Japan-UK joint LCS Third workshop on February 13-15 2008, Tokyo, Japan

Vision and Pathway towards
Low carbon society in Malaysia(IDR)

HO CHIN SIONG
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Contents
1.

Background- Current trend and policies

2.

Future scenarios towards Low-Carbon Society (2025)-Driving forces, key options and Road maps

3.
4.

Barriers and necessary actions to realize LCS
Conclusions – Policy recommendation/ Case study onPlanning toward low carbon cities

-BACKGROUNDMALAYSIA and ASEAN’s COUNTRIES-BACKGROUNDCO2 emission per capita
by country, 2002High income
average

Malaysia
6.2 tons
WorldAverage
Low income
average

Source:World Bank, 2004

-BACKGROUNDFinal commercial energy demandby sector in Malaysia
SourcesPeta Joules (PJ)

Percentage of the total

2000

2005

2010

2000

2005

2010

Growthrate(p.a.)

Industrial1

477.6

630.7

859.9

38.4%

38.6%

38.8%

6.4%

Transport

505.5

661.3

911.7

40.6%

40.5%

41.1%

6.6%

Resident/commercial

162.0

213

284.9

13.0%

13.1%

12.8%

6.0%

Non energy

94.2

118.7

144.7

7.6%

7.3%

6.5%

4.0%

Agriculture/Forestry

4.4

8.0

16.70.4%

0.5%

0.8%

15.9%

1,243.7

1,631.7

2,217.9

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

6.3%

Total

Source: Ministry of Energy, water and communication andEPU Malaysia, - Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006

- BACKGROUNDCurrent trend and policies- CO2 emission

M illio n m e tr ic to n s o f C O 2

Carbon dioxide emissions
160
140
120
10080
60
40
200Year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Year 1995-2002

2000

2001

2002

- BACKGROUND CO2 emissions in Malaysia, Asia and the World( 2000)
Comparison
CO2 emissions

MalaysiaAsia

WorldTotal 2000 (mil. toe)

123.6

7,837.0

23,895.7% change since 1990

120.3%

35.1%

12.7%

5.4

2.2

3.9

Per capita (2000)
Cumulative CO2emissions (million metrictons)

Fossil Fuels & cement

1,714

175,087

781,501

From land use change

20,654

163,621315, 122

CO2 emission by sector(as % of total emission)

Transportation

26.2%

13.3%

24.1%

Industry & Construction

23.1%

24.7%

18.5%

Electricity

25.5%

40.1%

38.3%

Source: WRI, 2007

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES• Pollution of environment.
• Conservation of flora and fauna in balance within it’s natural
habitat.
• Lack of society awareness towards environmental health andcleanliness.
• Limited natural resources for future generation.
•Exploration of new opportunities and fields or renewed withadded value which contributes to socio-economicaldevelopment.

• Enhancement of Malaysian role internationally regarding
natural resources and environment.

- BACKGROUND Current Policies on CO2 reduction efforts in Malaysia


Most of the developing countries would consider economic development
before handling environmental issues. But not completely neglecting theenvironmental and global warming issues.In the case of Malaysia, emphasis
was placed on improving environmental quality through better management inmajor areas of concern i.e. air, water quality, solid waste management andutilization of cleaner technologies.

In the National Environmental Policy adopted in 2002, strategies towards
sustainable development were highlighted. However, a comprehensive low
carbon emission policy and carbon reduction target are NOT mentioned
officially.

In the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010), policy strategies were outlined toincrease energy efficiency and promotion of the use of renewable energy.

National biofuel policy aimed at reducing dependence on depleting fossil fuel,promoting demand for palm oil as stabilizing its price at remunerative level.

NATIONAL BIOFUEL POLICY-5 STRATEGIC THRUSTS-

-BACKGROUND –INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK RELATED TO ENERGY PLANNING•

Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment (NRE)– NRE was established in 27 March 2004 Combination of departmentsfrom 4 Ministries resulting the NRE’s areas of responsibilities.
– The ministries are:
• Ministry of Land and Co-operative Development (KTPK);• Ministry of Science Technology and Environment (KSTAS);• Ministry of Primary Industries (KPU); and• Ministry of Agriculture (KP)

•Energy Commission – Malaysia– The Energy Commission is the regulator for the electricity and gas
supply industry. At the time it was created its key role was theregulation of the energy industry based on the powers provided for in
the Energy Commission Act (2001) and the other related Acts .
– The Energy Commission is also charged with overseeing the new
regulatory framework for the industries of energy activities.

ASEAN CHARTER – 13Th summit -2007•2 Environmental declarations– Asean declarations on the environment sustainability• Committing Asean to environmentally sound practices– Declaration on climate change• reflecting the stance Asean take at UN climate change
meeting in Bali in December 2007
• Should avoid a gap between binding greenhouse gas
emissions reductions that are now in place and thenew ones that will kick in Post Kyoto.
– Asean leaders agreed to intensify cooperation on joint
research, development and deployment of low emission
technologies but acknowledged that fossil fuel wouldcontinue to play major role in the region’s energy mix.

Asean declarations on the environment sustainability
related to low carbon society roadmap• Nuclear power to be used alongside other alternative energy
sources, like solar, hydro, wind, tide, biomass, biofuels, andgeothermal energy.
• Environmental pollution like annual haze should be tackled bymeasures to improve country’s capacity to cope public awareness,law enforcement and combating illegal logging and its trade..
• Get developed countries to give financial resources andtechnology transfer and capacity building in accordance with theUN agreements on climate change and energy security should notgive rise to more trade and investment barriers.

Asean declarations on the environment sustainability• Works towards an effective, fair, flexible and comprehensive
agreement on climate change to replace present Kyoto protocol
which expires in 2012.
• Developed countries should continue taking the lead in
substantially reducing their emissions given their historicalresponsibility, economic strength and capabilities.
• Promote clean development mechanism (CDM) under Kyoto
Protocol which encourages developed countries to support ‘green’projects in developing countries to make up for pollution in theirown areas.
• Encourage innovative green financing to stimulate investment inclimate friendly technology and development.

3.0 Future scenarios towards Low-Carbon Society
IN Malaysia (2050)
High growth industrialized nation scenario 2050
– Economic and industry– Population– Housing– Infrastructure

(a) High growth industrialized nation
scenario 2050 - Economy and Industry
Structure change from agro base to value added manufacturing
then finally k economy driven by high value added industry in ITand bio technology.
2000- 2020
Heavy industry- car/ motor //Bio-technology industry /medium
labour intensive /Medium IT and high tech industry (OSS)
2020-2050
Hi tech industry development/ K economy based – IT based
Less labor intensive/ Multi media Super corridor and cyber cities
fully implemented.
High tech and technopolis development

(b) High growth industrialized nation
scenario 2050 - Population• Total Population of about 56 million.
• Increase in population growth from 2.6%p.a.to 3%p.a(international migration esp skilled and experts) attracted to job
opportunities due to high economic growth.
• Household size drop from 4.6 to 4.0 per household• Smaller family size due to lower birth rate
• Lower mortality due better health facility• Lower fertility due to late marriage and working female.
• Longer life expectancy.

(c) High growth industrialized nation
scenario 2050 - Land use• Rapid urbanization due to industrialization (62% (2000) to 80%(2050)• Decrease in Forest area from 63% to 40% because ofcontinuing rapid urbanization and Agriculture farming.
• Conurbation pattern of urbanization - (National Physical Plan)• Promote Mixed and compact city (National urbanization Policy)

(d) High growth industrialized nation scenario 2050-Infrastructure• Increase penetration of internet/Piped gas ( from 5% to50%)• Increase public transport - High speed Rail system/Increase
rail rider ship/ Increase MRT and LRT in major cities withsupporting feeder bus services.
• Improve waste disposal - Incinerator usage in major
conurbation area.
• Improve energy efficiency - Use of energy saving device andCHPScenarios towards low carbon society 2050
Kaya Identity

TOTAL
AMOUNT

CO2 emissions * Pop *Per capita
activity

Energyintensity

Carbonintensity

Activity

Energy*Activity

CO2*

Pop*

Pop
Changerate

Change Changeraterate

integralActivity

total

CO2 emissions * Pop *

chang
rate

differential

CHANGE
RATE& SPEED

EnergyEnergy*Activity

CO2Energy

Changerate

Changerate

Key options to reduce GHG emissions• Population – Not feasible• Reduce per capita intensity- Through Education.
• Reduce energy intensity – Energy efficiency technology,
urban planning and transportation planning.
• Reduce carbon intensity – Alternative source of energy

Possible combinations of countermeasures• Immediate– CDM support– Green action to crack down on illegal logging as well as to increase
forest cover to trap greenhouse gas carbon dioxide• Long term - CREATION OF LOW CARBON CITIES / REGION– Transportation sector• Service share and efficiency in passengers and goods transportation(modal share and trip distance) is influenced by compact city, TOD
development and pro public transport policy local government– Industrial sector• Service share and efficiency in industrial sector– Residential and commercial sector• Service share and efficiency in residential sector is influenced by energy
efficient technology, alternative energy source, ecology education andelectronics and digital lifestyle.

– Carbon sink
• Heart of Borneo project which covers a total of 220,000 sq km forest inBrunei, Indonesia and Malaysia.
• To tackle peat land fires and develop sustainable land clearing

Roadmap to achieve LCS• Mitigation measures.
• Pragmatic and cost effective ways of reducing greenhouse gases
emissions such as– greater use of public transport– protecting the carbon sinks such as forest and peat/ wetland– Cut wastage or use of 3R ( reuse, reduce and recycle).
• Major investment in R &D in green technology and energy efficienttechnology / engines.
• Designing and building more energy efficient cities or eco villages (planning of low carbon cities and region)

Developing Low carbon cities and region
 Planning for low carbon cities/region involves
creation of low carbon society by promoting low
carbon emission, particularly CO2.
 Reducing CO2 concentration can be done throughland use change and promote lesser dependence
on fossil fuel use.
 Urban planning through land use planning anddevelopment control can play vital role in
implementing the concept of low carbon cities/region.

4.0 Barriers and necessary actions to realize LCS
Barriers• Importance of economic growth and improving the lives of the people
and all these required economic growth and resources which means
continued dependence on energy, in particular on fossil fuel.
• Malaysia as a newly developing nation is presently undergoing a rapid
industrialization process and have investment in manufacturing,
infrastructure development and hence have high demand for energy
consumption.

Necessary actions• Government intervention – LCS measures and Spatial policies• Subsidies – PPP/ taxation• Clean Technologies

5.0 Policy recommendation
Holistic policy at national and regional levels
Reduce per capita activity
Education - Establishment of recycling system

Reduce energy intensity
Urban transportation policy Transit development
Low energy building
Urban planning policy at National Physical plan and Local plan –promoting Brownfield development
Reduce Carbon intensity
At National energy supply policy promote the use of alternative fuel(bio-fuel)At National Forest Conservation Policy and agricultural policy to prevent
deforestation and promote reforestation to increase carbon sink

• Collaboration with experts from develop nation to transfer technology on
efficient energy planning.

Case study
Iskandar Development Region
2,216 km2
Population 1,353,200

IskandarDevelopmentRegion

ISKANDAR DEVELOPEMENT REGION
Geographical facts:
Local Authorities:
 Area – 2,217 sq km@ 547,821 acres

 Majlis Bandaraya

Johor Bahru
 2.5 times size of Singapore
 Majlis Perbandaran 48 times size of Putrajaya
 Population - 1.4 Million

Johor Bahru Tengah Majlis PerbandaranKulai
 Pihak Berkuasa

Tempatan Pasir GudangRationale
 Integrated logistical and urban system

 Area of national strategic importance Coincides with existing districts
and mukim boundary Strategically located at the epicenter of Asia
Pacific region’s China-India-ASEAN growth nexus

 Major conservation area, majorcommitted and proposed projects

 One economic space with Singapore and Batam

IDR Flagship Zones
Nusajaya
JB City Centre
Senai-Skudai
East Gate
Development

Western Gate
Development

IDR development policies related to low carbon cities
Energy efficient buildings and sustainable neighborhood design
 Green building rating
 Creating healthier and more resource-efficient models ofconstruction, renovation, operation, maintenance anddemolition
 Neighborhood with self-contained facilities to reduce theuse of private vehicles
Sustainable land use and transportation
 Mixed land use, public transport, compact citydevelopment
 Transit Planning Zones within 400m radius of rail stations
Natural and green environment
 150,000 ha. of natural and green environment

SOUTH JOHOR ECONOMIC REGION
Physical Development Strategies
DS 1 – Ensure balance development within the SJER by reaffirming distribution
and enhancing efficiency by focusing development in certain corridors and nodes.

SOUTH JOHOR ECONOMIC REGION
Physical Development Strategies
DS 2 – Protect and conserve natural, historic andopen space resources to improve the quality of life.

DS 3 – Focus development in areas where existing
and adequate infrastructure exists.

SOUTH JOHOR ECONOMIC REGION
Physical Development Strategies
DS 4 – Promote in-fill and redevelopment in existing
communities, including brownfield sites.

DS 5 – Enhance accessibility by improving Regional
and East-West linkages as well as provide
alternative modes of public transportation.

SOUTH JOHOR ECONOMIC REGION
Physical Development Strategies
DS 8 – Manage Regional Growth Especially in thePeriphery Areas of SJER

DS 9 – Plan for innovative and sustainableinfrastructure and utilities.

Conclusion
Scenarios towards low carbon cities/region 2050
For a fast growing nation with rapid urbanization such as
Malaysia, implementation of planning of low carbon cities/
region concept can be an effective policy strategy to achieve
the Vision and Path way towards LCS.
Reduce Energy intensity
Low energy building
Establishment of recycling system
Transit development
Brownfield development

Reduce Carbon intensity
Use of alternative fuel (bio-fuel)Prevent deforestation and promote carbon sink