ி 㒔 ኱ Ꮫ 㜵 ⅏ ◊ ✲ ᡤ ᖺ ሗ  ➨  ྕ % ᖹ ᡂ  ᖺ  ᭶     Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No. 50 B, 2007    ౎ࢢ‫ूܕࢢ౎͕ڥ؀‬த߽Ӎʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ͷධՁҏ౻༸ଠ࿠ ∗ ɾໜ໦ߞ࡞ ∗ ∗ ɾ૬അҰٛ ∗ ∗ ∗ ɾᤈ࿨໌ ∗ ɾాத‫࣏ݡ‬ɾ஑෵पҰ∗‫౎ژ‬େֶେֶӃ޻ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ∗∗∗∗∗ւ༸‫ڀݚ‬։ൃ‫ߏػ‬‫౎ژ‬େֶ࣍ੈ୅։୓‫ڀݚ‬Ϣχοτཁ ࢫຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼӢղ૾ͷඇ੩ྗֶ਺஋‫ؾ‬৅Ϟσϧ CReSS (Cloud Resolving Storm Simulator) ʹ཮໘ঢ়ଶΛৄࡉʹߟྀͰ͖Δ཮໘աఔϞσϧ SiBUC (Simple Biospher model including Urban Canopy)Λಋೖͨ͠ CReSiBUC Λ༻͍ͯɼ౎ࢢ‫ूܕ‬த߽Ӎͷ୅දతࣄྫͰ͋Δ࿅അ߽Ӎʹରͯ͠ɼ౎ࢢ
‫ڥ؀‬Λ૑Γग़͍ͯ͠Δ 3 ཁૉ (౎ࢢͷ౔஍ඃ෴ɼਓ޻ഉ೤ɼ‫ݐ‬෺෼෍) ͕ͲͷΑ͏ʹ߱ਫʹӨ‫͠ڹ‬͍ͯΔͷ͔Λ‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠ɻ·ͨɼਓ޻ഉ೤෼෍Λ‫ؾ‬৅Ϟσϧʹద༻͠ɼͦͷ൚༻తͳར༻Λ໨ࢦͯ͠ਓ޻ഉ೤ؔ਺Λߏஙͨ͠ɻ
Ωʔϫʔυɿ CReSiBUC, ώʔτΞΠϥϯυ, ౎ࢢ‫ूܕ‬த߽Ӎ, ౎ࢢ‫ڥ؀‬

1. ং࿦ঢԹ͕ऩଋΛ‫ڧ‬Ίɼ౦‫౎ژ‬৺ͷ‫͍߱ڧ‬ਫͷ૿ՃΛ΋ͨΒ͍ͯ͠ΔՄೳੑΛࣔࠦͨ͠ɻࠤ౻Β (2006) ͸ɼ߱ਫϨʔۙ೥ɼʮ౎ࢢ‫߽ܕ‬ӍʯͱΑ͹ΕΔ౎ࢢҬͰͷ‫ہ‬஍తͳ୹࣌ؒ‫ڧ‬Ӎ͕஫໨͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ౎ࢢҬʹ͓͚ΔμʔσʔλΛ༻͍ͨղੳ͔Βɼ౦‫ͱژ‬ͷ౎ࢢҬͰ߱ਫγεςϜ͕‫ڧ‬Խ͞Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱΛࣔࠦͨ͠ɻ

ूத߽Ӎ͸ɼ஍Լࣨͷਁਫ΍ަ௨໢ͷຑᙺͳͲͷඃ֐্͕ʹ‫؍ͨ͛ڍ‬ଌ໘͔Βͷ‫݁ڀݚ‬Ռ͔Βɼ౎ࢢʹ͓͚Δ

ಛ௃Ͱ͋Γɼਓ‫ूີޱ‬஍Ͱͷ͜͏͍ͬͨඃ֐͸ͦͷ஍ҬώʔτΞΠϥϯυͱ߱ਫͷؔ࿈ੑΛࣔࠦ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖

ʹେ͖ͳࠞཚΛ΋ͨΒ͢ɻ

Δɻ͔͠͠ͳ͕Βɼ߱ਫͷ෼෍΍ස౓͸༷ʑͳࣗવཁҼʹ౎ࢢҬʹ͓͚ΔώʔτΞΠϥϯυͱ߱ਫͷؔ࿈ʹ͍ͭΑͬͯมಈ͢ΔͷͰɼ߱ਫʹର͢Δ౎ࢢͷӨ‫ڹ‬ͷ༗ແʹͯ͸ɼShepherd Β (2003) ͕ɼώϡʔετϯ΍ςΩαεͳ͍ͭͯ͸ະͩٞ࿦ͷ༨஍͕࢒͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔ΒɼͲͷւԊ͍ͷେ౎ࢢʹ͓͍ͯɼ౎ࢢʹ͓͚ΔਓҝతͳӨ߱ਫʹର͢Δ౎ࢢͷӨ‫ڹ‬ͷ༗ແʹ͍ͭͯࣗવཁҼʹΑΔ‫͔ڹ‬Βൃੜ͢ΔώʔτΞΠϥϯυ͕߱ਫ΍མཕͷස౓ͷมಈΛऔΓআ͍ͯΑΓ໌֬ͳٞ࿦Λߦ͏ͨΊʹ΋ɼ‫؍‬ଌ૿ՃΛҾ͖‫͍ͯ͜͠ى‬Δ͜ͱΛ‫؍‬ଌղੳ݁Ռ͔Βࢦఠ͠σʔλʹΑΔղੳʹՃ͑ͯ‫ؾ‬৅ϞσϧΛ༻͍ͨղੳΛߦ

ͨɻ·ͨɼChangnon Β (1981) ͸ɼΞϝϦΧͳͲͷ͍͘͏ඞཁ͕͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻྫ͑͹ɼGero Β (2006) ͸ɼ͔ͭͷ౎ࢢͰ͸ɼͦͷ෩ԼଆΛத৺ͱͯ͠Նͷରྲྀੑ߱஍Ҭ‫ؾ‬৅Ϟσϧ RAMS(Regional Atomospheric Modelingਫͷ૿Ճ܏޲͕‫ݟ‬ग़͞Ε͓ͯΓɼͦͷ܏޲͸‫ʹޙޕ‬ஶ͠

System) Λ༻͍ͯγυχʔपลʹ͓͚Δ౔஍ར༻෼෍ͷม͍͜ͱΛใࠂͨ͠ɻShepherd Β (2002) ͸ɼTRMM(೤ଳԽ͕‫ཱݽ‬ରྲྀͷ‫ܗ‬੒ʹରͯ͠େ͖ͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑Δ͜ͱΛ߱Ӎ‫؍‬ଌӴ੕, The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) Λఆੑతʹࣔͨ͠ɻ

༻͍ͨ౷‫ܭ‬తղੳʹΑͬͯಉ༷ͷ݁࿦Λಘ͍ͯΔɻ

ͨͩɼ೔ຊͷΑ͏ʹ‫͍ڱ‬஍Ҭʹෳ਺ͷ౔஍ར༻͕ࠞࡏ

೔ຊʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼখྛΒ (2003) ͕ɼՆ‫ق‬౦‫ژ‬पลʹ͍ͯ͠Δ஍Ҭʹ͓͍ͯɼ౎ࢢ‫ڥ؀‬ͷͲ͏͍ͬͨ෦෼͕େ

͓͍ͯϨʔμʔ‫؍‬ଌσʔλΛ΋ͱʹੵཚӢͷ‫ݕ‬ग़Λߦ͍ɼ‫Ͳʹؾ‬ͷΑ͏ͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͢΅ٴ‬ͷ͔ɼͱ͍͏͜ͱʹ͍ͭͯͦͷ݁Ռɼ౦‫ژ‬पลͷฏ໺෦Ͱ͸Ұ౓ੵཚӢ͕ൃੜ͢Δͷ‫ڀݚ‬͸े෼ʹͳ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ɻͦ͜Ͱຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ౎ͱൃୡ͠΍͘͢ɼ·ͨɼੵཚӢͷൃੜϝΧχζϜ͕ࢁַࢢ‫ूܕ‬த߽Ӎʹରͯ͠౎ࢢ‫͢΅ٴ͕ڥ؀‬Ө‫ڹ‬ΛධՁ͢Δ

ͷࣼ໘্ঢʹΑΔ΋ͷͱ͸ҟͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱΛ͖ͭͱΊɼ͜ͱΛ໨తͱ͢Δɻ౎ࢢ͕େ‫ʹڥ؀ؾ‬༩͑ΔӨ‫ͯ͠ͱڹ‬ੵཚӢൃੜͱώʔτΞΠϥϯυͷؔ܎Λࢦఠͨ͠ɻ·ͨɼҎԼͷ 3 ཁૉ (౔஍ඃ෴ɼਓ޻ഉ೤ɼ‫ز‬Կ‫ܗ‬ঢ়) ΛऔΓ্౻෦ (2003) ͸ɼट౎‫͚͓ʹݍ‬Δ޿Ҭతͳ౎ࢢޮՌʹΑΔ

͛ɼͦΕͧΕ͕߱ਫʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δɻ

－ 715 －

F0b

2. େ‫཮ؾ‬໘݁߹Ϟσϧ CReSiBUC

θ
bw

bw

roof

skyw

ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ໊‫ݹ‬԰େֶ஍‫ٿ‬ਫ॥‫ڀݚ؀‬ηϯλʔͰ։ൃ͞Ε͍ͯΔ‫ؾ‬৅Ϟσϧ CReSS(Cloud Resolving Storm Sim-

kh0

wall

Δx

kho

skyg

bw

ulator) ʹɼ‫౎ژ‬େֶ๷ࡂ‫ॴڀݚ‬ਫࢿ‫ڀݚڥ؀ݯ‬ηϯλʔͰ։ൃ͕ਐΊΒΕ͍ͯΔ཮໘աఔϞσϧ SiBUC(Simple

road

Biosphere including Urban Canopy) Λ૊ΈࠐΜͰɼΑΓࡉ

ΔxFig. 1 Urban canyon.

͔͘஍ද໘ͷঢ়ଶΛද‫͖Ͱݱ‬ΔΑ͏ʹͨ͠Ӣղ૾ͷඇ੩

Fig. 2 Building element.

ྗֶ਺஋‫ؾ‬৅ϞσϧΛ༻͍Δɻ

CReSS ͸ɼӢεέʔϧ͔Βϝιεέʔϧͷ‫ݱ‬৅ͷߴਫ਼౓γϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛߦ͏͜ͱΛ໨తͱͯ͠։ൃ͞ΕͨɼӢղ૾ͷඇ੩ྗֶ਺஋‫ؾ‬৅ϞσϧͰ͋ΔɻCReSS ͸େ‫ن‬໛ͳฒྻ‫཰ޮͰػࢉܭ‬Α࣮͘ߦͰ͖ΔΑ͏ʹઃ‫͞ܭ‬Εɼͦ

Table 1 The parameters of Fig. 1ɼFig. 2
symbol definition
unit
Fob

direct beam

W m−2

bw

building widthmknumber of building story
in a canyonhounit height of storyͷฒྻ‫ʹࢉܭ‬ΑΓӢͷৄࡉͳ࣌ؒൃలͷγϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛߦ͏͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔϞσϧͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɻࢧ഑ํఔࣜ
‫ܥ‬͸ɼӡಈํఔࣜʢ஍‫ٿ‬ͷճసΛߟྀͨ͠φϏΤɾετʔΫεํఔࣜʣɼ೤ྗֶํఔࣜɼѹॖ‫ܗ‬ͷ࿈ଓํఔࣜɼਫৠ
‫߹ࠞؾ‬ൺͷࣜɼӢɾ߱ਫཻࢠͷࠞ߹ൺͷࣜɼӢɾ߱ਫཻࢠͷ਺ີ౓ͷࣜͰ‫ه‬ड़͞ΕΔɻ

m཮໘աఔϞσϧ SiBUC ͸ɼੜ෺‫ࢢ౎͘ͳͰ͚ͩݍ‬ɾਫ

skyw

sky-view factor for wallradମΛ΋ද‫ݱ‬Մೳͳ఺͕ଞͷ཮໘աఔϞσϧͱେ͖͘ҟͳskyg

sky-view factor for roadrad

Δ఺Ͱ͋Δɻ·ͨɼେ‫ؾ‬ϞσϧͷҰ֨ࢠʹରͯ͠ෳ਺ͷ౔θ

incident angle of direct
beam radiationrad஍ར༻ͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λ൓өͤ͞Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔϞβΠΫεΩʔϜΛಋೖ͍ͯ͠ΔͨΊɼ೔ຊͷΑ͏ͳ‫͍ڱ‬ฏ໺෦ʹ౎ࢢ΍ਫాͳͲ͕ࠞࡏ͢Δ஍Ҭʹ͓͚Δ஍ද໘‫ؾ‬৅ཁૉΛਖ਼֬ʹද‫͢ݱ‬ΔͨΊʹඇৗʹ༗ޮͰ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ·ͨ SiBUC ʹ͓͍ͯ౎ࢢҬ͸ɼFig. 1 ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹಓ࿏ͱͦΕʹ໘ͨ͠Ϗϧͷน໘Ͱߏ੒͞ΕΔ‫ݐ‬෺ཁૉͷू߹ମ౎ࢢ‫ूܕ‬த߽Ӎ͸࣌ؒతʹ΋ۭؒతʹ΋ඇৗʹখ͞ͳͱͯ͠ද‫͞ݱ‬ΕΔʢFig. 2ʣɻ‫ݸ‬ʑͷ‫ݐ‬෺ཁૉͰ͸ɼ2 ࣍εέʔϧ (ϝι β εέʔϧɼ20ʙ200 km ఔ౓) ͷ‫ݱ‬৅Ͱ‫ݩ‬ͷ౎ࢢΩϟχΦϯΛߟ͑Δ͜ͱͰɼ౎ࢢΩϟχΦϯ΁

͋Δɻରྲྀ‫ݱ‬৅͕ॏཁͳҙຯΛ࣋ͭ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ‫ݱ‬৅Λ࠶ೖͬͯ͘Δ೔ࣹͷೖࣹ֯ʹΑΔҧ͍ɼน໘‫ͼٴ‬࿏໘Ͱͷ‫͢ݱ‬ΔͨΊʹ͸ɼ࢖༻͢Δ਺஋Ϟσϧ΋ϝι β εέʔϧ൓ࣹɼࣹग़౳Λߟྀ͍ͯ͠Δɻ౎ࢢʹ͸༷ʑͳߴ͞ͷΩϟͷ༧ଌΛ໨తͱͯ͠࡞ΒΕͨɼੵཚӢͷൃୡաఔ (ରྲྀ‫ݱ‬χΦϯ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ͕ɼ·ͣಉ͡ߴ͞ͷΩϟχΦϯʹؔ͠৅) Λৄࡉʹද‫͖Ͱݱ‬Δඇ੩ྗֶϞσϧΛ࢖༻͢Δඞཁ͕

ͯ์ࣹऩࢧΛ‫ٻ‬Ίɼ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍ r(k) Λ༻͍ͯੵ෼͠ɼ

͋ΔɻՃ͑ͯɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸߱ਫʹର͢Δ౎ࢢͷӨ‫ڹ‬ΛධՁ౎ࢢશମͱͯ͠԰ࠜ໘ɼน໘ɼ࿏໘ʹ഑෼͞ΕͨΤωϧ

͢ΔͨΊɼ౎ࢢΛ‫ؚ‬Ίͨ཮໘աఔΛৄࡉʹද‫͍ͯ͠ݱ‬Δ

ΪʔྔΛ‫͢ࢉܭ‬Δɻ·ͨɼྫྷஆ๪ͳͲ‫ݐ‬෺ʹ‫ى‬Ҽ͢Δ‫ݐ‬ϞσϧΛબ୒͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɻຊ‫͢༻࢖Ͱڀݚ‬Δେ‫ؾ‬෺ഉ೤ɼࣗಈं૸ߦʹ൐͏ࣗಈंഉ೤ͳͲͷਓ޻ഉ೤Λ཮໘݁߹Ϟσϧ CReSiBUC ͸ɼӢղ૾ͷඇ੩ྗֶ਺஋‫ؾ‬

ߟྀ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ৅ϞσϧͰ͋Δ CReSS (Cloud Resolving Storm Simulator)ʹɼਫా΍౎ࢢͷӨ‫ڹ‬ΛߟྀͰ͖Δৄࡉͳ཮໘աఔϞσϧ

SiBUC (Simple Biosphere including Urban Canopy) Λಋೖ

3. ࿅അ߽Ӎͷ‫؍‬ଌతಛ௃ͱ୯७࠶‫ݧ࣮ݱ‬ͨ͠΋ͷ (Moteki(2005)) Ͱ͋Γɼલड़ͷ৚݅Λେ͍ʹຬ

3.1 ‫؍‬ଌతಛ௃

͍ͨͯ͠Δɻ

ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬औΓ্͛Δ࿅അ߽Ӎ͸ɼ1999 ೥ 7 ݄ 21 ೔‫ޕ‬ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ౎ࢢ‫ूܕ‬த߽Ӎͷࣄྫͱͯ͠࿅അ߽ӍΛ‫ޙ‬ɼ౦‫౎ژ‬࿅അ۠Λத৺ͱͨ͠஍Ҭʹ͓͍ͯൃੜ߽ͨ͠

औΓ্͛Δɻ࿅അ߽Ӎ͸ 1999 ೥ 7 ݄ 21 ೔ʹ౦‫౎ژ‬࿅അӍࡂ֐Ͱ͋Δɻ͜ͷ߽Ӎ͸ɼΞϝμεʹΑΔͱ 15 JSTʙ۠Λத৺ʹൃੜͨ͠ूத߽ӍͰɼҰ࣌ؒʹ 100 mm Ҏ্

18 JST ͷ 3 ࣌ؒੵࢉ߱ਫྔ͕ 130 mm ʹୡ͠ɼಛʹ 16ͷ߱ਫྔΛ‫ه‬࿥͍ͯ͠Δ୹͔࣌ؒͭɼ‫ॴہ‬తʹ΋ͨΒ͞JST ·Ͱͷ 1 ࣌ؒʹ 90 mm ͷ߱ਫྔΛ‫ه‬࿥ͨ͠୹࣌ؒू

Εͨ‫ڧ‬Ӎ‫ݱ‬৅Ͱ͋Δɻ౎ࢢ‫߽ܕ‬Ӎͷ୅දతࣄྫͱ΋͍͑த‫ܕ‬ͷ߽ӍͰ͋Δͱ͍͑Δɻ

Fig. 3 ʹΞϝμεʹΑΔ 21 ೔ 12 JSTʙ14 JST ͷฏ‫ۉ‬Δ࿅അ߽ӍΛ௨ͯ͠ɼ౎ࢢ‫ूܕࢢ౎͕ڥ؀‬த߽Ӎʹ‫΅ٴ‬͢Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δɻ

‫ؾ‬Թɾ෩෼෍Λࣔ͢ɻຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ‫࣮ݱ‬ͷ౔஍ར༻෼෍

－ 716 －

Fig. 3 Averaged temperature and wind for
12 - 14 JST with
AMeDAS.

Fig. 4 Accumulated
rainfall for 15 - 18 JSTwith Rader-AMeDAS.

Fig. 5 Calculated domain.

ʹ͓͍ͯ౎ࢢҬͷׂ߹͕ 30 ˋΛӽ͑ΔྖҬΛʮ౎ࢢ෦ʯ
ͱศٓతʹఆٛͨ͠ɻ͜ͷྖҬ͸ɼFig. 3ɼFig. 4ɼ‫ͼٴ‬

Fig. 6 Ҏ߱ͷਤʹ͓͍ͯ੺࣮ઢͰғ·Ε͍ͯΔɻຊ‫ʹڀݚ‬͓͍ͯఆٛͨ͠ʮ౎ࢢ෦ʯʹ͓͍ͯ͸ 33 ˆҎ্ͷ‫ؾ‬ԹΛ‫؍‬ଌ͍ͯ͠Δͷʹର͠ɼ߫֎Ͱ͸΄ͱΜͲͷ‫؍‬ଌ఺Ͱ 31(a)ˆҎԼͰ͋Γɼͦͷࠩ͸ 2 ˆҎ্ͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɻ͜ͷ‫ݦ‬(b)ஶͳԹ౓ࠩ͸ɼώʔτΞΠϥϯυ‫ݱ‬৅ʹΑΔ΋ͷͩͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ·ͨɼ஍ද෩ͷ෼෍ʹ஫໨͢ΔͱɼपғΑΓ΋‫ؾ‬Թ͕ߴ͍஍Ҭɼ͢ͳΘͪʮ౎ࢢ෦ʯΛத৺ʹ෩͕ऩ
ଋ͢Δ܏޲͕‫ݟ‬ΒΕΔɻ

Fig. 4 ʹϨʔμʔΞϝμεʹΑΔ 21 ೔ 15 JSTʙ18 JSTͷ 3 ࣌ؒੵࢉ߱ਫྔ෼෍Λࣔ͢ɻ͜͜Ͱɼ࿅അ߽Ӎʹ൐
͏ 3 ࣌ؒੵࢉ߱ਫྔͰ 50 mm Ҏ্ͷ‫ڧ‬ӍҬʹ஫໨͢Δ
ͱɼͦͷ‫ڧ‬ӍҬ͸ʮ౎ࢢ෦ʯʹ͓͚Δ໿ 50 km ࢛ํͷඇৗʹ‫ྖ͍ڱ‬Ҭʹूத͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔Δɻ͜ͷ‫ڧ‬ӍҬ(c)ͷ‫ܗ‬੒Ґஔ͸ɼઌʹࣔͨ͠ώʔτΞΠϥϯυʹ൐͏‫ॴہ‬(d)తͳߴԹҬͱ஍ද෩ͷऩଋҬʹҰக͍ͯ͠Δɻ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔Βɼ࿅അ߽Ӎ͸ͦͷൃੜʹ͓͍ͯ౎ࢢͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λड͚ͯ
͍ΔՄೳੑ͕ࣔࠦ͞ΕΔɻ

3.2 ୯७࠶‫ݧ࣮ݱ‬લઅͷ‫؍‬ଌղੳΛ౿·͑ͯɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ CReSiBUC ʹ
ΑΔ࿅അ߽Ӎͷ࠶‫( ࢉܭݱ‬CTL) Λߦͬͨɻͨͩ͠ɺ͜ͷ࠶‫ݧ࣮ݱ‬͸‫࣮ݱ‬ͷ౎ࢢ‫ڥ؀‬Λৄࡉʹ࠶‫͍ͯ͠ݱ‬Δͱ͸‫ݴ‬͍೉͍ͨΊɺ‫ݧ࣮౓ײ‬ͷൺֱͷͨΊʹߦͬͨ୯७ͳ࠶‫ݱ‬࣮‫͏͍ͱݧ‬Ґஔ͚ͮͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɻ

(e)

(f)

ࠓճͷ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɼ࿅അ߽Ӎൃੜ౰೔ͷ 1999 ೥ 7 ݄ 21೔ʹ͍ͭͯɼFig. 5 ͷখ͍͞ํͷྖҬͰ 09 JST ͔Β 21

JST ·Ͱ 10 ඵຖͷλΠϜεςοϓͰ 12 ࣌ؒͷ‫ࢉܭ‬Λߦͬͨɻ͜ͷྖҬ͸ɼਫฏ֨ࢠִؒ͸ 5 km Ͱɼ֨ࢠ਺
͸ 100 × 100 × 45 ɼྖҬͷத৺࠲ඪ͸౦‫ ܦ‬140.0 ˃ɼ๺Ң 36.5 ˃Ͱ͋Δɻॳ‫ظ‬஋ɼ‫ڥ‬ք஋ʹ͍ͭͯ͸‫ؾ‬৅ிྖҬεϖΫτϧϞσϧ (RSM: Regional Spectral Model, ֨ࢠ਺

129 × 129 × 20ɼ֨ࢠִؒ 20 km) ʹΑΔ Fig. 5 ͷେ͖͍

Fig. 6 Simulated results with the CTL of (a) accumulated rainfall for 15 - 18 JST, (b) averaged convergenceaccumulated in the 0.1 - 1.0 km-layer for 15 - 18 JST,(c) averaged temperature at 0.1 km for 12 - 14 JST, (d)vertical profile of temperature and wind at 13 JST, (e)averaged sensitive heat flux at 0.1 km for 12 - 15 JST,(f) averaged latent heat flux at 0.1 km for 12 - 15 JST.

ํͷྖҬʹ͓͚Δ 1 ࣌ؒຖͷग़ྗ݁Ռ (෩ɾԹ౓ɾ࣪౓ɾ‫ؾ‬－ 717 －ѹ) Λ࢖༻ͨ͠ɻղੳʹ͸ 1 ࣌ؒຖͷग़ྗ݁ՌΛ༻͍ͨɻओͳΦϓγϣϯʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼ߱ਫաఔͱͯ͠ 3 छྨͷණ૬ʢӢණɼઇɼᯔɾᯠʣΛ‫ؚ‬Ήඍ෺ཧύϥϝλϦθʔγϣϯΛɼཚྲྀաఔͱͯ͠ཚྲྀӡಈΤωϧΪʔʹ‫͍ͨͮج‬1.5 ࣍ΫϩʔδϟʔεΩʔϜΛɼ์ࣹաఔ͸Ӣྔɾଠཅͷఱ௖֯ɼ஍ද໘෇ۙͷ‫ؾ‬Թͱਫৠ‫ؾ‬ѹΛ༻͍ͯ‫͢ࢉܭ‬ΔΦ
ϓγϣϯΛɼେ‫ڥؾ‬ք૚಺ͷԖ௚֦ࢄʹ͍ͭͯ͸ Mellor
10

and Yamada ͷ turbulent closure model ͷ level 2 ΛͦΕͧ

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(a)CTLΕબ୒ͯ͠‫ͨ͠ࢉܭ‬ɻ5 km ࢛ํͷ֤άϦουʹ͸ 7 ͭͷΧςΰϦʔ (ਫମɼࠞ߹ྛɼ૲஍ɼാ஍ɼਫాɼད஍ɼ౎ࢢҬ) ͷ౔஍ར༻໘ੵ཰Λ༩͑ͨɻ౔஍ར༻෼෍͸ 100 mάϦουͰ 15 ෼ྨ͞Ε͍ͯΔࠃ౔਺஋৘ใ (KS-202) Λ༻͍ͯ 7 ΧςΰϦʹ࠶෼ྨ͠ɼ5 km ࢛ํΛ֤ΧςΰϦʔͷ໘ੵ͕઎ΊΔׂ߹Λ౔஍ར༻໘ੵ཰ͱͨ͠ɻ
౔৕λΠϓͷ৘ใʹ͸ɼFAO (Food and Agriculture Or10

ganization of the United Nations) ͷ Digital Soil Map of the

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(b)PDYWorld ͷσʔλ (ۭؒ෼ղೳ໿ 10 km) Λ࢖༻͠ɼΦϦδφϧͷ 1000 छҎ্ͷ෼ྨ͔Β࠭ɼϩʔϜɼγϧτͷߏ੒ൺʹ‫ ͍ͯͮج‬11 छ (sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, silt loam,

loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clayloam, sandy clay,
silty clay, clay) ʹ࠶෼ྨͨ͠σʔληοτΛ༻͍ͨɻ
CTL ʹΑΔ݁ՌΛ Fig. 6 ʹࣔ͢ɻCTL ͷੵࢉ߱ਫྔ෼෍ (Fig. 6(a)) Λ‫؍‬ଌղੳ݁ՌʢFig. 4ʣͱൺֱ͢Δͱɼຊ
‫Ͱڀݚ‬ఆٛͨ͠ʮ౎ࢢ෦ʯ(౎ࢢ໘ੵׂ߹͕ 30 ˋҎ্ͷ10࿅അ߽Ӎͷಛ௃Λ࠶‫͍͑ͱͨ͠ݱ‬Δɻ
ʮ౎ࢢ෦ʯʹ͓͍ͯ໿ 50 km ࢛ํͷ‫ॴہ‬తͳ‫ڧ‬ӍҬ͕‫ܗ‬੒͞Ε͓ͯΓɼԼ૚ͷԹ౓͓Αͼऩଋྔͷ෼෍Λ‫ͯݟ‬΋ʮ౎ࢢ෦ʯʹώʔτΞΠϥϯυͱऩଋҬ͕࠶‫͞ݱ‬Ε͍ͯΔ (Fig. 6(b), (c))ɻ·ͨɼԖ௚ํ޲ͷ‫ؾ‬Թ෩෼෍͔Β΋ɼώʔτΞΠϥϯυʹ
൐͏্ঢྲྀ͕ੜ͍ͯ͡Δ͜ͱ͕෼͔Δɻ

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(c)UBNྖҬ) ͷதʹ·ͱ·ͬͨ߱ਫ͕ੜͨ͡ͱ͍͏఺ʹ͓͍ͯɼ

Fig. 7 Land-use distribution given to each simulation.
left figure; fraction of urban area, right figure; fractionof paddy field.
4.1 ౔஍ར༻෼෍ʹର͢Δ‫ݧ࣮౓ײ‬߱ਫ෼෍ʹؔͯ͠͸ɼ‫؍‬ଌ͞Εͨ‫ڧ‬ӍҬʹൺ΂ΔͱɼͦຊઅͰ͸ɼ౎ࢢͱ͍͏౔஍ར༻ (౔஍ඃ෴) ͕࣋ͭ೤ऩ

ͷ‫ܗ‬੒Ґஔ͸΍΍ೆʹͣΕ͓ͯΓɼઈରྔ΋΍΍খ͍͞ɻࢧͷಛੑʹ஫໨͠ɼͦΕ͕߱ਫʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δɻ

͜ΕΒ͸ CReSiBUC ͷղ૾౓ͳͲͷ໰୊Ҏ֎ʹॳ‫ظ‬஋ɼ͜͜Ͱߟ͑Δ౎ࢢͱ͸ɼΞεϑΝϧτͰ෴ΘΕͨ࿏໘ͱɼ

‫ڥ‬ք஋ͷਫ਼౓ʹ΋ґଘ͍ͯ͠Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬ίϯΫϦʔτͰ෴ΘΕͨ‫ݐ‬෺‫܈‬Λࢦ͢ɻ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ౎ࢢ͸ɼ߱ਫʹର͢Δ౎ࢢͷӨ‫ڹ‬ΛධՁ͢ΔͨΊʹɼʮ౎ࢢ෦ʯҬͰ͸ɼ‫ݦ‬೤͕‫ʹ୺ۃ‬େ͖͘ͳΓɼಉ࣌ʹજ೤͕খ͘͞

ʹ͓͍ͯ‫ॴہ‬తͳ‫ڧ‬ӍҬ͕‫ܗ‬੒͞ΕΔ͜ͱ͕ॏཁͰ͋Δ

ͳΔɻҰํɼਫా΍৿ྛͱ͍ͬͨ২ੜ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ஍ҬͰͱߟ͑ΔͷͰɼ‫ʹݧ࣮౓ײ‬଱͑ಘΔ࠶‫ݱ‬ਫ਼౓Λ֬อͰ͖͸જ೤͕େ͖͍ɻ͜ͷΑ͏ͳଆ໘͔Βɼ౎ࢢҬͱ͍͏౔

ͨͱ͍͑Δɻ

஍ར༻͸২ੜ෦෼ͱൺ΂ͯ೤ऩࢧಛੑ͕ಛ௃తͰ͋Δͱ
͍͑Δɻຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ౎ࢢҬಛ༗ͷ౔஍ඃ෴ʹΑΔ೤తӨ‫͕ڹ‬େ‫ޮ͢΅ٴʹؾ‬ՌΛɼ౎ࢢҬΛશͯਫ

4. ౎ࢢ‫ʹڥ؀‬ର͢Δ‫ݧ࣮౓ײ‬ాʹஔ͖‫( ݧ࣮ͨ͑׵‬PDY) ͱɼ౎ࢢҬͷີ౓ΛߴΊ࣮ͨ‫( ݧ‬UBN) ʹΑͬͯ‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠ɻFig. 7 ʹ֤࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ౔஍ར༻౎ࢢ‫͕ڥ؀‬େ‫ʹؾ‬༩͑ΔӨ‫ͯ͠ͱڹ‬ɼ೤తޮՌɼྗֶ

෼෍Λࣔ͢ɻ

తޮՌɼͷ 2 ͭΛߟ͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ͜͜Ͱ͸ɼͦͷ

PDY ͱ UBN ͷΑΔ݁ՌΛ Fig. 8 ʹࣔ͢ɻPDY Ͱ͸ɼΑ͏ͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͏͠΅ٴ‬Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔ౎ࢢ‫ڥ؀‬ͷ 3 ཁૉ

CTL ʹൺ΂ͯ‫ڧ‬ӍҬͷҐஔ͕੢ଆʹͣΕɼࢁַҬʹ͓͚(౔஍ඃ෴ɼਓ޻ഉ೤ɼ‫ݐ‬෺ߴ͞) ʹண໨͠ɼͦΕΒ͕ຊ

Δ߱ਫྔ͕૿Ճͨ͠ɻͦͷ݁Ռͱͯ͠ɼ౎ࢢҬʹ͓͚Δ‫Ͱڀݚ‬औΓ্͛ͨ౎ࢢ‫߽ܕ‬ӍͷࣄྫͰ͋Δ࿅അ߽Ӎʹ༩߱ਫྔ͸ CTL ΑΓ΋ PDY ͷํ͕খ͘͞ͳͬͨɻFig. 6

͑ΔޮՌΛ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δɻ͜ΕΒ 3 ͭͷཁૉΛҎԼʹ‫͛ڍ‬Δɻ(a) ʹࣔͨ͠ࠇ࣮ઢͰғ·ΕͨྖҬฏ‫ۉ‬Ӎྔ͸ɼCTL ͰຊষͰ͸ɼ͜ΕΒ 3 ͭͷཁૉʹண໨ͨ͠‫ݧ࣮౓ײ‬Λߦ

͸ 16.3 mm Ͱ͋ͬͨͷʹର͠ɼPDY Ͱ͸ 4.0 mm Ͱ͍͋ͬɼͦΕͧΕͷཁૉ͕࿅അ߽Ӎʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬Λߟ࡯͢Δɻͨɻ·ͨɼCTL ͱൺ΂ͯ PDY Ͱ͸‫ؾ‬Թ͕ 2 ˆҎ্௿Լ－ 718 －

ͯ͠౎ࢢ෦ͷߴԹҬ͕ফ໓͓ͯ͠ΓɼώʔτΞΠϥϯυ
ͷಛ௃͕ࣦΘΕ͍ͯΔɻPDY ͷ‫ݦ‬೤෼෍Λ‫ݟ‬ΔͱɼCTLͱൺ΂ͯେ͖͘‫ݮ‬গ͓ͯ͠ΓɼώʔτΞΠϥϯυ͕ղফͨ͠‫ݪ‬Ҽͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ͜Ε͸ɼPDY Ͱ͸ຊདྷ౎ࢢҬͰ͋ͬͨ౔஍ར༻͕ਫాʹஔ͖‫͑׵‬ΒΕͯɼ‫ݦ‬೤͕΄ͱΜͲੜ͡ͳ͔ͬͨͨΊͰ͋ΔɻԼ૚෩ͷऩଋ෼෍Λ‫ݟ‬Δͱɼ

CTL ͱൺ΂Δͱ౎ࢢ෦Λத৺ͱͯ͠ൃࢄ͢Δํ޲ʹ‫ݦ‬ஶʹมԽͨ͜͠ͱ͕Θ͔Δɻ౎ࢢ෦Ͱͷऩଋઢ͸ෆ໌ྎͰ͋Γɼ౎ࢢ෦ͷऩଋྔ͸ CTL ͱൺ΂ͯ 5 × 10−4 s−1 Ҏ্‫ݮ‬গ͠ɼ૬ରతʹ੢ଆࢁַ෦ͷऩଋྔ͕૿େ͍ͯ͠ΔɻҰํɼUBN Ͱ͸ CTL ͱൺ΂ͯ߱ਫҬ͕౦ଆʹ 20ʙ30(a) Precipitation(PDY - CTL)(b) Precipitation(UBN - CTL)(c) Temperature(PDY - CTL)(d) Temperature(UBN - CTL)

km ఔ౓ͣΕͨɻCTL ͱൺ΂ͯ UBN Ͱ͸‫ؾ‬Թ͕ 1 ˆ্ঢ͠ɼ౎ࢢ෦ͷߴԹҬ͕֦େͨ͠ɻͭ·Γɼ౎ࢢͷ໘ੵ཰Λ૿Ճͤͨ͜͞ͱͰώʔτΞΠϥϯυ͕‫ڧ‬Խ͞Εͨͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ‫ݦ‬೤͸ CTL ʹൺ΂ͯ 100 Wm−2 ఔ౓૿Ճͨ͠
ྖҬ΋ଟ͘ɼ͜Ε͕ߴԹҬ֦େͷཁҼͱͳͬͨͱߟ͑Β
ΕΔɻ͜ͷΑ͏ͳώʔτΞΠϥϯυͷ‫ڧ‬Խʹ൐͍ɼ౎ࢢ
෦Ͱ͸ CTL ͱ΄΅ಉ༷ͷ෼෍Ͱ‫ݦ‬ஶͳऩଋઢ͕‫ݟ‬ΒΕɼ

CTL ͱൺ΂ͯ౎ࢢ෦ʹ͓͚Δऩଋྔ͸࠷େͰ 5 × 10−4 s−1Ҏ্૿Ճͨ͠ɻ͜ͷऩଋ৔ͷมԽ͕ɼ߱ਫҬΛ౦ଆʹͣΒͨ͠ཁҼͱߟ͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ
͞ΒʹɼCTL, PDY, UBN ͷ CAPE Λࢉग़͢ΔͱɼPDY͕࠷΋େ͖͘ɼCTL, UBN ͷॱʹͳͬͨɻPDY ͕࠷΋ෆ҆ఆ౓͕େ͖͍͜ͱʹͳΔ͕ɼ͜Ε͸ PDY ͕ଟྔͷજ೤Λ์ग़͍ͯ͠ΔͨΊʹɼ݁Ռͱͯ͠ LFC Λԡ͠Լ͔͛ͨ
Βͩͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ͜ͷ͜ͱΛߟ͑Δͱɼ֤࣮‫Ͱݧ‬ͷ߱ਫҬ‫ܗ‬੒Ґஔͷҧ͍͸ɼෆ҆ఆ౓Ͱ͸ͳ͘೤తޮՌʹΑ
ΔਫฏऩଋͷมԽʹ‫ى‬Ҽ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞ΕΔɻ
͜ͷ PDY ͱ UBN ͷ݁Ռ͸ɼ౎ࢢͷ෼෍ͷҧ͍͕೤త

Fig. 8 The result of the PDY, UBN, (a) accumulated rainfall difference in PDY-CTL for 16 - 18
JST, (b)accumulated rainfall difference in UBN-CTL
for 16 -18JST, (c) averaged temperature difference in
PDY-CTL for 12 -14 JST, (d) averaged temperature
difference in UBN-CTL for 12 -14 JSTɻޮՌͱͯ͠େ‫఻ʹؾ‬೻͠ɼԼ૚ͷऩଋ৔ΛมԽͤ͞ɼ‫ڧ‬ӍҬͷ‫ܗ‬੒Ґஔʹஶ͍͠Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫ͱ͜͢΅ٴ‬Λ͍ࣔࠦͯ͠Δɻ

ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞ΕΔɻͭ·Γɼ౎ࢢͷ༗ແ΍໘ੵ཰ͷେ͖͞ʹΑͬͯɼώʔτ࣮྆‫͚͓ʹݧ‬ΔԹ౓্ঢ͸ɼUBN ΑΓ΋େ͖͘ɼCTL

ΞΠϥϯυΛ௨ͨ͠Լ૚େ‫ؾ‬Ճ೤ͷ౓߹͍͕มԽ͠ɼͦ

ΑΓ࠷େͰͦΕͧΕ 1.4 ˆ, 2.7 ˆҎ্ͷ্ঢΛੜͨ͡ɻͷ݁Ռͱͯ߱͠ਫͷൃੜҐஔ͕ͣΕͨ΋ͷͱղऍͰ͖Δɻͦͷ݁Ռͱͯ͠౎ࢢ෦Ͱͷऩଋ͕ඇৗʹ‫ͳ͘ڧ‬Γɼ͜Ε

4.2 ਓ޻ഉ೤ྔʹର͢Δ‫ݧ࣮౓ײ‬ͷਫฏऩଋ͸ɼCTL ͱൺ΂ͯ࠷େͰͦΕͧΕ 10 × 10−4ʹΑͬͯ CTL ΑΓ΋‫͍߱ڧ‬ਫ͕΋ͨΒ͞Εͨɻ౎ࢢ෦Ͱ
౎ࢢҬͷਓ޻ഉ೤ʹΑΔ‫ؾ‬Թ্ঢ͸ɼ߱ਫʹ΋͍͘Β

s−1 , 15 × 10−4 s−1 Ҏ্ͷ૿Ճͱͳͬͨɻ·ͨɼ‫ݦ‬೤͸౎͔ͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͍ͯ͠΅ٴ‬Δ͜ͱ͕༧૝Ͱ͖Δ͕ɼະͩʹͦࢢ෦Λத৺ʹ CTL ΑΓ΋େ͖͘ͳΓɼಛʹ౎৺पลͰͦ

͜·Ͱͷٞ࿦ʹ͸ࢸ͍ͬͯͳ͍ɻͦͷͨΊɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ΕͧΕ 150 Wm−2 ɼ300 Wm−2 Ҏ্ͷେ෯ͳ૿Ճͱͳͬ

−2−2ͷਓ޻ഉ೤ྔΛۭ࣌ؒҰ༷ʹ༩͑ͨɻ͜Ε͸ɼਓ޻ഉ೤͕‫ݦ‬೤ͱͯ͠େ‫ؾ‬Ճ೤ͷޮՌΛ༩࣮ͨ‫( ݧ‬AHD200, AHD400) Λߦ͍ɼώʔτΞΠϥϯυ΍

͔͑ͨΒͩͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ·ͨɼਓ޻ഉ೤ʹΑΔԼ૚େ౎ࢢ‫ूܕ‬த߽Ӎʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠ɻ‫ؾ‬ͷՃ೤ʹΑͬͯɼඞવతʹ CAPE ͷ஋্͕ঢͨ͠ɻͨ

200Wm, 400Wm

Fig. 9 ʹ࣮྆‫ʹݧ‬ΑΔ݁ՌΛࣔ͢ɻͦΕͧΕͷ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬ͩ͠ɼSSI ͷ஋͸‫ݦ‬ஶͳࠩҟʹ͸ͳ͍ͬͯͳ͍ͨΊɼ߱ਫ

CTL ʹൺ΂ͯ‫ڧ‬ӍҬͷ౦੢෯͕֦େͨ͠ɻྖҬฏ‫ۉ‬Ӎྔྔ૿ՃͷओҼ͸ਓ޻ഉ೤ʹΑΔߴԹԽʹ൐͏Լ૚ऩଋͷ͸ɼͦΕͧΕ 24.3 mmɼ24.6 mm Ͱ͋ΓɼCTL ʹൺ΂ͯ‫౓ڧ‬มԽͱෆ҆ఆԽͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞ΕΔɻ

50 ˋఔ౓૿Ճ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱʹͳΔɻAHD400 ͷ߱ਫଳͷ͜ΕΒ 2 ͭͷ࣮‫ݧ‬͸ɼ‫ࡏݱ‬ͷ౦‫౎ژ‬ͷฏ‫ۉ‬తͳਓ޻ഉ

Ҡಈ଎౓͸‫ۃ‬Ίͯ଎͔ͬͨͨΊɼઃఆͨ͠ྖҬͰͷฏ‫ۉ‬೤ྔΑΓ΋େ͖ͳ஋Λۭ࣌ؒ෼෍Ұ༷ʹ༩͍͑ͯΔͨΊɼӍྔ͸ AHD200 ͱ΄ͱΜͲมΘΒͳ͔͕ͬͨɼͦͷ౦ଆඞͣ͠΋‫࣮ݱ‬ͷ݁ՌΛද͍ͯ͠ΔΘ͚Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻ͔͠͠ɼ

Ͱ΋‫͍߱ڧ‬ਫΛੜΈग़ͨ͠ͷͰɼ࣮࣭తʹ AHD200 ΑΓ‫ࡏݱ‬΋ΤωϧΪʔফඅྔ͸૿Ճ͠ɼਓ޻ഉ೤ͷഉग़͸େ΋߱ਫ͕‫ڧ‬Խ͞Εͨͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻͭ·Γɼਓ޻ഉ೤ྔ

͖͘ͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͔Βɼকདྷతʹਓ޻ഉ೤͕૿େͨ͠

͕େ͖͘ͳΕ͹ͳΔ΄Ͳɼ߱ਫྔʹ΋Ө‫͕ڹ‬ग़ͯ͘Δ͜

৔߹ɼ౎ࢢ෦ʹ͓͚Δूத߽Ӎͷൃੜස౓΍ࡂ֐ͷఔ౓－ 719 －

Building View
40

35

35

30

30

25

25
Story

Story

Building View 6 4
40

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

0

(b) Average of Tokyo
Metropolitan Area(a) CTL
Building View 1 20

40

35

35

30

30

25

25
Story

(b) Precipitation(AHD400 - CTL)

Story(a) Precipitation(AHD200 - CTL)

Building View 4 20

40

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

0

(c) ROOF1(d) ROOF2

Fig. 10 Roof height distribution. y-axis; roof height,
x-axis; rate.

(c) Temperature(AHD200 - CTL)

େ͖͘ͳ͔ͬͨΒͰ͋Δɻ·ͨɼ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍ͷ෼෍(d) Temperature(AHD400 - CTL)‫ͦܗ‬ͷ΋ͷ͕ӡಈྔ༌ૹʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͍ͯ͠΅ٴ‬Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻͳͥͳΒɼ࠷্֊૚ (ΩϟχΦϯ্୺) ͷ෩଎͸֤

Fig. 9 The same as Fig. 8, but for the AHD200 and theAHD400.

࣮‫ݧ‬ͷதͰ࠷΋খ͘͞ɼࢀরϨϕϧͰͷ෩଎΋খ͘͞ͳͬ
͔ͨΒͰ͋Δɻ͜ͷͨΊཚྲྀ֦ࢄ͕͓͖ʹ͘͘ɼ‫ݦ‬೤ͱͯ͠େ‫఻ʹؾ‬ΘΔ೤͕খ͘͞ͳͬͯ͠·ͬͨͱߟ͑ΒΕ
Δɻ࿏໘ʹ஝͑ΒΕͨ೤͸େ‫์ʹؾ‬ग़͞Εͳ͍୅ΘΓʹɼ࿏໘Թ౓Λେ͖͍ͯ͘͠Δɻൺֱతߴ֊૚ͷ‫ݐ‬෺͕ଟ͍͕େ͖͘ͳΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δ͜ͱΛ͍ࣔࠦͯ͠Δɻ

෼෍Ͱ͋ΔͨΊɼೆ͔Βͷւ෩ͷਐೖ͕ःΒΕΔํ޲ʹ

4.3 ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍ʹର͢Δ‫ݧ࣮౓ײ‬ΕΔɻ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓͕ฏ‫ۉ‬తʹߴ͍෼෍ͳͷͰɼ౎ࢢ෦Ͱ

ಇ͖ɼCTL ΑΓ΋ऩଋઢ͕ւ‫؛‬ઢ‫د‬Γʹͳͬͨͱߟ͑ΒҰൠʹɼ౎ࢢத৺෦͸߫֎ͷాԂ஍ଳʹൺ΂ͯ‫ݐ‬෺ͳ͸෩଎͕‫ݦ‬ஶʹখ߱͘͞ਫൃੜʹ͸ࢸΒͳ͔ͬͨɻͭ·ͲʹΑΔԜತ͕େ͖͘ɼͦͷఔ౓ʹΑͬͯ͸ۭ‫্͕ؾ‬Լʹ

Γ ROOF1 Ͱ͸ɼ೤తޮՌʹΑΔਫฏऩଋҐஔͷมԽͱࠞ߹͠΍͍͢৔߹΋ଟ͍ɻதߴ૚Ϗϧͷน໘Ͱ͸೔ࣹΛͱ΋ʹɼ‫ز‬Կ෼෍ʹ൐͏ྗֶతޮՌ͕ऩଋҐஔʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬‫ٵ‬ऩ͢Δͱಉ࣌ʹ൓ࣹͨ͠೔ࣹ͕ྡ઀͢ΔϏϧͷน໘ͰޮՌ΋ଘࡏͨ͠ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ࠶ͼ‫ٵ‬ऩ͞ΕΔɻதߴ૚Ϗϧ͕ཚཱ͠ɼີूԽͷ܏޲ʹҰํɼROOF2 Ͱ͸߱ਫҬ͕౦੢ํ޲ʹ֦େ͠ɼCTL

͋Δ౎৺෦Ͱ͸ಛʹͦͷޮՌ͕େ͖͍ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ͜

ΑΓ΋౎ࢢ෦ೆ෦Λத৺ͱͯ͠ 10 mm Ҏ্߱ਫྔ͕૿Ճ

ͷΑ͏ʹɼ‫ݐ‬෺͕ཚཱ͠ɼີू͍ͯ͠Δ৔ॴ͸์ࣹʹΑͨ͠ɻྖҬฏ‫ۉ‬Ӎྔ͸ 22.9 mm ͱͳΓɼCTL ͱൺ΂ͯ 6

Δ೤Λ஝͑΍͘͢ɼͦͷ೤Λେ‫཰ޮ΁ؾ‬Α͘༌ૹ͢Δͨ

mm ఔ౓૿Ճͨ͠ɻ‫ؾ‬Թ͸ CTL ʹൺ΂ͯ 0.1 ˆҎ্ͷ૿Ίɼ౎ࢢ෦ͷߴԹԽʹ‫د‬༩͍ͯ͠Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ·ͨɼՃͱͳ͍ͬͯΔͷͰɼ‫ޙ‬ड़͢Δ AHDact ͷΑ͏ͳ݁ՌΛ‫ݐ‬෺ͷԜತ͕େ͖͍ͱ෩͕௨Γʹ͘͘ͳΔͨΊɼ‫ز‬Կߏੜͨ͡ͱ͍͑Α͏ɻ‫ݦ‬೤͸ CTL ͱ͋·ΓมΘΒͳ͔ͬͨ଄͕ӡಈྔ༌ૹʹӨ‫͠ڹ‬ɼਫฏऩଋʹ‫ޮ͢΅ٴ‬Ռ (ྗֶతͷͰɼԹ౓্ঢͷ௚઀తͳཁҼͱ͸ͳ͍ͬͯͳ͍ɻΉ͠ޮՌ) ͕͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻͦ͜Ͱɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸‫ݐ‬෺෼෍

Ζɼ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍ʹΑΔ෩଎ͷ‫ݮ‬গʹΑͬͯೆ͔Βͷʹண໨͠ɼ‫ݐ‬෺෼෍ʹ൐͏೤తޮՌ͓ΑͼӡಈྔతޮՌ

ւ෩ਐೖ͕‫ݮ‬গ͠ɼ๺౦͔Βͷஆ͔͍෩͕౎ࢢ෦ʹྲྀೖ͕߱ਫʹ‫ޮ͢΅ٴ‬Ռʹ͍ͭͯɼ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍ͷҟͳΔͨ͜͠ͱʹΑͬͯ‫ؾ‬Թ্ঢ͕ੜͨ͡ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ·ͨɼ

2 छྨͷ࣮‫( ݧ‬ROOF1, ROOF2) Λߦ͍‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠ɻFig. 10ւ෩ਐೖ͕ःΒΕΔํ޲ʹಇ͍ͨ͜ͱ͸ ROOF1 ͱಉ༷ʹ֤࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍Λࣔ͢ɻ

Ͱ͋Δ͕ɼROOF2 ͷํ͕԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓ͷฏ‫ۉ‬͸௿͘ͳΔͷROOF1, ROOF2 ͷ݁ՌΛ Fig. 11 ʹࣔ͢ɻROOF1 Ͱ͸ɼͰɼ͋Δఔ౓ͷւ෩ਐೖΛ‫͠ڐ‬ɼͦͷ݁Ռɼ౎ࢢ෦ͷத߱ਫҬ͕େ͖͘੢΁ͣΕ)ɼ‫ؾ‬Թ͸࠷େ 3 ˆఔ౓‫ݮ‬গͨ͠ɻ৺ʹ͓͍ͯ࠷΋ऩଋ͕‫ͳ͘ڧ‬ΔΑ͏ͳঢ়ଶʹͳͬͨͱߟ

౎ࢢ෦Ͱͷ‫ؾ‬Թʹؔͯ͠͸ɼ‫ݦ‬೤ͷେ෯ͳ‫ݮ‬গ͕Ө‫͠ڹ‬͑ΒΕΔɻͭ·Γ ROOF2 ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼԹ౓্ঢͷޮՌ

͍ͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕɼಛʹ࿏໘Ͱͷ‫ݦ‬೤ͷ‫ݮ‬গ͕‫ݦ‬ஶͰ͋ͱ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍ʹΑΔૈ౓૿ՃͷӨ‫ʹڹ‬Αͬͯਫฏऩ

Δɻ͜Ε͸ɼΩϟχΦϯ͕ਂ͍ͨΊʹۭ‫ֶྗؾ‬త఍߅͕ଋ͕౎ࢢ෦ʹ͓͍ͯΑΓ‫ڧ‬Խ͞Εɼ߱ਫྔͷ૿ՃΛ΋ͨ－ 720 －

(a) Precipitation(ROOF1 - CTL)(b) Precipitation(ROOF2 - CTL)(a) Actual value(b) Estimation using
anthropogenic heatfuctionFig. 12 Distribution of anthropogenic heat in Tokyo
Metropolitan Area, Aug. , at 12 JST.

(c) Temperature(ROOF1 - CTL)(d) Temperature(ROOF2 - CTL)

Fig. 11 The same as Fig. 8, but for the ROOF1 andROOF2.

Βͨ͠ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻલड़ͷ 2 ͭͷ࣮‫͔ݧ‬ΒҎԼͷ͜ͱ͕‫͑ݴ‬ΔɻҰൠతʹɼࢦఠ͞ΕͨΑ͏ʹ‫ݐ‬෺ͷ‫ز‬Կ෼෍͕ӡಈྔతޮՌʹΑͬ

(a)

(b)

Fig. 13 (a) Accumulated rainfall difference in
AHDest-AHDact for 15 - 18 JST, (b) averaged temperature difference in AHDest-AHDact for 12 - 14 JST.

ͯ౎ࢢ෦ͷਫฏऩଋҐஔ΍‫ʹ͞ڧ‬Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫͍ͯ͠΅ٴ‬Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɻ͔͠͠ͳ͕ΒɼΩϟχΦϯͷߏ଄ʹ൐͏೤తޮՌ΋ਫฏऩଋͷҐஔʹॏཁͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͍ͯ͠΅ٴ‬Δ౎ࢢͰ͸ɼ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍ͱਓ޻ഉ೤ྔ͕ͦΕͧΕؔΘͨΊɼྗֶతޮՌͷΈ͕ਫฏऩଋҐஔܾఆʹ‫د‬༩͢ΔΘ

Γ͋ͬͯ౎ࢢͷߴԹԽʹ‫د‬༩͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞ΕΔɻ

͚Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɼΩϟχΦϯߏ଄ʹ൐͏೤తޮՌ΋ॏཁͳཁૉʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞ΕΔɻ

4.5 ਓ޻ഉ೤ؔ਺ͷ࡞੒ͱͦͷ༗༻ੑͷ‫ݕ‬౼

4.4 ‫࣮ݱ‬ͷ෼෍Λߟྀ࣮ͨ͠‫ݧ‬ʹ͓͍ͯར༻͢Δ 5 km ֨ࢠͷਓ޻ഉ೤ྔσʔλΛ࡞੒͠ຓඌΒ (2004) ͷ౦‫౎ژ‬ਓ޻ഉ೤ྔσʔλ͔Βɼຊ‫ڀݚ‬લड़ͷΑ͏ʹɼਓ޻ഉ೤ͱ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍͕ͦΕͧΕͨɻ͜͜Ͱɼਓ޻ഉ೤ྔ (Qm ) ͱ౎ࢢ໘ੵׂ߹ (Vua ) ͷͲͷΑ͏ʹԼ૚େ‫ؾ‬৔͓Αͼ߱ਫʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͍͑ͯΔͷؔ܎Λௐ΂ΔͨΊʹɼ֤άϦουʹ͓͚Δਓ޻ഉ೤ྔͱ

͔Λ‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠ɻͦΕΒΛ౿·͑ɼ‫࣮ݱ‬ͷट౎‫͚͓ʹݍ‬Δ౎ࢢ໘ੵׂ߹Λࢄ෍ਤʹϓϩοτ͠ɼҎԼʹࣔۙ͢ࣅؔ

ਓ޻ഉ೤ྔ͓Αͼ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍͕ɼͦΕͧΕͲͷఔ౓਺Λ͋ͯ͸Ίͨɻ࿅അ߽ӍʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫ݕ͍ͯͭʹ͔ͨ͠΅ٴ‬౼ͨ͠ɻͦͷ݁

Qm = aVua + bVua cՌɼ‫࣮ݱ‬ͷਓ޻ഉ೤ྔ͓Αͼ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍Λ༩࣮͑ͨ(1)‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɼCTL ΑΓ΋߱ਫྔ͕ͦΕͧΕ૿Ճͨ͠ɻͭ·Γɼ࣮྆‫͚͓ʹݧ‬Δ೤తޮՌ΍ྗֶతޮՌ͕߱ਫ‫ʹ౓ڧ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ͭ·Γɼࠃ౔਺஋৘ใ (KS-202) ͔Β 5 km ֨ࢠͷ౎ࢢ໘Λ‫໌͕ͱ͜͢΅ٴ‬Β͔ʹͳͬͨɻ·ͨɼΩϟχΦϯ͕ඇৗੵׂ߹Λ࡞੒͠ɼಉ֨͡ࢠ఺Ͱ౦‫౎ژ‬ਓ޻ഉ೤ྔσʔλʹਂ͘ͳΔ԰ࠜ໘ߴ౓෼෍Λ༩͑ͨ৔߹ɼେ‫ʹؾ‬༌ૹ͔͞Βਓ޻ഉ೤ྔΛࢉग़͠ɼରԠؔ਺Λ࡞੒ͨ͠ɻ

ΕΔ‫ݦ‬೤ྔ͸ඇৗʹখ͘͞ͳΔ͕ɼͦͷ৚݅Ͱਓ޻ഉ೤

͜ͷ࣌ɼϞσϧʹ༩͑Δ΂͖ਓ޻ഉ೤ྔ (Qm ɼ౎ࢢΛ༩͑ͨ৔߹͸‫ʹٯ‬େ‫ʹؾ‬༌ૹ͞ΕΔ‫ݦ‬೤ྔ͕ඇৗʹେ໘ੵ͋ͨΓਓ޻ഉ೤ྔ) ͸ɼσʔλ͔ΒಘΒΕΔਓ޻ഉ೤͖͘ͳΔ͜ͱ͕໌Β͔ͱͳͬͨɻ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔Βɼ࣮ࡍͷ

ྔ (Qm ) Λ౎ࢢ໘ੵׂ߹ (Vua ) Ͱআͨ͠஋ͱͳΔ͜ͱʹ

－ 721 －

஫ҙ͢Δɻ͢ͳΘͪɼຓඌହ࢙ɾਆాֶɾ໦಺߽ɾഡౡཧ (2004) ɿજ೤ׂ߹

Qm  =Qm
VuaΛߟྀͨ͠ਓ޻ഉ೤ۭ࣌ؒ෼෍ͷਪ‫ہͱܭ‬஍‫ؾ‬৅ʹର

(2)͜Ε͸ɼϞσϧͰ͸ਓ޻ഉ೤͸౎ࢢҬಛ༗ͷཁૉͱͳͬ
͍ͯΔ͕ɼ࡞੒ͨ͠σʔλͰ͸άϦουશମ (౎ࢢҬҎ֎ͷ౔஍ར༻΋‫ؚ‬ΜͰ͍Δ) ͔Βਓ޻ഉ೤͕ഉग़͞Ε͍ͯΔ
ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ର৅ྖҬ಺ͷ޿͍ൣғͰ‫ݪ‬୯Ґ๏ʹΑΔਓ
޻ഉ೤ྔ෼෍σʔλ͕੔උ͞Ε͍ͯΔͨΊɼຓඌΒ (2004)
ΒʹΑΔ‫ݪ‬୯Ґ๏Ͱਪఆͨ͠ਓ޻ഉ೤ྔ෼෍ (Fig. 12 (a))Λͦͷ··༻͍ͨ৔߹ (AHDact) ͱɼ౎ࢢ໘ੵׂ߹ͱਓ
޻ഉ೤ྔͱͷରԠؔ਺ʹΑͬͯ࡞੒ͨ͠෼෍ (Fig. 12 (b))Λ༻͍ͨ৔߹ (AHDest) Λൺֱ͠ɼ͜ͷख๏ͷଥ౰ੑΛ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δɻ࣮྆‫ݧ‬ͷग़ྗ݁ՌͷࠩҟΛ Fig. 13 ʹࣔ͢ɻ߱ਫྔ͸ɼ߱ਫͷத৺ͱͳ͍ͬͯΔྖҬͰͷࠩҟ͕ 1.4 mm ఔ౓ɼ౎ࢢ෦ͷத৺Ͱͷࠩҟ͕ 0.7 mm ఔ౓ͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɻ͜ͷҧ͍͸࣮྆‫ݧ‬ͷ߱ਫྔͷ 2ʙ3 ˋఔ౓Ͱ͋Δɻ·ͨɼ౎ࢢ෦
ͷେ෦෼Ͱ‫ؾ‬Թͷ͕ࠩ 0.02 ˆҎԼʹऩ·͓ͬͯΓɼ‫ݦ‬೤ͷࠩ΋ 10 Wmୈೋ൛.
౻෦จত (2003)ɿώʔτΞΠϥϯυ͕߱ਫʹ͓Α΅͢Ө‫ڹ‬ɹʵՆͷରྲྀੑ߱ਫΛத৺ʹͯ͠ʵɼఱ‫ؾ‬ɼ51ɼpp.

͜ͱʹͳͬͯ͠·͏ͨΊͰ͋Δɻ

−1

͢ΔӨ‫ڹ‬ɼਫ޻ֶ࿦จूɼୈ 48 ‫ר‬ɼpp. 169-174.
௶໦࿨‫ٱ‬ɾࡗ‫ݪ‬ಞࢤ (2001) ɿCReSS ϢʔβʔζΨΠυ

109-115.
Changnon Jr.,S.A. (1981) : METETROMEX : A review
and summary, Meteor. Monogr., 40, Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
p. 181.
Gero,A. F. and Pitman,A. J. (2006) : The Inpact of Land
Cover Change on a Simulated Storm Event in the Sydney
Basin, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,
Vol. 45, pp. 283-300.
Moteki,Q., Ito,Y., Yorozu,K., Souma,K., Sakakibara,A.,
Tsuboki,K., Kato,T., Tanaka,K, and Ikebuchi,S. (2005) :Estimation for Effects of Urban on Development of Cumulonimbus Clouds Using Atomosphere-Land Coupled
Model of CReSiBUC, Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst.,ҎԼͷྖҬ͕΄ͱΜͲͰ͋Δɻ

AHDact ͱ AHDest ͷഉ೤ྔͷࠩ͸ɼ౎৺ʹ͓͍ͯ‫ݦ‬ஶͰ͋Δ (Fig. 12) ͕ɼͦͷ͕ࠩେ͖͘දΕΔྖҬ͸͘͝‫͍ڱ‬ൣғʹ‫ݶ‬ఆ͞Ε͍ͯΔͨΊɼ‫݁ࢉܭ‬Ռʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬͕খ͔ͬͨ͞ͱ͍͑ΔɻҰൠతʹɼຊख๏ʹΑΔഉ೤ྔ
͕ࠩදΕ΍͍͢ߴ૚‫ݐ‬෺ີू஍ͷ໘ੵׂ߹͸ɼͲͷ౎ࢢͰ΋ͦΕ΄Ͳେ͖͘ͳ͍ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔͨΊɼগͳ͘ͱ΋

5 km ͷղ૾౓Ͱ͸ɼ௿૚‫ݐ‬෺෦ͷ࠶‫ݱ‬ਫ਼౓͕ඇৗʹΑ͍ຊख๏Λద༻ͯ͠΋΄ͱΜͲ໰୊͕ͳ͍ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ

Kyoto Univ., No. 48C, PDF.
Shepherd,J. M., Pierce,H., and Negri,A.J. (2002) : Rainfall
Modification by Major Urban Areas: Observations fromSpaceborne Rain Radar on the TRMM Satellite, Journalof Applied Meteorology, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 689-701.
Shepherd,J.M. and Burian,S.J. (2003) : Detection of
Urban-Induced Rainfall Anomallies in a Major Coastal
City, Earth Interactions. Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 1-17.
Tanaka,K. (2004) : Development of the new land surface
scheme SiBUC commonly applicable to basin water man-

5. ݁࿦

agement and numerical weather prediction model, doctoral dissertation, Kyoto University.

ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ౎ࢢ‫ڥ؀‬Λߏ੒͢Δ 3 ཁૉ͕౎ࢢ‫ूܕ‬த߽Ӎʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ݕ͍ͯͭʹڹ‬౼ͨ͠ɻͦͷ݁Ռɼຊ‫ڀݚ‬Ͱѻͬͨ࿅അ߽Ӎʹରͯ͠ɼͦΕͧΕͷཁૉ͕ੜΈग़͢೤తޮՌ͓ΑͼྗֶతޮՌ͕߱ਫʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͕ͱ͜͢΅ٴ‬໌Β͔ͱͳͬͨɻ

ँࣙຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ໊‫ݹ‬԰େֶͷ௶໦࿨‫ٱ‬ઌੜɼࡗ‫ݪ‬ಞࢤઌੜʹΑͬͯ։ൃ͞Εͨ CReSS Λ࢖Θ͍͖ͤͯͨͩ·ͨ͠ɻ͜͜ʹް͘ँҙΛද͠·͢ɻࢀߟจ‫ݙ‬
খྛจ໌ (2003) ɿώʔτΞΠϥϯυ͕߱ਫʹ͓Α΅͢Ө‫ڹ‬ɹʵ౦‫ژ‬पลʹ͓͚ΔੵཚӢͷൃୡʵɼఱ‫ؾ‬ɼ51ɼ

pp. 115-117.
ࠤ౻༑ಙɾࣉౡ࢘ɾҪ্஧༤ɾ໦ଜ෋࢜உ (2006) : ౦‫ࢢ౎ژ‬Ҭʹ͓͚ΔՆ‫ق‬ͷ߱ਫγεςϜͷ‫ڧ‬Խ, ఱ‫ؾ‬, 53,

pp. 479-484.

－ 722 －

Effects of Urban Environment on Heavy Rainfall of Urban Area

Yotaro ITO∗ , Qoosaku MOTEKI∗∗ , Kazuyoshi SOUMA∗∗∗ , Kazuaki YOROZU∗ , Kenji TANAKA and Shuichi
IKEBUCHI∗

Graduate school of engineering, Kyoto University∗∗
JAMSTEC∗∗∗
Kyoto University Pioneering Research Unit for Next Generation
Synopsis
In this research, the impact of urban environment (Land cover, anthropogenic heat, and building distribution
and density) on the heavy rainfall at urban region, Nerima Heavy Rainfall were investigated by CReSiBUC,
which was a coupled model of a cloud resolving model CReSS (Cloud Resolving Storm Simulator) developed at
Nagoya Univ., Japan and a precise land surface model SiBUC (Simple Biosphere model including Urban Canopy)
developed at Kyoto Univ., Japan.
And the anthropogenic heat function (A.H. function) was built. The method to determine the function could be
useful and acceptable when we consider anthropogenic heat at a numerical model.
Keywords: CReSiBUC, heat islandɼheavy rainfall on urban area, urban environment－ 723 －