Perfectionism
In Perspective

Perfectionism in Perspective
Module 8

Re-evaluating the Importance of
Achieving
Introduction

2

Identifying over-evaluation of achieving

2

My self-worth - worksheet
Tackling the over-evaluation
Extending other areas of my life - worksheet

45
6

The Perfectionism Mindset

7

Challenging my perfectionism mindset

8

Module Summary

11

About This Module

12

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Introduction
You have now started to make changes in terms of your perfectionistic thinking and your perfectionism
behaviours. In this module we will take a step back and look at the impact of perfectionism on your life.
Firstly we will examine the tendency to over-evaluate the importance of achieving your unrelenting
standards and offer you some strategies to create a more balanced life and a more balanced basis for
judging your self-worth. We will then be looking at another way of thinking about perfectionism: as an
overarching set of beliefs, or a mindset.

Identifying Over-evaluation of Achieving
People who are perfectionists tend to be overly concerned with achievement and the pursuit of unrelenting
standards. We are now going to consider the impact of perfectionism on the way perfectionists judge
themselves and their self-worth. Most people evaluate their self-worth (or self-esteem) based on a varietyof things, such as their relationships, hobbies, leisure activities, achievements at school or work, and otherabilities. They might evaluate how happy they are based on how well important things in their life aregoing. Let’s take the example of Mary.
Mary, 21, works as a clerk for a telephone company. She shares a unit with a friend and has beenwith her boyfriend, Jack, for 2 years. Mary and Jack both play basketball. Mary loves to play soccer
and is a member of a women’s soccer club. She has elderly parents whom she visits regularly and she
is close to her sister, although they only talk on the phone as her sister lives in another state. At times
Mary is bored at work but she doesn’t really mind as her job helps pay her bills. She is saving up foran overseas trip with Jack. She is also putting money aside for one of her future goals, which is to go touniversity. Mary is often concerned about her appearance as she is tall and appears to have “bigbones.” She thinks she doesn’t look very feminine but Jack has told her he likes her as she is. Let’ssee how Mary judges her self-worth. This will be illustrated using a pie-chart, which shows how
important the various things in her life are to her.

Body
Shape

Mary’s Self-worth
Pie Chart

Job
TravelFamilySport

Boyfriend andfriends

FutureGoals

You can see from the relative sizes of the pieces of this pie chart that the most important things in Mary’s
life are her family, being a good friend and partner, sport, and her future goals. Travel, her job, her body
shape and future goals are important to her, but less so. In general, people with different interests in theirlives might have pie charts similar to the example of Mary’s. When judging their self-worth, they might
consider their personal qualities such as kindness, loyalty, willingness to help people, sense of humour,
relationships with family, friends, partner, and skills such as achievements, ability to play sport, cook, or play amusical instrument.
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Perfectionists tend to judge their self-worth based almost entirely on achieving their unrelenting standards.
They overvalue achieving and achievement. They may have other interests, but over time these seem to takea lesser place in their lives. This system of self-evaluation may have developed through particular life
experiences and/or positive reinforcement from people around them. People who try hard and aresuccessful are often rewarded by others (e.g., praise, high marks, promotion at work) so achieving canbecome equated with being hard-working, conscientious, and intelligent – in short, being of worth.
Perfectionists come to believe that they are only of worth if they are pursuing or achieving the highstandards they set for themselves. Activities involving achievement take up a very large part of their pie
chart, and become overly important in their lives. They begin to judge their self-worth largely on theirability to achieve. Below is an example of what Polly’s pie chart for self-worth might look like.
FamilyStudies
Friends

Polly’s
Self-Worth Pie Chart

Weight/shape
Achieving in sports

This pie chart shows how people who are perfectionists, like Polly, put most of their “eggs in one basket,”so to speak. They are banking on this ONE area of their life to work out for them so that they can be
happy and believe that they are of worth. Doing this is very risky! If they judge their self-worth largely on
their achievements and they are having problems with this, they will be likely to judge themselves negatively
and think they are of no value. What do you think would happen to Polly’s sense of self-worth if she
became injured and was no longer able to play elite sport?
When people base much of their self-worth on only one thing in their lives, they are putting a
tremendous amount of pressure on making sure that it works out. That’s why it’s not surprising that
perfectionists tend to be very focused on achieving the high standards they set themselves. It is also notsurprising that they often feel stressed, irritable, depressed, anxious or guilty, and think negatively about
themselves. When a goal is achieved they may feel relieved but they don’t tend to feel happy for very long.
In fact, perfectionists tend to dismiss their success (“I was just lucky”) or conclude that the standard set
was too low (“anyone could have done that”) and re-set the standard higher for next time.
Overleaf you will find a worksheet. Take a few minutes to work out the things that might be important toyour self-worth so you can draw your own pie chart. As you work through this exercise, ask yourself what
you notice about how YOU judge your self-worth. How much of your self-worth is based on achieving or
achievement?

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My Self-Worth
What are the things that you judge your self-worth against? Jot down some areas in your life that
contribute to your sense of self-worth. How many of these relate to achieving or achievement?

Now, rank the items for self-worth in terms of their importance. One way of working out the importanceeach item is to ask yourself, “If something goes wrong in this area, how much does it get to me, and how muchdoes that affect the way I judge myself as a person?”
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Things that are important to my Self-Worth

Now draw your Self-Worth pie chart, making each item a ‘slice’ of the pie, with items that are more
important taking up bigger slices, and so on.
My Self-Worth Pie Chart

How did that go? Was your pie chart balanced or was it unbalanced? We will now be looking at ways ofchanging your self-worth pie chart so that it becomes more balanced and less heavily dependent on highachievement for your sense of self-worth
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Tackling the Over-evaluation
Revisiting your self-worth pie chart
Take another look at your self-worth pie chart from Page 4. What are the things that are important toyour self-worth? How many ‘slices’ have you got in your self-worth pie chart? Is your largest slice striving
for and achieving extremely high standards? Is it very much larger than the other slices? If this is the case,then you are banking on this ONE area of your life to work out for you so that you can believe that you
are of worth. You may also have other interests in your life, but over time, perhaps these have taken alesser place.
One way of loosening up your unrelenting standards is to begin to broaden the ways in which you evaluate
yourself – enlarging the other slices of your pie, so to speak. When you start doing this and keep at it, youwill find that your life becomes more balanced and you will feel more content over time.
Extending other areas of your life
Use the worksheet on the following page to help you do this. Begin with identifying the other areas ofyour life that might be important to your self-worth but have now taken a lesser place (or become smallerslices in your pie charts). Now choose one area you would like to start with and then think of some
activities you could engage in to help you do that.
Sometimes before you begin an activity, you might find yourself thinking that you don’t feel like doing it andwant to put it off until you do. People often want to wait until they feel motivated before they act.
However, another important thing to bear in mind is, motivation may not come on its own, but when you
ACT first, motivation will then follow. Remember, ACTION before MOTIVATION, and you‘ll soon findthat your life will be more balanced. You will be less preoccupied with only one aspect of your life, and lessdependant on that success and achievement for your self-evaluation.
Try and use a new “Extending Other Areas of My Life” worksheet every week and plan to repeat some
activities and add new ones. After some time, you may want to extend or enlarge another area of your lifeand you can use the worksheet to plan your activities for this new area as well.

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Extending other Areas of My Life
Begin first with identifying one or two areas of your life you would like to begin extending, and then plan
activities in these areas of your life you can engage in. Consider activities that involve other people. Then,
using the 0 – 8 scale provided below, rate how much pleasure you experience BEFORE and AFTER doingthese activities. This is important because you are more likely to repeat activities that are fun. These
activities will not only help you extend these areas of your life but will also help you develop a morebalanced sense of self-worth.
Areas of my life I would like to extend or enlarge:

1.

2.
0

1

Absolutely Minimal
None2

Slight3

Mild

4

Moderate

5

Much

6

7

8

Higher Very High Extreme

Pleasure

Date:
Activity:

Before:After:

Date:
Activity:

Before:After:

Date:
Activity:

Before:After:

Date:
Activity:

Before:After:

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The Perfectionism Mindset
What is a mindset?
In the previous section, we talked about the over-evaluation of achieving and achievement. Another way of
thinking about the impact of perfectionism is considering it as an overarching set of beliefs, or a mindset. A
mindset is a collection of thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, underlying rules and assumptions, emotions andbehaviours that influence how you see yourself and the world. All these things that make up the mindset
can influence and maintain one another. Let’s use the example of a DVD player and DVDs to understandmore about mindsets.
Think of our minds as a combined DVD player and monitor. What we see on the screen
depends on what DVD is being played. We can think of a mindset as the DVD being played in
the DVD player. Everyone has mindsets, everyone sees things in particular ways, and everyone
has different mindsets within themselves.
How do mindsets work?
Mindsets influence how you see things. They are like a pair of spectacles you put on. If the lenses of thespectacles are pink, everything you see will be pink. However, does that mean that everything really ispink? Of course not! It is important to understand that mindsets influence how we interpret andexperience life. They create their own ‘reality’ and filter experience. As a result, they affect how you
behave – they act like guidelines for living. Some mindsets are helpful or neutral, and some are unhelpful.
Furthermore, they keep themselves going by creating a vicious cycle.
For example, depressed people tend to see things in an extremely negative way (a depressive mindset).
They are playing a ‘Depressive DVD’, which contains negative messages such as: “I am worthless andpeople don’t like me”. This keeps the depression going by affecting how they view the world, others andthemselves. It is easy to imagine that it would affect how they react to others – by withdrawing, which
reinforces their sense of social isolation. It is, therefore, an unhelpful mindset creating its own vicious cycle.
The Perfectionism Mindset/DVD
Perfectionism can also be seen as a particular mindset. A perfectionist will see the world, others
and themselves in relation to their own unrelenting high standards (a perfectionist mindset). The
perfectionism mindset can include particular unhelpful attitudes, rules, assumptions, beliefs, andthoughts. Their ‘Perfectionism DVD’ might contain messages such as “I need to achieve highly ineverything I do”. As you can imagine, this unhelpful mindset maintains the perfectionism, perhaps
encouraging setting even higher standards, which contributes to the vicious cycle.
Identifying Your Perfectionism Mindset
In Module 2 and the last module we saw that the attitudes, assumptions, rules and thoughts that make up
the perfectionism mindset are characterised by “shoulds” and “musts,” an “all-or-nothing” type of thinking
style, self-criticism and name-calling (e.g., “lazy slob”), and discounting the positive. You have probably
already started to identify some of the thoughts that make up your perfectionism DVD in the previous
modules. Now take a few minutes to identify the attitudes, rules and thoughts that might make up yourperfectionism mindset.

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Ask yourself: When my perfectionism mindset is in place …
What attitudes, rules and thoughts do I have about setting and striving for extremely demanding standards?

What do I do as a result of my perfectionism mindset? How does it affect the way I feel and behave?

Challenging My Perfectionism Mindset
In order to loosen up your unrelenting standards it will be necessary to challenge your perfectionism
mindset. Below we offer you some strategies that can be useful for challenging particular thoughts andbeliefs that make up the perfectionism mindset.
Acceptance and Change
One way to influence the perfectionism mindset is utilising the twin notions of acceptance and change. You
may be asking yourself: “How could I possibly accept lowering my standards when I’m so unhappy withmyself as it is?” Let’s look at an example.
Sally loves running. She wanted to be a sprinter, but she wasn’t fast enough. In her teens she kept
practicing and improving her times until she couldn’t get any faster. She was miserable. Finally she
realised that she would never make it as an elite runner, and that being miserable wasn’t helping. So
she started running for fun, and switched her focus to languages, which she was good at. She learned
to accept she would never be an elite runner, but that she had other skills.
You can never achieve ‘perfection’ and you may not be able to achieve those unrelenting standards you’ve
set yourself. It is easy to believe that you can achieve whatever you wish, if only you try just that bit
harder….. but this is a fallacy. You’re not superhuman!
Can you see yourself getting to the point of accepting a standard that is less rigid than what you used toaim for? Or is your self-esteem totally dependent on pursuing those unrelenting standards? What would ittake for you to accept loosening up those unrelenting standards and change the way you set your goals?

Ejecting the Perfectionism Mindset
Another way of overcoming this mindset is to eject the mindset altogether. Thisis just like ejecting a DVD from the player! Just like with a DVD that keeps
getting stuck in the DVD player, sometimes you have to forcibly eject the mindset
because it, too, keeps getting stuck. There are times when you need to force
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allowing the old perfectionism DVD to keep playing will distort and negatively influence how you see things.
Remind yourself how other people might act. It’s like replacing an old DVD that you are sick of, with a new
DVD that plays a healthier message.
Trigger situations
By now, you have had some practice at challenging the particular thoughts and beliefs that make up yourperfectionism mindset. It is also important that you identify situations that might trigger this mindset or
situations in which the mindset seems to have a greater hold on you. For example, you might find that you
are more anxious about not making a single mistake when you are about to be evaluated for something, or
you might feel like making sure that you are in control of everything you eat when something challenging ishappening in your life. It is important that you begin to identify the situations in which the volume of you
perfectionism DVD is turned right up, making it difficult for you to ignore. This will help you prepare
yourself and develop alternative, healthier thoughts.
Ejecting the perfectionism mindset means that you make the choice to not be influenced by its attitudes,
expectations, and thoughts. Here are a few steps in the process:1. Be aware of trigger situations and when the perfectionism mindset ‘clicks’ into place
2. Think about how you would behave and think if you did not have this mindset in place. What
healthy and helpful behaviours would you carry out? What balanced and helpful attitudes andthoughts would you say to yourself?
3. Then, behave and think AS IF you do not have the perfectionism mindset in place – think how a‘non-perfectionist’ would act. Learn to have some balance in your life. Don’t be so hard on
yourself. Learn to ‘let yourself off the hook’ once in a while. Allow yourself to have little treatsand plan to engage in some pleasant activities. Remember to also acknowledge your positive
qualities.
Trigger situations for myperfectionist mindset/DVD

Healthy behaviours

My performance review is due

Keep working hard. Set
reasonable goals

Balanced, healthy
No need to overdo it. I alreadywork hard and I’ve got lots ofpositive feedback from my boss

Early warning signs that the perfectionism mindset/DVD has ‘clicked’ inWhen does the perfection mindset take hold? How do you know when the DVD has started to play? It is
important to recognise early warning signs, such as setting a harder goal once you’ve achieved an earlier
one, or setting a goal that you really know is almost impossible. What are some of your early warning
signs?
Early warning signs of my perfectionist
mindset/DVD

Healthy behaviours

I stayed at the office till 9 lastnight

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Balanced, healthy thoughts
I don’t need to push myself any
harder. I work hard already

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Ejecting the perfectionism DVD means that you are choosing to reject the attitudes, thoughts, andexpectations that make up this mindset. Remember, the more your practice ejecting the perfectionism
DVD and replacing it with a more healthy, balanced DVD, the easier this will become.
Join us in the final module where we will be pulling together all the strategies you have learnt so far into amodel of how to keep putting your perfectionism in perspective into the future.

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Module Summary••••

Perfectionists tend to over-evaluate the importance of achieving and achievement
One step towards loosening up your unrelenting standards is to broaden the ways in which you
evaluate yourself by extending other areas of your life
Perfectionism can be considered as an overarching set of beliefs, or a mindset
Challenging your perfectionism mindset can involve acceptance and change, identifying trigger situations
for mindset, ejecting perfectionism mindset as you would eject a DVD, and replacing it with balanced
and healthy messages

What I Have Learned in this Module
Think about what you have learned in this module and any useful bits of information, tips or strategies thatyou want to remember. Write them down below so you can refer to them later.

Think about how you might use the information you have just learned. Write down some ways in which
you could make use of this information.

Coming Up…
In Module 9 (Putting it all together) we will summarise what has
been covered in the modules of this Information Pack, in orderthat you can continue putting your perfection in perspective.

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About this Module
CONTRIBUTORS
Dr. Anthea Fursland (Ph.D.1)
Principal Clinical Psychologist
Centre for Clinical Interventions

Dr. Anna Steele (Ph.D.1; MPsych2)
Clinical Psychologist
Centre for Clinical Interventions

Dr. Bronwyn Raykos (MPsych2, Ph.D.1)
Clinical Psychologist
Centre for Clinical Interventions

Dr. Louella Lim (D.Psych.3)
Clinical Psychologist
Centre for Clinical Interventions

1

Doctor of Philosophy (Clinical Psychology)2

Master of Psychology (Clinical Psychology)3

Doctor of Psychology (Clinical)

BACKGROUND
The concepts and strategies in this module have been developed from evidence-based psychologicaltreatment, primarily Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). CBT for perfectionism is based on the approachthat perfectionism is the result of problematic cognitions (thoughts) and behaviours.

REFERENCES
Antony, M. M. & Swinson, R. P. (1998) When Perfect Isn’t Good Enough. New Harbinger Publications,Oakland, Ca.
Kearns, H., Forbes, A., & Gardiner, M. (2007). A cognitive behavioural coaching intervention for thetreatment of perfectionism and self-handicapping in a nonclinical population. Behaviour Change, 24 (3), 157172.
Shafran, R., Cooper, Z. and Fairburn, C. G. (2002) Clinical Perfectionism: a cognitive-behavioural analysis.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 773-791“PERFECTIONISM IN PERSPECTIVE”
This module forms part of:
Fursland, A., Raykos, B. and Steele, A. (2009). Perfectionism in Perspective. Perth, Western Australia: Centre
for Clinical Interventions.
ISBN: 0-975799576

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Created: March 2009

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