Japan
Energy Conservation
Handbook
2007

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

CONTENTS
1. ENERGY SITUATION........................................................................................................1
1.1 World Energy Situation ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Japan’s Energy Situation ..................................................................................................................... 1

2. ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICIES AND LAWS IN JAPAN .................................4
2.1 Outline of Energy Conservation Policies ............................................................................................ 4(1) Brief history of energy conservation policies in Japan(2) Promotion of energy conservation measures(3) Promotion of international energy conservation measures
2.2 The Basic Energy Plan ........................................................................................................................ 5(1) Securing the stable energy supply(2) Environmental sustainability(3) Utilizing the market mechanism
2.3 Japan’s Recent National Strategies and Activities............................................................................... 6
2.4 Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy....................................................................................... 7(1) Objective(2) Energy defined by the law(3) Basic policies and obligations of energy users(4) Measures for factories(5) Measures for buildings(6) Measures for equipment(7) Measures for transportation(8) Activities of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(9) Supporting measures and penalties(10) Amendment of the law concerning the rational use of energy
2.5 Evaluation Criteria for Factories on Rational Use of Energy............................................................ 18
2.6 Standards and Target Values for Operating Equipment in Factories ................................................. 26(1) Air ratios and waste gas temperatures for boilers(2) Air ratios for industrial furnaces(3) Standard and target rates of waste heat recovery for industrial furnaces (including waste gas
temperatures for reference)(4) Standard values and target values of furnace wall outer surface temperatures(5) Equipment to be improved in power factor(6) Target efficiencies of high efficiency motors
2.7 Evaluation Criteria for Building on Rational Use of Energy ............................................................ 32(1) Prevention of heat loss through outer walls, windows, etc. of the buildings(2) Efficient use of energy regarding air conditioning equipment(3) Efficient use of energy by mechanical ventilation equipment (other than air conditioning
equipment)i(4) Efficient use of energy regarding lighting equipment(5) Efficient use of energy regarding hot water supply system(6) Efficient use of energy regarding lifting equipment
2.8 Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support...................................................................... 37(1) Guidelines for efforts(2) The definition of specified projects(3) Approval of projects(4) Assistance measures(5) Specified facilities(6) Enforcement of the law
2.9 Financial Supporting Measures......................................................................................................... 38(1) Official financial assistance programs (2006)(2) Tax incentives to promote investment in the energy supply and demand structure reform (2005)(3)Certification process for the equipment which promotes reform of energy supply and demand
structure.
2.10 Commendation Programs toward Energy Conservation Efforts ..................................................... 41
2.11 Publicity Activities .......................................................................................................................... 42
2.12 Energy Audit Program..................................................................................................................... 43(1) Energy audit for small and midsize companies(2) Energy audit for commercial buildings

3. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS .......................................................................44
3.1 Climate Change and Energy Consumption ....................................................................................... 44(1) Transition of deviation from normal surface temperature(2) Global energy balance (Index incident solar rays = 100)(3) Increase of the carbon dioxide level and changes in fossil energy consumption(4) CO2 emissions by country (2003)(5) Per-capita CO2 emissions (2003)
3.2 International Efforts to Counter Global Warming ............................................................................. 47(1) IPCC: accumulation of scientific knowledge(2) UNFCCC: study of international countermeasures(3) IPCC report on global warming(4) Influences of greenhouse-gases on global warming (1850-1990)(5) History of COPs of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(6) COP11 & COP/MOP1 results and progresses and the COP12
3.3 Kyoto Protocol Coming into Effect................................................................................................... 50
3.4 G8 Summit ........................................................................................................................................ 51(1) Major issues(2) Outline of the Gleneagles Plan of Action
3.5 Energy Conservation Activities of the Foreign Countries................................................................. 52
3.6 Japan’s Policies to Deal with Global Warming ................................................................................. 54(1) Guideline for measures to prevent global warming(2) Kyoto protocol target achievement planii

(3) Reinforcement of energy conservation measures in each sector

4. ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES BY SECTOR .............................................57
4.1 Industrial Sector ................................................................................................................................ 57(1) Energy situation for the industrial sector(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the industrial sector(3) Outline of main voluntary technical action plan by Nippon Keidanren(4) Overall factory check based on the energy conservation law(5) “Spill-Over” for dissemination and promotion of energy conservation technology(6) Energy conservation by coordination among factories and workplaces(7) Dissemination of high-efficiency industrial furnaces and high-efficiency boilers(8) Dissemination of cogeneration and fuel cells(9) Important check points concerning technical energy conservation measures(10) Challenges in typical energy conservation technology development
4.2 Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... 73(1) Energy situation for equipment(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for equipment - Top Runner Program(3) Dissemination and outreach measures for equipment
4.3 Commercial and Residential Sector .................................................................................................. 83(1) Energy situation for the commercial /residential sector(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the residential sector(3) Energy conservation measures for the commercial buildings(4) Other energy conservation measures in the commercial sector(5) Promotion of commercial building energy management system (BEMS) (thorough energy
management utilizing IT)(6) Promotion of ESCO business
4.4 Transportation Sector ........................................................................................................................ 92(1) Energy situation for the transportation sector(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the transportation sectoriii

APPENDIX
1. ENERGY DATA .................................................................................................................97
1.1 World Energy Data............................................................................................................................ 97(1) Energy resource reserves(2) Primary energy consumption by energy resource(3) Primary energy consumption by region(4) Trend of primary energy consumption(5) Energy supply in major countries(6) Energy consumption in major countries
1.2 Domestic Energy Data (Outlook).................................................................................................... 104(1) Demand of energy sources and GDP(2) Outlook of energy consumption and supply
1.3 Domestic Sectoral Energy Data ...................................................................................................... 107(1)Industrial sector(2)Residential sector(3)Commercial sector(4)Transportation sector

2. RECENT NATIONAL STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES .........................................121
2.1 New National Energy Strategy........................................................................................................ 121(1) Establishment of the world’s most advanced energy supply-demand structure(2) Comprehensive strengthening of resource diplomacy and cooperation in the energy andenvironment field(3) Improving emergency program(4) Others
2.2 Strategy for Energy-Saving Technology ......................................................................................... 123(1) Background(2) Purpose of the program(3) Extraction of technological challenges and prioritized fields
2.3 International Cooperation/Asia Energy Conservation Program...................................................... 124(1) Significance of energy conservation cooperation(2) Future course to strengthen cooperation in the energy conservation field(3) Future efforts

REFERENCE
1. RELATED ORGANIZATIONS......................................................................................129
1.1 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
1.2 Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ)
1.3 The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
1.4 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
1.5 The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)

2. ENERGY CALORIES (JAPAN).....................................................................................136iv

1. ENERGY SITUATION
1.1 World Energy Situation
The world energy demand in 2030 is expected to continue to be in an increasing trend. As shownin the below figure, the energy demands especially in China and other Asian countries excluding
China are expected to largely increase. For further world energy data, refer to the Appendix 1.1.

Increase of world energy demand centering on China and the rest of Asia

Source) Figure has been converted on the basis of the IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2004”

1.2 Japan’s Energy Situation
As shown in the below figure, Japan’s oil share among the primary energy supply total has beensignificantly lowered since the highest level (approximately 77 %) marked in 1973 to the current
lowest level (approximately 49 %). As shown in the next page, Japan’s energy consumption has
been steadily expanded especially in commercial/residential and transportation sectors since the1970’s oil crises period, largely due to convenience-thriving and energy-needing lifestyles. Referto the Appendixes 1.2 and 1.3 for the Japan’s energy consumption trend.

1Transition of distribution of Japan’s primary energy supply (1955- 2010)

Nuclear power

Hydro/geothermal

9.4

Natural gas

13.8
14.3

3.8

New energy, etc.

2.4
Coal

New Energy etc.

20.1

5

1st
Oi
l
cri

Oil
85

49.7

95

60

Year
Note)

The estimated figures of FY 2010 are based on the long-term energy supply and demand outlook
published by General Resources Energy Investigation Committee (2005).
The figure of “New energy, etc.” after the fiscal 1990 includes amount of “waste heat and others”.

Source) Prepared from the “EDMA Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2007)2

3

Note that, due to revision of the aggregation method in Energy Balance Tables in Japan, values for FY1990 onwards and values forpreceding years are the results of utilizing different methods.
Source) Energy Balance Tables in Japan, Annual Report on National Accounts

Note)

Transition of Japan’s Final Energy Consumption and Real GDP

2. ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICIES AND LAWS
IN JAPAN
2.1 Outline of Energy Conservation Policies(1) Brief history of energy conservation policies in Japan
Since the first oil crisis, Japan has made impressive achievements in energy conservation, mostly
due to the combined efforts made by both public and private sectors. In1973 when the first oil crisis
occurred, the oil resource dependency of Japan was as high as 80% of its total primary energy
demand. The oil crisis revealed that the country’s fragility of energy supply and demand structure,
but the government took advantage of the situation as a precious lesson and has made utmost
efforts that subsequently have built a robust supply and demand structure. On the supply level, thediversification of energy sources has been facilitated by successfully switching to alternative
energies such as natural gas or nuclear power. On the demand level, the industrial sector has playeda central role in energy conservation. As the result of those tireless efforts, the country’s oil
dependency has declined to 52%, which enables Japan to realize an energy conservation oriented
society while staying as an economic power at the same time. In terms of energy consumption perGDP, Japan has been successful in curbing increasing the consumption, compared with other major
developed nations.
In the meantime, the member nations reached an agreement with the target that required developed
nations to cut their GHG emissions at the 3rd Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP3) inKyoto 1997. Further energy conservation efforts have since been perceived to reach the goal andconserve the environment on a global level. More than 90 % of GHG consists of carbon dioxide
and approximately 90% of carbon dioxide is emitted from combusting fossil fuels, which means
nearly 80 % of GHG emissions originates from energy use. For that reason, potent and effectiveenergy policies are regarded to be the key player in resolving the environmental problems.
The government decided to set up measures covering both energy supply and demand to achieve
the 6% GHG emission reduction goal set by the Kyoto Protocol. On the demand level, thegovernment will urge the industrial, the commercial and residential and the transportation sectors topromote further energy conservation, even though considerable efforts have already been taken
since the oil crisis. If these measures are put into place, an aggregate of 56 million kL energy isestimated to be saved in 2010, almost equivalent to the annual energy consumption in all
households in Japan. This indicates the goal of the energy conservation measures presents itself
highly ambitious one. However, based on the recent continuing rising trend of energy consumption
in the commercial sector and the transportation sector partly due to people’s lifestyle changes, theadvisory committee for energy put forward additional measures aimed at promoting energy
conservation in these sectors in 2001.

(2) Promotion of energy conservation measures
1) Financial support of energy conservation equipment and systems
To promote energy conservation equipment, investment in industry and commerce, loan
programs and tax reduction have been established (low interest loans by the Japan Development
Bank and Smaller Business Finance Corporation and a tax system for promoting investment to4

reform energy supply and demand structure) by the Energy Conservation Assistance Law.

2) Acceleration of development and practical application of energy conservation
technologies
To technologically ensure the practice of energy conservation in future, the R&D of technologies
concerned with energy conservation has been promoted under the cooperation among industries,
the government, and academy.

3) Formulation and application of guidelines based on the Energy Conservation
Law(a) Industrial sector: Guidelines for factories such as evaluation criteria, operation standards,
etc.
(b)Transportation sector: Fuel consumption standards for automobiles and trucks.
(c) Commercial and residential sector:
Guidelines for buildings and appliances

4) Raising people's awareness of energy conservation by publicity activities(a) Being thoroughly informed of various measures by the Council for Promotion of Energy andResources Conservation Measures, such as "energy conservation campaign in summer andwinter."(b) Preparing and distributing posters and pamphlets, holding symposiums and offering
information through mass media.

(3) Promotion of international energy conservation measures
Under the government policy and support, ECCJ conducts various training programs targetingdeveloping countries mainly in Asia to promote energy efficiency and conservation as well as toenhance Japan’s stable energy supply. Programs include lectures; practical trainings at trial plants;
factory tours, etc., aiming at transferring Japan’s experiences and information including energy
conservation policies, energy management activities and status, technologies regarded highly
efficient, etc.), which could serve as useful reference for their planning/implementation/diffusion ofenergy efficiency and conservation.
1) For bilateral cooperation- Dispatch of experts- Acceptance of trainees
2) For multilateral cooperation- Exchange information and opinions through international organizations, such as IEA and
APEC- Establishment of international cooperation through Asia Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Collaboration Center

2.2 The Basic Energy Plan
The Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE) submitted the Basic Energy Plan to the Diet in
October, 2003. This plan defines the next 10-year direction of measures on the demand and supply

5based on the three principles set in the Fundamental Law on Energy Policy Measures. The threeprinciples are as follows:(1) Securing the stable energy supply
To deal with the future growth of energy demand in the Asian region and Japan’s high oil
dependency on the Middle East countries, the following measures should be promoted: (i) Energy
conservation, (ii) Diversifying imported energy resources and strengthening the relationship withmajor oil exporting nations. (iii) Diversifying energy resources, such as developing domestically
produced fuels, (iv) Securing the oil and LP gas reserves.
The supply-demand problem of electricity in the Kanto area should be considered, and reliability andstability of domestic supply should be secured. Securing energy is a prerequisite for the stableenergy supply. The government and business owners should make full efforts to secure the stablesupply.

(2) Environmental sustainability
In addition to reducing the emissions of NOx and SOx, the following measures will be promoted tocombat global warming: (i) Energy conservation, (ii) Use of non-fossil energy and switch to gas
energy and (iii) Development and introduction of clean fossil fuel systems and energy efficiency
technology.

(3) Utilizing the market mechanism
Promote the institutional reforms and design plans to utilize market principles in the framework thatmeets Japan’s real situations, considering “Securing the stable supply of energy” and“Environmental sustainability”
Source) Energy White Paper 2004 issued by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

2.3 Japan’s Recent National Strategies and Activities
Responding to the stringent global energy situation such as an oil price rise, the “new national energy
strategy” was studied in consideration with energy security and officially announced on May 31, 2006.
The “strategy for energy-saving technology” was established and declared in the “energy conservation
frontrunner plan” under the “new national energy strategy” in order to improve the energy
consumption by at least 30% by the year 2030. This improvement will be achieved by establishing avirtuous circle of technological innovation and reform of the social system. For the details, refer to the
Appendixes 2.1 and 2.2.
In order to cope with a weakening of the energy supply-demand structure caused by a sharp increasein energy demand in Asian countries, the “Asia energy conservation promotion program” waspresented as an effort of international cooperation to voluntarily promote energy conservation in
Asian countries. Refer to the Appendix 2.3 for further detail of Japan’s international cooperation.

6

2.4 Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy
Structure of the law
Enforced on 1st Oct. 1979, Revised on 10th August 2005 (7

is the revised part)(1) Objective
This law aims to contribute to the sound development of the national economy through implementing
necessary measures for the rational use of energy in factories, buildings, and machinery and equipment,
and other necessary measures to comprehensively promote the rational use of energy, while it seeks toensure the effective utilization of fuel resources that would meet the economic and social environmentof energy at home and abroad.

(2) Energy defined by the law
The term “energy” in this law means fuels such as oil, flammable natural gas, and coal, as well as heatand electricity produced by using such fuels (excluding electricity generated by the renewable energy
such as photovoltaic cells, wind power, etc.).

(3) Basic policies and obligations of energy users
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) shall establish and announce fundamental
policies aiming at comprehensive promotion of the rational energy utilization in respective fields. The
main energy users in each field shall take into account of the fundamental policy and make efforts torationalize their energy use. This is to comprehensively promote the rational use of energy through thesystematic formulation and the public announcement of the basic matters pertaining to the measures topromote the rational energy utilization.

(4) Measures for factories
Japan’s final energy consumption in the industrial and civil business sectors accounts for as much as
60% of the total energy consumption. More proactive actions to promote the rational energy utilizationin factories and business premises are important. To implement the law effectively, the following
provisions were established:1) Evaluation criteria for business operators
METI shall establish and announce the subject of evaluation criteria regarding the measures to betaken deliberately in order to achieve the goals towards the rationalization of fuel combustion,utilization and recovery of waste heat, prevention of electricity loss by resistance etc, and therelevant goals: the subject of evaluation criteria are targeted to those who conduct businessactivities and utilize energy in their factories / business premises (hereafter referred to as factories)
and are purposed that the rational utilization of energy in factories would be implemented
appropriately and effectively. (Refer to the 2.5 “Evaluation Criteria” and the 2.6 “Standards andTarget Values”.)
These evaluation criteria present themselves as a set of guidelines for the individual and concretemeasures about the basic matters stated in the basic policy and to guide business operators to judge
and conduct appropriate and effective implementation of the rational energy utilization in factories.

2) Guidance and advice
The competent minister (METI and other minister(s) responsible for the programs of the relevant
factories) may provide business operators with guidance and advice about the rational energy use

8with the consideration of the things concerning the evaluation criteria when judged necessary by
the minister.

3) Type 1 designated energy management factories
Factories which consume large amount of energy (the total consumption of fuel and electricity is
3,000 kL or more per year in crude oil equivalent) and belong to the five manufacturing industries
and the buildings are designated as “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories” from theview point that the rational energy utilization has to be promoted. The designated criteria wereamended and reinforced in April, 2006.
The “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories” shall appoint an energy manager tomonitor the work related to the rational energy utilization, prepare and submit a mid-to-long termplan, and report annually the status of their energy utilization to the competent minister.
The buildings in the category of “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories” may appointan energy management officer, instead of an energy manager, who has completed a designatedtraining course that were conventionally conducted in the past. In those buildings, an energy
management officer is conducting a day-to-day energy management, but they shall have aparticipation of an energy manager, only when preparing a mid-to-long term plan.
<Instructions, announcement and order to make rationalization plans>
If “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories” are judged to be in egregious breach of theevaluation criteria for energy rationalization, the competent minister may instruct the designatedfactories to prepare a rationalization plan. If the operator does not adhere to the instructions, theministers are authorized to announce to that effect or give an order for taking any action to respondto the instructions based on the opinion collected at the council concerned.

4) Type 2 designated energy management factories
A factory whose energy consumption is a medium scale (the total consumption of fuel andelectricity is 1,500 kL or more per year in crude oil equivalent) shall promote the rational use ofenergy in the same way as “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories”. Those factories
shall be designated as “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories”. The law prescribes that“Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories” shall appoint an energy management officer,
who takes a training session of energy conservation, and keep the record of the conditions of energyuse, etc. However, the amended law in June 2002 imposed an obligation to report on energy use to
the competent minister on an annual basis instead of the obligation of recording the energy use
situations stipulated by the former version of the law.
<Recommendation>
If “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories” are judged not to comply with the evaluation
criteria for energy rationalization, the competent minister may submit a recommendation to theoperators and request them to take necessary steps for the rational use of energy.

95) Category of designated energy management factory
Annual Energy Consumption

Total of Fuel and Electricity

Industrial Category・ All industries other than thoselisted at left
e.g. office buildings,
department stores, hotels,
schools, hospitals, government
offices, and amusement parks)
・ Head office / office bldg. ofthe left listed industries.

Following 5 industries:
Manufacturing
MiningElectricity supply
Gas supply
Heat supply
Type 1 Designated Energy
Management Factory

Type 1 Designated Energy
Management Factory

3,000 kL
Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factory

1,500 kL

Regulatory obligations* Appointment of qualified Energy Manager* Submission of medium- to- long- term plan
* Periodical report

Regulatory obligations* Appointment of Energy Management Officer* Submission of medium- to- long- term plan
(Participation of qualified Energy Manager for
preparing medium- to- long- term plan)* Periodical report

Regulatory obligations* Appointment of Energy Management Officer* Periodical training of Energy Management Officer* Periodical report

6) Number of energy managers required by the law

Type 1 De signate d Ene rgy Manage me nt Factorie s producing Coke andsupplying Ele ctricity, Gas and He at
Annual Fue l Consumption

Numbe r Re quire d

3,000 or le ss than 100,000 kl-oe

1100,000 kl-oe or more

2

Type 1 De signate d Ene rgy manage me nt Factorie s othe r than above
Annual Fue l Consumption

Numbe r Re quire d

3.000 or le ss than 20,000 kl-oe

1

20,000 or le ss than 50,000 kl-oe

250,000 or le ss than 100,000 kl-oe

3100,000 kl-oe or more

4107) Certified energy manager system
Factories belonging to any of the five designated industries with a total of fuel and electricity
consumption of at least 3,000 kL of crude equivalent are designated as “Type 1 Designated Energy
Management Factories” under the Law concerning Rational Use of Energy, subject to the obligation
to appoint one or more energy managers according to the level of the energy consumption. Suchenergy managers must be selected from nationally qualified license holders for energy management.
A license is awarded to a person who has passed the examination for qualified person for energy
management or who has been authorized by the Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry uponcompleting a qualification course of qualified person for energy management. This certification
process works as follows:(a) Examination of qualified person for energy managementa) Prerequisites : Noneb) Examination subjects
Examinees shall take No1 subject as [Requisite] and No2-4 subjects by choosing a set of [Heat]or [Electricity].

[Requisite]
1 Comprehensive energy management and laws/regulations［Heat］［Electricity］

2 Basics of flow of heat and fluid
3 Fuels and combustion

2 Basics of electricity
Choice4 Heat utilization equipment and

3 Electric equipment and machinery
4 Power application

their managementc) Application destination
Examination Department, Energy Management Examination and Training Center, the Energy
Conservation Center, Japand) Examination date and sites
The examination is held in August every year and at 10 locations in the whole country.
e) Announcement of successful applicants
The examinee’s number who passes the examination will be announced on the Official Gazettef) Issue of certificate
Examinees who pass the examination first submit an application of a credential to the Minister
for Economy, Trade and Industry. The issuance of a certificate requires a year or more ofpractical experience in the rational use of energy.

(b) Qualification course of qualified person for energy managementa) Contents of coursei) Lectureii) Examination

11b) Prerequisites
At least three years of practical experience in the rational use of fuel/electricity.
c) Course period and sites
The course is held for 7 days in December in every year at six locations in the whole country.
d) Application destination
Training Department, Japan Energy Management Examination and Training Center, The Energy
Conservation Center, Japan(5) Measures for buildings
Most of the energy consumed in the civil sector is used in buildings. The measures focusing on theinsulation of buildings are highly effective for the rational use of energy. The law provides thefollowing rules for rational energy use in the field of buildings:
1) Obligations of building owners
Those who intend to construct or modify buildings (Construction Clients) and owners of buildings
must take appropriate measures to prevent heat loss through external walls, windows, etc. and toutilize efficiently the energy for building facilities such as air conditioners, mechanical ventilation
systems, lighting, water heaters and elevators, with the basic policies in mind, in efforts to contributeto the rationalization of energy use in the building.
In order to ensure proper and effective implementation of such measures, the Minister of Economy,
Trade and Industry and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport shall establish andannounce standards which building owners should refer to in making decisions for rationalizing
energy use in their buildings. The new standard for the buildings (excluding residences) wasannounced on 24 February, 2003. (Refer to the item 2.7 Evaluation Criteria for Buildings.) The
standard for houses was announced on 30 March, 1999.)

2) Guidance and advice
The competent authorities (Local (prefecture) authority with district construction surveyors andgoverning authorized construction procedures) may, when necessary, give necessary guidance andadvice on building design and construction to the building owners other than residences while taking
into account the evaluation criteria which the building owners should refer to in making decisions
and for private dwellings shall establish and announce guidelines for their design and construction inaccordance with the criteria which construction clients and building owners should refer to in
making decisions. In addition to these rules, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may give
manufacturers of insulation and other construction material necessary guidance and advice for
improving the insulation properties of their construction materials to ensure the improvement of thequality of insulation materials, which constitute a basic element in improving the total insulation
capability of buildings.

3) Instructions for specified buildings
Construction Clients and Owners (Specified Construction Clients, etc.) who intend to construct or
extensively modify the buildings (including residences) having a total floor area of 2,000m2 orlarger (Specified Buildings) shall submit notification of energy-saving measures to the competent

12authorities before the start of construction. In addition, after the completion of construction or
modification, the Specified Construction Clients, etc. who submitted the abovementioned
notification shall submit periodical reports on maintenance of buildings with respect toenergy-saving measures.
When the competent authority finds energy-saving measures to be significantly insufficient inconsideration of the criteria, the authority shall advise them for improvement. When the Specified
Construction Clients, etc. do not follow the authority’s advice and instruction for improvement on
the measures described in the notification, the authority shall announce to the public the name of theowner in question.

(6) Measures for equipment
Automobiles, air-conditioners, and other equipment require large amounts of energy, which aremostly purchased after systematically produced in large quantities. For the rational energy use ofsuch equipment, it is important to call for consumers to act on energy conservation effort in the use,
but a more drastic way is to improve the energy efficiency at a production stage. Based on this idea,
the law provides for various following rules in the use of equipment:

1) Obligations of manufacturers
Those who produce or import energy consuming equipment shall, with the basic policies in mind,
ensure the rationalization of energy consumption concerning the equipment by improving the energy
efficiency of the equipment which they produce or import. Automobiles and other equipment as
specified in the Government Ordinance, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (and also the
Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) shall establish and announce
standards for energy efficiency improvement which manufacturers should refer to in making
decisions. The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (and also the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) may give necessary recommendations to
manufacturers and importers when the government finds a considerable improvement is needed fortheir specific products in view of the standards which they should refer to in making decisions,provided that the production or import volume for such products exceed a certain level (for example,
more than 2,000 automobiles per year, or more than 500 air conditioners per year).
Target standard values are set based on the product in the market having the highest energy
efficiency of all the products of the same group. (“Top Runner Program”)
The years when each of the specified equipment was designated are as follows:
1 April 1999

: Gasoline and diesel passenger vehicles, air conditioners, fluorescent lights,
television sets, copying machines, computers, magnetic disk drives,
gasoline-fueled and diesel powered trucks and VTRs

22 December 1999 : Electric Refrigerators, Electric Freezers
27 December 2002 : Space Heaters, Gas Cooking Appliances, Gas Water Heaters, Oil Water
Heaters, Electric Toilet Seats, Vending Machines, Transformers
15 July 2003

: LPG passenger vehicles (This is categorized in the passenger vehicles.)1 April 2006

: Microwave ovens, Electric rice cookers, DVD Recorders132) Labeling
Equipment described above shall be marked to show its “energy consumption efficiency” to help
consumers selectively purchase highly efficient equipment. The Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry (and also the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) shall establish
the labeling procedures to be followed by manufacturers etc. concerning “energy consumption
efficiency”, labeling method, and other matters to be observed in labeling for each item of specified
equipment, and shall issue a notification of them.
If the minister(s) deem(s) that the labeling does not conform to the notification, he (they) can give a
recommendation to the manufacturer, etc., and if the manufacturer, etc. does not comply, theminister(s) can announce to that effect and give an order to take an action conforming to therecommendation.

(7) Measures for transportation
It is obliged that transportation companies both in cargo and passenger as well as cargo owners which
are over a given level of business scale shall be responsible to draw up energy conservation plans andreport the amount of energy consumption, etc. every year.

(8) Activities of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
In addition to its current activities, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO) has also begun (a) to develop energy use rationalization technologies, (b) toprovide support for introducing energy use rationalization technologies, etc.
(9) Supporting measures and penalties
The law also provides other requirements for the government to make efforts concerning financial aid
and tax incentive measures to promote rational energy use, measures to promote science andtechnology, and measures to deepen the awareness of consumers. The law also specifies provisions
concerning the submission of reports, on the spot-inspections, and penalties.
(10) Amendment of the law concerning the rational use of energy
The 1979 law was amended and reinforced in 1983, 1993, 1998, 2002, and 2005. Especially theamended version promulgated in August 2005 and enforced in April 2006 introduced big issues, suchas the integration of heat and electricity, which were separated in the past, for control purposes in viewof today's actual circumstances at factories and business establishments, and the addition of measures
for the transportation sector.
The chronicles of revisions of the law and the outline of the latest version of the law are shown in thefollowing table.

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

1.15-1.20

2.6 Standards and Target Values for Operating Equipment in Factories

27

28

Continuous reheating furnace (billet, bloom, slab)

Continuous reheating furnace (billet, bloom, slab)

(3) Standard and target rates of waste heat recovery for industrial furnaces (including waste
gas temperatures for reference)

Exhaust gas
temperature(℃)

Capacity
category

Standard waste
heat recovery
rate %

Target waste
heat recovery
rate (%)

25

35

Reference
Waste gas
temperature (℃)

Preheated air (℃)

275

190

Less than 500

A ・B

500 - 600

A ・B

25

35

335

230

A

35

40

365

305

B

30

35

400

270

C

25

30

435

230

A

35

40

420

350

B

30

35

460

310

C

25

30

505

265

A

40

45

435

440

B

30

40

480

395

C

25

35

525

345

A

45

55

385

595

B

35

45

485

490

C

30

40

535

440

A

45

55

-

-

B

35

45

-

-

C

30

40

-

-

600 - 700

700 - 800

800 - 900

900-1,000

1,000 or more

* In the above table, A refers to the furnaces with the rated capacity of 84,000 MJ per hour or more.
And B includes the furnaces with the rated capacity from 21,000MJ per hour or more to lessthan 84,000MJ. Finally, C refers to the furnaces that have the hourly rated capacity from 840MJ
or more to less than 21,000MJ.
<Standards>
Note 1: The standard waste heat recovery rates mentioned in the table above define the percentage ofrecovered heat in relation to sensible heat of the exhaust gas emitted from the furnace chamberwhen fired at a level of load around the rated.
<Targets>
Note 1: The target waste heat recovery rates mentioned in the table above define the percentage ofrecovered heat in relation to sensible heat of the exhaust gas emitted from the furnace chamberwhen fired at a level of load around the rated.
Note 2: The waste gas and preheated air temperature values indicated above as reference are thoseresulting from calculations of waste gas temperatures during waste heat recovery at thecorresponding target rates and air temperatures during preheating using such recovered heat.
The values have been calculated based on the following conditions:(i) Temperature drop due to heat radiation-diffusion loss between furnace outlet and heatexchanger: 60ºC(ii) Heat radiation-diffusion rate from heat exchanger: 5%(iii) Use of liquid fuel (equivalent to heavy oil)(iv) Outside air temperature: 20ºC(v) Air ratio: 1.2

29

(4) Standard values and target values of furnace wall outer surface temperatures(for industrial furnaces with furnace temperatures of 500℃ and higher)(for industrial furnaces with furnace temperatures of 500℃ and higher)
Furnace wall outer surface temperature (℃)
ItemStandard

TargetFurnace temperature (℃)
Ceiling

Side wall

Bottom in contact with open air

1,300 or more

140

120

180

1,100-1,300

125

110

145

900-1,100

110

95

120

Less than 900

90

80

100

1,300 or more

120

110

160

1,100-1,300

110

100

135

900-1,100

100

90

110

Less than 900

80

70

90

<Standards>
Note 1: The standard values of furnace wall outer surface temperature mentioned in the table above
define the average temperature of furnace wall outer surface (except specific parts) during its
normal, steady operation at an outside air temperature of 20ºC.
<Targets>
Note 1: The target values of furnace wall outer surface temperature mentioned in the table above define
the average temperature of furnace wall outer surface (except specific parts) during its normal,
steady operation at an outside air temperature of 20ºC.

(5) Equipment to be improved in power factor

Category of equipment

Capacity: (kW)Cage-type induction motor

75

Coil-type induction motor

100

Induction furnace

50

Vacuum melting furnace

50

Induction heater50

Arc furnace-

Flash butt welder (excluding portable type)10

Arc welder (excluding portable type)10

Rectifier

10,000

30

31

95.0

2.7 Evaluation Criteria for Building on Rational Use of Energy(Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry/Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport, Notice No. 1, partially revised on February 24, 2003)(1) Prevention of heat loss through outer walls, windows, etc. of the buildings(a) Proper measures shall be taken to prevent possible heat loss through outer walls, windows, etc.
of the buildings with due considerations to the following approaches.
i) Developing plot and ground plans of the buildings based on the directions of the outerwalls, layouts of the rooms, etc.
ii) Using highly efficient thermal insulation materials for outer walls, roofs, windows andopeningsiii) Reducing heat load by adopting a system capable of properly controlling solar radiation
coming through windows, promoting greening, etc.
(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding outer walls, windows, etc. of the buildings (except factories, etc.) shall be determinedin accordance with (c). However, the assessment on the walls, windows, etc. of the buildings ofless than 5,000 square meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional PAL standard values" (refer to the “Table” at the end)(d) Important ones in terms of energy use among the outer walls, windows, etc. of the buildings ofthe category cited in the conditional clause of (b) shall be assessed based on the values that are
obtained by adding a total of marks of the following i) to iv) and the specific values determinedaccording to the use of the building concerned and the area classification, which are respectively
calculated so as to become numbers over 100.
i) Marks regarding plot and ground plans of the building
Points shall be determined depending on the measures regarding the main direction, theshape, the air location and the average floor height.
ii) Marks regarding heat insulation efficiency of the outer walls and roofs
In the general region (other than the cold region (Hokkaido, Aomori, Iwate and Akita
prefectures) and the hot region) and the cold region, points shall be added up according
to the area classification and the measures taken respectively for the outer walls androofs of the building concerned, while the point for the hot region shall be zero.
However, when the measures taken for one assessment item serve for more than two
items, the area-weighted average of the thickness of the insulation material shall be used
for assessment.
iii) Marks regarding insulation efficiency of the windows
In the general region and the cold region, points determined according to the areaclassification and the measures taken shall be used and that for the hot region shall be
regarded as zero.

iv) Marks regarding sunray-shielding efficiency of the windows Points determinedaccording to the area classification and the measures taken shall be used.

(2) Efficient use of energy regarding air conditioning equipment(a) Efficient use of energy for air conditioning equipment shall be ensured with due considerations
to the following approaches.

32i) Designing air conditioning systems by taking into account characteristics of air
conditioning loads of the rooms and other factii) Developing heat transfer equipment plans designed for little energy loss in air ducts,
piping, etc.
iii) Adopting appropriate control systems of the air conditioning equipmentiv) Adopting heat source systems with highly efficient energy use(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding the air conditioning equipment installed in the buildings (except factories, etc.) shall be
determined in accordance with (c). However, the assessment on the air conditioning equipmentof the buildings of less than 5,000 square meters in gross area (package air-conditioners (limited
to air-cooling system) specified under JIS B8616-1999 (package air-conditioner) and gas heatpump heating/cooling equipment specified under JIS 8627-2000 (gas heat pump heating/coolingequipment) may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional CEC/AC standards" (refer to the “Table” at the end)(d) Important ones in terms of energy use among the air conditioning equipment cited in theconditional clause of (b) shall be assessed based on the values drawn from the addition of a totalof marks of the following (i) to (iii) and specific values determined depending on the use of thebuilding concerned and the area classification, which are calculated so as to become numbers
over 100.
i) Marks regarding reduction of outside air load
Points determined depending on the measure taken shall be summed up.
ii) Marks regarding places for installation of outdoor machines and lengths of piping from theoutdoor machines to indoor machines
Points shall be determined depending on the condition.
iii) Marks regarding heat source equipment efficiency
Points shall be determined depending on the measures taken.

(3) Efficient use of energy by mechanical ventilation equipment (other than air
conditioning equipment)(a) Efficient use of energy shall be ensured by mechanical ventilation equipment other than air
conditioning equipment with due considerations to the following approachesi) Developing plans designed for little energy loss in air ducts, etc.
ii) Adopting appropriate control systems for the mechanical ventilation equipment other thanair conditioning equipmentii) Adopting energy-efficient equipment that has proper capacity for necessary amount ofventilation(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding the mechanical ventilation equipment (except air conditioning equipment, hereinafter
the same in (3)) installed in the buildings (except factories, etc.) shall be determined inaccordance with (c). However, the assessment of the mechanical ventilation equipment of thebuildings of less than 5,000 square meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional CEC/V standards" (refer to the “Table” at the end)

33

(d) Those that are installed in rooms not air-conditioned and are important in terms of energy use outof the mechanical ventilation equipment cited in the conditional clause of (b) shall be assessed
based on the values drawn from the addition of 80 points to a total of marks respectively
determined depending on the condition of the relevant items, which shall be calculated so as tobecome numbers over 100 respectively.

(4) Efficient use of energy regarding lighting equipment(a) Efficient use of energy for lighting equipment shall be ensured with due considerations to thefollowing approachesi) Using high efficiency lighting fittingii) Employing proper lighting equipment control methodsiii) Using installation methods that facilitate easy maintenance and managementiv) Properly arranging lighting equipment, setting illumination intensity, selecting shapes
and interior finish of rooms, etc.
(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding the lighting equipment of the building concerned shall be determined in accordancewith (c). However, the assessment of the lighting fixture of the buildings of less than 5,000
square meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional CEC/L standards" (refer to the “Table” at the end)(d) The lighting equipment cited in the conditional clause of (b) shall be assessed by lighting zonethat is important in energy use, based on the values respectively drawn from the addition of 80
points to a total of marks of the following i) to iii), which are calculated so as to become numbers
over 100.
i) Marks regarding illumination efficiency of lighting equipment
Points determined depending on the measures taken regarding each given item shall beaggregated.
ii) Marks regarding control systems of lighting equipment
Points shall be determined depending on the measures taken.

iii) Marks regarding layout of lighting equipment, setting of illumination intensity anddecision on forms and interior finish of rooms, etc. Points determined dependingon the measures taken regarding each given item shall be aggregated.

(5) Efficient use of energy regarding hot water supply system(a) Efficient use of energy for hot water supply system shall be ensured with due considerations to
the following approaches.
i) Developing proper piping system plans taking into account shortening of supply lines,
insulation of piping, etc.
ii) Adopting proper control systems of the hot water supply systemsiii) Adopting highly energy-efficient heat source systems(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding the hot water supply systems of the building concerned shall be determined inaccordance with (c). However, the assessment of the hot water supply systems of the buildings ofless than 5,000 square meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional HW standards" (refer to the “Table” at the end)
34

(d) Out of the hot water supply systems in the conditional clause of (b), those that are important interms of energy use shall be assessed based on the values respectively drawn from the addition of
70 points to a total of marks of the following i) to v), which are calculated so as to become
numbers over 100.
i) Marks regarding piping system plans
Points determined depending on the measures taken regarding each given item shall beaggregated.
ii) Marks regarding control systems of hot water supply facilities
Points determined depending on the measures taken regarding each given item shall beaggregated.
iii) Marks regarding heat source equipment
Points determined depending on the measures taken shall be used.
iv) Marks in the case of utilizing solar heat as heat source
Heat quantity from use of solar heat (in kilojoules/year) divided by hot water supply load (inkilojoules/year) shall be multiplied by 100.
v) Marks in the case of preheating supply water
Yearly average increase in water temperature from preheating (unit: Celsius degree(°C))
divided by the difference between the temperature of hot water used (°C) and yearly average
supply water temperature (°C) by region shall be multiplied by 100.

(6) Efficient use of energy regarding lifting equipment(a) Efficient use of energy for lifting equipment shall be ensured with due considerations to thefollowing approaches.
i) Adopting proper elevator control systemsii) Using highly energy-efficient drive systemsiii) Adopting appropriate installation plans depending on the required transport capacity(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
particularly regarding elevators out of the elevating machine installed in the buildings (limited tothose for use of office, etc. and hotels, etc.) shall be determined in accordance with (c). However,
the assessment of the elevators out of the elevating machines installed in the buildings of lessthan 5,000 square meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional CEC/EV standards" (refer to the “Table” at the end)(d) Out of the elevators cited in the conditional clause of (b), those that are important in terms ofenergy use shall be assessed based on the values drawn from the addition of 80 points to a totalof marks of the following i) and ii), which are calculated so as to become numbers over 100.
i) Marks regarding elevator control systems
Points shall be determined depending on the measures taken.
ii) Marks regarding the number of elevators installed
10 points for up to 2 elevators installed and 0 point for 3 and more elevators installed.
For details of the standard values and marks, see the statute book of "Law concerning the Rational Use ofEnergy" revised in 2003. (May, 2003 Energy Conservation Center, Japan)

35

Table(1)(2)

Hospitals,
Hotels, etc.
etc.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Stores for
Business SchomerchanRestau- Assembly Factories,
offices, ols,
rants, etc. halls, etc.
etc.
disingetc
etc.
business, etc.

cPAL

420

340

380

300

320

550

550

–

dCEC/AC

2.5

2.5

1.7

1.5

1.5

2.2

2.2

–

eCEC/V

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

0.8

1.5

1.0

–

fCEC/L

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

–

–

–

–

gHW

hCEC/EVIn the case of 0 < l x ≤ 7
In the case of 7 < l x ≤ 12
In the case of 12 < l x ≤ 17
In the case of 17 < l x ≤ 22
In the case of 22 < l x
1.0

–

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
–

Note) 1) "Factories, etc." include factories, livestock barns, garages, bicycle-parking houses,
warehouses, pavilions, wholesale markets, crematoriums and other facilities having energy
use statuses similar to those.
2) In this table, l x means a total of the lengths of circulation pipeline for hot water supply andprimary pipeline (both in meters) divided by the daily average of a total volume of hot water
consumed (in cubic meters).

36

2.8 Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support
The law is designed to support business operators voluntarily implementing projects to promote therationalization of the use of energy and natural resources.

(1) Guidelines for efforts
The competent minister shall establish guidelines for business operators and building owners
voluntarily implementing projects to promote the rationalization of the use of energy and natural
resources.
(2) The definition of specified projects
Three categories of projects are defined as "specified". Business operators etc. who takes on the
projects must draw up and submit project plans to the competent minister in order to receive his/her
approval. The three categories are the projects that:a. Install or improve the equipment that can contribute to the rational use of energy in factories orother business sites1.
b. Use any building materials or install or improve any equipment that can contribute to the rationaluse of energy at the time of building construction. .
c. Conduct R&D on the manufacturing technology of industrial products that can contribute to therational use of energy.
(3) Approval of projects
The competent minister shall approve the projects if he/she recognizes that they meet therequirements of the guidelines stated in (1).
(4) Assistance measures
The specified business projects that are conducted in conformity with the approved plan get support
with the following assistance measures:a. Interest rate subsidy2,
b. Bond issued by NEDO
(5) Specified facilities
Heat supply facilities that are necessary to establish the effective energy utilization system will be
designated as “specified facilities. The effective energy utilization system includes “the large-scalecogeneration regional heat supply system” or “the cascade heat utilization-type industrial complex”.
And the funds borrowed to install or improve those facilities will be covered by the bonds by the
NEDO.
(6) Enforcement of the law
The law was enforced on 25 June, 1993 and had a ten-year life span. However, it was partiallyrevised in 1 October, 2003 and determined to be extended until 31 March, 2013.

1

The same business categories as covered by the designated energy management factory scheme (Section 1, Article 6,
Energy Conservation Law).
2
Financial institutions (Development Bank of Japan, etc.) who lend the necessary funds have the interests partiallycovered by Oil Special Account (currently Energy Special Account) (budgetary action without any legal provision). Theinterest is far lower than the lowest interest for the fiscal investments and loans (a. 1.8% for the specific activities offactories, etc, b. 1.85% for those of buildings, as of March 14, 2000).

37

2.9 Financial Supporting Measures
The financial supporting measures are provided to accelerate the introduction of energy efficienttechnologies and equipment in the industrial and commercial sectors.

(1) Official financial assistance programs (2006)
1) For large-sized enterprises

financing percentage
Interest
Agency%Rate

Target Projects
Overall Energy-saving Promotion Projects
1. General Energy Conservation Projects
The following are considered as general energy conservation projects:(1) Projects for installation or improvement of approved equipment by theenterprises approved according to Energy Conservation Assistant Law,
which is included in their proposed building construction plans,
including extensions and reconstruction work, and which is specified
by such enterprises as contributing to the improved use of energy intheir energy conservation projects submitted to and approved by
Authority.

DBJ
ODFC

(2) Projects for constructions required for achievement of medium- or
long-term energy conservation plans designed by investors/owners ofoffice buildings, department stores, hotels or other similar facilities
according to the Energy Conservation Law.

Preferential
rate I*150%(3) Projects for installation or improvement of such manufacturingmachinery and equipment that meet the specific requirements forenergy performance standard provided in the Energy Conservation Act(hereinafter called “Top Runner Equipment”).
(4) Non-industrial projects that can improve energy use efficiency by 10%
or more.
(5) Cogeneration system improvement projects rendering 60% or higher
primary energy use efficiency (cogeneration systems should have output
power of at least 50 kW)
2. Energy-saving Promotion Projects for the Industrial Sector
The following projects that will make it possible to reduce energy
consumption by 100 kL or more per year in terms of crude oil:(a) Effective energy use
Projects for installation of additional equipment to recover unusedenergy such as waste heat or equipment to raise energy use efficiency
by 10% or more, including ESCO/ESP projects.
(b) Promotion of introduction of the approved equipment for effectiveenergy use type for industries
Projects for installation or improvement of approved equipment by theenterprises approved according to Energy Conservation Assistant Law,
which is required at their factory or work places and which is specified
by such enterprises as contributing to the improved use of energy intheir energy conservation projects submitted to and approved by
Authority.
38

40%

DBJ
ODFC

Preferential
50%
rate I*2

3. Energy-saving Promotion Projects for Buildings
Repair projects contributing to improvement in energy-saving
performance (ESCO/ESP projects only)
4. Projects for acquisition of machinery and equipment that meet the
specific requirements for energy performance standard provided in the
Energy Conservation Act (“Top Runner Equipment”).
5. Electric Power Load Leveling Projects
Projects for selection and installation of such equipment that
contributes most to leveling power load from among regenerative
air-conditioners/hot-water supply systems, regenerative heaters and city
gas air coolers.
Projects for improvement of wind power generation plants (Output of 1200
kW or higher)
Projects for improvement of solar power generation plants (Output
of 150 kW or higher)
Fuel cell introduction projects (Output of 100 kW or higher, use of waste
heat, and 60% or higher primary energy use efficiency are required.)
Biomass energy plant introduction projects

DBJ
ODFC

Preferential
rate I
*3
50%

DBJ
ODFC

Preferential
rate I*4

DBJ

Preferential
rate I*540%*1: Projects described in (1), (2) and (3) are provided with interest subsidies from the Oil Special Account(currently Energy Special Account). The preferential rate II is applied to the ESCO or ESP projects of thosefallen under the projects (1) and (2) that are subsidized by the Oil Special Account (currently Energy
Special Account) if the benefit of interest subsidy is selected.
*2: The preferential rate II is applied to the projects that are provided with interest subsidies from the Oil
Special Account (currently Energy Special Account), the ESCO or ESP projects, and the projects of whichenergy use efficiency are considered to be improve more than 20% if the benefit of interest subsidy isselected.
*3: Interest subsidies are available by the Oil Special Account (currently Energy Special Account) (Thepreferential rate II is applied to those provided with this subsidy if the benefit of interest subsidy isselected).
*4: City gas air cooler projects are provided with interest subsidies from the Oil Special Account (currently
Energy Special Account) (The preferential rate II is applied if the benefit of interest subsidy is selected).
*5: This applies until the end of FY2006.
*6: Includes non facility capital (projects that support capital and fund-raising, etc.)
Note) DBJ : Development Bank of JapanODFC : The Okinawa Development Finance Corporation

2) For small and medium-sized enterprises
Target Projects

AgencyInterest rate

(Promoting the efficient use of energy)
Projects for acquisition of energy conservation facilities, including JASME
Special interest
NFLC
remodeling and updating of those existing. For the specified facilities
rate 1.
and ESCO projects, lease and rental of facilities fall within the scope of
ODFC
this funding.
(Promoting the introduction of specific high energy performanceequipment)
JASME
Special energy
Projects for replacement of obsolete industrial furnaces and/or boilers or
NFLC
conservation
for introduction of additional equipment which yields performance
ODFC
interest rate *comparable to those of replacement.
(Promoting the use of alternative energy sources)
Special interest
Projects for introduction of the equipment that uses alternative energy JASME
rate1.
sources instead of oil.
* Interests are subsidized from the Oil Special Account (currently Energy Special Account).
Note) JASME: Japan Finance Corporation for Small and Medium Enterprise
NFLC : National Life Finance Corporation
Source) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry: The financial supporting measures on financial andtaxation for introducing energy efficiency and new energy facilities (2005)39

(2) Tax incentives to promote investment in the energy supply and demand structurereform (2005)
When business operators purchase the equipment which contributes to efficient energy use and utilize
it for their business activities within a year, they can choose either one of the following options:1) Tax exemption equivalent to 7% of the equipment acquisition cost (which should not be more than
20% of the income tax or corporate tax payable.)2) Special depreciation of 30% of the equipment acquisition cost in the year of acquisition, in addition
to ordinary depreciation.
• Energy-conserving equipment: Equipment for general industries

74 units(3) Certification process for the equipment which promotes reform of energy supply anddemand structure

Energy Conservation
Policy Planning
Office, Agency of
Natural Resources andEnergyReport on issueof certificate

The Energy Conservation
Center, Japan

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs,
Posts and Telecommunications
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Ministry of Environment

Guidance and advice forapplication of this system

Copy of Certificate

Submission ofcertificate

Users of energy
conservation equipment

Application ofcertificate

Delivery of equipment

Application oftax reduction
Tax office40

Discussion

Industrial
Associations, etc.

Issue ofcertificate sheet

Manufacturer of energy
conservation equipment

2.10 Commendation Programs toward Energy Conservation Efforts
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan conducts various commendation and awareness raisingprograms on the rational use of energy as follows:
1) “Commendation Program to Excellent Energy Managers”:
A commendation certificate is given to individuals who have long been pursuing energy
management and contributed to efficient energy management. (Sponsored by METI)
2) “Commendation Program to Excellent Energy Management Factories”:
A commendation certificate is given to factories or business facilities that have long made efforts
to rationalize the energy use, have long been pursuing energy management and contributed toenergy management as acknowledged as a paragon of successful energy management.
(Sponsored by METI)
3) “The National Contest of Energy Conservation Successful Cases”:
The winner of the contest is determined based on how well the technology or the procedures will
be developed based on theoretical grounds and elaborate research and can contribute to thefurther promotion of energy conservation. (Sponsored by METI)
4) “Commendation Program to Meritorious Energy Management Performers”:
A commendation certificate is given to individuals who have long played a central role andcontributed to promoting the efficient energy managements. (Sponsored by ECCJ)
5) “Commendation Program to Excellent Energy Management Engineers”:
A commendation certificate is given to individuals who have long provided efforts to the energy
management service and contributed to promoting the efficient energy management.
(Sponsored by ECCJ)
6) Energy Conservation Poster Contest and Essay Contest for elementary and junior high school
students. (Sponsored by METI)
7) Commendation Program to Excellent Energy Conservation Equipment1:
A commendation certificate is given to companies or teams for their commitment to promoting
the efficient use of energy. The commitment to the global environment and security can be a
crucial variable for judging. (Sponsored by JMF2)8) The Energy Conservation Grand PrizeAwarded to equipment, resources or systems all high in energy conservation which have alreadyor likely to be in the market, the prize has three targets: i) home-use, ii) commercial use, and iii)
automobiles. Energy efficiency, originality, and marketability are factors for judgment.
(Sponsored by METI)
9) The commendation program for “Top Energy Efficient Product Retailing Promotion Store”.
(Sponsored by METI)The awarding ceremony is held in February and prize certificates are conferred by the Minister of
Economic, Trade and Industry, the Director-General of the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy, thePresident of Energy Conservation Center, Japan, etc.

1

“Energy Conservation Equipment” represents, i) devices, facilities and systems in addition to “equipment” ingeneral sense, ii) measuring instruments remarkably contributing to energy conservation, iii) equipment that
exploits unutilized resources such as wastes.
2
JMF = The Japan Machinery Federation
41

2.11 Publicity Activities
In order to promote energy conservation as a nationwide activity, the government hasestablished ”Energy Conservation Day” on the 1st of every month, “Energy Conservation Month” inFebruary and “General Check-up Day for Energy Conservation” on the 1st of August and December.
Educational and publicity activities are conducted in cooperation with the local governments andprivate companies.

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1

2

3

Energy Conservation Day (First day of every month)

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

○

●
○

General Check-up Day for Energy(First day in August and December)

Description

EnergyConservation
Day

EnergyConservation
Month

GeneralCheck-up
Day forEnergyConservation●

Objectives and Contents

1. Creating greater opportunity to review energy
conservation activities and ensuring their results
2. Working to promote energy conservation activities●★
Energy Conservation Month

Commencing
Governing Body
fromMarch, 1980

1. Nationwide movement involving general consumers
and public institutions
2. Implementing energy conservation programs in March, 1976
the industrial sector
3. Holding energy-conservation exhibitions
4. Various campaign events
1. Total check-up and review concerning dailyenergy conservation activities
2. Deepening nationwide understanding of dailyenergy conservation habits and the importance of October, 1980
energy3. The Summer General Check-up Day for energy
conservation was determined by the Energy andResources Conservation Measures Promotion
Conference on June 28, 1990

42●

Energy andResources
Conservation
Measures
Promotion
Conference
Energy andResources
Conservation
Measures
Promotion
Conference
Energy andResources
Conservation
Measures
Promotion
Conference2.12 Energy Audit Program(1) Energy audit for small and midsize companies
Energy audit service for small and midsize factories started in 1955 and approximately 5,600 cases
have since been conducted around Japan.
1) Target factories: A firm whose capital is less than 100 million yen or whose total number of
employees is less than 300.
2) Cost: Free of charge3) Number of auditors and auditing period: Number of experts sent: 1-2; Period: 1-2 days
4) Audit items(a) Advice on heat energy(b) Advice on electric energy5) Organization: The Energy Conservation Center, Japan(2) Energy audit for commercial buildings
1) Target buildings: Buildings designated as the “Type 1 Designated Energy Management
Factories” by the Energy Conservation Law.
2) Cost: Free of charge
3) Details of audit: Two or three audit experts will make an interview with the persons in charge
about the management standards for the building which is going to have an energy audit.
Then, they will make an on-the-spot survey how the facilities in the building are operated.
After the survey, they will draw up a list of areas which need remedies and give advice forenergy saving potential and needed actions.
4) Organization: The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

43

3. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS

Deviation from normal value (℃)

Deviation from normal value ℃

3.1 Climate Change and Energy Consumption(1) Transition of deviation from normal surface temperature

Note)

The bar graph represents the temperature of each year, the line graph shows 5-year
running average and the straight line stands for long term trend.
Source) Japan Meteorological Agency(2) Global energy balance (Index incident solar rays = 100)

Note)

Figures in parenthesis represent estimated values when we assume the CO2 concentration
becomes double. In case the concentration of greenhouse effect gas such as CO2 increases,
the energy flow in the dotted line becomes larger. This causes the rise of temperature. The
global temperature is said to fall to as low as -19℃ if no carbon dioxide or no steam
should be contained in the atmosphere.
Source) "Meteorological Research Notes No. 160, Carbon Dioxide Special", Taro Matsuno, 1987,
Meteorological Society of Japan (partially modified).

44

(3) Increase of the carbon dioxide level and changes in fossil energy consumption

Note)This chart is prepared from the data of CO2 concentration level of the past millennium
based on the ice sheet core records at the D47, D57, Siple Station and the South Pole,and the CO2 level since 1958 that are measured at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii.
Ice sheet cores were all collected on the Antarctic Continent. The smooth curve is a100-year running average. The sharp rise of the CO2 level since the outset of theIndustrial Revolution is evident, going along with the increase of CO2 emissions
originating from the use of fossil fuels (See the enlarged chart since fiscal 1850).

Source) IPCC (1995), translated by the Meteorological Agency. (IPCC: Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change) White Paper on the Environment 2000 (Ministry of Environment)45

(4) CO2 emissions by countryCO2(2004)
emissions by country (2004)
Others, 22.0%
Peru, 0.1%
New Zealand, 0.1%
Vietnam, 0.3%

USA, 24.2%

Hong Kong, 0.2%
Singapore, 0.2%
Chile, 0.2%
Philippines, 0.3%
Malaysia, 0.6%
Thailand, 0.9%
Taiwan, 1.0%
Indonesia, 1.3%
Australia, 1.3%
Mexico, 1.5%
France, 1.5%
South Korea, 1.8%
Italy, 1.7%
Canada, 2.0%
UK, 2.2%
Germany, 3.2%
India, 4.3%

China, 18.1%

Japan, 4.8%

Russia, 6.0%

Source) Prepared from "EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2007)"

Hong Kong

Singapore(5) Per-capita CO2 emissions (2004)

Source) Prepared from "EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2007)"46

3.2 International Efforts to Counter Global Warming
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the mechanism that accumulates scientificknowledge on global warming while debates on the international countermeasures have been made in
the COPs (Conference of the Parties) of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC). These two mechanisms are complementing each other.

(1) IPCC: accumulation of scientific knowledge
IPCC is a body organized by the scientists around the world. It was founded in November 1988 by
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program(UNEP) jointly as a place to study global warming problems at a governmental level. In the reportcompiled for 1995, IPCC announced their analysis on the climate change since the 19th century.
According to their findings, global warming had been already occurring due to the increasing
amount of emitted greenhouse gases after the Industrial Revolution etc.

(2) UNFCCC: study of international countermeasures
UNFCCC discusses and performs international countermeasures to the climate change while IPCC
is a place to accumulate scientific knowledge. In UNCED (United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development: commonly named “Earth Summit”) which was held in Rio deJaneiro in Brazil in June, 1992, a large number of nations including Japan signed UNFCCC. The
purpose of this treaty is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As aresult, it is required that the amount of emitted greenhouse gases should be controlled or cut down.
UNFCCC was ratified by 50 countries and went into effect in March, 1994. Following its
effectuation, the COP1 was held in Berlin and the COP2 in Geneva, the COP3 was held in Kyoto to
adopt "Kyoto Protocol", which defined the reduction targets of greenhouse gases in the period from2008 through 2012.

(3) IPCC report on global warming
The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by theWorking Group I (WGI) published in January, 2007 concluded that the global warming is occurringin the climate system and the increase of the man-originated GHG is the cause of the climatechange.

Rise of Sea Level between 2090 - 2099 (the end of 21st century)
18-38 cm rise is estimated in the society where the environment and economic activities areprojected to be globally balanced
26-59 cm rise is estimated in the society where the high economic growth is achieved byrecognizing fossil fuel as the important source of energy.
Rise of Average World Temperature between 2090-2099 (the end of 21st century)
1.8℃ (1.1℃-2.9℃) rise is expected in the society where the environment and economic
activities are projected to be globally balanced
4.0℃ (2.4℃-6.4℃) rise is expected in the society where the high economic growth is achievedby recognizing fossil fuel as the important source of energy.
★Average world temperature has risen 0.74℃ in the past 100 years (1906-2005).

47

(4) Influences of greenhouse-gases on global warming (1850-1990)

Fluorides & Others
11%
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
6%
CO2
64%

Methane(CH4)19%

Source） IPCC Report (2000)(5) History of COPs of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
1) COP3 outline of the Kyoto Protocol
The COP3 (the 3rd Conference of Parties) was held on December 1 - 11, 1997.
Target gases

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6

Target year

2008 - 2012
At least 5% for all Annex I parties-5% Croatia
0% Russia, New Zealand-6% Japan, Canada, Hungary, Poland

Reduction target - 1% Norway*Base year:-7% US
1990+8% Australia-8% Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, UK, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Czech, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Rumania, Slovakia, Slovenia
Sinks

GHG reduction subject to afforestation is inclusive into calculation for thecommitments.

38 Parties in Annex I: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA, and 15 EU member states combined.

48

Kyoto mechanism
Emission Trading(ET)

Parties in Annex I may participate in the Emission Trading in order toachieve their commitments.

Joint Implementation(JI)

For the purpose of meeting its commitments, Parties in Annex I may
transfer to or acquire from, emission reduction units, any other parties
in Annex I.

Clean Development
Mechanism(CDM)

The purpose of CDM mechanism is to assist Parties not included in
Annex I in achieving sustainable development and to contribute to theProtocol, while Parties in Annex I may use the certified emission
reductions accruing from such projects.

Enforcement and effect
Enforcement

The Convention shall become effective 90 days after 55 or moreparties to the UNFCCC, incorporating Annex I parties of which total
CO2 emission in 1990 is 55% or more of total CO2 emissions of all
Annex I parties, ratify the Protocol.

EffectWhen no Protocol exists, the global CO2 emission in 2010 will
increase by 24% compared with 1990. When the Protocol is enforced
in 2000, the global CO2 emission in 2010 will reduce by 5.2%
compared with 1990.

2) Meetings after COP６
The COP6 of the UNFCCC was held in Hague, Netherlands on Nov. 13 - 25, 2000 and its
Part-2 Conference was held in Bonn, Germany on July 16 - 27, 2001.
The COP7 was held in Marrakech, Morocco on Oct. 29 - Nov. 9, 2001.
The COP8 was held in New Delhi, India on Oct. 23 - Nov. 1, 2002.
The COP9 was held in Milan, Italy on 1-12 December 2003.
The COP10 was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 6-17 December 2004.

(6) COP11 & COP/MOP1 results and progresses and the COP12The COP11 & MOP1 was held in Montreal, Canada between 28 November and 9 December in2005. The Eleventh Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 11) was held in parallel with
the First Conference of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP1) of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Being the first conference being held
since the Kyoto Protocol coming into force in February that year and for the Parties to the
Kyoto Protocol, the conferences attracted a lot of attention from various fields. Canada's
Environment Minister Dion, the chairman of the conference, at the opening, declared the three“I” as the objectives for the conference: the “Implementation” of the Kyoto Protocol, the“Improvement” of the Kyoto Protocol, and the “Innovation” towards the framework of the
Post-Kyoto strategy after the end of the first commitment period. In conjunction with thedeclaration, decisions were made for each of these three categories. For the scope of the“Implementation”, the Marrakech accords were adopted, establishing the operational rule of the
Kyoto Mechanism. This adoption meant the establishment of the operational rule of the Kyoto
Protocol, including Kyoto Mechanism (Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint
Implementation (JI), and Emissions Trading). To further create CDM’s certified emission
reductions (CERs), within the scope of the “Improvement”, decisions were made to discuss49

issues on strengthening the functioning and funding of the Projects Reviewing Council,
mitigating the certifying standards for CDM, and reviewing small-scale CDM projects. As
being the most major issue, within the scope of the “Innovation” towards the framework of the
Post-Kyoto strategy after the end of the first commitment period, the conference entered into aheated debate and finally reached agreements to establish a new working group, starting in May
2006, to discuss the reduction commitments after the end of the first commitment period (until2012), and open up a “Dialogue for actions for long-term cooperation”, in which all Parties to
UNFCCC, including the US and developing countries will participate. Kenya hosted the second
meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 2), in conjunction with the twelfth session of
the Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention (COP 12), in Nairobi from 6 to
17 November 2006.

3.3 Kyoto Protocol Coming into Effect
The requirements for the Kyoto Protocol coming into effect included that (1) not less than 55 parties tothe convention ratify the protocol, and (2) parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for atleast 55% of the total CO2 emissions in 1990 of the parties included in Annex I ratify the protocol(Figure below). The requirement (1) was met before some time, and the requirement (2) was met by theratification of Russia in November 2004, and thus the Kyoto Protocol came into effect on February 16,
2005. Consequently, Japan is obliged to reduce the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by 6% fromthe standard year level during the first commitment period from 2008 to 2012. With regard to thecommitment of the next period starting in 2013, the protocol stipulates that international examination
begin by the end of 2005. At the COP10 held in Buenos Aires, Argentina in December 2004, theholding of a seminar for governmental experts was agreed, which will serve as the foothold ofdiscussion concerning the framework after 2013.

Proportions of CO2 emissions of annex I parties in 1990
Australia

OthersFranceUS

PolandItaly
CanadaUK
GermanyJapan

RussiaSource) Compiled by the Ministry of the Environment based on data collectedfrom each party by the secretariat of the convention before the COP3

50

3.4 G8 Summit
The 31st Summit (meeting of leaders of major countries) was held in Gleneagles, Scotland, the United
Kingdom from July 6 to 8, 2005.

(1) Major issues
By the initiative of the Prime Minister Blair, the chair, Africa and climate change were taken up as
the main agenda items of the Summit. Japan developed its argument from its original position for
the Africa question, based on its successful experiences of economic development cooperation
with Asia, and for the climate change question, based on its experiences of overcoming pollution
problems during the period of high economic growth and of achieving energy conservation andhigher energy efficiency triggered by the oil crises.
On the issue of the global environment, the Gleneagles Plan of Action involving energy
conservation, clean energy use and other specific actions was agreed upon as well as an agreement
to begin a dialogue between the G8 nations and other countries with significant energy needs (theoutcomes are to be reported to the 2008 Summit in Japan). During the discussions with the leadersof emerging economy countries, the G8 members asked that these countries shoulder greater
responsibility in tackling climate change and other problems. Japan emphasized the importance ofcompatibility between environment protection and economic development, use of technology forthat purpose, promotion of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) and the spirit of mottainai (thespirit of virtue of thrift), and increasing efforts to curtail illegal logging, etc.

(2) Outline of the Gleneagles Plan of Action
The G8 nations agreed to proceed with actions in the following key areas: Conversion to theeffective use of energy; Cleaner power generation for future; Promoting research anddevelopment; Financing the transition to cleaner energy; Managing the impact of climate change;
Tackling illegal logging.
Source)http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/summit/gleneagles05/s_03.html

51

3.5 Energy Conservation Activities of the Foreign Countries
Approach to prevention of global warming by the major advanced countries
Item
Greenhouse gas reduction
target set by Kyoto Protocol(1990-basis)
Ratification of Kyoto
ProtocolLaws concerning energy
conservation

Japan

U.S.

CanadaAustralia

－6%

－7%

－6%

＋8%

Ratification (June 2002)

Non-ratification (as of
September 2005)

Ratification (December
2002)

Non-ratification (As of
September 2005)

Law concerning Rational Useof Energy(Enforcement in '79;
revision in '83;
revision in '93;
revision in '98;
revision in '02;
revision in '05)

Energy Policy Act 2005

Energy Efficiency Act(Establishment in '92;
revision in '95; revision in'97; revision in '98)

Energy Efficiency Act
1997

Kyoto Protocol Target
Achievement Plan (‘04)

National Goal to Reduce
Emissions Intensity2002

Project Green-A Plan for
Honouring our Kyoto
Commitment 2005

Energy White
Paper-Securing Australia's
Energy Future2004

Government’s plan andstrategy

National Energy Policy 2001

Renewable Energy(Electricity) Act 2000

National Framework forEnergy Efficiency NFEE
2004
National Greenhouse
Strategy2002

Financial support system
concerning energy
conservation

Governmental organizations
having jurisdiction overenergy conservation

Organizations promoting
energy conservation

Major domestic measuresfor promotion of energy
conservation

Subsidy measures based on
the Law for Supporting
Energy Savings and 3R
Assistance (Energy ReformTax System) and various
other financial support
measures

Assistance and tax incentive
measures based on theComprehensive Electricity
Restructuring Act or 2005
Energy Policy Act

Various tax
incentive/assistancemeasures including
preferential for renewableenergy based on theincome tax act 1998 andbio-energy incentive basedon the federal tax

Various tax
incentive/assistancemeasures based on therevised fuel tax

Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry (Agency for
Natural Resources andEnergy)Department of Energy-DOE

Natural Resources
Canada-NRCan

Department of Industry,
Tourism, andResources-ITR

Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport

Department ofTransport-DOT

Ministry of the Environment

Environmental Protection
Agency-EPA

Japan Center for Climate
Change Actions（JCCCA)

Alliance to Save Energy

Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies(IGES)

American Council for an
Energy-Efficient
Economy-ACEEE

Drastic reinforcement of Law
concerning Rational Use ofEnergy (Industry,transportation, andcommercial/residential
sectors) , pursuit of theobjectives of the voluntary
technical action plan in theindustrial sector, andexpansion and review of thestandards for top-runnerequipment

Department of Transportand Regional ServicesDOTARS
Department of theEnvironment andHeritage-DEH
Australian Greenhouse
Office-AGO
Energy Technology Center(In Natural Resources
Canada-NRCan)National Appliance andEquipment Energy
Efficiency
Committee-NAEEEC

Energy Policy Act of 2005
based measures for industry,transportation, public, andcommercial/residential
sectors: MEPS target
equipment expansion
continued promotion ofEnergy Star program, various
voluntary agreements andprograms, utilization ofpartnership schemes

Expansion of target
products of energy
efficiency standards basedon the Energy Efficiency
Act , promotion of
EnerGuide labelingprogram, and otherassistance measures for
sectors

Various measures basedon the white paper 2004
for industry,transportation, public, andcommercial/residential
sectors: expansion oftarget equipment of
MEPS standard, various
voluntary agreements andprograms, utilization ofpartnership schemes

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Promotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergy52

Item
Greenhouse gas reduction target
set by Kyoto Protocol(1990-basis)

EU－8%

Germany

France

－21%

0%

U.K.
－12.5%

Ratification of Kyoto Protocol

Ratification (May 2002)

Ratification (May 2002)

Ratification (May 2002)

Ratification (May 2002)

Energy Conservation
Ordinance 2002,
Renewable Energy Sources
Act2004, Energy
Consumption LabelingAct2002, Cogeneration
Act2002, Renewable
Energy Law2000, Energy
Industry Act1998

Framework Law on
Energy2005, Decrees toPromoteCogeneration2001, Law on
Air and Rational Energy
Use1996

Renewable Obligation
Order 2005, Energy Act
2004, Sustainable Energy
Act2003

Laws concerning energy
conservation

Directive on Energy
End-Use Efficiency andEnergyServices(2006/32/EC),
Framework Directive for
Setting Eco-Design
Requirements forEnergy-Using Products(2005/32/EC), Directive on
the promotion ofcogeneration (2004/8/EC),
Directive on the Energy
Performance of Buildings(2002/91/EC),
Directive on the promotionof electricity fromrenewable energy sources(2001/77/EC)

Energy White Paper 2003
(Livre blanc sur lesenergies 2003)

Energy White Paper 2003
(Our Energy
Future-Creating a Low
Carbon Economy 2003)

EU Energy Conservation
Plan, SAVE Program, etc.
(Intelligent Energy Europe
2003-2006)
Government’s plan and strategy

Implementation of energy
conservation program
based on the EU
Parliament/Board decision(No.1230/2003/EC)

Energy Conservation
Implementation Plan 2004
(Energy Efficiency: The
Government's Plan for
Action 2004)

Promotion of Kyoto
Mechanism including
Emission Trading

Ecological tax, promotionof Kyoto Mechanism
including Emission
Trading, renewable energy
promotion, and tax
preferential measures forcogeneration, etc.

Promotion of Kyoto
Mechanism including
Emission Trading

Climate change levy, tax
preferential measures basedon the climate change levy
for cogeneration power,
variation of tax rates basedon CO2 emission
introduced by the VED car
tax, and promotion of
Kyoto Mechanism
including Emission Trading

Directorate-General for
Energy and Transport (Inthe European Commission)Federal Ministry of
Economics andTechnology-BMWi

Ministry of the Economy,
Finance, andIndustry-MINEFI

Department of Trade andIndustry-DTI

Federal Ministry ofTransport, Building, andHousing-BMVBWMinistry for theEnvironment

Department forTransport-DfT

Financial support system
concerning energy conservation

Governmental organizations
having jurisdiction over energy
conservation
Directorate-General for
Environment (In theEuropean Commission)Federal Ministry for theEnvironment, Nature
Conservation, and Nuclear
Safety-BMU

European Environment
Agency-EEA

Deutsche Energie
Agentur-DENA

Organizations promoting energy
conservation

Department of theEnvironment, Food andRural Affairs-DEFRA

Agency for Environment
and Energy
Management-ADEME

Environment Agency
Carbon Trust
Energy Saving Trust-EST

Major domestic measures forpromotion of energy
conservation

Various measures based on
the related directives forindustry, transportation,
public, andcommercial/residential
sectors: promotion of
Kyoto Mechanism
including Emission
Trading, various voluntarycommitments, etc.

Compliance with EU
directives, reinforcement of
the insulation or equipment
standards, voluntarycommitments,
environmental tax,
utilization of economic
measures such as emission
trading, etc.

Compliance with EU
directives, various
measures based on theenergy act 2005,
introduction of whitecertificate scheme,
promotion of Kyoto
Mechanism including
Emission Trading

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Efficiency improvement of
nuclear power generation

Promotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergyPromotion of renewableenergy53Compliance with EU
directives, various
measures based on thedomestic energy efficiency
plan, regulatory measurestargeting energy suppliers
based on the EEC program,climate change levy andclimate change agreement,
reinforcement of thebuilding regulation

Promotion of renewableenergy3.6 Japan’s Policies to Deal with Global Warming(1) Guideline for measures to prevent global warming
On March 19, 2002, the meeting of “the Global Warming Prevention Headquarters” was held in
Prime Minister's official residence, where the members agreed on “Guideline for Measures toPrevent Global Warming”. The guideline presents a broad picture of measures to realize Japan's
targets set in the Kyoto protocol (6% reduction in relation to the 1990 level) and is made up of
more than 100 measures and action plans. What needs to be stressed here is that the guideline setsa reduction goal for each greenhouse gas respectively. For instance, in terms of the CO2
originating from the use of fossil fuels, the emission level should be reduced to exactly the samelevel as that of 1990. And the emission level of CO2 from non-fossil fuels (e.g. waste incineration),methane and dinitrogen monoxide should be reduced by 0.5% in relation to the 1990 level. In
terms of CFCs substitute, the emission level should be curtailed to the 1% increase compared withthe base year (1995).

(2) Kyoto protocol target achievement plan
Since Japan ratified the Kyoto Protocol in June 2002, the country has been actively promoting theimplementation of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including measures for energy
conservation and new forms of energy, based on the Outline for Promotion Effects to Prevent
Global Warming (2002). The government evaluated and reviewed the outline in FY2004,
designated as the year for carrying out these tasks.
The Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming stipulates that aplan for reaching the target should be established when the Kyoto Protocol comes into effect. In
response to the protocol coming into effect in February 2005, the Kyoto Protocol Target
Achievement Plan was established, succeeding the Outline for Promotion of Efforts to Prevent
Global Warming as a result of its evaluation and review in FY2004 (Cabinet decision on April 28,2005). The goals of this plan are to fulfill the commitment of 6% reduction and to further reducegreenhouse gas emissions globally and continuously over a long term. In addition, this plancontains the following items as its basic concepts: environmental conservation consistent witheconomic development, the promotion of technological innovation, the participation of all entities
and partnership between them as well as the securing of transparency and the sharing of
information to ensure the participation and partnership, the utilization of various policy tools,
emphasis on the process of PDCA (plan-do-check-action), and international partnership for the
implementation of measures to address global warming. The table below shows measures tochange the country’s energy supply-demand structure and structure a CO2 reducing type ofsociety.
Source) Materials 3-1 for the 27th Meeting of the Global Environment Subcommittee of theIndustrial Structure Council

54

Creation
of CO
Type
Creationof2 aReduction
CO2 reduction
typeSocietysociety

Creation of regional/urban structures andsocio-economic systems of CO2 reduction typeSpatial or network measures

CO2 reduction type of urban design• Promotion of Spatial utilization of energy (District heating and cooling, etc.)• Joint efforts between different entities (Joint energy management of integrated facilities or several
buildings by utilizing IT)• CO2 reduction through improvement of the environment deterioration by heat by implementing
measures against heat island effects, including the planting of trees

Designing of a CO2 reduction type of transportation system• Utilization of public transportation systems (Improvement in public transportation systems andconvenience, and commuting transportation management, etc.)• Use of eco-friendly automobiles (Dissemination of idling stop and eco-friendly driving, etc.)• Establishment of a system to ensure smooth road traffic (Regulation of the demand for automobile
traffic and the introduction of intelligent transportation systems)• Realization of environmentally sustainable transportation (EST) (Trial in leading areas)

Formation of a CO2 reduction type logistics system• CO2 reduction by joint efforts of cargo owners and transportation companies (Revision of the Energy
Conservation Law, Green Transportation Partnership Conference)• Furthering of more efficient transportation (Modal shift, more efficient truck transportation)

Spatial utilization of new energy and the accommodation of energy• Establishment of networks for distributed new energy system• Utilization of biomass• Effective use of unused energy sources (Energy generated from temperature differences, energy ofsnow and ice, heat from waste incineration)• Accommodation of energy between entities (Accommodation of waste heat generated in factories in
an industrial complex)

Measures taken by a company
or other individual entities

Efforts by
manufacturers• Steady

implementation ofindividual actionplans• Thorough energy
management infactories• Efforts in theresidential andtransportation
divisions in theindustrial sector

CO2 reduction in
offices and stores

Efforts bytransportation• Use of eco-friendly
automobiles (describedabove)• CO2 reduction by joint
efforts between cargoowners andtransportationcompanies (describedabove)• Furthering of more
efficient transportation(described above)• Steady implementation ofindividual action plans• Thorough energy
management based on
the Energy Conservation
Law• Improvement in theenergy conservation
performance of buildings• Dissemination of BEMS
(building energy
management systems)

CO2 reduction inhouseholds• Improvement in

the energy
conservation
performance of
housing• Dissemination of
HEMS (Homeenergymanagement
systems)

CO2 reduction in the energy supply sectors• Steady promotion of nuclear power generation• Promotion of efficient use of oil and LP gas

Measures for machinery

Individual measures• Lowering of CO2 emissions intensity in theelectric power field

Measures by
equipment in theindustrial sector• Introduction ofmachinery andequipment with highenergy conservation
performance• Highly efficientindustrial furnaces• Next generation
coke ovens• Shift to natural gas• Promotion of introduction of new energy• Realization of society using hydrogen

Measures for equipment in thetransportation sector

Measures for equipment in
offices, stores andhouseholds• Dissemination of vehicles that meet the
top runner standards• Dissemination of fuel-efficient
automobiles• Dissemination of clean energy
automobiles• Control of the running speed of large
trucks• Introduction of equipment for idling stop
• Introduction of sulfur-free fuel• Improvement in energy efficiency in therailroad, vessel and aircraft sections• Improvement in the efficiency ofequipment based on the top
runner standards• Provision of information on energy
conservation type equipment• Support for dissemination andtechnological development ofenergy conservation type
machinery, including highly
efficient water heaters• Reduction of standby energy

1255

(3) Reinforcement of energy conservation measures in each sector
1) BackgroundAt the Third Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(COP3), held in Kyoto in December 1997, an agreement was reached on greenhouse gas
emissions reduction targets for developed countries. As part of this agreement, Japan pledged a
6% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the 1990 level, to be achieved in terms of theaverage annual value for the 2008–2012 period. Japan’s target for energy-related carbon dioxide
emissions, which account for about 80% of all greenhouse gas emissions, is the achievement ofstabilization at the FY 1990 level by FY 2010.

2) Additional measures and expected effect(Unit:1,000kl-oe)

Source) Material-4 in the 8th meeting of Energy Conservation Subcommittee of Advisory
Committee for Natural Resources and Energy

56

4. ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES BY SECTOR
4.1 Industrial Sector(1) Energy situation for the industrial sector
The significant energy efficiency improvement has been monitored for the industrial sector in Japan.
In the oil shocks period, the total energy consumption share for all sectors marked at a ratio of 4:1:1
respectively for the industry, residential and commercial, and transportation, but the FY 2004 data
marked the ratio of 2:1:1, with the industry significantly resulting in lowering its share andsuccessfully leveled off its consumption. This industrial sector’s positive trend is regarded attributed
to the effect of the regulatory measures of the energy conservation law and manufacturers andbusinesses’ accompanying efforts. For the detail of the industrial sector data, refer to the Appendix
1.3.

(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the industrial sector
1) History of energy conservation measures for factories
Since the oil crisis, Japan’s industrial sector has played a central role in the efficient use ofenergy. Due to the efforts, the sector has successfully maintained almost the same energy
consumption level as in the oil crisis despite the growing output. The sector accounts for nearly
40 % of the total energy demand in Japan. Despite those proactive efforts, there was a growing
awareness that more measures were necessary in order to take more effective actions on global
environmental issues. In June 1997, Japan Business Federation (Keidanren) announced the“Keidanren Environmental Voluntary Action Plan“, aiming to promote the efficient use ofenergy.
As a national policy, the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Energy Conservation
Law) was revised to reinforce the sector’s voluntary energy management. The revision of 2002
expanded the range of “the Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory” designation,
which had been limited to five industries such as the manufacturing industry, to include allindustries. Through the revision, business operators became obligated to submit periodic reports,
who own factories classified as “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factory”. The revised
law came into force on April 1, 2003.
Moreover, in unison with the revision of the Energy Conservation Law, new criteria to assess
energy use of factories and business offices were enforced on April 1, 2003, which were tocontrol inefficient electric power facilities, to promote the implementation of the cogeneration
system, which is highly energy efficient and to make good use of ESCO companies. In addition,
there are financial incentives such as low interest loan programs to boost investment indeveloping energy efficient products and technologies under the law concerning energy
conservation and recycling assistance and tax breaks under the tax measures to promote theinvestment in restructuring the country’s energy supply-demand.

572) Relevant legislationi) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energya) Enactment of a basic policy concerning the rational use of energy (Cabinet decisionannounced by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) on 15 July 1993)b) Guidelines for the rational energy utilization in factories (MITI announcement No. 39
dated on 25 Jan 1999).
c) Guide for making a medium-long term plan of those who establishes factories forundertakings of manufacturers among the Type 1 Specified Business Operator’(Announcement No.1, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, MITI, and Ministry of Transportation dated on 25
February 1999).
d) Guide for making a medium-long term plan of those who establishes factories forundertakings of mine industry, electric supply industry, gas supply industry, and heat
supply industry among the Type 1 Specified Business Operator’ (MITI Announcement
No. 108 dated on 25 February 1999).

ii) Supporting measuresa) Support based on the Energy Conservation and Recycling Support Lawb) Low-interest financing by the Development Bank of Japan, etc.
c) Tax system to promote investment to reform the energy supply and demand structured) Support for business operators who introduce leading-edge energy conservationequipmente) Advisor business regarding introduction of leading-edge energy conservation
technologiesiii) Commendation, dissemination and publicity activitiesa) Commendation toward excellent energy control-designated factoriesb) Conduction of the ENEX exhibition, a general exhibition of energy conservation
technologies and equipment, etc.
iv) Technology developmenta) Study to lead basic technologies for the rational energy utilizationb) Development of practical application of technologies to rationalize energy utilization

58

(3) Outline of main voluntary technical action plan by Nippon Keidanren
1) Manufacturing industry
Name of Organization

Measures to Attain Goals

The Federation of Electric Power
Companies of Japan

1. Promotion of nuclear power generation based on security and confidence-building
2. Improvement of efficiency in thermal power generation and discussion on the management
and control of thermal power source
3. Diffusion and expansion of natural energy (water, geothermal, wind, and solar energy)
4. Actions to utilize the Kyoto Mechanism, etc.

The Japan Iron and SteelFederation (JISF)

Japan Chemical Industry
Association

Petroleum Association of Japan

Japan Paper Association

1. Energy conservation technologies, such as recovery of waste energy (introduction ofregenerative burners, etc.)
2. Efficiency improvement of production facilities
3. Addition and expansion of large-scale energy conservation actions when updating facilities,etc.
4. Utilization of waste plastics, etc.
5. Utilization of the Kyoto Mechanism (CDM, etc.)
6. Actions to reduce the increase of the generation power of CDQ and TRT.
1. Efficiency improvement of facilities and equipment
2. Improvement of operation methods
3. Recovery of waste energy
4. Rationalization of process
5. Fuel switch
1. Revision of operation management (Improvement of control technology and optimization
technology)
2. Mutual utilization of waste heat among refining facilities
3. Additional construction of recovering facilities of waste heat and waste energy
4. Adoption of efficient equipment and catalyst
5. Promotion of “combinat renaissance” (cooperative, efficient, and mutual utilization of heatand energy emitted in neighboring plants of different industrial category)
1. Introduction of energy conservation system (high-temperature high-pressure recovery
boilers, high-efficiency cleaning equipment, low-differential pressure cleaner, etc.)
2. Fuel switch to biomass energy, waste energy (introduction of biomass boilers, methane
fermentation facilities of waste oil)
3. Introduction of gas turbines
4. Fuel switch (heavy oil to city gas for boilers)
5. Revision of manufacturing process(shortening and integration of processes)

Four major entities relating toelectronics and electricity

1. New/unutilized energy
2. Cogeneration, thermal storage
3. Introduction of high-efficiency equipment
4. Strengthening of management
5. Improvement of control methods (control of the number of rotation)
6. Utilization of waste heat
7. Improvement of production process and product quality
8. Loss prevention (thermal insulation/heat-retention)
9. Fuel switch
10.Improvement in operation management
11.Construction of production system with high-efficiency in energy consumption rate

Japan Cement Association

1. Dissemination and promotion of energy conservation equipment (updating kiln burners,
introduction of high-efficiency clinker coolers, etc.)
2. Expansion of utilization of waste as alternative energy source
3. Expansion of utilization of waste for the other purposes
4. Improvement of production rate of mixed cement

Japan Automobile Manufacturers
Association, Inc.

1.Supply side measures (introduction of cogeneration, high-efficiency compressors,
improvement of efficiency of boilers, introduction of energy conservation facilities,
introduction of wind power generation)
2. Demand side measures (energy conservation in coating line, energy conservation inthermal and casting process, energy conservation in air-conditioners, energy conservation
in welding process, energy conservation in lighting fixtures
3. Upgrading energy supply methods and technologies of operational management (shut-downof unused facility on holidays)
4. Production process reduction, line abolishment and integration of low load lines
5. Fuel switch

59

Japan Auto Parts Industries
Association

Japan Mining Industry
Association

Japan Gas Association

1. Improvement of operation and reduction of idling operation
2. Improvement of efficiency of facilities and equipment
3. Improvement of production process
4. Cogeneration, recovery of waste energy, etc.
5. Energy switch
6. Mutual promotion and coexistence of energy conservation technologies
1.Integration of production facilities and improvement of production by enlarging
2.Utilization of unused heat
3.Improvement of efficiency by updating old facilities
4.Reduction of energy intensity by improving operation
5.Implementing thermal recycling by process of ASR (automobile shredder residue)
6.Utilization of waste plastics as fuels
7.Improvement of efficiency by integration of operation of facilities
8. Introduction of highly efficient production facilities
9. Improvement of efficiency by further updating production process
1.Improvement of efficiency of city gas production process by switching to natural gas, etc.
2.Promotion of various energy related measures for city gas production factories (cryogenic
power generation, improvement of efficiency of boil off gas process, improvement ofefficiency of LNG vaporizers and seawater pumps)
3.Utilization of cold energy and efficiency improvement of steam utilization

Source) HP by Keidanren (Japan Federation of Economic Organization).
Edited version for climate change measures in the Voluntary Action Plan on Environment (version
itemized per business category), in March 2006.

60

2) Service and commercial sector
Name of Organization
Scheduled Airlines
Association of JapanThe Real Estate
Companies Associationof JapanJapan Department
Stores Association

Japan Chain Stores
Association

Japan Association ofRefrigerated
Warehouses

NTT groupJapanese Bankers
Association

The General Insurance
Association of Japan

Japan Franchise
Association

Japan Broadcasting
Corporation (NHK)Measures to Attain Goals
1.Replacement for new and fuel efficient airplanes and promotion
2.Optimization of routes and time by introducing new air traffic control support system, etc.
3.Suitable loading in the amount of fuel, lighter loaded equipment and goods, restraining use of
auxiliary power units
4.Reduction of training duration, etc. by use of simulators
1. Energy conservation measures for new construction and remodeling, etc. (generation of powerand collection of power by solar power, etc., adoption of heat absorbing glass and low emissivity
glass, greening rooftops, introduction of high-efficiency hot water supply systems, introductionof automatic dimmer controlled lighting, and segmentalize the lighted area)
2. Selection of building materials and air-conditioning systems reducing HFC, etc.
3.Promotion of energy conservation in the management and maintenance of lease buildings (lowtemperature setting in common use space, appealing to tenants for low temperature setting andfrequent actions of switching off lights, etc.)
1.Holding environment committees
2.Each store survey on actual volume of energy consumption
3.Holding energy conservation seminars at department stores
4.Demonstration experiment of electric tag system (improve the efficiency of distribution system, etc.)
1.Appropriate temperature setting and control of air-conditioners and refrigerating/freezing showcases
2.Introduction of night covers after shops are closed
3.Application of thermal insulation coatings to window panes
4.Introduction of cogeneration, desiccant-based air-conditioning system, and ice thermal storage
systems
5.Transition to kitchen system using electromagnetic energy (transferring to “all electric” power)
6.Utilization of surplus power at night (from water cooling type freezers/air-conditioners to air-coolingtypes)
7.Reuse of waste water (for flushing toilet, watering)
1. Introduction of energy conservation appliances (phase advance capacitors, electronic expansion
valves, demand control, energy conservation lighting appliances, high-efficiency compressors,high-efficiency heat exchangers, high-efficiency transformers)
2. Improvement of equipment (thermal insulation, prevention of cool air leakage, adoption of closed
deck type platform)
3. Daily operation management (appropriate temperature, enforcement of cleaning, etc.)
1.Promotion of energy management
2.Introduction of high-efficiency power devices and air-conditioners
3.Promotion of adopting low electricity consumed broadband-related appliances
4.Introduction of clean energy (solar power generation, wind power generation, etc.)
1.Inverter introduced air conditioning systems and coolant medium circulation pumps, and low-loss
belts
2.Introduction of demand devices
3.Introduction of BEMS
4.Utilization of natural energy (solar power, etc.)
5. Resource conservation (utilization of recycled paper, promotion of paperless business operation),energy conservation (electricity)
1.Appropriate temperature control of air-conditioners
2. Resource conservation (utilization of recycled paper, promotion of paperless business operation)
1. High-efficiency lighting appliances, inverter controlled lighting appliances, lighting control (timer,
dimmer control)
2. High-efficiency freezers, inverter controlled freezers
3. Utilization of waste heat by integrating air-conditioning/refrigerating systems
4. Introduction of high-efficiency compressors
5. Introduction of soft energy (wind power generation, solar power generation, fuel cells)
6. Introduction of ESCO-method
7. Introduction of comprehensive maintenance and management system of stores and facilities
8. Resource conservation (utilization of recycled paper, promotion of paperless business operation)
1.Introduction of regenerative air conditioning systems
2.High-efficiency exhaust fans
3.Introduction of water conservation system (utilization of rainwater)
4.Introduction of high luminance white LED spotlighting
5.Transferring TV studio lighting to fluorescent lighting
6.Introduction of smaller studio equipment and energy conservation
7.Recycling of audio and video tapes

Source) HP by Keidanren (Japan Federation of Economic Organization).
Edited version for climate change measures in the Voluntary Action Plan on Environment(version itemized per business category), in March 2006.
61

(4) Overall factory check based on the energy conservation law
A field investigation targeting the “Type 1 designated energy management factories” (“overallfactory check”) has been conducted since FY 2001 guided by METI. In the investigation, theobservance situation of the criterion part of the judgment standards is evaluated. The assessment
results based on the objective standards determine whether any directions should be given. When theachievement in rational use of energy is extremely insufficient, the factory/building is given
instruction to formulate and submit a rationalization plan and to implement it after the on-the-spot
inspection.

Publication/directive

Instruction to formulate
rationalization plan(2) (1) is sent back

When thefactory/building
does not follow thegiven instructionof factories

Setting status ofmanagement
standards, records,
and maintenancecheck files areinspected based on
the assessment
criteria.

Field investigation

investigation sheet
is sent

When theevaluation
points are lessthan 50

On-the-spot inspection(1) Preliminary

Regional Bureau
of Economy, Tradeand Industry

Target factoryof investigation

The flow diagram of full factory check is shown below.

When rationalizationachievement isextremely insufficientcompared to the
judgment standards

Source) “Energy conservation measures” (2005 edition) by the Energy Conservation Measures
Section, the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy62

(5) “Spill-Over” for dissemination and promotion of energy conservation technology
1) The concept of the “Spill-Over”
As energy conservation is an important policy, the Energy Conservation Technology Strategy wasformulated in June, 2002 by the government (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy-ANRE).
This strategy puts a stress on promoting a concept of “Spill-Over” to actively spread existingenergy conservation technologies to meet technological needs across various sectors and fields.
This term “Spill-Over” is originally used as a technical term to indicate the overflow of water, but
now used in various specialized fields. In the telecommunications sector it indicates a condition inwhich information communicated by electric waves is leaked; in chemistry it indicates a conditionin which chemical species move on the surface of a catalytic agent, promoting a reaction; and ineconomics it indicates a condition in which public investment has secondary effects. In the field ofenergy conservation technology, “Spill-Over” indicates a condition in which cross-sectional/basic
technology has impacts on other fields and categories, where further development andimprovement generates better energy conservation technology. This energy technology again has
impacts on other fields, thereby reaching full growth in a cyclical way.
Applying an excellent energy conservation technology into other fields and categories andexpanding its utilization has advantages in that: It does not require duplicated investment indevelopment costs; it requires shorter development duration; and it has quick effects. Highly
effective energy conservation technologies are already in place. Spilling over the many excellent
technical elements and energy conservation methods of these technologies will immediately
contribute to the promotion of energy conservation.

2) Selection and categorization of technologies with high feasibility for spill-over
The presentation of energy conservation projects held at the Energy Conservation Center, Japan
included a wide range of reports on some excellent examples. Some cases used ingenious ways ofconservation energy or showed originality in selecting improvement themes. Some cases focusedon main improvement technologies. Other cases carried out comprehensive energy conservation
measures which gave special attention to detail, although the measures themselves were quite
ordinary. Measures based on results of technology development, those that took a hint fromspill-over from other fields and introduced new production methods, and especially those based on
development or introduction/application technology development of new processes and innovative
production technology have brought large energy conservation effects. The technology andmethods among the cases that will be useful in a wide range of fields can be grouped into thefollowing:a) Structure and approach for promotion of energy conservationb) Understanding of current conditions by an energy management system which makes theconditions visualizedc) Finding an energy conservation theme by abolishing the existing ideas and reviewing designed
values and management criteria

63d) Use of surplus energy, or effective use of energy that has been left unusede) Introduction of cogeneration, improvement of operation methods, raising utilization ratef) Remodeling equipment into or replacing one with high-efficiency equipmentg) Utilization of energy conservation methods by the Energy Service Company (ESCO) projectsh) Effective use of heat, and mutual effective use of heat and materialsi) Energy conservation measures for compressed airj) Energy conservation measures for steamk) Energy conservation measures for air conditioningl) Energy conservation by coordination among factories and workplacesm) Reduction of the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy3) Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy, which is highly-needed from thedemand side
In most of the case reports, details of a preliminary investigation for selection of a task for energy
conservation improvement and narrowing down of themes were described. One of the themes thatwere listed up in most of the cases was reduction of the fixed consumption of energy or reductionof the amount of energy consumption not linked to production, even if such energy was not termed
a constantly required amount of energy.
There are some cases about the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy, namely, the casethat it is high because the existing utility system and low-efficiency energy supply equipment had
been maintained and operated, and another cases that it is large because the excess equipment had
been maintained expecting high economic growth.
In this way, reduction of consumption of the fixed consumption of energy is a cross-sectional theme.
Rationalizing the consumption of such energy is advantageous even if the business pattern andmain products change. According to the data of past cases, technologies to reduce consumption of
the fixed consumption of energy are summarized in the table below. Excellent energy conservation
technologies can be flexibly applied to a wide range of fields, in addition to being able to reduceenergy consumption by rationalization. Evaluation of the energy conservation technologies iscarried out reviewing the following points: high-efficiency, low-loss, downsizing, weight reduction,
adaptability, as well as improvement in user-friendliness including capability to deal with
networking and safety of the technology itself.
Source) Agency for Natural Resources and Energy-ANRE: Report by the committee of the strategy
for energy-saving technology, June 2002

64

Methods of reducing the fixed consumption of energy introduced by excellent cases
Among the energy conservation measures in the industry sector, technology highly required by the demand side
is reduction of the fixed consumption of energy that is not in proportion to production by converting it to avariable energy, which is an energy required in proportion to the production. Generally, points for reducing of
the fixed consumption of energy are rationalization of a utility energy supply system, optimization of excess
demand, and reduction of consumption of a standby power requirement.
1. Method 1: Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy by raising production efficiency and reducing
production duration.
1) Cut-down of processing steps by partial integration of production steps2) Cut-down of duration by paralleling the processes that can directly influence production efficiency
3) Cut-down of duration by rationalization of preliminary treatment, preliminary processing, preheating,etc., in production processes
4) Cut-down of duration by rationalization of post treatment, energy recovery, etc. in production
processes
5) Cut-down or omission of post treatment duration by improvement of production technology (highprecision processing and high quality processing)6) Cut-down of heating/melting duration by improvement and rationalization of energy consumption rate7) Cut-down of duration by raising production efficiency through raising production technology by basic
technology8) Cut-down of waste time to the utmost limit, including cutting standby time in production processes
2. Method 2: Conversion the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy to the variable energy
1) Replacing hydraulic actuator system with electric actuator system
2) Replacing pneumatic actuator system with electric actuator system
3) Lowering the set pressure for pneumatic line, and converting the fixed consumption of energy to thevariable energy by using booster pump and buffer tank4) Lowering temperature level of the retention furnace, and adopting induction heating at pouring gate andadditional heating by DC torch5) In the heating process, converting the fixed consumption of energy to the variable energy by adopting
infrared heating, laser heating, and pulse combustion burner introducing
6) Reduction of heating and cooling sources by applying recovered heat in before and after heating/coolingprocesses in the same production line to preheating and pre-cooling process7) Diligently setting control values before rebooting in more detail by stopping equipment to be at standby
time by the minute and second
3. Method 3: Reduction of production space and minimization of the fixed consumption of energy amount
1) Level down of clean room, etc., and raising the cleanliness of each appliance, chamber, and container
2) Introduction of zone or spot air-conditioning by dividing air-conditioning area
3) Dividing into smaller lighting areas for the purpose of adaptive control of lighting for each area, andadopting localized lighting and natural light4) Distributed allocation and adaptive control for boilers, compressors, transformers, power factor
improvement equipment, etc.
5) Reduction of energy for lighting/air-conditioning by adopting Just In Time (JIT) production system anddividing spaces for assembly process and parts stockyard into smaller areas
4. Method 4: Rationalization and lowering loss of appliances related to the fixed consumption of energy
1) Adoption of higher efficiency appliances for lighting, air-conditioning, ventilation, water supply, andother appliances that consume the constant amount of energy2) Rationalization of fluid pump, blower, etc., by introducing inverter control system
3) Reduction of energy for lighting, ventilation, air-conditioning by mitigating work environment
conditions under unmanned operation
4) Lowering losses by cascade connection of different types of pumps
5) Reduction of waste power by reducing potential risk of steam leakage, compressed air leakage, waterleakage, etc.
6) Reduction of holding energy by improvement of adiathermancy of furnace wall, etc.
5. Other methods :1) Utilization of recovered energy with a total enthalpy heat exchanger, etc., from sensible heat of products
in batch processing system for the energy constantly required2) Reduction of pumping energy by rationalizing pressure utilization in decompression and compression
chambers in the same production line3) Converting exhaust heat/coolant in production process to the fixed consumption of energy by using
absorption type refrigerator
4) Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy amount by utilization of internally generated exhaust heatin clean rooms, etc., for drying5) Reduction of number of appliances consuming the fixed consumption of energy amount by
time-sharing65

(6) Energy conservation by coordination among factories and workplaces
Comprehensive energy conservation can be attempted by mutual utilization of exhaust heat and waste invarious neighboring factories in an industrial complex, etc. For example, hydrogen, which accounts for
55% of the gas generated in coke ovens of steel plants, can be supplied to oil refineries, where thehydrogen is refined and used for desulfurization, if the oil refinery is close to the steel plant. It is
expected that adoption of iron carbide as a raw material used in electric furnaces will not only
compensate the electricity required, but also allow surplus electricity to be sold and hydrogen to besupplied to neighboring plants and communities.
CementSteel industry
Smelting slag

Full-scale iron making method
using blast furnace
Coke oven gas (H2, CO)Blast furnace gas, converter gas(CO, CO2)

Petrochemicalindustry

Waste catalyst

Gas purification
Gas separation

Oil refining industry

Energy Center(Common power
generation plant)
Hub function

Combustible
waste
plastics, etc.

Securing inexpensive raw material
Industrial waste treatment

Large demand forinexpensive hydrogen
Increase of additional valueof heavy oil

Gasification

Increase in demand forchemical raw materials(H2, CO)
Conversion of raw materials
and processes

Fuel oil
Paper/pulp

Evaporation/
dehydration energy(7) Dissemination of high-efficiency industrial furnaces and high-efficiency boilers
1) Development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces*1
When heat efficiency is raised by setting a higher preheating temperature of combustion air using theexisting combustion technology, a rapid increase in NOx occurs due to the regional rise in flame
temperature. Accordingly, it had been thought that achieving energy conservation and reduction ofenvironmental burden at the same time was impossible. This changed, however, with the introductionof high-temperature air combustion technology, in which combustion air preheated to reach over 1,000
degree centigrade is rapidly blown into the furnace and fuel is sprayed into this high-speed air stream
and burned at high-temperature in a low oxygen density atmosphere.

In this case, the amount of NOx

generation decreases by a large margin compared to simple high-temperature combustion by raising thepreheating temperature of combustion air.

*1

This project, which is called “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces, etc.,” consists of three sub-projects:“combustion control foundation technology,” “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces,” and “high-efficiency
boilers.” These projects were carried out for seven years from FY1993 to FY1999 as entrusted business by the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

66

Temperature of combustion air (°C)

Range of stablecombustion

III. New combustion
range (high-temperature
air combustion)

II. High-temperature
flaming range(high-temperature
combustion)
Range of unstablecombustion

High-temperature flaming

Ordinary flaming
I. Ordinary flaming range(ordinary combustion)

Density of oxygen in combustion air (%)

High-temperature
air combustion
flaming

Temperature of combustion air (°C)

Temperature of combustion air and combustion
range (conceptual diagram)

Density of NOx emission in high-temperature
air combustion

In the “Field test project on high-efficiency industrial furnace introduction,”*1 high-temperature air
combustion technology was applied to commercial furnaces. The field test, which targeted 167
industrial furnaces, confirmed an energy conservation effect corresponding to reduction of 160,000 kLof crude oil equivalent through achieving a 30% or higher energy conservation rate and 50% or higher
NOx reduction. Introduction and dissemination of high-efficiency industrial furnaces is carried out as aproject for supporting business entities making efforts to rationalize energy use in the New Energy andIndustrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). The great difficulty in introduction andpopularization of the high-efficiency industrial furnaces is that the amount of facility investment is notcomparable to the advantages of energy conservation efforts.
High-temperature air combustion technology, which is extremely effective in reducing CO2 and NOx, isdistinctive of Japan and can be regarded as an innovative combustion technology that plays a leadingrole in carrying out effective energy use and global warming prevention measures for the world.
Currently, development research is being conducted to practically apply this technology to
non-industrial combustion and heating facilities that consume a large amount of energy.

2) Development of high-efficiency boilers*2
The efficiency of existing industrial boilers is rather high, achieving 86%-90% (at the low calorificvalue of the fuel). The boilers’ efficiency rate of energy use has also reached a high level among heatapplication facilities, but its energy consumption accounted for a large portion in the industrial sector.
The project to develop high-efficiency boilers started in order to develop high-efficiency boilers thatwould contribute to reduction of exhaust combustion gas such as CO2 and NOx, energy conservation,*1

The “Field test project on high-efficiency industrial furnace introduction” of NEDO was carried out for three years fromFY1998 to FY2000, receiving a governmental subsidy for one-third of the cost.
*2
This project, which is called “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces, etc.,” consists of three sub-projects:“combustion control foundation technology,” “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces,” and “high-efficiency
boilers.” These projects were carried out for seven years from FY1993 to FY1999 as entrusted business by the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

67

and environment conservation from perspective of global warming prevention.
The development of high-efficiency boilers was carried out focusing on innovative elemental
technologies such as oxygen combustion and heat-exchange appliance of condensed exhausted gas.
The experiment in the pilot plant showed a greater effectiveness compared with in the existing air
combustion boilers, achieving 105.73% of total heat efficiency of the boiler (based on low calorificvalue of the fuel, which equals to 98.9% in case of high caloric value).
Reduction of oxygen production cost (PSA oxygen supply device, etc.) in the case of oxygen
combustion, and selection of low-priced dew point-corrosion-proof materials in the case ofheat-exchange appliance of condensed exhausted gas (economizer using steam’s latent heatrecovery) are the future challenges. At the moment, they have potential for becoming effective
technologies when separation and recovery of CO2 will be required as a measure against global
warming in the future.

(8) Dissemination of cogeneration and fuel cells
1) Cogeneration
Cogeneration, a combined heat and power generation system, is a system in which energy is first
converted into electric energy or motive energy by activating an energy converter (driver) and theexhaust heat that is generated in the energy conversion process is then effectively used for thermalenergy demand (steam, hot water, cold water). In a cogeneration system, the following appliances
are used as drivers:- Internal combustion engine: diesel engine, gas engine, gas turbine- External combustion engine: steam turbine, stirring engine- Fuel cell: PAFC (phosphoric-acid type), MCFC (molten carbonate type), SOFC (solid oxide type),
PEFC (polymer electrolyte type)
Drivers used for cogeneration are mainly internal combustion engines. The number of the engineswith cogeneration installed, the capacities, fuel used, and the main uses are shown in the table below.
Gas engines and gas turbines are able to effectively use gas fuels made from solid waste and biomass.
At the moment, about 60% of cogeneration systems are adopting gas firing, which emit lessenvironmental burden including CO2, SOx, NOx, etc., and are more environmentally-friendly.

Main drivers and features of cogeneration
Diesel engine

Gas engine

Gas turbine

Number of installation

Approx. 60%

Approx. 30%

Approx. 10%

Capacity

Approx. 40%

Approx. 10%

Approx. 50%

Fuel used

Diesel oil, Crude oil

City gas, LNG

Mainly city gas, LNG

Main use

Civil use

Civil use

Industrial use

The total heat efficiency of a cogeneration system is 70 - 80%, which corresponds to 25% of theenergy conservation of a thermal power generation boiler system. However, this value can beobtained under the condition that 100% of the exhaust heat is effectively used. Accordingly, the pointis that the exhaust heat should be applied to facilities that are expected to demand heat, such as

68

factories, business offices, hospitals, stores, etc.
The introduction of cogeneration is expected to be pushed forward, because it will improve energy
security and contribute to measures against global warming. The future challenge is to develop
compact and high-efficiency gas engines and gas turbines (micro gas turbines) for civil use.

Fuelcells, which are able to generate highly efficient electricity as well as exhaust heat, can make highly
effective cogeneration motors. The future challenge for fuel cells is to lower the price.

2) Fuel cells
Fuel cells work based on a chemical reaction in which the fuel cells generate electricity and waterat the same time by consuming hydrogen and oxygen. This is the inverse reaction of electrolysis ofwater. Fuel cells have various advantages including high power generation efficiency, small
emission of environmental burden, adaptability to a wide range of facility capacities, andapplicability to everything from distributed power generation to mass-concentrated power
generation. The table below summarizes the main types of fuel cells and their characteristics.

Main types of fuel cells and their characteristics
PAFC(phosphoric-acid type)

MCFC(moltencarbonate type)

SOFC(solid oxide
type)

PEFC
(polymerelectrolyte type)

Charge carrier

Hydrogen ion

Carbonate ion

Oxygen ion

Hydrogen ion

Operatingtemperature

Approx. 200°C

600 - 700°C

Approx. 1,000°C

80 - 100°C

Facility
capacity

20 - 500 kW

500 kW - 1,000
MW50 kW – 100
MW

1 - 100 kW

Efficiency at
generating end

Approx. 45%

50 - 65%

55 - 70%

35 - 45%

Main use

Distributed powersources (cogeneration)

Distributed andmass-concentrate
d power source
substituting fire
power

Distributed andmass-concentrate
d power source
substituting fire
powerPower source forhousehold use anddriving source for
automobiles

Points to note

Poisoning of platinum
catalyst;
CO should be 1% andless.

Catalyst is not
required.

Reformer is not
required.
Catalyst is not
required.

Poisoning of
platinum catalyst;
CO should be 10
ppm and less.

Fuel cells are regarded as a prospective technology to solve global warming problems in a futurehydrogen-oriented society. This is because fuel cells are applicable to various fields including
vehicles such as passenger cars and buses, cogeneration systems for households and officebuildings, distributed power generation systems installed in places needing to replacemass-concentrated commercial power generation systems, and power sources to replace secondary
batteries for PCs and cellular phones.

However, all types of fuel cells face challenges to improve

durability, prolong life span, and lower cost.

Especially, for the types that require a catalyst,

cutting down platinum use and developing alternative catalysts are big challenges.

69(9) Important check points concerning technical energy conservation measures
Business
category
SteelPetrochemical

Paper/pulp

Operation management ofmajor production facilities
Advanced combustion control
by computers, etc.

Optimization ofnaphtha-cracking furnace
Combustion control of
furnaces such as
naphtha-cracking furnace
Optimization of reflux ratio of
distillation towers andoptimization of steampressure
Optimum operation control bycomputers, etc.

Optimization of temperature,pressure, and material density ineach process
Optimization of electricity
consumption by operation
control of power generation
facility and processing
appliances
Optimization of steam pressure
Reinforcing of water
conservation
Effective use of waste heat

Conditions of waste energy
recovery(sensible
heat
recovery for cokes and sinteredore)
Introduction of high-efficiency
heating furnaces
Temperature control of furnace
wall
Moisture control of coal charge
Reduction of coking time andcoking temperature

Waste heat recovery from
naphtha-cracking furnace
Insulation of pipes andfurnace casing
Effective recovery of reaction
heatCollection of steam drain
Construction of additional
high-efficiency heatexchanger

Installation of high dew point
sealing hood in paper machine
Installation of high-efficiency
heat exchanger
Installation of automatic
combustion control appliances
Use of heat pump
Installation of waste kiln-heatrecovery appliance
Use of waste as fuels

Idling prevention and speed
control of electric motor for aroller of rolling millPower generation by exhaustgas pressure from the furnace,exhaust heat recovery power
generation
Introduction of CDQ steam
driven expansion turbine

High-efficiency compressor
Control of number ofoperating units
Control of rotation speed
Intake air temperature controlof gas turbine
Rotation speed control of
motor

Rotation speed control of motor
Use of medium and low
pressure surplus steam for
power generation using mixed
pressure turbine
Electricity conservation of dust
extracting process

Continuous casting equipment
Direct rolling equipment
Continuous annealing
equipment
Optimization control ofintervals of regenerative burner

High-efficiency radiation tubeof naphtha-cracking furnace
Introduction status of
low-temperature low-pressure
process by changing catalysts

Sealing of process,strengthening of pressurization,
raising density
Heat cascade use control of
paper machine

Items(1) Operation
management(2)

Additional facilities

ThermalElectricalLow density
polyethylene productionplant
Gas phase
polypropylene
production plant(3)Production
facilities

Utilization of waste plastics forblast/coke furnaces

Utilization of pinch
technology(4) Others

Source) Survey by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan70

Efficient use of black liquor
recovered from pulp processing
Multiple-effect condensed
and canned black liquor
High-temperature
high-pressure recovery
boilerSludge combustion boiler

Business
category
CementPlate glass

TextilesAutomobiles

Kiln combustion
controlManagement ofsolution tank(conditions of burner)

Operation managementof boilers (automatic
control of O2)
Operation under the
optimal conditions byattaching temperatureand moisture sensor
Control of dyeing heatpattern

Operation
management of major
production facilities(high-efficiency
operation, etc.)

Strengthening ofthermal insulation ofkiln and suspension
preheater
Renovation ofpreheater
Power generation using
medium-/low
temperature waste heat
High-efficiency clinker
cooler

Installation of waste
heat boiler
Operation condition
Strengthening ofthermal insulation ofsolution tankExhaust heat recovery
Drain recovery
Heat recovery fromwaste fluid
Insulation for pipes
Shortening pipes
Operation with constantloading (accumulator)

Heat insulation
of/heat recovery fromoven in painting
process
Waste heat recovery
and heat insulation of
furnace in heat
treatment process

Computer control ofmotive energy (rotation
frequency control, etc.)
Vertical millMill with preliminary
millingHigh-efficiency
separator

Rotation frequency
control of motor

Rotation frequency
control of motor
Low-pressure loss typetransformer

Load control of motorin machine processing
process
Switch from electricheating (heater, etc.)
to direct heating
Control of number
androtation speed ofhydraulic/pneumatic
motor

Short-liquor dyeing
deviceWater-saving washer
Heat setter
High-efficiency dryer

Reduction of air
circulation amount inpainting booth inpainting process
Reduction of standby
electricity by
conversion of
hydraulic/pneumatic
driving into electric
drivingPrevention ofgenerating surplus
electricity by rapid
high-precision control
of welding current
Rationalization ofpainting/drying
process

Installation of
distribution type boiler
Introduction ofcogeneration system

Heat recovery of solid
waste incinerator(power generation
steam, etc.)
Introduction ofcogeneration system

Items(1) Operation
management(2)

Additional facilities

ThermalElectrical

NSP kiln
SP kiln
High-efficiency millFluidized bed cement
calcination furnace(3) Production
facilities

Improvement of defectrate in quality control(4) Others71(10) Challenges in typical energy conservation technology development
Business
category
SteelPetrochemical

TextilePaper/pulp

Future challenges in energy conservation technology development
Points for attention
Typical techniques
Problems
Rationalization of production
Integration of high-speed
Development of zero defect moldprocess
continuous casting process andcasting technology
hot rolling process
Cut-down of reduction energy Utilization of scrap (electric
Production of virgin iron for
furnace, cold iron-resource
dilution of electric furnace (DR, IC)
Exhaust heat recovery
melting furnace)
Lateral production of iron andEstablishment of optimal process
Development of new ironhydrogenproducing method
Direct iron ore melting
Establishment of optimal process
Development of new coke
reduction technology
production method
Future generation coke making
Establishment of optimal process
technology
Establishment of optimal process
Development of materials forMulti-purpose converter
enabling high-efficiency
Material technology for
Improvement in extremely highextremely hightemperature tolerance/durability
temperature/highly critical
based on hyperfine structure
turbineobservation technology
Rationalization of production
Gas phase polypropylene
Development of low-temperature,process
production technology
low-pressure, and high selectivity
catalyst
Development of low energy
Separation by membrane,
Development of optimal process fordecomposition technology
extraction, and absorption
high-performance membrane
separation
Reduction of environmental
Development of catalytic
load
cracking process of naphtha
Analysis and evaluation technology
Green chemistry
using bio-technology/extremely
critical catalyst
Minimization of circulating
Stabilization of dyeing quality
Nozzle-type dyeing device
stain solution
Dyeing measures for fabrics with
Airborne dyeing device
heavy weigh per unit
Minimization of washing
Counter-current washer
water
Removal of impurities such as lint
Use of drying heat cascade
Establishment of decompressing
Vacuum drying systemprocess
Non-aqueous system
Improvement of treatment capacity,
Processing technology using
processing
etc.
plasmaDyeing processing technology
Non-heating processing
Development of treatment applianceunder the condition of critical
CO2 density
Processing equipment using
Change in dyeing processing
Improvement of treatment capacity,ozone
systemetc.
Improvement of productivity, etc.
Ink-jet printing technology
Development/introduction of new
Improvement of
Change in paper making
dehydration/draining efficiency draining technology
process
Maintenance of paper quality
High-density paper making
Improving efficiency of paper
technology
making method
Prevention of lowering of strength
Direct causticizing technology
Improving efficiency ofof pulp
causticizing process, omission High-temperature
Development of gout
high-pressure causticizingof caustic kiln
removal/filtration technology intechnology
high temperature
Energy conservation of
Searching for lignin-decomposing
Cooking using preliminary
pulping process
fungi and enzymes and increasing
treatment of microbes in chips
their reaction speed, andBio-bleaching technology
Increase in amount of power
consideration of their application to
generation by high-efficiency
industrial technology
Increase in amount of poweruse of black liquor
Development of recovered lignin
generation by gasification
utilization and improvement or
technology and re-powering
efficiency in recovering chemicals
Decrease in energy required forgasification

Source) Surveyed by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan
72

4.2 Equipment(1) Energy situation for equipment
In Japan in the field of equipment, the per-household energy consumption has increased, thus
contributing to the country’s steady increase in the household sector. This trend is regarded causedby the country’s societal factors such as lifestyle change leading to more energy consumption,individual’s multiple ownerships of home appliances, and so on.
Recent trend of appliance ownership at household (1990 to 2004)

台／世帯（％）
Number of Units /household(%)

250.0%
Televisions

カラー テ レビ

225.0%
200.0%
175.0%

ルー ムRoom
エアコ ンAirAir-conditioners

150.0%

Electric
Refrigerators
電気冷蔵庫

125.0%
100.0%

石油ストー
Space Heaters(oil) ブ

75.0%
Toilet with warmwarm-water
温水洗浄便器washlets

50.0%
25.0%

Personal
パソコン
computersDVD
players
ＤＶＤプ
レイヤー

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

0.0%

FiscalYear
FiscalYear
年度
Source) Handbook of energy & economics statistics
inHandbook
Japan 2006of Energy & Economic Statistics
Source:in Japan, 2006

Evolution of energy consumption and number of households
1.35
1.30

Number
世帯数 of households
Energyconsumption/ household
エネルギー消費量／世帯数

1.25

9 0 年 of
度 との率
Ratio to the1 9level
FY 比
1990

エネルギー消費量
Energyconsumption

エネル
ギー消費量
Energyconsumption

1.20
1.15

世 帯 数of households
Number1.10
1.05
Energyhousehold
Enconsumption/
／世帯数

1.00
0.95

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

0.90

Compiled by Agency for Natural Resources and Energy based on Handbook of Energy & Economic
Statistics in Japan
73

74

Contrarily, the energy efficiency of home electronics equipment and office equipment have largely
improved comparative to earlier energy performances in equipment, such as air-conditioners,
refrigerators/freezers, TVs, and VCRs.

Annual electricity consumption(kWh/L) per 1 L

Evolution of refrigerators’ annual electricity consumption per liter (kWh/L)

Annual electricity
consumption per liter of
rated internal volume[kWh/L]Note)

The annual electricity consumption per 1litre of rated internal volume, which ismeasured by JIS (Japan Industrial Standard), is an average value derived from thevalue of main refrigerators from each manufacturing company. The increase of figuresin 1994 is because of change of medium of refrigerators from Freon to other materials.
Source) Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (JEMA)(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for equipment - Top Runner Program
1) Outline of top runner program(a) BackgroundTo diffuse highly energy efficient appliances and vehicles, the revised energy conservation law
makes it obligatory for manufacturers and importers to ensure their products to meetenergy-saving target standards. The government launched the Top Runner Program based on the1999 amended law under which the standards are set based on the most energy efficient productcommercially available in a given category. For each manufacturer and importer, the weighted
average efficiency of all units shipped within the same category must meet the standards forthat category by the target year decided for each category.
(b) Designated products:
Target products are ones designated as machinery and equipment which are commercially usedin large quantities in Japan, consume significant amount of energy on use and intensively
required with “energy consumption efficiency”.
(c) Target standard values:
As for the designated products, manufacturers and importers etc. are obliged to meet the target
standard values concerning “energy consumption efficiency”. Target standard values are set
75

based on the most energy efficient product commercially available in the market in a given
category.

(d) Classification of target standard values:
Target standard values are set in classifications considering a variety of models with different
sizes and functions etc. for each product.
(e) Target fiscal years:
Target fiscal years by which the target standard value must be achieved are set up through taking
into consideration of future technological development forecasts and the development period of
products and so on, usually in the range of 4 to 8 years from the base fiscal year.
(f) Judgment methods of achievement:
In the target fiscal year, achievement of the target is judged based on such indicators as aweighted average of shipment by product for each product category per manufacturer andimporter etc. Top Runner Standards are different from the concept of MEPS.
(g) Measurement methods:
The measurement method primarily uses JIS (Japan Industrial Standards).
(h) Indications:
Responsibility is assigned to indicate the “energy consumption efficiency” of the device incatalogs, on the device itself, etc.

762) Merits of purchasing top runner program compliant machinery and equipment
The price of a “technologically advanced” top runner product is usually set higher thanconventional products. The price information for consumers shall be further optimized toencourage the purchase of these rather expensive products, the product overall lifetime cost,which are acquired by adding running costs (annual costs of electricity or fuel) as summarized asfollows:[Air Conditioners]
Comparison of Overall Costs over the Annual Operational Costs of an Energy Efficient Model and a
Popular Model (Cooling Capacity 2.8kW)
Overall Cost

Overall cost savings over a
13-year period for an energy
efficient air conditioner amount
to approximately 204,000 yen.

¥600,000¥500,000¥400,000Cost Reversal

Energy Conservation
55%
Percentage¥300,000

Standard

Annual Electricity Fee¥200,000

Purchase Sales Price

Achievement

40,106 yen
55,089 yen¥100,000¥0

At the timeof purchase

3 years

13 years(number ofyears of use)

EnergyConservation
Standard
Achievement
Percentage
122%
Annual Electricity Fee
19,910Purchase Sales Price

113,460

Comparison:
Comparing air conditioners that energy conservation standard achievement percentage of 55% ()
and 122% (), the difference in the volume of electricity consumed is 918kWh per year after
subtracting 905kWh per year from 1,823kWh per year. If a consumer selects the more energy-efficient air
conditioner model, he will save approximately 20,200 yen on his electric bill over a one-year period.
*To calculate electricity consumption volume, periodic electricity consumption volume (as of end of
October 2003) specified in manufacturer’s catalogue was used.
*Purchase price derived from July 2003 aggregate sales data.
*Air conditioners are used for an average of 12.8 years according to a September 2003 cabinet officeconsumer operation survey.
3) Target achievement verification procedures
For each of the companies that manufactures or imports machinery and equipment specified in the
Top Runner Standard, each machinery and equipment category’s weighted average value mustachieve a standard value by the target fiscal year. To confirm the achievement of standards,
questionnaires are distributed to machinery and equipment manufacturers soon after the target
fiscal year and information are obtained on numbers of units shipped, energy consumption
efficiency, and the like in the target fiscal year. The surveys are conducted by the Agency for
Natural Resources and Energy that is responsible for enforcing the Energy Conservation Law.
Weighted average energy efficiency = the sum of {(the number of units shipped domestically foreach product name and type) × (energy consumption efficiency per unit)} ÷ the total number ofunits shipped domestically.

77

To confirm display implementation, product catalogues, as the primary source for displays, areperiodically and continuously collected. For displays on products themselves, submission of nameplates, etc. or retail store surveys are conducted to confirm the implementation.
4) Measures to be taken when the target values are not achieved
If the results obtained from the energy efficiency surveys mentioned in the previous paragraphappear to be remarkably low compared to judgment standards and a need to make suitable
improvements in energy efficiency is recognized at the time, the Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry (in cases involving cars, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Minister ofLand, Infrastructure and Transportation) offer recommendations to the manufacturer in question as
required. Further, if this advice is not followed, the recommendations are made public and the
manufacturer may be ordered to follow the recommendations.
Manufacturers subject to these recommendations and advice should be limited to those whose
improvements in manufacturing and imports of equipment are considered to have a substantial
impact on energy consumption in Japan. Targets should be limited to manufacturers whoseorganizational capacity is economically and financially firm enough, that is, limited to
manufacturers for which there will be no problems regarding social appropriateness. For eachmachinery or equipment product covered by the Top Runner Standard, a cutback in shipping
volume will be set according to production and import volume as stipulated by the government
decree. If there are categories that partially fail to achieve goals among the many items, it will not
be appropriate to advise the manufacturer immediately. Instead, reasons why goals were notachieved, other companies’ achievement records in the same field, achievement records in othercategories of the company in question, and percentages of categories that have not achieved target
standards in overall categories, and other factors will be comprehensively evaluated. These
measures are implemented for manufacturers that do not adhere to display rules. For displays,
cutbacks based on manufacturers’ production and import volume are not applied and allcompanies are subject to these measures in spite of small volume in production and import.
5) Evaluation criteria for machinery and appliances under top runner program
The evaluation criteria, etc. for manufacturers, etc. regarding improvement of the performance of“Designated Machineries” pursuant to the provision in Paragraph 1 of Article 18 of the Law
Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Law No.49 of 1979) are defined and notified by thecategory of machinery and appliance. The details of the evaluation criteria for machinery andequipment are shown in the web-site of ECCJ. (http://www.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/index.html)

786) Designated products and its expected energy conservation effects by the target fiscal year
Expected energy conservation effects as of theprevious fiscal year of the target

Equipment

Target Fiscal Year1

Gasoline passenger vehicles
Diesel passenger vehicles
LPG passenger vehicles

2

Air conditioners

3
4
5
6
7
8

Fluorescent lights
TV sets
Video cassette recorders
Copying machines
Computers
Magnetic disk units
Diesel freight vehicles
Gasoline freight vehicles

FY2010FY2005FY2010Frozen at FY2007
Frozen at FY2004: Frozen at FY2004
for blower/wall type items forcooling/heating under 4kW
FY2005
FY2003
FY2003
FY2006
FY2005
FY2005
FY2005FY2010FY2004
FY20049
10
11Electric refrigerators and freezers

12Space heaters

FY2006

13
14
15
16
17

Gas cooking appliances
Gas water heaters
Oil water heaters
Electric toilet seats
Vending machines

18

Transformers

19
20
21

Microwave oven
Electric rice cooker
DVD Recorder

FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2005
FY2006: oil-filled transformers
FY2007: mold transformers
FY2008FY2008FY2008

Approx. 23% compared to FY1995
Approx. 15% compared to FY1995
Approx. 11.4% compared to FY2001
Approx. 63% compared to FY1997 forcoolers/heaters; approx. 14% for dedicated cooler
Approx. 16.6% compared to FY1997
Approx. 16.4% compared to FY1997
Approx. 58.7% compared to FY1997
Approx. 30% compared to FY1997
Approx. 83% compared to FY1997
Approx. 78% compared to FY1997
Approx. 7% compared to FY1995
Approx. 13% compared to FY1995
Approx. 30% compared to FY1998
Approx. 1.4% compared to FY2000 for gas spaceheaters; approx 3.8% for oil space heaters
Approx. 13.9% compared to FY2000
Approx. 4.1% compared to FY2000
Approx. 3.5% compared to FY2000
Approx. 10% compared to FY2000
Approx. 33.9% compared to FY2000
Approx. 30.3% compared to FY1999
Approx. 8.5% compared to FY2004
Approx. 11.1% compared to FY2003
Approx. 22.4% compared to FY2004

7) Efficiency improvement achieved by top runner products
Product

Efficiency Improvement(Actual)Efficiency Improvement(Projected)

TV sets (CRT)

25.7% (FY1997→FY2003)

16.4%

VCRs

73.6% (FY1997→FY2003)

58.7%

67.8%
(FY1997→Refrigeration FY2004)

66.1%

Electric refrigerators

55.2% (FY1998→FY2004)

30.5%

Electric freezers

29.6% (FY1998→FY2004)

22.9%

Gasoline passenger vehicles*

22.8% (FY1995→FY2005)

22.8% (FY1995→FY2010)

Diesel freight vehicles*

21.7% (FY1995→FY2005)

6.5%

Vending machines

37.3% (FY2000→FY2005)

33.9%

Room AC*

Computers

99.1% (FY1997→FY2005)

83.0%

Magnetic Disk Units

98.2% (FY1997→FY2005)

78.0%

Fluorescent lamps*

35.6% (FY1997→FY2005)

16.6%

The energy efficiency standards are defined as energy consumption efficiency (e.g. km/l) per unit for
products with * mark and as the amount of energy consumption (e.g. kWh/year) for those without *mark.

“Efficiency Improvement” shows improvement rates based on Top Runner standards relevant toeach product. For example, an improvement rate is calculated as 50% when the efficiency is improved
from 10 km/l to 15 km/l.

(It is different from the concept such as that reduction of 10 liter fuelconsumption when driving 100km down to 6.7 liter results in 33% improvement.)

Likewise, if theefficiency is improved from 10 kWh/year to 5 kWh/year, the improvement rate shall be 50%.

79

80

(3) Dissemination and outreach measures for equipment
1) Energy labeling program
The energy-saving labeling system introduced as JIS standard in August 2000 started to give better
information for consumers of energy efficiency of home appliances. As of April 2007, the labelingis applied to 16 products detailed in the below table. Target years are set per product category.
Energy conservation standard
achievement percentage

Target year FY2006

108％

Annual electricity
consumption

175kWh/year

The labeling is colored in orange for a product which doesn't achieve the target standards of energy
efficiency, while the labeling is colored in green for a product that achieves over 100% of the target
standards. The "achievement rate of energy efficiency standards" is given as a percentage indicating
how far the product's energy efficiency is improved from the target value with the special definitions
given as follows for each indication of the labeling information: Energy efficiency: Measurement
process is set per product category. The indicated values are more efficient with the higher rate ofenergy performance rate and less energy efficient with the lower rate of energy performance rate.

2) New appliance labeling program
Following the introduction of the original labeling program referred as above,
the government revised the energy conservation law to include the new
information requirement of the appliances’ expected electricity cost or fuelusage information. The new comparative rating system which is presented as
five-star rating provides consumers with comparative purchasing with otherproducts in the same category. Cost information is now required for thedesignated three products.

Category＊
Air conditioners
Electric refrigerators
Electric freezers
Fluorescent Lights
Electric Toilet Seats
TV sets
Computers
Magnetic disksSpace heaters
Gas cooking appliances
Gas water heaters
Oil water heaters
Electric rice cookers
Microwave Ovens
Video-cassetterecorders
DVD recorders

Target products for the labeling programs
The new “Multi-Stage Rating
Indication of “Expected
Energy Labeling
System”
Annual Electricity Bill”
Program(Uniform Energy-saving Label）
Information
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○（Annual Fuel Usage）○○（Annual Fuel Usage）○○（Annual Fuel Usage）
○
○
○
○
○
○

○
＊ Only TR products are targeted. Second hand products are not targeted.
813) Retailer assessment program
The new retailer commendation program was introduced, expected to contributeto further energy efficient product sales. Selecting appliance retailers who are
active in selling and promoting energy-efficient products, the program awards alabel to the store called as the “Top Energy Efficient Product Retailing
Promotion Store”. The selection indicators include shop assistants’ knowledge,
in-company training histories, etc. In FY 2004, 43 large-scale stores and in FY
2005 88 large-scale stores and 18 small-scale stores were awarded. Effective in
FY2004, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry Award and Minister ofEnvironment Award were established.

4) International energy star program
Established in the US in 1992, the international Energy Star program is avoluntary product labeling program designed to promote energy-efficient
products. The US program has much wider application including programs forbuildings, housings, domestic appliances and more. Japan joined in 1995 andonly participates in the office equipment application, including personal
computers, monitors, printers, fax machines, copying machines, scanners, andmultifunction devices.

82

4.3 Commercial and Residential Sector(1) Energy situation for the commercial /residential sector
As referred in the previous equipment chapter, the significant improvements in the equipment
energy efficiency have been monitored in Japan. However, contrary to the trend, the country’s final
energy consumption of the residential and commercial sector has been rising. This trend is regarded
attributable to the increasing the number of households, convenience and affluence thriving
lifestyles, the increase of multiple appliances ownership per household, bigger size trend in
appliances, and the increase of high-tech appliances, which use energy heavily.

Energy Consumption(million in crude oil equivalent kL)

Commercial /residential sector final energy consumption

Commercial

Residential

FY
Source) Energy Balance Tables in Japan

出所)「総合エネルギー統計」

Meanwhile in the commercial sector, the energy demand has been increasing in recent years. The
per-floor space energy intensity has also increased and the increased rate with approximately 31.3%
since FY1991 regarded attributable to the recent rise in floor-spaces in the country in all businesstypes.

Crude oil equivalent kL /1,000 m2

Energy consumption per-floor (1,000m2) of buildings

FY
Source) Energy Balance Tables in Japan, EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan
83

Buildings floor space share by business type (FY1991 and 2004）

FY
Source）EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the residential sector
1) Outline of the policies and measures for the residential sector
Although the household sector has made a progress in terms of energy efficiency of
appliances, its energy demand are also increasing due to the increasing ownership of new
appliances and the growing public demands to seek for more comfortable and convenient
lifestyle.
In order to deal with this trend, following collective measures have been launched: the firstmeasure focuses on improving energy efficiency in machinery and equipment, the second
measure aims to improve the heat insulation performance in residences and buildings andthe third one manages the total energy demand.
In terms of the first one, strict standards have been set by introducing the Top-Runner
Program. At first it targeted the appliances specified in the energy conservation law such as
air conditioners and TVs. Later, the target range was extended to include gas and oil
appliances/equipment, vending machines, etc. with the revision of the law in December,2004. Moreover, in the field of the hot water supply system, which accounts for 30% of84energy consumption in the households, more energy-efficient system has been developed
and commercialized. And the support programs to make a smooth introduction in the market
are underway.
As for the second measure, the activities to promote the energy conservation labelingprogram for residences and the subsidy programs for residences conforming to the energy
conservation standards are being conducted.
The third measure supports the publicity activities to disseminate energy conservation at
home, for instance, on how to best choose energy efficient appliances. And it is backing thetesting and demonstration of home energy management system (HEMS).

2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a) Support measures for houses
Extra financing from the Government Housing Loan Corporation is provided for energy
conservation-oriented housesb) Dissemination, publicity, etc. to promote energy conservationi) To make various measures thoroughly known through the energy conservation.
Measures in summer and winter, which were decided by the Conference to Promote
Energy and Resources Conservation Measuresii) Introduction of energy conservation labeling system(Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) C9901)
iii) Spreading and publicity activities, etc., by the Energy Conservation Center,
Japan, the Construction Environment and Energy Conservation Organization,etc.;- Preparation and distribution of posters and pamphlets, conduction of symposiums,
implementation of a house heat insulation construction engineers’ lecture course, andinformation supply through mass media- Implementation of an Energy Conservation Grand Prize, as a system to commend
energy conservation-type equipment for the C&R sector- Preparation for Energy Conservation Performance Catalogue (including 7 appliances:
air conditioners, TVs, VTR, refrigerators, laundry machines, lighting equipment, andcopiers)- Establishment of a ‘Heat Insulation Spreading and Promotion Liaison Conference’,for general consumers and builders- Implementation of a system to acknowledge excellent energy conservation building
construction techniques, etc.

85

(3) Energy conservation measures for the commercial buildings
Classification

Air-conditioning(1)Reduction ofheating and coolingload

Air-conditioning(2)Efficiency
improvement ofequipment system

Operation control/simple remodeling· Reduction of sunlight
Window shade operation, attachment ofsolar control film
· Reduction of space load
Installation of wind shield room, revolving
door, use of airtight sash
· Concentration of air-conditioned operationarea
Concentration of same load, reduction ofpartition

Equipment remodeling· Construction plan
Optimization of direction, construction
style· Reduction of skin load
Reduction of window space, adoptionof layered glass, insulation of indoor(outdoor)wall, installation ofeave/balcony, etc., adoption of air flow
system· Reduction of outdoor air load
Reduction of surplus open air intake
Cut of open air during
preheating/pre-cooling· Heat source efficiency operation control
Unit control according to load, schedule
control, water supply temperature change· Change of indoor temperature/humidity set· Zero energy band control
Increase of using temperature deference(flow rate /wind volume)· Free cooling· Cleaning of heat exchanger coil filter, etc.

· Efficient use of heat source
Adoption of high-efficiency heat pump,introduction of co-generation, heatstorage system· Use of natural energy
Use of solar heat, outdoor air cooling,night purge· Use of waste heat
Attachment of total heat exchanger
Heat pump system using waste heat(use of wasted heat from air cooler, &wasted water from drainage, river, etc.)· Outdoor air intake control (CO2 control)· Control of fan operation time
· Inspection/repair of duct air leakage· Adoption of pump unit control· Adoption of inverters· Adoption of VAV (variable air volume)
system· Adoption of high efficient fan· Improvement of duct pressure damage·Adoption of VWV (Variable water
volume) system· Improvement of friction loss of pipe
·Adoption of great temperature gap
system· Putting out light near window· Putting out light when unnecessary (manualswitch, timer)· Light color finishing of interior· From incandescent bulb fluorescent lamp
· Periodical replacement, cleaning of lamp

· Adoption of Hf-type lighting equipment· Task and ambient lighting·Introduction of automatic control
equipment
Daylight sensor, human sensor·Adoption of reflection free VDT,
avoiding louver instrument

Material Tranfer

Lighting· Control of hot water temperature set· Utilizing rest water of storage type boiler· Control of steam pressure·Heating loss prevention of steam (hot water)
Boiler and Hot waterpipe
supply· Adoption of suitable boiler
high efficiency, small type boiler,
suitable capacity· Optimization of pipe design
Minimal length, suitable diameter· Heat pump-type hot water heater· Condensation heat recovery method
water heater

Source) “Energy Conservation Equipment Summary,” 1995 edition, judgment standards for business
operators regarding rational use of energy at factories (Notification of the Ministry ofInternational Trade and Industry, January 1999)

86

(Continued from the previous table)
Equipment remodelingClassification

Operation control/simple remodeling

Cooking· Prevention of water left running (opening
and closing water tap)
· Replacement of damaged packing· Heat control· Cleaning of equipment·Preventing unnecessary preheating of
range/oven·Adoption of energy conservation typeequipment (pressure cooker, steamer)· Adoption of water conservation top· Adoption of bubble maker tap· Adoption of single lever mix tap· Adoption of double tank sink

· Replacement of damaged packing· Adjustment of wash basin water stop tap· Water control of feces stool flush valve· Adoption of water conservation tap· Adoption of self closing tap· Adoption of water conservation feces stool· Examination of urinal cleaning system(water supply time control by timer, lightsensor equipment automatic water supply
system, light switch connection system,etc.)· Adoption of air cooled type freezer (water
conservation)· Attachment of back system·Adoption of energy conservation typeshowcase (double layer air curtain type,swing door, etc.)

Washroom· Control of cooling temperature· Reduction of door opening (number,time)· Prevention of too much food storage· Letting hot food cool before storage
Freezer,
Refrigerator and · Putting out showcase light after closing
time
Showcase· Frost removal· Check/repair of door packing· Periodical cleaning of condenser· Night cover, night set for showcase· Speedy door opening/closing· Allowing back space (10cm or more)
Vending machine · Exact change of "hot" and "cold"· Switch off during non-business hours

Electricity
reception

Equipment
maintenance· Cutting transformer at source side
·Checking ventilation of electricity
reception room (prevention of efficiency
decline due to high temperature)· Adoption of energy conservation typevending machine (automatic switch for
fluorescent lamp, energy conservation
timer, peek cut function, reinforcement of
insulation, etc.)· Adoption of transformer with suitablecapacity· Improvement of power factor (Installationof condenser)· Adoption of demand control system·Adoption of a super-high-efficiency
transformer· Repair/replacement of automatic control
equipment
Damage, bad placement of valve,damper, sensor, etc.
· Improving precision of thermometer· Additional attachment of measuring
device· Examination of energy consumption
Comparison to previous fiscal year, by
equipment type

Source) "Energy Conservation Handbook for Small Scale Service Industry", etc., Energy Conservation Center87

(4) Other energy conservation measures in the commercial sector
1) Outline of the policies and measures in the commercial buildings
In the commercial sector, the main factor of the increase of energy consumption stems from thegrowing floor space of office and commercial buildings, which is triggered by the industrial
structure change. Nevertheless, the awareness to control the energy intensity is relatively low
compared to the industrial sector, whose energy cost directly affects their production costs. In
order to address this problem, like the household sector, following measures have been taken to
improve the energy conservation performance in buildings: (i) establishing energy conservation
standards based on the energy conservation law, (ii) offering low interest loans to the buildings
which perform high energy conservation, (iii) introducing the Top Runner program to help
promote energy efficiency for office appliances, and (iv) implementing the Energy Star programthat sets energy conservation standards for office equipment.
In June 2002, the Energy Conservation Law was revised and the clause ‘industries subjected to the“Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory” was extended to include all industries.
Specifically, office buildings, large-scale retail stores, hotels, hospitals, etc., in the commercial
sector came to be included in this category. Consequently, the business operators newly subjectedto the “Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory” are required to submit regular reports
and mid-to-long term plans like the business operators already subject to the “Type 1 DesignatedEnergy Management Factory”.

2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energyi) Evaluation criteria for building owners regarding the rational energy use in buildings(Announcement No. 1 by MITI and Ministry of Construction on 20 March 1999)ii) Official announcement of performance data of a diathermancy of construction materials(MITI on 8 April 1999)iii) Outline of the International Energy Star Program System (Announcement No. 258 by
METI on 30 March 2001)b) Support measuresi) As to buildings for business that meet the effort guidelines in evaluation criteria forbuildings: acknowledgement on equipment investment plans, low-interest financing, andgrants for paying a fixed interest rate, based on the Energy Conservation and Recycling
Support Lawii) Financing by the Development Bank of Japan toward environmentally low-burden-type
buildings (“eco-care” buildings) (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)c) Dissemination and publicity activities on energy conservationi) Familiarize various measures through the Energy Conservation Measures in Summer andWinter, which were decided by the Conference to Promote Energy and Resources
Conservation Measures.

88ii) Dissemination and publicity activities pushed through by the Energy Conservation Center,
Japan, the Construction Environment and Energy Conservation Organization, etc.
- Preparation and distribution of posters and pamphlets, conduction of symposiums,
implementation of a house heat insulation construction engineers’ lecture course, andinformation supply through mass media- Implementation of an Energy Conservation Grand Prize as a system to commend
energy conservation-type equipment, and grant an award to buildings performing wellfor environment and energy conservation- National for energy conservation outstanding cases- Evaluation on energy conservation for buildings, and business sector- Japan Association of Energy Service Company (JAESCO)- Certified mark system for Environment-and-energy friendly buildings(5) Promotion of commercial building energy management system (BEMS)(thorough energy management utilizing IT)
By using IT technology, BEMS system promotes and facilitates energy demand management forcommercial buildings. The system ensures recognizing real-time room conditions in buildings bytemperature sensors and/or the optimal operation of lighting and air-conditioning responding toconditions in the room. BEMS image is shown below:

89(6) Promotion of ESCO business

Customer gain

Repayment

ESCO expenses
Interest
Initialinvestment

Utility charge
payment

Utility charge
payment

Before the introduction of
ESCO business

Energy conservation
effect1) Outline of ESCO business
ESCO is a business that offers comprehensive services on energy conservation to clients, who inreturn will offer part of their energy saving gains (saving on utility bills, etc.) The business has
two forms: “Guaranteed savings agreement”, where customers cover business costs, and “Sharedsavings agreement”, where the ESCO business covers business costs. These options enable
service provision according to customer needs. * ESCO stands for Energy Service Company

ESCO operator shallguarantee theachievement.

During the implementation of
ESCO business

There are two methods of ESCO business as follows.
(a) Guaranteed method(b) Shared method

90

CustomerGain

Utility charge
payment

After the contract terms
completed2) Scale of ESCO-related market
The ESCO-related market has been growing rapidly in these years. The amount of orders received
decreased in 2004, because the number of large plans in the industrial division decreased. However,there is still plenty of scope for the expansion of the scale of market as shown below. (Amount oforders received in 2004: Approx. 37,400 million yen) The scale of the potential market is expected
2,470 billion yen according to the ESCO Business Introduction Promotion Study Group of The
Energy Conservation Center, Japan. In the U.S., the scale of market is approx. $2 billion (2000).
Scale of ESCO business-related market

Source) Japan Association of Energy Service Companies
3) Future challenge
For further promotion of ESCO business, we have to make efforts to (1) promote the ESCO
business in the public sector, (2) facilitate fund procurement, and (3) improve the recognition of thebusiness. With respect to the item (1), we carried out the ESCO business as a model case at the
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2004. Furthermore, we will prepare an ESCO
introduction manual for municipalities and hold meetings to explain the guidelines at municipalities.
With respect to the item (2), we will promote the use of the low-interest loans of Development
Bank of Japan and the project financing method. With respect to the item (3), we will hold ESCO
business explanation meetings throughout Japan to promote introduction.

91

4.4 Transportation Sector(1) Energy situation for the transportation sector
The energy consumption in Japan’s transportation sector had increased until FY1996 since the oilcrisis, but the recent data shows that the previous increasing trend stopped and almost leveled off its
consumption. Its major factor is attributed to the increasing number of the ownership of passenger
vehicles.

Energy Consumption(Crude oil equivalent million kL)

Evolution of energy consumption in freight and passenger transportation

Freight

Passenger

FY
Source) Energy Statistics in Japan

Source:「総合エネルギー統計」

As shown in the below figure, Japan’s per-capita transportation energy consumption marked lower
compared to other major selecting countries, but those countries have successfully lessened theconsumption level, as shown that Germany coming closer to Japan’s lowest level. The energy
consumed by passenger vehicles accounts for 90 % of the total fuel consumption in this sector.
Japan’s vehicle energy performance has significantly improved specifically since the introduction ofa new standard setting process applied for appliances and vehicles called Top Runner Program. As
mentioned in the equipment chapter, as a result of cooperative effort made by manufacturers under
the program, the great improvement in fuel efficiency in those vehicles can be monitoredcomparative to earlier energy performances as shown in the below figure.

92

Transition of per-capita energy consumption in the transportation sector

Year
Source) Compiled by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy based on Handbook of Energy& Economic Statistics in Japan data

Fuel Efficiency (km/L)

Evolution of passenger vehicles’ average fuel consumption (10・15 modes)

FY

Source) "Energy Conservation handbook 2005” by ECCJ

93

Unit/household

Car ownership per household (1990-2004)

FY
Source) Land transportation statistics

Average Weight (kg)

Average owned vehicle weight (1990-2003)

FY
Source) Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association

Energy consumption intensity by transportation

Unit: MJ/person km

Vehicle (private)

Airplane (passenger)Bus

Train (passenger)

FY
FY
Source) EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan94

(2) Energy conservation policies and measures for the transportation sector
1) Energy conservation measures in the transportation sector
Given the continuing increasing trend of the sector’s energy consumption and passenger vehicles’
energy consumption accounting for almost 90 % of the total fuel consumption in Japan referred asabove, implementing measures focusing on passenger vehicles is crucial. The Law Concerning the
Rational Use of Energy designates gasoline- and diesel-powered automobiles as specified equipment,
aiming to improve automobiles fuel consumption. Publicity activities have been conducted topromote fuel efficient automobiles or stop idling campaigns.

2) Outline of energy conservation measures in the transportation sectora) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energyi) Establishment of energy conservation target values and requiring indication of energy
consumption efficiency, regarding specified equipment out of energy-consuming machines andtools (revised in June 1999) Specified equipment related to the transportation sector:
gasoline-powered passenger cars, diesel-powered passenger cars, gasoline-powered trucks,
diesel-powered trucks.
* How to set the energy standards
To establish the target values through considering the performance level of equipment with thebest consumption efficiency among commercialized products (except for special products, etc.),
in the set division.
ii) Advising, public announcement, commanding, and penalty imposition toward specified
equipment manufacturers significantly below the energy conservation target values (revised in1998)iii) Advising, public announcement, commanding, and penalty imposition toward specified
equipment manufacturers with no indication of energy consumption efficiency.
b) Support measuresi) Spreading and promotion of automobiles which use clean energy as fuelPreferential tax measures for purchasing low-fuel-consumption cars and low-air-pollution cars
Financial aid will be offered to help promote the purchase of clean-energy-automobiles andlow-air-pollution cars, and low-fuel-consumption cars, and for the development of the related
technology.
ii) Improvement of energy efficiency of individual transportation equipment. Implementation of
investment and financing, etc. to introduce energy efficient equipment.
c) Dissemination and publicity, etc., on energy conservationi) To make various measures thoroughly known through the Energy Conservation Measures insummer and winter, of which measures were decided by the Conference to Promote Energy andResources Conservation Measures.
ii) Dissemination by posters and pamphlets, holding symposiums, media campaigns participatedby related ministries, agencies, and various actors in different fields.
iii) Implementation of activities to acknowledge and enlighten about idling-stop during waiting at
stoplights through Idling-Stop Caravan: cross over Japan, brochures for effects of fuelconsumption reduction, etc.

95(5) Measures to improve fuel efficiency of vehicles- 4 valve system- Valve control(Variable valve timing, etc.)- Supercharger loaded small exhaust hasengine- Electronic control fuel jet equipment- A/F feedback three-way catalyst- Electronic ignition system- Combustion improvement(Improvement of combustion chamberetc.)- Lean burn
- Cylinder injection engine- Other engine improvement(High pressure rate, etc.)

Concrete improvement technology for unit fuel efficiency of cars

Improvement ofheat efficiency

Engineimprovement- OHC- Roller cam shaft- Decrease of friction(Piston ring, etc.)- Low-friction engine oil- Decrease of idling revolution- Decrease of auxiliary equipment loss
- Variable number cylinder engine

Decrease of loss

Reduction ofdriving
resistance- Light drive construction (FF, etc.)

Decrease of car weight- Low rolling resistance tire

Reduction of rolling
resistance
Reduction of air resistance- Improved body form

Reduction of drive systemloss- AT lockup

OthersOptimization ofengine range- Electronic control of AT- AT --> 4AT, 5AT- 4MT --> 5MT, 6MT- CVT

Hybrid system- Recovery and reuse of braking energy- Stop of idling- Stop of idling

Idling stop mechanism

Source) Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.

Source) Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.

96

APPENDIX
1. ENERGY DATA
1.1 World Energy Data
(1) Energy resource reserves(in 2004)

Oil

Allocation by region

Proved recoverable reserves(R)

Natural gas

1.1886 trillion
barrels

Coal

180 trillion m3 909.1 billion tons

Uranium

3.30 million
tons

3.9%
9.7
1.6
10.0
61.7
9.4
3.5

3.9%
4.2
2.9
32.4
40.6
9.4
7.9

27.8%
2.3
7.1
24.5
0.0
5.6
32.7

20.9%
5.1
1.7
23.9
0.2
20.4
28.1

Annual production(P)

29.3 billion
barrels(80.3 million
barrels/day)

2.7 trillion m3

5.54 billion tons

40,263 tons

Recoverable years(R/P)

40.5 years

66.7 years

164 years

82 years

North America
Central & South America
EuropeFormer Soviet Union
Middle East
AfricaAsia / PacificSourceBP statistics (year 2005)

97

OECD・
NEA/IAEA
Uranium(year 2005)

(2) Primary energy consumption by energy resource
Hydro

Year

Oil

Natural gas

Coal

(2.0)

Unit: 1 Mtoe
Nuclear (1.0)
Other<Total>Note)

Figures in parenthesis represent percentage.

Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan”

98(3) Primary energy consumption by region
Year

OECD

Note)

Non-OECD<Total>Unit: 1 Mtoe

Figures in parenthesis represent percentage.

Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan”

99

(4) Trend of primary energy consumption
1) World per-capita primary energy consumption
Year1973 =100
160
150

Non-OECD Average

140
130
120

OECD Average

110

World Average

100
90

Year

2) World per-GDP primary energy consumption
10,000 toe / 1 billion US$

8070

Non-OECD Average

60
50
40

World Total

30
20
10
0

Year

3) World energy consumption, GDP, and population (2003)
Primary Energy
Real GDP (2000US
Population
Consumption$ standard)
Avg.
Avg.
Y/Y
1
Y/Y
Y/Y Avg. Growth
GrowthGrowth1 Mtoe Growthbillion GrowthMillio Growth
Rate
Rate
Rate
Rate
US $
Rate
n
Rate (1973-2003)(1973-2003)(1973-2003)
OECDTotal 5,395

0.83%

1.21% 26,792

2.24%

2.68%

1,151

0.61%

0.82%

Non-OECD
4,220
Total

7.02%

3.11%

7,441

5.89%

3.75%

5,090

1.31%

1.79%

World Total 9,615

3.46%

1.91% 34,233

3.01%

2.89%

6,242

1.18%

1.59%

Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan”
100(5) Energy supply in major countries
1) World total primary energy supply (TPES) and shares of energy sources (2003)
Unit: % Figures in parentheses are Million toe
EP
-0.0

EP
0.0

EP
0.1

EP
-2.1

EP
-0.2
E
P
0

EP
2.4

Electricity
El t i itEP
0.0

Hydro/Geothermal

Nuclear

Coal

Natural Gas

Coal

Oil

Japan

Germany

UK

FranceItaly

CanadaUSA

Note)1) The import and export of electric power are also included in the primary energy supply.
( “minus” in the chart represents excess of export.)
2) Coal includes other solid fuels.
Source)IEA/Energy balance of OECD Countries (2002-2003)
Comment) 1) The ratio of petroleum is especially high in Japan and Italy, accounting for about 50%.
2) In the U.S.A. and Germany, the share of coal is as high as about 24%.
3) In Canada, the share of hydraulic power is as high as 16%.
4) In France, the share of nuclear power is especially as high as 42%.

2) World sector shares in final energy consumption (2003)
Unit %: Figures in parenthesis represent 1 Mtoe.

Non-energy use

Commercial /Residential

Transportation

Industry sector

Japan

GermanU.K.

FranceItaly

Source) IEA/Energy balance of OECD Countries (2002-2003)
101

CanadaU.S.A.

3) World total electricity generated and shares of power (2003)
Unit: % Figures in parenthesis represent 100 million kWh.

Hydro/Geothermal, etc

Nuclear power

Natural gas

Coal

Oil

Japan

Germany

U.K.

FranceItaly

CanadaCanadaSource) IEA/Energy balance of OECD Countries (2002-2003)(6) Energy consumption in major countries
1) World trend of energy consumption, GDP, oil consumption and dependency(Unit:%)

Real GDP growthrate (year-over-year)
US
UK
Germany
France
Italy
Russia
China
Japan

2002
2.2
1.6
0.2
1.2
0.4
4.7
8.3
-0.4

2003
3.1
2.2
-0.1
0.5
0.3
7.3
9.3
2.7

Energy consumption
increase rate
(year-over-year)
2002
2003
1.3
-0.4
-2.6
1.5
-2.1
0.3
-0.1
2.0
0.1
4.3
-0.6
3.7
10.0
17.4
0.0
-0.7

Oil consumption
increase rate
(year-over-year)
2002
2003
-0.4
2.3
-1.3
1.1
-4.2
-1.8
-2.8
-0.2
0.5
-0.1
-3.4
2.5
7.5
10.6
1.0
0.6

Oil dependence
rate
2002
39.3
35.2
37.2
34.3
50.4
21.0
24.1
49.0

2003
40.4
35.1
36.4
33.6
48.3
20.8
22.7
49.7

Source) IEA/Energy Balance of OECD Countries and IEA/Energy Balance of Non-OECD Countries(2002-2003)
World Bank “World Bank Development Indicators”, etc.

102

103

1.2 Domestic Energy Data (Outlook)(1) Demand of energy sources and GDP
1) Energy demand by energy sources and GDP
Energy Demand (1018J)

GDP (base year 2000) (trillion yen)First Oil Crisis
Second Oil Crisis

Total Energy Demand

Oil Demand

Electricity Demand (Left Axis: 100 billion kWh)Coal Demand
Natural Gas Demand
FY2) Changes in energy/GDP elasticity

Fiscal Year

1965～73

1973～80

1980～90

1990～2000 2000～04

GDP Growth Rate

9.00％

3.53％

3.98％

1.18％

1.08％

Annual Average
Growth Rate of Energy
Demand10.86％

0.43％

2.04％

1.40％

0.18％

Energy/GDP Elasticity

1.21

0.12

0.51

1.19

－

Source) "Energy Production, Supply and Demand Statistics", "Annual Report on National
Account", "Outline of Electric Power Supply and Demand"104

(2) Outlook of energy consumption and supply
1) Final energy consumption(Unit : million kL of crude oil equivalents)
2010
1990

Fiscal Year

2000
Reference

Items
%

%

Current
Measures%

Additional Measures%%

Final Consumption Total

344 100%

413 100% 420 100%

411 100% Approx. 402

100%

Industrial Sector

172

50%

195

47% 188

45%

187

46%

Approx.187 Approx.46%

Civil Sector

89

26%

117

28% 127

30%

123

30%

Approx.118 Approx.29%

Household Sector

43

12%

55

13%

60

14%

58

14%

Approx.55 Approx.14%

Commercial Sector

46

13%

63

15%

67

16%

65

16%

Approx.63 Approx.16%

Transportation Sector

83

24%

101

24% 106

25%

101

25%

Approx.97 Approx.24%

Passenger

43

13%

61

15%

64

15%

62

15%

Approx.60 Approx.15%

Truck

39

11%

40

10%

42

10%

39

10%

Approx.37

Approx.9%

Source) Midterm report of “Outlook of Energy Demand and Supply in 2030” issued by Demand &Supply
Subcommittee of Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy in October 2004

2) Primary energy supply(Unit: million kL of crude oil equivalents)
2010

Fiscal Year
1990

2000

Items
Primary Energy Supply

Fuel

512
Amount588%

Amount%Rreference

Cuurent
Measures

Additional Measures

602

585

569

Amount%Amount%Amount%Oil

271 53%274 47%258 43%247

42% Approx.236 Approx.41%

LPG

19

19

19

3%

19

3%

Coal

86 17%

107 18%111 18%105

18% Approx.101 Approx.18%

Natural Gas

53 10%

79 13%

91 15%

86

15%

Approx.81 Approx.14%

Nuclear power

49 10%

75 13%

85 14%

85

14%

Approx.87 Approx.15%

Hydro power

22

4%

20

3%

21

3%

21

4%

Approx.21

Approx.4%

Geothermal

0

0%

1

0%

1

0%

1

0%

Approx.1

Approx.0%

New Energy,etc

12

2%

14

2%

16

3%

22

4%

Approx.27

Approx.5%

4%3%

Approx.17

Approx.3%

Source) Midterm report of “Outlook of Energy Demand and Supply in 2030” issued by Demand &Supply
Subcommittee of Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy in October 2004

105

3) Final energy consumption by sector

Commercial/Residential
Transportation

Index: FY1973 as 100

Industry

FY

Note)

Due to revision of the aggregation method in Energy Balance Tables in Japan, values
for FY1990 onwards and values for preceding years are the results of utilizing
different methods.
Source) Energy Balance Tables in Japan

106

1.3 Domestic Sectoral Energy Data
(1)Industrial sector
1) Manufacturing industry’s energy consumption
Unit: 1016 J

Other
Machinery/MetalNonferrous
Metal

Iron & Steel

Ceramics

Chemicals

Paper & Pulp
TextileFood
FYNote) Units in the parentheses: %Source) "Energy Production, Supply and Demand Statistics"

1072) Major industries’ energy costs to variable costs

Ceramics

Ratio of energy cost in variable costs (%)

Iron & SteelPaper & Pulp
Chemicals
All Manufacturers

Year
Note)

Variable costs = raw materials cost + fuel cost + electric power cost
Energy costs = fuel cost + electric power cost
Source) "Industrial Statistics Table (Industry Section)", Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

1083) Energy conservation equipment investment and crude oil price1094) Effects of energy conservation and investment payback period

Industries

Energy use (kl/year)

Investment payback period (year)

FY 1998

FY 1999

FY 2000

FY 1998

FY 1999

FY 2000

Textiles

10,521

7,288

9,592

8.54

6.37

5.80

Paper, pulp

40,097

17,03627,471

2.93

7.45

12.33

Chemicals

12,261

11,31939,794

5.29

10.64

6.05

Oil refining

9,982

24,96324,207

5.14

2.91

4.44

Ceramics, earth and rock

1,431

1,593

3,704

9.08

6.73

7.10

Steel

4,492

27,051

32,571

3.00

5.08

5.41

Nonferrous metals

4,995

2,172

1,058

4.44

12.27

10.75

General machinery

3,916

6,643

4,890

11.20

11.72

8.08

Electronic machinery

10,026

9,695

1,243

6.65

7.13

4.93

Electric machinery

3,092

311

227

4.32

6.47

5.70

Automobiles

32,121

48,91430,514

4.76

4.15

6.23

Other manufacturing

5,951

6,579

4,587

6.50

8.90

7.93

Electricity

1,365

16,11811,752

6.00

19.00

5.00

Gas

---

---

954

---

---

16.00

Heat supply

---

1,034

421

---

69.25

10.43

121

324

386

9.25

6.22

2.75

---

---

---

---

---

---

Wholesale, retail
Lease
Service

1

212

0

5.50

5.00

0.00

Manufacturing Total

138,885

163,564

179,858

5.99

7.49

7.06

(Basic materials industry)(83,779)(91,422)(138,397)(5.49)(7.35)(7.41)(Processing assembly
industry)(55,106)(72,142)(41,461)(6.69)(7.67)(6.57)

Non-manufacturing

1,487

17,68813,513

6.92

24.87

6.84

Total

140,372

181,252

193,371

6.17

11.83

7.00

FY = Fiscal Year
Source) “Equipment Investment Plans in Major Industries,” by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry

1105) Energy demand analysis for the industrial sectora) Factors affecting manufacturing industry energy consumption

Structural
factor
Confounding
factorEnergy Intensity
Output factor
Total Change

Fiscal Yearb) Trend of factors of manufacturing sector energy consumption change(Unit: 1016 J)
Fiscal Year

'90

'92

'94

'96

'98

'00

'02

'03

'04

EnergyConsumption Changes

13.5

-13.3

26.1

10.7

-13.7

10.7

11.8

5.7

0.0

Output Effect

29.0

-35.9

18.2

21.5

-45.2

28.7

17.8

23.3

27.6

Structure Effect

-2.7

10.9

3.1

-10.4

-3.8

-7.9

-2.2

-16.5

-14.9

Intensity Effect

-12.3

13.4

4.4

0.1

38.6

-8.8

-3.1

-0.2

-11.7

Factor

Source)Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan”

111

(2) Residential sector
1) Per household energy consumption (by energy sources)〔MJ/（Household・Year）〕
Year

Electricity

City gas

LPG

Kerosene

Coal

Other

<Total>Note) The lower figures in the bar represent percentage distribution.
Source) "Domestic Energy Statistics Annual Report 2004", Residential Environment Planning &Research Center

1122) Per household energy consumption (by usage)
Air conditioning

Year

Heating

Hot water supply

Lighting,
Electric appliances& Others<Total>[MJ/(household-Year)]Note) The lower figures in the bar represent percentage distribution.
Source) "Domestic Energy Statistics Annual Report 2004", Residential Environment Planning &Research Center

1133) Home appliances diffusion rate and electricity consumption
Item (Fiscal Year)
Appliances

Diffusion rate（％）
1980

1990

Electricity Consumption rate（％）

2003

1980

1990

2003

Electric Rice Cooker

54.9

61.8

69.1

4.1

3.3

-

Refrigerator

107.1

109.9

110.4

31.1

21.7

16.1

Electric Kotatsu

108.7

111.6

93.1

7.2

4.8

-

Airconditioner

52.1

95.2

149.3

7.8

9.3

10.6

Air-conditioner(heating&cooling)

-

43.8

116.3

7.6

14.6

Washing macnihe

98.2

98.7

98.7

1.6

1.2

-

Vacuum cleaner

96.1

98.1

98.1

4

3

-

Microwave oven

33.3

64.5

84.6

1.3

1.8

-

Dehydrator

-

16.3

27.2

-

1.9

2.8

Electric carpet

-

42.2

70.1

-

2.9

4.3

Warmed toilet Seat (with warm
water shower)

-

-

44.6

-

-

3.9

Dish washer /dryers

-

-

6.9

-

-

1.6

Color TV (1 purchased)

st

97.9

98.5

98.6

13.2

8.4

7.8

nd

36.2

74.1

93.4

1.3

1.7

2.1

TV Total

15

10.1

9.9

Other

5.8

12.7

20.2

Total

80.3

83.1

83.9

For lighting

19.7

16.9

16.1

Total Electricity（A・B)

100

100

100

Television

Color TV (2 purchased)

Instantaneous gas water heater

76.1

65.0

48.5

Note 1) "Television Total" of “Consumption ratio (%)” in 1980 includes black-and-white television.
Note 2) The figures in “Air-conditioner (Heating & Cooling)” are not included in the figures in“Air-conditioner”.
Note 3) Some of the figures of FY2003 include estimated values.
Source) "Outline of Electric Power Supply", "Summary of Electric Power Supply" and "Household
Energy Handbook"1144) Improvementof energy
efficiencyof homeelectric
appliances
4) Improvementof energy
efficiencyof homeelectric
appliancesa) Air Conditioners (1995-2006 Models)
Simple average values of typical models of energy conservation type wall-mounted cooling andheating air conditioners with 2.8kW cooling capability.
1,492’95 Model’97 Model

1,201
1,068

’99 Model’01 Model

990’03 Model

963’05 Model

919’06 Model

882

Electricity consumption for air coolingElectricity consumption for space heating(Unit: kWh)

* = total consumption during term
Note)
Based on Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association standards
JRAS4046(standards for calculating room air conditioner term power consumption)
Source) Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Associationb) TVs (1990-2005 Models)<Rated Power Consumption>
Operation

Stan-by’90 Model’93 Model

Annual total’02 Model’05 Model

Source) up to 98 models: Electronic Industries Association of Japan* Weighed average of shipped quantity
from 99 models: Estimated value of the Energy Conservation Center, Japan* Simple average value of specification catalogues (summer andwinter) of 28-inch wide screen TV in respective years
115

(3) Commercial sector
1) Per-floor energy consumption in commercial buildings (by energy sources)（MJ/m2）FY CoalOil

Gas

Electricity

Solar

Total

Note) Lower figures in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)

1162) Per-floor energy consumption in commercial buildings (by usage)
2(MJ/m ）

FY.

CoolingHeating

Hot water supply

Kitchen

Power

Total

Note) Lower figures in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)

117

(4) Transportation sector
1) Transportation energy consumption (by type of transport)

Unit :

Air
Marine transportation
Rail
Freight Vehicle
Bus
Passenger car for service use
Passenger car for private use

Fiscal Year

75
Grand total of Transport
sector energy consumption
Total of passenger sector
energy consumption
Passenger car for private
use
Passenger car for business
use
Bus
Rail
Marine Transportation
Air
Total of freight sector
energy consumption
Motor truck
Rail
Marine transportation
Air

Note)

80

85

90

92

94

96

98

2000

2002

1,938 2,302

2,465

3,114

3,327

3,516

3,722

3,820

3,799

3,812

(-1.2)

(2.4)

(4.5)

(2.3)

(4.7)

(2.6)

(1.1)

(-2.2)(0.0)

997 1,245

1,417

1,855

2,044

2,193

2,346

2,448

2,431

2,469

(3.4)

(1.8)

(-2.7)

(0.1)

(5.3)

(7.5)

(0.9)

(3.4)

(6.5)

(3.5)

(5.4)

713

942

1,108

1,485

1,664

1,823

1,955

2,050

2,075

2,109

88

78

88

100

104

76

87

94

64

67

59
61
6
70

56
63
5
99

55
64
4
98

67
78
5
119

62
79
8
127

64
81
7
143

62
81
9
151

61
82
7
154

58
80
9
145

57
81
7
147

941 1,058

1,047

1,259

1,283

1,323

1,376

1,372

1,368

1,342

(3.1)
657
17
262
5

(1.2)
(1.6)
826 1,084
8
7
200
151
14
17

(0.2)
(3.6)
1,105 1,147
7
6
153
149
18
21

(1.3)
1,178
6
171
21

(0.1)
1,140
6
203
23

(-1.3)
1,116
6
222
24

(-0.2)
1,085
6
230
22

(-3.6)
791
13
244
9

Values in parentheses represent the increase rate (%) in relation to the previous year.

1182) Energy consumption and transportation volume share (FY 2004)(by type of passenger transport)
MarinePassenger Vehicle（％）

Bus Rail Air

Energyconsumption

Transportation
volumePassenger Vehicle

Source)Bus

Rail

MarineAir

Prepared from “the EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2006)”

3) Energy consumption and transportation volume share (FY 2004)(by type of freight transport)（％）

Freight vehicle

Rail

MarineAir

Energyconsumption

Transportation
volumeFreight Vehicle

Rail

MarineAir

Source) Prepared from “the EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2006)”

1194) Energy intensity by type of transport (FY 2006)(Energy consumption per passenger-kilometer)
1,400

Rail
(213kJ/passenger-km)
Bus(724kJ/passenger-km)
Marine(1,524kJ/passenger-km)
Passenger
Vehicle(2,539kJ/passenger-km)
Air(1,917kJ/passenger-km)

Note)Index Rail =100

Source)Prepared from “the EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2006)”

5) Energy intensity by type of transport (FY 2006)(Energy consumption per freight ton-kilometer)
10,000Rail(264kJ/ton-km)
Marine(992kJ/ton-km)
Freight
vehicle(3,361kJ/ton-km)
Air(21,860kJ/ton-km)

Note)

Index Rail =100

Source) Prepared from “the EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2006)”120

2. RECENT NATIONAL STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES
2.1 New National Energy Strategy
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry formulated the “new national energy strategy” aiming
at energy security, in view of the recent stringent energy situation such as a sharp rise in crude oil
prices, and publicized an interim result of the study on March 30. Subsequently, based on thediscussions in the Coordination Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Natural Resources andEnergy (Chairperson: Masahiro Kuroda, President of Economic and Social Research Institute,Cabinet Office, Government of Japan), specific items of the strategy were finalized. The following
three goals will be achieved through the strategy:1) Establishment of energy security that is trusted by the people
2)Establishment of the basis for sustainable growth by solving energy and environmental issues
simultaneously
3) Positive contribution to solving Asian and global energy problems
To be more specific, the following actions will be taken:(1) Establishment of the world’s most advanced energy supply-demand structure
The oil dependency of Japan is now 50%. The following four plans will be launched to lower the
figure to 40% or less by the year 2030:
1) Energy conservation frontrunner plan

Goal:
Measures:

To improve energy efficiency by 30% by the year 2030.
To establish a virtuous circle of technological innovation and social system
reform by formulating the strategy for technology that supports future energy
conservation, improving the criteria to certify top runners, strengthening
supportive measures, and studying a mid- and long-term energy-saving social
systems.
2) Next-generation transportation energy

Goal:

To lower the oil dependence in the transportation sector to about 80% by theyear 2030.
Measures: To present an action plan for achieving the three pillars (i.e., improvement offuel efficiency, promotion of the introduction of new fuels such as bio-fuel and
GTL, and development and diffusion of the electric car and fuel-cell vehicle).
To promote the utilization of bio-fuel, , introduce electric cars and fuel-cellvehicles at an early stage through intensive technological development of thestorage battery.
3) New energy innovation plan

Goal:

Measures:To lower the cost of photovoltaic power generation to the same level as those ofthermal power generation by 2030.
To support local production for local consumption by utilizing biomass, aiming
at the energy self-sufficiency in communities.
To present supportive measures to develop technical capabilities and self-sustain
as new energy industries.
121

To promote the construction of a “next-generation energy park,” where people
can actually see, touch, and understand new energy, and to develop innovativetechnology such as the next-generation storage battery.
4) Nuclear energy national plan

Goal:

Measures:To increase the proportion of nuclear power generation in the total generated
output to 30 to 40% or more, in and after the year 2030.
To establish the nuclear fuel cycle at an early stage and to practically exploit the
fast-breeder reactor.
To promote nuclear power generation, which has an excellent supply stability
and is a clean energy source with little CO2 emissions during operation, as far as
safety is ensured.
To improve the investment environment for promoting nuclear power
generation, establish the nuclear fuel cycle at an early stage, and promote apeaceful use of nuclear power internationally.

(2) Comprehensive strengthening of resource diplomacy and cooperation in the energy andenvironment field
1) Comprehensive strategy for securing resources
Goal:

To raise the independently-developed oil resources to about 40% of total oil
requirement on a transaction basis by 2030.
Measures:To intensify a comprehensive relationship with resource-rich countries byactively using ODA, promoting investment exchange, and expanding humanexchange at all levels. In order to do so, to provide policy-based finance, tradeinsurance, and economic cooperation, etc. in collaboration with the government
and agencies concerned through formulating resource securing guidelines.
Also, in this framework, to strengthen support to core businesses which assume
the responsibility of developing resourses. Furthermore, to promote thefollowing measures strategically and comprehensively in collaboration with thegovernment and agencies concerned aiming to develop mineral resources suchas rare metals in overseas countries and diversify supply sources, as well as toact as the world’s leading country which develops and exploits methane
hydrate and utilizes clean coal.
2) Asia energy and environment cooperation strategy

Goal:
Measures:

To cooperate in the field of energy, including energy conservation, and aim at
coexistence with other Asian countries.
To cooperate strategically with China, India, and other Asian countries, where
there is a rapidly increasing demand for energy, in various fields such as energy
conservation, effective coal utilization and safety in coal production, newenergy, and nuclear power.

(3) Improving emergency program
Emergency program will be improved, such as the revising of the oil stockpiling system and thestrengthening of functions, including the introduction of stockpiling of petroleum products, andthe improvement of the emergency action system for natural gas supply.

122

(4) Others
In order to support efforts under the cooperation between the public and private sectors,
technological problems to be solved toward the year 2030 will be summarized in the form of adevelopment strategy for energy technology, taking into consideration the technologies to berequired in retrospect to the present from an ultra-long-term perspective (for the year 2050 or
2100).
Source) Press release by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

2.2 Strategy for Energy-Saving Technology(1) Background
The “new national energy strategy” was formulated in May 2006 with the objectives of
establishing energy security that is expectedly trusted by the people, establishing the basis forsustainable growth by solving energy and environmental issues simultaneously, and positively
contributing to solving Asian and global energy issues. In the strategy, a numerical goal was set
toward the year 2030, which is to be shared by the public and private sectors. More specifically,
efforts will be made for further promoting energy conservation and improve the energy
efficiency by 30% or more.
Thanks to Japan’s energy-saving efforts since the 1970s, a considerable success was achieved byintroducing new manufacturing technologies, etc. In order to obtain similar achievements overthe next 30 years, it is essential for all sectors, including industrial sector, to develop technologythat contributes to enhancing energy efficiency and to encourage the introduction and diffusionof the technological results.

(2) Purpose of the program
In the “new national energy strategy”, the “strategy for energy-saving technology” wasformulated from a long-term perspective as a main pillar to improve the energy efficiency by
30% or more, in which the development of energy-saving technology and support for it waspresented.
The purpose of the “strategy for energy-saving technology” is to promote the development ofinnovative technology by encouraging cooperation among different entities, for example, among
the industry, government and academia, among different business categories, or between
manufacturers and users, and, at the same time, to share the stages of technological development
among the entities concerned in order to meet the social and economic needs anticipated in the
future. In the strategy, energy-saving technology is positioned as a “source of competitiveness ofJapanese industry”, which will make Japan respected as “the world’s No. 1 energy conservation
country” to have overcome the unfavorable situations, for example, limited resources and tightenvironmental restrictions, in the international society toward the year 2030.

123

(3) Extraction of technological challenges and prioritized fields
Energy consumption is a basic human activity. Energy-saving technology, including energy
conservation in daily life, improvement in the equipment efficiency, and optimization of energy
supply methods, is a wide range of technologies related to all human activities. Several
considerations were taken in studying energy-saving technology according to the energy flow fromthe primary energy conversion to the final energy consumption. In particular, important are ,forexample, the energy-saving technology which does not hamper convenience and benefit in the final
energy consumption and, at the same time, use out all the potential of energy in the energy
production and distribution field.
Also, although the development of energy-saving technology without hampering convenience andbenefit on the consumption side is strongly requested, it is important to develop with a gradual pacein each individual field. Meanwhile, in order to achieve a significant breakthrough, collaboration
among various business entities and the resulting creation of synergy effect are required. Therefore,
a comprehensive assessment was made on the energy-saving potential, the degree of technology
maturation, and the propagating effect to other fields, etc, and then energy-saving technologies tobecome a stem in the future were extracted. The extracted technologies were rearranged andincorporated as the five prioritized fields so as to be exploited across multiple fields.
< Five prioritized fields >• Super-efficient combustion system technology• Technology of energy utilization beyond space-time restriction• Technology for creation of informative living space• Technology to establish an advanced transport society• Next-generation energy-saving device technology
Source: Strategy for energy-saving technology (interim report)
http://www.eccj.or.jp/rodemap/index.html

2.3 International Cooperation / Asia Energy Conservation Program(1) Significance of energy conservation cooperation
The significance of Japan’s international cooperation in the energy conservation field with Asian
countries is as shown below.
1) Improving energy supply-demand structure in Asia
Cooperation in the energy conservation field with Asian countries will improve energy
efficiency, suppress a sharp increase in demand for energy, and improve the energy
supply-demand structure. Consequently, the cooperation will contribute to stabilizing the midand long-term energy supply-demand in Asia, while at the same time stabilizing the crude oilmarket price and improving the global energy supply-demand structure. In particular, thesuppression of energy demand and the reform of energy supply-demand structure in foreigncountries through energy conservation cooperation will contribute to the energy security ofJapan, which is heavily dependent on overseas countries for most of its energy resources.
124

2) Solving global environmental problems
Asian countries consume a large amount of energy and at the same time are attributed to alarge proportion of CO2 emissions in the world. The promotion of cooperation in the energy
conservation field will lead to the reduction of CO2 emissions in Asian countries andcontribute to solving global environmental problems.
3) International contribution
Generally speaking, Asian countries are heavily dependent on imported oil and have a fragile
energy supply-demand structure. For this reason, under present circumstances, with oil prices
at historically high levels, there is an increasing need for the stabilization of energy
supply-demand in Asian countries. Against the above problem, there are great expectations forJapan, which has the world’s top track record in terms of energy conservation, to cooperate in
the energy conservation field. Japan’s active promotion of cooperation in the energy
conservation field with Asian countries will meet their expectations and externally show ourattitude of a firm commitment to energy security in Asia. This international contribution is ofgreat significance and will help to strengthen Japan’s leadership in Asian countries in energy
and other fields.
4) Reduction of destabilizing factors in the Asian economy
Recently, Japan has undergone an extremely profound economic interdependence with Asian
countries, including China, in both export/import and investment exchange. However, theenergy problem remains a destabilizing factor for growing Asian economy. The promotion ofcooperation in the energy conservation field will make Asia’s economic structure invulnerable
to fluctuations in energy price, prevent the energy problem from hampering economic growth,and result in the reduction of destabilizing factors of the whole economy in Asia, including
Japan.
5) Deepening the business exchange between Japan and Asian countries
In order to promote energy conservation in Asian countries, it is necessary to improve energy
conservation-related systems, develop human resources, and diffuse energy-saving appliancesand facilities. Energy conservation is needed in all fields, including the industrial, commercial
and household fields of each country. It is expected that the market size of energy-saving
appliances and facilities in Asian countries will substantially expand with future economic
growth. Asian countries have a big expectation of the transfer of globally leadingenergy-saving technology possessed by the Japanese industry. Responding to suchexpectations will contribute to encouraging energy conservation in Asia and deepening thebusiness exchange between Japan and Asian countries.

(2) Future course to strengthen cooperation in the energy conservation field
The energy supply-demand structure needs to be improved in Asian countries by promoting
energy conservation on their own initiative, in the light of the above-mentioned. In order to do so,
efforts for international cooperation in the energy conservation field will be drastically made to
implement the “Asia energy conservation program” based on the following ideas:

1251) Support for establishing the legal/policy system in Asian countries
Some improvements have been made on the legal system concerning energy conservation,
including the Energy Conservation Law and energy-efficiency standards. However, it isstill pointed out that the legal system has not been working satisfactorily due to lack of
substantial enforcement, although the foundation of the legal system concerning energy
conservation has been built in Asian countries.
Under these circumstances, Japan will reinforce a support for establishing andimplementing the legal system concerning energy conservation in Asian countries. To be
more specific, Japan will support for the development of human resources, including the
dispatch of long term experts to Asian countries, and receiving of trainees in the training
course, and for the formulation of energy efficiency standards and the establishment ofenergy statistics system. Japan will also support for establishing an energy conservation
center in various countries and regions.
2) Cooperation in the household, transportation, and electric power sectors
In the heavy-energy-consuming countries in Asia, including China and India, theindustrial sector consumes considerable amount of energy, and Japan has been cooperatingwith these countries, mainly in the industrial sector. Because energy demand is forecasted
to increase sharply due to the drastic improvement in the standard of living and theprogress in motorization, a growing need arises for the promotion of energy conservationin the household and transportation sectors. In response to the above, Japan will start tocooperate in the energy conservation of the household and transportation sectors, while
continuing a cooperation in the industrial sector as before. Specifically, Japan will
cooperate in internationally expanding the energy-efficiency standards, the labelingsystem and the ESCO system. There are many countries where low efficiency is kept
unimproved in the electric power generation and distribution, for which Japan will
cooperate.
3) Support for the business-based diffusion of Japanese-made energy-saving appliancesand facilities into Asian countries
In order for Asian countries to voluntarily promote energy conservation, it is helpful tointroduce energy-efficient appliances and facilities in the industrial, commercial,household, and transportation sectors, as well as to establish the legal systems. In order toactivate an investment in energy conservation in Asian countries, it is necessary forJapanese companies to support the business activities in Asian countries, throughtransferring their own energy-saving technology. In order to support the business activitiesof the Japanese companies in Asian countries, it is necessary to promote businessexchange through dialog among industries, business meeting, etc. Policy-based financewill be provided by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (independentadministrative agency) and others. The CDM scheme will be also helpful from theviewpoint of supporting energy-saving businesses.

1264) Collaboration with international organizations
The energy supply-demand problem in Asia is important, not only to Japan but also to theglobal energy market. As known well, European countries, the USA and internationalorganizations have cooperated with Asian countries in the energy conservation field.
Under present circumstances, in order to lend effective cooperation in the energy
conservation field, it is necessary to establish an international cooperation system incollaboration with overseas donors, including the IEA and APEC, and international
financial institutions, such as the ADB, to facilitate smooth financing for energy
conservation projects. In addition, it is presented to support the formulation of energy
efficiency standards of electric appliances in collaborate with international NPOs, forwhich Japan is ready to provide the necessary financial support.
5) Collaboration with the government and agencies concerned
The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan
International Cooperation Agency, Japan Bank for International Cooperation, Japan
External Trade Organization, The Energy Conservation Center, Japan, and other agencies
concerned have been enthusiastically striving to implement an international cooperation in
the energy conservation field. To be more effectively and efficiently, close communicationand coordination are strongly requested among the international projects supported byoverseas donors, while reinforced coordination between the government and agencies
concerned is essential. The “energy conservation/new energy international cooperation
council”, consisting of some cooperation agencies and the Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry, should play an active role as a principal gathering to orientate an effective
international cooperation in both the energy conservation and new energy fields. In order
to cope with international cooperation needs in the energy conservation field, thefunctions of the agencies concerned should be reexamined and strengthened, as necessary.
6) International development of the benchmark approach using the internationalframework
The benchmark approach that enables the comparison of energy efficiency in each sector
is an effective means of promoting energy conservation. Japan will strongly support the
IEA in preparing an energy efficiency benchmark. Based on the benchmark approach,Japan will help companies with technical capabilities to carry out business activities,
participate in the energy conservation technology transfer project proposed in the
Asia-Pacific Partnership (APP), and diffuse the benchmark approach through theinternational framework of APEC, ASEAN plus 3 and others. In addition, the benchmark
approach can be employed for raising the technological rating of the Japanese companies
which have an excellent energy-saving technology.

(3) Future efforts
1) Countries to be concentrated
It is necessary to consider the following factors and select the Asian countries on which Japan127

should concentrate a cooperation in energy conservation field:a) Size for energy demandb) Importance of a country in the energy policy of Japanc) Economic relation with Japand) Commitment to the promotion of energy conservation
After considering the above, China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam are prioritizedcandidate for cooperation.
2) Implementation plan
Bilateral policy dialogs will be held with the above-mentioned countries to discuss future
directions for Japan’s cooperation. Considering the energy situation and cooperation needs ofeach country, an action plan will be formulated to promote a cooperation in the energy
conservation field.
Source) Material at the 9th Energy Efficiency and Conservation Subcommittee of the Advisory
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/materials/downloadfiles/g60607h11j.pdf

128

REFERENCE
1. RELATED ORGANIZATIONS
1.1 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)(1) Organization of METI
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Internal Bureaus
Minister
Minister’s Secretariat
Senior Vice Minster
Economic and Industrial Policy Bureau
Parliamentary Secretary

Research and Statistics Dept.

Vice Minister

Regional Economic & Industrial Policy

Vice Minister

Trade Policy Bureau
Multilateral Trade System Dept.
Trade & Economic Cooperation Bureau
Trade Control Department
Industrial Science and Technology Policy
and Environment Bureau
Manufacturing Industries Bureau
Economic and Industrial Policy Bureau
Research and Statistics Dept.
Regional Economic & Industrial Policy

External Bureaus

Regional Bureaus & Depts.

Agency for Natural Resource & Energy
Nuclear & Industrial Safety Agency
Small and Medium Enterprise Agency
Japan Patent Office129

Regional Bureaus
Mine Safety & Inspection Dept.

1301.2 Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ)(as of July, 2007)(1) About ECCJ

Legal status:

An incorporated foundation under the supervision of METI

Establishment:

1978 (just when hit by the 2nd oil crisis)

Mission:Core organization responsible for promotion of energy conservation

Office location:

Head office & eight branches in Japan

Supporting member:

2,848 members

Number of employees

128 persons

Budget:4,631 million yen in FY2006 (39 million US$ : @119¥/US$)

Fields of activity:

Industrial, Residential / Commercial and Transportation sectors

Major activities:

Industry sector;- Energy conservation audits services for factories- Education & training on energy conservation- State examination for energy managers (assigned by the government)- Dissemination (conference for successful cases of energy conservation
activities, excellent energy conserving equipment, etc.)- Technological development and spillover

Residential / Commercial and Transportation sector;- Energy conservation audits services for buildings- Ranking catalogue for energy efficient appliances (dissemination of Top
Runner Program)- Promotion of energy labeling system- International Energy Star program implementation- Energy efficiency product retailer assessment system- Dissemination of energy conservation indicator "E-Co Navigator"- Energy education at primary and middle schools- ESCO research and development

Cross sector:- Energy conservation campaign & exhibition (ENEX)- Commendation (grand energy conservation prize)- Information & data base, publicity and publishing- Survey and monitoring- International cooperation & communications131

(2) Organization Chart (As of April 1, 2007)132

1.3 The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)(as of April, 2007)

Source) NEDO Homepage

http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/introducing/organization.html

133

1.4 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(as of May, 2007)

Source) JICA Homepage

http://www.jica.go.jp/english/about/orga.html

1341.5 The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)(as of May, 2007)

Source) IEEJ Homepage

http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/about/organization/index.html

135

2. ENERGY CALORIES (JAPAN)
EnergyUnit<Coal>
Coking Coal (Domestic)

Coking Coal (Import)
Steam Coal (Domestic)

Steam Coal (Import)
Hard Coal (Domestic)

Hard Coal (Import)
Brown Coal
Coke
Coke Oven Gas

kg

kg
kg

kg
kg

kg
kg
kg
m3

Blast Furnace Gas

m3

Converter Gas

m3

Patent Fuel

Average Calorie (kcal)
F.Y.

kg

1953-55

7,400

1956-60

7,500

1961-65

7,600

1966-

7,700

1953-99

7,600

2000-

6,904

1953-65

5,900

1966-70

5,800

1971-80

5,600

1981-99

5,800

2000-

5,375

1953-99

6,200

2000-

6,354

1953-65

5,700

1966-70

5,600

1971-75

6,100

1976-

4,300

1953-99

6,500

2000-

6,498

1953-99

4,100

2000-

L

EnergyAverage Calorie (kcal)

L

2000-

8,767

KeroseneL

1953-99

8,900

2000-

8,767

Gas OilL

1953-99

9,200

2000-

9,126

1953-99

9,300

Fuel Oil A

L

2000-

9,341
9,600

Fuel Oil B

L

1953-99
2000-

9,651

Fuel Oil C

L

1953-99

9,800

2000-

9,962

LubricantsL

1953-99

9,600

2000-

9,603

Other Petroleumkg

1953-99

10,100

2000-

10,105

Refinery Gas

m3

1953-99

9,400

2000-

10,726

1953-99

8,500

Petroleum Coke

kg

2000-

8,504

LPG

kg

1953-99

12,000

2000-

11,992

4,109

Natural Gas

m3

1953-99

9,800

1953-99

7,200

Natural Gas (Domestic)

m3

2000-

9,771

2000-

7,191

LNG

kg

1953-99

13,0001953-99

4,800

Natural Gas (Import)

kg

2000-

13,019

2000-

5,401

Coal Field Gas

m3

Town Gasm3

1953-99

10,000

2000-

9,818

kWh

800

8,600

1953-99

2,000

2000-

2,009

Electricity

1953-995,700(20.7%)

1953

4,150

2000-

5,709

(22.2%)

1954

3,850

(24.0%)

1955

3,600

<Oil>
Crude Oil

Unit

Jet Fuel( ) is thermal efficiency

1953-559,300(25.8%)

1956

3,350

1956-60

9,350(26.8%)

1957

3,200

1961-70

9,400(28.6%)

1958

3,000

1971-80

9,300(31.1%)

1959

2,750

1981-999,250(31.9%)

1960

2,700

2000-

9,126

(32.7%)

1961

2,650

8,100

(33.9%)

1962

2,550

NGL

L

1953-99
2000-

8,433

(36.0%)

1963

2,400

GasolineL

1953-998,400(36.5%)

1964

2,350

2000-

8,266

(36.9%)

1965

2,350

NaphthaL

1953-99

8,000(37.4%)

1966-70

2,300

2000-

8,146

(38.1%)

1971-99

2,250

1953-998,700(39.98%)

2000-

2,150

Jet Fuel

Source) “Energy Production, Supply and Demand”

136