Getting Ready toChange the World— NEW CHALLENGES, NEW OPPORTUNITIES —グローバル時代を生き抜く変革への視点

François de Soete著者紹介
Dr. François de Soete（政治学博士）
アリゾナ州立大学にて歴史学および政治学の2つの学士号を最優秀で修めたのち、ブリティッシュ・コロンビア大学大学院にて政治学の修士号と博士号を取得。日本および北米の大学で政治哲学や国際関係論の授業を担当し、学術論文の執筆や国際学会における発表を行ってきた。本書は、『民主主義の歩みと現代国家』（2012年）、『現代世界を理解するための視点』（2014年）、『グローバル社会を読み解く新たな視点』（2017年）に続く成美堂からの4冊目の教科書。

About the Author
Dr. François de Soete graduated summa cum laude from Arizona State University, where hereceived a B.A. in political science and a B.A. in history. He then pursued his graduate studies
at the University of British Columbia, where he earned an M.A. and a Ph.D. in political science.
He has taught university courses on political philosophy and international relations in Japan
and North America, and has published research articles and presented papers at academic
conferences on these topics. This is now his fourth textbook with Seibido, the prior three
being: Democracy Around the World: Ancient Origins and Contemporary Practices (2012),
Making Sense of the World: Wisdom Through Knowledge (2014), and Thinking About Our Placein the World: New Questions, New Answers (2017).
Cover photographs by

Photographs byThe Author
NASAThe Author@ iStockPhoto
NASANASA/JPLThe White House
National Park Service
AP/AFLO

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Getting Ready to Change the World—New Challenges, New Opportunities—
Copyright © 2020 by François de Soete
All rights reserved for Japan.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
without permission from Seibido Co., Ltd.

Preface
The only constant in life is change. This statement is often attributed tothe ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus, and given that since the dawn of thetwentieth century we have witnessed change at a pace previously unseen in thehistory of human civilization, it is a saying that seems especially apt today. Afterall, in the span of just a little over a hundred years, we have gone from weeks atsea, to just hours in the air to cross oceans; from sending telegrams, to sending text
messages; and from the ever-present risk of war between major powers, to largely
economically interdependent countries. We have gone from a field of medicine
that could not even cure a simple bacterial infection, to one where surgery deep
inside the brain is possible. We have gone from the first powered flight that barely
left the ground, to landing on the Moon. In short, our world has undergone an
unprecedented level of change over the past century, and we may well end up
experiencing an even more dramatic level of change in the coming decades.
One relatively recent change that we can already see progressing rapidly isthat companies and universities are increasingly internationalizing. Most people
simply do not have time to learn many different languages in order to communicate
with people from various parts of the world, and so at this point in time English
serves as a common second language that allows people with different linguistic
backgrounds to communicate with one another. However, it is not enough to merely
have the language skills needed to communicate with others, but rather, it is also
important to develop informed perspectives in order to be able to communicate
intelligently about a wide variety of topics. This textbook therefore features adiverse array of chapters that strike a balance between casual topics, like tourism,and more serious topics, like genetic engineering. Although each chapter includes
certain technical terms, colloquial phrases, and advanced vocabulary, Hokkaido
University professor emeritus Katsunosuke Namita has added numerous Japaneseannotations to help readers understand these terms and phrases. Having had theopportunity to once again work with Professor Namita was a great pleasure, and as
this now marks the fourth time that we have collaborated on a textbook for Seibido,
it is important to note that his tireless efforts on this latest book are immensely
appreciated.
While only a few notable people may have the power to profoundly transformthe world, each and every person will nevertheless have at least some small impact
on the world in which we live. This book therefore aims to impart the kind ofknowledge and language skills that can prove useful to readers, who are, whether
they realize or not, getting ready to change the world.
François de Soeteはしがき
この世で唯一不変のものは変化である（万物は流転する）。これはギリシャの哲学者ヘラクレイトスの言葉である。20世紀の初めから、人類の文明史においてこれまで類を見ないほどの速さで変化するのを目の当たりにしてきたことを考えると、この格言はとりわけ今日にふさわしいと言える。わずか100年ちょっとの間に、大洋を渡るのに海上を何週間もかけていたのが、空中をわずか数時間で飛び越えるようになり、電報を送っていたのが、テキストメッセージを送るようになり、大国間で戦争勃発の危機が絶えず存在していたのが、主として経済的に相互依存する関係へと変化した。医療分野においても、単なる細菌感染さえ治療することができなかったのが、脳の深部における手術も可能になった。地面からわずかに浮き上がったかどうかという初の動力飛行から、月面着陸まで達成した。要するに、私たちの世界はこの100年の間にかつてないほどの変化を経験し、次の数十年間でさらに飛躍的な変化が待ち受けているかもしれないのだ。
比較的最近、急速に進んでいることが目に見える変化の１つは、企業や大学がますます国際化している点だ。多くの人は世界各国の人々とコミュニケーションを取るためにいくつもの言語を習得する時間がないので、現時点では言語が異なる人々が互いに意思疎通を図る際には英語が共通の第２言語として用いられている。しかしながら、単に語学力があるだけでは不十分で、様々な話題に関して知的なコミュニケーションを取るためには、確かな情報に基づいたものの見方を養うことが大事である。従って本書は、観光のような身近なテーマから遺伝子工学などの重い内容まで、多様なトピックをバランスよく扱っている点が特徴である。各章には専門用語やくだけた表現、上級の語彙が含まれることもあるが、読者の皆さんが理解しやすいように、北海道大学名誉教授の浪田克之介先生が丁寧に注釈を付けてくださっている。浪田先生と再び一緒に仕事ができたことは大変光栄であった。成美堂の教科書に共同で取り組むのはこれが4冊目であるが、本書の刊行に当たっても多大なご尽力をいただいたことに、感謝の気持ちを述べたい。
世界を劇的に変える力を持っているのはごくわずかの著名人だけかもしれないが、社会を構成している人々の誰もがこの社会に何らかの影響を与えている。従って、自ら意識しているかどうかにかかわらず、世界を変える準備をしつつある皆さんに、本書で有用な知識や語学力を身に付けてもらえれば幸いである。
最後に、本書の企画・編集に当たりお世話になった成美堂編集部の佐藤公雄氏に謝意を表したい。

François de Soete本書の使い方
各章の構成は以下の通りとなっている。
導入文
各章の冒頭に、本文のトピックに関する簡単な導入説明や問いかけが日本語で書かれている。
学生にとってこれまであまりなじみのないテーマであったとしても、この導入文を読むことで興味関心をもってリーディングに取り組むことができる。
Getting Started
本文を読み始める前に、その準備として関連内容について学生が自分で考えることのできる質問を3つ用意してある。個人の意見や体験を問うものであるので、下調べの必要はない。一文で答えを書くよう指示してあるが、授業内でディスカッションの題材として利用することも可能である。
Reading
明快な英文で書かれた本文は、文化、社会、メディア、自然科学、テクノロジーなど多様で身近なトピックを扱っている。予備知識がなくても、本文を読めば十分に理解できる内容となっている。また、基本的には5000語レベル以上の単語や固有名詞に注釈を付けている。
Vocabulary
本文で使用された単語の意味を選択する問題。知らない単語であっても、辞書を使うのではなく、文中で使用されている箇所を読みながら解答を推測するよう指示している。単語の類義語を学習することにもつながる。
Comprehension
本文の内容理解を問う問題。本文の該当箇所を特定すれば答えられる易しい問題だけではなく、本文の内容全体と問題文の意味をよく理解していなければ解答できない難しめのものも用意してあるので、内容分析やクリティカル・リーディングの力を養うことができる。
Summary
CDを聴きながら空欄になっている単語を書き取る問題。Getting Startedの変化の聞き取りと、つづりの練習になっている。リスニングの文章は、本文全体の要旨になっており、本文の内容理解のチェックにも利用することができる。
Discussion
本文で扱うトピックに関連する質問を1つ用意してある。Getting Startedの質問と同様に、学生自身の意見や体験を問うものであり下調べは必要ないが、なぜそのように考えたのか、自分の意見を人にわかりやすく説明する形で答えるよう指示してある。ライティングあるいはディスカッションに利用できるようになっている。
Point of Interest
本文で扱っているトピックや人物に関連した、おもしろい豆知識を平易な英文で紹介したコラ
ム。本文の関連箇所に、日本語でこの欄への参照指示が掲載されており、学生自身が関心に応じて読み進めることができる。教科書の問題や小テストなどには、このコラムの内容は含まれていないが、楽しみながら各章のテーマに関する知識や理解を広げるのに役立つ。

Table of Contents
Section I: Media and Entertainment
1. Going Viral: How are some people getting so famous online?
ネットで拡散：人はどのようにしてネットで有名になるのか

1

2. Tourist Traps: How is overtourism reshaping life for locals?
観光客だらけ：オーバーツーリズム（観光公害）が地元市民の生活に与える影響

6

3. Deal Me In: What makes poker tournaments so popular?
私にもカードを：ポーカートーナメントが人気なのはなぜか

11

4. Full Contact: Are some sports too rough?
フルコンタクト：危険すぎるスポーツもある？

5. Fake News: How does false information pass off as news?
フェイクニュース：偽情報がニュースと間違えられるのはなぜか

16

71

Section II: People and Nature
6. Dead as a Dodo: Why are so many species facing extinction?
完全に死滅：多くの種が絶滅の危機に瀕しているのはなぜか

26

7. It’s a Dry Heat: Where is the hottest place on Earth?
カラッとした暑さ：地球上で一番暑い場所はどこか？

31

8. Man’s Best Friend: Why is the French bulldog a controversial breed?
人間の最良の友、犬：フレンチブルドッグが議論を呼ぶ犬種なのはなぜか

36

9. The Wild West: Why is the city of Phoenix growing so quickly?
ワイルド・ウェスト：フェニックス市が急速に発展しているのはなぜか

41

10. Man versus Beast: How much of a threat do bears pose to people?
人間対野獣：クマは人間にとってどれほどの脅威なのか46

Section III: Culture and Society
11. A Perfect World: How close are we to achieving world peace?
理想郷：世界平和の実現は近いか

51

12. Modern Frankenstein: Will genetic engineering change life as
we know it?

現代のフランケンシュタイン：遺伝子工学は人間の生活を劇的に変化させるか

56

13. Tinted Lenses: Is it possible to be truly objective?
色眼鏡：真に客観的になることは可能か

61

14. Get Well Soon: How are X-rays affecting healthcare today?
お大事に：X線は今日の医療にどのような影響を及ぼしているか

66

15. The Need for Speed: Is it time to restrict how fast cars can go?
スピード狂：車の最高速度は制限すべきか

21Section IV: Science and Technology
16. Time Travel: Will it one day be possible to build a time machine?
タイムトラベル：いつの日かタイムマシンは作られるか

76

17. The Great Unknown: How big is the universe?
最大の未知：宇宙はどのくらい大きいのか81

18. The Endgame: Has artificial intelligence surpassed humanintelligence?

終局：AI（人工知能）は人間を凌駕したか

86

19. Heads Up: Could a large asteroid wipe out mankind?
前方注意：巨大隕石の落下で人類が絶滅することはあり得るか

91

20. Destination Mars: When will humans first set foot on the RedPlanet?

行き先は火星： 人類が初めて火星に降り立つのはいつか96

Ch a p t e rGoing Viral
How are some people getting so famousonline?

1

現代では、有名性を測る基準はソーシャルメディアでどれだけのフォロワーがいるかどうかになったようだ。有名人がファンとの交流のためにソーシャルメディアを使うこともあれば、ソーシャルメディアを利用して有名になる一般人もいる。極めて多くの人がソーシャルメディアを使うこの時代に、ネットで拡散されるコンテンツを作り人気を得ている人は、一般のユーザーと何が違うのだろうか。

The desire to get great photos leads somephotographers to take serious risks, like getting
right next to a perilous flow of rushing water. Withthe rise of social media, some people are willing todo even more dangerous things to post attentiongrabbing photos.

Image credit: The author

Getting Started
To help you connect with this chapter’s topic, take a moment to think about
the questions below, and then write a short sentence to answer each one.

1. How often do you post content on your social media accounts?

2. How many followers would you like to have on social media?

3. Approximately how many people do you follow on social media?

1

① 02~07

Reading
02

Most social media users have only a modest number of followers on theiraccounts, but some celebrities, sports stars, and even some politicians have millions
of followers. Superstar celebrities like Katy Perry and Justin Bieber, for instance, haveover a hundred million followers. The number of followers
世界中でソーシャル
5 celebrities have on social media largely reflects the fame they
メディアを利用する
have achieved as entertainers. For others, social media serves 人はどのくらいいる
as a ticket to fame. Sites like YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, のか、章末の Pointof Interest を読んでand Twitter make it possible for anyone to attempt to become みよう。
an Internet celebrity, which does not require dealing with
10 talent agencies, movie studios, or publishers. Being able to bypass the traditional routeto celebrity makes it seem as though becoming a cyberstar is easy, but getting noticed
online often requires creating something that goes viral—which for most people is far
from easy.
03

When someone uploads a video, for example, and the number of people who
15 reshare it begins to rise rapidly, we can say that this person’s video is going viral. We use
the expression “going viral” because the video seemingly spreads in a way that is similar
to the way a highly contagious virus like influenza spreads. Basically, a few people
watch the video and find it so attention-grabbing that they feel compelled to forward
the video’s link to their friends, and those friends forward it to their friends, and so
20 on. If a sequence such as this grows to involve thousands of people over the course of a
relatively short period of time, then we can say that the video is going viral. Any typeof content online, whether it is a video, an image, or something written like a blog or
tweet, has the potential to go viral.
04

This raises an obvious question: why do certain things go viral while most
25 content goes largely unnoticed? Part of it comes
down to one’s personal traits and social media savvy.
Different types of people have different traits andtalents that can help them get noticed. Some people
are naturally funny, for instance, and others have great
30 charisma, while some have amazing gaming skills,and others are especially insightful. If someone has
particularly appealing1 traits or talents, and he or sheknows how to use social media effectively, then thethings this person posts online are likely to get noticed
35 and reshared. Part of it also comes down to the appeal
Smartphones, useful social media toolsof the content itself. An old saying in journalism Image credit: @iStockphoto2

applies here: “dog bites man” is not news, but “man bites dog” is news. In other words,
commonplace events simply do not capture2 anyone’s attention, but unusual events
do. Things that can go viral include: a really bizarre incident in public that happens to
be caught on video, a controversial tweet, or a photo of an especially cute dog or catmaking a funny face. In some cases, things a bit more profound go viral, like a timely 5
blog post that offers unique insight on something that affects many people, a story
about something like an amazing act of generosity, or a heart-wrenching tragedy.
05

There is unfortunately another old saying that applies to this discussion:“there is no such thing as bad publicity.” Some people are willing to do things thatare shocking, possibly dangerous, and maybe even illegal in order to get attention 10
online. Some risk serious injury and possibly death by doing, for example, incredibly
dangerous daredevil stunts. Others do things that most people consider shocking, likeeating something really disgusting. Some break the law by doing things like filming
themselves driving dangerously on public roads. Some will even create situations thatlook real, but are actually staged, like one person pretending to surprise a friend and 15
that friend giving an over-the-top reaction. More nefariously, though, some people
make up tragic stories or fabricate stories of amazing human kindness in an effort
to not only go viral, but to also make money by fraudulently starting crowdfunding
campaigns based on their viral content.
06

We often read about ordinary people who start using social media, build a 20sizeable following, monetize their social media feeds, and become rich cyberstars.
These success stories entice some people to set their sights on social media as a ticket tofame, but it is important to remember that with so many people posting things online
every day, it is quite difficult for the average social media user to create somethingthat stands out and goes viral. The good news, though, is that trying to make it big on 25
social media does not require the same level of sacrifice and commitment as trying tobecome, for example, a movie star or a professional athlete. This means that people canpursue3 full-time careers as salaried employees, and yet still spend time on social media
after work in an eﬀort to create something that ends up going viral, which could end
30
up setting them on the path to online stardom.
NOTES

Katy Perry「ケイティ ･ ペリー（1984- ) 米国のシンガーソングライター」 Justin Bieber「ジャスティン ･ビーバー（1994- ）カナダの歌手・俳優」 bypass「無視する」 cyberstar「インターネット上の有名人」 goviral「（インターネットなどを介して）急速に拡散する」 reshare「再共有する」 contagious「感染性の」forward「転送する」 trait「特性」 savvy「能力」 post「載せる」 bizarre「奇怪な」 generosity「気前のよさ」 heart-wrenching「胸を締め付けられるような」 bad publicity「悪評」 daredevil「度が過ぎた」
disgusting「気分が悪くなるような」 staged「仕組まれた」 over-the-top「度が超えた」 nefariously「極悪なまでに」 fabricate「作り上げる」 fraudulently「不正に」 crowdfunding「クラウドファンディング（不特定多数の人からインターネットを介して資金を集めること）」 sizeable「相当な」 monetize「（ウェブサイト3

などから）広告収入を得る」 feed「（Web サイトの）配信情報」 entice「そそのかして〜させる」 make it

big「大いに成功する」

Vocabulary
Use the context in the reading section to figure out the meaning of eachunderlined word below.

1. … has particularly appealing traits or talents …
a. honorable
b. goodc. artificial
2. … events simply do not capture anyone’s attention …
a. catchb. sharec. trust
3. … people can pursue full-time careers as …
a. undertakeb. suggest
c. leadd. attractive
d. decided. persuadeComprehension
Read each statement below carefully, and then based on the information
presented in this chapter, write “T” if it is true or “F” if it is false.

1. ______ The expression “going viral” is based on the similarity between theway some things spread online and the way viruses spread.
2. ______ “Dog bites man” is an example of a unique news story that gets
people’s attention.
3. ______ Efforts to make videos and other social media content go viral canlead people to engage in dangerous behavior.
4. ______ Some people make up stories in an eﬀort to go viral and get moneyfrom crowdfunding campaigns.
5. ______ According to the author, becoming a social media star is easy because
there is so much content posted daily on social media.

4

① 07

Summary
Listen carefully to the audio recording for this section and fill in theblanks in the paragraph below.

It 1)
that social media has become the ultimate measure offame, for the more followers someone has, the more famous he or she must be.
While people like movie stars and professional athletes have many followers
due to their celebrity status, others have 2)
to use social media
to emerge from obscurity to become famous. For those who use social media inhopes of achieving fame, sometimes all it takes to get on the 3)
to fame is simply posting something that ends up going viral. In some cases
people draw on their 4)talents to create appealing content, but
in other cases people behave irresponsibly in an effort to get noticed. Eitherway, with so many social media 5)
posting countless videos,tweets, blogs, and photos online every day, creating content that goes viral is theexception, not the norm.

Discussion
Write a short response to the question below. Be prepared to discuss youranswer out loud with fellow students if your instructor asks you to do so.

What is the most recent viral content that you have seen online? Explain why
you think this content went viral.

Point of Interest
There are literally billions of people on social media today. At the end of 2018, forexample, over 2.6 billion people a month were using apps in the Facebook family,
which includes Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Messenger.

5