2003 Survey Report

Infrastructure Improvement Project for
Rationalization of International Energy Use(Survey Project on Best Practices of Energy Conservationfor Building in South‑East Asian Countries)

March, 2004

New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)
Entrusted to The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Infrastructure Improvement Project for Rationalization of International Energy Use(Survey Project on Best Practices of Energy Conservation for Buildings in South-East
Asian Countries)
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
March, 2004
Study purpose:
This survey is intended to render technical assistance for the smooth promotion
and operation of the best practice building award system and the creation of adatabase, benchmarks and guidelines for promoting energy conservation forcommercial buildings in ASEAN countries. The best practice building award
system was set up by ACE (ASEAN Center for Energy) in 2000 in order to reduce
ever-increasing energy consumption by commercial buildings. The objectives ofthe survey are to provide technical assistance in improving evaluation of criteria
for the award system and implementation of building energy audits, and transfer
those technologies and experience for energy conservation.

Preface

Recently, efforts to prevent global warming have been recognized as a challenge to be sharedby all humankind, while sustainable development of economy has been sought for. Mankind
is facing with the challenge of harmonizing the two different conditions entirely conflicting
each other.
In order to get over these severe conditions, what are required are technical innovations suchas technologies to use energy efficiently and develop energy causing as little burden on theenvironment as possible, hence little impact on the environment, etc.
So as to contribute to the balanced development of economy protecting environment indeveloping countries, it is necessary to render support that is adoptable and appropriate to therespective countries concerned based on the understanding of the actual condition of energy
use and environmental measures as well as the results of in-depth surveys on the progress indevelopment of infrastructure, life styles, etc in these countries.
In such circumstances, we conducted energy audits for the current year with a focus on theestablishment of a system and foundation to develop the database/benchmark/guideline forfurther advancing energy conservation in buildings in ASEAN countries in the future, basedon the actual results and experiences of the projects implemented in the ASEAN countries in
the past three years to support the award system for best practices in energy conservation inbusiness-use buildings and transfer technologies and know-how for energy audits. For the
fiscal year of 2003, 3 countries were subject to our survey. One “Best Practice” building wasselected in each country to conduct energy audits including actual measurement. In the field,
we carried out energy audits in a way of OJT (On the Job Training) including demonstrationin order to further ensure technical transfer. In the workshops, we developed specificdiscussions
onapproaches
andthemethodologyofdevelopmentof
database/benchmark/guideline, while we encouraged participants into actually experiencing
data analysis and processing using the simulation method.
The countries subject to the current survey vary form Lao PDR aiming at developing its
economy in the future to Malaysia continuing further development from now onward. We
believe that it was very meaningful that we implemented this project in these countries andcould confirm both a future direction of activities and a large potential of effective energy
conservation though the conditions differ from country to country. In the past 4 years, we
completed energy audits and workshops on an OJT basis in all 10 ASEAN countries andcreated a common ground for promoting energy conservation in buildings in the respective
countries. Based on this achievement, we could continue to work on the development of
database/benchmark/guideline for individual countries and the whole ASEAN in which we
had been involved since last year. As a result, we could establish a firm foundation forfurther developing energy conservation promotion activities.
We hope that this project will contribute to energy conservation and environmental
protection in the respective ASEAN countries helping them eventually achieve environmentfriendly and sustainable development in each economy and that this project will serve as abridge of technical exchange and friendship between Japan and the countries concerned.
March 2004
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Contents

Preface
Contents
Summary
I. Purposes and Background of the Survey ........................................................................ I-1
II. Malaysia ......................................................................................................................... II-1
1. Summary of Site Surveys............................................................................................... II-1
2. Political and Economic Conditions in Malaysia ............................................................ II-5
2.1 National Indicators, Political System and Economic Indicators ............................ II-5
2.2 Energy Situations in Malaysia ............................................................................. II-12
2.3 Situations of Buildings in Malaysia ..................................................................... II-16
3. Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings .................................................................... II-17
3.1 General Process.................................................................................................... II-17
3.2 Description of Each Step...................................................................................... II-17
3.3 On-site Auditing Procedure ................................................................................. II-19
4. Energy Audits of Sapura@Mines Building ................................................................. II-20
4.1 Outline of Sapura@Mines Building..................................................................... II-20
4.2 Analysis of Current Status of Energy Use ........................................................... II-21
4.3 Proposed Improvement and Expected Effects ..................................................... II-28
5. Database, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Malaysia................................................... II-35
III. Brunei............................................................................................................................III-1
1. Summary of Site Surveys..............................................................................................III-1
2. Political and Economic Conditions in Brunei...............................................................III-5
2.1 National Indicators, Political System and Key Economic Indicators ...................III-5
2.2 Energy Situation in Brunei.................................................................................. III-11
2.3 Situations of Buildings in Brunei........................................................................III-17
3. Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings ...................................................................III-21
3.1 General Process...................................................................................................III-21
3.2 Description of Each Step.....................................................................................III-21
3.3 On-site Auditing Procedure ................................................................................III-23
4. Energy Audit of Orchid Garden Hotel ........................................................................III-24
4.1 Outline of Orchid Garden Hotel..........................................................................III-24
4.2 Analysis of the Current Status of Energy Use.....................................................III-25
4.3 Proposed Improvement and Expected Effects ...................................................III-33
4.4 Improvements Realized.......................................................................................III-40
4.5 Introduction of Available New Technologies......................................................III-41
5. Databases, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Brunei ....................................................III-42

IV. Lao PDR........................................................................................................................IV-1
1. Summary of Site Surveys..............................................................................................IV-1
2. Political and Economic Conditions in Lao PDR...........................................................IV-5
2.1 National Indicators, Political System and Key Economic Indicators ...................IV-5
2.2 Energy Situation in Lao PDR..............................................................................IV-10
2.3 Situations of Buildings in Lao PDR....................................................................IV-14
3. Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings ...................................................................IV-15
3.1 General Process...................................................................................................IV-15
3.2 Description of Each Step.....................................................................................IV-15
3.3 On-site Auditing Procedure ................................................................................IV-17
4. Energy Audit of Lao Plaza Hotel ................................................................................IV-18
4.1 Outline of Lao Plaza Hotel..................................................................................IV-18
4.2 Analysis of the Current Status of Energy Use.....................................................IV-19
4.3 Introduction of Good Practice Cases...................................................................IV-29
4.4 Proposed Improvement Plans and Expected Effects ..........................................IV-32
4.5 Introduction of Available New Technologies......................................................IV-35
5. Databases, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Lao PDR................................................IV-36
V.
1.
2.
3.

Approaches as ASEAN ..................................................................................................V-1
Outline of the ASEAN Post Workshop ..........................................................................V-1
Energy Audits for Buildings ..........................................................................................V-5
Database, Benchmark and Guideline for ASEAN .........................................................V-7

VI. Reference Materials
1. Reference material - 1: Materials for workshops held in the respective countries
Audit results, development of database, etc.
2. Reference material - 2: Materials for workshops held in the respective countries
Database/benchmark/guideline (Japan)
3. Reference material - 3: Materials for Post Workshop

SUMMARY

The economy in ASEAN countries has been rapidly growing, as a result, it will be more
required to efficiently use energy and to consider about the prevention of the global warming
because of the quick increase in energy consumption.

This is the 4th year of the projects for Promotion of Energy Efficiency and Conservation(hereinafter referred to as “PROMEEC”). Therefore, the activities of ASEAN Center for
Energy (hereinafter referred to as “ACE”) have been established, which results in enhancing
and disseminating the awareness on PROMEEC toward reducing energy consumption in the
ASEAN countries. In this fiscal year of 2003, as the 1st year of the 2nd stage, the PROMEEC
activities are directed toward implementing and disseminating the fruit achieved to date byfurther self effort, based on the actual achievements through the project activities for the past
three years. The first activities of the 2nd stage was started with conducting energy audits andholding workshops in the countries where these activities have not yet realized, which resulted
in providing all ASEAN countries with opportunities for the persons in the countries toexperience the project activities together with Japanese experts. These project activities haveestablished the basis that all the ASEAN countries can equally implement the project activities
through the similar understanding and experience of the technologies and practice for energy
conservation.
In this fiscal year, the energy audits were conducted at one building in each country, or
Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam (hereinafter referred to as “Brunei”) and Lao People’s
Democratic Republic (hereinafter referred to as “Lao PDR”). The results of the energy audits
should be the basis of the activities aiming at implementation and dissemination ofrecommended improvement for energy conservation at buildings in each country and should
be related to evaluation for the system to award best practice buildings for energy conservation.
Moreover, in the workshops held in the three countries, the discussions were made fordeveloping database / benchmark / guideline for each country based on both the results ofenergy audits and the data of other buildings collected in the respective countries. The
discussion results shall be the basis for developing database / benchmark / guideline for
ASEAN by the ASEAN task force organized last year.
The actual site activities were commenced with the Inception Workshop (common workshop
with “Major Industry” project) held in October 2003 and completed by the Post Workshop(common workshop with “Major Industry” project) held at the end of January 2004.
In Inception Workshop, the implementation plan was explained and finally confirmed after thepresentation of technologies realized in Japan aimed at better understanding the points of-1-

energy audits. In the Board of Judges (hereinafter referred to as “BOJ”) consecutively held forthe purpose of discussing the evaluation of the award system, discussion on revision of theevaluation criteria was made. As a result, the project activities could be smoothly started. On
the other hand, in the Post Workshop, the actual results of the activities including
achievements in the three countries were reported to share the information among all ASEAN
countries. After then, discussions on development of database / benchmark / guideline weremade including the explanation of the activity results by ASEAN task force. Finally, theparticipants discussed the proposed plan and direction to implement and disseminate therecommended improvement and to develop the database / benchmark / guideline for ASEAN.
The following are the specific activities for 2003 – 2004.
(1) Holding Inception Workshop and Board of Judges : October 22nd – October 25th, 2003
“Inception Workshop of The SOME-METI Project on PROMEEC - Buildings and
PROMEEC - Industries” (common with “Major Industry” Project) was held on October
23rd and 24th at Singapore. The following were implemented.
♦ Presentation of the recent topics on policy, law, energy management and typicaltechnology for promoting energy conservation for the building and industrial sectors
in Japan♦ Explanation on status of realization and dissemination of recommendations
including future activity by each country♦ Explanation and discussion of the project plans of the fiscal year of 2003 for“Building and Major Industries”♦ Confirmation and discussion on the schedule and the required arrangement for thesite surveys for the projects of “Building and Major Industries”♦ Discussion on the development of database / benchmark for promoting energy
conservation at buildings“9th Meeting of the Board of Judges, ASEAN Energy Efficiency and Conservation Best
Practice Competition for Energy Efficient Buildings, ASEAN Energy Award 2004” washeld on October 25th at Singapore and the following were implemented.
♦ Explanation and discussion on aspects of evaluation criteria for ASEAN EnergyAward by the Japanese side
♦ Review of results of evaluation for the award for the fiscal year of 2002
♦ Review of the definition and evaluation criteria for “Tropical Building” and “Special
Submission”♦ Clarification of questions and request on the evaluation results by each country(2) 1st Site Survey:

November 2nd – November 15th, 2003

In Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Lao PDR, the energy audits were conducted at-2-

three buildings and the 1st workshop was held. The energy audit was implemented on abasis of OJT. In the 1st workshop, the procedure of energy audit was explained anddiscussed including the presentation on typical technologies for energy conservation ofbuilding realized in Japan.
♦ Presentation on typical technologies for energy conservation of building realized inJapan♦ Energy audit at one office building in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia♦ Energy audit at one hotel in Brunei♦ Energy Audit at one hotel in Vientiane, Lao PDR(3) 2nd Site Survey :January 18th – January 27th, 2004

In Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Lao PDR, the results of energy audit andrecommended measures for improvement were explained and discussed using thepreliminary report. Furthermore, the approach to develop database / benchmark /guideline was discussed including OJT for data processing.
♦ Explanation and discussion of the results of energy audit at one office building in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (including additional survey)♦ Explanation and discussion of the results of energy audit at one hotel in Brunei(including additional survey)♦ Explanation and discussion of the results of energy audit at one hotel in Vientiane,
Lao PDR(including additional survey)♦ Discussion on development on database / benchmark / guideline in the three
countries(4) Holding Post Workshop :January 28th – January 31st, 2004

“Post Workshop on Promotion of Energy Efficiency and Conservation (PROMEEC)(Major Industry and Building), SOME – METI Work Program 2003 – 2004” (common
with “Major Industry” Project) was held on January 29th and 30th at Singapore. The
following were implemented.
♦ Presentation on energy management and energy manager system in Japan♦ “Building” Project : Reporting / Discussion of results of energy audits for buildingsin Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Lao PDR, including comments by the countries♦ “Major Industry” Project : Reporting / Discussion of results of energy audits offactories for the caustic soda industry in Thailand and the food processing industry
in Singapore, including comments by each country♦ Reporting / Discussion on the results of case study of database / benchmark /guideline development in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Lao PDR♦ Reporting / Discussion of actual results and action plan for the activities to develop-3-database / benchmark / guideline for ASEAN by the taskforce♦ Discussion on the proposal of the future direction and plan of the projects and points
to be reflected to ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 20042009

The concerned members in Malaysia, Brunei and Lao PDR provided Japanese experts withvery good cooperation. Furthermore, thanks to the enthusiastic joint activities by all theparticipants, the smooth project activities could be realized. As a result, the achievements are
great since the recommended improvements were actually implemented in a short time or will
be shortly implemented.
First of all, we would like to express our sincere appreciation for the big efforts and good
preparation / arrangement made by the concerned persons from the three countries, including
their smooth decision of the buildings for energy audit. In this fiscal year, the buildings
categorized to “Best Practice Building” were selected for energy audit as follows.
- Sapura @ MinesBuilding as an office building at Putrajaya in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia- Orchid Garden Hotel in Brunei- Lao Plaza Hotel at Vientiane in Lao PDR
Lao PDR has been making effort to establish the national infrastructure aiming at further
developing the economy, while Malaysia and Brunei have been achieving the developed
economies as well as the developed countries in the world, under their abundant energy
resources. In spite of the above featured contrast among the three countries, the enthusiasm
and attitude of all the participants from these countries towards the energy conservation are
similarly strong and good.
As well as the activities last year, the field activities were focused on OJT (On the Job
Training) manner. Namely, a demonstration type of activity was applied to specific activities
with Japanese experts for the energy audit starting with the actual filling data in thequestionnaire through field survey including measurement. In the workshops in the second site
survey, the participants collected data in addition to the actual results by energy audits, input
the data into personal computers and calculated audit parameters by themselves including
simulative practice. Especially in Malaysia, the participants prepared available data from 55
buildings. Large effort by Japanese experts realized the OJT practice, since this kind ofpractice required much load and time for preparation by them. The participants in eachcountry understood the effort and enthusiasm of Japanese experts, which brought fruitfulresults for the three countries and Japan.
The energy audits in these three countries resulted in experiencing similar activities in all the-4-10 ASEAN countries with Japanese experts. As a result, the basis to develop activities forpromoting energy conservation has been established, on which each country and all ASEAN
countries would be possible to proceed their activities. This is a very important milestone to beachieved.
It is wished that the following would be realized to contribute to promoting energy
conservation and environmental protection in ASEAN countries.
(1) Implementation of the recommended improvements at an earlier timing(2) Effective utilization of technologies and experience transferred by Japanese experts(3) Dissemination of achievement in ASEAN countries based on cumulated experiencethrough the above activities

Finally, we would like to thank the persons from ACE and ASEAN including the persons
belonged to the buildings for their kind and perfect cooperation extended to the Japanese
members.

-5-

I.

Purposes and Background of the Survey
The purpose of this project is to promote energy conservation in buildings in Southeast
Asian countries. The larger goal of this project is to contribute to energy conservationand environmental protection in those countries by assisting ASEAN activities inselecting and awarding model energy-efficient buildings in ASEAN countries, whichhelps to promote the energy conservation in each of the ASEAN countries.
This project was set up in 2000 with the aim of reducing energy consumption incommercial buildings that continue to emerge in the ASEAN region with thecooperation of ASEAN Center for Energy that served as the core organization. This
project supports the award system of the best practice building in for business use
buildings in ASEAN countries in its technical and operational aspects.
ASEAN Center for Energy (hereinafter referred to as “ACE”) that serves as arepresentative of ASEAN countries for this project understands the purposes of thisproject as follows:
1. Enhancing even more the cooperative relationship between ASEAN countries andJapan in the field of energy
2. Promoting energy efficiency and energy conservation in buildings in ASEAN
countries
3. Promoting transfer of Japanese technologies in this particular field including
introduction of successful energy-saving cases realized in Japan to ASEAN
countries
4. Improving qualities and technical capabilities for energy conservation of ASEAN
countries through energy audits on a basis of OJT
5. Developing and establishing guidelines, database and benchmarks to be utilized forthe energy audit in ASEAN countries
Based on the discussion with ASEAN members including ACE, this cooperative projectis considered to consist of the three stages as follows. The activities in this fiscal year
situate as the first year activities of the second stage. Now the project has been
conducted in all the ten ASEAN countries including the activities of the last three yearsof the first stage. As a result, all the ASEAN members established the common base on
which further energy conservation activities can be developed. This fiscal year isviewed as the place to start implementing/disseminating actual improvement measuresand to determine the direction for promoting energy conservation in buildings. This year,
the survey was conducted in three countries, Malaysia, Brunei and Lao PDR.
1st stage 2000-2002 Transfer of technologies and experience from Japan to ASEAN
countries (completed last year)
2nd stage 2003-2006 Cooperative work between Japan and ASEAN countries for
implementing improvement measures and promoting energy
conservation in each country, including the dissemination inother countries
3rd stage 2007Advancement in energy conservation through ASEAN countries’

I-1

self efforts
Surveys on the actual condition of energy management through energy audits were
implemented specifically by the following process.

c Checking of the overall conditions of a building
d Checking of the overall conditions of facilities and systems for a building
e Checking in details of the condition of energy management according to the replies
to the questionnaire on energy management which had been requested to prepare
beforehand, and confirming the actual operation record if necessary
f Actually checking the buildings and facilities to determine the energy use status,
operation of facilities, maintenance status, and measurements
g Presenting the recommended improvements in facilities and energy management for
the reduction of energy consumption based on the results obtained from the steps
mentioned above
The database, benchmarks and guidelines that provide rough standards of energy
consumption in buildings should differ from country to country due to their differencesin climate, lifestyle, established infrastructure, etc. As it is impossible to establish
unified database/benchmark/guideline for all ASEAN countries from the beginning, wesuggested that respective countries should establish their own standards independently
in the first place, then work together to complete database/benchmark/guideline that canbe used commonly by ASEAN countries. Based on the procedure mentioned above,since last year, we have developed activities to establish local
database/benchmark/guideline in workshops held in Vietnam and Myanmar. The sameprocedure was conducted in Malaysia, Brunei, and Lao PDR this year.
At the end of the last year, a task force was formed to develop the database, benchmark
and guideline for ASEAN. The results of the activities by each country mentioned
above and by the task force were reported and discussed in the Post Workshop where
the representatives of ASEAN countries and the task force members gathered todetermine the future direction for the work to be done in further developing the database,benchmarks and guidelines for ASEAN.
These discussions are related to the evaluation of the award system for the best practicesof energy conservation for buildings in ASEAN. We also participated in the meeting of
the Board of Judges (BOJ), which is the evaluation committee for the award system, toadvise for reviewing the evaluation criteria.

I-2

II.

Malaysia

1.

Summary of Site Survey
Survey conductors and audit periods
1st site survey : November 3 through 5, 2003
2nd site survey : January 19 and 20, 2004
Participants from the International Engineering Department of The Energy
Conservation Center, Japan. (ECCJ)• Kazuhiko Yoshida (General Manager) November 3 through 5, 2003
• Takashi Kato (Technical Expert)
November 3 through 5, 2003
January 19 and 20, 2004
• Akira Kobayashi (Technical Export)
November 3 through 5, 2003
January 19 and 20, 2004

(1st site survey)
Date

Events, destination, etc.

Nov. 3 Workshop(Mon.) Sapura @ Mines
Building (conference
room of Pusat Tenaga
Malaysia (PTM))

Description• Welcome remarks• Opening statement• Presentation on the current energy conservation programand policy in Malaysia• Presentation on the profile of Sapura @ Mines Building
and the energy conservation program• Presentation on the ACE’s participation on the
PROMEEC project and the plan for the year
• Presentation on the energy conservation status inbuildings in Japan• Presentation on the procedure of auditing buildings
Participants Mr. Francis Xavier Jacob(Deputy Director, EE & Innovation
Dept., Energy Commission)
Ms. Nurhafiza Binti Mohd Hasan(Assistant Director, EE& Innovation
Dept., Energy Commission)
Dr. Anuar Abdul Rahman(Chief Executive Officer / Director, Pusat
Tenaga Malaysia (PTM))
Mr. Ahmad Zairin Ismail(Deputy Director, Energy Industry
Development Division, PTM)

II-1

Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description
Mr. Asfaazam Kasbani(Program Manager, Energy Industry &Sustainable Development Div., PTM)
Ms. Azah Ahmad(Research Officer, Energy Industry
Development Division, PTM)
Mr. Nik Mohd Aznizan Nik Ibrahim(Energy Industry Development Division,
PTM)
Mr. Christopher Zamora(Project Coordinator, ASEAN Center for
Energy)and 20 other persons

Nov. 4(Tue.)

Checking and audits of
Sapura @ Mines
Building(where Pusat Tenaga
Malaysia (PTM) is
located)• Provided the participants with OJT for energy audits
through checking and auditing Sapura @ Mines Building(office building).
Use: Office
Size: 11 floors above the ground
Gross floor area: 51,282 m2• Survey on the overall condition of the building by
documents/interviewing• Survey on the overall condition of the equipment by
documents/interviewing• Survey on energy consumption by
documents/interviewing• On-site investigation
There were many participants mainly from PTM.
Participants: Mr. Ahmad Zairin Ismail (PTM)
Mr. Asfaazam Kasbani (PTM)
Ms. Azah Ahmad (PTM)
Mr. Nik Mohd Aznizan Nik Ibrahim (PTM)
Mr. Christopher Zamora (ACE)
and 15 other persons

II-2

Date

Events, destination, etc.

Nov. 5 Wrap-up meeting(Wed.) (conference room of
Pusat Tenaga Malaysia(PTM))

Description• Summarized the results of surveys and energy audits of
Sapura@Mines Building and reported to participants.
Participants: Ms. Nurhafiza Binti Mohd Hasan(EE& Innovation Dept., Energy
Commission)
Dr. Anuar Abdul (PTM))
Mr. Ahmad Zairin Ismail (PTM)
Mr. Asfaazam Kasbani (PTM)
Ms. Azah Ahmad (PTM)
Mr. Nik Mohd Aznizan Nik Ibrahim (PTM)
Mr. Phubalakan Karunnakaran(MIEEIP, PTM)
Mr. Christopher Zamora (ACE)
and 12 other persons

II-3

(2nd Site Survey)
Date

Events, destination, etc.

Jan. 19 Pre-report meeting(Mon.) Interim reports on theaudit results for Sapura@ Mines Building(conference room of
Pusat Tenaga Malaysia(PTM))

Description• Made interim reports based on the results of the 1st
survey and energy audit of Sapura@Mines Building.
• Major contents• Analysis of the current condition (electric power
consumption, total energy consumption, energy
composition, trends in monthly energy consumption,comparisons with other buildings, water consumption
data)• Recommendations and expected effects (improvement of
the room temperature setting, adjustment of fresh in-takeair volume from the outside, total closure of VAV units inunused rooms, review on the operation of chillers during
low load, high-efficiency operation of receiving powertransformers)• Measurement of CO2 concentration
In relation to the adjustment of fresh intake air volume
from the outside, the CO2 concentration meters broughtfrom Japan were used at the applicable locations tomeasure the actual CO2 concentration with theparticipants.
Participants: Mr. Francis Xavier Jacob(Energy Commission)
Mr. Muhammad Fendi Mustafa (PTM)
Mr. Ahmad Zairin Ismail (PTM)
Mr. Asfaazam Kasbani (PTM)
Ms. Azah Ahmad (PTM)
Mr. Nik Mohd Aznizan Nik Ibrahim (PTM)
Mr. Christopher Zamora (ACE)
and 11 other persons

II-4

Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description• Conducted the presentation on the preliminary report ofJan. 20 Workshop on energy
the results of the energy audit of Sapura@Mines(Tue.) conservation promotion
Building.
in buildings(conference room of• Conducted the presentation on the benchmarks andPusat Tenaga Malaysia
database established in Japan.
(PTM))• Conducted the presentation on the benchmarks anddatabase for Malaysia.
• Discussion: How to use the benchmarks, energy
conservation points in hospitals
Participants: Mr. Francis Xavier Jacob(Energy Commission)
Mr. Muhammad Fendi Mustafa (PTM)
Ms. Azah Ahmad (PTM)
Mr. Nik Mohd Aznizan Nik Ibrahim (PTM)
Mr. Christopher Zamora (ACE)
and 13 other persons

II-5

2.
2.1

Political and Economic Conditions in Malaysia
National Indicators, Political System and Economic Indicators(1) National indicators
1) Area:2) Population:3) Capital city:4) Ethnic distribution:5) Languages:
6) Religions:

Approximately 330,000 km2 (approx. 0.9 times thearea of Japan)
24,530,000 (2002 from the Statistics Bureau)
Kuala Lumpur
Malay (65.1%), Chinese (approx. 26.0%), Indian(approx. 7.7%), others (1.2%)
Malay (official language), Chinese, Tamil, English
Islam (federal religion), Buddhism, Confucianism,
Hinduism, Christianity, native beliefs(2) Political system
1) Form of government: Constitutional monarchy (parliamentary democracy)2) Head of state:
12th King Syed Sirajuddin(Sultan of the State of Perlis, elected from theconference of Sultans and inaugurated in December
2001 for 5-year terms)
3) Parliament:
Bicameral
70 seats for the Senate.
Term of office: 3 years.
44 appointed by the King, 26 appointed by the state
assemblies.
193 seats for the House of Representatives.
Term of office: 5 years.
Directly elected (single-seat constituency).
4) Government:
Prime Minister: Abdullah Badawi (inaugurated in
October 2003)
Minister of Foreign Affairs: Syed Hamid (inaugurated
in January 1999)
5) Internal political conditions:
The Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi took office following Prime
Minister Mahathir’s resignation in October 2003 and became the fifth Prime
Minister. Mahathir led Malaysia for 22 years. The current Prime Minister
Abdullah has clearly pledged to continue Mahathir’s policies and there
seems to be no large changes in policies. The National Front (Barisan
Nasional) is the ruling coalition party with the Malay-based United Malays

II-6

National Organization (UMNO) at the core. The National Front has most of
the parliamentary seats in the House of Representatives (150 out of 193) andthe current administration is stable.
(3) Economic indicators
1) Main industries:

Manufacturing (electric devices), agriculture andforestry (rubber, palm oil, lumber), and mining (tin,crude oil, LNG)
1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2) GDP (billion dollars)

480

507

552

554

577

3) Per capita GDP (dollars)

3,093

3,238

3,509

3,386

3,610

4) GDP growth rate (%)

▲7.4

5.8

8.5

0.4

4.1

5) Consumer price increase rate (%)

5.3

2.8

1.6

1.4

1.8

6) Unemployment rate (%)

3.2

3.4

3.1

3.6

3.5

7) Total trade balance (2002):
8) Export/import items:(1) Exports: 93,263 million dollars(2) Imports: 79,868 million dollars(1) Exports: Electrical appliances, crude oil, LNG,
palm oil, chemical products(2) Imports: Manufacturing machines, transport
equipment, food9) Trading partners (2002):

10) Currency:
11) Exchange rate:(1) Exports: US (20.2%), Singapore (17.1%),
Japan (11.2%)(2) Imports: Japan (17.8%), US (16.4%),
Singapore (12.0%)
Ringgit. Fixed exchange rates after September 2,
1998: 1 dollar = 3.8 ringgit
1 ringgit = 30 yen approximately(4) Relationship with Japan
1) Political
The relationship between Malaysia and Japan is generally well due to the“Look East Policy*” suggested by the former Prime Minister Mahathir,frequent visits of the leading persons of the two governments, close
economical relationship through direct investments, trading and technicaltransfer, and active exchange of culture and students. Prime Minister
Abdullah has pledged to continue the Look East Policy.
Based on the survey and research regarding the current status and problemsof the development and development plans in Malaysia, and political

II-7

dialogues with Malaysia, Japan views the protection of the environment,
eradication of poverty, regional development, and development of humanresource and small- and medium-scale enterprises as the important targets ofaid.
*Look East Policy
The former Prime Minister Mahathir viewed human resource development
as an important issue. The Look East Policy was introduced to change thework ethics of Malaysians to develop their talent by learning the experienceof development and work ethics in Japan and Korea. To achieve this goal,
Malaysia is sending students and trainees to both countries. Japan hasreceived approximately 2,800 students and 3,300 trainees so far.
2) Economic(1) Trading with Japan• Trade items
Exports: Machinery, mineral fuel such as LNG, lumber, and others
Imports: Electronic devices such as semiconductor devices, generalmachinery, steel, and others• Trade balance (overview of foreign trade, unit: billion yen)
Exports: 1,496.6 (2000), 1,337.2 (2001), 1,377.6 (2002)
Imports: 1,562.7 (2000), 1,561.3 (2001), 1,401.4 (2002)(2) Direct investments from Japan (statistics of the Ministry of Finance,
unit: billion yen)
97.1 (fiscal year of 1997), 65.8 (fiscal year of 1998), 58.6 (fiscal year of1999), 25.6 (fiscal year of 2000), 32.0 (fiscal year of 2001)(5) Political situation
Malaysia is a multi-race nation (race composition: 62.8% Malays, 26.3%
Chinese, 7.5% Indian, 3.5% others). Immediately after the general election in
1969, racial riots (incident of May 13) broke out between Malays and Chinese.
The most important task of the past and present administrations is to reconcile
different races and improve the economic status of Malays who are relatively
poor compared to non-Malays (Bumiputra policy).
1) Current political situation
The House of Representatives was dissolved on November 11, 1999 before
its time of June 7, 2000. The tenth general election was held on November
29 of the same year. As a result, the ruling coalition party BN (National
Front) led by Prime Minister Mahathir was returned to power with morethan two-thirds (148) of the parliamentary seats out of 193 of the House ofRepresentatives. The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS: Muslim-based
opposition party) largely increased its seats in the House of Representatives.
PAS retained control of the state of Kelantan and won the additional state of

II-8

Terengganu in the elections of state assemblies.
In May 2000, the election of directors (3 years of terms) of UMNO (Prime
Minister Mahathir used to be the leader since 1981) was held. Mahathir was
reelected as the leader (7th term) and Deputy Prime Minister and Ministerof Home Affairs Abdullah were reelected as the deputy leader. As a result,the Mahathir - Abdullah system was established in the party.
In June 2001, Finance Minister Daim resigned and Prime Minister Mahathir
decided to serve concurrently as Finance Minister. After the September 11
incident in the US, while the Government severely criticized the terrorism,
it also said “no” to the military actions of the US and other countries
considering the feelings of moderate Muslims. In Malaysia, 48 extremists
claming to establish an Islamic nation were arrested. The Democratic
Action Party (DAP) left the opposition coalition because of the antagonism
regarding the establishment of the Islamic nation.
During the closing speech at the 56th UMNO general assembly on June 22,
2002, the UMNO President Mahathir announced resignation from thepresidency post and other all posts of the UMNO and the coalition party(BN). On June 25, Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah (Vice President ofUMNO) was announced to be his successor.
2) Foreign affairs
The basic foreign policies include: strengthening the cooperation with theASEAN countries, cooperation with Muslim countries, equidistantdiplomacy with big powers, South-South cooperation and promotion of
economic relations with foreign countries. Prime Minister Mahathir was
critical of big powers such as the US and EU, and he insisted on protecting
the positions and rights of small, developing countries. The main foreign
policies are as follows:a.

Maintaining and strengthening the friendly cooperating relationshipwith neighboring countries, especially ASEAN countries
Through mutual visits at all levels of the members of ASEAN meetingsand main cabinet members, close cooperating relationship are to be
maintained and strengthened (Malaysia was the 1997 ASEAN chairman
and 1998 APEC chairman).

b.

Cooperation with Muslim countries
As a Muslim nation, Malaysia showed strong interest in the BosniaHerzegovina situation. Malaysia broke diplomatic relations with Serb’s
new “Federal Republic of Yugoslavia” in August 1992 and started toII-9

support Bosnia by accepting Muslim refugees and conducting fundraising campaigns. In June 2001, an OIC meeting of ministers of
foreign affairs was held in Malaysia. Although Malaysia is not amember of OPEC, it sends an observer to support the policies of OPEC.
c.

South-South cooperation
In light of the international economic status of developing countries andto decrease the overdependence on developed countries and promote
self-help through strengthening the cooperation among developing
countries, the Government supports the Malaysia technical cooperation
program and private enterprises establish joint ventures to promote theSouth-South cooperation.

d.

Activities for the United Nations
Malaysia plays an active part in the United Nations. For example,
Malaysia was a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security
Council (1999 to 2000) and participated in PKO missions. Malaysia isalso active in environmental issues and it hosted the second United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in
April 1992 and played a role of a spokesman for developing countries
in UNCED held in Rio de Janeiro.

(6) Economic situations
The economy of Malaysia used to be monoculture, producing mainly rubber andtin. The Government initiated the import substitution industrialization policy
mainly for consumer goods in 1960s. In 1970, the Government initiated toencourage the export-oriented industries and its main task was establishingexport processing areas. In 1985, the economy contracted due to the price dropsof primary products which were the main export products. In 1986, theGovernment lifted the restriction of foreign capital and initiated active
introduction of foreign capital to fully implement the export-oriented
industrialization policy. Through the rapid industrialization, Malaysia achieved 8
to 9% growth rate between 1988 and 1996.
1) Current economic situations
After the summer of 1997, Malaysia was faced with economic difficulties
due to a financial crisis. However, Malaysia did not ask the IMF for supportand implemented its own economic policies. The Government reduced
fiscal 1998 budget and announced austerity measures (reduction of thefederal government budget, postponement of some large-scale projects).
With the onset of 1998, the National Economic Action Council (NEAC), led

II-10

by Prime Minister Mahathir, discussed economic strategies. The
Government announced comprehensive measures (tightening fiscal andmonetary policies, strengthening the structure of financial institutions) toregain the confidence of investors. To stop the worsening of the economy,
the Government shifted to stimulus packages (additional fiscal spending
mainly for the social sector, lowering interest rates), wrote off bad loans,and restructured financial institutions. In September 1998, the Government
introduced foreign exchange control (centralized control of foreignexchange by the central bank, revision of the foreign exchange control
system) and shifted to a fixed exchange rate system (1 US dollar = 3.8
ringgit). The foreign exchange control was lifted on February 15, 1999.
To alleviate the recession due to the slowdown of the US economy whichbecame evident at the end of 2000, the Government announced the New
Economic Policy (NEP) which included the expansion of financial stimuli
and consumption.
2) Developmental plans
In February 1991, Prime Minister Mahathir announced an economical andsocial development plan, Vision 2020, to make Malaysia into a developed
industrial country. In June 1991, the Government of Malaysia announced
the National Development Policy (NDP) which covered 1991 to 2000 as along-term development policy after the New Economic Policy (1971 to1990) based on Vision 2020. The NDP, like the NEP, aimed to build national
unity and had the same two goals as the NEP, which were eradication ofpoverty and reorganization of the society. As for the ownership of 30%
share capital for Bumiputra (Malays and indigenous people), which was atarget set in the NEP, no deadline was set to allow for flexibility in order not
to hinder the growth. The actual policies were conducted in the Sixth andSeventh Malaysia Plans (five-year plans).
In April 2001, the Third Outline Perspective Plan (OPP3, 10-year plan from
2001) and the Eighth Malaysia Plan (8MP, five-year plan from 2001) wereannounced. These plans set the basic economic and social operation policyof the Government of Malaysia for the next five to ten years, and theeconomy with “sustainable growth” and “resilience and competitiveness” isset as the target. The main goal is to shift from the labor-insensitive
economy to the knowledge-insensitive economy (K-Economy), make fulluse of telecommunications technologies, develop human resource, prepare
information infrastructure, and improve the productivity and efficiency ofindustries. Emphasis was always put on the telecom infrastructure in theprevious plans. The promotion of the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) isemphasized in OPP3 and 8MP as well to make Malaysia an important hub

II-11

for telecommunications technologies and multimedia. OPP3 and 8MP alsomention the establishment of telecommunications technologies andnecessary infrastructure in rural areas to address the digital divide issues.
The target economic growth rate for five years is 7.5% as mentioned in
OPP3.
Under Vision 2020 aiming to join the group of developed industrial
countries by 2020, the following large-scale projects are under way orcompleted:•

New Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)
Opened in June 1998. The area is 10,000 hectare and 14-fold of Narita
International Airport.

•

New administration city “Putrajaya”
Scheduled to be established 25 km south of Kuala Lumpur. The Prime
Minister’s Office was scheduled to move in June 1999. Other offices
are scheduled to move sequentially. The city became a federal
jurisdiction on February 1, 2002.

•

Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC)
A plan to establish the latest telecommunications infrastructure at anarea of 50 km (south-north) × 15 km (east-west) which connects Kuala
Lumpur, Putrajaya, and the new airport to attract high-tech information
technology enterprises.

•

PETRONAS Twin Tower
A skyscraper of 452 m high (currently highest in the world). Built by
Japanese and Korean companies.

II-12

2.2

Energy Situations in Malaysia(1) Energy policy of Malaysia
During the oil shock in 1973, Malaysia also had to find alternate oil suppliers
and alternate energy sources like other countries.
The energy policy of Malaysia is based on the Petroleum Development Act 1974
(PDA). PETRONAS is given exclusive rights for owning and developing oil
fields and natural gas fields and producing oil and natural gas. PETRONAS was
brought under control of the Prime Minister and it is also responsible forplanning, investing, and regulating the activities of energy suppliers.
Immediately after the implementation of the Petroleum Development Act 1974
(PDA), the National Petroleum Policy of 1975 was introduced to regulate the oiland gas industries to fulfill the development requests of the nation.
The Government announced the following three principles of the energy policy
in 1979 to give directions for the future development of the energy sector.
1) Supply objective
Alternate energy supply sources must be developed and used to secureadequate and economical energy supply.
2) Utilization objective
Efficient use of energy must be promoted to regulate fruitless nonproductive energy consumption.
3) Environment objective
The burden and ill-effect on the environment must be minimized during theenergy supply chain.
In 1980, the National Depletion Policy (NDP) was incorporated into the
National Petroleum Policy (NPP) to regulate the production of major oil fields topreserve the oil and natural gas field development. As a result, the amount of oil
production was restricted to 650,000 barrels per day. When liquefied natural gas
is included, the actual amount of oil production is larger than this Figure.
According to the Seventh Malaysian Plan Report (1995), the NDP set the upper
limit for gas production including natural gas in the Malay Peninsula to twobillion standard cubic feet per day.
In 1981, the Government applied the Four Fuel Strategy to the NDP to reducethe country’s overdependence on oil (especially thermal power generation) andfind the best balance among four types of energy sources: oil, natural gas,hydropower and coal. The Government added the fifth element, renewableenergy, in the 21st century and replaced the strategy with “Five Fuel Strategy”.
The draft of the Energy Efficiency Regulation states to specify the offices thatuse excessive energy, appoint energy management officers, and label equipment.
This Regulation is assumed to be implemented before the end of the Eighth

II-13

Malaysia Plan period (2000 to 2005). The Government is well aware of the needto promote energy conservation in order to reduce the number of industrial
devices that use energy inefficiently and fruitlessly in industries.
(2) Recent energy statistics (primary energy supply and final energy consumption)
In 2001, the growth of the primary energy supply in the commercial sector was
relatively small, 5.4% compared to 28.5% in 2000. This is due to the increase in
the production of natural gas, which increased from 52,432 ktoe in 2000 to
53,659 ktoe in 2001, a 2.3% increase. The crude oil production decreased from33,835 ktoe in 2000 to 32,851 ktoe in 2001, a 2.9% decrease, due to less export
demand (especially from the markets of the neighboring countries).
In the same period, the production of coal increased 42.5%. The amount ofimported coal increased 37.1%, which caused increase in the overall coal supply
of 19.5%. The percentage of crude oil and refined oil in the total energy sources
increased from 49.2% in 2000 to 51.1% in 2001. The percentage of natural gas
supply decreased from 42.4% to 39.7% in the same period. The percentage ofhydropower and the percentage of coal and coke remained the same, both 3%.
The total of the maximum electricity demand for TNB, SESB and SESCO
increased from 11,055 MW to 11,834 MW in 2002, a 7% increase. The numberof customers requiring electricity increased from 5,868,095 to 6,156,600, which
is a 4.8% increase and the sold energy increased 4.8% from 62,514 GHh. The
composition of energy sources for the electricity generated by the above threecompanies and IPP was: 75% gas, 11% coal, 7.1% hydropower, and theremaining is oil and other fuels.
(3) Final energy use by sectors
According to the National Energy Balance 2001, the transport sector remained
the main consumer of final energy as usual, 42% in 2001. The industrial sector
consumed approximately 37%, the residential and commercial sector consumed
13%, and the agriculture sector consumed 0.3%. The final energy demand by thecommercial sector was 31,515 ktoe while it was 29,699 ktoe in 2000. The reason
for this increase is the growth of the service industry, the regional industry andthe construction industry. Figure 2.2-1 and Figure 2.2-2 show the importance ofthe commercial sector in all the energy consumption in Malaysia.

II-14

FINAL ENERGY USE BY SECTORS (ktoe)

12,00010,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

1980

1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Industrial

2,870

3,726

5,885

8,060

9,443

10,106

10,121

10,277

11,406

11,755

Transport

2,398

3,477

5,387

7,827

8,951

10,201

9,793

11,393

12,071

13,236

Resid. & Comm.

826

1,123

1,646

2,837

3,557

3,073

3,314

3,653

3,868

4,050

Non-energy

291

386

299

2,994

1,744

2,298

2,023

1,799

2,250

2,379

Agriculture

0

0

0

446

472

490

307

106

104

98

6,385

8,712

13,21722,164

24,167

26,16825,55827,22829,69931,514

Total

Figure 2.2-1 Trend of Final Energy Use by Sectors (2001)(Source: National Energy Balance 2001)

Mining0%

Export0%
Residential
18%

Public Lighting
1%

Industry
52%

Commercial
28%

Figure 2.2-2 Electricity Consumption by Sectors (2002)(Source: Suruhanjaya Tenaga, 2003)

II-15

2.3

Situations of Buildings in Malaysia
From the view point of global environment, improving the energy efficiency inbuildings is effective in reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. In Malaysia, thecommercial sector emitted 27% of greenhouse gases in 2000 and the volume ofemissions of the gases from buildings is expected to increase 7.6% in the 2001 - 2005
period.
The building of Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia (MECM) in
Putrajaya was designed as a low energy office (LEO) from the initial stage of the
project. The entire building will be occupied by 2004 and its economical energyefficient equipment will be publicly open as a showcase that can be easily
implemented in both public and private buildings.
Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) designed its office building based on the LEO concept.
The target energy consumption of this building is half of the MECM building, 50
kWh/m2. PTM is currently responsible for coordinating the 5-Year Energy Audit inGovernment Buildings project which is funded by the Malaysian Electricity Supply
Industry Trust Account (MESITA). The main goal of this project is to heighten theawareness for energy conservation among the Government organizations andpropagate the information. In 2001, the Malaysian Association of Energy Service
Companies (MAESCO) established the “Energy Audit Guideline for Commercial
Buildings” and the “Technical Reference” to standardize energy audits.
In addition, MS 1525:2001 “Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use ofRenewable Energy for Non Residential Buildings” was established to give directions
for the best practices of energy efficiency in buildings. This code gives the minimum
standard for designing new and existing buildings and the measures to fulfill thecriteria and this standard. It also provides the measures to design, construct, operate,
and maintain buildings without sacrificing the comfortableness and productivity of
the functions of buildings and people living in the buildings while conserving energy.
(Sources)
National Energy Balance, 2001
Statistics of Electricity Supply Industry in Malaysia 2003
Eighth Malaysia Plan (2001 - 2005)

II-16

3.
3.1

Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings
General Process
The energy audit for buildings is generally proceeded in the 6-step sequencedescribed below.
In STEP 1 and STEP 2, general information and data on the building and equipment
concerned are collected and the obtained energy consumption data are analyzed.
The participants collaborated with Japanese experts from STEPs 1 to 3 for this year’s
audit. In the wrap-up meeting held on completion of the 1st site survey, ECCJ
specialists gave an outline of the improvement points in STEP 4. In the interim reportmeeting in the 2nd site survey, the study results on the measures for the improvement
and expected effects were explained, and for further confirmation, additional surveys
were conducted. This report reflects the results of the 2nd site survey.
STEP-1
STEP-2
STEP-3
STEP-4
STEP-5Gather and confirm general information and data of the building
Gather and confirm general information and data of the equipment
Gather and confirm data of energy consumption
Identify improvement points through data analysis and evaluation
Study recommended methods for improvement including expected
effects
STEP-6 Determine and explain the recommendations to be implemented
3.2

Description of Each Step
Major survey items of each step are as follows:(1) STEP-1 Gather and confirm general information and data of the building
1) Year of construction completed
2) Size: Gross floor area (area for major use, indoor parking area), number ofstories, building structure3) Usage4) Owner
5) No. of employees, No. of clients (on business days and holidays), and otheritems(2) STEP-2 Gather and confirm general information and data of the equipment
1) Air-conditioning system, electrical system, sanitary facilities
2) Specifications for equipment and facilities
3) Operation management status: Operating hours, setting of room temperature,and other items(3) STEP-3 Gather and confirm data of energy consumption
1) Monthly energy consumption2) Changes in yearly energy consumption

II-173) Energy consumption by day of the week4) Energy consumption by hour of the day5) Energy consumption by usage
6) Data on water consumption, and other items(4) STEP-4 Identify improvement points through data analysis and evaluation
1) Comparison of the total energy consumption of the building concerned withthose of similar buildings
2) Comparison of its energy consumption by usage with those of similarbuildings
3) Analysis of its monthly energy consumption trends
4) Analysis of changes in energy consumption for a period of several years5) Analysis of its energy consumption by day of the week and hour of the day6) Confirmation of room environment: Temperature, humidity, CO2concentration, luminance7) Confirmation of operation log: Operation status during peak load hours,
operation status during light load hours, No. of equipment units in operation,
operation time and operation temperature conditions8) On-site inspection: Operation status of equipment, temperature indicators,
ammeters, voltmeters and power factor indicators, valve condition, damper
condition, heat insulation, layout of equipment, maintenance of equipment
and piping9) Determination of how the facilities and equipment are actually used:
Density of people in a room, condition of OA equipment, identification oflocations of energy loss, and other items(5) STEP-5 Study recommended methods for improvement including expected
effects
1) Studying improvement plans: Application of other successful improvementcases and most-advanced technologies
2) Estimation of effects of improvement: Amount of reduced energy
consumption and costs
3) Estimation of costs for improvement(6) STEP-6 Determine and explain the recommendations to be implemented1) Determination of the recommendations to be applied
2) Preparation of a report
3) Explaining the report

II-18

3.3

On-site Auditing Procedure
The energy audits for the building concerned were conducted in accordance with thefollowing procedure.
(1) Interviewing
1) General description of the building2) General description of the equipment
3) How the building is used and the operation status of equipment
4) Data and information on overall energy use(2) Confirmation on drawings and reference materials
1) Building design drawing
2) Equipment drawings including drawings of air-conditioning systems,
electrical systems and sanitary facilities
3) Operation log
4) Energy consumption data
5) Room environment data
(3) On-site confirmation
1) Typical room2) Machine room3) Electrical room4) Outdoor facilities and equipment (placed on rooftop and on the ground)(4) Simple measurements (if possible)
1) Temperature, humidity and luminance2) Electric current
3) CO2 concentration, etc.

II-19

4.

Energy Audits of Sapura@Mines Building

4.1

Outline of Sapura@Mines Building(1) Name: Sapura@Mines Building(2) Use: Office(3) Size: 11 floors above the ground
Gross floor area: 51,282 m2(4) Age of the building: 5 years(5) Central building management and control system:
Building Automating System (BAS)(6) Outline of electrical systems:
Receiving voltage 11 kV, Transformer capacity 1,500 kVA × 2 sets,
2000 kVA × 1 set, Power generator 800 kVA × 1 set, Elevator 20 kW ×
6 sets, Service elevator 16 kW × 2 sets, Special-purpose elevator 22.4
kW × 1 set(7) Outline of air-conditioning systems:
Turbo chiller 500RT (327 kW) × 3 sets, Turbo chiller 150RT (104 kW)
× 1 set, Air-conditioning equipment: VAV, partially fan-coil unit (FCU),
split-type and packaged(8) Sanitary facilities:
Water receiving tank (city water), Lifting pump 18.5 kW × 3 sets,
Lifted water tank

II-20

Analysis of Current Status of Energy Use(1) Monthly energy consumption1) Electric energy and maximum demand (2002)
Figure 4.2-1 shows the monthly electric energy and maximum demand in
2002. As the graph shows, electric power consumption peaks in July anddrops most in February. The maximum demand also peaks in July.
The maximum demand notably drops in September compared to August andNovember. The recorded data is accurate and the reason is unknown.
Monthly Electric Energy and Maximum Demand

500000450000400000350000300000250000200000150000100000
50000
0

1600
1550

1450

kW

1500
kWh
Max kW

1400
1350
1300

Ja

n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n
Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

kWh

4.2

Figure 4.2-1

Monthly Electric Energy and Maximum Demand(2) Estimated energy consumption by use
Sapura@Mines Building’s (abbreviated as “Sapura Building” hereafter) energy
consumption by use, which was calculated based on the drawings of the building
and the observed operating status of the equipment on the day of the on-site
survey, is shown below. These approximate calculations are made based on
experience and not accurate; they should be used for reference only. Figure 4.2-2
and Table 4.2-1 show the results of the calculations.
The pie chart shows that Sapura Building uses approximately 39% of the energy
as the heat source for air-conditioning, approximately 14% for heat transfer, andapproximately 16% for lighting and outlets. Items 2) to 5) show how the energy
consumption by use is calculated.

II-21

1) Composition of energy consumption by use
Percentage of Energy Consumption by Use

Others26.8%
Heat Source
38.7%

Power
4.7%
Lighting andOutlets
16.1%

Figure 4.2-2
Table 4.2-1

Heat Transfer
13.7%

Percentage of Energy Consumption by Use
Amount of Energy Consumption by Use

PurposeHeat source
Heat transfer
Lighting and outlets
Driving power
OthersTotal
Daily average

kWh/d%6,872 38.7%
2,426 13.7%
2,859 16.1%
837
4.7%
4,767 26.8%
17,761 100.0%
17,761kWh/d2) Calculation of the energy consumption for heat sources
kW

Quantity

Hour

Load
factor kWh/D

Chiller

2

327

10

0.8

5,232

Cooling tower

2

22

10

0.8

352

Cooling water pump

2

37

10

0.8

592

Split-type air conditioner

29

3

10

0.8

696

Total

6,872

Annual electric power consumption

4,830,876

kWh/yDaily electric power consumption(average)

17,761

kWh/d

II-22

%
29.5%

38.7%

272 days3) Calculation of the energy consumption for heat transfer
Quantity
Cold water pump2

kW

Hour Load factor

55

10

0.8

Air-conditioner (18 units)

1

180.2

10

0.8

Fan-coil unit

20

0.65

10

0.8

Total

kWh/D
880
Except for the1441.6 5th floor
1042425.6

4) Calculation of the energy consumption for lighting and outlets
m2

W/m2

kW Hour Operating rate

kWh

Ground

5100

10

51

10

0.4

204

1st floor

5100

10

51

10

0.6

306

2nd floor Parking lot

5100

2 10.2

10

0.8

82

3rd floor Parking lot

5100

2 10.2

10

0.8

82

4th floor Parking lot

5100

2 10.2

10

0.8

82

5th floor Empty

5100

2 10.2

10

0.8

82

6th floor Office5100

15 76.5

10

0.8

612

7th floor Office5100

15 76.5

10

0.8

612

8th floor Office5100

15 76.5

10

0.4

306

9th floor Office, theater5100

15 76.5

10

0.6

459

10th floor Office282

15 4.23

10

0.8

34

Total

51282

2,859

5) Calculation of the energy consumption for driving power
QuantitykW

Hour Load factor

kWh/D

Ventilation fan (27 units)

1

90.7

10

0.8

726

Makeup pump

1

2.2

2

0.8

4

Suction pump

1

7.5

2

0.8

12

Elevator

8

15.0

2

0.8

192

Total

933
(3) Comparison with other buildings in Malaysia
Figure 4.2-3 shows the relationship between the gross floor area of each of 59
buildings in Malaysia (Sapura Building is red) and electric power consumption.
Since Sapura Building is below the regression line, Sapura Building consumes
less energy than the average. The simple average per floor area of 59 buildings is
144.4 kWh/m2 and that of Sapura Building is 94.2 kWh/m2. Sapura Building
consumes approximately 65% of the average. The area of operating rooms in 47
buildings is determined. Figure 4.2-4 shows the area. The simple average per
operating floor area of 47 buildings is 181.5 kWh/m2 and that of Sapura Building
is 153.4 kWh/m2, which is approximately 85% of the average.

II-23

kWh/yr

Relationship Between Electric Power Consumption and Total Floor
Area of 59 Buildings in Malaysia

18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,0000

y = 124.9x
R2 = 0.8673

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000120000(m2)

Figure 4.2-3

Relationship Between Electric Power Consumption and Total Floor
Area of 59 Buildings in Malaysia

Relationship Between Electric Power Consumption and Total Operating Floor Area of
47 Buildings in Malaysia

18,000,000

y = 169.31x
R2 = 0.9295

16,000,000
14,000,000
kWh/yr

12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
00Figure 4.2-4

20000

40000

60000
(m2)

80000

100000120000Relationship Between Electric Power Consumption and Total
Operating Floor Area of 47 Buildings in Malaysia(4) Comparison with the buildings in Japan
1) Comparison of temperatures between Kuala Lumpur and Tokyo
To evaluate the energy usage in the buildings in Malaysia, the buildings arecompared with those in Japan. Before comparing the energy consumption
per unit area, the monthly average temperature is compared between Tokyoand Kuala Lumpur since it determines the amount of energy required for
air-conditioning.

II-24

Monthly Average Temperature

30
25

℃

20
Tokyo
Kuala Lumpur

15
10
5

Figure 4.2-5

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

0

Monthly Average Temperature2) Comparison of energy consumption intensity with that of buildings in Japan
According to the data of the Energy Conservation Center, Japan, the averageenergy consumption intensity in office buildings in Japan is 2177 MJ/m2.
The energy consumption intensity per operating floor area (total area is
31,494 m2) in Sapura Building is 1503 MJ/m2, which is approximately 69%
of the Japanese average.
In Japan, energy data is calculated using the unit “MJ/m2” which isdetermined using the following conversion value. Therefore, the data of
Sapura Building is also converted in the same manner. (Note: This
conversion coefficient of electric power is used in Japan taking the power
generation efficiency and other points in power plants into consideration. It
is determined by dividing 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ by the average power generation
efficiency (approximately 37%) of Japanese electric power companies.)
Primary energy conversion coefficientElectric power

9.8

II-25

MJ/kWhEnergy Consumption Intensity

2500

2177

MJ/m2

2000
1500

1503

1000
500
0
Sapura (per Operating Floor Area)

Figure 4.2-6

ECCJ Data

Energy Consumption Intensity2) Composition of energy consumption by use in office buildings in JapanThe following pie chart shows the composition of energy consumption by
use in office buildings in Japan. In comparison of the composition of Japan
with that of Sapura Building, it is noted that the percentage of the heatsource for air-conditioning is large and the percentage of lighting andoutlets is small in Sapura Building.
Energy Consumption by Use(Office Building Data Provided by ECCJ)

Others13%

Heat Source
25%

Driving power
12%

Heat Transfer
13%Lighting andOutlets
37%

Figure 4.2-7

Energy Consumption by Use(5) Water consumption data
1) Monthly water consumption
Figure 4.2-8 shows the monthly water consumption in 2002.
The water consumption of March is small compared to other months. The
reason could not be confirmed.

II-26

Monthly Water Consumption

9000
8000
7000

m3

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Figure 4.2-8

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Monthly Water Consumption2) Comparison with other buildings
When evaluating the water consumption, it is necessary to check theconsumption of the total floor area and compare it with other data. However,there is no other comparable data in Malaysia. Therefore, the data of Sapura
Building was compared with the data of Japan given by The Energy
Conservation Center, Japan. In office buildings in Japan, the water
consumption is 0.98 m3/m2 while it is 2.62 m3/m2 in Sapura Building (total
operating floor area is 31,494 m2). The water consumption of Sapura
Building is approximately 2.7 times more of that of Japan.
We were doubtful about this result in the first survey. During the second
survey, a technician of Sapura Building reported that water leakage from apipe was found and then water consumption was reduced to half after thedamage was repaired.
Water Consumption per Square Meter

3.00

2.62

2.50
m3/m2

2.00
1.50
0.98

1.00
0.50
0.00
Sapura (per Operating Floor Area)

Figure 4.2-9

ECCJ Data

Water Consumption per Square Meter

II-27

4.3

Proposed for Improvements and Expected Effects(1) Improvement of the room temperature setting
Current condition
The temperature of the room air-conditioning was set to 22°C to 23°C which
needed to be improved for energy conservation.
Proposed improvement
Raising the temperature by approximately 2°C to 24 or 25°C
Calculation of expected effects
The effects were calculated assuming that the temperature was raised by 2°C
with the following conditions:
Conditions
Temperature°C

Humidity

Enthalpy%

KJ/kg

Current room temperature

22.5

50

45

Improved room temperature

24.5

50

50

27

50

57

Average outside air temperature
Rate of outside air load out of the entire
load

Assumed to be 0.3

Current load

12 KJ/kg

Improved load

7 KJ/kg

Outside air load reduction rate

0.42

Rate of heating load out of the entire load

Assumed to be 0.15

Current load temperature difference

4.5°C

Improved load temperature difference
Heating load reduction rate

2.5°C

Total reduction rate

0.3 × 0.42+0.15 × 0.44＝0.192

0.44

Annual electric power consumption

4,830,876 kWh

Percentage of turbo chillers

29.5%
4,830,876 × 0.192 × 0.295＝273,621 kWh

Reduced electric power

Percentage in the annual electric power consumption

II-28

5.7%

(2) Adjustment of outside air intake volume
Current condition
Outside air is taken inside to change air in rooms. However, whether thevolume of the current outside air intake was appropriate was not assessed.
Proposed improvement
Measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the room to reducethe volume of the outside air intake to an appropriate amountMeasurement
During the second survey, we showed the participants how to use the device
brought from Japan that measures concentration of carbon dioxide andmeasured the CO2 concentration. The actual CO2 concentration was 600 ppm
in all three sections in the room and 400 ppm outside. The following pictures
show the scenes of measuring the CO2 concentration.

Calculation of expected effects
The effects were calculated considering 800 ppm as the targeted concentrationof carbon dioxide in rooms and reducing the outside air intake volume
accordingly.

II-29

Electric power currently required to process the heat of outside air
Annual electric power
4,830,876 kWh
Percentage of turbo chillers

29.5%

Rate of outside air load

30%

Electric power required to condition outside air

426,931 kWh

Current CO2 concentration in rooms (measured value)

600 ppm

Current CO2 concentration of outside air (measured value)

400 ppm

Targeted CO2 concentration in rooms

800 ppm

Current amount of ventilated air

V1

m3/h

Improved amount of ventilated air

V2

m3/h

400V1 + X = 600V1
400V2 + X = 800V2
V2 / V1 = (600 − 400) / (800 − 400) = 0.5
Outside air intake reduction rate

0.5

Reduced electric energy

213,466 kWh

Reduction percentage in the total electric energy

4.4%(3) Total closing of VAV units in unused rooms
Current condition
Although the offices at the west side of the south wing of the eighth floor
were not used, air-conditioning was provided.
Proposed improvement
Closing all the VAV units in unused areas to stop ventilation air and reducing
the power for chillers and air supply
Calculation of estimated effects
The effects were calculated assuming that all the VAV units in unused rooms
were closed with the following conditions:II-30

734 m2

Area (approximate) of the 8th floor south wing’s west side
Total air-conditioned area

31494 m2

Percentage of the 8th floor south wing’s west side

2.3%

Chiller
Percentage of air-conditioning load except for lighting andhuman bodies
Annual electric power

Assumed to be 70%
4,830,876 kWh

Percentage of turbo chillers

29.5%

Reduced power for chillers

23,217 kWh

AHU

FAN

11 kW

The required air supply for air-conditioned areas is set to 20%.
Reduced power

2.2 kW

Number of daily operating hours

10h

Number of operating days

272d

Load factor

0.8

8.8 kW

Reduced AHU fan power

19,149 kWh

Total reduced power

42,366 kWh

Percentage in the annual electric power

0.9%(4) Review of the operating method of chillers during low load period
Current condition
Three 500RT turbo chillers and one 150RT turbo chiller were installed, andtwo 500RT turbo chillers were used even during the low air-conditioning load
period.
Proposed improvement
Using one 500RT turbo chiller and one 150RT turbo chiller during the low
load period
Calculation of expected effects
The effects were calculated assuming that the turbo chillers were operatingwith the following conditions:II-31

Current: Two 500RTs Operation
QuantitykW

Hour

Load factor

kWh/D

Chiller

2

327

10

0.6

3,924

Cooling tower

2

22

10

0.8

352

Cooling water pump

2

37

10

0.8

592

Cold water pump

2

55

10

0.8

880

Total

882

5,748

Proposed Improvement: One 500RT and one 150RT Operation
Quantity
Chiller
Cooling tower
Cooling water pump
Cold water pump

kW

Hour

Load factor

kWh/D

1

327

10

092

3,008

1

104

10

0.92

957

1

22

10

0.8

176

1

3.75

10

0.8

30

1

37

10

0.8

296

1

18.5

10

0.8

148

1

55

10

0.8

440

1

18.5

10

0.8

148

Total

585.755,203

Difference

296.25

1,062

Number of operating days

272 day

Rate of low load appearance

Assumed to be 0.4

Reduced electric energy

59,274 kWh

Percentage in the annual electric energy
Annual electric energy

1.2%
4,830,876 kWh(5) High-efficiency operation of power receiving transformers
Current load conditions:
Load of power receiving transformer TX1 (1500 kVA): 348 kVA (23.2%)
Load of power receiving transformer TX2 (1500 kVA): 355 kVA (23.7%)
Load of power receiving transformer TX3 (2000 kVA): 876 kVA (43.8%)
The above values were observed during the day of audit of the first survey.
Figure 4.3-1 shows the estimated average load curve of a day calculated fromthe actual annual electric energy consumption of 2002 (4,830,876 kWh) withpower factor 0.9.

II-32

Transformer load

1504kVA

782kVA/Tx3

722kVA/Tx1&Tx2
211kVA
Tx1&Tx2

１7:00

7:00
Figure 4.3-1

Hour

Average Electric Power Load of a Day (Assumed)

Proposed improvement
As Figure 4.3-2 shows, a standard transformer achieves the highest efficiency
when the load is approximately 60%. Therefore, by reducing the number ofreceiving power transformers from three to one, the transformer load factor
increases and high efficiency can be achieved.

Copper loss

Iron loss

Loss

Efficiency

Highestefficiency point

Efficiency

Load
Note : 3

Figure 4.3-2

Transformer Load, Efficiency and Loss

II-33

11 kV Receiving Power

1500KVA

415 V Bus A
Load ：361KVA

Figure 4.3-3

2000KVA

1500KVA

415 V Bus B
361KVA

415 V Bus C
782KVA

Proposed Improvement for the Power Receiving System

Calculation of expected effects
1) Conditions• Characteristics of transformers
kVA

1500

2000

No-load loss (Wi)2,380 W

3,040 W

Load loss (Wc) (when load is 100%)

15,910 W

18,170 W

Loss• Operating conditions: 272 days per year, 10 hours per operating day• Transformer load
TX1 and TX2:
When operating: 361 kVA/transformer
When not operating: 106 kVA/transformer
TX3:
When operating: 782 kVA• Loss calculation formula: Wt (total loss) = Wi + Wc × (Pe)2
Pe: Transformer load factor
2) Calculation• Loss when using transformers TX1, TX2 and TX3
Wt1 = 2380W × 8760h × 2 + 15910W (361/1500)2 × 10h × 272 days ×2
2 + 15910W (106/1500)2 × 14h × 272 days × 2 + 15910W (106/1500)
× (365 − 272) days × 24h × 2
2+ 3040W × 8760h + 18170W (782/2000) × 10h × 272 days
= 81,856 kWh/year• Loss when using only transformer TX32
Wt2 = 3040W × 8760h + 18170W (1504/2000) × 272 days × 10h +218170W (211/2000) × {272 days × 14h + (365 − 272) days × 24h}
= 55,800 kWh/year

II-34• Advantages
Wt1 − Wt2 = 81,856 kWh − 55,800 kWh= 26,056 kWh/year (equivalent to 0.5% of the annual
electric energy consumption)
Reduced cost: 7,400 RM (average electricity unit charge: 0.284
RM/kWh)(6) Summary of effects of improvement
Table 4.3-1 lists the proposed improvements (five), electric power to be reduced
and costs to be reduced.
When all the five improvements are implemented, 13.9% of reduction in electric
power consumption is expected. Nos. 1 to 4 do not require any modification to
the building and they alone can achieve 13.4% of reduction.
Table 4.3-1
No

Proposed Improvement and Expected Effects
Reduced
Reduced cost
electric[RM]
energy [kWh]Point to be improved

1 Room temperature setting
2 Volume of outside air intake
Total closing of VAV units in unused
3 rooms
Review of the operating method of chillers
4 during the low load period
5 High-efficiency operation of transformers
Total
Annual electric energy consumption
Average electricity unit charge

II-35

%

273,621
213,466

77,70860,6245.7
4.4

42,366

12,032

0.9

115,546
26,056
671,055
4,830,876
0.284

32,815 2.4
7,400 0.5
190,580 13.9
RM/kWh5.

Database, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Malaysia(1) Current status of Malaysia
In regard to the energy conservation of buildings in Malaysia, Pusat Tenaga
Malaysia (PTM: Malaysia Energy Centre) made reports on the first and second
surveys. The materials are included in “VI. Attachment 2”. The outline of thedatabase, benchmarks and guidelines is as follows.
The energy data regarding 55 buildings in Malaysia was already obtained and thebasic materials for the database were already prepared. The history of gathering data
up to the current point was as follows.
2001: MAESCO created the “Energy Audit Guideline” and the “Materials forEnergy Audit Skills”.
2002: Twelve government buildings were audited.
2003: Energy conservation measurement was demonstrated in a retrofitted
building and ASEAN benchmarks were created for the existing officebuildings (total of 55 buildings).
Table 5-1 lists the data for the twelve government buildings mentioned above. The
average Building Energy Index (BEI) is 180.41 kWh/m2/year.
Table 5-1
No.

Buildings

1 Menara PKNS, S'gor
2 BSN HQ, KL
W ismaBlock A&B
3 M'sian Institute of Nuclear Technology (multiple)
MINT Bangi
MINT Dengkil
4 Kompleks Pej. Kerajaan Jln Duta, KL
Block 8Block 8A
Block 9Block 10Block 11**5 National Science Centre
6 W isma Persekutuan, KT
7 Kementerian Pertanian
8 W isma Persekutuan, KB
9 Bang. Rumah Persekutuan, KL
10 JPS HQ, KL**11 Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn (multiple)
12 W isma Persekutuan, Kuantan
Average

BEI
2(kWh/m /yr)
246.84
246.4
257
385
211.29208.88213.69168.36184.85165.35144.11167.61180.59155.38152.44149.45133.72132.73121.6485.4
77.94
180.41

II-36

The frequency distribution of the BEIs of the 55 buildings is shown below. The
average is 166 kWh/m2/year.
As you can see, the BEI that can be used as a benchmark is already establishedalthough the number of government buildings and commercial buildings collected as
samples is small.

Frequency of BEI

Frequency (No. of buildings)

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
<100

120-140 140-180 180-220 220-260 260-300>300(kWh/m2/yr)

Figure 5-1

Frequency Distribution of BEI (55 Buildings)

The guideline for energy conservation in buildings was created in 2001: “Code ofPractice on EE and Use of RE for Non-residential Buildings” - MS 1525: 2001 by
Department of Standards.
The following plans are scheduled or being conducted for further energy
conservation in buildings:
The energy-saving building of the Ministry of Energy, Communications andMultimedia (MECM) is scheduled to be completed in February 2004. This building
was designed from the start using the energy conservation measures that are costeffective. When it is completed, it will be open to public and used as a model forother buildings.
The PTM building is aiming for higher standards as an energy-efficient building
with 50 kWh/m2/year as the target BEI, which is half of that of the MECM building.
The PTM building is currently being designed.
The Energy Commission (EC) is currently conducting a three-year project to prepare
the standards and guidelines for energy conservation.
(2) Comment
In Malaysia, the basic measures for energy conservation for buildings are alreadytaken and the second stage is being conducted. The following points are required tocreate the database, benchmarks and guidelines:

II-37

1) Conducting more detailed surveys
The existing survey data covers only the areas of buildings and annual energy
data. To fully understand the energy characteristics of each building, monthly
energy consumption and the applicable equipment should be investigated at thesame time. To achieve this goal, survey sheets need to be reviewed. It is
recommend that measurements should be taken even in small buildings, andenergy consumption by use and 24-hour measurements should be conducted. By
analyzing the data in detail, the points to be improved for energy conservation
can be determined regarding energy conservation in buildings.
2) Conducting surveys in other types of buildings
Since the current data covers only the government buildings and private officebuildings, it is recommend to collect data for hospitals, hotels and commercial
buildings that consume more energy.
3) Increasing the number of buildings to be checked and continuing surveys
It is recommended to increase the number of buildings to be surveyed from 55
for improving the accuracy of data and to establish a system to continue thesurvey.
(3) Photos
A photo of a workshop in progress and a group shot in Malaysia are shown below.
1) Workshop photo2) Group photo

II-38

III.

Brunei1.

Summary of Site Survey
Participants and audit periods
1st site survey : November 6 through 10, 2003
2nd site survey : January 22 through 24, 2004
Participants from the International Engineering Department of The Energy
Conservation Center, Japan. (ECCJ)• Takashi Kato (Technical Expert)
November 6 through 10, 2003
January 22 through 24, 2004
• Akira Kobayashi (Technical Export)
November 6 through 10, 2003
January 22 through 24, 2004

(1st site survey)
Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description

Nov. 6(Thu.)

Workshop(Orchid Garden Hotel,
Bandar Seri Begawan,
Brunei Darussalam)• Welcome Remarks• Opening Statement• Presentation on the profile of Orchid Garden Hotel andits energy management status• Presentation by ACE on its engagement in the
PROMEEC project and its action plans for the current
year• Presentation on the conditions of energy conservation inbuildings in Japan• Presentation on the procedure of energy audits ofbuildings
Participants
Mr. Amir Sharifudin Bin Haji Mohd Ali (Department ofElectrical Services) 25 persons in total:
Breakdown (No. of persons):
Department of Electrical Services: 8
Ministry of Development: 2
Ministry of Health: 3
Institut Teknologi Brunei: 4
Ministry of Defense: 2
Ministry of Industry & Primary Resources: 1
Brunei Shell Petroleum: 2
Orchid Garden Hotel: 3
Mr. Christopher Zamora(Project Coordinator, ASEAN Center for Energy)

III-1

Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description

Nov. 8(Sat.)

Survey/audit of Orchid
Garden Hotel(Bandar Seri Begawan
Brunei Darussalam)• Provided OJT in energy auditing to participants throughthe survey/audit of Orchid Garden Hotel
Use: Hotel (155 guest rooms)
Size: 1 basement floor and 10 floors above the ground
Gross floor area: 20,121.18 m2• Survey on the overall condition of the building by
documents/interviewing• Survey on the overall condition of the equipment by
documents/interviewing• Survey on energy consumption by
documents/interviewing• On-site investigation
There were many participants including those from
Department of Electrical Services.
Participants: Mr. Amir Sharifudin Bin Haji Mohd Ali
and 20 other persons

Nov. 10 Wrap-up meeting(Mon.) (Conference room of
Department ofElectrical Services(DES))• Summarized the results of the survey/energy audit ofOrchid Garden Hotel and reported to the participants.
Participants: Mr. Amir Sharifudin Bin Haji Mohd Ali
and 20 other persons

III-2

(2nd Site Survey)
Date

Events, destination, etc.

Jan. 22 Pre-report meeting(Thu.) Interim report on theaudit results for Orchid
Garden Hotel

Description• Made an interim report based on the results of the 1st
survey/energy audit of Orchid Garden Hotel.
• Major contents• Analysis of the current condition (electric power
consumption, total energy consumption, energy
composition, trends in monthly energy consumption,comparison with other buildings and water consumption
data)• Recommendations for improvement and expected effects(Repair of BAS system, review of operation time of air
conditioning, improvement in room pre-set temperature,heat retention of hot-water supply line, high-efficiency
operation of transformers of received electricity, renewal
to high efficiency lighting fixtures and shorter-time
operation of swimming pool circulation pump)• Measurement of CO2 concentration: We carried out
measurement of CO2 concentration, which is necessary
for control of fresh air intake, at relevant places incooperation with the participants using the CO2
concentration meter brought from Japan.
Participants: (1) Hotel:
Dr. HJ. Ahmad (Assistant General
Manager) and 2 staff members ofmaintenance
DES:
Mr. Amir Sharifudin and Mr. Christopher
Zamora (ACE)

III-3

Date

Events, destination, etc.

Jan. 24 Workshop on(Sat.) promotion of energy
conservation inbuildings(Orchid Garden Hotel)

Description• Pre-report presentation on the results of the audit ofOrchid Garden Hotel• Presentation on benchmarks and databases established inJapan• Made a hearing investigation on benchmarks anddatabases for buildings in Brunei. As a result, one
example of university data (ITD) was presented.
• Discussions: Meaning and usage of benchmarks, analysisof the data on university (ITD), etc.
Participants:
19 persons including Mr. Amir Sharifudin
Breakdown (No. of persons)
Department of Electrical Services: 3
Ministry of Development: 1
Ministry of Health: 3
Institut Teknologi Brunei: 4
Ministry of Defense: 1
Ministry of Industry & Primary Resources: 1
Public Works Department: 3
Radio Television Brunei: 1
Orchid Garden Hotel: 2
Mr. Christopher Zamora (ACE)

III-4

2.
2.1

Political and Economic Conditions in Brunei
National Indicators, Political System and Key Economic Indicators(1) National indicators
Country name:Area:
Population:
Capital city:
Ethnic distribution:
Languages:
Religions:

Brunei Darussalam
5,765 km2 (almost the same size with Mie Prefecture ofJapan)
345,000 (2001)
Bandar Seri Begawan
Malayan group (including other native people) 68.0%,
Chinese (15.0%) and others (17.0%)
Malay (official language), English, Chinese, etc.
Islam (official religion), Christianity, Buddhism, Taoism,etc.

(2) Political system
Form of government:
Head of state:
Assembly:

Government:

Limited monarchy
His Majesty Sultan, Haji Hassanal Bolkiar
Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah (the 29th Sultan)
Legislative assembly (Consists of 21 members all ofwhom are appointed by the Sultan including the
Chairman. However, the assembly has been
discontinued since resumption of the independence in
1984)(1) Prime Minister: Served concurrently by Sultan(2) Minister of Foreign Affairs:
His Royal Highness Prince Mohamed Bolkiar(real young brother of the Sultan)

Internal administration:
Besides being the Sultan and the head of the religion of Brunei Darussalam,
His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah is concurrently the Prime
Minister, Defense Minister and Finance Minister and has been in complete
control of the conduct of state affairs since the resumption of full politicalindependence of the country. As one of the world’s large crude oil andnatural gas producers, Brunei is enjoying its high economic standard. The
nation has a well-developed social welfare system and its internal politics
are very stable.

III-5

(3) Economic indicators
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

8)

9)

10)
11)

12)

Main industries:
Crude oil, natural gas
Nominal GDP (US $)$4.16 billion (Estimated for 2002)
Nominal per capita GDP (US$) 12,221 (Estimated for 2002)
GDP growth rate
0.8% (2001)
Inflation rate (consumer goods) 0.6% (2001)
Unemployment rate
4.9% (1995: including foreign residents)
Total trade value (in units of million Brunei dollars)(1) Exports: 6,734 (2000) 6,522 (2001)(2) Imports: 1,908 (2000) 2,046 (2001)
Trade items(1) Exports: Crude oil, natural gas (approx. 89% of the total export
value)(2) Imports: Machines, transportation equipment, articles of manufacture,
food products.
Trade partners (2001)(1) Exports: Japan (46%), Korea (12%), Thailand (12%)(2) Imports: Singapore (24%), Malaysia (21%), America (9%), Japan(2%)
Currency: Brunei Dollar
Exchange rate: about 68 yen/B dollar (as of August 2003)(Note: Brunei Dollar and Singapore Dollar are exchanged at an equivalentvalue)
Trends in key economic indicators
Item

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Population (thousand)Increase rate in population (%)
Actual GDP (million US$)
Nominal GDP (million US$)Per capita GDP (US$)
Actual GDP growth rate (%)
Increase rate in consumer
prices (%)

314
3.0
2,436
4,540
14,442
3.6

323
2.8
2,354
4,210
13,029
−4.0

331
2.4
2,398
4,533
13,707
2.6

338
2.3
2,384
4,595
13,579
2.8

345
2.1
2,346
4,181
13,412
−0.4

1.7

−0.4

−0.1

1.2

1.1

3,971
3,154

3,194
2,338

4,325
2,251

6,734
1,908

6,522
2,046

817

856

2,074

4,826

4,476

1.68

1.67

1.69

1.72

1.79

<Trade>Exports (million Brunei$)
Imports (million Brunei$)
Trade balance (million
Brunei$)¥Exchange rate (yearly
average against US$)

III-6

Production of oil/natural gas (Data source: BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2003)
1998
1999
2000
2001
Crude oil (10,000 barrels/day)
15.7
18.2
19.3
20.3
3
Natural gas (billion ｍ /year)
10.8
11.2
11.3
11.4
(Note) 1 Brunei dollar equals to about 63 yen (as of October 2003)
Brunei dollar and Singapore dollar are exchanged at an equal value.

2002
21.0
11.5

(4) Relationship with Japan
1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Exports to Brunei

149

62

52

56

56

Imports from Brunei

2,108

934

1,072

1,659

1,704

Balance

1,959

872

1,020

1,603

1,648

Brunei and Japan established diplomatic relations in April 1984, shortly after
Brunei’s political independence. Japan opened its embassy in Brunei in June
1984 and Brunei opened its embassy in Japan in March 1986. VIPs of bothcountries often visit mutually and a good bilateral relationship has beendeveloped.
Japan has been Brunei’s largest trade partner over years (Exports to Japanaccount for about half of the country’s total export value while imports fromJapan are 5th after Singapore, Malaysia, America and England). About 27% and
90% respectively of the crude oil and LNG exported from Brunei come to Japan.
In the meantime, 0.6% and 11% respectively of the crude oil and LNG imported
to Japan comes from Brunei (5th next to Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia andQatar).
Brunei has supplied LNG to Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc., Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd.
and Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. since 1993 on the long-term contract for a period of 20
years. The imported LNG is used as clean raw materials and fuels in Japan’s twolargest urban areas, Tokyo and Osaka. The ratios of the above 3 companies’
LNG purchase from Brunei to their total contract quantity of LNG arerespectively about 28%, 24% and 17%.
(5) Political condition
1) Domestic politics
Brunei is a constitutional sultanate proclaiming “Melayu Islam Beraja”(Malay Islamic Monarchy) as its national philosophy and the monarch ishereditary. His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiaha who ascended theThrone on 5th October 1967 has not only been the leader of the national

III-7

religion as the 29th of his line but also the center of political power after thenation’s independence in 1984. He is now concurrently Prime Minister,
Defense Minister and Finance Minister and his next younger brother serves
as Foreign Minister. The legislative assembly whose members are appointed
by the monarch has not been convened since the independence of thecountry. The Sultan who is also Prime Minister establishes and promulgateslaws, the national budget, treaties, etc. by royal command. He holds
legislative authority also.
The current regime is supported by royal family members, military
personnel, police, bureaucrats and religious circles and the nation’s politicalsituation is highly stable.
As the nation’s only legal political party that advocates the policy of thecurrent government, Brunei Solidarity National Party (PPKB) was formedin February 1986 but remains inactive because the legislative assembly has
long been dissolved.
The government of Brunei is making efforts to improve living standards of
its people through providing preferential treatments to government
employees that account for 70% of the nation’s employed population andenhancing welfare programs.
The Sultan’s youngest brother, Prince Jefri, who was allegedly associatedwith the demise of royal family-run corporations including Amedeo,
resigned from the position of Finance Minister in 1998. In 1999, when
Minister of Justice and Minister of Health resigned, the post of Justice
Minister was eliminated. Prince Jefri faced the charges filed against him in
February 2000. Although judgment was delivered, the government ofBrunei established Global Evergreen Corporation in November 2001 andbought bad debts to settle the dispute out of court.
2) Diplomacy
Immediately after the nation’s complete independence, Brunei became amember of British Commonwealth of Nations, ASEAN and Organization ofIslamic Conference and has tried to maintain close relationships with thesenations, U.S.A., Korea and Japan. In 1992, Brunei joined Conference of the
Non-Aligned Countries. Currently it has 30 consular facilities abroad toserve embassies and representatives to international organizations, while 23
countries have established their embassies in Brunei (as of January 2003).
Since the country became the 6th member of ASEAN in January 1984, it
has placed priority to maintaining and strengthening the unity of ASEAN as

III-8

the pillar of its foreign policy in view of guarantee of security for the small
country, historical bonds with neighboring countries, etc.
In 1998, Sultan Sir Hassanal Bolkiah made official visits to Vietnam, Laosand Cambodia that became new members of ASEAN. He has actively madevisits with VIPs of respective member countries in attempt to enhance
relationships with them. In 1989 and 1995, Brunei, as the chair of ASEAN,
held various conferences including ASEAN Ministerial Meeting. It also
held ASEAN summit in November 2001 and ASEAN +3, and ASEAN
Regional Forum (ARF) in July 2002.
Brunei has special relationship with England, the former colonial power.
Production of petroleum and natural gas, Brunei’s principal industries, is a
joint venture with Shell Oil Co., Ltd. (Royal Dutch/Shell Group having
England and Holland as shareholders).
Brunei is trying to keep close and firm relationship with Islamic countries
from a religiously close feeling toward them. However, their wariness ofIslamic Fundamentalism is strong and they are cautious about its trend. In
July 2000, Sultan Sir Bolkiar publicly announced the concept of developing
Brunei as the international financial center with the intention ofstrengthening linkage with financial institutions of overseas Islamic
countries.
Although the country did not have diplomatic relations with socialist
counties for a certain period of time after its independence, as all other
ASEAN countries had diplomatic relations with China, Brunei alsoestablished diplomatic ties with China, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
and Vietnam respectively in September 1991, October 1991 and February
1992.
(6) Economic Condition
The country has realized a stable economy and high income standards owing to
the production of ample amounts of oil and natural gas. In addition, it holds
significant amounts of foreign assets. However, the country plans to make a shift
to a diversified economy moving away from the current overdependence onenergy resources and has implemented a series of “5-year National Development
Plan” for that purpose.
Oil production was started in Seria in 1929 and presently Brunei Shell Petroleum
Co. Sdn, Bhd. (The government of Brunei and Shell has a 50% stake each) holds
the right of production and sale. The major oil fields include 2 land oil wells and7 offshore oil fields and the offshore oil fields produce 90% of the total oil andIII-9gas production. The production of crude oil in 2002 was 210,000 barrels per day.
The production of LNG is 11.5 billion m3 yearly and Brunei LNG Co., Ltd. (Thegovernment of Brunei, Shell Oil Co., Ltd. and Mitsubishi Corporation madeinvestments of 50%, 25% and 25% respectively.) holds the right of production
and sale. Crude oil, petroleum products and LNG combined account for about
90% of Brunei’s total export value).
As the country’s 8th 5-year National Development Plan (2001-2005), thegovernment announced its scheme to shift from the government-leaddevelopment to the development at the initiative of private sectors with emphasison the promotion of economic diversification. In this plan, the government ofBrunei showed its determination to move away from its conventional role ofexecuting fund management and development. It aims not only to strengthen andexpand natural resource-based industries but also to continue intensive
development of non-oil-based industries, particularly, value-added industries so
as to increase exports and create employment opportunities for its people.
In response to the proposals of economic reconstruction formulated in 1998 by
the Economic Council chaired by Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, Minister of Foreign
Affairs, the government established the Board of Economic Development ofBrunei (BEDB) in 2002 with the view to developing new industries in Brunei byinviting foreign capitals. The BEDB introduced a two-pillared economic
strategic plan to make advances in economic diversification. One pillar is a
project assuming foreign investments of US$4.5 billion and creation of
permanent employment of 6,000 people. It consists of: (1) development ofdownstream industries of oil centering on the production of ammonia andmethanol from natural gas and the refining of ammonium and (2) developmentof Muara as a giant hub port. Another pillar is a project exploring potential otherindustries. On-site surveys on oil downstream industries have already been
started.
Recently, Brunei has marked the worst unemployment rate (about 5%) since its
independence. Although the government continued to employ people seeking ajob, it now refrains from hiring under the severe financial condition.
Opportunities for government employment that is most wanted by job seekers
are becoming scarce accordingly. Increasing frustration among the unemployedis creating an element of social instability and thus presenting an important
agenda for the Sultan and the government to immediately address.

III-102.2

Energy Situation in Brunei(1) Energy situation
Oil and natural gas are Brunei’s key energy supply sources and also strategic
industries that earn more than half of its annual profit. The development andutilization of these energy supply sources is the foundation of the nationalenergy plan.
Under the oil conservation policy introduced in 1980 and enforced in 1981, oil
production rate was set at 150,000 barrels per day. However, as the result of thegovernment’s deregulation of the policy after November 1990, oil production
was increased to the level commensurate with the capacity of the equipment andits capacity operation rate. In 2000, Brunei Natural Gas Policy (Production andUtilization) was introduced. This policy contains retaining of the productionlevel of natural gas in order to satisfy the current responsibilities properly andpromote more dynamic development activities including development of newareas by existing or newly entering companies. The utilization of natural gas forthe country, particularly power generation, receives preferential treatment.
Brunei’s average production volumes of crude oil/ condensate and natural gas in2001 were 195,000 barrels and 32 million m3 per day respectively. Most ofnatural gas produced was exported to Japan and Korea in a form of liquid naturalgas (LNG). 85% of LNG was exported and 9% was utilized for electric power
generation, while 97% of oil produced was exported and a small quantity went
to oil refinery (daily production capacity: 20,000 barrels) to make oil products
for home use.
With respect to Brunei’s demand and supply of energy, it has been confirmedthat the country, as an oil-exporting country, has sufficient deposits of oil andliquid natural gas (LNG) for contractual sale and national use. Overall demand
forecasts of natural gas are made based on the following assumptions.
1) Ensuring the current contract quantity until 2013 and the 3rd expandedamount for the ensuing 20 years from 2013
2) Considering an additional yearly production of 4.2 million ton in the BLNG
6th Train Expansion Opportunity (The current yearly production is 7.2
million ton. B$2.4 billion has been invested over the period of the past 13
years.)
3) Estimating yearly increases from 3% up to 7% in domestic demand forelectric power generation depending on economic conditions4) Estimating downstream industrial demand at 2.25 TCF (on a natural gas
basis). The study of the Master Plan regarding downstream oil and gas
industries completed in May 2001 includes the following industries.

III-11

-

Gas industry such as ammonia, methanol and urea
Industry of derivatives such as aromatics, organic compounds andolefins- Energy intensive industries such as aluminum refining etc.
5) Sell consumption by oil industry
Natural gas currently produced has been used in three sectors: Sale of LNG,
power generation and own use by oil industry. Breakdown of gas demand of
2001 and 2002 is shown in Table 2.2-1 below.
Table 2.2-1

Demand for Natural Gas by Sector

Gas Demand Sector (tcf)
LNG
Power Generation
Own use by oil industry
TOTAL

2000
0.344
0.036
0.032
0.412

2001
0.351
0.037
0.026
0.414

Brunei Shell Petroleum Co. Sdn. Bhd. is the main producer and supplier ofoil and natural gas. In February, 1999, Block B Joint Venture became
Brunei’s second natural gas producer and has been engaged in mining in
Maharajalela-Jamalulalam Field. The Brunei’s proven oil and natural
resources, some of which have been developed and some remains
undeveloped, are particularly in the depth of the sea. Brunei Deepwater
Block J and K will contribute to the nation’s gas supply over a long period.
The nation’s power supply networks cover 99% of the nation’s populationand the rest of the people living in remote areas are supplied with electricity
by independent power stations and substations. The major fuel of power
stations is natural gas. Currently there are 7 gas power stations in the
country and satisfy 99% of its electric needs. The rest of the needs issatisfied by diesel power generation.
Yearly growth rates of electric power generation are forecast at 7% (20022005), 5% (2006-2010) and 3% (2011-2020).
Forecast of demand for natural gas
Forecast of demand for natural gas is shown in Figure 2.2-1.
An increase of a cumulative total of 12.1tcf is expected for the period from2002 to 2020.

III-12

T O T A L G A S D E M A N D P R O F IL E P E R A N N U M (2 0 0 2 -2 0 2 0 )1 .0 0B L N G e x p a n sio n (6 th tra in )B L N G G a s D em a n d (C o m m itm en t a n d E x ten sio n )O p e ra to r O w n U se
D o w n strea m In d u stria l D e m a n d
In la n d p o w e r g en e ra tio n

0 .6 00 .4 0(Source)

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

0 .0 0A ct 20 01

0 .2 0A c tu a l 2 0 0 0

tc f p e r a n n u m

0 .8 0Figure 2.2-1 Forecast of Demand for Natural Gas
Brunei Darussalam 8th National Development PlanPetroleum Unit, Prime Minister Office, Department of Electrical Services,
Ministry of Development.

(2) Energy Conservation Policy, Laws and Standards
1) Energy Policy
Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) develops energy policy at state level.
Petroleum Unit under the control of PMO operates and supervises National
Energy Committee, while Department of Electrical Services of Ministry ofDevelopment takes charge of planning and coordination for the Committee.
Brunei’s energy policy aims to;- Optimize the national economy and reduce its dependence on oil andnatural gas- Diversify economy- Promote energy conservation programs
In order to achieve the above goals, the following policy actions are taken;- Supply energies from other energy sources such as mini hydraulicpower and solar energy- Promote the private sector’s participation in the energy development by
the BOO system (Build-Own-Operate)- Consider building of only highly efficient power stations such as
combined cycle power plants- Review the price system of electricity to prevent energy waste and raiseawareness of the high value of energy.

III-13-Promote energy efficiency in designing of buildings and selecting
materials
2) Laws and standards concerning energy
The existing laws and regulations for buildings mainly provide for mattersconcerning safety and hygiene and at present there are no laws andstandards stipulated for energy performance in buildings. In other words,
there are regulations that lay down the sizes and numbers of windows ofcertain rooms for health reasons. Although the standards of designing andconstruction are established following those of England and U.S.A., they are
not completely observed. The guideline currently available is only the
directives issued by Department of Electrical Services that instruct in whatstandards of designs, equipment and installation are acceptable. Plans forbuilding to be submitted to relevant organizations for approval must
conform to Building Guidelines and Requirements (PBD 12:1994) issued by
Ministry of Development. PBD 12:1994 (Brunei Darussalam Standard
12:1994) contains the same energy conservation standards as those appliedin other ASEAN member countries including the following, for example.
a. Requirements regarding ventilation(Same as Building Energy Conservation of Singapore and ASHRAE
Fundamentals Handbook)b. Window/wall) ratio of surfacec. Room temperature setting
Generally, the methods of designing and the specifications of materials
contained in PBD 12: 1994 are based on internationally accepted standards
such as British Standards, Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) Wiring
Regulations and ASHRAE.
In the meantime, there aren’t sufficient numbers of public and privateenergy auditing companies and organizations involved in energy
conservation. Accordingly, monitoring of energy performance by sector has
not been provided. In the late 1980’s, ASEAN countries except Singapore
developed their respective energy standards of building (compulsory
standards or supplementary standards to apply to the existing buildings) in
the ASEAN-US Energy Conservation in Buildings Project. Brunei did notparticipate in this project.
As there have been almost no energy audit activities and audit specialists, it
is very difficult to establish the foundation for formulating regulations andstandards of buildings. In addition it isn’t easy to persuade people into
investments without data on energy use status and potential of energy
conservation.

III-14

Units and organizations in charge of promotion of energy conservation inbuildings(Government)
Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) is the organization responsible for
implementation of the government’s energy conservation policy. In addition
there are the following energy units.
- Petroleum Unit (Under the supervision of PMO)
Assigned to the promotion of development/use of oil and natural gas
and the management of National Energy Committee- Department of Electrical Services (Under the supervision of Ministry of
Department)
Assigned to the generation, transformation and transmission of electricity
and the pricing of electricity (hereinafter DES)
These organizations aim to diversify energy source and reduce the nation’s
dependency on oil and natural gas that are estimated to be depleted in 20
years if the current production continues. They plan to promote efforts toachieve these goals in line with the efforts to shift to a diversified economy
centering on tourism. The diversification of energy source includes theefficient use of energy in buildings through designing and selection ofmaterials.
(Energy Audit Companies)
There are no public or private organizations that provide energy audits.
There are no consultants that have competence needed to give advice forenergy use. Under the current situation where there are no energy specialists
giving advice regarding energy use including energy audits, budget planners
get no advice regarding the merits of energy conservation from nowhere.
(Energy Service Companies)
In Brunei, energy management business has not yet been established and is
at an early stage of development. There are no specialists and specializedcompanies that give advice concerning energy management, energy audit,
etc. on a full time basis. Like other countries, although there may becompanies that provide energy conservation services in regard to airconditioning equipment, boilers, and other devices used in buildings, they
currently give guidance in operation and maintenance. Such services are
given in connection with the equipment delivery contract.
(Energy Conservation Center)
At present there is no energy conservation center or any organization
corresponding to it.
(Equipment Manufacturing Companies)

III-15

Brunei imports almost all equipment and materials used in the building
industry and thus is able to buy new technologies through overseas
companies and domestic importing businesses. These companies can exert
strong influence on the equipment used in buildings. New technologies havebeen introduced to the country at a rapid pace and new equipment andmaterials are under the influence of the market of equipment rather than theeconomy of energy. Fortunately, the equipment developed with newtechnologies is highly energy-efficient. However, the problem is themaintenance of such equipment. Brunei is disadvantageous in that personnel
costs and maintenance and construction expenses are high.
(Schools and Research Institutes)
There are no institutes that are engaged in the development and research ofenergy use in buildings.
(Building Construction Companies)
Generally speaking, construction companies in Brunei have competence
needed to design buildings that conform to the international standards ofdesign and construction. Although they have awareness of the importance ofenergy conservation, as the energy efficient designing requires more specificknowledge, they have not actually done designing for energy efficiency
such as calculations of heat transfer on walls and glass parts of the buildings.
In addition, as there are no design criteria for energy conservation inbuildings to conform to, designers have not developed their concept of thestandards of the appropriate energy consumption in various types ofbuildings, in other words, specific energy consumption (SEC).

2.3(Energy Supplying Companies)
Electric power companies are playing an important role in energy
conservation. Electricity, as well as LPG occupies the largest portion ofenergy consumption in buildings. Accordingly the saving of electricity is a
key factor of energy conservation. On the other hand, the availability ofelectricity at low prices is creating a major obstacle for energy conservation.
The rates of electric power are low compared with those of other ASEAN
countries. The pay-out period is extended and electric consumers hardly
develop an idea of “Pay now-Save later”.
Along with the introduction of Asia-Pacific Free Trade Agreement (AFTA),
the tariff on import equipment such as air-conditioning apparatus, etc. will
be lowered. However, there is a view that it may create a hindrance toenergy efficiency. It is a concern that energy use may not be reduced withlow costs of electricity and more installation of energy-consuming
equipment.
Situations of Buildings in Brunei

III-16

(1) Old buildings
In the past when buildings were less equipped, weather had a big influence onbuildings. In other words, there were two concepts for buildings.
- To prevent water from coming into the building- To maintain bearable air temperature and air flow in the building
Typical buildings in Brunei are stilted and roofed with water-proof materials to
make rain water go down smoothly. Beams of the roof are bare and the roof has
opening to maintain appropriate ventilation and cool temperature. A veranda
attached to the entrance helps lower the temperature inside the building.
Buildings in Brunei are characterized with deep influence from culture andreligion. Wood building materials have carvings of various patterns that makedecoration elements of the buildings. Under the rule of Almarhum Sultan Ali
Saifudin, an architect of modern Brunei, the consciousness of the foreigncountries came to be reflected in buildings. At that time, buildings in Brunei
became a fusion of buildings of Brunei and foreign countries without losing its
traditional characteristics. Since immediately after the independence, Brunei has
incorporated the cultural philosophy of Malay, Islamic and Monarchy (MIB) into
buildings. This philosophy has a direct influence on Brunei’s current buildingsthat express the traditional and modern Islamic culture.
(2) Current buildings
Architects, engineers and designers have, in general, the awareness of theimportance of the rational use of energy in buildings. However, energy
conservation is not taken into account in designing of buildings. Although they
have technical abilities of designing buildings that meet international building
standards, architects, in particular, often put priority on aesthetic factors.
Some of the architectural elements of buildings in Brunei meet factors essential
to energy conservation in buildings, though they are not of big importance.
There are buildings, for example, that are built after a “Passive Design” toachieve low energy consumption. These buildings use natural ventilation, shadesof trees, daylights, etc. on a small scale. In the meantime, the use of solar energy
is studied not from the viewpoint of energy consumption but for the sake of
comfortableness.
The walls of typical buildings are made of bricks 900mm thick. Ground glass isused in some buildings though the use of it is not common. There are alsobuildings that use energy-saving type of lighting and BEMS (Building Energy
Management System). Cogeneration system has not been introduced in Brunei.
(3) Management of buildings

III-17

The major use of energy in buildings is air-conditioning system and it uses up
60% of the total energy consumption. Air-conditioning system is generally
centralized and equipped with chillers for AHU (Air Handling Unit). Chillers areof a centrifugal type and their operation time is usually controlled. Energy used
for lighting fixtures and hot water supply system accounts for the rest of the totalenergy consumption. Solar energy is used for hot water supply in few facilities.
As the designing and management of buildings are subject to the funds available,
projects in the private sector generally aim at the minimum construction costs
and tend to discard luxury equipment. Because the budgets for building projects
in the public sector are decided 2 to 3 years before the actual designing takes
place, the budgets available at the time of implementation of the projects are oldand it is probable that desirable equipment and policy are not adopted. In
addition, low rates of electricity become even lower when the consumption
increases and thus, investments in energy conservation are not attractive. In short,the financial effects of energy saving efforts do not offset or lighten the burdenof investments and the periods to recoup investments easily go beyond thereasonable range.
Maintenance of equipment and electric facilities in building appears to be theproblem of Brunei. In private sectors, buildings where the owners have notprovided sufficient maintenance are seen everywhere. Such buildings aremanaged with minimum maintenance, which is “break-down maintenance”
rather than “preventive maintenance”.
Buildings owned by the government are provided with maintenance by DES and
its outsourcees. The problems are the shortage of personnel who are qualified
and have skills for maintenance and obtaining of parts for old equipment. Thus,
the early introduction of new technologies is demanded.
(4) Potential of energy conservation
Brunei is in the middle of rapid development and so is the building industry. The
growth of electric consumption over the period from the 1980’s to the 1990’s isattributed to this rapid pace of development. Although the current condition ofenergy use in buildings shows that there is much room for improvement, noenergy-saving measures including the introduction of advanced technologies
have been implemented so far. In addition, too much focus on the introduction of
new technologies has often left repair and maintenance behind. The owners ofbuildings and maintenance businesses should work on preventive maintenance.
Energy conservation designing is, in a way, a measure to prevent future potential
maintenance. If standards of designing are established, energy conservation inbuildings can be achieved in both management and maintenance. Appropriate
repair and maintenance will enable energy consuming equipment to maintain its

III-18efficient and effective performance. Moreover, the operation and maintenanceguide for energy conservation will supplement the guidelines for designing andhelp lower maintenance costs.
Energy consumption in buildings will decrease with proper applications of newenergy conservation technologies. However, in order to avoid possible problems
such as maintenance, reasonable technical assessments will be necessary. For
such assessments, the following criteria may be used.
- Simplified system that meets the life style and conditions of the country
concerned.
- Maximum use of domestic resources (effective also for reduction in total
costs and longer operating time of equipment)- Easy management and maintenance of system(Need for special kinds of spare articles and highly experienced personnel
leads to long-time suspension of operation of the equipment)- Flexibility of system (Easiness of replacement of equipment, local
procurement of parts, and remodeling)- Effective energy project
In order to strengthen local qualification systems and technological skills, thetraining in repair and maintenance of buildings must be provided. Comparably
cheap electricity prices are creating a significant obstacle to the promotion ofenergy conservation.
It is necessary to enhance general public’s awareness and understanding ofenergy conservation. As long as electricity costs remain low and no incentives or
subsidies are offered, energy conservation will not progress except through socalled passive designs as follows.
- Make persons concerned participate in the planning stage of a new building- Employ natural ventilation as much as possible where air-conditioning
equipment is not necessary- Use as much sunlight as possible in buildings that are used during thedaytime- Limit the area for installation of air-conditioning system
The government of Brunei declared in 1989 that it would endeavor to achieve a
10% cut in energy consumption in the government buildings. Although whether
the goal was achieved or not remains unclear, it appears that not much progresshas been made. Now is the time to give an order laud again to make serious
efforts for energy conservation. All persons concerned and involved should
understand the importance of energy conservation in preparing for constructing
energy efficient buildings, so that all plans and policies can function. This does
not mean abandoning pursuing comfortableness but means achievement of thesame level of comfortableness with the effective use of less energy.

III-19(Source material)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.

12.
13.

14.

Deli, M., ed. (1993), Brunei Darussalam in Brief, 4th ed., Information
Department, Prime Minister’s Office, Brunei Darussalam, 1993.
EIU (1995), E1U Country Profile 1994-1995: Malaysia and Brunei, EconomicIntelligence Unit Limited, 1995.
Jones, P.G., DITECH Project: A Review of Energy Management in Building
Throughout the ASEAN Countries, AIT/AEEMTRC, February 1992.
Borneo Bulletin Brunei Yearbook 94/95 (1995), “Brunei Darussalam at a
Glance”, p. 42.
Ministry of Finance, Brunei Darussalam Statistical Yearbook 1991, Statistics
Division, Economic Planning Unit, Negara Brunei Darussalam.
Energy Data and Modeling Centre (1995), Major Economic Indicators (19891993): Draft, The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, 1995.
EIU (1995), EIU Country Report: Malaysia and Brunei, 4th Quarter 1995,
Economic Intelligence Unit Limited, 1995.
AEEMTRC (1995), ASEAN Energy Review, 5th ed., ASEAN-EC Energy
Management Training and Research Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1995.
AEEMTRC (1993), Energy in ASEAN: Country Profiles, ASEAN-EC Energy
Management Training and Research Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia
Nazri, M. and Khalid (1994), “Energy in Buildings in Brunei Darussalam”, Proc.
of the AEEMTRC 12th Seminar-Workshop on Energy in Buildings, AEEMTRC,
Singapore, June 1994.
Setiyawan A., et. al., (1996), ASEAN 2020: An Energy Outlook Up to the Year
2020: Synthesis Report, ASEAN-EC Energy Management Training andResearch Centre (AEEMTRC), Jakarta, Indonesia, 1996.
ASEAN 2020 Research Staff (1996), Personal Communication, AEEMTRC,
Jakarta, Indonesia, 1996.
Wong, D., et. al. (1994), “Negara Brunei Darussalam Country Paper”, Proc. of
the 13th AEEMTRC Seminar-Workshop on Energy Efficiency in ASEAN,
AEEMTRC, Kuala Lumpur, November 1994.
Jakarta Post (16 July 1996), “Hassanal Vows to Widen Brunei’s Economic Base”,
Jakarta Post, Vol. 14, No.79, p .11.

III-203.
3.1

Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings
General Process
The energy audit for buildings is generally proceeded in the 6-step sequencedescribed below.
In STEP 1 and STEP 2, general information and data on the building and equipment
concerned are collected and the obtained energy consumption data are analyzed.
The participants collaborated with Japanese experts from STEPs 1 to 3 for this year’s
audit. In the wrap-up meeting held on completion of the 1st site survey, ECCJ experts
gave an outline of the improvement points in STEP 4. In the interim report meeting inthe 2nd study results of the study on the measures from the improvement andexpected effects were explained, and for further confirmation, additional surveys wereconducted. This report reflects the results of the 2nd site survey.
STEP-1
STEP-2
STEP-3
STEP-4
STEP-5Gather and confirm general information and data of the building
Gather and confirm general information and data of the equipment
Gather and confirm data of energy consumption
Identify improvement points through data analysis and evaluation
Study recommended methods for improvement including expected
effects
STEP-6 Determine and explain the recommendations to be implemented
3.2

Description of Each Step
Major survey items of each step are as follows:(1) STEP-1 Gather and confirm general information and data of the building
1) Year of construction completed
2) Size: Gross floor area (area for major use, indoor parking area), number ofstories, building structure3) Usage4) Owner
5) No. of employees, No. of clients (on business days and holidays), and otheritems(2) STEP-2 Gather and confirm general information and data of the equipment
1) Air-conditioning system, electrical system, sanitary facilities
2) Specifications for equipment and facilities
3) Operation management status: Operating hours, setting of room temperature,and other items(3) STEP-3 Gather and confirm data of energy consumption
1) Monthly energy consumption2) Changes in yearly energy consumption

III-21

3) Energy consumption by day of the week4) Energy consumption by hour of the day5) Energy consumption by usage
6) Data on water consumption, and other items(4) STEP-4 Identify improvement points through data analysis and evaluation
1) Comparison of the total energy consumption of the building concerned withthose of similar buildings
2) Comparison of its energy consumption by usage with those of similarbuildings
3) Analysis of its monthly energy consumption trends
4) Analysis of changes in energy consumption for a period of several years5) Analysis of its energy consumption by day of the week and hour of the day6) Confirmation of room environment: Temperature, humidity, CO2concentration, luminance7) Confirmation of operation log: Operation status during peak load hours,
operation status during light load hours, No. of equipment units in operation,
operation time and operation temperature conditions8) On-site inspection: Operation status of equipment, temperature indicators,
ammeters, voltmeters and power factor indicators, valve condition, damper
condition, heat insulation, layout of equipment, maintenance of equipment
and piping9) Determination of how the facilities and equipment are actually used:
Density of people in a room, condition of OA equipment, identification oflocations of energy loss, and other items(5) STEP-5 Study recommended methods for improvement including expected
effects
1) Studying improvement plans: Application of other successful improvementcases and most-advanced technologies
2) Estimation of effects of improvement: Amount of reduced energy
consumption and costs
3) Estimation of costs for improvement(6) STEP-6 Determine and explain the recommendations to be implemented1) Determination of the recommendations to be applied
2) Preparation of a report
3) Explaining the report

III-22

3.3

On-site Auditing Procedure
The energy audits for the building concerned were conducted in accordance with thefollowing procedure.
(1) Interviewing
1) General description of the building2) General description of the equipment
3) How the building is used and the operation status of equipment
4) Data and information on overall energy use(2) Confirmation on drawings and reference materials
1) Building design drawing
2) Equipment drawings including drawings of air-conditioning systems,
electrical systems and sanitary facilities
3) Operation log
4) Energy consumption data
5) Room environment data
(3) On-site confirmation
1) Typical room2) Machine room3) Electrical room4) Outdoor facilities and equipment (placed on rooftop and on the ground)(4) Simple measurements (if possible)
1) Temperature, humidity and luminance2) Electric current
3) CO2 concentration, etc.

III-23

4.

Energy Audit of Orchid Garden Hotel

4.1

Outline of Orchid Garden Hotel(1) Name:

Orchid Garden Hotel(2) Use: Hotel(3) Size: 1 basement and 10 floors above the ground
Gross floor area: 20,121.18 m2(4) Age of the building: 4 years(5) Central building management and control system:
Building Automation System (BAS)(6) Outline of electrical systems:
Receiving voltage 11 kV, Transformer capacity 1,000 kVA × 2 sets
Power generator 800kVA × 1 set
Elevator 14 kW × 2, Service elevator 14 kW × 1(7) Outline of air-conditioning systems:
Chiller 300RT (205.32 kW) × 3 sets, Air conditioning equipment (7sets), Fan coil unit (FCU) (207)(8) Sanitary facilities:
Hot-water supplying boiler (electricity) 340l/h, 46 kW × 12 sets
Water receiving tank, Lifting pump 4 kW × 2 sets, Booster pump 3 kW
× 3 sets, Elevated water tank

III-24

Analysis of Current Status of Energy Use(1) Monthly energy consumption (2002)
Monthly energy consumption is shown in Figure 4.2-1. As no accurate data for
November and December 2002 was available, the graph was completed based on
the data of 2001. This graph shows that electric consumption in January andFebruary are low compared to other months.
Monthly electric power consumption in 2002
(Data on Nov. and Dec. are the data in 2001)

kWh

4.2

500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,0000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4.2-1 Monthly Electric Power Consumption in 2002
(Data on Nov. and Dec. are the data in 2001)(2) Electric Power Consumption by Use
Electricity used in Orchid Garden Hotel is measured by intended use. The line
graphs in Figure 4.2-2 show electricity used for air conditioning and other uses
respectively. Electric use for air conditioning accounts for 70% of the total
annual eclectic consumption and electricity for other uses makes up theremaining 30%.

III-25

Monthly electric power consumption(air conditioning and other uses)
350,000
300,000

kWh

250,000
200,000

Air Con
Others150,000
100,000
50,000

p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

g

Se

l

Au

Ju

Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n

0

Figure 4.2-2 Monthly Electric Power Consumption(Air Conditioning and Other Uses)

Annual electric power consumption by use

Others29.8%

Air Con70.2%

Figure 4.2-3 Annual Electric Power Consumption by Use(3) Energy consumption by use
1) Detailed breakdown of energy consumption
Orchid Garden Hotel’s energy consumption by use on the day of the on-site
survey was calculated based on the design drawing of the facilities and theobserved operation status of the equipment. It should be noted that thiscalculation is based on the values experienced in the past and the calculated
values represent rough estimates and not accurate values. The results areshown in Figure 4.2-4 and Table 4-2-1.

III-26

This pie chart shows that one of the conspicuous characteristics of energy
consumption in Orchid Garden Hotel is heat transfer, which accounts forabout 32% of the total energy consumption. Breakdown of heat transfer in
Item 3) shows that “reheating of air-conditioning equipment” is the major
use of heat transfer. Reheating system of air-conditioning is, thus, a key
factor of the energy consumption structure.
Figure 4.2-5 shows a simplified diagram of reheating system for air
conditioning.
Calculations of energy consumption by use are shown in Item 2) to 6).
Energy consumption by use

Power
8.3%

Other
6.8%
Heat source
34.2%

Lighting andoutlets
15.0%
Hot water supply
3.5%
Heat transfer
32.2%

Figure 4.2-4

Energy Consumption by Use

Table 4.2-1

Energy Consumption by Use
kWh/d
4,214
3,965
436
1,848
1,027
833
12,324

%
34.2%
32.2%
3.5%
15.0%
8.3%
6.8%
100.0%Air Conditioner
3,158,219
8,653

Others1,339,926
3,671

Heat source
Heat transfer
Hot water supply
Lighting and outlets
Power
Other
Total

Annual total
Daily average

III-27

Total
4,498,145
12,324

ValveHeater ×３sets
supply air

Return air

Fresh air
Fan
Cooling coilFigure 4.2-5

Reheating System

2) Calculations of energy consumption for heat source
KW
196
11
37

Chiller
Cooling tower
Cooling water pumpTotal

h Load factor kWh/D
24
0.7
3,293
24
0.8
211
24
0.8
710
4,214

3) Calculations of energy consumption for heat transfer
Air conditioning machine fan
Air conditioning machine reheat
FCU fan
Cooing water pump
Total

kW
50.2
220
9.315
37

h Load factor
24
0.8
24
0.4
24
0.8
24
0.8

kWh/D
964
2,112
179
710.4
3,965

Fan
Heater 1 Heater 2 Heater 3 Total 8-Nov
Air conditioning
machine
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW kW
Function Room 1
11
5
10
20
35
Function Room 2
5.5
5
10
20
35
Fresh Air
11
10
15
30
55
55
Office
2.2
1
2
4
7
3
Lobby
5.5
3
5
10
18
Restaurant
4
5
10
20
35
35
Coffee House
11
5
10
20
35
Total
50.2
34
62
124 22093
Colored parts show heaters in operation on the day of survey.
4) Calculations of energy consumption for hot water supply

III-28

Guest room
Average occupancy rate
Occupied rooms
Hot water use/room
Hot water supply
Temperature C
Δt C
Heat quantity
Conversion factor

155
0.3
46.5
→
3
0.3m
15m3
(Outlet) 45(Inlet) 20
25375000 kcal
860 kcal/kWh
436 kWh505) Calculations of energy consumption for lighting and outlets
Basement
Ground Floor
1F
2F
Sauna, etc.
Corridor
3F to 7F
8F
Guest room
Corridor
Total

m2
3600
3600
1920
1920
768

W/m2
3
15
15
20

1296
1296
10
No
kW/No
155
0.2
5
0.5

kW
10.8
54.0
28.8
15.4
0.5
13.0

h/24h Load factor kWh/D
24
1
259
24
0.7
907
12
1
346
0
12
1
184
24
1
12
0
4
0.1
5

31.0
2.5
155.9

8
24

0.3
1

74
60
1,848

6) Calculations of energy consumption for driving power
kW
ELV 3 sets
Booster pumpLifting pump
Pool pump
Ventilation of parking facilities
Ventilation fan No. 5 to No. 16
Ventilation fan No. 21 to No. 30
Ventilation fan No. 31 to No. 34
Total

III-29

42
3
4
1.1
37.5
4.8
7.9
19.3

h
24
24
24
24
12
12
12
24

Load factor kWh/D
0.1
101
0.6
43
0.1
10
0.8
21
0.8
360
0.8
46
0.8
76
0.8
371
1027

(4) Comparison of other buildings
1) Comparison of air temperature between Brunei and Tokyo
As no comparable data that can be used for assessment of energy use in thisbuilding was available in Brunei, the data obtained has been compared withthose of buildings in Tokyo. Before comparing energy consumption per unit
area between the two places, it is desirable to compare the ambientconditions between Brunei and Tokyo because those affect energy use for
air conditioning. However, as weather data in Brunei was not available,monthly average temperatures in Singapore and Kuala Lumpur are shown in
Figure 4.2-6.
Monthly average temperature
30
25

℃

20

TokyouKuala Lumpur
Singapore

15
10
5

Figure 4.2-6

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

0

Monthly Average Temperature2) Comparison of energy consumption intensity of Orchid Garden Hotel withthose of buildings in JapanThe average energy consumption intensity for hotels in Japan is 3,280MJ/m2
according to the Energy Conservation Center of Japan while that of Orchid
Garden Hotel is 2,191 MJ/m2, which is about 67% of the average value ofJapan.

III-30Energy consumption intensity
4000
3465

3280

3500

MJ/m2

3000
2500

2191

2177

2000
1500
1000
500
0
Orchid Garden
Hotel

Figure 4.2-7

ECCJ data forhotelsECCJ data for ECCJ data for
hospitals
office buildings

Energy Consumption Intensity

3) Energy consumption by use for hotels in JapanIn Orchid Garden Hotel’s energy consumption by use, “heat transfer”
accounts for a significantly large portion as mentioned before, comparedwith those of hotels in Japan.
Ratio of energy consumption by use (ECCJ data for hotels)
Power
13%

Other
5%
Heat source
36%

Lighting andoutlets
23%
Hot water
supply/steam
12%

Figure 4.2-8

Heat transfer
11%

Ratio of Energy Consumption by Use (ECCJ data for hotels)(5) Data of water consumption
1) Meaning of assessment of water consumption
It is possible to assess a building’s water use status by comparing its water
consumption for total floor area calculated from annual water consumption
with those of other buildings. However, as water consumption largely varies
between the bathtub type and the shower type in terms of bathing style, it isnecessary to check habits of guests staying at the hotel concerned. In
addition, as water consumption is related to the number of users, it is also
possible to estimate the operating rate of the building concerned.

III-31In Orchid Garden Hotel, although we could not obtain data of the actual
water consumption, it was recommend that the management of water use
should be implemented as part of energy management practices.
Water consumption intensity

4

3.64

3.5
2.79

m3/m2

3
2.5
2
1.5

0.98

1
0.5
0
Orchid Garden Hotel

ECCJ data for hotels

Figure 4.2-9

ECCJ data for officebuildings

Water Consumption Intensity

III-32ECCJ data for hospitals

4.3

Proposed Improvements and Expected Effects(1) Repair of BAS
Despite the installation of the advanced BAS, the system was not in normal
operation. Thus, 2 valves of the air conditioning unit to control cooling water did
not automatically work. Their opening had been manually adjusted and fixed for
operation. This means that a constant quantity of cool water flows, and a supercooled state is created, which excessively activate the reheating electric heaters
placed in the downstream of cooling coil. As this causes a double energy loss forcooling water and reheating air, the system needs to be improved immediately.

(2) Review of operating hours of air conditioning equipment
The 2 conference rooms and restaurants on the 1st floor are constantly airconditioned for 24 hours including the times when they are not used. It appears
that because of the high humidity climate, air-conditioning is turned on toprevent mold. However, improvements in the operation management of air
conditioning in rooms not in use should be considered. Those improvements will
include intermittent operation of air conditioning systems and completely
stopping of the outside intake air.
(3) Review of operating hours of FCU in guestrooms
FCUs in guest rooms are also, like air conditioners, in operation for 24 hours.
Although it appears that they cannot be completely turned off because of theneed to prevent mold, some improvements should be made such as theoperations by the timer control.
(4) Review of preset room temperatures
Currently room temperature is set at 22°C to 23°C. By raising this preset
temperature, electric power used for cooling machines can be reduced.
Effects in the case of a raise in room temperature by 2°C have been estimated.

III-33

Conditions of calculation

Current state of room
After improvement
Outside air average

Temperature Humidity Enthalpy
°C
％
KJ/kg
22.5
50
45
24.5
50
50
29
50
65

Ratio of load of outside air to total load
Current load
Load after improvement
Outside air load reduction rate

0.3(assumed)
20KJ/kg
15KJ/kg
0.25

Ratio of heat transmission load to total load
Temperature difference under current load
Temperature difference under improved load
Heat transmission load reduction rate
Total reduction rate

0.15(assumed)
6.5°C
4.5°C
0.31
0.3 × 0.25 + 0.15 × 0.31 ＝ 0.121

Annual electric power consumption
Ratio of turbo-chiller
Reduced electric consumption
Ratio to annual electric power consumption

4,498,145 kWh
26.7%
4,498,145 × 0.121 × 0.267 ＝ 145,322
3.2%

kWh

(5) Heat insulation of hot water supply line
Hot water piping in the boiler room is not insulated, which causes heat loss fromthe pipeline.

III-34Effects from the heat insulation have been calculated.
Formula• (Heat radiation reduced by heat insulation) × (length of piping line) × (time)• Formula for calculating amount of heat radiated from insulated piping
Q = 2π (t1 − t2)/{2/ (d2·α) + 1/λ × ln (d2/d1)｝
Q: Heat radiated from surface of 1-m pipe/per hour [w/m]t1: Fluid temperature inside the pipe 45°C
t2: Boiler room temperature: 30°C (assumed)
d1: Outer diameter of piping: 0.053 (assumed)
d2: Outer diameter of insulated piping: 0.093
α: Heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2·K)]: 12
λ: Heat transfer coefficient of insulating materials [W/(m·K)]: 0.052
Heat transfer coefficient of copper pipe [W/(m·K)]: 385
Amount of heat radiation without heat insulation: Q0 = 30.0 W/mHeat radiation with 20 mm-thick heat insulation: Q20 = 7.5 W/mReduced heat loss by heat insulation: ∆Q = 30.0 − 7.5 = 22.5 W/m
Estimation of effects
1) Conditions of calculation
The following are added to the above condition.
Pipe diameter: 50 mm
Length of pipe line 50 m (estimated)
Operation time: 24h × 365d = 8760h
2) Calculation of reduced electricity
22.5 × 50 × 8760/1000 = 9,855 kW
3) Effects
Annual electric power consumption for hot water supply (estimated)
436 kWh/d × 365d = 159,140 kWh
Ratio of reduced electricity to annual energy consumption for hot watersupply9.855/159,140 = 0.062
6.2%
Ratio of reduced electricity to annual total energy consumption
9,855/4,498,145 = 0.0022
0.2%(6) High-efficiency operation of power receiving transformers
Current load conditions:
Load of power receiving transformer TX1 (1000 kVA-air conditioning)
390 kVA (39.0%)
Load of power receiving transformer TX2 (1000 kVA-electricity)
213 kVA (21.3%)
The above values show loads measured by the energy audit on one day

III-35during the primary survey.
Yearly average loads calculated from the actual annual electric power
consumption in 2001 (TX1 − 3,027,861 kWh, TX2 − 1,392,682 kWh) are
384 kVA (calculated based on a power factor of 0.9) for TX1 and 177 kVA
for TX2.
Proposed improvement:
One of the features of standard transformers is, as shown in Figure 4.3-1,
that their best efficiency is gained at about 60% load. Accordingly, as shown
below, if the current two-transformer operation is changed to the onetransformer operation, the load factor of the transformer will become higher
than now and the operation efficiency also will increase.

Copper loss

Iron loss

Loss

Efficiency

Highestefficiency point

Efficiency

Load loss
Note 3:Figure 4.3-1

Efficiency and Losses in Relation to Load of Transformer

Power Receiving at 11 KV

TX1:1000KVA

TX2:1000KVA

SW:ON

415 V bus line for air conditioning 384 kVA
Total load: 561 kVA
Figure 4.3-2

415 V bus line for electricity 177 kVA

Proposed Power-receiving System

III-36

Estimation of effects
1) Conditions for estimation• Characteristic of transformer (one example):
kVA

1000

Loss
No-load loss (Wi)1,880 W

Load loss (Wc) (at the time of 100% load)

11,890 W••

Operation condition:
Calculating formula of loss:•

Load of transformer:

365 days without shutdown
Wt (total loss) = Wi + Wc × (Pe)2
Pe: Load factor of transformer
TX1 − 384 kVA, TX2 − 177 kVA
Constant for 24 hours

2) Calculation• Loss when both transformers TX1 & TX2 are used
Wt1 = 1880 W × 8760h + 11890 W (384/1000)2 × 8760h + 1880 W ×
8760h + 11890 W (177/1000)2 × 8760h = 51,559 kWh/year• Loss when only transformer TX1 is used
Wt2 = 1880 W × 8760 h + 11890 W (561/1000)2 × 8760h= 49,249 kWh/year• Merit
Wt1 − Wt2 = 51,559 kWh − 49,249 kWh = 2,310 kWh/year(Equivalent to 0.05% of the annual electric power consumption)• Reduced cost: 300B$ (Average unit price of electricity: 0.13B$/kWh)(7) Replacement by high-efficiency lamps and lighting fixtures
Current condition
Conventional types of incandescent lamps (25 W × 2) are used in corridorsof the guest room floors
Proposed improvement
Replacement by fluorescent lamps
Estimation of effects
1) Conditions of estimation
Current lighting with incandescent lamps
1 lighting fixture: 25 W × 2, 16 rows /F, 5 guest room
floorsLighting time
8760 hours
Reduction plan 25 W × 2 → 13 W fluorescent lamp

III-37

2) Calculation• Reduced electricity(25 W × 2 − 13 W) × 16 rows × 5 floors × 8760h = 25,930 kWh/year(Equivalent to 0.6% of the annual electric power consumption)• Reduced cost: 3.371B$ (Average unit price of electricity rate: 0.13 B$/kWh)
Merits of changing from candescent lamps to fluorescent lamps include
extended lifetime of lamps (1000h → 8000h) in addition to the cost
reduction(8) Shortening of operation time of the circulating pump for the swimming pool
Current condition
The pump is in operation for 24 hours regardless of the number of poolusers.
Proposed improvement
Operation limited to the busiest time zone (8 hours/day)
Estimation of effects
1) Conditions of estimation
Capacity of circulating pump
1.1 kW
Operating time
8h/day, 365 days/year2) Calculation
Reduced electricity
1.1 kW (24 − 8)h × 365 days = 6.424 Wh (Equivalent to 0.14% of theannual electric power consumption)
Reduced cost: 835B$ (Average unit price of electricity: 0.13B$/kWh)(9) Summary of improvement effects
The 8 improvement plans proposed above and their effects are summarized inTable 4.3-1.
Results of the improvements in No. 2 and No. 3 depend on the operation time,
while effects of those in No. 4 to No. 8 are estimated to total to 4.2%.

III-38

Table 4.3-1

Proposed Improvement Plans and Expected Effects
Reducedelectricity
[kWh]

No

Improvements

1
2
3
4
5
6

BAS (Central Supervisory Control System)
Review of operation time of air conditioning
Review of FCU in guest rooms
Review of preset room temperature
Thermal insulation of hot water supply piping
High efficiency operation of transformers
Change to high-efficiency lamps and lighting
fixtures
Review of operation time of pool circulating pump
Total
Annual electric consumption
Unit electricity rate B$/kWh7
8

III-39Reducedcost [B$]%

Depends on operation time
Depends on operation time
145322
18892 3.2%9855
1281 0.2%2310
300 0.1%
25930
6424
18984144981450.133371 0.6%
835 0.1%
24679 4.2%

4.4

Improvements Realized
On completion of the primary survey, we made a suggestion for improvement plans
listed above in the wrap-up meeting. Some of these improvement plans had alreadybeen implemented at the time of the second-stage survey.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to persons concerned of Orchid Garden
Hotel for taking action promptly for improvements. The estimated effects of the
improvements made are shown in Table 4.3-2. Improvements in operation achieved
an 8.1% cut in energy consumption.
Table 4.3-2 Realized Improvements and Effects(Confirmed at the Time of the Second Survey)

Fan in parking area
Air conditioning equipment inrestaurant, Vanda
Fan in toilets, Vanda
Ventilation fan, Goldiana
Pool pump
Air conditioning equipment,
Level 8, Grand Hall
Air conditioning equipment,
Level 8, Cesar 1
Air conditioning equipment,
Level 8, Cesar 2
Reheating equipment forlobby line
Reheating equipment for backoffice line
Reheating equipment forrestaurant line

Unit price of electricity

kW
0.33

Load No. ofDaysfactorunits hours /year
0.8
2
16 365

kWh/y
3084

4
0.15
0.32
1.1

0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8

1
1
1
1

8
8
8
6

365
365
365
365

9344
350
748
1927

11

0.8

1

24

265

55968

11

0.8

1

24

265

55968

5.5

0.8

1

24

265

27984

18

0.4

1

24

365

63072

7

0.4

1

24

365

24528

35

0.4

1

24

365 122640
Total 365613
Annual electric power consumption 4498145
0.13 B$/kWh
Reduced cost47530

III-408.1%

4.5

Introduction of Available New Technologies(1) Automatic lighting system equipped with human body sensor• 100% lighting when human body is detected by thesensorLighting is reduced to 35% normally under no person.
• Places where the system is applicable: Kitchen, toilet, etc.

Source Material from Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd.

III-41

5.

Databases, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Brunei(1) Current situation of Brunei
1) Primary step
In Brunei, almost no country-level energy conservation efforts for buildings
have been made to date. Nothing comparable to database, benchmark or
guideline was available. In the current project, we could obtain energy data on
one hotel. Although it is data on only one case example, it is meaningful that we
could establish a benchmark based on which they will be able to develop the
database in the future.
Detailed data of the hotel we audited are as mentioned above. Those related toenergy indices are picked up as follows:
Use of the building:Hotel
Gross floor area:
20,121 m2
Annual electric power consumption:
4,498,145 kWh
Energy consumption per unit area (energy consumption intensity):
223.5 kWh/m2/y2,191 MJ/m2/y (Converted by 9.8 MJ/kWh)In the workshop, in response to our request for submission of energy data, onedata was reported.
Name of building:Institute Tecnologi Brunei
Gross floor area:
27,000 m2
Energy consumption per unit area: 9.6 kWh/m2/y
The data showed a very small scale of energy consumption for the institute(university). According to the information of utilization, it was confirmed thatabout two third (2/3) of the classrooms were vacant and not used. Thus, it is not
appropriate to use these values for an indicator and the value per the actual
operating area should be utilized.
2) Reheat system
The current energy audit of the hotel revealed that the energy use for airconditioning was very featured. Due to the very humid climate, thedehumidifying-reheating system normally applied and the reheating energy
accounts for a large portion of the total energy consumption. According to theparticipants, this system is also applied to hospital buildings. Breakdown ofenergy used in the hotel is shown again here. As shown in the pie graph (Figure5-1), the reheating energy accounts for 17% of the building’s total energy
consumption.

III-42OtherMotor 6.8%
8.3%

Refrigeratingmachine26.7%

Lighting/outlets
15.0%
Cooling
tower/cooling
water
7.5%

Hot water
3.5%
Air conditioning
fan
15.0%

Figure 5-1

Reheat heater
17.1%

Ratio of Reheat Energy to the Total Energy Consumption

This reheating energy is a key point for promoting energy conservation inbuildings in Brunei. It is important to check reheating system in the databasesurveys in the future.
In addition, it is effective that the guidelines include measures for energy inreheating system. At present, the “Brunei System” was proposed. That is theenergy conservation system that utilizes heat of cooling water of chillers. We
hope that the validity of this system will be verified and disseminated. The basic
concept of the proposed reheating system for energy conservation is shown
below.
Cooling tower
32℃
37℃

Valve
13℃
8℃

supply air

23℃
Return air

18℃

37℃

32℃

Fresh air
Fan
Heating coil

33℃
15℃

Cooling coil

Chilled water

Figure 5-2

Chiller

Cooling water

Flow Diagram of Proposed Reheating System

III-43

3) Toward future activities to develop database, etc.
We had a brainstorming session to get ideas from participants to develop
databases, benchmarks and guideline in the future and the following were
proposed.
FUTURE DIRECTION
ACTIVITIES
1.
2.

ENERGY SURVEY OF BUILDINGSET UP NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANDCONSERVATION TASK FORCE.
3. UPDATING THE BUILDING BY-LAWS.
4. DATA GATHERING OF POWER CONSUMPTION AND GFAS FOR
GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIES.
5. ESTABLISHMENT OF DATA BASE.
6. GUIDELINES FOR NEW BUILDINGS
7. POLICY FRAMEWORK ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY.
8. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
9. CAPACITY BUILDING - TRAINING ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY
10. STUDY TOUR.
11. PROMOTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & CONSERVATION
12. PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AWARENESS AMONG THE
PUBLIC
13. NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY AWARDS FOR BUILDINGS AND
INDUSTRIES.
14. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY BENCHMARK FOR BUILDING AND
INDUSTRY
15. STUDY OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE DESIGN IN BRUNEI BUILDINGS.
16. SEMINARS, WORKSHOPS AND TRAINING
17. EDUCATION
18. RESOURCES
19. CONDUCT ENERGY AUDIT
20. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONSERVATION PLAN OF
ACTION
21. CATEGORISATION OF BUILDINGS AND INDUSTRIES.
22. IDENTIFICATION OF OUR BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES ANDOPPORTUNITIES
23. ENERGY MANAGER SYSTEM - BY EXAM
24. ACCREDITATION ENERGY AUDITORS
25. ENERGY STANDARDS & LABELING.
26. SUCCESSFUL CASE STORY (ROLE MODEL FOR BUILDINGS (HOTELS)(AS OF 24TH JANUARY, 2004)

III-44

(2) Remarks
1) Starting with government buildings
It was recommended that a series of surveys should be started with governmentbuildings where energy data is easily accessible and the actual status of energy
consumption in buildings be clarified because data on only one hotel was
obtained in the current survey on the energy use in buildings.
2) Focusing on reheating control
As the key point to energy consumption in buildings lies with the reheating
control system for air conditioning, as mentioned previously, studying andimproving this system will have a great effect on progress in energy
conservation in Brunei.
3) Surveys of hospitals and hotels
The next step for developing the databases is, hopefully, to extend the survey
scope from government buildings to hospitals and hotels that consume a large
amount of energy.
(3) Photos
The following are photos of the workshop and participants
1) Workshop

2)

ParticipantsIII-45IV.

Lao PDR

1.

Summary of Site Survey
Participants and audit periods
1st site survey : November 12 through 14, 2003
2nd site survey : January 26 and 27, 2004
Participants from the International Engineering Department of The Energy Conservation
Center, Japan. (ECCJ)• Kazuhiko Yoshida (General Manager) January 26 through 27, 2004
• Takashi Kato (Technical Expert):
November 12 through 14, 2003
January 26 through 27, 2004
• Akira Kobayashi (Technical Expert)
November 12 through 14, 2003
January 26 through 27, 2004

(1st Site Survey)
Date

Events, destination, etc.

Nov. 12 Workshop(Wed.) (Lao plaza Hotel,
Vientiane, Lao PDR)

Description• Welcome Remarks• Opening Statement• Presentation on the profile of Lao Plaza Hotel and its
energy management status• Presentation by ACE on its engagement in the
PROMEEC project and its action plans for the current
year• Presentation on the conditions of energy conservation inbuildings in Japan• Presentation on the procedure of auditing buildings
Participants: Mr. Sisoukan Sayarath (Chief of Electricity
Management Division, Department ofElectricity, Ministry of Industry andHandicraft-DOE/MIH)
Mr. Khamso Kouphokham (Deputy Chief ofElectricity Management Division,
Department of Electricity, Ministry ofIndustry and Handicraft)
Mr. Christopher Zamora (Project Coordinator,
ASEAN Center for Energy)
and 21 other persons

IV-1

Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description

Nov.13(Thu.)

Survey/audit of Lao
Plaza Hotel (Vientiane,
Lao PDR)• Provided participants with OJT in energy auditing
through the survey/audit of Lao Plaza HotelUse of building: Hotel (142 guest rooms)
Size: 1 basement floor and 7 floors above the ground
Gross floor area: 14,972.25 m2• Survey on the outline of the building (by documents/
interviewing)• Survey on the outline of the equipment (by documents/
interviewing)• Survey on energy consumption (by documents/
interviewing)• On-site inspection
There were many participants including those from
DOE.
Participants: Mr. Sisoukan Sayarath (Chief of Electricity
Management Division, Department ofElectricity, Ministry of Industry andHandicraft-DOE/MIH)
Mr. Christopher Zamora (Project Coordinator,
ASEAN Center for Energy)
and 14 other persons

Nov. 14 Wrap-up meeting(Mon.) (Lao Plaza Hotel,
Vientiane, Lao PDR)

• Summarized the results of the survey/energy audit of
Lao Plaza Hotel and reported to the participants.
Participants: Mr. Sisoukan Sayarath (DOE/MIH)
and 14 other persons

IV-2

(Second Site survey)
Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description

Jan. 26(Mon.)

Pre-report meeting
Interim report on theaudit results of Lao
Plaza Hotel• Made an interim report based on the results of the 1st
survey/audit of Lao Plaza Hotel.
• Major contents• Analysis of the current condition (electric power
consumption, gas consumption, total energy
consumption, energy composition, trends in monthly
energy consumption, comparison with other buildings
and water consumption data)• Good practice examples (Load-matched operation ofturbo-chiller, appropriate operation of ventilation fans
and air-conditioners, control of outside air intake at thelobby, energy conservation activities participated byhotel employees)• Recommendations for improvement and expected effects(High-efficiency operation of transformers for powerreceiving, renewal to high efficiency lamps)• Measurement of CO2 concentration: Carried out
measurements of CO2 concentration, which arenecessary for control of fresh air intake, at relevant
places using the CO2 concentration meter brought fromJapan, in cooperation with the participants.
Participants:• From the hotel:
Mr. Sommai (Chief Engineer) and 2 staff members ofmaintenance• From DOE:
Mr. Sisoukan Sayarath and 2 more persons
Mr. Christopher Zamora (ACE)

IV-3

Date

Events, destination, etc.

Description

Jan. 27(Tue.)

Workshop on
promotion of energy
conservation inbuildings (Lao Plaza
Hotel, Vientiane, Lao
PRR)• Pre-report presentation on the results of energy audit of
Lao Plaza Hotel• Presentation on benchmarks and databases established inJapan• Presentation on the investigations of benchmarks anddatabases for buildings in Lao PDR. As a result, data on
Parkview Hotel was presented as an example.
• Discussions: Methods of collecting data, meaning andusage of benchmarks, analysis of data on Parkview
Hotel, etc.
Participants: Mr. Houmphone Bulyaphol (Director
General, Department of Electricity,
Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts(MIH)
Mr. Sisoukan Sayarath (Chief, Electricity
Management Division, Department ofElectricity, MIH)
Mr. Khamso Kouphokham (Deputy Chief,
Electricity Management Division,
Department of Electricity, MIH)
Mr. Viensay Chantha (Electricity
Management Division, Department ofElectricity, MIH)
Mr. Noppadol Sommai (Chief Engineer, Lao
Plaza Hotel)
Mr. Christopher Zamora (Project Coordinator,
ASEAN Center for Energy)
And those concerned of Lao PDR
government, National University andhotels( Lao Plaza Hotel, Novotel, Park View
Hotel)
and 18 other persons

IV-4

2.
2.1

Political and Economic Conditions in Lao PDR
National Indicators, Political System and Key Economic Indicators(1) National indicators
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Country name:
Lao People’s Democratic RepublicArea:
240,000 km2
Population:
5,526,000 (2002)
Capital:Vientiane
Ethnic distribution: Lor Laum (Lowland Lao) (60%) and 49 ethnic groups in
total6) Language:
Laotian7) Religion:
Buddhism
8) Brief history:
In 1899, the country was incorporated in French
Indochina. In 1949, the country became independent
within the frame of French union. On October 22, 1953,
it attained complete independence under the Franco-Laos
Treaty. Although there had been a series of civil wars
afterward, in February, 1973, the “Agreement on
Restoration of Peace and Racial Reconciliation in Laos”
was concluded. In December 1975, with the suddenchange in the Indochina situation, Lao People’s
Democratic Republic was formed.
(2) Political system
1) Form of government: People’s Democratic Republic
2) Head of state:
President Khamtai Siphandon (President of Lao
People’ Revolutionary Party)3) Assembly:
National Assembly• President of the national assembly :Samane Vignaket(Politburo member)• Unicameral parliament (109 members)
4) Government• Prime Minister: Boungnhang Vorachith (Politburo member)• Foreign Minister: Somsawat Lengsavad (Central Committee member and
Deputy Prime Minister concurrently)

IV-5

(3) Economic indicators
1) Main industries:

Agriculture, forestry, wood processing and hydraulicpower generation
2) GDP:$2,017 million (2002)
3) Per capita GDP:
$365 (2002)
4) GDP growth rate:
5.9 % (2002)
5) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.5% (2001)
6) Total trade value (2000)• Exports: $393 million• Imports: $591 million
7) Major trade items• Exports: Electric power, wood products, garments and coffee• Imports: Fuels, consumer goods, textile raw materials8) Trade partner:
Thailand, Vietnam, China and Japan
9) Currency:
Kip10) Exchange rate:$1 = 10,500 kip (as of October 2003)(4) Relationship with Japan
1) Political relations:

There is no particular pending issue between the twocountries. Lao PDR and Japan have maintained good
relationship.

2) Economic relations
a. Trade with Japan (2002)• Trade value
Export to Lao PDR:
2,252 million yen
Import from Lao PDR: 841 million yen• Trade item
Exports to Lao PDR: Vehicles, articles of iron and steel
Imports from Lao PDR: Wood products
b. Direct investments from Japan: Wood processing galvanized steel plateproduction, motorcycle assembly plants, etc.
3) Cultural cooperation: Japan has implemented cultural cooperation programsfor Lao PDR since 1976 under ODA programs. Recently both countries’
cultural exchange has expanded including the preservation of cultural
heritages, sports exchange, people-to-people exchange, etc.
4) Japanese nationals residing in Lao PDR: 406 persons (as of October 2002)
5) Laotians in Japan: 1,729 persons (No. of foreign resident registrations as ofthe end of 2001)

IV-6

(5) Political condition
1) Domestic politics
In December 1975, the royal government was overthrown and “Lao People’s
Democratic Republic” was established. Lao PDR’s administration having
People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP) as its only legal political party has
promoted building of a socialist country through nationalization andcollectivization of industries under the leadership of Kaysone Phomvihan,
founding father of the nation, President of LPRP and Chairman of Council of
Ministers.
The nation’s full-fledged economic reform plan was officially approved as
the “New Economic Mechanism---NEM) in the 4th LPRP convention in
November 1986. This is the new reform policy called “Chintanakan mai“(new thinking), which was developed to be implemented in all aspects ofsocial and economic systems, applied specifically to economic field. While
the support from former Soviet Union rapidly dwindled, aids frominternational organizations and advanced nations in the west increased
dramatically propelling the nation’s economic reform that aims at acomprehensive shift from a subsistence natural economy maintained under
the socialist regime to a market economy.
Due to the demise of Soviet Union in 1991, the nation replaced its closer
political ties with Soviet and Vietnam by an omni-directional foreign policy
based on the amicable relationship with neighboring countries including
improved relationship with China while seeking the establishment of “special
relationship” with Vietnam. Various reform plans implemented under the
NEM policy were repeatedly assessed by the World Bank, IMF and AsianDevelopment Bank and features of the reform were defined as listed in thetable below.
After the death of Kaysone Phomvihane in November 1992, Khamtai
Siphandon the new president of LPRP (also national president from 1998)
and former national president Nouhak Phoumsavan, etc. succeeded theleadership. The new leadership continued to follow the reform policy
centering on economic aspects that had been resolved in the 4th (’86) andensuing LPRP conventions.
With the admission into ASEAN in July 1997, Lao PDR entered a new era ofregional cooperation. In the same month, however, the currency and financial
crisis in Asia broke out. The fact that Lao PDR with no short-term capital
markets was also affected by this crisis proved that Lao PDR had alreadyIV-7been incorporated in the regional economy and global economy. On the other
hand, it is also true that notwithstanding the occurrence of import inflation orplunges in exchange rate, the natural social safety net functions against suchimpacts and shocks from the outside in rural communities based on
subsistence agriculture.
The supreme National Assembly with members elected in the generalelection in 1989 approved a new legislative system including the adoption ofa new constitution in August 1991. Based on the constitution, the 2nd generalelection for the National Assembly was held in December 1997. In the 3rd
National Assembly of the 5th term in May 2003, the constitution was revised
and proclaimed in July.
Table: Outline of the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) Reform
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Complete price decontrol (excluding public utilities charges)
Ending state monopoly of rice distribution and liberation of agriculture
Reforms of state-owned corporations
2 major reforms in taxation system:
Reviewing and streamlining expenditure priorities (excluding wages
and salaries of government employees)
Integrating the central budget and local budgets into general budget(5) Deregulation of trade: Simplified tariff classification, Abolishment of
quantity control and special import/export privileges(6) Unification of multiple exchange rates system, Minimization of
deviations of parallel exchange rates from official rate(7) Separation of the central bank and commercial banks(8) Development and enforcement of legal systems(9) Invitation of foreign direct investments(Source) Motoyoshi Suzuki “Laos under a New Economic System” Iwanami
Shoten, Publishers “Iwanami Course: History of South East Asia
Vol. 9” March, 2002

(6) Economic Condition
After the planned economy that had been promoted since 1975 came to an
impasse, Lao PDR has advanced an open economy policy and its shift to market
economy through implementing various economic reforms in a wide range offields such as the institution of banking system, taxation system, foreign
investment laws, the privatization of state corporations, etc. under the New
Economic Mechanism (NEM) in 1986.
Lao PDR achieved real GDP growth rates of 5% or up during the past decade.

IV-8

However, per capita GDP remains as low as $300. Budget deficit often lead toincreases in money supply, causing acceleration in inflation. Confronted with thefinancial and currency crisis in Asia in 1997, Lao PDR’s inflation rate in 1998
reached 142% of that of the previous year due to its failure in the management ofdomestic macro economy. Trade deficit, in addition, created about 10 times asmuch plunge in foreign exchange rate that applied before the crisis. In suchcircumstances in which there are scarcely sufficient financial resources to advancedevelopment of infrastructure focusing on roads, bridges, water systems, airports,
etc. it is not easy to improve the environment for foreign investments. In the 7th
convention of LPRP (2001), the nation’s long-term goals such as the departurefrom a LLDC, 3 times high standard of living of people, etc were developed.
In trade, import value reached $591million far exceeding $393 million of import.
No improvements are recognized with the deficit structure. While Lao PDR’s
major export items are timber and electric power, exports of garments and coffee
have recently been increasing. However, depreciation of home currency value
may not create a drive for export. Due to the underdevelopment of importreplacement industries in the country, diversified consumers’ demand and thepromoted trade deregulation policy, industries’ and consumers’ demand forimport products is still high.
Deficiency in foreign currency and budget deficit are covered by foreign
investments, remittances from Laotians residing in foreign countries and inflow of
direct foreign capitals. Japan’s aid to Lao PDR amounted to $168.7 million in1998 and accounted for 86% of its bilateral assistance value.

IV-9

2.2

Energy Situation in Lao PDR(1) Basic features of the electric power department in Lao PDR
Lao PDR has a considerable scale of hydraulic energy source, the central part ofwhich is River Mekong. In the Mekong Basin, there are, at least, two countries
that are in the process of developing and providing a big energy market. Currently,
40% of a total of 875,774 households are connected to the power distribution grid.
The power grid at 115kV consists of 3 regional distribution lines. No.1 line
supplies power to the central part of the country and No. 2 and No3 (Largest)
supply to the south region. (See Figure 2.2-1) Figure 2.2-2 shows changes inelectrification in Lao PDR.
Hydro power accounts for 98% of the nation’s power generation and diesel makes
up the remaining portion. Electricite du Laos (EdL) manages power generation
operations through a 100% state-owned company. Less than 5% of the potential
capacity of hydropower has been developed so far to meet almost all of thenation’s electric needs. In addition, 2 companies of the private sector haverecently been established to export electricity to Thailand.
c Theun-Himboun (1998) GOL (EdL’s investment 60%) 210 MW
d Huoay Ho (1999) GOL （EdL’s investment 20%）150 MW

PRESENT FACILITIESNorthern

regionEVNCentral1

NamNgum1
150 MW,EdL, 1971

Nam Leuk
60MW,
EdL, 2000

regionTheun Hinboun
210MW, IPP, 1998EGAT
SYSTEM
115kV Trans.Line

Central2

regionXeset
45MW,
EdL, 1991

22/35kV Distrib. line
115/22kV S/S

HouayHo
150MW, IPP, 1999

Power Plant

Installed Capacity in Year 2002

1%

Existing System
1.G eneration
TotalInst.cap= 644 M W ,ofw hich 627 M W ishydropow er and therem aining is diesel.

Southern 2.Trans./D istrib.

region 230kV line=494km

115kV line=768 km
22kV and 35kV lines=7,333,8 km
D istrib.Transform er
42% Totalcapacity.=1090 M V A

57%
EdL

Figure 2.2-1

IPP

Provincial

Electric Power Supply in Lao PDR

IV-10

100
80

72.3%

77.3%

83.8% 81.7%

86.0%

D istrict

58.2%

60
42.6%

38.9
33.1% 35.9% 35.1%
30.0%
2906%
26.1%
22.7% 23.5% 25.0%
18.9%
15.0%
13.5% 16.5%
10.6%
7.7%

Figure 2.2-2

2002

2001

2000

1999

0

1998

HH

1997

20

1996

V illage1995

40 33.1%

Rate of Electrification in Lao PDR(2) Policy, Laws and Characteristics
Lao PDR’s government places priority of its policy on the development of electric
power projects as a means of achieving macro/micro economic systems andvitalization of society. Comprehensive goals of the policy of the electric power
department are as follows;- Maintain and further expand highly reliable, continual power supply in the
country to promote economic and social development- Promote power generation for export to gain profits
The achievement of the above goals is subject to the continuous progress in thefollowing measures.
- Create and strengthen legal and regulatory frameworks so that development ofelectric power can effectively be guided in a proper direction and will progress- Reform the organizations concerned to clarify where the respective
responsibilities lie
Legal and regulatory frameworks
Over the past 10 years, enactment of reform bills has been in progress. The
enactment of the laws listed below is intended to create a legal environment
which encourages continuing optimum and responsible investments in the electric
power department.
1) Contract Law (1990)
2) Commercial Bank and Financial Institutions Act (1994)
3) Customs Law (1994)
4) Business Law (1994)

IV-11

5) Law on the promotion and management of foreign investment (revised)(1994)
6) Secured transaction law (1994)
7) Water and water resources law (1996)
8) Electricity law (1997)
9) Environmental protection law (1999)
These laws are expected to work favorably for power generation business inattracting private capital. In other words, they are considered to provide anenvironment that meets the rational demand of international investors.
(3) Development of electric power
In Lao PDR, electricity is supplied via either the major power distribution grid or
the other networks. The major power distribution grid of EdL has the following 3
power sources.
1) Small and medium sized power generation projects with a capacity of up to
about 100MW each that are developed by EdL by way of supplying to thedomestic market.
2) Supply for local areas from IPP (Houay Ho, Theun-Hinboun) that is
independent from the major power distribution grid3) Imports from neighboring countries (Thailand and Vietnam, Import from
China is also planned)
There are the following two supply sources for exports
1) Excessive power from EdL hydropower operation projects (Supply lines forcentral and southern regions)
2) Large-scale electric power generation projects by IPP
Electrification is a high priority policy of the country. The rest of the central
region that has not yet been covered by the power grid and the densely populated
plains along the Mekong River depend on the expansion of the power grid forelectrification. However, the areas where the expansion of the grid costs high had
better choose electric supply by an independent supply line of the prefecture, areaor village concerned. Thus, solar energy generation and micro/pico hydropower
generation are promising and supportive options in Lao PDR in view ofpromotion of clean energy and eradication of poverty.

IV-12

(4) Forecast of demand
Future energy demand is forecast as follows. Electricity forecasts are based on theassumption that about 190,000 more households will be electrified.
Demand for energy:
1,963.3 GWh (2010)
Growth rate:
11.7% (2000-2010)
Peak electricity demand: 464.2 MW (2010)
Electricity growth:
10.5%(5) Latest statistics on primary energy supply and final energy demand
Statistical data on primary energy supply and final energy demand is shown in
Figure 2.2-3 and Table 2.2-1.
Year

Generation(GWh)

Home use(GWh)

Import(GWh)Export
(GWh)

1995

1085

337.5

77

675.5

1996

1248

379.5

87.5

792.4

1997

1218.7

433.8

101.5

710.2

1998

2156.6

513.3

142.3

1613.51208.2

1999

2806.3

565.5

172.2

2228.81630.6

2000

3438.4626.4

1802792.82098.62001

3653.7

710.4

183.8

2871.42074.92002

3604.1

766.7

200.8

2798.32034.0

IV-13

From IPP(GWh)

4100
3600
3100
2600

ExportImportHome use

2100
1600
1100
600
100
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Figure 2.2-3

Energy Balance in Lao PDR

Table 2.2-1

Energy Consumption by Sector

Year

Residence

Business

Recreation

Government
Offices

Agriculture(Water pump)Embassies andInternational
Organizations

Industries

Grand Total
(kWh)

1997

218,286,703

40,094,203

9,701,282

49,623,547

16,969,721

8,098,174

91,086,827

433,860,457

1998

252,218,101

50,110,610

10,685,471

54,444,110

29,631,919

8,583,996

107,598,300

513,272,507

1999

285,053,226

58,553,120

11,068,706

54,464,514

33,905,540

7,712,277

114,789,455

565,546,838

2000

324,693,846

67,804,500

11,838,193

59,802,343

33,413,405

7,480,376

134,825,919

639,858,582

2001

371,410,713

72,441,414

12,707,319

67,210,227

40,750,934

10,928,830

134,880,705

710,330,142

2002

371,410,713

78,142,296

10,223,482

77,484,072

34,799,916

7,560,312

163,970,932

743,591,723

%

49,9%

10,5%

1,4%

10,4%

4,6%

1,0%

22%

100%

2.3

Situation of Buildings in Lao PDR
The only data and information on buildings available in Lao PDR is those contained inTable 2.2-1 above. It is an urgent business to make relevant surveys and establish a
database on the results.

IV-14

3.
3.1

Procedure of Energy Audit for Buildings
General Process
The energy audit for buildings is generally proceeded in the 6-step sequence described
below.
In STEP 1 and STEP 2, general information and data on the building and equipment
concerned are collected and the obtained energy consumption data are analyzed.
The participants collaborated with Japanese experts from STEPs 1 to 3 for this year’s
audit. In the wrap-up meeting held on completion of the 1st site survey, ECCJ
specialists gave an outline of the improvement points in STEP 4. In the interim reportmeeting in the 2nd site survey, the results of the study on the measures for the
improvement and expected effects were explained, and for further confirmation,
additional surveys were conducted. This report reflects the results of the 2nd site
survey.
STEP-1
STEP-2
STEP-3
STEP-4
STEP-5Gather and confirm general information and data of the building
Gather and confirm general information and data of the equipment
Gather and confirm data of energy consumption
Identify improvement points through data analysis and evaluation
Study recommended methods for improvement including expected
effects
STEP-6 Determine and explain the recommendations to be implemented
3.2

Description of Each Step
Major survey items of each step are as follows:(1) STEP-1 Gather and confirm general information and data of the building
1) Year of construction completed
2) Size: Gross floor area (area for major use, indoor parking area), number ofstories, building structure3) Usage4) Owner
5) No. of employees, No. of clients (on business days and holidays), and otheritems(2) STEP-2 Gather and confirm general information and data of the equipment
1) Air-conditioning system, electrical system, sanitary facilities
2) Specifications for equipment and facilities

IV-15

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

3) Operation management status: Operating hours, setting of room temperature,and other items
STEP-3 Gather and confirm data of energy consumption
1) Monthly energy consumption2) Changes in yearly energy consumption
3) Energy consumption by day of the week4) Energy consumption by hour of the day5) Energy consumption by usage
6) Data on water consumption, and other items
STEP-4 Identify improvement points through data analysis and evaluation
1) Comparison of the total energy consumption of the building concerned withthose of similar buildings
2) Comparison of its energy consumption by usage with those of similarbuildings
3) Analysis of its monthly energy consumption trends
4) Analysis of changes in energy consumption for a period of several years5) Analysis of its energy consumption by day of the week and hour of the day6) Confirmation of room environment: Temperature, humidity, CO2concentration, luminance7) Confirmation of operation log: Operation status during peak load hours,
operation status during light load hours, No. of equipment units in operation,
operation time and operation temperature conditions8) On-site inspection: Operation status of equipment, temperature indicators,
ammeters, voltmeters and power factor indicators, valve condition, damper
condition, heat insulation, layout of equipment, maintenance of equipment
and piping9) Determination of how the facilities and equipment are actually used: Densityof people in a room, condition of OA equipment, identification of locationsof energy loss, and other items
STEP-5 Study recommended methods for improvement including expected
effects
1) Studying improvement plans: Application of other successful improvementcases and most-advanced technologies
2) Estimation of effects of improvement: Amount of reduced energy
consumption and costs
3) Estimation of costs for improvement
STEP-6 Determine and explain the recommendations to be implemented1) Determination of the recommendations to be applied
2) Preparation of a report
3) Explaining the report

IV-16

3.3

On-site Auditing Procedure
The energy audits for the building concerned were conducted in accordance with thefollowing procedure.
(1) Interviewing
1) General description of the building2) General description of the equipment
3) How the building is used and the operation status of equipment
4) Data and information on overall energy use(2) Confirmation on drawings and reference materials
1) Building design drawing
2) Equipment drawings including drawings of air-conditioning systems,
electrical systems and sanitary facilities
3) Operation log
4) Energy consumption data
5) Room environment data
(3) On-site confirmation
1) Typical room2) Machine room3) Electrical room4) Outdoor facilities and equipment (placed on rooftop and on the ground)(4) Simple measurements (if possible)
1) Temperature, humidity and luminance2) Electric current
3) CO2 concentration, etc.

IV-17

4.

Energy Audit of Lao Plaza Hotel

4.1

Outline of Lao Plaza Hotel(1) Name:

Lao Plaza Hotel(2) Usage: Hotel(3) Size: 1 basement and 7 floors above the ground
Gross floor area 14,972.25 m2(4) Age of the building: 7 years(5) Outline of electric systems:
Receiving voltage 22 kV, Transformer capacity 1,000 kVA × 2 sets
Power generator 275 kVA × 1 set
Elevator 10 kW × 2, Service elevator 1 1kW × 1(6) Air-conditioning systems:
Turbo-chiller 300RT (210 kW) × 2 sets, Air conditioning equipment+ Fan coil unit (FCU) system(7) Sanitary facilities:
Hot-water supplying boiler (LPG) 625,000 Btu/hWater receiving tank, Lifting pump 7.5 kW × 2 sets, Booster pump
7.5 kW × 2 sets, Elevated water tank(8) Laundry equipment: Installed

IV-18

Analysis of Current Status of Energy Use(1) Monthly energy consumption1) Electric power consumption (2001-2003)
Monthly energy consumption is shown in Figure 4.2-1. The figure shows thatenergy consumption does not largely vary from month to month. Peak andsmallest electric power consumption in 2002 were recorded in October andJanuary respectively. The minimum consumption was 81% of the maximum
consumption.
Monthly electric power consumption 2001-2003
300000250000kWh2000002001

1500002002

100000

2003

50000

ct
N
ov
D
ec

O

Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p

n
Ju

r
ay
M

Ap

ar

b

Figure 4.2-1

M

Fe

n

0
Ja

4.2

Monthly Electric Power Consumption 2001-2003

2) Gas (LPG) consumption (2001-2003)
Monthly gas consumption is shown in Figure 4.2-2. Gas is used for the hot
supplying boiler and kitchen use. The figure shows that gas consumption
increases in January, February, November and December. This isunderstandable because the air temperature goes down in these months. The
reason for a very small amount of consumption n May 2003 could not be
traced.

IV-19

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

2001
2002

ov

ec

N

D

ct
O

Se

Ja

Figure 4.2-2

p

2003

n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n
Ju
l
Au
g

kg

Monthly gas consumption (2001-2003)

Monthly Gas Consumption (2001-2003)

3) Total energy consumption (2002)
Figure 4.2-3 shows monthly combined total of electric power and LPG
consumption converted into calorific heat values by the conversion factors in
the table below. (Note: This electricity conversion factor is that used in Japanand determined based on the factors such as power generating efficiencies ofpower stations, etc. It is necessary to determine a conversion factor for Lao
PDR. The value used here is derived from the calculation: 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ ÷
approx. 37% (the average power generating efficiency of Japanese powercompanies) )Electricity
LPG

Primary energy conversion factor
9.8
MJ/kWh
50
MJ/kg

IV-20

Monthly total energy consumption (2002)
3500000
3000000

MJ

2500000
2000000

Gas
Electricity

1500000
1000000
500000Figure 4.2-3

Se
p
O
ct
N
ov
D
ec

Ju
l
Au
g

Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n

0

Monthly Total Energy Consumption (2002)(2) Energy composition
In Lao Plaza Hotel, electricity and LPG are used as energy sources. Their
composition ratios are shown in Figure 4.2-4. Electricity accounts for 88% of thetotal energy and LPG makes up the remaining 12%. The figure shows that it iseffective to cut electric power consumption to reduce the overall energy
consumption.
Energy composition (2002)
GAS
11.8%

Electlicity
88.2%

Figure 4.2-4

Energy Composition (2002)

IV-21

(3) Trend in annual energy consumption
Electric consumption of the past 2 years are shown in Figure 4.2-5.
Against the electric consumption in 2001 assumed at 100, that in 2002 is 101.9,
an increase of 2%.
Comparison of annual electric power consumption
3,500,000
3,000,000

2,913,600

2,968,800

2001

2002

kWh

2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0

Figure 4.2-5

Comparison of Annual Electric Power Consumption(4) Energy consumption by use
Lao Plaza Hotel’s energy consumption by use on the day of the on-site survey
was calculated based on the design drawing of the facilities and the observed
operation status of the equipment. It should be noted that this calculation is basedon the values experienced in the past and the calculated values represent roughestimates and not accurate values. The calculation results are shown in Figure 4.26 and Table 4.2-1.
The pie chart shows that about 44% of the hotel’s energy consumption is sharedby air conditioning. Calculation processes of energy consumption by use areshown in Items 2) to 6).

IV-221) Composition of energy use
Energy consumption by use

Others
14.6%
Power
13.1%

Heat source
44.1%

Lighting/
outlets
11.5%
Heat transfer
10.0%

Hot water
supply6.7%

Figure 4.2-6

Energy Consumption by Use

Table 4.2-1 Energy Consumption by Use

Heat source
Heat delivery
Hot water transfer
Lighting and outlets
Power
Other
Total

Electricity Electricity Gas
Electricity
kWh/d
%
MJ
MJ
4,063
50.0%
39,819
919
11.3%
9,005
10
0.1% 5,966
99
1,062
13.1%
10,404
1,209
14.9%
11,851871
10.7% 4,690
8,532
8,134
100.0% 10,656
79,710Total
MJ
39,819
9,005
6,065
10,404
11,851
13,22390,367

Total
%
44.1%
10.0%
6.7%
11.5%
13.1%
14.6%
100.0%

2) Calculations of energy consumption for heat source
Heat source
Refrigerating machine
Cooling tower
Cooling water pump
Total
Annual total electric
power consumption
Daily average electric
power consumption

No. of set
1
1
1

kW
210
7.5
18.5

h Load factor
24
0.7
24
1
24
0.8

2,968,800

kWh/y

8,134

kWh/d

IV-23

kWh/D
3,528
180
355
4,063

50.0%

3) Calculations of energy consumption for heat transfer
Air conditioning
machine fan
Air conditioning
machine fan
FCU fan
Cooing water pump
Total

kW

h

Load factor

Operating rate

kWh/D

40.4

10

0.8

1

323

11
8.04
18.5

24
7
24

0.8
0.8
0.8

1
0.65
1

211
29
355
919

4) Calculations of energy consumption for hot water supply
Guest room
Average occupancy rate
Occupied rooms
Hot water use/room
Hot water supply
Temperature °C
Temperature difference ± °C
Heat quantity kcal
Conversion factor MJ/ｋcal
Guest room hot water supply quantity MJ
Laundry hot water supply quantity MJ
Hot water total
Hot water supply pump
Booster pump
Total

142
0.65
92.3 →
953
0.3 m
28.5 m3(Out) 45 (In) 20 (∆T) 25
25
712,500 kcal
4.18682983 MJ
2983 MJ
5,966 MJ
kW
h
kWh
0.37
0.8
24 7.1040.37
0.8
10 2.96
105) Calculations of energy consumption for lighting and outlets
m2
Basement
GroundGround1F
2F
2F-7F
Corridor
Guest room
Total

W/m2

3960
5
3400
10
400
12
3800
10
500
10
Guest room
Room number Operating rate
5
1
142
0.65

IV-24

kW
19.8
34
4.8
38
5

0.25
0.13

h
12
12
24
10
10

24
7

Operating rate
0.8
0.8
1
0.7
1

kWh
190
326
115
266
50

30
84
1,062

6) Calculations of energy consumption for power

Fan
Fan
Lifting pump
Booster pump
Other drain pump
Jockey pump
Pool pump
Elevator
Elevator
Drainage water
treatment facilities
Coffee shop kitchen
Main kitchen
BakeryLaundryTotal

No. of set
No. of set in operation
1
1
2
1
2
1
10
4
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
12
16

kW Load factor
1.2
0.8
5
0.8
7.5
0.8
7.5
0.8
0.75
0.8
7.5
0.8
1.5
0.8
10
0.8
11
0.8

h
24
10
2.4
2
0.5
0
24
1
2

kWh/d
23.04
40
14.4
12
1.2
0
28.8
16
17.6

8.75
24.3
50
9
122

24
24
2
24
11

105
174.6
50
324
402.6
1209.24

0.5
0.3
0.5
1.5
0.3

(5) Comparison with other buildings
1) Comparison of air temperature between Vientiane and Tokyo
As no comparable data that can be used for the assessment of energy use inthis building was available in Vientiane, the data obtained has been comparedwith those of buildings in Tokyo. Before energy consumption per unit floorarea are compared, as the outdoor temperature affects energy consumption
for air conditioning, monthly average temperatures in Vientiane and Tokyo
are compared in Figure 4.2-7.

IV-25

Monthly average temperature
35.0
30.0
25.0
Tokyo

15.0

Vientiane

℃

20.0

10.0
5.0

Figure 4.2-7

ec

ov

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Ju

Ja

n
Fe
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M
ar
Ap
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M
ay
Ju
n

0.0

Monthly Average Temperature2) Comparison of energy consumption intensity with those of buildings in JapanThe average energy consumption intensity for hotels in Japan is 3,280MJ/m2
according to the data of The Energy Conservation Center of Japan, while thatof Lao Plaza Hotel is 2,203MJ/m2, which is about 67% of the average valueof Japan.
Energy consumption intensity
4000
3280

3500

3465

3000

MJ/m2

2500

2203

2177

2000
1500
1000
500
0
Lao Plaza Hotel

Figure 4.2-8

ECCJ data for hotels

ECCJ data for hospitals

Energy Consumption Intensity

IV-26

ECCJ data for officebuildings

3) Energy consumption by use in hotels in Japan
Compared to the data on hotels in Japan, the ratio of Lao Plaza Hotel’senergy consumption for heat source is larger while the ratios for hot watersupply and lighting/outlets are smaller.
Energy consumption by use

Power
13%

Others5%
Heat source
36%

Lighting/
outlets
23%

Hot water supply/
steam 12%Figure 4.2-9

Heat transfer
11%

Energy Consumption by Use(6) Data of water consumption
1) Monthly water consumption
Monthly water consumption for the period of 3 years from 2001 to 2003 (upto September) are shown in Figure 4-2-10. Water consumption varies little
throughout a year except in September when it slightly drops.

Monthly water consumption
5000
4500
4000
3500
m3

3000

2001
2002
2003

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4.2-10

Monthly Water Consumption

IV-272) Change in annual water consumption
Water consumption for two years are shown in Figure 4.2-11. Compared to
the water consumption in 2001 which is assumed at 100, that in 2002 is 99,
or down by 1%. As water consumption is related to occupancy rates of thehotel, it will be useful to compare the operating rates for these years.
Annual Water Consumption
60000
50000

m3

40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2001

2002

Figure 4.2-11

Annual Water Consumption3) Comparison with other buildings
For assessment of water use, water consumption per unit floor area iscompared to the reference data. As the comparable data is not available in
Lao PDR, however, the data obtained has been compared with those ofbuildings in Japan provided by ECCJ. Compared to 3.64 m3/m2 for hotels inJapan, Lao Plaza Hotel’s water consumption intensity is 3.26 m3/m2.
Water consumption intensity
4
3.5

3.64
3.26
2.79

m3/m2

3
2.5
2
1.5

0.98

1
0.5
0
Lao Plaza Hotel

ECCJ data for hotels

Figure 4.2-12

ECCJ data for officebuildings

ECCJ data for hospitals

Water Consumption Intensity

IV-28

Introduction of Good Practice Cases(1) Management of the temperatures of cold water and cooling water in response toloading condition
We learned from the interview that the temperature of cold water of the turbochiller was set at a comparatively high temperature when air conditioning load
was low and that the number of cooling water towers was also controlleddepending on the loading conditions.
This is a proper operation manner based on good understanding of the featuresof turbo chiller. The effects are confirmed from the chart shown below.
Relations between temperature of cold water, temperature of cooling water andpower output of electric motor of turbo chiller are shown in Figure 4.3-1.
If the temperature of cold water is raised by 2°C, output power of electric motor
will be reduced by about 2%. If the temperature of cooling water is lowered by
2°C, output power can be reduced by about 2%.

Condition: Constant chilling capacity (100%)
Power output is assumed at 100% under a cold
water temperature of 10/5°C and a cooling watertemperature of at 32/37°C.
Power output of electric motor (%)

4.3

Cooling water inlet
temperature

Cold water outlet temperature

Figure 4.3-1 Relations Among Cold Water Temperature, Cooling
Water Temperature and Electric Motor Power Output(Electric turbo-chiller)(2) Proper setting of machine room temperature
The temperature of the elevator machine room was preset at 30°C. It is notovercooling and the proper temperature was properly setup.
(3) Proper operation of air conditioning equipment and ventilation fans
Two air conditioners at the lobby are in operation during the day while only one
air-conditioner is in operation during the night when load is less and there are

IV-29

fewer people. Exhaust fans in the guest rooms are set in motion for 7 hours of
the time zone in which guests stay in the rooms. While this kind of equipment isconstantly in operation for 24 hours in many hotels, this is a good example for aproper way of operating based on the consideration for energy reduction.
(4) Complete consumption of LPG
When the amount of gas is scarce in the LPG cylinder, the cylinder is toppled
over sideways so that LPG, a heavy gas, can be completely used up. The only
notification is that safety check should be necessary as well as energy
conservation efforts.
(5) Control of outside air intake at the lobby
As much outdoor air comes into the lobby each time the doors are opened andclosed, the fresh air intake duct of the air conditioning system for the lobby isclosed up as the photo shows.

This is one of the improvements for energy conservation based on the actual
situation.
At the time of the second site survey, carbon dioxide concentration wasmeasured at relevant places and it was confirmed that there was no problem with
the indoor environmental conditions of the lobby.
Results of the measurement: CO2 concentration at the lobby
CO2 concentration outside the building

500 ppm
400 ppm

We explained how to use the CO2 concentration meter that we brought fromJapan and made participants actually take measurements. The photo below
shows the scene of practice.

IV-30

(6) Energy conservation activities by all-employee participation
Daily energy consumption and their costs are displayed on the bulletin board, as
the photo shows, in the passageway where the employees walk everyday, so thatenergy reduction will appeal to employees.
This is a good example of the energy conservation activities by all-employee
participation.

IV-31

Proposed Improvements Plans and Expected Effects(1) High-efficiency operation of transformers for power receiving
Current load conditions:
Load of power receiving transformer
TX1 (1000 kVA – 75% for air conditioning): 283 kVA (28.3%)
Load of power receiving transformer
TX2 (1000 kVA-25% for lighting, etc.): 94 kVA (9.4%)
These (377 kVA combined) are the average loads calculated based on theactual annual electric power consumption in 2002, that is 2,968,800 kWh,using power factor of 0.9.
Proposed improvement:
One of the features of standard transformers is, as shown in Figure 4.4-1, that
their best efficiency is gained at an about 60% of load. Accordingly, as shownin Figure 4.4-2, if the current two-transformer operation is changed to the
one-transformer operation, the load factor the transformer will become higher
than now and the operation efficiency also will increase.

Copper loss

Iron loss

Loss

Highestefficiency point

Efficiency

Efficiency

4.4

Load
Note 3:Figure 4.4-1

Efficiency and Losses in Relation to Load of Transformer

IV-32

Power Receiving at 22 KV

TX1:1000KVA

TX2:1000KVA

SW:ON

415 V bus line for air conditioning 283 kVA
Total load: 377 kVA
Figure 4.4-2

415 V bus line for lighting 94 kVA

Proposed Power-receiving System

Estimation of effects
1) Conditions for estimation• Characteristic of transformer (one example):kVA
Loss
No-load loss (Wi)1000
1,880 W••

Load loss (Wc) (at the timeof 100% load)
Operation condition:
Calculating formula of loss:•

Load of transformer:

11,890 W
365 days without shutdown
Wt (total loss) = Wi + Wc × (Pe)2
Pe: Load factor of transformer
TX1 − 384 kVA, TX2 − 177 kVA
Constant for 24 hours

2) Calculation• Loss when both transformers TX1 & TX2 are used
Wt1 = 1880 W × 8760h + 11890 W (283/1000)2 × 8760h + 1880 W × 8760h+ 11890 W (94/1000)2 × 8760h = 42,200kWh/year• Loss when only transformer TX1 is used
Wt2 = 1880 W × 8760h + 11890 W (377/1000)2 × 8760h = 31,273 kWh/year• Merit
Wt1 − Wt2 = 42,200 kWh − 31,273 kWh = 10,927 kWh/year(Equivalent to 0.4% of the annual electric power consumption)• Reduced cost: 616 US$ (Average unit price of electricity: 0.0564 US$/kWh)IV-33

(2) Replacement by high-efficiency lamps and lighting fixtures
Current condition
Replacement of incandescent lamps by fluorescent lamps has been
implemented since 3 years ago. Incandescent lamps in corridors havealready been replaced by fluorescent lamps and those in guest rooms are in
the course of replacement.
Proposed improvement
Replacement by fluorescent lamps
Estimation of effects
1) Conditions of estimation
Current lighting fittings with incandescent lamps
25 W × 2 × 3 places/room
Lighting time
AM 6 to 10, PM7 to 10 7 hours in total
Reduction plan 25W × 2 → 11W fluorescent lamp × 1
2) Calculation• Reduced electric power(25 W × 2 - 11 W) × 3 places × 142 rooms × 0.65 (occupancy rate) × 7h
× 365d = 27,592 kWh/year• Reduced cost: 27,592 kWh × 0.0564 US$/kWh = 1,247 US$/year
Merits of changing from incandescent lamps to fluorescent lamps
include extended lifetime of lamps (1000h → 8000h) in addition to cost
reduction.
(3) Summary of improvement effects
As the operation of the equipment was well managed overall, we did not identify
many points to be improved for energy conservation. The recommended
improvement plans and expected effects from those improvements are
summarized in Table 4.4-1.
Table 4.4-1

Proposed Improvement Plans and Expected Effects
Reducedelectricity[kWh]

No Improvement plans

1
2

Reduced cost
[US$]

%

High efficiency operation oftransformers
Change to high-efficiency lamps andlighting fixtures

10,927618

0.4

27,592

3,371

0.9

Total

38,5193,987

1.3

Annual electric consumption

4,830,876

Unit electricity rate US$/kWh

0.0564IV-34

US$/kWh4.5

Introduction of New Available Technologies(1) Human body sensor
Automatic lighting system equipped with human body sensor• 100% lighting when human body isdetected by the sensor
Lighting is reduced to 35% normally
under no person• Places where the system is applicable:
Kitchen, toilet, etc.
Source: Material from Matsushita Electric Works,(2) High efficiency motor

Efficiency (%)

Comparison with performance of standard motor is shown in Figure 4.5-1.

JEMA high efficiency
Standard motor efficiency value

JIS efficiency value

Output power (kW)Figure 4.5-1

Relation Between Motor Output Power and Efficiency

IV-35

5.

Databases, Benchmarks and Guidelines for Lao PDR(1) Current situation in Lao PDR
1) Primary stepIn Lao PDR, almost no country-level energy conservation efforts for buildings
have been made to date. Nothing comparable to database, benchmark or
guideline was available. In the current project, we could obtain energy data on
one hotel. Although it is data on only one case example, it is meaningful that
we could establish a benchmark based on which they will be able to develop
the database in future.
Detailed data of the hotel we audited are as mentioned above. Other
information related to energy indices are as follows:
Use of the building:Hotel
Gross floor area:
14,972 m2
Annual electric consumption: 2,968,800 kWh
Energy consumption per unit area (energy consumption intensity):
198.3 kWh/m2/y2,203 MJ/m2/y (Converted by 9.8 MJ/kWh)In the workshop, in response to our request to the participants for submissionof energy data, two cases were given.
Name of building:
Parkview Executive Suites
Gross floor area:
18,534 m2
Annual electric power consumption: 410,723 kWh
Energy consumption per unit area:
22.2 kWh/m2/y
360 MJ/m2/y (Converted by 9.8 MJ/kWh)Name of building:Government building
Gross floor area:
1,975 m2
Annual electric power consumption: 175,489 kWh
Energy consumption per unit area: 88.9kWh/m2/y
The former case is a residence-type hotel. Its air-conditioning system is ofsplit-type individually installed and thus cannot be compared with that ofgeneral hotels. It may be appropriate to categorize the building as residence.
Another case was introduced as a government building. Although detailed
information was not obtained, its energy consumption appears to be typical for
office buildings in Laos.
2) Toward future activities to develop database, etc.
We had a brainstorming session to get ideas from the participants to develop
databases, benchmarks and guideline in the future and the following wereIV-36

proposed.
FUTURE DIRECTIONDATABASE, BENCHMARK, AND GUIDELINEFOR BUILDINGS IN LAO PDR
FUTURE ACTIVITIES
1. Data collection
2. Preparation of questionnaires to collect data
3. Establish guidelines, regulation and policy
4. Establishment of national working committee
5. Capacity building such as workshop, seminar etc
6. Promotion and awareness of EEC
7. Procedures on data how collection
8. Conducting energy audit
9. International cooperation supports
10. Hardware and software
11. Development of national EE&C program
12. Establishment of Energy Service companies
13. Accreditation and certification of energy auditors
14. Training and study tours
15. Setting standard and labeling
16. Education of EE &C
17. Consultation with the stakeholders
18. Government incentives
19. Public campaign
20. Training and audit equipment-facilities
21. Energy management
22. National competition and awards for Energy Efficient buildings
23. Encourage private sector participation and investment
24. Establishment of building owner association and architect association(2) Remarks
1) Starting with government buildings
It was recommended that a series of surveys should be started withgovernment buildings where energy data is easily accessible and the actual
status of energy consumption in buildings clarified because we obtained
detailed data on energy use on only 3 buildings (the hotel audited and twobuildings introduced by the participants).
2) Surveys of hotels
The next step for developing the databases is, hopefully, to extend the survey
scope from government buildings to hotels of which number is relatively large

IV-37

among buildings in the city of Vientiane(3) Photos
The following are photos of the workshop and participants
1) Workshop

2) Participants

IV-38

V.

Approaches as ASEAN

1.

Outline of the ASEAN Post Workshop
Period:Two days of January 29 and 30, 2004
Participants: 27 persons listed below
Ttszuru Nuibe
Managing Director, The Energy Conservation Center, Japan(ECCJ)
Kazuhiko Yoshida
General Manager, International Engineering Dept., ECCJ
Akira Kobayashi
Technical Expert, International Engineering Dept., ECCJ
Takashi Kato
Technical Expert, International Engineering Dept., ECCJ
Mr. Sawad Hemkamon, Deputy Director General, DEDE, Thailand (Chairman)
Dr. Guillermo R. Balce, Executive Director, ACE
Dr. Prasert Sinsuk Prasert, BERC, DEDE, Thailand
Dr. Lee Siew Eang, Associate Professor, National University of Singapore
Mr. Abdul Rashid B Ibrahim, Deputy Executive Director, Energy Market Authority,
Singapore
Mr. Zulkarnain B H Umar, Engineer, Energy Market Authority, Singapore
Mr. Majid Haji Sapar, Research Fellow, National University of Singapore
Ms. Alice S. L. Goh, Building and Construction Authority, Singapore
Mr. Vincent Low Loke Kiong, Chairman, Singapore Association for Environmental
Occupational Health & Safety Companies
Mr. Yeo Chee Keong, Precicon D&C Pte. Ltd., Singapore
Mr. Nik, PTM, Malaysia
Ms. Azah Ahmad, Research Officer, PTM, Malaysia
Mr. Le Tuan Phong, Official on Energy and Environment, MOI, Vietnam
Mr. Artemio P. Habitan, Science Research Specialist, DOE, Philippine
Mr. Lien Vuthy, Head of Energy Efficiency and Standard Office, MINE, Cambodia
Mr. Sisoukan Sayarath, Chief of Electricity Management Div., Ministry of Industry &Handicraft, Lao PDR
Ms. Marayam Ayuni, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia
Mr. U Aung Kyi, Director, Myanmar Industrial Construction Service, Myanmar
Mr. Christopher Zamora, Coordinator, ACE
Mr. Ian, ACE
and three more persons concerned.
This workshop is situated as the closing activity of the site activities of the current fiscal
year projects for both “Buildings” and “Major Industries”. In the workshop, the results
including achievements of the activities were reported and comments were given fromeach country subject to the current round of surveys. Then, discussions on the future
plan were followed. Specifically, the workshop consisted of 5 sessions.

V-1

Session 1: PROMECC-Major Industry - Report and Evaluation of Activities
The results of the energy audits of 4 factories, i.e. 2 caustic soda production factories inThailand and 2 food processing factories in Singapore and the discussions in theworkshops were reported from ECCJ. After the Q and A by participants, reports andcomments were made from delegates of Singapore and Thailand.
Session 2: PROMEEC- Buildings - Report and Evaluation of Activities
The results of the energy audits of 3 buildings, i.e. an office building in Malaysia, ahotel in Brunei and a hotel in Lao PDR were reported from ECCJ. After the Q and A by
participants, comments were made from delegates of Malaysia and Laos. (No reports
and comments from Brunei was made because of the absence of their delegates)
Session 3: Activity Reports and Discussions on Development of Database / Benchmark/ Guideline for buildings
Comments on the results of the discussions made in the workshops in Malaysia, Brunei
and Lao PDR were given from delegates of each country. Then, Japanese experts
summarized the results. The results of the discussions conducted in each country will
provide a valuable base for the development of the ASEAN database/benchmark/guideline.
Then, Dr Lee of National University of Singapore made a progress report on theactivities of ASEAN Task Force. In this report, he proposed a direction of developing
benchmarks based on the analysis results of energy data collected in Thailand, Malaysia
and Vietnam in the previous year. He closed his report by proposing a concept of the ebenchmark system utilizing the Internet including data collection system. The report
was followed by active discussions on the content of the report including this proposal.
The importance of the clear definition of benchmark was underlined. This was also theissue discussed during the previous project report.
Session 4: Discussions on the Future Action Plans
Based on the results of the above activity reports, the future direction and the conceptualplans for the next fiscal year were discussed. As a result, the action plans developed
based on the agreement reached through discussions are to be reflected in the ASEAN
5-year plan from 2004.
Session 5: Discussions on ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC)
2004-2009
Dr. Prasert of Thailand explained specific action plans for energy cooperation. It was
confirmed that the contents agreed upon in the discussions made in Session 4 would bereflected in the Plan related to PROMEEC with due considerations to the results of the
discussions.

V-2

(POST WORKSHOP PROGRAM)POST WORKSHOP ON PROMOTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANDCONSERVATION (PROMEEC)(MAJOR INDUSTRY AND BUILDING)
SOME-METI WORK PROGRAMME 2003-2004
Date: 29 January – 30 January, 2004
Venue: Victoria Meeting Room, ALLSON Hotel, Singapore
Day 1 : Thursday, 29 January 2004
09:00

REGISTRATIONOPENING SESSION

09:10

Welcome Remarks from the Host Country
Mr. Wong Siew Kwong, Executive Director, Energy Market Authority (EMA) and Senior Officials
on Energy (SOE) - Leader for Singapore

09:20

Opening Statement
Dr. Guillermo R. Balce, Executive Director
ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)

09:30

Opening Statement
Mr. Tsuzuru Nuibe, Managing Director
Energy Conservation Centre, Japan (ECCJ)

09:40

Opening Statement
Mr. Sawad Hemkamon, Deputy-Director General, Department of Energy Development andEfficiency (DEDE) and Coordinator, EE&C-SSN

10:00

Group Photo and Coffee Break

10:10

Adoption of the Agenda and Election of Rapporteur

10:30“Energy Management and Energy Manager System in Japan”
Mr. Tsuzuru Nuibe, Managing Director, ECCJSESSION 1

PROMEEC - MAJOR INDUSTRY (SINGAPORE AND THAILAND)

11:00

Consideration and Adoption of the Results of Energy Audits / Recommendation
Mr. Kazuhiko Yoshida, General Manager, ECCJ

11:15

Comments from Singapore on Energy Audit, OJT and Workshops (Energy Conservation
Technologies, Database/Benchmark/Guideline for Food Industry)

11:30

Comments from Thailand on Energy Audit, OJT and Workshops (Energy Conservation
Technologies, Database/Benchmark/Guideline for Caustic Soda Industry)

12:00

Q&A

13: 30Lunch

SESSION 2

PROMEEC – BUILDING (BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, LAO PDR, &MALAYSIA)

14:00

Consideration and Adoption of the Results of Energy Audits / Recommendation
Mr. Takashi Kato, Technical Expert, ECCJ

14:15

Comments from Brunei Darussalam on Energy Audit, OJT and Workshops

14:30

Comments from Lao PDR

14:45

Comments from Malaysia on Energy Audit, OJT and Workshops

15:00

Q&A

15:30

COFFEE BREAK

SESSION 3

on Energy Audit, OJT and Workshops

DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASE / BENCHMARK / GUIDELINE FOR BUILDINGS

15:50

Comments and Perspective from Brunei Darussalam (Focal Point)

16:10

Comments and Perspective from Lao PDR (Focal Point)

16:30

Comments and Perspective from Malaysia (Focal Point)

16:50

Summary of Workshops on Development of Database / Benchmark / Guideline in Brunei
Darussalam, Lao PDR and Malaysia
Mr. Akira Kobayashi (Technical Expert, ECCJ)

17:00

Q&A
END of Sessions for 29 January 2004

V-3

Day 2 : Friday, 30 January 2004
09:00

REGISTRATION(Continuation of SESSION 3)

09:20

Report on Progress of Task Force on Developing ASEAN Benchmarking System in Buildings
Dr. Lee Siew Eang (NUS, Singapore) (To be confirmed)

10:30

Discussion on Direction to Develop Database / Benchmark / Guideline for ASEAN
All Participants

10:50

Coffee Break

12:00(Continuation) Discussion on Direction to Develop Database / Benchmark / Guideline for
ASEAN
All Participants

13:00

LUNCH

SESSION 4

FORMULATION OF WORK PLAN

13:20

Proposed Future Plan and Direction
Mr. Kazuhiko Yoshida, General Manager, ECCJ

14:30

Discussion on “Proposed Future Plan and Direction”
All Participants

SESSION 5

OTHER MATTERS

15:30

Consideration of the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2004-2009
Focal Point of Thailand

16:00

COFFEE BREAK
CLOSING

16:10

Mr. Tsuzuru Nuibe, Managing Director, ECCJ

16:20

Dr. Guillermo R. Balce, Executive Director, ACE

16:30

Closing Statement from Chairman
Mr. Sawad Hemkamon, Coordinator, EE&C-SSN
END OF POST WORKSHOP

V-4

2.
2.1

Energy Audits for Buildings
The Actual Results in the Past
Energy audits of buildings have been implemented for 4 years since 2000. The
following are the actual results.
2000
2001

2002

2003

ThailandSingapore
Cambodia
Indonesia
Philippine
Vietnam
Myanmar
Malaysia
BruneiLao PDR

Office building
Complex facility
Hotel
Office building
Office building
2 hotels
1 Complex facility (Offices/stores)
1 hotelOffice building
Hotel
Hotel

In the energy audits in 2000 and 2001, on-site audits were implemented with thefocus on technologies for improvement in energy conservation.
In 2002, in two countries, two buildings were audited respectively. Unlike the audits
conducted in the previous two years, these energy audits were implemented with thefocus on OJT (On the Job Training) practice for participants as well as the energy
audits by Japanese technical experts.
In 2003, like in 2002, the surveys underlining energy audits in a way of OJT wererealized. The local participants were present in the interviewing with the persons
concerned of the buildings subject to the energy audit, so that they could understandthe points to be clarified.
In the on-site investigations, participants joined the check up of the points for energy
audit while they played a central role in simple measurements such as that oftemperature, electric current, luminous intensity, etc.
On completion of the first site survey, the wrap-up meeting was held on the next day
to report points for improvement identified in the survey and the discussions with thelocal percipients was made.
In the second site survey, the Japanese experts gave a lecture on the calculation
methods of the effects gained from the recommended improvements and also
conducted an additional survey to improve the accuracy of such calculations. In thisfollow-up survey, we used the CO2 concentration meter brought from Japan to takemeasurements of CO2 concentration in the places concerned, which is essential forcontrolling outdoor air intake. The participants actually measured CO2 concentrations
by themselves and confirmed that the device was easy to use. The actual CO2

V-5

concentration was measured in several places inside and outside the building.
It is believed that about 20 engineers in each country could acquire energy audit skills
and procedures through twice surveys for this fiscal year conducted in the three
countries.
2.2

Future Prospects
In all the 3 countries where the energy audits were conducted in this fiscal year
(Malaysia, Brunei and Laos), electricity charges are low. Therefore, energy
conservation may not much appeal to people in the current situation. However, in thetwice surveys, the local participants could experience energy audits as their OJT.
Moreover, it is emphasized that many of the recommended improvements suggested
to the persons in charge of repair and maintenance of the buildings concerned in thefirst on-site survey had already been made by the time of the 2nd survey. They
appeared to be surprised to know that the effects from the improvements they madewere equivalent to several % to 14% of the annual electricity consumption.
In Malaysia, the development of database and benchmark has considerably advanced.
The law concerning energy conservation will be enacted in April 2004. Thus, actionplans including the formulation of the guideline and the promotion of ESCO businesswill be necessary in the future.
On the other hand, the energy conservation in Brunei and Lao PDR are yet to be
farther developed. It is necessary for these countries to conduct energy audits andquestionnaire surveys for buildings, using ESCO, etc., based on the experience of thecurrent surveys, in order to grasp the overall picture of energy consumption inbuildings in their countries and go on forward to the development of database,benchmark and guideline. As this process will take time, Japan should continue torender support to these countries.

V-6

3.

Database, Benchmark and Guideline for ASEAN(1) Reports from the 3 countries
In the Post Workshop, delegates from the surveyed countries made a report on theactivities and discussions developed at their respective workshops. (Delegate ofBrunei was absent)
The delegate of Lao PDR explained said that although the creation of database,benchmark, and guideline of energy conservation had not been advanced and not
yet even planned in their country, participants from their country could share muchinformation on technologies and political measures concerning energy
conservation. On behalf of the participants in Lao PDR, he expressed their
gratitude for ECCJ.
The delegate of Malaysia made a presentation on the efforts currently being madein development of database, benchmark and guideline. In the presentation, shereported on the database on 55 buildings, benchmark obtained form the database
and the guideline already formulated. On behalf of the participants in Malaysia,
she expressed their gratitude to ACE and ECCJ particularly for the workshop in
which they could share information that was useful and valuable to their country.
(2) Review and summary by Japanese experts
The Japanese experts made a summary report on the energy audits of buildings in
10 ASEAN countries in Post Workshop.
Energy audits conducted in these 4 years and data on energy use in buildings
obtained in the workshops are shown in Table 3-1. The table shows that most ofdata is obtained from Malaysia. Although the figure including all the data collected
does not provide significantly useful information because the data on buildings fordifferent use. Figure 3-3 based on the reliable 9 hotels’ data shows clear correlation.
According to the result, although the current data has a problem with its accuracy,
it is possible to develop energy indicators for all ASEAN countries throughelaborately building up data.

V-7

Table 3-1

ThailandSingapore
Cambodia2001 Indonesia
Philippines
Vietnam
2002
Myanmar
Malaysia
2003
BruneiLao PDR
Total
2000

Data on Buildings collected in ASEAN Countries

Energy Audit
Office Hotel
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
6
6

Data
Com.Office Gov.office Hotel Others
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
6
6
1
6
1
3
(47)
12
1
1
1
2
(54)
21
11
10

Total
1
1
1
1
1
16
11
(59)
2
3
(96)

* The number “Data” includes number of the data collected by “Energy Audit”

kWh/m2/y

ASEAN 10 Countries 96 Data
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

Figure 3-2

20,00040,00060,000m2 GFA

80,000100,000

120,000

Relation Between Gross Floor Area and Energy Consumption per Unit
Area (96 data from 10 ASEAN countries)

V-8

kWh/yASEAN Hotels Data 9Hotels Ave 195.2kWh/m2/y
18000000
16000000
14000000
12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0y = 248.52x
R2 = 0.9565

0Figure 3-3

10000

20000

30000
GFA m2

40000

50000

60000

Relation Between Gross Floor Area and Annual Energy Consumption(data on 9 hotels in ASEAN countries)

We made the following suggestions for future data collection.
1) For energy unit, kWh/m2/yr is realistic and appropriate.
(Although MJ/m2/yr is sometimes used in Japan because gas and oil are used
for heat source for cooling, kWh/m2/yr is likely to be used more commonly in
ASEAN counties considering their respective local conditions.)
2) Classification of air-conditioning system is necessary(There are two types of air-conditioning systems, central air-conditioning
system and individual air-conditioning system. Because energy consumption
largely differs between the two systems, it is necessary to classify buildings by
the system employed even if the buildings are of the same use.
3) Energy consumption per operating area should be evaluated(In ASEAN countries, many of large-size buildings have a large area ofparking lot in their gross areas and many office buildings have many vacantrooms. Therefore, it is appropriate to assess energy consumption for actuallyworking area.)
Operating area =(Gross floor area) – (area of indoor parking lot) – (area of vacant rooms)

V-9(3) Report by Dr. Lee of National University of Singapore
On behalf of the taskforce, Dr. Lee reported that the progress of ASEAN
benchmark project was 70% of the 1st phase based on the plan. He also made aninterim report on the analysis of energy data of Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam
using many graphs. He proposed the following future action plans.
1) Verify the current data and expand data volume
2) Prepare for the development of the benchmarking center utilizing the Internet
Web3) Conduct detailed energy audits if possible4) Officially launch e-Benchmarking center and workshops
5) Start the 2nd phase of the project involving all ASEAN countries(4) Future plans
Energy audits of buildings were conducted in all 10 ASEAN countries as of the
fiscal year of 2003. However, as the development of database, benchmark andguideline has just been started since the fiscal year of 2002, only 5 countries have
implemented the activities, as of now. The activities should further be advanced inthese countries and developed in more countries in the future, specifically from thefollowing important aspects.
1) Collection and enhancement of data based on the conditions of the respective
countries
In accordance with the differences in economic development status among the
10 member countries, the use of major buildings also differs from country tocountry. In some countries, namely, government buildings make up a large
portion of the buildings or hotels are their major buildings. In addition, as
economic activities get vitalized, the number of office buildings increase toshare a large portion. Thus, it is necessary to create databases by use ofbuilding depending on the conditions of the respective countries.
2) Collaboration of the 10 countries
Although the 10 ASEAN member countries have different climates inprinciple, their overall climate as a region differs less, compared with that ofJapan. Thus it is possible for them to develop a cooperative approach to saveenergy used for air conditioning that accounts for a major portion of energy
consumption in buildings. It is important to promote energy conservation at aregional level by sharing and utilizing energy data on buildings.

V-103) Technical aids from Japan
In Japan also, analysis methods and new judgement criteria for energy
conservation in buildings are being studied. It is meaningful, from aninternational point of view, to provide information on such technologies andknow-how in Japan and to work with ASEAN countries for prevention of
global warming. Japan should continue to provide necessary assistance to
ASEAN countries and enhance the joint activities even more than now.

V-11

VI.

Reference Materials

Reference Material - 1: Materials for Workshops held in respective
countries
Audit results, development of database, etc.

Reference Material - 2: Materials for Workshops held in respective
countries
Database/Benchmark/Guideline (Japan)

Reference Material - 3: Materials for Post Workshop

Reference Material – 1
Materials for Workshops held in respective countries
Audit results, development of database, etc.

Preliminary Report
Building Energy Audit(Malaysia)
20 January, 2004

Akira Kobayashi
Takashi KatoThe Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Outline of Presentation
 Building energy audit flow chart Results of Audit in Sapura Building- General building information- Overview of electrical facilities- Overview of air-conditioning facilities- Utility consumption- Energy intensity- Improvement points and potential
savings

 SummaryBuilding Energy Audit
Flow ChartBuilding Energy Audit Flow-chart
Interview
Questionnaire

Observation
on Equipment& Operation

Checkingof Data /document- Overview of Building- Energy
management-- Improvement history- Energy flow
- Situation of operation &maintenancePreliminary
survey results- Energy consumption- Energy intensity- Record preparation status

Problem pick-up- Determination of energy audit schedule- Talking with building staff/confirmation

Walk through audit- Drawing inspection- Observation ofoperation& equipment situation,
confirmation- Analysis of measured results in detail- Examination of improvement plants- Engineering including calculation- Forecast of effects- Examination from economical viewpoint

Measurement- Determination of
measurement items& measuring points- Judgment of measured results- Analysis of measured results- Discussion with building staff

Determination of Areas
for Improvement

Drafting ofcountermeasures

Preliminary Results ofEnergy Audit in
Sapura Building,
Malaysia

1.1 General Building Information
 Name of Building: Sapura @mines Category of Usage: Office building Number of Storeys: 11
 Total Gross Floor Area: 51,282 ｍ2
 Age of Building : 5 years
 Energy Management System : Building
Automation System (BAS)1.2 Overview of Electrical Facilities
 Receiving Voltage: 11 kV
 Transformer capacity:
1,500 kVA×2 units & 2000 kVA×1 unit






Generator for emergency: 800 kVA x 1 unit
Elevators : 6 units x 20 kW
Service lifts : 2 units x 16 kW
Special lift : 1 unit x 22.4 kW

1.3 Overview of Air-conditioning Facilities

 Chiller capacity :- 3 units x 500 Refrigerant ton (327kW)
- I unit x 150 Refrigerant ton (104 kW)
 Air handling units (AHU)
 Fan coil units (FCU) Split type

2 Analysis of Current Situation
2.1 Monthly Energy Consumption ( 2002)

500000450000400000350000300000250000200000150000100000
50000
0

1600
1550

1450
1400
1350
1300

kW

1500

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

kWh

Sapura Monthly Electricity Use Maximum DemandkWh
Max kW2.2 Energy Consumption by End-use (in%)
Energy Consumption Rate
by Use(Temporary)
Other
27%
Heat Source
38%

Power
5%
Lighting andOutlets
16%

Heat Deliver14%

2.3 Energy Intensity: Sapura Building versus

Other Malaysian Buildings (in kWh/yr/m2)

kWh/yrElectricity Consumption/Gross Area
59 Malaysia Data
18000000
16000000
14000000
12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0

y = 124.9x2
R = 0.8673

0

20000

40000

60000

(m2)

80000

100000120000Electricity Consumption of Occupied Area
47 Malaysia Building Data
18,000,000
16,000,000

y = 169.31x
2
R = 0.9295

14,000,000
kWh/yr

12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
0

20000

40000

60000
(m2)

80000

1000001200002.4 Mean Temperature : Japan vs. Kuala
LumpurMonthly Mean Temperature
30
25

Tokyo
Kuala Lump

15
10
5

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

0
Jan

℃

20

・Building Energy Intensity: Sapura vs. ECCJ Data
Energy Consumption Intensity(Primary energy conversion coefficient :9.8MJ/kWh)

2500

2177

MJ/m2

2000
1500

1503

1000
500
0
SapuraSapura(Occupide
occupied Area)
area

ECCJ
ECCJData
Date

・Energy Consumption by End-use of Japan
Office Buildings (in %)(ECCJ Data)
Other
13%
Heat Source
25%

Power
12%

Heat Deliver
13%

Lighting and Outlets
37%

2.5

Water Consumption(1) Monthly Water Consumption of Sapura Building in m3

m3

9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Water intensity : Sapura vs. Japan Buildings(in cubic meter per m2)
Water Intensity
3.00

2.62

2.50

m3/m2

2.00
1.50
0.98

1.00
0.50
0.00
Sapura (Occupied Area)

ECCJ DataImprovement Items andPotential SavingsImprovement Point 1.
In-door Setting of Temperature Current situation : In-door temperature setting of
Sapura Building: 22℃ 〜 23℃

 Recommended Improvement Plan
Decrease the electric power of the chiller by raising
the in-door temperature setting by 2℃

 Potential Savings – 273,621 kWh/yr or 5.7% of total
electricity consumptionImprovement Point 2.
Adjustment of Fresh Air Volume from Outside Current situation : In-take of fresh air volume notquantified
 Recommended Improvement plan
To decrease the in-take of fresh air volume
by 50% of the current volume.
 Measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) density
outside 400 ppm, inside 600 ppm,
recommendation - increase to 800 ppm
 Potential savings : 213,466 kWh or 4.4% of total
electricity consumptionImprovement Point 3.
Full shut down of the Variable Air Volume(VAV) of unused rooms Current Situation : 8th Floor South West Wing are

air-conditioned and ventilated
 Recommended Improvement plan
Full closure of VAV, cut off chiller power andventilation.
 Potential Savings:
Chiller : 23,217 kWh/yr
AHU : 19,149 kWh/yr
Total: 42,366 kwh/yr or 0.9% of total electricity
consumptionImprovement Point 4.
Optimization of Chiller Operation
 Current situation : 2 units of 500RT chiller are

operated even when the cooling load density islow.
 500 RT×3 units chiller and 150 RT×1 unit
chiller are currently installed.
 Recommended Improvement plan
When cooling load demand is low, only use 1
unit of 150 RT chiller.
 Potential Savings : 59,274 kwh/yr or 1.2% of
total electricity consumptionImprovement Point 5.
Optimization of the Receiving Transformer Current situation- Load of the transformer TX1 (1500 kVA)
― 348 KVA (23.2％)- Load of the transformer TX2 (1500kVA)― 355 KVA (23.7％)- Load of the transformer TX3 (2000 kVA)
― 876 KVA (43.8％)

Projected Load Curve of Transformers (2002)

1353kW

Load

52%:TX3

190kW

190kW

48%:TX1&TX2

7:00

17:00

Time

Recommended Improvement plan
efficiency

Loss

Load

Diagram of Transformer Load

TX1

１１KV receiving
TX1

TX2

TX3

1500KVA

1500KVA

2000KVA

４15V A Bus
Load ：361KVA

４15V B Bus
361KVA

４15V C Bus
782KVARecommended Improvement plan

１１KV receiving
TX1

TX2

TX3

1500KVA

1500KVA

2000KVA

４15V A Bus
Load ：361KVA

４15V B Bus
361KVA

４15V C Bus
782KVAPotential Savings
 Estimated load (calculated from power factors 90%).
 TX1＆TX2：Working time-361ｋVA/transformer
Day off time-106kVA /transformer: Working time- 782kVA
 TX3
 Formula of loss calculation: Wt (total loss) = Wi (non-loadloss) + Wc (load loss) x (Pe)2
Pe: Load ratio
Calculation
 Loss using 3 transformers TX1 , TX2, & TX3
Wt1＝2380W＊8760h＊2+15910W（361／1500)２＊10h＊272d＊2+15910W（106／1500)２＊14h＊272d＊
2+15910W（106／1500)２ ＊ (365−272)d＊24h＊2+3040W＊8760h+18170W(782／2000)２＊10h＊272d＝81,856

kWh／yearPotential Savings
Loss using one transformer TX3:
 Wt2＝3040W＊8760h+18170W(1504／2000)
２ ＊272d＊10h+18170W(211／2000) ２ ＊{272d＊14h+(365-272)d＊24h}＝55,800 kWh／year Wt1 −Wt2＝81,856kWh−55,800kWh＝ 26,056 kWh／year or ０．５％ of total
electricity consumption

Summary of Improvement Points(in kWh/year and Malaysian Ringgit)NoImprovement Item

Reduction
electricity[kWh ]

Reduction
cost [RM ]%1

In-door setting of temperature

273,62177,7085.7

2Adjustment of fresh air volume fromoutside213,466

60,624

4.4

3Full shut down of the VAV

42,366

12,032

0.9

4

Optimization of chiller operation

115,546

32,815

2.4

5Optimization of transformer

26,056

7,400

0.5

Total

671,055

190,580

13.9

Electricity consumption /year

4,830,876

Average electricity cost

RM/kWh0.284

THANK YOU
FOR YOURKIND ATTENTION
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Additional Part
Akira Kobayashi
The Energy Conservation Center,Japan
20 January 2004

Contents
Method of calculating :Energy composition classified by use Importance of fresh air control
Method of calculating :Energy composition classified by use

Calculation Result
Energy Consumption Rate
by Use(Temporary)
Other
27%
Heat Source
38%

Power
5%
Lighting andOutlets
16%

Heat Deliver
14%

Understanding of Situation (1)Kuala Lumpur Monthly Mean Temperature
30.0
25.0

℃

20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Understanding of Situation (2)Monthly Electricity Consumption
50000045000040000035000030000025000020000015000010000050000
0Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWhResult Table
Heat Source
Heat Delivery
Lighting and Outlets
Power
Other
Total
1day average
Annual Electricity
days

kWh/d
%
6,872
38.7%
2,426
13.7%
2,859
16.1%
837
4.7%
4,766
26.8%
17,761100.0%
17,761 kWh/d
4,830,876 kWh
272 dCalculation of Heat source energy
Qty

kW

Chiller2

327 100.8

5,232

Cooing Tower
Condenser
Water Pump

2

22 10

0.8

352

2

37 10

0.8

592

Split Unit

29

3 10

0.8

696

Total

h

Load
Rate kWh/D

6,872

29.5%

38.7%

Calculation of Heat Transfer
Equipment energy
Qty

kW

h

Load
Rate

Chilled Water
Pump

2

55

10

0.8

AHU total(18Units)

1

180.2

10

0.8

FCU

20

0.65

10

0.8

Total

kWh/D
880
1441.6 5F exclude104
2425.6

Importance of fresh air control

Heat Source Rate
Energy Consumption Rate
by Use(Temporary)
Other
27%

Heat Source
38%

Power
5%
Lighting andOutlets
16%

Heat Delivery
14%

Heat Load of Fresh Air
Japan : 30〜40% Air-conditioning
Load Peak Heati Load in Japan Office Bu
Building Heat
Load
34%

Human Load
18%

Fresh
Air Load
30%

Illumination Load18%

Proper Amount of Fresh Air
Japan’s Room Environment Standard
CO2 Density : Below 1,000ppm

Measurement CO2 density
Indoor :3points all 600ppm

Outside :400ppm

Calculation
Outside air CO2 density:400ppm
 Present indoor CO2 density:600ppm Goal indoor CO2 density: 800ppm
 Present ventilation value:V1ｍ3/ｈ Ventilation value after improvement:V2m3m3/h
400V1+X=600V1
400V2+X=800V2
V2/V1=(600-400)/(800-400)=0.5
Method of Fresh Air Volume control
1 Manual Damper Control
2 Automatic Operation through CO2
Monitoring

Heat Exchanger

Effective of Heat Exchanger
Peak Heatn Load inJapang Office Build

Building Heat
Load
34%

Heat
Recoveryby HeatExchanger
Fresh Air Load
12%

Human Load
18%

Illumination
Load
18%

Fresh Air Interception
When Starting
30min〜1hour
 Difference :AHU operate start time ,Business start timeSummary : Attention to Fresh Air
Fresh Air Heat Load :Big Weight of Building Energy Technique :Control of Fresh Air
1. Reduce Fresh Air Volume
2. Reduce Fresh Air Heat Load
 Useful for ASEAN CountriesThank you

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Preliminary Report
Building Energy Audit –Orchid Garden Hotel
Brunei Darussalam
24 January, 2004

Akira Kobayashi and Takashi KatoThe Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Outline of Presentation
 Building energy audit flow chart Results of Audit in Orchid Garden Hotel- General building information- Overview of electrical facilities- Overview of air-conditioning facilities- Utility consumption- Energy intensity- Improvement points and potential
savings

 SummaryBuilding Energy Audit
Flow ChartBuilding Energy Audit Flow-chart
Interview
Questionnaire

Observation
on Equipment& Operation

Checkingof Data /document- Overview of Building- Energy
management-- Improvement history- Energy flow
- Situation of operation &maintenancePreliminary
survey results- Energy consumption- Energy intensity- Record preparation status

Problem pick-up- Determination of energy audit schedule- Talking with building staff/confirmation

Walk through audit- Drawing inspection- Observation ofoperation& equipment situation,
confirmation- Analysis of measured results in detail- Examination of improvement plants- Engineering including calculation- Forecast of effects- Examination from economical viewpoint

Measurement- Determination of
measurement items& measuring points- Judgment of measured results- Analysis of measured results- Discussion with building staff

Determination of Areas
for Improvement

Drafting ofcountermeasures

Preliminary Results ofEnergy Audit inOrchid Garden Hotel,
Brunei Darussalam1.1 General Building Information
 Name of Building: Orchid Garden Hotel Category of Usage: Hotel Number of Storeys: 10
 Total Gross Floor Area: 20,121.18 ｍ2
 Age of Building : 4 years
 Energy Management System : Building
Automation System (BAS)1.2 Overview of Electrical Facilities






Receiving Voltage: 11 kV
Transformer capacity: 1,000kVA×2 units
Generator for emergency: 800 kVA x 1 unit
Elevators : 2 units x 14 kW
Service lifts : 1 units x 14 kW

1.3 Overview of Air-conditioning Facilities

 Chiller capacity :- 3 units x 300 Refrigerant ton (205 kW)
 Air handling units (AHU＊7 units) Fan coil units (FCU＊ 207 units)1.4 Sanitary facility
 Hot Water Boiler(electric):
340 l/h , 46kW×12 units Receiving water tank
 Storage pump 4kW×2 units Booster pump 3kW×3 units Water tank on the top

2 Analysis of Current Situation
2.1 Monthly Energy Consumption ( 2002)

kWh

Monthly Electricity Use 2002 (Nov. Dec. 2001date)
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,0000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2.2

Electricity Consumption, by type of use
Monthly Electricity

350,000
300,000

200,000

Air Con
Others150,000
100,000
50,000

Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

0
Ja
n
Fe
b
Ma
r
Ap
r
Ma
y
Ju
n

kWh

250,000

Annual Electricity Consumption (in %)Annual Electricity Use

Others29.8%

Air Con70.2%

2.3 Energy Consumption by End-use (in%)
Energy Consumption Rate by Use
Orchid Garden Hotel
Other
6.8%
Power
8.3%
Heat Source
34.2%
Lighting and Outlets
15.0%

Hot Water
3.5%

Heat Deliver
32.2%

2.4 Mean Temperature : Japan vs. Kuala
Lumpur & Singapore
Monthly Average Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ30
25
TokyouKuala Lump
Singapore

15
10
5
Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

0
Jan

℃

20

・Building Energy Intensity: Orchid Garden H. vs. ECCJ Data
Energy Intesity
4000(Primary energy conversion coefficient :9.8MJ/kWh)

3280

3500

3465

MJ/m2

3000
2500

2191

2177

2000
1500
1000
500
0
Orchid Garden
Hotel

ECCJ's Hotel ECCJ's Hospital ECCJ's Office
Date
Date
Date

・Energy Consumption by End-use
of Japan’s Hotel (in %)Energy Consumption Rate by Use : Hotel in Japan

other
5%
Power
13%
Lighting andOutlets
23%
Hot water,Steam12%

Heat Source
36%

Heat deliver
11%

2.5

Water Consumption

Water Consumption Intensity
Water ConsumptiontInte n y
4
3.5

m3/m2

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Orchid Garden
Hotel

ECCJ's Hotels
Date

ECCJ's Offices
Date

ECCJ'sHospitImprovement Items andPotential SavingsImprovement Point 1.
Repair of the BAS system
 Current situation
BAS system is not operating normally.

 Recommended Improvement Plan
Immediate repair of BAS

 Potential Savings
Significant

Improvement Point 2.
Optimization of AHU operating time Current situation
Air conditioning is operating 24 hours, even though
the 1F restaurants and conference rooms are not used.

 Recommended Improvement Plan
Drive the AC intermittently and stop the in-take offresh air volume completely.

Improvement Point 3.
Intermittent use of FCU

 Current situation
FCU at guest room is operating 24 hours

 Improvement plan
Use of FCU intermittentlyImprovement Point 4.
In-door Setting of Temperature Current situation
In-door temperature setting of OGH: 22℃ 〜 23℃

 Recommended Improvement Plan
Decrease the electric power of the chiller by raising
the in-door temperature setting by 2℃

 Potential Savings – 145,322 kWh/yr or 3.2 % of total
electricity consumptionImprovement Point 5.
Thermal insulation of hot water pipes Current situation
Hot water supply pipe in the boiler room is not
insulated.

 Recommended Improvement Plan
Insulate the hot water supply pipe.

 Potential Savings – 9,855 kWh/yr or 0.2 % of total
electricity consumption(6.2%/hot water supply energy)Improvement Point 6.
Optimization of the Receiving Transformer Current situation- Load of the transformer TX1 (1000 kVA for AC.)
― 390 KVA (39.0％)- Load of the transformer TX2 (1000kVA)― 213 KVA (21.3％)

And TX1−384kVA &TX2−177kVA is calculated from electric
power use (TX1−3,027,861kWh、TX2−1,392,682kWh)for the year in 2001 (calculated using power factors 90%).

Recommended Improvement plan
efficiency

Loss

Load

Reduction of the transformer
loss
１１KV receiving

1000KVA

1000KVA

SW:ON

４15V Air Con. Bus
Total load : 561 KVA

４15V Electric Bus

Potential Savings
 TX1 384 kVA/transformer
 TX2： 177 kVA /transformer
 Characteristic of the transformer（Example）
1000kVA
Non-load loss( Wi)

1,880W

Load loss(Wc) (At the Rating load)

11,890W

 Formula of loss calculation: Wt (total loss) = Wi
(non-load loss) + Wc (load loss) x (Pe)2

Pe: Load ratioCalculation
 Loss using 2 transformers TX1 & TX2
Wt1＝1880W＊8760h+11890W（384／1000)２＊8760h+1880W＊8760h+11890W（177／1000)２＊8760h＝51,559 kWh／year Loss using one transformer TX1:
Wt2＝1880W＊8760h＋11890W（561／1000)
２＊8760h＝49,249 kWh／Y
Wt1 −Wt2＝51,559kWh −49,249kWh＝2,310 kWh／Y or ０．1％ of total electricity
consumptionImprovement Point 7.
Adoption of Efficient Lamps
 Current condition
Incandescent lamps (25W*2) are used in the guest
room floor corridors.
 Recommended Improvement Plan
Use fluorescent lamps
 Examination of condition
Corridor incandescent lamps: 25W＊2＊16 receptacles/Fl
Burning hours: 8,760 hours
Savings (Ｗ): 25W＊２→13W/1 receptacle Calculation
 Electric power reduction:(25W＊２−13W)＊16places＊5floors＊
8760ｈ＝25,930 kWh／year or ０．6％ of
total electricity consumption
 Electricity cost reduction:
25,930kWh ＊0.13B＄／kWh＝3,371B＄／yearAnother merit is longer burning hours oflamps from 1,000 hrs to 8,000 hrs

Improvement Point 8.
Reduction of filter pump’s operating time(swimming pool) Current condition
Filter pump is driven for 24 hours even though theswimming pool is not used by guest.
 Recommended Improvement PlanCut operating time to 8 hours a day.

Examination of Effect Current condition
Water pump capacity : 1.1kW
Operating time
: 8 hrs/day, 365 days
 Calculation
 Electric power reduction:
1.1kW＊(24−8)h＊365d＝6,424 kWh/year
or ０．1％ of total electricity consumption
 Electricity cost reduction:
6,424 kWh ＊0.13B＄／kWh＝835 B＄／year4 Introduction of New Technology
4.1 Human sensor
When the person enters the area, the humansensor automatically turns on the light. Whenthe person leaves the area, the sensor turns
off the light. A reduction of 35% is achieved
with the use of human sensor.
Automatic human sensor

Sensor can be used in kitchens, rest rooms etc.

Summary of Improvement Points(in kWh/year and Brunei $)No

Improvement Item

Reduction
electricity [kWh]

Reduction
cost
[B$]

%

1 Repair of the BAS System
2 Optimization of AHU operating time

Depend on the time

3 Intermittent use of FCU

Depend on the time

4 In-door setting of temperature

145322

18892

3.2%

5 Thermal insulation of hot water pipes

9855

1281

0.2%

6 Optimization of the Receiving transformer

2310

300

0.1%

7 Adoption of Efficient lamps

25930

3371

0.6%

Reduction of filter pomp’s operating time
8 (swimming pool)

6424

835

0.1%

Total

189841

24679

4.2%

Electricity consumption /year

4498145

Average electricity cost B$/kWh

0.13

Improvement Items Implemented by OGH after
the First Energy Audit held in November 2003
 Shutting down of exhaust fan at car park at midnight.
 Switching off of AHU at Vanda Restaurant at midnight.
 Reduction of swimming pool filter pump operation to 6

hours daily.
 Switching off of 1 & 2 AHU at Level 8 Cesar Grand Hall,
Cesar 1 and 2. Only switched on when there is afunction.
 Increased of lifts temperature setting from 20 to 24℃.
 Shut down of heaters at the lobby, back office, andrestaurants.

Summary of Improvements made by OGH
maintenance staff after the recommendation
kW Load Rate unit
0.33
0.8
2
4
0.8
1
0.15
0.8
1
0.32
0.8
1
1.1
0.8
1
11
0.8
1
11
0.8
1
5.5
0.8
1
18
0.4
1
7
0.4
1
35
0.4
1

h
16
8
8
8
6
24
24
24
24
24
24

d

kWh/y
Car park fan
365
3084
Vanda Restaurant AHU
365
9344
Vanda Toilet Fan
365
350
Goldiana Exhaust fan
365
748
Swimming pool
365
1927
Level 8 Grand Hall AHU
265
55968
Level 8 Cesar 1AHU
265
55968
Level 8 Cesar 2 AHU
265
27984
Lobby Reheater
365
63072
Back office Reheater
365
24528
Restarants Reheater
365 122640
Total 365613
Annual Consumption 4498145
Average electricity cost 0.13 B$/kWh
Reduction cost
47530

8.1%
0.13

THANK YOU
FOR YOURKIND ATTENTION
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Additional Part
Akira Kobayashi
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
24 January 2004

Contents
1 Calculation Method :Energy composition according tousage
2 Improvement of Reheat system
3 Importance of fresh air control

Calculation Method :Energy composition according to usage

Calculation Result
Energy Consumption
e yb
Rat s
Orchid Garden Hotel
Other
Power 6.8%
8.3%
Heat Source
34.2%

Lighting andOutlets
15.0%
Hot Water
3.5%
Heat Deliver
32.2%

Understanding of Situation (1)Monthly Average Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ30
25
TokyouKuala Lump
Singapore

15
10
5
Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

0
Jan

℃

20

Understanding of Situation (2)kWhMonthly Electricity Use 2002 (Nov. Dec. 2001date)
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,0000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Result Table
1 Day Composition
kWh/d

%

Heat Source

4,214

34.2%

Heat Delivery

3,965

32.2%

436

3.5%

Lighting and Outlets

1,848

15.0%

Power

1,027

8.3%

Other

833

6.8%

Total

12,324100.0%

Hot Water

Annual Total kWh/y4,498,145

1 Day Average kWh/d

12,324

Calculation of Heat source energykWhLoad Rate

Occupancy

kWh/D

Chiller

196

24

0.7

1

3,293

Cooing Tower

11

24

0.8

1

211

Condenser Water
Pump

37

24

0.8

1

710

Total

4,214

Calculation of Heat Transfer
Equipment energy
kWh

AHU Fan

50.2

24

AHU Heater

220

FCU FanChilled Water Pump
Total

Load
Rate

Occupancy

kWh/D

0.8

1

964

24

0.4

1

2,112

9.315

24

0.8

1

179

37

24

0.8

1

710.4
3,965

AHU Heater Load Ratio
AHU

Fan

Heater1

kW

kW

Heater 2

Heater3Tota
l

8 Nov Operating

kW

kW

kW

kW

Function Room 1

11

5

10

20

35

Function Room 2

5.5

5

10

20

35

Fresh Air

11

10

15

30

55

55

Office

2.2

1

2

4

7

3

Lobby

5.5

3

5

10

18

Restaurant

4

5

10

20

35

Coffee House

11

5

10

20

35

50.2

34

62

124

220

Total

35
93
42%

Calculation Result
Energy Consumption Rate by Use
Orchid Garden Hotel
Other
Power 6.8%
8.3%
Heat Source
34.2%

Lighting andOutlets
15.0%
Hot Water
3.5%
Heat Deliver
32.2%

Improvement of Reheat system

Reheater Energy Weight
Energy Consumption Rate by Use
Orchid Garden Hotel
Other
Power 6.8%
8.3%

Chiller
26.7%

Lighting andOutlets
15.0%
Hot Water
3.5%
AHU& FCU
Fan,Pump
15.0%

Cooling T, CondP
7.5%

Reh e r17.1%

Present System
Electric Heater ×３sets

Valve

supply air

Return air

Fresh air
Fan
Cooling coilNew System Image
Cooling tower

32℃

Valve

13℃

37℃

8℃

supply air

Heating coil

Return air
37℃

Fresh air
Fan

32℃

15℃
Cooling coil

Chilled water

Chiller

Cooling waterNew System :Brunei Darussalam Method
Cooling tower
32℃
37℃

Valve
13℃
8℃

supply air

23℃
Return air

18℃

37℃

32℃

Fresh air
Fan
Heating coil

33℃
15℃

Cooling coil

Chilled water

Chiller

Cooling water

Cut Reheater Energy
Energy Consumption Rate by Use
Orchid Garden Hotel
Other
Power 6.8%
8.3%

Chiller
26.7%

Lighting andOutlets
15.0%
Hot Water
3.5%
AHU& FCU
Fan,Pump
15.0%

Cooling T, Cond P
7.5%

Reh e r17.1%

Introduction of Another SystemDesicant Air Conditioning System

ExhaustFresh airRefresh heater

Humidifier
or cooler

Fresh air or
Return air

Supply air
Dehumidifier

Heat Exchanger

Importance of fresh air control

Chiller Rate
Energy Consumption Rate by Use
Orchid Garden Hotel
Other
Power 6.8%
8.3%

Chiller
26.7%

Lighting andOutlets
15.0%
Cooling T, Cond P
7.5%

Hot Water
3.5%
AHU& FCU
Fan,Pump
15.0%

Reh e r17.1%

Heat Load of Fresh Air :Office Building
Japan : 30〜40% Air-conditioning
Load Peak Heati Load in Japan Office Bu
Building Heat
Load
34%

Human Load
18%

Fresh
Air Load
30%

Illumination Load18%

Proper Amount of Fresh Air
Japan’s Room Environment Standard
CO2 Density : Below 1,000ppm

Measurement CO2 density
Indoor :3points 500,500,650
600ppmOutside :400ppm

Calculation
Outside air CO2 density:400ppm
 Present indoor CO2 density:600ppm Goal indoor CO2 density: 800ppm
 Present ventilation value:V1ｍ3/ｈ Ventilation value after improvement:V2m3m3/h
400V1+X=600V1
400V2+X=800V2
V2/V1=(600-400)/(800-400)=0.5
Method of Fresh Air Volume
control
1 Manual
Electric Heater ×３sets
Dampersupply air
Control
2 Automatic
Operation
Fan
through
CO2
Monitoring

Valve

Return air

Fresh air

Cooling coil

Fresh air Control Damper

Fresh airFresh Air Volume control Example

Heat Exchanger :To Reduce Heat Load

Effect of Heat Exchanger
Peak Heatn Load inJapang Office Build

Building Heat
Load
34%

Heat
Recoveryby HeatExchanger
Fr
12%

Human Load
18%

Illumination
Load
18%

Fresh Air Stop : When Starting
30min〜1hour
 Difference :AHU operate start time ,Business start timeSummary : Attention to Fresh Air
Fresh Air Heat Load :Big Weight of Building Energy Technique :Control of Fresh Air
1. Reduce Fresh Air Volume
2. Reduce Fresh Air Heat Load
 Useful for ASEAN CountriesThank you

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Preliminary Report
Building Energy Audit –Lao Plaza HotelLAO PDR
27 January, 2004

Akira Kobayashi and Takashi KatoThe Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Outline of Presentation
 Building energy audit flow chart Results of Audit in Lao Plaza Hotel- General building information- Overview of electrical facilities- Overview of air-conditioning facilities- Utility consumption- Energy intensity- Best energy management practices- Improvement points and potential savings

 SummaryBuilding Energy Audit
Flow ChartBuilding Energy Audit Flow-chart
Interview
Questionnaire

Observation
on Equipment& Operation

Checkingof Data /document- Overview of Building- Energy
management-- Improvement history- Energy flow
- Situation of operation &maintenancePreliminary
survey results- Energy consumption- Energy intensity- Record preparation status

Problem pick-up- Determination of energy audit schedule- Talking with building staff/confirmation

Walk through audit- Drawing inspection- Observation ofoperation& equipment situation,
confirmation- Analysis of measured results in detail- Examination of improvement plants- Engineering including calculation- Forecast of effects- Examination from economical viewpoint

Measurement- Determination of
measurement items& measuring points- Judgment of measured results- Analysis of measured results- Discussion with building staff

Determination of Areas
for Improvement

Drafting ofcountermeasures

Preliminary Results ofEnergy Audit in
Lao Plaza Hotel,
Lao PDR1.1 General Building Information
 Name of Building: Lao Plaza Hotel Category of Usage: Hotel Number of Storeys: 7 & Basement - 1 Floor Total Gross Floor Area : 14,972.25 ｍ2
 Age of Building : 7 years
 Air conditioning : Air conditioner +Fan coilunit system
 Building management : mostly manually1.2 Overview of Electrical Facilities






Receiving Voltage: 22 kVTransformer capacity: 1,000kVA×2 units
Generator for emergency: 275 kVA x 1 unit
Elevators : 2 units x 10 kW
Service lift : 1 units x 11 kW

1.3 Overview of Air-conditioning Facilities

 Chiller capacity :- 2 units x 300 Refrigerant ton (210 kW)
 Air handling units (AHU＊10 units) Fan coil units (FCU＊201 units)1.4 Sanitary facility
 Hot Water Boiler(LPG):
625,000BTU/hour×2 units Receiving water tank
 Storage pump : 7.5 kW×2 units Booster pump : 7.5 kW×2 units Water tank at the rooftop

2 Analysis of Current Situation
2.1 Monthly Energy Consumption ( 2002)
Monthly Electricity U
300000250000
2001
2002
2003

150000100000
50000

Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
O
ct
No
v
De
c

0
Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n

kWh

2000002.2 LPG Consumption(2001‑2003)

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n
Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
O
ct
No
v
De
c

b
Fe

n

2001
2002
2003

Ja

kg

Monthly Gas Use

2.3 Total energy consumption (2002）
Monthly Total Energy (2002)
3500000
3000000

2000000

Gas
Electricity

1500000
1000000
500000

b
Ma
r
Ap
r
Ma
y
Ju
n
Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

Fe

n

0

Ja

MJ

2500000

2.4

Share of Electricity and Gas (in %)Composition of Energy Consumption (2002)
GAS
LPG

11.8%

Electricity
Electlicity
88.2%

2.5 Annual Energy Consumption (in kWh)
Annual Electlicity Consumption

Annual Electricity Consumption
3500000
3000000

kWh

2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
2001

2002

2.6 Energy Consumption by End-use (in %)Rate by Use

Other
14.6%

Power
13.1%

Heat Source
44.1%

Lighting and Outlets
11.5%
Hot Water
6.7%

Heat Delivery
10.0%

2.7 Mean Temperature : Japan vs VientianeMonthly Average Temperature
35.0
30.0

20.0

TokyouVientiane

15.0
10.0
5.0

n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n
Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
O
ct
No
v
De
c

0.0
Ja

℃

25.0

2.8 Building Energy Intensity: Lao Plaza H. vs. ECCJ Data

Energy Intensity(Primary energy conversion coefficient :9.8MJ/kWh)

4000
3280

3500

3465

MJ/m2

3000
2500

2203

2177

2000
1500
1000
500
0
Lao Plaza
Hotel

ECCJ's HotelDate

ECCJ'sHospital Date

ECCJ's OfficeDate2.9 Energy Consumption by End-use: Lao Plaza
vs. Japan’s Hotel (in %)Rate by Use

Lao Plaza
Other
14.6%

Energyl e Consumpt
:ae

toi

Japan

other
5%
Power
13%
Lighting andOutlets
23%
Hot water,Steam
12%

ns J

i

H

Power
13.1%

Heat Source
44.1%

Lighting and Outlets
11.5%
Hot Water
6.7%

Heat Source
36%

Heat deliver
11%

Heat Delivery
10.0%

2.10

Water Consumption(1) Monthly Water Consumption Intensitym3Monthly Water Use
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

2001
2002
2003

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

(2) Annual water consumption
Annual Water Consumption
60000
50000

m3

40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2001

2002

(3) Water Intensity : Lao Plaza vs. Other
Buildings (in m3/m2)
Water Intesnity
Water
Intensity
4
3.5

3.64
3.26
2.79

m3/m2

3
2.5
2
1.5

0.98

1
0.5
0
Lao Plaza Hotel

ECCJ's Hotels
Date

ECCJ's Offices
Date

ECCJ'sHospit3. Good Energy Management
Practices of Lao Plaza Hotel3.1 Good management of the chiller outlet temperature andcooling water temperature corresponding to the load condition.

 The turbo chiller outlet temperature is set up whencooling load is low. And the operation of cooling tower
is controlled according to the load condition.
 By raising the chilled water temperature by 2℃, about
5 % of motor output is reduced.
 By reducing the cooling water temperature by 2℃,
about 5 % reduction of motor output is also achieved.

Mot

cooling water temp.

o
r

O
u
t
p
u
t

chilled water temp.

3.2 Proper setting of machine room temperature.
The elevator machine room is 30℃.
3.3 Proper operation of the air conditioning machine,
ventilation fan- Two chillers for AC lobby are used during daytime;and one chiller is used during night time.
- Ventilation fan of guest rooms is operated only for 7
hours during nighttime and morning time.

3.4 Complete consumption of LPG
LPG gas in cylinder is completely consumed. Whenfull, the cylinder is in upright position and whennearly empty, the cylinder is laid down.

3.5 Complete blockade of fresh air intake from outside
Due to the frequent opening and closing of doors at themain lobby, the fresh air intake outlet was completely
blocked.

3.6 Employees awareness of hotel’s energy
management system
Bulletin board is strategically placed in the staff area
to inform the employees of the hotel’s day to day
energy consumption and cost. This appeals to theemployees cooperation to save energy and cost.

Improvement Items andPotential SavingsImprovement Point 1.
Optimization of the Receiving Transformer Current situation- Load of the transformer TX1 (1000 kVA for AC.)― 283 KVA (28.3％)- Load of the transformer TX2 (1000kVA)― 94KVA (9.4％)377kVA(238+94KVA) is calculated from electric
power use (2,968,800kWh) for the year in 2002
(calculated using power factors 90%).

Recommended Improvement plan
efficiency

Loss

Load

Reduction of the transformer
loss
22 KV receiving

1000KVA

1000KVA

SW:ON

４15V Air Con. Bus
Total load : 377 KVA

４15V Light Bus

Potential Savings
 TX1 283 kVA/transformer
 TX2： 94 kVA /transformer
 Characteristic of the transformer（Example）
1000kVA
Non-load loss( Wi)

1,880W

Load loss(Wc) (At the Rating load)

11,890W

 Formula of loss calculation: Wt (total loss) = Wi
(non-load loss) + Wc (load loss) x (Pe)2

Pe: Load ratioCalculation
 Loss using 2 transformers TX1 & TX2
Wt1＝1880W＊8760h+11890W（283／1000)２＊8760h+1880W＊8760h+11890W(94／1000)２＊8760h＝42,200 kWh／year Loss using one transformer TX1:
Wt2＝1880W＊8760h＋11890W（377／1000) ２ ＊8760h＝
31,273 kWh／Y
Wt1 −Wt2＝42,200 kWh −31,273 kWh＝10,927 kWh／Y or ０．4 ％ of total electricity
consumption

 Electricity cost reduction:
10,927kWh ＊0.0564US＄／kWh＝616 US＄／yearImprovement Point 2.
Adoption of Efficient Lamps
 Current condition
Incandescent lamps (25W*2) are used in the guest
room .
 Recommended Improvement Plan
Use fluorescent lamps
 Examination of condition
Guest room incandescent lamps: 25W＊2＊3 receptacles/1room

Burning hours
Savings (Ｗ): 7 hours /day
: 25W＊２→11 W/1 receptacle Calculation
 Electric power reduction:(25W＊２-11W)＊3places＊142room＊0.65(occupancy rate)＊7ｈ＊365day＝27,592 kWh／year or ０．9％ of total electricity consumption

 Electricity cost reduction:
25,930kWh ＊0.0564US＄／kWh＝3,371B＄／year

Another merit is longer burning hours oflamps from 1,000 hrs to 8,000 hrs

4 Introduction of New Technology
4.1 Human sensor
When the person enters the area, the humansensor automatically turns on the light. Whenthe person leaves the area, the sensor turns
off the light. A reduction of 35% is achieved
with the use of human sensor.
Automatic human sensor

Sensor can be used in kitchens, rest rooms etc.

Summary of Improvement Points(in kWh/year and Lao PDR)
Improvement Item

Reduction
electricity[kWh ]

Reduction
cost [US$ ]1

Optimization of transformer

10,927

618

0.4

2

Adoption of Efficient lamps

27,592

3,371

0.9

Total

38,519

3,987

1.3

N
o

Electricity consumption /year

4,830,876

Average electricity cost

US$/kWh

0.0564%

Summary of Improvement Points(in kWh/year and Malaysian Ringgit)NoImprovement Item

Reduction
electricity[kWh ]

Reduction
cost [RM ]%1

In-door setting of temperature

273,62177,7085.7

2Adjustment of fresh air volume fromoutside213,466

60,624

4.4

3Full shut down of the VAV

42,366

12,032

0.9

4

Optimization of chiller operation

115,546

32,815

2.4

5Optimization of transformer

26,056

7,400

0.5

Total

671,055

190,580

13.9

Electricity consumption /year

4,830,876

Average electricity cost

RM/kWh0.284

Summary of Improvement Points(in kWh/year and Brunei $)No

Improvement Item

Reduction
electricity [kWh]

Reduction
cost
[B$]

%

1 Repair of the BAS System
2 Optimization of AHU operating time

Depend on the time

3 Intermittent use of FCU

Depend on the time

4 In-door setting of temperature

145322

18892

3.2%

5 Thermal insulation of hot water pipes

9855

1281

0.2%

6 Optimization of the Receiving transformer

2310

300

0.1%

7 Adoption of Efficient lamps

25930

3371

0.6%

Reduction of filter pomp’s operating time
8 (swimming pool)

6424

835

0.1%

Total

189841

24679

4.2%

Electricity consumption /year

4498145

Average electricity cost B$/kWh

0.13

THANK YOU
FOR YOURKIND ATTENTION
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Additional Part
Akira Kobayashi
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
27 January 2004

Contents
1 Calculation Method :Energy structure according to usage
2 Importance of fresh air control

Calculation Method :Energy structure according to usage

Calculation Result
Energy Consumption Rate by Use
Lao Plaza Hotel
Other
14.6%

Power
13.1%
Lighting andOutlets
11.5%
Hot Water
6.7%

Heat Source
44.1%

Heat
Delivery
10.0%

Understanding of Situation (1)Monthly Aver

e

35.0
30.0

20.0

TokyouVientiane

15.0
10.0
5.0

Oc
t
No
v
De
c

p
Se

g

Au

Ju

l

0.0
Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n

℃

25.0

Understanding of Situation (2)Monthly Electricity Use (2001-2003)
300000250000kWh200000

2001
2002
2003

15000010000050000
0Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Result Table
Elec

Elec

Gas

Elec

Total

Total

kWh/d

%

MJ

MJ

MJ

%

Heat Source

4,063

50.0%

39,81939,81944.1%

Heat Delivery

919

11.3%

9,005

9,005

10.0%

Hot Water

10

0.1%

99

6,065

6.7%

Lighting and Outlets

1,062

13.1%

10,404

10,404

11.5%

Power

1,209

14.9%

11,851

11,851

13.1%

Other

871

10.7%

4,690

8,532

13,223

14.6%

Total

8,134

100.0%

10,656

79,71090,367100.0%

Annual consumption
1 day Average
LPG 1kg=50MJ

5,966

2,968,800 kWh/y77,792 kg

8134 kWh/d

213 kg10,656 MJ

Calculation of Heat source energy

Heat source

Load
Rate

Qty

kW

h

Chiller

1

210

24

0.7

3,528

43.4%

Cooing Tower

1

7.5

24

1

180

2.2%

Condenser Water Pump

1

18.5

24

0.8

355

4.4%

4,063

50.0%

Total
Electricity
Electricity (Average)

2,968,800

kWh/y

8,134

kWh/d

kWh/D

%

Calculation of Heat Transfer
Equipment energykWhLoad Rate

Occupancy

kWh/D

AHU Fan

40.4

10

0.8

1

323

4.0%

AHU Fan

11

24

0.8

1

211

2.6%

FCU Fan

8.04

7

0.8

0.65

29

0.4%

Chilled Water Pump

18.5

24

0.8

1

355

4.4%

919

11.3%

Total
Electricity
Electricity (Average)

2,968,800

kWh/y

8,134

kWh/d

%

Calculation Result
Energy Consumption Rate by Use
Lao Plaza Hotel
Other
14.6%

Power
13.1%
Lighting andOutlets
11.5%
Hot Water
6.7%

Heat Source
44.1%

Heat
Delivery
10.0%

Importance of fresh air control

Elec

Elec

Gas

Elec

Total

Total

kWh/d

%

MJ

MJ

MJ

%

Chiller

3,528

43.4%

34,57434,57438.3%

Cooling toewr, Cond P

535

6.6%

5,243

5,243

5.8%

Heat Delivery

919

11.3%

9,005

9,005

10.0%

Hot Water

10

0.1%

99

6,065

6.7%

Lighting and Outlets

1,062

13.1%

10,404

10,404

11.5%

Power

1,209

14.9%

11,851

11,851

13.1%

Other

871

10.7%

4,690

8,534

13,225

14.6%

Total

8,134 100.0%

10,656

79,71090,367 100.0%

5,966

Chiller Rate :Let’s Consider the Root of the Reason
Energy Consumption
e yb
Rat s
Lao Plaza Hotel
Other
14.6%
Chiller
38.3%

Power
13.1%
Lighting andOutlets
11.5%
Hot Water
6.7%

Cooling
toewr,
Cond
5.8%
Heat
Delivery10.0%

Heat Load of Fresh Air :Office Building
Japan : 30〜40% Air-conditioning
Load Peak Heat Loadi i
O
Building Heat
Load
34%

Human Load
18%

Fresh
Air Load
30%

Illumination Load18%

Proper Amount of Fresh Air
Japan’s Room Environment Standard
CO2 Density : Below 1,000ppm

Measurement CO2 density
Indoor : 3points

meeting room 550ppm

Small meeting room 950ppm

Lobby 500ppm

Measurement CO2 density
Outside :400ppm

Calculation
Outside air CO2 density:400ppm
 Present indoor CO2 density:(600ppm)
 Goal indoor CO2 density: 800ppm
 Present ventilation value:V1ｍ3/ｈ Ventilation value after improvement:V2m3m3/h
400V1+X=600V1
400V2+X=800V2
V2/V1=(600-400)/(800-400)=0.5
Method of Fresh Air Volume
control
1 Manual
DamperControl
2 Automatic
Operation
through
CO2
MonitoringValvesupply air

Return air

Fresh air

Fan
Cooling coil

Fresh air Control Damper

Fresh airFresh Air Volume control Example
Lao Plaza HotelHeat Exchanger :To Reduce Heat Load

Effect of Heat Exchanger
Peak Heat Load

i

O
Heat
Recoveryby HeatExchanger

Building Heat
Load
34%

Fr
12%

Human Load
18%

Illuminati
Load
18%

Fresh Air Stop : When Starting
30min〜1hour
 Difference :AHU operate start time ,Business start timeSummary : Attention to Fresh Air
Fresh Air Heat Load :Big Weight of Building Energy Technique :Control of Fresh Air
1. Reduce Fresh Air Volume
2. Reduce Fresh Air Heat Load
 Useful for ASEAN CountriesThank you

The Energy Conservation Center, JapanReference Material - 2: Materials for Workshops held in respective
countries
Database/Benchmark/Guideline (Japan)

Database/Benchmark/
Guideline Development in JapanPROMEEC – BUILDING
SOME-METI WORK PROGRAMME 2003-2004

Akira Kobayashi
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
27 January 2004

Outline of Presentation







Introduction
Energy Audit
Database and Benchmarking
Guidelines for Energy Efficient Buildings- Guidelines of equipment in Japan- Operating guidelines for factories andbuildings
Approach of Energy Conservation of PresentJapanIntroductionTrend in Final Energy Consumption by Sector(1999)
250< shown by index based on '73 >
213

200

202

Index

Transportation Sector

Residential andCommercial
Sector150

140

Total Energy Consumption

105

100
Industrial Sector

50'73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98

ECCJ

Fiscal Year99

Energy Audit

Application and Process of Energy Audit in Japan• one-day on-site examination by thermal and electric experts• free of charge ----- subsidized by Japanese Government· Pamphlet,
application form

(Web site, FAX, mail)Acceptanceofapplication

Application for audit
Energy management sheet

Free ofchargeNotification of
audit

Appraisal report(Improvement measuresfor energy conservation)(Effect-estimation)
ECCJ

Preparation
for audit

Audit· Selection ofexperts· Interview, access to
documents· On-siteexamination· Analysis, ReportEnergy Audit Improvement Guidance
・Building Owner’s Merit
・Free of Charge
 Data GatheringImprovement Guidance Points
1.Elimination of waste
2.Energy saving while maintaining comfortablecondition
3.Reduction in energy losses from buildings andfacilities
4.Waste heat recovery
5.Demand-based flexible supply contract energy
suppliers
6.Enhancement of equipment and facilities
efficiency
7.Active use of natural energy

Check Lists for Energy conservation
measures for buildings : Large Items
1. General management
2. Heat source, Heat transmitting equipment
3. Air-conditioning & Ventilation
4. Hot water feeding, Water Feeding andExhausting, Refrigerating, Kitchen Equipment
5. Power receiving & transformation, Lighting andElectric Equipment
6. Lifts, Buildings
7. Load levelingMedium Item
2. Heat source, Heat transmitting equipment
1 Combustion equipment performance management
2. Refrigerating equipment performance
management
3. Operation management, efficiency management
4. Operation management for auxiliary equipment
5. Operation management for heat transmitting
equipment
6. Exhaust gas temperature, exhaust heat recovery
7. Steam leakage and hot insulation management
8. Management for heat storing tanks

Small Items
2. Refrigerating equipment performance
management• Coefficient of Performance (COP)• Setting of outlet temperature of chilled
water• Setting of cooling water temperature• Scale removing for heat exchangers• Temperature efficiency of heat exchanger

Number of check Point
Check Point Number
Large Item
No1
No2
No3
7
No4
No5
No6
No7
Total
7

Medium Item
6
8
4
3
6
3
4
34

Small Item
22
30
22
17
26
15
14
146

Format of Report
1 Outline of Building
2 Outline of Audit
3 Energy Use State of Recent One Year
3.1 Energy Use State Graphs
3.2 Electric use State Graphs
4 Energy Conservation Audit Result
5 Opinion list (1)〜(７)Ｉｔｅｍｓ

Energy Use State Graphs 1
現状消費量（1次換算値）

ガス
石油
地域熱供給
電力

40,000GJ/月

30,00020,00010,000
0
4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 1
月

23

Energy Use State Graphs 2

現状比率

改善後推定比率

その他
動力 4%
10%
照明・コンセ
ント
20%
給湯・蒸気
0%
熱搬送
24%

熱源
42%

省エネ率
その他7%
4%
動力
10%
照明・コンセ
ント
19%
給湯・蒸気
熱搬送
0%
23%

熱源
37%

Electric use State Graphs 1

最大電力(kW)年間電力使用状況
2,500,000

4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
最大電力(kW)
購入電力量(kWh)500,000
0

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
月

11

12

1

2

3

Electric use State Graphs 2
時刻別電力使用量
夏季 02.8.1
冬季 02.12.2
中間季 02.4.18

kW

4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
時刻

Heat source/air-conditioning equipment

General management

Proposed items for energy conservation by audit service (1/2)
Record & utilization of energy data
Regular repair & maintenance of equipment
Developing & establishment of energy
management system
Management of energy intensity
Setting of management target for energy conservation

Control of fresh air intake
Proper temperature & humidity for rooms
Monitoring proper air ratio of combustion equipment
Power saving in water transfer byintroduction of VWVChange of the Pre-set outlet temperature of cold
water in accordance with the season
Prevention of heat emission by thermal insulationof steam valves
Reduction in solar radiation loads on windows
Proper segmentation & zoning for air-conditioning
Power saving in air delivery by introduction of VAV
Required minimum ventilation in machine room
Opening of window & cooling with outside air
Proper ventilation of car park throughCO2 monitoring, etc.

Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings

1) General management
1.Record and utilization of energy data
2.Regular repair and maintenance ofequipment
3.Developing and establishment ofenergy management system
4.Management of energy intensity
5.Setting of management target forenergy conservation

Points to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings
2) Heat source/air-conditioning equipment

Heat source/air-conditioning
equipment
1 Control of fresh air intake
2 Proper temperature and humidity for rooms
3 Monitoring proper air ratio of combustion
equipment
 etc

Hot water&water supply

Proposed items for energy conservation by audit service (2/2)
Water saving by installation of sound-making
equipment at women’s lavatories
Use of water saving type valve discor low flow shower heads

Demand-based control (automatic & manual)Lighting/Electric/Lifts

Lighting at proper times & places
Saving of PC stand-by power & power for monitors

Load levelingControl of electric transformers demand rate &reduction in no-load losses
Use of high efficiency lamps & energy saving
fluorescent lamps
Use of inverter-control lighting fixtures & ballasts

Leveling of electric load by heat storage &use of gas
Introduction of CGS & optimized operation
Study of introduction of new energy including
photovoltaic power generation

Segmentation of lamplighter installation
position & lighting circuits
Setting of illuminance standards &proper control of the illuminancePoints to Focus in Energy Saving for Buildings
3) Hot water and water supply/ Lighting/Electricity/Lifts/Load leveling Lighting/Electricity/Lifts
1 Demand-based control( automatic and manual)

2 Control of electric transformers demand rate andreduction in no-load losses
3 Use of high efficiency lumps and light
4 Use of inverter-control lighting fixtures and ballasts
5 Lighting at proper times and places
6 Segmentation of lamplighter insulation positions andlighting circuits
7 Setting of illuminance standard and proper control of
the illuminanceEnergy Conservation Audit Result
1 Improvement by Operation
2 Improvement by good Investment
3 Renewal improvement- Improvement theme- Amount of Reduction Energy- Amount of Money of DecreaseEnergy Conservation Audit Result
1 Improvement by Operation
Theme Energy Reduction Volume
aaaaeeee kWh/ybbbb
cccc kWh/y
2 Improvement by good Investment
Theme Energy Reduction Volume
dddd
ffff kWh/y
3 Renewal Improvement
Theme Energy Reduction Volume
eeee
ggg kWh/yReduction Cost¥¥¥¥ en/y¥¥¥¥ en/y
Reduction Cost¥¥¥¥ en/y
Reduction Cost¥¥¥¥ en/yDatabase & Benchmarking System

Number of data by Type of Buildings
Type of Building

Number•Government Office173•Office194•Department Stores

109•Supermarket

109•Hotel109•Hospitals

143•Assembly Hall

27

•School

46---------Total

910

Type of Data Collected
1) Building Information
Building Information Sheet
・Name
d
d・s
A
hs e
:e
・Category of Usage:
Landload building or Tenant building・Age of Building:・Size：
Total gross floor ａｒｅａｍ２
Number of stories ・Basement Stories
・Electrical facilities:
Receiving voltage、
Agreement capacity
Transformer capacity
・Air conditioning facility:
Heat source capacity for cooling
Main equipment
Heat source capacity for heating and hotwater
Main equipment
Air conditioning system
・Sanitary facility:
Water supply system
Hot water spply system
・Air conditioner setting temperature and humidity:
Summer℃%， Winter ℃ %・Working hour:
Week day, Sata day, Sun dayType of Data Collected:2) Energy Consumption
City
gas

Electricity

month
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Total

Maxim
um

Dayti
me

Nighttimegenerat
or

ｋW

kWh

kWh

kWh

ｍ3

ＬＰＧ

ｋｇ

Oil

kL

District heatand cooling

Water service

Cold
water

Stea
m

Water
supply

Well

GJ

GJ

Ｍ3

ｍ3

Calculation of Building Energy Efficiency
Index (in MJ/m2)
Calculation ofEnergy Intensity
Annualconsumption

EnergyKindClassification

Electricity
City gas

Unit

MJ/unit

MJ/year

kWh

×

9.8

＝

13A

m2

×

46

＝

12A

m2

×

42

＝

kg

×

50

＝

A

kL

×

39,100

＝

B

kL

×

41,700＝

LPG
Heavy oilHeat
equivalent

Total consumed

A

MJ/year

Total gross floor area

B

m2

C

MJ/m2 year

Energy consumption intensity (annual bassis):

=

A/B

=

Standardization of Units
conversion factors

Electricity
City gas 13A
City gas 12A
City gas 6A
City gas 6B
LPG
Heavy oil A
Heavy oil B

unit

conversion coefficient[MJ/unit]

kWh
m3
m4
m5
m6
kg
kl
kl

9.8
46
42
29
19
50
39100
41700

Database & Benchmarking System
What is a Benchmark?
It is the average of building energy efficiency
indices of audited buildings, expressed in terms of
MJ/m2.
•• It also serves as the reference point to indicateenergy efficient buildings

Benchmarks in Various Typesof Buildings in Japan
Energy consumption intensity by purpos of building MJ/m2

0500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Government ｏｆｆｉｃｅs

1577

Schools

1622

Office buildings
Assembly halls

2177
2384
2943

Supe
Hotels3280

Department stors

3455

Hospitals

3465

Average Energy Consumption ratio
by UseOffice : Energy Consumption Ratio by Use
Other
13%

Heat Source
25%

Power
12%

Heat Deliver
13%
Lighting andOutlets37%

Information Disseminationof Database and Benchmarks

Energy Efficient Buildings：
Guidelines in Japan

Energy Efficient Buildings： Guidelines inJapan Standard when building is constructed The indoor environmental standard

Obligations of Building Owners
1) Prevention of heat loss through external
walls、windows, etc. of a building:2) Efficient use of air conditioners;
3) Efficient use of mechanical ventilating
equipment;
4) Efficient use of lighting facilities;5) Efficient use of hot water supply systems;
6) Efficient use of elevators

1) Prevention of heat loss throughexternal walls, etc. of a building Annual thermal load of the perimeter zone (MJ/year)
Total floor area of the perimeter zone (m2)→［(Virtual load)/(Area)］(PAL) : Perimeter Annual Load
 *Thermal load of the ambient indoor space:
Heat lost through external walls, windows, etc. for a year,
total of heating and cooling load generated by heatgenerated in the ambient space.
The quantity of open air taken in is presumed to be aconstant calculated on the basis of the area, etc.

2) Efficient use of air conditionersQuantity of energy consumed for air conditioning(MJ/year)
Virtual air-conditioning load (MJ/year)→[Actually consumed energy/(Virtual load)](CEC/AC): Coefficient of Energy Consumption for Air Conditioning*Quantity of energy consumed for air-conditioning:
Quantity of energy of given air conditioner consumed to treat
conditioning loud for a year
Virtual air-conditioning load (Unit: MJ/year):
The quantity of open air taken in is presumed to be a constantcalculated on the basis of the area, etc.
Decrease in load by using exhaust heat recovery is not taken
account.

air

into

Standard value of energy
conservation for buildings
Hotels
1)PAL
420
2)CEC/AC
2.5
3)CEC/V
1.0
4)CEC/L
1.0
5)CEC/HW 1.5
6)CEC/EV
1.0

Hospitals Stores
340
380
2.5
1.7
1..0
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.7
-

Offices
300
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0

Schools
320
1.5
0.8
1.0
-

Restaurant
550
2.2
1.5
1.0
-

Note) In the case of 1), values obtained by multiplying the above values by the scalecorrection factor shall be standard ones. (Scale correction factor: a factor forcorrecting standard values to relax controls of small scale buildings, etc)

Illumination Standard of Office
LX

Office Building
location (some examples)

1500office room (a), business room, design room,
1000drawing room750- office room (b), executive room, meeting room,
printing room, computer room, control room
500300-Room Environment Standard
Temperature

17℃〜28℃

Humidity

40%〜70%Wind velocity
Suspended
solid

Below 0.5m/s

COBelow 10ppm

CO2

Below 1000ppm

Below 0.15mg/m3

Room Environment Measurement

Guidelines for the Use of Energy
Efficient Equipment in Japan

Air conditioner
1) Target range
Both cooling systems and heating and cooling systems
2) Target ValueClasssification
Target standared value (COP)(Cooling ability; kW)〜2.5 〜3.2 〜4.00 〜7.10 〜28.00
Wind-wall type2.67
Separate type3.64 3.64 3.08 2.91 2.81
2.88
Cooling Direct blowing type and others
2.85 2.85
Duct typ2.72
2.71 2.71
Multi type
3.23
3.23 2.47

Fluorescent lampd. Fluorescent lamp

1) Target range
Lighting equipment with fluorescent lamps as the main2) Target value
Classificatn o
One with 110-type
One with high-frequency lighting
Straight
tube typ40-type One with rapid start fluorescent

Target standard value(lm/w)
79.0
86.5
71.0

Operating Guidelines for
Factories and Buildings

Areas for Rational Use of Energy
1) Fuel combustion2) Heating, cooling, heat transfer, etc.
3) Prevention of heat loss due to radiation,
conduction, etc.
4) Recovery and utilization of waste heat5) Rationalization in the conversion of heat to power,
etc6) Prevention of electricity loss due to resistance, etc
7) Rationalization of conversion from electricity tomechanical power, heat, etc.

Standard values and target valuesof air ratios
Standard values and target values of air ratios
Classification

Boiler

Air ratio
Liquid
Gas
Item
Fuel
fl
For electric utility
1.05-1.20 1.05-1.10
30t/h or more
1.10-1.30 1.10-1.20
Standard Other (quantity of 10 to less than 30th 1.15-1.30 1.15-1.30
5 to less than 10t/h 1.20-1.30 1.20-1.30
evap
less than 5t/h
1.20-1.30 1.20-1.30
For electric utility
1.05-1.10 1.05-1.20
30t/h
1.10-1.15 1.10-1.15
Target Other (quantity of 10 to less than 30th 1.15-1.25 1.15-1.25

Approach of Energy
Conservation of Present Japan

Activity Flow for Buildings
 2003.4 : New Classification by Energy
Consumption
 2003.5 : New Regular Report System 2004.5 : Submitting of mid/long-term plan
 2006 : “Management Standardｓ”
Execution Situation Investigation

Obligation of Building Owners
Annual Energy
Consumption

Classification

Heat
Power
(Fuel)

3,000 kL

1stCategory

1.Obligation to report the status ofenergy consumption every year
2.Obligation to submit medium-to-longterm improving plan under thesupervision of energy manager

2ndCategory

1.Obligation to report the status ofenergy consumption every year

12 Million
kWh1,500 kL

6 Million
kWh

0 kL

0 kWh

By the law
 Building data will gather
1st Category : about 1000
2nd Category : about 1000
total : 2000
□1st Category
The reduction plan of 1% or more is madeby the period average (From 2004.5)

Activity of ECCJ
Energy Conservation Promotion Committeeof Building Team B
Office Buildings Detailed Analysis 〜150 buildings
GFA: 15,000m2 or more Measurement of Effective of Improvement
by Operation 〜 9 buildings
8 themes

Energy Density & Gross Floor Area
Energy Density & GFA 109 Office Building
3500
3000

MJ/m2

2500
2000
1500
1000
0

20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 200000
m2

+

C

B-

B

Ｂ

Ａ

C-

〜

00

00

25

25

〜

00

00

21

23

〜

〜

00

00

23

21

00

00

00

17

19

〜

〜

00

00

19

17

15

Buildinr Number

Number of Classified Building(Total 109)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Electrical Power Consumption
Representative day according to season
60
50

W/㎡

40
30
20
10
0
1時

4時

7時
夏期・平日
冬期・平日
中間期・平日
契約電力

10時

13時

16時

夏期・土曜
冬期・土曜
中間期・土曜
最大電力

19時

22時

夏期・休日
冬期・休日
中間期・休日Measurement of Amount of Effectof Improvement by Operation
 8 themes:
1 Proper temperature and humidity for rooms
2 Control of fresh air intake
3 Change the Chilled Water Temperature
4 Change the Cooling Water Temperature
5 Power Saving in Water by VWV
6 Power Saving by VAV
7 Intermittent drive of Ventilation Fan
8 Water Saving with imitation sound device

Activity of ECCJ
Energy Conservation Promotion Committeeof Building Team A
Measurement /Interview Investigation
 Hotels : 60
 Hospitals:50
 Department sores :40
 Purpose〜
To Understand the Realities in DetailTo make the management standards

Monthly Energy Consumption Intensity
600
500

ＭＪ/ｍ2

400

H hospital
K hospital
F hospital
B hospital
M hospital

300
200
100
0
Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Activity of ECCJ
Energy Conservation Promotion Committee of
Building Team C Development of Energy Consumption
Forecast Program-Calculation of Air-conditioning Load
-Calculation of Total Amount of Building
EnergyThe Future Detail Data & New Program Effective, New Benchmark
 New Guideline for Energy Reduction
Joint Development of ASEAN Countries &JapanThank you

The Energy Conservation Center, JapanReference Material - 3: Materials for Post Workshop

PROMEEC - Building Activities in
Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and
Lao PDR
Takashi KatoThe Energy Conservation Center, Japan
29 January 2004

Presented during the Post Workshop on PROMEEC, Singapore, 29 – 30 January 2004

Outline of Presentation
Overview of Activities National Workshops on Energy Efficiency andConservation in Buildings- Objectives- Highlights of the First National Workshop- Highlights of the Second National Workshop
 Energy Audit and On-the-Job Training Improvement Plan and Recommendation
 Good Management Practices
Overview of Activities

snapshot of PROMEEC–Building Project
Activities in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and
Lao PDR
InceptionWorkshop
SingaporeOct ‘03First Country Visit
Workshop(ECTs,
Policies &Programs)

EnergyAudit &OJT

Workshop
Exercises
Audit Result
Benchmark
Database
Benchmarking Database& Guideline

Presentationof Preliminary
Audit Results

PreReport

Additional
Audit

Draft
ReportPost
Workshop

Final
ReportDistribution

National Workshops on
Energy Efficiency andConservation in BuildingsObjectives of National Workshops• To enhance awareness on ASEAN programs on energy
efficiency and conservation• To share Japan’s energy efficiency andconservation policies, regulations, programs & activities.
• To introduce energy conservation technologies
ａｄｏｐｔｅｄ in buildings in Japan to the ASEAN
countries.
• To develop national capacities through on-the-job
training in conducting energy audit in buildings.
• To introduce techniques and procedures in energy
auditing, benchmarking, and database development• To present Japan’s guidelines for energy conservationin buildings

Highlights of First National
Workshop• Participated by more than 20 local members in each country• Presentation of ASEAN programs on energy efficiency andconservation• Discussion on Japan’s policies and programs on energy efficiency
and conservation• Discussion on energy conservation law of Japan• Discussion on regulations for buildings• Discussion on energy manager system of Japan• Discussion on energy conservation technologies• Discussion on support programs and subsidy
schemes for buildings• Discussion on top runner program, TQM and TPM, & awards
system for buildings• Audit procedures and techniques

Highlights of 2nd National
Workshop• Participated by more than 20 local members in eachcountry•Presentation on results of energy audit• Discussion on establishment of database• Discussion on development of benchmark• Discussion on Japan’s guidelines for energy
conservation in buildings• Exercises on benchmarking and databasedevelopment• Discussion on future activities on energy efficiency
and conservation

Typical National Workshop

Building Energy Audit andOn-the-Job Training

The Audited Buildings

Malaysia

Brunei Darussalam

Lao PDR

Office Building
11 Storeys
GFA - 51,282 m2
5 years
EnergyConsumption:4,830,876kWh
Energy Intensity:1,503MJ/㎡
Building Automation System

155 Rm Hotel
1 BF
10 Storeys
20,121.18 ｍ2
４ years
EnergyConsumption: 4,498,145ｋWh
Energy Intensity: 2,191MJ/㎡
BAS – not functioning

１４２-Rm Hotel
１ BF
７ Stories
１４,９７２.２５ ｍ2
７ years
EnergyConsumption: 3,365,986ｋWh
Energy Intensity:２，２０３MJ/㎡
Semi-control

The Audit Approach
1. DISCUSSION WITH KEY STAFF OF BUILDINGS,ENGINEERS & PLANNERS

Data gathered:- Building Data

- Drawings- Equipment Data

- Operation & Maintenance Data

- Energy Data

- Others

The Audit Approach
2. ON-SITE INVESTIGATION & SIMPLE MEASUREMENTTo check condition of equipment, facilities, and lay-out
To verify accuracy of records and data
To explain to the trainees the key points of audit

The Audit Approach
3. CALCULATION OF
ENERGY SAVINGS•ANALYSIS•

FORMULATION OF
IMPROVEMENT
PLAN•

WRAP – UP MEETING
Presentation of Results•

REPORTphotoSummary of Improvement Points
and Calculation of Savings

Summary of Improvement Points in Malaysia(in kWh/year and Malaysian Ringgit)NoImprovement Item

Electricity
Reduction[kWh ]

Reduction
cost
[RM ]

%

1

In-door setting of temperature

273,62177,7085.7

2Adjustment of fresh air volume fromoutside213,466

60,624

4.4

3Full shut down of the VAV

42,366

12,032

0.9

4

Optimization of chiller operation

115,546

32,815

2.4

5Optimization of transformer

26,056

7,400

0.5

Total

671,055

190,580

13.9

Electricity consumption /year

4,830,876

Average electricity cost

RM/kWh0.284

Improvement Point 1.
In-door Setting of Temperature
Current situation : In-door temperature
setting: 22℃ 〜 23℃
 Recommended Improvement Plan
Decrease the electric power of the chiller byraising the in-door temperature setting by 2℃
Potential Savings – 273,621 kWh/yr or 5.7% of
total electricity consumptionImprovement Point 2.
Adjustment of Fresh Air Volume from Outside








Current situation : In-take of fresh air volume notquantified
Recommended Improvement plan
To decrease the in-take of fresh air volume
by 50% of the current volume.
Measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) density
outside 400 ppm, inside 600 ppm,
recommendation - increase to 800 ppm
Potential savings : 213,466 kWh or 4.4% of total
electricity consumption

Heat Load of Fresh Air
Japan : 30〜40% Air-conditioning Load
Peak Heat Load in Japan Office Building
Building Heat
Load
34%

Human Load
18%

Fresh
Air Load
30%

Illumination Load18%

Proper Amount of Fresh Air
Japan’s Room Environment Standard
CO2 Density : Below 1,000ppm

Measurement CO2 density
Indoor :3points all 600ppm

Outside :400ppm

Improvement Point 3.
Full shut down of the Variable Air Volume(VAV) of unused rooms
Current Situation : 8th Floor South West Wing are
air-conditioned and ventilated
 Recommended Improvement plan
Full closure of VAV, cut off chiller power andventilation.
 Potential Savings:
Chiller : 23,217 kWh/yr
AHU : 19,149 kWh/yr
Total: 42,366 kwh/yr or 0.9% of total electricity
consumptionImprovement Point 4.
Optimization of Chiller Operation
Current situation : 2 units of 500RT chiller are
operated even when the cooling load density islow.
 500 RT×3 units chiller and 150 RT×1 unit
chiller are currently installed.
 Recommended Improvement plan
When cooling load demand is low, only use 1
unit of 150 RT chiller.
 Potential Savings : 59,274 kwh/yr or 1.2% of
total electricity consumptionImprovement Point 5.
Optimization of the Receiving Transformer

efficiency

Current
situation
Loss

Load

Recommended Improvement plan

１１KV receiving
TX1

TX2

TX3

1500KVA

1500KVA

2000KVA

４15V A Bus
Load ：361KVA

４15V B Bus
361KVA

４15V C Bus
782KVAPotential Savings
Loss using one transformer TX3:
 Wt1 −Wt2＝81,856kWh−55,800kWh＝ 26,056 kWh／year or ０．５％ of total
electricity consumption

Summary of Improvement Points in Brunei
Darussalam (in kWh/year and Brunei $)No

Improvement Item

Reduction
electricity[kWh ]

Reduction
cost
[B$]

%

1 Repair of the BAS System
2 Optimization of AHU operating time

Depend on the time

3 Intermittent use of FCU

Depend on the time

4 In-door setting of temperature

145322

18892

3.2%

5 Thermal insulation of hot water pipes

9855

1281

0.2%

6 Optimization of the Receiving transformer

2310

300

0.1%

7 Adoption of Efficient lamps

25930

3371

0.6%

Reduction of filter pomp’s operating time
8 (swimming pool)

6424

835

0.1%

Total

189841

24679

4.2%

Electricity consumption /year

4498145

Average electricity cost B$/kWh

0.13

Improvement Point 1.
Repair of the BAS systemCurrent situation
BAS system is not operating normally.



Recommended Improvement Plan
Immediate repair of BAS



Potential Savings
Significant

Improvement Point 2.
Optimization of AHU operating timeCurrent situation
Air conditioning is operating 24 hours, even though
the 1F restaurants and conference rooms are not used.



Recommended Improvement Plan
Drive the AC intermittently and stop the in-take offresh air volume completely.

Improvement Point 3.
Intermittent use of FCUCurrent situation
FCU at guest room is operating 24 hours



Improvement plan
Use of FCU intermittentlyImprovement Point 4.
In-door Setting of TemperatureCurrent situation
In-door temperature setting of OGH: 22℃ 〜 23℃

Recommended Improvement Plan
Decrease the electric power of the chiller by raising
the in-door temperature setting by 2℃

Potential Savings – 145,322 kWh/yr or 3.2 % of total
electricity consumptionImprovement Point 5.
Thermal insulation of hot water pipesCurrent situation
Hot water supply pipe in the boiler room is not
insulated.



Recommended Improvement Plan
Insulate the hot water supply pipe.

Potential Savings – 9,855 kWh/yr or 0.2 % of total
electricity consumption(6.2%/hot water supply energy)Improvement Point 6.
Optimization of the Receiving Transformer

efficiency

Current
situation
Loss

Load

Recommended Improvement plan
１１KV receiving

1000KVA

1000KVA

SW:ON

４15V Air Con. Bus
Total load : 561 KVA

４15V Electric Bus

Potential Savings
 Loss using one transformer TX1:
Wt1 −Wt2＝51,559kWh −49,249kWh＝2,310 kWh／Y or ０．1％ of total electricity
consumptionImprovement Point 7.
Adoption of Efficient Lamps
Current condition
Incandescent lamps (25W*2) are used in the guest
room floor corridors.
 Potential Savings(25W＊２−13W)＊16places＊5floors＊8760ｈ＝25,930 kWh／year or ０．6％ of total electricity
consumptionImprovement Point 8.
Reduction of filter pump’s operating time(swimming pool)Current condition
Filter pump is driven for 24 hours even though theswimming pool is not used by guest.

Recommended Improvement PlanCut operating time to 8 hours a day.

Potential Savings
1.1kW＊(24−8)h＊365d＝6,424 kWh/year
or ０．1％ of total electricity consumption

Summary of Improvement Points in Lao
PDR (in kWh/year and in US dollars

Improvement Item

Reduction
electricity[kWh ]

Reduction
cost [US$ ]1

Optimization of transformer

10,927

618

0.4

2

Adoption of Efficient lamps

27,592

3,371

0.9

Total

38,519

3,987

1.3

N
o

Electricity consumption /year

4,830,876

Average electricity cost

US$/kWh

0.0564%

Improvement Point 1.
Optimization of the Receiving Transformer

efficiency

Current
situation
Loss

Load

Recommended Improvement plan
22 KV receiving

1000KVA

1000KVA

SW:ON

４15V Air Con. Bus
Total load : 377 KVA

４15V Light Bus

Potential Savings
Wt1 −Wt2＝42,200 kWh −31,273 kWh＝10,927 kWh／Y or ０．4 ％ of total electricity
consumptionImprovement Point 2.
Adoption of Efficient Lamps
Current condition
Incandescent lamps (25W*2) are used in the guest
room .
 Recommended Improvement Plan
Use fluorescent lamps Potential Savings(25W＊２-11W)＊3places＊142room＊0.65(occupancy rate)＊7ｈ＊365day＝27,592 kWh／year or ０．9％ of total electricity consumptionImprovements Made
After the Audit/
Current Practices:
Good caseImprovements Made by Brunei Building

Shutting down of exhaust fan at car park at midnight.
 Switching off of AHU at Vanda Restaurant at midnight.
 Reduction of swimming pool filter pump operation to 6
hours daily.
 Switching off of 1 & 2 AHU at Level 8 Cesar Grand Hall,
Cesar 1 and 2. Only switched on when there is afunction.
 Increased of lifts temperature setting from 20 to 24℃.
 Shut down of heaters at the lobby, back office, andrestaurants.
Calculation of Savings – Brunei Building

kW Load Rate unit
0.33
0.8
2
4
0.8
1
0.15
0.8
1
0.32
0.8
1
1.1
0.8
1
11
0.8
1
11
0.8
1
5.5
0.8
1
18
0.4
1
7
0.4
1
35
0.4
1

h
16
8
8
8
6
24
24
24
24
24
24

d

kWh/y
Car park fan
365
3084
Vanda Restaurant AHU
365
9344
Vanda Toilet Fan
365
350
Goldiana Exhaust fan
365
748
Swimming pool
365
1927
Level 8 Grand Hall AHU
265
55968
Level 8 Cesar 1AHU
265
55968
Level 8 Cesar 2 AHU
265
27984
Lobby Reheater
365
63072
Back office Reheater
365
24528
Restarants Reheater
365 122640
Total 365613
Annual Consumption 4498145
Average electricity cost 0.13 B$/kWh
Reduction cost 47530

8.1%
0.13

Saving the reheat energy
Present system
Electric Heater ×３sets

Valve

supply air

Return air

Fresh air
Fan
Cooling coilNew System :Brunei Darussalam Method
Cooling tower
32℃
37℃

Valve
13℃
8℃

supply air

23℃
Return air

18℃

37℃

32℃

Fresh air
Fan
Heating coil

33℃
15℃

Cooling coil

Chilled water

Chiller

Cooling waterGood Energy Management
PracticesLao Building

1. Good management of the chiller outlet temperature andcooling water temperature corresponding to the load condition.

The turbo chiller outlet temperature is set up whencooling load is low. And the operation of cooling tower
is controlled according to the load condition.
 By raising the chilled water temperature by 2℃, about
5 % of motor output is reduced.
 By reducing the cooling water temperature by 2℃,
about 5 % reduction of motor output is also achieved.
2 Proper setting of machine room temperature.
The elevator machine room is 30℃.
3 Proper operation of the air conditioning machine,
ventilation fan- Two chillers for AC lobby are used during daytime;and one chiller is used during night time.
- Ventilation fan of guest rooms is operated only for 7
hours during nighttime and morning time.

3.4 Complete consumption of LPG
LPG gas in cylinder is completely consumed. Whenfull, the cylinder is in upright position and whennearly empty, the cylinder is laid down.

5 Complete blockade of fresh air intake from outside
Due to the frequent opening and closing of doors at themain lobby, the fresh air intake outlet was completely
blocked.

6 Employees awareness of hotel’s energy
management system
Bulletin board is strategically placed in the staff area
to inform the employees of the hotel’s day to day
energy consumption and cost. This appeals to theemployees cooperation to save energy and cost.

Thank you
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Database, Benchmark & Guideline
Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam & Lao PDR

PROMEEC – BUILDINGSSOME-METI WORK PROGRAMME 2003-2004

Akira Kobayashi
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
29 January 2004

Outline of Presentation









Overview of Activities
Guidelines for Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Database
Benchmarks
Exercises- Malaysia- Brunei Darussalam- Lao PDR
Recommendations
Activity of Building Committee of ECCJ

Overview of Activities
 Introduction of Japan’s Case Introduction of Concerned Country’s
Case Processing of Data Gathered byParticipants Future Development

Guidelines for Energy Efficiency
in Buildings
 Mandatory in Japan
 No existing guidelines in Malaysia,
Brunei Darussalam, and Lao PDR.
 Malaysia will develop guidelines in the
future Energy conservation measures prior tobuilding construction are initiatives ofownersImportant Guidelines in Japan
Obligations of Building Owners
1) Prevention of heat loss through external
walls、windows, etc. of a building:2) Efficient use of air conditioners;
3) Efficient use of mechanical ventilating
equipment;
4) Efficient use of lighting facilities;5) Efficient use of hot water supply systems;
6) Efficient use of elevators

Standard value of energy
conservation for buildings
Hotels
1)PAL
420
2)CEC/AC
2.5
3)CEC/V
1.0
4)CEC/L
1.0
5)CEC/HW 1.5
6)CEC/EV
1.0

Hospitals Stores
340
380
2.5
1.7
1..0
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.7
-

Offices
300
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0

Schools
320
1.5
0.8
1.0
-

Restaurant
550
2.2
1.5
1.0
-

Note) In the case of 1), values obtained by multiplying the above values by the scalecorrection factor shall be standard ones. (Scale correction factor: a factor forcorrecting standard values to relax controls of small scale buildings, etc)

Illumination Standard of Office
LX

Office Building
location (some examples)

1500office room (a), business room, design room,
1000drawing room750- office room (b), executive room, meeting room,
printing room, computer room, control room
500300-Room Environment Standard
Temperature

17℃〜28℃

Humidity

40%〜70%Wind velocity
Suspended
solid

Below 0.5m/s

COBelow 10ppm

CO2

Below 1000ppm

Below 0.15mg/m3

Operating Guidelines for Factories
and Buildings
Areas for Rational Use of Energy
1) Fuel combustion2) Heating, cooling, heat transfer, etc.
3) Prevention of heat loss due to radiation, conduction, etc.
4) Recovery and utilization of waste heat5) Rationalization in the conversion of heat to power, etc
6) Prevention of electricity loss due to resistance, etc
7) Rationalization of conversion from electricity tomechanical power, heat, etc.

Database
Brunei Darussalam Building data not available No database Collected 2 data for PROMEEC project
Malaysia
 Started collecting data through sending of survey
questionnaires
 55 building data collected Database to be established
Lao PDR Only 3 building data available No immediate plans to collect building data No immediate plans to establish building databaseJapan’s Case Building data were collected throughenergy audit
 Building data were entered into the
database developed ｂｙ ECCJ

Availability of Building Data :Collected Through Energy Audit Type of Building Government Office Office Department Stores Supermarket
 Hotel Hospitals
 Assembly Hall
 School

Total

Number
173
194
109
109
109
143
27
46
---------910

Structure of the Database1) Building Information
Building Information Sheet
・Name
:
eh s
e s・A
d
・Category of Usage:
Landload building or Tenant building・Age of Building:・Size：
Total gross floor ａｒｅａｍ２
Number of stories ・Basement Stories
・Electrical facilities:
Receiving voltage、
Agreement capacity
Transformer capacity
・Air conditioning facility:
Heat source capacity for cooling
Main equipment
Heat source capacity for heating and hotwater
Main equipment
Air conditioning system
・Sanitary facility:
Water supply system
Hot water spply system
・Air conditioner setting temperature and humidity:
Summer℃%， Winter ℃ %・Working hour:
Week day, Sata day, Sun daydStructure of the Database2) Energy Consumption
City
gas

Electricity

month
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Total

Maxim
um

Dayti
me

Nighttimegenerat
or

ｋW

kWh

kWh

kWh

ｍ3

ＬＰＧ

ｋｇ

Oil

kL

District heatand cooling

Water service

Cold
water

Stea
m

Water
supply

Well

GJ

GJ

Ｍ3

ｍ3

Calculation of Building Energy Efficiency
Index (in MJ/m2)
Calculation ofEnergy Intensity
Annualconsumption

EnergyKindClassification

Electricity
City gas

Unit

MJ/unit

MJ/year

kWh

×

9.8

＝

13A

m2

×

46

＝

12A

m2

×

42

＝

kg

×

50

＝

A

kL

×

39,100

＝

B

kL

×

41,700＝

LPG
Heavy oilHeat
equivalent

Total consumed

A

MJ/year

Total gross floor area

B

m2

C

MJ/m2 year

Energy consumption intensity (annual bassis):

=

A/B

=

Benchmarks
Brunei Darussalam No immediate plans to establish benchmarks
Malaysia
 Government building energy index :Average
180.41kWh/m2/y
 From 55 office building data : BEI 166kWh/m2/y
Lao PDR
 No immediate plans to establish benchmarks

Benchmarks in Various Typesof Buildings in Japan
Energy consumption intensity by purpos of building MJ/m2

0500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Government ｏｆｆｉｃｅs

1577

Schools

1622

Office buildings
Assembly halls

2177
2384
2943

Supe
Hotels3280

Department stors

3455

Hospitals

3465

Information Disseminationof Database and Benchmarks

Exercise- Malaysia

The ParticipantsF rom P T M P resentationB U ILD IN G E N E R G Y IN D E X (B E I) F O R T H E
12 B U ILD IN G SNo.
Buildings
BEI
2

1 Menara PKNS, S'gor
2 BSN HQ, KL
Wisma
Block A&B
3 M'sian Institute of Nuclear Technology (multiple)
MINT Bangi
MINT Dengkil
4 Kompleks Pej. Kerajaan Jln Duta, KL
Block 8Block 8A
Block 9Block 10Block 11**5 National Science Centre
6 Wisma Persekutuan, KT
7 Kementerian Pertanian
8 Wisma Persekutuan, KB
9 Bang. Rumah Persekutuan, KL
10 JPS HQ, KL**11 Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn (multiple)
12 Wisma Persekutuan, Kuantan
Average(kWh/m /yr)
246.84
246.4
257
385
211.29208.88213.69168.36184.85165.35144.11167.61180.59155.38152.44149.45133.72132.73121.6485.4
77.94
180.41**BEI based on gross floor area, others – occupied area

F rom P T M P resentation

B E N C H M A R K F O R 55 O F F IC E
B U ILD IN G S (as at D ec 2003)
Frequency of BEI

Frequency (No. of buildings)

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
<100

120-140 140-180 180-220 220-260 260-300(kWh/m2/yr)

Mean 166 kWh/m2yr>300

45 Data (Processing by ECCJ)

kWh/m2/y45 Data Occupied Area Ave 168.0kWh/m2/y
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0

10000

20000

30000
m2

40000

50000

Discussion
 Data Gathering Process
Energy Audit Method
Questionnaire Method
 Number of Data
 Hospital Energy Conservation
 Purpose of Bench Mark Others

Exercise- Brunei Darussalam

The Participants

Building Energy Data
 Institute Teknologi Brunei :267,641kWh/y 27,000m2 9.6kWh/m2/yDiscussion
FUTURE DIRECTION ACTIVITIES
1 ENERGY SURVEY OF BUILDING
2 SET UP NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON ENERGYEFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION TASK FORCE.
3 UPDATING THE BUILDING BY-LAWS.
4 DATA GATHERING OF POWER CONSUMPTIONAND GFAS FOR GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS,COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIES.
5 ESTABLISHMENT OF DATA BASE.
6 GUIDELINES FOR NEW BUILDINGS
7 POLICY FRAMEWORK ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY.
etc Total 26 Items

Exercise- Lao PDRThe Participants

Participants DATAGFAElectricity

Electricity
intensity

m2

kWh/y

kWh/m2/y

1 P Hotel

18534

41072322.2

2 GV Office1975

17548988.9

3 L Hotel

14972

2968800

198.3

Participant’s Presentation
Energy Consumption Intensity
4000
3500
3000
MJ/m2

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
P HotelL Hotel

ECCJ's Hotel ECCJ's Hospital ECCJ's Office
Data
Data
Data

Discussion
FUTURE DIRECTION ACTIVITIES
1 Data collection
2 Preparation of questionnaires to collect data
3 Establish guidelines, regulation and policy
4 Establishment of national working committee
5 Capacity building such as workshop, seminar etc
6 Promotion and awareness of EEC
7 Procedures of data collection
etc Total 24 Items

Building Data from ASEAN Countries
Energy Audit

2000

2002

2003

Gov.office

Total

OfficeHotel Com.Office

Thailand111Singapore111

Cambodia
2001

Data
Hotel

Others1

1

1Indonesia111Philippines

1

1

1

Vietnam
Myanmar

1

Malaysia

1

2

2

2

6

6

16

1

1

6

1

3

11

(47)

12

Brunei1

Lao PDR

1

Total

6

6

(59)
1

(54)

1

2

21

11

1

2
3

10

(96)

ALL Data

kWh/m2/y

ASEAN 10 Countries 96 Data
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

20,00040,00060,000m2 GFA

80,000100,000

120,000

Hotels Case (11Hotels)

kWh/y

ASEAN Hotels Energy Data 11Hotels
18000000
16000000
14000000
12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
0

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
GFA m2

Hotels Case (9 Hotels)

kWh/y

ASEAN Hotels Data 9Hotels Ave 195.2kWh/m2/y
18000000
16000000
14000000
12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0y = 248.52x
R2 = 0.9565

0

10000

20000

30000
GFA m2

40000

50000

60000

Recommendations
 ASEAN Building Energy Index: kWh/m2/y
Gas ,Oil : MJ
kWh
1kWh=3.6MJ=860kcal
Japan : MJ/m2/y Classification according to air-conditioning method
Central method
Individual method
 Occupied area
Occupied area=Gloss floor area –inside car park area
– vacant room area

Activity of Building Committeeof ECCJEnergy Conservation Promotion
Committee of Building Team A
Hotels /Hospitals/Department sores :Measurement /Interview Investigation

 Team B
Office Building Analysis

 Team C
Development of New ProgramTeam B : Office Buildings■ Detailed Analysis 〜150 buildings

GFA: 15,000m2 or more
■ Measurement of Effective of Improvement
by Operation 〜 9 buildings/8 themes
1 Proper temperature and humidity for rooms
2 Control of fresh air intake
3 Change the Chilled Water TemperatureetcEnergy Density & Gross Floor Area
Energy Density & GFA n109 Office Buil

g

3500

MJ/m2

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
0

50000

100000m2150000200000

+

C

B-

B

Ｂ

Ａ
00

00

00

〜

00

00
25
25

00

00

23
〜

〜

00
C-

19

17

15

〜
21

〜

00

23

21

〜

〜

00

00

00

19

17

15

ＳＡ

Buildinr Number

Number of Classified Building(Total 109)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Electrical Power Consumption
Representative day according to season
60
50

W/㎡

40
30
20
10
0
1時

4時

7時
夏期・平日
冬期・平日
中間期・平日
契約電力

10時

13時

16時

夏期・土曜
冬期・土曜
中間期・土曜
最大電力

19時

22時

夏期・休日
冬期・休日
中間期・休日Team A
Measurement /Interview Investigation
 Hotels : 60
 Hospitals:50
 Department sores :40
 Purpose〜
To Understand the Realities in DetailTo make the management standards

Team C Development of Energy Consumption
Forecast Program-Calculation of Air-conditioning Load
-Calculation of Total Amount of
Building Energy

The Future Detail Data & New Program Effective, New Benchmark
 New Guideline for Energy Reduction
Joint Development of ASEAN Countries &JapanThank you

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

PROMEEC Benchmarking
Workshop
Dr. Lee Siew Eang
Centre for Total Building Performance
School of Design and Environment, NUS

Benchmarking Methods:

 Single
Benchmark Index.

 Multiple
Benchmark Indices.

 Freely set individual
Benchmark.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Development since the
INCEPTION Workshop•

At the INCEPTION Workshop held in Yangon Feb 2003,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam
agreed to proceed with the first phase of the benchmarking
project.

•

It was targeted to have a first cut benchmarking website
established by this coming 2004 Energy Ministers’ meeting.

3. We are on schedule. Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam
have all submitted substantial data for benchmarking.
•This presentation will report on progress, update the statusof the project and put forth a future development plan.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Analyses of Malaysian Data

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Analyses of Malaysian Data
• 12 Audited Buildings• 35 Surveyed Buildings• 15 Other Buildings

Total 62 Buildings, with 4 no usable as they are
multiple buildings site. All are mainly office building.

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Malaysia Office Buildings
Energy Consumption vs.
GFA

Energy Consumption vs.
Aircon Area

energyco = 161.29 + 0.10 * gfa
R-Square = 0.92

energyco = -84.62 + 0.17 * airconar
R-Square = 0.87$

Energy Consumption (GWh)$

Energy Consumption (GWh)Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

7500
$

5000
$

2500

0

$
$

$$ $$
$
$$$
$
$
$$ $$$$$
$$
$$
$$$$
$
$
$
$
$ $
$$
$$

0

$

25000
50000
GFA (sq m)

7500
$

5000
$

2500

0
75000

$
$ $$
$ $$$$$$$ $ $$
$
$
$$
$$ $
$
$$
$$
$$$
$$$$

0

10000 20000 30000 40000
Aircon Area (sq m)

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Malaysia Office Buildings
Energy Consumption vs. Building Ageenergyco = 1549.27 + -9.84 * building
R-Square = 0.01$

Energy Consumption (GWh)Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

7500
$

5000
$

2500

$$
$$
$
$
$ $
$ $$$
$
$$ $

0
0

$

$

$$ $
$$
$$
$ $
$
$ $
$ $$

$
$$

$

20
40
Building Age

$
$

60

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Malaysia Office Buildings
Normal Probability Plot
 If the data are from anormal distribution, theplotted values should fallroughly around the line.
 In this case, the plotsuggests that the data are anormal distribution.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Malaysia Office Buildings
 The distribution is only
slightly skewed.
 Hence, it is assumed thatthe data are from a normal
distribution.

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Malaysia Office Buildings
Ogive Curve of Building Energy Efficiency of
Office Buildings in Malaysia
120
100
80
60
40
20

Building Energy Efficiency(kwh/year/sq m)

more

460

420

380

340

300

260

220

180

140

0
100

Cumulative Percentage(%)

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Analyses of Thailand’s Data

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Analyses of Thailand’s Data
Total 77 Office Buildings’ data were procured
for analyses and benchmarking.

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Thailand Office Buildings
Energy Consumption vs.
GFA

Energy Consumption vs.
Aircon Area

energyco = -100.47 + 0.15 * gfa
R-Square = 0.70

energyco = 676.92 + 0.17 * airconar
R-Square = 0.72
30000

$
$

20000
$
$
$

0

$

$
$

10000

$

$

$

$$
$ $$ $$ $
$$$$
$
$ $$
$
$ $$
$
$ $ $ $$
$$
$$$$
$
$$$
$$$$$$$$$$ $ $$$$$$$$$Energy Consumption (GWh)

Energy Consumptopn (GWh)Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

$
$

20000
$
$
$
$

10000

0

0

50000 100000 150000
GFA (sq m)

$

$

$
$
$ $
$
$
$ $$$ $$$$$$$$ $$ $$$$$$$$$$$$ $ $ $
$
$$$$$
$
$$
$$$
$
$$$$$$ $ $050000 100000 150000
Aircon Area (sq m)

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Thailand Office Buildings
Energy Consumption vs.
Building Age

Energy Consumption vs.
Number of Floors

energyco = 5143.39 + -58.30 * building
R-Square = 0.01

energyco = -71.82 + 259.54 * numberof
R-Square = 0.32
$

$

20000
$
$

$
$
$

$$ $

10000

$
$
$
$ $ $
$
$$$$ $$ $$$$$ $$$$ $ $ $ $
$ $$
$$$$
$$ $$
$
$ $$
$
$$
$ $ $$

$
$ $
$$
$
$

$
$

$
$

0

Energy Consumption (GWh)$

Energy Consumption (GWh)Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

$

20000
$
$

10000

10
20
30
Age of Building

40

$
$
$
$
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $$$$ $$$$$$ $$$ $$
$
$
$
$
$
$$
$
$$$
$
$ $$
$ $$ $ $ $ $ $$
$ $$
$
$

$

$ $

$

0
0

$
$

$

$
$

$

10
20
30
Number of Floors

40

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Thailand Office Buildings
Energy Consumption vs. Floor Heightenergyco = -111.16 + 1349.13 * floorhei
R-Square = 0.04

Energy Consumption (GWh)Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

$
$

20000
$
$

$
$

10000

$

$
$
$ $
$
$
$$ $ $
$
$
$
$
$
$
$$$ $
$
$
$
$ $$$ $
$ $
$
$
$$
$
$
$ $$
$ $ $$$$ $$$$ $ $ $

$

$

$

$

0
3

4
5
Floor Height6

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Thailand Office Buildings
Normal Probability Plot

 If the data are from anormal distribution, theplotted values should fallroughly around the line.
 In this case, the plotsuggests that the data are
a normal distribution.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Thailand Office Buildings
9 The distribution is only
slightly skewed.
9 Hence, it is assumed
that the data are from anormal distribution.

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Thailand Office Buildings
Ogive Curve of Building Energy Efficiency of
Office Buildings in Thailand
Cumulative Percentage %Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
100

140

180

220

260

300

340

380

Building Energy Efficiency(kwh/year/sq m)

420

460 more

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Analyses of Vietnam’s Data

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Analyses of Vietnam’s Data
27 sets of building data have been submitted. This includes: 15 Hotels
 2 Entertainment Centres
 3 retails
 1 industrial 6 office buildings

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Vietnam Hotels
Energy Consumption vs. GFA

Energy Consumption vs. GFA(including carpark)(excluding carpark)

averagec = -1649.26 + 0.41 * gfaincp
R-Square = 0.90

averagec = -1523.11 + 0.43 * gfaexcp
R-Square = 0.93

$

20000
15000
10000

$
$

$

5000
0

$$$
$
$
$
$$$ $

$

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
GFA - including carpark (sq m)$

Ave Consumption (GWh)

Average Consumption (GWh)Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

20000
15000
10000

$
$

$

5000
0

$
$$
$$
$$$

$

0 10000 20000 30000 40000
GFA - excluding carpark (sq m)

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Data Properties: Vietnam Hotels
Energy Consumption vs.
Aircon Area

Energy Consumption vs.
Number of Occupants

averagec = -1087.62 + 0.44 * airconar
R-Square = 0.97

averagec = -1047.21 + 0.11 * aveoccu
R-Square = 0.90
$

20000
15000
10000

$
$$

5000
0

$ $ $$
$$$
$
$
$ $
$

0

$

10000 20000 30000 40000
Aircon Area (sq m)

Ave Consumption (GWh)$Ave Consumption (GWh)Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

20000
15000
10000

$
$

5000
$
$

0
0

$ $
$
$
$
$ $

50000 100000 150000 200000
Ave Number of OccupantsPROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Comparative Study
Combined Ogive Curves
120

Cumulative
Percentage %(Thailand)
Cumulative
Percentage %(Malaysia)
Cumulative
Percentage %

100
80
60
40
20

Building Energy Efficiency(kwh/year/sq m)

more

460

420

380

340

300

260

220

180

140

0
100

Cumulative Percentage(%)

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Comparative Study
Combined Ogive Curves
120
100
80
Cumulative Percentage %(Thailand)

60

Cumulative Percentage %(Malaysia)

40

Cumulative Percentage %(Singapore)20

Landlord (Singapore)

Building Energy Efficiency(kwh/year/sq m)

more

460

420

380

340

300

260

220

180

140

0
100

Cumulative Percentage (%)

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Project Status andAchievements• Phase 1 of the Energy Benchmarking project isabout 70% complete.
• After data verification and check, a first benchmarking
database can be launched at the Ministers’ Meetingfor industry use.
• It is interesting to note that the benchmarking curves
are indeed very close. This paves the way for wider
sharing of data and technologies.
• The project will be ready to launch its second phase,bringing all other potential members into the project.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Immediate Plan for Future Work•

Verify existing data selectively to ensure data integrity
and accuracy. Expand data collection and standardise definitionof terms, e.g. GFA etc.

•

Prepare internet web-based benchmarking centre.

•

Undertake selective detailed energy audits if resource
permits. This serves to strengthen benchmarking
applications.

4. Prepare for official launch of e-Benchmarking Centre and conduct
workshop on the use of the benchmarking system.
5. Launch second part of project to bring all members on board.
While existing members can strengthen the database andcommence work on other building types. There is also need to
procure additional resources to complete the project regionally.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

An Internet Web-based Energy
Benchmarking Centre for ASEAN
The Centre would serve the following objectives
and meeting industry’s needs:

What is Benchmarking? Tell me More!
To bring awareness to industry about benchmarking and its benefits.
What is the Standing of my Building?
To help set targets for the management of existing buildings, and set
energy management plan.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

An Internet Web-based Energy
Benchmarking Centre for ASEAN
The Centre would serve the following objectives
and meeting industry’s needs:
I want to Build a Winner. Where to start?
To help set design targets for new buildings in the allocation ofenergy budgets.
My ESCO say I can save. Is it true?
To provide quick estimate on energy saving potential.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

An Internet Web-based Energy
Benchmarking Centre for ASEAN
The Centre would serve the following objectives
and meeting industry’s needs:
Can I set up an account to trend and monitor my EE?
SURE.

Can the Centre help develop building codes and R&D?
Most definitely! This paves the way to energy labelingand incentive systems.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

PROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

Conclusion
In conclusion I would like to emphasise the importance of Energy
Benchmarking. It is the foundation stone of a national energy efficiency
drive. I hope all members here can participate in this activity.
Beyond whole building performance benchmarking, there are further
scope for system and facility benchmarking which will be equally
beneficial, and may be built upon current work.
Finally, I would like to thank Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam forsupporting this project and make the first phase of this project a great
success.
I would also like to gratefully acknowledge the support and contributionof ECCJ and METI of Japan for making the project team’s meetings andworkshops possible.

Centre for Total Building Performance, NUS

Dr. Lee Siew Eang

Thank YouPROMEEC Workshop on Energy Benchmarking

No part or a whole of the report shall be disclosed without priorconsent of the International Cooperation Center, NEDO.
Phone

044 (520) 5190

Fax

044 (520) 5193