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Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory Based
Trust Management Strategy against
Cooperative Black Hole Attacks andGray Hole Attacks in MANETs
Bo YANG*, Ryo YAMAMOTO*, Yoshiaki TANAKA*,***Global Information and Telecommunication Institute, Waseda University, Japan**Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan
yangbo_youhaku@ruri.waseda.jp, ryo_yamamoto@moegi.waseda.jp, ytanaka@waseda,jp

Abstract—The MANETs have been experiencing exponential growth in the past decade. However, their vulnerability to various attacks
makes the security problem extremely prominent. The main reasons are its distributed, self-organized and infrastructure independentnatures. As concerning these problems, trust management scheme is a common way to detect and isolate the compromised nodes when acryptography mechanism shows a failure facing inner attacks. Among huge numbers of attacks, black hole attack may collapse thenetwork by depriving the route of the normal communication. The conventional proposed method achieved good performance facing blackhole attack, while failing to detect gray hole attacks. In this paper, a Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence based trust management strategy isproposed to conquer not only cooperative black hole attack but also gray hole attack. In the proposed method, a neighbour observing
model based on watchdog mechanism is used to detect single black hole attack by focusing on the direct trust value (DTV). Historicalevidence is also taken into consideration to go against gray hole attacks. Then, a neighbour recommendation model companied withindirect trust value (ITV) is used to figure out the cooperative black hole attack. D-S evidence theory is implemented to combine ITVs fromdifferent neighbours. Some of the neighbour nodes may declare a false ITV, which effect can also be diminished through the proposedmethod. The simulation is firstly conducted in the Matlab to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Then the security routing protocol
is implemented in the GloMoSim to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy. Both of them show good results and demonstrate theadvantages of proposed method by punishing malicious actions to prevent the camouflage and deception in the attacks.

Keyword—Dempster-Shafer evidence, Trust management, Direct trust value, Indirect trust value, Black hole attack, Gray holeattack, MANETs

Bo Yang received his B. E. degree in computer science and technology from Xi Dian University, Xi’an, China, in 2009. He received hisSecond B.E. degree in economics from Xi’an Jiaotong University, China, 2012. Currently, he is working toward the M.E. degree in theGlobal Information and Telecommunication Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan. He won the ICACT best paper award inFebruary, 2012. His present research emphasizes on the study of security problems in the wireless networks, such as ad hoc networks,MANETs, WSNs etc.

Ryo Yamamoto received his B.E. and M.E degree in electronic information systems from Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo,Japan, in 2007 and 2009. He is presently a research associate of Global Information and Telecommunication Institute, Waseda University.
He received the IEICE young researcher's award in 2010. His current research interests are mobile ad hoc networks and cross-layeredprotocols. His current research interests are mobile ad hoc networks and cross-layered protocols.

2Yoshiaki Tanaka received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in1974, 1976, and 1979, respectively. He became a staff at Department of Electrical Engineering, the University of Tokyo, in 1979, and has
been engaged in teaching and researching in the fields of telecommunication networks, switching systems, and network security. He wasa guest professor at Department of Communication Systems, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden, from 1986 to 1987. He was also avisiting researcher at Institute for Posts and Telecommunications Policy, from 1988 to 1991, and at Institute for Monetary and Economic
Studies, Bank of Japan, from 1994 to 1996. He is presently a professor at Global Information and Telecommunication Institute, Waseda
University, and a visiting professor at National Institute of Informatics. He received the IEEE Outstanding Student Award in 1977, theNiwa Memorial Prize in 1980, the IEICE Achievement Award in 1980, the Okawa Publication Prize in 1994, the TAF Telecom System
Technology Award in 1995 and in 2006, the IEICE Information Network Research Award in 1996, in 2001, in 2004, and in 2006, theIEICE Communications Society Activity Testimonial in 1997 and in 1998, the IEICE Switching System Research Award in 2001, the IEICE Best Paper Awardin 2005, the IEICE Network System Research Award in 2006, in 2008, and in 2011, the IEICE Communications Society Activity Award in 2008, theCommendation by Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications in 2009, and the APNOMS Best Paper Award in 2009. He is a Fellow of IEICE.