
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
=3¼
No. 3-, p. /10/ ,**- TDR  ῌ   *Practical Application of Time Domain Reﬂectometry :Simultaneous Measurement of Water and Salt contents in Soil
Kosuke NOBORIO** Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, -ῌ+2ῌ2 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate *,*ῌ2//*, Japan`Ke CS0+/  ῌ e+       

ECHO bhi yN! O~?"







,



TDR 

!" #$!%&' (TimeTDR M A6ῌ+ " ghi

Domain Reﬂectometry, TDR)    *

j`dkh"?jdt,B

+



,

 -!*./,0 (12 )!* qghij ONC!
 L (m) bhi;¡DEF"  3!4" 567-82bhizG-F !*¢E'ghi, 9:;<"=>?@ ! TDR j`dkhHI" £N!*,bhi

46 (#ῌAB +33- ; $C +330 ; D% +332 ;¤G-F  £Z¥E*6'

Mojid , ,**,) E#&F'()G

ghij`dkhHIN¦" M'?" (:; *H (,***)  &FI
JK+L!N TDR MN , %O

?" -! , (,**,) 

P,QR- S. ?/T0UV
W1XY2

IN !*§6¨bd©hªJ"

TDR MZ

TDR M

ghij`dkh,«j¬mKh (@Kbhi­t)® bhi-¯h°d+?"0

[34 5\ #ῌAB (+33,) ] ?" ^_ 0 @?`Kab
cKdefghij`dkh 678lghij`mn9o:p qghij;rs3$! TDR  t4"  +31* uv<, 2* u=3w!26x!6

ghij`dkh yN! z-Z4
{O" 6) =|
 

}~



>??`KabcKd

e +/*,C ghij`dkh

yN! TDR bhi? "TDR

!6N  @L !h4jῌ* ±²³ E ´*,*ῌ2//* µ¶·ªL¸MN +2ῌ2
:   ¹º» 0 bhiῌ+TDR M

A(Noborio, ,**+MZ)d¦~ § 3- ¨ $,**-'58῍, 

 D῍E 

TDR mS   D  2* br

U

nopq

std $ uvnopqw-x+* yz

῍-  !"# $%&' ()*+,-. D῍E nopqw+' n{-.|}jkK~e/0123456789:-; ῍-  D :;῍/ 

-N Lw*.+* m 514<GH -pS

JiJ--ῌ ῎ῐΐ q ῍ῑῒU]b`a cV

Ufghi.C4<DE2

F4/012345:YGZ514<N/012345:514<=> $῍,  D?@' AB C4<DE2F4GH514<  La $m' NlJ L b La GH

IJK KLMC4<DNOPHJKQR ῍- S514<TSJ

nopq e

ῌ La ῎,
῍LVp῏

ῌ

ew

U

V.WOPHJK -G- 514<=> $῍,b $Amato H +33-'  Vp C4<

 D' GH514<X> $῍,  E'  %& $YG

DE2F4LMC4<DZp

Z514<N' La $m'  ῍- S*  $[\]

Vpw*.33 K'  q q $m-ῌ^_] `a b514<cV-dem-' bUfghi.jklJ῏ῌ,

TDR C4<DE2F4GH514<$Noborio H +33. SR'

῏ῌ-

U

K

O

U }

nopq e b S¢£¤4¥£2ABJO¡ $Noborio, ,**+ SR'

r¹ : º» TDR 0¼+



59

 +32*Toppq/.-+*,,.3,+*,e/./+*.e,..-+*0e- ῌ  ! " #
$ %& ' ( )*+,-*./012345 676 898:;<#=2>(? q 0@A=B

EF ? MiyamotoCD,**+ 898=C GHIJ0q-./0+*,..-/+*,e+.,-+*-e,+..2+*/e- ῍

:;= K6L
 = M NO= Cn 7 

P= 6 Q=6L TDR  ῎R:;= L

UM qῒ m-ῌm- 0 C
n

n

῍

῏῍

m =S5 NT
 +32,

Topp

ῌ ῎ῌz
qῒ zi qi
i
i+

῎

i+

n

ῌz   q i
῍ i

= zi  i V? Li+i TUM m-ῌm- ?F  WXYῒ. :;=Z῏ῌ.

,   L +/ L Q TDR =: ¸NMM +  L+-  , 0 7 Qj$?%k L2*==6 [ \ =: TUM ! qῒ  qῒ 0]^ , _C < +.* cm 0]^L?

=FL 6 *.+ molῌkg :=a

+/

+-

?F

z. =S5

NTUM qῒ. 0`

:;=B ?a qῒ+/L+/qῒ+-L+qῒ.
L+/L+-῏

F i! =S5 NUM = 6  j$7 %kl&0' 6()m
Nadler,**, noL f +33+ Mojid#UM qp*.+/ m-ῌm- i!= TDR *qrs+tuvwxy WinTDR 0]^ rsz(?F0)m62 V   ../ cm  - JR

j$?2*%k 7  

676 M bcd "e f#g=hc;Yῒ/ = O , Noborio

=6L:n^L<  n^>6?2*%k 
M  =O?@=]+

 +8v

8* +/*,C +*= Vo  V !
7 2*AB * R ¡ 0¢:;=£¤6 C <C¥¦§o

 

V
RZu
,VoV

ῐ

+330  -f{=b.C M bc|Jl&0 ῎

= Zu 5¨'( * ¡ ?

R=}~ /=B 6  

F   * R 0D+C .ῌ ΐ῎ῒ῕῔῍ῐῑ
TDR 0?1O0]^EC

234

ab
R

;0]^ 234 EC

ῑSῌm 0©1=

n5d=?a  6_ +* 789?

?a  = a, b OO=ªGH 234 EC 6 C = ? o«o EC =E¬ L­M NaCl > KCl

Jq

3 F= TDR 0b6 G+ῌR®H EC 7 Ga, bCmnEC m  n  $C ? 2346X6X6:=]
 6_ +* 78g=  EC  C Jq?  ? ^L2¯o X [ TDR 0]^ 234

U.S. Salinity

 °C  [±²³´8µ0]^ IJ

Lab. Sta#, +3/. 66 =6L^  K F X ²³´8µ0¶6 ·bd » 3- ¼ ,**-

60

ῌῌ/

i«¬0>­®{LMG a, b   Heimovaara+33/

 *.- Sῌm 

ewECbeb)eECb(*ῑῐ,, ew bdi  ECb  TDR >

 !"# ῍ $%&'aEC(*bR)Rcable

ECw(

Noborio, ,**+ g'

῎bdp5q S ῌ m

῍ o" ῎$  eb  TDR >bdῌ$ 

+,-.#/0 Rcable  1234567

eECb(*  ECb(* --Mbd>k89:4;9< = > ?@4AB Cῒ,  D DE#  Persson ,**,  *.*/*./ Sῌm

FGH/I"J R K>  Ly *.+-*.-1 m-ῌm- yI" - 

MN-345O<P4> R KQGN

bdRI/ ew(2* y Rcable K R KRI/S>M0TULMN

> ,-I" ῒ+  Hilhorst ,*** - VW-I/ EC XKYQZG[I" mbdR eECb(* K¡¢\ῑ $-I/ ῐ]G +* m 12345+ EC X

bd£>¤¥¦§¨KR Rcable ^_`a> >$ ῏ +

 bdi ECw ©   Reece, +332

ῑ $m bdp5q ECb 
> ῏ $¤ ῐbc-bdefghbdiªI/bd£¤© ECw j&H"jklmn

ῑ $>G
> > ,-&m ῏ $¤ ῐo"p5q ECb -rsῌ[g ECw X"# bd ECb - q

bdtuI" TDR ?@4 , ECb 0 eb 1J©  345O<P4

 bdi ECw p5q
ECb -vwxyq  z{-I/|gG[ Kachanoski

 +33,

ECw(f+ q ECb*f, q῏῍ῌ+Go¯obdR eECb(* K
,***
b

d

,, f+ q - f, q R}-bd~{> q z{-I/G[  ECw - q 0[I/ TDR >I/0p5q
ECb K,-  f+ q - f, q -Jm>  Hilhorst ,***  q*.+ m-ῌm- bdRI/ ECw Sῌm - ECb Sῌm |gz,-kI"°b ±5²Hilhorst,

³ eECb(*῎῎῎῎῎ ῍ ῎῎῎῎῎´µ<¶4·@¸q¹45Groesbeek
Wichmond
Ferralsol-A
Munnikenland
Attapulgite

º
º
+*
+.
0.*
+**

º
º
1*
-+
,0
/0
*

º
º
,*
//
++
*

º
º
*43/
.4*
/
*

140
.4+
,41
+43
.4.
/42
-4+

¶· : ¸¹ TDR º» TDR 

   !"#$%&'()*+,-./01 ECw

61

῍ + ] + ῏῍ + ] + ῏]+
῎R Riῐ῎Ro Riῐ

Cr[

;<









0

fghF Cr23456789:1"!(1;<cd:1"!(1 GKachanoski= R e/p2345:1,-

 GH Ri ijkl/01,-



JKL01 ! IFMNO<PQ"R1= ECw GH v Ro ,-@A"mn@A

GSῌmH S$ ,/T;m(n>? @A BCDEF ECw GSῌmH @AIF@AIF/01

ECw,/ GSῌmH

UV'1= " WX ;<IFMNGH x:= Ro

O<PQ"R1 GU.S. Salinity Lab. Sta#, +3/.H=?_"2 R,*ῑTῑ.1TYZG,/]TH G,/]TH,῏
῍ECw,/[ECw +.**\\.3.1-1,2 ῐ῎-ῑTῑ,2T

G,/]TH G,/]TH,῏
῍ECw,/[ECw +.**\\/-.+001 ῐ῎ T @AIF GTH !R1=







 ij@Amn@An"45p= 0   +* cmῌ,-}¡}!*+? ¢}£¤¥¦§¨:= ©' 2.3 cm

YZ,-

 +33,H= ª / cm, ¦X TDR ,-x«m}¬­z= TDR !

 ECb ;x'1¤¥¦ G 0 GAHH 
 XR1p  X;cd Cr ;1¤¥¦
G 0 GBHH !R1=/  Cr ,-./01@^ _`ab cdPQe/01fghF Cr  X 

;<ijkl ,-@AhF Ci mn@AhF Co hF C  cd'
1= fghF Cr 
Cr[

C]Ci
Co]Ci




o'1= C[m\nEC p<qa"rs:1hF
tu! Cr vw @A C[m\nECw
Cr[

EC !x'1= Xqayz:1

Gm\nECwH]Gm\nECwiH
Gm\nECwoH]Gm\nECwiH

1= m  n b !{|'Cr[ECw]ECwi
ECwo]ECwi;< Cr ,-@A BCDEF ECw
x'1= '
X.

,-}_~ q "

qb



! f+ GqH  f, GqH R1p  X.

eb   

1 ! TDR !,-ECb :1;

 ECw  o3:1"!(1= " Xῌ Xyz:1

῍f GqH + \f GqH῏]῍f GqH + \f GqH῏
῎ - R . ῐ ῎ - Ri . ῐCr[῍f GqH + \f GqH῏]῍f GqH + \f GqH῏
῎ - Ro . ῐ ῎ - Ri . ῐ1= ! f- GqH  f. GqH  q "  YZb !{|' >3ῌ0®xª / cm }¬¯°±² TDR 
;*+,-/01¢_¤¥¦= GAH ³´µBCDEF ECb ;1¤¥¦ GBH    R ;1fgh
F ¤¥¦= »  3- ¼ ,**-!

62z{>?|} 3N$ ~ TDR 

0 + 

 1/;ST=>?4@)" PUhi)* 1/;ST=>?/f
 ,

U*#  [U" -    ῎1!"

,  D7EF75 Z ;! 

TDR 

TDR  #$ +32* %&

Z

),-./

'  ()*+ 0*1
2%34567859:*1" +32* % & '   ,        ,** ;< TV 

=>?4@) ,**;=>=>65A
=>65A B  /*;!  CD7EF75GHIJ75 KJ7! ?LMN OP
" Q R ,**;=> /*;ST=>OU*
V0P , KJ7
/XYZX

W1[11/Z\YB])" Q/)^ Zegelin P +323!  /*;ST=>_44@N - ?`)" - YZ\Y a-Pbcdef3
g Q R TDR  VX[hi[U" )j)2% ,  /*;ST=>?_44@)*bk[3gfZl*g 3
Petersen P +33/ ; Ferré P +332! /*;ST=

>?_44@) , bm0/
[U*1" P Hook  Livingston +33/! /*;ST=>V0n TV o76p

1/;ST=>?U*bqr1f?s)
" Noborio P +333!  tuIvwxy67

ῌ1,  - 

῍῎ῌ
ῐ῏

ῌ,s῎
῍d῏

῍
ῌ

ln

/ Kraus, +32.!" ff e 
?On  s   ^C m! d  _ m! 3" 
/*; 1/;

ST=>

a-P?)P1

῍ 3$P D7EF75j ῌ

3" ῎,  D jP E j*]$  D7EF75
ST=> D7EF75  ῎,n1῍" - ῌ

H /*;! Z   e ¡1*4@NST=>
D7EF75 /* 1 1/;! ?t[1f)1", 
Zegelin P +323!  ¢[C£ sb3

e ?)f¤ s ¥0P¦}e §?d*

1"  Stein  Kane +32-!   C£¨© <3[*b e§ª «¬­,a1s)*1" )j) ® ¯°± ²³´ !µ}"?#$  _ d C£ s*¶ ·g1 dῌs¸*.+!

¹ºNoborio, ,**+ n!

 Knight,

iG : m TDR c¼2+33,  Petersen  +33/ dῌs.<=z><"*.*,  dῌs   
"!  

#$% Petersen &'()*++33/

,- hc

hc ῍
 
s
῏ ]  d  

 ./  Pc
1234)

'()*0!

*5Pc5+

+.0 mm Pc

 3/῕ ./;FE

6  s ,/*.3/ 78  hc+,./ mm &>/  '()*

,-+,./ mm ?@6"& ῐ῎+'()* m

+ '()* m VT  VR

 C

D !E"F V #G"F VH IJ3 +/*,C @ TDR

 C #GK$ rT VTῌ
PQ3R"S&'( Sῌ"T)B'()*U*>V0 s+W,MXY- Z-[+*2 mῌsM VTῌVRLVT
ECb

a

*.*/ Sῌm P/.

῏\
& ῎

῏ \
6 ῎

+]rTῌrRLrT῔+* V^#G)._`B,/

ῒ/VRῌVoL+ .   e

P%"  ECbc> eLmax ΐ*.0+ m '()*0b s Bc0 &B de7P12>d '()* L ,&0b s f#G)g3#4>

ῐ \, tcῌ,5h>B6 ῎  Lmin TDR+** N7f7f +/*, )OP  6$  |3I|n)ῌ|R|'lo Trase f +/*, )&VBWX῏῎.  Lmaxm tJ  e IK,&% .

. 3ῌ|1kRoLM)oR&'()*ST.&Us'()*A  Ren  +333 B

VoL+ MNO rR

GH<%/kRl(mRnoI +/*, ) TDR TDR+** ?6N7Q.B |3I|n- 

Lmax>B7 6%/E.

1 9 :;'()*<%=!

Lmin

B~./ C  < -.0 mm {|



ῑ
῍

ῐ.+LPc
L+
ῒ
ῑ

῎

Lmin

3knr)}/"w`B
 ?V@&'()*A +/ mm >&D( ! + ,s Ld,
.

& {|3;./"=<%/ "={|3;>N%q)*3;'()*<" . mm ,-B6 ^mm 

mm d63<2> TDR kRl(mRno +/*, pq)*3knr)<%/78 Lmin*.*,- m st. 9 P ,- mm ?u +/*, pq)*3knr)

<% wx: 6y; 6 /. Nissen  +332

  2  .  TDR \ q ) * 3 k n r ) B  '()*"w

Bicotest o\  Granite Island Group o&¡L  ..   TDR \q)*3knr)BP! ῌ"S&'(¢ /

]&  £ $ ¤^ _/&H`¥¦,§./¨/ a7 <2c&
X  6/?©ªN7& TDRJ «¬lῌkR­(¬)o 20+**B kRl(mRno ++2*+]SDL,. & B¡L M, b®,/ mm  TDR '()*<%f^ªD(&!B7 6 Kelly  +33/

q)*3knr)<%/ TDR cd #G):, FE iG./%" "S&'(¯/°E?©f Heimovaara +33. BD./N"e±°E!¤  ./B% ):°EQ²f2>B³ TDR c<%/´µ TDR c¶2A&B%$   ῌ \ La 6.

Hi7'()* L j8> Ren  +333

9vMX! 

FY"Z=ῌq)*3k2?q)*3[Amato, M., De Lorenzi, F. and Oliviere, B. (+33-) :Riﬂettometria nel dominio del tempo (TDR) perla misura dell’umidita volumetrica del terreno. I :Principi

generaliedapplicazioni.

Riv.

di

Agronomia, ,1 : +ῒ2.

g·hi +330 : TDR cNj¸k=¹§º l;» +2, : +0-ῒ+0..

  u 3- v ,**-

64

Ferré,andlength TDR probes measure water distributions

Kachanoski, R.G. (+332) : The dependence of theP.A.,

in an Andisol under di#erent tillage systems inelectrical

Redman,J.D.,

conductivity

Rudolph,measured

D.L.
by

time

domain reﬂectometry on the water content of asand. Water Resour. Res., -. : +,*1ῌ+,+-.

 ,*** : Japan. Soil & Tillage Res., 0* : 3+ῌ33.
Mojid, M.A., Toride, N. and Cho, H. (,**,) : The e#ctof heterogeneous soil-water distribution on the   2- : .+ῌ.0.

TDR measurement of soil-water content.

 3* : ++ῌ+3.

Heimovaara, T. J. (+33.) : Frequency domain analysis

Nadler, A., Dasberg, S. and Lapid, I. (+33+) : Timeof time domain reﬂectometry waveforms : +.

domain reﬂectometry measurements of water

Measurement of the complex dielectric permit-

content and electrical conductivity of layered

tivity of soils. Water Resour. Res., -* : +23ῌ+33.

soil columns. Soil Sci. Soc. AM. J., // : 3-2ῌ3.-.

Heimovaara, T. J., Focke, A.G., Bouten, W. andNissen, H.H., Moldrup, P. and Henriksen, K. (+332) :Verstraten, J.M. (+33/) : Assessing temporal vari-High-resolution time domain reﬂectometry coilations in soil water composition with timeprobe for measuring soil water content. Soil Sci.

domain reﬂectometry. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /3 :Soc. Am. J., 0, : +,*-ῌ+,++.

VWXYῌZ[\]ῌ^_ `ῌaCbῌcd[ef023ῌ032.
Hilhorst, M.A. (,***) : A pore water conductivity
sensor. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0. : +3,,ῌ+3,/.

,**, : ghijklm#*n%  opqr:

st > U 1* : 0-+ῌ0-..

Hook, W.R. and Livingston, N. J. (+33/) : Propaga-

Noborio, K. (,**+) : Measurement of soil watertion velocity errors in time domain reﬂectometry

content and electrical conductivity by timemeasurements of soil water. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,

domain reﬂectometry : a review. Comput. Elec-/3 : 3,ῌ30.

tron. Agric., -+ : ,+-ῌ,-1.

ῌ !" +33, : TDR #$%  &'()*$+,-./0 12#345

 

 0/ : //ῌ0+.

domain reﬂectometry probe for simultaneous
measurement of soil matric potential and waterῌ !" +33- : - 6789:;#$% <Noborio, K., Horton, R. and Tan, C.S.(+333) : Time

TDR =1 > ?@ +02 : ++3ῌ+,*.

content. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0- : +/**ῌ+/*/.
Noborio, K., McInnes, K. J. and Heilman, J.L. (+330) :Kachanoski, R.G., Pingle, E. and Ward, A. (+33,) :Measurements of cumulative inﬁltration and

Field measurement of solute travel times using

wetting front location by time domain re-time domain reﬂecotmetry. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,

ﬂectometry. Soil Sci., +0+ : .2*ῌ.2-.

/0 : .1ῌ/,.

Noborio, K., McInnes, K. J. and Heilman, J.L. (+33.) :Kelly, S.F., Selker, J.S. and Green, J.L. (+33/) : Using

Field measurements of soil electrical con-short soil moisture probes with high-bandwidthductivityu and water content by time-domain

time domain reﬂectometry instruments. Soil Sci.

reﬂectometry. Comput. Electron. Agric., ++ : +-+ῌSoc. Am. J., /3 : 31ῌ+*,.

+.,.

ABCD +332 : TDR #$%EF  <GHIJ

Petersen, L.W., Thomsen, A., Moldrup, P., Jacobsen,

0 12 KL>M-NOPQRSTPU /0 : --ῌ

O.H. and Rolston, D.E. (+33/) : High-resolution-2.

time domain reﬂectometry : Sensitivty depend-

Knight, J.H. (+33,) : Sensitivity of time domainency on probe-design. Soil Sci., +/3 : +.3ῌ+/..

reﬂectometry measurements to lateral varia-

Persson, M. (,**,) : Evaluating the linear dielectric

tions in soil water content. Water Resour. Res.,

constant-electrical conductivity model using,2 : ,-./ῌ,-/,.

time-domain reﬂectometry. Hydrol. Sci. J. .1 :rdKraus, J.D. (+32.) : Electromagnetics. - ed. McGrawHill Book Co., New York.

,03ῌ,11.
Reece, C.F. (+332) : Simple method for determining

Miyamoto, T., Kobayashi, R., Annaka, T. andcable length resistance in time domain re-

Chikushi, J. (,**+) : Applicability of multiple

ﬂectometry systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0, : :-+.ῌ-+1.
Ren, T., Noborio, K. and Horton, R. (+333) : Measuring

65

TDR

tromagnetic determination of soil water content
using TDR : I. Applications to wetting fronts

soil water content, electrical conductivity, andand steep gradients. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., .0 :thermal properties with a thermo-time domain

01,ῌ012.

reﬂectometry probe. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0- :./*ῌ./1.
Stein, J. and Kane, D.L. (+32-) : Monitoring the unfrozen water content of soil and snow using time
domain reﬂectometry. Water Resour. Res., +3 :+/1-ῌ+/2..
Topp, G.C., Davis, J.L. and Annan, A.P. (+32*) : Elec-

U.S. Salinity Laboratory Sta# (+3/.) : Diagnosis andimprovement of saline and alkaline soils. Agriculture Handbook. no. 0*. U.S.D.A., U.S. Government Printing O$ce, Washington D.C.
Zegelin, S. J., White, I. and Kenkins, D. J. (+323) :Improved ﬁeld probes for soil water content andelectrical conductivity measurement using time

tromagnetic determination of soil water con-domain reﬂectometry. Water Resour. Res., ,/ :tent : Measurements in coaxial transmission,-01ῌ,-10.

lines. Water Resour. Res., +0 : /1.ῌ/2,.
Topp, G.C., Davis, J.L. and Annan, A.P. (+32,) : Elec- : ,**,  +*  +  : ,**-  +  -* 