2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines:
Refinements in Volume 3 (Industrial Process andProduct Use)
Bonn Climate Change Conference (SB50)
SBSTA - IPCC Special Event on 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
21 June 2019, Bonn, Germany
Pavel Shermanau
IPCC TFI TSUWhat is IPPU?
Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) –Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions (!):
1.

Industrial Processes
that chemically or physically transform materials releasing GHGs:- chemically: NH3 + O2 = 0.5 N2O↑ + 1.5 H2O (nitric acid production)- physically: CaCO3 + (Heat) = CaO + CO2↑ (cement production)

2. Product Use
GHGs are used in products such as refrigerators, foams or aerosols
Note:All emissions from combustion of fossil fuels in Industry are under Energy
Sector. IPPU focuses on process emissions

Mandate for Refinement (IPPU)
Chapter 3o Nitric acid productiono Fluorochemical productiono Hydrogen production [New]Chapter 4o Iron and Steelo Primary aluminium production and Alumina production [New]o Rare Earths elements [New]Chapter 6
o Electronics Industry
Chapter 7o Refrigeration and air conditioning
Chapter 8o Use of SF6 and PFCs in Textile Industry and for Water-proofing ofelectronic circuit boards [New] Decision IPCC/XLIV-5
IPCC-44, Bangkok (Thailand), October 2016

IPPU Refinement – 2006 Structure

2019Refinement

2019 Refinement

2019 Refinement

2019 Refinement
2019 Refinement
2019 Refinement

2019 Refinement

Nitric Acid Production – N2O
Update of N2O emission factors for various types of technologies
used for Nitric Acid production:- single-/duo- low-/medium- /high- pressure plants- with or without abatement
TABLE 3.3 (UPDATED)DEFAULT FACTORS FOR NITRIC ACID PRODUCTION
Production Process

N2O Emission Factor(relating to 100 percent pure acid)

Old (pre-1975) plants* (all processes)

10-19 kg N2O/tonne nitric acida

Single low pressure plants

5 kg N2O/tonne nitric acid ±10%

Single medium pressure plants

8 kg N2O/tonne nitric acid ±20%b

Single high pressure plants

9 kg N2O/tonne nitric acid ±40%

Single pressure plants with abatement technology**

2.5 kg N2O/tonne nitric acid ±10%b

Dual Pressure (M/H)

9 kg N2O/tonne nitric acid ±30%b

Dual Pressure (M/H) with abatement technology

2.5 kg N2O/tonne nitric acid ±20%b

Dual Pressure (L/M)

7 kg N2O/tonne nitric acid ±20%b

Dual Pressure (L/M) with abatement technology

1.5 kg N2O/tonne nitric acid ±10%bFluorochemical Productiono Improved guidance on GHG emissions from production of fluorinatedcompounds (other than HFC-23 emissions from HCFC-22 production)o These emissions include emissions of the intentionally manufactured
chemical as well as reactant and by-product emissions.
• For example, in a national inventory for a fluorochemical plant, significant byproduct emissions of SF6, CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C4F10, C5F12 and C6F14 were reported• Other examples include the release of by-product N2O and CF4 from theproduction of NF3o Streamlined categories
2006 IPCC Guidelines
2B9 FluorochemicalProduction

2B9a By-Product emissions

2B9b Fugitive emissions

2019 Refinement
2B9 FluorochemicalProduction

2B9a HCFC-22 Production

2B9b HFC Production
2B9c PFC Production
2B9d SF6 Production
2B9e NF3 Production
2B9f Fluoropolymer Production
2B9g Other Fluorochemical Production

Hydrogen Production – CO2
o New category for stand-alone facilities which produce onlyHydrogen as a main producto Hydrogen can be produced in Refineries as well (2006 IPCCGuidelines)
o The method is similar to Methanol and Ammonia production –SynGas technology (steam reforming and gasification)o Focus on fossil fuels (!) which provide Hydrogen and Carbon(subsequently CO2)

Iron and Steel Production – CO2
o Clarified guidance on demarcation between Energy andIPPU – all emissions from Coke Production emissions arein Energy (as in 2006 IPCC Guidelines)o Updated CO2 emission factors
o Improvements on BFG/LDG flaring (CO2, N2O) and nonfugitives CH4 emissions

Aluminium – PFCs (CF4 and C2F6)
o CO2 guidance is unchanged
o PFCs guidance is improved taking into account a newphenomena on the low-voltage anode effects (LVAE) added
to previously known the high-voltage anode effect (HVAE)TABLE 4.15 (UPDATED)TECHNOLOGY SPECIFIC DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS FOR THE CALCULATION OF HVAE AND LVAE EMISSIONS FROMALUMINIUM PRODUCTION (TIER 1 METHOD) (MARKS & NUNEZ 2018B)
Technology

HVAE

LVAE

CF4C2F6

CF4EFCF4(kg/tonne Al)

Uncertainty
Range (%)b

EFC2F6(kg/tonne Al)

Uncertainty
Range (%)

EFCF4(kg/tonne Al)Uncertainty
Range (%)

PFPBL

0.016a-82/+126a0.001-74/+109a0.009a+99/-61

PFPBM

0.011

-90/+213

0.001-90/+256

0.018+247/-98

PFPBMW

0.161b-85/+4760.013b-98/+864--SWPB

0.354-76/+116

0.093-89/+68

0.010+69/-69

VSS

0.159c-94/+580c

0.009c-94/+525

0.001+61/-52HSS

0.477-79/+112

0.033-76/+860.026-d

Alumina Production – CO2
o Methodological issues for particular technologies are only considered(Bayer-sintering parallel (BSP), Bayer-sintering sequential (BSS) andNepheline processing (NP) – for Alumina Production)o It is estimated that only around 3% of alumina was produced globally via
the Bayer-sintering process and around 1% via the Nepheline processing
mainly in 3 countries – Russia, Kazakhstan and China
o 2006 IPCC Guidelines already considered fossil fuel combustion (Chapter2 Volume 2) and lime production (Chapter 2 Volume 3). Check lime
activity data for double counting!
TABLE 4.17A (NEW)TECHNOLOGY SPECIFIC DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS FOR THE CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSIONSFROM ALTERNATIVE SINTERING PROCESSES (TIER 1 METHOD)EFSintAl2O3 (tonneCO2/tonne Al)a

Uncertainty Range (%)bBayer-sintering (BSP and BSS)

0.81-8/+4Nepheline-sintering process (NP)

2.46-2/+4Technology

Rare Earths Production – CO2 and PFCso New category. Rare Earths Production is an electrolytic
process similar to Aluminium Productiono Emissions of CO2 and PFCs (CF4, C2F6, C3F8)TABLE 4.28 (NEW)
TIER 1 DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS AND UNCERTAINTY RANGES FOR THE CALCULATION OF PFC EMISSIONS FROM RARE
EARTH PRODUCTION

CF4Rare EarthMetal, i

C2F6C3F8EFCF4(g/tonne REmetal)

Uncertainty
Range c(+/-%)

EFC2F6(g/tonne REmetal)

Uncertainty
Range c(+/-%)

EFC3F8(g/tonne REmetal)

Uncertainty
Range c(+/-%)

RE-iron alloys(Dy-Fe, etc) a

146.1+/- 99%14.6+/- 99%0.05+/- 99%Other-RE
metals/alloys(Nd, Pr-Nd,La, etc) b

35.8-54% / +30%

5.2

-95% / +108%

0.21-52% / +30%

Electronics Industryo The guidance was substantially updated taking into accountdynamic changes in the industry (production ofsemiconductors, displays, photovoltaics, etc.)
o The categories are almost the same with addition of
Microelectromechanical systems. Fluorinated liquids are
estimated under each sub-categoryo Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission factors were updated withincreased number of species
o Variety of gases (N2O, SF6, NF3, HFCs, PFCs)

Refrigeration and Air Conditioningo According to the mandate the guidance on “How to build arefrigeration and air conditioning emission inventory in afew simple steps” was developedo Some updated information regarding emission factors forrefrigerants (HFCs) was providedo An example MS Excel worksheet was produced to facilitate
emissions estimations for Tier 2

Other Product Manufacture and Use
Water-proofing of electronic circuit boards
Fluorinated compounds are used to waterproof electronic circuits (by gas-phase reaction in aplasma). The plasma deposition process involves the introduction of a variety of hydrocarbon gases,
where the hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine supplied from a fluorinated gas source
decomposed in a plasma. Periodically, the process chamber is also cleaned using fluorinated gases
in a way similar to one in Electronics industry.
TABLE 8.11 (NEW)EMISSION FACTOR FOR WATERPROOFING OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
Gas EmittedEmissions (g)/Circuit Board

CF40.006

C2F60.004

CHF30.003

Textile Industry
As in Electronics Industry, plasma-based processes using fluorinated compounds in the textile
industry are expected to result in emissions of unreacted fluorinated compounds and by-productswith high global warming potentials (GWPs). However, the extent to which plasma processes havebeen introduced in textile manufacturing is not clear. Also, the wet application of fluorinatedcompounds commonly used to treat textile, carpet, leather, and paper fibres can result in emissions ofvolatile fluorinated compounds through evaporative losses and cracking.

o This guidance was moved to Appendix. Authors could not develop default
emission factors for Textile Industry. Basis for future work

New 2019
IPPU Structure

Conclusiono Only particular categories were refined, where there is a needto update emission factors and methodological guidance andto provide new informationo More complete coverage of sources and gases, some ofcategories are minor ones in terms of emissionso Structure of categories is practically the same. Main
categories are already covered in 2006 IPCC Guidelineso F-gases emissions are evolving all the time (a challenge fordeveloping emission factors). IPCC guidelines provide withdefault emission factors, countries can use their own factors

Thank you
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