Self-Esteem
ImprovingSelf-Esteem
Improving

Improving Self-Esteem
Module 1

What Is Low Self-Esteem

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Introduction

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What is Self-Esteem

2What is Low Self-Esteem

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Impact of Low Self-Esteem

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The Problem of Low Self-Esteem

4What You Can Expect from this Information Package

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Module Summary

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About This Module

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Introduction
Everyone, at some point or another, is uncertain about themselves, lacks self-confidence, doubts theirabilities, or thinks negatively of themselves. However, if you think that you might have problems with lowself-esteem, or are not sure if you have this problem but want to find out, then this information package
might be helpful to you. In this module, we will discuss what low self-esteem is and what kind of impact
low self-esteem might have on a person and their life.

What is Self-Esteem
Before we talk about what low self-esteem is, let’s start with understanding the term “selfesteem.” You might have heard and seen similar words like “self-image,” “selfperception,” and “self-concept.” All these terms refer to the way we view and think aboutourselves. As human beings, we have the ability to not only be aware of ourselves but also
to place a value or a measure of worth to ourselves or aspects of ourselves. So, selfesteem usually refers to how we view and think about ourselves and the value that weplace on ourselves as a person. Having the human capacity to judge and place value to something is where
we might run into problems with self-esteem.
Before we go further, take a few minutes to write a short description of yourself.

How did you describe yourself? What words did you use? Is your description of yourself generally
positive, balanced, or negative? What value did you place on yourself or aspects of yourself? Is that value
positive, balanced, or negative?

What is Low Self-Esteem
Have you ever been dissatisfied or unhappy with yourself on the whole? Do you ever think that you are
weak, stupid, not good enough, flawed in some way, inferior to other people, useless, worthless,unattractive, ugly, unlovable, a loser, or a failure? Everyone uses these words on themselves at times,
usually when they experience a challenging or stressful situation. However, if you often think about
yourself in these terms, then you might have a problem with low self-esteem.
Low self-esteem is having a generally negative overall opinion of oneself, judging or evaluating
oneself negatively, and placing a general negative value on oneself as a person.
Here are some examples of what people with low self-esteem might say about themselves:“I get nervous talking to people I don’t know at parties. I’m socially inept and I hate it!”
“I couldn’t understand a lot of what the instructor was saying today. I must be really stupid.”“I’m overweight. I am so fat and ugly.” “I’m unimportant.” “I’m a loser.” “I’m unlovable.”“I’m not good enough.”forCentrelinical
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In essence, people with low self-esteem usually have deep-seated, basic, negative beliefs about themselves
and the kind of person they are. These beliefs are often taken as facts or truths about their identity. As aresult, low self-esteem can have a negative impact on a person and their life.
Based on what has been described about low self-esteem, do you think you are experiencing this problem?
Have you often had negative thoughts about yourself but had not included them in the previous descriptionof yourself? Perhaps you might like to jot them down now.

Impact of Low Self-Esteem
Low self-esteem can have an effect on various aspects of a person. A person with low self-esteem probably
says a lot of negative things about themselves. They might criticise themselves, their actions, and abilities
or joke about themselves in a very negative way. They might put themselves down, doubt themselves, orblame themselves when things go wrong. Often, they might not recognise their positive qualities. Whencompliments are given to them, they might brush such comments aside or say that “it was all luck” or “itwasn’t that big a deal.” Instead, they might focus on what they didn’t do or the mistakes they made.
People with low self-esteem might expect that things would not turn out well for them. They might often
feel sad, depressed, anxious, guilty, ashamed, frustrated, and angry. They might have difficulty speaking up
for themselves and their needs, avoid challenges and opportunities, or be overly aggressive in theirinteractions with others.
Low self-esteem can also have an impact on many aspects of a person’s life. It can affect a person’s
performance at work or at school. They might consistently achieve less than they are able to because theybelieve they are less capable than others. They might avoid challenges for fear of not doing well. They
might work extremely hard and push themselves to do more because they believe they need to make up
for, or cover up, their lack of skill. People with low self-esteem might find it hard to believe any goodresults they get are due to their own abilities or positive qualities.
In their personal relationships, people with low self-esteem might become upset ordistressed by any criticism or disapproval, bend over backwards to please others, beextremely shy or self-consciousness or even avoid or withdraw from intimacy orsocial contact. They might also be less likely to stand up for themselves or protect
themselves from being bullied, criticised, or abused by their partners or family
members.
People with low self-esteem might not engage in many leisure or recreational activities, as they might
believe that they do not deserve any pleasure or fun. They might also avoid activities where they could be
judged or evaluated in some way, such as competitive sports, dancing, art/craft classes or participating in
any type of competition or exhibition.
Personal self-care might also be affected. People who do not value themselves might drink excessive
amounts of alcohol or abuse drugs. They might not bother to dress neatly, wear clean clothes, style their
hair or buy new clothes. On the other hand, they might try to hide any inadequacies by making sure thatevery detail of their appearance is attended to and not allow themselves to be seen by others unless theylook absolutely perfect.
forCentrelinical
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Self-Esteem
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has affected your life.

The Problem of Low Self-Esteem
Low self-esteem can be part of a current problem. If you’re experiencing clinical depression, low self-esteem
can be a by-product of your depressed mood. Having a negative view of oneself is a symptom ofdepression. So is feeling very guilty and worthless almost all the time. Here are some other symptoms ofdepression:
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•••
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•
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Feeling consistently sad, down, depressed, or empty
Reduced pleasure in activities previously enjoyed or lack of interest in most things
Increased or reduced appetite
Sleep difficulties (inability to sleep, sleeping more than usual, waking up in the middle of the night andunable to return to sleep)
Feeling tired and without energy
Being fidgeting and restless or slowed down compared to your usual speed of doing things (this isobserved by others)
Having difficulties concentrating or making decisions
Having thoughts that you might be better off dead or thinking about hurting yourself

If you have experienced 5 of these symptoms, which include low mood or loss of pleasure or interest, andthey are present on most days for the past 2 weeks or more, then it is possible that you are clinicallydepressed. We encourage you to seek help from your doctor or a mental health professional and gettreatment. There are many effective treatments available for depression and the research has shown thatwhen depression has been treated successfully, low self-esteem is no longer a problem.
Have you been depressed lately? Have you experienced any of those symptoms described above? If so,take note of those that have affected you most significantly.

Low self-esteem can be a result of other problems. Low self-esteem can sometimes be a result of current
difficult and stressful life circumstances such as prolonged financial hardship, persistent illness, an accident
that has caused some kind of impairment, chronic pain, relationship difficulties, or a problem situation thatis difficult to solve. Sometimes when a problem is experienced over an extended period of time, one canbecome discouraged and demoralised. Self-confidence can be undermined and low self-esteem candevelop. Experiencing other psychological problems such as panic attacks, chronic worrying, or social
phobia can also chip away at a person’s self-esteem.
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What are your personal circumstances like at the moment? What sorts of difficulties might you be
experiencing now? How long have these been going on for? Take a few minutes to jot these down.

Low self-esteem can be a problem in itself and be a risk factor for other problems. Sometimes low self-esteem
can be a problem in and of itself because it puts the person at risk for experiencing other problems such asdepression, having persistent suicidal thoughts, eating disorders, and social phobia. You may recognise thatwhile things might be okay at the moment and you don’t feel very depressed or anxious, or experienceother difficulties, things might not have been that well in the past. If your mood often fluctuates dependingon your circumstances or you have experienced depression in the past, and you recognise that you might
have low self-esteem, then this could put you at risk of experiencing depression again. We call this a‘vulnerability factor.’ Low self-esteem as a vulnerability factor is like something that is hiding in thebackground that could jump out and bite you when you least expect it.
Have you had problems with depression, anxiety, or any other mental health problems in the past? Do you
think low self-esteem might put you at risk for any other problems in the future?

What You Can Expect From This Information Package
Whether you are experiencing low self-esteem as a result of other problems or as a problem in itself, thisinformation package can begin to help you address this. Whether you are getting treatment for a clinicalproblem, learning strategies to manage your mood, or are wanting to tackle this problem of low selfesteem, this information package can be useful to you.
We have begun with discussing what low self-esteem is and what impact it can have on one’s life. In thenext two modules, we will explore and discuss how low self-esteem develops and what keeps it going. The
modules after these will focus on addressing the problem of low self-esteem.
When using self-help materials, some people might skip sections or complete things in a different order.
The modules in this information package have been designed to be completed in the order they appear.
We recommend that you work through the modules in sequence, finishing each module before moving onto the next one in the series. We believe that by doing this, you will maximise the benefits you might
receive from working through this information package.
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The following are the modules that make up this information package:
Module 1:
Module 2:
Module 3:
Module 4:
Module 5:
Module 6:
Module 7:
Module 8:
Module 9:

What is Low Self-Esteem
How Low Self-Esteem Develops
How Low Self-Esteem is Maintained
Biased Expectations
Negative Self-Evaluations
Accepting Yourself
Adjusting Rules & Assumptions
Developing Balanced Core Beliefs
Healthy Self-Esteem

We believe that this information package will be beneficial for anyone who would like to address any
difficulties they might have with low self-esteem. We encourage you to take this journey through all ourmodules, where our aim is that you will come away with a balanced and healthy view of yourself and takeon new opportunities and challenges with an open mind. You might find that it gets a little tough at times,
but we encourage you to stay with it, keep on working through these modules, and you will reap thebenefit when you stay through to the end. See you at the next module!

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Module Summary•

Self-esteem refers to how we view and think about ourselves, and the value that we place on ourselves
as a person•

Low self-esteem is having a generally negative overall opinion of oneself, judging or evaluating oneself
negatively, and placing a general negative value on oneself as a person•

These deep-seated, basic, negative beliefs about oneself are often taken as facts or truths about who
they are as a person•

Low self-esteem can have a negative impact on a person (eg., self-criticism and high distress) and anegative impact on their life (eg., work, relationships, recreation time, self-care)•

Low self-esteem can be part of a current problem, a result of other problems, or a problem in itselfand risk factor for other problems•Completing the following modules in order will help you to tackle low self-esteem:
Module 1:
Module 2:
Module 3:
Module 4:
Module 5:
Module 6:
Module 7:
Module 8:
Module 9:

What is Low Self-Esteem
How Low Self-Esteem Develops
How Low Self-Esteem is Maintained
Biased Expectations
Negative Self-Evaluations
Accepting Yourself
Adjusting Rules & Assumptions
Developing Balanced Core Beliefs
Healthy Self-Esteem

Coming up next …
In the next module, you will explore
and learn more about how low selfesteem develops.

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About This Module
CONTRIBUTORS

Dr. Louella Lim (DPsych1)
Centre for Clinical Interventions
Dr. Lisa Saulsman (MPsych2, PhD3)
Centre for Clinical Interventions
1

Doctor of Psychology (Clinical)

2

Paula Nathan (MPsych2)
Director, Centre for Clinical Interventions
Adjunct Senior Lecturer, School of Psychiatry and Clinical
Neuroscience, The University of Western Australia

Master of Psychology (Clinical Psychology)3

Doctor of Philosophy (Clinical Psychology)

BACKGROUND

The concepts and strategies in the modules have been developed from evidence based psychologicalpractice, primarily Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT). CBT is a type of psychotherapy that is based on
the theory that unhelpful negative emotions and behaviours are strongly influenced by problematic
cognitions (thoughts). This can be found in the following:
Beck, A.T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York:
Guildford.
Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461-470.
Clark, D. M. & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D.A.
Hope and F.R. Schneier (Eds), Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment. New York:
Guidlford.
REFERENCES

These are some of the professional references used to create the modules in this information package.
Fennell, M. (1998). Low Self-Esteem. In N. Tarrier, A. Wells and G. Haddock (Eds), Treating Complex Cases:
The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Approach. London: John Wiley & Sons.
Fennell, M. (2001). Overcoming Low Self-Esteem. New York: New York University Press.
Fennell , M. & Jenkins, H. (2004). Low Self-Esteem. In J. Bennett-Levy, G. Butler, M. Fennell et al (Eds),
Oxford Guide to Behavioural Experiments in Cognitive Therapy. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCESBurns, D. (1993). Ten Days to Self-Esteem. New York: Quill William Morrow.
Dryden, W. (2003). Managing Low Self-Esteem. London: Whurr Publishers.
Field, L. (1995). The Self-Esteem Workbook. An Interactive Approach to Changing Your Life. Brisbane: Element
Books Limited.
McKay, M. & Fanning, P. (1987). Self-Esteem. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications.
“IMPROVING SELF-ESTEEM”

This module forms part of:Lim, L., Saulsman, L., & Nathan, P. (2005). Improving Self-Esteem. Perth, Western Australia: Centre forClinical Interventions.
ISBN: 0-9757995-0-9

forCentrelinical
C Interventions• Psychotherapy • Research • Training

Created: July 2005

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