Perspectives on Synchrotron
Radiation Research and theAOFSRR
Richard Garrett
Senior Advisor, Synchrotron Science, ANSTO

2013 Cheiron SchoolAOFSRR Objective
The objective of the AOFSRR is to encourage regional collaboration in, andto promote the advancement of, synchrotron radiation research and related
subjects in Asia and Oceania.

Specific Activities:(1) The annual workshop and Cheiron School, and organization of otherscientific collaboration meetings;(2) Exchange of information of facilities and user groups;(3) Provision of a framework for cooperative activities;(4) Any activities that promote and expand the role of synchrotron
light source facilities and synchrotron based research in the
Asia – Oceania region.

ESRF

European Union
DiamondFLASH

Large: ESRF (+PETRA)
Medium: Diamond, Soleil, SLSSoft X 3rg gen: Elettra, Max,BESSY II …
Next generation: FLASH,
European XFEL, FERMI, PSI..

APS

The Americas

LCLS (Stanford)

CLS

Large: APS
Medium: CLS, NSLS II,SSRL
Soft X 3rd Gen: ALS
2nd gen: NSLS, CHESS,Brazil, Alladin…
Next generation: LCLS,JLab, Cornell ERL(?)

Photon Factory

Asia Oceania & the AOFSRRNSRRCSiam

SPring-8& SACLA

Large: SPring-8
Medium: AS, Indus II,PLS II, Shanghai, TPS..
Soft X 3rd Gen: NSRRC,UVSOR..
• Facilities equal or better than Europe& USA
2nd Gen: Beijing, PF,• Many bi-lateral agreements between
facilities
Thailand,Singapore …
• Few relationships between user communities
Next Gen: SCSS,SACLA, PAL-XFEL…
• No real regional organisation

Members:• Australia• China• India• Japan• South Korea• Singapore
Associate Members:• Malaysia• New Zealand• Vietnam• Taiwan• Thailand

AOFSRR Activities

Annual Workshop
YearHost2006

Tsukuba, Japan2007

Hsinchu, Taiwan

2008

Melbourne, Australia

2009

Shanghai, China

2010

Pohang, South Korea

2011/12

Bangkok, Thailand

2013

Himeji, Japan

2014

Hsinchu, Taiwan

Cheiron School: Always SPring-8 !!

User Community Networking• The AOF annual workshop• Cheiron School• Open access to facilities• Special Access• Multi-nation scientific collaborations• Regional accelerator school• Other workshops

Promote Synchrotron Research• Nations can build new communities at otherfacilities– Australian soft X-ray program at NSRRC and– NSRRC hard X-ray program at SPring-8• Promote SR research in non-member nations inthe A-O region• Assist SR science in developing nations– Cheiron School– Assistance to attend conferences– Visiting scientists hosted at SR facilities– Work with other organisations (IUCr etc)

In the Future it is your AOF:
How Should it Develop ?

Synchrotron Radiation

X25 wiggler beam, NSLS

Outline• What is a synchrotron?
• How is the light produced & what are its
characteristics?
• Brief Basics of Synchrotron Beamlines• Some Applications• The Future (is here already): “NextGeneration Sources”• Some Cool StuffCourtesy M. Ree, PLS

Synchrotrons come inmany sizes

A Synchrotron Step by Step
Booster Synchrotron

Main Ring(Storage Ring)

Beamlines andExperimental Stations

Electron Gunand Linac

Synchrotron Animation
Storage Ring
RF Cavity

Booster
Synchrotron

Linac

Bending
MagnetCourtesy T. Graber, ChemMatCARS

CathodeSection of the Australian Synchrotron

35βxβy30

10*ηx25[m]

2015
105002468S [m]10121416

Generation of Synchrotron Radiation:
Radiation from Accelerating Charge

Low energy electrons:
Radiation in all directionsExample: Radio waves
from a transmitter.

High energy (relativistic) electrons:
Radiation pattern swept into anarrow cone in the forward
direction = High brightness!

Third Generation Sources: Undulator Insertion Devices
3rd Generation: Insertion Devices

600x1012500

Phot/s/0.1%bw

1st, 2nd Generation

400
300
200
100002000

4000
6000
Photon Energy

8000

10000eVεc = .665 E2BK>>1

K=0.934.λu[cm].B[T]K~1

Beamline Design Goals• Deliver the required X-ray beam to the experiment:– Energy and bandwidth– Spot size
– Divergence/convergence• Preserve source characteristics eg intensity,coherence• Optimise signal / background• Be very stable and reproducible, in position, intensityand energy• Be safe to operate• Be user friendly to operate• Achieve all the above within a reasonable budget !
(Good Luck!)

Hard X-ray Beamline: Si crystal monochromator E > 4 keV(Swiss-Norwegian beamline, ESRF)

Soft X-ray Beamline: Grating monochromator E < 2 keVElettra Schematic Beamline

Mirrors for Synchrotron Beamlines• Deflection• Focusing• Harmonic Rejection• Power Reduction

Critical Angle/Reflectivity with Energy:Rhodium Coated Mirror Example
1 keV
10 keV
20 keV

Harder X-rays need moregrazing angles and longer
mirrors:
2 mm high beam needs:≤ 10 cm mirror at 1 keV≥ 80 cm mirror at 20 keV

An example beamline:
the AS Xray Absorption Spectroscopy Beamline

Characteristics ofSynchrotron Radiation
 High brightness/flux
 Wide energy spectrum
 Plane polarised Pulsed

Photon Factory

The Advanced
Light
Source, Berkeley
Australian
SynchrotronUnique Characteristics of Synchrotron Radiation• Extremely high brightness. Modern synchrotron
sources are about 10 billion times as intense as alaboratory X-ray generator: dilute samples; fastmeasurements; trace elements;
 Low divergence: high intensity can be focussed
onto tiny samples: Microscopies• Wide X-ray energy spectrum:
 the optimum X-ray energy to be chosen for eachexperiment;
 X-ray spectroscopies are possible eg EXAFS• Polarisation: various dichroisms; magnetic imaging;molecular orientation;• Time structure: time of flight and very fast timing.

Why Brightness is Important
Conventional
Source (eg.
rotating anode)
Produced
X-raysUsableX-raysSynchrotron
SourceAperture 1

Aperture 2

SampleDiamond Anvil Cell
~ 100 µm sample chamber

Brilliance of a synchrotron (flux/source size/divergence)
gives more usable x-rays or effective intensity

X-rays and their Interaction with Matter

Courtesy SRRC, Taiwan

X-ray Fluorescence trace element analysis

X-ray Diffraction  Structure

Transmitted Photons:
 ImagingAbsorption Spectroscopy Chemical information

Synchrotron

ProtonElectron
Microscope

SIMS

NeutronSensitivity





Sub micronChemicalInformationIn-situAtomicStructure

Sometimes High Intensity = Better DataSynchrotron Powder XRD

Multi-phase ceramic: α Al2O3, ZrO2, MgO-Al2O3 (spinel).
Top synchrotron data; Bottom: lab data.

B. H. Oconnor, A. van Riessen, J. Carter, G.
Burton, R. F. Garrett and D. J. Cookson,
J. American Chemical Soc. 80 (1997) 1373

X-ray Diffraction at a Synchrotron
The Synchrotron

A Beamline

10 metres

100 m
0.1 mmAtomic Structure

Protein Crystal

X-ray Diffractometer

10 nm

10 cm
XRD PatternMost Significant Macromolecular Structures Solvedusing Synchrotron X-rays

Virus
Membrane transporter

The fusion protein from Newcastle
Disease Virus. ©Structure
M. Lawrence, CSIRO

Ribosome
Neuraminidase: Colman & Varghese, CSIROATP Synthase: a Molecular Motor

John Walker won the 1997 Nobel
Chemistry prize for solving the F1
catalytic domain using synchrotron
radiation at Daresbury, UK.

Atomic structure informs biologicalfunction

Broad Energy Spectrum: SR Only Spectroscopies
eg Xray Absorption Spectroscopy
XANES: near edge structure
Sensitive to chemical environment ofabsorbing element.
Often different valence states havemarkedly different XANES spectra.

XANES spectra of Cr III (relativelybenign) and Cr VI, a known carcinogen.

EXAFS: extended structure to~1 keV above an absorption edge
Nearest neighbour atomic distances,coordination etc. Crystals not
required: disordered systems likesolution species can be measured.

Amorphous GaAs EXAFS and Fouriertransform.

Near Edge Spectroscopy: Chemical Sensitivity

π*C=OOH
NH230

Phenylalanine

2Oscillator Strength (10- )π*ringO

Benzene + Alanine

20OOHAlanine

NH210Benzene

0285290295Energy (eV)

Carbon K-edge Spectra

Pt spectrum located in atumour cell Hambley, U Syd

Courtesy H Ade, NC State Univ.

Micro-imaging and XANES from Mineral Sands••Aim: to image and analyse chemical
state of radioactive trace elements
Zircon mineral grains
X-ray Absorption Near Edge
Spectroscopy (XANES) determineduranium is present as UIV
Chemical state is needed to design
process to remove these elements
Blagojevic and Garrett, ANSTO•Zr K-edge 18.0 keVU L3-edge 17.2 keV

CaConcentration ranges:

Hf

U 13 ppm to 33 ppmTh 3 ppm to 11 ppm
Pb 3 to 4 ppm

YImagingRadiography

Mapping

Scanning

Various Imaging Techniques
have become more and more
important in synchrotron researchover the last 10 years
ImagingSome Imaging Needs Focusing optics
Reflective (Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors)

typical ~1 µm

High efficiency, achromatic, limited to ~10 nm

Diffractive (Fresnel zone plates)
typical ~ 100 nm
Moderate efficiency, limited to ~10 nm

Refractive (compound refractive lenses) 10s µm - ~ 50 nm
Low efficiency, highly chromatic, aberrations

Contrast mechanisms in x-ray imaging
 Absorption

measure electron density; can be element specific Fluorescencemeasure elemental distribution

 Spectroscopy

extract chemical state, spin state Diffraction

reveal structure, strain, magnetism, charge…

 Phasemeasure real part of refractive index

In general with X-rays:• Natural sample contrast is possible; staining not required• Image structure of thick samples, sectioning not required• More penetrating, less damage, less charging than with electronsPhase Contrast
Refractive index:

for X-rays it is less than 1 by about 1 part in a million
re 2
n = 1− δ − iβ = 1− λni fi (0)2π∑i• Absorption contrast:
sensitive to Im(n)• Phase contrast:
sensitive to Re(n)• At high X-ray energies,
phase contrast wins

Phase Contrast
2. Diffraction
Propagation
Phase Contrast
1.
EnhancedImaging (DEI)

AS Medical Beamline
Wiggler Source
Phase contrast simulations(Can recover phase shift)Diffraction Enhanced Imaging• Edge/density
gradient
sensitive• Move on rocking
curve to changecontrast

X-ray phase imaging: Biology and Materials

Rob Lewis, Monash
University/Energy = 20keVConventional X-ray

Synchrotron

Synchrotron: propagation phase contrast

DEI “Dark field” phase image ofbonded aluminium sheets @ 33
keVDots are bubbles in the epoxy
bond.
Stevenson, Garrett, Hyodo et.al.

Two Famous Microscopes

First: ALS XM-1 Microscope“Water Window” Carbon strongly
absorbing;Water less absorbing

Nanoscale 3-D biotomography
Mother daughter yeast cells just before separation
2-D slice from 3-D
Tomogram.
Images every 2°,
180° data set,
several minutes.
Δr = 45 nm
Color coding
identifies
subcellularcomponents bytheir x-rayabsorption
coefficients
Courtesy of Carolyn Larabell, UCSF/LBNL.
Courtesy of Carolyn Larabell, UCSF/LBNL

Second:
The X-ray Fluorescence Microscope Beamline at the AS

Conventional Fluorescence Microscope: APS 2ID-D

Advanced fluorescence detector at the AS
Annular geometry+ Parallel data processing•Maximises solid angle, sample @ 90°•384 Si pixel detector array (BNL,Siddons etal)• No constraint on lateral sample sizeand scan range• CSIRO: HYMOD2 pipelined, parallelprocessor (Ryan etal)• Whole XRF spectrum acquired andanalysed in real time

+ Fast Scanning Stage•Data acquired “on the fly”
•milli-second dwell times
cf 1 second or greater normally= New micro-XRF
capability at the AS X-ray
Fluorescence Microscope
beamline
Chris Ryan, CSIRO, David Paterson, AS,
Peter Sidons, BNLXFM image definition (number of pixels) limited by dwell timeLong dwell  Low ImageDefinitionFe• ~1 s / pixel (for readout of 1-16
detector spectra)• 1.3 hours  67 x 67 pixels
FeShort dwell  Good image definition

YRasterstageX• 32 ms / pixel• 1.3 hours  375 x 375 pixels (30 foldincrease)• New Maia-32 prototype detector, NSLS X27ACourtesy C. Ryan, CSIRONew Sources:XFELs

T. Ishikawa, SPring-8
T. Ishikawa, RIKEN SPring-8 Center

Degree of Coherence（％）

Light Source Performance

XFEL

100
10×1010-15

310-14110-13
10-12

0.1
0.0
110-11SPring-810-10×1031010

Photon Factory×101020
1030

9Remarkable Features of XFEL producing λ<0.1 nm X-Rays◎ High Peak Brilliance◎ Narrow Pulse Width◎ High Degree of Coherence

8GeV SCSS XFELSACLA 1st beamline: 90m Undulator

Milestones
World-WideOpen Facility
The same proposal-review process as
SPring-8T. Ishikawa, SPring-8

Coherent Diffractive Imaging: no lens, no crystal
Resolution = k λ / NACurrently to ~20nm

Iterative phase retrieval

R. Gerchberg and W. Saxton, Optik 35, 237 (1972); J.R. Fienup, Appl. Opt. 21, 2758 (1982)

Single Shot Imaging at the FLASH Soft X-ray
FEL

A coherent diffraction pattern of the object
recorded from a single 25-femtosecond
FEL pulse.

H. Chapman et al., Nature Physics 2, 839 (2006)

Reconstructed image: no signs ofdamage caused by the pulse.

XFEL Holy Grail?: Single Molecule Imaging

Nature Vol 406, 2000

Neutze etal, Nature 406, (2000) 752-757

Nano Crystallography- seems most promising so far

3d protein
nano-crystals

avoid damage⇒ pulse < 20fs

R. Abela, PSI

2D membraneprotein crystals

Two Cool Examples to Finish

Exploring Cultural Heritage

Portrait of a Woman
By
Edgar Degas
1876-1880

Courtesy David Thurrowgood(National Gallery of Victoria)

Exploring Our Cultural Heritage

3.7 ms per 60 × 60μm2pixel
32 megapixel dataset

Phase Contrast CT: Fossils in Amber

Paul Tafforeau, ESRF

Courtesy P Tafforeau, ESRF