Practical Experiences ofAerosol Inventory
Preparation – EuropeanPerspective
Kristin Rypdal (Norway)
Zbigniew Klimont (IIASA)UNECE Task Force on Emission Inventoriesand Projections (EMEP/CORINAIR)

Issues• Background and focus• Process– New sources– Activity data
– Emission factors• Size distribution• Chemical speciation• Technology information• Illustrative results• Plans for further work

Background and focus (1)• Stronger focus on effects of aerosols, in particular healtheffects, over the last years• Health impacts from particulate matter at a center of thestrategy developed within the European Clean Air forEurope programme (CAFE);• During the revision of the National Emission Ceiling(NEC) Directive the Commission is carefully looking into
how a ceiling would be established for PM2.5 emissions in2015• Currently main focus is on particle mass by size (PM10,PM2,5); Data on chemical speciation (e.g. BC and OC) is
considered as useful information, but have been of second
priority so far; used for modeling purposes only

Background and focus (2)• Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution(LRTAP) will follow the EU approach– Establishment of a UNECE PM Expert Group• Demand for complete and validated emission inventories– Initiated methodology work
• EMEP/Corinar Emission Inventory Guidebook• Datasets for modeling (atmospheric and integrated assessment)– Establishment of a PM Task Group under TFEIP to review theimmediate requirements of modellers• Requirement for reporting of PM10 and PM2.5 annualemissions introduced recently within the Convention(although not linked to obligations); good response frommany countries

Total NMS

Slovenia

Slovakia

PolandMalta

Lithuania

LatviaHungary

EstoniaCzech Rep.

CyprusTotal EU-15

UK

SwedenSpain

Portugal

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Italy

Ireland

GreeceGermany

FranceFinland

Denmark

Belgium

Austria

RAINS emission estimates for VOC
vs. national inventories, 2000

150%

125%

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

0 %
Total NMS

Slovenia

Slovakia

PolandMalta

Lithuania

LatviaHungary

Estonia

Czech Rep.

CyprusTotal EU-15

UK

SwedenSpain

Portugal

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Italy

Ireland

GreeceGermany

FranceFinland

Denmark

Belgium

Austria

RAINS emission estimates for PM2.5
vs. national inventories, 2000

1 7 5 %

1 5 0 %1 2 5 %1 0 0 %

7 5 %

5 0 %

2 5 %

New sources (1)• The Emission Inventory Guidebook covers largely thesame sources as the IPCC Guidelines– Less focus on forest and land-use emissions– Sources not relevant in Europe are not included• Natural PM emissions (wind blown dust, sea salt,volcanoes, biomass burning, pollen) will be addressed in
the NatAir project (EU 6th Framework Researchprogramme)• A number of PM sources are missing in reporting formats

and guidelines; several of them, however, relevant only forcoarse particles

New sources (not described in current guidance)• Road non-exhaust (road, brake and tyre wear)– (is described in EMEP/Corinair) Of BC/OC relevance• Landfills (is described in IPCC, mainly coarse)• Animal houses and crop production• Heavy construction works• Wood products (sawmills, particle-/fiberboard, plywood)• Coal production, handling and storage• Mineral ore mining processes (incl. handling and storage)

Activity data
• For most sources, existing data can be used, however– Need for additional information on combustion technology andmanagement• Special attention needed for small scale combustion of coaland biomass; residential use of coal declines in Europe
while further increase in biomass consumption projected– ‘Inventory’ of combustion technology– Non-commercial biomass consumption ‘statistics’• Data required for the ”new” sources are often not available
from national statistics

Emission factors (1)• Highest priority for updating the Guidebook are––––––––

Small-scale and industrial combustion (BC/OC relevant)Processes in iron and steel industries
Off-road sources (BC/OC relevant)Residential waste combustion (BC/OC relevant)Burning of agricultural residues (BC/OC relevant)Some ”new sources”(for some sources updates are not needed)
Validation of factors across UNECE area

• Literature review– Emission factors/shares, size distribution and chemical speciation are
not always available from the same source of information• More measurements– Needed for majority of sources and various geographical regions

Emission factors (2)BC, OC emissions in Europe (by region)
RAINS (IIASA) Current Legislation Scenario [Gg], Klimont et al., in preparation

black carbon

1000

1400900800

12007001000600800500
400

600

300

400

200
100200001990

1995

2000

2010

2020

Western Europe Central & Eastern Europe Sea Regionsorganic carbon

1990

1995

2000

2010

2020

Western Europe Central & Eastern Europe Sea Regions

Black carbon emissions in Europe (by sector)
RAINS (IIASA) Current Legislation Scenario [Gg], Kupiainen and Klimont, in preparation
500
450
400

Thousand tons

350
Other
Off-roadRoad - HDV
Road - LDV
Residential
Industry

300
250
200
150
100
5001990

1995

2000

2010

Western Europe

2020

1990

1995

2000

2010

2020

Central and Eastern Europe

Black carbon emissions in Europe (by fuel)
RAINS (IIASA) Current Legislation Scenario [Gg], Kupiainen and Klimont, in preparation
500
450400Thousand tons

350
OtherGasoline
DieselBiomass
Coal

300
250
2001501005001990

19952000

2010

Western Europe2020

199019952000

2010

2020

Central and Eastern Europe

BC emissions projections for China and JapanRAINS Current Legislation Scenario [Tg], Klimont et al., in preparation
2

Mt 1.8

0.2

CHINA

0.18

1.6

0.16

1.4

0.14

1.2

0.12

1

0.1

0.8

0.08

MFR

0.6

0.06

0.4

0.04

0.2

0.02

0019901995 2000
Power plants

6020052010 2015

Industry

JAPAN2020 2025

Domestic2030

Road transport

MFR1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Off-road

Other

Removed through technology

PM2.5 and BC emissions projections for Russia
RAINS Current Legislation Scenario [Tg], Klimont et al., in preparation
PM2.5Mt 100.4

9BC

0.35

80.3
70.25

65

0.2

40.15

30.1
20.05

10
1990

01995

2000

Power plants

60
50

MFR

MFR
2005

2010

Industry2015

2020

Domestic

20252030

Road transport

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Off-road

Other

Removed through technology

Conclusions and plans for further work• To a large extent PM inventories can be produced using the samemethodologies as other pollutants, but– There are additional sources– To achieve acceptable accuracy, more information is needed about
combustion technologies; Data on chemical speciation are often notavailable from the same studies as the size speciation and emission
factors• Need for more measurements• Working to improve methodology guidance over the next years– New resources may become available; driven by the current policy
debate– EC research initiative to know more about the chemical speciation
may take place in the years to come