ANNEX 3
S U M M A R Y O F T H E R E V I S E D 1996
FOR
IPCC
GUIDELINESNATIONAL GREENHOUSE GASINVENTORIES
A3.1 Background
This Annex summarises additions and revisions to the 1995 IPCC Guidelines
for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1995 IPCC Guidelines). It also
describes efforts made by the IPCC to harmonise methods with others.
The additions and revisions were accepted by the IPCC at its Twelfth
Session held in Mexico City (11-13 September 1996) after acceptance by
Working Group I at its Sixth Session held in Mexico City (10 September
1996) in accordance with IPCC procedures. They are called the Revised
1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Within thisAnnex, a revision of an existing methodology or default data is referred toas a ‘revision’, ‘revised method’ or ‘revised data’. Additional methods anddefault data are defined as ‘new’ methods or ‘new data’.

A3.2 Energy
The Energy Chapter contains the following improvements and additions:•Harmonisation of international (IPCC and CORINAIR) emission
estimation methodologies and allocating of emissions from
autoproducers1 to the sector where they are generated and not to
the transformation2 sector (revision);•

Development of a new Tier 1 method for estimating non-CO2
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and SO2 emissions based on fuelconsumption;•

Development of a new Tier 2 method for estimating emissions fromaircraft;•

Inclusion of new default values for various types of traditional
biomass fuels;•

Clarification of the definition of National Navigation (the definition ofInternational Marine Bunkers remains unchanged).

1 An autoproducer is defined as an entity which produces electricity

and/or heat for sale in addition to its primary activities.
2 The transformation sector comprises the conversion of primary formsof energy to secondary and further transformation (e.g. coking coal to coke,heavy fuel oil to electricity)

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SUMMARY

A3.3 Industrial Processes
The Industrial Process Chapter contains a broad range of new estimation
methodologies for the so-called "new gases", that is perfluorocarbons, PFCs
(e.g. CF4 and C2F6), HFCs (e.g. HFC-125 and HFC-134a), sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6), the direct GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O), and ozone andaerosol precursors (SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC) from industrial, non-energy,
processes.
Direct GHG: The new methodologies cover CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions
from the production of mineral compounds, chemical industries and metal
manufacture. The estimation of CO2 emissions from cement production
remains unchanged, but the methodologies for N2O emissions from nitricand adipic acid production have been revised.
Aerosol and ozone precursors: For SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, newmethodologies are presented, which draw upon and improve existing
international methodologies. The sectors covered are: mineral compounds
production, chemical industries and metal manufacture.
Fluorocarbons and SF6: For HFCs and PFCs, and SF6, methodologies areprovided to estimate by-product and fugitive emissions from aluminium (Al)and magnesium (Mg) manufacturing processes, as well as emissions fromtheir production and consumption. Two approaches are given: Tier 1 (a, b)
for potential emissions, and Tier 2, for actual emissions. Potential emissions of
PFCs, HFCs, and SF6: are equal to the amount of a chemical consumed in acountry, minus the amount of a chemical recovered for destruction orexport in the year of consideration. Actual emissions estimates take into
account the time lag between consumption and emissions. The Tier 2
methodology is, therefore, the more accurate estimation approach.

A3.4 Land-use Change and Forestry
Several revisions to the methods for the Land-use Change and Forestry
Chapter are provided. One such revision is to the method for estimating
CO2 fluxes from soils, as described below.
The revisions to the Land-use Change and Forestry Chapter greatly extend
and improve the range and quality of default data, particularly for thetropics, where national forestry statistics are sometimes less accessible thanin the temperate or boreal regions. The revisions can be summarised bychanges in (a) default data and in (b) methods, as follows:

Default data
Classification system for land cover types: A revised system moreconsistent with sources of national, regional and international data, such as
forest conversion rates and forest inventories was developed. The revisedclassification system better reflects the diversity of forest types. For thetropics, three classes of forests have been replaced with six, based on
differences in rainfall amount, seasonality, and altitude.
Rates of forest conversion: New FAO default data are provided for eachcountry and forest type according to the proposed land-cover classification

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SUMMARYsystem. These data have been compiled for the tropics for the 1980-90
period. Such revisions were incorporated because country-level data areoften difficult to obtain for many tropical countries; the 1995 IPCC
Guidelines contain no such data.
Aboveground biomass for native tropical forests: Emissions estimatesfrom land-use change and forestry can be highly sensitive to such input data
and therefore a priority was given to improving aboveground biomass data.
Since publication of the 1995 IPCC Guidelines, better datasets have become
available drawing upon larger regional studies. The revisions now include alarge database of default values for Africa, America, and Asia for the revised
land-cover classification system. Additional data based on individual forest
inventories (suitable for converting to biomass) for many tropical countries
are also included. None of the default values are separated into primary andsecondary forests (as in 1995 IPCC Guidelines) because it was felt by
experts that this was not a practical classification, given the variability ofdefinitions in different regions.
Rates of tropical forest regrowth: Revised default data are given for forest
regrowth; the data are related to the biomass data and are reported for thethree tropical regions by forest type, according to the revised classification
system.

Methods
Estimation of net CO2 emissions from soil carbon: In the 1995 IPCC
Guidelines, CO2 estimates are based upon the product of the rate of change
in area of a given land-use and the rate of change of soil carbon. The revised
method estimates changes in soil carbon pools associated with altered landuse or land management practices. Thus, all categories of agriculturallyimpacted lands, including conversions of forest or other vegetation toagriculture, land abandonment, shifting cultivation and permanent
agriculture, are included in the methodology. A default stock method is
employed to estimate CO2 fluxes associated with agricultural activities for a
20-year inventory period. This area of the IPCC Methodology has beenmuch improved because better scientific data is now available. The revised
method is more compatible with potential policy analysis.

A3.5 Agriculture
Three sections of this Chapter have been revised, that are, (1) methane
emissions from rice cultivation, (2) nitrous oxide emissions from agriculturalsoils and (3) manure management. For the estimation of N2O emissions,the default methods and data are new.

Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation
In the 1995 IPCC Guidelines, the estimation of CH4 emissions from wetland
rice cultivation is a function of the CH4 emission factor, area of ricecultivated and the season length. One critical default parameter is the CH4
emission factor, which is based upon temperature. It was determined thatthe relationship between CH4 emissions and soil temperature as assumed in

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SUMMARYthe 1995 IPCC Guidelines was no longer appropriate because new datasuggest that the seasonally integrated CH4 flux depends much more on the
input of organic carbon, water regime, time and duration of drainage andsoil type than on local temperature. The revised methodology is a functionof the emission factor integrated over a cropping season for particular ricewater regime, for a given organic amendment, and of the annual harvested
area cultivated under these conditions. The latter is given by the cultivatedarea times the number of cropping seasons per year.
The revisions to the method use internationally-agreed definitions for riceeco-systems classified according to the water regime and a range of CH4
emission scaling factors relative to continuously flooded rice eco-systems
and for soils without organic amendment. A default seasonally integrated
emission factor is also provided for the continuously-flooded regime,
without-organic amendment.

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural
Soils and Manure Management
A new default method for calculating national emissions of N2O fromagriculture is provided. The new N2O method is a revision of the method in
the 1995 IPCC Guidelines. It includes more sources of N2O from agriculturalactivities and makes explicit recommendations on N2O emission factors.
The new method accounts for the application of N-fertilisers to the soil andN uptake in crops and subsequently tracks the flow of N as it moves
through the (anthropogenic) animal and human food chain. Three
categories of N2O sources are distinguished in the new methodology, (1)direct emissions from agricultural soils, (2) emissions from animal
production, and (3) N2O emissions indirectly induced by agriculturalactivities3. Because a larger number of sources and pathways are
considered, the new N2O methodology affects several source sectors.
Emissions are reported in several sections of the 1995 IPCC Guidelines,
namely, Manure Management (Section 4.2, 1995 IPCC Guidelines),
Agricultural Soils (Section 4.5, 1995 IPCC Guidelines), and Waste (Section
6.3, 1995 IPCC Guidelines). The input data required can be obtained from
FAO databases.
The new method provides a comprehensive description of N2O emissions
from agriculturally-related activities by accounting for previously omitted
N2O sources. Using this method, global N2O emission estimates imply that
atmospheric N2O input from agricultural production as a whole hasapparently been previously underestimated by at least 70%. Nitrous oxide
emissions resulting from atmospheric deposition are assigned to the NOx
or NH3 emitting country4.
3 It

is however recognised that there are other sources ofanthropogenic atmospheric inputs of N-compounds to soils e.g., NOx fromfuel combustion. Only compounds directly applied to agricultural soils are
considered.
4 In some countries and regions, other conventions related to longrange transboundary air pollution are addressing the issue of atmospherictransport and deposition in greater detail.

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SUMMARY

A3.6 Waste
The Chapter on Waste addresses various topics, including: improved waste
disposal data, evaluation of the methodologies for solid waste andwastewater, definitions of activities and uncertainties of CH4 emission
estimates. The main improvements to the methods and default data are as
follows:

Solid Waste
Site classification: A new term - solid waste disposal site - has been
proposed to refer to all sites and to replace the terminology in 1995 IPCC
Guidelines for ‘landfills’ and ‘open dumps’. The new term was proposed
because experience suggests that the existing categories do not adequately
include the entire range of waste disposal sites that exists in all countries.
Solid waste disposal sites include all sites where waste is deposited and islikely to generate some methane. Sites are further classified according to
the level of site management and depth.
Methane correction factor: The new site classification is used to derive amethane correction factor (MCF) to account for the methane generation
potential of the site. The amount of methane produced depends in part
upon the available oxygen and the level of compaction of the waste. In
general, waste in managed sites potentially generates more methane thanwaste in unmanaged sites. Furthermore, the deeper the site, the greater themethane generation potential. The methane correction factor for each typeof site reflects these differences in methane generation potential. The siteclassification recognises that some developing countries, or countries witheconomies-in-transition, may have a majority of less-well managed or
unmanaged sites, often with a lower methane-producing potential than wellmanaged sites.
Waste data: A wide range of revised and new default data on waste
generation, composition and disposal data in many additional developed anddeveloping countries is provided. A definition for Municipal Solid Waste anda method for calculating the Degradable Organic Carbon content of various
waste streams are now included in the revised Chapter.
Methodology: The default methodology was evaluated and retained. The
methodology uses a zero-order equation requiring data on population,
waste landfills, and waste composition as proposed by Bingemar andCrutzen (1987).

Wastewater
A revised method and default data for calculating emissions from wastewaterand sludge is included. The amount of CH4 produced from these systems
depends upon several factors, including the characteristics of thewastewater and the management system, and temperature. These factors
are highly dependent upon the waste treatment system used. The revised
methodology allows countries to tailor the estimation approaches more
precisely to their wastewater management systems. This is accomplished by
the MCF that accounts for the differing CH4 generating potential of

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SUMMARY

different wastewater management systems. In addition, the revised
methodology uses data that is commonly available from most countries, or
which can be estimated by wastewater experts.

Human sewage
A new methodology and default data are provided for the estimation ofN2O nitrous oxide emissions from human sewage disposed to land, and in
subsequent run-off to rivers and estuaries. There is no such methodology in1995 IPCC Guidelines.

A3.7 Harmonisation of International
Emission Estimation Methodologies
Progress has been made in the harmonisation of the IPCC and
EMEP/CORINAIR methodologies to allow more direct comparison of thetwo approaches. These changes are mainly in the Energy Chapter, but
harmonisation was a theme in all other chapters, including Industrial
Processes. Examples of harmonisation are given below from the Energy
Chapter:•

Biomass fuels are allocated to the various source categories (new). As
in 1995 IPCC Guidelines, CO2 from biomass will not be reported innational totals as this is captured in the Land-use Change andForestry Chapter•

Emissions from fuel used for electricity and heat production by
autoproducers will be included in the sector where it is generated
and not with the transformation industries.

•

Treatment of evaporative emissions (NMVOCs) from road transport
in the Tier 2 method of IPCC is made consistent with CORINAIR.
Combustion and evaporative emissions are to be reported
separately. However, in the new Tier I IPCC method, all emissions
from road transport are included together under fuel combustion.

•

Development of a new Tier 2 method for estimating emissions fromaircraft.

References
Australian Methodology for the Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions andSinks (1996).
Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook (1996), 1stEdition, European Environmental Agency.
1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Reporting
Instructions (Volume 1); Workbook (Volume 2); Reference Manual(Volume 3).

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Chapter 2,
Industrial Processes

Module 2,
Industrial Processes

Reference Manual (Volume 3)

Workbook(Volume 2)

New methods and default data for the estimation of emissions of• direct greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) and SO2 from:- mineral production;- chemical industries;- metal manufacture.
• ozone precursors (NOx, CO, NMVOC) from :- chemical industries- metal manufacture• halocarbons (PFCs, HFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) from metal manufacture, use and production.
- Tier 1 (a):for bulk chemicals;- Tier 1 (b):for bulk chemicals and chemicals stored in products;- Tier 2 :product (containing PFCs, HFCs, SF6) lifetimes are taken into account.

Main changes are :• assignment of GHG emissions from autoproducers to the sector where they were generated and not to thetransformation sector (revision);• development of a Tier 1 method for estimating non- CO2 GHG and SO2 emissions based on fuel consumption(new);• development of a Tier 2 method for estimating emissions from aircraft (new);• inclusion of default values for various types of traditional biomass fuels (new);• clarification of the definition of National Navigation (the definition of International Marine Bunkers remains
unchanged)

Summary of additions/revisions2

Reporting Instructions

Chapter 3, ‘’Solvents and other product use’’ has not been revised.
A revision of an existing methodology or default data is referred to as a ‘revision’. In cases where an additional method has been developed and default data provided, this is defined as ‘new’.

Module 1, Energy

Chapter 1, Energy

Chapter/Section

Workbook (Volume 2)(Volume 3)

Reference Manual

VolumeRevised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

12

2. Industrial
Processes

1. Energy

Sector1

Table 1. Additions/revisions to the 1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

A3.7

SUMMARY

Chapter 4: Agriculture,
Methane Emissions from Rice
Cultivation

Chapter 4: Agriculture,
Agricultural Soils and Manure
Management

Module 4 : Agriculture
Agricultural Soils, Manure
Management, and Methane
Emissions from Rice
Cultivation
Chapter 5, Land-use Change& Forestry

Module 5, Land-use Change &Forestry

Reference Manual(Volume 3)

Workbook(Volume 2)

Reference Manual(Volume 3)

Workbook(Volume 2)

Chapter/Section

Reference Manual(Volume 3)

Volume••Revised /new default data and classification are suggested for:- land-cover types (revision);- rates of forest conversion (new);- aboveground biomass for native tropical forests (revision);- rates of tropical forest regrowth (revision)
Method for the estimation of CO2 fluxes from agricultural soils (revision) and default data (new).

Revised method and new default data for the estimation of Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation uses:- internationally-agreed definitions of rice ecosystems (revision);- default data (e.g. seasonally integrated CH4 emission factors) (new);- scaling factors for CH4 emissions factors relative to continuously flooded fields (without-organic
amendment) (new).
Additions and revisions include:• default method for the estimation of nitrous oxide emissions from Manure Management and Agriculturalsoils (new);• revised default emission factors for the estimation of direct emissions of N2O from soils (revision);• default data (e.g. N2O emission factors for animal waste and for indirect emissions) (new).

•Summary of additions/revisions2

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1 Chapter 3, ‘’Solvents and other product use’’ has not been revised.
2 A revision of an existing methodology or default data is referred to as a ‘revision’. In cases where an additional method has been developed and default data provided, this is defined as ‘new’.

5. Land-use Change &Forestry

4. Agriculture

Sector1

Table 1. Additions/revisions to the 1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (continued)

SUMMARY

Chapter 6, Waste

Module 6, Waste

Workbook(Volume 2)

Chapter/Section

Reference Manual(Volume 3)

Volume•••Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

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A3.9

Solid waste disposal
Revised/new data and classification are listed below for:- solid waste disposal site classification: definition encompasses all sites classified in the current Guidelines(revision);- methane correction factor to account for the methane generation potential of the site (new);- wider range of default data for waste generation, composition and disposal data (revision).
Wastewater- revised approach and default data for calculating CH4 emissions (revision).
Human sewage- method and default data for the estimation of N2O emissions (new).

Summary of additions/revisions2

1 Chapter 3, ‘’Solvents and other product use’’ has not been revised.
2 A revision of an existing methodology or default data is referred to as a ‘revision’. In cases where an additional method has been developed and default data provided, this is defined as ‘new’.

6. Waste

Sector1

Table 1. Additions/revisions to the 1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (continued)

SUMMARY