Thinking About
Our Place in the World— New Questions, New Answers —グローバル社会を読み解く新たな視点

François de Soeteはしがき
本書のタイトル Thinking About Our Place in the World は、いくつかの意味を持っている。一つには、相互のつながりがますます強くなっているグローバル社会において、誰もが折に触れて考えるであろう社会における自らの存在意義を指している。また同時に、私たちがグローバル社会として、大局的視点から人類の役割を考えようとする集合体としての営みをも本書は指している。本書が提示する「メディアの影響」から「公共の場における失礼な振る舞い」までの多岐にわたるトピックの情報や見方・考え方は、読者のみなさんが世界における自分の役割を考える手助けとなるだろう。また、「人間が環境に及ぼす影響」や「地球外生物の存在の可能性」などのトピックは、世界における人類の役割について考えるきっかけとなるだろう。
本書で扱う内容を、読者のみなさんがじっくり吟味することができるように、どの章も分かりやすく書くように努めた。各トピックに関する予備知識が一切なくとも、内容が理解できるようになっている。加えて、各章には北海道大学名誉教授の浪田克之介先生による丁寧な注釈が付けられており、学生のみなさんがリーディングの箇所を学習する際には大いに役立つだろう。浪田先生と一緒に日本の大学生向けの英語テキストの仕事をするのは本書で3回目であるが、このようにまた共同で仕事をする機会に恵まれたことは大変光栄であった。
相互のつながりが一層緊密になる現代社会において、英語でコミュニケーションを取る力はますます必要となっている。英語を使いこなすことのできない人は、多くのチャンスを逃してしまう可能性も高い。しかし、情報化社会においては、基礎的な英語力だけではもはや十分ではなく、英語でクリティカルに考える力が求められている。多くの人々と共生しているこの社会や私たちが暮らす地球の環境について、そして私たちが自らの存在意義を理解する際に影響を及ぼしている考え方について、新しい疑問や課題が浮かび上がってくる中で、私たちは単に情報を伝達するという言語的な力だけではなく、知的に理解し合うための分析力が求められている。その力を養うためにも、本書のほとんどの章では各トピックに関して複数の視点を提示しており、読者は自分の意見を形成することができるだろう。本書で扱っている幅広いトピックは、興味深く、知的刺激を与えるもので、知的な議論に関連するものを選んでいる。近年になって取り上げられるようになったこれらの問題についてじっくり考えてみると、新しい答えが見つかるかもしれない。その過程において、世界における「個人」と「グローバル社会」の両方の役割について、私たち一人ひとりが考えるきっかけとなるのではないだろうか。
最後に、本書の企画・編集にあたり、成美堂編集部の菅野英一部長と佐藤公雄氏に謝意を表したい。

François de Soete

Preface“Thinking about our place in the world” can mean a couple of things. It canrefer to the notion that all people, at one time or another, try to figure out theirown personal significance as individuals in this increasingly interconnected globalsociety. It can also refer to a collective activity, whereby we as a global society try
to figure out the role of human beings in the big picture. This book will help readers
think about their own place in the world by presenting information and opinions
about a wide variety of topics, ranging from the influence of the media, to the riseof rude behavior in public. This book will also help readers think about the place ofhuman beings in the world by also offering readings about topics that range fromthe human impact on the environment, to the possible existence of extraterrestriallife.
To make sure that readers can think carefully about the information
presented in this book, all of the chapters have been written in a verystraightforward way, which means that readers do not need any prior knowledgeof the topics covered. In addition, Katsunosuke Namita, professor emeritus at
Hokkaido University, has attached a series of carefully researched Japaneseannotations to each chapter. These annotations will undoubtedly prove helpful tostudents while working through the reading sections. It is worth noting here that
this is now the third book on which Professor Namita and myself have collaborated,and having had an opportunity to work once more with him was a great pleasure.
Since the world is growing increasingly interconnected, the ability tocommunicate in English is rapidly becoming a virtual requirement. Those who
do not have command of the English language are likely to miss out on many
opportunities. Basic English skills are not enough, however, since the information
age demands that people have the ability to think critically in English. As
new questions arise about the society that we share with so many others, theenvironment in which we live, and the ideas that shape how we understandour own existence, it is vital that people not only possess the linguistic skills
necessary to communicate, but also the analytical skills necessary to communicate
intelligently. To that end, most of the chapters in this book present multiple
perspectives regarding the topics at hand so that each reader can form his or her
own opinion. The widely varying topics presented in this book are therefore meant
to be interesting, intellectually stimulating, and relevant for intelligent discussion.
Thinking carefully about some of these questions that have come up in recent years
can lead to some new answers, and in the process, it can help us all think about
our place in the world as individuals, and as a global society.
François de Soete本書の使い方
各章の構成は以下の通りとなっている。
要旨
各章の冒頭に本文の内容が分かりやすく日本語で要約されている。これまであまりなじみのないテーマであったとしても、この日本語による簡単な解説を読むことで準備ができる。
Getting Started
このセクションは、本文を読み始める前に、その準備として関連内容について学生が各自で考えることのできる質問を用意してある。個人の意見を問うものであるので、下調べなどの必要はない。授業内でディスカッションのテーマとして利用することも可能である。
Reading
分かりやすい英文で書かれた本文は、文化や社会問題、環境やエネルギー、科学や人間・宇宙の起源まで、幅広いトピックを扱っている。予備知識がなくても十分に理解できる内容となっている。また、『大学英語教育学会 基本語リスト』（通称JACET 8000）の基本的には5000語レベル以上および固有名詞に注釈を付けている。
Vocabulary
本文で使用された語について、それぞれの意味を選択する問題。知らない単語であっても、辞書を使うのではなく、文中で使用されている箇所を読みながら解答を推測するように学生に指示している。また、単語の意味を英語で説明できるようになるための訓練としても使うことができる。
Comprehension Questions
本文の内容理解を問う問題。本文の該当箇所を特定すれば答えられる易しめの問題だけではなく、本文の内容と問題文の意味をよく理解していなければ解答できない難しめのものも用意してあるので、内容分析の力も養うことができる。
Summary
CDを聴きながら空欄になっている単語を埋める問題。単語や語尾の変化の聞き取りとつづりの練習になっている。リスニングの文章は、本文の要旨になっており、本文の内容理解のチェックにも利用することができる。
Point of Interest
本文で扱っているテーマや人物に関連した、おもしろい豆知識を平易な英文でまとめたコラム。本文の関連個所に、日本語でこの欄への参照指示が掲載されており、関心に応じて読み進めることができる。問題や試験などには、このコラムの内容は含まれていないが、楽しみながら各章のテーマに関する知識や理解を広げるのに役立つ。

Table of ContentsSection I: Thinking About Media and Communication
1. Type It Up: How can writing something get you in trouble?			 文章を書く：トラブルに巻き込まれないよう書く時にはご注意を

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2. Watch This: Should the film industry be more socially responsible?		 見てみよう：映画産業はさらなる社会的責任を果たすべきか

3. Girl Power: Do female action stars really empower women?		 ガールズパワー：アクション女優は女性をエンパワーメントするか

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4. It’s Just a Game: What are some of the big debates in sports today?					 たかが試合、されど試合：今日のスポーツ界が抱える大きな論争とは

5. That’s News to Me: Can we really trust the press?		 それは初耳だ：マスコミは本当に信頼できるか

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Section II: Thinking About Culture and Society
6. Man Versus Machine: How are machines changing society?		 人間 vs マシン：機械は社会にどのような変化をもたらしているか

7. More Than Enough: Are some people just too rich?		 十分すぎるほどの資産：裕福すぎる人もいる？

8. Look Around: Are some people too attached to smartphones?		 周りをよく見て：スマホ依存の人もいる？

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9. Mind Your Manners: Is rude behavior on the rise?							 マナーは守ろう：失礼な行為をする人が増えている？

10. Constant Threat: How can we balance personal liberty and public safety?		 常にある脅威：個人の自由と公共の安全のバランスをどう取るか

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Section III: Thinking About Humans and the Environment
11. Saving the Environment: Can one person make a difference?		 環境保全：一人一人の自助努力に効果はあるか

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12. It’s a Zoo Out There: How far can zoos go to teach people about animals?		 動物園の実態：動物園は動物のことをどれだけ私たちに伝えられるのか

13. Hit the Road: Where can we find some of the most scenic drives?		 ドライブに出発：景色の良いドライブ道はどこにあるか

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14. It’s Getting Crowded: How is population growth changing the world?		 人口過密：人口増で世界はどのように変わりつつあるのか

15. Highly Contagious: Is the world ready for the next outbreak?		 伝染性の高い病気：次の世界的流行病への備えは十分か

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Section IV: Thinking About Our Place in the World
16. Unsolved Mysteries: Has science answered all of the big questions?		 未解決の謎：科学はすべての疑問に答えたか

17. Reality and Illusion: How can you be sure that the world around you is real?		 現実と幻想：身の周りの出来事が本当に「現実」だと確信は持てるか

18. The Golden Rule: How do people decide what is moral and immoral?		 黄金律：人は道徳と不道徳の境をどのように決めるのか

19. Doing What We Want: Are we really free to make choices?		 自由に生きる：私たちは本当に自由に選択しているのか

20. Little Green Men: Are we alone in the universe?		 地球外生命：われわれはこの宇宙で唯一の生物なのか

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TYPe It UP

How can writing something get you in trouble?

1cHaPTer
インターネットの普及により、個人が自分の意見を発信することが容易になった。しかし、自分の考えを文章にすることは、時にはリスクを伴う。例えば、著作権が保護されている事柄を自分の文章に書く際に、「公正使用」の理解が不十分なままに誤って使用してしまうと、著作権法違反で訴えられることもあり得る。他人について不注意なコメントをすると、名誉毀損（きそん）で訴えられることもあるかもしれない。従って、人の目に触れるところに自分の意見を掲載する際には、責任を持って内容を吟味することが重要である。

Typing something up and posting it
online is incredibly easy, but as thischapter makes clear, it can also get theperson who wrote it in a lot of trouble.

1. GeTTING STarTeD
Think about each statement or question below, and circle the option withwhich you agree most. There is no right or wrong answer here—it is youropinion!
How often do you write blogs or post messages on social media sites?
a. Very Often

b. Oftenc. Occasionallyd. Rarely

How often do you write about other people, including friends and celebrities?
a. Very Often

b. Oftenc. Occasionallyd. Rarely

Writing research papers is enjoyable.
a. Strongly Agreeb. Agreec. Disagree

d. Strongly Disagree12. reaDING① 2〜6

Read the following short essay.
People often point to Johannes Gutenberg’s movable type printing pressin the fifteenth century as one of the most revolutionary developments in humanhistory. Prior to Gutenberg’s invention, books were meticulously written byhand, and so they were very expensive and largely inaccessible to most people.
Once the printing press emerged, however, books became far more accessible,
making it possible for revolutionary ideas in areas like science and politics
to spread rapidly throughout Europe. A more recent development may be
revolutionizing the world in similar ways: the rise of the Internet. Publishingcompanies and newspapers used to essentially control who could and could
not be an author. With the rise of the Internet, however,
書き言葉が持つ強力anyone can start a blog, self-publish a book, or garner a な力について、章末
large following by means of social networking. The result の Point of Interestis that more perspectives about topics ranging from を読んでみよう。
international politics to local news are now available.
This may be a good thing, but for those who put their ideas out there for theworld to read, there are some serious risks. Let us take a closer look at some of
the ways that people can get in trouble by just writing a course paper, a blog,
or even a brief post on a social networking site.
CD 1 - 3
One way that people can get in trouble when writing something is byplagiarizing the work of others. Plagiarism occurs when someone copies anotherperson’s words, or rephrases someone else’s ideas, without stating the sourceof those words or ideas. It is essentially taking credit for someone else’s words
or ideas. Plagiarism can be as blatant as deliberately copying an entire paper,or as minor as accidentally copying just one sentence without using quotation
marks. Anyone who writes something or gives a speech can be accused ofplagiarism, but allegations of plagiarism most commonly arise in university
settings. Plagiarism may not have been quite as tempting a few decades ago
when students had to type up papers on a typewriter, since copying someone
else’s words still required a lot of typing. Today, however, students can simply
cut and paste written work from material found online. Many universities
therefore now require that students also provide digital copies of their papers sothat university instructors can use software to scan for plagiarism. Universities
view plagiarism as a serious act of academic dishonesty, and some universities
can even expel students who plagiarize.
CD 1 - 4
Another big concern when it comes to writing is the risk of violating
intellectual property laws. Most notably, those who put their writing online in
the form of a blog or self-publish a book, for example, can violate copyright laws
CD 1 - 251015202530352Chapter 1 Type It Up

if they are not careful. Copyright laws are complicated. For instance, copyrights
eventually expire, but the length of time varies from country to country. Thismeans that a book may be copyrighted in one country, but considered publicdomain in another country. Moreover, fair use laws may allow writers to freely
copy a limited amount of material from copyrighted works, but the rules about
what counts as fair use are subject to interpretation. This means that someone
who uses something from copyrighted material may believe that his or her
usage constitutes fair use, but the copyright holder may not agree. If that isthe case, the copyright holder can sue in court. The person accused of violatinga copyright may have to spend a lot to hire an attorney, and may end up losing
even more money if he or she loses the case.
CD 1 - 5
Finally, writing something online can violate defamation laws. Broadly
speaking, defamation can come in the form of slander, which is a verbal attack
on someone’s character, or in the form of libel, which is a written attack onsomeone’s character. Writing blog posts, or even just making a comment on asocial networking site, can result in a defamation lawsuit. As with intellectual
property laws, defamation laws are complex, and vary from country to country.
In one country, writing something that hurts someone’s reputation may notlead to a lawsuit if the statement is true. In some cases, even if the statement isfalse, the person who wrote it can avoid being sued if the statement in question
is clearly a personal opinion. In another country, however, making statementsthat hurt someone’s reputation can result in a lawsuit even if the statement isactually true. This means that anyone who writes about other people, whether
it is someone he or she knows personally, or a celebrity that he or she has
never met, can be sued for defamation. In some countries, defamation may
even constitute a crime that can lead to prison time.
CD 1 - 6Ultimately, history has shown that the written word is a powerfulforce. There is no better example of this than the way that the developmentof the printing press helped spread ideas that transformed Europe just a few
centuries ago. The power of the written word today is at just about everyone’sfingertips, insofar as it is now so easy for people to disseminate their thoughts
and opinions online. Using this power irresponsibly, however, is a recipe fortrouble. Fortunately, exercising caution can help people avoid getting into
trouble when they share their writing with others. Making sure to seek thepermission of copyright holders before using copyrighted material, for instance,
can help avoid lawsuits. On the other hand, dishonestly passing off the ideasof others as one’s own ideas, failing to respect intellectual property laws, andattacking the character of others can lead to serious consequences. For those
who live in democratic societies, then, as much as they may enjoy having the351015

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253035right to freely express themselves, that right to free expression can actually bequite costly if misused.

NOTES
Johannes Gutenberg「ヨハネス・グーテンベルク(1398?-1468)」 meticulously「細心の注意を払って」 inaccessible「入手し難い」 garner「得る，集める」 following「ファン，支持者」（ひょうせつ）する，盗作する」
post「投稿」
plagiarize「剽窃plagiarism「剽窃，盗作」
rephrase「言い換える」 take credit for ~「〜の功績とする」 blatant「露骨な，見え透いた」
allegation「申し立て」 expel「追放する」 expire 「有効期限が切れる」 public domain「公有財産（著作権が消滅した状態）」 fair use「
（著作権のある著作物の）公正使用」 defamation「名誉毀損」 slander「中傷，悪口」 libel「文書誹謗（ひぼう）」 at one's fingertips「思いのままに利用できる」 disseminate「広める，普及させる」 irresponsibly「無責任に」 be a recipe（原因）である」for ~「〜の元3. VOCABULARY
Try to use the context in the reading section to figure out the correct definition
for each vocabulary word in the column on the left.
1. control		()		a. change significantly

2. deliberately()		b. have power over

3. constitute		()		c. be the same as something

4. transform		()		d. carefulness

5. caution		()		e. done intentionally

4. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
Read each statement below carefully, and then based on the information
presented in this chapter, write “T” if it is true or “F” if it is false.
1. ______ Simply copying one sentence written by someone else, without using
quotation marks, can get a student in trouble for plagiarism.
2. ______ It is sometimes possible to use copyrighted material since fair use
laws exist that allow people to do so.
3. ______ As long as someone believes that using someone else’s copyrighted
material is fair use, then he or she will not face a lawsuit.
4. ______ In some instances, writing something that hurts a person’sreputation, even if true, can lead to a lawsuit.
5. ______ The author concludes that people should avoid writing something
and putting it online since it can be such a costly mistake.
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Chapter 1 Type It Up① 7

5. SUMMarY

Listen carefully to the audio recording for this summary and fill in the blanks
in the paragraph below.
The rise of the Internet has made it easy for 1.) __________ to disseminate his or
her ideas. Putting one’s ideas in writing, however, is sometimes 2.) __________.
For example, copyright laws can expose writers to 3.) __________ if they
misinterpret fair use laws when using copyrighted material in their own
writing. Libel laws can also get writers in trouble if they 4.) __________ write
comments about other people. It is therefore important that people remember
to act 5.) __________ when putting their ideas out there for anyone to read.

POINT Of INTereST
The Power of the Written Word
A good illustration of the power of writing comes from Martin Luther’s Ninety-ﬁve Theses,
which he wrote in 1517. The German theologian’s Ninety-ﬁve theses were essentiallyninety-ﬁve sentences that challenged some of the Catholic Church’s core views. Although
this seems like just a short piece of writing, his words transformed European society
dramatically. It helped spark the Protestant Reformation, which led to a wide variety of
Christian denominations and a number of vicious religious wars. As for Luther himself,
he was condemned by the Catholic Church.

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