buildings, etc)

correction factor shall be standard ones. (Scale correction factor: a factor forNote) In the case of 1), values obtained by multiplying the above values by the scale

Hotels
1)PAL
420
2)CEC/AC
2.5
3)CEC/V
1.0
4)CEC/L
1.0
5)CEC/HW 1.5
6)CEC/EV
1.0

Standard value of energy
conservation for buildings

A-78

Guidelines for the Use of Energy
Efficient Equipment in Japan

Classsification(Cooling ability; kW)
Wind-wall type
Separate type
Cooling Direct blowing type and others
Duct typMulti typ
e

A-79

3.64

～2.5

1) Target range
Both cooling systems and heating and cooling systems
2) Target Value

Air conditioner

Target standared value (COP)～3.2 ～4.00 ～7.10 ～28.00
2.67
3.64
3.08
2.91
2.81
2.88
2.85
2.85
2.72
2.71
2.71
3.23
3.23
2.47

Straight
tube type 40-type

o

A-80

One with 110-type
One with high-frequency lighting lamps
One with rapid start fluorescent lamps
One with starter-type fluorescent lamps

Classificatn1) Target range
Lighting equipment with fluorescent lamps as the main light source2) Target value

Fluorescent lamp

(lm/w)
79.0
86.5
71.0
60.5

Target standard value

A-81

Operating Guidelines for
Factories and Buildings

A-82

1) Fuel combustion2) Heating, cooling, heat transfer, etc.
3) Prevention of heat loss due to radiation,
conduction, etc.
4) Recovery and utilization of waste heat5) Rationalization in the conversion of heat to power,
etc6) Prevention of electricity loss due to resistance, etc
7) Rationalization of conversion from electricity tomechanical power, heat, etc.

Areas for Rational Use of Energy

Boiler

TargetStandard

Other (quantity of
evap
ant

For electric utility

Other (quantity ofevaporation)

For electric utility

Item

Classification

A-83

Air ratio
LiquidGas
Fuelfl1.05-1.20 1.05-1.10
30t/h
1.10-1.30 1.10-1.20
10 to less than 30th 1.15-1.30 1.15-1.30
5 to less than 10t/h 1.20-1.30 1.20-1.30
less than 5t/h
1.20-1.30 1.20-1.30
1.05-1.10 1.05-1.20
30t/h
1.10-1.15 1.10-1.15
10 to less than 30th 1.15-1.25 1.15-1.25
5 to less than 10t/h 1.15-1.30 1.15-1.25
less than 5t/h
1.15-1.30 1.15-1.25

Standard values and target valuesof air ratios

A-84

Future Direction

12 Million
kWh

6 Million
kWh

0 kWh

3,000 kL

1,500 kL

0 kL

Heat
Power
(Fuel)

Annual Energy
Consumption

1.Obligation to report the status ofenergy consumption every year

1st
Category

2nd
Category

A-85

1.Obligation to report the status ofenergy consumption every year
2.Obligation to submit medium-to-longterm improving plan under thesupervision of energy manager

Classification

Obligation of Building Owners

A-86

 Building data will gather
1st Category : about 1000
2nd Category : about 1000～2000
total : 2000～3000□1st Category
The reduction plan of 1% or more is made by
the period average

By the law

A-87

 BEMS can determine the energy consumptionof each equipment.

 BEMS : Building Energy Management System
 Subsidy of 1/3 of the total investment cost To avail of subsidy, energy must be measured for eachof the following:
1.Heat source
2.Pump3.Illumination /outlet
4.Others

Promotion of BEMS

0

5,000

0～1
1～2
2～3
3～4
4～5
5～6
6～7
7～8
8～9
9～10
10～11
11～12
12～13
13～14
14～15
15～16
16～17
17～18
18～19
19～20
20～21
21～22
22～23
23～24

MJ

A88
0

5,000

10,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,0000

5,000

10,0003～4

3～4

15,0004～5

4～5

10,00025 Oct Energy Consumption

5～6

5～6

15,0006～7

6～7

20,0007～8

7～8

20,0008～98～925,000

9～10

9～10

ＭＪ

10～11

10～11

Hot Water
Child Water
Electricity

11～12

11～12

MJ

12～13

12～13

30,000

0～1

0～1

13～14

13～14

25,000

1～2

1～2

14～15

14～15

35,000

2～3

15～16

15～16

30,000

16～17

16～17

35,000

17～18

17～18

40,000

18～19

18～19

40,000

19～20

19～20

45,000

20～21

20～21

45,000

21～22

21～22

24 Jul Energy Consumption

22～23

22～23

14 Feb Energy Consumption

2～3

Measurement Sample: Heat Source

23～24

23～24

1

時刻

A-89

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4
0～ 1～ 2～ 3～ 4～ 5～ 6～ 7～ 8～ 9～ 0 ～ 1 ～ 2 ～ 3 ～ 4 ～ 5 ～ 6 ～ 7 ～ 8 ～ 9 ～ 0 ～ 1 ～ 2 ～ 3 ～1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

0

5000

10000

MJ/h 15000

20000

25000

30000

Category of Use and HourlyEnergy Consumption
熱源
水搬送
空気搬送
給湯
照明
コンセント
換気
給排水
昇降機
その他

OthersElevator

Sanitary

Ventilation

OutletLighting

Hot water

Air delivery

Water Delivery

Heat Source

Energy Profile of Equipment

A-90［１］ Interview/Questionnaire Number of Audit: Office～180 buildings, others～ 120
building
 GFA: 15,000m2 or more.
 Areas for investigation- Capacity of equipment and operating time
- Kind of illuminator and lighting time
- Amount of electric power according to feeder- Others

 2002 ～ Energy audit

Current and Future Program of ECCJ

A-91

［２］ Measurement investigation
 Office: ～１５ buildings, others～ 1０ building Purpose～
To check the accuracy of data
To make the management standards (model ofthe measurement and record)※ 2003,2004 ～Plan to expand investigations toother type of buildings

Current and Future Program of ECCJA-92

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Thank you

Material – 4

Energy Audit, Database & Benchmarking
in Buildings in Vietnam & Myanmar

A-93

Akira Kobayashi
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
28 February 2003

SOME-METI WORK PROGRAMME 2002-2003

PROMEEC – BUILDING

Energy Audit, Database &Benchmarking in Buildings
in Vietnam & Myanmar

A-

94

Overview of Activities
Case Study for Building in Japan
Exercise- in Vietnam- in Myanmar
 CommentsOutline of Presentation

A-

95

1st Day 1) Case Study for Building in Japan 2) Discussion
2nd Day 1) Adjustment of data 2) Database and Benchmark Making
Overview of Activities

A-

96

 Energy Audit Database and Benchmarking
 Guidelines for Energy Efficient Buildings- Guidelines of equipment in Japan- Operating guidelines for factories andbuildings
 Future Direction

Case Study for Building in Japan

A-97

Exercise- in Vietnam

The Participants

A-

98

A-

99

 Walk-through Energy Audit Report(Electricity of Vietnam , Institute of Energy)
 Building Use
25 storey Hotel/Apartment Block
13 storey Office Block Total Gross floor area 36,950m2
 3 Years Monthly Electricity Consumption
 Proposals and recommendations on energy recovery andconservation
 Remarks
No information about fuel, gas, and water

Building Audit Report of
EVN&IE

0
0

1
1
1
1
7

2
9

Store
SchoolHospital
StationSub Total

Hotel (by ECCJ)
Total

A- 1002

2

Office

7

0

7

0

1

0

1

Hotel & Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ

40

Ho Chi Minh

Hotel

Hanoi

Total

16

2

14

1

1

1

2

4

1

4

Sample Size: 14+2 Buildings

Building

Location

N hanoi
Hanoi
L hotelHanoi
C HotelHo Chi Min
M HotelHo Chi Min
NW Hotel Ho Chi Min
SP HotelHo Chi Min
Hotel ,Office HTC
Hanoi
OfficeMIH
Hanoi
ST
Ho Chi Min
PC2
Ho Chi Min
EVB
Hanoi
Store
SS
Hanoi
M
Ho Chi Min
SchoolKLS School Hanoi
Hospital
V Hospital Hanoi
Other
HR Station Hanoi

Hotel

category
HL-1
HL-2
HL-3
HL-4
HL-5
HL-6
HO-1
O-1
O-2
O-3
O-4
S-1
S-2
SC-1
HS-1
OT-1

data
No
29,1646,981
h9,604
11,055h55,760h
15,590h
31,0006,000
20,240hh3,8918,000
1,000
19,143h
5,260
36,385102,000

GFA [m2]

2001

2002
2001

DateY
ear
208.2
126.6
154.4
196.5
274.6
256.6
211.2
78.1
172.6
189.8
59.1
476.7
151.9
12.0
54.5
2.7

Electricity
intencity[kWh

A- 101

6,072,900
883,920
1,482,647
2,172,720
15,314,323
4,000,000
6,547,553
468,8463,494,051
738,548472,703476,717
2,907,895
63,2081,984,666
278,899

Electricity[kWh]766,995

oil [l]94,842
27,263

LPG [l] LPG [kg]

Building Energy Database in Vietnam

Data Management

94,07735,741

Water
[m3]

3.2
5.1

Water
intensity[m3/m2]

Feb

Mar

Apr

Hanoi

Hanoi

L hotel

HTC

Hanoi

May

Location

N hanoi

Building

HO-1

HL-2

HL-1

Jun

Jul

31,000

6,981

29,164

GFA
[m2]

Aug

2001

2001

2002

Date Year

Sep

6,547,553

883,920

6,072,900

Electricity
[kWh]

Oct

Nov

211.2

126.6

208.2

Electricity
intensity[kWh/m2]

Dec

Total

A- 102426,200 337,200 413,600 499,600 539,200 597,000 644,100 607,800 581,200 522,100 442,600 462,300 6,072,900
49,920 43,680 65,920 72,800
86,560 91,040 99,600 89,600 89,280 83,040 60,160 52,320 883,920
369,370 380,640 403,763 475,840 647,060.0 718,330 679,730 765,360 706,330 563,070 444,070 393,990 6,547,553

Jan

Hotel ,OfficeHotelcategorydata
NoData Management

GFA

AnnualElectricity
Consumption /Electricity:

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

0

A- 103

GFA[m2]20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

Electricity intencity [kWh/m2]

Energy Efficiency Index of 16 Buildings[kWh/m2]

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

0

A- 10410,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
GFA[m2]

Hotel Electricity intencity [kWh/m2]

EE Index of 6 Hotels + 1 Mixed
Use Building[kWh/m2]

200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0

0

5,000

A- 105

10,00015,000GFA[m2]20,000

Office Electricity intencity [kWh/m2]

EE Index of Office Building[kWh/m2]

25,000

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

0

10,00020,000A- 10630,000 40,000
GFA[m2]

Water intensity [m3/m2]

50,00060,000

Performance Indicator: Water
Intensity[m3/m2]

L hotelC HotelM HotelNW Hotel

SP Hotel

Hotel

Hotel

Hotel

Hotel

Hotel

Hotel ,Office HTC

N hanoi

Building

Hotelcategory

A- 107

2001

2001

883,920
28,032
1,482,647
134,921
2,172,720
258,554
15,314,323
750,4024,000,000
308,000
6,547,553
4,261
131,227
69,49743,925

7.70%
5.00%
0.07%
2.00%
1.06%
0.67%

4.90%

11.90%

9.10%

3.17%

Electricity
oil
Reduction Reduction Reduction[ Reduction
Wh]
%
l]
%
HL-1
29,164
2002
6,072,900
766,995
1 Improvement chiller water temperature
50,5610.83%
2 Improvement chilled water pump VWV
279,444
4.60%
3 Incandescent Lamp high efficiency lamp
129,845
2.14%
4 High efficiency fluorescent lamp
19,8950.33%
5 Improvement Boiler air ratio
18,992
2.5%
6 Steam valve insulation
17,062
2.2%
data No GFA [m2]DateYearmeasureHL-2
6,981
1 Hot water temperature reduction
Ho Chi Min HL-3
h 9,604
1 Improvement of lighting
Ho Chi Min HL-4
h11,055
1 Improvement of lighting
Ho Chi Min HL-5
h55,760
1 Improvement of lighting
Ho Chi Min HL-6
h15,590
1 Improvement of lighting
Hanoi
HO-1
31,000
1 Replace incandescent lamp
2 New energy efficient ballas
3 Replace Fluorescent tube
4 Effect on cooling

Hanoi

Hanoi

LocationNo

Energy Conservation measure table

Data Management

A-108Exercise- in Myanmar

A- 109

The Participants

12
1 ECCJ Audit
1 ECCJ Audit

TempleHospital

Commercial OfficeHotel
A- 110

6

Government Office

Sample Size: 11 Buildings

・Name of the Building :Public Works
・Address
60 shwedagonpagoda road・Category of Usage:・ Landload building or Tenant building
Landload building
30
・Age of Building:・Size：
11044 m2
・Total gross floor
4F
・Number of stories
0F
・BasementStories
・Electrical facilities:
6.6 kV
Receiving voltage
Ａgreement capacity
500 kVA
Transformer capacity
・Air conditioning facility:
Heat source capacity for cooling
Main equipment
Heat source capacity for heating
Main equipmentsplut
Air conditioning system
・Sanitary facility:
city,well
Water supply system
Hot water spply system
・Air conditioner setting temperature and humidity:
24 ℃
Summer℃
50 ％％・Working hour:
8H
Week dayA- 1110H
Sat day0H
Sun day

Data Management:
Building Information Sheet24811
25132
29744
27956
29224
26656
27132
26958
27313
25002
18550
16320
304798

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

A- 112

kW

kWh

Jan

Demand PeakElectricity
kg

LPG
L

OIL

Data Management:
Energy Consumption Data Sheet
m3

Water

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

200.0

0

A- GFA
113m2

5,000

10,000Electricity intencity in Myanmar [kWh/m2]

15,000

Energy Efficiency Index of 11
Buildings

Eleectrical intensity kWh/m2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

0

2,000

4,000

A- 1146,000
8,000
GFA [m2]

10,000Goverment Office Electricity intencity [kWh/m2]

Energy Efficiency Index ofGovernment Office[kWh/m2]

12,000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
A- 115GOV OFFICE

Performance Indicator:
Government Office Buildings
Monthly Data

kWh

GO-1
GO-2
GO-3
GO-4
GO-5
GO-6
GO-7

A- 116

 Establish Data Collection System
 Employ statistical methods- sampling method- sample size
- analysis, etc.
 Establish a database Conduct more trainings
 Develop benchmarks
 Promotion and publication

Comments

A-117The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Thank you

Material – 5

Data and Information Political and Technical(1) Data and Information (Vietnam)(2) Data and Information (Myanmar)

V.

Attached Reference Materials

V.5 (1)
Data and Information Political and Technical(Vietnam)Prepared by ASEAN Center for Energy

Japan as the top donor in Vietnam

Japan resumed the Technical Cooperation of the bilateral Official Development Assistance(ODA) for Vietnam in 1991 and the Loan in 1992. Since then Japan’s ODA has significantly
been increasing and especially since 1995 Japan has been the top ODA donor in Vietnam.
Japan’s ODA for Vietnam in FY1999 was 111,996,000,000 JPY (933,300,000USD:
1USD=120JPY) and the accumulated disbursement of Japan’s ODA from FY 1992 to FY
1999 reached 657,228,000,000 JPY (5,476,900,000 USD: 1USD=120JPY). The total
disbursement of Japan’s ODA in 1998 shares about 55% of that of the bilateral donors(DAC: Development Assistance Committee) in Vietnam. Furthermore, Vietnam was ranked
at 4 for Japan’s worldwide bilateral aid in 1999. The above figures show Japan’s deep
concern for Vietnam.

Japan's ODA total from FY1992 up to FY1999
Technical Cooperation : 162.28
Grant Aid
: 421.63
Yen Loan: 4,842.38...................................................................
Total
5,426.29

August
JICA

26,

2002
VietnamDialogue on JICA’s Country Assistance Program to Vietnam
JICA Project Confirmation Mission
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) sent the mission headed by Mr. Takeshi Nakano,
Deputy Managing Director of Asian I Department of JICA to Vietnam from July 23 to 25, 2002 in order
to discuss Vietnam’s socio-economic development and the direction of JICA’s technical assistancewith the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) and other relevant government agencies. The
main results of a series of discussions are as follows:
1. JICA pledged strong commitment to the contribution to Vietnam’s rapid andsustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. This commitment was based on
the Vietnam’s Ten-year Socio-economic Development Strategy for the period 2001~2010,
Five-year Socio-economic Development Plan for the period 2001~2005, sectoraldevelopment strategy, provincial- and regional-development strategy, and CPRGS as thegeneral guideline for implementation of those strategies. At the meeting, JICA introduced
the main features of its Country Assistance Program vis-à-vis Vietnam, which wasdeveloped based on the overall Country Assistance Strategy developed by the Ministry ofForeign Affairs of Japan. The high priority areas of JICA’s technical assistance vis-àvis Vietnam confirmed by both sides at the discussion are as follows:(i) Human Resources Development and Institutional Building,especially, in the field of economic management,(ii) Economic Infrastructure, such as Transport, Power Development,
and Telecommunications,(iii) Agriculture and Rural Development,(iv) Health and Education, and(v) Environment.
2. Regarding ODA effectiveness, both sides reached consensus in making efforts to
upgrade ODA effectiveness and efficiency. Both sides also confirmed theharmonization of ODA procedures is not synonymous with unification, and it had better toseek harmonization and simplification in diversity, and that it should be pursued in a
productive and pragmatic way, respecting existing diversities of donors’ procedures. For
example, it is necessary to identify the areas where the huge administrative burdens are
incurred, why those costs are incurred, and who actually bears those costs.
3. In the Human Resources Development and Institutional Building (especially,
support of transition toward a market-oriented economy), the Vietnamese
government and JICA confirmed that (i) economic management, and (ii) governancecontinued to be focused in their bilateral cooperation.
Regarding Economic Management aspect, there are two-holds: policy advice andcapacity building for the government agencies.
From 1995~March 2001, the MPI/Development Strategy Institute (DSI) and JICA
conducted ISHIKAWA Project to provide policy advices for the Government of Vietnam indrafting five-year socio-economic development plan 1996~2000 as well as the 2001~2005
five year development plan. Based on the results of this study, JICA has been conducting
a series of joint researches with the government agencies concerned since mid-2001. For
example, the research on “Growing sub-sector in Vietnam’s agricultural development” isbeing conducted with MPI, the research on “Introducing the Personal Income Tax in
Vietnam” with the Ministry of Finance, or the research on “Monetary policy under partial
dollarization in Vietnam” with the State Bank of Vietnam, and the research on“Industrialization strategy in the age of international integration” with the National
Economics University in Hanoi in a close collaboration of the relevant line ministries.
The Vietnamese government and JICA exchanged the visions on how best to utilize
Japanese intellectual assistance toward Vietnam in implementing its economic reform
agenda.

Regarding Governance aspect, JICA will continue its assistance in (i) legal andjudicial development, based on the recommendation of the Legal Needs
Assessment (LNA), in which JICA also deeply involved, and (ii) support to WTO
accession, especially, customs administration and industrial property
administration system.
4. In the Economic Infrastructure, the Vietnamese side and JICA confirmed thattransport, power development, and telecommunication were the key elements for
Vietnam to achieve economic growth as well as poverty reduction.
Regarding Power Sector, the followings are critical issues: (i) capacity building of theGovernment to design electric power development plan, (ii) capacity building for operationand maintenance of transmission/distribution network and power plant, and (iii) upgrading
efficiency of management of electric companies. In concrete, the Vietnamese government
and JICA will explore the possibility of the best mixture in the context of Vietnam, among
various alternatives, such as hydro power, thermal power, rural electrification utilizing
renewable energy, and enhancing transmission network connecting the North and theSouth of Vietnam, enhancing regional electric power network with Cambodia, Laos andVietnam. Besides that, it is necessary to monitor the progress of the 5th Electric Power
Development Master Plan, which was developed by EVN based on the demand forecast
until 2020, and to develop capacity of EVN to implement it. Given the increasing necessity
to expand the capacity of power generation, transmission and distribution network to meetthe electricity demand, it is also necessary to develop human resources in charge of
operation and maintenance of the power plants built by Yen Loan.
Regarding Transport sector, the Ministry of Transport and JICA conducted the study on
the National Transport Development in the Socialistic Republic of Vietnam (so-called“VITRANSS”). The Study presented the mid-term and long-term directions of transport
sector development and covers all transport sub-sectors, such as road, railway, in-landwaterways, port and shipping, and air transport. The outputs of VTRANSS are utilized for
the Vietnamese Government to draft its own ten-year transport sector strategy. The bothsides also highlighted the importance of urban transport issues to deal with the increasing
number of traffic accidents and heavy traffic jams. To this end, it is necessary to develop
comprehensive urban transport master plan, which expectedly includes the introduction ofurban public transport system and measures to secure traffic safety. The need on
capacity building for effective operations and maintenance of the transport system wasalso discussed.
Regarding Telecommunication sector, enhancing telecommunications network to meetthe demand for IT industry was considered as the critical issue. Capacity building in this
sector continues to be prioritized in JICA’s programs.
5. In the Agriculture and Rural Development, both sides confirmed that this sector had
an important function in poverty reduction as well accelerating economic growth, taking
into consideration of remarkable achievements in the poverty reduction in Vietnam during
1990s.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and JICA regarded thefollowings as critical issues: (i) upgrading infrastructure, developing capacity for operationand maintenance, developing off-farming industries, diversifying agricultural products,
improving distribution network, and strengthening agricultural cooperatives for the raisingincome level of agricultural household, (ii) promoting research and development (R&D)
and developing capacity for policy planning, and strengthening higher education in thisfield. This issues mentioned in item (ii) were also recommended in the Public Expenditure
Review (PER) Report published in 2000.
6. In the Health and Education Sectors, particularly Education sector, the Japanese
government has committed to upgrading and modernizing facility of primary schools in the
Northern Mountainous Regions and in flood regions since mid 1990s. To maximize theeffectiveness of the combination between technical assistance and grant aid, since 2001,
the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) and JICA have been conducting “Support

Program on Primary Education Development in Vietnam” to support MOET inmaterializing Ten-year Education and Training Development Strategy for the period
2001~2010. In term of primary education, MOET and JICA are considering the mostappropriate approach, such as: (i) upgrading and modernizing facility of primary schools,(ii) teachers’ training, and (iii) improving education administration. Regarding higher
education, JICA has assisted universities to improve the training and research quality inthe field of engineering through the Southeast Asia Engineering Education Network(SEED-NET). The Japanese Government, through JICA, has also conducted the Japan’s
Grant Aid for Human Resources Development Scholarship (JDS) for master degrees infive key fields for Vietnam’s transition towards a market-oriented economy.
In the Health sector, both sides considered it necessary to upgrade medical
technique and enhancing referral system in Vietnam. To this end, the Ministry of
Health (MOH) and JICA are conducing in-country training program at Cho Ray Hospital in
the Southern Region. MOH and JICA are upgrading Bach Mai Hospital as the top referralin the Northern Region, and now conducting a project formulation study to develop the top
referral in the central region. Based on these hospitals, MOH and JICA intended todevelop capacity of health workers at central-, district-, and commune levels, who
are supposed to engage in supporting the poor to have a better access to healthcare services. Besides that, MOH and JICA agreed to enhance maternal and children
health care services (including reproductive health), and reducing infectious diseases(including HIV/AIDS).
7. In the Environment Sector, both sides recognized environment as the key element forsustainable development (Note: The international community is scheduled to organize theWorld Summit for the Sustainable Development (WSSD) in the South Africa in August
2002). One of the critical issues identified by both sides was to strengthen themonitoring capacity to assess the actual situation of environment in Vietnam. In
addition, JICA will continue to contribute to the Planting of Five million Hectares ofForest.
Contactpoints:
JICA Vietnam Office

V.

Attached Reference Materials

V.5 (2)
Data and Information Political and Technical(Myanmar)Prepared by ASEAN Center for Energy

Myanmar Energy Sector
Myanmar is basically an agricultural country, however recent development
trends are geared towards striking a balance between emphasis on agriculture and industry.
During the past decade, significant progress have been achieved in the nation’s economic andthe social sectors. These achievements are due to initiatives taken by the state to liberalize
the existing economic policy and transform the structure of the economy to a market
oriented and private sector dominated structure. The state has made tremendous efforts toimprove the nation’s basic infrastructure such as roads, bridges and communication systems.
The shift of the economic system and the intensive development of the basic infrastructure ,created many economic activities leading to increasing demand for energy, especially electric
power and petroleum – based liquid fuels.
Myanmar’s total energy consumption is contributed by energy generated fromfossil fuels and water resources which comes under the term commercial energy. Under
these circumstances the need for increased consumption of commercial energy cannot be
over emphasized taking into account the volume and density of developments presently
taking places, as the nation progresses in its efforts to build a strong national economy.
Commencing from early 1989, the Oil & Gas Sector has made available 46 blocks onshore and 25 blocks off-shore to foreign international oil companies and has since 30 on -show and
14 off- shore contracts. At present , the Yadana Gas Field having a reserves of 6.5 trillions cubic feetand Yetagun Gas Field having a reserves of 3 trillions cubic feet .The gas produced from both fields
is currently exported to Thailand across the border .
During the past decade, the Myanmar Power Sector has made intensive efforts to
expand its power systems in the grid areas as well as off grid areas. Previously constraints such as
low tariff rates, heavy line losses and currency repatriation problems prevented the participation of
the private sector. However following the latest revision of tariff rates , local private sector has
shown interest in selected power projects that would benifit to the state as well as private sector. As a
breakthrough, two local private companies have interested in one 12 Megawatt Coal fired power
plant in Southern Shan State and one 24 Megawatt Hydropower plant in Kachin State.
Hydropower, main power source for electricity, Myanmar has an available total
capacity of 39,720 MW. At present 391 MW – only 1 % of total identified resources is
exploited . Myanmar has a very ambitious programme of implementing 2000 MW ofelectricity, mostly hydropower within the next five years time.
The Union of Myanmar is endowed with abundant and varied energy resourcesof which some are still unexplored and some are known but untapped. The Energy
Conservation is emphasized in order to save energy through effective management practices.

Chart- I

ELECTRIC POWER GENERATED AND SOLD BY
THE MYANMA ELECTRIC POWER ENTERPRISE

FY

Installed

Units

Capacity

Generated

ValuesOf

Units Sold (Million kwh)

General

Sales
(Kyat
(Kyat
Million)Industrial

Bulk

Others

Total

875.7

340.2

74.2

2262.42827.3

392.5

76.4

2433.83086.3(Megawatts)(Millionkwh)

1995-1996

982

3762.33

972.3

1996-1997

1033

4130.311089.2

1997-1998

1036

4550.461206.5

914.0

472.9

82.7

2676.13530.01998-1999

1031

4139.441132.3

956.1

537.3

90.7

2716.44084.8

1999-2000

1172

4788.311327.11342.6

591.0

105.8

3366.5

19743.4

2000-2001

1172

5020.431464.51482.7

652.0

115.9

3715.121976.2

2001-2002

1172

3572.50

824.5

1078.3

273.1

58.8

2235.31071.7875.7(April December),
Source:Selected Monthly Economic Indicators (January-February 2002) from Central Statistical
Organization

Chart- II

INSTALLED ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

1400

Installed Capacity (MW)

1200
1000

800

600

400

200

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99
Years

1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02Attached here is the article in ' Myanmar Times- Vol:8, No. 150- about Japan-Myanmar
Cooperation.

" Japan has had friendly relations with Myanmar for a long time and Japanese
Government has cooperate Myanmar in its endeavour to bring about social development and to
estiblish a modern state by annually inviting some 300 state scholars and trainees and giving
them training in human resources development. Moreover, Japan is also carrying out
development projects with priority being given to basic education and health- such as MyanmarJapan human resources development centre, donations of medical equipment to Yangon General
Hospital; projects for eradicating epidemics such as HIV/AIDS and leprosy. Japan is also
assisting Myanmar's fight against narcotic drugs by providing technical in growing substitutecrops. All together 93 grassroots projects were implemented in the fiscal year 2001: 11 in thehealth scetor, 16 for ensuring sufficient water supply, 14 projects for constructing schoolbuildings for disable children & orphans and one project for relief and resettlement for
victims of natural disasters also The Belu Chaung hydropower plant reparation is welladvanced and Japan is also carrying out the Debt Relief Grant Programmes. As the year
2003 is proclaim as the year for ASEAN- Japan Exchange year and each ASEAN
country has been designated a key coordinator for a month in 2003, Myanmar is
responsible for March. "Regardless of the whole or a part of the report, the reportshall not be disclosed without the prior consent of theInternational

Cooperation

Center,New

EnergyandIndustrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

Phone 03（3987）9466/9358
Fax

03（3987）5103