Journal of Global Resources
Volume 6 (01)August 2019-January 2020
Page 134-140
UGC–CARE Listed Journal in Group D
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)
21

DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC CONCENTRATION IN GROUND WATER AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN: A CASE STUDY OF SONARPUR AND BARUIPUR BLOCK, SOUTH
24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL
Paramita Chaudhuri, Pritam Aitch and Amit Dutta
Jadavpur University, Kolkata, (West Bengal) India
Email: paramita.es@gmail.com
Abstract: Arsenic contamination in groundwater has been termed as ‘the largest masspoisoning in history’ because of its detrimental effects on human population (Mori et al 2018).
The Bengal Delta Plain (BDP) is the most arsenic contaminated region among the whole world
where millions of people use arsenic contaminated water for drinking purposes (Bhattacharya
et al, 2002). Children are more susceptible to arsenic than adult. Consumption of high arsenic
contaminated water from the very first stage of life can develop arsenic related skin problems inearly life. The effects of arsenic induced health diseases have multidimensional influences on
the society. Apart from physical manifestation, socio economic impacts have been confronted
by the sufferer such as economic instability due to loss of work, social disgrace, suicidal tendency and many other causes are related to these (Das and Roy, 2013). GIS platform wasused for the study to prepare a hazard map considering the arsenic concentration of the village
level drinking water sources and the geographical location as input. Baruipur and Sonarpur
block of South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, was considered for the study.
Key words: Arsenic, Groundwater, Water Contamination, GIS Mapping
Introduction
Arsenic contamination in groundwater has been termed as “the largest mass poisoning inhistory” because of its detrimental effects on human population (Mori et al 2018). According to
USEPA (1996) arsenic is considered as a human carcinogen. Arsenic contamination in
groundwater and the chronic toxicity developed by arsenic contaminated water consumption
has been a widely documented recent issue globally and the most affected part is theSoutheastern Asian countries. Arsenic is a metalloid mainly existed in insoluble state in rocks
and minerals (Routh and Hjelmquist, 2011). When arsenic comes into contact with oxygen orother substances present in air, water or soil, becomes soluble to water and released into theenvironment. People are exposed to this element by breathing, drinking, eating or dermal
contact. Water and food are the two factors by which arsenic enters into human body. The
effects of arsenic on human health is dependent on the dose and the duration of arsenic
exposure.
The “Bengal Delta Plain” (BDP) is the most arsenic contaminated region among thewhole world where millions of people use that arsenic contaminated water for drinking purposes(Bhattacharya et al, 2002). In BDP arsenic concentration in groundwater goes beyond thestipulated limit of national drinking water standards (10 µ/L or 0.01 mg/L and where no otheralternative is accessible it is 50 µ/L or 0.05 mg/L) (BIS, 2012) and WHO Standard (0.01 mg/L or
10 µ/L) (WHO, 2011). Drinking water beyond the permissible limit can initiate serious arsenic
related health issues to human beings. The symptoms developed after 8-10 years ofconsumption of high level of arsenic, but it can take 3 years to develop if the arsenic
concentration is very high (Singh and Ghosh, 2012). The population who have to start their
begining of life in highly arsenic contaminated region, are definitely exposed to arsenic
throughout their life. In West Bengal the child population of 0-6 years old is 11.59 percent of
total population (Census,2011). According to the stages of life span 1 month to 2 years istermed as infancy and 2-6 years is early childhood. Proper nutrition and water is essential for
healthy development of a child. Malnutrition causes physical and mental growth retardation.
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The children are exposed to arsenic by infant formula milk, juice and food made by arsenic
contaminated water. Children exposed to arsenic may develop stomach irritation, skin colourchanges, blood vessel damage, reduction in nerve function and IQ scores (ATSDR, 2007).
Also early arsenic exposure can accelerate the mortality rate among juvenile population. The
initial indications of arsenic poisoning starts from the change of skin pigmentation and hyper
keratosis which becomes visible after 1 year of arsenic exposure in West Bengal (Guha
Majumder, 2000) . The early sign of skin cancer is generally observed as pigmentation
changes, skin lesions and dark patches on skin (WHO, 2018). Total 212 skin cancer patientsand 38 patients with internal cancer among 4865 cases of arsenicosis were reported fromarsenic affected villages of West Bengal (Guha Mazumder and Dasgupta, 2011). The
symptoms of arsenic poisoning differs between people, gender, population, geographicallocation of a region. The study is mainly focused on arsenic induced skin lesions as the lesions
are the early sign of arsenic poisoning and the study was done in 0-6 years old childpopulation. The objective of the study is to prepare a hazard level map of arsenic concentrationand determine the approximate number of children who have the chances to develop skinlesions.
[[

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The study area is Baruipur and Sonarpur blocks located in South 24 Parganas district and the
district is located in the southern part of West Bengal. The district is extended from Kolkata to
the remote villages of Sundarbans near Bay of Bengal. The district has 5 subdivisions andSonarpur and Baruipur comes under Baruipur subdivision. In Baruipur there are 138 villages
under 19 gram panchayats and in Sonarpur the number is 72 inhabited villages under 11 grampanchayats. These two blocks are surrounded by Kolkata, Bhangar I and II, Canning I and II,
Jaynagar I, Magrahat II, Bishnupur I and Thakurpukur Maheshtola.
Figure 01: Study area showing A) India with West Bengal B)West Bengal with South 24
Parganas and C) South 24 Parganas with Baruipur and Sonarpur blocks

A
B
C
Data Acquaintance
Population distribution data was collected from Census data (2011) published by Census
Commissioner, arsenic concentration in groundwater in tube well data was collected fromportal of Public Health Engineering Department (2015). The statistical analysis was done using
Microsoft Excel, 2010. All the maps were prepared by ArcGIS 10.2. For arsenic distribution
map only arsenic affected blocks were taken and the highest As concentration of the villages
were considered.
Effects of Arsenic on Children
Sonarpur and Baruipur have been categorized as highly arsenic affected region where 0.3 mg/L of arsenic is found in many parts of the blocks (Chakraborti et al, 2009). An infant is
135

exposed to arsenic when he or she starts taking formula milk or semisolid food made up byarsenic contaminated water. The exposure of arsenic in children is impacted by physiology andbehavioural pattern. The symptoms of arsenic poisoning is more or less similar in child andadult population. Skin lesions are considered as the main diagnostic criteria for arsenicosis.
Long term consumption of arsenic contaminated water can cause hyperkeratinization on palmand feet, keratinized warts, hyperpigmentation on skin and numbness in hands and feet.
Squamous skin carcinoma is the most common skin cancer type which may be matured fromkeratinized warts (ATSDR, 2007).
Hazard Assessment
If the mean daily consumption of 0.0005 and 0.0008 mg/L arsenic contaminated water by 6-11
months and 2 years old child, the effect is as equal as the mean daily consumption of 0.00051
mg/L arsenic contaminated water consumed by a 25-30 years male. No dermal effects werereported by 0.0004 to 0.01 ppm arsenic concentration. The increase of the prevalence of skinlesions was documented as if a person consumes 0.023 mg/L arsenic daily develop skinlesions. Skin lesions development is very much obvious if a person consume 0.1 mg/L arsenic
contaminated water daily. (ATSDR, 2007).
[

Skin Cancer Development
The risk of cancer development due to ingestion of arsenic contaminated water was determinedby the equation (Huy et al, 2014)
Tolerable daily intake (TDI)= C x
where C= arsenic concentration in drinking water (mg/L), IR=ingestion rate (L/day), Ef=
exposure frequency (days/year of arsenic contaminated water used). ED= exposure duration(total years of ingestion of arsenic contaminated water), BW= body weight (Kg) and AT=
expectancy of life (day). The work was done with the age group 0 year to 6 years because
exposure to arsenic in early life can increase the risk of arsenic induced effects in later part oflife. In India expectancy of life is 68.5 years (World Bank,2018).
Risk characterization= TDI x SF x ADAF
SF= slope factor for cancer development (only probability of skin cancer was considered due tothe data accessibility) and ADAF= age dependent adjustment factor[

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Distribution of Child Population among total Population in the Blocks
Children are the main foundation of a nation and the progress of the nation is determined by
the health of the children. There are 4 uninhabited villages in Baruipur. Most of the blocks in
Baruipur contain 10-15 percent of child population, only a few have 15-20 percent childpopulation.But in villages of Sonarpur the minimum percentage of population is 7 percent. A
large portion of the block has population 8-10 percent and 10-15 percent among total
population.
Arsenic Distribution in the Blocks
Baruipur and Sonarpur are the most arsenic contaminated blocks and arsenic concentration isvery high in these two blocks. Arsenic concentration in tubewells were divided into 6 types. The
first two divisions are the safe for drinking purposes and the rest four are above the permissible
limit and unsafe for human consumption. In Baruipur 88 percent and Sonarpur almost 97
percent of tubewells contain water that are not harmful for human body according to WHO and
BIS. Baruipur and Sonarpur contain arsenic concentration more than 1 mg/L. In Baruipur theunsafe levels of arsenic is higher than Sonarpur. In Baruipur, the maximum concentration is
256 times and In Sonarpur it is 272 times greater than the WHO permissible limit.

136

Table 01: Distribution of arsenic concentration in Baruipur and Sonarpur block
percent of tubewells having arsenic concentration in
mg/L

Name ofthe blocks

Maximum Asconcentration

00.01-0.05

0.06-0.1

0.11-0.5

0.51-1

1.1-3

Baruipur

80.78

7.34

2.18

8.35

1.17

0.15

2.56

Sonarpur

48.9

47.73

1.29

0.38

0.25

0.12

2.72

Figure 02: Percentage distribution of child population in Baruipur and Sonarpur block among
the total population

Figur 03: Arsenic distribution in Baruipur and Sonarpur blocks

137

The white part signifies no arsenic zone. In Baruipur The villages in eastern and southeastern and western part of Baruipur are arsenic free. The western part has 0.01 to 0.05 mg/L
concentration. The villages in Central part has arsenic concentration 0.1-0.25 mg/L, beside thata large stretch is contaminated with 0.25-0.5 mg/L. A small pocket of concentration 2.5-3 mg/L
and 1.5- 2 mg/L are surrounded by 0.75-1 mg/L. In Sonarpur, most of the part is contaminatedby 0.01-0.05 mg/L, according to BIS that is safe limit, only the north eastern and south westernpart have arsenic concentration 0.25-0.5 mg/L. In the eastern part the region is mostly
contaminated. The distribution of arsenic concentration is not even in the blocks. Arsenic ispresent in small patches. The maximum concentration is surrounded by lower arsenic
concentration. The people who live in the arsenic patches are susceptible to arsenic poisoning.
Hazard Assessment
If a child consumes arsenic contaminated water more than permissible limit, the probablechanges will occur on his/her skin (ATSDR, 2007)
Table 02: Skin lesion development with respect to Arsenic concentration
Skin lesion development

As concentration (mg/L)
0-0.02

No skin lesion

0.03-0.09

prevalence to develop skin lesion

0.1-2.72

skin lesion is quite obvious

According to WHO (2011), 0.01 mg/L should be the maximum permissible limit for arsenic, butaccording to BIS (2012) it is 0.05 mg/L in India. But when a child starts drinking water witharsenic concentration 0.03- 0.09 there are chances to develop skin lesions. When theconcentration is 0.1-2.72 mg/L, skin lesion development is quite obvious. If two children lives in
two different region and consume 0.1 mg/L and 2.72 mg/L arsenic contaminated water
respectively, chances of skin lesion development is very high for the child who drinks 2.72 mg/L
water regularly Chances of skin cancer development is directly proportional to increase ofarsenic concentration. When the arsenic concentration is 0.4 mg/L, there is chances to develop
skin lesions in 240 children among 10000 children. When the concentration is more than
2.5mg/L, the chance is almost 1400 children among 10000. The villages have maximum
arsenic concentration, have the chances to develop skin lesions more than other villages.
Figure 04: Relationship between Arsenic concentration (mg/L) and chances of skin cancer
development in children138

Figure 5: Child population affected by arsenic concentration in Baruipur and Sonarpur

Conclusion
In Sonarpur the intensity of child population is little bit higher than Baruipur. Sonarpur is locatednear Kolkata. So, Sonarpur can be termed as peri-urban fringe where the urban cultures andinfluences cultivated with existing rural characteristics. The people comes from rural riverine
villages of Sundarban to these semiurban areas and starts living. The parameters for the
spatial growth are population growth, increase of family income and upgradation oftransportation system (Patel and Teli, 2019). This population explosion cause the deteriorationof the natural resources. The land resources are degraded, water becomes conatminated by
toxic chemicals like arsenic. In Sonarpur, the most affected villages is Sangur (2.72 mg/L) in
Pratapnagar Gram Panchayat and in Baruipur, Surjapur (1.06 mg/L) in Dhaapdhapi I andPaschim Mallikpur (2.56 mg/L) in Dhapdhapi II Gram Panchayat are the two most affectedvillages.
The infancy period is the most vital stage of a child’s life as most of the growth anddevelopment takes place at this place. Nutritional status is the primary indicator of growth of achild. The effects of arsenic mainly depends on age and gender, nutritional status, water
consumption pattern of a child. The child who is going through the arsenic poisoning symptoms, lives in the below poverty level and do not have the provision for safe water and good
food. A malnourished child is much prone to develop arsenic induced skin disease.
Malnutrition can also delays physical and mental development, lower response against
immunity and susceptible to infection. The children, who have to consume high concentration ofarsenic contaminated water from childhood, are susceptible to develop skin cancer at an earlyage. The effects of arsenic induced health diseases have multidimensional influences on thesociety. Apart from physical manifestation, socio economic impacts have been confronted by
the sufferer such as economic instability due to loss of work, social disgrace, suicidal tendency
and many other causes are related to these (Das and Roy, 2013). An alternative source ofwater for drinking and cooking purposes that is free from arsenic can reduce the risk of skincancer development. Alternative sources may be rain water harvesting or other conventional
methods of water conservation (Kumar and Mandar, 2018)139

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