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23

Dalrymple, J.B., Blong, R. J. and Conacher, A. J. (+302) : Z"[>\U]^)

An Hypothetical Nine Unit Landsurface Model.

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Zeitchrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. Bd., +, : 0*ῌ

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Storage Capacity of Tilled Soil Surfaces. Soil & cdY() DEM" K

Tillage Research, /, : +*--+++.
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King, D., Bourennane, H., Isambert, M. and Macaire, J.

@K>() DEM $cd> J. (+333) : Relationship of the Presence of a Non-'? vR H

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Spatial Variability of Wheat Yield and Soil) DEM

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11

Moore, I.D., Gesslere, P.E., Nielsen, G.A. and Peterson,

T.A. (,***) : Modeling Translocation and Disper-

G.A. (+33-) : Soil Attribution Prediction Usingsion of Soil Constituents by Tillage on Sloping

Terrain Analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /1 : ..-ῌ./,.
Park, S. J., McSweeney, K. and Lowery, B. (,**+) :Identiﬁcation of the Spatial Distribution of Soils
Using a Process-based Terrain Characterization.
Geoderma, +*- : ,.3ῌ,1,.
Pennock, D. J. and Corre, M.D. (,**+) : Development
and Application of Landform Segmentation Procedures. Soil and Tillage Res., /2 : +/+ῌ+0,.
Speight, J.G. (+32*) : The Role of Topography inControlling Throughﬂow Generation : A Discussion. Earth Surface Processes, / : +21ῌ+3+.
Timlin, D. J., Pachepsky, Ya., Snyder, V.A. andBryant, R.B. (+332) : Spatial and Temporal Variability of Corn Grain Yield on a Hillslope. Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J., 0, : 10.ῌ11-.
Van Oost, K., Govers, G., Van Muysen, W. and Quine,

Land. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0. : +1--ῌ+1-3.
Woods, L.E. and Schuman, G.E. (+322) : Cultivationand Slope Position E#ects on Soil Organic Matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /, : +-1+ῌ+-10.
Zevenbergen, L.W. and Thorne, C.R. (+321) : Quantitative Analysis of Land Surface Topography. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, +, : .1ῌ/0.

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Eisaku SHIRATANI*, Ikuo YOSHINAGA*, Tadayoshi HITOMI* and Asa MIURA** National Institute for Rural Engineering, Tsukuba Science City -*/ῌ20*3, Japan
Abstract
We developed a numerical model to simulate N ﬂow in an agricultural paddy ﬁeld and uplandﬁeld area and analysed scenarios for recycling the agricultural runo#, including ﬁeld drainage,
from an agricultural area with an irrigation/drainage system.

In it, we considered N removal in

paddy ﬁelds, a regulating reservoir, and canals. The results of analysis indicated that a large
amount of the e%uent load occurred during the transplanting period and just after fertilisation,and that recycling could reduce the e%uent N load. In the case where paddy ﬁelds occupied thearea, the e%uent N load would be equal to the inﬂowing N load (net zero e%uent) at a .2῍recycling rate.

However, in the case where upland ﬁelds (--῍) and paddy ﬁelds (01῍) occupied,3/῍ recycling rate was needed to achieve the net zero e%uent.

To implement the knowledge for

reduction of e%uent load from an agricultural area, we should solve the matter that the water
environment deteriorates as pollutants accumulate with intensive recycling of runo#.
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, ! x bc~ f-bc|}N +N s+ t "[= "9% sTabuchi, ,**+ ;Yoshinaga, ,**-t,"-¦"Q§D¨D ©ªῌ«u^_n"¬­ n ®{ ¯o°=% sShiratani et al., ,**.t,
Tabuchi s,**+t~-!῍+

²³´%G!µ g12@G - "¶,a+.+·+*/sTpaddy,1-t,*.**/[[" Tpaddy!

Fig. +

L ! "-¡"L¢Z s*.*+ m d+ £~t ¤¥± N! bcN- ! x bc|}=*

smmt " ² sKt "L%,()Model paddy ﬁeld irrigation system used in analysis.

-

r s@tuvw : x Oyz{|"#$]}

ῌ ῍

15

BB-CTank +BTank - DEF0GHIJK S+



 Fig. - 

LS , /0 r - C'J

MNOPF/0PQ!"#$%&'(R S, /0 r+CTank , S Tank - TPF) *Shiratani et al., ,**-+, -. Tank +, Tank , /0

/0PQR r,CTank + S Tank , QR r.

Tank - 123456789 :6789

CTank - UV

/0;<=>?@, A) X+BX- 0 B+ῌ῍,
Fig. ,

MNOPQRWX,  U V N O   Y Z  [ \ ]^_`YZabcd *ef+ Sghij)d *kf+ lmnopq

Target depth (solid lines) and calculated depth (dotted lines) with actual rainfall of ponding
water in paddy ﬁeld.

ῌ῍Fig. -lm

!"#$

Tank model to calculate drainages from upland ﬁeld.

ª« Q¬? ­ 33 ® ,**/

16

NOx-N 

m3+ NN2 Fig. .

  +330    !"
#.$ %& + '%() *+,-."NOx-N 6 kg m3, Q2

rs t ! u"v\w4]pM jx
xyzt {b|}~!%\4]

Arrhenius /01pM

ῑEaῌT3T῕ΐN
ῒ
῔
RTT῕

ῌ ῍ ῑ

#.$

V2k῕exp

TXY=

44 V2 5, kg m3, d3+ N2
d3+ Ea2<=: >?@AB J mol3+ R2C

       *, 'JFKLM

RS5," #/$ % TUDVWXYZ[
^_?"

.

`6;ab]cEP2

Sij PQ=῍ b t῏῎ H ῐ#1$44 N canal  N canal, * 2 k
3+

mg L  b2nf



f

o,
3+

5,EF m d  t2

o, " n¡¢]£¤

nf o,¥ + '%01 i3+ ¦ §¨gh6 kg m3, pe2

gh6 kg m3, kl" mnf

o,p'% i ¦ §w
Nreservoir, i2 

NOx-N 6;ab]cE #0$ %0 k l 5 , kg m3, d3+ e 2 E Fῌ῎.
Fig. .

H   

 




#0$

L2eNN Q

4 4  L 2

 o , " #1$ %

῍ ῐ῎῏
#/$

RS5, kg m3, d3+ l2;de5, d3+ p2PQfxkjx d H2 m dp
῍ p ῏
2lp +3῎ peῐ
dt44 P2PQ

Manning

Ncanal2Ncanal, * exp 3

 N ῌO +33*
\" NH.-N ] NOX-N

6

Streeter-Phelps %7M

DEF JK3+ mol3+ T2G+ K T῕ : 278+,
K  HG G+" I+

mn" *

k5%\jx\G6 kg m3, k῕2 78+,9:;5,PQm

nq m d3+ ©

qin, i Ncanal, i©Ai Ri Nrain, iVi

Conceptual model of nitrogen cycle in upland ﬁeld.

#2$ : /019z{()*<=ῌ+
Table +()*<=Vc-.

Calculating conditions for the analysis

Variables

Conditions

Depth of regulating reservoir+4* m

RainfallEastern coast of Lake Biwa in +33/

N concentration of river waterand precipitation

River water : +4* mg L+
Rainfall : *42 mg L+N removal rate in paddy ﬁelds
and wetlands

Paddy ﬁelds : *4*,/ m d+Regulating reservoir : *4*,/ m d+Clay bottomed canal : *4*+ m d+

Fertilizer in paddy ﬁelds

Basal dressing at transplanting : .*4* kg ha+Topdressing : ,*.* kg ha+ in mid-June ;-/4* kg ha+ in mid-Julyῌ/

17

3YVWZ

Fig. / Required water ﬂow in irrigation canals.

 Nreservoir

mg L+ V

ῌ0 m  A m, g
-  m d+ qin  qout

  m- !"#,,  ῌ
Figure + z

Relationship of inﬂowing N load andoutﬂowing N load of the paddy ﬁelds
area to the recycling rate.

$%&'()*+,

Table + -./01$%2345067819Fig. 0$%k῍4No"?0Zj{Z9z{:;&<=,>#

L+ 5,># w> x@ ,/y ^5,>#
Figure 0 N$%k῍45/0ABCDZjz{

?3@ ABCDEῌFῌ?GHI 0 JK

Z9z{:;&|o# $%k῍3deLMNOPQR"STU3VW5,XYZ&&}F~o"5$%k῍4&"5IF /Fig. / 5[\],># 1Y@ ^_`U1VW

01$%23NS78IU~

NabF]VZ&c,de&f,>#U"> qr78/0Zjz{o"# /01@ gNhFI!"i\N /078Z9Z9z{Ij, k῍N@&lm`N$%n3

,># & +.* m & 2.3 ha 5],o"55,># p< qr78sd @>N$%k῍4I .2῍ 5U\ Z9z{&

Qt"5IF"# uvqr

B5o"5IF># Table , N ? Y@ + mg9º:5 » 33 ¼ 1,**/4

18

ῌ,Table ,

¹7U

YZ8

1+.2 V4

N balances in paddy ﬁelds5 regulating reservoirs and canals during an irrigation period of +.2
days
Inﬂowing N(kg)

Outﬂowing N(kg)

Removed N(kg)

N removal rate
per unit area
(g ha2+ d2+)++5.+14,35*/34*+35+034,

25,..412510/42+35+.-42-5+1-4/
,3-4,
,/4.

/-40
,,,40
++.4.

Paddy ﬁelds (.** ha)
Regulating reservoir (243 ha)
Drainage Canals (+4/ ha)mg L2+ _`AB abcde(bM"R&f 3 ghJRij
LkMl m@*noK+ pKq N
Oῌ(^r sM!"n+-    
<tNOῌ<?C uv

wx #Bῌyz{| ^rsQ}~

yz{$&+  + mg L2+

AB <t(NOῌ .2῍ _S<t"]L(MR&+& % --῍<+-* kgῌha 3

K

<

 NO@AB( L 6 @& ( 3*῍ _SNO MR&+ ! N
ῌ1

NOῌ@ & <=YZ

Fig. 1

Relationship of inﬂowing N load andoutﬂowing N load of the paddy ﬁelds
and upland ﬁelds area to the recycling
ratio.

Oῌ*<%(XM'& MNOῌ' |(]"MR&+
^( ῌM)br l*O +:;
 1, ,**,4+ NOῌJRr=@ @ - ^<O @n+ 



!"

#$%&'( )*+,- 

ῌ<=:> ῌ ?@ABC*. 
&+
< --῍ <

DEFGHAB( Fig. 1

I@JK L

M@( 3/῍ NO KPQ MR&+^¡.¢^A!;_M+ £¤ῌ¥¦
K§ /¨MH  &*n& .mPQ(©*0ª1'M]MAB*«,-. / ,** ha  0 1+-* kg ha2+ 
3 4 5678 9:;^H  & lQ.m( & NOῌ

+ pPQ  =¬­G®¯78 °M ±2JR²³´3M:;+JKM²³µ¶4,·5yz{Q&@6¸(+   Feng, Y.W., Yoshinaga, I., Shiratani, E., Hitomi, T. andHasebe, H. (,**.) : Characteristics and Behavior*ST NO 3/῍ AB(of Nutrients in a Paddy Field Area EquippedῌUVW( ,.0 mg L2+

with a Recycling Irrigation System. Agricultural

MR&+ X

1,***4 YZ[\] 1+32,4 ( ^( -Water Management 02 : .1ῌ0*.

³´µ¶· : "(¸ª ¹º»®¯!¼

 +33* : ῌ

ῌ   !"#
$ .. : +῍3-.
3 " 4$ 00 +, : +3῍,-.
5678ῌ9:;<ῌ=&>8ῌ

AnalysisforReduction

of

E%uent Load from Agricultural Area by Recycling the Run-o# Water. Water Science and Tech-&?

,**. : ()*+ -.@ABCDEF(/GH "IJKLMLNO M PQ$ pp. .+῍.,.
6RSTῌ5UVῌW,**-, Dublin, Ireland : .-῍.2.
Shiratani, E., Yoshinaga, I., Feng, Y. and Hasebe, H.
(,**.) : Scenario%&' +332 : ()*+,-./012

19

nology, .3 (-) : //῍0,.
Tabuchi, T. (,**+) : Nitrate removal in the ﬂooded
paddy ﬁeld, Proc. of an International Workshop on

Xῌ5YZ[ +32, : 

E$ciency of Puriﬁcation Processes in Riparian\]D^  _!"`#$ ,- :Bu#er Zones, Organizing Committee for Interna-2-῍23.

tional Workshop of Riparian Bu#er Zones (ed.),abcd ,**, : "e(/fghiῌjk " 4$ 1* 3 : 133῍2*,.
"lm +333 : inop"etk

November /3, ,**+, Kushiro, Japan : 2+῍3*.
Takeda, I., Fukushima, A. and Tanaka, R. (+331) :lqrsNon-point pollutant reduction in a paddy-ﬁelduvwx y ++ z +* { ,,watershed using a circular irrigation system.

"lm| 03 }

Water Research, -+ (++) : ,02/῍,03,.

~ῌ +33* : ^

Takeda, I. and Fukushima, A. (,**.) : Phosphorus pu-

N 

riﬁcation in a paddy ﬁeld watershed using aJKyῌ  lN$ . : -῍circular irrigation system and the role of iron
+3.

compounds. Water Research, -2 (+3) : .*0/῍.*1..

^ῌ Z¡ῌ¢£¤¢¡ῌ¥¦'Z +330 :Yoshinaga, I., Feng, Y.W., Hitomi, T., Shiratani, E. and§^¨©@Aª«¬­®¯°O "Hasebe, H. (,**-) : Nitrogen removal function ofe LMQ$ +2+ : +*1῍++-.
Shiratani, E., Yoshinaga, I. and Singh, R.K. (,**-) :a paddy ﬁeld in a circular irrigation system, Proc.
of the 1th International Conference on Di#use Pollu-

Model Analysis for Nitrogen E%uent fromtion & Basin Management, . August +1῍,,, ,**-,

Upland Field Constructed with Under-drain.

Dublin, Ireland : .-῍.2.

Proc. of the 1th International Conference on Di#use
Pollution & Basin Management, ., August +1῍,,,±²z{ : ,**. z ++ { -* ±z{ : ,**/ z + { +3 op=`  33 º »,**/¼

20

LM῍^ 1*῍ b<c#Pd')e75

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g6 )'C67 89 ῌN^'('<g~ Ou3E6 DD IL<:CD: h;^Ji <D?@:j k D6?@:o~Zm4?@:</0^7 C'<:CD)LMῌ=lLM?@:CD6
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"S>oJ 4E64 r S>~J_z4 > ³´oJ  XY4PQ<S>oJ ?@:<aDC"µ«6¶·.¸¹<o~X ?@:|T/0=>6

^7CJ
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
.X,
No. 33, p. ,+,2 ,**/



  *Evaluating River Water Quality through Land Use Analysis
and N Budget Approaches
Ryusuke HATANO** Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo *0*ῌ2/23, Japan
Abstract
Increase of reactive nitrogen associated with production of food and feed has increased N load
into aquasphere and atmosphere. This has induced the problems such as eutrophication, acidiﬁcation and global warming.

What will be going on in future? In order to predict it and to mitigate

food production managements, monitoring of N loads in various scales is required.

How shall we

conduct them ? This paper will focus its discussion on the monitoring of NO--N load from soils
based on the previous studies which were conducted in the di#erent scales, such as soil structurelevel, ﬁeld level and basin level.
Key words : soil structure, ﬁeld, basin, nitrate, surplus nitrogen(/RS"s+2z% Galloway and Cowl-+    ing, ,**,& `{C|}B2K~+23*  +33*  +**   

* * ()* #$* D%$8M,

2z%& {C|}B* 3 &

 !"#$% Galloway and Cowl-

t `! ,* kg N ha+ ;?6+* +33*    +.-  t  ,.2  t ing, ,**,& ' 0*ῌ ()* ,/ῌ + ,-}* ii* {C; /* kg N ha-+

* -ῌ +. (* /0 22ῌ +1 23

 6#$%& 'b'f* 3 &g

456#$%7% UNEP, +333& FAO 0* 2K~#$;?6+* +33* 

8"9* +30+  ,*** :;  * +-  ha* }#$() +.  ha <=>9$;?%!5@* A()23 3 BC ,* BC<= ,,**.& (ῌ+ F8* '"{C|}BG*FAO, ,**.& '* DE -*  0* 

#$%& F5G* D* H IJK* ii* {C;#$6#$% Green et al.,+3ῌ +H#`"s#$%& '"s* 3 & ,+ Tg Tg+** ) t 6

LF%78M* HNO* DEHNO!+* +33*  .* Tg #P;?%& * Q* RS

ii* };"s+#$%& 3T+

UV(* W(* .XY(Z[\]

#$%^+_#$% UNEP, +333&* `* a`;* b 28
M* N:c:de(Hf* 'gh;iCjki
lm* nYo* pY(qrs8%* Y(*W(*UV(tu vRS!wHxyF%,

& [&ii* *i ¡;"s+"s'"¢" -*ῌ H£¤* } 0ῌ g¥6
+* +33* *i ¡¦+ +3ῌ §*ii; .2ῌ* }; +/ῌ #$%&
78I KH¨6#$% `;* RSTH©F7+Z['ªN"#$* -«.¬)-/2­®¯°,)±C²* ³*0*ῌ2/23 ´0µ-¶- 3 · 3 ¸1
: .X¹º* 2»* "`* nYe* 3¼J h » 33 ¼ ,**/

22

ῌ+

FG¦§ +** ' tN Galloway, J.N. and Cowling, E.B. ,**, 9$¨ῌ+(©3ª«¬%­®©¯°¬ª«¬±Di Green et al. #K²³
+21* ´
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Galloway, J.N. and Cowling, E.B. (,**,) : Reactive
nitrogen and the world : ,** years of change.

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way, J.N., Peterson, B. J. and Boyer, E.W. (,**.) :%& '( )* +,- .

Pre-industrial and contemporary ﬂuxes of nitro-/++,-0123   45

gen through rivers : a global assessment based

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Hatano, R., Sakuma, T. and Okajima, H. (+32/) : The

TY +kl,mRcnopQPCPG X'Xsource-sink e#ect of clayey soil peds on solute

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transport. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., -+ : +33ῌ,+-.

qr3$ (4Hatano, R. and Sakuma, T. (+33+ a) : A plate model for|3$12 T} 0v~P 45( 5solute transport through aggregated soil col-6X A?7PQPY 89 #

umns. I. Theoretical description. Geoderma, /* ::F5G 4 T} ; [\<F(=XQ 'Cw5uC(CPG  I+-ῌ,-.

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solute transport through aggregated soil col-TCPG  T78RAB{ 

umns. II. Experimental results and application ofI 4CD ./EF''2pQPG 78Ru'

the model. Geoderma, /* : ,/ῌ-0.

CY (4| wqGXQ 8H{9Hatano, R., Kawamura, N., Ikeda, J. and Sakuma, T.

2+xy+ I{928{J(+33,) : Evaluation of the e#ect of morphologicalRC!(QPG nT #(B q

features of ﬂow paths on solute transport by; : A2 ¡¢£E¤HrN0s¥¦

27

using fractal dimensions of methylene blue

a rural area of central Hokkaido, Japan. Soil Sci.

staining patterns. Geoderma, /- : -+ῌ...

Plant Nutr. /* : +*3ῌ++1.

Hatano, R. (+332) : Regression model to predict trav :Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Devel-

el time for chloride leaching throughout pedons

opment (OECD) (,**+) : Environmental Indica-using soil morphological characteristics. Nutr.

tors for Agriculture-Methods and Results, http :Cycl. Agroecosyst., /* : ,01ῌ,03.

//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/*/3/+3+00,3.pdf.

Hatano, R. and Booltink, H.W.G. (+332) : Using fractal

Pampolino, M.F. Urushiyama, T. and Hatano, R. (,***) :dimensions of stained ﬂow patterns in clay soils

Detection of nitrate leaching through bypass

to predict bypass ﬂow. In : P. Baveye, J.-Y.

ﬂow using Pan Lysimeter, Suction Cup andParlange, B.A. Stewart (eds) “Fractals in Soil Sci-

Resin Capsule. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. .0 : 1*-ῌ1+,.

ence”, CRCpress, Boca Raton. ,0,ῌ,22.

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,   !" !#$
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Peierls, B.L., Caraco, N.F., Pace, M.L. and Cole, J. J.
(+33+) : Human inﬂuence on river nitrogen. Nature,-/* : -20ῌ-21.
Pinder, G.F. and Jones, J.F. (+303) : Determination of ,**, : -./0123456789

the ground-water component of peak discharge:) ;<9= ;<>?@A)"BCDEfrom the chemistry of total runo#. Water Re-

FGHIJ)=KJ LMNOPQR ST

sources Research, / : .-2ῌ../.

UV1WXYH9:) ;<ZQ9= ;<Rose, D.A. and Passioura, J.B. (+31+) : The analysis of[\]+^_`ab pp. /1ῌ1+ cde fg

experiments on hydrodynamic dispersion. Soil

Hayashi, Y. and Hatano, R. (+333) : Annual nitrogenleaching in subsurface-drained water from a

Sci., +++ : -./ῌ-/+.

wxjyῌz{|ῌ}~!ῌwP%ῌN

clayey aquic soil growing onions in Hokkaido,

ῌJapan. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., ./, ./+ῌ./3.

A2  +12 :Lai, S.-H. and Jurinack, J. J. (+31+) : Numerical ap-

 +33/ : AZQ056+,3ῌ+-/.

proximation of cation exchange in miscible dis-United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (+333) :placement through soil column, Soil Sci. Soc.

”Global Environment Outlook ,***”, http : //Amer. Proc., -/ : 23.ῌ233.

www.unep.org/geo,***/

Mandelbrot, B.B. (+32,) : The fractal geometry, of

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Consumption of Food on Nitrogen Pollution of(,**.) : Evaluating river water quality throughStream Water. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. .0 : -,/ῌ-.,.

land use analysis and N budget approaches inhijkῌ ,**+ : lmnEFGHopq

livestock farming areas. Science of the Total En-

rN0sAtuv +, 1, : .+ῌ.2.

vironment, -,3 : 0+ῌ1..

Nagumo, T., Woli, K.P. and Hatano, R. (,**.) :[ : ,**.  ++  ,0 [Evaluating contributions of point and non-point

[ : ,**/  +  0 [sources of nitrogen pollution in stream water in(^·¸ ¹ 33 º »,**/¼

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Wakatsuki, T., Azwar Rasyidin and Naganawa, T.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(+33-) : Multiple Regression Method for Estimat-(,**+) : Climate Change ,**+ : the Scientiﬁc Ba-

ing Rates of Weathering and Soil Formation insis. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge, U.K. :Watersheds. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., -3 : +/-ῌ+/3.

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43


J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
ZM῍X
No. 33, p. ./ /. ,**/

ῌ
   ῔*ῌ*Changes in Chemical Properties and Water-percolation ofSoils Overlaid with Cattle Manure Compost
Masami NANZYO* and Keiko YAMADA** Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University +ῌ+,Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aobaku, Sendai 32+ῌ2///, Japan
Abstract
An overlay of cattle manure compost, several centimeters thick, on a lowland soil-column witha depth of ,. cm, and watering at a rate of -3 mm a day resulted in signiﬁcant reduction ofwater-percolation in one or two weeks.

With watering, large amounts of dissolved or dispersed

organic matter and K were released from the compost. The K was exchanged with Ca, in thesoil column and the degree of Ca,-saturation of the organic matter increased with downward
movement and the organic matter was retained in the soil. The precipitated or ﬂocculatedorganic matter with Ca, might have clogged the capillary pores of the soil. Formation of
bubbles due to biological activities and swelling of soil colloids with increased K saturation
might also have been involved in the reduction of water-percolation.

No signiﬁcant reduction ofwater-percolation occurred when an Ap horizon soil of nonallophanic Andisol was placed in thecolumn. Ion exchange of Ca, with K proceeded less in the nonallophanic Andisol than in thelowland soil. Aggregates are more stable and bulk density was lower in the nonallophanic
Andisol than in the lowland soil. These properties were favorable for the nonallphanic Andisol
to keep its high water-percolation. Other changes in soil chemical properties were an increase inlabile P and a pH rise.

The increase in labile P took place in the upper part of the nonallophanic

Andisol column due to its high P retention capacity whereas an increase in the labile P was also
observed in the lower part of the lowland soil column.
Key words : lowland soil, volcanic ash soil, compost, ion exchange, water-percolation+    ῒ


ῐ!"#$%&ῒ'(" )*+,**,, -./0῍!123456ῌ

7 89:#;< =>?@ ῑA/BCADE FG HFIJ/KLM NO!PQRS-ῒhijkLZM῍X X aMXlm
n9:#; )opῌq,**+ ; Kato et al., ,**+ ;rpῌstu ,**,,< vw" BCMh7῎xy!"#z{|}~/S!  B~S/;!/KO<""/ : BCMhijkZ "v!1; 4/;< j

T U῏VWXSY9 LZM῍XSῑ[\]^BCADE:c/C )rpῌ +331, BC_ `aMb=cXSdeP^_/KSef g~ &< g|Cΐ BC@M*  1¡¢£ ¤32+ῌ2/// ¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯ +ῌ+ : °2Z ±²Z ³G´µ¶ ·¸G¹º »¼H » 33 ¼ 7,**/846

  

ῌ







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7Alo8 Fe 7Feo8 H῏H ty 7 !" #$

ty  +3318 %, KLMNO

%&'(P$ pH 7H, O8 EC,  X2)*+, # -./ 0

IH῏ *BwH῏ wH῏ Alo, Feo F123456. $lz{+,

7Miyazaki, +33- ;Seki et al., +3328 # ! 7῍8 "9:#$9%;<%=>& 7῎8 &'
7῏8

(%

%=>&

z{ +*/ t῏,&+, c |INS Elix S +,,, 

w 1* mm, /. -* mm S1IT 2 

?) ( @ῌ% %=>&A>, *B+,C-.. ,*B/01D?

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lTl$u7 ;w + mm F *.*/ mmF 2D¡,F% %=>&A6G"8 *B+,H>

9B(:;

U[\Wa1 +.* kg 7¢.{,.* mm ; t{&+.*/ Mg m£- ; ;<{*./28 >,T +.+ kg 7t

7Yokota et al., ,**-8 I@AB

 {+.+2 Mg m£- ; ;< {*.//8 =|J $'(!6G"

<=>I?9B2

>, KLMNOP 7Q+ U[\ 5H>/, 7Wa1

CῌDE +3338 KLMFGH* 7RC ,**.8 I¤H{ {*.-0 ; T¤H{ {JKLASTUIVM/NH)6

*.-,8 >, lS1IT - ῒ+ ;

?

 3O

w + mm 

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7Iwata et al., +33.8 W+P !( X+** g =,NOP¥¡U[\ ¥¡

B?

U[\ c%dNOPU[\U[\mk

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F( *B+,^STUFVS_`
Wa1UXY+ΐ+ 'bc%d
P"&¡,6¦ , Q§h +* Q |[O{+, $§ U[\6ST_¨T$¡©+ U[\m¢ª[_kT\£)¤¥+,

!eZ+,

U[\¦§ + « +/* mL |¨©.$%¬ªC­" U[\C. P,    ,+ 

lP«¡ NI!® 1 §§>Fjk

H 'bf VS_`Wa1
 7g- Wa18 + [ῐF^ST 7g- T8
+ [ῐh , [ῐ\$,+,ΐ῏§¯῏ -3 mm ¬(1 §°ΐ῏ +,*/* mL U[\;<!X­ , ®
¬(|U[\P?-+$VS_`Wa1. ¯° P?}°-+,T ,±- ¯%

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lmmnYZopl 7cd8 nKLMNOP

 0**  0 ´°­µ+-ῑu³῏ 7῍µ³῏8 

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R῎otu pvqr+ ῌw , mm g-

p¶x./,u Na, K H῏µ©©y Ca, Mg s+ tFU[\R]\$,C, H,-N, O µ%ῌwu(xv'wGHu ῔xyFyz2
Py%&z{+, pH 7H, O8  : |{+ :P´¢ *../ mm  [_kT¶0·©©y IH῏x

wvDῐSOTv¸¹~IºTly wH῏º0T»Vῐ·vDy *BwH῏

1@}~ 7EC8

1\vv'yz{+, *Bw wH῏ : |{+ : / z{+, . ¸ z{ῌty 7¸ z{ῌty ,./ |[O1}y%&z{+,!῏ 7CEC8  + M vS~\* +3208 %& #8ty 7

7pH 18 Fty  +3318 %&t+,

.\$ o1

T|ly%, X2IH῏ῌ yΐ¹῍uU[\D5+ R῎¢. -%&z{+, *Bw wH῏ NC S[cm ¦k& ot"+  + º%m¼

() : ¯°±iSjkK ῌ~~

47

ῌ+ ¯°±iSjkK²
Table +

Properties of soils and cattle manure compost%³´µ¶S² ¸¹ ¯&iSjkKAp ·%º»\&
 Ap ·'¼TU FG g kg®+
IG
0JK


,/3
-*1
,-2
+30

0/
.,1
-+3
+22

pH %H, O&
EC, dS m®+
CEC, cmol%l& kg®+

04*
*4*0
.+40

04*4*2,*4,

24+,4.

OP Na, cmol%l& kg®+
K
Ca
Mg

*4+
*42
+34*
+4.

*4+40
+-4+
+40

,*4,
+++
..4,
++4,

wxQῌ¡ P, O/, g kg®+¨ C, g kg®+
¨N
CῌN

+4*
3+4,
/4+14+

*4/
+04*
+4.
++4/

143
,0*
,240
34+

+043
24*

+4,
04-

*4-4+

/012/34

Al, g kg®+Fe

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

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S. @m9

Al .

z@68m9



 


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{|}~A iSjk

O& EC '() *  +,-. K   /.1

{|} iSjkK {|} { /012/34

 +.

5"#6789

/012/34

Al .

:

Al ; Al῍<

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kK {|}5~"#6$?@$<.  ABCDE .

 A , " + " , N5 nX" -'()* FG.

6 IG 0JK. @$LM59H8N  OPQRSTU CaVMgWK  XYZ[)59:Z\= pH %H, O& ?

N5g p~  ?EE~~g
689

m  ?De~A ~~g:Ee

iSjkK {|}$p ,  / ] OPQRSTU Ca, Mg, K H86 Al 

~ ,^$ %Shoji et al., +33-&  Z$ pH %H, O&

5 +/ gh_`  OPQRS. ab "#86 3,++,+*3 mL %! +,**. mL,

XYZ)cdeE

 : CῌN 

@$fgh#¡$¢ ,. mL& 59

1 ~ ~ :{|}5 +  +/*mL ~ {|}_£~¤g¥  ¦

iSjkK pH %H, O& EC @$fgh  OP
 Kl . @$fgh

!f -  X fEC @$:me OP

@D § ¨~©¢Eª ~«¬ ../­+*®/ cms®+ 5¤~ ¸ 33 ¼ F,**/H

48-,+  pH, EC pHKU, NaU % m*+;l6 FG -H

Ca,U 
1.3

2..



 #

    !"#



 pH

VW:Nno6 78  !"  0.-$%&'()*+  ,-.
0( . 1

/<=6

 >2 pH ?@AB >2 pH

;



'5*+%2 ,-.

0.- # 1.1  34

#6 KU, NaU %pqrs6:6

1.+ %2 34

0.2 # 1.1 '56 78#96: <= !"#

gN 

0.2 # - 1 2.3 '

56

^

0) , 1CD Ca,U, Mg,U 

Nfg6

pqrstu



v



,-. F{| Ca,U : /+* mg, Mg,U : /,mgH >234 F{| Ca,U : 12* mg, Mg,U : +/* mgH EC+ 1 ?( , 1(}N 34rs~ Ca,U, Mg,U (rs

CD3E6 FG +H # IJKL

6e@^%#8)  Ca,U LM

M(3N EC

H,-N, O ;h

ON3@PP QR6 ;<=6 !" EC+ 1 

>2N3E6 , 1CD 
%STM 0
-,,

+1

 wi xy< , z 6 Ca,U, Mg,U

+ 1

-,-  # k} 6 + , 1 S KU LM VW:XY? FG ,H KU+ 1

Z 2+῍ (6:[2 \P8). 1

 KU ]^%Q_`8) Fabῌcd +331H 78
96:

%6:6 Ca,U k\P8:@)


K, Na, Ca, Mg LM<= KU LM 

L - 1 N2 . 1 #N2%
 7>)  %*+S

0(  fg

+ 1#, 1[@: FG .H <=#k@;l6

>2ee?( #L( LM G . >h + 1[@:M>2Nfg6 

# . 16

 KU -.-/ g hi,-. !" 02῍ 34 !
" 12῍ ( j`8 NaU kS *+;l6

C, 6 {>2fg6  

%LM9




# . 1`8¡ῌ¢£¤K

῏ῌ+


F¥H 
<= F¦H  F§H I¨©ªM FECH QR «!¬­¬ , ®¯;l° «!¬­¬(@±{ , ®¯(²-³>2´`@ «!¬­¬µ6: CEG , 3 kS0) ¶6 G + / [·)34¸ - 1¹@: + º» 0)

Fig. +

Changes in electric conductivity (EC) of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῍), soil
overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῎) and soil (ῌ) with time. Error bars show thedi#erences between values of duplication. Some error bars are smaller than the symbols.
Notes on error bars of Figs. , to 3 are the same as those of Fig. +. One plot for the percolationwater at the -rd week of the brown lowland soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost has
exceptionally no error bar in Figs. + to /.

hi :  U+VWXZ[ῌjb k4\].lm5b`amn.

 +..+ g  ++ g 12῍  +

49



/.+ g 5 NaCl *.3 g ;<=>?@34 0** ῌ /.3 g /-῍  0**

AB /.+ g  -.+ g  *../ mm C+DE+FGHI

  !"#$%&'()*+,-.

JKLMN O . P ,.* g C+DE+/*+ 012 ,**. 345678 97: KCl

FGHI QRS7MNTC+DE+FGHIJK

 +

ῐῌ,
Fig. ,Y  U+VWXZ[\]ῌ^  \]_`ab% Kc 5 Nac defg

ῌChanges in K and Na concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῎),
soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῏) and soil (῍) with time.

ῐῌFig. -

U+VWX

U+VWX

Y  U+VWXZ[\]^  \]_`ab% Ca,c 5 Mg,c defg

Changes in Ca and Mg concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῎),
soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῏) and soil (῍) with time.
,ῌ,ῌ"#$­{  33 ® V,**/X

50



}$tuv$)~{Pe"#&'M }$C + DE$+,)*0PeT!"#$%$&'()*+,(-./0 1 23456789:"#(,$)*+,|0TPC 234$+,)* "#$%$&';<+,)56J2345689"#$ + DE)*0*0$=> 1?@AB..C + DE23456

, DEJ@/.C &'M $$()*$AFG "#HI 2345689"#($)*+ DEJ@ , DEK

L=>C "#M$NOPQRSGP/01
TU( VW .X 23456YZ$ K[, Na[ J
Ca , Mg,[,[$\])*FG+ DE^_)*`K VW ,C -X 23456abcT2345689"

+,^ 

 23456()*,|?Rh V ῌ 
C +333X TU(-,. 323456&'()*3+ DE.C / VW /X + DE)*3#&'abc7;<TC "#&'7d T. D$u$ ¡$ 0-῍K $¢u$ 2+῍ J@/J EC ef + DEgh( VW +X

 PC 3

K[ J@Q)*F$ EC

ef C KCl J@ +ῌ, CaCl, $ijklmPn ,*῍ eGP.C 23456M ££)~{$eR3|R Vop qrC +33-X? T7¤¥R "#$%J23456

T$sC 23456()*T"#( K[, Na[ T\])* Ca,[,89"#&'()*3 ¦0 C 2345

Mg,[ T$tuvwxJyz{|? }C

6()*3$^_F "#HI῏ῌ.
Fig. .

23456 V§XC 2345689"# V¨XC "# V©X abcM$+, VOCX ª«$¬N

Changes in organic C (OC) concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῍),
soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῎) and soil (ῌ) with time.

῏ῌ/
Fig. /

23456 V§XC 2345689"# V¨XC "# V©X abcM$ P, O/ $ª«$¬N

Changes in total P, O/ concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῍), soil
overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῎) and soil (ῌ) with time.

¶· : ®¯°ῌ. "¸-- 

ῌ

ῌ



/0 !"

51

tuvjpX,-'D w6x`)( 9:;qrstuv)yDg.qr  !"#$%

stuvz{MjSP|}Q\]G% CEC &'(Y=8~jpePqrstYZ.WX

ῌ) *+,-./0123456% 78(
9:;<2=>?@ABCD( EF 7G)(HIJKLMNO7,-P7QG%-R-R+ pH, EC, CEC ST



jp



.WYZ% 9:; pH P 1.*

1^\P CEC P ,+[,,

[,- cmol knm kgh+

2.0 7G% _`a1./[

pH bSTcd7.WYZ% 

9:;\P *.*-[*.*/dS mh+ \]G)(

*.,[*.,1 dS mh+ YZ% 1^\

P *.*/[*.*0 dS mh+ \]G)(h+*.+0[*., dS m

jpP9:;.=M\7

 CEC *+,-P.Wije]G kl

7D¡a`% _ )]%-R-R, ¦§Na, K, Ca, Mg uvST

/0Pn/0.WX¨v Nan,

K )u¥`'Dg( ©jp( ¦§Ca , Mg
,n

,n

X¦§

Nan, Kn )Pª«e\]G kl 1m%

0m% 9:;\PUV CEC P .+[.,
cmol knm kgh+ \]G)(,,|}Q7 CEC jpPqr¢jp£¤Xu¥`YZ% _`a EC b

STXcd7ePfga`7QG%CEC X



|}Qjp% Q( 1^( Q( &jpvX +ῌ- \]W(   ePfga`7QG%EC XD'( :)

cmol knm kgh+ \]G)(

Mjp X5+a`%[1.+ \]GX) 1.1[2., YZ( 1^\P
1.+[1., \k( +323 ; Nanzyo, +33+m )]% xaP pH YZD Al ῌ =) Al
kOHm-

pH PUV.WX

'8W( 

CEC )jp.W( ./[/- cmol knm kgh+ YZ( <Y= *ῌcm \oojp)NOQG% _ CEC jpPqrs

ῌ0 ¬  ¦§­v kCECm {®
¯°,- k±mR ² :7Rῌ1®¯°
ῌ ¦§ ³´!"R Yµ :7R 2µ :RFig. 0

Vertical distribution of CEC values
with () and without () cattle manurecompost.

Fig. 1

Vertical distribution of exchangeable
cations with (lower) and without(upper) cattle manure compost.

#$' » 33 ¼ ,**/

52 

 -. ,. , ;- {[/jh f(w@O -.: ! K"

ijhJkl 7ighJkl 

#$%&' ! Ca," %&()CD}[/*+,-./ .-%&01234#-e-e. Jkl

56789# : ;<: = >?@ABCD#$JWX!E/ FG234# %&(AH@ , #$ Alo JO;E/IJK.L Ca

 + }

M'E/ m 3 J< !

(NO/, P: +32+ QRS. K/: T5J Al (GS.O

6= I@%&(AUV: WX

 !6: Alo JO5

#$

,"

 K" Y0 + Z;->?@8T[\]}[O¡¢\£¤[/ ;-6: =%& >(#$ ^S.

#$7

//, ! _`abcd TK %&(#$ ^S./ m / [;[: 234# Alo J(AK;E/

(IO/,Jpq© 0 cm -e-e-¥¦§U¨i

K6: T©ª§U¨+,-.;E/ 89#

fgh: ijhJkl#$ fgh m 2: ijhJ

7WX56Jpq[/

WX56 #$7no;pqCD !E/ [(: ¦pq234#©56no; !E/ ¦;[: 234# fghJ(r@: WX

pq=;-TD;E\«w[/(: 5pqT s@no;!;7t.

T 7+,-.: ;- {[/Ou0 !E/ .[\89# #$ f89#}no;V(: ¬­[®,<<!¯

ghJ( +0 g kgv+ w@: T]xy !E/

zpq - g kgv+ Fpq ,*῍

!E/

-.

;- {[/ K" 0rO f(#$%&Ca 1|}~[:f Ca 0(=(<.\[/7S. 

ῌ  T]x fghJpq

°=5±: ²³UWXῌ ´O: 234#89# pH =µ: EC pq: %&:fJ¶p: ¨ª·Gῌ2#$ fgh OC ²³U
WX ¸e ¹ : 
WX[e

ῌ3

#$ II º P, O/ J²³
UWX ¸e ¹ : WX[eFig. 2

Vertical distribution of CEC values
with () and without () cattle manurecompost.

Fig. 3

Vertical distribution of modiﬁed BrayP, values with () and without ()cattle manure compost.

¡¢ : W,XYZ4[ῌB ­

  




3mῌnb ,**+ ; Kato et al., ,**+ ; Gmῌ 

K 

 Ca῍ " ####ῌ

K  K $%&

'()
 Ca, 





1

Y +* tuJ UVW,XYZ4[ K Ca, *+,-.

HS





*+,-.yH SoHz0 G0@`  o{567 82: |'0PL@KLtM ,'}I,:fg

:;) <)D:+

% -.*+,.ῌ ῎ ῍ ῏

2!="#)  $%&' >ῌ()? @AB2C*)

v`+/ cm wJ  x2 Y'qri2]

&)2 3 ,**- b4 567'89*+,-. /  

$0 

3m ,**+4 UV  ,0* t ha+ spLqr

K  K῍   Ca, ,**,4 jo  C0@`  p

W,XYZqrY ,* t ha+ 9



!

53

Ca, D

T~? WLW,XYZK E) FG*+,H0 !

4[^_'wU)  cY

$% $ I, J   "# $%W,XYZ'C 3S`

K-.

Ca῍ /@.K-&':*+,H,. cm4 : cm 4[) + p 0 -3 mm BL +  

$%0567'8 =LD, CGg D )  @

I,:J MN )&' 12O34/

W,XYZD ZY &&' 

567P()QRS  'T

K

`

 



 0   Ca,

89:()) UVW,XYZ4[\: cm-.)2 K  i``    Ca,R  \S ] F^_` H u)21'DK-&'056

W,XYZ CῌN ; 3.+ S <=$% 

7' % ) ¡)   W

Fa>?J@b1 ,XYZ'4[)  >ῌ

c dA () K $ !$%?;:f A)e J fg

 B . CGh*+ijkl,mn
Dop)2>ῌ EF
0H>ῌI
9

 G67D q)  )D) >ῌRSrsi

: oJKLtMrsig ¢j£¤,1rsi Ca,!K -. /SS KLtM $S \4] ^`SUVfg D

D   W,XYZD `,z*+,e¥¦*,=;u2S >ῌ()F(N%pH u?

O0P` ^_'Q  RS`£¤,1rsi¥¦*, uH

I,:fg 

q) v<' 0TML` wU
V J/ e Al cYZ%¢jW) ¥¦*,  F@^`% .0 uHDHD2§L') W)2 rsi<XcY ZS DpΐxY[y<Xz{@ $S KLtM$% \4]^`% 67_[y%&' |``=L%   <X Caῒ¢j£¤,1rsiW,XYZ/@)WLa $S 3'£¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²,³© 34 3²,³©S :b +32+4 K *+,-.:0})S´µr®4 0¶'Q    °±,S -. Ca, Y:$S|``

3c 14 F~¬­°±R· 3 : [­¸R® ¹

 rsi$%dS   "e)2:

9º +-//0*-/4 'Q  u»\S ¼' fg Dh D

L

fg



 'LKLtM $0 i j>? k` l~ῐ ῕ ῔ ῑ¸ 3,**- a4 : $xWj*«nD-  » 33 ¼ &,**/'

54

 ῌ  ῌ 

 



 pp. +1/῍+33  !"#$ %

 &,**- b' :, pp. .*.῍.*/.

1 %

-2

.ῌ34

567ῌ89ῌ:;?@?A

1 % &,**.' : <=>BCDE FGHIJ -C 0῍ῌ GH +,.

,.῍,2.

KLMῌNOPQR &,**,' : -STU V
1- : 033῍1*-.

K

ῌWX

ῌ

8  9--  -   pp. /῍/11 %:;{< &+323' : -¡"¢"

8

\

£¤¥ FGH¤¥¦,u 0 : +3῍1-.
Nanzyo, M. (+33+) : Stoichiometry for the decrease in
the amount of phosphate-induced negative
Plant Nutr., -1 : -/1῍-0+.

9- &+33-' : §¨)">§©ª=>§¨)]_`" «¬ª=> In ?@ S

0.*῍0...

d#eῌ$%

f &+333' : &g'(hY)iCj\]^<kl "mn? opq*)+r stY,u +/ : ,1῍-..
d#eῌv-wxῌy,.ῌwz{/ &,**+' : |"? $"D\]^(hY}<kl "mn+31῍,,*, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

charges of clay fractions of Andisols. Soil Sci.

 &+331' : YZ[\]^]_`) ab c! "  V 02 :?

on water ﬂow in soils. In Water Flow in Soils, pp.

 &+32+' : -7\_"

+/0 &+320' : -2.ῌ34  pp. 11῍+*.

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys., 20 : ++῍+2.
Miyazaki, T. (+33-) : E#ect of microbiological factors() *+- . +/0 &+311' : - .  p.
.,1

strength and water-stability of soil aggregates.

~]_`{012 stY,u +1 : +῍2.

­ .  pp. ../῍./. ®¯ %
°A.B &,**,' : -C±)² + )²\³´µ¶FD·-C± V 1- :+2/῍+3+.
Seki, K., Miyazaki, T. and Nakano, M. (+332) : E#ects
of microorganisms on hydraulic conductivity decrease in inﬁltration. Eur. J. Soil Sci., .3 : ,-+῍,-0.

Iwata, S., Tabuchi, T. and Warkentin, B.P. (+33.) :Shoji, S., Nanyo, M. and Dahlgren, R.A. (+33-) :E#ect of clay dispersion and swelling on perme-Melanic Andisol, In Volcanic Ash Soils Gene-ability to water. In Soil-Water Interactions -sis, Properties and Utilization, pp. ,-῍,1,

Mechanism and Applications, pp. +3.῍+31, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York.

3ῌ45 &,**+' :Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Yokota, T., Ito, T. and Saigusa, M. (,**-) : Measure-6

ment of total phosphorus and organic phospho- b`\ " 2\rus contents of animal manure composts by the -  21 : -῍+1.

dry combustion method. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., .3 :Kato, W., Kobayashi, H., Sugiura, T. and Baba M.
(,**+) : Improvement of physical condition ofsoil with cattle slurry fertilization-mechanical,01῍,1,.
¸¹Eº9 : ,**. E 3 º 0 9¸Eº9 : ,**. E ++ º ,3 9
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
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No. 33, p. // 0- ,**/

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*ῌ**ῌ***ῌ **ῌPhysical and Chemical Properties of the Nest-site Beach of the Horseshoe Crab
Rehabilitated by Sand Placement
Masami OHTSUBO*, Hidekazu ISHIDA**, Hisakatsu MINEI*, Shinya YAMAOKA***and Takahiro HIGASHI** Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 0ῌ+*ῌ+, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Japan** Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University (Fukuoka Prefecture at present)*** Graduate School of Bioresource and Environmetal Sciences
Abstract
Tidal ﬂats in Imazu and Kafuri Bay in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, were well known as thenest-sites of horseshoe crabs, but their nesting has declined because of water and sediment
pollution of the bay.

To rehabilitate the polluted beach in the tidal ﬂat, placement of fresh sandon the beach was performed by Fukuoka City, resulting in an increase of nesting of the horseshoe
crab.

We compared the factors that potentially a#ect nesting at Imazu and Kafuri beach :morphology, exposed time, grain-size distribution, water content, oxygen concentration, andredox potential. The elevation of the beach was higher at Imazu than at Kafuri, leading to alonger exposed time at Imazu than Kafuri. This induced low water content, and high oxygen
concentration and redox potential at Imazu compared with Kafuri though the grain-size distribution and organic matter were almost the same at both beaches.

We suggest that sand placement

is an e#ective procedure to rehabilitate nesting sites of the horseshoe crab in terms of exposed
time of the sites, water content, oxygen concentration, and temperature.
Key words : horseshoe crab, nesting, rehabilitation, tidal ﬂat, elevation, dissolved oxygen, redox
potential+    

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++

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./< ab" ,*** 5:Z3m4 ´# p8  %&.

 +3 psu <EO< T

( )*5 . mg L++ ,¦ . , mg L++ ,-gLῌ.
Table .

 pH ;p8T

Soil pH and salt concentration in pore water
%

&



µG

+ῌ,

+ῌ-

+ῌ+

+ῌ,

+ῌ-

  ds m++T   g L++/ ¶ · ¸ g L++
Na
K
Ca
Mg
¹ ¶ · ¸ g L++
Cl
SO.
Br
F

.*4/*
,/43,

-14-*
,-421

.-4-*
,141*

./40*
,34+2

.-4**
,14/,

24+,
*4-3
+4+,
*4.+

141+
*4-/
+4*/
*4-1

242,
*4.,
+4+3
*4.-

240*
*4.*
+4*2
*4-2

0423
*4-1
+4*.
*4-1

,*4-,4-1
*4+2
*4*,

+24-0
+43.
*4*3
*4*,

,,4*3
,4,3
*4+,
*4*-

++43,4-1
*4+3
*4*,

+*420
,4,3
*4+/
*4*+

]^ :

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TUViῌmῌY56dῌu`abῌvcYdῌ !"" Penn and Brockmann
+33.



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aX =qst]^_ .3 : ++/0ῒ++0*.

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Penn, D. and Brockmann, H. J. (+33.) : Nest-site selection in the horseshoe-crab, Limulus-polyphemus,
Biological Bulletin, +21 (-) : -1-ῒ-2..
¤»¼X : ,**.  2 ¼ ++ X
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
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
·¸¹º
No. 33, p. 0/1, ,**/







 +*ῌ**ῌ **On the Decrease of NO--N Concentration of Flow Water in Paddy Field Plots
Toshio TABUCHI*, Hisao KURODA** and Yasuji SHINODA*** Former professor of The University of Tokyo** College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Chuo -ῌ,+ῌ+, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun,Ibaraki, -**ῌ*-3- Japan
Abstract
We continue the long term experiment on nitrate removal in the paddy ﬁeld plots. Natural
water with high nitrate concentration of approximately ,* mg L + was supplied to each plot
continuously more than ten years.

Nitrate removal rates gradually decreased in the ﬁrst few

years, but now they keep the ability of nitrate removal. In this paper, the decrease of nitrateconcentration and water temperature in the ﬂow process was measured at - hours intervals.
Water temperature was lowest in the ﬁrst block and it gradually increased through ﬂow process(Fig. ,).

The values of nitrate concentration decreased linearly and did not change so much bytime as shown in Fig. ..

Average nitrate removal rate (R) of non-plant plot was *.0+ g m , d +.

The coe$cients of nitrate removal rate (a) were calculated by the equation (3) and the average
coe$cient of nitrate removal rate (a) was *.*-2 m d +.

The coe$cient of nitrate removal rate of

the ﬁrst block was smaller than the values of other blocks due to low water temperature (Fig. 3).
Key words : Nitrate removal, Paddy ﬁeld, Temperature+    
 +33+  /  
 !"# ,* mg L + $!"%&'()*+,-. /~ +33+ ~[ + P`H,**- *Y . , P`a<= ~A7

 + P?AB:  , P?A
7ABI=

0123 +* 456789:,  .;<= />?@AB:  0123CDEF
G(:.HIJKL:< M  +33- +330 ,**+

,+   ,***N= OPQR7*+ST&UVH7 ,/ m,  +.. m,  !"WXYZ - [\];89: /

-/ m, 7I Mῌ+N=  &*:. 

 0123^_`a<= /bcd +N *+ST

'()*+:. *v:.HI= *]I!"e+Kfg&hijYZkl&%&:.]d /*& +/ ml: ,N *+\mK 01n"V01op

s + 79:.HI= J&<d]cqrstpuvK/bwxyz{|}`a7 *.*-1 m d + KWI= d <=& $¡¢G:.HI7 £¤¥¦ * 7I= /* §¨©ª«¬«­ ®-**ῌ*--+ ¯°±²³´²³ .0-*ῌ+*. MµN** ¯°ª«¬«­ ®-**ῌ*-3- ¯°±²³´¶ -ῌ,+ῌ+  :  01 & &U ¡¢ r 33  J,**/K66

 

guvqBo4 aYNO{Y?

  *.**- m d+ faue JRῌ.K %$guv   !"#$%$& !"#$

qB+1o4 ?fy1o!"#$y|g'( $9:{NO , W



)*+"#,-./$01 %$% !234 !5678+1$
01 9:;<!"#$ ., mm, %$ ,, mm 4=>?@!"#$ ,1 ?@4 %$ +/ ?@1,, 

 $ABCDEFGH@I J0.,/ mK
 / LMNO PQ JRῌ+K S / NO 2 T -*UV 0 ?

- ?@@I ,. ?W 1 NXYNOZ4 DO J[\]^K4 pH, EC
3 NO--N

NX4 _F` ab4<4 cZ NX-  

-+ 

!"#$B>de?fgBg+Zhi+1 JRῌ,K jkl mn+
14 OZoGpqo4 r , NOs1
Whi4 atuvGX1 %$gwxyzZhi +1o4 ahid{!"#$y|g}m $@~9:ZB>d4!"#$Zo%$y|g -. +1S%y1U o01
O

OW / LMZ 9:$9:Z?f Rῌ- o4 !"#$@UAZ +* d{01 %$a 1 d{}m SyzZot
1^)* 1ῌ,-, 

Fig. ,!"#$ NO--N {B1+4 Y?fῌ+
Fig. +

$

Experimental plot.

ῌFig. -ZB>d

Changes of water temperature in ﬂow
process.

$9:ZcZ

Changes of average water temperature.

ab : c%?Y@defgh*+    

 - mg L+   NO--N 

67 pH ?Y"ZP[\]5  %&'($II0 RPQA3

!"#$ %&'($)  *+,-./
%&'($0123 435$6789:!"#;:123 <=ῌ/>-ῌ-pH ῍ῐ῎pH ;?@A3 BCA

 <=ῌ0>  

;?D 0./ E F +,; 1./ B@BCA3 GH 0

5 +/

@

IJ +2

BC;K:  F pH BC;LMNO
PQA

 %&; +,RSTU70

RPQA ?V; 2.. @:23 +/R;67890):) W; 5X:2

 ῏ῌ.

῏ῌ/^_` NO--N !"#

Fig. /

Changes of average NO--N concentration.

Fig. 0Changes of pH values in ﬂow process.

NO--N ?Y"Z

Fig. . Decrease of NO--N concentration in ﬂow
process.

῏ῌ0

pH ?Y"Z¥¦&§¨U  33 © ,**/

68

-.

DO 

>$% DO LM / 5&N$%&OP&

DO  pH 

 ῒ1 

!"# $%&

3  +,  +/ '( %)( *( & DO

+ 2,+- mg L-+./ 01)%)(

*(& DO + . mg L-+ 2



 3&

4

QI pH  DO &LMJ. 



.+  



ER



STUVWXY97D#) D

567&)8'(97%)(9:& DO +

&STUVWZ[\Y]^& ;6/ <=#&+> !"#?@AB&N

 $%%)(*(& DO +.Cῒ2 DE(&FG DO +&HI J K# _`RicQi Xi-Qid+ Xid+ῌBD

ab

ῌ

Ri ; #) i &Z[\Y g m-, d-+ Qi, Qid+ ; E( i efE( id+ &g m- d-+ Xi, Xid+ ; E( i E( id+ &STUVWXY mg L-+ B ; #)&hi m D ;jk#&l m mn +.. m L jk#&hi
6o BcLῌ., Lc,/ m &

Bc0.,/ m jk#&pq A 6o AcDLqicQiῌA 6o
Ric.qi Xi-qid+ Xid+῍

55 <D#)r&s)tt g<uvf D  B 97w4 Xid+ &XY Xi xtt )y&+]^_N z{o#)r 0)|s J6o 0 & Xi x  Xid+  +, &XY 3&}~XY/~y&XY97)z H />& ]^ z{o +- : -* &XY +,  +/ &XY&F

G+  g> 

&  gz >&ῌ1
Fig. 1

DO &

H

Changes of DO values in ﬂow process.

DE(H{]^
5N

w4





D&Z[\Y R #)FG

ῒ3 &L!"# #)῏&+  / #)ῐ #)ῑ #)῎
&Z[\Y>>i/ #)FGZ[\Y*.0+ g m-, d-+J  56 2 &<&./

&  jk#&Z[\Y /+N e5&&rER97w4!"#&FGZ[\Y *..- g m-, d-+ =FGZ[\Y*./0 g m-, d-+J yNSTUVWZ[\YXYz97 XY.&'( >>C
>/iC

J 36&῎#)  & <'(9

4¡{76ῌ2
Fig. 2

jk#¤FG DO +&HI

Changes of average DO values of eachplot.

<=# #)῏&Z[\Y !"#?C
// 56=&¢£<&LM
9

4¡{76 #)FGZ[\Y *..2

³´ : ZB[\op: !'(VB

69+321OῌRPaX

R ; "#2( Lg m, d+O a ; "#75 Lm d+O X ; Q !'( Lmg L+O
RF)STK&Q !'(U3VB)
WXF1K&F ῍ 8 YK&ZB[\!'(VB)WXF1K& ῎ F8]^ LMN+330 +332 ,*** ,**+ Tabuchi, ,**+O
Xt_XoῌexpLatῌHO῍

Xt ; U3 t  !'( Lmg L+O Xo ; `a'(
Lmg L+O t ; U3 LdayO H ; b LmOZB[\'( t ) t_xDHῌQ cdK&
Xx_XoῌexpLaDῌxῌQO῎

x ; Zefgh LmO Xx ; gh x if'(Lmg L+O Xo ; Ze'( Lmg L+O D ; j/ k
LmO Q ; Zl Lm- d+O

HH L )j/ m

LmO A )n Lm,O 1K&

q_QῌA_QῌDL 1opq
Xx_XoῌexpLaῌxῌqῌLO

῏

HFZB[\'( Xx 8W ^: "#75 a8rs9^q Xx gh x tK&4565AVB
X: KK"#75u &*vX: wxyz'(r{AU|*})1 ;
῏ F x_L 1opqj/

Z~X:'(

XL ):F:
XL_XoῌexpLaῌqO

ῐHFZ~'(8 Xo 1 a 1 q  - :1%;ZB[\ RF9: q )G;H1 &bm k8^%F8]^ 
ῌ3

 !"#2( R, yz"#75 a, ,"#75 ao, yz¯5 f  3°±²

KHFI89: ZBX:8 

Fig. 3

Average values of nitrate removal rateR, coe$cient of nitrate removal (a) and(ao), and ﬁeld coe$cient (f) of each plot.

H189: Q !'(8b KX:H1sKKZBX:
rs9:1%;  b8b%1
:1^: "#75 a ul    *vX:yg m, d+  ., 






 !"#$%&z¡¢U|*})X:1£s ^: H^"#
756¤X:¥¦§¨11  YU|*}8\()©ª:H18 ῏ F ῐ Fyz

 !'()*+&,-./)0% '(1"#2(«¡)¬:9:

345656789:1%;<=)>8 ?@A.-  ai BC'(DEF)G;H1)IJK LMN῏ F)­f i 1 i®+ 3'(1K&WX1

ij ῐº » 33 ¼ ,**/

70Xi+XiῌexpaiῌBῌqiῌL

Xi, Xi+ ;  i  i+ai ; qi ;  ῑῒ B ;


i

῏



i



!" ai #

0#1῎234536t

;<

3=

,.1 U K ,., 2*G>K 2EG(rG,B  a K¡2 ao

FEF2Ba*,

& Bc78+*M ¢ῒIJ
*2EG.£¤a&+T¥F f¦§+BS ai>?@

A

, Dῌ C EF2*G HI

COD  TOC pH .2C+* 2B

+B + mg L+ ªm+T&K ῑm2

TOC+B -.1 mg L+ {+WX

.*WXm d+ +PQRS+T& U B V:2V8

COD  pH .1῎2WX ,WX&

,B«¬2ΐ

2E&῍ KT&,&Y  !" ?@>BHIJ + *.*-2 m
U + *.*,2 m d+ +HIJ

ZK[\VG+BcKL78+*M Kῑt­Vd+ΐ®¯2E&῍K°*

+K~M*G +B*V±²:a&..  ao.0  F ]^_`+Sa ao Bb'
c2Ed(e%&,Kfgh

EF2

ij῏]^

h+k:a& l῔: +33-]^ aoi ;< u
>C3>KN& Y"- ]^/op+qrac2vw%&xy

A2?@

- Dῌ C2K HIJ

cKzVG +U

>B

>Ed.[\ { 2|}~

R K]

uam

Ro Bb'+;{&RoqῌXo+expaoῌq

IJ F ῏"- !"/
RB

RFῌRoFῌqῌXo+expaoῌq.cKL<+T

+ *.*+. m d+ U

?@>BHIJRo Ed.[\M*& + f  ·';<& q Kῑm5+(e*ao ; ]^_`HIJm+Sa m d+c  '2st u^_` / f 

£¤2Ed/¶l +33/ l῔ +332 ua+, IJ F !"T ; c n hB +*O.*n!"+BIJ*

³ EF2IJ F ´G l῔ῌµao*.****++T,*.**/

-  [\ U +BmῑM

J +B 78KLM N   B *.*.O*.*/

d+



*VG + b¨+¨©%&¦§+SHIJ

789:0#%&!"BC3^ aofai. qiῌlogeXi+ῌXi

"-./>B +BLK

+B ,.3O-.- +[\*B* !" a K]

2K2WX& Y?@>BHIJ K

$%&  '() BῌL+ῌ. * +,HIJ +B f+*.*+, m d+ +TG
./ 

f



.. . +;<]^ ao  .. - +;<!" a |%&a

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Fig. +*

TOC, COD, pH ῑm5(e HIJ+/ 3 ,**- ¸ 2 ¹Changes of TOC, COD and pH values
in ﬂow process in non-plant plot measured in ,**-.

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Tabuchi, T. (,**+) : Nitrate removal in the ﬂooded,) *Tn ji o% :( l$=4

paddy ﬁeld. Proceedings of the International+ pKD'"$& &'(

?I

Workshop on E$ciency of Puriﬁcation Proc-a 0bc?qrs) /7'tuS

esses in Riparian Bu#er Zones, published by Na-c'trsJvJEcNegD'w

tional Agricultural Research Center for Hok-

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kaido Region. 2+ῑ3*.

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rs.tu : ,**. . 2 t +1 u
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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
" 
No. 33, p. 1-2- ,**/







 ! ,*ῌ**ῌ**ῌ**Inﬂuence of Flow Rate on Nitrate Removal in Flow Process
Toshio TABUCHI*, Hisao KURODA**, Akiko IKENOBE** and Mayumi HIRANO*** Former professor of The University of Tokyo** College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Chuo -῏,+῏+, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun,Ibaraki, -**῏*-3- Japan
Abstract
Inﬂuence of ﬂow rate on nitrate removal in the ﬂow process was examined in a paddy ﬁeld plot.
Flow rate was changed for three stages.
in the second stage at *.*1- m d+

In the ﬁrst stage ﬂow rate was controlled at *.*.* m d +,and in the third stage at *.+-0 m d +.

Corresponding to theincrease of ﬂow rate, water ﬂows through a plot rapidly. The retention time is ,0.- hours in theﬁrst stage, +0./ hours in the second stage and 3 hours in the third stage.

With the increase of ﬂow

rate, the nitrate concentrations of outﬂow water gradually increased.

The decrease of nitrateconcentration through the ﬂow process also changed.

Coe$cients of nitrate removal rate (a)changed in a day, but the daily average values (a) in each stage were almost constant.
Key words : Paddy ﬁeld, Coe$cient of nitrate removal rate, Temperature, TOCr*b* v*?

+     

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a3:b;*89m*?

,   $%&'()*++,- ."/0

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1c

=

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C<? B a  -2- ./- .3 mm +a

cd/efU- A67%&'23< =

U- ."['\m*m*bc

 - ,**/>? gh

3.* bc:3<? Br'¡¢ῌ- ¢῍- ¢῎}~£¤i'ajk- 

5#67lm* no'pq*? Ar+m*?

\] 5_Ds@r*tu+
/v*  q wx89/vy- Ar,0.-- +0./-."[M

¥ 0.,/ m cd/ / ¦e¦\]'YZ- AB§¨©ª'Y«U +* cd/©'z{+3|:}~/v*? @efU<? ¬ I¦ §­®'Y«U- -<  i\bc :*/- A

bccd`ef'23<? ef¯* °±²³ ³! ´-**῏*--+ µ¶·¸¹º¸¹ .0-*῏+*. =§»>** µ¶³ ³! ´-**῏*-3- µ¶·¸¹ºM¼ -῏,+῏+: - 67- ©- TOC

EC, pH, DO,¯° ±²³ T 33 ´ P,**/R74 NO--N, T-N, COD, TOC, TIC, T-P   , 




! /"

() 

#$%&'*+,- . /0!

12 *+ 3()NO--N

456789:;<= ! TOC #E|}sT ῌ  ,*~LMEKODJHI`n`() PQῐ-R T῎HIKn`()-+- 0K  E|}s PER D) CQ>?@ TiO, ABCD)ῐ. D) Z-    Fti  1 k2j .DJFG t+  0D)KT , #-+ 
-++/"-/N FGklnHID)K! T῍

FG t,  t+t+ j! .

# EFGHIDJ K! LM -3N!
LO +1N  PQῐ,R

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 t-~t.! T῏ t.~t/_# +

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0

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#klYmOn`()+*N op qK D)K(JE D)K

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 0D t/ #D) E

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D) 

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prD! # , `\_ s/  t #c`xy Kz{t+  t, Z

TῌE |}sj T῍FD)

Tῌ ,0 FD)
E



FG



FGkl.§u¨HID`! uv ,0N DDT῍0! +0./ FD) ! ©ª qK«-) ,0 \LO ,,N! LM ,1N! /NqK T῎ 3 F`() ! .
HI¬n`() +/~+2 F­®ῌ+
Fig. +



EKMn! LOE q +*N opkw 01KF E FGHI«- !

Experimental plot.

ῌ,Fig. ,

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#

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HI

Changes of water temperature.

 : $5Vys ¡G

ῌFig. -75

NOUV

Changes of mean water temperature.
COD #$%nfES'

o45*+ ,-῏/" 0. UVIWX\ES'" pq6rstuv]E\ES++ew!
 # COD  +x, mg LQ+ 4\" ;5Vy9pq%zE{6S'()G *+Sῌ.
Fig. .

'$% 'UVIWX\E !*'4

UV

5G I|bcn}\EF

Explanation for water temperature in
ﬂow process.

TOC f_~bG" COD 3 /-ῌ 9: /i\E:
TIC  COD  , Ryn}F ^$%



-,+NO--N nfES'45G" ;I|bc2YS'F
 W()G:^" /45G TOC-, 
T-N 

o: pq/ CO, NO--N ῌ

!῍" ῎*" WG+ew!

#$% &'()*+ ,-῏/. ῍-,- ,1 /0123 0*ῌ 45*+

T-P  *.+ mg LQ+ 549$C

T-P 

" 16789: ;9<=>?

*+ghEb*'FEF6a  * **'" 01@ABCD*EFGῌ"  ῍ 9 T-P 45*'F

H 3 I !JH 0 IK9 + /LMB NO*+P

" ῎oW()*'F K+ ,1 //NO NO--N  ῌ 9 0.2

01A{()EF" J ,2 /mg LQ+" $ , RES+῍9 ++.0 mg

E^():  !EF" ! 

LQ+ " $ . RES+῎9 +-.+ mg

utc9:ma 

LQ+ ()*+ ,T῏+" -῏0. UVIWXF" ;

-,.

YZ#[ZIWX\E94

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*'F

de+ 01

:S+I T-N fghi\ES'j!k" l*m78'4\ES'F-,,COD, TOC, TIC EC῎9 -* mg LQ+ y" 01A \

5$]E\E^()G
T-N  NO--N _`6aEbc

Cl 

B *'F 5Vy9uvffEF
Fa9:ma EC  Cl _`6aE *'F 0

1A Z" ,/*x-** mS cmQ+ 9*'F--  

RS TUV  33 W B,**/D76

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

L

Changes of water qualities of outﬂow water.

ῐῌ+  45 MNOP Bmg LQ+, mS cmQ+D
Table +



T-N

NO--N

COD

TOC

TIC

Cl

EC

T-P

ῌ
῍
῎

24+
+,4,
+.41
++40

042
++40
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,01

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*4*.
*4**4*.

NO Daily mean values of concentrations of outﬂow water

3  +/ 

,   ῍ 

-ῌ-ῌ+



NO--N ῏῎NO--N 45

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77

 3 &$86 +/ &M !"#Cl ῐ)*+,#  ῑC_D:"#!

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TOC, pH, DO E3

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NO--N, EC   b

cd!e<=,?

. 
.+ 
ῌ0"  NO--N ¹ COD TU

Fig. 0Relationship between ﬂow rate and theconcentration of NO--N and COD of
outﬂow water.



NO--N 

.++ 

fghRijk[\<3l,#lmno45pqrs

tuq +321v 

lpqf) NO--N lw!

p#? tuq +330 +332 a, ,*** ,**+

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XLxXoῌexptaῌqv

  2
mg L+ 

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 

+. mg L+.

ῑ

 !"#

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%
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q;

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

tm d+v  }=

<fz[,?M{|z#?8~$%& 'Iv ῌ l<( x <COD, TOC, TIC 

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TIC 6)*+,#   CD

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l

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T-P 

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 ¡¢£¤¥/ῌ&0¦§<¨©ª«,#¬p ? t Proc. ,**+v ;$I!7`jk[\"#;l6­®1  ¯2i<3°±²³w!3 ;´)

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d v " < qo,  < qL 7 STU,#--/RxqoῌXoqLῌXLDODO 6)*+,#VW 3

Rxqo XoqL Xoῌexptaῌqv

EC, ClEC )Z(,#NO--N [\῎῎ l ῌ l<·"3 &6 +. mg L+ N*)XY--02hRijk[\?]

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

78

ῌῌ1
Fig. 1

  33  ,**/



Changes of water qualities in ﬂow process.

º :  »mij¼a

79

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%opbcz{?@ ao.+.

 NO--N  XL 

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Xo D.E XLῌXo FGHI%Jΐ, &9- KLM XLῌXo  ῌ%N(

XLῌXoexpaῌq῎q .<8S5

U q % - VW$-XY a

T

S9-5%Z[%B)

t C1234FGHI *.*+,*.*+- m d+ q> Jΐ,  ao ._ a I )> >/  Xz{ ._)


8>  ¡- ¢=£¤3swS> %&©98>

aqῌlogeXLῌXo῏ Jΐ, &9-C1234 q

XLῌXo F

GHI%\]98 C1234FGH?@ a %^A- UI *.*-- *.*-, *.*-, GH *.*-,
_`aM|)./9- UM|5'my¥ ¦§9 ¨98>>   myr

%N98

῎

?@ a

ao  a I._R* *.*+**.*+/ m d+ O aῌq P@Q@JR(  at U

I%n:;98+ΐ2 98 X q .<8)*S95<- 90ῐ1234 ,0 :i ao :;=
l> 959X?@ a  +, :,+ :n9-mI ª> >/:;=%98> (iijmy«¬w t %&©98>
0ῒ1234 ao, a(i:;

:;=

8>

3 : ­*<--At +ΐ3

59bcd[./C:;^A- a :;=®9>:;=%&9-  ao n:; +/ :,+%98>:)> +2 :I ¯ª%&98>  (F.+-  a 

omy ª>:;i9-mr5't a Fd ῏o:°)I%&  U±:°%e<8C:;?@ a %^A-f gh.<8ijkl )I%&98> ² * :«³]m nmGHI% q)>I ´µ98>²¶ t ao   * :«³9-

X?@ a :;=%+ΐ2 &9- 0ῐ 0ῑ 0ῒ1234  `a *.*- m d+ %opL*_ a9> m· TOC K ?@ ¸-=%98> TOC KFo +, :

$ῌ, C1234FGHI n:; 3 :0 :
Table ,

Mean values of each stage

1234 ]m ]mK nmK KLM  ?@ z{?@ X¹@
qo
Xo
XL
XLῌXo
R
a
ao
f
m d+
mg L+
mg L+
g m, d+
m d+
m d+
ῐ
ῑ
ῒ

*4*.*
*4*1*4+-0

+140
+242
+041

042
++40
+-4+

*4-3
*40,
*413

*4.3
*402
*40*

*4*-*4*-,*4*-,*4*+*4*+,
*4*+,

,4/
,41
,41

+, J»c ¹ 33 ¼ D,**/F80

῎ῌ2
Fig. 2

c|:;µ¶ a, ./:;µ¶ ao ±²·¶ f

Z[

Changes of coe$cient of nitrate removal rate (a), coe$cients of nitrate removal rate inlaboratory (ao) and ﬁeld coe$cient for nitrate removal (f).

89:;<=>?@ABC

 DE* ,**+F ()G!"H῎8I<JKLM
NCOPQ- !   $8RS$T#    ()GUVW" +2 -  X$T
!M Y!#R+,Q! Z[\]^NK_`KJ  #aMb=cMde-῏ fg hij(῍kl./mnop
qr! stuvwxyz8{|}~! Q{| Dc|8 c|F 
῎ῌ3
Fig. 3

c|:;µ¶ a  ao ¸
WZ D¹ῌ5º F

TOC 

Changes of the values of a, ao and TOC
concentration (ῌ stage).

{| ?#\]#l  fg [ B^ 8#fKJ  D
44wF \]#l b=cM
@ABC  D*ῌ/ +332F
()*" #aR ¡ 
 !  8#44w"¢£¤+2 ῌ +.0+.3 mg L +



 



-  +.- mg L

  

TOC + a  

 !"# $%&'()* +,- ./0)!"1234567

 KJ\]MC¥N K¦§8WZ
M!M¨ ©qr^+,qrCT K
Jª\]¡  «¬­®¯\!M.ῌ+ῌ/ ῑ῍ῐ῏ fao  a° " ./mn±² ³M ´ : »ZY¸¹º./D¼yhrs



 
!" # $%&'()*+# ,,- -./012

345 6789 +33/9 +3309 ,**+:

;a2ao <9 $-=>?@eh2
XxῌXoAexp6axῌqL:

῏g= aA*.*- 29 q >n9 > xῌL
Eh2C῕+* *cD De 

fAaῌao῎B8;$-= f %C῕2 DE $-=%FGH %I9 JK> LΐMNOP %+, J48 ,+ JHQI5 GL῔MNO

P %RDST f HUI+9

%VW % ST ao %XYZ[Q \]I9^_`% a Hab2c12 0 2
2 ῎ d E*cVWe
h12D

81

a 2 ao fg>

%U9 q tu_`U%
0 q U<rs%\] qA*.*- md+ $l% *.19 h3¡¢£ 1*῍ ¤h2% /*῍ D¤Uh2c|}n8;.,,  q R ῍ d>eRῌXoAq6+exp6aῌq::ῑῐ04#; $ a >G"2 RῌXo 2 q fg>?@2C῕++ D%iDg3 j kl5*c*cD RῌXo % q ¥\h2\]I9 aDmntu$lD%¦I§h n¨ a  *.*+ $l4oMNOPSFH% ,./,,.1pq

I9 D*rs%tu vDwx*cDg=#JK%059 SFH%_yG"05

 z;#^D*+JK%{]9 S
FH% ;_`382c|}D 112%~a 12 0., 

D% R ῌ Xo % q  *.+ *.*+ D§©+ q 

rs%qh3¡ RῌXoª*.*+ 6aA*.*+9 q«*.+:¬nD Rª*.*+Xoῒῐ1$lD%­ R %®Z Xo D
Df3+I¯D<9 <"=% *.*+ D 

g=D%I5ῒ d%®Z48­>?@~ ῐ"12n %9 

¯d2o°!"|}>± h²D³512

90   67  ῌ Q ´9 +32/9 7 9 ,***9 Tabuchi,>5 q rs>h.,+  q 

YU% ῌ d

Eu;9;>,**+:9;% a  *.*+

4 q 0\]$lῑ d¯dDµ1234ῐ

4 a \]I29 C῕++ Dk*cD RῌXo
% a HD44§¶z·p\]Iῌ+*Y¸¹ºrs 6aA*.*- m d+ $l:Fig. +*The inﬂuence of ﬂow rate (q) on NO--N
concentration in ﬂow process (a*.*m d+).

ῌ++¸¹º­ R rs

Fig. ++The inﬂuence of ﬂow rate (q) on nitrate removal rate R.

K d ¢ 33 ¼ 5,**/6

82

῏
῎

RaῌXo a  *.*- q  
*.*+  a" + q , -.

34" 5 +332 c, ,***6 +&78 !" !9# # :$ %&';<( =>+& ')78?*#. 5@AB ,***6 :C DEFGA+<(H,&I4"-.JKLMNOPQRS(B/T"01 /U+&+ 2V3&78WXYB" 5Knight B +33-6
!W(B+ q &'&78W4&

RZ*.01qXo[,2q, &U 5 ,***6 5\4/ ;7 %&^8_` /#&a4"q ῌ zq ῌ  ῌ opq 5,***6 :{ '|d&VpK 7o
{| }~

02 536 : /3ῐ0/.

q 5,**+6 :  '|d ,¡{h +. : 3,ῐ+*+.
¢&ῌ$ 5+3326 : }£=>

U F&';p\¤ <m

03 5,6 : +0,ῐ+03.

zqῌ¥ 5+32/6 : £(BῌFO
9 79 p +12.
zqῌ¦ῌY§s 5+3216 : /cX ' }~

'8. a ^:;. f <'s }~

0+ 5+,6 :+3ῐ,..

zqῌª 5+33/6 : 1=>=b ; #(U U<=bcU

 ' «¬ocd3&%&

K d 1, : -ῐ2.

d

//

526 : /-ῐ/2.

93 XL ^ '7 ;ῑ ῔ ΐ ῒzqῌ¨©ῌq 5+33-6 : {/ῌ ῍ ῐ ῏ ῎Ropqr&stk0^su} 9
Y&o& &v =wxy*$&$/01 ' , 2 ;l4)  myn7 !"#$

%& '  ()῍ W&6]& q"l&0#.

'8. aZ*.*-,  ῌ W>)?U (2 '8.



&9

zqῌ­#&ῌ 5+3306 : = 3@AWAeB(B?C.

> '®¯&h{d?* }~

&9:DfA?C E Df

HF (Fg$hGijH]
.


0. 5.6 : ,1ῐ-,.

zq 5+332 a6 :  'p\9°Q±K d 12 : ++ῐ+2.

,

kl() I^<zq ῌ q ῌ ­#& ῌ H 5+332

J &KL-jMm 7N#

b6 : 9°Q±}£{&&a4" O*l<J."lPQRS n

 K d 12 : +3ῐ,..

To(4BU VpK&q30 B!"&KLrs !" '* :#Wt'

5B ,**+6 $&7$&w

<J



uv

 &X184$& xy>7

zq 5+332 c6 : ';p\o&²N³´µ¶· }ῌ}&¸¹ º{h +- : -/ῐ...
zqῌqῌ­#& 5,**+6 : 

o$&-Yo UzZ[p\y{¡»

(B]Q^8X#7j-0.

&a4" ^y{| _} $"Bj& '8.
&78 ,/)`~{|.

2.ῐ22.

zq 5,***6 : 1 ' , ¡' K

d 21 : ,1ῐ

Tabuchi, T. (,**+) : Nitrate removal in the ﬂooded
paddy ﬁeld. Proceedings of the Internationalab.-1cd ':

Workshop on E$ciency of Puriﬁcation Proc-$C34" ! !"e f"

esses in Riparian Bu#er Zones, published by Na-

Bcd ' !g ^yU

tional Agricultural Research Center for Hok-l()&*/0 !hVijHk 

kaido Region. 2+ῐ3*.

 : Ddῌῌ

JK~iMN

83



Performance Database, Moshiri, G.A. edited!"# 33 :Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Im-(ῌ)*+ ,*** : ,-./0

Proceedings of the International Workshop on E$-

12./34567 89:;<=>?@ABciency of Puriﬁcation Processes in Riparian

0 : ++῏,0.

Bu#er Zones, edited by The Organizing Commit-,**/ :

provement, Lewis Publishers, -/῏/2.

0/῏1,.

$%ῌ&'

Knight, R.L., Ruble, R.W., Kadlec, R.H. and Reed, S.
(+33-) : Wetland for Wastewater Treatment :῍tee, published by National Agricultural ResearchCenter for Hokkaido Region. ,**+.

ῌ

C DE - FGHI7JKLMNEOPQR SῌTUVWXYC D
E *.*.* m dZ+ 2[7 S῍TUVWXY\ , ] *.*1- m dZ+ S῎TUZWXY . ] *.+-0 m dZ+
^_[QR `D^abc7C defgEhijkYSῌTUZW ,0.- jklmS῍+0./ jk S῎ 3.* jkL2nopcQR C D^a22qr Y^a[QRDqDH/st7H/[QR JKuv a YjwHxE[Qd\yz{|Y *.*-, m dZ+ X}~XcQR
 y : ,**.  2
# y : ,**/  ,

+1 y
+ y


J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
YNo. 33, p. 2/ 3. ,**/





*ῌ *ῌ*ῌ **

Neutralization E#ects of Acidity of Rain by Cover Plants on Slope Land
Tadashi ADACHI*, Yoko OKI*, Akihiro NAGAI* and Shogo NAKATSUKASA*** Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University** The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University,-῏+῏+ Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 1**῏2/-* Japan
Abstract
Neutralization e#ects of acidity of rain were examined by cover plants on slope land. Slopegradient was +* degrees.
Cynodon dactylon Pers, Dichondra repens Forst and Artemisia princes Pampan were selected ascover plants.
The pH value of rain less than pH /.0 was observed +* times among +- times of sampling, andit was ranged from ..-3 to /.3,.
The main results of this experiment were as follows :ῌ The pH value of surface runo# increased than that of each rain.

The average value of [H ]of surface runo# was a value from which .1῍ of [H ] of rain was subtracted.

This meansthat cover plants have the neutralization e#ects of acid rain.
῍ The neutralization capability of acid rain was explained that cation leached from the leaf
parts of cover plants has played the role of counteractive.
῎ There was the di#erence in the pH value of surface runo# between Atremisa princes andCynodon dactylon. Therefore it was shown that the neutralization e#ects of acid rain of
Atremisa princes was larger than that of Cynodon dactylon.
Key words : cover plants, acid rain, neutralization e#ects, Electric Conductivity, Potassium ion,
Artemisia princeps Pampan+     !"#$%&'()*+ ,-%./01

pq!rs9tu!":CJ+ vkwxyz{N|"9}e33~6N+ z{9!"O9

529_C23"4 7 +  7VW" ,-

23"4 565+ 789:;"<= + >?!

52+  {9./523""@AB:C+ DEFGHIJKLM7% QAfandi et al., ,**,T+ + <fn2

89:;*+ J0N01"O%P012

9!"A pH %e"O95+ 

3" QAR+ +33, ; S+ ,**,T4 7UVW

XYZ { QN+ +331T eN`+"XYZ$M+ [@\,-J]^52_)`+MXYZ pH tu{% V¡"M

ab%cdefgW"4 OV+ hiNJ+ XY¢5:4

ZJjk52[@!"O9lm+ XYZ%@noOV+ VJ+ 9!"£ZA¤%+* ¥¦§¨§© ª1**῏2/-* ¥¦«¬­ -῏+῏+** ¥¦§§®vk¯§¯ ª1**῏2/-* ¥¦«¬­ -῏+῏+ : + XYZ+ {+ °±²³+ ´µ¶·¸¹º+ »¼GtY u 33 ¼ J,**/N86 =IdefdghF467FLN ,**+

   

= / s defdghLpqdIF>    ῌῌ!"

2*ῌ K2L' ijklmnF /*ῌ K

#$%&'( )'*'+ ,- + ./

>"5t '= 1 suvw+ 2*ῌ 01234"

x? y  0 s2@kz{|{zVQ

5



*z}gh~VQ'A9H+BC"" ijklmnD+<E7FLEt*,    '+,"FD+<FL%",+   'Z OE7FFGH+w+0IJ

67 89:;<=> !"?@ '= 3 s .

A#B$%&6C '%&( )ῌ+ DE

 0* -* cm _Tw

7F / FG* . E7FH+IF JK 

,-  

"FL+MN ,-FL.IF J' /0!67"K++L 8L 0L

FN L OE7F 1#092PQ ,*cm RSB$ +*J5 , m, 6

3"5T 4 +* m,

/ mN "5 , OE7FUVWX

7"Y, ZT E7F[*8 9'+,,  E7FP8"5T Q8R*84"'+ U7 PQLL \+$]^:0;_+, cm KS T  +*cm  U9+ * U72*UM "NO8L

8V"5

L%&*  `"abc'defdgh JCynodon./E7FW"P  /.T

dactylon PersN ijklmnJDichondra repens ForstNt*%X+'+ /.Tt*Zopqd JArtemisia princeps PampanN  - +<./Y Z E7F

rE  * +333 = 0 sI J'Z +330 *./PL'L 8P [L"L%&*"5, ./ pH ./

4\( + .

/0 L]
t %^¡4%X'L 8Zo./_x` ,** mL P
67¢ ,**+ = / s ,-£++ s -

"5T  +- xO86C 'Z !¤"Y/¥aY. b¦§"¨K+ c ..
/¢d^©Yefghª!67
hn{«L',. ./'*oOE7F*P8 /B i¬"i­ rE jk®] pHJH,ONJHORIBA
pH/ION METER F-,-N Ll mn

EC JHORIBACONDUCTIVITY METER DS-+.N"5

* EC
°

(o t pj¯lL K , Na°,
Ca,°, Mg,°, Zn,°, Fe,°  ±j¯lL SO.,²,
NO-², Cl² jk pj¯l ³´µ¶¶ ·JHitachiZ-0+**N ±j¯lj¯lVP¸n¹º
JHitachiD-1/**N jk jk+- 4 - ?

w K )q+- 4 - ?r»s"5!ῌ+Fig. +

E7F¥^)

Schematic illustration of experimental plot.

¶ : · ¸¹ºtB B-ῌ ῏῎῍ῒῑ  ῌ, 

!" 

 EC

87

f ./#u Y"  1Cl3ῌ1Na23 %#9:y +.,+

   pH »¼»

;)| +.+1 TY%;<=!" J! N

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 pH «¬f#¢

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B

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µ=!"pH QR;<=!" D   pH & /.0 ST; EC#UV%

 pH WX<Y#Z[\= ]%#^_`a& !" b , cd;
Tef  ghij pH # /..0 0R,k*.3,-.4
E!"   pH
j&nofg] EClmYhi#f;pqY& 0rs

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+,-mtuv+,- +,-,!"wῌv+,- xῌ

E yz{#|};<& ῌ- 0a4 t   pH h~  1Na23

1K23 h&

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# ;< 1Na23 ;< Y; 1K23 <" ]+,-#  pH &h x Yh# Y  Y" J !  ῌ - 0b4  t 

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Fig. ,

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 pH

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Relations between pH and EC of rain.

Fig. -

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Relations between pH and cations or anionsof rain.

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  pH ! 01+,2#$* 34# , 567 89:+, ;<=">?ῌ@AB1 ;<@CD"
9:E* F#$ῌ/

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 EC Q

Fig. /EC ratio of rain to surface runo# fromcover plant plots (ave. *.0.).

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HIJK=Q

Fig. 0Ion concentration ratio of rain to surface
runo# from cover plant plots.

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HIJY"Z[\] $#^ UV_`E#$ *1+  QW! *.+aῌ.
Fig. .

 pH [bc LHMN Q

The pH or H!" comparison between rain
and surface runo# from cover plant plots.

de[bcf{| : }*~$KB

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., 

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FGHh.-p *.0. *.02 S!".56789:;3 '7 )*+,<=q $%&'()*+,<=J>?@>?@A B-7CD EFG/Hrcd/\]3!" #ῌ1  )*+,`a>?@!" II <=J>?@$KLM

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 >?@Y<Z<=>?@[L/)D EC \]3!FGS WX^_3!`aῌb>?@cd/\]3!"!" -^3 Mg, .

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gh[i-./ pH 01

 >?@rx 7$%&yz <=ῌ1Fig. 1$%&)*+,a>?@gh.

Cation concentration ratio of rain to surface runo# from cover plant plots.

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!
- SO. " # NO " $ %&'(,!

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Fig. 3

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Anion concentration ratio of rain to surface
runo# from cover plant plots.

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Comparison of ῌH ῍ ratio of surface
runo# between bare plot and coverplant plot (ave. *.3-).

῏ῌ+*

#OPQRS3T4)*N

Fig. +*

Comparison of cation and anion concentration ratio of surface runo# between bareplot and cover plant plot.

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

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& +331I& R_`*"!& QRLMSTu*+

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Fig. ++

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®g3420D& sῌ++¯j~°Comparison of cation concentration ratio of surface runo# between bare plot and cover plant plot.

STI¬` ­ 33 ® L,**/M92

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AB 3Z[\]^= _`!STabcdef&'> ghijklmn ('o pq*r/ cm Q pH /.2* $6s'> =B pH 0.++r0.,3 $6s'gtu&B @( gg !>Iv
w4Bxyz{n ST_`H>|}E4 g~&B= (0 

 pq<bcn >"#n $  pq>


 *H+, ^= ῌ+- %&'( g4)  
 *H+, > *H+, )7
E=FG>D=g>y4'( n<  *H+, 34A

B +.20r*.,/ :=> 12

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

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Comparison of anion concentration ratio of
surface runo# between bare plot and coverplant plot.

Fig. +-


 *H+, The H ratio comparison of surface runo#
between Artemisia plot and Cynodon plot
(ave. *./3).

ῒῌ+.
Fig. +.

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93

Comparison of cation concetration ratio of surface runo# between Artemisia plot and Cynodon plot.

  Mg,
 K

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5678 ,**, : 9: +. ;< 56=-)* p. +*2.
Afandi, T., Manik, K., Rosadi, B., Utomo, M., Senge, M.,
Adachi, T. and Oki, Y. (,**,) : Soil Erosion underCo#ee Trees with Di#erent Weed Managements
in Humid Tropical Hilly Area of Lampung,South Sumatra, Indonesia, J. Jpn.Soc.Soil Phys.,
3+ : -ῌ+..
Afandi, T., Rosadi, B., Maryanto, Nurarifani, Utomo,
M., Senge, M. and Adachi, T. (,**,) : Sediment
Yield from Various Land Use Practices in a Hilly
Tropical Area of Lampung Region, South Sumatra, Indonesia, J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys., 3+ : ,/ῌ-2.

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T. Takamatsu, Kohno, T., Ishida, K., Sase, H., Yoshida,
T. and Morishita, T. (+331) : Role of the dwarf
bamboo (Sssa) community in retaining basic cations in soil and preventing soil acidiﬁcation in
mountainous areas of Japan, Plant and Soil, +3, :+01ῌ+13.

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Fig. +/

Comparison of anion concetration ratio of
surface runo# between Artemisia plot andCynodon plot.

§¨;©+ : ,**. ; 3 © ,2 +§ ;©+ : ,**/ ; , © + +

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
¢R>
No. 33, p. 3/+*+ ,**/

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*ῌ**ῌNongluck Suphanchaimat***Opinions and questions of farmers in Nong Saeng village, northeast Thailand
to results of soil and groundwater investigations
Hiromasa HAMADA*, Toshitsugu MOROIZUMI** and Nongluck SUPHANCHAIMAT**** Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences,+ῌ+, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, -*/ῌ2020 Japan** Okayama University, -ῌ+ῌ+, Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 1**ῌ2/-* Japan*** Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen .***,, Thailand

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Journal of the Japanese Societyof
Soil Physics
March ῍ῌῌ῎

No. 33
Contents

Foreword ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌT. ANNAKAῌ +.0th Symposium, Japanese Society of Soil Physics “Field Science and Soil Physics”
Symposium reviews
Identiﬁcation of the Spatial Variability of Soil Properties Using Terrain Analysis
ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌJ. KASHIWAGIῌ Model Analysis for Reduction of E%uent Load from Cultivated LandsῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌE. SHIRATANI, I. YOSHINAGA, T. HITOMI and A. MIURAῌ +Evaluating River Water Quality through Land Use Analysis and N Budget ApproachesῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌR. HATANOῌ ,+Soil Science as a Discipline in the Field Science ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. KYUMAῌ ,3Discussion in the .0th Symposium, JSSP ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌH. YOSHISAKO and H. INOUEῌ -Abstract of Poster session ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ -3
Original Papers
Changes in Chemical Properties and Water-percolation of Soils Overlaid with Cattle
Manure Compost ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌM. NANZYO and K. YAMADAῌ ./Physical and Chemical Properties of the Nest-site Beach of the Horseshoe Crab
Rehabilitated by Sand PlacementῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌM. OHTSUBO, H. ISHIDA, H. MINEI, S. YAMAOKA and T. HIGASHIῌ //On the Decrease of NO--N Concentration of Flow Water in Paddy Field PlotsῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌT. TABUCHI, H. KURODA and Y. SHINODAῌ 0/
Inﬂuence of Flow Rate on Nitrate Removal in Flow ProcessῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌT. TABUCHI, H. KURODA, A. IKENOBE and M. HIRANOῌ 1Neutralization E#ects of Acidity of Rain by Cover Plants on Slope LandῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌT. ADACHI, Y. OKI, A. NAGAI and S. NAKATSUKASAῌ 2/
Miscellaneous
Opinions and Questions of Farmers in Nong Saeng Village, Northeast Thailand to
Results of Soil and Groundwater InvestigationsῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌH. HAMADA, T. MOROIZUMI and N. SUPHANCHAIMATῌ 3/
Readers’ column ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌJ. KASHIWAGIῌ+*Book review ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌN. TORIDEῌ+*/
H. NARIOKAῌ+*1
Announcements ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ+*3
Editor’s Postscript ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ++.

Japanese Society of Soil Physics
Department of Environmental Management Engineering
Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University-ῌ+ῌ+ Tsushimaonaka, Okayama 1**ῌ2/-*, Japan