Long-Term
Follow-Up
Guidelines
for Survivors of Childhood,
Adolescent, and Young Adult
Cancers

Appendix II

Patient Education
Materials“Health Links”
Version 4.0
October 2013

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology GroupAll rights reserved worldwide

Index to Patient Education Materials (“Health Links”)
Health Link – Abbreviated Title

Health Link – Full Title

Associated Guideline Section(s)Amputation

Late Effects after Amputation for Childhood Cancer

120

Bladder Health

Bladder Health After Childhood Cancer

17, 18, 92, 93, 94

Bleomycin Alert

Bleomycin Alert

35

Bone Health

Keeping Your Bones Healthy after Childhood Cancer

27, 37, 109

Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer following Treatment for Childhood Cancer: Are You at Risk?

77, 157

Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Preventing Cardiovascular Complications after Treatment for Childhood Cancer 19, 22, 28, 33, 34, 54, 80, 81, 84, 85, 91,
110, 127, 128, 133

Cataracts

Cataracts after Treatment for Childhood Cancer

16, 39, 64

Central Adrenal Insufficiency

Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer: Central Adrenal Insufficiency

63

Chronic Pain

Chronic Pain after Childhood Cancer

4

Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal Cancer Following Treatment for Childhood Cancer: Are You at Risk?

90, 159

Cystectomy

Cystectomy and Childhood Cancer

122

Dental Health

Dental Health Following Childhood Cancer Treatment

10, 68, 69, 80, 81, 113, 162

Diet and Physical Activity

Staying Healthy through Diet and Physical Activity

54, 80, 81, 84, 85, 133

Educational Issues

Educational Issues Following Treatment for Childhood Cancer

1, 20, 23, 30, 49, 66, 67, 129

Emotional Issues

Emotional Issues after Childhood Cancer

1, 2, 3Eye Health

Keeping Your Eyes Healthy after Treatment for Childhood Cancer

65, 112, 123

Female Health Issues

Female Health Issues after Treatment for Childhood Cancer

13, 62, 95, 96, 124, 141, 142

Finding and Paying for Healthcare Finding and Paying for Healthcare after Treatment for Childhood Cancer

6

Gastrointestinal Health

Gastrointestinal Health after Treatment for Childhood Cancer

83, 87, 88, 89, 107, 117, 125

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer: Growth Hormone Deficiency

55

Hearing Loss

Hearing Loss after Treatment for Childhood Cancer

20, 66, 67

Heart Health

Keeping Your Heart Healthy after Treatment for Childhood Cancer

33, 34, 80, 81

Hepatitis

Hepatitis after Childhood Cancer

7, 8Hyperprolactinemia

Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer: Hyperprolactinemia

58, 59Hypopituitarism

Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer: Hypopituitarism

55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 134

Introduction to Long-Term
Follow-Up

Introduction to Long-Term Follow-Up after Treatment for Childhood,
Adolescent, or Young Adult Cancer

1

Kidney Health

Kidney Health after Childhood Cancer

19, 22, 28, 91, 110, 122, 127, 128

Limb Sparing Procedures

Limb Sparing Procedures

126

Liver Health

Liver Health after Childhood Cancer

26, 29, 86, 107Male Health Issues

Male Health Issues after Treatment for Childhood Cancer

11, 12, 61, 98, 99, 137, 143, 144, 147

Neurogenic Bladder

Neurogenic Bladder Following Treatment for Childhood Cancer

135

Osteonecrosis

Osteonecrosis

38, 108

Osteoradionecrosis

Osteoradionecrosis after Childhood Cancer

70

Peripheral Neuropathy

Peripheral Neuropathy

21, 41

Precocious Puberty

Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer: Precocious Puberty

56, 57

Pulmonary HealthPulmonary Health15, 35, 79, 114, 150

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

42

Reducing Risk of Cancers

Reducing the Risk of Second Cancers

14, 32, 43, 44, 45, 103, 104, 105, 158,
160, 161, 162, 163, 164

Scoliosis and Kyphosis

Scoliosis and Kyphosis after Treatment for Childhood Cancer

101, 139, 151

Single Kidney Health

Keeping Your Single Kidney Healthy

127, 128

Skin HealthSkin Health after Childhood Cancer

45, 46, 111, 164

COG LTFU Guidelines Patient Education Materials

Version 4.0 – October 2013 – Index

Health Link – Abbreviated Title

Health Link – Full Title

Associated Guideline Section(s)Splenic Precautions

Precautions for People Without a Functioning Spleen

82, 116, 149

Thyroid Problems

Thyroid Problems after Childhood Cancer

60, 71, 72, 73, 74, 152, 154, 155

Spanish Health Links
Health Link – Abbreviated Title

Health Link – Spanish Title

Associated Guideline Section(s)Diet and Physical Activity

Manteniéndose Saludable a través de su Dieta y Actividades Físicas

54, 80, 81, 84, 85, 133

Educational Issues

Asuntos Educacionales Después del Tratamiento para Cáncer de la Infancia

1, 20, 23, 30, 49, 66, 67, 129

Emotional Issues

Asuntos Emocionales Después Del Cáncer Infantil

1, 2, 3

Female Health Issues

Asuntos de Salud de la Mujer Despues del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

13, 62, 95, 96, 124, 141, 142

Finding Healthcare

Encontrando y Pagando su Cuidado Medico después del Tratamiento por el
Cáncer Infantil

6

Heart Health

Manteniendo su Corazón Sano después del Tratamiento para Cáncer Infantil

33, 34, 80, 81

Introduction to Long-Term
Follow-Up

Introducción al la Transición de Cuidado de Término Largo Después delTratamiento para el Cáncer de Niños, Adolescentes, o Adultos Jóvenes

1

Reducing Risk of Cancers

Reducir el Riesgo de Cánceres Secundarios

14, 32, 43, 44, 45, 103, 104, 105, 158,
160, 161, 162, 163, 164

French Health Links
Health Link – Abbreviated Title

Health Link – French Title

Associated Guideline Section(s)Breast Cancer

Le Cancer du Sein Suite au Traitement d’un Cancer Pédiatrique : Êtes-Vous a
Risque ?

77, 157

Cataracts

Cataractes Suite au Traitement d’un Cancer Pédiatrique

16, 39, 64

Dental Health

La Santé Dentaire Suite au Traitement d’un Cancer Pédiatrique

10, 68, 69, 80, 81, 113, 162

Eye Heatlh

La Santé des Yeux Suite au Traitement d’un Cancer Pédiatrique

65, 112, 123

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Les Problèmes Endocriniens Suite au Cancer Pédiatrique : Déficit en Hormone
de Croissance55

Precocious Puberty

Les Problèmes Endocriniens Suite au Cancer Pédiatrique : La Puberté Précoce

56, 57

Splenic Precautions

Précautions Pour les Individus Sans Rate Fonctionnelle

82, 116, 149

COG LTFU Guidelines Patient Education Materials

Version 4.0 – October 2013 – Index

Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Late Effects after Amputation for Childhood Cancer
Treatment for a childhood bone or soft tissue tumor of the arms or legs may include an amputation as part of thetreatment. Sometimes an amputation is needed because of effects from amputation due to childhood cancer.
What are the potential late effects of amputation?

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Skin blisters, redness, or bruising from a poorly fitting prosthesis
Phantom limb pain (perception of pain coming from the area where the limb used to be)
Shooting pains, severe cramping, or a burning sensation in the amputated limb
Skin breakdown and slow wound healing of the remaining limb
Back or other muscle pain (due to increased use of other muscle groups and limbs to make up for decreased
function in the amputated extremity)
Emotional distress related to change in body image
Increased energy or effort to do daily activities
Increased weight gain (due to decreased physical activity)
Development of diabetes (because of weight gain, lack of physical activity and poor food choices)

What are the follow-up recommendations for amputees?

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Keep the residual limb clean and dry
Check the skin daily for color changes and skin break down
Wash items that are used in the prosthesis (stump shrinker, elastic garments, stump socks) regularly
Have an evaluation of the prosthesis fit every 6 months until you are fully grown, then once a year, and any time
problems ariseWork with a physical and occupational therapist to develop a plan for gait training, activities of daily living, andan exercise plan (including range of motion, strength, agility, and balance)
Have a yearly physical examination
Maintain a healthy diet and activity level

What are the signs that your prosthesis needs the attention of a prosthetist?

•
•
•
•
•

You hear noises of any kind (squeaking, popping, clicking, etc.)
You break any part of the prosthesis
You need new supplies
You have outgrown the prosthesis
You have chronic pain while wearing your prosthesis

What other issues occur after amputation?

•
•
•
•

Dealing with peer pressure and body image change
Coping with “being different”
Feeling anxious, unsure, or sad
Paying for a new prosthesis

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer•••

Coping with environments that may or may not be accessible
Using public transportation (airplane, train, bus, etc.)
In some cases, living with chronic pain (see related Health Link: Chronic Pain after Childhood Cancer)

Where can I get help?

Talk with your healthcare provider regularly to let them know of any difficulties that you may be facing. In addition,
the following web sites offer resources for amputees:••

www.amputee-coalition.org/first_step/firststepv2_toc.html
Provides information about “First Step, A Guide for Adjusting to Limb Loss” published by the Amputee Coalitionof America.
www.amputee-coalition.org
Provides further resources for education, advocacy and peer support for amputees. The first step program
above is part of the ACA.

Written by Tori Marchese, PhD, PT, Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA; Rajaram Nagarajan, MD, MPH, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Cancer Survivorship Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; andTom Baker, CP (certified prosthetist), CFI, Memphis, TN.
Reviewed by Revonda Mosher RN, MSN, CPNP, CPON®, Melissa M. Hudson MD, and Joan Darling PhD.
Reference: Lusardi MM, Jorge M, Orthotics & Prosthetics in Rehabilitation (3rd Ed). St. Louis: Saunders (an imprint of Elsevier
Inc.), 2013.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence, or young
adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred during childhood, adolescence, or
young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms ofindemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology
Group and affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any
and all losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review oraccess of the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

Amputation | Version 4.0 | 10/13 | Page 2 of 2

Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Bladder Health after Childhood Cancer
Certain types of cancer and certain cancer treatments can cause damage to the urinary bladder. The informationin this Health Link will help you to recognize signs and symptoms of urinary bladder problems that may occur after
treatment with chemotherapy or radiation for childhood cancer.
What is the urinary bladder?

The urinary bladder is a hollow organ that stores urine. It is located behindthe pubic bone. The kidneys filter the blood and make urine, which enters the
bladder through two tubes called “ureters.” Urine leaves the bladder throughanother tube, the urethra. In women, the urethra is a short tube that opens
just in front of the vagina. In men, it is longer, and passes through the prostate gland and then the penis.

KidneyUreterBladder
UrethraWhat are the risk factors for bladder problems?

••

Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and/or ifosfamide
Radiation therapy to the pelvic area

What types of bladder problems can occur?

•••

Bleeding into the bladder (hemorrhagic cystitis)
Scarring (fibrosis) of the bladder
Bladder cancer

What is hemorrhagic cystitis?

Hemorrhagic cystitis is a condition in which bladder irritation results in blood in the urine.
What are the symptoms of hemorrhagic cystitis?

The urine color may range from slightly pink to bright red. Some people may feel like they have to urinate urgently, or that they cannot release all the urine, but there is usually no pain. Hemorrhagic cystitis may occur off and on
for months to years after completion of therapy.
How is hemorrhagic cystitis diagnosed?

Usually, blood can be seen in the urine. Sometimes, the amount of blood in the urine is so small that it is seen only
during a urinalysis (lab test to examine the urine). When there is blood in the urine, a urine culture is usually done tocheck for infection.
What can I do if I have hemorrhagic cystitis?

Usually it is helpful to drink extra fluids to flush out the bladder. Avoid tea, coffee, cola beverages, and otherfluids containing caffeine since they may worsen the sudden urge to urinate. If you have kidney or heart problems,
check with your healthcare provider before drinking extra fluid.
When should I call my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider any time you see blood in the urine. You should also report any fever, pain with urination, difficulty urinating, or the need to urinate urgently or frequently, because these are common symptoms of aurinary tract infection or other bladder problems.
Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What is bladder fibrosis?

Bladder fibrosis is scar tissue in the bladder. This may build up and cause the bladder wall to thicken. When thishappens, the pressure inside the bladder increases. This may affect the bladder’s ability to store and empty urine.
Over time these changes can lead to damage to the kidneys.
What are the symptoms of bladder fibrosis?

Problems may include difficulty emptying the bladder, leakage of urine, or blood in the urine. Sometimes, bladder fibrosis may not cause any symptoms at all.
How is bladder fibrosis diagnosed?

An ultrasound of the bladder may show thickening of the bladder wall. A urologist may also perform a cystoscopy, a test that allows the doctor to look directly in the bladder through a thin, lighted tube.
What can I do if I think I have bladder fibrosis?

If you are at risk for bladder fibrosis and have any of the symptoms described above, you should see a urologist.
When should I call my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider anytime you have symptoms of bladder fibrosis, such as difficulty emptying the bladder, leakage of urine, or blood in the urine.
What other bladder problems can occur after childhood cancer?

Bladder cancer is a type of tumor that can develop in people who have been treated with cyclophosphamide orradiation involving the bladder. This is a rare type of secondary cancer due to treatment.
What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?

The most common symptom is blood in the urine. There may also be a need to urinate urgently or frequently. If
the cancer is advanced at the time of diagnosis, pain over the bladder, in the genital area, or in the bones may bepresent.
How is bladder cancer diagnosed?

The diagnosis is usually made by doing a cystoscopy to obtain a biopsy of bladder tissue. Sometimes the diagnosis
can be made by finding cancer cells in the urine.
What can I do if I think I have bladder cancer?

If you are concerned about whether your symptoms may represent bladder cancer, ask for a referral to a urologist.
Written by Patricia Shearer, MD, MS, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Michael Ritchey, MD, Pediatric Urology Associates, Phoenix, Arizona; Fernando A. Ferrer, MD, Department of Surgery, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford,
Connecticut; and Sheri L. Spunt, MD, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Reviewed by Jill Meredith RN, BSN, OCN®, Melissa M. Hudson MD, and Joan Darling, PhD.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

Bladder Health | Version 4.0 | 10/13 | Page 2 of 3

Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

Bladder Health | Version 4.0 | 10/13 | Page 3 of 3

Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Bleomycin Alert
The lungs are very important organs that are responsible for supplying oxygen to the body and ridding it of carbon
dioxide. Sometimes, treatments given for childhood cancer can cause lung damage. Because you received bleomycin
during treatment for childhood cancer, it is important for you to learn about certain lung problems that can sometimes
happen after treatment with bleomycin. We also suggest that you read the “Pulmonary Health” Health Link, whichcontains more information about your lungs and how to keep them healthy.
What are the problems that can happen after treatment with bleomycin?

People who received bleomycin during treatment for childhood cancer can sometimes develop lung problems many
years after their treatment has been completed. These problems may include:•••

Lung inflammation (interstitial pneumonitis)
Lung scarring (pulmonary fibrosis)
Breathing problems associated with high levels of oxygen and/or intravenous fluids (acute respiratory distresssyndrome)

What is interstitial pneumonitis?

Interstitial pneumonitis is inflammation of the thin layer of tissue between the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. This inflammation can worsen if a person develops lung infections, such as pneumonia. Interstitial pneumonitis that occurs
as a result of therapy with bleomycin sometimes develops after exposure to toxic fumes, tobacco, or high levels ofoxygen given over several hours.
What is pulmonary fibrosis?

Pulmonary fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue in the small air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. This scarring makes thelungs stiffer and affects the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. Pulmonary fibrosis may worsen
over time and can sometimes lead to early heart failure.
What is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

ARDS is a serious condition that occurs when alveoli in the lungs are damaged and can no longer provide oxygento the body. People who received bleomycin in the past may be at risk for developing ARDS, usually as a result of a
combination of high levels of oxygen and large amounts of intravenous fluid given during surgery. However, the riskof developing ARDS is very low. If you need a medical procedure requiring oxygen or general anesthesia, be sure totell your surgeon, anesthesiologist, and other healthcare providers that you have received bleomycin in the past fortreatment of childhood cancer.
What are factors that increase the risk of developing lung problems after treatment with bleomycin?

• High total doses of bleomycin (400 units/m2 or more in all doses combined)• Radiation to the chest or lungs, or total body irradiation (TBI)• Treatment with other chemotherapy drugs that can also damage the lungs (see related Health Link: “Pulmonary
Health”)• Exposure to high oxygen levels (such as during general anesthesia or SCUBA diving)• Smoking• Inhaling drugs, such as smoking marijuana (“pot”)
Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What monitoring is recommended for people who have received bleomycin for treatmentof childhood cancer?

•••

A yearly medical check-up is recommended.
Pulmonary function tests may show lung problems that are not apparent during a check-up. For this reason,
it is helpful to have these tests done at least once (at least 2 years after completing cancer treatment) to findout if there are any problems. Your healthcare provider can decide if further testing is needed based on theseresults.
In some cases, your healthcare provider may recommend repeating the pulmonary function tests if you arescheduled for surgery that requires general anesthesia to check for changes in the lungs that could increase
the risk of breathing problems during or after anesthesia.

Are there any special precautions I should take?

If you received therapy with bleomycin, you should:
•

•
•

•
•
•

Avoid SCUBA diving, unless you have had a complete check-up and have been advised by a pulmonologist(lung specialist) that diving is safe. During SCUBA diving, increased underwater pressures and high oxygen
levels can damage the lungs.
Tell your surgeon, anesthesiologist, and other healthcare providers about your medical history before anyscheduled procedures that may require oxygen.
Avoid breathing high concentrations of oxygen whenever possible, especially for long periods of time (such as
over several hours). If you require oxygen, monitoring of your oxygen levels can usually be done so that you canreceive the lowest oxygen concentration that is necessary.
Get the pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccine.
Get yearly influenza (flu) vaccines.
Don’t smoke or use inhaled drugs such as marijuana (“pot”). If you currently smoke, talk to your healthcare
provider about a program to help you quit.

Written by Margery Schaffer, RN, MSN, CPNP, Department of Hematology/Oncology, The Children’s Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio.
Reviewed by Emmett J. Broxson, Jr. MD; Edward Walz, MD; Karen Stormer, RN, CNS, CPON®; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; DebraFriedman, MD; Neyssa Marina, MD; and Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

Bleomycin Alert | Version 4.0 | 10/13 | Page 2 of 3

Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Keeping Your Bones Healthy after Childhood Cancer
During childhood and into young adulthood, bone formation usually occurs faster than bone loss, causing bones togrow and become heavier (more dense). As a person gets older, the process of bone removal gradually overtakesbone formation, and bones slowly lose strength as part of the normal aging process. However, loss of bone strength
may occur at earlier ages in childhood cancer survivors because of certain cancer treatments. Loss of bone strength
may result in a condition known as osteoporosis, which is sometimes referred to as “low bone mineral density.”
Osteoporosis: A Silent Disease
Osteoporosis is a disorder resulting from too little new bone formation or too much bone loss, causing bones tobecome weak. Most people do not have symptoms, especially in the early stages. However, as bones become weaker, the risk for fractures increases. Osteoporosis may occur in any bone, but most commonly affects the wrists, hips,
spine, and leg bones.
How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
Although osteoporosis may be suspected based on a patient’s symptoms and risk factors, the diagnosis is made bymeasuring bone density with special x-ray techniques, called DEXA or bone density scans. These scans do not expose
patients to large amounts of radiation, and generally take less than 20 minutes to perform.
People who have osteoporosis should discuss treatment options with their healthcare provider. Medications, suchas bisphosphonates and calcitonin, are available specifically for the treatment of low bone density. In addition, if you
have low levels of male or female hormones, or low levels of growth hormone, you may also benefit from hormone
replacement therapy.
What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is more common in people with the following characteristics:• Female (especially after menopause)• Family history of osteoporosis• Caucasian or Asian race
• Small, thin frame• Older age
The following factors may also increase the risk of osteoporosis:
•
•
•
•
•

Smoking
Diet low in calcium
Lack of weight-bearing exercise
Too much caffeine, alcohol, or soda
A diet high in salt

Additional causes of osteoporosis in people who have had cancer may include:
A history of treatment with:•Corticosteroids (such as prednisone and dexamethasone)

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer• Methotrexate• Radiation to weight-bearing bones (legs, hips, spine)
Conditions resulting from cancer treatment, including:• Low levels of female or male hormones• Growth hormone deficiency• High levels of thyroid hormone• Chronic graft-versus-host disease requiring prolonged therapy with corticosteroids• Prolonged periods of inactivity (bed rest)
Other medical treatments, including:• Certain anticonvulsants (phenytoin and barbiturates)• Aluminum-containing antacids (such as Maalox® or Amphogel®)• Medications such as Lupron (used for treatment of early puberty and endometriosis)• High doses of heparin (used to prevent blood clots), especially with prolonged use• Cholestyramine (used to control blood cholesterol)
Many of the medications on this list are essential treatments for certain medical conditions. If you are taking any ofthese medications, do not change your dosage or stop taking your medication without consulting with your healthcare
provider.
What lowers the risk of osteoporosis?
Fortunately, there are many things you can do to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Regular weight-bearing exercise(such as brisk walking, dancing, jazzercise and jogging) helps to develop and maintain healthy bones. Bicycling andswimming are excellent exercises for general fitness, but these are NOT weight-bearing exercises, and they do not
help to build strong bones. Exercises that are especially good for bone health include higher-impact weight-bearing
activities, such as hopping, jogging and jumping rope. Resistance exercises, such as light weight lifting, also help tobuild strong bones and are especially important for bones of the upper body, including the arms and shoulders. If you
have problems with your heart, or have painful bones or joints, be sure to discuss your individual health status andcancer treatment history with your healthcare provider before starting any new exercise program.
A diet high in calcium also is important in preventing osteoporosis. Most healthcare professionals recommend 1000–
1500 mg a day, which means a diet rich in dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt) and leafy green vegetables. Talking
with a dietitian may help you design a healthy diet. Over-the-counter calcium supplements also may be useful. See
Tables 1 and 2 for recommendations for calcium intake. Additional information about calcium-rich diets is available atwww.nationaldairycouncil.org.
Vitamin D is needed in order to absorb calcium. Skin makes this vitamin naturally when exposed to sunlight. Many
dairy products also contain vitamin D. In general, at least 400 units of Vitamin D is recommended daily. You should
not take more than 800 units of Vitamin D per day unless your health care provider has recommended a higher dosefor you. Taking too much vitamin D may be harmful, so it’s important to check with your healthcare provider before
taking any vitamin D supplements.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What screening is recommended?
After reviewing your treatment history and risk factors, your healthcare provider can advise you regarding the needfor bone density testing. For those at risk, a baseline bone density scan is recommended for childhood cancer survivors when they enter long-term follow-up (2 or more years after completion of therapy). Follow-up scans may beneeded for ongoing monitoring of bone density in some patients.
Table 1: Recommendations for Adequate Dietary Calcium Intake in the United StatesAge
1–3 years
4–8 years
9–18 years
19–50 years
50–70+ years

Recommended Calcium Intake
500 mg per day
800 mg per day
1300 mg per day
1000 mg per day
1200 mg per day(from the Food and Nutritional Board, Institute of Medicine, 1997)

Table 2: Common Foods that are Good Sources of Calcium
Food
Dairy foods
Whole milk
Low-fat (1%) milk
Nonfat milk
Yogurt, nonfat, fruit variety
Frozen yogurt, vanilla, soft serve
CheeseCheese, pasteurized, processed
Cheese, ricotta, part skim milk
Nondairy foods
Salmon, sockeye canned, drained,with bones
Tofu, firm, prepared with calcium
sulfate and magnesium chloride
White beans, cooked, boiled
Broccoli, cooked
Collards, cooked, boiled, drained
Baked beans, canned
Tomatoes, canned, stewed

Serving Size

Calcium
Content

Number of servings to equalcalcium in 1 cup low-fat milk

1 cup (244 g)
1 cup (244 g)
1 cup (245 g)
6 oz (170 g)½ cup (72 g)
1 1-oz slice (28 g)
1 ¾-oz slice (21 g)½ cup (124 g)

246 mg
264 mg
223 mg
258 mg
103 mg
202 mg
144 mg
337 mg

1.0
1.0
1.2
1.0
2.6
1.3
1.8
0.7

3 oz (85 g)

203 mg1.3½ cup (126 g)

204 mg1.3

1 cup (179 g)
1 cup, chopped (156 g)
1 cup, chopped (190 g)
1 cup (253 g)
1 cup (255 g)

161 mg
62 mg
266 mg
127 mg
87 mg

1.6
4.3
1.0
2.1
3.0

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Table 2 (continued)
Food
Foods fortified with calcium
Calcium-fortified orange juice
Selected fortified breakfast cereals
Instant oatmeal, fortified, plain, prepared with water
English muffin, plain, enriched, withcalcium propionate
Calcium-fortified soy milkServing Size

Calcium
Content

Number of servings to equalcalcium in 1 cup low-fat milk

1 cup (240 ml)¾–1 cup (30 g)½ cup (117 g)

300 mg
100 mg
65 mg

0.9
2.6
4.1

1 muffin (57 g)

99 mg

2.7

1 cup (240 ml)

200–500 mg 0.5–1.3(from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, 2005)

Written by Julie Blatt, MD, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; and Lillian R.
Meacham, MD, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emory University, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
Reviewed by Charles Sklar, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Debra L. Friedman, MD; Joan Darling, PhD, Wendy Landier, RN, PhD,
CPNP, CPON®; and Sarah Bottomley MN, RN, CPNP, CPON®

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Breast Cancer Following Treatment for Childhood Cancer:
Are You at Risk?
You have successfully been treated for cancer during childhood or adolescence and are now moving forward withyour life—so the last thing you want to be reminded about is the risk of developing another cancer during adulthood.
For a variety of reasons, the risk of cancer increases for everyone as they age. Depending on the specific treatment
you received for childhood cancer, you may be at increased risk for developing breast cancer. It is important to understand that risk, so that you can take steps to protect your health.
What are the risk factors?

Several studies have shown that women treated with radiation to the chest for cancer during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood have an increased risk of developing breast cancer as they get older, compared
to women their same age in the general population. The risk of secondary breast cancer is related to the dose ofradiation. People treated with higher doses of radiation have the highest risk. Researchers are studying this problem
to better understand the risk factors and find ways to prevent secondary breast cancer.
There are other known risk factors for developing breast cancer that apply to all women, not just those who havereceived radiation to the chest.
These additional risk factors include:• Early menstruation (before the age of 12)• Late menopause (after age 55)• Never having a baby or having a first baby after the age of 30• Having a close relative with breast cancer• Being overweight• Having an inactive (sedentary) lifestyle (not getting regular exercise)
Other possible risk factors associated with developing breast cancer include:
•
•
•
•
•
•

High fat diet
Drinking too much alcohol
Never breastfeeding
Smoking
Birth control pills
Hormone replacement therapy taken for long periods of time

When is breast cancer likely to occur?

The risk of secondary breast cancer begins to increase between five and nine years following radiation therapy andcontinues to rise thereafter. This means that if a woman develops breast cancer following chest radiation for childhood/adolescent cancer, it usually happens at a much younger age (usually 30 to 40 years old) than in women who
develop primary breast cancer (usually age 50 or older).

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What can I do to protect my health?

Most women who received radiation therapy to the chest during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood will
NOT develop breast cancer. However, if you received radiation to the chest, it’s important to understand that the risk
IS higher for you than it is for women your age who never received radiation. So, the best way for you to protect yourhealth is by taking steps to closely monitor your breasts. That way, if a cancer develops, it will be detected in its earliest stages, when treatment is most effective. It is also important to tell your healthcare provider about your cancer
treatment history, including the dose of chest radiation that you received. You should arrange for your healthcare
provider to obtain a written summary of your cancer treatment (see related Health Link: “Introduction to Long-Term
Follow-Up”).
What monitoring is recommended?

If you received radiation therapy to the chest at a dose of 20 Gy (2000 cGy/rads) or higher* during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood, you should:
1. Perform monthly breast self-examination. Report any lumps or changes to your healthcare provider right away.
2. Have a clinical breast exam performed by your healthcare provider—at least once a year until you reach age
25—then every 6 months thereafter.
3. Have a yearly mammogram and breast MRI (magnetic resonance imaging test) starting at age 25 or 8 years
after you received radiation (whichever comes last).
*Note: If you received total body irradiation (TBI), your TBI dose should be added to this total.

If your healthcare provider is not familiar with these monitoring recommendations for women who have received
chest radiation during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood, we encourage you to share this Health Link withthem, and tell them that additional information is also available at www.survivorshipguidelines.org.
What if I had a lower dose of radiation to the chest (or had total body irradiation)?

For those treated with lower doses of radiation therapy to the chest (less than 20 Gy or 2000 cGy/rads), or for those
who had total body radiation (TBI), there still may be an increased risk, but the risk is lower compared with those who
received 20 Gy or more of radiation. If you received chest radiation at a dose below 20 Gy, or if you received TBI, you
should ask your healthcare provider if breast cancer screening should be started earlier for you than for people who
never had radiation.
Is there anything else I can do to minimize the risk?

The following lifestyle changes may help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, and will also help you to stay as
healthy as possible:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Eat more fruits and vegetables (at least 5 servings a day are recommended).
Exercise at least 30 minutes per day on most days of the week.
If you are overweight, lose excess weight.
Limit your intake of alcohol to no more than one drink per day.
If you smoke, quit.
If you have a baby, try to breastfeed for at least four months.
If you need hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills, discuss the risks and benefits with your healthcare professional.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer•

Limit your exposure to potentially harmful chemicals and pesticides. Use protective equipment if you are exposed to chemicals in your workplace.
If you have questions regarding your risk of developing breast cancer, and how you can best protect your health, besure to discuss this with your healthcare provider.
Written by Melissa Hudson, MD, After Completion of Therapy Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; andWendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA. Portions adaptedfrom CCSS Newsletter Winter 2001, used with permission.
Reviewed by Jacqueline Casillas, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Louis S. Constine, MD; Debra Friedman, MD; and Fran Wiley RN,
MN.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Preventing Cardiovascular Complications after Treatment forChildhood Cancer
As people get older, the risk for developing cardiovascular problems, such as heart attack and stroke, increases.
Additional factors that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems include:• Being overweight or obese• Having high blood pressure• Having high blood sugar• Having unhealthy cholesterol levels• SmokingCertain cancer treatments given during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood may increase the risk of developing these health conditions. It is important for you to be aware of these risks so that you can practice healthy habitsthat can help prevent cardiovascular problems.
What increases the risk for being overweight or obese?
Treatment factors:••

Radiation to the brain or head (especially at doses of 18 Gy or higher)
Surgery to the brain affecting the “mid-brain” area (containing the pituitary gland)

Other known risk factors:

•
•
•
•

Overeating
Eating a diet that is high in fats and sugars
Not having regular physical activity
Having certain medical conditions, like an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), or deficient (too low) levels of
growth hormone

What increases the risk for high blood pressure?
Treatment factors:•

Treatments that can damage the kidneys may increase the risk for high blood pressure. These include:–– Ifosfamide–– Cisplatin–– Carboplatin–– Methotrexate–– Radiation involving the kidneys, including the abdomen, flank, and total body (TBI)–– Removal of one kidney (see related Health Link: “Single Kidney Health”)–– Hematopoietic cell transplant (particularly if complicated by chronic graft-versus-host disease)

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Other known risk factors:•

Being overweight or obese•••

Having a family history of high blood pressure
Not getting regular physical activity
Eating a diet that is high in salt

What increases the risk for unhealthy cholesterol levels (including high triglycerides and low HDL)?
Treatment factors:•

Total body irradiation (TBI)

Other known risk factors:

•
•
•
•

Being overweight or obese
Having a family history of unhealthy cholesterol levels
Not getting regular physical activity
Eating a diet high in saturated fats

What increases the risk for high blood sugar/diabetes mellitus?
Treatment factors:•••

Abdominal radiation
Total body irradiation (TBI)
Prolonged treatment with corticosteroids, such a prednisone or dexamethasone

Other known risk factors:••

Being overweight or obese (note that survivors who received TBI may be at increased risk even if they are notoverweight or obese)
Having a family history of diabetes

How I can I tell if I am overweight or obese?

Have your height and weight measured, and then calculate your Body Mass Index (BMI). Calculators are available
on-line at www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/ for adults and for children/teens. Enter your height and weight
into the calculator, and it will determine your BMI (for adults) or BMI percentile (for children/teens). Results can beinterpreted as follows:•

For adults (20 years and older):–– Healthy: BMI 18.5–24–– Overweight: BMI 25–29–– Obese: BMI 30 and greater•

For children/teens (younger than age 20 years):–– Healthy: BMI percentile 5–84–– Overweight: BMI percentile 85–94–– Obese: BMI percentile 95 and greater

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What other testing should be done?

Recommended screening depends on your treatment history and current health status, and may include one or moreof the following:•••

Blood pressure check (yearly)
Fasting blood test for cholesterol levels (every two years)
Fasting blood test for glucose or Hemoglobin A1c (every two years)

What can I do to lower my risk of cardiovascular complications?

••Get regular check-ups and follow your health care provider’s recommendations
Eat a healthy diet (See related Health Link: “Diet and Physical Activity”)•••

Increase physical activity if you are able (See related Health Link: “Diet and Physical Activity”)
If you don’t smoke, don’t start.
If you do smoke, quit. Ask your health care provider for help. On-line assistance is also available from the
National Institutes of Health at www.smokefree.gov.
If you are overweight, obese, have high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels and/or high blood sugar,
see your health care provider regularly. Follow their recommendations for additional testing, if needed, and forongoing treatment of your health condition.
In some cases, medications may be required to treat these conditions. If you are prescribed medications, besure to take them regularly and to carefully follow your health care provider’s instructions.

••

Written by Adam Esbenshade, MD, MSCI, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville TN.
Reviewed by Kimberley Dilley MD, MPH; Jill H. Simmons, MD; Lillian R. Meacham, MD; Eric J. Chow, MD, MPH; Saro H. Armenian, DO, MPH; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; and Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence, or young
adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred during childhood, adolescence, or
young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms ofindemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Group and affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any
and all losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review oraccess of the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Cataracts after Treatment for Childhood Cancer
Childhood cancer treatment sometimes requires the use of medications or radiation that can increase the risk ofdeveloping cataracts. Because vision can have a significant impact on daily living, it is important for survivors who
received these treatments to have their eyes checked regularly.
What is a cataract?

A cataract is clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. Cataracts often develop slowly, but as the clouding increases, vision can be affected.
How does a cataract affect vision?

The eyes are remarkable organs, allowing light to be converted into impulses that are transmitted to the brain, whereimages are perceived. Light enters the eye through a clear layer of tissue known as the cornea. The cornea bends
and focuses the light, and sends it through the opening of the eye known as the pupil. The pupil controls how muchlight enters the eye. Behind the pupil is the lens of the eye, which focuses the light onto the retina, the membrane
along the back wall of the eye. The nerve cells in the retina change the light into electrical impulses and send themthrough the optic nerve to the brain, where the image is perceived. When the lens becomes cloudy due to a cataract, the image delivered to the retina becomes blurry.
Lens
What are the symptoms of a cataract?
Common symptoms of cataracts include:
•
•
•
•
•
•

RetinaPainless blurring of vision
Sensitivity to light and glare
Double vision in one eye
Poor night vision
Fading or yellowing of colors
The need for frequent changes in prescriptions for glasses orcontact lenses

Pupil
CorneaConjunctiva
Optic nerve

What cancer therapies increase the risk of developing cataracts?

•

Certain medications, including:–– Busulfan–– Corticosteroids, such as prednisone and dexamethasone•

Radiation therapy to the following areas:–– Eye and surrounding tissue (orbits)–– Head or brain (cranial)–– Total body irradiation (TBI)

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The risk for cataracts increases with:–– Higher radiation doses–– Frequent exposure to sunlight–– The passage of time (the longer off therapy the survivor is)

What monitoring is recommended?

••

Have an eye examination every year during your regular check-up
See an eye specialist (ophthalmologist or optometrist) for a full eye evaluation:–– Every year if you had:
• TBI
• High doses (30 Gy or 3000 cGy/rads or higher) of radiation to the head, brain or eyes
• A tumor involving the eye–– Every 3 years if you had:•

Lower doses of radiation

How are cataracts treated?

Not all cataracts need treatment. In many cases, an ophthalmologist may monitor the vision closely over many years,
and will recommend treatment if and when it becomes necessary. The only treatment for cataracts is surgical removal of the lens and replacement with an artificial lens. Today, cataract surgery is a low-risk procedure that is performedon an outpatient basis and usually is successful in restoring vision.
How can I keep my eyes as healthy as possible?

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Wear sunglasses with UV protection when in bright sunlight.
When participating in sports, be sure to select protective eyewear that is appropriate for the sport. Eyewear
worn for sports should be properly fitted by an eye care professional.
Avoid toys with sharp, protruding or projectile parts.
Never play with fireworks or sparklers of any kind to avoid accidental injury.
Be careful when working with hazardous household chemicals.
Wear protective eyewear when using a lawnmower, power trimmer, or edger, and when working with dangerous equipment in the workshop.
If you do experience an eye injury, seek medical attention promptly.

Written by Teresa Sweeney, RN, MSN, CPNP, After Completion of Therapy Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
TN; and Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
Reviewed by Lisa Bashore, PhD, RN, CPNP, CPON®; and Joan Darling, PhD

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Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer: Central Adrenal
Insufficiency
Some people who were treated for cancer during childhood may develop endocrine (hormone) problems as a result ofchanges in the function of a complex system of glands known as the endocrine system.
What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is a group of glands that
regulates many body functions including growth,
puberty, energy level, urine production, andstress response. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid,
adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), andtestes (in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary are sometimes called the “master glands”
because they control many of the other glands inthe endocrine system. Unfortunately, some treatments given for childhood cancer can damage
the endocrine system, resulting in a variety ofproblems.
What are hormones?

Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid

Pancreas
Adrenal glands

Ovaries

TestesHormones are chemical messengers that carryinformation from the endocrine glands throughthe bloodstream to the body’s cells. The endocrine system makes many hormones (such as growth hormone, sex hormones, adrenal and thyroid hormones) that work together to maintain specific bodily functions.
What is central adrenal insufficiency?

Central adrenal insufficiency is caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone known as Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH). The adrenal glands (located on top of the kidneys) are stimulated by ACTH to produce a hormone
known as cortisol. If the pituitary gland doesn’t make enough ACTH, then cortisol will not be made by the adrenal
gland. Cortisol is important for health because it helps to keep the blood sugar at a normal level and helps the bodydeal with physical stress, such as fevers or injuries.
What are the risk factors for central adrenal insufficiency?

••

Radiation to the brain, especially in higher doses.
Surgical removal of the pituitary gland

What are the symptoms of central adrenal insufficiency?

Under normal circumstances, there may be no symptoms at all, or there may be mild symptoms, such as fatigue,
weakness, poor appetite, or dizziness. However, under stressful circumstances, such as fever, infection, surgery, or
injury, symptoms may become severe, and may include vomiting, diarrhea, low blood sugar, and dehydration.

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What screening is recommended?

People who had radiation in a dose of 30 Gy (3000 cGy/rads) or higher to the central area of the brain (hypothalamic-pituitary axis) should have a yearly evaluation by an endocrinologist (hormone specialist). Anyone who is having
symptoms suggestive of central adrenal insufficiency should also have an evaluation by an endocrinologist.
How is central adrenal insufficiency treated?

Central adrenal insufficiency is treated with hydrocortisone, a medication that is given by mouth every day on a regular schedule. In times of increased stress, such as illness or surgery, the dose of hydrocortisone is increased and canbe administered by injection if necessary. If you have central adrenal insufficiency, you should wear a medical alert
bracelet so that in case of an accident or sudden illness, emergency medical workers will be aware of your special
health needs.
Written by Debra Kent, RN, MSN, CPNP, Cancer Survivorship Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH;
and Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
Reviewed by Charles Sklar, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; and Susan Shaw, RN, MS, PNP

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Chronic Pain after Childhood Cancer
Pain is a common experience during cancer treatment, either from the cancer itself or from the treatment. Usually,
after the treatment is finished, there is no more pain. For some people, however, pain continues to be a side effect ofeither the cancer or its treatment, even when the cancer is in remission and treatment has been completed. For cancer survivors, long-term pain may occur for a variety of reasons, such as damage to bones, joints, or nerves resulting
from treatment with radiation, surgery, certain chemotherapy medications, or corticosteroids.
What is the difference between acute and chronic pain?

Acute pain is generally the result of illness (such as cancer), injury and/or surgery and is usually confined to a limited
period of time. Acute pain has a biologic purpose, that is, it tells us that we are hurt or ill, so that we can protect
ourselves.
Chronic pain lasts after the underlying illness or injury has resolved. Chronic pain is a problem because the longer
the pain lasts, the more complicated it might become, particularly in the way it could affect a survivor’s quality of life.
Pain is very complex

Healthcare providers used to think that the amount of pain a person had was directly related to the extent of physicaldamage to body tissue. Healthcare providers now know that the pain people feel is affected by many physical, emotional, and cognitive factors that are unique to each individual.
Recent studies involving new technology to study the brain are confirming that many processes are involved inchronic pain. The experience of pain is the result of a complex interchange of information from many different areasof the brain. These studies have also helped us to understand that pain can sometimes persist (even when the original injury has healed) due to changes in the way the body sends and receives pain signals.
Healthcare providers have learned that different people perceive pain in different ways. These differences can beseen in brain imaging studies as individuals rate their pain to the same source of pain, or “stimulus.” That is, somepeople seem to be very sensitive, whereas others may report little pain even with the same stimulus. While you might
be born with some of these differences, environmental factors tend to play an important role too. Factors such as age,sex, developmental level, family and cultural traditions, prior pain experience, and circumstances surrounding the
injury all contribute toward how a cancer survivor might interpret, experience, and cope with pain.
Pain and Psychological Health

Psychological factors play a role in the amount of distress that is experienced, or how upsetting the pain might be toeach individual. Furthermore, other factors, such as family or work environment, can also affect the ability to copewith pain.
In the case of chronic pain that lasts for months and years, it is possible for cancer survivors to become increasingly depressed if they don’t have ways to cope with the pain in a healthy way. Survivors with pain may sometimes
become frustrated and angry, especially if pain is preventing them from doing activities that they used to enjoy. If asurvivor believes that pain controls his or her life, then they may begin to feel powerless, develop low self-esteem,
and avoid taking on challenges and opportunities for growth. Pain can develop into a troublesome cycle. For example,
a survivor might stop moving around and doing physical activities because they are afraid of triggering or worsening
their pain. However, the less active they are, the weaker their muscles become, which can then worsen the pain.
Sometimes, people begin to anticipate the physical sensations of pain in a fearful way. They may withdraw fromsocial or community activities to avoid having to deal with pain in public situations, and they may increasingly isoCopyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
late themselves. Depression, anxiety, and chronic stress may follow, which than can make the pain worse. This may
also lead to physical changes in the body associated with stress, depression, and anxiety, which can lower the pain
thresholds.
How is Pain Treated?

Fortunately, there are ways to manage and cope with chronic pain. Chronic pain can be treated with medicine,without medicine using behavioral treatments (such as relaxation or meditation), or by a combination of the two.
Non-medicine treatments can be used along with medications to manage pain during all phases of cancer treatment.
Studies of patients suffering from chronic pain show that training in pain-coping skills can help increase self-confidence and reduce distress from pain. Changes in how a person copes with pain and what they believe about theirpain may also produce positive changes in behavior, such as increased exercise, improved pacing of activities, better
compliance with medication, and increased participation in social activities.
Behavioral skills can be helpful in treating and coping with pain. Specific techniques include relaxation, meditation,
guided imagery, distraction, and redirected thinking, as well as changing thoughts and beliefs about pain and what itmeans. Other effective approaches include support groups, massage, music, and counseling focused on pain management and behavioral modification.
Additional information about chronic pain is available on the following websites:••www.americanpainsociety.org
www.painandhealth.org

Written by Sunita Patel, PhD, Clinical Neuropsychologist and Director, Behavioral Research in Pediatrics, City of Hope National
Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
Reviewed by Scott Hawkins, LMSW; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®; and Joan Darling, PhD.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all

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losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Colorectal Cancer Following Treatment for Childhood Cancer:
Are You at Risk?
You have successfully been treated for cancer during childhood or adolescence and are now moving forward withyour life—so the last thing you want to be reminded about is the risk of developing another cancer during adulthood.
For a variety of reasons, the risk of cancer increases for everyone as they age. Depending on the specific treatment
you received for childhood cancer, you may be at increased risk for developing colorectal cancer (cancer of the colonor rectum). It is important to understand that risk, so that you can take steps to protect your health.
What is colorectal cancer?

Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the last several inchesof the large intestine). Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Many ofthese deaths happen because the cancers are found too late to be cured. If colorectal cancer is found early enough, it
can usually be cured.
What are the risk factors?

Several studies have shown that people who were treated with radiation to the abdomen, pelvis, or spine in moderate
to high doses during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. It is therefore important for you to obtain your radiation treatment records so that you know how much radiation
you received.
Other known risk factors for developing colorectal cancer include:••••

Having had colorectal cancer or large intestinal polyps in the past
Having a close relative (brother, sister, parent or child) who has had colorectal cancer before age 60
Having ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease
Having a hereditary colon cancer syndrome (such as familial adenomatous polyposis)

What are the signs of colorectal cancer?

Most colorectal cancers begin as a polyp. A polyp starts as a small, harmless growth in the wall of the colon or rectum. However, as a polyp gets larger, it can develop into a cancer that grows and spreads. During the early stage ofcolorectal cancer, there are rarely any outward signs or symptoms to alert you or your healthcare provider that cancer
is present. This is why screening is so important. Once the cancer has become more advanced, the following signs
may be evident. If you have any of these signs, you should see your healthcare provider immediately:• Bleeding from your rectum• Blood in your stool or in the toilet after you have a bowel movement• A change in the shape of your stool• Cramping pain in your lower stomach• A feeling of discomfort or an urge to have a bowel movement when there is no need to have one• A change in the normal frequency of your bowel movements
Other conditions can cause these same symptoms. You should be evaluated by your healthcare provider to find out
the reason for your symptoms.

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When is colorectal cancer likely to occur?

In the general population, colorectal cancer is most likely to occur between the ages of 50 and 65. In cancer survivors
who were treated with abdominal, pelvic, or spinal radiation, it may occur earlier. The risk begins to increase around10 years after the radiation.
What can I do to protect my health?

Most people who received radiation therapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or spine will not develop colorectal cancer.
However, if you received this type of radiation, it is important to understand that the risk is higher for you than it is forother people your age who never received radiation. So, the best way for you to protect your health is by taking steps
to closely monitor your colon. That way, if a cancer develops, it can be detected in its earliest stages, when treatment
is most effective.
What monitoring is recommended?

If you were treated with radiation therapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or spine at doses of 30 Gy (3000 cGy/rads) or
higher* during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood, you should have a colonoscopy at least every five years,
starting at the age of 35, or 10 years after radiation (whichever occurs last).
*Note: If you received total body irradiation (TBI), your TBI dose should be added to this total.
What is a colonoscopy?

Before you have this test, you will be given a medicine to make you feel relaxed and sleepy. A thin, flexible tube
connected to a video camera is then inserted into your rectum and slowly guided into your colon. The doctor is able toexamine your entire colon, and any polyps or growths can be removed through the tube during the exam. Colonoscopy may be uncomfortable, but it is usually not painful.
What if I had a low dose of radiation to these areas (or had total body irradiation)?

For those treated with lower doses of radiation therapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or spine (less than 30 Gy or 3000
cGy/rads), or for those who had total body irradiation, there still may be an increased risk, but there are no scientificstudies currently available to confirm this. You should have a discussion with your healthcare provider and make adecision about whether or not monitoring with colonoscopy should be started earlier for you than for people who
never had radiation.
Is there anything else that I can do to minimize the risk?

Yes, most definitely! Studies have shown that the following lifestyle changes reduce the risk of colorectal cancer andwill help you stay as healthy as possible:•

Eat a variety of healthful foods, with an emphasis on grains, fruits and vegetables.
–– Eat five or more servings of a variety of vegetables and fruits each day.
–– Choose whole grains in preference to processed (refined) grains and sugars.
–– Limit consumption of red meats, especially processed meats (such as hot dogs or bologna) and those highin fat.
–– Choose foods that maintain a healthy weight.

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Adopt a physically active lifestyle.
–– Engage in at least moderate physical activity (such as brisk walking) for 30 minutes or more on five or
more days of the week.
–– Engaging in 45 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous activity (activities such as running, in which you
are not able to carry on a conversation without needing to catch your breath) on five or more days per week
may further reduce your risk of colorectal cancer.

Written by Kevin Oeffinger MD, Division of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
Reviewed by Jacqueline Casillas, MD; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®; and Joan Darling, PhD.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Cystectomy and Childhood Cancer
The information in this Health Link will help you recognize signs and symptoms of urinary bladder problems that may
occur after cystectomy.
What is a cystectomy?

A cystectomy is an operation to remove the urinary bladder.
Who needs a cystectomy?

Two groups of cancer survivors may have undergone a cystectomy during their childhood cancer treatment. The firstgroup includes those who had a cystectomy as part of their cancer treatment. Successful treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder and prostate, Ewing’s sarcoma, and other sarcomas in the pelvic area sometimes
requires cystectomy. The second group includes people who required a cystectomy because of treatment complications, such as hemorrhagic cystitis (bleeding) or bladder fibrosis (scar tissue).
How does urine exit the body after a cystectomy?

After the urinary bladder is removed, a new passageway is created so that urine can leave the body. Urine is removed
from the kidney in a process called “diversion.” There are three main types of diversions, based on whether urine
flows from the body spontaneously (“incontinent diversion”) or is collected in a reservoir (“continent diversion”).
An “incontinent diversion” is usually made through a loop of small intestine that is separated from the rest of thebowel and called an “ileal conduit” or “urostomy.” The ileal conduit is connected to the outside of the abdomen by
way of an opening called a “stoma”. Internally, the ureters empty into the conduit, which then serves as a pipeline forurine to flow directly through the stoma.
There are two types of “continent diversions.” The first is the cutaneous continent diversion. This reservoir ismade from intestine and is placed within the abdomen in front of the kidneys. The ureters are then connected to thispouch. The appendix or another short piece of small intestine is used to create an extension from this pouch throughthe abdominal wall to the surface of the skin, often around the belly button. This opening is called a “stoma.” This
design prevents urine from flowing back into the kidney (reflux) or spilling out onto the skin. Urine collects in thereservoir, and is removed several times a day by insertion of a catheter (tube) into the stoma.
The second type of continent diversion is done by making a new bladder from bowel and is called an “orthotopic
neobladder.” The neobladder is connected directly to the urethra. Some people with a neobladder are able to urinate
naturally, while others may require catheterization to empty the bladder.
What problems can occur following cystectomy?

People who have an ileal conduit or ileal pouch may have leakage of urine around the stoma. This may lead to irritation of the skin and infection at the site of the stoma. Scar tissue (“strictures”) may form around the ureters or the
conduit and block the flow of urine from the kidneys. Reflux of urine into the kidney may also occur, which increases
the risk of a urinary tract infection or kidney stones.
Incontinence, or the inability to control passage of urine, may occur after a neobladder is formed. People with thisproblem may benefit from muscle re-training in order to control urination effectively. If there is persistent leakage ofurine, pressure testing of the neobladder and urethra may help decide about treatment.
Bladder surgeries involving portions of the small intestine sometimes causes abnormal levels of chemicals and fats inthe blood. These problems may result in diarrhea, kidney stones, and/or low levels of Vitamin B12.
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Cystectomy may also increase the risk of sexual dysfunction in both men and women. Surgery and medications
may be used to treat this complication.
What can I do if I have a problem following cystectomy?

If you have had a cystectomy, you will need life-long close follow-up by a urologist. An enterostomal nurse (“ETnurse”) can help by giving advice about skin care, appliance fitting, and supplies. The nurse can also help “troubleshoot” if there are problems with catheterization.
What monitoring is recommended?

If you had an ileal enterocystoplasty (bladder surgery involving a portion of the small intestine), you should have ayearly blood test to check your Vitamin B12 level starting 5 years after your bladder surgery.
When should I call my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider whenever you have fever, pain in the midback or side, blood in the urine, or severe
irritation of the skin. If you perform self-catheterization and have difficulty inserting the catheter, this is a medical emergency that needs immediate attention. This complication may mean that the pouch has ruptured, or thatthe pouch will rupture if the reservoir cannot be drained properly. This can result in serious infection from leakage ofurine into the abdomen or pelvis. If you have had a cystectomy, contact your healthcare provider immediately if you
have vomiting or abdominal pain. These symptoms may indicate a bowel blockage (obstruction) from scar tissue.
Written by Patricia Shearer, MD, MS, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; Michael Ritchey, MD, Pediatric Urology Associates, Phoenix, Arizona; Fernando A. Ferrer, MD, Department of Surgery,
Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut; and Sheri L. Spunt, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Lucile PackardChildren’s Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Reviewed by Jill Meredith, RN, BSN, OCN®; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; and Joan Darling, PhD.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Dental Health Following Childhood Cancer Treatment
Treatment for cancer during childhood often increases the risk for dental problems. As a childhood cancer survivor, it
is important for you to understand the reasons why dental care is especially important for maintaining your health.
What are the risk factors for dental problems after childhood cancer treatment?

•
•
•
•

Treatment with chemotherapy before your permanent teeth were fully formed, especially if you were younger
than 5 years old at the time of your treatment.
Radiation that included the mouth and/or salivary glands
Treatment with azathioprine (sometimes given to patients receiving a hematopoietic cell transplant [HCT])
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) associated with HCT

What dental problems can occur following treatment for cancer in childhood?

•

Problems that may be a result of chemotherapy or HCT during childhood include:–– Increased risk for cavities–– Shortening or thinning of the roots of the teeth–– Absence of teeth or roots–– Problems with development of tooth enamel resulting in white or discolored patches on the teeth, grooves
and pits in the teeth, and/or easy staining of the teeth

Because teeth develop slowly, these problems are more likely to develop in people who received chemotherapy overa long period of time (several years) during childhood.
•

Problems that may be a result of radiation to the mouth and/or salivary glands include:–– Increased risk for cavities–– Shortening or thinning of the roots of the teeth–– Absence of teeth or roots–– Abnormal development of tooth enamel resulting in white or discolored patches on the teeth, grooves andpits in the teeth, and/or easy staining of the teeth–– Small teeth–– Early loss of teeth–– Baby teeth not falling out–– Problems with tooth development or delayed eruption of permanent teeth–– Increased risk of tooth sensitivity to hot and cold sensation–– Xerostomia (dry mouth due to decreased production of saliva)–– Alteration in taste–– Trismus (limited ability to fully open the mouth)–– Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (causing pain in front of the ears)

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer–– Malocclusion (bite problem, such as overbite or underbite)–– Abnormal growth of bones of the face and neck–– Periodontal (gum) disease–– Osteoradionecrosis (problem with healing of the jawbone after dental surgery or extraction of teeth) (seerelated Health Link: “Osteoradionecrosis”)
What can be done for these problems?

Taking care of teeth and gums is always important, and it is even more important if you have had radiation or chemotherapy at a young age. If your gums are not healthy, they can shrink away from your teeth, causing infection in
the bone supporting the roots. This bone can dissolve away slowly, causing the teeth to become loose. This conditionis called periodontitis (inflammation surrounding a tooth). Periodontitis can be prevented by proper brushing of yourteeth and gums and by flossing between your teeth at least once a day. Taking good care of your teeth and gums,
combined with routine visits to your dentist, can prevent the development of cavities and gum disease.
If your permanent teeth do not develop normally, you may need caps or crowns in order to improve your smile andthe function of your teeth. Sometimes reconstructive surgery is needed to correct poor bone growth of the face orjaw. Radiation can sometimes make it difficult to open your mouth fully (trismus), or cause some scarring and hardening of the jaw muscles (fibrosis). Stretching exercises for the jaw may reduce fibrosis and improve your ability toopen your mouth. Your dentist will be able to instruct you or refer you to occupational therapy to learn these exercises. If you have crooked or small teeth, this may be improved by bonding (applying a thin coating of plastic materialon the front surface of the teeth to cover any flaws). If braces are needed, your dentist will do a panorex x-ray of theteeth to see if the teeth, roots and supporting bone are strong enough for braces. If you had high doses of radiation to
the face or mouth and you require dental surgery, you may be at increased risk of developing a bone-healing problem(osteoradionecrosis) after the surgery. Your dentist should discuss this potential problem with a radiation oncologist
before any dental surgery. If you had an allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant (from a donor other thanyourself), it is important to let your dentist know, so that the dentist can check for changes indicating chronic graftversus-host disease.
What is xerostomia and what should I do if I have it?

Dry mouth, also called “xerostomia” can occur after radiation to the head or neck. Other problems related to xerostomia include persistent sore throat, burning sensation in the mouth and gums, problems speaking, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or dry nasal passages. Dryness of the mouth is a result of decreased saliva and/or thickening of thesaliva, and can lead to the development of cavities.
Drinking liquids frequently and the use of artificial saliva can help relieve the symptoms of xerostomia. Sugar-freecandy stimulates salvia production. Proper brushing habits are very important for people with xerostomia, as islimiting the intake of candy and other sweets. Your dentist may recommend application of a fluoride gel to your teeth
at least once a day. The fluoride acts on the enamel of your teeth to make it more resistant to decay. Ask your dentist
about whether you should use daily fluoride.
Should I take any special precautions when having dental work done?

Always let your dentist know if you have the following health conditions:••Shunt (surgical placement of a tube to drain fluid from the brain)
Limb salvage procedure (replacement of bone with a metal rod or bone graft)

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer• Leaky or scarred heart valve (this sometimes happens after radiation to the chest)• Splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen)• High doses of radiation to the spleen (40 Gy–4000 cGy/rads or more)• Currently active chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) following hematopoietic cell transplant
In any of these situations, bacteria that normally enter the bloodstream during dental work may increase the risk ofserious infections. As a precaution against infection, if you have any of these conditions, antibiotics may be needed
before any dental work is done.
When dental work is planned, ask your dentist if you need to take antibiotics before the procedure. (Also see the following related Health Links: “Splenic Precautions,” “Limb Salvage after Bone Cancer,” and “Heart Problems Following
Treatment for Childhood Cancer ”).
What is the risk of developing oral cancer?

People who have had radiation to the head and neck during childhood, or who have cGVHD after bone marrow orstem cell transplant, may be at increased risk for oral cancers. Using tobacco in any form or using alcohol in combination with smoking greatly increases this risk. Infection with certain forms of the human papillomavirus (HPV) also
increases this risk. Your dentist should perform an oral cancer screening exam during each visit.
If you notice any of the following, notify your dentist immediately:• A sore that does not heal or that bleeds easily• A change in the color of your mouth tissues• A lump, thickening or rough spot in the mouth• Pain, tenderness or numbness anywhere in the mouth or on the lips
Most of the time, these symptoms do not indicate any problem, but a dentist can tell if they are the sign of a serious
problem.
What should I do to keep my teeth and mouth as healthy as possible?

Follow these recommendations (unless your dentist recommends otherwise):•••

See your dentist regularly at least every six months. Make sure that your dentist knows your health history
and the treatment you received. (Ask your oncologist for a summary of your treatment). Be sure that your visit
includes an oral cancer screening, and be sure to notify your dentist if you notice any warning signs of oral
cancer.
Have a panorex x-ray done before dental/orthodontic procedures to evaluate the root development of yourteeth and determine if any modifications need to be made to your dental treatment plan.
Brush your teeth at least twice a day.
–– Use a fluoride-containing toothpaste to help prevent tooth decay.
–– Place your brush at a slight angle toward the gum when brushing along the gum line.
–– Use a soft-bristle toothbrush, as recommended by your dentist.
–– Clean all surfaces of the teeth.
–– Brush your tongue to remove bacteria that can cause bad breath.

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Floss your teeth once or twice a day–– Floss carefully between teeth because brushing alone does not remove plaque between teeth.
–– Use a gentle touch to avoid injury to gums.
–– It is normal to have a small amount of bleeding when flossing, but if the bleeding increases or your gums
are red and puffy, this may be a sign of infection and you should notify your dentist.

Use antibacterial, alcohol-free fluoride mouth rinses (your dentist can recommend the best ones for you).
Drink liquids frequently and/or use artificial saliva (available at most pharmacies without a prescription).
Apply fluoride frequently. Your dentist may recommend a daily fluoride rinse or gel that you can use at home
after brushing, in addition to the special fluoride application you may receive at your regular dental cleanings.
• Limit sweets and carbohydrate-rich foods.
• Do not use tobacco products and use alcohol only in moderation (check with your healthcare provider tosee if you should drink alcohol at all, since alcohol may increase other problems following childhood cancer
treatment).
• Notify your dentist immediately if you develop any signs of infection in your mouth or gums, such as redness, tenderness, excessive bleeding of gums, painful teeth, and/or increased areas of sensitivity.
For more information about dental health issues following childhood cancer treatment:
•
•
•

•

American Dental Association’s dental health website at www.mouthhealthy.org

Adapted by Debbie Lafond, DNP, RNCS, PNP, CPON®, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., from “Save Your
Smile” by Melissa Hudson, MD, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic, used with permission.
Reviewed by Man Wai Ng, DDS; Revonda Mosher, MS, CPNP, CPON®, Joan Darling, PhD; Louis S. Constine, MD; Smita Bhatia,
MD, MPH; and Lisa Bashore, PhD, RN, CPNP, CPON®.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemni-

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
fication: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Staying Healthy through Diet and Physical Activity
Good nutrition and regular exercise offer many benefits to childhood cancer survivors. These include:••••

Promoting healing of tissues and organs damaged by cancer and its treatment
Building strength and endurance
Reducing the risk of certain types of adult cancers and other diseases
Decreasing stress and providing a feeling of well-being

Impact of Childhood Cancer on Nutrition and Physical Activity

The effects of childhood cancer on nutrition and physical activity will be different for each survivor. Cancer affects
nutrition in a number of ways. Some survivors may have difficulty gaining weight, while others may have problems
with gaining too much weight. Physical activity is an important factor in maintaining a healthy body weight. There aremany factors that can influence a survivor’s ability to be physically active; however, childhood cancer and its treatment should not be used as an excuse for not eating a healthy diet or staying physically active. Many survivors, justlike many people who have never experienced cancer, have poor health habits. Now is a good time to begin making
healthy choices about diet and exercise. These choices can have a positive effect on your health for many years tocome.
Developing a Healthy Nutrition Plan

Suggestions for a healthy diet include:
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Choose a variety of foods from all the food groups. Use the interactive
customized guide at www.choosemyplate.gov to help develop a well-balanced diet and activity plan.
Eat five or more servings a day of fruits and vegetables, including citrus
fruits and dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables.
When drinking juice, choose 100% fruit or vegetable juice, and limit to about
4 ounces per day.
Eat plenty of high-fiber foods, such as whole grain breads, rice, pasta andcereals.
Limit refined carbohydrates, including pastries, sweetened cereals, softdrinks and sugars.
Decrease the amount of fat in your meals by baking, broiling or boiling foods.
Limit intake of red meat and substitute fish, poultry, or beans. When you eat meat, select leaner and smaller
portions.
Limit fried and high-fat foods, such as french fries, snack chips, cheeseburgers, and pizza.
Choose low-fat milk and dairy products.
Avoid salt-cured, smoked, charbroiled, and pickled foods.
Adults should limit alcoholic drinks to less than two a day for men and one for women.

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If you need to lose weight, consult with your health care team and a nutritionist to develop a nutrition plan. Herbal
or dietary supplements should be discussed to determine if they are truly healthy. There are several questions you
should ask yourself to make sure your nutrition plan will be effective.
•
•
•
•
•
•

Do you have a realistic, achievable weight goal?
Does your plan include foods that you will enjoy eating for the rest of your life, not just a few weeks or months?
Does your plan include a variety of foods?
Are foods on your plan easily available at your supermarket?
Does your plan fit into your lifestyle, daily schedule and budget?
Does your plan include lifestyle changes that will help you maintain your weight loss?

Developing a Healthy Exercise Plan

Check with your healthcare team before starting an exercise plan or taking part in new sports and recreational activities. Your healthcare provider can make you aware of the activities that you can safely take part in and those you
should avoid.
When choosing an exercise plan, ask yourself these questions:• Do you have reasonable goals based on your present strength and endurance?
• Is the activity safe for you to perform?
• Does the plan fit into your lifestyle and schedule?
• Does the activity require special equipment or protective gear and will your budget cover the expense?
• Do you need to make changes in the sport or activity based on a special need?
• Do you enjoy doing the sport or activity?
Here are a few helpful suggestions when implementing your exercise plan:••

Start out slow. Don’t try activities that are too strenuous or put you at risk for muscle strain.
Begin your exercise plan with a warm-up program and end with a cool-down activity, such as stretching andslow easy movements.
• Use correct posture when exercising.
• Exercise until you are tired, but not in pain.
• Identify the muscles you want to strengthen and choose exercises that work on those muscles.
• Alternate exercises to work different muscles and different parts of your body.
• To avoid injury, use the right equipment and shoes.
• Avoid running, jogging, or aerobic dancing on hard surfaces such as asphalt or concrete.
• Increase your workout by no more than 10 percent per week.
The American Cancer Society recommends having a physically active lifestyle. Adults should engage in at least
moderate physical activity (brisk walking, bicycling, vacuuming, gardening) for at least 30 minutes per day on 5 ormore days of the week: 45 to 60 minutes is preferable. If you don’t have the time for an activity session all at once,
break it up into three shorter sessions of 10 to 15 minutes each. Children and adolescents should engage in at least
60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (running, aerobics, heavy yard work) at least 5 days per
week. Here are some practical suggestions to try to work physical activity into your daily schedule.
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Park a good distance from your place of work and walk the extra distance each day.
Set aside 30 minutes a day to take a brisk walk.
Take the stairs instead of the elevator.
If you have a sit-down job, get up and stretch your muscles every hour and take a walk during your lunch or
break.
Ride a bike to work or for running errands.
If you have a dog, take him/her on a brisk walk every day .
Plant a garden, wash your car, mow the lawn, paint furniture, clean out the garage and catch up on all thosechores you have been meaning to do—instead of watching TV or playing on the computer.
Watch TV or read the newspaper while on a stationary bike or treadmill.
Plan active family outings, instead of attending a movie.
Exercise with a friend you enjoy spending time with.
Join a sports team.

Physical Activity for Survivors with Special Needs

Survivors who have special needs can take part in most activities, but the help of a physical or occupational therapist
may be needed to adapt the activity for success. A social worker may be able to help find insurance coverage or otherresources for special equipment. Specialized programs for individuals with special needs, organizations and otherresources are often available through your healthcare center, in your local community, and at www.ncpad.org.
Adapted by Sharon Frierdich, RN, MS, CPNP, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin Children’s Hospital, Madison, WI, from “Staying Physically Healthy, Play Safely, Play Well,” St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, used with permission.
Reviewed by Kevin Oeffinger, MD; Missy Layfield; Octavio Zavala; and Marcia Leonard, RN, PNP

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Group

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
and affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Educational Issues Following Treatment for Childhood Cancer
Treatment for cancer during childhood or adolescence may affect educational progress due to prolonged absences or
reduced energy levels that frequently occur during treatment. In addition, some types of cancer may require therapy to control or prevent spread of the disease to the brain and/or spinal cord (central nervous system). This therapy
can sometimes affect memory and learning abilities. Parents and teachers should be aware of potential educational
problems that may be related to cancer treatment so that children and teens at risk can be watched closely and given
extra help if the need arises.
What increases the risk of educational problems?

Factors that may place children and teens at increased risk for difficulties in school include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Diagnosis of cancer at a very young age
Numerous or prolonged school absences
A history of learning problems before being diagnosed with cancer
Cancer treatment that results in reduced energy levels
Cancer treatment that affects hearing or vision
Cancer treatment that results in physical disabilities
Cancer therapy that includes treatment to the central nervous system (see below).

Are children and teens with certain types of cancer at higher risk of developing educationaldifficulties?

Yes, children and teens with the types of cancer listed below are more likely to have received treatments that may
affect learning and memory. Since treatments for these types of cancer vary widely, not everyone who was treated forthese cancers is at increased risk.
••••

Brain tumors
Tumors involving the eye or ear
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)What types of treatment place children and teens at higher risk for learning and memory problems?

•
•
•
•

Methotrexate—if given in high doses intravenously (IV) or injected into the spinal fluid [intrathecal (IT) or intraommaya(IO)]
Cytarabine—if given in high doses intravenously (IV)Surgery involving the brain
Radiation to any of the following areas:–– Brain (cranial)–– Ear/infratemporal region (midfacial area behind the cheekbones)–– Total body irradiation (TBI)–– Cisplatin or carboplatin (may affect hearing)

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What testing is recommended?

Any young person who has had any of the above cancer treatments, or who is having difficulties in school, should
undergo a specialized evaluation by a pediatric psychologist (neuropsychological testing) at the time of entry into
long-term follow-up. This type of testing will measure IQ and school based skills, along with more detailed information about how the child processes and organizes information.
Even if the initial neuropsychological evaluation is normal, it is important for parents and teachers to remain watchful. Further neuropsychological evaluations may be necessary if the child or teen begins having trouble in school ordevelops any of the problems listed in the section below. In addition, repeat testing is often recommended at times
when academic challenges are more likely to occur, such as at entry into elementary school, middle school, highschool, and during pre-college planning.
What learning problems may occur?

The brain is a very complex structure that continues to grow and develop throughout childhood and adolescence.
Some problems may not become apparent until years after therapy is completed. Common problem areas include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Handwriting
Spelling
Reading
Vocabulary
MathConcentration
Attention span
Ability to complete tasks on time
MemoryProcessing (ability to complete assignments that require multiple steps)
Planning
Organization
Problem-solving
Social skills

What can be done to help with learning problems?

If a problem is identified, special accommodations or services can be requested to help maximize the student’s learning potential. The first step is usually to schedule a meeting with the school in order to develop a specialized educational plan. Examples of strategies that are often helpful for children and teens with educational problems related tocancer treatment include:
•
•
•
•
•

Seating near the front of the classroom
Minimizing the amount of written work required
Use of tape-recorded textbooks and lectures
Use of a computer keyboard instead of handwriting
Use of a calculator for math

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•
•
•
•
•
•

Modification of test requirements (extra time, oral instead of written exams)
Assignment of a classroom aide
Extra help with math, spelling, reading, and organizational skills
Access to an elevator
Extra time for transition between classes
Duplicate set of textbooks to keep at home

What laws protect the rights of students who have undergone treatment for cancer?

In the United States, there are three public laws that protect the rights of students with educational problems related
to cancer treatment. These laws are:
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 – Section 504

This legislation provides accommodations for students with a “physical or mental impairment which substantiallylimits one or more major life activities,” or students who have “a record of such impairment,” or who are “perceived
as having such an impairment” (The Rehabilitation Act, 1973). Qualifying conditions include chronic illnesses such as
cancer, as well as many other disabilities, including hearing problems, vision problems, learning disabilities, speechdisorders, and orthopedic handicaps. All childhood cancer survivors in the United States are eligible for accommodations under this law, and all educational institutions receiving federal funding (including colleges and universities)
are required to comply. Accommodations may include modifications in the curriculum (such as allowing the use of acalculator and extra time for assignments or test-taking) and the environment (such as seating near the front of theclassroom or allowing extra time between classes).
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)The IDEA legislation (PL 105-17) requires that public schools provide “free and appropriate education in the least
restrictive environment” for disabled students between the ages of 3 and 21 years of age. In order to qualify forspecial education services under IDEA, the student must meet qualifications under at least one disability outlinedin the law—those that most commonly apply to students treated for cancer include “specific learning disability,”“traumatic brain injury,” or “other health impairment.” In order to access services under the IDEA legislation, parents
must initiate the process by requesting that the student be evaluated for an “Individualized Education Plan” or IEP.
The student will then undergo an assessment process to determine what assistance is required. A conference is thenheld to discuss the results of the evaluation and, if the student qualifies, to determine an individualized plan to meetthe identified specialized educational needs. Services available under the IDEA legislation include tutoring, specialized classroom placements (such as a resource room), psychological services, adaptive physical education, physical,
occupational and speech/language therapy, and transportation services. All services and accommodations requiredby the student should be specified in the IEP (the written document describing the special education program). The
IEP should be reviewed and updated on an annual basis to assure that it continues to meet the student’s educational
needs.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)The ADA law (PL 101-336) protects against discrimination in employment, transportation, communication, government and public accommodations for people with disabilities. It guarantees equal access to public spaces, event, andopportunities and may be particularly helpful for students seeking higher education or employment.

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Where can I get more information?

Additional information is available from the Center for Parent Information and Resources (www.parentcenterhub.
org).
American Childhood Cancer Organization, for the free publication: Educating the Child with Cancer, a Guide for Parents and Teachers (phone: 1-855-858-2226, ext. 101; website: www.acco.org.)Written by Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
Reviewed by Debra L. Friedman, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Joan Darling, PhD; and Scott Hawkins, LMSW.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Emotional Issues after Childhood Cancer
The Cancer Experience
Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis and treatment are difficult times for children with cancer and their families. During diagnosis, children havetests and procedures that are new, painful and often scary. For parents, it is the anxiety of waiting for the results ofthese tests and procedures that can be the worst part of this time. Learning the diagnosis can be a relief, especiallywhen effective treatments are available. These treatments, though, can be unpleasant for children to have and upsetting for families to watch or give. Tests and procedures are repeated during treatment to find out if the treatment is
helping or should be changed. Children with cancer and their parents are frequently at the hospital, sometimes awayfrom other family, friends, home, work or school for long periods of time. Parents worry about whether or not theirchild’s cancer will be cured, how to minimize their child’s suffering, and how to make the most of life. Brothers andsisters also worry about, and are sometimes jealous of, the child with cancer. Childhood cancer survivors and theirsiblings can be concerned about their parents, and keep worries and feelings to themselves to try to protect theirparents. As a result, children with cancer, their parents and their siblings can feel angry, lonely, sad and afraid during
treatment. Periods of anxiety and depression can occur.
After Treatment Ends

For survivors and their families, the end of treatment can bring new feelings as they come to know the good (andsometimes not so good) outcomes of successful treatment. During treatment, people tend to be concerned withgetting through the day-to-day. It is after treatment that people can begin to think about and come to terms with theirexperience. People can have a range of feelings after treatment ends, and the blend of feelings can be as unique as
each person. Survivors and their families often fear that the original cancer will return. Regular testing for recurrent
cancer or late effects, and even just talking about possible late effects can cause stressful feelings. The diagnosis of alate effect related to cancer treatment or a new health problem unrelated to childhood cancer can also be sources of
distress. Anniversaries of cancer events, such as the date of diagnosis or end of treatment, and life changes such as
school entry or the normalization of peer relationships can bring on feelings that include relief and happiness, sadness about the loss of a regular childhood, and guilt over having survived when others did not. Some survivors may
feel vulnerable because of their cancer experience, and can be concerned about their health and act with caution.
Parents of childhood cancer survivors very much want to protect all of their children from harm. These protective
feelings can increase usual tensions between parents and teenagers over issues related to growing independence,
especially in matters that can affect health. Other teens who have had cancer believe that, having survived cancer,
they can do anything—and this makes them feel invincible. These feelings can lead some survivors to undertake
difficult studies, work or hobbies. The same feelings can lead other survivors to take part in unhealthy or risky behaviors.
Some Reactions to the Stresses of Survivorship

For the most part, childhood cancer survivors and their family members respond well to the stresses of survivorship.
Sometimes though, physical problems or other stresses related to childhood cancer and everyday life can sometimes
lead to intensely distressing emotions that need medical attention. Some survivors, and their family members, canexperience periods of high anxiety that may or may not be triggered by reminders of the upsetting aspects of treatment. They may develop three types of symptoms typically seen in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
including (1) unwanted recall of unpleasant memories of cancer, (2) physical or emotional overreactions, and (3) goingout of the way to avoid reminders of cancer. For the most part, childhood cancer survivors and their family members
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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
do not develop all three types of symptoms and PTSD. Yet one or two of these symptoms can nonetheless get in theway of relationships, school, work and other key areas of daily life in survivorship.
Personal growth can be another reaction to the stresses of survivorship. After years of living with childhood cancer,
some survivors and their family members may find that they have undergone meaningful and beneficial changes inthemselves, their relationships with other people, and their values as a result of their experiences. It does not meanthat these survivors would choose to have had cancer, but that they have been able to find some positive changes
in their lives as a result of surviving that stressful experience. Experiencing these positive changes is sometimes
referred to as posttraumatic growth.
Risk Factors

Several factors can affect the development of depression and anxiety with symptoms of posttraumatic stress after
diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancer, including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Female gender
Adolescent or young adult age
Prior trauma
Mental health or learning problems before childhood cancer
Low levels of social support
Parental history of depression, anxiety, or PTSD
Cancer of the brain or spine (central nervous system [CNS])
Cancer treatment to the CNS (radiation to head, chemotherapy into spinal fluid)
Treatment with Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (bone marrow or stem cell transplant)

When to Seek Help

People with distress that (1) lasts two weeks or more, and/or (2) interferes with their ability to do key home, schoolor work tasks, should call their healthcare provider to discuss the need for a referral to a mental health professional.
Because physical health problems can cause these same symptoms, a through check-up by your primary healthcare
professional is recommended if they occur. Some possible signs that help is needed can include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Changes in appetite and weight
Crying easily or being unable to cry
Constant tiredness and low energy level
Sleeping a lot
Not sleeping well
Feeling hopeless; thoughts of death, escape, suicide
Increased irritability
Decreased interest in activities that had been pleasurable in the past
Unwanted recall of painful aspects of cancer
Feeling extremely fearful, upset or angry when thinking about cancer
Physical reactions (rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, nausea) when thinking about cancer

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer••

Avoiding health care visits
Refusing to talk about cancer

Share Your Concerns with Your Healthcare Provider

If you experience distress, discuss it with your primary health care provider or childhood cancer specialist. Your
distress may be related to your cancer experience, worries about late effects, or other events in your life. In any case,there is treatment. Talking with others about your fears and worries is a first step in gaining control over them. In
addition to receiving help from a health care provider, some people also find support through support groups, participation in activities at their place of worship, or their sense of spirituality. Support can help survivors and their families
manage difficulties in useful ways.
Treatment Options

Treatments for depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms include counseling in group or individual
sessions and medication. Medication usually works in combination with some form of counseling. Mental healthprofessionals (including mental health nurse practitioners, psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers) provide
treatment for depression and anxiety in a variety of community settings. Your primary healthcare provider can help
you find a suitable mental health professional in your community.
Resources

Support is available to childhood cancer survivors and their families who have anxiety and depression after treatment.
These are just a few of the many resources available:
American Cancer Society (www.cancer.org )This site provides web-based support network, other programs and services, and stories of hope for cancer survivors
and their families.
American Psychiatric Association (www.healthyminds.org )This site provides guidelines for choosing a psychiatrist.
The Anxiety Disorders Association of America (www.adaa.org )This site provides information that can help people with anxiety disorder find treatment and develop self-help skills.
American Childhood Cancer Organization (www.acco.org)
This site offers education, support, service, and advocacy for childhood cancer survivors, their families and the professionals who care for them.
Children’s Oncology Group (www.childrensoncologygroup.org)
This site provides parents and families with information related to specific cancer type, treatment stage and age
group as well as tips on navigating the health care system, getting and giving support, and maintaining a healthy
lifestyle.
National Institute of Mental Health (www.nimh.nih.gov)
This site provides general information about anxiety or depression, available treatments, finding a mental health provider, and access to research reports and other relevant information. See these specific areas of the web site:
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml

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Patient Centered Guides http://childhoodcancerguides.org/sresource.html
This site provides a list of follow-up clinics for childhood cancer survivors and articles related to psychosocial aspectsof survivorship.
Revised by Sheila Judge Santacroce, PhD, APRN, CPNP, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC. Originallyadapted by Debra Kent, RN, MSN, CPNP, Cancer Survivorship Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati,
OH, from “Dealing with Emotions after Childhood Illness” by Melissa Hudson, MD, After Completion of therapy (ACT) Clinic,
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
Reviewed by Joe Don Cavender, MSN, RN, CPNP; Daniel Armstrong, PhD; Joan Darling, PhD; Catherine L. Woodman, MD, Scott
Hawkins, LMSW; and Octavio Zavala.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Keeping Your Eyes Healthy after Treatment for Childhood
CancerHigh doses of radiation to the brain, eye, or eye socket (orbit) during treatment for childhood cancer can have along-lasting effect on the eyes. Radioiodine treatment and chronic graft-versus-host disease (an immune responsethat can develop after bone marrow or stem cell transplant) can also affect the eyes. Because vision can have a significant impact on daily living, it is important for survivors who received these treatments to have their eyes checked
regularly.
How do the eyes work?

The eyes are remarkable organs, allowing light to be converted into impulses thatare transmitted to the brain, where images are perceived. The eyes are located in
the area of the skull known as the orbit or eye socket. A thin layer of tissue called
the conjunctiva covers and protects the eye and eyelids. Tears are produced in
the lacrimal gland, located in the outer corner of the eye socket, above the eyeball. Tears flow over the eye, providing lubrication, and drain into a tiny canal at
the inner corner of the eye, called the lacrimal duct. Light enters the eye througha clear layer of tissue known as the cornea. The cornea bends and focuses thelight, and sends it through the opening of the eye known as the pupil. The pupil
controls how much light enters the eye. Behind the pupil is the lens of the eye,which focuses the light onto the retina, the membrane along the back wall of theeye. The nerve cells in the retina change the light into electrical impulses andsend them through the optic nerve to the brain, where the image is perceived.

Lacrimalgland
Lacrimal
duct

Orbit

Lens
Retina
Pupil
CorneaConjunctiva
Optic nerve

What eye problems can develop following treatment for childhood
cancer?

Cataracts: Clouding of the lens of the eye. When this happens, light cannot pass through the lens easily. Common
symptoms of cataracts include painless blurring of vision, sensitivity to light and glare, double vision in one eye, poornight vision, fading or yellowing of colors, and the need for frequent changes in glasses or contact lens prescriptions(see related Health Link: Cataracts).
Xerophthalmia: Dry eyes resulting from decreased tear production due to radiation or chronic graft-versus-hostdisease. Symptoms include pain at the surface of the eye and light sensitivity.
Lacrimal duct atrophy: Shrinking of the lacrimal duct, which drains tears from the eye. Lacrimal duct atrophy can
result in problems with increased tearing. This can be caused by radiation to the eye or orbit, or by radioiodine (I-131)
therapy given for treatment of thyroid cancer.
Other eye problems:

The following eye problems are less common and are usually seen only in survivors who had higher-dose radiation
treatments directed at the eye or orbit:
Orbital hypoplasia: Underdevelopment of the eye and surrounding tissues, caused by radiation to the eye or orbit.
This can result in a small eye and orbit (orbital hypoplasia).
Enophthalmos: Sunken eyeball within the orbit as a result of radiation.

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Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea (the clear, outer surface of the eye). This can cause pain at the surface of theeye and light sensitivity.
Telangiectasias: Enlargement of blood vessels in the white part of the eye. These do not usually cause any symptoms, but are sometimes bothersome because of their appearance.
Retinopathy: Damage to the retina (the back surface of the eye where visual information is passed from the eye tothe brain). Painless vision loss is the major symptom of retinopathy.
Maculopathy: Damage to the macula (area of central vision within the retina), which may result in blurred vision.
Optic chiasm neuropathy: Damage to the nerves that send visual information from the eye to the brain. This canresult in vision loss.
Papillopathy: Swelling of the optic disc (area where the optic nerve enters the eye).
Glaucoma: Increased pressure within the eye. This can damage the optic nerve and result in vision loss.
What cancer therapies increase the risk of developing these eye complications?

•Radiation therapy at doses of 30 Gy (3000 cGy/rads) or higher to the following areas increases the risk of treatment-related eye problems:–– Eye–– Orbits–– Brain (cranial)•

Other factors that may increase the risk for developing certain eye problems include:–– Radioiodine (I-131) treatment for thyroid cancer (increased risk for lacrimal duct atrophy)–– Chronic graft-versus-host disease following bone marrow, cord blood, or stem cell transplant (increased
risk for xerophthalmia)–– Diabetes mellitus (increased risk for problems involving the retina and optic nerve)–– High blood pressure (increased risk of optic chiasm neuropathy)–– Frequent exposure to sunlight (increased risk for cataracts)–– Certain chemotherapy drugs, such as, actinomycin-D and doxorubicin, which can increase the risk of eye
problems when given together with radiation.

What monitoring is recommended?

•

Evaluation by an ophthalmologist at least once a year is recommended for any one who:–– Had a tumor involving the eye–– Had radiation to the brain, eye, or orbit at doses of 30 Gy (3000 cGy) or higher–– Has graft-versus-host disease (as a result of bone marrow, cord blood, or stem cell transplant)
Note: An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor (MD or DO) who specializes in eye problems—this is different
from a doctor of optometry (OD), who is also a vision specialist but not a medical doctor. Examination by an

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer•

ophthalmologist should include vision screening, examination for cataracts, and a full examination of the internal structures of the eye. People who develop vision problems should be followed regularly by an ophthalmologist.
Evaluation by an ocularist (a trained person who makes and fits artificial eyes) at least once a year is recommended for anyone who has had:–– An eye removed because of cancer treatment and/or complications related to treatment–– An artificial eye (prosthesis) that does not fit well•

Evaluation by an ophthalmologist is recommended on an as-needed basis for people who had Radioiodine(I-131) treatment, if they develop excessive tearing.
If you develop any of the following symptoms, seek prompt medical evaluation. In some cases, referral to an
ophthalmologist may be needed:–– Blurry vision–– Double vision–– Blind spots–– Sensitivity to light–– Poor night vision–– Persistent irritation of surface of eye or eyelids–– Excessive tearing/watering of eyes–– Pain within the eye–– Dry eyes
How are eye problems treated?

Cataracts: Not all cataracts need treatment. In many cases, an ophthalmologist may monitor the vision closely overmany years, and will recommend treatment if and when it becomes necessary. The only treatment for cataracts issurgical removal of the lens and replacement with an artificial lens. Today, cataract surgery is a low-risk procedurethat is performed on an outpatient basis and works well in restoring vision.
Orbital hypoplasia: Usually no treatment is needed for orbital hypoplasia. In severe cases, rebuilding of the bones
around the eye may be possible.
Enophthalmos: Plastic surgery can be done to build up the orbit.
Lacrimal duct atrophy: A surgical procedure to widen the tear drainage system can be performed if heavy tearing isa significant problem.
Xerophthalmia: Treatment of dry eye includes the frequent use of artificial tears (eye drops) or ointments to moisten
the surface of the eye. In severe cases, the tear drainage system can be blocked by surgery to reduce the drainage oftears from the eye.
Keratitis: The frequent use of artificial tears (eye drops) or ointments to moisten the surface of the eye is recommended. Patching the affected eye during sleep may also promote healing. Keratitis caused by infection is treatedwith antibiotic eye drops or ointment. Rarely, surgical replacement (transplant) of the cornea is necessary.
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Telangiectasias: No treatment is necessary.
Retinopathy and maculopathy: Retinopathy may require laser or photocoagulation (heat) treatment of the retina.
Rarely, surgery to remove the eye is necessary in severe cases.
Optic chiasm neuropathy: No treatment available.
What can be done if there is impaired vision?

If impaired vision is detected, it is important to follow the recommendations of your ophthalmologist regarding treatment. If vision is not correctable, services are available in most communities to assist people with visual impairments.
In addition, in the United States, services are available for people under 22 years of age through the local publicschool district or referral agencies (available under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, PL 105-17). Sometimes special accommodations, such as seating in the front of the classroom are all that is needed, but this usuallyrequires that the parent request an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) for the child through the school district (seerelated Health Link: “Educational Issues Following Treatment for Childhood Cancer”).
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, PL 101-336) guarantees people with visual impairment equal access topublic events, spaces, and opportunities.
How can I protect my vision?

It’s important to protect your eyes whether or not you have treatment-related eye disorders. Precautions you can takeinclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Wear sunglasses with UV protection when in bright sunlight.
When participating in sports, be sure to select protective eyewear that is appropriate for the sport. Eyewear
worn for sports should be properly fitted by an eye care professional.
Avoid toys with sharp, protruding, or projectile parts.
Never play with fireworks or sparklers of any kind to avoid accidental injury.
Be careful when working with hazardous household chemicals.
Wear protective eyewear when using a lawnmower, power trimmer, or edger, and when working with dangerous equipment in the workshop.
If you do experience an eye injury, seek medical attention promptly.

Revised by Teresa Sweeney, RN, MSN, CPNP, After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,
Memphis, TN.
Reviewed by Julie Blatt, MD; Debra Friedman, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Revonda Mosher, RN, MSN, CPNP, CPON®; and Lise
Yasui.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Female Health Issues after Treatment for Childhood Cancer
The effects of childhood cancer therapy on female reproductive function depend on many factors, including the girl’s
age at the time of cancer therapy, the specific type and location of the cancer, and the treatment that was given. It is
important to understand how the ovaries and female reproductive organs function and how they may be affected bytherapy given to treat cancer during childhood.
The female reproductive system

At birth, the ovaries contain all the eggs they will ever have. When the timecomes to begin puberty, the pituitary gland in the brain signals the ovaries
by releasing two hormones (FSH and LH). The ovaries secrete the female
hormones estrogen and progesterone, which are necessary for reproductivefunction Normally, during a monthly menstrual cycle, one egg matures andis released from the ovaries. If the egg is not fertilized, menstruation begins.
The cycle then repeats itself about every 28 days. With each menstrual cycle,
the supply of eggs decreases. When most of the eggs are depleted from awoman’s ovaries, menopause begins. During menopause, the menstrual
cycles stop, the ovaries stop making hormones, and the woman is no longer
able to become pregnant.

Ovaries

UterusHow does cancer therapy affect the ovaries?

Certain chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, and surgery can sometimes damage the ovaries, reducing the reserve
supply of eggs. When the ovaries are not able to produce eggs or hormones, this is called ovarian failure.
What are the causes of ovarian failure?

Chemotherapy of the “alkylator” type (such as cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard and busulfan) is most likely
to affect ovarian function. The total dose of alkylators used during cancer treatment is important in determining the
likelihood of ovarian damage. With higher total doses, the likelihood of damage to the ovaries increases. If treatment
for childhood cancer included a combination of both radiation and alkylating chemotherapy, the risk of ovarian failure
may also be increased.
Radiation therapy can affect ovarian function in two ways:
Primary (direct) failure of the ovaries can be caused by radiation that is aimed directly at or near the ovaries. The ageof the person at the time of radiation and the total radiation dose can affect whether or not ovarian failure occurs.
Generally, younger girls tend to have less damage to the ovaries than people who received equal doses but who were
teenagers or young adults at the time of radiation.
However, higher doses usually cause the ovaries to stop functioning in most females regardless of age.
Secondary (indirect) failure of the ovaries can occur as a result of radiation therapy to the brain. The pituitary gland,
located in the center of the brain, regulates the production of two hormones (FSH and LH) needed for proper ovarianfunction. Radiation to the brain at higher doses can damage the pituitary gland, leading to low levels of these hormones.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Surgery. If both ovaries were removed (bilateral oophorectomy) during cancer therapy, this always results in ovarian
failure. This type of ovarian failure is sometimes called “surgical menopause.” If one ovary was removed (unilateraloophorectomy), menopause may occur earlier than it otherwise would have (“premature menopause”).
What types of cancer therapy increase the risk of ovarian failure?

Females who received the following therapy may be at risk for ovarian failure:•

Radiation therapy to any of the following areas:–– Whole abdomen–– Pelvis–– Lower spine (lumbar and sacral areas)–– Total body (TBI)–– Head/brain (cranial)—if dose was 30 Gy (3000 cGy/rads) or higher•

Chemotherapy—the class of drugs called “alkylators” can cause ovarian failure when given in high doses.
Examples of these drugs are:Alkylating agents:–– Busulfan–– Carmustine (BCNU)–– Chlorambucil–– Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®)–– Ifosfamide–– Lomustine (CCNU)–– Mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard)–– Melphalan–– Procarbazine–– Thiotepa
Heavy metals:–– Carboplatin–– Cisplatin
Non-classical alkylators:–– Dacarbazine (DTIC)–– Temozolomide•

Surgery:–– Removal of one or both ovaries

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What are the effects of childhood cancer therapy on the female reproductive system?

1. Failure to enter puberty. Pre-pubertal girls who received cancer therapy that results in ovarian failure willneed hormonal therapy (hormones prescribed by a doctor) to progress through puberty. If this occurs, referral toan endocrinologist (hormone doctor) should be made for further evaluation and management.
2. Temporary cessation of menstrual cycles. Many females who were already menstruating will stop having
monthly periods during their cancer therapy. In most cases, menstrual cycles will resume sometime after cancer treatment ends, although the timing of this is unpredictable. In some cases, it may take up to several years
to restart menstruation. Since eggs are released before the menstrual cycles, pregnancy can occur before themenstrual periods resume. If pregnancy is undesired, birth control (contraception) should be used, even if themenstrual cycles have not resumed.
3. Permanent cessation of menstrual cycles (premature menopause). Menopause (the permanent cessationof menstrual cycles) occurs at an average age of 51. Females who were already menstruating prior to theircancer therapy sometimes develop ovarian failure as a result of their cancer treatment and never resume
menstrual cycles. Others may resume menstrual cycles, but then stop menstruating much earlier than would
normally be expected. If a woman is currently having menstrual periods but received chemotherapy or radiationthat can affect ovarian function or had one ovary removed, she may still be at risk for entering menopause at
an early age. If a woman at risk for premature menopause desires to have children, it is best not to delay
childbearing beyond the early thirties, because the period of fertility may be shortened after having
cancer therapy.
4. Lack of female hormones. Females with ovarian failure do not make enough estrogen. Estrogen is needed forfunctions other than reproduction—it is very important for maintaining strong healthy bones, a healthy heart,and overall well-being. Young women with ovarian failure should see an endocrinologist (hormone specialist) for
hormone replacement therapy, which will be necessary until they reach middle age.
5. Infertility. Infertility is the inability to achieve a pregnancy after at least one year of unprotected intercourse. In
women, infertility occurs when the ovaries cannot produce eggs (ovarian failure), or when the reproductive organs are unable to sustain a pregnancy. Infertility may be the result of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy,
or any combination of these. There may also be other reasons for infertility that are unrelated to cancer therapy.
If a woman has regular monthly menstrual periods and normal hormone levels (FSH, LH and estradiol), she islikely to be fertile and able to have a baby. If a woman does NOT have monthly menstrual periods, or if she hasmonthly menstrual periods ONLY with the use of supplemental hormones, or if she had to take hormones inorder to enter or progress through puberty, she is likely to be infertile.
Girls who had surgical removal of both ovaries will be infertile. Girls who had surgical removal of the uterus(hysterectomy) but still have functioning ovaries can become mothers with the use of a gestational surrogate(another female who carries the pregnancy to term). Women who are infertile should discuss their options witha fertility specialist and their oncologist. The use of donor eggs may be an alternative for some women. Additional options may include adoption of a biologically unrelated child or child-free living.
6. Pregnancy risks. Certain therapies used during treatment for childhood cancer can sometimes increase therisk of problems that a woman may experience during pregnancy, labor, and childbirth. The following women
may be at increased risk:–– Women who had radiation to the whole abdomen, pelvis, lower spine, or total body (TBI) may have an
increased risk of miscarriage, premature delivery, or problems during labor.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer–– Women who received anthracycline chemotherapy (such as doxorubicin or daunorubicin), and women who
received radiation to the upper abdomen or chest may be at risk for heart problems that can worsen withpregnancy and labor (see related Health Link: “Heart Health”).
Women with these risk factors should be followed closely by an obstetrician who is qualified to care for women withhigh-risk pregnancies.
Fortunately, in most cases, there is no increased risk of cancer or birth defects in children born to childhood cancer
survivors. In rare cases, if the type of cancer in childhood was a genetic (inherited) type, then there may be a risk ofpassing that type of cancer on to a child. You should check with your oncologist if you are not sure whether the typeof cancer you had was genetic.
What monitoring is recommended?

Females who have had any of the cancer treatments that may affect ovarian function should have a yearly check-up
that includes careful evaluation of progression through puberty, menstrual and pregnancy history, and sexual function. Blood may be tested for hormone levels (FSH, LH, and estradiol). If any problems are detected, a referral to an
endocrinologist (hormone specialist) and/or other specialists may be recommended. For women with ovarian failure, abone density test (special type of x-ray) to check for thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) may also be recommended.
Written by: Marcia Leonard, RN, PNP, Long Term Follow Up Clinic, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University ofMichigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI.
Reviewed by Charles Sklar, MD, Julie Blatt, MD; Daniel Green, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP,
CPON®; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; and Peggy Kulm RN, MA.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Finding and Paying for Healthcare after Treatment
for Childhood Cancer
As a childhood cancer survivor, it is important for you to have regular medical check-ups, since some of the treatments that you received may increase your risk for health problems as you get older. Sometimes it is difficult to findand pay for the medical care that you need. There are several things you can do to make sure you are getting thebest possible care for your needs. Here are some suggestions.
If possible, find a long-term follow-up clinic. Many childhood cancer programs have long-term follow-up clinics. A
directory of long-term follow-up clinics affiliated with Children’s Oncology Group institutions can be found at this link:
http://applications.childrensoncologygroup.org/Surveys/lateEffects/lateEffects.PublicSearch.asp. If you arestill followed in a childhood cancer center, or if there is a childhood cancer center near where you live, contact that
center to discuss your options for obtaining long-term follow-up care. Long-term follow-up clinics usually screen forlate effects and educate survivors about ways to lower the risk of health problems after cancer. They are generally
an excellent place to get a complete health evaluation, but are not usually designed to meet the everyday healthcare
needs of survivors. Also, some long-term follow-up programs are only able to follow survivors until they reach adulthood, which may mean that they can see survivors only until they reach age 18 or 21. So, even if you are attending along-term follow-up clinic, it is also important to find a primary healthcare provider who can take care of your general
medical needs.
Choose a primary healthcare provider in your community. The best primary healthcare providers for adults areusually those who specialize in family practice or internal medicine. The chance of finding a primary healthcare provider who has experience taking care of childhood cancer survivors is low, due to the rarity of serious illnesses likecancer in children. However, it is important to look for a healthcare provider who is thorough, well-trained, and a good
listener. Ask friends and family members to help you identify healthcare providers with these qualities who are practicing in your area. Make an appointment for a general check-up and discuss your past medical history and healthrisks during this visit. It is best to do this at a time when you are well, and not when you are being seen because of an
illness.
Tell your healthcare provider about the Childhood Cancer Survivor Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines, available on the Children’s Oncology Group website at www.survivorshipguidelines.org. This comprehensive set of
healthcare screening and management guidelines is designed for use by healthcare professionals who are providing
ongoing medical follow-up for childhood cancer survivors.
Organize a medical team to provide your local care. Get advice from your childhood cancer doctor and yourprimary healthcare provider about who should be on your medical team. Your team should always include a primary
healthcare provider and a dentist. Depending on your situation, you may also need to include other professionals thatare important for your continued health, such as a physical therapist or psychologist. Your primary healthcare provider
can help you select these individuals and provide referrals for their services.
Share your medical records with all the members of your medical team. Ask your hospital or clinic to sendcopies of your treatment records to all of your new healthcare providers. If possible, ask the doctor who treatedyour childhood cancer to provide you with a summary of your diagnosis and treatment, future health risks, andrecommended screening. Keep a copy of the summary and important sections of your pediatric medical records ina personal medical file. Be sure that every new healthcare provider you see is aware of your medical history andany special health risks you may have because of your cancer treatment. If you need help in obtaining your medical
records, call the hospital, clinic, or medical center where you received your treatment.
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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Be a partner in the healthcare that you receive. To find out if you are getting adequate care, ask yourself the following questions:••••

Do I know my cancer diagnosis and specific treatment I received?
Do I know about the health problems that can occur after this treatment?
Have I shared this information with my healthcare providers?
Does my healthcare provider check periodically for health problems specifically related to my childhood
cancer?
• Does my healthcare provider advise me about things I should or should not do to keep healthy after my treatment for childhood cancer?
Explore all resources for paying for healthcare. Healthcare is expensive and people who have had a serious illness
often face many hurdles when trying to obtain adequate follow-up care. In the United States, insurance companies
are now required to provide coverage for childhood cancer survivors, regardless of pre-existing medical conditions.
The law also now provides the option of coverage under a parent’s health insurance policy for young adults underage 26. More information about your rights and protections under the health care law (commonly known as the“Affordable Care Act”), is available at this link: https://www.healthcare.gov/how-does-the-health-care-law-protect-me/. If you aren’t insured, you should seek assistance a local social service organization or your hospital social
worker to identify your coverage options.
As a survivor of childhood cancer, you have already overcome many obstacles. The process of obtaining and paying
for healthcare can sometimes seem discouraging, but it is worth the effort!!
Survivorship Healthcare Coverage Checklist
Define your current healthcare needs. Ask yourself:

•
•
•
•
•

Do I mainly need a healthcare provider for general check-ups?
Do I have chronic health problems that require frequent medical visits?
Do I have problems that need periodic monitoring by specialists?
Am I on expensive prescription medications?
Do I require prosthetic or rehab services?

Explore all resources for healthcare coverage:

•
•
•
•
•

Coverage through a parent’s or spouse’s policy
Health insurance coverage offered by your college or employer
State or federal public assistance programs that may substantially lower the cost of coverage
Discounted or free healthcare through health department clinics or church-based programs
Low cost or free prescription programs provided by some pharmaceutical companies for people with low
incomesIf you are insured, get the facts about your policy.

•••

What services are covered?
Does your plan offer a discounted prescription program?
Are referrals to specialists controlled through a primary care physician?

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer•••

Are limitations set on pre-existing medical conditions?
Is coverage in effect only while the patient is a full-time student?
Does coverage expire at certain age?

Ask for help in understanding current resources and locating new ones.

•
•
•
•
•
•

Ask family members, friends, hospital or clinic insurance managers and insurance representatives to explain
unclear details about insurance benefits.
Call a clinic or hospital social worker to ask for help in finding state or community healthcare resources.
Check out services offered by national nonprofit organizations (example, Lions Club for ocular prostheses).
Be proactive in obtaining and maintaining health insurance coverage.
Visit healthcare.gov to determine your options for insurance coverage and to determine whether you qualify
for discounted or free coverage available to people with low income or disability.
Avoid lapses in coverage. Plan for transitions in health insurance coverage that occur with college graduation,
aging out of parental coverage, or job changes.

Be aware of the laws that help you keep insurance benefits. The following laws apply to survivors
living in the United States:•••

ACA (Affordable Care Act), the comprehensive health care reform law enacted in the United States on March
30, 2010, created a Health Insurance Marketplace and new rights and protections that make health insurance
coverage fairer and easier to understand. More information is available at www.healthcare.gov.
COBRA (Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act) requires employers or larger businesses to makeinsurance available for a limited time to employees (and their dependents) who are fired or laid off.
HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996) allows people with pre-existing conditions
to keep comprehensive insurance coverage when they are changing insurance plans or jobs. Under the new
Health Care Law in the United States, HIPAA eligibility provides greater protections than are otherwise available
under state law.

Be persistent when meeting obstacles. Try not to get overwhelmed.

•
•
•
•

Complete and follow through with applications.
Appeal denials with letters of support from your healthcare provider.
Contact groups such as Candlelighters and the National Coalition of Cancer Survivors for more information
about healthcare resources.
Don’t give up!

Recommended Resources

The National Coalition of Cancer Survivors is a patient-led advocacy organization for cancer survivors. Theirbooklet, “A Cancer Survivor’s Almanac,” lists hundreds of organizations and agencies that offer help regarding specific cancer-related issues, including finding affordable healthcare. The booklet is available on their website, www.
canceradvocacy.org. Their phone number is (877) 622-7937.
Cancer Care, a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing emotional support, information, and practical help topeople with cancer and their loved ones. They also offer assistance in helping people with a cancer history understand the provisions of the Affordable Care Act. 1-800-813- HOPE (4673). www.cancercare.org.
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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Written by: Melissa M. Hudson, MD, After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
TN; Sally Wiard, MSW, LCSW, Christus Santa Rosa Hospital, San Antonio, TX; and Allison Hester, RN, MSN, CPNP, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR. Adapted from the CCSS Newsletter, Spring 2003, used with permission.
Reviewed by Leslie L. Robison, PhD; Kevin Oeffinger, MD; Peggy Kulm, RN, MA; Scott Hawkins, LMSW; and Octavio Zavala.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Gastrointestinal Health

Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Gastrointestinal Health after Treatment for Childhood Cancer
Treatment for childhood cancer can sometimes cause scarring and chronic problems of the intestines (bowel) or
other parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. It is important to know about the GI system so that you can recognize
symptoms and keep your GI system healthy.
How does the gastrointestinal system work?

The GI system (also known as “the digestive system”) is a group of organs that break down (digest) the food that weeat.. This allows the body to use food to build and nourish cells and provide energy.
What types of GI problems can arise after treatment?

The types of problems can vary depending on the treatment that was given. Generally, GI problems occurring after
treatment for childhood cancer are related to surgery or radiation. The effects depend on the location of the surgery,the radiation treatment field, and the dose of radiation received.
Problems that can develop include:
•

•

•

•
•
•

Bowel obstruction (blockage of the
Eshopagus
intestines)—the risk is higher for people
Liver
who have had a combination of abdominal
Gallbladderradiation and surgery.
Esophageal stricture (scarring and narLarge intestine (colon)
rowing of the tube that delivers food fromthe mouth to the stomach)—this is usually Intestines
Small intestinea result of radiation and can cause problems with swallowing.
Gallstones (solid deposits of cholesterol or
calcium salts that form in the gallbladder or
Rectumbile ducts)—the risk is increased in people
who had abdominal radiation.
Hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)—the risk is increased for people who received radiation to
the abdomen, or for those with a chronic liver infection (hepatitis).
Chronic enterocolitis (inflammation of the intestines resulting in chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain)—therisk is increased after abdominal or pelvic radiation.
Colorectal cancer (cancer of the large intestine)—the risk is increased for people who had abdominal or pelvic
radiation (see related Health Link “Colorectal Cancer”).

What treatments increase the risk for developing a gastrointestinal problem?

••

Surgery involving the abdomen or pelvis
Radiation at doses of 30 Gy (3000 cGy/rads) or higher to the:–– Neck–– Chest

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer–– Abdomen–– Pelvis•

Other risk factors include:–– History of bowel adhesions (scarring)–– History of bowel obstruction (blockage)–– History of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) of the intestinal tract–– Family history of colorectal or esophageal cancer–– Family history of gallstones–– Tobacco use

What are the possible symptoms of a gastrointestinal problem?

• Chronic acid reflux (heartburn)• Difficult or painful swallowing• Chronic nausea or vomiting• Abdominal pain
• Chronic diarrhea• Chronic constipation• Black tarry stools or blood in stool• Weight loss
• Changes in appetite• Abdominal distension/feeling bloated• Jaundice/yellow eyes, yellow skin (see related Health Link: “Liver Health”)
If you develop any of these symptoms, see your healthcare provider. Symptoms that come on quickly or are severe(such as the sudden onset of abdominal pain and vomiting) may indicate a more urgent problem (such as a bowel
obstruction) requiring immediate medical evaluation.
What medical tests are used to screen for a gastrointestinal problem?

Screening for problems affecting the GI system involves an annual physical examination by a qualified health care
professional. X-rays, blood tests, and testing for small amounts of blood in the stool (called the guaiac test) aresometimes needed. An ultrasound may be needed if gallstones or gallbladder problems are suspected. Additionally,certain tests that examine the inside of the colon (colonoscopy) or esophagus (endoscopy) with special instruments
are sometimes needed.
What can be done to prevent gastrointestinal problems?

•

Develop a healthy nutrition plan. Suggestions for a healthy diet include:–– Choose a variety of foods from all the food groups. Visit www.choosemyplate.gov for help developing awell-balanced meal plan.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer–– Eat 5 or more servings a day of fruits and vegetables, including citrus fruits and dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables.
–– When drinking juice, choose 100% fruit or vegetable juice, and limit to about 4 ounces a day.
–– Eat plenty of high fiber foods, such as whole grain breads, rice, pasta and cereals. Avoid foods high in sugars (such as candy, sweetened cereals, and sodas).
–– Buy a new fruit, vegetable, low-fat food, or whole grain product each time you shop for groceries.
–– Decrease the amount of fat in your meals by baking, broiling or boiling foods and not eating fried foods.
–– Limit intake of red meat by substituting fish, chicken, turkey or beans. When you eat meat, select leaner
cuts and smaller portions.
–– Limit fried and high-fat foods, such as fries, snack chips, cheeseburgers, and pizza.
–– Choose low-fat milk and dairy products.
–– Avoid salt cured, smoked, charbroiled and pickled foods.
–– Be sure that you eat foods rich in calcium, such as milk, yogurt and dark green vegetables.
•

Avoid cancer-promoting habits.
–– Do not smoke or use tobacco products.
–– Avoid second-hand smoke when at all possible.

•

If you drink alcohol, use moderation.
–– Heavy drinkers (people who drink two or more hard drinks per day), especially those who use tobacco,
have a higher risk of GI cancer and other gastrointestinal problems.
–– Limiting the use of alcohol can reduce these risks.

Written by: Sharon M. Castellino, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences,
Winston-Salem, NC, and Sheila Shope, RN, FNP, After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Hospital, Memphis,
TN.
Reviewed by Jacqueline Casillas, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®; and Joan Darling, PhD.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer:
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Some people who were treated for cancer during childhood may develop endocrine (hormone) problems as a result ofchanges in the function of a complex system of glands known as the endocrine system.
What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is a group of glands
that regulates many body functions including
growth, puberty, energy level, urine production,and stress response. Glands of the endocrine
system include the pituitary, hypothalamus,
thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary are sometimes called the“master glands” because they control manyof the other glands in the endocrine system.
Unfortunately, some treatments given forchildhood cancer can damage the endocrine
system, resulting in a variety of problems.
What are hormones?

Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid

Pancreas
Adrenal glands

Ovaries

TestesHormones are chemical messengers that carryinformation from the endocrine glands throughthe bloodstream to the body’s cells. The endocrine system makes many hormones (such as growth hormone, sex hormones, adrenal and thyroid hormones) that work together to maintain specific bodily functions.
What is growth hormone deficiency?

Growth hormone (GH) is made by the pituitary gland. In order for children to grow to their full height potential, theyneed adequate amounts of GH. GH works with thyroid hormone, exercise, proper nutrition, and rest to help children
and teenagers grow. GH also helps maintain normal blood sugar levels and is needed for the normal development ofteeth. In addition to helping with bone growth, GH affects how well the heart and blood vessels work, how the bodyuses fat, makes muscle, and strengthens bones, and generally influences overall health throughout life. In healthypeople, GH production continues into adulthood. Adults need small amounts of GH to maintain proper amounts of fat,muscle and bone. GH may also play a role in regulating mood and emotion.
Cancer treatments, such as radiation or surgery to structures in the head or brain, may cause malfunction of theglands that control growth. As a result, the pituitary gland may not make enough GH, resulting in growth hormone
deficiency. GH deficiency can also occur in people who have never had cancer treatment.
Signs and symptoms of growth hormone deficiency

Slowing of growth (height) is one of the most obvious signs of GH deficiency in children. A GH deficient child usually
grows less than 2 inches per year. Children with GH deficiency are smaller and tend to look younger than children
their same age, but they usually have normal body proportions.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Adults who have GH deficiency may have a variety of different physical symptoms, such as thinning of the bones,
decreased muscle strength, increased body fat, or high blood cholesterol levels. Adults may also have emotional
symptoms such as feeling tired, anxious, irritable, gloomy, unmotivated, or having a decreased interest in sex.
Risk factors for growth hormone deficiency

Risk factors related to treatment for cancer during childhood include:••

Cancer treatment before reaching adult height, especially in very young patients
Radiation to any of the following areas:–– Brain (cranial)–– Eye or eye socket (orbit)–– Ear or infratemporal region (midfacial area behind the cheekbones)–– Nasopharynx (area above the roof of the mouth)–– Total body (TBI)•

Surgery to the brain, especially the central region of the brain where the pituitary gland is located (suprasellar
region)Recommended screening after cancer treatment

All childhood cancer survivors should have a yearly physical examination including measurement of height andweight, and assessment of pubertal status, nutritional status, and overall well-being. For patients with the risk factors
listed above, this screening should be done every 6 months until growth is completed. If there are signs of poor
growth, an x-ray of the wrist (bone age x-ray) should be done. Other possible causes of growth problems, such as low
thyroid function, should also be checked.
If GH deficiency is suspected, your healthcare provider will probably refer you to an endocrinologist (doctor who specializes in hormone problems). The endocrinologist will do more specific tests to evaluate the problem.
How is growth hormone deficiency treated?

If GH deficiency is detected, your endocrinologist will suggest treatment options for you. Usually this involves supplementing or replacing the GH that your pituitary gland is not making on its own. Synthetic GH is given by injection. GH
is usually given for several years, until the person reaches an acceptable adult height or the greatest possible height.
Your endocrinologist can give you information about how much growth is possible on GH therapy. Treatment options
for GH deficiency that persists into adulthood should be discussed on an individual basis with your endocrinologist.
Written by: Debra Kent, RN, MSN, CPNP, Cancer Survivorship Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
Reviewed by Lillian R. Meacham, MD; Priscilla Rieves, MS, RN, CPNP; Charles Sklar, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Melissa M. Hudson,
MD; Winnie Kittiko, RN, MS; and Sarah Bottomley, MN, RN, CPNP, CPON®.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Hearing Loss after Treatment for Childhood Cancer
Some chemotherapy drugs, other medications, or radiation needed for treatment of childhood cancer can damage
hearing. Hearing loss interferes with daily living. If you received these treatments, it is important to have your hearing
checked and to obtain treatment if hearing loss is found.
How do the ears work?

It’s easier to understand hearing loss if you understand how theears work. The ear is made up of three main parts, known as theouter, middle, and inner ear.

Outer ear

Middle ear

Inner ear

Auditory nerve

OssiclesOuter earSound waves travel through the air and first enter the bodythrough the outer ear. The part of the ear that can be seen outside
the body is called the pinna. The pinna collects and funnels soundinto the auditory (ear) canal. The auditory canal is like a tunnel. It
makes the sound louder and directs it toward the middle ear.

Eardrum
Auditory canal

Cochlea

Middle Ear

The eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear, a chamber that is normally filled with air. Inside the middle
ear are three tiny bones (ossicles) that form a chain connecting the eardrum to the opening of the inner ear. Sound
waves cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations cause the three tiny bones in the middle ear to move, transmitting the sound to the inner ear.
Inner EarThe inner ear is known as the cochlea, and it is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains thousands of tiny nerve endings, known as sensory hair cells. Sounds travel in waves through the fluid of the inner ear. The sensory hair cellschange the sound waves into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve (also known
as the eighth cranial nerve). In the cochlea, the sensory hair cells are arranged in order of pitch, from low-pitchedsounds (such as a man’s voice) to very high-pitched sounds (such as a bird’s chirping). Each hair cell is sensitive to a
specific range of pitches.
What are the types of hearing loss?

Hearing loss that occurs in the outer or middle ear is called conductive hearing loss. This means that the hearing
loss is due to a problem in transmission of sound from the air to the inner ear. An example of this would be changes
in hearing because of fluid collection in the middle ear. Sometimes this happens when people have ear infections. The
fluid “muffles” the sound when it is traveling through the middle ear.
Hearing loss that results from damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve is called sensorineural hearing loss. An
example of this would be damage to the sensory hair cells in the inner ear from chemotherapy. Even though soundwaves still move through the inner ear fluid, they can no longer be changed into nerve impulses, so the sound does
not reach the brain. Sensory hair cells that process high-pitched sounds are usually damaged first, followed by damage to the sensory hair cells that process lower-pitched sounds.
Hearing loss with both conductive and sensorineural components is called mixed hearing loss.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What types of cancer therapy increase the risk of hearing loss?

The following cancer treatments can potentially cause hearing loss:
•
•
•
•
•

Chemotherapy from the “platinum” group, such as cisplatin or high doses of carboplatin
Any dose of carboplatin, if given prior to one year of age
High doses of radiation (30 Gy or 3000 cGy/rads or higher) to the head or brain, especially when the beam is
directed at the brainstem or ear
Surgery involving the brain, ear or auditory (eighth cranial) nerve
Certain antibiotics (medicines used to treat infections) and diuretics (medicines that help the body get rid ofexcess water)

What are the effects of childhood cancer treatment on hearing?

High doses of radiation to the ear or brain can cause inflammation or ear wax buildup in the outer ear, problems withfluid buildup in the middle ear, or stiffness of the eardrum or middle ear bones. Any of these problems can result in
conductive hearing loss. Radiation can also damage the sensory hair cells in the inner ear, causing sensorineural
hearing loss. Damage from radiation may affect one or both ears, depending on the area of radiation treatment. Conductive hearing loss may improve over time, but sensorineural hearing loss is usually permanent.
Platinum chemotherapy can cause damage to sensory hair cells in the inner ear, resulting in sensorineural hearing
loss. Most often, the effect is similar in both ears and is permanent.
What are the symptoms of hearing loss?

Symptoms of hearing loss may include:
•
•
•
•
•

Ringing or tinkling sounds in the ear
Difficulty hearing in the presence of background noises
Not paying attention to sounds (such as voices, environmental noises)
School problems (see related Health Link: “Educational Issues Following Treatment for Childhood Cancer”)
Some people may have no symptoms at all

What monitoring is recommended?

Testing should be done by an experienced audiologist (a professional trained in hearing disorders).
••

 earing is usually evaluated by a series of tests. During an audiogram, the person wears earphones and listensHfor sounds of different pitches and different degrees of loudness. Speech audiometry tests the person’s ability
hear single words and sentences. Tympanometry tests the status of the middle ear and the movement of theeardrum in response to a puff of air.
People who are not able to have an audiogram (such as those who are too young or who cannot understand thetest instructions) can have their hearing tested using Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER). The person
having this test is usually given medicine so that they go to sleep, and then their brainwave responses to various sounds are recorded.

How often should hearing be tested?

Everyone who had cancer treatment that can affect the ears (such as cisplatin, high doses of carboplatin, any doseof carboplatin if given prior to one year of age, high doses of radiation to the brain) should have their hearing tested
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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
at least once following completion of treatment. The need for additional testing depends on the type and dosage ofcancer treatments that were used. If hearing loss is found, testing should be repeated yearly or as advised by anaudiologist. In addition, hearing should be tested anytime a hearing problem is suspected.
What can be done if hearing loss is detected?

If hearing loss is detected, it is important to have an evaluation by an audiologist or otologist (doctor who specializes
in hearing disorders). Hearing loss can cause problems with a person’s ability to communicate and carry out daily
activities. Younger children are at higher risk for school, learning, and social difficulties, and problems with language
development. It is therefore very important for a person with hearing loss to find the services that will best help tomake the most of their ability to communicate well. There are many options available, and these can be used in various combinations, depending on the hearing problem.
Hearing aids make sounds louder. Several types are available, depending on the age and size of the person
and the extent of hearing loss. Most children under 12 years of age wear a behind-the-ear model to allow foradjustments as the child grows. These are available in a variety of colors—allowing for personalization andassisting with the child’s acceptance of the hearing aid. Teenagers and adults may benefit from a smaller, inthe-ear or in-the-canal model. It is very important that the hearing aid batteries are fresh and that the hearing
aid is turned to the “on” position when in use.
Auditory trainers (also known as “FM trainers”) are devices that are particularly useful in the school setting.
The person who is speaking (usually the teacher) wears a microphone that transmits sound over FM radio
waves. The person with hearing loss wears a receiver that picks up the sound. This device can be worn alone
or attached to the hearing aid and allows the person with hearing loss to hear the speaker clearly, even in anoisy environment.
Other assistive devices are also available for people with hearing loss. These include telephone amplifiers
and teletypewriters (TTYs—sometimes also referred to as Telephone Devices for the Deaf or TDDs). Specialized
appliances designed for people with hearing loss include alarm clocks that vibrate and smoke detectors withflashing lights. Closed captioning for television is widely available. The Internet is also a helpful communication
tool for people with hearing loss, providing options such as e-mail, on-line discussions, and access to information via websites. Many cell phones now offer text messaging, instant messaging, Internet access, and phototransmission.
Telecommunication relay services are available in video and voice/text formats. The video relay service isinternet-based and allows a person using signed language to communicate via a video interpreter, who translates the signed language into voice or text. The voice/text relay service allows a person using a teletypewriter
to communicate through an operator, who then relays the message to the hearing person in spoken form.
Cochlear implants may be an option for people with profound hearing loss who are unable to benefit fromhearing aids. These electronic devices are surgically placed behind the ear and electrodes are threaded into theinner ear. A microphone and speech processor are then used to transmit sound to the electrodes, stimulating
the auditory nerve and allowing sound perception by the brain. After the cochlear implant is installed, auditory
training is given for a period of time to teach the individual to recognize and interpret sounds.
Alternate or supplementary communication methods, including speechreading, signed language and cued
speech, are available for people with significant hearing loss. Spoken language may also be an option, but
usually requires an intensive educational approach with speech therapy. In the United States, healthcare organizations that receive federal funding are required to provide sign language interpreters when requested by apatient.
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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Community and educational resources in the United States include services through local public school
districts or referral agencies (available under the IDEA legislation, PL 105-17), such as intensive speech therapy
and auditory trainers for classroom use. Sometimes special accommodations, such as seating in the front of
the classroom are all that is needed, but this usually requires that the parent request an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) for the child through the school district (see related Health Link: “Educational Issues Following
Treatment for Childhood Cancer”). Many hospitals have a teacher or school liaison that can assist with arranging for the IEP and other specialized services that may be needed. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, PL
101-336) guarantees people with hearing loss equal access to public events, spaces and opportunities, including text telephones and telephone amplifiers in public places, and assistive listening devices in theaters. Sometheaters also offer special showings of newly released movies with captioning.
What can I do to protect my hearing?

If you have experienced hearing loss, or have received therapy that has the potential to damage your hearing, you
should discuss this with your healthcare provider. Be sure to obtain prompt evaluation and treatment for ear infections, swimmer’s ear, and earwax impaction. Whenever possible, ask your healthcare provider to consider alternatives
to medications that have the potential to cause further hearing loss, including certain antibiotics (aminoglycosides
such as gentamicin), certain diuretics (“loop” diuretics, such as furosemide), salicylates (such as aspirin) and medications for high iron levels. You should also take care to protect your ears from loud noises. In fact, loud noises
can cause significant damage to your ears. Examples of items and activities that can be hazardous to your hearing
include:Appliances
Power saws
Vacuum cleaners
Lawn mowers
Yard trimmers or leaf blowers

Occupations
Firefighters
Construction workers
Farmers
Airport workers
Cab, truck, and bus drivers
Hair stylists (due to constant exposure to
loud hair dryers)

Recreation
HuntingBoating or water skiing
Motorcycling or four-wheeling
Stereo headphones
Amplifiers

If you cannot avoid exposure to noise, you should:•••

Wear hearing protectors such as ear plugs or ear muffs
Limit periods of exposure to noise (for example, if you are at a loud concert go to a quieter area for a while togive your ears a break)Be aware of the noise in your environment and take control of it when you canWritten by Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA. Portions
adapted from “Noise and Hearing Loss, Do You Know…An Educational Series for Patients and Their Families,” St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (used with permission).
Reviewed by Kathleen Ruccione, RN, PhD, FAAN, CPON®; Debra Friedman, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Louis S. Constine, MD;
Melissa M. Hudson, MD; and Revonda Mosher, RN, MSN, CPNP, CPON®.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Keeping Your Heart Healthy after Treatment for Childhood
CancerMost childhood cancer survivors do not develop heart problems; however, certain types of cancer treatment given
during childhood can sometimes result in problems with the heart. Because heart problems may occur many years
after cancer treatment, it is important for childhood cancer survivors to be aware of any treatments they may havereceived that can affect the heart. That way, they can take steps to keep their heart healthy, including regular medical
check-ups and tests to monitor heart function. And if a problem develops, it can be detected and treated early.
How does the heart work?

Blood vessels
The heart is a muscular organ that is at the center of the body’s
circulatory system. The heart is responsible for pumping blood
with oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. There are four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) within the heart that work
together to pump blood. Valves direct the flow of blood through theheart chambers and into the blood vessels. The rhythm of heart
contraction and rate of the heartbeat are coordinated by nerves
that send electrical impulses to different parts of the heart. A thin Atria
membrane (pericardium) surrounds and protects the heart andanchors it within the chest.
What types of cancer treatments can cause heart
problems?

Electrical system

ValvesPericardium

Ventricles

The heart can be affected by certain types of chemotherapy and by radiation therapy.
Anthracycline chemotherapy

The anthracyclines are a type of chemotherapy used to treat many childhood cancers. This type of chemotherapy cansometimes affect the heart. Commonly used anthracyclines include:
•
•
•
•
•

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin®)Daunorubicin/daunomycin (Cerubidine®)
Idarubicin (Idamycin®)
Mitoxantrone (Novantrone®)
Epirubicin

Radiation therapy

Heart problems may also result from radiation therapy to the heart or surrounding tissues. This includes radiation to
the following areas:••••

Chest or thorax (including mantle, mediastinal, and axillary treatment fields)
Spine (chest or “thoracic” portion)
AbdomenTotal body irradiation (TBI)

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What heart problems can occur after treatment for childhood cancer?

There are several types of heart problems that may result from cancer treatments:
The muscle cells of the heart may be damaged so that the heart doesn’t contract and relax normally (left ventricular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy).
• The electrical pathways that conduct impulses to control heart rhythm may be scarred or damaged, resulting inabnormally fast, slow, or irregular heart beats (arrhythmias).
• The valves and blood vessels of the heart may be damaged, resulting in stiff or leaky valves (valvular stenosis
or insufficiency).
• The protective covering of the heart may become inflamed (pericarditis) or scarred (pericardial fibrosis).
• The blood vessels of the heart may become scarred or blocked (coronary artery disease), preventing deliveryof oxygen and nutrients to the heart and other tissues.
In severe cases, these problems may result in the death of heart tissue (heart attack or myocardial infarction), a dangerous heart rhythm (arrhythmia), or an inability of the heart to pump blood properly (congestive heart failure).
•

Which types of cancer treatment are associated with which heart problems?

••

Anthracyclines may cause problems with heart muscle function (left ventricular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy)
and abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias).
Radiation therapy may result in scarring and stiffening of heart tissues, causing abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmias) and problems with the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), heart valves (valvular stenosis or insufficiency), blood vessels (coronary artery disease), and membrane surrounding the heart (pericarditis or pericardial
fibrosis).

Are there other risk factors for heart problems?

Some other medical conditions may also increase the risk of heart problems from chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
These include obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol or triglyceride levels in the blood, and diabetes. You may
have a higher risk of having heart problems if these conditions run in your family. Heart disease is also more common
in women who have gone through menopause, so female survivors who go through an early menopause may be at
higher risk. Many health behaviors can add to the risk of heart disease including smoking, having an inactive (sedentary) lifestyle, and eating a diet high in fat.
Who is at risk for developing heart problems?

The risk of developing a heart problem after childhood cancer treatment is related to several factors:• The age of the patient at the time of cancer therapy• The total dose of anthracycline chemotherapy• The total dose of chest radiation• The amount of the heart tissue included in the radiation treatment field• Treatment with other medications that affect heart function• The presence of other conditions that affect heart function
Most childhood cancer survivors who were treated with anthracyclines or chest radiation have no heart damage at all.
Some survivors have very mild changes in heart size or function that have not gotten worse over time. Only a small
number of survivors have developed severe heart problems leading to heart failure or dangerous heart rhythms. OverCopyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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all, the risk of developing heart problems after childhood cancer therapy is highest in survivors treated with higher
doses of anthracyclines or chest radiation, especially those who received both treatments at a young age.
Because we do not understand why some survivors develop heart problems after treatment for childhood cancer andothers do not (even when they have gotten the same treatment), it is important for each childhood cancer survivor
treated with anthracyclines or chest radiation to continue to have regular medical check-ups so that if a problem withthe heart develops, it can be detected and treated early.
What are the symptoms of heart problems?

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

No symptoms may be noted with mild to moderate heart problems. Identification of problems may only be
noted by cardiac tests such as ECHO, EKG, or MUGA.
Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Lightheadedness, fainting or near-fainting
Severe fatigue preventing exercise or normal play
Chest pain that feels like a heavy pressure or fullness and travels to the arm, chin or face Sweating, nausea, orshortness of breath with chest pain
Sharp piercing pain in the center or the left side of the chest (often worsens with taking a deep breath)
Very swollen feet or ankles (so swollen that if a finger is pressed firmly on the area for a few seconds it leaves
an indentation)
Cough and wheezing that doesn’t go away
Periods of heart racing or throbbing
Periods of irregular heartbeat (feeling of the heart skipping beats)

How does exercise affect the heart?

Aerobic exercise (brisk walking, running) is generally safe and healthy for the heart. However, some types of exercise
are particularly stressful to the heart. These include intensive isometric activities, such as heavy weight lifting and
wrestling. When a person is squatting to lift a very heavy weight, the heart must work harder because blood pressure increases as a person strains. Using lower amounts of weights to perform limited high repetition weight lifting(lifting a lighter weight repeatedly) is less stressful to the heart and is more likely to be safe. The number of repetitions should be limited to that which can be done with ease.
Survivors treated with anthracyclines or chest radiation therapy should check with their healthcare provider before
beginning any exercise program. Intensive isometric exercises should generally be avoided. Those who choose toengage in strenuous or varsity team sports should discuss appropriate guidelines and a plan for ongoing monitoringwith their heart specialist (cardiologist).
What other conditions or activities can make heart problems worsen?

A heart affected by anthracyclines and chest radiation may not be able to handle the stress of certain conditions that
dramatically increase the heart rate, blood pressure, blood volume in the circulatory system. These changes may
occur during pregnancy or during illnesses with high fever. If your cancer treatment included medicines that canaffect heart function, be sure that your healthcare provider is aware, so that steps can be taken to reduce the stresson your heart.
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Some drugs can increase stress on the heart, including cocaine, diet pills, ephedra, (a dietary supplement also
known as mahuang), and performance-enhancing drugs. These types of drugs have been associated with worsening of heart function and even death in childhood cancer survivors who received anthracycline chemotherapy.
Are there any other special precautions?

Survivors with abnormalities of heart valves (leaky or scarred valves) or those with currently active chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) following hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) may need to take an antibiotic prior to dental
work or other invasive medical procedures (such as those involving the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urinary tracts)
to prevent a serious infection of the heart (endocarditis) that can result from bacteria entering the blood stream
during such procedures. If you have been told that you have an abnormal heart valve or if you have active cGVHD, ask
your doctor, heart specialist, and/or dentist if you should take antibiotics to prevent endocartitis before dental or othermedical procedures.
What monitoring is required for potential heart problems?

Anyone treated with anthracycline chemotherapy or chest radiation for childhood cancer should have a yearly checkup with special attention to any symptoms relating to the heart. In addition, an electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) should
be done at the time the survivor enters long-term follow-up (usually about 2 years from completion of therapy). An
echocardiogram or MUGA scan is also recommended at the first long-term follow-up visit, then according to thefollowing schedule (or as recommended by your healthcare provider):Schedule for Echocardiogram or MUGA Scans

Age at treatment*

Chest radiationYes< 1 yearNo
Yes

1 to 4 years oldNoYes≥ 5 years oldNo

Total anthracycline
dose**
Any< 200 mg/m2≥ 200 mg/m2
Any< 100 mg/m2≥ 100 to < 300 mg/m2≥ 300 mg/m2< 300 mg/m2≥ 300 mg/m2< 200 mg/m2≥ 200 to < 300 mg/m2≥ 300 mg/m2

Recommended frequency
of ECHO or MUGA***
Every year
Every 2 years
Every year
Every year
Every 5 years
Every 2 years
Every year
Every 2 years
Every year
Every 5 years
Every 2 years
Every year

*age at first treatment with anthracycline or chest radiation (whichever was given first)**based on total doses of doxorubicin/daunorubicin or the equivalent doses of other anthracyclines***MUGA scans may be used for patients who received anthracycline chemotherapy without radiation; Echocardiograms are the preferred
test for those who received radiation involving the heart because the test provides more detailed information regarding structuralissues, including valve structures.

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Survivors who received radiation at a dose of 40 Gy (4000 cGy) or higher to the heart or surrounding tissues orradiation at a dose of 30 Gy (3000 cGy) or higher plus anthracycline chemotherapy may be advised to undergo
evaluation by a cardiologist for stress testing 5 to 10 years following radiation, with repeat testing as recommended by the cardiologist.
Survivors who received radiation to the heart or surrounding tissues should also have a blood test to check forother cardiac risk factors (lipid profile and fasting glucose or hemoglobin A1C) every 2 years.
Additional evaluation by a cardiologist is recommended for female survivors who are pregnant or planning
pregnancy and received any of the following therapy:•••

Anthracycline chemotherapy at a dose of 300 mg/m2 or more
Radiation at a dose of 30 Gy (3000 cGy) or higher to the heart or surrounding tissues
Radiation to the heart (at any dose) in combination with anthracycline chemotherapy or high doses of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®)
Heart monitoring may be necessary due to the extra strain on the heart during the later stages of pregnancy andduring labor and delivery. Suggested monitoring includes an echocardiogram before and periodically during pregnancy, especially during the third trimester, and cardiac monitoring during labor and delivery.
How are the heart tests done?

An electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) is a test used to evaluate heart rate and rhythm. Electrodes (small sticky patches)are placed on the chest, arms, and legs. Wires are attached to the electrodes and the electrical impulses of the heart
are then recorded.
An echocardiogram (heart ultrasound) is used to test the muscle function of the heart and how well the heartpumps. The person lies on a table and has conductive jelly applied to the chest. Then a transducer (device that emits
the ultrasound waves) is placed on the chest to obtain different views of the heart. Slight pressure is applied on thetransducer and can sometimes cause discomfort. The test results are displayed on videotape and photographed forthe doctor to study later. Many measurements are done during this test to help find out if the heart muscle is pumping
blood well. The ultrasound test also looks at the valves of the heart to see that they open and close normally. Electrodes are usually placed on the chest to monitor the heart’s electrical impulses during the test.
A MUGA (multiple-gated acquisition) scan is another way of testing the motion of the heart and how well it pumps
blood to the body. During this test, a small amount of radioactive isotope is injected into a vein. The person then lies
on a table and a special camera moves above the table to obtain pictures of the heart in motion. Electrodes are also
placed on the chest to monitor the heart’s electrical impulses during the test.
A cardiac stress test measures heart function during periods when the heart is working hard. During this test, theheart and blood pressure are usually monitored while the person walks on a treadmill.
What happens if a problem with the heart is detected?

Your healthcare provider will advise you about the follow-up care you need. Sometimes, a referral to a cardiologist isneeded for additional evaluation and/or treatment with medications.
What can be done to prevent heart problems?

With increasing age, the risk of certain types of heart disease (such as heart attacks and hardening of the arteries)
also increases. Factors that may increase the risk of heart problems include smoking, being overweight, eating a highCopyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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fat diet, and not exercising. Medical conditions that increase the risk include diabetes, high blood pressure, and highblood cholesterol. You can reduce your risk of heart problems by:• Not smoking (or quitting if you currently smoke).
• Staying at a healthy body weight.
• Limiting the fat in your diet to no more than 30% of calories.
• Exercising regularly for at least 30 minutes on most days of the week.
If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or high blood cholesterol, keep these under good control with diet or medication as recommended by your healthcare provider. Be sure to promptly report any symptoms of heart problems toyour healthcare provider.
Written by Debra L. Friedman, MD, REACH for Survivorship Clinic, Vanderbilt University/Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN;
Melissa M. Hudson, MD, After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN;
and Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
Reviewed by Roberta G. Williams, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Sarah Bottomley, MN, RN, CPNP, CPON®; and Joan Darling, PhD.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Hepatitis after Childhood Cancer
Treatment for childhood cancer often requires transfusions of blood and blood products. Unfortunately, some of theselife-saving blood products may have contained viruses that can cause hepatitis (infection of the liver). There are twomain types of hepatitis that can be transmitted through blood products (hepatitis B and hepatitis C). Before the blood
supply was routinely screened for these infections, people who received blood products may have been infected withthese viruses. In the United States, routine screening of blood donors for hepatitis B began in 1971. The most accurate screening test for hepatitis C has been in use since 1992. Survivors who received blood products prior to thesedates may have been infected with these viruses. (Note: The dates that blood donor screening for hepatitis began incountries outside of the United States may be different.)
Hepatitis B and C can also be spread through other types of blood contact (such as needle-sharing among drug users,
tattoos, body piercing, kidney dialysis and organ transplantation). These infections can also be spread through sexual
contact, or passed from mother to newborn baby during the birth process, but this is more likely to occur with hepatitis B than with hepatitis C.
What is the liver?

The liver is a triangular-shaped organ tucked under the rib cage on the right side of the body. In an average adult,
the liver is about the size of a football and weighs about three pounds. It is responsible for filtering out toxins fromthe blood, aiding with digestion and metabolism, and producing many important substances including blood-clotting
proteins.
What are the signs and symptoms of signs of liver damage?

Many people do not have symptoms of hepatitis when first infected. Some people have symptoms similar to the flu,such as fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or low-grade fever. Some people may have symptoms indicatingthat the liver is not working well, such as yellow eyes and skin (jaundice), dark urine, severe itching, or pale (clay-colored) stools. In rare cases, people may become seriously ill and develop liver failure. Hepatitis may completely resolveand cause no further health problems. Unfortunately, many people who become infected with hepatitis B or C duringchildhood become “chronically” infected. People with chronic hepatitis may have no symptoms and feel well, but they
are at risk for scarring (cirrhosis) of the liver and other complications. In rare cases, liver cancer can develop. People
with chronic hepatitis infections are also at risk for spreading the infection to others.
What are common findings in people with hepatitis?

Most people with chronic hepatitis have no signs or symptoms. Chronic infection over a long time may cause progressive liver damage. Signs of liver damage include enlargement of the liver and spleen, swelling or collection of
fluid in the abdomen, yellow color of the eyes and skin (jaundice), and problems with blood clotting.
What tests are done to check for hepatitis?

A blood test can be done to check for viral hepatitis. A positive antibody test for hepatitis B or C means that the person has been exposed to the virus. Additional testing may then be done to determine if there is an active infection.

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Who is at risk for hepatitis B and C?

Anyone who received the following blood or serum products are at risk for hepatitis B (if transfused before 1972) andhepatitis C (if transfused before 1993):
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Packed red blood cells
Whole blood
White blood cells (granulocytes)
Platelets
Fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Immunoglobulin preparations (IVIG, VZIG)•

Bone marrow or stem cells from an allogeneic donor (someone other than your self)

Other risk factors include:

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Blood clotting factors (such as Factor VIII or Factor IX) made before 1987
Solid organ transplants (such as kidney, liver, or heart) before 1993
Long-term kidney dialysis (lasting for at least several months)
Shooting or snorting drugs
Body piercing, tattoos
Sharing razors, nail clippers, or toothbrushes with people who have hepatitis
Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids
High-risk sexual behavior (such as having multiple sexual partners, not using a condom, or having anal sex)

What follow up is needed for those at risk?

•

Anyone who is at risk for hepatitis B or C should have blood tests done to see if they are infected.

If you have chronic hepatitis, you should also:

•
•
•
•
•

•

See a liver specialist for evaluation and possible treatment.
Tell your healthcare providers about all over-the-counter medications andsupplements that you are taking.
Do not drink alcohol, which can cause further liver damage.
Avoid over-the-counter pain or fever-reducing medications containing acetaminophen (such as Tylenol® or“aspirin-free” products).
Have a blood test to see if you have immunity to hepatitis A and B. If you do nothave immunity, get immunizedagainst these common infections in order toprotect your liver (there is currently no vaccine to protect against
hepatitis C).
Discuss your hepatitis status with your healthcare providers. (If you are pregnant,discuss this with both yourobstetrician and the baby’s pediatrician.)

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How can the spread of chronic hepatitis be prevented?

Hepatitis B and C are not spread by casual contact, such as hugging or shaking hands. However, if you have hepatitis
B or C, in order to prevent spreading the infection to others you should:
•
•
•
•
•

Avoid direct contact of your blood and body fluids with others.
Clean any spilled blood or body fluids with bleach.
Cover cuts or other open sores.
Avoid sharing sharp personal objects, such as razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers, ear or body rings, or any
object that may come in contact with blood.
Be sure that new sterile needles are used for body piercing, injections, tattoos, or acupuncture. Never shareneedles.

•

Make sure all close household members and sexual partners are screened for hepatitis B. If they do not have
immunity, they should be given the hepatitis B vaccine.
• If you are sexually active, use barrier precautions (such as latex condoms) during intimate sexual contact.
Talk with your healthcare provider about whether your sexual partner should be tested for hepatitis C.
What else can I do to keep my liver healthy?

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Drink plenty of water.
Eat a well-balanced, high-fiber diet.
Cut down on fatty, salty, smoked and cured foods.
Do not take more than the recommended doses of medications.
Avoid taking unnecessary medications.
Do not mix drugs and alcohol.
Do not use illegal street drugs.
Be careful about using herbs and natural supplements, especially when combined with medications.
Avoid exposure to chemicals (solvents, aerosol cleaners, insecticides, paint thinners, and other toxins) that canbe harmful to the liver. If you must use these substances, wear a mask and gloves and work in a well-ventilated
area.

Written by Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
Reviewed by Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; and Lisa Bashore, PhD, RN, CPNP, CPON®.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer:
Hyperprolactinemia
Some people who were treated for cancer during childhood may develop endocrine (hormone) problems as a result ofchanges in the function of a complex system of glands known as the endocrine system.
What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is a group of glands that
regulate many body functions including growth,
puberty, energy level, urine production, andstress response. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid,
adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), andtestes (in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary are sometimes called the “master glands”
because they control many of the other glands inthe endocrine system. Unfortunately, some treatments given for childhood cancer can damage
the endocrine system, resulting in a variety ofproblems.
What are hormones?

Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid

Pancreas
Adrenal glands

Ovaries

TestesHormones are chemical messengers that carry information from the endocrine glands through the bloodstream tothe body’s cells. The endocrine system makes many hormones (such as growth hormone, sex hormones, adrenal andthyroid hormones) that work together to maintain specific bodily functions.
What is hyperprolactinemia?

Hyperprolactinemia is a condition that occurs when there is too much of the hormone known as prolactin in the
body. Prolactin is a hormone made by the pituitary gland. Prolactin is important in breast development in females
during pregnancy and milk production after childbirth. Too much prolactin can cause problems with functioning of
the ovaries (in females) or testicles (in males). In females, high levels of prolactin can cause galactorrhea (breast milk
production by a person who is not breastfeeding) and irregular or absent menstrual periods. In males, high levels of
prolactin can cause galactorrhea and decreased testosterone levels that may result in a diminished sex drive (libido).
In preteens and teens, high prolactin levels may interfere with normal pubertal development.
Risk factors for hyperprolactinemia

The risk of developing hyperprolactinemia after treatment for childhood cancer is quite low. Risk factors for its
development include radiation to the pituitary gland in very high doses, the development of a second tumor (usually
non-cancerous) in the pituitary region, pregnancy, and certain medications and drugs (such as marijuana and alcohol). Rarely, thyroid failure (a condition in which the thyroid gland fails to secrete enough thyroid hormone) can cause
hyperprolactinemia. Correcting the thyroid problem may correct the high prolactin level.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Recommended screening

All childhood cancer survivors should have a yearly comprehensive health check-up. If hyperprolactinemia is suspected, a prolactin blood test will be done. If a problem is detected, your healthcare provider may order additional tests(such as a CT scan or MRI of the brain) and refer you to an endocrinologist (a doctor who specializes in the treatmentof hormone problems) for further evaluation and treatment.
How is hyperprolactinemia treated?

Endocrinologists may use medications to suppress prolactin production. If a tumor is detected, surgery or radiation
is sometimes needed. The length and type of treatment varies for each patient and should be discussed with yourdoctor.
Written by Debra Kent, RN, MSN, CPNP, Cancer Survivorship Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
Reviewed by Lillian R. Meacham, MD; Charles Sklar, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Winnie Kittiko, RN, MS; andSusan Shaw, RN, MS, PNP.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer:
Hypopituitarism
Some people who were treated for cancer during childhood may develop endocrine (hormone) problems as a result ofchanges in the function of a complex system of glands known as the endocrine system.
What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is a group of glands that
regulate many body functions including growth,
puberty, energy level, urine production, andstress response. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid,
adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), andtestes (in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary are sometimes called the “master glands”
because they control many of the other glands inthe endocrine system. Unfortunately, some treatments given for childhood cancer can damage
the endocrine system, resulting in a variety ofproblems.
What are hormones?

Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid

Pancreas
Adrenal glands

Ovaries

TestesHormones are chemical messengers that carry information from the endocrine glands through the bloodstream tothe body’s cells. The endocrine system makes many hormones (such as growth hormone, sex hormones, adrenal andthyroid hormones) that work together to maintain specific bodily functions.
What is hypopituitarism?

Hypopituitarism is the decrease or lack of one or more of the pituitary hormones. The lack of three or more of thepituitary hormones is referred to as panhypopituitarism.
Pituitary hormones include:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Growth hormone (GH)—stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues, and also affects how the bodyuses fat, makes muscle, strengthens bones, and generally influences overall health throughout life
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)—stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)—stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Reproductive hormones (gonadotropins), including luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)—stimulate the testes and ovaries to make sex hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)—helps to control the balance of water in the body by controlling urine output
Prolactin—controls milk production in women who are breastfeeding

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What causes hypopituitarism?

Risk factors related to childhood cancer treatment include:•••

Radiation to the brain, especially in doses of 30 Gy (3000 cGy/rads) or higher
Surgical removal of the pituitary gland
Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, which can occur during brain surgery, or can be caused by atumor in or near the pituitary or hypothalamus
Other risk factors for pituitary problems include infections, severe head trauma, or the lack of development of thepituitary from birth.
What are the symptoms of hypopituitarism?

The symptoms depend on the specific hormones that are lacking. One or more of the following hormones may beaffected:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency

The adrenal glands (located on top of the kidneys) are stimulated by ACTH to producecortisol. If the pituitary gland
doesn’t make enough ACTH, then cortisol will not be made. Cortisol helps keep the body’s blood sugar at a normal
level and helps the body deal with physical stress, such as fever or injury. For more information about ACTH deficiency, see the related Health Link: Central Adrenal Insufficiency.
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency

Growth hormone affects the growth of body tissues and bone as well as fat, muscle, and sugar metabolism. For more
information about growth hormone problems, see the related Health Link “Growth Hormone Deficiency.”
Gonadotropin (FSH, LH) deficiency

LH and FSH control the production of male and female hormones. In males LH and FSH stimulate the testicles tomake testosterone, and in females LH and FSH stimulate the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone, resulting
in development of sexual characteristics during puberty. If the body doesn’t have enough LH and FSH during puberty,
there can be problems with pubertal development. For more information about male and female hormonal issues,
see the related Health Links: “Male Health Issues after Childhood Cancer Treatment” and “Female Health Issues afterChildhood Cancer Treatment.”
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) deficiency

TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxin, which is important for brain development, growth, and metabolism. People with too little thyroxin may develop the following symptoms: tiredness, sleeping too much, weight gain,slow growth, poor appetite, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, or hair that is dry, coarse, and thin. For more
information about thyroid problems, see the related Health Link “Thyroid Problems after Childhood Cancer.”
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) deficiency

ADH (also known as “vasopressin”) is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland.
When the amount of water in the body is low, the pituitary gland releases ADH, sending a message to the kidneys
to conserve water. This slows down the production of urine. When there is not enough ADH, too much urine will be
produced, resulting in a condition known as diabetes insipidus. Symptoms of diabetes insipidus include excessive
thirst and frequent urination.
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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What screening is recommended?

All cancer survivors should have a yearly physical examination including measurement of height and weight, assessment of their progression through puberty, and assessment of overall well-being. If a hormone problem, suchas hypopituitarism is suspected, further tests may be done and a referral may be made to an endocrinologist (doctor
who specializes in hormone problems).
Written by: Debra Kent, RN, MSN, CPNP, Cancer Survivorship Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati,
OH.
Reviewed by Lillian R. Meacham, MD; Charles Sklar, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Winnie Kittiko, RN, MS; andSusan Shaw, RN, MS, PNP.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Introduction to Long-Term Follow-Up after Treatment
for Childhood, Adolescent, or Young Adult Cancer
Congratulations! You have “graduated” to long-term follow-up. You can now think of yourself as a cancer survivor, not as a cancer patient! In long-term follow-up, the goal is to help you stay as healthy as possible—to stay welland to do well in school or at work.
Even though you are a cancer survivor, it is still important that you continue to have regular medical care. In somecases, your care may continue at the same hospital or clinic where you received your treatment, but you may beseen by different doctors and nurses in a special Long-Term Follow-Up Program. In other cases, you may receive
care from a healthcare provider working in partnership with your treatment center, or from a provider who is closer toyour home. No matter where you receive your care, it is important that you learn what you need to know about yourtreatment and the follow-up care that you need so that you can stay in the very best health possible.
Your cancer treatment summary

When you graduate to long-term follow-up, it is important that you get a record of the cancer treatment that you
received. This record, known as a Summary of Cancer Treatment, should contain the following information:•

Name of the disease that you had, the date when you were diagnosed, and the site/stage of the disease–– Date(s) and description(s) of any relapses–– Name, address, and phone number of hospital(s) or clinic(s) where you received your care–– Name, address, and phone numbers of your cancer doctor (oncologist) and other health team members
responsible for your care–– Date that your cancer treatment was completed•

Names of all the chemotherapy medicines that you received and specific information about certain chemotherapy drugs as follows:–– Total doses of anthracycline chemotherapy (such as doxorubicin or daunorubicin)–– For cytarabine and methotrexate: How they were given (such as by mouth or into the vein), and if into thevein, whether you received “high dose” (1000 mg/m2 or more in any single dose) or “standard dose”
therapy–– For carboplatin: Whether or not the dose was myeloablative (given during preparation for a bone marrow,cord blood, or stem cell transplant), and whether any carboplatin was given prior to one year of age.
–– Total doses of other chemotherapy agents and how they were given should be included, if available• Radiation therapy summary, including–– Part(s) of body that received radiation (radiation site or field)–– Total radiation dose (including any boost doses) to each field• Name and dates of any surgeries that you had• Whether or not you received a hematopoietic cell transplant (bone marrow, cord blood, or stem cell transplant), and if so, whether or not you developed chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease (cGVHD)• Names of any other cancer treatment(s) that you received (such as radioiodine therapy or bioimmunotherapy)
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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer• Names and dates of any significant complication(s), and treatments received for the complication(s)Keep a copy of your cancer treatment summary in a safe place, and give a copy to each of your healthcare providers.
Your follow-up schedule

Most cancer survivors need long-term follow-up visits about once a year. During these visits, it is important to talkabout your progress and check for problems that can happen after treatment for cancer. Talk with your healthcare
provider about your individual situation and determine a schedule for the follow-up care that best meets your needs.
Between visits

Once you “graduate” to long-term follow-up care, you will usually need to identify a local healthcare provider that you
can visit or call if you are injured or sick. Make an appointment for a check-up with this healthcare provider so thatthey can get to know you before an illness arises. If a problem comes up that may be related to your cancer treatment, your local healthcare provider can discuss this with your long-term follow-up team.
Late effects after treatment for childhood, adolescent, or young adult cancer

Problems that happen after treatment for cancer are known as “late effects.” Fortunately, most long-term survivors
don’t have serious late effects, but it is important to catch any problems early. You may have already learned aboutsome of the possible late effects that can happen after treatment for cancer. Some of the more common ones arereviewed here.
GrowthTreatment for cancer during childhood, especially radiation to the brain or spine, can sometimes slow or stunt growth.
Yearly measurements help to predict whether you will reach a normal height. If you are “at risk” for being short as anadult, your healthcare provider may also recommend other specialized tests and treatments.
Heart

A small percentage of survivors treated with chest radiation or certain chemotherapy drugs known as “anthracyclines” (such as doxorubicin or daunomycin) have problems with the heart. This is most likely to happen in people
who received higher doses of these medicines, and in those who received their treatment before their heart finishedgrowing. Your healthcare provider may recommended tests to check your heart function, and may arrange for a cardiologist (heart specialist) to see you if the tests show any sign of these problems.
Fertility

Radiation to the pelvis and certain anticancer drugs can affect sexual development and reproduction. Some survivors
may be at risk for delayed puberty, infertility (inability to have children), or early menopause. Check-ups and certain
blood tests can help determine if you have any of these problems. These issues are important, and if you have any
concerns, you should be sure to discuss them with your healthcare provider. If there is a problem, arrangements may
be made for you to see a specialist.
Thyroid

Head or neck radiation can sometimes cause the thyroid gland to stop working properly. This gland helps regulate
growth, weight, and the balance of body chemicals. Blood tests can be done to check thyroid hormone levels. Low
thyroid levels are easily treated with oral medication.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Second Cancers

Some chemotherapy drugs and radiation can increase the risk of a second (different) cancer. Some survivors may
have genetic changes that put them at risk for second cancers. Tobacco, excessive sun exposure, and other chemicals and behaviors can also increase this risk. Talk with your healthcare provider about ways to lower your risk and to
detect common cancers at an early stage.
School and Work

Problems with schoolwork or jobs can occur as a result of some types of cancer treatment. Psychologists can workwith your local school system to make sure that any special needs are met. Also, financial assistance for educationand job training may be available through government programs. Social workers can help to explain these programs.
Moving toward the future

Thinking about developing late effects after surviving cancer can be anxiety provoking. But it is quite possible thatyou will NOT develop any serious complications. And if you do, it is best to catch them early, so that you can begin
treatment right away. So don’t let anxiety get in the way of taking the very best care of your health.
Being treated for cancer at a young age is always a difficult experience. Having survived that experience, you havelearned many things. Most likely, you are a stronger person than you were before you were diagnosed with cancer. As
you move forward into your future, use those strengths to your advantage. Make healthy choices. Keep your follow-up
appointments. And always remember that YOU are the most important member of your healthcare team!
Written by Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.
Portions adapted from “Introduction to the After Completion of Therapy Clinic,” St. Jude Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, usedwith permission.
Reviewed by Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; and Scott Hawkins, LMSW.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Kidney Health after Childhood Cancer
The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering out waste products from the blood, controlling blood pressure,and stimulating red blood cell production. Treatment for childhood cancer can sometimes damage the kidneys. It is
important to understand how the kidneys function so that you can keep your kidneys as healthy as possible.
How do the kidneys work?

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each approximately the size of an adult fist, located below the rib cage near the middle of the back. The kidneys filter about 200 quarts ofblood each day, removing harmful waste products and excess water, and returning important elements (such as calcium, sodium and potassium) to the blood. Filtering occurs in tiny
units inside the kidneys, known as nephrons. Each kidney has approximately one million
nephrons. After the blood is filtered by the nephrons, the excess water and waste products
become urine. The urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes called ureters.
The bladder then stores the urine until it is full, at which time the waste is emptied from thebody through the urethra.
How is kidney function measured?

Kidney function is measured in percentages. Two normal kidneys account for 100% of kidney function. A single kidney provides about 50% of kidney function. One can lead a normallife with one kidney as long as the single kidney remains healthy. When kidney function
drops to less than 50% of normal, the risk of health problems increases. Serious healthproblems are more frequent when kidney function drops to below 20%. Dialysis or transplant is necessary if kidney function falls to 15% or below.
What treatments for childhood cancer can cause kidney problems?

Certain treatments used for childhood cancer can sometimes cause kidney problems. There may also be other risk
factors present that can increase the chance of kidney problems. If you have any of the following risk factors, you
should take extra care to keep your kidneys healthy:
Radiation involving the kidneys, including:• Kidney (renal or flank) radiation• Abdominal radiation• Total body irradiation (TBI)
Certain medications that can cause kidney damage, including:••Cisplatin
Carboplatin•••

Methotrexate
Ifosfamide
Certain antibiotics used to treat bacterial and fungal infections, such as tobramycin, gentamicin,
and amphotericin
Certain medications used to treat graft-versus-host disease, such as cyclosporine and FK-506 (tacrolimus)•

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Other risk factors that may increase the chance of kidney problems include:••••

Nephrectomy (surgical removal of a kidney)—see the related Health Link “Single Kidney Health”
Medical conditions that may affect the kidney, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or a tumor involving
the kidney
History of urinary tract problems, such as frequent urinary tract infections, back-flow of urine into the kidney(reflux), or other urinary tract abnormalities
Cystectomy (removal of the bladder)—this increases the risk of chronic urinary tract infections and otherkidney problems

What are the signs and symptoms of a kidney problem?

•
•
•
•

Swelling, especially of the feet and ankles (edema)
Low red blood count (anemia)
High blood pressure (hypertension)
People who have signs of serious kidney problems, such as edema, low red blood count, and hypertension, mayalso have other symptoms, including fatigue, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, itchy skin, or headaches.

What follow up is recommended?

•••

Have a medical check-up at least yearly. This should include a blood pressure check and urinalysis.
Have a blood test for kidney function (BUN and creatinine) and electrolytes (blood salts and minerals)
at your first long-term follow-up visit (at least 2 years after completing cancer treatment). If problems aredetected, follow your health care provider’s recommendations. People with low levels of blood salts and minerals may need to take supplements (prescribed by a healthcare provider). This can be important for long-term
health. For example, persistently low levels of blood magnesium can lead to heart problems.
If you have had a cystectomy (bladder removal), you should also have an evaluation by a urologist (urinary
tract specialist) at least once a year.

What can I do to keep my kidneys healthy?

•••

Drink plenty of water, especially when playing sports, while out in the sun, and during hot weather.
Call your healthcare provider immediately if you have symptoms of a urinary tract infection (burning when you
urinate, urinating more frequently than usual, and/or feeling an urgent sensation to urinate).
Use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with caution. These include pain or fever medicines (over-the-counter and by prescription) that contain aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen or naproxen. These medications havebeen known to cause kidney damage (analgesic nephropathy), especially when taken in excessive doses orwhen two or more of these medications are combined with caffeine or codeine and taken over long periods oftime. If you require long-term medications for management of pain, be sure to discuss the alternatives withyour healthcare provider, and to choose medications that are not harmful to your kidneys.

Written by Anne Mauck, RN, MSN, CPNP, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology,Virginia Commonwealth University Health
System, Richmond, Virginia.
Reviewed by Dr E. Clifton Russell; Dr. Nancy L. Dunn; Dr. Gita Massey; Dr. Vimal Chadha; Elizabeth Hall, CPNP; Kevin Oeffinger,
MD; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®; Daniel Green, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Catherine L.
Woodman, MD; and Josee Pacifico RN, BSc (N).
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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Limb Sparing Procedures
What is a “limb sparing procedure”?

A limb sparing procedure is a surgical operation that replaces a diseased bone and reconstructs a functional limb byusing a metal implant, a bone graft from another person (allograft), or a combination bone graft and metal implant(allo-prosthetic composite).
What are the potential late effects after a limb sparing procedure?

•

•

•

•

•
•
•

Nonunion—For people who had reconstruction with a bone graft, nonunion(non-healing) of the bones is a possible late complication. In the allograft procedure,
the portion of bone removed due to tumor is replaced with donated bone. Nonunion
occurs when one or both ends of the replaced bone do not heal, making fracture more
likely, especially if the area is stressed. Surgery for additional bone grafting may benecessary.
Limb-length discrepancy—Bones are constantly growing during childhood andadolescence, until adult height is reached. Each bone has a growth plate (area where
growth activity occurs). Often, bone cancers are located near the growth plate, requiring removal of this area during the limb sparing procedure. Since the reconstructed
section of bone cannot grow, a difference (discrepancy) in limb-length may occur overtime. Surgeries or other procedures may be necessary to allow for growth.
Prosthetic loosening—Sometimes the implanted joint can loosen or wear out, especially in people who are active. These complications may require further surgery totighten or replace part or all of the implant. Any loosening of the implant should be reported to your orthopedic
surgeon.
Contractures—After a limb sparing procedure, muscles, tendons and ligaments sometimes stiffen or shrink,forming contractures (permanent tightening of the joint). This is more likely to occur in people who are notphysically active. Periodic follow-up with a physical and/or occupational therapist helps prevent contracturesfrom forming.
Additional surgery may be needed—for revision of prosthesis as a person grows in height.
Obesity—may result if the person becomes physically inactive.
Chronic pain and/or infection—some people may develop persistent problems with pain and/or infection.

What is the recommended follow-up care after a limb sparing procedure?

•

Follow-up visits are usually done by the orthopedic surgeon (bone specialist) every 6 months until the
person is fully grown, then every year. The follow-up intervals may lengthen as time progresses.
X-rays are usually done at least yearly.

••

Life-long follow-up by an orthopedic surgeon (ideally by an orthopedic oncologist) is recommended.
Limitation of certain physical activities is sometimes necessary.

•

What can you do to promote health after limb sparing surgery?

•Physical and occupational therapy are important for successful rehabilitation after limb sparing surgery. Bothpassive and active range-of-motion exercises help maintain the best limb function.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer•••

If there is pain, swelling, redness or any other signs of infection at the surgical site, or if you develop fever,contact your healthcare provider promptly.
Antibiotics may be needed prior to dental procedures (including teeth cleaning), and for other invasive
medical procedures such as those involving the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urinary tracts. Infection can
result if bacteria enter the bloodstream during these procedures and become attached to the internal metalcomponents (screws, plates, rods, joints) of the endoprosthesis. The potential need for antibiotics should be
discussed with your orthopedic surgeon and your dentist.
Some metal implants may pose a problem when going through security screening, such as at the airport. It
is good idea to carry a medical letter indicating that you received treatment for bone cancer and have a metal
implant.

Written by Asako Komiya, RN, MSN, PNP, Division of Pediatrics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
Reviewed by Dominic Femino, MD; Neyssa Marina, MD; Winnie Kittiko, RN, MS; Catherine L. Woodman, MD; Melissa M. Hudson,
MD; and Revonda Mosher, RN, MSN, CPNP, CPON®.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Liver Health after Childhood Cancer
Treatment for childhood cancer can sometimes damage the liver. It is important to know about how the liver functions
so that you can keep your liver as healthy as possible.
What is the liver?

The liver is a triangular-shaped organ tucked under the rib cage on the right side of the
body. In an average adult, the liver is about the size of a football and weighs about threepounds. The liver is responsible for filtering out toxins from the blood, aiding with digestion and metabolism, and producing many important substances, including blood-clotting
proteins.
What are the signs and symptoms of liver damage?

Many people with liver damage have no symptoms at all. Some people may develop
jaundice (yellowish eyes and skin), dark urine, pale (clay-colored) stools, severe itching,easy bruising or bleeding, chronic fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, or other symptoms. The
liver sometimes enlarges (hepatomegaly), and as liver damage increases, the liver may
become hard (fibrosis) and scarred (cirrhosis). Eventually, there can be accumulation of
fluid in the abdomen (ascites), swelling of the spleen (splenomegaly), or bleeding into theesophagus or stomach. Very rarely, liver cancer may develop.
Who is at risk?

People who had high doses of radiation (30 Gy or 3000 cGy/rads or higher) to the following areas may be at risk forliver problems:• Upper abdomen or whole abdomen• Liver
The following chemotherapy drugs also have the potential to cause liver damage, although the most likely time forthis to happen is during treatment or shortly after treatment ends. It is very uncommon for these medicines to causeliver problems years after treatment:• Methotrexate• Mercaptopurine• Thioguanine
Other risk factors include:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Medical conditions that involve the liver, such as a liver tumor or surgical removal of a large portion of the liver
Pre-existing liver problems
Excessive alcohol use
Chronic liver infection (hepatitis)—see related Health Link: “Hepatitis after Childhood Cancer”
History of multiple transfusions
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (as a result of bone marrow, cord blood, or stem cell transplant)

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What tests are done to monitor the liver?

The following blood tests are used to monitor the liver.
•Liver enzyme tests monitor levels of specialized proteins that are normally present inside liver cells. If liver
cells are damaged, these proteins can leak out, causing high blood levels of liver enzymes. The most common
liver enzyme tests are:–– Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sometimes also called SGPT–– Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sometimes also called SGOT•

Liver function tests are indicators of how well the liver is working. Common liver function tests include:–– Bilirubin (a waste product formed during the breakdown of red blood cells)–– Albumin (a major blood protein that is produced by the liver)–– Prothrombin Time (PT), a measure of blood clotting••

Tests for liver infection, including specific tests for viral hepatitis A, B, and C
Test to check for iron overload (ferritin) related to multiple transfusions

What follow up is needed for those at risk?

A blood test to evaluate the liver (including ALT, AST, and bilirubin) should be done when the survivor enters
into long-term follow-up. Those who have undergone a bone marrow, cord blood, or stem cell transplant should
also have a blood test to check for iron overload (ferritin). The liver should also be checked for enlargement by
a healthcare professional during yearly physical examinations. If problems are identified, additional tests and areferral to a liver specialist may be recommended. People at risk for hepatitis may need further testing (see related
Health Link, “Hepatitis after Childhood Cancer”).
What can I do to keep my liver healthy?

•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

If you do not have immunity to hepatitis A and B, get immunized against these common infections in orderto protect your liver (there is currently no vaccine to protect against hepatitis C). You can find out if you have
immunity to hepatitis A and B by having a blood test (Hepatitis A IgG antibody and Hepatitis B surface antibody).
If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation.
Drink plenty of water.
Eat a well-balanced, high-fiber diet. Cut down on fatty, salty, smoked and cured foods.
Do not take more than the recommended doses of medications.
Avoid taking unnecessary medications.
Do not mix drugs and alcohol.
Do not use illegal street drugs.
Check with your healthcare provider before starting any new over-the-counter medications or herbs and supplements to be sure that they do not have harmful effects on the liver.
If you are sexually active, use barrier protection (such as latex condoms) during intimate sexual contact to prevent infection by viruses that can damage the liver.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer• Avoid exposure to chemicals (solvents, aerosol cleaners, insecticides, paint thinners, and other toxins) that canbe harmful to the liver. If you must use these substances, wear a mask and gloves and work in a well-ventilated
area.
Written by Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
Reviewed by Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; and Billie Buchert RN, BSN.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Male Health Issues after Treatment for Childhood Cancer
The effects of childhood cancer therapy on male reproductive function depend on many factors, including the boy’s
age at the time of cancer therapy, the specific type and location of the cancer, and the treatment that was given. It is
important to understand how the male reproductive system functions and how it may be affected by therapy given totreat cancer during childhood.
The male reproductive system

The male reproductive system contains many structures and is controlled
by the pituitary gland in the brain. The testicles are located in the scrotum(the loose pouch of skin that hangs behind the penis). The testicles are
made up of Leydig cells (cells that produce the male hormone—testosterone) and germ cells (cells that produce sperm). When a boy enters
puberty, the pituitary gland in the brain releases two hormones (FSH andLH) that signal the testicles to begin producing sperm and testosterone.
As puberty progresses, testosterone causes deepening of the voice,enlargement of the penis and testicles, growth of facial and body hair, andmuscular development of the body.

UreterVas deferens
Seminal
VesicleProstate
Gland

UrethraEpididymis

Testicle
Scrotum
Penis

How does cancer therapy affect the male reproductive system?

Cancer therapy can cause infertility (the inability to initiate a pregnancy). Infertility can occur following treatment
with certain types of chemotherapy, radiation to the brain or testicles, or surgery involving the male reproductive
system.
Another possible effect of cancer therapy is testosterone deficiency, also known as “hypogonadism” or “Leydig
cell failure.” When this occurs, the testicles are unable to produce enough of the male hormone, testosterone. If thishappens to a young boy, he will not be able to go into puberty without the help of hormones prescribed by a doctor. If
it develops after puberty, a man will need testosterone therapy to maintain muscular development, bone and muscle
strength, proper distribution of body fat, sex drive, and the ability to have erections.
What are the causes of male reproductive problems after childhood cancer treatment?

Chemotherapy of the “alkylator” type (such as cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard and procarbazine) may cause
infertility. The total dose of alkylating chemotherapy used during cancer treatment is important in determining the
likelihood of damage to sperm-producing cells. The higher the total dose, the more potential for developing infertility.
Very high doses can occasionally cause testosterone deficiency. If alkylating chemotherapy was used in combination
with radiation, the risk of infertility is increased, and the possibility of testosterone deficiency also exists.
Radiation therapy can affect testicular function in two ways:••

Radiation aimed directly at or near the testicles. The sperm-producing cells (germ cells) are very sensitive
to the effects of radiation therapy. Most males who receive radiation to the testicles at doses of 3 to 6 Gy (300
to 600 cGy/rads) or higher will be infertile. The testosterone producing cells are more resistant to the effects ofradiation and chemotherapy, but if testicular radiation was given in doses of 20 Gy (2000 cGy/rads) or higher,
the Leydig cells may stop functioning, resulting in testosterone deficiency (in addition to infertility).
Radiation to the pituitary gland in the brain. Brain radiation can result in damage to the pituitary gland, leading to low levels of the hormones (FSH and LH) needed to signal the testicles to make sperm and testosterone.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Males with low levels of these hormones will need to take testosterone for the rest of their lives. However, it issometimes possible for these men to regain fertility with the use of specialized hormone treatments. Men who
have infertility as a result of brain radiation and wish to achieve fertility should see a fertility specialist.
Surgery that involves removal of both testicles (bilateral orchiectomy) will result in infertility and testosterone deficiency. Pelvic surgery, such as retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLD), or spinal surgery sometimes results innerve damage that may prevent the ejaculation of sperm. Removal of the prostate or bladder may result in difficulties
achieving an erection and/or ejaculation. In these situations, sperm production may be unaffected and fertility may
still be possible by using specialized techniques, such as sperm harvesting and artificial insemination. If fertility isdesired, consultation with a fertility specialist is recommended.
What types of cancer therapy increase the risk of problems with the male reproductive system?

•

Chemotherapy - the class of drugs called “alkylators” can cause infertility when given in high doses. Very highdoses may occasionally cause testosterone deficiency. Examples of these drugs are:Alkylating agents:–– Busulfan–– Carmustine (BCNU)–– Chlorambucil–– Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan“)–– Ifosfamide–– Lomustine (CCNU)–– Mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard)–– Melphalan–– Procarbazine–– Thiotepa
Heavy metals:–– Carboplatin–– Cisplatin
Non-classical alkylators:–– Dacarbazine (DTIC)–– Temozolomide•

Radiation therapy to any of the following areas may cause infertility.
–– Testicles–– Pelvis (including iliac/inguinal/femoral, bladder, prostate, total nodal, and “inverted Y” fields)–– TBI (total body irradiation)–– Head/brain (cranial)—if dose was 30 Gy (3000 cGy/rads) or higher

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
In addition to causing infertility, high doses of radiation to the testicles or pelvis (usually 20 Gy or higher) or
brain (usually 30 Gy or higher) may also cause testosterone deficiency.
• Surgeries that may cause infertility or disrupt normal sexual functioning include:–– Removal of both testicles (this surgery will always result in infertility)–– Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLD)–– Removal of tumor in the retroperitoneal area–– Cystectomy (removal of the bladder)–– Prostatectomy (removal of the prostate)–– Spinal surgery–– Removal of tumor near the spinal cord
In addition, removal of both testicles will result in infertility and testosterone deficiency.
What monitoring is recommended?

Males whose treatment places them at risk for problems with the reproductive system should have a yearly check-up
that includes careful evaluation of their hormone and puberty status. Blood may be tested for hormone levels (FSH,
LH, and/or testosterone). If any problems are detected, a referral to an endocrinologist (hormone specialist), urologist(specialist in the male reproductive organs) and/or fertility specialist may be recommended. Boys who have had bothtesticles removed should have regular checkups with an endocrinologist starting at about age 11.
What can be done for testosterone deficiency?

Males with low testosterone levels should receive testosterone replacement therapy. Testosterone is available inseveral forms, including skin patches, injections, and topical gel. Your endocrinologist will determine which form of
therapy is best for you.
How will I know if I am infertile?

Infertility is not related to sexual function. Some men with infertility may notice a decrease in the size or firmness ofthe testicles, but in others, there are no physical indications of infertility.
Males who had surgical removal of both testicles will not be able to make sperm, and infertility will be permanent.
In other males, the only certain way to check for sperm production is to have a semen analysis performed. This test
checks the appearance, movement and concentration of sperm in the semen. A semen analysis that shows azoospermia (no sperm in the semen sample) on more than one sample is an indicator of infertility.
Sterility following radiation is likely permanent. However, recovery of sperm production may occur months or years
after the completion of chemotherapy in some men. For others, chemotherapy damage may be permanent. It is notpossible to determine if sperm production will resume, especially if chemotherapy ended only a few years prior to thesemen analysis. For this reason, always assume that you can make someone pregnant unless you are absolutely sure that you cannot!!

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When should I get a semen analysis?

Any sexually mature male who is concerned about fertility should have a semen analysis performed. Most non-pediatric hospitals will be able to perform a semen analysis. Not all insurance companies cover the cost of this analysis,
so you should check with your insurance company to be sure, or check with the hospital or clinic regarding the costsof this procedure. If the semen analysis results are within normal limits, natural conception can occur.
What if the sperm count is low?

If the results show no sperm (azoospermia) or very low sperm counts (oligospermia), the test should be repeated several times. Sperm recovery following chemotherapy may take as long as 10 years, so if you have had chemotherapy
that may cause low sperm counts, it may be important to check periodically over several years. Also, men’s sperm
counts vary considerably from day to day, so sub-normal test results may improve if additional samples are checked
after waiting a month or two. Sperm production and quality may continue to improve as more time passes from thechemotherapy treatment.
Men who have low sperm counts cannot rely on this to prevent pregnancy. Pregnancy can occur with low sperm
counts. Some method of birth control must be used if pregnancy is not desired.
If pregnancy is desired, men with low sperm counts may benefit from assisted reproductive techniques such as
Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), a form of in vitro fertilization. A consultation with an infertility specialist is
helpful in order to obtain further information regarding these options.
What are my options if there are no sperm in the semen analysis?

If semen analysis shows no sperm (azoospermia), and children are desired, a consultation with a doctor who specializes in male infertility should be obtained. Medical advancements dealing with male infertility are being made.
Recently, surgeons have been able to locate areas of active sperm production in the testes of men who have nosperm on semen analysis. Surgical harvesting of the sperm has resulted in pregnancies with techniques devised formen with absent or very low sperm counts. Occasionally, azoospermia may be unrelated to chemotherapy altogether,and treatment for another disorder may be indicated.
Other good options for males who produce no sperm include donor insemination or adoption. Donor insemination (DI)uses sperm from another male, either from a known or anonymous donor. DI results in pregnancy with a child thatis biologically related only to the mother. Additional options may include adoption of a biologically unrelated child orchild-free living.
How do I use the sperm cryopreserved before treatment started?

Options for using banked sperm depend on the amount and quality of material saved. Men who banked sperm prior
to cancer treatment will need to work with a doctor specializing in reproductive medicine, so that the cryopreserved(frozen) sperm can be used in an optimal manner.
What if only one testicle was surgically removed?

Although fertility and testosterone production are not usually affected if only one testicle was surgically removed, you
should take precautions to protect the remaining testicle from injury by always wearing an athletic supporter with aprotective cup when participating in any activities that may potentially cause injury to the groin area (such as contact
sports, baseball, etc.). If your remaining testicle was treated with radiation, or if you received chemotherapy that canaffect testicular function, the effects of these treatments are the same as discussed above.

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What are the risks if pregnancy occurs after childhood cancer treatment?

Fortunately, in most cases, there is no increased risk of cancer or birth defects in children born to childhood cancer
survivors. In rare cases, if the type of cancer in childhood was a genetic (inherited) type, then there may be a risk ofpassing that type of cancer on to a child. You should check with your oncologist if you are not sure whether the typeof cancer you had was genetic.
Written by Marcia Leonard, RN, PNP, Long Term Follow Up Clinic, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University ofMichigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI.
Reviewed by Charles Sklar, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Daniel Green, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP,
CPON®, and Missy Layfield.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Neurogenic Bladder following Treatment for Childhood
CancerCertain types of cancer and certain cancer treatments can cause damage tothe urinary bladder. The information in this Health Link will help you to recognize the signs and symptoms of a neurogenic bladder.

KidneyWhat is the urinary bladder?

Ureter

The urinary bladder is a hollow organ that stores urine. It is located behindthe pubic bone. The kidneys filter the blood and make urine, which enters the
bladder through two tubes called “ureters.” Urine leaves the bladder throughanother tube, the urethra. In women, the urethra is a short tube that opens
just in front of the vagina. In men, it is longer, and passes through the prostate gland and then the penis.

Bladder
UrethraWhat is a neurogenic bladder?

A neurogenic bladder is abnormal function of the bladder caused by damage to the nerves that control the bladder’sability to fill, store and empty urine. Abnormal bladder function can cause the bladder to be underactive (not emptying
completely) or overactive (emptying too frequently or quickly). People with neurogenic bladders also have a higher
risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and kidney damage.
What are the symptoms of a neurogenic bladder?

There may be a sudden urge to urinate or the need to urinate frequently. There may also be dribbling during urination,straining in order to urinate, or the inability to urinate.
Who is at risk of a neurogenic bladder?

People who have had tumors involving the bladder, prostate, pelvis, or spine are at risk of developing neurogenic
bladder. Also, people who had surgery or radiation in these areas may be at risk.
How is a neurogenic bladder diagnosed?

If a neurogenic bladder is suspected, an evaluation should be done by a urologist. A urologist is a physician who
specializes in disorders of the urinary tract. The urologist will order tests to determine how well the bladder is able tostore and empty urine, such as a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) or bladder cystometry.
What can I do if I have a neurogenic bladder?

Treatment of neurogenic bladder is based on your individual needs. Medications may be useful for an overactive
bladder or for a bladder that fails to store urine properly. Surgery to enlarge the size of the bladder may be needed if
the medications are not successful.
Removal of urine by insertion of a small, clean tube in the urethra several times a day (intermittent catheterization)
may be necessary if you cannot completely empty your bladder. This helps prevent high pressure in the bladder thatinterferes with flow of urine from the ureters and kidneys.

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When should I call my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if you are awakened more than usual during the night to urinate, if leakage of urine
occurs, any time fever or pain is present, or if blood is seen in the urine.
Written by Patricia Shearer, MD, MS; Pediatric Hematology/Oncology,University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD;
Michael Ritchey, MD, Pediatric Urology Associates, Phoenix, Arizona; Fernando A. Ferrer, MD, Department of Surgery, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut; and Sheri L. Spunt, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Lucile Packard Children’s
Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Reviewed by Jill Meredith, RN, BSN, OCN®; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®; and Joan Darling PhD.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to desi
gnate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information forsurvivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Osteonecrosis
What is osteonecrosis?

Osteonecrosis is a disorder resulting from a temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to the bone. Blood carries
essential nutrients and oxygen to the bones. When the blood supply is disrupted, the bone tissues (osteo) begin to
break down (necrosis). This can weaken the bone and eventually result in its collapse. If this occurs near a joint, it canlead to the collapse of the joint surface, resulting in pain and inflammation (arthritis). Osteonecrosis is also referred toas avascular necrosis or “AVN,” “aseptic necrosis,” and “ischemic bone necrosis.”
Osteonecrosis can occur in any bone, but most commonly affects the ends (epiphysis) of long bones such as thethigh bone (femur), causing hip and knee problems. Other common sites include the bones of the upper arms, shoulders, and ankles. Osteonecrosis can occur in a single bone, but more commonly occurs in several bones at one time
(multifocal osteonecrosis).
Osteonecrosis can sometimes be disabling, depending on what part of the bone is affected, how large an area is involved, and how well the bone rebuilds itself. Normal bone continuously breaks down and rebuilds itself. This process
keeps the bones strong. Osteonecrosis is the result of bone tissues breaking down faster than the body can repair
them. If the disorder progresses, it can lead to pain and arthritis.
What causes osteonecrosis?

Osteonecrosis is caused by interruption of the blood supply to the bone. If blood vessels are blocked with fat, become
too thick or too small, or get too weak, they may not be able to provide the amount of blood necessary for the bone
tissue to survive.
What are the risk factors for osteonecrosis?

Corticosteroids (such as prednisone and dexamethasone) given during cancer treatment can affect the bone andblood vessels, resulting in osteonecrosis. People who have undergone hematopoietic cell transplant (bone marrow,cord blood, or stem cell transplant) are also at risk for developing osteonecrosis. Other factors that increase the riskof osteonecrosis in people who received corticosteroid therapy or hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) include treatment with high doses of radiation to weight bearing bones, treatment with older radiation approaches (before 1970),
being pubertal or post-pubertal at the time of treatment, having sickle cell disease, receiving total body irradiation(TBI), undergoing an allogeneic transplant (from someone other than yourself), and having prolonged treatment withcorticosteroids for chronic graft-versus-host disease following HCT. Osteonecrosis is most likely to occur during thetime that cancer is being treated, but it can also sometimes happen after completion of cancer therapy.
Steroids and osteonecrosis

Corticosteroids (such as prednisone and dexamethasone) are commonly used for treatment of many cancers, suchas leukemia and lymphoma. Dexamethasone is also sometimes used for treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and to control brain swelling. There is no clear explanation as to how corticosteroids cause
osteonecrosis, but it is believed that they may interfere with the body’s ability to break down fatty substances. These
substances can clog the blood vessels, causing them to narrow. This reduces the amount of blood that gets into thebone.
What are the symptoms of osteonecrosis?

People in the early stages of osteonecrosis may not have any symptoms. However, as the disorder progresses, mostpeople will experience some joint pain. At first, the person may only experience pain when bearing weight on the afCopyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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fected bone or joint. As the disorder progresses, symptoms may be present even at rest. Pain may develop graduallyand its intensity can range from mild to severe.
If osteonecrosis progresses and the bone and surrounding joint surfaces collapse, the pain can increase considerably
and may become severe enough to limit movement in the affected joint. The period of time between the first symptoms of osteonecrosis and the loss of joint function is different for each person and ranges from several months toyears.
How is osteonecrosis diagnosed?

An x-ray is usually the first test to be done when osteonecrosis is suspected. It can help distinguish osteonecrosis
from other causes of bone pain, such as fracture. In the early stages of osteonecrosis, an x-ray may appear normal,
so other tests may need to be done to establish the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis has been made, and in the laterstages of osteonecrosis, x-rays are useful in monitoring the course of the condition. MRI is one of the most usefultools in diagnosing osteonecrosis because it can detect osteonecrosis in the earliest stages, when symptoms are not
yet present. Bone scans are sometimes used to diagnose osteonecrosis. They are useful because one scan can show
all the areas in the body affected by osteonecrosis. However, bone scans do not detect osteonecrosis at the earliest
stages. A CT scan provides a three-dimensional image of the bone and can be useful in determining the extent ofbone damage. Surgical procedures such as a bone biopsy can conclusively diagnose osteonecrosis, but are notcommonly done.
How is osteonecrosis treated?

The goals of treatment for osteonecrosis are to improve the person’s use of the affected joint, reduce pain, stop bonedamage, and ensure joint survival. Treatment can be conservative or surgical. In order to decide the best treatment
for a patient, the following factors are considered:••••

The person’s age
The stage of the disorder (early or late)
The location and the amount of bone affected (small or large)
The status of cancer and cancer treatment

Conservative treatment

Medication—to reduce pain
Reduced weight bearing—to slow the damage and promote natural healing. Crutches may be recommended
to limit weight or pressure on the affected joint.
• Range of motion exercises—to keep the joints flexible. This is also important to maintain movement andincrease circulation in the joints. This can promote healing and may relieve pain. Physical therapists can teachthe correct exercises.
• Electrical stimulation—to induce bone growthConservative treatments may be used alone or in combination, but they may not provide lasting improvement. Somepeople may require surgery to permanently repair or replace the joint.
••

Surgical Treatment•

Core decompression—is a surgery that removes the inner layer of bone. This may reduce pressure within thebone and create an open area for new blood vessels to grow. Sometimes a piece of healthy bone with good

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blood vessels (bone graft) is put in this area to speed up the process. This procedure works best in the earlystages of osteonecrosis and should help relieve pain and promote healing.
• Osteotomy—is a surgery that involves taking out a piece of bone, usually a wedge, to reposition the bone sothat the tissue lacking blood supply (avascular area) bears less weight than an adjacent healthy area.
• Arthroplasty—is also referred to as joint replacement. The affected bone is removed and replaced with anartificial joint. This treatment may be needed in the late stages of osteonecrosis and when a joint is destroyed.
Health Promoting Behaviors/Interventions• Avoid activities that put a lot of stress on your joints. Activities that stress the joints include running, jumping,football, soccer, volleyball, basketball and similar sports. Activities that are good for joints with osteonecrosis
are swimming and bicycling.
• Be consistent with recommended exercises.
• Rest joints when they hurt.
• Let your healthcare provider or physical therapist know if there are any changes in your symptoms.
• Take pain or anti-inflammatory medications as prescribed.
Resources• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
National Institutes of Health, 1 AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675
Phone: 301-495-4484 or 877-226-4267 (toll free), TTY: 301-565-2966
Fax: 301-718-6366. Web: www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/osteonecrosis/index.htm• American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018
Phone: 847-823-7186 (toll free). Web: www.aaos.org
Adapted by Katherine Myint-Hpu, MSN, MPH, PNP, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C., from “Health Topics:
Questions and Answers about Avascular Necrosis” by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases,
January 2001, and “Avascular Necrosis – Do You Know” by St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, used with permission.
Reviewed by Neyssa Marina, MD; Joan Darling, PhD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; and Sarah Bottomley, MN,
RN, CPNP, CPON®.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.

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Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Osteoradionecrosis after Childhood Cancer
What is osteoradionecrosis?

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a problem with bone healing that can occur in people who received high doses of radiation, particularly to the jaw. This complication can occur after dental surgery or extraction of teeth. High doses ofradiation can decrease the bone’s blood supply. If this happens, the bone gets less oxygen than it needs, resulting in
the death (necrosis) of bone tissue. The most commonly affected bone is the jawbone (mandible).
Who is at risk for osteoradionecrosis?

Survivors who received high doses of radiation to the jaw area (40 Gy or 4000 cGy/rads or higher) are at risk for thiscomplication. Radiation fields that often include the jawbone are as follows:• Cranial (head/brain)• Nasopharyngeal (area above the roof of the mouth)• Oropharyngeal (mouth and throat)• Neck or spine (“cervical” portion)• Supraclavicular (area above the collarbones)• Mantle or mini-mantle (neck/underarm/chest areas)
It is important to obtain your medical records so that you know exactly how much radiation you received and where
the radiation was directed. For example, survivors exposed to radiation doses of 50 Gy or higher to the jawbone havethe highest risk for the development of ORN.
When does osteoradionecrosis occur?

Although it is uncommon, ORN most often occurs when a survivor undergoes a dental procedure (such as pulling of
tooth) or other surgery involving the jawbone.
What are the symptoms of osteoradionecrosis?

Symptoms of ORN may occur months to years after radiation. Common symptoms include mouth pain, jaw swellingand difficulty opening the mouth fully (trismus).
How is osteoradionecrosis diagnosed?

ORN can be diagnosed by physical examination and imaging studies (x-ray, CT scan and/or MRI). Sometimes, a surgeon may need to take a sample (biopsy) of the problem area in order to make a definite diagnosis. Radiation therapy
records should be reviewed to determine the location and dose of radiation that was given.
How is osteoradionecrosis treated?

Treatment of ORN is mainly through control of uncomfortable symptoms. Salt-water rinses and light scrubbing ofaffected tissues may be helpful. Antibiotics may help if a wound becomes infected. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (oxygen delivered in a pressurized chamber) is sometimes used to increase the amount of oxygen given to the affected
tissues and improve the chance of healing.

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Is there anything I can do to prevent osteoradionecrosis?

People who received radiotherapy involving the jaw should:••

Tell their dentist that they received radiation. The dentist will then be able to get details about the radiation
treatment before doing any tooth extractions that could lead to ORN.
Have regular dental care and take good care of their teeth and gums, since the risk for cavities is higher inpeople who received large doses of radiation. The dentist may order daily fluoride treatments to reduce the riskof cavities and the need for extracting teeth in the future. (See related Health Link: “Dental Health”)

Resources•

The Oral Cancer Foundation
3419 Via Lido #205, Newport Beach, CA 92663
Phone 949-723-4400
Web: http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/osteoradionecrosis.php

Written by Arnold Paulino, MD, Division of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
Reviewed by Jacqueline Casillas, MD; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP CPON®; and Joan Darling, PhD.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Peripheral Neuropathy
What is peripheral neuropathy?

Peripheral neuropathy, or damage to the peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain or spinal cord), is a potential side
effect of chemotherapy drugs and may cause the hands or feet to hurt, tingle, and feel numb or weak. Though thediscomfort is felt in a muscle or joint, the real damage is to the nerves that control the muscles. Nerves are made upof special cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord. Damage to the nerve is often caused by abreakdown of the myelin sheath, the coating around nerve fibers that acts as an electrical insulator. There may also
be direct damage to the nerve cells from pressure or trauma (for example from a tumor or surgery). Symptoms usually start during treatment and persist, and are not late in onset. Symptoms often improve once treatment has stopped,
but for some survivors symptoms may persist for months or years.
Symptoms• Burning, tingling, or prickling sensation usually in the hands or feet
• Numbness or sensitivity to pain or temperature• Extreme sensitivity to touch• Sharp shooting pain
• Poor balance or coordination• Loss of reflexes• Muscle weakness• Noticeable changes in the way you walkMuscle weakness may begin around the arch of the foot and in the palm of the hand. It may be difficult to grip thingsor to perform certain tasks or activities such as writing, buttoning clothes, or tying shoes. The muscles that pull thefoot up may weaken and the reflexes may be lost, causing the front part of the foot to fall flat to the floor. This may
result in poor balance or coordination, especially when tired. There may be a tendency to drag the feet or lift themhigh to prevent the feet from dragging.
Who is at risk?

People who have received any of the following chemotherapy drugs may be at risk:• Vincristine• Vinblastine• Cisplatin• Carboplatin
People at highest risk for peripheral neuropathy are those who have received higher doses of these drugs or combinations of these drugs. Other risk factors include surgery, severe weight loss, and diabetes or a pre-existing nerve
disease. Prolonged pressure on nerves from artificial limbs, wheelchairs, or crutches can also contribute to nerve
damage.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Treatment
Rehabilitation services

Because there is no treatment that can cure or reverse nerve damage, treatment is directed toward symptom management. Physical therapy is often helpful in providing exercises to improve strength, balance, and coordination.
Occupational therapy can provide help to improve hand/eye coordination and other skills needed for daily life.
Orthotic devices

Support for feet or ankles can be improved with orthotic devices. Arch supports or splints help prevent the arch fromflattening and help improve walking. Splints called ankle-foot-orthoses (AFOs) may be recommended to prevent theankle from moving too much from side to side and to support the foot when walking.
Pain management

Your healthcare provider may prescribe medication to control the pain, tingling, and burning sensation. The type of
medication depends on the frequency and severity of pain. It is also important to know that some medications will
have side effects of their own. Elastic stockings, warm packs, or exercise may also help with the discomfort. These
measures will not replace medication but may decrease the need for them. They may also assist in improving mobility and independence.
Additional recommendations

•

•
•
•

•

Avoid shoes that are too tight or too loose—Just as shoes that are too tight can cause throbbing, rubbing,and cramping, shoes that are too loose can worsen pain and may not provide enough support for already wobbly feet. Well-fitting sneakers or shoes that provide support but are also flexible are best.
Be sensitive to temperature—Many people report that neuropathy feels worse in hot weather or when feetare heavily covered which may prevent adequate air circulation.
Keep feet uncovered in bed—Bed sheets resting on toes can cause discomfort due to friction between the
sheet and toes.
Massage—Massaging your hands or feet, or having someone else massage them can be extremely soothing
and relaxing and can increase circulation and boost endorphins (chemicals produced in the body that help
control pain).
Cool soaks—Cool water soaks to painful hands or feet can sometimes dull pain enough to fall asleep or until
pain medication has time to work.

For additional information, contact:

Neuropathy Association, 60 East 42nd Street, Suite 942, New York, NY 10165-0999
Phone: 212 692-0662
Website: www.neuropathy.org
Written by Susan Shannon, RN, MSN, CPNP, CPON®, “STAR” Late Effects Program, Miller Children’s Hospital, Long Beach, CA.
Reviewed by Thanh Le, MD; Joetta Deswarte-Wallace, RN, MSN; Neyssa Marina, MD; Debra Friedma, MD; and Josee Pacifico,
RN, BSc (N).

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Endocrine Problems after Childhood Cancer:
Precocious PubertyChildren treated for cancer may develop problems as a result of damage to the complex system of glands known as
the endocrine system.
What is the endocrine system?

Pituitary gland

The endocrine system is a group of glands
that regulate body functions including growth,
puberty, energy level, urine production, andstress response. Glands of the endocrine system
include the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes(in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary aresometimes called the “master glands” because
they control many of the other glands in the endocrine system. Unfortunately, some treatments
given for childhood cancer can damage thehypothalamus and pituitary gland, resulting in avariety of problems.

Hypothalamus

What are hormones?

Thyroid

Pancreas
Adrenal glands

Ovaries

TestesHormones are chemical messengers that carry information from the endocrine glands through the bloodstream. The
endocrine system makes many hormones (such as growth hormone, sex hormones, adrenal and thyroid hormones)
that maintain specific bodily functions.
What is the normal age for puberty to begin?

Puberty normally begins between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls, and 9 and 14 in boys. The timing of puberty is influenced by a person’s genetic background, and the onset of puberty at a young age may run in families. Most girls
begin to develop breasts and then pubic hair at around age 10 or 11. Menstrual periods usually start at around 12 to
13 years of age, but may occur earlier or later and still be normal. Boys usually begin to develop enlargement of thetesticles and then pubic hair between 11 and 12 years of age.
What is precocious puberty?

Precocious puberty means having signs of puberty (such as pubic hair or breast growth) at an age younger than isnormally expected. Most doctors agree that a girl has precocious puberty if she develops sexual traits earlier than age
8, and a boy has precocious puberty if he develops sexual traits prior to age 9.
The early release of hormones that causes precocious puberty also causes a growth spurt, with rapid bone growth.
Early bone maturation results in less time for growth, so the child with precocious puberty will have a final adultheight that is actually much shorter than normal.

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What are the risk factors for developing precocious puberty?

Risk factors include:•

Radiation to the head or brain, especially doses of 18 Gy (1800 cGy/rads) or higher, including the following
fields:–– Head/brain (cranial)–– Nasopharyngeal (area above the roof of the mouth)–– Eye or eye socket (orbit)–– Ear or infratemporal region (midfacial area behind the cheekbones)• Female gender• Younger age at the time of cancer treatment
Early puberty is also more common in overweight children.
Why does precocious puberty happen?

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland may be damaged after radiation treatments. The damage causes them tosignal the ovaries (in girls) or testicles (in boys) to make female or male hormones at an earlier time. In other cases,
signs of puberty occur early because of abnormalities in the ovaries, testicles or adrenal glands. Tests are done tolearn if the cause of precocious puberty is in the brain or in another part of the body.
What screening is recommended?

All childhood cancer survivors should have a physical examination at least once a year, including measurement ofheight and weight, and evaluation of pubertal progress. If there are signs of accelerated growth or early puberty, ablood test to check sex hormones produced in the brain (FSH—follicle stimulating hormone; LH—luteinizing hormone), testes (testosterone) or ovaries (estradiol) may be done. Sometimes, an x-ray that measures the developmental age or maturation of bone (bone age) may also be done.
How is precocious puberty treated?

If a problem is detected, a referral should be made to an endocrinologist (doctor who specializes in hormone problems). Medications may be used to temporarily stop puberty and to decrease the rate of bone maturation. It is also
important to evaluate and manage the psychological effects of beginning puberty too early. Although children withprecocious puberty may have a mature physical appearance, their thoughts, emotions and behaviors are still that of
their actual (chronological) age.
Written by Debra Kent, RN, MSN, CPNP, Cancer Survivorship Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
Reviewed by Lillian R. Meacham, MD; Priscilla Rieves, MS, RN, CPNP; Charles Sklar, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Peggy Kulm, RN, MA;
and Marcia Leonard RN, PNP.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Pulmonary Health
The lungs are very important organs that supply oxygen to the body. Sometimes, treatments given for childhood
cancer can cause lung damage. If you received any treatments that may cause lung problems, it is important to learn
about the lungs, and what you can do to keep them as healthy as possible.
How the lungs function

The lungs transfer oxygen from the air to the blood, where it is circulated to the bodytissues. The lungs also remove carbon dioxide, a waste product made by the body’s cells.
In order for oxygen to reach the blood, it must move through tiny air sacs (alveoli) in thelungs and into tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that surround each air sac. When the air sacs
become damaged or scarred, there is less area for oxygen to enter the bloodstream, andless oxygen reaches the blood. The person may then need to breathe faster in order to getenough oxygen. This can make the person feel short of breath. Other lung problems can becaused by inflammation (swelling) of the air passages in the lungs or increased mucous
production as a result of irritation or infection. Symptoms can include cough, wheezing, chest pain, and shortness ofbreath.
Am I at risk for lung problems?

If you received any of the following treatments during your cancer therapy, you may be at risk for developing lungproblems:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Bleomycin (See the “Bleomycin Alert” Health Link for more information)
Carmustine (also known as BCNU)
Lomustine (also known as CCNU)
Busulfan
Radiation to the chest
Total body irradiation (TBI)
Surgery to the chest or lung (this does NOT include surgery for placement of a central line, such as a Hickman,
Broviac, Port-a-Cath or Mediport)• Bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant from a donor other than yourself (allogeneic transplant), if you
then developed chronic graft-versus-host disease (chronic GVHD)
Certain chemotherapy drugs known as anthracyclines, such as daunorubicin (Daunomycin®), doxorubicin (Adriamycin®), and idarubicin (Idamycin®) can damage the heart and may contribute to lung problems, especially if given in
combination with bleomycin, BCNU, CCNU, and radiation treatment.
Other factors that may increase your risk are:••••Younger age at the time of cancer treatment
A history of lung infections, asthma or other lung problems
Tobacco use or exposure to second hand smoke
Inhaled drugs, such as smoking marijuana (“pot”)

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
What problems can develop?

Problems can include scarring of the lungs (pulmonary fibrosis), repeated lung infections (such as chronic bronchitis,
bronchiectasis, or recurrent pneumonia), inflammation of the lung tissues and small airways within the lungs (bronchiolitis obliterans), and rupture of the tiny air sacs in the lungs or thickening and blockage of air passages within thelungs (restrictive/obstructive lung disease).
What are the symptoms of lung damage?

Symptoms may include shortness of breath, frequent coughing and/or wheezing, chest pain, and frequent lung infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia. Becoming easily fatigued or short of breath during mild exercise (exercise
intolerance) is sometimes an early symptom of lung damage.
What monitoring is recommended?

••

A yearly medical check-up is recommended.
Pulmonary function tests (including DLCO and spirometry) may show lung problems that are not apparent
during a check-up. For this reason, it is helpful to have these tests done at least once (at least two years after
completing cancer treatment) to find out if there are any problems. Your healthcare provider can decide if further testing is needed based on these results.

Are there any special precautions I should take?

If you have had any of the treatments listed above you should:•••

Get the pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccine.
Get yearly influenza (flu) vaccines.
Avoid scuba diving, unless you have had a complete check-up and have been advised by a pulmonologist (lungspecialist) that diving is safe.

What can I do to prevent lung problems?

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

If you don’t smoke, DON’T START.
If you smoke, QUIT! Quitting is the most important thing you can do to keep your lungs and you healthy.
Avoid second-hand smoke.
Get regular physical exercise.
Avoid inhaled drugs, such as marijuana (“pot”.)
Avoid breathing toxic fumes from chemicals, solvents, and paints.
Follow all safety rules in your workplace, such as the use of protective ventilators in some work environments.
Report any unsafe working conditions to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Where can a smoker find help in order to quit?

Your most important resources for quitting smoking are your family, friends and your healthcare provider. Listed below are some additional sources of education and support:

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Telephone Resources

If you don’t have access to the Internet, you can call the following organizations to request educational materials(usually free) about how to quit smoking:American Cancer Society: 1-800-ACS-2345
American Heart Association: 1-800-AHA-USA1
American Lung Association: 1-800-LUNG-USA
National Cancer Institute: 1-877-44U-QUIT
On-Line Resources

If you have access to the Internet, you may find the following websites helpful:smokefree.gov/explore-quit-methods
Very specific tips for getting ready to quit and how to handle the first week. Also has links to support, including telephone and text support, in-person counseling, and information about medications and other methods for managing
nicotine withdrawal symptoms.
www.cdc.gov/tobacco/
The Center for Disease Control’s Tobacco Information and Prevention Source (TIPS) includes guides for quitting the
tobacco habit.
www.lung.org/stop-smoking/
The American Lung Association’s free on-line “Stop Smoking” program.
smokefree.gov
On-line assistance from the National Institutes of Health to help you quit smoking.
Where can I find more information about how to keep my lungs healthy?

More information about the lungs, and how to keep them healthy, is available at:www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/
The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s web site containing general information for patients and families.
www.nlhep.org/
The National Lung Health Education Program has information for patients about how to keep lungs healthy.
Written by Adam Charlene Maxen RN, CNP, CPON®; and Sarah Friebert MD, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Akron Children’s
Hospital, Akron, Ohio.
Reviewed by Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Debra Friedman, MD; John R. Mussman; Neyssa Marina, MD; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD,
CPNP, CPON®; Kevin Oeffinger, MD; and Johanne Soucy, RN, BScN

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

Pulmonary Health | Version 4.0 | 10/13 | Page 4 of 4

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Raynaud’s Phenomenon
What is Raynaud’s Phenomenon?

Raynaud’s is a condition that may cause some areas of your body to feel numb and cool in response to cold temperatures or stress. Raynaud’s causes occasional narrowing of blood vessels, limiting blood flow for brief periods of time.
This is called a vasospasm. During periods of vasospasm, the skin is deprived of oxygen, and may become pale andthen turn a bluish color. As the blood vessels relax and blood flow resumes, the skin may become red. The hands andfeet are most commonly affected, but Raynaud’s may also involve the nose, lips, cheeks, and earlobes.
Symptoms••••

Changes in skin color (often from white to blue to red)
Changes in skin temperature (affected areas feel cooler)
Numbness or prickly feeling in the fingers (not thumbs) and toes
Occasional episodes of pain (described as throbbing) and swelling

What happens during an attack?

For most people, cold temperature or stress triggers an attack. Typically, when the body is exposed to cold, the hands
and feet lose heat rapidly. In order to conserve heat, the body reduces blood flow near the skin surface and moves it
deeper in the body. For people with Raynaud’s, this normal response is exaggerated by sudden spasms of the small
blood vessels that supply blood to the fingers and toes. This greatly reduces the blood supply to the hands and feet,
causing changes in the skin color and temperature. The first sign is often pallor (or whiteness), in response to thespasm. The skin may then appear blue (cyanotic) and feel numb or cold, because of a lack of oxygen-rich blood.
Finally, the skin may turn red and become swollen, as the small blood vessels relax and dilate, and blood flow returns.
Commonly, throbbing and tingling may occur in the fingers and toes as the attack ends. Raynaud’s attacks can lastfrom seconds to hours.
Who is at risk?

Childhood cancer survivors who received treatment with vinblastine or vincristine sometimes develop Raynaud’s.
Prevention

Raynaud’s is usually a chronic condition that you may need to manage for life. Some people may see improvement
slowly over several years. Prevention of attacks is key:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Dress warmly when outdoors.
Take precautions indoors. Wear socks. Avoid drafts such as when opening the refrigerator or freezer. Wearmittens when handling cold items. Use the air conditioner sparingly. Use insulated drinking glasses.
Avoid putting unprotected hands in cold water.
Do not use tobacco or illegal drugs as such as cocaine. Nicotine and cocaine constrict blood vessels andcauses the skin temperature to drop, which may lead to an attack.
Exercise. Regular exercise can enhance circulation and help control stress.
Control stress. Since stress is often a trigger for Raynaud’s attacks, managing stress may help make theattacks shorter and less frequent.

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Treatment

Treatment is directed at reducing the number and severity of attacks in order to prevent tissue damage. People with
Raynaud’s should follow all of the above recommendations for preventing attacks. In addition, if attacks are triggeredby exposure to cold, placing the affected body part in warm water may help to stop symptoms. Other treatment methods include medications and biofeedback.
Medications

Medications that help to dilate blood vessels and promote circulation are sometimes prescribed for management ofsevere symptoms.
Certain prescription medications can sometimes make symptoms worse. These include birth control pills and someheart and blood pressure medicines. If you are taking any of these medications and are having symptoms of Raynaud’s, consult with your healthcare provider regarding possible alternatives.
Certain over-the-counter cold or diet pills can make symptoms worse and should be avoided. These include drugs
that contain pseudoephedrine (such as Actifed®, Chlor-Trimeton®, and Sudafed®).
Biofeedback

Using your mind to control stress and body temperature may help to decrease the severity and frequency of attacks.
This may include guided imagery and/or deep breathing exercises. A psychologist may be helpful in designing a biofeedback program that meets your needs.
Written by Susan Shannon, RN, MSN, CPNP, CPON®, “STAR” Late Effects Program, Miller Children’s Hospital, Long Beach, CA.
Reviewed by Thanh Le, MD; Joetta Deswarte-Wallace, RN, MSN; Neyssa Marina, MD; Debra Friedman, MD; Melissa M. Hudson,
MD, Rebecca D. Pentz, PhD; John R. Mussman; and Josee Pacifico, RN, BSc (N).

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Group

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
and affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Reducing the Risk of Second Cancers
Learning about the risk of developing a second cancer can be frustrating and anxiety provoking. After your battlewith childhood cancer, the last thing you want to be reminded about is the risk of developing a second cancer during
adulthood. For a variety of reasons, the risk of cancer increases for everyone as they age. Several studies have shownthat as childhood cancer survivors become older, they have a slightly higher risk of developing (a second) cancer
compared to people their same age in the general population. Things that can contribute to this risk are the person’s
age during cancer therapy, their specific treatment, and their genetic and family history.
Who is at risk for second cancer?

•

•

•

People who received certain chemotherapy drugs. Some treatments for childhood cancer increase the riskof second cancers. Rarely, people can developacute myeloid leukemia after treatment. Secondary leukemia
usually occurs, if at all, within the first 10 years following treatment of the original cancer. The risk of developing a secondary leukemia is increased for people who were treated with high doses of alkylating agents (suchas cyclophosphamide or nitrogen mustard), epipodophyllotoxins (such as etoposide or teniposide), and anthracycline chemotherapy drugs (such as doxorubicin or daunorubicin), and for those who received an autologous
hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT).
People who received radiation therapy, especially at a young age. Radiationtherapy given for childhood
cancer increases the risk of developing a secondarysolid tumor as a person ages. The most common sites
include the skin, breast,central nervous system (the brain and spine), thyroid gland, and bones. Incontrast to
secondary leukemias, secondary solid tumors most commonly appear10 or more years after treatment. The
risk of developing a secondary solid tumoris increased when radiation is delivered at high doses and over large
fields tochildren at a young age.
People who have a history of cancer in their family. Some cancer patients have inherited gene changes(mutations) that increase the chances of getting a second cancer. But overall, these inherited changes are relatively uncommon and account for less than 10 percent of patients with cancer. Doctors suspect the presence ofa cancer gene when a family history shows multiple cancers among young people in every generation, or whencancer occurs in both sides of paired organs (such as the eyes, breasts, kidneys, etc.) If you have any questionsor think that cancer may “run in your family” you should talk to your healthcare provider. A review of your family
medical history will tell whether genetic counseling or testing is needed.

What if you are in a high-risk group?

You can find out if you are at high risk for developing a second cancer by going over your cancer treatment and family
history with your healthcare provider or a cancer specialist. In some cases, early or more frequent screening may
be recommended to increase the likelihood that second cancers are detected early, when they are most effectively
treated. Be sure to get all screening tests that are recommended for you.
What monitoring is recommended?

By practicing health maintenance behaviors, you can improve your awareness of changes in your body and increase
the likelihood that problems will be detected at earlier stages. All childhood cancer survivors should have a yearly
comprehensive health check-up. You should also have any cancer screening evaluations appropriate for you basedon your age, sex, and treatment history. Knowing the details of your previous medical history, including exposures tochemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, is vital to your future health. This information should be available to you or yourhealthcare provider from the hospital or clinic where you received your cancer therapy. Developing a relationship with
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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
a primary care provider who knows your cancer treatment history, risks of late complications, and recommended
screening evaluations will improve the chances of catching problems at earlier, more treatable stages.
What symptoms should I be alert for?

Be sure to report any new or persistent symptoms to your healthcare provider promptly.
Types of symptoms that you should report include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Easy bruising or bleeding
Paleness of the skin
Excessive fatigue
Bone pain
Changes in moles
Sores that do not heal
Lumps
Difficulty swallowing
Changes in bowel habits
Persistent abdominal pain
Blood in the stools
Blood in the urine
Painful urination or defecation
Persistent cough or hoarsenessShortness of breath
Bloody sputum
Discolored areas or sores in the mouth that do not heal
Persistent headaches
Vision changes
Persistent early morning vomiting

What can I do to lower the risk of getting a second cancer?

Avoid cancer-promoting habits. Survivors should not smoke or chew tobacco and should avoid exposure to secondhand smoke when at all possible. Because skin cancers are one of the most common second cancers after childhood cancer, especially for those treated with radiation therapy, you should take extra care to protect your skin fromsun exposure. This includes regularly using sunscreen with sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or more, wearing protective clothing, avoiding outdoor activities from 10 am to 2 pm when the sun’s rays are most intense, and not tanning.
Drink alcohol only in moderation. Heavy drinkers, especially those who use tobacco, have a high risk of cancer ofthe mouth, throat, and esophagus. The risk of breast cancer may be increased in women who drink alcohol. Limiting
the use of alcohol can reduce these cancer risks and decrease the chances of other alcohol-related problems, suchas liver disease.

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Eat right. A high intake of dietary fat has been linked to the risk of several common adult cancers. People who eat
high-fat diets have a greater risk of getting colon cancer; this may also be true for breast and prostate cancers. Highfat diets are also associated with obesity, heart disease, and other health problems. To reduce all of these risks, daily
fat intake should be limited to 30% or less of your total calories.
Dietary fiber is found in whole grains, several types of vegetables, and certain fruits. Fiber reduces the time it takes
for wastes to pass through the intestinal tract. High-fiber foods also tend to be low in fat.
Eating cruciferous vegetables also helps reduce cancer risk. Cruciferous vegetables include cabbage, brussel sprouts,
broccoli, and cauliflower. Eating these vegetables is thought to protect against cancer by blocking the effects of cancer-causing chemicals in other foods. Cruciferous vegetables are also high in fiber and low in fat. These foods should
be included frequently in the diet.
Some chemicals used to preserve foods are cancer-promoting (carcinogenic) in large quantities. Diets high in saltcured and pickled foods and lunchmeats that contain preservatives like nitrites can increase the risk of cancer in thestomach and esophagus. Some of these foods, especially lunchmeats, are also high in fat. Foods of this kind shouldbe eaten rarely and in small portions.
Diets rich in vitamins C and A have been shown to reduce cancer risk in animal studies. People whose diets are richin vitamin C appear less likely to get cancer, especially cancer of the stomach and esophagus. The best way to getthese nutrients is to eat lots of fresh fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits, melons, cruciferous vegetables, and greens
are high in vitamin C. Good sources of vitamin A are dark green and deep yellow vegetables and certain fruits. If yourdiet is low in vitamins, a vitamin supplement may help, but avoid extra high doses, since these can cause serious
side effects.
Get vaccinated. Certain cancers are associated with preventable infections. Two of the most common are hepatitis B
and human papillomavirus (HPV). Vaccines are now available to protect against these cancer-causing viruses. Check
with your health care provider to determine if either of these vaccines is recommended for you.
Start today by taking time to review your health habits, and practice healthy behaviors that will help keep your risk of
second cancers to a minimum.
Written by Melissa M. Hudson, MD; and Allison Hester, RN, MSN, CPNP, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR. Portions
adapted from CCSS Newsletter, Fall 1999 and Winter 2001, used with permission.
Reviewed by Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Debra Friedman, MD; Fran Wiley, RN, MN; and Jill Meredith RN, BSN, OCN®.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Scoliosis and Kyphosis after Treatment for Childhood Cancer
The spine, or “backbone” is actually a group of bones stacked in a straight line down the middle of the back, held
together with muscles and ligaments. Treatment for childhood cancer can sometimes result in abnormal curvatures ofthe spine, known as scoliosis and kyphosis.
What is scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a sideways rotation of the spine. Instead of appearing
as a straight line when viewed from the back, the spine appears
curved, like the letter “S” or the letter “C.”
Signs of scoliosis may include:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Uneven shoulder blades
Uneven hips
Uneven waist“Leaning” of the back to one side
Head not centered above pelvis
One leg longer than the other

What is kyphosis?

Kyphosis is an abnormal rounding of the upper part of the back.
When viewed from the side, it may appear as if the person is
slouching or has a “hump” on the back.

Scoliosis

Kyphosis

What causes scoliosis?

Scoliosis occurs in many young people, especially teenagers, and is most often “idiopathic,” meaning that the cause
is not known. However, people who underwent surgery to the spine or chest, or those who received radiation to thechest, abdomen, or spine, especially when combined, especially when combined with surgery, are at increased risk
for uneven development of the muscles, bones, and soft tissues of the back, resulting in scoliosis.
What are the risk factors for scoliosis after treatment for childhood cancer?

People at risk include those who had:••

Surgery to the spine or chest (not including placement of a central line)
Radiation to the trunk (including any area from the shoulders down to the pelvis), especially if:–– The dose was 20 Gy (2000 cGy/rads) or higher.
–– The radiation treatment area was to one half of the chest or abdomen.
–– There was also surgery to the chest, abdomen, or spine.

•

A tumor in or near the spine

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What causes kyphosis?

Kyphosis sometimes develops from stretching of the spinal ligaments, causing the natural curve of the spine toincrease. Kyphosis can also be caused by uneven development of the back muscles and ligaments as a result ofradiation.
What are the risk factors for kyphosis after treatment for childhood cancer?

People at risk include those who had:•••

Surgery to the spine, chest, or upper abdomen (not including placement of a central line)
Radiation to the chest or upper abdomen, especially in doses of 20 Gy (2000 cGy/rads) or higher
A tumor in or near the spine

How is the diagnosis made?

Signs of scoliosis or kyphosis may be detected on physical examination. X-rays of the spine confirm the diagnosis.
Scoliosis is diagnosed when there is at least a 10-degree lateral (side-to-side) curve on the x-ray. Kyphosis is diagnosed when there is at least a 50-degree curve on the x-ray.
What treatment is needed?

Treatment for kyphosis and scoliosis is usually done in stages. The first stage is usually “observation.” During thisstage, the curve is closely monitored, especially during periods of rapid growth, such as during puberty. If the curve
does not get worse, observation may be all that is necessary.
If the curve progresses, the next step is usually bracing (a plastic body brace worn under the clothing). The goal of
bracing is to halt progression or help correct the abnormal spinal curvature.
The final treatment step is surgery. This is done in cases of serious curves that are not manageable with observationor bracing alone.
What monitoring is required?

If scoliosis or kyphosis is suspected, an x-ray of the spine should be obtained. If the curve is more than 10 degrees
for scoliosis or more than 50 degrees for kyphosis, a referral is usually made to an orthopedic (bone) specialist.
Written by Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
Reviewed by Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Debra Friedman, MD; Smita Bhatia MD, MPH; Louis S. Constine, MD; and Johanne Soucy,
RN, BScN

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Keeping Your Single Kidney Healthy
The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering out waste products from the blood, controlling blood pressure,and stimulating red blood cell production. Treatment for childhood cancer sometimes requires removal of one kidney(nephrectomy). Although you can live a healthy life with only one kidney, it is important that you take steps to protect
your remaining kidney in order to keep it as healthy as possible.
What follow up is recommended?

••

Have a medical check-up at least yearly. This should include a blood pressure check and urinalysis.
Have a blood test for kidney function (BUN, creatinine) and electrolytes (blood salts and minerals) at
your first long-term follow-up visit (at least 2 years after completing cancer treatment). If problems aredetected, follow your health care provider’s recommendations.

•If you have high blood pressure, protein in the urine, or other signs of worsening kidney problems, you shouldhave an evaluation by a nephrologist (kidney specialist).

What can I do to keep my kidney healthy?

•
•
•

•

•

•

Drink plenty of water, especially when playing sports, while out in the sun, and during hot weather.
Call your healthcare provider immediately if you have symptoms of a urinary tract infection (burningwhen you urinate, urinating more frequently than usual, and/or feeling an urgent sensation to urinate).
Check with your healthcare provider or pharmacist before taking any new medicines (prescription, overthe-counter, or herbal). Be sure that your healthcare provider or pharmacist is aware that you have a single
kidney.
Use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with caution. These include pain or fever medicines (over-thecounter and by prescription) that contain aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen or naproxen. These medications
have been known to cause kidney damage (analgesic nephropathy), especially when taken in excessive doses
or when two or more of these medications are combined with caffeine or codeine and taken over long periodsof time. If you require long-term medications for management of pain, be sure to discuss the alternatives withyour healthcare provider, and to choose medications that are not harmful to your kidney.
Physical activity, including sports, is good for your health. Kidney injuries from sports are uncommon, andthose that do occur rarely cause permanent damage or kidney loss. Overall, most physical activity poses little
or no risk to the kidney and is strongly encouraged to maintain good general health. Talk with your health careprovider about your kidney health to help you decide whether to participate in certain sports.
Serious kidney injuries are rare. When they do occur, they are most commonly caused by car accidents,
all-terrain vehicles, and falls. To protect your single kidney, always wear your seatbelt properly when riding in a
vehicle. Lap belts should be worn across the hips, not around the waist. If you are involved in an accident and akidney injury is suspected, seek medical attention right away

Are there any other risk factors for kidney problems?

Certain treatments for childhood cancer can sometimes cause kidney problems. These include radiation to the kidney,
chemotherapy that can affect the kidney (cisplatin, carboplatin, methotrexate and/or ifosfamide), or other medications that can affect the kidney (certain antibiotics or medications used for treatment of graft-versushost disease). In
addition, other risk factors that may increase the chance of kidney problems include medical conditions, such as highblood pressure or diabetes, urinary tract problems such as frequent urinary infections or back-flow of urine into the
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kidney (reflux), or bladder removal (cystectomy). If you have any of these risk factors, please read the related Health
Link, “Kidney Health.”
Written by Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.
Revised by Maki Okada, CPNP, FNP-BC, CPON®, LIFE Program, Children’s Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children’s
Hospital Los Angeles, 2013.
Reviewed by Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Daniel Green, MD; Rebecca L. Pentz, PhD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Kevin Oeffinger, MD;
Michael L. Ritchey, MD; and Josee Pacifico RN, BSc (N).

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Skin Health after Childhood Cancer
Very few people realize that the skin is the largest organ in the body. The skin is the body’s first line of defense
against outside invaders. It also keeps the body temperature normal and stores water, fat and vitamin D. Such animportant organ requires care and monitoring. Treatment for childhood cancer sometimes causes damage to the skin.
Who is at risk?

••

Survivors who received radiation to any part of the body, including total body irradiation (TBI).
Survivors with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following bone marrow or stem cell transplant.

What problems can occur?

The following are possible long-term skin effects that may be seen after cancer therapy.
Telangiectasias

These small blood vessels on the surface of the skin are commonly referred to as “spider veins,” and in the cancer
survivor they can occur in the field of radiation. Telangiectasias are caused by changes to the lining of blood vessels
resulting from radiation. These do not typically cause any health problems and require no specific care.
Fibrosis

Fibrosis is caused by scarring of the lining of blood vessels, resulting in a “woody” skin texture. The skin may not be
as flexible in the fibrotic area and may be more easily injured. Care of fibrotic skin should include routine moisturizing
and avoidance of trauma. Because the blood supply is not as good in fibrotic skin, healing may be slow after cuts andscrapes, so avoiding these when at all possible is important.
Scleroderma

People who have chronic GVHD following bone marrow or stem cell transplant sometimes develop scleroderma. In
this condition, the donor white blood cells do not recognize the patient’s skin cells as their own, and begin to attack
them. This causes the skin to become stiff and inflexible. This may happen anywhere on the body, but if it happens tothe skin around joints, it can make the joints less mobile. The therapy for scleroderma is treatment of the underlying
GVHD. It is also important to avoid injury to this skin, since healing time will be prolonged.
Vitiligo

Vitiligo is loss of pigment on patches of the skin. This can occur after bone marrow or stem cell transplant from aperson other than yourself (allogeneic transplant) and may be due to GVHD or other autoimmune reactions seen after
transplant. In this situation, the white blood cells do not recognize certain normal skin cells (melanocytes) and sothey attack and destroy them. Melanoctyes are the cells in the body that control skin color. Without melanocytes, theskin has a milky white appearance. Vitiligo usually occurs only in patches. The therapy for vitiligo is treatment of theunderlying GVHD or autoimmune process. Even if this therapy is successful, the color may not return to the skin because the damage to the melanocytes may be permanent. While all skin should be protected from sun, skin that has
lost its pigment is very vulnerable, and sunscreen should always be applied to these areas before going outdoors.
Hyperpigmentation

Hyperpigmentation is a darkening of the skin that may occur after radiation or some types of chemotherapy. The
chemotherapy agents most commonly associated with hyperpigmenation include bleomycin, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, dactinomycin, 5-flourouracil, hydroxyurea and methotrexate. The dark discoloration can occur on the skin or
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nails. There is no specific treatment for hyperpigmentation associated with cancer therapy, but it usually continues tofade over time without any treatment.
Skin Cancers

People who have received radiation are at risk for developing skin cancers, usually in the radiation field. Other risk
factors include light skin color, chronic sun exposure, severe sunburn, atypical moles or a large number of moles on
the body, and a family history of skin cancer. The good news about skin cancer is that if it is diagnosed early, it isusually very treatable. There are three major forms of skin cancer:
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent form of skin cancer. BCC usually appears as a rough, raised,area of skin. As the BCC progresses, it may become an ulcer or sore that does not heal. BCC can occur anywhere on the skin, but is seen most frequently in areas of sun and/or radiation exposure. Protecting your skinfrom the sun is the most important thing you can do to avoid developing BCC. Treatment for BCC is surgicalremoval of the affected skin. BCC can spread to surrounding tissues but does not usually spread throughout the
body and is not usually life threatening.
• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is another form of skin cancer that can develop from exposure to sun orradiation. Its appearance is similar to BCC, usually an ulcerated sore that does not heal. SCC can be moreaggressive than BCC and can spread more readily to surrounding tissues and even to other parts of the body.
With early surgical treatment SCC is usually curable, so it is important to report any suspicious sores to yourhealthcare provider right away.
• Melanoma is a much more serious form of skin cancer. Unlike BCC, left untreated it can spread to other organs
and can be lethal. Melanoma often arises from moles. The key to successful treatment of melanoma is early
diagnosis. Moles should be monitored for changes. Monitoring of moles can be remembered using the “ABCD”
warning signs:
A is for Asymmetry (one half of the mole looks different than the other half)
B is for Border (moles that have an irregular, scalloped or poorly defined border)
C is for Color (variations in color from one area of the mole to another, such as different shades of tan andbrown or black, or colors such as white, red or blue within a mole)
D is for Diameter (moles larger than 6 millimeters – about the diameter of a pencil eraser – should be evaluated).
If you notice any of the “ABCD” warning signs, have your healthcare provider check the mole. Moles that have any ofthese warning signs usually need to be removed.
•

What monitoring is needed?

If you have any of the following risk factors, you should check your skin monthly for changes, and have athorough skin examination by a healthcare provider at least once a year:••••

You received radiation to any area, including total body irradiation (TBI)
You have ever had skin cancer or melanoma, or you have a family history of skin cancer or melanoma
You have “dysplastic” (atypical) moles
You had a severe sunburn at a young age

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What can I do to keep my skin healthy?

The most important thing to remember in caring for your skin is to protect it from the sun. Here are some things you
can do:•Wear protective clothing or sunscreen at all times when your skin is exposed to the sun, even on cloudy or
hazy days. The American Cancer Society recommends a sunscreen with an SPF (sun protection factor) of 15 or
higher.
• Sand, snow, concrete, water and high altitudes all increase the risk of sun damage—take extra caution toprotect your skin in these environments.
• Do not attempt to tan your skin—avoid tanning booths.
• Avoid outdoor activities from 10 am to 2 pm when the sun’s rays are most intense (11 am to 3 pm during daylight savings time). Plan outdoor activities in the early morning or late afternoon hours.
• Reapply sunscreen frequently or use a water resistant sunscreen when swimming or perspiring heavily. This
will not only help to protect you from developing skin problems, but will also help you to maintain a youthfulappearance.
If you have any questions or concerns about your skin, contact your healthcare provider. Take good care of your skinand it will take care of you!
Written by Kathy Ruble, RN, PhD, CPNP, AOCN®, Long Term Follow-up Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
Reviewed by Julie Blatt, MD; Louis S. Constine, MD; Rebecca D. Pentz, PhD; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®; and DebraFriedman MD.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to desi
gnate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information forsurvivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.

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Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

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Precautions for People Without a Functioning Spleen
What is the spleen?

The spleen is an organ located in the upper left side of the abdomen, tucked under the rib
cage, behind the stomach. It is normally about the size of a person’s fist. The spleen produces antibodies and filters bacteria from the blood. This helps the body to fight infections.
What are the risk factors for a non-functioning spleen?

•••

Surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy)High dose of radiation (at least 40 Gy/4000 cGy) to the spleen
Curretly active chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) (occuring following bonemarrow or stem cell transplant).

What problems can occur in people with a non-functioning spleen?

People without a spleen or those who have a spleen that is non-functioning are at increased
risk for developing serious infections. These infections can be fatal if not treated immediately. The types of infections most likely to occur in people without a functioning spleen arethose caused by encapsulated bacteria (germs with an outer coating that protect them fromthe body’s immune system). Some common types of encapsulated bacteria include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis.
What are the signs of infection?

Fever is a sign of infection. Often, fever is caused by a virus (like the flu) and not by dangerous bacteria. However,there is no way to know if bacteria are the cause of a fever unless a blood culture is done (by taking a blood sample
and testing it for the presence of bacteria). Unfortunately, it takes anywhere from a few hours to a few days for the
blood culture results to become available. Therefore, whenever you have a fever you must be treated with antibiotics as if you had a serious infection, at least until the blood culture results are known.
Other symptoms of infection include unusual tiredness, muscle aches, chills, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, andabdominal pain. These symptoms can be warning signs of infection even if you do not have a fever. Check with yourhealthcare provider if you develop these symptoms. Take your temperature regularly any time that you develop symptoms of illness. If you are having symptoms that you are not sure are related to an infection, contact your healthcare
provider for further recommendations.
What should I do if I get a fever?

If your temperature is 101ºF (38.3ºC) or higher you should:
•
•
•
•
•

Seek immediate medical attention (even if you are taking antibiotics).
Tell your healthcare provider that you do not have a functioning spleen.
Report any symptoms that you are experiencing (such as those listed above).
Have a blood sample taken for blood count and culture.
Receive a strong antibiotic (by injection into a vein or muscle), at least until the blood culture results areavailable.

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Is there anything I can do to prevent infections?

Vaccines: Vaccines may reduce your chances of a serious infection. We recommend that you receive the pneumococcal, meningococcal, and HIB (Haemophilus influenzae type B) vaccines. Check with your healthcare provider to
see whether you have had all of these vaccines and whether you need booster doses (additional doses given after theoriginal vaccine). Everyone should have a booster dose of pneumococcal vaccine, which should be given at least 5
years after the first shot. Additionally, there are now two types of pneumococcal vaccine (conjugate and polysaccharide), and the combination of both provides improved protection over either vaccine alone. Check with your healthcare
provider to see if you have had both types, and if not, schedule an appointment to catch-up on any doses you are
missing. Many healthcare providers also recommend yearly influenza (flu) vaccine, in order to reduce the riskof bacterial infections that can sometimes occur as a complication of the flu. It’s also important to know that even if
you have received vaccines, you are still at risk for infection, because vaccination is not 100% protective.
Antibiotics: Some healthcare providers may recommend that you take daily preventive (prophylactic) antibiotic pills,
such as penicillin, with the hope of preventing serious bacterial infections. Others may give you a prescription to haveon hand and instruct you to start taking antibiotics at the first sign of illness. Still others may recommend a prescription for antibiotics only if you are traveling to an area where it will be difficult to obtain medical care. In any case,whether or not you are taking antibiotics, it is essential that you seek immediate medical attention any timethat you develop fever, chills, or other symptoms of serious illness. Delaying a medical visit for even a few hours
can be very dangerous for you, because if you do have a bacterial infection, it can worsen rapidly.
Other precautions

Because you do not have a functioning spleen, you are also at increased risk for problems with the following infections:
Malaria: If you travel to countries where malaria is common, take special precautions to avoid getting malaria. Ask
your healthcare provider for anti-malarial medications before you travel to infested areas. During travel, use insect
repellants and other protective measures, such as netting and protective clothing.
Animal/Human Bites: Animal and human bites can result in serious bacterial infections. If you receive a bite thatbreaks the skin, you should seek immediate medical attention for treatment with antibiotics.
Ticks: People without a functioning spleen are at increased risk for an infection caused by Babesia, a germ transmitted by deer ticks. These ticks are most commonly found in the northeastern United States and in some European
countries. (Note: this is not the type of germ that causes Lyme disease). You should wear protective clothing and use
insect repellants when going outdoors in tick-infested areas. If you receive a tick bite while in an area infested withBabesia, you should remove the tick and talk to your healthcare provider about what to do.
How will my healthcare providers know about my non-functioning spleen?

Be sure to tell all of your doctors, dentists, and other healthcare providers that you do not have a functioning spleen.
You should also wear a medical alert emblem (bracelet or necklace) so that in case you are unable to communicate
in a medical emergency, you will be readily identified as not having a functioning spleen.
We also recommend that you carry a wallet card, such as the one below, with guidelines for healthcare professionals
regarding the management of fever in people without a functioning spleen.

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Wallet Card for Patients Without a Functioning Spleen

Physician Phone: _____________________________
Physician Name: _____________________________
Patient Name: _______________________________

Asplenic Patient

MEDICAL ALERTFold here

MEDICAL ALERT: Asplenic PatientThis patient is asplenic and at risk for potentially fatal, overwhelming infections. Immediate medical attention is required for fever of ≥101°F (38.3°C)
or other signs of serious illness. Suggested management includes:
1. Physical exam, CBC and blood culture.
2. Administration of a long-acting, broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotic(e.g., ceftriaxone) accompanied by close clinical monitoring while awaiting blood culture results.
3. Hospitalization and broadening of antimicrobial coverage (e.g., additionof vancomycin) may be necessary under certain circumstances, such as
the presence of marked leukocytosis, neutropenia, or significant change
from baseline CBC; toxic clinical appearance; fever ≥ 104°F; meningitis,
pneumonia, or other serious focus of infection; signs of septic shock; orprevious history of serious infection.

Written by Teresa Sweeney, RN, MSN, CPNP, After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,
Memphis, TN and Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
Reviewed by Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Julie Blatt, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Kevin Oeffinger, MD; Lise Yasui; Wendy Landier,
RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®; Lisa Bashore, PhD, RN, CPNP, CPON® and the COG Late Effects Committee..

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer

Thyroid Problems after Childhood Cancer
Some people who were treated for cancer during childhood may develop endocrine (hormone) problems as a result ofchanges in the function of a complex system of glands known as the endocrine system.
What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is a group of glands
that regulate many body functions including
growth, puberty, energy level, urine production,and stress response. Glands of the endocrine
system include the pituitary, hypothalamus,
thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary are sometimes called the“master glands” because they control many of
the other the endocrine system. Unfortunately,some treatments given for childhood cancer
can damage the endocrine system, resulting ina variety of problems.
What are hormones?

Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid

Pancreas
Adrenal glands

Ovaries

TestesHormones are chemical messengers that carryinformation from the endocrine glands through the bloodstream to the body’s cells. The endocrine system makes
many hormones (such as growth hormone, sex hormones, adrenal and thyroid hormones) that work together to maintain specific bodily functions.
What is the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck in front of the windpipe. The
gland makes two hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), that play an important role in growth and mental development, and help to regulate the body’s metabolism. The thyroid gland is controlled by the pituitary, a gland in the brain that makes
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH is released from the pituitary in response to thelevels of T4 and T3 in the blood. If the levels are low, the pituitary makes more TSH tosignal the thyroid to increase the production of thyroid hormones. If T4 and T3 are high,the pituitary makes less TSH to signal the thyroid gland to slow down production.

Pituitary gland

TSH
ThyroidT3 and T4

The possible late effects

Damage to the thyroid gland after childhood cancer is usually the result of radiation to the head, brain or neck. Thisdamage is usually very easy to treat, although it may not show up for years after treatment. Regular check-ups
may help find thyroid problems early so that the proper treatment can be started. Several different types of thyroid
problems may develop including an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), andgrowths on the thyroid that may be benign (nodules) or malignant (cancer). Surgical removal of the thyroid gland(thyroidectomy), radioiodine treatments (I-131 thyroid ablation), and high doses of MIBG (sometimes used in thetreatment of neuroblastoma) may also result in low or absent levels of thyroid hormone, depending on the amount of
thyroid tissue removed or destroyed.
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Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland is not active enough. This is the most common thyroid problem seenin childhood cancer survivors. When the thyroid gland is underactive, thyroid hormone levels are low and the body’s
metabolism slows down.
There are three different types of hypothyroidism seen in childhood cancer survivors:
Primary hypothyroidism is caused by direct damage to (or surgical removal of) the thyroid gland. Blood tests
in people with primary hypothyroidism show a high TSH because the pituitary gland is responding to the lower
than normal levels of T3 and T4 produced by the damaged thyroid gland.
• Central hypothyroidism is caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland in the brain. Blood tests
in people with central hypothyroidism show low TSH, T3 and T4 levels because the pituitary gland does notproduce enough• Compensated hypothyroidism occurs when the pituitary gland has to overwork the thyroid gland to keep thelevel of thyroid hormones normal in the blood. This may be a temporary problem after radiation, or it may be asign that the thyroid gland is beginning to fail. Blood tests in people with compensated hypothyroidism show
higher than normal TSH levels and normal T3 and T4 levels. Some survivors with compensated hypothyroidism
may be treated with thyroid hormone in order to decrease the workload on the thyroid gland.
Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism may include:
•

•
•
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Feeling tired and listless
Hoarse voice
Problems concentrating
Feeling sad/depressed
Mood changes
Constipation
Weakness•••

Feeling cold all of the time
Puffiness around the eyes
Slowing of normal growth

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Delayed onset of puberty
Puffiness of the face and hands
Weight gain
Dry skinBrittle hairMuscle and joint aches
Slowing of the heart rate
Low blood pressure
High cholesterol level
Poor exercise tolerance

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland is too active. In this condition thyroid hormone levels are high andthe body’s metabolism speeds up.
Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include:
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Jitteriness
Anxiety
Problems concentrating
Feeling tired
Muscle weakness
Tremors
Fast or irregular heartbeat
Increased sweating

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Feeling hot all of the time
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Irregular menstrual periods
Bulging or protruding eyes
Neck tenderness and swelling
Poor exercise tolerance

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Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer are growths that may occur many years after radiation to the thyroid gland.
Both usually begin as slow-growing, painless lumps in the neck. Most thyroid growths do not usually cause any
symptoms.
Who is at risk for thyroid problems?

People who received radiation that may have affected the thyroid gland directly are at risk for primary hypothyroidism, compensated hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, and/or thyroid cancer. People who received radiation to the thyroid gland in high doses (at least 40 Gy or 4000 cGy/rads) are also at risk for hyperthyroidism. The following radiation
fields have the potential to affect the thyroid gland directly:• Head/brain (cranial)• Nose, mouth, and/or throat (nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal)• Neck (cervical, supraclavicular, mantle, or mini-mantle)• Upper chest (whole lung, mediastinum)• Spine (cervical/neck portion)• Total body irradiation (TBI)
In addition, people who received radioiodine therapy (I-131), high doses of MIBG, or had their thyroid gland surgicallyremoved (thyroidectomy) are also at risk for primary hypothyroidism.
People who received radiation that may have affected the pituitary gland in the brain are at risk for central hypothyroidism. Radiation in high doses (at least 40 Gy or 4000 cGy/rads) to the following fields have the potential to affectthe pituitary gland:• Head/brain (cranial)• Eye/orbit• Ear/infratemporal region (midfacial area behind the cheekbones)• Nose, mouth, and/or throat (nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal)
Other factors that have been shown to increase the risk of thyroid problems after childhood cancer include being:• Female• Treated with higher radiation doses• Treated at a young age
Thyroid problems may occur soon after radiation, but generally do not occur until several years later. If treatedpromptly, thyroid problems are easily managed.
What follow up is needed for those at risk?

Since thyroid problems may occur many years after cancer treatment, a yearly checkup is recommended for survivors who are at risk of developing thyroid problems. This check-up should include evaluation of growth in children
and teens, examination of the thyroid gland, and a blood test to measure the levels of TSH and T4. During periods ofrapid growth, healthcare providers may recommend more frequent monitoring of thyroid levels.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
Female survivors at risk for thyroid problems who are planning to become pregnant should have their thyroid levels
checked before attempting pregnancy. It is important to do this before becoming pregnant, because mothers withthyroid disease have a higher chance of having babies with developmental problems. It is also important to monitor
thyroid levels periodically during pregnancy.
How are thyroid problems treated?

If problems with thyroid levels are identified, you may be referred to an endocrinologist (hormone specialist) for
continuing treatment. If a lump is detected on the thyroid, you may be referred to a surgeon or other specialist forevaluation and management.
All types of hypothyroidism are treated with daily thyroid pills. Treatment is usually for life. In some cases of compensated hypothyroidism, treatment may be stopped if the thyroid gland begins to work normally.
Hyperthyroidism may be treated in several ways. Sometimes medication is given on a temporary basis to prevent
thyroid hormone production. Thyroid ablation (destroying the hormone-producing cells in the gland by drinking aradioactive liquid iodine called I-131) may be done. Surgery to remove the thyroid gland is another treatment. Your
healthcare provider will determine which treatment option is the best choice for you.
Treatment for hyperthyroidism may result in hypothyroidism, which is then treated with a daily thyroid pill.
Thyroid nodules. Thyroid growths need additional testing. This is generally done with an ultrasound (picture made using sound waves) and biopsy (sampling the thyroid tissue to check for cancer cells). Surgery may be done to remove
enlarging nodules because of the concern about thyroid cancer.
Thyroid cancer. Treatment for thyroid cancer involves surgery to remove the cancer and as much additional normal
thyroid tissue as the surgeon feels is necessary. After surgery, additional treatment with radioactive iodine (I-131)
may be needed to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. After treatment for thyroid cancer, most individuals will needto take daily thyroid pills.
Written by Melissa M. Hudson, MD, After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
and Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
Reviewed by Charles Sklar, MD; Debra L. Friedman, MD, Julie Blatt, MD; Joan Darling PhD; and Susan Shaw, RN, MS, PNP.

Additional health information for childhood cancer survivors is available atwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Note: Throughout this Health Links series, the term “childhood cancer” is used to designate pediatric cancers that may occur during childhood, adolescence,or young adulthood. Health Links are designed to provide health information for survivors of pediatric cancer, regardless of whether the cancer occurred
during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
Disclaimer and Notice of Proprietary Rights
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines and Health Links: The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers and accompanying Health
Links were developed by the Children’s Oncology Group as a collaborative effort of the Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline and are maintained and updated by the Children’s
Oncology Group’s Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee and its associated Task Forces.
To cancer patients (if children, their parents or legal guardians): Please seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition and do not rely on the Informational Content. The Children’s Oncology Group is a research organization and does not provide individualized medical care or treatment.
To physicians and other healthcare providers: The Informational Content is not intended to replace your independent clinical judgment, medical advice, or to exclude other legitimate
criteria for screening, health counseling, or intervention for specific complications of childhood cancer treatment. Neither is the Informational Content intended to exclude other reasonable
alternative follow-up procedures. The Informational Content is provided as a courtesy, but not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of childhood cancer survivors. The
Children’s Oncology Group recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient, family, and healthcare provider.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Healthy living after treatment of childhood cancer
No endorsement of any specific tests, products, or procedures is made by Informational Content, the Children’s Oncology Group, or affiliated party or member of the Children’s Oncology Group.
No Claim to Accuracy or Completeness: While the Children’s Oncology Group has made every attempt to assure that the Informational Content is accurate and complete as of the date of publication,
no warranty or representation, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness, relevance, or timeliness of such Informational Content.
No Liability on Part of Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties/Agreement to Indemnify and Hold Harmless the Children’s Oncology Group and Related Parties: No liability is assumed
by the Children’s Oncology Group or any affiliated party or member thereof for damage resulting from the use, review, or access of the Informational Content. You agree to the following terms of indemnification: (i) “Indemnified Parties” include authors and contributors to the Informational Content, all officers, directors, representatives, employees, agents, and members of the Children’s Oncology Groupand affiliated organizations; (ii) by using, reviewing, or accessing the Informational Content, you agree, at your own expense, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Indemnified Parties from any and all
losses, liabilities, or damages (including attorneys’ fees and costs) resulting from any and all claims, causes of action, suits, proceedings, or demands related to or arising out of use, review or access of
the Informational Content.
Proprietary Rights: The Informational Content is subject to protection under the copyright law and other intellectual property law in the United States and worldwide. The Children’s Oncology Groupretains excursive copyright and other right, title, and interest to the Informational Content and claims all intellectual property rights available under law. You hereby agree to help the Children’s Oncology
Group secure all copyright and intellectual property rights for the benefit of the Children’s Oncology Group by taking additional action at a later time, action which could include signing consents andlegal documents and limiting dissemination or reproduction of Informational Content.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. All rights reserved worldwide.

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Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Manteniéndose Saludable a través de su Dieta y Actividades
FísicasLa buena nutrición y el ejercicio regular ofrece muchos beneficios a los sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil. Éstos beneficios incluyen:••••

Promoviendo Curas de órganos y tejidos que han sido dañados por el cáncer y su tratamiento
El desarrollo de fuerza y resistencia
Disminución de riesgo de ciertos tipos de canceres de adultos y otras enfermedades
Disminución del estrés y desarrollo de un bien estar

El Impacto del Cáncer Infantil en la Nutrición y Actividad Física

Los efectos de cáncer de niño en la nutrición y actividad física van a ser diferentes para cada sobreviviente de cáncer. El cáncer afecta la nutrición en varias formas. Unos sobrevivientes pueden encontrar que el aumento de peso es
difícil, mientras otros tienen problemas por el aumento de mucho peso. La actividad física es un factor importanteen el mantenimiento de un peso saludable. Hay muchos factores que pueden influenciar la habilidad de ser activo
físicamente de un sobreviviente; sin embargo, el cáncer infantil y su tratamiento no debe de ser excusa para no tener
una dieta saludable o mantenerse activo físicamente. Muchos sobrevivientes, como muchas personas que nunca hantenido cáncer, tienen pobres hábitos de salud. Ahora es un buen tiempo para empezar hacer decisiones saludables
sobre su dieta y ejercicio. Estas decisiones pueden tener un efecto positivo en su salud por muchos años.
El Desarrollo de un Plan de Nutrición Saludable

Sugerencias para una dieta saludable incluyen:
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Escoja una variedad de comidas de todos los grupos de comida. Utilice laguía personalizada interactiva en www.choosemyplate.gov/en-espanol.
html para ayuda de cómo desarrollar una dieta balanceada y plan de actividad.
Coma cinco o más porciones de frutas o vegetales, incluyendo frutas cítricas
y vegetales de color amarillo intenso o verde oscuro.
Cuando tome jugo, escoja uno de 100% fruta o jugo de vegetales, y tenga
un límite de 4 onzas por día.
Consuma comidas con mucha fibra, como panes de grano, arroz, pasta, y cereales.
Tenga un límite de carbohidratos refinados, incluyendo pan dulce, cereales azucarados, sodas o azúcar.
Reduzca la cantidad de grasa en sus comidas; cosa al horno, ase a la parilla, o hierba sus comidas.
Limite la cantidad de carne roja que come y substitúyela por pescado, pollo, o fríjol. Cuando coma carne roja
seleccione porciones chicas y magras.
Limite comidas con mucha grasa y fritas, como papitas fritas, papitas, hamburguesas, y pizza.
Escoja productos lácteos, y leche bajo en grasa.
Evita comidas con sal, ahumadas, a la parilla, y encurtidas.
Adultos deben de limitar su consumo de bebidas alcohólicas menos de dos al día para hombres y uno al día
para mujeres.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Si necesita perder peso, consulte con sus proveedores de cuidado de salud y un nutricionista para desarrollar unplan de nutrición. El uso de suplementos herbales o dietéticos deben de ser discutidos para determinar si realmente
son saludables. Hay varias preguntas que se debe hacer para asegurarse que su plan de nutrición va ser efectivo.
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¿Tiene una meta realista y alcanzable para su peso?
¿Su plan incluye comidas que va disfrutar comer por el resto de su vida, no nada mas unas semanas o meses?
¿Su plan incluye una variedad de comidas?
¿Las comidas en su plan están disponibles en su supermercado?
¿Su plan queda bien con su estilo de vida y su presupuesto?
¿Su plan incluye cambios de vida que le ayudaran a mantener su perdida de peso?

Desarrollando un Plan Saludable de Ejercicio

Revise con su equipo de cuidado medico antes de empezar un plan de ejercicio o empezar un nuevo deporte o una
nueva actividad recreacional. Su proveedor de cuidado de salud le puede informar de las actividades que puede
hacer y cuales debe de evitar.
Cuando escoja un plan de ejercicio, hágase estas preguntas:• ¿Tiene metas razonables basadas en su fuerza y capacidad de resistencia?
• ¿No hay riesgos en hacer la actividad?
• ¿Este plan va de acuerdo con su estilo de vida?
• ¿La actividad requiere equipo especial o de protección y cubre su presupuesto este gasto?
• ¿Necesita hacer cambios en el deporte o actividad basada en una necesidad especial?
• ¿Disfruta este deporte o actividad?
Aquí hay unas sugerencias que le pueden ayudar cuando implemente su plan de ejercicio:•

Empiece despacio. No haga actividades que son muy intensas o que lo pongan en riesgo de distención músculo.
• Empiece su plan de ejercicio con ejercicios de calentamiento y termine con una actividad para enfriarse, como
estirar las piernas y movimientos lentos fáciles.
• Use postura correcta cuando haga ejercicio.
• Haga ejercicio hasta que este cansado, no en dolor.
• Identifique los músculos que quiere reforzar y escoja ejercicios que sirven para
• ese músculo específico.
• Haga ejercicios alternativos para trabajar diferentes músculos y diferentes partes• de su cuerpo.
• Para prevenir una herida, use el equipo bien y los zapatos correctos.
• Evita correr y hacer actividades aeróbicas en el suelo de concreto o asfalto.
• Aumente su ejercicio por no más de 10 por ciento por semana.
El Instituto Nacional de Cáncer recomienda hacer ejercicio moderado (caminando, usar la bicicleta, jardinería,
pasar la aspiradora) por lo menos 30 minutos al día casi todos los días de la semana. Si no tiene tiempo para
Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

una sesión de 30 minutos, lo puede dividir en tres sesiones diferentes de 10 minutos cada uno. La Sociedad Americana de Cáncer recomienda que niños y adolescentes hagan 60 minutos de actividad moderada y vigorosa(correr, ejercicios aeróbicos, trabajo en el jardín) cinco días a la semana. Aquí hay sugerencias para tratar detener actividad física en su rutina diaria.
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Estacione el carro una buena distancia de su trabajo y camine esta distancia extra cada día.
Aparte 30 minutos al día para caminar
Tome las escaleras en ves del elevador
Si tiene un trabajo que requiere que este sentado, levántese y estire sus músculos cada hora y camine durante
su hora de almuerzo o descanso.
Use su bicicleta para ir al trabajo o hacer recados
Si tiene un perro, llevelo/a a caminar todos los días
Trabaje en su jardín, lave su carro, corte el sacate, pinte los muebles, limpie el garaje y haga todos los quehacer que tiene que hacer-en ves de ver la televisión o jugar con la computadora.
Vea televisión o lea el periódico mientras que esta en una bicicleta estacionaria o su maquina para correr.
Planee salidas activas con su familia, en ves de ir al cine.
Haga ejercicio con un amigo con quien se lleve bien.
Hágase parte de un equipo deportivo.

Actividad Física Para Sobrevivientes Con Necesidades Especiales

Los sobrevivientes que tienen necesidades especiales pueden tomar parte en la mayoría de actividades, pero la
ayuda de un terapista ocupacional o físico podria ser necesitada para adaptar la actividad para que se exitoso/a. Un
trabajador social le podrá ayudar a encontrar cobertura de aseguransa u otros recursos para equipo especial. Programas especializados para individuales con necesidades especiales, organizaciones y otros recursos están disponibles, con frecuencia, en su centro de cuidado de salud, en su comunidad, y en www.ncpad.org.
Adaptado por Sharon Frierdich, RN, MS, CPNP, Hematología/Onocolgía Pediátricas, Universidad del Hospital de Niños de Wisconsin, Madison, WI, de “Permanecer Físicamente Sano, Juegando Sanamente, Juegando Bien,” Hospital de Investigación de los
Niños de St. Jude, usado con el permiso.
Repasado por Kevin Oeffinger, MD; Missy Layfield; Octavio Zavala; and Marcia Leonard, RN, PNP
Traducido por Yulsi Fernandez, BS y Sonia Morales, BS, Escuela de Medicina de David Geffen en UCLA, a través del generoso
apoyo del Programa de Desarrollo de Facultad Médica de Harold Amos, han recibido fondos de la Fundación de Robert WoodJohnson.
Translated by Yulsi Fernandez, B.S. and Sonia Morales, B.S., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, through the generous
support of the Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Información adicional para sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil esta disponible enwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Nota: A través de esta serie de “Health Links,” el termino “cáncer infantil” es usado para designar cánceres pediátricos que pueden ocurrir durante la niñez,
adolescencia o juventud. Las Health Links son diseñadas para dar información a sobrevivientes del cáncer pediátrico ya sea que el cáncer haya ocurrido
durante la niñez, adolescencia o juventud.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil
Advertencia y Notificación de los Derechos de Propiedad
Introduccion a los Efectos a largo plazo y las Health Links: El “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” y las “Health Links” quelo acompañan fueron creados y desarrollados por el Children’s Oncology Group en colaboración con el comité de Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline.
Para propositos informativos: La información y el contenido de cada documento o series de documentos que han sido creados por el Children’s Oncology Group relacionados con los efectos a largo
plazo del tratamiento y cuidado del cáncer o conteniendo el titulo “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” o con el titulo de “Health Link”, ya
sea en formato escrito o electrónico (incluyendo todo formato digital, transmisión por correo electrónico, o descargado de la página de internet), será conocido de ahora en adelante como “Contenido
Informativo”. Todo Contenido Informativo debe ser usado con el propósito de informar solamente. El Contenido Informativo no debe sustituir el consejo medico, cuidado medico, diagnosis o tratamiento
obtenido de un doctor o un proveedor de salud.
A los Pacientes que sufren de Cáncer (si son menores de edad, a sus padres o guardianes legales): Por favor busque el consejo medico o de algún otro proveedor de salud calificado
con cualquier pregunta que tenga acerca de alguna condición de salud y no se base solamente en el Contenido Informativo. El Children’s Oncology Group es una organización de dedicada
a la investigación medica y no provee de ningún tratamiento o cuidado medico al individuo.
A los doctores y otros proveedores de salud: El Contenido Informativo no esta diseñado para sustituir su juicio clínico independiente, consejo medico, o para excluir otro criterio legitimo
para la detección, consejería, o intervención para complicaciones específicas o el tratamiento del cáncer infantil. Asimismo el Contenido Informativo no debe excluir otras alternativas
razonables a los procedimientos de cuidado de salud. El Contenido Informativo es proveído como una cortesía, pero no debe ser usado como la única guía en la evaluación de un sobreviviente de cáncer infantil. El Children’s Oncology Group reconoce que ciertas decisiones concernientes al paciente son la prerrogativa del paciente, su familia, y su proveedor de salud.
Ningún respaldo de exámenes, productos, o procedimientos específicos es hecho en el Contenido Informativo, el Children’s Oncology Group, o cualquier otra institución o miembro de el Children’s
Oncology Group.
Ningún reclamo en cuanto a la competencia: Aunque el Children’s Oncology Group ha hecho todo lo posible por asegurar que el Contenido Informativo sea correcto y este completo cuando es publicado, ninguna garantía o representación, expresa o implicada, es ofrecida en cuanto a la certeza o relevancia del dicho Contenido Informativo.
No hay obligacion o consenso de parte del Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados a indemnizar. Esto protege al Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados: Ninguna obligación es asumida
por el Children’s Oncology Group sus afiliados o miembros por daños que sean el resultado del uso, revisión, o acceso al Contenido Informativo. Usted esta sujeto a los siguientes términos de indemnización: (i) “Agentes Indemnizados” incluye a los autores y contribuidores al Contenido Informativo, todos los oficiales, directores, representantes, empleados, agentes y miembros del Children’s Oncology
Group y sus afiliados; (ii) A usar, revisar o acceder el Contenido Informativo, usted esta de acuerdo, a indemnizar, con sus recursos, defender y proteger de todo daño a los Agentes Indemnizados de toda
perdida, obligación, o daños (incluyendo el costo de abogados) resultando de cualquier y todos los reclamos, causas de acción, demandas, procedimientos, o demandas relacionadas a o a causa de larevisión o acceso al Contenido Informativo.
Derechos de Propiedad: El Contenido Informativo esta sujeto a protección bajo las leyes de copyright y otras leyes que protegen la propiedad intelectual en los Estados Unidos y en el mundo entero.
El Children’s Oncology Group retiene los derechos de copyright exclusivos y otros derechos, títulos, e intereses al Contenido Informativo y reclama todos los derechos de propiedad bajo la ley. De ahora
en adelante usted esta de acuerdo en ayudar a el Children’s Oncology Group a asegurar todos los derechos de copyright y propiedad intelectual para el beneficio del Children’s Oncology Group tomando
alguna acción adicional en una fecha futura, acciones que incluyen firmar formas de consentimiento y documentos legales que limitan diseminación o reproducción del Contenido Informativo.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Asuntos Educacionales Despues del Tratamiento para Cáncer
de la Infancia
El tratamiento contra el cáncer durante la infancia y la adolescencia puede afectar el progreso académico debido
a las ausencias prolongadas o a los decrementos en niveles de energía que suceden frecuentemente durante el
tratamiento. Además, algunos tipos de cáncer podrían requerir terapia para controlar o prevenir que la enfermedad se
extienda al cerebro y/o a la medula espinal (el sistema nervioso central). Esta terapia puede algunas veces afectar lamemoria y las habilidades de aprendizaje. Los padres y maestros deben de estar al tanto de lo problemas potenciales
de educación que podrían estar relacionados al tratamiento contra el cáncer para que los niños y adolescentes enriesgo puedan ser vigilados y ayudados si es necesario.
¿Qué incrementa el riesgo de los problemas educacionales?

Algunos factores que podrían poner a los niños y adolescentes en riesgo para tener dificultades de aprendizaje
incluyen:
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Un diagnóstico de cáncer a muy temprana edad
Numerosas o prolongadas ausencias de la escuela
Una historia de problemas de aprendizaje antes de ser diagnosticados con cáncer
Tratamiento contra el cáncer que resulta en un decremento de los niveles de energía
Tratamiento contra el cáncer que afecte la audición o visión
Tratamiento contra el cáncer que resulte en incapacidades físicas
Terapia contra el cáncer que incluye tratamiento al sistema nervioso central (vea abajo)¿El riesgo de que los niños o adolescentes desarrollen dificultades de aprendizaje es mayor con ciertos tipos de cáncer?

Si, los niños y adolescentes con los tipos de cáncer listados a continuación tienen mas probabilidad de haber recibido tratamientos que pueden afectar el aprendizaje y la memoria. Ya que los tratamientos para estos tipos de cáncer
pueden variar considerablemente, no todos los que han sido tratados contra estos canceres tiene un riesgo mayor.
••••

Tumores cerebrales
Tumores en el ojo o en el oído
Leucemia linfoblastica aguda (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, ALL)
Linfoma no Hodgkin (Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, NHL)

¿Qué tipos de tratamiento ponen a los niños y a los adolescentes en mayor riesgo para desarrollar
problemas de aprendizaje y de memoria?

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Metotrexato - si administrado en dosis altas intravenosamente (IV) o inyectado al fluido espinal (intrathecal - ITo intraommava - IO)
Citarabina - si administrado en dosis altas intravenosamente (IV)
Cirugía al cerebro
Radiación a cualquiera de las siguientes áreas:–– Cerebro (cráneo)Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil–– Oído/región infratemporal (área detrás de los pómulos de las mejillas)–– Al cuerpo entero (TBI)•

Cisplatino o carboplatino (podría afectar la audición¿Qué exámenes son recomendados?

Cualquier persona joven que ha sido sometido a los tratamientos contra el cáncer mencionados, o que esta teniendo
dificultades en la escuela, debería someterse a una evaluación especializada por un psicólogo pediátrico (exámenes
neuropsicológicos) cuando entre en su seguimiento a largo plazo. Este tipo de examen medirá IQ y habilidades
académicas, y otra información más detallada acerca de cómo el niño procesa y organiza información.
Aun si la evaluación neuropsicológica inicial es normal, es importante que los padres y los maestros se mantengan
atentos. Evaluaciones neuropsicologicas consiguientes podrían ser necesarias si el niño o adolescente empieza atener problemas en la escuela o desarrolla cualquiera de los problemas mencionados después. Además, frecuentemente es recomendado que los exámenes se repitan en ocasiones en que los desafíos académicos tengan más
probabilidad de ocurrir, como cuando el niño empieza la escuela primaria, secundaria, preparatoria, y durante laplaneación para comenzar la universidad.
¿Qué problemas de aprendizaje podrían ocurrir?

El cerebro es una estructura muy compleja que continúa creciendo y desarrollándose a través de la infancia y la adolescencia. Algunos problemas podrían permanecer ocultos hasta años después de que la terapia ha sido completada.
Las áreas problemáticas comunes incluyen:
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Escritura
Deletreo
LecturaVocabulario
Matemáticas
Concentración
Atención
Habilidad de completar las tareas a tiempo
Memoria
Procesar (habilidad de completar tareas que requieren varios pasos)
Planeación
Organización
Resolución de problemas
Habilidades sociales¿Qué se puede hacer para ayudar con problemas de aprendizaje?

Si un problema es identificado, acomodaciones especiales o servicios pueden ser pedidos para ayudar a maximizar elpotencial del estudiante. El primer paso es usualmente hacer una cita con la escuela para desarrollar un plan especial de educación. Algunos ejemplos de estrategias que son útiles para los niños y los adolescentes con problemas deaprendizaje relacionados al tratamiento contra el cáncer incluyen:
Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Sentarse cerca del frente del salón de clases
Minimizar la cantidad de trabajos escritos requeridos
Utilizar libros y clases pregrabadas
Utilizar el teclado de una computadora en vez de escribir a mano
Usar una calculadora para matemáticas
Modificación del formato de los exámenes (tiempo extra, exámenes orales en vez de escritos)
Asignar una persona que le ayude en el salón de clases
Ayuda extra con matemáticas, deletreo, lectura, y habilidades de organización
Acceso a un elevador
Tiempo extra para las transiciones entre clasesDos copias de libros, una de las copias para tener en casa

¿Qué leyes protegen los derechos de los estudiantes que han recibido tratamiento contra el cáncer
infantil?

En los Estados Unidos, existen tres leyes públicas que protegen los derechos de los estudiantes con problemas educacionales relacionados al tratamiento contra el cáncer. Estas leyes incluyen:
El Acto de Rehabilitacion de 1973 - Seccion 504 ( The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - Section 504)

Esta legislación provee acomodaciones para estudiantes que tengan “un impedimento físico o mental que limite
substancialmente una o mas actividades vitales,” o a estudiantes que tienen “un record de dicho impedimento”, oquienes son “percibidos que tienen dicho impedimiento” (Acto de Rehabilitacion de 1973 [The Rehabilitation Act,
1973 ] ). Las condiciones que califican incluyen enfermedades crónicas como el cáncer, asi como otras incapacidades, incluyendo problemas auditivos, problemas de visión, incapacidades de aprendizaje, problemas al hablar, e
incapacidades ortopédicas. Todos los sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil en los Estados Unidos son elegibles bajo esta
ley para recibir acomodaciones y todas las instituciones academicas que reciban ayuda del gobierno (incluyendo colegios y universidades) deben respetar y seguir las leyes. Las acomodaciones incluyen modificaciones en el currículo
(como permitir el uso de una calculadora y tiempo extra para completar las tareas o los exámenes) y el ambiente(como sentarse al frente del salón o permitir tiempo extra entra clases).
Los Individuos con Discapacidades Acto de Educacional (The Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act [IDEA])

La legislación IDEA (PL 105-17) requiere que las escuelas públicas provean “una educación apropiada y gratis en
un ambiente que sea en lo menormente restrictivo” para los estudiantes discapacitados entre las edades de 3 y 21
años de edad. Para calificar para los servicios ofrecidos bajo IDEA, el estudiante debe de cumplir requisitos bajo
por lo menos una discapacidad se indica en la ley - las que mas comunmente aplican a estudiantes tratados parael cáncer incluye “ discapacidad especifica del aprendizaje,” “herida traumatica de cerebro” o “ otro deterioro de lasalud.” Para tener acceso a servicios bajo la legislación de IDEA, los padres deben iniciar el proceso solicitando que
el estudiante sea evaluado por un “Plan de Educacional Individualizado” o IEP. El estudiante entonces se somete a
un proceso de evaluación para determinar que asistencia es requerida. Una conferencia se lleva a cabo para discutir
los resultados de la evaluación y, si el estudiante califica, para determinar un plan individualizado para encontrar
las necesidades educativas especializadas identificadas. Servicios disponibles bajo la legislación de IDEA incluyen
tutorías, colocaciones especializadas del salón de clases (como un salón de recurso), servicios psicológicos , adaptaDerechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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ción de educación física, terapia ocupacional del habla/lenguaje, y servicios de transportación. Todos los servicios
y comodidades requieren por el estudiante deben ser especificado en el IEP (el documento escrito que describe el
programa de educación especial). El IEP debe ser revisado y actualizado sobre una base anual para asegurar que
continua resolviendo las necesidades educativas del estudiante.
Los Americanos con Disabilities Acto (ADA)

La ley ADA (PL 101-336) protoge contra discriminacion en el empleo, el transporte, la comunicación, el gobierno ylugares publicos para personas con incapacidades. Se garantiza la igualdad de acceso a los espacios publicos, eventos, y oportunidades y puede ser especialmente util para estudiantes que buscan educacion superior o empleo.
Donde puedo conseguir yo mas informacion?

Informacion adicional esta disponible en el Centro de Información y Recursos para Padres website: www.parentcenterhub.org ).
Organización Americana de Cáncer Infantil, para la publicacion libre: Educando al Nino con Cancer, una guia para
Patentes y Maestros (telefono: 1-855-858-2226, extensión 101; website: www.acco.org).
Escrito por Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Clinica de Supervivencia, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
Repasado por Debra L. Friedman, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Joan Darling, PhD; and Scott Hawkins, LMSW
Traducido por Yulsi Fernandez, BS y Sonia Morales, BS, Escuela de Medicina de David Geffen en UCLA, a través del generoso
apoyo del Programa de Desarrollo de Facultad Médica de Harold Amos, han recibido fondos de la Fundación de Robert WoodJohnson.
Translated by Yulsi Fernandez, B.S. and Sonia Morales, B.S., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, through the generous
support of the Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Información adicional para sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil esta disponible enwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Nota: A través de esta serie de “Health Links,” el termino “cáncer infantil” es usado para designar cánceres pediátricos que pueden ocurrir durante la niñez,
adolescencia o juventud. Las Health Links son diseñadas para dar información a sobrevivientes del cáncer pediátrico ya sea que el cáncer haya ocurrido
durante la niñez, adolescencia o juventud.
Advertencia y Notificación de los Derechos de Propiedad
Introduccion a los Efectos a largo plazo y las Health Links: El “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” y las “Health Links” quelo acompañan fueron creados y desarrollados por el Children’s Oncology Group en colaboración con el comité de Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline.
Para propositos informativos: La información y el contenido de cada documento o series de documentos que han sido creados por el Children’s Oncology Group relacionados con los efectos a largo
plazo del tratamiento y cuidado del cáncer o conteniendo el titulo “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” o con el titulo de “Health Link”, ya
sea en formato escrito o electrónico (incluyendo todo formato digital, transmisión por correo electrónico, o descargado de la página de internet), será conocido de ahora en adelante como “Contenido
Informativo”. Todo Contenido Informativo debe ser usado con el propósito de informar solamente. El Contenido Informativo no debe sustituir el consejo medico, cuidado medico, diagnosis o tratamiento
obtenido de un doctor o un proveedor de salud.
A los Pacientes que sufren de Cáncer (si son menores de edad, a sus padres o guardianes legales): Por favor busque el consejo medico o de algún otro proveedor de salud calificado
con cualquier pregunta que tenga acerca de alguna condición de salud y no se base solamente en el Contenido Informativo. El Children’s Oncology Group es una organización de dedicada
a la investigación medica y no provee de ningún tratamiento o cuidado medico al individuo.
A los doctores y otros proveedores de salud: El Contenido Informativo no esta diseñado para sustituir su juicio clínico independiente, consejo medico, o para excluir otro criterio legitimo
para la detección, consejería, o intervención para complicaciones específicas o el tratamiento del cáncer infantil. Asimismo el Contenido Informativo no debe excluir otras alternativas
razonables a los procedimientos de cuidado de salud. El Contenido Informativo es proveído como una cortesía, pero no debe ser usado como la única guía en la evaluación de un sobreviviente de cáncer infantil. El Children’s Oncology Group reconoce que ciertas decisiones concernientes al paciente son la prerrogativa del paciente, su familia, y su proveedor de salud.
Ningún respaldo de exámenes, productos, o procedimientos específicos es hecho en el Contenido Informativo, el Children’s Oncology Group, o cualquier otra institución o miembro de el Children’s
Oncology Group.
Ningún reclamo en cuanto a la competencia: Aunque el Children’s Oncology Group ha hecho todo lo posible por asegurar que el Contenido Informativo sea correcto y este completo cuando es publicado, ninguna garantía o representación, expresa o implicada, es ofrecida en cuanto a la certeza o relevancia del dicho Contenido Informativo.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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No hay obligacion o consenso de parte del Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados a indemnizar. Esto protege al Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados: Ninguna obligación es asumida
por el Children’s Oncology Group sus afiliados o miembros por daños que sean el resultado del uso, revisión, o acceso al Contenido Informativo. Usted esta sujeto a los siguientes términos de indemnización: (i) “Agentes Indemnizados” incluye a los autores y contribuidores al Contenido Informativo, todos los oficiales, directores, representantes, empleados, agentes y miembros del Children’s Oncology
Group y sus afiliados; (ii) A usar, revisar o acceder el Contenido Informativo, usted esta de acuerdo, a indemnizar, con sus recursos, defender y proteger de todo daño a los Agentes Indemnizados de toda
perdida, obligación, o daños (incluyendo el costo de abogados) resultando de cualquier y todos los reclamos, causas de acción, demandas, procedimientos, o demandas relacionadas a o a causa de larevisión o acceso al Contenido Informativo.
Derechos de Propiedad: El Contenido Informativo esta sujeto a protección bajo las leyes de copyright y otras leyes que protegen la propiedad intelectual en los Estados Unidos y en el mundo entero.
El Children’s Oncology Group retiene los derechos de copyright exclusivos y otros derechos, títulos, e intereses al Contenido Informativo y reclama todos los derechos de propiedad bajo la ley. De ahora
en adelante usted esta de acuerdo en ayudar a el Children’s Oncology Group a asegurar todos los derechos de copyright y propiedad intelectual para el beneficio del Children’s Oncology Group tomando
alguna acción adicional en una fecha futura, acciones que incluyen firmar formas de consentimiento y documentos legales que limitan diseminación o reproducción del Contenido Informativo.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Asuntos Emocionales Después del Cáncer Infantil
La Experiencia de Cáncer
Diagnosis y Tratamiento

La diagnosis y el tratamiento son etapas difíciles para niños con cáncer y sus familias. Durante la diagnosis, los
niños tienen exámenes y procedimientos que son nuevos, dolorosos y dan miedo. Para los padres, la ansiedad alesperar los resultados de estos exámenes es lo peor durante este tiempo. Conocer la diagnosis puede ser un alivio,
especialmente cuando hay tratamientos efectivos disponibles. Estos tratamientos, sin embargo, pueden ser desagradables para los niños y puede ser una molestia para la familia tener que ver o dar estos tratamientos. Exámenes yprocedimientos son repetidos durante el tratamiento para verificar si el tratamiento le esta ayudando o si debe de sercambiado. Los niños con cáncer y sus padres están en el hospital frecuentemente y a menudo están lejos de su familia, amigos, hogar, trabajo o escuela por largos plazos de tiempo. Los padres se preguntan si el cáncer de su hijo/aserá curado, como reducir el sufrimiento de su hijo/a, y como hacer lo mejor de la vida. Los hermanos y hermanas
también se preocupan y a veces se ponen celosos de su hermano/a con cáncer. Los sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil
y sus hermanos a menudo se preocupan por sus padres y en su afan de protegerlos, les ocultan sus sentimientos.
Como resultado, los niños con cáncer, sus padres, y hermanos/as se pueden sentir enojados, aislados, tristes y con
miedo durante este tiempo de tratamiento. Periodos de depresión y ansiedad pueden ocurrir.
Después del tratamiento

Para los sobrevivientes y sus familias, el final del tratamiento puede traer sentimientos nuevos al aprender los resultados buenos (y no tan buenos) de un tratamiento exitoso. Durante el tratamiento, las personas se preocupan con
sobrevivir día a día. Es después del tratamiento, que las personas empiezan a pensar y reconciliarse con su experiencia. Las personas pueden experimentar varias emociones después del tratamiento que son diferentes para cada persona. Sobrevivientes y sus familias a veces tienen miedo de que su cáncer regrese. Los exámenes regulares para larecurrencia de cáncer o efectos secundarios, y posiblemente nada mas hablar de estos efectos secundarios pueden
estresar a la persona. La diagnosis de efectos secundarios relacionados al tratamiento de cáncer o algún problema
nuevo con su salud no relacionado al cáncer que tuvo de niño, también puede causar angustia. Los aniversarios deeventos de el cáncer, como la fecha de su diagnosis o final de su tratamiento o cambios de vida como el comienzo
de clases, o la normalización de relaciones con sus amigos y compañeros pueden traer emociones de alivio y felicidad, tristeza sobre la perdida de una niñez regular, y culpabilidad de haber sobrevivido el cáncer cuando otros no lohicieron. Algunos sobrevivientes pueden sentirse vulnerables a causa de su experiencia con el cáncer y pueden estar
preocupados por su salud y actuar con cuidado. Los padres de sobrevivientes de cáncer quieren proteger sus hijosde peligro. Estos sentimientos de protección pueden aumentar tensiones entre padres y adolescentes sobre temas
como independencia, especialmente en áreas que pueden afectar la salud. Otros adolescentes que han tenido cáncer
creen que porque han sobrevivido el cáncer pueden hacer lo que sea - y esto los hace invencibles. Estos pensamientos pueden causar que el sobreviviente asuma ciertas actividades difíciles con sus estudios, trabajo o pasatiempos.
Estos mismos pensamientos pueden causar que los sobrevivientes tomen parte en comportamientos perjudiciales ocon mucho riesgo.
Algunas reacciones a los estreses de la supervivencia

La mayoría del tiempo, los sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil y sus familiares responden bien a los estreses de lasupervivencia. Hay veces que los problemas físicos u otros estreses relacionados con el cáncer infantil y situaciones
comunes de todos los días pueden causar emociones intensas que necesitan atención médica. Algunos sobrevivientes y sus familiares pueden experimentar periodos de ansiedad que pueden o no causados por los recuerdos de losDerechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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aspectos negativos del tratamiento. Ellos pueden desarrollar tres tipos de síntomas comúnmente visto en personascon el desorden de estrés postraumático (PTSD), incluyendo (1) la recolección de memorias desagradables de cáncer,(2) demasiadas reacciones emocionales o físicas demasiadas, y (3) hacer todo lo posible para evitar memorias decáncer. Generalmente, los sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil y sus familiares no desarrollan todos los tres síntomas y
PTSD. Pero es posible que uno o dos de estos síntomas afecten relaciones, la escuela, el trabajo, u otras áreas importantes en la vida de un superviviente.
El desarrollo personal puede ser otra reacción a los estreses de la supervivencia. Después de años de vivir con cáncer infantil, ciertos sobrevivientes y sus familias descubren que han tenido cambios personales benéficos o significativos, en sus relaciones con otras personas, y sus valores como resultado de sus experiencias. No quiere decir queestos sobrevivientes escogieron tener cáncer, si no que han encontrado cambios positivos como resultado de habersobrevivido esta experiencia estresante. Experimentar estos cambios positivos es a veces referido como crecimiento
postraumático.
Factores de Riesgos

Ciertos factores pueden afectar el desarrollo de depresión y ansiedad con síntomas de estrés postraumático despuésde la diagnosis y tratamiento del cáncer infantil, incluyendo:
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Ser del género femenino
La adolescencia o ser un adulto joven
Trauma previo
Salud mental o problemas de aprendizaje antes del cáncer infantil
Niveles bajos de apoyo social
Historia de depresión, ansiedad, o PTSD en padres
Cáncer del cerebro o columna (El sistema nervioso central)
Tratamiento de cáncer al sistema nervioso central (radiación a la cabeza, quimioterapia al liquido espinal)
Transplante de células hematopoeticas (medula ósea o transplante de células madre)

Cuando Buscar Ayuda

Personas con angustia (1) que dura dos semanas o más, y/o (2) interfiere con su habilidad de hacer la tarea o trabajo,
deben de llamarle a su proveedor de cuidado de salud para hablar sobre la necesidad de ser referido a un profesional de salud mental. Debido a que problemas con su salud física pueden causar estos mismos síntomas, un examen
completo administrado por su doctor general es recomendado si estos síntomas ocurren. Algunas indicaciones deque ayuda es necesitada incluyen:
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Cambio en apetito o peso
Llorar fácilmente o la inhabilidad de llorar
Bajo nivel de energía o cansancio constante
Dormir demasiado
No dormir bien
Desesperación: pensamientos de muerte, escapa o suicidio
Aumento en irritabilidad
Interés baja en actividades que antes eran placenteras

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Recolección no deseada de aspectos de cáncer dolorosos
Tener mucho miedo, malestar o enojo cuando piensa acerca del cáncer
Reacciones físicas (ritmo cardiaco acelerado, inhabilidad de respirar, nausea) cuando piensa acerce del cáncer
Eludir sus visitas para el cuidado de su salud
Negarse en hablar acerca del cáncer

Comparte su preocupaciones con su proveedor de cuidado medico

Si usted experiencia angustia, hable sobre eso con su doctor general o con su especialista de cáncer infantil. Su
angustia puede estar relacionada a su experiencia con el cáncer, preocupaciones con los efectos secundarios, o otros
eventos en su vida. Cualquiera que sea el caso, hay tratamiento. Hablar con otros sobre sus miedos y preocupaciones es el primer paso en conseguir el control. Además de recibir ayuda de un proveedor de salud médica, algunas
personas también encuentran apoyo en grupos de apoyo, participaciones en actividades en su lugar de veneración,o espiritualidad. Contar con apoyo puede ayudar a los sobrevivientes y sus familias controlar estas dificultades enmaneras útiles.
Opciones de Tratamiento

Tratamientos para la depresión, ansiedad, y síntomas de estrés postraumático incluyen terapia en grupo o individual
y medicamento. El medicamento usualmente trabaja en combinación con otra forma de terapia. Profesionales para lasalud mental (incluyendo enfermeras, siquiatras, sicólogos, y trabajadores sociales) dan tratamiento para la depresión
y ansiedad en varios locales comunitarios. Su proveedor de cuidado medico le puede ayudar encontrar un profesional
adecuado para la salud mental en su comunidad.
RecursosHay apoyo disponible para sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil y sus familias que tienen ansiedad y depresión despuésde su tratamiento. Estos son unos de los recursos que hay disponibles:
Sociedad Americano de Cáncer (www.cancer.org)
Esta página de Internet tiene servicios y programas, e historias de esperanza para sobrevivientes de cáncer y sus
familias.
Asociación Americana Siquiátrica (www.healthyminds.org)
Esta página de Internet provee indicaciones para escoger un siquiatra.
La Asociación Americana de Desordenes de Ansiedad (www.adaa.org)
Esta página da información que puede ayudar a personas con desordenes de ansiedad encontrar tratamiento y desarrollar aptitudes para ayudarse a uno mismo.
Organización Americana de Cáncer Infantil (www.acco.org )Esta página ofrece educación, apoyo y servicio para las familias de niños con cáncer, sobrevivientes de cáncer, y losprofesionales que los cuidan.
Grupo de Oncología Infantil (www.childrensoncologygroup.org)
Esta página de Internet tiene información para padres y familias relacionada al cáncer especifico, etapa de tratamiento y edad. También da consejos de cómo navegar el sistema medico, recibir y dar apoyo, y mantener un vida saludable.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Instituto Nacional de Cuidado Mental (www.nimh.nih.gov )Esta página tiene información general sobre la ansiedad y depresión, tratamientos disponibles, como encontrar unproveedor para su salud mental, y como encontrar reportes y otra información. Vea estos sitios específicos en su
página de Internet:
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml
Guías Con Enfoque al Paciente (http://childhoodcancerguides.org/sresource.html )Esta página tiene una lista de clínicas de seguimiento a largo plazo sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil y artículos relacionados a las necesidades sociales de un sobreviviente.
Revisado por Sheila Judge Santacroce, PhD, APRN, CPNP, Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
Adaptado originalmente por Debra Kent, RN, MSN, CPNP, Supervivencia del Centro de Cáncer, Centro Médico del Hospital Infantil
de Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, de “Manejamiento de Emociones después de enfermedades de la niñez” por Melissa Hudson, MD,
Después de la Terminación de la Clínica (ACT) de Terapia, Hospital de Investigación de Niños de St. Jude, Memphis, TN.
Repasado por Joe Don Cavender, MSN, RN, CPNP; Daniel Armstrong, PhD; Joan Darling, PhD; Catherine L. Woodman, MD; Scott
Hawkins, LMSW; y Octavio Zavala.
Traducido por Yulsi Fernandez, BS y Sonia Morales, BS, Escuela de Medicina de David Geffen en UCLA, a través del generoso
apoyo del Programa de Desarrollo de Facultad Médica de Harold Amos, han recibido fondos de la Fundación de Robert WoodJohnson.
Translated by Yulsi Fernandez, B.S. and Sonia Morales, B.S., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, through the generous
support of the Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Información adicional para sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil esta disponible enwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Nota: A través de esta serie de “Health Links,” el termino “cáncer infantil” es usado para designar cánceres pediátricos que pueden ocurrir durante la niñez,
adolescencia o juventud. Las Health Links son diseñadas para dar información a sobrevivientes del cáncer pediátrico ya sea que el cáncer haya ocurrido
durante la niñez, adolescencia o juventud.
Advertencia y Notificación de los Derechos de Propiedad
Introduccion a los Efectos a largo plazo y las Health Links: El “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” y las “Health Links” quelo acompañan fueron creados y desarrollados por el Children’s Oncology Group en colaboración con el comité de Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline.
Para propositos informativos: La información y el contenido de cada documento o series de documentos que han sido creados por el Children’s Oncology Group relacionados con los efectos a largo
plazo del tratamiento y cuidado del cáncer o conteniendo el titulo “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” o con el titulo de “Health Link”, ya
sea en formato escrito o electrónico (incluyendo todo formato digital, transmisión por correo electrónico, o descargado de la página de internet), será conocido de ahora en adelante como “Contenido
Informativo”. Todo Contenido Informativo debe ser usado con el propósito de informar solamente. El Contenido Informativo no debe sustituir el consejo medico, cuidado medico, diagnosis o tratamiento
obtenido de un doctor o un proveedor de salud.
A los Pacientes que sufren de Cáncer (si son menores de edad, a sus padres o guardianes legales): Por favor busque el consejo medico o de algún otro proveedor de salud calificado
con cualquier pregunta que tenga acerca de alguna condición de salud y no se base solamente en el Contenido Informativo. El Children’s Oncology Group es una organización de dedicada
a la investigación medica y no provee de ningún tratamiento o cuidado medico al individuo.
A los doctores y otros proveedores de salud: El Contenido Informativo no esta diseñado para sustituir su juicio clínico independiente, consejo medico, o para excluir otro criterio legitimo
para la detección, consejería, o intervención para complicaciones específicas o el tratamiento del cáncer infantil. Asimismo el Contenido Informativo no debe excluir otras alternativas
razonables a los procedimientos de cuidado de salud. El Contenido Informativo es proveído como una cortesía, pero no debe ser usado como la única guía en la evaluación de un sobreviviente de cáncer infantil. El Children’s Oncology Group reconoce que ciertas decisiones concernientes al paciente son la prerrogativa del paciente, su familia, y su proveedor de salud.
Ningún respaldo de exámenes, productos, o procedimientos específicos es hecho en el Contenido Informativo, el Children’s Oncology Group, o cualquier otra institución o miembro de el Children’s
Oncology Group.
Ningún reclamo en cuanto a la competencia: Aunque el Children’s Oncology Group ha hecho todo lo posible por asegurar que el Contenido Informativo sea correcto y este completo cuando es publicado, ninguna garantía o representación, expresa o implicada, es ofrecida en cuanto a la certeza o relevancia del dicho Contenido Informativo.
No hay obligacion o consenso de parte del Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados a indemnizar. Esto protege al Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados: Ninguna obligación es asumida
por el Children’s Oncology Group sus afiliados o miembros por daños que sean el resultado del uso, revisión, o acceso al Contenido Informativo. Usted esta sujeto a los siguientes términos de indemni-

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil
zación: (i) “Agentes Indemnizados” incluye a los autores y contribuidores al Contenido Informativo, todos los oficiales, directores, representantes, empleados, agentes y miembros del Children’s Oncology
Group y sus afiliados; (ii) A usar, revisar o acceder el Contenido Informativo, usted esta de acuerdo, a indemnizar, con sus recursos, defender y proteger de todo daño a los Agentes Indemnizados de toda
perdida, obligación, o daños (incluyendo el costo de abogados) resultando de cualquier y todos los reclamos, causas de acción, demandas, procedimientos, o demandas relacionadas a o a causa de larevisión o acceso al Contenido Informativo.
Derechos de Propiedad: El Contenido Informativo esta sujeto a protección bajo las leyes de copyright y otras leyes que protegen la propiedad intelectual en los Estados Unidos y en el mundo entero.
El Children’s Oncology Group retiene los derechos de copyright exclusivos y otros derechos, títulos, e intereses al Contenido Informativo y reclama todos los derechos de propiedad bajo la ley. De ahora
en adelante usted esta de acuerdo en ayudar a el Children’s Oncology Group a asegurar todos los derechos de copyright y propiedad intelectual para el beneficio del Children’s Oncology Group tomando
alguna acción adicional en una fecha futura, acciones que incluyen firmar formas de consentimiento y documentos legales que limitan diseminación o reproducción del Contenido Informativo.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Asuntos de Salud de la Mujer Despues del Tratamiento para el
Cáncer Infantil
Los efectos de la terapia de cáncer infantil en el sistema reproducción femenino depende en varios factores, incluyendo la edad de la niña durante el tiempo terapéutico, el tipo especifico y localización del cáncer, y el tratamiento que
fue administrada. Es importante entender como funcionan los ovarios y los órganos reproductivos de la mujer y comopueden ser afectados por el tratamiento dado para tratar el cáncer durante la infancia.
El Sistema Reproductivo Femenino

Al nacer, los ovarios contienen todos los óvulos que iran a tener. Cuando llega
el momento de comenzar la pubertad, la glándula pituitaria en el cerebro
Ovarioseñala a los ovarios con la liberación de dos hormonas (FSH y LH). Los
ovarios secretan las hormonas femeninas estrógeno y progesterona, que sonnecesarias para la función reproductora. Normalmente, durante el ciclo deÚteromenstruación mensual, un ovulo se madura y es liberado de los ovarios. Si
el ovulo no es fertilizado, comienza la menstruación. El ciclo se repite cada
28 días. Con cada ciclo de menstruación, el numero de óvulos se disminuye.
Cuando la mayoría de los óvulos son disminuídos de los ovarios de la mujer, empieza la menopausia. Durante lamenopausia, el ciclo de menstruación termina, los ovarios dejan de producir hormonas, y la mujer no podrá quedar
embarazada.
¿Como afecta la terapia de cáncer a los ovarios?

Ciertas drogas de quimioterapia, terapia de radiación, y la cirugía a veces puede dañar los ovarios, reduciendo lareserva de óvulos que guardan. Cuando los ovarios no son capaces de producir óvulos ni hormonas, esto se llama
insuficiencia ovárico.
¿Cuáles son las causas de la insuficiencia ovárico?

La quimioterapia de tipo “alquilantes” (como ciclofosfamida, mostaza nitrogenada y busulfan) tiene mas probabilidades de afectar la función ovárica. La dosis total de alquilantes utilizados durante el tratamiento del cáncer es
importante para determinar la probabilidad de danos a los ovarios. Con la totalidad de dosis mas alta, la probabilidad
de dañar a los ovarios aumenta. Si el tratamiento para el cáncer infantil incluyo una combinación de radiación y quimioterapia alquilante, el riesgo de insuficiencia ovárico también puede ser aumentado.
Terapia de radiación puede afectar la función ovárico en dos maneras:
Insuficiencia primario (directo) de los ovarios puede ser causado por la radiación que se dirige directamente eno cerca de los ovarios. La edad de la persona en el momento de la radiación y la dosis total de la radiación pueden
afectar si ocurre o no la insuficiencia ovárico. En general, las niñas mas jóvenes tienden a tener menos daño a losovarios que las personas que recibieron dosis iguales, pero que fueron adolescentes o adultos jóvenes en el momento de la radiación. Sin embargo, dosis altas usualmente causan que los ovarios dejen de funcionar en la mayoría demujeres a pesar de la edad.
Insuficiencia secundario (indirecto) de los ovarios puede ocurrir como resultado de la terapia de radiación al
cerebro. La glándula pituitaria, localizada al centro del cerebro, regulariza la producción de dos hormonas (FSH y LH)
necesitadas para la función de los ovarios. Radiación al cerebro en dosis altas puede dañar la glándula pituitaria,
resultando en bajos niveles de estas hormonas.
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Cirugía. Si los dos ovarios fueron extirpados (ooforectomía bilateral) durante la terapia de cáncer, esto siempre
resulta en insuficiencia ovárico. Este tipo de insuficiencia ovárico se le llama “menopausia quirúgica.” Si solamente
un ovario fue extirpado (ooforectomía unilateral ), la menopausia puede ocurrir antes de tiempo (“menopausia
prematura”).
¿Qué tipos de terapia de cáncer aumenta el riesgo de insuficiencia ovárico?

Mujeres que recibieron la siguiente terapia pueden estar en riesgo de insuficiencia ovárico:•

Terapia de Radiación al cualquier de las siguientes áreas:–– Abdomen entero–– Pelvis–– La parte inferior de la Espina Dorsal (áreas lumbar y sacral)–– Irradiación Corporal Total (TBI)–– Cabeza/cerebro (craneal) – si la dosis fue de 30 Gy (3000 cGy/rads) o mas•

Quimioterapia - la clase de droga llamada “alquilante” puede causar insuficiencia ovárico cuando es dada en
dosis altos. Ejemplos de estas drogas son:Agentes Alquilantes:–– Busulfán–– Carmustina (BCNU)–– Clorambucil–– Ciclofosfamida (Cytoxan®)–– Ifosfamida–– Lomustina (CCNU)–– Mecloretamina (mostaza nitrogenada)–– Melfalán–– Procarbacina–– Tiotepa
Metales Pesados:–– Carboplatino–– Cisplatino
Alquilante no clásico:–– Dacarbazina (DTIC)–– Temozolamida
Cirugía:–– Extirpación de un ovario o los dos ovarios

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil¿Cuáles son los efectos de la terapia de cáncer infantil en el sistema reproductivo femenino?

1. Insuficiencia de entrar a la pubertad. La niñas pre-pubertal que han recibido terapia de cáncer que resulta
en insuficiencia ovárica van a necesitar terapia hormonal (hormonas recetadas por un doctor) para que puedan
progresar hacia la pubertad. Si esto sucede, se debe referir a un endocrinólogo (doctor de hormonas) para una
evaluación y el mantenimiento.
2. Cesación temporal del ciclo de menstruación. Varias mujeres quienes ya están menstruando dejaran detener su periodo mensual durante el tratamiento del cáncer. En muchos de los casos, el ciclo de menstruación
resumirá cualquier tiempo después de terminar el tratamiento de cáncer, aunque el tiempo de esto es impredecible. En otros casos, se llevara varios años antes de comenzar el ciclo de menstruación. Como los óvolos
son liberados antes del ciclo menstrual, el embarazo puede ocurrir antes que el periodo menstrual resume. Si
el embarazo no es deseado, el control de la natalidad (anticoncepción) debería ser utilizado, aunque losciclos menstruales no se han resumido.
3. Cesación permanente de los ciclos menstruales (menopausia prematura). La menopausia (la cesación
permanente de los ciclos menstruales) ocurre en una edad promedia de 51 anos. Mujeres quienes ya hanestado menstruando antes de la terapia de cáncer algunas veces desarrollan insuficiencia ovárica como resultado del tratamiento de cáncer y nunca resumen los ciclos menstruales. Algunas otras mujeres resumen sus
ciclos menstruales, pero luego dejan de menstruar mas temprano de lo esperado. Si una mujer actualmenteesta menstruando pero recibió la quimioterapia o la radiación que puede afectar la función de los ovarios o hatenido un ovario extirpado, ella corre el riesgo de entra a la menopausia prematura. Si una mujer que esta alriesgo de la menopausia prematura desea tener hijos, es mejor no demorar la maternidad después delos treinta años, porque el periodo de la fertilidad puede ser reducido después de la terapia de cáncer.
4. Falta de las hormonas femeninas. Mujeres con insuficiencia ovárica no producen suficiente estrógeno. El
estrógeno es necesitado para otras funciones no solamente para la reproducción - es muy importante para elmantenimiento de los huesos fuertes y saludables, un corazón saludable, y el bienestar en general. Las mujeres jóvenes con insuficiencia ovárica deberían de ver a un endocrinólogo (especialista de hormonas) para la
terapia de reemplazo hormonal, que serán necesarias hasta que llegen a la mediana edad.
5. Infertilidad. La infertilidad es la incapacidad de lograr un embarazo después de un año de tener relaciones
sexuales sin protección. En las mujeres, la infertilidad ocurre cuando los ovarios no producen los óvulos (insuficiencia ovárico), o cuando los órganos de la reproducción no pueden sostener un embarazo. La infertilidad
puede ser el resultado de una cirugía, la radiación, quimioterapia, o cualquier combinación de estos. También
podrá haber otras razones que causan la infertilidad que no son relacionadas al tratamiento de cáncer.
Si una mujer tiene periodos menstruales mensuales regulares y niveles de hormonas normales (FSH, LH, yestradiol), es probable que sea fértil y capaz de tener un bebe. Si una mujer no tiene los periodos menstruales
mensuales, o si tiene periodos menstruales solo con el uso de suplementos de hormonas, o si tuvo que tomar
hormonas para entrar a la pubertad, ella es probable de ser estéril.
A las niñas que se les han extirpado los dos ovarios quirúrgicamente serán infértiles. A las niñas que se leshan extirpado el útero quirúrgicamente (histerectomía) pero aun tienen los ovarios que funcionan pueden sermadres con el uso de un sustituto gestacional (una mujer que carga el embarazo). Las mujeres que son infértiles deberían de discutir sus opciones con un especialista de fertilidad y su oncólogo. El uso de los óvulos
donados puede ser una alternativa para algunas mujeres. Opciones adicionales pueden incluir la adopción deun bebe que no sea relacionado biológicamente o vivir sin hijos.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

6. Riesgos del embarazo. Ciertas terapias usadas durante el tratamiento para el cáncer infantil pueden aumentar el riesgo de enfrentar problemas que una mujer puede tener durante un embarazo o el parto. Las siguientes
mujeres pueden tener el riesgo aumentado:• Mujeres que tuvieron radiación en el abdomen completo, el pelvis, la espina dor sal inferior, o irradación corporal total(TBI) corren el riesgo de un aborto natural, parto prematuro, o problemas durante el parto.
• Mujeres que recibieron quimioterapia antraciclina (como doxorrubicina o daunorubicina), y mujeres que recibieron radiación a la parte superior del abdomen o el pecho pueden tener el riesgo de problemas del corazón que
pueden empeorar con el embarazo o el parto (vea el Health Link relacionado: “Heart Health”).
Mujeres con estos riesgos deben ser observadas atentamente por un obstetra que sea calificado para cuidar de las
mujeres con embarazos de riesgos altos.
Afortunadamente, en la mayoría de los casos, no hay mayor riesgo de cáncer o defectos congénitos en niños nacidos de sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil. En raros casos, si el tipo de cáncer en la infancia era genético (heredado),
entonces puede haber un riesgo de transmitir este tipo de cáncer en un niño. Usted debe verificar con su oncólogo si
no esta seguro si el tipo de cáncer que tuvo fue genético.
¿Qué monitorización se recomienda?

Mujeres que han tenido alguno de los tratamientos contra el cáncer que puedan afectar la función ovárica debería
tener un chequeo anual, que incluye una evaluación cuidadosa de la progresión a través de la pubertad, la menstruación y historial del embarazo, y la función sexual. La sangre puede ser examinada para los niveles de hormonas(FSH, LH, y estradiol). Si se detecta algún problema, una referencia a un endocrinólogo (especialista de hormonas) y/o
otros especialistas pueden ser recomendados. Para las mujeres con insuficiencia ovárico, una prueba de densidadósea (tipo especial de rayos X) para comprobar si hay adelgazamiento de los huesos (osteoporosis) también puede
ser recomendado.
Escrito por Marcia Leonard, RN, PNP, Clínica de Seguimiento a Largo Plazo, Departamento de Hematología-Oncología Pediátrico,Centro Médico de la Universidad de Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Repasado por Charles Sklar, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Daniel Green, MD; Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP,
CPON©; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; y Peggy Kulm, RN, MA.
Traducido por Yulsi Fernandez, BS y Sonia Morales, BS, Escuela de Medicina de David Geffen en UCLA, a través del generoso
apoyo del Programa de Desarrollo de Facultad Médica de Harold Amos, han recibido fondos de la Fundación de Robert WoodJohnson.
Translated by Yulsi Fernandez, B.S. and Sonia Morales, B.S., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, through the generous
support of the Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Información adicional para sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil esta disponible enwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Nota: A través de esta serie de “Health Links,” el termino “cáncer infantil” es usado para designar cánceres pediátricos que pueden ocurrir durante la niñez,
adolescencia o juventud. Las Health Links son diseñadas para dar información a sobrevivientes del cáncer pediátrico ya sea que el cáncer haya ocurrido
durante la niñez, adolescencia o juventud.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil
Advertencia y Notificación de los Derechos de Propiedad
Introduccion a los Efectos a largo plazo y las Health Links: El “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” y las “Health Links” quelo acompañan fueron creados y desarrollados por el Children’s Oncology Group en colaboración con el comité de Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline.
Para propositos informativos: La información y el contenido de cada documento o series de documentos que han sido creados por el Children’s Oncology Group relacionados con los efectos a largo
plazo del tratamiento y cuidado del cáncer o conteniendo el titulo “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” o con el titulo de “Health Link”, ya
sea en formato escrito o electrónico (incluyendo todo formato digital, transmisión por correo electrónico, o descargado de la página de internet), será conocido de ahora en adelante como “Contenido
Informativo”. Todo Contenido Informativo debe ser usado con el propósito de informar solamente. El Contenido Informativo no debe sustituir el consejo medico, cuidado medico, diagnosis o tratamiento
obtenido de un doctor o un proveedor de salud.
A los Pacientes que sufren de Cáncer (si son menores de edad, a sus padres o guardianes legales): Por favor busque el consejo medico o de algún otro proveedor de salud calificado
con cualquier pregunta que tenga acerca de alguna condición de salud y no se base solamente en el Contenido Informativo. El Children’s Oncology Group es una organización de dedicada
a la investigación medica y no provee de ningún tratamiento o cuidado medico al individuo.
A los doctores y otros proveedores de salud: El Contenido Informativo no esta diseñado para sustituir su juicio clínico independiente, consejo medico, o para excluir otro criterio legitimo
para la detección, consejería, o intervención para complicaciones específicas o el tratamiento del cáncer infantil. Asimismo el Contenido Informativo no debe excluir otras alternativas
razonables a los procedimientos de cuidado de salud. El Contenido Informativo es proveído como una cortesía, pero no debe ser usado como la única guía en la evaluación de un sobreviviente de cáncer infantil. El Children’s Oncology Group reconoce que ciertas decisiones concernientes al paciente son la prerrogativa del paciente, su familia, y su proveedor de salud.
Ningún respaldo de exámenes, productos, o procedimientos específicos es hecho en el Contenido Informativo, el Children’s Oncology Group, o cualquier otra institución o miembro de el Children’s
Oncology Group.
Ningún reclamo en cuanto a la competencia: Aunque el Children’s Oncology Group ha hecho todo lo posible por asegurar que el Contenido Informativo sea correcto y este completo cuando es publicado, ninguna garantía o representación, expresa o implicada, es ofrecida en cuanto a la certeza o relevancia del dicho Contenido Informativo.
No hay obligacion o consenso de parte del Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados a indemnizar. Esto protege al Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados: Ninguna obligación es asumida
por el Children’s Oncology Group sus afiliados o miembros por daños que sean el resultado del uso, revisión, o acceso al Contenido Informativo. Usted esta sujeto a los siguientes términos de indemnización: (i) “Agentes Indemnizados” incluye a los autores y contribuidores al Contenido Informativo, todos los oficiales, directores, representantes, empleados, agentes y miembros del Children’s Oncology
Group y sus afiliados; (ii) A usar, revisar o acceder el Contenido Informativo, usted esta de acuerdo, a indemnizar, con sus recursos, defender y proteger de todo daño a los Agentes Indemnizados de toda
perdida, obligación, o daños (incluyendo el costo de abogados) resultando de cualquier y todos los reclamos, causas de acción, demandas, procedimientos, o demandas relacionadas a o a causa de larevisión o acceso al Contenido Informativo.
Derechos de Propiedad: El Contenido Informativo esta sujeto a protección bajo las leyes de copyright y otras leyes que protegen la propiedad intelectual en los Estados Unidos y en el mundo entero.
El Children’s Oncology Group retiene los derechos de copyright exclusivos y otros derechos, títulos, e intereses al Contenido Informativo y reclama todos los derechos de propiedad bajo la ley. De ahora
en adelante usted esta de acuerdo en ayudar a el Children’s Oncology Group a asegurar todos los derechos de copyright y propiedad intelectual para el beneficio del Children’s Oncology Group tomando
alguna acción adicional en una fecha futura, acciones que incluyen firmar formas de consentimiento y documentos legales que limitan diseminación o reproducción del Contenido Informativo.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Encontrando y Pagando su Cuidado Médico después del Tratamiento por el Cáncer Infantil
Como sobreviviente de cáncer infantil, es importante que usted tenga visitas médicas regulares, por que posiblemente algunos de los tratamientos que usted recibió pueden aumentar las posibilidades de tener problemas con su
salud cuando crezca. Muchas veces es difícil encontrar y pagar el cuidado medico que necesita. Hay varias cosasque puede hacer para asegurase que esta recibiendo el mejor cuidado médico que necesita. Aquí hay unas sugerencias.
Si es posible, encuentre una clínica seguimiento a largo plazo. Muchas clínicas en donde tratan a niños quetienen cáncer tienen seguimiento a largo plazo. Un directorio de clínicas de seguimiento a largo plazo asociadas
con las instituciones del Grupo de Oncología Infantil se puede encontrar en este enlace: http://applications.childrensoncologygroup.org/Surveys/lateEffects/lateEffects.PublicSearch.asp. Si usted todavía es visto en unasde estas clínicas, o si hay unas de estas clínicas cerca de donde usted vive, póngase en contacto con ese centro
para hablar de sus opciones para obtener cuidado de seguimiento a largo plazo. Clínicas de seguimiento a largo
plazo usualmente lo revisan para efectos secundarios y educa a sobrevivientes sobre maneras de disminuir el riesgo
de problemas de salud después del cáncer. Estas clínicas, generalmente son lugares excelentes para completar
una evaluación de salud, pero no están diseñadas para cumplir con las necesidades comunes de un sobreviviente.
Además, algunos de los programas de seguimiento a largo plazo nada más pueden ver a sobrevivientes hasta quesean adultos, que indica la edad de 18 o 21. Entonces, si está atendiendo esta clínica de seguimiento a largo plazo,
es importante encontrar también a un medico general que pueda hacerse cargo de sus necesidades médicas generales.
Escoja un doctor general en su comunidad. Los mejores médicos generales para adultos son los que se han
especializado en familiar o medicina interna. La posibilidad de encontrar un doctor general que tiene experiencia conel cuidado de sobrevivientes de cáncer es baja, debido a que es raro que niños tengan enfermedades serias comocáncer. Sin embargo, es importante buscar un médico que es minucioso, que este bien entrenado, y que lo escuche.
Pídale a sus amigos y familia que le ayuden a identificar médicos con estas cualidades que practican en su área.
Haga una cita para chequeos generales y hable sobre su historial médico y los riesgos de salud durante su visita. Es
mejor hacer esto cuando está bien de salud, y no cuando lo están viendo por que está enfermo.
Dígale a su médico de las guías del Cuidado de seguimiento a largo plazo para Sobrevivientes de Cáncer
Infantil, disponible en el Internet en la página del www.survivorshipguidelines.org. Esta lista de requisitos parael manejo de detección de salud son diseñados para el uso de profesionales que están proporcionando cuidado en
seguimiento a largo plazo a sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil.
Organice un equipo médico local para que le den su cuidado. Obtenga consejos del doctor que trató su cáncer
infantil y su doctor general sobre quien debe ser parte del equipo medico para su cuidado de seguimiento a largo
plazo. Su equipo siempre debe tener un doctor general y un dentista. Dependiendo en su situación, usted también va
tener que incluir otros profesionales que son importantes para mantener su salud, como un terapista físico o psicólogo. Su doctor general le puede ayudar a seleccionar a estos individuos y/o referirlo a ellos.
Comparta su expediente médico con todos los miembros de su equipo medico. Pregúntele a su hospital o clínica que mande copias de su tratamiento médico a todos sus nuevos proveedores médicos. Si es posible, pregúntele aldoctor que lo trató por su cáncer infantil que le de un resumen con su diagnosis y tratamiento, riesgos para el futuro,y exámenes médicos recomendados. Mantenga una copia de su resumen y secciones importantes de su expediente
médico en un archivo personal. Este seguro que cada nuevo proveedor médico que tenga este conciente de su pasaDerechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial. Finding and Paying for Healthcare | Version 4.0 | 10/13 | Página 1 de 5

Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

do medico y riesgos secundarios que puede tener como resultado de su tratamiento para el cáncer. Si necesita ayuda
para obtener estos expedientes médicos, llame al hospital, clínica, o centro médico en donde recibió su tratamiento.
Sea un compañero en el cuidado médico que recibe. Para enterarse si esta recibiendo el cuidado adecuado,
hágase estas preguntas:
•
•
•
•
•

¿Sé mi diagnosis de cáncer y el tratamiento específico que recibí?
¿Sé los problemas de salud que pueden ocurrir despues de este tratamiento?
¿Hé compartido esta información con mis proveedores médicos?
¿Me revisa frecuente mi proveedor médico para ver si tengo problemas con mi salud relacionados con cáncer
infantil?
¿Me aconseja mi proveedor médico de cosas que debo o no debo de hacer para mantenerme saludable
después de mi tratamiento por cáncer infantil?

Explore todos los recursos que existen para pagar su cuidado médico. El cuidado médico es caro y personas que hantenido enfermedades serias muchas veces se enfrentan con obstáculos cuando tratan para obtener una adecuada
atención de seguimiento. En los Estados Unidos, las compañías de seguro médico están obligados a proporcionar
cobertura para los sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil, independientemente de las condiciones médicas pre-existentes.
La ley también ahora proporciona la opción de cobertura bajo la póliza de seguro médico de los padres para losadultos jóvenes menores de 26 años. Más información sobre sus derechos y protecciones bajo la ley de cuidado de lasalud (comúnmente conocido como “La Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible”) está disponible en este enlace: https://www.healthcare.gov/how-does-the-health-care-law-protect-me/. Si usted no tiene seguro, usted debe buscar
asistencia de una organización de servicio social local o su trabajador social del hospital para identificar sus opciones
de cobertura.
Como sobreviviente del cáncer infantil, usted ya a vencido muchos obstáculos. ¡¡El proceso de obtener y pagar por su
cuidado medico puede ser desalentador, pero vale la pena!!
Lista de Cobertura del Cuidado de un Sobreviviente de Cáncer
Defina sus necesidades para el cuidado de su salud. Pregúntese:

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•
•
•
•

¿Necesito un proveedor médico para chequeos generales?
¿Tengo problemas crónicas de salud que requieren visitas frecuentes al médico?
¿Tengo problemas que necesitan ser observados periódicamente por un especialista?
¿Tengo prescripciones médicas caras?
¿Necesito servicios de rehabilitación o prótesis?

Explore todos los recursos para la cobertura de su cuidado médico:

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•
•
•

Cobertura a través de la póliza de sus padres o cónyuge
Aseguransa de salud ofrecida por su colegio o trabajo
Los programas estatales y federales de asistencia pública que pueden reducir sustancialmente el costo de la
cobertura
Descuentos o cuidado de salud gratis ofrecidos por clínicas establecidas por el departamento de salud o iglesias

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil•

Programas para medicinas de bajo costo o gratis ofrecidos por compañías farmacéuticas para familias de bajo
ingreso

Si tiene aseguransa, aprenda más sobre su póliza.

•
•
•
•
•
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¿Cuáles servicios son cubiertos?
¿Ofrece su plan descuentos para prescripciones?
¿Son las referencias a especialistas controladas por su doctor primario?
¿Hay limitaciones hechas basadas en condiciones médicas preexistentes?
¿Hay cobertura nada mas cuando el estudiante es de tiempo completo?
¿La cobertura se termina a cierta edad?

Pida ayuda para aprender de los recursos actuales y poder localizar nuevos.

•
•
•
•

•

Pida a miembros de su familia, amigos, manejadores de aseguransa en el hospital o clínica y representantes deaseguransa que le expliquen detalles sobre sus beneficios incluidos en su aseguransa.
Llame a un trabajador social en la clínica o hospital para preguntarles por ayuda para encontrar recursos en elestado o comunidad para su cuidado medico.
Investigue servicios ofrecidos por organizaciones nacionales caritativas (ejemplo, Club de Leones para prótesis
ocular).
Visite www.cuidadodesalud.gov para determinar sus opciones de cobertura de seguro y para determinar si
usted califica para un descuento o cobertura gratuita disponible para las personas con bajos ingresos o discapacidad.
Prevenga lapso en cobertura. Planee transiciones de aseguransa médica que ocurren cuando se gradué delcolegio, exceso de edad de la cobertura de los padres, o cambie de trabajos.

Sea consciente de las leyes que le pueden ayudar a conservar sus beneficios de aseguransa. Las siguientes leyes se pueden aplicar a sobrevivientes de cáncer viviendo en los Estados Unidos:

ACA por sus siglas en inglés (“La Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible”), la ley general de la reforma de salud aprobada en los Estados Unidos el 30 de Marzo de 2010, creo un mercado de Seguros de Salud y los nuevos derechos yprotecciones que hacen que la cobertura de seguro de salud más justo y más fácil de entender. Más información está
disponible en www.cuidadodesalud.gov.
COBRA (Acto de Consolidación y Ceder de Ómnibus) requiere que patrones o negocios grandes hagan disponible
aseguransas por cierto tiempo para sus empleados (y sus dependientes) que son despedidos.
HIPAA (Acto de portabilidad de aseguransa de salud y contabilidad del 1996) permite que personas con condiciones
pre-existentes mantengan su aseguransa comprensiva cuando están cambiando planes de aseguransa o trabajos.
Bajo la nueva ley de salud en los Estados Unidos, la elegibilidad HIPPA proporciona mayor protección que las que
están disponibles bajo la ley del estado.
Sea persistente cuando se encuentre con obstáculos. Trate de no desesperarse.

•••

Termine y continue aplicaciones.
Apele negaciones con cartas de apoyo de parte de su proveedor médico.
Contacte grupos como Candlelighters y La Coalición Nacional de Sobrevivientes de Cáncer para más información sobre los recursos médicos que existen.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil•¡No se de por vencido!

Recursos Recomendados:

La Coalición Nacional de Sobrevivientes de Cáncer es una organización conducida por pacientes, para apoyar asobrevivientes de cáncer. Su folleto, “Almanaque de un Sobreviviente de Cáncer”, incluye muchas organizaciones yagencias que ofrecen ayuda sobre ciertos temas relacionados a cáncer, incluyendo la búsqueda de cuidado medico
accesible. El folleto esta disponible en su pagina de Internet, www.canceradvocacy.org. El número de teléfono es(877) 622-7937.
Cancer Care, es una organización caritativa dedicada a proporcionar apoyo emocional, información, y ayuda práctica
a personas con cáncer y sus seres amados. También ofrecen asistencia para ayudar a las personas con un historialde cáncer a comprender las disposiciones de La Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible. 1-800-813-HOPE (4637). www.
cancercare.org.
Escrito por Melissa M. Hudson, MD, Sally Wiard, MSW, LCSW, y Allison Hester, RN, MSN, CPNP, Después de la terminación de la
Clínica(ACT) de Terapia,Hospital de Investigación de Niños de St. Jude, Memphis, TN. Adaptado del boletín de Noticias de CCSS,
Primavera 2003, usado con permiso.
Repasado por Leslie L. Robison, PhD; Kevin Oeffinger, MD; Peggy Kulm, RN, MA; Scott Hawkins, LMSW; y Octavio Zavala.
Traducido por Yulsi Fernandez, BS y Sonia Morales, BS, Escuela de Medicina de David Geffen en UCLA, a través del generoso
apoyo del Programa de Desarrollo de Facultad Médica de Harold Amos, han recibido fondos de la Fundación de Robert WoodJohnson.
Translated by Yulsi Fernandez, B.S. and Sonia Morales, B.S., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, through the generous
support of the Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Información adicional para sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil esta disponible enwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Nota: A través de esta serie de “Health Links,” el termino “cáncer infantil” es usado para designar cánceres pediátricos que pueden ocurrir durante la niñez,
adolescencia o juventud. Las Health Links son diseñadas para dar información a sobrevivientes del cáncer pediátrico ya sea que el cáncer haya ocurrido
durante la niñez, adolescencia o juventud.
Advertencia y Notificación de los Derechos de Propiedad
Introduccion a los Efectos a largo plazo y las Health Links: El “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” y las “Health Links” quelo acompañan fueron creados y desarrollados por el Children’s Oncology Group en colaboración con el comité de Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline.
Para propositos informativos: La información y el contenido de cada documento o series de documentos que han sido creados por el Children’s Oncology Group relacionados con los efectos a largo
plazo del tratamiento y cuidado del cáncer o conteniendo el titulo “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” o con el titulo de “Health Link”, ya
sea en formato escrito o electrónico (incluyendo todo formato digital, transmisión por correo electrónico, o descargado de la página de internet), será conocido de ahora en adelante como “Contenido
Informativo”. Todo Contenido Informativo debe ser usado con el propósito de informar solamente. El Contenido Informativo no debe sustituir el consejo medico, cuidado medico, diagnosis o tratamiento
obtenido de un doctor o un proveedor de salud.
A los Pacientes que sufren de Cáncer (si son menores de edad, a sus padres o guardianes legales): Por favor busque el consejo medico o de algún otro proveedor de salud calificado
con cualquier pregunta que tenga acerca de alguna condición de salud y no se base solamente en el Contenido Informativo. El Children’s Oncology Group es una organización de dedicada
a la investigación medica y no provee de ningún tratamiento o cuidado medico al individuo.
A los doctores y otros proveedores de salud: El Contenido Informativo no esta diseñado para sustituir su juicio clínico independiente, consejo medico, o para excluir otro criterio legitimo
para la detección, consejería, o intervención para complicaciones específicas o el tratamiento del cáncer infantil. Asimismo el Contenido Informativo no debe excluir otras alternativas
razonables a los procedimientos de cuidado de salud. El Contenido Informativo es proveído como una cortesía, pero no debe ser usado como la única guía en la evaluación de un sobreviviente de cáncer infantil. El Children’s Oncology Group reconoce que ciertas decisiones concernientes al paciente son la prerrogativa del paciente, su familia, y su proveedor de salud.
Ningún respaldo de exámenes, productos, o procedimientos específicos es hecho en el Contenido Informativo, el Children’s Oncology Group, o cualquier otra institución o miembro de el Children’s
Oncology Group.
Ningún reclamo en cuanto a la competencia: Aunque el Children’s Oncology Group ha hecho todo lo posible por asegurar que el Contenido Informativo sea correcto y este completo cuando es publicado, ninguna garantía o representación, expresa o implicada, es ofrecida en cuanto a la certeza o relevancia del dicho Contenido Informativo.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil
No hay obligacion o consenso de parte del Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados a indemnizar. Esto protege al Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados: Ninguna obligación es asumida
por el Children’s Oncology Group sus afiliados o miembros por daños que sean el resultado del uso, revisión, o acceso al Contenido Informativo. Usted esta sujeto a los siguientes términos de indemnización: (i) “Agentes Indemnizados” incluye a los autores y contribuidores al Contenido Informativo, todos los oficiales, directores, representantes, empleados, agentes y miembros del Children’s Oncology
Group y sus afiliados; (ii) A usar, revisar o acceder el Contenido Informativo, usted esta de acuerdo, a indemnizar, con sus recursos, defender y proteger de todo daño a los Agentes Indemnizados de toda
perdida, obligación, o daños (incluyendo el costo de abogados) resultando de cualquier y todos los reclamos, causas de acción, demandas, procedimientos, o demandas relacionadas a o a causa de larevisión o acceso al Contenido Informativo.
Derechos de Propiedad: El Contenido Informativo esta sujeto a protección bajo las leyes de copyright y otras leyes que protegen la propiedad intelectual en los Estados Unidos y en el mundo entero.
El Children’s Oncology Group retiene los derechos de copyright exclusivos y otros derechos, títulos, e intereses al Contenido Informativo y reclama todos los derechos de propiedad bajo la ley. De ahora
en adelante usted esta de acuerdo en ayudar a el Children’s Oncology Group a asegurar todos los derechos de copyright y propiedad intelectual para el beneficio del Children’s Oncology Group tomando
alguna acción adicional en una fecha futura, acciones que incluyen firmar formas de consentimiento y documentos legales que limitan diseminación o reproducción del Contenido Informativo.

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Heart Health

Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Manteniendo su Corazón Sano después del Tratamiento para
Cáncer Infantil
La mayoría de los sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil no desarrollan problemas del corazón; sin embargo, algunos delos tratamientos para el cáncer administrados durante la infancia pueden resultar en problemas cardiacos. Ya queestos problemas con el corazón pueden ocurrir muchos años después de terminado el tratamiento de cáncer, es importante que los sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil estén informados de los tratamientos que han recibido que pueden
afectar su salud cardiaca. De esa manera, pueden adoptar las medidas necesarias para mantener su corazón sano,incluyendo visitas médicas regulares y exámenes de salud para monitorear su función cardiaca. Así, si un problema
se presenta, puede ser detectado y tratado a tiempo.
¿Como trabaja el corazón?

Vasos sanguíneos
El corazón es un órgano muscular que funciona como el centrodel sistema circulatorio del cuerpo. El corazón es responsable debombear sangre oxigenada y nutrientes a los tejidos del cuerpo.
Está dividido en cuatro compartimientos (dos atrios y dos ventrículos) que trabajan juntos para bombear la sangre. Las válvulas
dirigen la trayectoria de la sangre a través de los diferentes compartimientos del corazón y al entrar a los vasos sanguíneos. El ritmo
de contracción cardiaca y el pulso del corazón son coordinados por
Atrio
diferentes nervios que mandan impulsos eléctricos a diferentes
partes del corazón. Una membrana (pericardio) rodea y protege elcorazón y lo ancla dentro del pecho.
¿Cuales tratamientos de cáncer pueden causar problemascardiacos?

Sistema eléctrico

VálvulaPericardio

Ventricles

El corazón puede ser afectado por ciertos tipos de quimioterapia y radiación.
Quimioterapia con antraciclina

Las antraciclinas (anthracycline) son usadas como un tipo de quimioterapia para tratar varios canceres infantiles.
Esta clase de quimioterapia puede en ocasiones afectar el corazón. Antraciclinas usadas comúnmente incluyen:
•
•
•
•
•

Doxorrubicina o Adriamicina (Adriamycin®)Daunorubicina (daunomycin, Cerubidine®)
Idarubicina (Idamycin®)
Mitoxantrona (Novantrone®)
Epirubicina (Epirubicin)

Terapia a base de Radiación

Los problemas cardiacos también pueden ser causados por la terapia con radiación al corazón o a los tejidos alrededor del corazón. Esto incluye radiación a las siguientes áreas:••

Pecho o tórax (incluyendo las áreas del manto, mediastinales y axilares)
Espina dorsal (porciones en el pecho o “torácicas”)

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Abdomen
Irradiacion corporal total (TBI)¿Qué problemas cardiacos pueden ocurrir después del tratamiento para cáncer infantil?

••

Hay varios tipos de problemas cardiacos que pueden resultar a consecuencia del tratamiento de cáncer:
Las células musculares del corazón pueden ser dañadas de tal manera que el corazón no se contraiga o relaje
normalmente (disfunción del ventrículo izquierdo, cardiomiopatía).
• Las sendas eléctricas que conducen impulsos para controlar el ritmo cardiaco pueden ser dañados, resultando
en un pulso cardiaco anormalmente rápido, despacio o irregular (arritmias).
• Las válvulas y vasos sanguíneos del corazón pueden ser dañados, resultando en válvulas endurecidas o que
goteen (estenosis valvular o insuficiencia).
• La cubierta protectiva del corazón podría inflamarse (pericarditis) o dañarse (fibrosis pericardial).
• Los vasos sanguíneos del corazón pueden ser dañados o bloqueados (enfermedad de las arterias coronarias), previniendo la entrega de oxígeno y de nutrientes al corazón y a otros tejidos.
En casos severos, estos problemas pueden resultar en la muerte del tejido cardiaco (ataque cardiaco o infartomiocardio), un ritmo cardiaco peligroso (arritmia), o en la inhabilidad del corazón de bombear sangre propiamente(insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva).
¿Qué tipos de tratamiento de cáncer son asociados con que problemas cardiacos?

••

Las antraciclinas pueden causar problemas con la función del músculo cardiaco (disfunción ventricular izquierda, cardiomiopatía) y ritmo cardiaco anormal (arritmia).
La terapia con radiación puede resultar en el daño y endurecimiento de los tejidos cardiacos, causando unritmo cardiaco anormal (arritmias) y problemas con el músculo cardiaco (cardiomiopatía), válvulas cardiacas(estenosis valvular o insuficiencia), vasos sanguíneos (enfermedad de las arterias coronarias), y con la membrana alrededor del corazón (pericarditis o fibrosis pericardia).

¿Que otros factores podrían aumentar el riesgo para contraer problemas cardiacos?

Hay algunas otras condiciones médicas que podrían incrementar el riesgo de que se presenten problemas cardiacos por la quimioterapia o la radiación. Estos factores incluyen la obesidad, hipertensión, colesterol o niveles detriglicéridos altos en la sangre, y diabetes. Más aun, podría haber un riesgo más alto de lo común de tener problemascardiacos si estas condiciones existen en su familia. Las enfermedades cardiacas son también mas comunes en las
mujeres que ya han pasado por la menopausia, por lo tanto los sobrevivientes femeninos que han experimentado
la menopausia a temprana edad podrían tener un riesgo mayor. Muchas conductas de salud pueden incrementar elriesgo de enfermedad cardiaca incluyendo el fumar, tener un estilo de vida sedentario, y consumir una dieta alta en
grasas.
¿Quién esta en riesgo de desarrollar problemas cardiacos?

El riesgo de desarrollar un problema cardiaco después del tratamiento de cáncer infantil es relacionado con varios
factores:•••

La edad del paciente durante el tiempo que estuvo bajo terapia contra el cáncer
La dosis total de antraciclina (quimioterapia)
La dosis total de radiación al pecho

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Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil• La cantidad del tejido cardiaco expuesto a la radiación• Tratamiento con otros medicamentos que afectan la función cardiaca• La presencia de otras condiciones que afectan la función cardiaca
La mayoría de los sobrevivientes de cáncer que fueron tratados con antraciclinas o con radiación al pecho no sufren
de daño al corazón. Algunos sobrevivientes tienen cambios en el tamaño o función del corazón muy mínimos que
no empeoran a medida que pasa el tiempo. Solo un pequeño número de sobrevivientes han desarrollado problemascardiacos severos que ocasionan un fallo cardiaco o un ritmo cardiaco peligroso. En retrospectiva, el riesgo de desarrollar problemas cardiacos después de terminada una terapia para el cáncer infantil es mas alto en los sobrevivientes
tratados con altas dosis de antraciclinas o radiación al pecho, especialmente aquellos que recibieron los dos tratamientos a una edad muy temprana.
Ya que no sabemos a ciencia cierta porque algunos sobrevivientes desarrollan problemas cardiacos como resultado de su tratamiento para cáncer infantil y otros no (aun cuando han recibido el mismo tratamiento), es importanteque cada sobreviviente de cáncer infantil que sea tratado con antraciclinas o con radiación al pecho continúe sus
chequeos médicos regularmente para que si un problema cardiaco se presenta, pueda ser detectado y tratado atiempo.
Los factores de riesgo más peligrosos para antraciclinas y radiación son explicados abajo por separado, aunquealgunos de los riesgos son los mismos:¿Cuáles son los síntomas cuando existen problemas cardiacos?

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•
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•
•
•
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•
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Es posible que no se presenten síntomas con problemas cardiacos leves o moderados. Podría ser que la única
manera de identificar el problema sea conduciendo ciertos estudios cardiacos como un ECHO, EKG o MUGA.
Respiración corta
MareosMareado, desmayos o debilidad pronunciada
Fatiga severa que impide que uno ejercite o juegue normalmente
Dolor en el pecho que se sienta como si tuviera un peso grande encima y que se extienda a su brazo, mentón ocara.
Sudor en exceso, nausea, o respiración corta acompañado con dolor en el pecho
Dolor agudo en medio o en el lado izquierdo del pecho (se empeora si respira profundo)
Pies o tobillos hinchados (tan hinchados que si pone presión firme con su dedo en el área hinchada dejara una
marca)
Tos o resuello que no desaparece
Periodos de corazón acelerado o palpitante.
Periodos de latidos irregulares (como si el corazón saltara un latido)¿Cómo es afectado el corazón por el ejercicio?

El ejercicio aeróbico (caminar rápidamente, correr) es generalmente seguro y hasta saludable para el corazón. Sin
embargo, algunos tipos de ejercicio son particularmente estresantes para el corazón. Estos incluyen actividades
isométricas intensas, como el levantamiento de pesas o la lucha. Cuando una persona se agacha para levantaralgo muy pesado, el corazón debe trabajar mas duro ya que la presión sanguínea incrementa cuando una persona
hace un esfuerzo mayor. Pesas con altas repeticiones (levantar un peso más ligero repetidas veces) es mucho menos
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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

estresante en el corazón y es más probable que sea seguro. El numero de repeticiones debe limitarse a lo que sepuede hacer con facilidad.
Los sobrevivientes tratados con antraciclinas o con radiación al pecho deberían checar con su proveedor de cuidados
médicos antes de comenzar cualquier programa de ejercicios. El ejercicio isométrico intensivo debe ser generalmente evitado. Aquellos que escogen participar en deportes arduos o en deportes a un nivel competitivo alto deberían
buscar pautas apropiadas y establecer un plan para ser monitoreados por su cardiólogo.
¿Qué otras condiciones o actividades pueden empeorar los problemas cardiacos?

Un corazón afectado por las antraciclinas y la radiación al pecho podría ser incapaz de aguantar el estrés de ciertas
condiciones que incrementan dramáticamente el pulso del corazón, la presión sanguínea, o el volumen sanguíneo en
el sistema circulatorio. Estos cambios pueden ocurrir durante el embarazo o durante alguna enfermedad con fiebres
o calenturas muy altas. Si su tratamiento contra el cáncer incluye medicinas que pueden afectar la función cardiaca,
asegúrese que su proveedor de servicios médicos esté informado para que las medidas necesarias para reducir elestrés al corazón sean tomadas.
Algunas drogas pueden incrementar el estrés al corazón, incluyendo la cocaína, las pastillas para bajar de peso,
ephedra, mahuang, y cualquier otra droga tomada para incrementar el rendimiento. Esta clase de drogas han
sido asociadas con un empeoramiento de la función cardiaco y aun la muerte en los sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil
que recibieron quimioterapia con antraciclinas.
¿Hay alguna otra precaución especial?

Los sobrevivientes con anormalidades de la válvulas cardiacas (válvulas que gotean o dañadas) o los que tienen actualmente activo la enfermedad crónica de injerto contra huesped (cGVHD) siguiendo el transplante hematopoyético
(HCT) deberían tomar un antibiótico antes de someterse a cualquier procedimiento dental o algún otro procedimiento
medico invasivo (procedimientos como aquellos usados para checar los sistemas respiratorios, gastrointestinales
o urinarios) para prevenir una infección cardiaca seria (endocarditis) que puede ser ocasionada por alguna bacteria
que entre a la corriente sanguínea durante dichos procedimientos. (Si le ha dicho que tiene una válvula anormal delcorazón o si tiene el cGVHD activo, preguntele a su médico, especialista de corazón, y/o al dentista si debe tomar
antibióticos para prevenir endocarditis antes de procedimientos médicos o dentales.)¿Qué clase de monitoreo es requerido para un posible problema cardiaco?

Todo aquel que a sido tratado con quimioterapia con antraciclinas o con radiación al pecho para tratar el cáncer
infantil debe tener un examen médico con atención especial a cualquier síntoma que este relacionado al corazón.
Además, un electrocardiograma (ECG, EKG) debe ser administrado cuando el sobreviviente entre en seguimiento alargo plazo (usualmente 2 años después de que la terapia sea completada). Un ecocardiograma o MUGA también es
recomendado en la primera visita del seguimiento a largo plazo, y ser continuado de acuerdo al siguiente horario (ocomo sea recomendado por su proveedor médico:

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil
Horario para Ecocardiogramas o MUGA scans

Edad durante*

Radiación al pechoSi< 1 año

No
Si

1 to 4 añosNoSi

≥ 5 años
No

Dosis total deantraciclina**
Cualquiera< 200 mg/m2≥ 200 mg/m2
Any< 100 mg/m2≥ 100 to < 300 mg/m2≥ 300 mg/m2< 300 mg/m2≥ 300 mg/m2< 200 mg/m2≥ 200 to < 300 mg/m2≥ 300 mg/m2

Frecuencia de ECHO or
recomendada MUGA***
Cada año
Cada 2 años
Cada año
Cada año
Cada 5 años
Cada 2 años
Cada año
Cada 2 años
Cada año
Cada 5 años
Cada 2 años
Cada año*edad durante el primer tratamiento con antraciclinas o con radiación al pecho (cualquiera que fue administrado primero)**basado en la dosis total de doxorubicina (doxorubicin/daunorubicin) o la dosis equivalente con otras antraciclinas***MUGA scans pueden ser usados para los pacientes que recibieron quimioterapia con antraciclinas pero no radiación; los Ecocardiogramas
son los exámenes preferidos para aquellos que recibieron radiación al corazón, ya que el examen provee información mas detallada
acerca de problemas estructurales, incluyendo las estructuras de las válvulas.

Los sobrevivientes que recibieron radiación en una dosis de 40 Gy (4000 cGy) o mas alta al corazón o a los tejidos alrededor o radiación en una dosis de 30 Gy (3000 cGy) o mas alta mas quimioterapia con antraciclinas
pueden aconsejados a someterse a una evaluación por un cardiólogo para un examen de estrés 5 a 10 años
después de recibir radiación, y con evaluaciones repetidas como sea recomendado por el cardiólogo.
Los sobrevivientes que recibieron radiación al corazón o a los tejidos alrededor deberían también someterse a unexamen de sangre para checar por otros factores de riesgo cardiacos (el perfil de lípidos y glucosa de ayuno o hemoglobina A1C) cada 2 años.
Evaluaciones adicionales por un cardiólogo son recomendadas para los sobrevivientes femeninos que están
embarazadas o que están planeando un embarazo y recibieron cualquiera de las siguientes terapias:•••

Quimioterapia con antraciclinas con una dosis de 300 mg/m2 o mas
Radiación con una dosis de 30 Gy (3000 cGy) o mas al corazón o a los tejidos alrededor
Radiación al corazón (cualquier dosis) en combinación con quimioterapia con antraciclina o altas dosis deciclofosfamida (Cytoxan®)
Monitoreo del corazón puede ser necesario debido al esfuerzo extra que el corazón debe hacer durante las últimas
etapas del embarazo y durante el parto. El monitoreo sugerido incluye un ecocardiograma antes y periódicamentedurante el embarazo, especialmente durante el tercer trimestre, y monitoreo cardiaco durante el parto.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil¿Como se llevan a cabo los exámenes cardiacos?

Un electrocardiograma (ECG, EKG) es un examen usado para evaluar el pulso y ritmo cardiaco. Electrodos (parches
pegajosos pequeños) son posicionados en el pecho, brazos, y piernas. Los electrodos tienen unos cables y los impulsos eléctricos del corazón son grabados.
Un ecocardiograma (ultrasonido cardiaco) es usado para examinar la función muscular del corazón y que tan bien
bombea el corazón. La persona se acuesta en una mesa y un gel conductivo es aplicado al pecho. Entonces un transducidor (aparato que emite las ondas ultrasónicas) es puesto en el pecho para obtener diferentes vistas del corazón.
Una presión leve es aplicada en el transducidor y por lo tanto esto puede causar incomodidad. Los resultados del examen son mostrados en una cinta de video y fotografiados para que el doctor los estudie después. Muchas medidas
son llevadas a cabo durante este examen para corroborar que el corazón este bombeando sangre debidamente. El
examen de ultrasonido también mira las válvulas del corazón para asegurarse de que abren y cierran normalmente.
Los electrodos son usualmente puestos en el pecho para monitorear los impulsos eléctricos del corazón durante elexamen.
Un MUGA (Adquisición múltiple) scan es otra manera de examinar el movimiento del corazón y que tan bien bombea
la sangre al cuerpo. Durante este examen, una cantidad pequeña de un isótopo radioactivo es inyectado en una vena.
La persona entonces se acuesta en una mesa y una cámara especial se mueve por encima de la mesa para obtenerfotos del movimiento del corazón. Los electrodos son puestos encima del pecho para monitorear los impulsos eléctricos del corazón durante el examen.
Un examen cardiaco de estrés mide la función cardiaco durante periodos cuando el corazón esta trabajando duro.
Durante este examen, el corazón y la presión sanguínea usualmente monitoreados mientras la persona camina en
una caminadora.
¿Que sucede si un problema del corazón es detectado?

Su proveedor de cuidados médicos le aconsejara acerca del cuidado que necesite. Algunas veces, una referencia a
un cardiólogo (especialista del corazón) es necesaria para evaluaciones adicionales y/o tratamientos con medicamentos.
¿Qué se puede hacer para prevenir los problemas cardiacos?

Con edad avanzada, el riesgo de ciertos tipos de enfermedad cardióloga (como los ataques del corazón y el endurecimiento de las arterias) también aumenta. Los factores que aumentan el riesgo de contraer problemas cardiacos
incluyen fumar, tener sobrepeso, comer una dieta alta en grasas, y no ejercitar. Las condiciones médicas que incrementan el riesgo incluyen la diabetes, presión sanguínea alta, y colesterol alto en la sangre. Usted puede reducir elriesgo de contraer problemas cardiacos de la siguiente manera:••••No fumar (o dejar de fumar).
Mantener un peso saludable.
Limitar el consumo de grasa en su dieta a no mas del 30% de las calorías.
Ejercitar moderadamente por lo menos 30 minutos la mayoría de los días de la semana.

Si tiene diabetes, presión alta, o colesterol alto, mantenga estas condiciones bajo control a través de una buena dieta
o medicamentos como sea recomendado por su proveedor de salud. Asegúrese de reportar cualquier síntoma deproblemas cardiacos a su proveedor de salud.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Escrito por Debra L. Friedman, MD, ALCANCE para Clínica de Supervivencia, Universidad Vanderbilt/Ingram Cancer Center,
Nashville, TN; Melissa Hudson, MD, Después de la Terminación de la Clínica (ACT) de Terapia, Hospital de Investigación de Niños
de St. Jude, Memphis, TN; y Wendy Landier RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center,
Duarte, CA
Repasado por Roberta G. Williams, MD; Julie Blatt, MD; Sarah Bottomley, MN, RN, CPNP, CPON®, y Joan Darling, PhD.
Traducido por Yulsi Fernandez, BS y Sonia Morales, BS, Escuela de Medicina de David Geffen en UCLA, a través del generoso
apoyo del Programa de Desarrollo de Facultad Médica de Harold Amos, han recibido fondos de la Fundación de Robert WoodJohnson.
Translated by Yulsi Fernandez, B.S. and Sonia Morales, B.S., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, through the generous
support of the Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Información adicional para sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil esta disponible enwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Nota: A través de esta serie de “Health Links,” el termino “cáncer infantil” es usado para designar cánceres pediátricos que pueden ocurrir durante la niñez,
adolescencia o juventud. Las Health Links son diseñadas para dar información a sobrevivientes del cáncer pediátrico ya sea que el cáncer haya ocurrido
durante la niñez, adolescencia o juventud.
Advertencia y Notificación de los Derechos de Propiedad
Introduccion a los Efectos a largo plazo y las Health Links: El “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” y las “Health Links” quelo acompañan fueron creados y desarrollados por el Children’s Oncology Group en colaboración con el comité de Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline.
Para propositos informativos: La información y el contenido de cada documento o series de documentos que han sido creados por el Children’s Oncology Group relacionados con los efectos a largo
plazo del tratamiento y cuidado del cáncer o conteniendo el titulo “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” o con el titulo de “Health Link”, ya
sea en formato escrito o electrónico (incluyendo todo formato digital, transmisión por correo electrónico, o descargado de la página de internet), será conocido de ahora en adelante como “Contenido
Informativo”. Todo Contenido Informativo debe ser usado con el propósito de informar solamente. El Contenido Informativo no debe sustituir el consejo medico, cuidado medico, diagnosis o tratamiento
obtenido de un doctor o un proveedor de salud.
A los Pacientes que sufren de Cáncer (si son menores de edad, a sus padres o guardianes legales): Por favor busque el consejo medico o de algún otro proveedor de salud calificado
con cualquier pregunta que tenga acerca de alguna condición de salud y no se base solamente en el Contenido Informativo. El Children’s Oncology Group es una organización de dedicada
a la investigación medica y no provee de ningún tratamiento o cuidado medico al individuo.
A los doctores y otros proveedores de salud: El Contenido Informativo no esta diseñado para sustituir su juicio clínico independiente, consejo medico, o para excluir otro criterio legitimo
para la detección, consejería, o intervención para complicaciones específicas o el tratamiento del cáncer infantil. Asimismo el Contenido Informativo no debe excluir otras alternativas
razonables a los procedimientos de cuidado de salud. El Contenido Informativo es proveído como una cortesía, pero no debe ser usado como la única guía en la evaluación de un sobreviviente de cáncer infantil. El Children’s Oncology Group reconoce que ciertas decisiones concernientes al paciente son la prerrogativa del paciente, su familia, y su proveedor de salud.
Ningún respaldo de exámenes, productos, o procedimientos específicos es hecho en el Contenido Informativo, el Children’s Oncology Group, o cualquier otra institución o miembro de el Children’s
Oncology Group.
Ningún reclamo en cuanto a la competencia: Aunque el Children’s Oncology Group ha hecho todo lo posible por asegurar que el Contenido Informativo sea correcto y este completo cuando es publicado, ninguna garantía o representación, expresa o implicada, es ofrecida en cuanto a la certeza o relevancia del dicho Contenido Informativo.
No hay obligacion o consenso de parte del Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados a indemnizar. Esto protege al Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados: Ninguna obligación es asumida
por el Children’s Oncology Group sus afiliados o miembros por daños que sean el resultado del uso, revisión, o acceso al Contenido Informativo. Usted esta sujeto a los siguientes términos de indemnización: (i) “Agentes Indemnizados” incluye a los autores y contribuidores al Contenido Informativo, todos los oficiales, directores, representantes, empleados, agentes y miembros del Children’s Oncology
Group y sus afiliados; (ii) A usar, revisar o acceder el Contenido Informativo, usted esta de acuerdo, a indemnizar, con sus recursos, defender y proteger de todo daño a los Agentes Indemnizados de toda
perdida, obligación, o daños (incluyendo el costo de abogados) resultando de cualquier y todos los reclamos, causas de acción, demandas, procedimientos, o demandas relacionadas a o a causa de larevisión o acceso al Contenido Informativo.
Derechos de Propiedad: El Contenido Informativo esta sujeto a protección bajo las leyes de copyright y otras leyes que protegen la propiedad intelectual en los Estados Unidos y en el mundo entero.
El Children’s Oncology Group retiene los derechos de copyright exclusivos y otros derechos, títulos, e intereses al Contenido Informativo y reclama todos los derechos de propiedad bajo la ley. De ahora
en adelante usted esta de acuerdo en ayudar a el Children’s Oncology Group a asegurar todos los derechos de copyright y propiedad intelectual para el beneficio del Children’s Oncology Group tomando
alguna acción adicional en una fecha futura, acciones que incluyen firmar formas de consentimiento y documentos legales que limitan diseminación o reproducción del Contenido Informativo.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Introduction to Long-Term Follow-Up

Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Introducción a la Transición de Cuidado de Término Largo
Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer de Niños, Adolescentes, o Adultos Jóvenes¡Felicidades! Usted se a “graduado” al seguimiento a largo plazo. ¡Usted ya se puede considerar un sobrevivientede cáncer y no un paciente de cáncer! En el seguimiento a largo plazo, la meta es ayudarle a mantenerse lo mas
saludable posible para que esté bien y pueda enfocarse bien en la escuela, o en el trabajo.
Aunque sea usted un sobreviviente de cáncer, todavía es importante que usted continué recibiendo su cuidado
médico regular. En ciertas ocasiones, su cuidado será continuado en el mismo hospital o clínica en donde recibió su
tratamiento, pero posiblemente será visto por diferentes doctores y enfermeras en un programa especial para seguimiento a largo plazo. En otras ocasiones, usted recibirá cuidado de un proveedor de salud trabajando con su centro
de tratamiento o de un proveedor que esta más cerca de su casa. No importa en donde reciba su cuidado, lo que es
importante es que aprenda lo que usted necesita saber sobre su tratamiento y el cuidado que necesita para mantenerse en la mejor salud posible.
Resúmen de su tratamiento de cáncer

Cuando se gradué al tratamiento de término largo, es importante que usted reciba un antecedente del tratamiento
que recibió para el cáncer. Este antecedente, llamado Resúmen de Tratamiento de Cáncer, debe contener la información siguiente:•

El nombre de la enfermedad que tuvo, la fecha que recibió la diagnosis, y el lugar de la enfermedad–– Fechas y descripciones de cualquiera recaídas–– Nombre, domicilio, y número de teléfono del hospital(es) o clínica(s) en donde recibió su cuidado–– Nombre, domicilio, y número de teléfono de su doctor de cáncer (oncólogo) y otros miembros del equipo desalud responsables por su cuidado.
–– Fecha que su tratamiento para el cáncer fue completado•

Nombres de las medicinas de quimioterapia que recibió e información específica de las medicinas de quimioterapia, como lo siguiente:–– Dosis total de quimioterapia antraciclina (como Doxorrubicina y Daunorubicina)–– Para Citarabina y Metotrexato: Como fueron administradas (oral o intravenoso IV), y si lo recibió a la vena,
recibió una “dosis alta” (1000 mg/m2 o mas en una dosis) o terapia de “dosis estándar”–– Para Carboplatina: Si las doces fueron dadas en preparación para el transplante de la medula ósea, sangredel cordón umbilical, o transplante de célula madre y si cualquier carboplatino fue dado antes de un año deedad.
–– Dosis total de otros tipos de quimioterapias y como fueron administrado, si son disponibles.

•

Resumen de su Terapia de Radiación, incluyendo–– Parte del cuerpo en donde recibió esta radiación–– Dosis total de radiación que recibió•

Nombres y fechas de cirugías que tuvo.

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Si recibió o no un transplante de células hematopoetica (medula ósea, célula madre, o sangre del cordón
umbilical), y es así, si o no desarrollo la enfermedad crónica del injerto contra huésped (cGVHD).
• Nombres de otros tipos de tratamientos de cáncer que recibió (como terapia de radioodo y bio-imunoterapia)• Nombres y fechas de complicaciones significantes, y tratamientos que recibió como resultado de estas complicaciones.
Mantenga una copia de su resumen de tratamiento de cáncer que recibió en un lugar seguro, y déle una copia a cadauno de sus proveedores médicos.
•

Itinerario de su Seguimiento a Largo Plazo

Varios sobrevivientes de cáncer necesitan visitas de seguimiento a largo plazo una ves al año. Durante estas visitas,
es importante hablar de su progreso y revisar problemas que pueden suceder después que uno recibió tratamientopara el cáncer. Hable con su proveedor médico sobre su situación individual y determine un itinerario para su cuidado
de seguimiento a largo plazo que mejor sirva para sus necesidades.
Entre Visitas

Cuando se “gradue” al cuidado de seguimiento a largo plazo, tendrá que identificar un médico a quien podrá visitaro llamar si se enferma o sufre una herida. Haga una cita con este médico para que lo conozca antes que se enferme.
Si surge un problema relacionado a su tratamiento de cáncer, su médico puede hablar sobre esto con su equipo decuidado de seguimiento a largo plazo.
Efectos secundarios después del tratamiento para el cáncer infantil, adolescentes o adultos jóvenes

Problemas que resultan después del tratamiento de cáncer son llamados “efectos secundarios”. Afortunadamente,
muchos de los sobrevivientes de cáncer no tienen efectos serios, pero es importante diagnosticar problemas lo más
pronto posible. Posiblemente usted ya aprendió de los efectos secundarios que pueden ocurrir después del tratamiento de cáncer. Unos de los más comunes efectos son repasados aquí:Crecimiento

El tratamiento de cáncer infantil, especialmente radiación al cerebro o la espina dorsal, varias veces afecta el crecimiento de niños. Medidas cada año pueden ayudar a predecir si usted alcanzará una estatura normal. Si esta “enriesgo” de ser bajo en estatura como adulto, su médico puede recomendar otros exámenes especiales o tratamientos.
Corazón

Un pequeño porcentaje de sobrevivientes que son tratados con radiación al pecho o con ciertas quimioterapias
conocidas como “antraciclinas” (como Doxorrubicina y Daunorubicina) tienen problemas con el corazón. Esto ocurremas frecuentemente con personas que reciben dosis altas de estas medicinas y quienes reciben estos tratamientos
antes que su corazón termine de crecer. Su médico puede recomendar exámenes para que revisen la función de su
corazón y pueden arreglar que vea un cardiólogo (especialista del corazón) para que vean si los exámenes indican si
hay problemas.
Fertilidad

Radiación al pelvis y ciertas drogas de ante-cáncer pueden afectar el desarrollo sexual y reproducción. Unos sobrevivientes pueden estar a riesgo de una pubertad retrasada, infertilidad (incapacidad de tener hijos), o menopausia
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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

prematura. Revisiones médicas y ciertos tipos de exámenes de sangre pueden ayudara determinar si usted tiene unode estos problemas. Esto es importante, y si tiene preocupaciones, hable con su médico sobre esto. Si hay problemas, arreglos serán hechos para que usted vea un especialista.
TiroidesRadiación a la cabeza y al cuello puede causar, a veces, que el tiroides ya no funcione apropiadamente. Esta glándula
regula el crecimiento, peso, y balance de las químicas en el cuerpo. Exámenes de sangre pueden ser hechos pararevisar los niveles de las hormonas del tiroides. Bajos niveles de hormonas del tiroides son facilmente ser tratados
con medicamento oral.
Canceres Secundarios

Algunas drogas de quimioterapia y radiación pueden aumentar el riesgo de cánceres secundarios. Algunos sobrevivientes de cáncer pueden tener cambios genéticos que los ponen en riesgo de desarrollar cánceres secundarios.
Tabaco, demasiada exposición al sol, y otros químicos y comportamientos pueden aumentar este riesgo. Hable consu médico de modos de disminuir su riesgo y detectar el cáncer temprano.
La Escuela y Trabajo

Problemas con la escuela o el trabajo pueden ocurrir como resultado de ciertos tipos de tratamientos de cáncer.
Psicólogos pueden trabajar con su escuela para asegurarse que faciliten cambios para necesidades especiales. También puede haber ayuda financiera para su educación o entrenamiento de trabajo dada por programas del gobierno.
Trabajadoras sociales le pueden explicar sobre estos programas.
Moviendo hacia el futuroPensando en la posibilidad de tener efectos secundarios después de sobrevivir el cáncer puede causar ansiedad.
Pero es posible que NO vaya a desarrollar ningunas complicaciones serias. Y si acaso las tiene, es mejor diagnosticarlas temprano, para que pueda empezar un tratamiento lo mas pronto posible. No deje que su ansiedad lo detenga
para obtener el mejor cuidado para su salud.
Haber tenido cáncer a una edad temprana siempre es una experiencia difícil. Como resultado de haber sobrevivido
esa experiencia, usted ha aprendido muchas cosas. Lo más probable es que usted sea una persona más fuerte de lo
que era cuando lo diagnosticaron con cáncer. Ahora que se mueve hacia su futuro, use esas fuerzas para su ventaja. Haga decisiones saludables. Mantenga sus citas con el médico para su cuidado de seguimiento a largo plazo. ¡Ysiempre recuerde que USTED es el miembro más importante de su equipo médico!
Escrito por Wendy Landier RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA. Porciones adapatadas de “Introduction to the After Completion of Therapy Clinic,” St. Jude Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, usado
con permiso.
Revisado por Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; y Scott Hawkins, LMSW.
Traducido por Yulsi Fernandez, BS y Sonia Morales, BS, Escuela de Medicina de David Geffen en UCLA, a través del generoso
apoyo del Programa de Desarrollo de Facultad Médica de Harold Amos, han recibido fondos de la Fundación de Robert WoodJohnson.
Translated by Yulsi Fernandez, B.S. and Sonia Morales, B.S., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, through the generous
support of the Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

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Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Información adicional para sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil esta disponible enwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Nota: A través de esta serie de “Health Links,” el termino “cáncer infantil” es usado para designar cánceres pediátricos que pueden ocurrir durante la niñez,
adolescencia o juventud. Las Health Links son diseñadas para dar información a sobrevivientes del cáncer pediátrico ya sea que el cáncer haya ocurrido
durante la niñez, adolescencia o juventud.
Advertencia y Notificación de los Derechos de Propiedad
Introduccion a los Efectos a largo plazo y las Health Links: El “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” y las “Health Links” quelo acompañan fueron creados y desarrollados por el Children’s Oncology Group en colaboración con el comité de Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline.
Para propositos informativos: La información y el contenido de cada documento o series de documentos que han sido creados por el Children’s Oncology Group relacionados con los efectos a largo
plazo del tratamiento y cuidado del cáncer o conteniendo el titulo “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” o con el titulo de “Health Link”, ya
sea en formato escrito o electrónico (incluyendo todo formato digital, transmisión por correo electrónico, o descargado de la página de internet), será conocido de ahora en adelante como “Contenido
Informativo”. Todo Contenido Informativo debe ser usado con el propósito de informar solamente. El Contenido Informativo no debe sustituir el consejo medico, cuidado medico, diagnosis o tratamiento
obtenido de un doctor o un proveedor de salud.
A los Pacientes que sufren de Cáncer (si son menores de edad, a sus padres o guardianes legales): Por favor busque el consejo medico o de algún otro proveedor de salud calificado
con cualquier pregunta que tenga acerca de alguna condición de salud y no se base solamente en el Contenido Informativo. El Children’s Oncology Group es una organización de dedicada
a la investigación medica y no provee de ningún tratamiento o cuidado medico al individuo.
A los doctores y otros proveedores de salud: El Contenido Informativo no esta diseñado para sustituir su juicio clínico independiente, consejo medico, o para excluir otro criterio legitimo
para la detección, consejería, o intervención para complicaciones específicas o el tratamiento del cáncer infantil. Asimismo el Contenido Informativo no debe excluir otras alternativas
razonables a los procedimientos de cuidado de salud. El Contenido Informativo es proveído como una cortesía, pero no debe ser usado como la única guía en la evaluación de un sobreviviente de cáncer infantil. El Children’s Oncology Group reconoce que ciertas decisiones concernientes al paciente son la prerrogativa del paciente, su familia, y su proveedor de salud.
Ningún respaldo de exámenes, productos, o procedimientos específicos es hecho en el Contenido Informativo, el Children’s Oncology Group, o cualquier otra institución o miembro de el Children’s
Oncology Group.
Ningún reclamo en cuanto a la competencia: Aunque el Children’s Oncology Group ha hecho todo lo posible por asegurar que el Contenido Informativo sea correcto y este completo cuando es publicado, ninguna garantía o representación, expresa o implicada, es ofrecida en cuanto a la certeza o relevancia del dicho Contenido Informativo.
No hay obligacion o consenso de parte del Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados a indemnizar. Esto protege al Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados: Ninguna obligación es asumida
por el Children’s Oncology Group sus afiliados o miembros por daños que sean el resultado del uso, revisión, o acceso al Contenido Informativo. Usted esta sujeto a los siguientes términos de indemnización: (i) “Agentes Indemnizados” incluye a los autores y contribuidores al Contenido Informativo, todos los oficiales, directores, representantes, empleados, agentes y miembros del Children’s Oncology
Group y sus afiliados; (ii) A usar, revisar o acceder el Contenido Informativo, usted esta de acuerdo, a indemnizar, con sus recursos, defender y proteger de todo daño a los Agentes Indemnizados de toda
perdida, obligación, o daños (incluyendo el costo de abogados) resultando de cualquier y todos los reclamos, causas de acción, demandas, procedimientos, o demandas relacionadas a o a causa de larevisión o acceso al Contenido Informativo.
Derechos de Propiedad: El Contenido Informativo esta sujeto a protección bajo las leyes de copyright y otras leyes que protegen la propiedad intelectual en los Estados Unidos y en el mundo entero.
El Children’s Oncology Group retiene los derechos de copyright exclusivos y otros derechos, títulos, e intereses al Contenido Informativo y reclama todos los derechos de propiedad bajo la ley. De ahora
en adelante usted esta de acuerdo en ayudar a el Children’s Oncology Group a asegurar todos los derechos de copyright y propiedad intelectual para el beneficio del Children’s Oncology Group tomando
alguna acción adicional en una fecha futura, acciones que incluyen firmar formas de consentimiento y documentos legales que limitan diseminación o reproducción del Contenido Informativo.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial. Introduction to Long-Term Follow-Up | Version 4.0 | 10/13 | Página 4 de 4

Reducing Risk of Cancers

Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

Reducir el Riesgo de Cánceres Secundarios
Sabiendo el riesgo de desarrollar un cáncer secundario puede provocar frustración y ansiedad. Después de su batalla
con cáncer infantil, lo último que usted quiere ser recordado es el riesgo de desarrollar un cáncer secundario durante la edad adulta. Por muchas razones, el riesgo de cáncer aumenta con la edad para todos. Varios estudios han
mostrado que cuando sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil llegan a ser adultos, ellos tienen el riesgo un poco más alto
de desarrollar (un segundo) cáncer comparado a personas de la misma edad en la población general. Las cosas que
pueden contribuir a este riesgo son la edad de la persona durante la terapia del cáncer, su tratamiento específico, su
genética y la historia de la familia.
¿Quién tiene el riesgo del cáncer secundario?

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•

•

Las personas que recibieron ciertas drogas de quimioterapia. Algunos tratamientos para el cáncer infantil
aumentan el riesgo de cánceres secundarios. Raramente, las personas pueden desarrollar la leucemia mieloide
aguda después del tratamiento. Leucemia secundaria ocurre generalmente, si sucede, dentro de los primeros 10 años después del tratamiento del cáncer original. El riesgo de desarrollar una leucemia secundaria es
aumentada para personas que fueron tratadas con dosis altas de agentes alquilante (como ciclofosfamida omostaza nitrógenada), epipodofilotoxinas (como etopósido o teniposida), y las drogas de quimioterapia antraciclina (como doxorrubicina y daunorubicina), y para los que recibieron un trasplante de células hematopoyéticas
autólogo (HCT).
Las personas que recibieron la radioterapia, especialmente a una edad joven. La radioterapia administrada para el cáncer infantil aumenta el riesgo de desarrollar un tumor sólido secundario cuando una persona
envejece. Los sitios más comunes incluyen la piel, el seno, el sistema nervioso central (el cerebro y espinazo),
glándula de tiroides, y los huesos. Comparable a las leucemias secundarias, los tumores sólidos secundarios
aparecen más común 10 o más años después del tratamiento. El riesgo de desarrollar un tumor sólido secundario es aumentado cuándo radiación es entregada en dosis altas y sobre un área grande a los niños de menoredad.
Las personas que tienen una historia del cáncer en su familia. Algunos pacientes de cáncer han heredado
los cambios de genes (mutaciones) que aumenta las posibilidades de desarrollar un cáncer secundario. Generalmente, estos cambios genéticos son relativamente raros y son responsable por menos de 10 por ciento delos pacientes con cáncer. Los doctores sospechan la presencia de un gene del cáncer cuando los antecedentes
familiares muestran múltiples casos de cáncer entre los jóvenes en cada generación, o cuándo cáncer ocurre
en un par de órganos (como los ojos, los senos, los riñones, etc.) Si usted tiene cualquier pregunta o piensa queel cáncer es heredado en su familia, usted debe hablar con su doctor. Una revisión de su historial médico de lafamilia dirá si necesita orientación genética o una prueba genética.

¿Está en un grupo de alto riesgo?

Usted puede descubrir si tiene el riesgo más alto para desarrollar un cáncer secundario si revisa su tratamiento delcáncer y su historial médico de las familia con su proveedor de salud o un oncólogo. En algunos casos, la detección
temprana o mas frecuente podría ser recomendada para aumentar la probabilidad de la detección de un cáncer
secundario en una etapa lo suficientemente temprana como para realizar un tratamiento exitoso. Es importante que
usted consiga las pruebas de detección temprana que son recomendadas para usted.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil¿Qué observación es recomendado?

Manténgase saludable, observándose el cuerpo con cuidado para notar cualquier cambio que ocurra. Ese aumenta ladetección de cualquier problema temprano. Todos los sobrevivientes de cáncer infantil deben tener un examen completo anual de la salud. También, usted debe tener las pruebas para detectar el cáncer, basadas en su edad, el sexo, yla historia del tratamiento. Sabiendo los detalles de su historial médico, incluyendo los tratamientos de quimioterapia,
radiación, y cirugía, es importante para su salud. El hospital o la clínica donde usted recibió su tratamiento del cáncer
deben tener esta información disponible para usted y su proveedor de salud. Hablando con su proveedor de saludque conoce su tratamiento historial, los riesgos de complicaciones tarde, y las recomendaciones para la detección
temprana mejorará las oportunidades de encontrar cualquier problema en una etapa temprana, cuando están más
tratables.
¿Los síntomas que debe reconocer como algo importante?

Informe al su proveedor de salud algún síntoma nuevo o persistente inmediatamente.
Los síntomas que usted debería reportar:
•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Hemorragia o moretones que ocurren con facilidad
Palidez en la pielCansancio/fatiga excesiva
Dolor en los huesos
Cambios en lunar(es)Llaga que no se cura
Bultos
Dificultad para tragar
Cambio en el hábito de evacuación
Dolor persistente en el abdomen
Sangre en el excremento
Sangre en la orina
Dolor al orinar o cambios en los hábitos del intestino
Tos persistente o ronquera
Dificultad para respirar/ falta de aire
Sangre en la flema
Cambio en el color de la piel o una llaga en la boca que no se cura
Dolor persistente de cabeza
Cambio de visión
El vómito persistente por la madrugada¿Qué puede hacer para bajar el riesgo de un cáncer secundario?

Evite los hábitos que pueden causar el cáncer. Sobreviventes no deben fumar o mascar tabaco y debe evitar elhumo de las personas que fuman a su alrededor. Los cánceres de piel son unos de los cánceres secundarios más
comunes después del cáncer infantil, especialmente por los que fueron tratados con radiación. Por eso, usted debe
Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil

cuidarse bien y evitar los rayos dañinos del sol. Use el protector solar (una crema filtrante de la radiación solar) que
tiene un factor de protección solar de 15 (SPF, en inglés) o más, use ropa para proteger la piel, evite el sol del mediodía (de 10 a 2 de la tarde) cuando los rayos del sol son más intenso, y no use lámparas ni camas solares.
Beber alcohol con moderación. Beber mucho alcohol, aún mayor si también fuma, sube el riesgo de cáncer deboca, garganta, y esófago. El riesgo de cáncer de seno sube para mujeres que consuman alcohol. Debe limitar lacantidad de alcohol que se ingiere para reducer estos riesgos de cancer, y disminuir la posibilidad de otros problemascomo la enfermedad hepática.
Comer bien. Una dieta rica en grasas lleva el riesgo de varios tipos de cáncer. Las personas que comen una dieta
rica en grasas tienen mayor riesgo de padecer cáncer de colon; también para el cáncer de seno y de próstata. Una
dieta rica en grasas es asociada también con la obesidad, la enfermedad cardíaca, y otros problemas de la salud.
Para reducir estos riesgos, el consumo de alimentos ricos en grasa debe ser limitado a 30% o menos de sus calorías
totales.
Alimentos ricos en fibra están en granos enteros, varios tipos de verduras, y de ciertas frutas. La fibra reduce el tiempo que toma las heces para pasar por el tracto intestinal. Los alimentos ricos en fibra suelen estar bajos en grasas.
La verdura crucífera que comen ayuda también a reducir el riesgo del cáncer. La verdura crucífera incluye la col, repollitos de Bruselas, el brócoli, y la coliflor. Comiendo estas verduras podrían protegerse contra el cáncer. Las sustancias en las verduras bloquean los daños causados por otros alimentos que tienen químicas cancerígenas. La verdura
crucífera también contiene mucha fibra y es bajo en grasa. Estos alimentos sanos deben ser incluidos en la dieta.
Unas químicas que son usadas en comida preservada son carcinogénicas y pueden causar el cáncer. Dietas con
mucha sal y carnes que contienen preservativos, como nitratos pueden aumentar el riesgo de cáncer en el estomago o esófago. Muchas de estas comidas, como la carne, tienen mucha grasa. Comidas como estas se deben comer
raramente y en pequeñas porciones.
Dietas ricas con vitaminas C y A han enseñado, en estudios de animales, que reducen el riesgo de cáncer. Hay menos
probabilidad en personas con dietas que tienen mucha vitamina C de tener cáncer, especialmente cáncer del estomago y esófago. La mejor manera de obtener estos nutrientes es comer muchas frutas frescas y vegetales. Frutas
cítricas, melones, vegetales. Una buena fuente de vitamina A se puede encontrar en vegetales de verde oscuro oamarillo y en ciertas frutas. Si su dieta esta baja en vitaminas, un suplemento de vitaminas le puede ayudar, pero
evita doces altas, por que pueden causar efectos secundarios.
Vacúnese. Ciertos tipos de cáncer se asocian a infecciones prevenibles. Dos de los más comunes son la hepatitis B
y el virus del papiloma humano (VPH). Las vacunas están disponibles para proteger contra estos virus causantes decáncer. Consulte con su proveedor de atención médica para determinar si se recomienda alguna de estas vacunas
para usted.
Empiece hoy en tomar tiempo de revisar sus hábitos de salud, y practique comportamientos saludables que le ayudaran a mantener el riesgo de tener cáncer secundarios a un mínimo.
Escrito por Melissa M. Hudson, MD, Después de la terminación de la Clínica (ACT) de Terapia, Hospital de Investigación de Niños
de St. Jude, Memphis, TN; y Allison Hester, RN, MSN, CPNP, El Hospital de Niños de Arkansas, Little Rock, AR. Las porciones se
adaptaron del boletín de Noticias de CCSS, Otoño 1999 y Invierno 2001, usadas con permiso.
Revisado por Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Debra Friedman, MD; Fran Wiley, RN, MN; y Jill Meredith RN, BSN, OCN®

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Health Link
Viviendo Saludable Después del Tratamiento para el Cáncer Infantil
Traducido por Yulsi Fernandez, BS y Sonia Morales, BS, Escuela de Medicina de David Geffen en UCLA, a través del generoso
apoyo del Programa de Desarrollo de Facultad Médica de Harold Amos, han recibido fondos de la Fundación de Robert WoodJohnson.
Translated by Yulsi Fernandez, B.S. and Sonia Morales, B.S., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, through the generous
support of the Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Información adicional para sobrevivientes del cáncer infantil esta disponible enwww.survivorshipguidelines.org
Nota: A través de esta serie de “Health Links,” el termino “cáncer infantil” es usado para designar cánceres pediátricos que pueden ocurrir durante la niñez,
adolescencia o juventud. Las Health Links son diseñadas para dar información a sobrevivientes del cáncer pediátrico ya sea que el cáncer haya ocurrido
durante la niñez, adolescencia o juventud.
Advertencia y Notificación de los Derechos de Propiedad
Introduccion a los Efectos a largo plazo y las Health Links: El “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” y las “Health Links” quelo acompañan fueron creados y desarrollados por el Children’s Oncology Group en colaboración con el comité de Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline.
Para propositos informativos: La información y el contenido de cada documento o series de documentos que han sido creados por el Children’s Oncology Group relacionados con los efectos a largo
plazo del tratamiento y cuidado del cáncer o conteniendo el titulo “Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers” o con el titulo de “Health Link”, ya
sea en formato escrito o electrónico (incluyendo todo formato digital, transmisión por correo electrónico, o descargado de la página de internet), será conocido de ahora en adelante como “Contenido
Informativo”. Todo Contenido Informativo debe ser usado con el propósito de informar solamente. El Contenido Informativo no debe sustituir el consejo medico, cuidado medico, diagnosis o tratamiento
obtenido de un doctor o un proveedor de salud.
A los Pacientes que sufren de Cáncer (si son menores de edad, a sus padres o guardianes legales): Por favor busque el consejo medico o de algún otro proveedor de salud calificado
con cualquier pregunta que tenga acerca de alguna condición de salud y no se base solamente en el Contenido Informativo. El Children’s Oncology Group es una organización de dedicada
a la investigación medica y no provee de ningún tratamiento o cuidado medico al individuo.
A los doctores y otros proveedores de salud: El Contenido Informativo no esta diseñado para sustituir su juicio clínico independiente, consejo medico, o para excluir otro criterio legitimo
para la detección, consejería, o intervención para complicaciones específicas o el tratamiento del cáncer infantil. Asimismo el Contenido Informativo no debe excluir otras alternativas
razonables a los procedimientos de cuidado de salud. El Contenido Informativo es proveído como una cortesía, pero no debe ser usado como la única guía en la evaluación de un sobreviviente de cáncer infantil. El Children’s Oncology Group reconoce que ciertas decisiones concernientes al paciente son la prerrogativa del paciente, su familia, y su proveedor de salud.
Ningún respaldo de exámenes, productos, o procedimientos específicos es hecho en el Contenido Informativo, el Children’s Oncology Group, o cualquier otra institución o miembro de el Children’s
Oncology Group.
Ningún reclamo en cuanto a la competencia: Aunque el Children’s Oncology Group ha hecho todo lo posible por asegurar que el Contenido Informativo sea correcto y este completo cuando es publicado, ninguna garantía o representación, expresa o implicada, es ofrecida en cuanto a la certeza o relevancia del dicho Contenido Informativo.
No hay obligacion o consenso de parte del Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados a indemnizar. Esto protege al Children’s Oncology Group y sus afiliados: Ninguna obligación es asumida
por el Children’s Oncology Group sus afiliados o miembros por daños que sean el resultado del uso, revisión, o acceso al Contenido Informativo. Usted esta sujeto a los siguientes términos de indemnización: (i) “Agentes Indemnizados” incluye a los autores y contribuidores al Contenido Informativo, todos los oficiales, directores, representantes, empleados, agentes y miembros del Children’s Oncology
Group y sus afiliados; (ii) A usar, revisar o acceder el Contenido Informativo, usted esta de acuerdo, a indemnizar, con sus recursos, defender y proteger de todo daño a los Agentes Indemnizados de toda
perdida, obligación, o daños (incluyendo el costo de abogados) resultando de cualquier y todos los reclamos, causas de acción, demandas, procedimientos, o demandas relacionadas a o a causa de larevisión o acceso al Contenido Informativo.
Derechos de Propiedad: El Contenido Informativo esta sujeto a protección bajo las leyes de copyright y otras leyes que protegen la propiedad intelectual en los Estados Unidos y en el mundo entero.
El Children’s Oncology Group retiene los derechos de copyright exclusivos y otros derechos, títulos, e intereses al Contenido Informativo y reclama todos los derechos de propiedad bajo la ley. De ahora
en adelante usted esta de acuerdo en ayudar a el Children’s Oncology Group a asegurar todos los derechos de copyright y propiedad intelectual para el beneficio del Children’s Oncology Group tomando
alguna acción adicional en una fecha futura, acciones que incluyen firmar formas de consentimiento y documentos legales que limitan diseminación o reproducción del Contenido Informativo.

Derechos reservados 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Todos los derechos son reservados mundial.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique

Le Cancer du Sein Suite au Traitement d’un Cancer
Pédiatrique : Êtes-Vous a Risque ?
Après avoir été traitée pour le cancer lors de votre enfance, votre adolescence ou le début de l’âge adulte, cetteépreuve est maintenant derrière vous et cède aujourd’hui sa place à un avenir rempli d’espoir, de rêves et de projets. Ainsi, la dernière chose dont vous voulez entendre parler est le risque de développer un nouveau cancer à l’âge
adulte. Cependant, chez tout le monde et pour de nombreuses raisons, le risque du cancer augmente avec l’âge.
Dépendamment du traitement particulier que vous ayez reçu, vous pourriez avoir un risque plus élevé de développerle cancer du sein. Ainsi, il est important de bien comprendre ce risque, afin de prendre une part active au bon maintien de votre santé.
Quels sont les facteurs de risque ?

Plusieurs études ont démontré que les femmes ayant reçu de la radiothérapie au thorax dans le cadre d’untraitement contre le cancer pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence ou le début de l’âge adulte présentent un risqueplus élevé que les autres femmes de développer le cancer du sein, l’âge avançant. Ce risque est relié à la dosede radiothérapie reçue. Plus la dose de radiothérapie était élevée, plus le risque augmente. Les chercheurs se
penchent présentement sur ce problème dans l’espoir de mieux comprendre les facteurs de risque et les moyens deprévenir le développement d’un cancer secondaire du sein.
Il existe d’autres facteurs de risque connus pour le développement du cancer du sein qui s’appliquent à toutes lesfemmes, pas uniquement à celles qui ont reçu de la radiothérapie au thorax.
Ces facteurs de risque comprennent:
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Menstruation précoce (avant l’âge de 12 ans)Ménopause tardive (après l’âge de 55 ans)
Premier enfant après l’âge de 30 ans ou ne jamais avoir eu d’enfants
Antécédent familial de cancer du sein
Surpoids
Mode de vie sédentaire (peu d’activité physique ou d’exercice pratiqué régulièrement)

Autres facteurs de risque possibles pour le cancer du sein :
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Alimentation riche en matières grasses
Consommation abusive d’alcool
Ne jamais avoir allaité
Tabagisme
Prise de contraceptifs orauxHormonothérapie substitutive sur une longue période de temps

Quand est-ce que le cancer du sein pourrait se manifester ?

Le risque de développer un cancer secondaire du sein commence à augmenter entre cinq et neuf ans après la fin
des traitements de radiothérapie et continue à s’accroitre par la suite. Cela veut dire qu’une femme ayant reçu une

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatriqueradiothérapie au thorax pour traiter un cancer durant l’enfance ou l’adolescence risque de développer le cancer dusein à un plus jeune âge (habituellement vers 30 ou 40 ans) qu’une femme qui développe un cancer du sein primaire(habituellement à l’âge de 50 ans et plus).
Que puis-je faire pour me protéger ?

Tout d’abord, il est important de noter que la plupart des femmes ayant reçu de la radiothérapie au thorax pendant
l’enfance, l’adolescence ou le début de l’âge adulte ne développeront PAS le cancer du sein. Cependant, il demeureimportant de comprendre que si vous avez reçu de la radiothérapie au thorax, le risque EST plus élevé pour vousque pour toute autre femme de votre âge n’ayant jamais reçu d’irradiations. Ainsi, la meilleure façon de vous protéger
est de surveiller vos seins de près. Avec un bon suivi, si un cancer se développait, il pourrait être décelé au plus tôt(stade précoce), c’est-à-dire à un moment où les traitements ont le plus de chances de succès. Il est également
important d’informer votre médecin de vos traitements contre le cancer, y compris la dose de radiothérapie reçueau niveau du thorax. Il est d’ailleurs fortement recommandé de fournir à votre médecin une copie du résumé destraitements anticancéreux reçus (voir la fiche Health Link associée, présentement disponible en anglais seulement, «Introduction to Long-term Follow-up »).
Quel est le suivi recommandé ?

Si vous avez reçu de la radiothérapie au thorax à une dose de 20 Gy (2000 cGy ou 2000 rad) ou plus* pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge adulte, les recommandations particulières sont les suivantes :1. Auto-examen des seins : une fois par mois, soit quelques jours suivant les menstruations. S’il y a lieu, rapportez à votre médecin tout changement ou toute masse palpable dans les plus brefs délais.
2. Examen clinique des seins effectué par votre médecin : au moins une fois par an jusqu’à l’âge de 25 ans; parla suite, tous les 6 mois.
3. Mammographie et imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) des seins : tous les ans, à partir du dernieren date, soit l’âge de 25 ans ou 8 ans après la dernière séance de radiothérapie.
*À noter : il faut ajouter au calcul la dose d’irradiation corporelle totale reçue, s’il y lieu.

Si votre médecin n’est pas familier avec les recommandations de suivi ci-dessus pour les femmes ayant reçu de laradiothérapie au thorax pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge adulte, nous vous invitons à lui fairepart de cette fiche santé et du site web www.survivorshipguidelines.org pour plus d’information.
Et si j’ai reçu une dose moins forte au thorax ou en irradiation corporelle totale ?

Si vous avez reçu une faible dose de radiothérapie au thorax (moins que 20 Gy ou 2000 rad, incluant la dose d’irradiation corporelle totale, s’il y lieu), ou si vous avez reçu uniquement de l’irradiation corporelle totale, il est possible
que votre risque de cancer du sein soit moins élevé que pour celles qui ont reçu une plus forte dose de radiothérapie.
Pourtant, il demeurerait peut-être plus élevé que pour la population générale. Il est recommandé de vous entretenir
avec votre médecin concernant le dépistage du cancer du sein. Ensemble, vous pourriez décider si un dépistage
précoce serait indiqué dans votre cas.
Y a-t-il autre chose que je pourrais faire pour diminuer le risque ?

Quelques changements dans votre mode de vie pourraient aider à diminuer le risque de développer le cancer du sein
et vous garder en santé. Ils sont les suivants :••Manger plus de fruits et légumes (on recommande un minimum de 5 portions par jour).
Faire de l’exercice physique au moins 30 minutes par jour, et ceci presque tous les jours.

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•
•
•
•
•

Si vous avez du surpoids, perdre du poids.
Limiter la consommation d’alcool (une consommation par jour maximum).
Si vous fumez, cesser de fumer.
Si vous avez un jour un bébé, essayer de l’allaiter pendant au moins quatre mois.
Si vous avez besoin d’hormonothérapie substitutive ou de contraceptifs oraux, en parler avec votre médecin,
afin de revoir les bénéfices et les risques.
• Minimiser l’exposition aux pesticides et aux produits chimiques nuisibles. Si votre milieu de travail comporte
des produits chimiques, utiliser du matériel protecteur.
Si vous avez quelque question que ce soit à propos de votre risque de développer un cancer du sein, n’hésitez pas àen parler à votre médecin. Mieux vaut discuter avec lui des meilleurs moyens de vous protéger.
Écrit par Dr Melissa M. Hudson, MD, After Completion of Therapy Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,
et Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA. Certaines
sections adaptées de CCSS Newsletter, hiver 2001, avec permission.
Révisé par Dr Jacqueline Casillas, MD, Dr Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH, Dr Louis S. Constine, MD, Dr Debra Friedman, MD, et Fran
Wiley, RN, MN.
Traduit par Danielle Buch, éditrice/rédactrice médicale, Unité de recherche clinique appliquée, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada.

Pour plus d’information sur la santé des survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique, nous vous
invitons à consulter les sites web suivants :www.survivorshipguidelines.org
La société canadienne du cancer, www.cancer.ca
L’Encyclopédie canadienne du cancer, http://info.cancer.ca/cce-ecc
Noter: Dans la série Health Links, le terme « cancer pédiatrique » signifie un cancer qui se présente pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge
adulte. La série de fiches Health Links est conçue pour informer les survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique sur des sujets touchant leur état de santé, quel que
soit l’âge auquel ce cancer soit survenu pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge adulte.
Décharge de responsabilité et avis relatif aux droits de propriété
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines et Health Links: « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ainsi que les fiches « Health
Links » qui les accompagnent ont été développés par le Children’s Oncology Group en collaboration entre le Late Effects Committee et Nursing Discipline. Ils sont maintenus à jour par leLong-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee du Children’s Oncology Group et les groupes de travail associés. À titre d’information seulement : Le terme « Contenu informatif » désigne
tout contenu et toute information à l’intérieur de chaque document ou série de documents en provenance du Children’s Oncology Group concernant les effets tardifs du traitement et des soins du cancer,
ou intitulé « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ou « Health Link », que ce soit sous forme électronique ou imprimée (y compris tout
format numérique, courriel, ou téléchargement du site web). Tout Contenu informatif est donné à titre d’information seulement et ne remplace pas l’avis d’un médecin ni le suivi médical, le diagnostic,ou le traitement par un médecin ou autre professionnel de la santéÀ l’attention des patients souffrant de cancer (ou si cela concerne un enfant, à l’attention des parents ou tuteurs) : Veuillez obtenir l’avis d’un médecin ou d’un autre professionnel
de la santé qualifié pour toute question concernant l’état de santé; ne vous fiez pas au Contenu informatif. Le Children’s Oncology Group est un organisme de recherche et ne pourvoit pasde prise en charge ni de traitement médical individualisé.
À l’attention des médecins et autres professionnels de la santé : Le Contenu informatif ne remplace pas votre bon jugement clinique ni votre avis professionnel et n’exclut pas lesautres critères légitimes pour le dépistage, conseils pratiques, ou interventions concernant certaines complications liées au traitement du cancer pédiatrique. Le Contenu informatif netient pas non plus à exclure toute autre procédure de suivi raisonnable. Le Contenu informatif est conçu à titre de courtoisie et non comme document unique pour guider l’évaluation dessurvivants de cancers pédiatriques. Le Children’s Oncology Group reconnaît que les décisions particulières sont le privilège du patient, de sa famille, et du professionnel de la santé.
Aucun test particulier, produit, ni procédure n’est spécifiquement endossé par le Contenu informatif, le Children’s Oncology Group, ses membres ou associés.
Aucune garantie d’exactitude ni d’exhaustivité : Quoique le Children’s Oncology Group ait fait tous les efforts nécessaires pour s’assurer de l’exactitude et de l’exhaustivité du Contenu informatif endate de publication, aucune garantie ni représentation, expresse ou implicite, n’est faite concernant l’exactitude, la fiabilité, l’exhaustivité, la pertinence, ou l’actualité du Contenu informatif.

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Aucune responsabilité de la part du Children’s Oncology Group et des parties liées/ Entente d’indemnité et de dégagement de toute responsabilité en ce qui concerne le Children’s Oncology Group et parties liées : Le Children’s Oncology Group ainsi que ses affiliés, membres affiliés, ou associés n’assument aucune responsabilité en ce qui concerne les dommages découlant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif. Vous acceptez les termes d’indemnité suivants : (i) les « Parties indemnisées » incluent les auteurs et contributeurs au Contenu informatif, ainsi que tous
les dirigeants, directeurs, représentants, employés, agents et membres du Children’s Oncology Group et de ses organismes affiliés; (ii) en utilisant, examinant, ou accédant au Contenu informatif, vous
acceptez, à vos propres frais, d’indemniser, de défendre, et de dégager de toute responsabilité les Parties indemnisées de toute perte, préjudice, ou dommage (incluant les frais d’avocats et autres frais)
résultant de toute réclamation, démarche, poursuite, procès, ou demande en lien avec ou provenant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif.
Droits de propriété : Le Contenu informatif est protégé par la loi internationale concernant les droits d’auteur et de toute autre propriété intellectuelle tant aux États-Unis que mondialement. Le
Children’s Oncology Group détient les droits exclusifs sur le contenu, le titre, et les intérêts du Contenu informatif et revendique tous les droits d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle prévus par la loi. Il est
entendu par la présente que vous respectiez le transfert de tous les droits en faveur du Children’s Oncology Group en prenant certaines démarches dans un deuxième temps, telles que la signature deformulaires de consentement et d’autres documents légaux et la limitation de toute dissémination ou de reproduction du Contenu informatif.

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Cataractes Suite au Traitement d’un Cancer Pédiatrique
Les traitements du cancer chez l’enfant comportent parfois des médicaments ou de la radiothérapie qui peuvent
augmenter le risque de cataractes. Comme la vision a un impact majeur sur la vie quotidienne, il est important queles personnes ayant reçu ces traitements se fassent examiner régulièrement les yeux.
Une cataracte, c’est quoi ?

La lentille de l’oeil, qu’on appelle le cristallin, est normalement transparente. Le mot « cataracte » désigne un cristallin devenu opaque. La cataracte se développe lentement, mais au fur et à mesure que l’opacité progresse, la vue peutêtre affectée.
Comment est-ce que la cataracte affecte la vue ?

L’oeil est un organe formidable, permettant la conversion des rayons lumineux en impulsions. Ces impulsions transmettent des messages au cerveau, qui les interprète et en perçoit une image. Tout d’abord, la lumière entre dansl’oeil en passant par un dôme de tissu transparent qu’on appelle la cornée. La cornée fait dévier la lumière vers une
ouverture au centre de l’oeil, la pupille. La pupille contrôle combien de lumière entre dans l’oeil. Derrière la pupille setrouve le cristallin, qui fait la mise au point et fait converger la lumière sur la rétine, c’est-à-dire la membrane situéeau fond de l’oeil. Les cellules nerveuses de la rétine transforment la lumière en impulsions électriques, qui vont versle cerveau via le nerf optique. Lorsque le cristallin s’opacifie (la présence d’une cataracte), l’image à la rétine
devient floue.
Cristallin
Quels sont les symptômes d’une cataracte ?

Une cataracte se caractérise souvent par les symptômes suivants :
•
•
•
•
•
•

Vision floue (sans douleur)Sensibilité à la lumière vive et éblouissements
Vision double dans un oeil
Vision nocturne difficile
Couleurs fades ou jaunâtres
Changements fréquents de prescriptions de lunettes ou de lentilles de contact.

RétinePupilleCornéeConjonctive
Nerf optiqueQuels traitements anticancéreux augmentent le risque d’une cataracte ?

••Certains médicaments, entre autres :–– Le busulfan–– Les corticostéroïdes, par exemple la prednisone et la dexaméthasone
La radiothérapie aux champs suivants :–– Orbite (l’oeil et les alentours)–– Crâne (la tête ou le cerveau)–– Irradiation corporelle totale

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Le risque de développer des cataractes augmente avec :–– La radiothérapie à forte dose–– L’exposition fréquente au soleil–– Le temps écoulé depuis la thérapie

Quel est le suivi recommandé ?

••L’examen annuel des yeux au moment du suivi médical
Une évaluation complète des yeux par un spécialiste (ophtalmologiste ou optométriste) :Chaque année si vous avez eu :–– une irradiation corporelle totale–– de la radiothérapie à fortes doses, c’est-à-dire 30 Gy (3000 cGy ou 3000 rad) ou plus, à la tête, au cerveau ou aux yeux–– une tumeur impliquant l’oeilÀ tous les 3 ans si vous avez eu :–– des doses de radiothérapie plus faibles que ci-dessus.

Quel est le traitement de la cataracte ?

Ce ne sont pas toutes les cataractes qui nécessitent un traitement. Selon le cas, l’ophtalmologiste surveillera la cataracte de près, possiblement pendant plusieurs années, et ne recommandera le traitement que lorsque cela deviendra
nécessaire. Le seul traitement de la cataracte est une intervention chirurgicale pour enlever le cristallin et le remplacer par une lentille artificielle. Aujourd’hui, la chirurgie de la cataracte est une procédure très sécuritaire qui estréalisée en chirurgie d’un jour (entrée et sortie le jour même) et qui permet habituellement de recouvrer une visionnormale.
Comment est-ce que je peux garder mes yeux en santé ?

Il est toujours important de :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Porter des lunettes de soleil avec protection contre les rayons ultraviolets (UV) lors des journées très ensoleillées.
Porter des lunettes protectrices pour pratiquer le sport. Elles doivent être adéquates pour le sport en question,
et ajustées par un spécialiste des yeux.
Éviter les jouets avec des pointes, protubérances, ou projectiles.
Ne jamais jouer avec des feux d’artifice, « sparklers » ou toute autre source d’étincelles, afin d’éviter toute
blessure accidentelle.
Être prudent(e) dans l’emploi des produits domestiques chimiques.
Porter des lunettes protectrices lors du travail avec une tondeuse à gazon, une scie électrique, un coupe-herbe/bordure, ou tout outil dangereux dans l’atelier.
Consulter un médecin rapidement lors d’une blessure à l’oeil.

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Écrit par Dr Melissa M. Hudson, MD, After Completion of Therapy Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,
et Wendy Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®, Survivorship Clinic, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA. Certaines
sections adaptées de CCSS Newsletter, hiver 2001, avec permission.
Révisé par Lisa Bashore, PhD, RN, CPNP, CPON®; et Joan Darling, PhD
Traduit par Danielle Buch, éditrice/rédactrice médicale, Unité de recherche clinique appliquée, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada.

Pour plus d’information sur la santé des survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique, nous vous
invitons à consulter les sites web suivants :www.survivorshipguidelines.org
La société canadienne du cancer, www.cancer.ca
L’Encyclopédie canadienne du cancer, http://info.cancer.ca/cce-ecc
Noter: Dans la série Health Links, le terme « cancer pédiatrique » signifie un cancer qui se présente pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge
adulte. La série de fiches Health Links est conçue pour informer les survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique sur des sujets touchant leur état de santé, quel que
soit l’âge auquel ce cancer soit survenu pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge adulte.
Décharge de responsabilité et avis relatif aux droits de propriété
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines et Health Links: « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ainsi que les fiches « Health
Links » qui les accompagnent ont été développés par le Children’s Oncology Group en collaboration entre le Late Effects Committee et Nursing Discipline. Ils sont maintenus à jour par leLong-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee du Children’s Oncology Group et les groupes de travail associés. À titre d’information seulement : Le terme « Contenu informatif » désigne
tout contenu et toute information à l’intérieur de chaque document ou série de documents en provenance du Children’s Oncology Group concernant les effets tardifs du traitement et des soins du cancer,
ou intitulé « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ou « Health Link », que ce soit sous forme électronique ou imprimée (y compris tout
format numérique, courriel, ou téléchargement du site web). Tout Contenu informatif est donné à titre d’information seulement et ne remplace pas l’avis d’un médecin ni le suivi médical, le diagnostic,ou le traitement par un médecin ou autre professionnel de la santéÀ l’attention des patients souffrant de cancer (ou si cela concerne un enfant, à l’attention des parents ou tuteurs) : Veuillez obtenir l’avis d’un médecin ou d’un autre professionnel
de la santé qualifié pour toute question concernant l’état de santé; ne vous fiez pas au Contenu informatif. Le Children’s Oncology Group est un organisme de recherche et ne pourvoit pasde prise en charge ni de traitement médical individualisé.
À l’attention des médecins et autres professionnels de la santé : Le Contenu informatif ne remplace pas votre bon jugement clinique ni votre avis professionnel et n’exclut pas lesautres critères légitimes pour le dépistage, conseils pratiques, ou interventions concernant certaines complications liées au traitement du cancer pédiatrique. Le Contenu informatif netient pas non plus à exclure toute autre procédure de suivi raisonnable. Le Contenu informatif est conçu à titre de courtoisie et non comme document unique pour guider l’évaluation dessurvivants de cancers pédiatriques. Le Children’s Oncology Group reconnaît que les décisions particulières sont le privilège du patient, de sa famille, et du professionnel de la santé.
Aucun test particulier, produit, ni procédure n’est spécifiquement endossé par le Contenu informatif, le Children’s Oncology Group, ses membres ou associés.
Aucune garantie d’exactitude ni d’exhaustivité : Quoique le Children’s Oncology Group ait fait tous les efforts nécessaires pour s’assurer de l’exactitude et de l’exhaustivité du Contenu informatif endate de publication, aucune garantie ni représentation, expresse ou implicite, n’est faite concernant l’exactitude, la fiabilité, l’exhaustivité, la pertinence, ou l’actualité du Contenu informatif.
Aucune responsabilité de la part du Children’s Oncology Group et des parties liées/ Entente d’indemnité et de dégagement de toute responsabilité en ce qui concerne le Children’s Oncology Group et parties liées : Le Children’s Oncology Group ainsi que ses affiliés, membres affiliés, ou associés n’assument aucune responsabilité en ce qui concerne les dommages découlant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif. Vous acceptez les termes d’indemnité suivants : (i) les « Parties indemnisées » incluent les auteurs et contributeurs au Contenu informatif, ainsi que tous
les dirigeants, directeurs, représentants, employés, agents et membres du Children’s Oncology Group et de ses organismes affiliés; (ii) en utilisant, examinant, ou accédant au Contenu informatif, vous
acceptez, à vos propres frais, d’indemniser, de défendre, et de dégager de toute responsabilité les Parties indemnisées de toute perte, préjudice, ou dommage (incluant les frais d’avocats et autres frais)
résultant de toute réclamation, démarche, poursuite, procès, ou demande en lien avec ou provenant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif.
Droits de propriété : Le Contenu informatif est protégé par la loi internationale concernant les droits d’auteur et de toute autre propriété intellectuelle tant aux États-Unis que mondialement. Le
Children’s Oncology Group détient les droits exclusifs sur le contenu, le titre, et les intérêts du Contenu informatif et revendique tous les droits d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle prévus par la loi. Il est
entendu par la présente que vous respectiez le transfert de tous les droits en faveur du Children’s Oncology Group en prenant certaines démarches dans un deuxième temps, telles que la signature deformulaires de consentement et d’autres documents légaux et la limitation de toute dissémination ou de reproduction du Contenu informatif.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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La Santé Dentaire Suite au Traitement d’un Cancer
Pédiatrique
Le traitement du cancer chez l’enfant augmente souvent le risque de problèmes dentaires. Ayant survécu un cancer
pédiatrique, il est très important pour vous de comprendre pourquoi il est nécessaire de respecter une bonne hygiène
dentaire.
Quels sont les facteurs de risque de problèmes dentaires ?

•La chimiothérapie reçue avant la formation complète des dents permanentes, plus particulièrement avantl’âge de 5 ans
La radiothérapie aux champs comprenant la bouche et/ou les glandes salivaires••

L’azathioprine (souvent administré aux patients recevant une greffe de cellules hématopoïétiques)
La maladie chronique du greffon contre l’hôte (cGVHD) suite à une greffe de cellules hématopoïétiques•

Quels sont les problèmes dentaires qui peuvent survenir ?

Suite à la chimiothérapie ou la greffe de cellules hématopoïétiques pendant l’enfance :••••Risque augmenté de caries dentaires
Raccourcissement ou amincissement des racines des dents
Absence de dents ou de racines
Problèmes de développement de l’émail dentaire, pouvant inclure (sur les dents) des marques blanches ou desdécolorations, des petits points ou des rainures, et/ou des taches facilement acquises
Parce que le développement des dents est un long processus, ces problèmes sont particulièrement apparents chezles personnes ayant reçu de la chimiothérapie sur une longue période de temps (ex : quelques années) pendant
l’enfance.
Suite à la radiothérapie à la bouche et/ou aux glandes salivaires :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Risque augmenté de caries dentaires
Raccourcissement ou amincissement des racines des dents
Absence de dents ou de racines
Problèmes de développement de l’émail dentaire, pouvant inclure (sur les dents) des marques blanches ou desdécolorations, des petits points ou des rainures, et/ou des taches facilement acquises
Dents trop petites
Perte précoce des dents
Dents de lait qui ne tombent pas
Développement anormal des dents ou un délai dans l’éruption des dents permanentes
Risque plus élevé de sensibilité des dents au froid et au chaud
Xérostomie (bouche sèche due à une diminution de la production de salive)
Changements dans le goûtTrismus (capacité limitée d’ouvrir la bouche en grand)

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•
•
•
•
•

Troubles de l’articulation temporo-mandibulaire (douleur à l’avant de l’oreille)
Malocclusion (surplomb vertical « overbite » ou infraclusion « underbite »)Croissance anormale des os du visage ou du cou
Maladies des gencives
Ostéonécrose mandibulaire (guérison difficile de la mâchoire après une chirurgie dentaire ou l’extraction d’unedent) (voir la fiche Health Link associée, présentement disponible en anglais seulement, « Osteoradionecrosis»).

Quoi faire ?

Il est très important d’être vigilant en ce qui concerne l’hygiène des dents et des gencives, particulièrement si vous
avez reçu de la radiothérapie ou de la chimiothérapie en bas âge. Une gencive en mauvaise santé risque de se
rétracter et faire de l’inflammation, ce qui peut entrainer une infection et un rétrécissement graduel de l’os autour dela dent. Les dents deviennent alors insuffisamment soutenues par l’os, et à la longue, bougent et risquent de tomber.
L’inflammation de la gencive, dite parodontite, n’est pas inévitable. Il s’agit de maintenir une bonne hygiène : sebrosser les dents et les gencives et utiliser la soie dentaire entre les dents au moins une fois par jour. Le bon soin desdents et des gencives et les visites régulières chez le dentiste peuvent prévenir les caries et les maladies de gencives.
Si vos dents permanentes ne se développaient pas comme il faut, elles pourraient avoir besoin de couronnes pouraméliorer leur fonctionnalité et votre sourire. Si les os de la figure ou de la gencive ne se formaient pas adéquatement, une chirurgie reconstructive pourrait s’avérer nécessaire. Si la radiothérapie avait des effets secondaires surles muscles de la mâchoire, il pourrait y avoir des raideurs ou des cicatrices (fibroses) qui empêchent la bouche
de s’ouvrir en grand (trismus). Des exercices d’étirement de la mâchoire existent alors pour soulager le problème.
Votre dentiste saura vous les expliquer; sinon, il vous référera à un ergothérapeute. Pour les dents trop petites ou detravers, parfois une mince couche de plastique spécial appliquée à la surface de la dent sera suffisante pour couvrir
les défectuosités. Sinon, un orthodontiste pourrait corriger la dentition. Votre dentiste vous fera d’abord une radiographie panoramique (Panorex) pour déterminer si les dents, les gencives, et le support osseux sont adéquats pour leport de broches. De plus, pour toute personne ayant reçu de la radiothérapie à fortes doses au visage ou à la bouche,
il est important avant de procéder à toute chirurgie dentaire, que le dentiste consulte un radiothérapeute : parfois,
ce genre de radiation risque de provoquer des difficultés de guérison de l’os de la mâchoire (ostéoradionécrose). Il
est également nécessaire d’aviser votre dentiste de toute greffe allogénique de moelle osseuse ou de cellules souches (c’est-à-dire, provenant d’un donneur autre que vous-même). Cela lui permettrait de déceler tout changement
indiquant une maladie chronique du greffon contre l’hôte.
Qu’est-ce qu’on appelle la xérostomie, et que dois-je faire si je l’ai ?

La xérostomie est un manque et/ou un épaississement de la salive, donnant la sensation d’une bouche sèche. Cetétat peut être induit par la radiothérapie à la tête ou au cou. La xérostomie entraine d’autres problèmes, tels un mal
de gorge persistant, des sensations de brûlures à la bouche ou aux gencives, des difficultés à parler ou à avaler, une
voix enrouée, ou les muqueuses nasales desséchées. Une bouche sèche favorise aussi le développement de caries
dentaires.
Boire fréquemment et l’usage de salive artificielle peuvent alléger les symptômes. Les bonbons sans sucre sontégalement bons pour stimuler la production de salive. Évitez toutefois les sucreries. Une bonne hygiène dentaire est

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Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatriqueabsolument essentielle. Votre dentiste vous recommandera peut-être aussi l’application d’un gel fluoré sur les dents
au moins une fois par jour. Le fluor rend l’émail des dents plus résistant aux caries. Renseignez-vous auprès de votre
dentiste.
Dois-je prendre des précautions particulières avant les soins dentaires ?

Toujours aviser votre dentiste en l’occurrence des états de santé suivants :••••Shunt (un tube introduit par intervention chirurgicale, qui permet à du liquide de s’écouler du cerveau)
Intervention visant à épargner un membre (remplacement d’un os par une tige en métal ou une greffe
osseuse)Valve cardiaque avec fuite ou cicatrisation (suite à la radiothérapie au thorax)
Splénectomie (ablation de la rate)

Radiothérapie à fortes doses à la rate, c’est-à-dire 40 Gy (4000 cGy ou 4000 rad) ou plus
Maladie active et chronique du greffon contre l’hôte (cGVHD) suite à une greffe de cellules hématopoïétiques
Dans chacune de ces situations, les soins dentaires risquent d’augmenter la possibilité d’une infection grave suiteaux bactéries qui entrent normalement dans le sang durant ces procédures. Les antibiotiques sont donc indiqués
à titre préventif avant d’entreprendre tout soin dentaire. Consultez votre dentiste à savoir si cela s’applique à vous
(voir aussi les fiches Health Link associées, « La rate – précautions », « Limb Salvage after Bone Cancer », et « Heart
Problems following Treatment for Childhood Cancer », ces deux dernières présentement disponibles en anglais
seulement).
••

Quel est le risque de développer un cancer buccal ?

Les personnes ayant reçu de la radiothérapie à la tête ou au cou pendant l’enfance, ou qui ont une cGVHD suite à
une greffe de moelle osseuse ou de cellules souches, ont un risque augmenté du cancer de la bouche. Le tabac sous
toutes ses formes ainsi que l’alcool combiné au tabac augmentent le risque de façon majeure. L’infection à certains
types du virus du papillome humain (VPH) augmente également ce risque. Votre dentiste se doit de faire le dépistage
du cancer buccal à chaque visite.
Si vous remarquez l’un des signes suivants, signalez-le à votre dentiste immédiatement :• Une plaie qui ne guérit pas ou qui saigne facilement• Un changement de couleur dans les tissus de la bouche• Une grosseur, un épaississement ou un endroit rugueux dans la bouche• De la douleur, sensibilité ou engourdissement n’importe où dans la bouche ou sur les lèvres
La plupart du temps, ces symptômes n’indiquent rien d’inquiétant, mais seul votre dentiste peut déterminer si oui ou
non ils signalent un problème sérieux.
Qu’est-ce que je peux faire pour garder une bouche et des dents saines ?

À moins que votre dentiste n’indique différemment, voici les recommandations à suivre :•Voir le dentiste régulièrement tous les 6 mois. Assurez-vous que votre dentiste soit au courant de votre
dossier médical et des traitements que vous avez reçus (demandez à votre oncologue une liste décrivant vos
traitements). Assurez-vous aussi que la visite chez le dentiste inclut le dépistage du cancer buccal, et soyez
certain d’aviser votre dentiste si vous trouvez des signes suspects.

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Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatriqueFaire un Panorex avant tout traitement dentaire/orthodontique pour évaluer l’évolution des racines etdéterminer s’il devrait y avoir changement au plan de traitement.
• Se brosser les dents au moins deux fois par jour–– Se servir de dentifrice au fluorure pour prévenir les caries dentaires–– Placer la brosse à un angle sensiblement orienté vers la gencive pour brosser l’interface entre la dent etla gencive–– Se servir d’une brosse à poils souples, telle que recommandée par votre dentiste–– Nettoyer toutes les surfaces de la dent–– Brosser la langue pour éliminer toute trace de bactéries qui pourraient causer une mauvaise haleine• Utiliser la soie dentaire une ou deux fois par jour–– Passer la soie entre les dents pour enlever la plaque que le brossage seul n’élimine pas–– Procéder doucement pour ne pas endommager les gencives–– Il est normal qu’il y ait un peu de saignement, mais si cela augmentait ou si les gencives devenaient
rouges et enflées, il risquerait d’y avoir de l’infection; consulter votre dentiste.
• Utiliser un rince-bouche antibactérien sans alcool (votre dentiste pourra vous suggérer les meilleurs).
• Boire souvent et/ou utiliser de la salive artificielle (disponible sans prescription dans la plupart des pharmacies) si vous avez la bouche sèche.
• Faire des applications fréquentes de fluor. Votre dentiste pourrait vous suggérer un rince-bouche ou un gel
fluoré, à utiliser à la maison après le brossage des dents. Ceci serait en plus de l’application de fluor que vous
recevez peut-être lors du nettoyage périodique chez le dentiste.
• Limiter les sucreries et les aliments riches en glucides.
• Éliminer le tabac et limiter l’alcool à l’usage modéré seulement (vérifier avec votre médecin si vous avez
droit a l’alcool, car l’alcool risque d’aggraver certains problèmes reliés au traitement du cancer).
• Consulter votre dentiste dès que vous remarquez des signes d’infection à la bouche ou aux gencives, telsque rougeur, sensibilité, endroits sensibles, saignements de gencive aggravés, ou mal de dent.
Pour plus d’information au sujet des problèmes dentaires suite à un cancer pédiatrique, vous pouvez consulter :•••Site web en anglais de l’American Dental Association (www.mouthhealthy.org)
Le dépliant L’hygiéniste dentaire et l’oncologie, disponible sur le site web de l’Ordre des hygiénistes dentaires
du Québec , sous l’onglet Nos publications>Documents éducatifs>L’hygiéniste dentaire et l’oncologie (www.
ohdq.com )Adapté de “Save Your Smile” de Dr Melissa Hudson, MD, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, After Completion of Therapy(ACT) Clinic; par Debbie Lafond, DNP, RNCS, PNP, CPON®, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C.
Révisé par Man Wai Ng, DDS; Revonda Mosher, MS, CPNP, CPON®; Joan Darling, PhD; Dr Louis S. Constine, MD; Dr Smita Bhatia,
MD, MPH; et Lisa Bashore, PhD, RN, CPNP, CPON®
Traduit par Danielle Buch, éditrice/rédactrice médicale, Unité de recherche clinique appliquée, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada.

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Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique
Pour plus d’information sur la santé des survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique, nous vous
invitons à consulter les sites web suivants :www.survivorshipguidelines.org
La société canadienne du cancer, www.cancer.ca
L’Encyclopédie canadienne du cancer, http://info.cancer.ca/cce-ecc
Noter: Dans la série Health Links, le terme « cancer pédiatrique » signifie un cancer qui se présente pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge
adulte. La série de fiches Health Links est conçue pour informer les survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique sur des sujets touchant leur état de santé, quel que
soit l’âge auquel ce cancer soit survenu pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge adulte.
Décharge de responsabilité et avis relatif aux droits de propriété
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines et Health Links: « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ainsi que les fiches « Health
Links » qui les accompagnent ont été développés par le Children’s Oncology Group en collaboration entre le Late Effects Committee et Nursing Discipline. Ils sont maintenus à jour par leLong-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee du Children’s Oncology Group et les groupes de travail associés. À titre d’information seulement : Le terme « Contenu informatif » désigne
tout contenu et toute information à l’intérieur de chaque document ou série de documents en provenance du Children’s Oncology Group concernant les effets tardifs du traitement et des soins du cancer,
ou intitulé « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ou « Health Link », que ce soit sous forme électronique ou imprimée (y compris tout
format numérique, courriel, ou téléchargement du site web). Tout Contenu informatif est donné à titre d’information seulement et ne remplace pas l’avis d’un médecin ni le suivi médical, le diagnostic,ou le traitement par un médecin ou autre professionnel de la santéÀ l’attention des patients souffrant de cancer (ou si cela concerne un enfant, à l’attention des parents ou tuteurs) : Veuillez obtenir l’avis d’un médecin ou d’un autre professionnel
de la santé qualifié pour toute question concernant l’état de santé; ne vous fiez pas au Contenu informatif. Le Children’s Oncology Group est un organisme de recherche et ne pourvoit pasde prise en charge ni de traitement médical individualisé.
À l’attention des médecins et autres professionnels de la santé : Le Contenu informatif ne remplace pas votre bon jugement clinique ni votre avis professionnel et n’exclut pas lesautres critères légitimes pour le dépistage, conseils pratiques, ou interventions concernant certaines complications liées au traitement du cancer pédiatrique. Le Contenu informatif netient pas non plus à exclure toute autre procédure de suivi raisonnable. Le Contenu informatif est conçu à titre de courtoisie et non comme document unique pour guider l’évaluation dessurvivants de cancers pédiatriques. Le Children’s Oncology Group reconnaît que les décisions particulières sont le privilège du patient, de sa famille, et du professionnel de la santé.
Aucun test particulier, produit, ni procédure n’est spécifiquement endossé par le Contenu informatif, le Children’s Oncology Group, ses membres ou associés.
Aucune garantie d’exactitude ni d’exhaustivité : Quoique le Children’s Oncology Group ait fait tous les efforts nécessaires pour s’assurer de l’exactitude et de l’exhaustivité du Contenu informatif endate de publication, aucune garantie ni représentation, expresse ou implicite, n’est faite concernant l’exactitude, la fiabilité, l’exhaustivité, la pertinence, ou l’actualité du Contenu informatif.
Aucune responsabilité de la part du Children’s Oncology Group et des parties liées/ Entente d’indemnité et de dégagement de toute responsabilité en ce qui concerne le Children’s Oncology Group et parties liées : Le Children’s Oncology Group ainsi que ses affiliés, membres affiliés, ou associés n’assument aucune responsabilité en ce qui concerne les dommages découlant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif. Vous acceptez les termes d’indemnité suivants : (i) les « Parties indemnisées » incluent les auteurs et contributeurs au Contenu informatif, ainsi que tous
les dirigeants, directeurs, représentants, employés, agents et membres du Children’s Oncology Group et de ses organismes affiliés; (ii) en utilisant, examinant, ou accédant au Contenu informatif, vous
acceptez, à vos propres frais, d’indemniser, de défendre, et de dégager de toute responsabilité les Parties indemnisées de toute perte, préjudice, ou dommage (incluant les frais d’avocats et autres frais)
résultant de toute réclamation, démarche, poursuite, procès, ou demande en lien avec ou provenant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif.
Droits de propriété : Le Contenu informatif est protégé par la loi internationale concernant les droits d’auteur et de toute autre propriété intellectuelle tant aux États-Unis que mondialement. Le
Children’s Oncology Group détient les droits exclusifs sur le contenu, le titre, et les intérêts du Contenu informatif et revendique tous les droits d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle prévus par la loi. Il est
entendu par la présente que vous respectiez le transfert de tous les droits en faveur du Children’s Oncology Group en prenant certaines démarches dans un deuxième temps, telles que la signature deformulaires de consentement et d’autres documents légaux et la limitation de toute dissémination ou de reproduction du Contenu informatif.

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Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique

La Santé des Yeux Suite au Traitement d’un Cancer
Pédiatrique
Certains traitements du cancer chez l’enfant peuvent occasionner des problèmes visuels à long terme. Il s’agit, en
particulier, de la radiothérapie à fortes doses au cerveau, à l’oeil, ou à l’orbite de l’oeil, ainsi que du traitement à l’iode
radioactif. La maladie du greffon contre l’hôte (une réaction immunitaire qui suit parfois la greffe de moelle osseuseou de cellules souches) peut aussi endommager les yeux. Comme la vision a un impact majeur sur la vie quotidienne,
il est important que les personnes ayant reçu de tels traitements se fassent examiner régulièrement les yeux.
Comment fonctionnent les yeux ?

L’oeil est un organe formidable, permettant la conversion des rayons lumineux en
impulsions. Ces impulsions transmettent des messages au cerveau, qui les interprète et en perçoit une image. L’oeil se trouve dans une cavité du crâne appelél’orbite de l’oeil. Une membrane mince mais protective, la conjonctive, recouvre
la surface de l’oeil et l’intérieur des paupières. Au coin supérieur de l’orbite, au
dessus du globe oculaire, se trouve la glande lacrymale, qui produit les larmes.
Les larmes coulent par dessus l’oeil pour le lubrifier et aboutissent dans le canallacrymal au coin intérieur de l’oeil. La lumière entre dans l’oeil en passant par undôme de tissu transparent qu’on appelle la cornée. La cornée fait dévier la lumièrevers une ouverture au centre de l’oeil, la pupille. La pupille contrôle combien delumière entre dans l’oeil. Derrière la pupille se trouve la lentille appelée le cristallin, qui fait la mise au point et fait converger la lumière sur la rétine, c’est-à-direla membrane située au fond de l’oeil. Les cellules nerveuses de la rétine transforment la lumière en impulsions électriques, qui vont vers le cerveau via le nerf
optique. C’est le cerveau qui perçoit l’image.

GlandelacrymaleCanallacrymalOrbiteCristallin
RétinePupilleCornéeConjonctive
Nerf optiqueQuels problèmes peuvent survenir aux yeux suite au traitement d’un cancer ?

Cataractes : Une cataracte est un cristallin devenu opaque. Cette opacité empêche la lumière de passer facilement.
Les symptômes sont souvent les suivants : vision floue (sans douleur), sensibilité à la lumière et éblouissements,
vision double dans un oeil, baisse de la vision nocturne, couleurs fades ou jaunâtres, et changements fréquents desprescriptions de lunettes ou de lentilles de contact (voir la fiche santé Health Link sur les cataractes).
Xérophtalmie : La xérophtalmie est un assèchement de la surface de l’oeil (les yeux secs) suite à une diminution dela production de larmes. Cette condition peut être causée par la radiothérapie ou la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte.
Parmi les symptômes, il peut y avoir de la douleur à la surface de l’oeil et une sensibilité à la lumière vive.
Atrophie du canal lacrymal : Un rétrécissement ou « atrophie » du canal lacrymal, qui draine les larmes, peut se
manifester par les yeux larmoyants. L’atrophie du canal lacrymal peut être causée par la radiothérapie à l’oeil ou àl’orbite, ou encore par l’iode radioactif (I-131), traitement du cancer de la thyroïde.
Autres problèmes reliés aux yeux :Les problèmes ci-dessous sont moins fréquents et ne se retrouvent généralement que chez les personnes ayant reçu
des doses élevées de radiothérapie directement à l’oeil ou à l’orbite.
Hypoplasie orbitaire : L’oeil et les tissus autour de l’oeil ne sont pas suffisamment développés et peuvent paraitre
petits.
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Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique
Énophtalmie : Le globe de l’oeil semble enfoncé dans l’orbite.
Kératite : La kératite est une inflammation de la cornée (la couche transparente à la surface de d’oeil). La kératite
peut occasionner de la douleur à la surface de l’oeil et une sensibilité à la lumière vive.
Télangiectasies : Les télangiectasies sont de petits vaisseaux sanguins dilatés dans le blanc de l’oeil. Elles ne causent habituellement pas de symptômes, mais restent toutefois visibles.
Rétinopathie : La rétinopathie est un endommagement à la rétine (la membrane au fond de l’oeil qui transforme lalumière en messages destinés au cerveau). La rétinopathie se traduit par une perte de vision non douloureuse.
Maculopathie : La maculopathie est un endommagement à la macula (la zone centrale de la rétine). La vision peutêtre brouillée.
Neuropathie du chiasma optique : Un endommagement aux nerfs qui transmettent les informations visuelles au
cerveau se manifeste par une perte de vision.
Papillopathie : La papillopathie est une enflure du disque optique (l’endroit où le nerf optique pénètre l’oeil).
Glaucome : Une augmentation de la pression intraoculaire peut endommager le nerf optique et entraîner la perte devision.
Quels traitements anticancéreux augmentent le risque de problèmes aux yeux ?

••La radiothérapie à fortes doses, c’est-à-dire 30 Gy (3000 cGy ou 3000 rad) ou plus, aux champs suivants :–– L’oeil–– L’orbite–– Le crâne (la tête ou le cerveau)
Autres facteurs qui pourraient augmenter le risque–– Iode radioactif (I-131) pour le traitement du cancer de la thyroïde (risque augmenté d’une atrophie ducanal lacrymal)–– Maladie chronique du greffon contre l’hôte suite à une greffe de moelle osseuse, de cellules souches,
ou de sang de cordon (risque augmenté de xérophtalmie)–– Diabète (risque augmenté des problèmes impliquant la rétine et le nerf optique)–– Hypertension (risque augmenté de neuropathie du chiasma optique)–– Exposition fréquente au soleil (risque augmenté de cataractes)–– Certaines chimiothérapies, telles que l’actinomycine-D et la doxorubicine, lorsque combinées à laradiothérapie

Quel est le suivi recommandé ?

•Une évaluation par un ophtalmologiste au moins une fois par an, pour toute personne ayant eu :–– Une tumeur impliquant l’oeil–– De la radiothérapie à des doses de 30 Gy (3000 cGy ou 3000 rad) ou plus au cerveau, à l’oeil, ou à l’orbite
La maladie du greffon contre l’hôte (suivant une greffe de moelle osseuse, de cellules souches, ou de sang decordon)Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique*À noter : L’ophtalmologiste est un médecin (MD ou DO) spécialiste des yeux. Ceci est différent d’un optométriste (OD) qui est un spécialiste de la vision mais qui n’est pas médecin. L’examen par un ophtalmologiste doit
inclure un examen complet de la structure interne de l’oeil et le dépistage de la vision et de la cataracte. Toutepersonne ayant des problèmes visuels doit être suivie régulièrement par un ophtalmologiste.
••

Une évaluation par un oculariste (qui fabrique et pose les yeux artificiels) au moins une fois par an, pour toutepersonne ayant eu :–– Un oeil enlevé pour le traitement du cancer ou suite à des complications reliées au traitement–– Un oeil artificiel (prothèse oculaire) mal ajusté
Une évaluation par un ophtalmologiste, à l’occurrence, pour toute personne ayant reçu de l’iode radioactif (I131) et souffrant des yeux larmoyants.

Si vous développez n’importe lequel des symptômes suivants, consultez rapidement un médecin. Une visite chez
un ophtalmologiste pourrait être nécessaire :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Vision trouble
Vision double
Tache aveugle
Sensibilité à la lumière vive
Vision nocturne difficile
Irritation persistante de la surface de l’oeil ou des paupières
Yeux larmoyants
Douleur à l’oeil
Yeux secs

Quels sont les traitements des problèmes visuels ?

Cataractes : Ce ne sont pas toutes les cataractes qui nécessitent un traitement. Selon le cas, l’ophtalmologiste surveillera la cataracte de près, possiblement pendant plusieurs années, et ne recommandera le traitement que lorsquecela deviendra nécessaire. Le seul traitement de la cataracte est une intervention chirurgicale pour enlever le cristallin et le remplacer par une lentille artificielle. Aujourd’hui, la chirurgie de la cataracte est une procédure très sécuritaire qui est réalisée en chirurgie d’un jour (entrée et sortie le jour même) et qui permet habituellement de recouvrer
une vision normale.
Hypoplasie orbitaire : Le traitement n’est généralement pas nécessaire. Dans un cas sévère, une chirurgie reconstructive des os autour de l’oeil peut être possible.
Énophtalmie : Une chirurgie reconstructive de l’orbite peut être possible.
Atrophie du canal lacrymal : Si les larmes excessives deviennent problématiques, une intervention chirurgicale
pourra élargir le canal pour permettre au liquide de s’écouler.
Xérophtalmie : L’usage fréquent d’onguents ou de gouttes pour les yeux (larmes artificielles) peut soulager les yeux
secs. Dans les cas sévères, une intervention chirurgicale peut boucher le système d’écoulement des larmes pourdiminuer la perte de liquide.
Kératite : On recommande l’usage fréquent de gouttes pour les yeux (larmes artificielles) ou d’onguents pour humecter la surface de l’oeil. Recouvrir l’oeil d’un « patch » pour dormir peut aider à la guérison. Dans le cas d’une kératite
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Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatriquedue à l’infection, un antibiotique en gouttes ou en onguent peut être prescrit. Il est parfois nécessaire, mais rarement,de remplacer la cornée (transplantation de cornée, intervention chirurgicale).
Télangiectasies : Aucun traitement n’est nécessaire.
Rétinopathie et maculopathie : Un traitement de la rétine au laser (appelé photocoagulation) peut être nécessaire. Il
est rarement requis, sauf dans certains cas sévères, de retirer l’oeil.
Neuropathie du chiasma optique : Il n’y a présentement aucun traitement disponible.
Que faire lorsqu’un problème visuel est détecté ?

Si un problème visuel est détecté, il est très important de suivre les options de traitement recommandées par votre
ophtalmologiste. Si la vue ne peut être corrigée, diverses ressources sont disponibles au sein de la communauté pouraider les handicapés visuels.
Au Québec, vous pouvez consulter l’INCA (http://www.cnib.ca/fr/), le Centre de réadaptation MAB-Mackay (http://
www.mabmackay.ca/), et l’Institut Nazareth et Louis-Braille (INBL http://www.inlb.qc.ca/).
Aux États-Unis, certains services sont disponibles pour les individus de moins de 22 ans à partir de la commission
scolaire locale ou d’autres agences de référence (services alloués selon l’acte « Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, PL 105-17 »). Parfois, certains accommodements seront suffisants, tels que placer un enfant à l’avant dela classe, mais ceux-ci pourraient nécessiter un plan d’enseignement individualisé (PEI) de la part de la commission
scolaire (voir la fiche Health Link associée, présentement disponible en anglais seulement, « Educational Issues
Following Treatment for Childhood Cancer »). L’acte « Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, PL 101-336) » garantie
aux personnes vivant avec une déficience visuelle l’égalité d’accès aux événements publics, aux espaces, et aux
perspectives d’avenir.
Comment est-ce que je peux me protéger les yeux ?

Il est important de se protéger les yeux, même pour les personnes n’ayant pas de problèmes reliés au traitement
anticancéreux. Certaines précautions s’imposent :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Porter des lunettes de soleil avec protection contre les rayons ultraviolets (UV) lors des journées très ensoleillées.
Porter des lunettes protectrices pour pratiquer le sport. Elles doivent être adéquates pour le sport en question,
et ajustées par un spécialiste des yeux.
Éviter les jouets avec des pointes, protubérances, ou projectiles.
Ne jamais jouer avec des feux d’artifice, « sparklers » ou toute autre source d’étincelles, afin d’éviter toute
blessure accidentelle.
Être prudent(e) dans l’emploi des produits domestiques chimiques.
Porter des lunettes protectrices lors du travail avec une tondeuse à gazon, une scie électrique, un coupe-herbe/bordure, ou tout outil dangereux dans l’atelier.
Consulter un médecin rapidement lors d’une blessure à l’oeil.

Écrit par Teresa Sweeney, RN, MSN, CPNP, After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,
Memphis, TN.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique
Révisé par Dr Julie Blatt, MD; Dr Debra Friedman, MD; Dr Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Revonda Mosher, RN, MSN, CPNP, CPON®; etLise Yasui
Traduit par Danielle Buch, éditrice/rédactrice médicale, Unité de recherche clinique appliquée, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada.

Pour plus d’information sur la santé des survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique, nous vous
invitons à consulter les sites web suivants :www.survivorshipguidelines.org
La société canadienne du cancer, www.cancer.ca
L’Encyclopédie canadienne du cancer, http://info.cancer.ca/cce-ecc
Noter: Dans la série Health Links, le terme « cancer pédiatrique » signifie un cancer qui se présente pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge
adulte. La série de fiches Health Links est conçue pour informer les survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique sur des sujets touchant leur état de santé, quel que
soit l’âge auquel ce cancer soit survenu pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge adulte.
Décharge de responsabilité et avis relatif aux droits de propriété
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines et Health Links: « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ainsi que les fiches « Health
Links » qui les accompagnent ont été développés par le Children’s Oncology Group en collaboration entre le Late Effects Committee et Nursing Discipline. Ils sont maintenus à jour par leLong-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee du Children’s Oncology Group et les groupes de travail associés. À titre d’information seulement : Le terme « Contenu informatif » désigne
tout contenu et toute information à l’intérieur de chaque document ou série de documents en provenance du Children’s Oncology Group concernant les effets tardifs du traitement et des soins du cancer,
ou intitulé « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ou « Health Link », que ce soit sous forme électronique ou imprimée (y compris tout
format numérique, courriel, ou téléchargement du site web). Tout Contenu informatif est donné à titre d’information seulement et ne remplace pas l’avis d’un médecin ni le suivi médical, le diagnostic,ou le traitement par un médecin ou autre professionnel de la santéÀ l’attention des patients souffrant de cancer (ou si cela concerne un enfant, à l’attention des parents ou tuteurs) : Veuillez obtenir l’avis d’un médecin ou d’un autre professionnel
de la santé qualifié pour toute question concernant l’état de santé; ne vous fiez pas au Contenu informatif. Le Children’s Oncology Group est un organisme de recherche et ne pourvoit pasde prise en charge ni de traitement médical individualisé.
À l’attention des médecins et autres professionnels de la santé : Le Contenu informatif ne remplace pas votre bon jugement clinique ni votre avis professionnel et n’exclut pas lesautres critères légitimes pour le dépistage, conseils pratiques, ou interventions concernant certaines complications liées au traitement du cancer pédiatrique. Le Contenu informatif netient pas non plus à exclure toute autre procédure de suivi raisonnable. Le Contenu informatif est conçu à titre de courtoisie et non comme document unique pour guider l’évaluation dessurvivants de cancers pédiatriques. Le Children’s Oncology Group reconnaît que les décisions particulières sont le privilège du patient, de sa famille, et du professionnel de la santé.
Aucun test particulier, produit, ni procédure n’est spécifiquement endossé par le Contenu informatif, le Children’s Oncology Group, ses membres ou associés.
Aucune garantie d’exactitude ni d’exhaustivité : Quoique le Children’s Oncology Group ait fait tous les efforts nécessaires pour s’assurer de l’exactitude et de l’exhaustivité du Contenu informatif endate de publication, aucune garantie ni représentation, expresse ou implicite, n’est faite concernant l’exactitude, la fiabilité, l’exhaustivité, la pertinence, ou l’actualité du Contenu informatif.
Aucune responsabilité de la part du Children’s Oncology Group et des parties liées/ Entente d’indemnité et de dégagement de toute responsabilité en ce qui concerne le Children’s Oncology Group et parties liées : Le Children’s Oncology Group ainsi que ses affiliés, membres affiliés, ou associés n’assument aucune responsabilité en ce qui concerne les dommages découlant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif. Vous acceptez les termes d’indemnité suivants : (i) les « Parties indemnisées » incluent les auteurs et contributeurs au Contenu informatif, ainsi que tous
les dirigeants, directeurs, représentants, employés, agents et membres du Children’s Oncology Group et de ses organismes affiliés; (ii) en utilisant, examinant, ou accédant au Contenu informatif, vous
acceptez, à vos propres frais, d’indemniser, de défendre, et de dégager de toute responsabilité les Parties indemnisées de toute perte, préjudice, ou dommage (incluant les frais d’avocats et autres frais)
résultant de toute réclamation, démarche, poursuite, procès, ou demande en lien avec ou provenant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif.
Droits de propriété : Le Contenu informatif est protégé par la loi internationale concernant les droits d’auteur et de toute autre propriété intellectuelle tant aux États-Unis que mondialement. Le
Children’s Oncology Group détient les droits exclusifs sur le contenu, le titre, et les intérêts du Contenu informatif et revendique tous les droits d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle prévus par la loi. Il est
entendu par la présente que vous respectiez le transfert de tous les droits en faveur du Children’s Oncology Group en prenant certaines démarches dans un deuxième temps, telles que la signature deformulaires de consentement et d’autres documents légaux et la limitation de toute dissémination ou de reproduction du Contenu informatif.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

Eye Health | Version 4.0 | 10/13 | Page 5 de 5Growth Hormone Deficiency

Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique

Les Problèmes Endocriniens Suite au Cancer Pédiatrique :Déficit en Hormone de Croissance
Les traitements du cancer chez l’enfant peuvent parfois endommager le réseau complexe que forment les glandes
du corps, un réseau que l’on appelle le système endocrinien. Ainsi, les personnes ayant reçu des traitements anticancéreux pendant l’enfance peuvent parfois développer des problèmes hormonaux reliés au système endocrinien.
Qu’est-ce que le système endocrinien ?

Le système endocrinien est un réseau deglandes qui contrôlent les fonctions du corps
telles que la croissance, la puberté, le niveaud’énergie, la production d’urine et la réponse
au stress. Ces glandes incluent l’hypophyse,l’hypothalamus, la thyroïde, les glandes surrénales, le pancréas, les ovaires chez les filles et
les femmes, et les testicules chez les hommes
et les garçons. Reconnues souvent comme «les glandes maîtresses du corps », l’hypophyse et l’hypothalamus (situés dans le cerveau)contrôlent d’autres glandes du système endocrinien. Malheureusement, certains traitements contre le cancer pédiatrique peuvent
endommager l’hypothalamus et l’hypophyse,causant ainsi divers problèmes.

Hypophyse
Hypothalamus
Thyroïde

Pancréas
Glandes surrénales

Ovaires

Testicules

Quel est le rôle des hormones ?

Les glandes endocrines fabriquent de nombreuses hormones et les libèrent dans le sang. Ces hormones jouent le rôlede messagers chimiques pour transmettre de l’information vers divers types de cellules à travers le corps. L’hormone
de croissance, les hormones sexuelles, les hormones thyroïdiennes et les hormones surrénaliennes ont chacune desfonctions spécifiques qui permettent à l’individu de grandir, de se développer, et de se maintenir en bonne santé.
Qu’est-ce qu’un déficit en hormone de croissance ?

L’hormone de croissance (GH) est une des hormones produites par l’hypophyse. Pour qu’un enfant puisse atteindresa taille potentielle, il lui faut une quantité adéquate de GH. En présence de suffisamment d’exercice et de sommeil etd’une bonne nutrition, la GH et les hormones thyroïdiennes aident les enfants et les adolescents à grandir. La GH aideaussi à maintenir le taux normal du sucre (glucose) dans le sang et est nécessaire pour le développement normal desdents. En plus de favoriser la croissance des os, la GH affecte le fonctionnement du coeur et des vaisseaux sanguins,le métabolisme des matières grasses, le développement des muscles, et généralement, le bien-être et la santé tout
au cours de la vie. Ainsi, l’adulte en bonne santé continue à produire de la GH, car même les adultes ont besoin d’une
petite quantité de GH suffisante à maintenir des quantités adéquates de gras, de muscles, et d’os. Il est possible quela GH joue aussi un rôle dans le contrôle de l’humeur et des émotions.
Les traitements anticancéreux dirigés vers la tête ou le cerveau, soit la radiothérapie ou la chirurgie, peuvent endommager les glandes qui contrôlent la croissance, telles l’hypophyse ou l’hypothalamus. Quand l’hypophyse ne produit

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatriqueplus assez de GH, on parle de déficience ou déficit en GH. Il est important de noter que même les personnes qui n’ont
jamais eu de traitements contre le cancer peuvent aussi développer un déficit en GH.
Les signes et symptômes du déficit en hormone de croissanceUn des signes les plus évidents du déficit en GH chez l’enfant est le ralentissement de la croissance. Un enfant avec
un déficit en GH grandit de moins de 5 cm (2 pouces) par an. Il est souvent plus petit et a l’air plus jeune que lesautres enfants de son âge. Toutefois, il garde un corps habituellement bien proportionné.
Chez l’adulte, un déficit en GH peut entrainer divers symptômes. Les os peuvent diminuer de masse, les muscles
s’affaiblir, le corps grossir, et le taux de cholestérol augmenter. Émotivement, la personne peut se sentir fatiguée,anxieuse, irritable, déprimée, ou manquer de motivation ou de désir sexuel.
Facteurs de risque pour le déficit en hormone de croissance

Les facteurs de risque reliés aux traitements anticancéreux pendant l’enfance incluent :
•
•

•
•

Traitement reçu avant d’avoir atteint la taille adulte, plus particulièrement les très jeunes enfants
Radiothérapie à un ou plusieurs des champs suivants :–– Crâne (la tête et/ou le cerveau)–– Orbite (l’oeil ou l’orbite de l’oeil)–– Région nasopharyngée (la région au dessus du palais de la bouche)–– Région infra-temporale (côté du visage en dessous des pommettes) ou l’oreille
Irradiation corporelle totale
Chirurgie au cerveau, notamment à la région centrale où se trouve l’hypophyse (région suprasellaire)

Suivi recommandé après le traitement anticancéreux

On recommande à tous les enfants ayant survécu à un cancer pédiatrique de passer un examen annuel chez le médecin. Cet examen physique devrait inclure les mesures de taille et de poids ainsi qu’une évaluation du statut pubertaire, de l’état nutritionnel, et de l’état de santé général. Pour les patients avec certains facteurs de risque ci-dessus,
ce suivi doit se faire tous les 6 mois jusqu’à la fin de la croissance. Si l’on trouvait des signes d’un retard de croissance, il faudrait faire une radiographie du poignet (âge osseux) et aussi déterminer les autres causes possibles duretard, telles qu’une déficience de la glande thyroïde.
Si votre médecin soupçonne un déficit en GH, il vous référera probablement à un endocrinologue (médecin spécialiste de la prise en charge des problèmes hormonaux). Votre endocrinologue sera en mesure de faire des tests plus
spécifiques pour évaluer le problème.
Quel est le traitement du déficit en hormone de croissance ?

S’il existe un déficit en hormone de croissance, votre endocrinologue vous suggérera certaines options thérapeutiques. Le traitement implique généralement une supplémentation de GH pour remplacer celle que l’hypophyse ne
produit plus en quantité suffisante. La GH synthétique est administrée par injection. Le traitement dure habituellement
quelques années, jusqu’à ce que la personne atteigne une taille adulte acceptable ou tout au moins sa plus grande
taille possible. Votre endocrinologue pourra vous donner une indication de la croissance possible par le traitement
par GH. Pour un déficit de GH persistant à l’âge adulte, votre endocrinologue déterminera avec vous les meilleures
options de traitement.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique
Écrit par Debra Kent, RN, MSN, CPNP, Cancer Survivorship Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
Révisé par Dr Lillian R. Meacham, MD; Priscilla Rieves, MS, RN, CPNP; Dr Charles Sklar, MD; Dr Julie Blatt, MD; Peggy Kulm, RN,
MA; et Marcia Leonard, RN, PNP.
Traduit par Danielle Buch, éditrice/rédactrice médicale, Unité de recherche clinique appliquée, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada.

Pour plus d’information sur la santé des survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique, nous vous
invitons à consulter les sites web suivants :www.survivorshipguidelines.org
La société canadienne du cancer, www.cancer.ca
L’Encyclopédie canadienne du cancer, http://info.cancer.ca/cce-ecc
Noter: Dans la série Health Links, le terme « cancer pédiatrique » signifie un cancer qui se présente pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge
adulte. La série de fiches Health Links est conçue pour informer les survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique sur des sujets touchant leur état de santé, quel que
soit l’âge auquel ce cancer soit survenu pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge adulte.
Décharge de responsabilité et avis relatif aux droits de propriété
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines et Health Links: « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ainsi que les fiches « Health
Links » qui les accompagnent ont été développés par le Children’s Oncology Group en collaboration entre le Late Effects Committee et Nursing Discipline. Ils sont maintenus à jour par leLong-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee du Children’s Oncology Group et les groupes de travail associés. À titre d’information seulement : Le terme « Contenu informatif » désigne
tout contenu et toute information à l’intérieur de chaque document ou série de documents en provenance du Children’s Oncology Group concernant les effets tardifs du traitement et des soins du cancer,
ou intitulé « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ou « Health Link », que ce soit sous forme électronique ou imprimée (y compris tout
format numérique, courriel, ou téléchargement du site web). Tout Contenu informatif est donné à titre d’information seulement et ne remplace pas l’avis d’un médecin ni le suivi médical, le diagnostic,ou le traitement par un médecin ou autre professionnel de la santéÀ l’attention des patients souffrant de cancer (ou si cela concerne un enfant, à l’attention des parents ou tuteurs) : Veuillez obtenir l’avis d’un médecin ou d’un autre professionnel
de la santé qualifié pour toute question concernant l’état de santé; ne vous fiez pas au Contenu informatif. Le Children’s Oncology Group est un organisme de recherche et ne pourvoit pasde prise en charge ni de traitement médical individualisé.
À l’attention des médecins et autres professionnels de la santé : Le Contenu informatif ne remplace pas votre bon jugement clinique ni votre avis professionnel et n’exclut pas lesautres critères légitimes pour le dépistage, conseils pratiques, ou interventions concernant certaines complications liées au traitement du cancer pédiatrique. Le Contenu informatif netient pas non plus à exclure toute autre procédure de suivi raisonnable. Le Contenu informatif est conçu à titre de courtoisie et non comme document unique pour guider l’évaluation dessurvivants de cancers pédiatriques. Le Children’s Oncology Group reconnaît que les décisions particulières sont le privilège du patient, de sa famille, et du professionnel de la santé.
Aucun test particulier, produit, ni procédure n’est spécifiquement endossé par le Contenu informatif, le Children’s Oncology Group, ses membres ou associés.
Aucune garantie d’exactitude ni d’exhaustivité : Quoique le Children’s Oncology Group ait fait tous les efforts nécessaires pour s’assurer de l’exactitude et de l’exhaustivité du Contenu informatif endate de publication, aucune garantie ni représentation, expresse ou implicite, n’est faite concernant l’exactitude, la fiabilité, l’exhaustivité, la pertinence, ou l’actualité du Contenu informatif.
Aucune responsabilité de la part du Children’s Oncology Group et des parties liées/ Entente d’indemnité et de dégagement de toute responsabilité en ce qui concerne le Children’s Oncology Group et parties liées : Le Children’s Oncology Group ainsi que ses affiliés, membres affiliés, ou associés n’assument aucune responsabilité en ce qui concerne les dommages découlant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif. Vous acceptez les termes d’indemnité suivants : (i) les « Parties indemnisées » incluent les auteurs et contributeurs au Contenu informatif, ainsi que tous
les dirigeants, directeurs, représentants, employés, agents et membres du Children’s Oncology Group et de ses organismes affiliés; (ii) en utilisant, examinant, ou accédant au Contenu informatif, vous
acceptez, à vos propres frais, d’indemniser, de défendre, et de dégager de toute responsabilité les Parties indemnisées de toute perte, préjudice, ou dommage (incluant les frais d’avocats et autres frais)
résultant de toute réclamation, démarche, poursuite, procès, ou demande en lien avec ou provenant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif.
Droits de propriété : Le Contenu informatif est protégé par la loi internationale concernant les droits d’auteur et de toute autre propriété intellectuelle tant aux États-Unis que mondialement. Le
Children’s Oncology Group détient les droits exclusifs sur le contenu, le titre, et les intérêts du Contenu informatif et revendique tous les droits d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle prévus par la loi. Il est
entendu par la présente que vous respectiez le transfert de tous les droits en faveur du Children’s Oncology Group en prenant certaines démarches dans un deuxième temps, telles que la signature deformulaires de consentement et d’autres documents légaux et la limitation de toute dissémination ou de reproduction du Contenu informatif.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique

Les Problèmes Endocriniens Suite au Cancer Pédiatrique :La Puberté Précoce
Les traitements du cancer chez l’enfant peuvent parfois endommager le réseau complexe que forment les glandes
du corps, un réseau que l’on appelle le système endocrinien. Ainsi, les personnes ayant reçu des traitements anticancéreux pendant l’enfance peuvent parfois développer des problèmes hormonaux reliés au système endocrinien.
Qu’est-ce que le système endocrinien ?

Le système endocrinien est un réseau deglandes qui contrôlent les fonctions du corps
telles que la croissance, la puberté, le niveaud’énergie, la production d’urine et la réponse
au stress. Ces glandes incluent l’hypophyse,l’hypothalamus, la thyroïde, les glandes surrénales, le pancréas, les ovaires chez les filles et
les femmes, et les testicules chez les hommes
et les garçons. Reconnues souvent comme «les glandes maîtresses du corps », l’hypophyse et l’hypothalamus (situés dans le cerveau)contrôlent d’autres glandes du système endocrinien. Malheureusement, certains traitements contre le cancer pédiatrique peuvent
endommager l’hypothalamus et l’hypophyse,causant ainsi divers problèmes.

Hypophyse
Hypothalamus
Thyroïde

Pancréas
Glandes surrénales

Ovaires

Testicules

Quel est le rôle des hormones ?

Les glandes endocrines fabriquent de nombreuses hormones et les libèrent dans le sang. Ces hormones jouent le rôlede messagers chimiques pour transmettre de l’information vers divers types de cellules à travers le corps. L’hormone
de croissance, les hormones sexuelles, les hormones thyroïdiennes et les hormones surrénaliennes ont chacune desfonctions spécifiques qui permettent à l’individu de grandir, de se développer, et de se maintenir en bonne santé.
À quel âge débute la puberté ?

La puberté débute généralement entre 8 et 13 ans chez les filles et entre 9 et 14 ans chez les garçons. L’âge de lapuberté est influencé par l’hérédité, et ainsi il est possible que chez certaines familles, la puberté commence plus
tôt que chez d’autres. Pour la plupart des jeunes filles, les seins commencent à se développer et les poils pubiens
à apparaitre vers 10 ou 11 ans. Les premières règles (menstruations) surviennent vers l’âge de 12 ou 13 ans, mais
peuvent débuter avant ou après, tout en demeurant dans les limites de la normale. Chez les garçons, la croissancedes testicules et l’apparition des poils pubiens se font à partir de l’âge de 11 ou 12 ans.
Qu’est-ce que la puberté précoce ?

On parle de puberté précoce quand les signes de puberté (tels que le développement des seins ou des testicules, ou
l’apparition des poils pubiens) surviennent à un âge plus jeune que la normale. Selon la plupart des médecins, cela
veut dire avant l’âge de 8 ans pour les filles, et avant l’âge de 9 ans pour les garçons.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique
Les hormones qui démarrent la puberté entraînent une poussée de croissance accompagnée d’une croissanceosseuse rapide. Quand la puberté est précoce, cette maturation rapide des os résulte en un temps de croissanceécourté. Ces enfants auront une taille adulte petite, inférieure à la normale.
Quels sont les facteurs de risque d’une puberté précoce ?

Les facteurs de risque incluent :•Radiothérapie à la tête ou au cerveau, plus particulièrement à des doses de 18 Gy (1800 cGy ou 1800 rad) ou
plus, dont les champs d’irradiation suivants :–– Crâne (la tête et/ou le cerveau)–– Orbite (l’oeil ou l’orbite de l’oeil)–– Région nasopharyngée (la région au dessus du palais de la bouche)–– Région infra-temporale (côté du visage en dessous des pommettes) ou l’oreille• Sexe féminin• Jeune âge au moment des traitements anticancéreux
La puberté précoce est plus fréquente chez les enfants en surpoids.
Pourquoi une puberté précoce ?

L’hypothalamus et l’hypophyse peuvent subir des dommages suite aux irradiations. Dans un tel cas, les glandes
pourraient libérer des hormones indiquant aux ovaires chez les filles (aux testicules chez les garçons) de débuter laproduction d’hormones féminines (ou masculines chez les garçons), malgré que ce ne soit pas le temps normal. Chez
certains enfants, une puberté précoce peut par contre être due à des anomalies des ovaires, des testicules, ou desglandes surrénales. Des tests détermineront si la cause de la puberté précoce se situe au cerveau ou ailleurs.
Quel est le suivi recommandé ?

On recommande à tous les enfants ayant survécu un cancer pédiatrique de se faire examiner par un médecin au
moins une fois par an. Cet examen devrait inclure les mesures de taille et de poids ainsi qu’une évaluation du stadede développement pubertaire. Si le médecin trouvait des signes de croissance accélérée ou de puberté précoce,il pourrait indiquer une prise de sang pour doser les hormones sexuelles : l’hormone folliculostimulante (FSH) etl’hormone lutéinisante (LH) produites par l’activation de l’hypophyse; l’oestradiol par les ovaires; la testostérone parles testicules. Une radiographie pourrait parfois être indiquée pour mesurer le stade de maturation squelettique (l’âge
osseux) de l’enfant.
Quel est le traitement de la puberté précoce ?

Advenant un problème, le médecin devrait référer l’enfant à un endocrinologue (médecin spécialiste de la prise en
charge des problèmes hormonaux). Certains médicaments peuvent être prescrits pour arrêter la puberté temporairement et ralentir la vitesse de la maturation osseuse. Il est également important d’évaluer et de gérer l’impact
psychologique que peut entraîner la puberté précoce chez les enfants. À cause d’une apparence physique mature, lesgens risquent d’oublier que ce ne sont que des enfants de leur véritable âge chronologique.
Écrit par Debra Kent, RN, MSN, CPNP, Cancer Survivorship Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
Révisé par Dr Lillian R. Meacham, MD; Priscilla Rieves, MS, RN, CPNP; Dr Charles Sklar, MD; Dr Julie Blatt, MD; Peggy Kulm, RN,
MA; et Marcia Leonard, RN, PNP.
Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique
Traduit par Danielle Buch, éditrice/rédactrice médicale, Unité de recherche clinique appliquée, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada.

Pour plus d’information sur la santé des survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique, nous vous
invitons à consulter les sites web suivants :www.survivorshipguidelines.org
La société canadienne du cancer, www.cancer.ca
L’Encyclopédie canadienne du cancer, http://info.cancer.ca/cce-ecc
Noter: Dans la série Health Links, le terme « cancer pédiatrique » signifie un cancer qui se présente pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge
adulte. La série de fiches Health Links est conçue pour informer les survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique sur des sujets touchant leur état de santé, quel que
soit l’âge auquel ce cancer soit survenu pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge adulte.
Décharge de responsabilité et avis relatif aux droits de propriété
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines et Health Links: « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ainsi que les fiches « Health
Links » qui les accompagnent ont été développés par le Children’s Oncology Group en collaboration entre le Late Effects Committee et Nursing Discipline. Ils sont maintenus à jour par leLong-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee du Children’s Oncology Group et les groupes de travail associés. À titre d’information seulement : Le terme « Contenu informatif » désigne
tout contenu et toute information à l’intérieur de chaque document ou série de documents en provenance du Children’s Oncology Group concernant les effets tardifs du traitement et des soins du cancer,
ou intitulé « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ou « Health Link », que ce soit sous forme électronique ou imprimée (y compris tout
format numérique, courriel, ou téléchargement du site web). Tout Contenu informatif est donné à titre d’information seulement et ne remplace pas l’avis d’un médecin ni le suivi médical, le diagnostic,ou le traitement par un médecin ou autre professionnel de la santéÀ l’attention des patients souffrant de cancer (ou si cela concerne un enfant, à l’attention des parents ou tuteurs) : Veuillez obtenir l’avis d’un médecin ou d’un autre professionnel
de la santé qualifié pour toute question concernant l’état de santé; ne vous fiez pas au Contenu informatif. Le Children’s Oncology Group est un organisme de recherche et ne pourvoit pasde prise en charge ni de traitement médical individualisé.
À l’attention des médecins et autres professionnels de la santé : Le Contenu informatif ne remplace pas votre bon jugement clinique ni votre avis professionnel et n’exclut pas lesautres critères légitimes pour le dépistage, conseils pratiques, ou interventions concernant certaines complications liées au traitement du cancer pédiatrique. Le Contenu informatif netient pas non plus à exclure toute autre procédure de suivi raisonnable. Le Contenu informatif est conçu à titre de courtoisie et non comme document unique pour guider l’évaluation dessurvivants de cancers pédiatriques. Le Children’s Oncology Group reconnaît que les décisions particulières sont le privilège du patient, de sa famille, et du professionnel de la santé.
Aucun test particulier, produit, ni procédure n’est spécifiquement endossé par le Contenu informatif, le Children’s Oncology Group, ses membres ou associés.
Aucune garantie d’exactitude ni d’exhaustivité : Quoique le Children’s Oncology Group ait fait tous les efforts nécessaires pour s’assurer de l’exactitude et de l’exhaustivité du Contenu informatif endate de publication, aucune garantie ni représentation, expresse ou implicite, n’est faite concernant l’exactitude, la fiabilité, l’exhaustivité, la pertinence, ou l’actualité du Contenu informatif.
Aucune responsabilité de la part du Children’s Oncology Group et des parties liées/ Entente d’indemnité et de dégagement de toute responsabilité en ce qui concerne le Children’s Oncology Group et parties liées : Le Children’s Oncology Group ainsi que ses affiliés, membres affiliés, ou associés n’assument aucune responsabilité en ce qui concerne les dommages découlant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif. Vous acceptez les termes d’indemnité suivants : (i) les « Parties indemnisées » incluent les auteurs et contributeurs au Contenu informatif, ainsi que tous
les dirigeants, directeurs, représentants, employés, agents et membres du Children’s Oncology Group et de ses organismes affiliés; (ii) en utilisant, examinant, ou accédant au Contenu informatif, vous
acceptez, à vos propres frais, d’indemniser, de défendre, et de dégager de toute responsabilité les Parties indemnisées de toute perte, préjudice, ou dommage (incluant les frais d’avocats et autres frais)
résultant de toute réclamation, démarche, poursuite, procès, ou demande en lien avec ou provenant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif.
Droits de propriété : Le Contenu informatif est protégé par la loi internationale concernant les droits d’auteur et de toute autre propriété intellectuelle tant aux États-Unis que mondialement. Le
Children’s Oncology Group détient les droits exclusifs sur le contenu, le titre, et les intérêts du Contenu informatif et revendique tous les droits d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle prévus par la loi. Il est
entendu par la présente que vous respectiez le transfert de tous les droits en faveur du Children’s Oncology Group en prenant certaines démarches dans un deuxième temps, telles que la signature deformulaires de consentement et d’autres documents légaux et la limitation de toute dissémination ou de reproduction du Contenu informatif.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique

Précautions Pour les Individus Sans Rate Fonctionnelle
La rate, c’est quoi ?

La rate est un organe situé du coté gauche, vers le haut de l’abdomen, sous les côtes, derrière l’estomac. Une rate normale a à peu près la grosseur du poing. Elle produit des anticorps et filtre les bactéries du sang. Ainsi, la rate aide le corps à combattre l’infection.
Quels sont les facteurs de risque pour une rate non- fonctionnelle ?

••Intervention chirurgicale ayant retiré la rate (splénectomie)Radiothérapie à la rate à forte dose, c’est-à-dire 40 Gy (4000 cGy ou 4000 rad) ou
plus•

Maladie chronique et active du greffon contre l’hôte (cGVHD), suivant une greffe demoelle osseuse ou une greffe de cellules souches.

Quels sont les problèmes qui peuvent survenir chez un individu sans rate
fonctionnelle ?

Une personne sans rate ou dont la rate ne fonctionne plus est plus à risque de développer
des infections graves. Une telle infection peut être mortelle si elle n’est pas traitée tout desuite. Communément, les infections chez les individus sans rate fonctionnelle sont provoquées par des bactéries encapsulées. Ces bactéries ont une couche externe qui les protège
du système immunitaire du corps. Elles incluent notamment le Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzaeet Neisseria meningitidis.
Quels sont les signes d’une infection ?

La fièvre est un signe d’infection. Souvent, la fièvre est causée par un virus (exemple : la grippe) et non par une bactérie dangereuse. Par contre, sans faire de culture sanguine, il est impossible de savoir si l’on a affaire à une bactérie
et si oui, laquelle. Donc, on fait une prise de sang et on test l’échantillon pour la présence de bactéries. Les résultats,
toutefois, peuvent mettre quelques heures ou parfois quelques jours à revenir du laboratoire. Donc, entre temps, il
est nécessaire de traiter avec des antibiotiques comme si c’était une infection sévère. Ceci sera le processus
chaque fois que vous aurez de la fièvre.
Parmi les autres symptômes d’une infection, vous pourriez vous sentir plus fatigué que d’habitude ou avoir desdouleurs musculaires, des frissons, des maux de tête, vomissements, diarrhée, ou mal de ventre. Ces symptômespeuvent signaler une infection, même si vous n’avez pas de fièvre. Consultez votre médecin chaque fois que vousdéveloppez de tels symptômes. À tout signe de maladie, prenez votre température régulièrement. Si vous n’êtes pas
sûr si oui ou non vos symptômes sont signes d’infection, mieux vaut appeler votre médecin et lui demander conseil.
Que dois-je faire en cas de fièvre ?

Si vous avez 38,3ºC (101 ºF) de température ou plus, vous devez :••••Consulter un médecin immédiatement (même si vous prenez déjà des antibiotiques)
Dire au médecin que vous n’avez pas de rate fonctionnelle
Rapporter tous vos symptômes (tels que ceux notés ci-dessus)
Vous faire faire une prise de sang pour analyse et culture

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique•

Recevoir un antibiotique puissant (par injection intraveineuse ou intramusculaire), au moins jusqu’à ce que lesrésultats de la culture soient disponibles.

Est-ce que je peux faire quelque chose pour prévenir les infections ?

Vaccins : Les vaccins diminuent les chances d’attraper une infection sévère. On vous recommande de vous faire
vacciner contre le pneumocoque, le méningocoque et l’Haemophilus influenzae de type B (Hib). Vérifiez auprès
de votre médecin si vous avez reçu ces trois vaccins et si vous avez besoin de rappels (doses supplémentaires
suivant une première vaccination). Le vaccin contre le pneumocoque a besoin d’un rappel au moins 5 ans après
la première dose. De plus, il existe maintenant deux types de vaccin contre le pneumocoque (conjugué et polysaccharidique), qui sont à prendre combinés plutôt qu’au choix pour obtenir une protection améliorée. Consultez votre
médecin pour vérifier si vous avez reçu les deux types, et si ce n’est pas le cas, fixez un rendez-vous pour recevoir
toute dose manquante. Nombreux médecins recommandent aussi le vaccin annuel contre la grippe (influenza)
pour réduire le risque de complications bactériennes suite à la grippe. Il est important de comprendre que, même sivous avez été vacciné, vous demeurez à risque d’infection, car aucun vaccin ne protège à 100%.
Antibiotiques : Certains médecins recommandent la prise d’un antibiotique quotidien à titre préventif (prophylaxie),
tel la pénicilline, dans le but de prévenir les infections bactériennes sévères. D’autres médecins préfèrent vous laisser
la prescription afin que vous commenciez des antibiotiques aux premiers signes de maladie. D’autres encore recommandent une prescription d’antibiotiques uniquement quand vous voyagez dans une zone sans accès facile aux soins
médicaux. De toute façon, que vous preniez des antibiotiques ou pas, il est essentiel de consulter un médecinchaque fois que vous aurez de la fièvre, des frissons, ou n’importe quel autre symptôme de maladie grave, etce, dès que vous développez des symptômes. Un bref délai de quelques heures risque d’être dangereux pour vous.
Si vous aviez une infection bactérienne, elle risquerait de s’aggraver très rapidement.
Autres précautions :N’ayant pas de rate fonctionnelle, vous êtes plus à risque de développer des problèmes en lien avec les suivantes :La malaria : Si vous voyagez vers des pays où la malaria est fréquente, il vous faudra prendre des précautions
spéciales pour éviter d’attraper la malaria. Demandez à votre médecin de vous prescrire des médicaments contre lamalaria avant de voyager. Pendant le voyage, appliquez de l’insectifuge (chassemoustiques) et utilisez toute autre
mesure de protection disponible, tels que moustiquaires et vêtements protecteurs.
Les morsures animales ou humaines : Les morsures animales ou humaines peuvent amener des infections bactériennes graves. Si la peau a été brisée, consultez immédiatement un médecin pour qu’il vous prescrive des antibiotiques.
Les tiques : Les personnes qui n’ont pas de rate fonctionnelle sont plus à risque de développer une infection causéepar les Babesia, parasites transmis par la tique du chevreuil. Ces tiques sont communément trouvées au nord-est
des États-Unis, au sud-est du Canada, et dans certains pays de l’Europe. (Note : il ne s’agit pas du microbe qui est
responsable de la maladie de Lyme). Lorsque vous vous promenez en nature dans une région infestée, utilisez de l’insectifuge et des vêtements protecteurs. Si vous vous faites piquer par une tique dans une région infestée de Babesia,
retirez la tique et contactez votre médecin pour savoir quoi faire.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatriqueComment mon médecin saura-t-il que je n’ai pas de rate fonctionnelle ?

Assurez-vous d’informer tous vos médecins, dentistes et autres professionnels de la santé, que vous n’avez pas derate fonctionnelle. Vous devriez également porter un bracelet ou collier d’alerte médicale (avec l’emblème) pourdésigner que vous n’avez pas de rate fonctionnelle, en cas d’urgence médicale où vous seriez incapable de communiquer.
Nous vous recommandons aussi de porter sur vous une carte portefeuille telle que la suivante. Elle indiquera aux
professionnels de la santé quoi faire en cas de fièvre chez un patient sans rate fonctionnelle.

Carte portefeuille pour patients sans rate fonctionnelle

Téléphone du médecin : _____________________________
Nom du médecin : ________________________________________________
Nom du patient : __________________________________________________

Patient asplénique

ALERTE MÉDICALE
Pliez ici

ALERTE MÉDICALE : Patient asplénique
Ce patient est asplénique et à risque d’infections graves et potentiellement
mortelles. Une consultation médicale immédiate est nécessaire en cas de fièvre ≥
38,3°C (101°F) ou autres signes de maladie grave. La prise en charge suggérée
inclut:
1. Examen physique, formule sanguine complète (FSC), et culture sanguine.
2. Administration d’un antibiotique à large spectre à action prolongée par voie
parentérale (ex : ceftriaxone); surveillance clinique et monitorage serré en attendant les résultats de la culture sanguine.
3. Hospitalisation et antibiothérapie élargie (ex : ajout de vancomycine) peuvent
s’avérer nécessaires selon les circonstances, notamment la présence d’une
leucocytose, neutropénie, ou changement significatif du FSC de base; apparence
clinique toxique; fièvre ≥ 40 °C (104°F); méningite, pneumonie, ou autre foyer
d’infection important; signes de choc septique; ou antécédent médical d’une
infection grave

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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Health Link
Vivre en santé après le traitement pour un cancer pédiatrique
Écrit par Teresa Sweeney, RN, MSN, CPNP, After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,
Memphis, TN.
Révisé par Dr Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH; Dr Julie Blatt, MD; Dr Melissa M. Hudson, MD; Dr Kevin Oeffinger, MD; Lise Yasui, Wendy
Landier, RN, PhD, CPNP, CPON®; Lisa Bashore, PhD, RN, CPNP, CPON®, et le COG Late Effects Committee.
Traduit par Danielle Buch, éditrice/rédactrice médicale, Unité de recherche clinique appliquée, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada.

Pour plus d’information sur la santé des survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique, nous vous
invitons à consulter les sites web suivants :www.survivorshipguidelines.org
La société canadienne du cancer, www.cancer.ca
L’Encyclopédie canadienne du cancer, http://info.cancer.ca/cce-ecc
Noter: Dans la série Health Links, le terme « cancer pédiatrique » signifie un cancer qui se présente pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge
adulte. La série de fiches Health Links est conçue pour informer les survivants d’un cancer pédiatrique sur des sujets touchant leur état de santé, quel que
soit l’âge auquel ce cancer soit survenu pendant l’enfance, l’adolescence, ou le début de l’âge adulte.
Décharge de responsabilité et avis relatif aux droits de propriété
Introduction to Late Effects Guidelines et Health Links: « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ainsi que les fiches « Health
Links » qui les accompagnent ont été développés par le Children’s Oncology Group en collaboration entre le Late Effects Committee et Nursing Discipline. Ils sont maintenus à jour par leLong-Term Follow-Up Guidelines Core Committee du Children’s Oncology Group et les groupes de travail associés. À titre d’information seulement : Le terme « Contenu informatif » désigne
tout contenu et toute information à l’intérieur de chaque document ou série de documents en provenance du Children’s Oncology Group concernant les effets tardifs du traitement et des soins du cancer,
ou intitulé « Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers » ou « Health Link », que ce soit sous forme électronique ou imprimée (y compris tout
format numérique, courriel, ou téléchargement du site web). Tout Contenu informatif est donné à titre d’information seulement et ne remplace pas l’avis d’un médecin ni le suivi médical, le diagnostic,ou le traitement par un médecin ou autre professionnel de la santéÀ l’attention des patients souffrant de cancer (ou si cela concerne un enfant, à l’attention des parents ou tuteurs) : Veuillez obtenir l’avis d’un médecin ou d’un autre professionnel
de la santé qualifié pour toute question concernant l’état de santé; ne vous fiez pas au Contenu informatif. Le Children’s Oncology Group est un organisme de recherche et ne pourvoit pasde prise en charge ni de traitement médical individualisé.
À l’attention des médecins et autres professionnels de la santé : Le Contenu informatif ne remplace pas votre bon jugement clinique ni votre avis professionnel et n’exclut pas lesautres critères légitimes pour le dépistage, conseils pratiques, ou interventions concernant certaines complications liées au traitement du cancer pédiatrique. Le Contenu informatif netient pas non plus à exclure toute autre procédure de suivi raisonnable. Le Contenu informatif est conçu à titre de courtoisie et non comme document unique pour guider l’évaluation dessurvivants de cancers pédiatriques. Le Children’s Oncology Group reconnaît que les décisions particulières sont le privilège du patient, de sa famille, et du professionnel de la santé.
Aucun test particulier, produit, ni procédure n’est spécifiquement endossé par le Contenu informatif, le Children’s Oncology Group, ses membres ou associés.
Aucune garantie d’exactitude ni d’exhaustivité : Quoique le Children’s Oncology Group ait fait tous les efforts nécessaires pour s’assurer de l’exactitude et de l’exhaustivité du Contenu informatif endate de publication, aucune garantie ni représentation, expresse ou implicite, n’est faite concernant l’exactitude, la fiabilité, l’exhaustivité, la pertinence, ou l’actualité du Contenu informatif.
Aucune responsabilité de la part du Children’s Oncology Group et des parties liées/ Entente d’indemnité et de dégagement de toute responsabilité en ce qui concerne le Children’s Oncology Group et parties liées : Le Children’s Oncology Group ainsi que ses affiliés, membres affiliés, ou associés n’assument aucune responsabilité en ce qui concerne les dommages découlant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif. Vous acceptez les termes d’indemnité suivants : (i) les « Parties indemnisées » incluent les auteurs et contributeurs au Contenu informatif, ainsi que tous
les dirigeants, directeurs, représentants, employés, agents et membres du Children’s Oncology Group et de ses organismes affiliés; (ii) en utilisant, examinant, ou accédant au Contenu informatif, vous
acceptez, à vos propres frais, d’indemniser, de défendre, et de dégager de toute responsabilité les Parties indemnisées de toute perte, préjudice, ou dommage (incluant les frais d’avocats et autres frais)
résultant de toute réclamation, démarche, poursuite, procès, ou demande en lien avec ou provenant de l’utilisation, l’examen, ou l’accès au Contenu informatif.
Droits de propriété : Le Contenu informatif est protégé par la loi internationale concernant les droits d’auteur et de toute autre propriété intellectuelle tant aux États-Unis que mondialement. Le
Children’s Oncology Group détient les droits exclusifs sur le contenu, le titre, et les intérêts du Contenu informatif et revendique tous les droits d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle prévus par la loi. Il est
entendu par la présente que vous respectiez le transfert de tous les droits en faveur du Children’s Oncology Group en prenant certaines démarches dans un deuxième temps, telles que la signature deformulaires de consentement et d’autres documents légaux et la limitation de toute dissémination ou de reproduction du Contenu informatif.

Copyright 2013 © Children’s Oncology Group. Tous droits réservés mondialement.

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