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ASSERT YOURSELF!

Module Seven

How to Deal Assertively with Criticism
Criticism
Types of criticism
Why do we respond the way we do?
How do you respond to criticism?
Passive responses to criticism
Aggressive response to criticism
Assertive responses to criticism
Unhelpful beliefs about criticism
Responding Assertively to Criticism:
More helpful thinking about criticism
Dealing with constructive criticism
Dealing with destructive criticism
Additional tips for dealing with criticism
Giving Constructive Criticism
Module summary
About this module

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Criticism
All of us have been criticised at some point in our lives. Being able to accept criticism
assertively is one of the most important tasks we face on our journey to maturity. The
word criticism comes from an Ancient Greek word describing a person who offers
reasoned judgement or analysis, value judgement, interpretation or observation. So to
accept criticism maturely we need to be able to accept feedback in the form of analysis,
observation or interpretation from other people about our behaviour.

Types of Criticism
Criticism can be either constructive or destructive. Constructive criticism is designed toprovide genuine feedback in a helpful and non-threatening way in order that the person
being criticised may learn and grow in some way. The feedback is typically valid, that is, it isa true criticism. For example, “I really liked the way you wrote your report; I think it could
be even better if you focused more on improving your spelling”.

Destructive criticism is criticism that is either not valid or true or criticism that if valid isdelivered in an extremely unhelpful way. It is often given by someone without much thought
or can be designed to embarrass or hurt. For example, “This report is atrocious, yourspelling is appalling”.

Why do we respond the way we do?
How we accept criticism is largely based on our experiences with criticism as a child. If we
did not experience any criticism as a child then when we first experience it as an adult we
may be devastated. If we received very constructive criticism as a child we may cope wellwith criticism as an adult. If we were criticised harshly and punitively then we may see
criticism as hurtful and rejecting.
This latter case often occurs when our whole person was criticised rather than just our
behaviour. For example, if we made a mistake as a child and were told “you are stupid”, this
implied that it was us as a whole person who was stupid. The criticism feels like a rejection
and we can feel hopeless about how to change. On the other hand if we were told “that•forCentrelinical
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was a silly thing to do”, then our behaviour and us as a person, are seen as two separate
things. It is the behaviour that is stupid not us. Therefore, we have the power to change thatbehaviour.

How Do You Respond to Criticism?
How do you respond to criticism? Some of the common non-assertive ways of responding
to criticism are:• Becoming confused• Retaliating with anger and blame• Becoming defensive• Shutting down

• Acting silly• Withdrawing• Ignoring it and hurting inside• Running away

• Internalizing anger and stewing over it
Take a minute and think of the last time you were criticized. Now jot down the situationand how you reacted.
The Situation: _________________________________________________________How I reacted:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Now read the following descriptions and see if you can identify which one best describes
how you reacted.

Passive Responses to Criticism
If we are predominantly passive it can be difficult to respond well to criticism. We may justrun and hide and feel hurt and confused. We may tend to just agree with any criticism
whether it is valid or not. Then we reproach ourselves for it. For example, “Yes you’re right•forCentrelinical
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I am...., I’m useless, and I’ve got to stop”. We can tend to see a criticism of our behaviour asa rejection of ourselves. This type of response can lead to depression, anxiety and low self
esteem. We feel like the world is a critical place and we agree with all the criticisms!
Alternatively, we may laugh it off and criticize ourselves even more with the attitude “If I
criticize myself more and make it a joke then no-one will know I am hurt”. In the long run
this has the same effect as agreeing openly with the criticism.

Aggressive Responses to Criticism
If we tend to respond aggressively then we will tend to hear criticism as a personal attack.
Feeling attacked we will then become defensive and may go on the attack ourselves. For
example, “How dare you, I’m not late. You’re the one who is always late.” This type of
response can then lead to conflict and increased aggression, which in turn can lead todepression and low self esteem.

Assertive Responses to Criticism
When we respond assertively to criticism we can identify the difference between
constructive and destructive criticism and respond appropriately (see the skills below
describing how to respond to criticism assertively). We can see that criticism about our
behaviour is not necessarily saying anything about us as a person. We don’t get defensive,
angry, blaming, hurt or run away. We stay calm and accept the criticism without negative
emotions.

What Keeps us From Responding Assertively to Criticism? Unhelpful
Beliefs about Criticism
As with other unassertive behaviours there is often some unhelpful thinking underlying the
behaviour. Some of these are listed below:••

If I am criticised it means I am stupid.

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They criticised me, they mustn’t like me anymore.

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They are right, I did get it wrong, I can’t do anything right. I’m a failure.

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I can’t criticise them because then they won’t like me.

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How dare they tell me I’ve done something wrong. They have no right.

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They’re an idiot anyway. I’m not going to listen to them.

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If I criticize myself more and make it a joke then no-one will know I am hurt

Can you identify any other unhelpful thoughts that may stop you from responding to
criticism assertively? List them below.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Responding Assertively to Criticism: More Helpful Thinking
Here are some more helpful and assertive thoughts to challenge any unhelpful thoughts you
may have. Remember you can also use Thought Diaries and Behavioural Experiments (seeModule 3) to help you come up with more helpful and assertive thoughts.
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If there is something wrong with what I’ve done it doesn’t mean anything about
me as a person. I need to separate the behaviour from me.

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What can I learn from this criticism? Most criticism is probably based, at least inpart, on some truths. Criticism may appear negative. But, through criticism wehave the opportunity to learn and improve from their suggestions. Always ask
yourself “What can I learn?”•

I have the right to let someone know if their behaviour has hurt, irritated or
upset me.

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Giving direct feedback can be loving and helpful.

See if you can think of any other assertive thoughts about being criticised. If you identified
your own unhelpful thoughts see if you can identify more helpful thoughts to challengethese.
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Responding Assertively to Criticism: Dealing with Constructive
Criticism
We all need to be able to accept constructive criticism. Depending on the way the criticism
is presented to you, you can respond in a number of different ways.
1. Accept the criticism
If the criticism is valid then just accept it without expressing guilt or other negative
emotions. Accept that you are not perfect and that the only way we can learn is tomake mistakes, see what we need to change and move on. Thank the person for the
feedback if appropriate. See the criticism as a gift.
2. Negative assertion.
This technique involves not only accepting the criticism but openly agreeing with thecriticism. This is used when a true criticism is made to you. The skill involves calmly
agreeing with the criticism of your negative qualities, and not apologising or letting
yourself feel demolished. For example, someone may say:
Criticism: “Your desk is very messy. You are very disorganised”.
Response: “Yes, it’s true, I’m not very tidy”.
The key to using negative assertion is self confidence and a belief that you have theability to change yourself if you wish. By agreeing with and accepting criticism, if it isappropriate, you need not feel totally demolished. This type of response can also
diffuse situations. If someone aggressive is making the criticism they may expect you
to become defensive or aggressive back. By agreeing with them the tension in thesituation is diffused.
Another way of using negative assertion is to own up to your mistakes before they
are pointed out. For example, if you arrive late say: “Hi, I’m late.”•forCentrelinical
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3. Negative inquiry.
Negative inquiry consists of requesting further, more specific criticism. If someone
criticises you but you are not sure if the criticism is valid or constructive you ask formore details. For example:
Criticism: “You’ll find that difficult won’t you, because you are shy?”
Reply: “In what ways do you think I’m shy?”
If the criticism is constructive, that information can be used constructively and thegeneral channel of communication will be improved. If the criticism is manipulative ordestructive then the critic will be put on the spot.

Responding Assertively to Criticism: Dealing with Destructive
Criticism
Unfortunately we are all going to encounter destructive criticism at some point in our lives.
This can be more difficult to deal with than constructive criticism. If we practice thetechniques below, we can become skilled at dealing with these difficult situations. As with all
skills remember it will take practice and some time to feel confident using these skills. You
will notice that some of the skills are the same as for dealing with constructive criticism.
1. Disagree with criticism
The first technique for dealing with destructive criticism is simply to disagree with it.
It is important that you remain calm and watch your non-verbal behaviours including
tone of voice as you do this as it is easy to become aggressive or passive whendisagreeing. Keep your voice calm, your eye contact good. For example:
Criticism: “You’re always late”.
Response: “No, I’m not always late. I may be late occasionally, but I’m certainly notalways late”.

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2. Negative Enquiry.
As described above, if someone makes a comment you may not be sure if it isconstructive or destructive criticism. We need to check what is meant. If thecriticism is destructive then we can either disagree with it as above, or we can use
one of the defusion techniques described below.
3. Fogging aka Clouding aka Defusion.
The three names above all refer to the same techniques. The idea behind thetechniques is to defuse a potentially aggressive or difficult situation. You can use thisstyle when a criticism is neither constructive nor accurate. The tendency for mostpeople when presented with destructive criticism is either to be passive and crumble
or be aggressive and fight back. Neither of these are good solutions.
Essentially what the techniques do is find some way of agreeing with a small part ofwhat an antagonist is saying. By staying calm and refusing to be provoked or upset by
the criticism you remove its destructive power.
There are 3 types of defusion: you cana) agree in part,b) agree in probability orc) agree in principle.
a) Agreeing in part.
In this technique you find just one accurate part of what the critic is saying and agreewith that.
Example 1:
Criticism: “You’re not reliable. You forgot to pick up the kids, you let the bills pile up until
we could lose the roof over our head, and I can’t ever count on you to be there when I needyou.”
Response: “You’re certainly right that I did forget to pick up the kids last week after theirswimming lesson.”•forCentrelinical
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Example 2:
Criticism:“You haven’t got a job, you’re completely unproductive.”
Response: “Yes, it’s true, I don’t have a job”.

b) Agreeing in probability.
With this technique you can still say something may be possible even though you
really think the chances are likely to be a million to one. So you agree inprobability.
Example:Criticism: “If you don’t floss your teeth, you’ll get gum disease and be sorry for the restof your life.”
Response: “You’re right I may get gum disease.”c) Agreeing in principle.
In this technique you acknowledge the person’s logic without agreeing with what
they say.
Example:Criticism: “That’s the wrong tool for that job. A chisel like that will slip and mess up
the wood. You ought to have a gouge instead.”
Response: “You’re right; if the chisel slips it will really mess up the wood”.

Additional tips to remember when being criticised:
1. Respond to the words not the tone of the criticism.
It is important when you are being criticized to separate the suggestions in the criticism
from the way that they are being spoken to you. Often when people are giving criticism they
can come across as confrontational, even aggressive. This may mean that we dismiss what
they are saying despite the fact that the criticism may be a useful one. We need to practice•forCentrelinical
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separating the criticism from the style of criticism. Even if people speak in an angry manner,
we should try to detach their emotion from the useful suggestions which lie underneath.
2. Don’t Respond Immediately
It is best to wait a little before responding. If we respond with feelings of anger or injured
pride we will soon regret it. If we wait patiently it can enable us to reflect in a calmer way.
3. When Feeling Criticised
1. Stop - Don’t react until you are sure what is going on.
2. Question – have you really been criticised? Are you mind-reading?
3. Check if you need to by asking the other person. For example, you can say:“What did you mean by that?”
4. Once you have worked out if it is really a criticism, decide if it is valid or not andrespond using one of the techniques above.

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Giving Constructive Criticism
So far we have talked about skills to deal with receiving criticism. There are also skills tolearn when giving criticism so that the person is more receptive to what you are saying. You
have a right to request a change in someone’s behaviour if it hurts, upsets or irritates you insome way. Remember that requesting change doesn’t mean that the person will change.
However, if you push your resentment down and don’t express it, it could cause further
problems with the relationship.
Giving direct feedback to others about their behaviour can be both loving and helpful. This
feedback can be negative or positive. It shows you value the other person and yourrelationship with them.
Try and follow the guidelines below when giving constructive criticism.
1. Time and place. Make sure you choose a good time and place. If you are giving
constructive criticism about something that has led to you having a strong emotional
reaction wait until you are away from the situation that is bothering you and havecalmed down before criticising. Don’t wait until the next time the situation occurs to
confront the behaviour.
2. Describe the behaviour you are criticising rather than labelling the person. For
example: “You made a mistake in the report” rather than: “What are you, an idiot?”
3. Describe your feelings (using “I” statements) without blaming the other person. For
example: “I feel angry when...” rather than: “You make me angry”.
4. Ask for a specific change. If you just make a complaint without giving alternative
suggestions you don’t give the person any help in knowing how to change thebehaviour. For example rather than saying: “I can’t stand your loud music” you mightsay: “I find the loud music really disturbing could you please turn it down after
8.00pm?”5. Specify both the positive consequences if the person does meet your request forchange and negative consequences if they don’t make the changes.
6. Be realistic in the changes you are suggesting and the consequences if they do not.
Do not make empty threats. For example you wouldn’t say: “I will kill you if you
don’t turn the music down”.

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7. Ask the other person how they feel about what you have just said. Being assertive isabout having an equal interaction. Be careful this doesn’t end us as an exchange ofcriticisms.
8. Try and end on a positive note. If appropriate add a positive statement of yourfeelings towards the other person.

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Module summary•

We all get criticised. Learning to accept constructive criticism is an important skill.
Criticism can be constructive or destructive.

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How we respond to criticism can be influenced by the type of criticism we received
as a child.

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As with other unassertive behaviour how we think about being criticised can lead us
to respond in a passive or aggressive way. We can change this thinking to more
assertive thinking.

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Skills for dealing with constructive criticism include accepting the criticism, negative
assertion and negative inquiry.

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Skills for dealing with destructive criticism include disagreeing with the criticism,
negative inquiry and fogging (also called clouding or defusion)•

Additional tips include paying attention to the words not the tone of the criticism
and not responding straight away.

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When giving constructive criticism it is important to pick an appropriate time andplace, criticise the behaviour and not the person, be specific about what you want tochange and how you want it to change, and end on a positive note.

Comingup:•

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The next module introduces how
to deal with disappointment
assertively
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ABOUT THIS MODULE
CONTRIBUTORSFiona Michel (MPsych1 PhD2).
Centre for Clinical Interventions

Dr Anthea Fursland (PhD2)Centre for Clinical Interventions

Master of Psychology (Clinical Psychology) 2Doctor of Philosophy (Clinical Psychology)

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We would also like to thank Paula Nathan for her contribution to these modules

BACKGROUND
The concepts and strategies in the modules have been developed from evidence based psychologicalpractice, primarily Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT). CBT is a type of psychotherapy that is basedon the theory that unhelpful negative emotions and behaviours are strongly influenced byproblematic cognitions (thoughts). This can be found in the following:
Beck, A.T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New
York:Guildford.
Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461-470.
Clark, D. M. & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz,
D.A.

REFERENCES
These are some of the professional references used to create this module:
Alberti, R. & Emmons, M. (1974). Your Perfect Right. Impact, San Luis Obispo, California.
Back, R & Back, K. (1986). Assertiveness at Work – A Practical guide to Handling Awkward Situations.
McGraw Hill, London.
Davis, M., Eshelman, E.R. & McKay, M. (2000). The Relaxation and Stress Reduction Workbook, Fourth
Edition. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications
Gambrill, E.D. & Richey, L.A. (1975). An assertion inventory for use in assessment and research.
Behavior Therapy, 6, 550-561.
Holland, S. & Ward, C. (1980). Assertiveness: A Practical Approach. Winslow Press, Bicester.
Linehan, M. (1979). Structured cognitive-behavioural treatment of assertion problems. In Kendall &Hollon, Cognitive Behavioural Interventions (pp205-240). Academic Press.
McKay, M & Fanning, P. (1995). Self esteem, third edition. St Martin’s Paperbacks, California.
Powell, T. (2000). The Mental Health Handbook (revised edition). Speechmark Publishing, Wesleyan
University Press.
Smith, M.J. (1975). When I Say No I Feel Guilty. Dial, New York.
Wolpe, J. (1973). The Practice of Behavior Therapy. Pergamon Press, New York.

“ASSERT YOURSELF”
This module forms part of:Michel, F. (2008). Assert Yourself. Perth, Western Australia: Centre for Clinical Interventions.
ISBN: 0-9757995-5-X•

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Created: November, 2008

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