Journal of Global Resources
Volume 6 (01)August 2019-January 2020
Page 43-52
UGC–CARE Listed Journal in Group D
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

07
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCE AND PEOPLES’ PERCEPTIONS,TARANAGAR BLOCK (CHURU) RAJASTHAN
M. M. Sheikh
Associate Professor (Geography)
Government Lohia College, Churu (Rajasthan), India
Email:mmskh@rediffmail.com
Abstract: The next world war will be fought over fresh water or Water will be a major source of
conflict between nations and communities in this century are statements heard in different
permutations in practically every freshwater related event or gathering. Water is an essential
source for the sustenance of all life forms in our planet and with every passing day the demand
for freshwater outpaces its availability. This growing scarcity is alarming but such doomsday
predictions are not a solution. Science and technology is looking for ways to increase thesupply of freshwater but we must also pause and reflect on the ways of our forefathers inharvesting freshwater that sustained them through millenniums in various ecological systems.
Historically Indians have been the world’s greatest water harvesters. Be it rainwater,
groundwater, floodwater or water from streams and rivers, Indians over centuries developed awide range of systems for harvesting, storage, utilization and ground recharge in different
ecological regions. These systems beautifully blended & complimented the culture of theconcerned regions. But for various reasons they were abandoned. Today, in our country, witheach passing day the need to sensibly harvest & use freshwater is increasing manifold. For thiswe all have to in the words of Maude Barlow, radically restructure our societies and lifestyles toreverse the trend of depleting freshwater from earth“.
Introduction
Water was a symbol of significance in the history of ancient civilizations that prospered close toit. Unlike the urban industrialized civilizations of 21st century most humans throughout history
knew that freshwater resources would run out unless water is harvested and conserved.
Available fresh water is only one half of one percent of total fresh water available on earth, still
modern day humans, convinced of their supremacy over nature, have failed to revere water
though the dependence on it, of all life forms, for sustenance is still as much as it was inancient times. Water is an essential natural resource; a key building block of life. However,water use has grown at over twice the population growth rate in the last century. As a result, an
increasing number of regions are now chronically short of water. Over 1.4 billion people
currently live in river basins where use of water exceeds minimum recharge levels. In theSecond World Water Forum, The Hague in March 2000 estimated that a 17 percent increase inwater consumed by irrigated agriculture would be necessary to provide for the nutritional needsof a world population likely to rise to somewhere between 7 and 111 billion by the year 2015.
Rajasthan needs more holistic and integrated management of its water resources.
Collective action is necessary to bring together the public sector, the private sector, civilsociety, and other stakeholders to work together towards integrated and participatory solutions
for water resources planning and management. Studies have shown Rajasthan is among
regions with greatest climate sensitivity and lowest adaptive capability. Rajasthan has only 1.16
percent of the country’s total surface water resources or 21.71 billion cubic meters (BCM),
however 16.05 BCM of this is economically usable. The state has created capacity to harness
and store 11.29 BCM, or around 70 percent of available water. The state has 1.72 percent of
the country’s groundwater, translating into 11.36 BCM. Dependent on inflows into the rivers,
17.88 BCM is allocated through inter-state agreements, although not dependable due topolitical compulsions of the upper riparian states. On paper, water use can be expanded by afurther 30 percent. However more realistic assessment of additional availability is economicallyusable water or 21 percent. This is broken down in figure below, which accounts for the use of
79 percent of the 45.09 BCM of economically available water.
43

Churu District Water Scenario
The district is characterized by undulating sand–dunes and inter-dunal sandy planes, except
towards south eastern part where few isolated hillocks of considerable height but restricted
extension are exposed. Fairly open & flat topography has also been observed in Rajgarh and
Sujangarh blocks. Practically there is no river in the district: however, in extremely high rainyseason Kantly River enters in the district from extreme southern peripheral village of Rajgarh
block. Semi-desertic to desertic climatic conditions are typical characteristics of the district. In
extreme summer season, the temperature rises up to 490 C or even more sometimes, while inextreme winters it falls down below the freezing point. Rainfall is also low and erratic with anaverage annual rainfall of 415.77 mm in the year 2019. The normal rainfall of the district is353.76 mm (1901-2018).
Younger and older alluvium of quaternary age, Tertiary sandstones, Nagaur
sandstones, Bilara limestone, Jodhpur sandstones, and weathered granite and gneisses are
the main water bearing formation encountered in the district. Ground water generally occurs
under un- confined to semi- confined conditions. Depth to water in the district generally ranges
between 6.67 to 91.05 meters below ground- level. Water table generally shows a depletion
trend in almost all ground water potential zones while a rising trend is observed in ground watersaline zones. Average discharge of well (dug-cum-bored wells and tube-wells) constructed in
the district ranges between 1,500 to 4,500 gallons per hour. Chemical quality of ground water inground water potential zones is fresh to semi- saline with electric conductivity ranging between
1,000 to 6000 micro Siemens/cm. Quality of ground water in ground water saline zones saline
to extremely saline with electric conductivity ranging between 6000 to 24,000 micro
Siemens/cm.
As per the revised guide-lines of the Ground Water Estimation Committee 2017, insteadof individual ground water potential zone, the block as a whole has been assessed andcategorized on the basis of stage of ground water development and long term trend of watertable. Out of seven blocks of the district, one block Sardarshahar has been categorized as“SAFE”, one Ratangarh as “SEMI-CRITICAL”, and three blocks Rajgarh, Sujangarh andBidasar have been characterized as “OVER-EXPLOITED”. Block Taranagar has saline native
ground water and has not been assessed. (Hydrogeological report of Rajasthan, Churu District)
Study Area
Taranagar Tehsil is situated in Churu District of Rajasthan State, India. It is located 48 km.
towards North from District headquarters Churu. Taranagar is situated at 28° 41' N 75° 3' E,
about 120 miles northeast of Bikaner. Taranagar was earlier known as Reni. It has an average
elevation of 232 meters. According to Census 2011 the population of tehsil is 2,11,831. There
are 123 villages in Taranagar block. Taranagar tehsil is very water consuming tehsil in
agriculture sector. The ground water is brackish but still people are using this water. Due toover exploitation the ground water gone very deep and the tehsil has been declared as darkzone block. There is an urgent need to study the area to know the factual position of the tehsil.
Total area of Taranagar block is falling in a single scene of landsat 7 and 8 having path and row
numbers 148-40 respectively. High resolution LISS IV data and CartoSAT pancromatic data
have also been acquired for land use analysis and validated through filed check. Standard false
colour composite (FCC) images composed of green, red and infrared bands have been used
for identification of features and land use classes, selection of suitable training sites forsupervised classification. Careful study of satellite images shows that the study area is mainly
sandy in nature. Major land use category is agriculture land which covers about 90 percent of
the Taranager block remaining 10 percent area is covered by settlement, pasture land,
waterbodies etc. Total area of Taranager block measured by GIS software is 1825.75 sq. kms.
out of which 1630.6 is the crop land.
Objectives
To identify the impact assessment of water resource and peoples’ perceptions, of Taranagar
block of Churu district.
Methodology
The study has been mainly based on primary and secondary data. The intensive primary data
has been collected from 30 villages of Taranagar block. Apart from this mist of all villages
44visited by researcher and got some broad ideas about the water issues and present scenario in
the block. From each of the selected villages about 10 to 20 percent household were surveyed
and public consultations. Total 500 household were interviewed for collect primary data.
Number of household was selected on the basis of number of population of the villages. It
varies from 5 to 50 household. Some basic secondary data were also collected from State
Ground Water Department and other sources.Basic maps were prepared with the help of
Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur. Taranagar
development block of Churu district is located in northern part of the district.
Figure 01: Study Area Key Map

Rainfall
The average annual rainfall in the district is 429 mm. In general there are 22 rainy days (i.e.
days with rain of 2.5 mm or more) in a year. About 7.5 percent of the annual rainfall is received
during the South-West monsoon period. Highest rainfall of 2018 is 97 mm. The variation in therainfall from year to year is very large. The analysis of 18 years average monthly rainfall datashows that there is negative relationship between the amount of monthly rainfall and its
variability. The rainy days are of very short time i.e. from July to half of September. Maximum
amount of rainfall depends upon the Arabian monsoon. January is the coldest month of thewinter season. During this period, temperature falls below the freezing point. In winter season
the wind blows from the north-east to south-west. The relative humidity during this season
varies from 25 percent to 83 percent. The sand storms are common feature in summer.
Table 02: Range Of Depth to Water in Various Water in Various Blocks(Pre- Monsoon 2003 to Post-Monsoon 2017)

Water Bearing Formation
Churu
Rajgarh
Ratangarh
Sardarshahar
Sujangarh
Taranagar
Source: District Ground Water Department, Churu

Depth of Water (b.g.l.) in MTS
Minimum
Maximum
24.04
47.89
13.67
54.45
22.88
92.27
24.83
91.05
06.67
84.45
16.07
29.17

Change in Ground Water Level
The world community is facing challenges of water level in certain areas due to overwithdrawing and demands of ground water. Water security is our main moral duty in the present
context. The term ‘water security’ was used at the World Water forum in The Hague in 2000 tounderline the vulnerability of people and ecosystems to ever growing pressure on the world’s
limited water resources (World Water Council, 2000). Groundwater, though part of hydrologicalcycle and a community resource, is still perceived as an individual property and is exploited45

inequitably and without any consideration to its sustainability leading to its over-exploitation inseveral areas. Awareness is now increasing regarding water and its importance but in general
people misbehave when it comes to reducing wastage of water. Table 02 shows that about
65.6 percent people are aware that water level is changing very fast in this area due to overwithdrawing of ground water. Though, water quality is not as per WHO standard. They areusing water in agriculture and other domestic purposes. Whereas 25.6 percent people said
that water level is not changing in this area. Because water is brackish and there is no use ofwater in any means. Apart from this 8.8 percent people indicated that they had no informationof the change in ground water level. On an average about 60 percent of potable water is being
drained as waste water, which is injustice for our mother earth.
Table 03: Change in Ground Water Level
Response
Yes
No
No Response
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
328
128
44
500

Percent
65.6
25.6
8.8
100

Water Quality
The quality of water is directly related with human and animal health. If the water quality is notas per standard the mantle and physical problems will occur. The fluoride contents are very
high in most of the villages of study area. The average nitrate concentration is 185 mg/L. It
shows that nitrate concentration is very high in this block. The hardness of water is also veryhigh. The ground water quality in the study area is very low. The following table shows the
response from the people regarding water quality. About 82.2 percent respondents believe thatwater quality in this area is not as per standard. About 6.4 percent reported that water quality is
not an issue in this area. Whereas 11.4 percent respondents reported that they don’t have any
idea related to water quality issues in this area.
[

Table 04: Water Quality
Response
Yes
No
No Response
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
411
32
57
500

Percent
82.2
6.4
11.4
100

Unsafe for Drinking
Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking,domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply and sanitation,and better management of water resources, can boost countries’ economic growth and cancontribute greatly to poverty reduction. Globally, at least 2 billion peoples drinking water sourceis contaminated with faeces. About 90 percent of the global population (6.8 billion people) used
at least basic services. A basic service is an improved drinking-water source within a round tripof 30 minutes to collect water. In least developed countries, 22 percent of health care facilities
have no water service, 21 percent have no sanitation service, and 22 percent have no waste
management service. By 2025, half of the world’s population will be living in water-stressed
areas. Contaminated water can transmit diseases such diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid,and polio. Contaminated drinking water is estimated to cause 485 000 diarrheal deaths eachyear. The following table shows that 86.4 percent people of the study area said that they are
not getting potable drinking water. Only 2.2 percent are satisfied with present water supply
quality. About 11.4 percent has not given any response.
Table 05: Unsafe for Drinking
Response
Yes
No
No Response
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
432
11
57
500

46

Percent
86.4
2.2
11.4
100

Increasing Ground Water Demand
As we know that ground water of the study area is saline and not useable for drinking andagricultural purposes. Only in some part of the area especially in Taranagar-Sahawa road
people are using ground water for agricultural purposes. Only 6.8 percent people agreed thatground water demand is increasing. Whereas 77.4 percent people reported that ground water
demand is not increasing due to its salinity. There is no any use of this water. Whereas 15.8
percent have not gave any response. Details are given in table 06.
Table 06: Increasing Ground Water Demand
Response
Yes
No
No Response
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
34
387
79
500

Percent
6.8
77.4
15.8
100

Knowledge about Water Supply System:
Our government supply water in most of the rural and urban areas as per their need but peopleof the study area are not getting adequate and sufficient water supply. The scholar tried to findout whether who used to supply water in their area. The result shows that still most of thepeople don’t know the particular water supply department in their areas. The result shows that
9.2 percent respondents said that ground water department supply potable water in their areas.
About 15.4 percent people said that Public health and Engineering Department (PHED) areresponsible for water supply in this area. About 33.8 percent said that Aapni yojna is supplying
water in their area. Only 3.8 percent highlight the panchayat samiti. On the contrary 10.4
percent people reported that gram panchayat is supplying the water and about 18.8 percent ofvillagers are not aware who supply the drinking water in their area is. All this is due to lack ofcommunity participation in water supply system. Earlier Aapni yojna started the campaign tocreate awareness about water and sanitation but nowadays nobody knows confidently who issupplying the water in their area. Details are given in table 07.
Table 07: Knowledge about Water Supply System
Response
Ground Water Department
PHED
Aapni Yojna
Panchayat Samiti
Gram Panchayat
Any Other
Don’t Know
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
46
77
169
19
52
43
94
500

Percent
9.2
15.4
33.8
3.8
10.4
8.6
18.8
100

Mismanagement and Misuses
There is mismanagement and misuses of water through leakage because of lack ofmaintenance, poor quality infrastructure, lack of public participation and lack of sufficient andtimely budget etc. Due to flexible policy implementation water mismanagement and misuses
are very high. It was observed from the study that there was a low consciousness about theoverall scarcity and economic value of water, which results in its wastage and inefficient use.
About 40 percent respondents reported that due to lack of awareness 40 percent water
misused in domestic sector, 60 percent in agriculture sector, 10 percent in industrial sector, 25
percent in commercial sector, 40 percent due to lack of proper and timely maintenance and 25
percent in other activities. In short, we can conclude there is huge that almost mismanagement
and misuses in every sector. The results are given in table 08.
Use of Water in Proper Way
The following table shows the response of villagers related to use of water in proper way. About
59.2 percent villagers use water in proper way. They don’t waste water other than domestic
uses. About 35.2 percent villagers are not satisfied the use of water in proper way. They said
that the villagers are using water in other than domestic use such as kitchen garden,
construction, animal feeding etc. Only 5.6 percent people have been not given any answer. The
details of water use in proper way are given in table 09.
47

Table 08: Mismanagement and Misuses of Water Resources
Category
Domestic Uses
Agricultural Purposes
Industrial Purposes
Commercial Purposes
Lack of Maintenance
Other
Source: Field Survey

Percent (Multiple Choice)
40
60
10
25
40
25

Table 09: Use of Water in Proper Way
Response
Yes
No
No Response
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
296
176
28
500

Percent
59.2
35.2
5.6
100

Knowledge of Ground Water Saline Zone
Taranagar block comes under saline ground water zone. In most of the area water is not
potable. Most of the people are aware that ground water of this area is very saline and not
useful for any purposes. About 51 percent people reported that most of the people are wellknown that ground water of this area is saline and not potable. Whereas 32.8 percent people
said that they don’t know about the salinity of ground water in this area. About 16.2 percent
people not given any response. Details are given in table 10.
Table 10: Knowledge of Ground Water Saline Zone
Response
Yes
No
No Response
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
255
164
81
500

Percent
51.0
32.8
16.2
100

Increase of Ground Water Level
The following table shows that ground water of this area can be changed through some best
techniques. About 4.8 percent of the study area people said that ground water level can beincreased through rain water harvesting. Ground water recharge well construction is also one of
the best sources to increase ground water level. 15.6 percent people reported that groundwater level can be increased through recharge well construction in the area. About 13.4 percent
people reported that avoid using ground water in agriculture will also improve the ground waterlevel. About 9 percent people supported this system. Canal water is also another best alternate
to improve and increase the ground water. About 28.8 percent people have favored this issue.
They also said more emphasis should be given on regular canal water supply for irrigation.
About 10.8 percent people said that watershed scheme should be implemented in all villages of
Taranagar block to optimum use of every drop of rainwater. Whereas 17.6 percent people
reported that they don’t have any idea about how to increase ground water level. Table 11shows the details of respondents’ responses.
Table 11: Increase of Ground Water Level
Response
Rain Water Harvesting
Ground Water Recharge Well Construction
Avoid Using Ground Water in Agriculture
Adopt Drip Irrigation System
Regular Supply of Canal Water for Irrigation
Implementation Watershed Scheme
Don’t Know
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
24
78
67
45
144
54
88
500

48

Percent
4.8
15.6
13.4
9.0
28.8
10.8
17.6
100

Irrigation Facility
The irrigation facility is not satisfactory in the Taranagar block. Kumbharam Arya lift canalprovided some water for irrigation in selected areas. The lift canal is connected with IGNP
Canal. Government is trying to canal network in whole block but it will take more time. Only 5
percent respondents reported that irrigation facility is available. Canal irrigation is very limited
due to slope and height of canal from ground level. Some people developed new technology to
use this canal water. They dug 180 x 180 feet ‘diggi’ in their field. They bring water from canalthrough pipe line in this ‘diggi’. They use this water in irrigation purposes. Eventually these
become very costly. It costs comes around 15 lacs. Every farmer is not able to meet out thiscost. On the other side 75 percent people said there is no irrigation facility available in the
district. Ground water is brackish and canal network is covering only few villages. About 20
percent have not given any response (Table 12).
Table 12: Irrigation Facility
Response
Yes
No
No Response
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
25
375
100
500

Percent
5.0
75.0
20.0
100

Regular Use of Rainwater Structure (Tanka)
Tankas’ or ‘kunds’ are covered underground tanks in which people have being harvesting
rainwater from rooftops or from a surrounding structured surface catchment area called ”paitan“for hundreds of years. Kunds were primarily privately owned though rich businessmen & rulersof the land as part of their pious contribution built many public kunds for the community.
Construction of water structure was also considered to be one of the seven meritorious acts aperson was expected to perform during a lifetime. The generosity of a rich family was judged interms of number of water harvesting bodies sponsored by them. The public kunds built by themin villages served poor in the community who did not have the means to build one for their use.
The following table shows that nowadays people are not using rainwater properly or in asystemic ways. They use rainwater is different ways. At home only 11.4 percent people areusing water for drinking purposes when supply water is not available. At their field 31.8 percent
people are using rain water stored in kund or tanka. They have kund/tanks at their field.
Whenever they visit their fields for agricultural purposes they use this water for drinking
purposes. At public place there are number of tanks/kund constructed by gram panchayat or
any local rich person but now they are not using this tanka/kund for any purposes due to its
poor maintenance, low rainfall and water available at other sources. About 35.2 percent people
said that they have kund/tanks at their home and field but they are not using because of poor
maintenance and low rainfall. About 15.2 percent people have not given any response.
Table 13: Regular Use of Rainwater Structure (Tanka)
Category
At HomeAt Field
At Public PlaceNo UseNo Response
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
57
159
32
176
76
500

Percent
11.4
31.8
6.4
35.2
15.2
100

Water Level Increase in Rainy Season
Deserts are some of the most inhospitable places on earth. They are very dry, have very poor
soil, and can experience wildly varying temperature extremes. Deserts are arid regions,generally receiving less than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year, or regions
where the potential evaporation rate is significantly greater than the precipitation. In mostcases, deserts possess a high average temperature with large differences between daytime
and nighttime temperatures. Arid regions can also be defined as environments in which water isthe limiting factor for bio-systems. The following table shows that 55.4 percent respondents feelthat water level increases in rainy season, if rainfall comes. About 23 percent people said thatno water level is increasing in this area due to low rainfall. Most of the area receives very less49

rainfall except in some particular years. About 21.6 percent people have not given any
response (Table 14).
Table 14: Water Level Increase in Rainy Season
Response
Yes
No
No Response
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
277
115
108
500

Percent
55.4
23.0
21.6
100

Rate of Ground Water Recharge
The following table shows the 3 percent respondents reported that water level increases up to 5feet if rainfall. About 7.4 percent people said that water level increases 1 to 4 percent during
rainy season if raining sufficient quantity. About 11.2 percent said water level increases 1 to 3
percent if rainfall is more than average, whereas 23.6 percent reported that ground water level
increases 1 to 2 feet in rainy season. Whereas 25.8 percent reported that water level increases
up to 01 feet. About 11 percent people have no any idea about rate of ground water recharge.
Details are given in table 15.
Table 15: Rate of Ground Water Recharge
Category
Above 5 Feet
1 to 4 Feet
1 to 3 Feet
1 to 2 Feet
Up to 1 Feet
Below 1 Feet
Don’t Know
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
15
37
56
118
129
90
55
500

Percent
3.0
7.4
11.2
23.6
25.8
18.0
11.0
100

Drinking Supply of Water
Supply of water in rural area is maintained by PHED/Aapni Yojna department in the project
area. Most of the villagers of study area are not satisfied with the supply system of department.
Women are facing more problems because almost in all villages women need to fetch waterfrom 200 meter to 2 km. Only few male people fetch water from the source. Apart from this they
are not getting water daily. Only 2.8 percent people reported that they are getting daily water.
On the contrary 51.2 percent people are getting water once in a week. The situation is very
disappointing. But they are helpless. Especially women have to face many difficulties. About
13.6 percent respondents reported that they are getting water twice in a month. Whereas 6.6
percent said that they are getting water once in a month. Rest of days they are dependent onother sources like buy water tank or use stored rainwater. Apart from this 25.8 percent told in avery angry way that there is no any fixed schedule to supply water (Table 16). There is no fix
time to supply water by the concerned department. The concern department has no any watersupply schedule or policy for villagers
Table 16: Drinking Supply of Water
Category
Daily
WeeklyFortnightly
Monthly
No Fix Schedule
Total
Source: Field Survey

No. of Persons
14
256
68
33
129
500

Percent
2.8
51.2
13.6
6.6
25.8
100

Leakage in Aapni Yojna Water Supply
In some part of the study area it was observed that pipe line of water supply leaked especiallyat main valve point. Due to leakage the professional water suppliers collect the water and sell ithigh rates. Another issue is that potable water is wasted due to its proper maintenance andmonitoring. The following table shows that 64.2 percent people are agreed that pipe line is50

broken in so many areas in the Taranagar block intentionally or due to its improper
maintenance. Whereas 15.2 percent people reported that there is no any leakage issue in theirvillage. About 20.6 percent people have not given any response (Table 17).
Table 17: Leakage in Aapni Yojna Water Supply
Response
Yes
No
No Response
Total

No. of Persons
321
76
103

Percent
64.2
15.2
20.6

500

100

Source: Field Survey

Conclusion
Over the past quarter century, global water problems have escalated. This study shows that thewater problem in Taranagar block will worsen if not addressed as a matter of urgency. The
people who reside in this area should be made acquainted with the consequences of theexisting situation, especially the adoption of appropriate methods of conservative use, and thecollective future planning of existing resources of ground water. The study also shows that poor
recharging of aquifers and excessive extraction of ground water are the two main factors, whichcause the water problem in the study area. The first factor is beyond the control of humanefforts, while the second factor can be minimized through collective efforts. In this regard, a
Master plan of water management and budgeting should be prepared at village level. To
address these challenges governments, International organizations, NGOs, private sector
companies etc. should make contributions to build capacities in multiple water emerging issues.
In addition, political leaders, professionals, academicians, policy makers, students and others
will require an understanding of water resources to save the mankind. The study recommends
that each and every member of the society should be taught about the conservative use and tostop the wastage of water in their routine activities. In the area of agriculture, along withsprinkler-system of irrigation, irrigation drip system should also be adopted on large scale tominimize the requirement of irrigation water. Rain water should be stored in each and every
house so that it can be used for domestic purpose reducing consumption of ground water.
Aquifers should be recharged by preventing flowing rainwater by constructing appropriate
recharge structures. The groundwater management rather than development is the major
challenge facing the water resources, particularly in the dry land areas. Therefore, afocus on the development activities must be balanced by integrated management
mechanism to achieve a sustainable utilization of groundwater resources, which is an
important driver for the management for sustainable development in the area.
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