Atmospheric Chemistry Observation at theSummit of Mt. Fuji:

A Proposal for a Permanent
Ground Base Platform of Free
Troposphere
Yukiko Dokiya1, Yasuhito Igarashi2,
Yousuke Sawa2, Hiroshi Takahashi2,
Naoki Kaneyasu3, Katsuhiro Yoshioka4,
Yoko Katayama5 and Tasuku Akagi5
1:Edogawa U., 2:MRI, 3:AIST,4:Shimane Pref., 5: Tokyo U. Agr. Tech.

Why Mt. Fuji？
Free Troposphere(2) Weather Station
since 1932
(3) But・・・(1)

(1) Free Troposphere
How it is shown: Diurnal change in O3: very little
 Concentrations of chemicalspecies in aerosol: comparable
to the reported values of thosein free troposphere Æbackground level High wind speed Ælong range transport(1) Free Troposphere
Reasons why it is soThe shape of the mountain(heat capacity)
Sole peakHeightE-W Cross Section ofMountain(H. Takahashi)
Waliguan
Mauna Loa

FujiTateyama
Highest Mt. of Jeju Do

The summit is above boundary layer!
Levels of contamination from local area are very low!

Elevation: 3776m a.s.l.

from NASA HP

(2) Weather Stationsince 1932
Short History

19th century: an important
meteorological observation point.
pioneers : Itaru & Chiyoko Nonaka( Oct.-Dec., 1895): Jun’ichi Satoh( Jan.-Feb., 1926),
Since 1932 operated manually by
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)Itaru (29) and Chiyoko(24) Nonaka,
Pioneers of Mt. Fuji meteorological observation

(2) Weather Station
since 1932
 1964RADAR Dome set up
Typhoon forecast（800ｋｍ）
 1999 RADAR observationceasedstaff members: 5 →4
 2001 RADAR Dome removed

(2) Weather Station since 1932
Air Chemistry:
What we have done since 1990



1990-1992 : occasional precipitation sampling( E. Maruta and Meteorol. Coll.)
1992- : surface ozone started(continuous) (Y. Tsutsumi)
aerosol by LV （Meteorol. Coll.)
1993 : aerosol by LV, Andersen LV,HCl, SO2, NH3 ( a week in summer)
1994 : aerosol by LV& HV(7Be), Andersen LV,HCl, SO2, NH3 (five days in summer)

1997 : Summer Campaign (Meteorol. Res. Inst. & Meteorol. Coll.)
1998-2001 : ( Meteorol. Res. Inst., Meteorol. Coll. & Tokyo U. Agr.&Tech.)
2002-2004 ：( MRI, Meteorol. Coll. , TUAT、Edogawa U., NIES, AIST, Shimane Pref.
Inst. Publ. Health & Environ Sci.,Toyama Pref. U. )

Major findings during 1997-2001
Fog and precipitation chemistryHayashi et al, （2001）Water, Soil and Air Pollut.

Aerosol chemical species
Dokiya et al., (2001) Anal. Sci.

CO and O3
Tsutsumi and Matsueda (2000), Atmos．Environ.

O3 and Be-7
Tsutsumi, Igarashi, et al.(1998) J. Geophys. Res.

H2O2 and MHP
Yonekura et al. in contribution

Mt. Fuji Weather Stationat Present

4 staff members
conduct surface
meteorologicalobservation on site,rotating every 3weeks
Voluntarily taking
care of instrumentsof atmosphericchemistry: O3, CO,

CO2, SO2,222Rn,BC, 7Be, Aerosols
etc.

Observation site

・ The room used for the preparation ofRADAR observation is now available
for atmospheric chemistry observation.
・ The effect of Mountain climber can be
negligible even in summer.

Atmospheric trace species
measuredSpecies
7Be222Rn

measurement method

Instrument

DLPrecision

HV-sampler→ g spectrometry

Sibata HVC1000F
Ortec or Eurysis〜 0.1 mBq/m3〜 20% RSD

Electrostatic collection→ a spectrometrySemi-home madeOhyoh-Koken Co.

0.3 Bq/m3〜 20% RSD

Ultraviolet absorption

Dylec 1007-AHJ

at 1 Bq/m3

Species comparedO32 ppbv

Dylec 1150

COGas filter correlation

SO2Ultraviolet fluorescence

Thermo Electron 48C
Thermo Electron 43C-TL

15 ppbv
0.1 ppbv

0.1 ppbv

Other species measured

CO2Black carbon

Infrared absorption

Licor 6252

Aethalometer

Andersen Instruments

Aerosol sulfate
and ionic species

HV sampler→ ion chromatography

Sibata HVC1000F
HP-Yokogawa or Dionex

Particle number

Laser particle counter

Kanomax

0.1 ppmv

Black carbon analyzer
High volumesamplerSO2 analyzer

Setup of the instruments
at Mt. Fuji weather station

Rn monitor

CO2 monitor

Setup of the instruments
at Mt. Fuji Weather Station

Recent issues found at thesummit of Mt. Fuji
(1) Determination of the effects of aSiberian forest fire, as found inblack carbon concentration(2) Continuous SO2 observation prevails sporadictransport of polluted air masses from the continentcontrolled by synoptic scale meteorology(3) Nitrate transportation with Kosa particles

Smoke from a Siberian Forest FireMay 22, 2003, 15:00pm

Mid-town Sapporo
Hazy from the reddish sun, even though no cloud was observed(provided by Sapporo Meteorological Observatory )Annual change of BC concentration
at the summit of Mt. Fuji (N. Kaneyasu)
Concentration (ngm -3)

3000
2500

Black carbon at the summit of Mt. Fuji (3776 m)

2000
1500
1000
500
0

Sep.

Dec.
2002

Mar.

Jun.
2003

zTypically, no high concentrations of BC are seen in winterSep.

Concentration of BC in the “forestfire plume” on May 21 and May 24,
2003 (N. Kaneyasu )
3000

500

Aethalo
2500

450
400
350

2000

300
1500

250
200

1000

150
100

500

5005/20/2003

05/21/2003

5/22/2003

5/23/2003

5/24/2003

5/25/2003

5/26/2003

Concentrations of BC and CO in
the “forest fire plume” on May 21
and May 24, 2003 (N. Kaneyasu )
3000

500

Aethalo

CO
2500

450
400
350

2000

300
1500

250
200

1000

150
100

500

500
5/20/2003

05/21/2003

5/22/2003

5/23/2003

5/24/2003

5/25/2003

5/26/2003

Concentrations of BC and O3 in
the “forest fire plume” on May 21
and May 24, 2003 (N. Kaneyasu )
3000

120

Aethalo
O3

2500

100

2000

80

1500

60

1000

40500

20005/20/2003

5/21/2003

5/22/2003

5/23/2003

5/24/2003

5/25/2003

5/26/2003

z No typical photochemical production of ozone is found in the plumez The reason of concentration increase about 2 hours after 0500JST on May 22?

Particle counter compared withAethalometer
Unit[ngC/m3]→The concentration change of smaller
particles might be regulated by theamount of black carbon (and organiccarbon).

(N. Kaneyasu )Unit[count/5min]

Saturate!

Summary for Siberian forest fire
 Aethalometer showed peaks (BC) Particle counter showed peaks insmall particles
 CO showed good correlation with BC O3 showed no correlation with BC Model study

Recent issues found at thesummit of Mt. Fuji
(2) Continuous SO2 observation
prevails sporadic transport ofpolluted air masses from thecontinent controlled by synoptic
scale meteorology.

Continuous measurement of SO2（Y.Igarashi)

Max. 3.5 ppbv

November,2002

Max. 10 ppbv

January, 2003

December, 2002

Max. 20 ppbv

February, 2003

Diurnal change of SO2 concentration
Data<1ppbv are adopted

November, 2002

Small diurnal change

February, 2003

Time

CO x0.01
SO2+2Temperature
Dew temperature

66044022000-2-20-4Feb/1Feb/3

Feb/6

Feb/9

Feb/12

Feb/15

Feb/17

Feb/20Feb/23

Feb/26o80

Temperature ( C)

Rn x2
8-3

Rn concn. (Bq m ; x2) & CO concn. (ppbv; x0.01)

222

2SO concn. (ppbv; offset: 2 ppbv)

Concentration peaks of CO and Rn
without SO2 peaks (Y. Igarashi)

-40
Mar/1

Date

High Humidity

Scavenged in Liquid/Solid phase?

Summary for SO2 (Y. Igarashi)
 SO2 is very low at the summit of Mt. Fuji.
 Dirunal change is very small.

 Winter high concentration event isobserved in the Continental air mass.
 The effect of volcano may be negligible.
 Most SO2 peaks coincided with CO andRn peaks.
 CO and Rn peaks without SO2 peaks
occurs when the humidity is high.

Recent issues found at thesummit of Mt. Fuji
(3) Nitrate transportation
with Kosa particles

Soluble Chemical Species in Aerosol (I. Suzuki)
50

NH4+

nmol/m3

40

Ca2+

SO42-

High in Spring30

Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+,Cl-, NO3-

20
100

8月

7月

6月

5月

4月

3月

Na+

2月

101月

2001

12月

11月

10月

9月

8月

A SOND JF MAMJ JA
2002

Mg2+

Cl-SO42-NO3-8nmol/m

3

High from Spring
to Summer

6

High in Summer

4NH4+20
8月

2002

7月

6月

5月

4月

3月

2月

1月

12月

2001

11月

10月

9月

8月

A SOND JF MAMJ JA

Tentative conclusions fromrecent research* Mt. Fuji has potential importance as aplatform for chemical observation of freetroposphere.
* Mt. Fuji can offer continuous observation
data, which cannot be obtained byairplane observations.
* More fruitful outcomes can be expectedfrom observation in the future,

if continued

(3) But
Mt. Fuji Weather Station is now
closing after this summer !
At best, automatic operation
may be continued
Because chemists need
SAMPLES, manual operations
are really desirable.

In the world
High mountain observations havebeen performed
 Mauna Loa, USA, Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Mt. Waliguan, China,
 Mt.Sonnblick, Austria, etc.

Japan is far behind in thisfield.

Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Elevation: 3397m a.s.l.

http://www.mlo.noaa.gov/

Elevation: 3578m a.s.l.

Mt.Waliguan, China
Elevation: 3810m a.s.lTherefore
An Atmospheric Science
Institute must be
establishedat the summit of Mt. Fuji
which is open for all
researcherswhich is open internationallySatelliteNew Mt. Fuji Research InstituteGPS meteorology

Direct solar radiation
Absorption

Trace gases originated instratosphere

Rain fall
Snow fall
Fog waterThunder

Scattered solar
radiation
Trace gases
Aerosols（Meteorology)
Global scale transport
Westerly Wind (fresh!)

Telecommunication
Alpine plants(Botany)

Cosmic radiation↑Free troposphere

Altitude sickness↓Boundary layer
High altitude training(local scale pollution)(Physiology-Medical Science)
Magma(Volcanology)

Low frequency earthquake(Seismology)

Radiation Tower
Living Space

Generator RoomStore House

1F: Office
2F: Visitor Room?

1F: Water Tank
2F: Laboratory?

Observation Tower
Air inlet

Present cost for maintenanceand operation
 Maintenance only:〜$ 400,000/year With personnel expenses:〜$1,500,000/year

Expensive? Reasonable?

HoweverNo concrete plan

exists at present

neither public nor
privateThus
We ask for Support
Domestic
and alsoInternational
Thank you!