Decision IPCC/XLIV-5. Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Products, Outline of the Methodology
Report(s) to refine the 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change decides,
1. To prepare a Methodology Report to refine the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Inventories” with the following format and title:


The format should be one single Methodology Report comprising an Overview Chapter andfive volumes following the format of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines).



The title of the Methodology Report should be “2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”.

2. To adopt the terms of reference for the production of a Methodology Report to refine the 2006
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as contained in Annex 1 to thisDecision.
3. To adopt the table of contents of the Methodology Report as contained in Annex 2 to thisDecision.
4. To take note of document IPCC-XLIV/INF.7.
5. That the budget for the production of this Methodology Report is as contained in Decision(IPCC/XLIV-1) on the IPCC Trust Fund Programme and Budget.

20

ANNEX 1
Terms of Reference for the production of a Methodology Report to refine the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Background
1. The 26th Meeting of Task Force Bureau (TFB) (28 - 29 August 2014, Ottawa) concluded that:- The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC
Guidelines) provide a technically sound methodological basis of national greenhouse gas
inventories, and therefore fundamental revision is unnecessary.
-

To maintain the scientific validity of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, certain refinements may
be required, taking into account scientific and other technical advances that havematured sufficiently since 2006.

2. Following these conclusions by the TFB and approval by the IPCC at its 40th Session, theTask Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) started a technical assessment of
IPCC Inventory Guidelines through an on-line questionnaire survey and four expert meetingsin 2015 and 2016. The technical assessment revealed that there has been abundant newscientific and empirical knowledge published since 2006 which the IPCC should take into
account, particularly with respect to data for emission factor development for somecategories and gases. Consequently, the necessity and usefulness of refining the current
methodological guidance (e.g. updating default emission factors) has been recognized by
TFB.
3. A refinement of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines is required as early as possible in order toaddress the issues that were identified through the technical assessment referred to inparagraph 2 above. The refinement will help all UNFCCC Parties use good practiceinventory methodologies based on up-to-date scientific knowledge.
Scope
4. The IPCC at its 43rd Session (11-13 April 2016, Nairobi) approved the proposal on“Refinement of 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, including
production of a Methodology Report(s)” as contained in the Decision IPCC/XLIII-8 “Update of
methodologies on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”, and decided to consider the draft
Methodology Report(s) at a Plenary session of the IPCC in May 2019 as contained in theDecision IPCC/XLIII-7 “Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Products. Strategic Planning”.
5. The overall aim of the refinement of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines is to provide an updated andsound scientific basis for supporting the preparation and continuous improvement of national
greenhouse gas inventories.
6. In order to achieve the overall aim, the Methodology Report will:---

Provide supplementary methodologies for sources or sinks of greenhouse gases only
where currently there are gaps or where new technologies and production processes
have emerged requiring elaborated methodologies or for sources or sinks that are notwell covered by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines;
Provide updated default values of emission factors and other parameters based on thelatest available science only where significant differences from currently adopted factors
are identified;
Provide additional or alternative up-to-date information and guidance, where possible, as
clarification or elaboration of existing guidance in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

21

7. In line with paragraph 6 above, the Methodology Report will clearly indicate what type ofrefinement is provided in each section. The types of refinement are defined in Appendix 1.
These terms should be used consistently throughout the Methodology Report.
8. For the purpose of elaborating on and clarifying the existing IPCC guidance, theMethodology Report should aim to address any important needs for clarification arising from
GHG inventory reviews or the technical analysis of inventories as part of biennial update
reports under the UNFCCC if such needs are identified in time during the elaboration of thereport.
9. The refinement work will not revise the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, but will update, supplement
and/or elaborate the 2006 IPCC Guidelines where gaps or out-of-date science have been
identified. The Methodology Report will not replace the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, but will be
used in conjunction with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Approach
10. The result of this work will be an IPCC Methodology Report “2019 Refinement to the 2006
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”.
11. The authors will follow Appendix 2 “Instructions to Experts and Authors” to ensure a
consistent and coherent approach across all the volumes or chapters, including the use ofcommon terminology.
12. Literature will be considered up to a cut-off date at the start of the Government/Expert
Review.
13. Table 1 provides the time table for this task.

22

Table 1: Work Plan
Date
October 2016

ActionComments
IPCC Plenary approves ToR, chapter outline, work plan and guidance to authors

February 2017

IPCC-44
Call for Nomination of Authors and Review
Editors
TFB select Authors and Review Editors

June 2017

1st Lead Author Meetings

September 2017

2nd Lead Author Meeting

December 2017– January 2018

Expert Review

March 2018

Science Meeting

April 2018

3rd Lead Author Meeting

8 weeks review by experts
A small meeting of CLAs and some LAs to discuss specific issues that require
intensive discussion to reinforce the writing process.
To consider comments and produce second order draft for review

xxx 2018

Literature cut-off date

Only papers published before this date will be considered

July-August 2018

Government & Expert Review

8 weeks review by governments and experts

October 2018

4th Lead Author Meeting

January 2019

Government Review

May 2019

Adoption/acceptance by IPCC-49

To consider comments and produce final draft
Distribute to governments for their consideration prior to approval (at least 4 weeks
prior to the Panel)
Final draft submitted to IPCC Panel for adoption/acceptancexxx 2019

Distribute Report

Distribute to governments and international organizations

November 2016

IPCC invites nominations from governments and international organizations
Selection by TFB considering expertise and geographical coverage
LAM1a (non-AFOLU) and LAM1b (AFOLU) and LAM1c (General Guidance andReporting). To develop zero order draft
To develop first order draft for review

23Appendix 1: Types of refinement
The following three refinement types should be indicated in the refined sections of the
Methodology Report.
1. Update

2. Elaboration

3. New guidanceThis is to update existing guidance (table, section, or an entire chapter) toaddress the needs explained in the first or second bullet under paragraph 6
in this TOR. New elements that do not change default approaches in theexisting guidance is considered “update”. A typical example is to provide newdefault values for EFs contained in a table in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, andin this case it is considered “Update of Table X.X (on default EFs)”.
Update of section or entire chapter is to rewrite an existing section or chapter
including existing information and new information in the case it is difficult toprovide only the new information without overlap with existing guidance.
From the inventory compiler’s view point, “update” of existing guidancemeans that they are encouraged to use the table/section/chapter in the new
Methodology Report instead of the corresponding table/section/chapter inthe 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
This is to elaborate existing guidance to address the needs explained in thefirst or third bullet under paragraph 6 in this TOR.
New elements that may be added to default approaches in the existingguidance is considered “elaboration”. Also, additional or alternative up-todate information and guidance provided to clarify existing guidance isconsidered “elaboration”. A typical example is to include the contents in
FAQs in TFI website in the new Methodology Report(s).
Elaboration of section or entire chapter is NOT to rewrite an existing section
or chapter, but to provide a sub-section or section which contains additionalor alternative up-to-date information without overlap with existing guidance.
From the inventory compiler’s view point, “elaboration” of existing guidancemeans that they are encouraged to use the table/section/chapter in the new
Methodology Report in conjunction with the corresponding
table/section/chapter in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
This is to add completely new guidance on issues for which there isessentially no guidance in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines to address the needs
explained in the first bullet under paragraph 6 in this TOR.
Creation of default approaches to issues that are not well covered in the2006 IPCC Guidelines is considered “new guidance”.
From the inventory compiler’s view point, “new guidance” means that they
are encouraged to use the section/chapter in the new Methodology Report
without reference to specific sections/chapters in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines, recognizing that there is essentially no corresponding guidancein the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

Besides, “No refinement” should indicate that no refinement has been made in that section.

24

Appendix: Instructions to Experts and Authors

Instructions to Experts and Authors

1. Work on a Methodology Report to refine the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) will be guided by the IPCC procedures for the
Preparation, Review, Acceptance, Adoption, Approval and Publication of the IPCC Reports(Appendix A to the Principles Governing the IPCC Work1). This document is consistent with
the IPCC procedures, and applies to all experts engaged in the production of a new
Methodology Report.
2. In this document the term “experts” covers Co-Chairs, members of the TFI Bureau (TFB),TSU Staff, Coordinating Lead Authors (CLAs), Lead Authors (LAs), and Review Editors(REs) as well as Contributing Authors (CAs) and Expert Reviewers.
3. These notes are intended as guidance to experts contributing to a new Methodology Report.
They are intended to ensure a consistent and coherent approach across all the volumes orchapters and to promote common terms used.
Confidentiality
4. Authors meetings are closed meetings. Any discussions are confidential except for any
published report of the meeting. This is to ensure that experts participating in the meetings
can express themselves and discuss issues freely and openly.
5. The IPCC considers the drafts of a new Methodology Report, prior to acceptance, to be predecisional, provided in confidence to reviewers, and not for public distribution, quotation orcitation.
6. The TSU will keep drafts of a new Methodology Report sent for the IPCC review, anycomments received on them and the responses by authors. All written expert andgovernment review comments will be made available to reviewers on request. These will bemade available on the IPCC website as soon as possible after the acceptance by the Paneland the finalisation of the report.
Conflict of Interest
7. It is important that all experts involved in the IPCC activities avoid any conflict of interest or
the direct and substantial appearance of a conflict of interest. It is recognised that many
experts in Emission Inventories are employed by, or funded by, parties with some interest in
the outcome (e.g. most inventory compilers are funded by national governments orindustry). It is therefore important to be open and transparent about financial and otherinterests.
8. The IPCC implements a Conflict of Interest (COI) Policy2 3 that applies to all individuals
directly involved in the preparation of IPCC reports, including senior IPCC leadership (IPCC
Chair and Vice-Chairs), other Bureau and Task Force Bureau members, authors withresponsibilities for report content (CLAs, LAs), Review Editors and staff of the Technical1

http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/ipcc-principles/ipcc-principles-appendix-a-final.pdf
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/ipcc-principles/ipcc-conflict-of-interest.pdf
3
The IPCC COI Policy including the COI Form is currently being reviewed and may be revised at the 44th Session of the IPCC in Bangkok,
Thailand, on 17-20 October 2016. If it is revised at that session of the IPCC, paragraphs 8-11 of this document will be revised accordingly.
225

Support Units. The overall purpose of this policy is to protect the legitimacy, integrity, trust,and credibility of the IPCC and of those directly involved in the preparation of reports, and its
activities.
9. Before an individual is appointed as a CLA, LA and RE for a new Methodology Report, the
TFB will request the individual to complete a Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form (“the COI
Form”) contained in Annex B to the COI Policy which will be submitted to the TFI TSU. The
TFB will then evaluate the form to determine whether the individual has a conflict of interest
that cannot be resolved.
10. All CLAs, LAs and REs will inform the TFI TSU annually of any changes in the information
provided in their previously submitted COI Form. The TFB will evaluate the revised
information.
11. All COI Forms and any records of the deliberations of the COI Expert Advisory Group,
deliberations and/or decisions of the COI Committee in relation to conflict of interest issues
in respect of specific individuals and any information disclosed by individuals for the
purposes of the COI Policy will be transferred to the Secretariat after they have beenreviewed and will be securely archived by the Secretariat and retained for a period of five
years after the end of the assessment cycle during which the relevant individual contributed,
after which the information will be destroyed. Subject to requirement to notify the existenceof a conflict of interest to others, the information referred to above will be considered
confidential and will not be used for any purpose other than consideration of conflict ofinterest issues under these Implementation Procedures without the express consent of theindividual providing the information.
Responsibilities of authors and other experts
12. The role of authors is to impartially assess ALL the available literature and to describe thebest methodologies available. Experts should be impartial. Authors should review all
literature available up to a cut-off date to be decided by the TFB as part of the agreed workplan.
13. After drafting the report authors will be asked to consider all comments received on thedrafts and to adjust and revise the text accordingly. They should document their responses.
If they do not accept a comment this should be explained. Review Editors should check
whether the accepted changes were fully incorporated in the revised text.
14. Responsibilities and duties of authors and other experts are currently explained in moredetail in the IPCC procedures for the Preparation, Review, Acceptance, Adoption, Approvaland Publication of the IPCC Reports (Appendix A to the Principles Governing the IPCC
Work).

26

Literature
15. The use of literature should be open and transparent. In the drafting process, emphasis is tobe placed on the assurance of the quality of all cited literature. Priority should be given topeer-reviewed scientific, technical and socio-economic literature if available.
16. It is recognized that other sources provide crucial information for IPCC Reports. Thesesources may include reports from governments, industry, and research institutions,international and other organizations, or conference proceedings. Use of this literaturebrings with it an extra responsibility for the author teams to ensure the quality and validity ofcited sources and information. In general, newspapers and magazines are not valid sourcesof scientific information. Blogs, social networking sites, and broadcast media are notacceptable sources of information for IPCC Reports. Personal communications of scientificresults are also not acceptable sources.
17. For any sources written in a language other than English, an executive summary or abstract
in English is required.
18. All sources will be integrated into a reference section of an IPCC Report.
19. For more details of the procedure on the use of literature in IPCC Reports, see Annex 2 tothe IPCC procedures for the Preparation, Review, Acceptance, Adoption, Approval andPublication of the IPCC Reports (Appendix A to the Principles Governing the IPCC Work).
Principles of the new Methodology Report
20. Guidance in the new Methodology Report should be understandable and easy to
implement. Lead authors should make efforts to balance the need to produce acomprehensive self-contained report with reasonable limits to the length and detail of theguidance. In particular:
a. The guidance should follow a cookbook approach by providing clear step by step
instructions. It should not try to be a textbook. Detailed background information onemission processes, scientific studies, etc. is generally referenced rather thanincluded.
b. Lead authors must consider all recent scientific developments and national methods
used by countries in their inventories.
c. Significant changes from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines will have significant implications
for all countries. Parties to the UNFCCC use the IPCC Guidelines to prepare national
inventories and national communications. Substantial changes should only be
introduced if they can be justified on sound scientific and technical grounds.
d. Authors should bear in mind that the target audience is a diverse group of readers
who are primarily concerned with the elaboration of national inventories. For thisreason, the emphasis should be on ensuring clear communication of practical andunderstandable guidance.
21. This work aims to cover all IPCC inventory sectors but only those categories where thescience is considered to have sufficiently advanced since the 2006 or where new oradditional guidance is required, namely the categories that were selected through technicalassessment carried out in 2015 and 2016 and the Scoping Meeting held in August 2016using the significance and prioritization criteria as shown below. However, authors should
also develop modifications for other parts of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines if deemed necessary
to achieve consistency with the refinements mandated by the IPCC Plenary. On the other
hand, authors may conclude no refinement should be made even for the categories that27

were selected through the process mentioned above, after comprehensive review ofavailable literature.
1. Significance and prioritization criteria


Significance of the source/sink and the gas within the sector on a global scale.
Sources significant only for a limited number of particular countries, currently or in
the foreseeable future, may not meet this criterion. The adequacy of the existingguidance for a particular category should be considered, as should the likelihoodthat new information would lead to a definite improvement in the IPCC Guidelines.

Availability of relevant new scientific results.



Sufficient data availability and maturity of scientific advances since 2006 to provide
a basis for methodological development or refinement, including:oAbility to develop new or updated default emission/removal factorsoFeasibility of obtaining the necessary data to implement the methods

Emergence of new sources or gases meeting these criteria

22. The new Methodology Report will cover the same greenhouse gases and precursors as
included in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
23. The general structure, approach and definitions used in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, such as
tiered approach and decision trees will be followed. Annexes may be used where necessary
to contain additional data to support the methodologies, although large numbers of annexes
will probably not be necessary. Appendices are not ruled out where scientific knowledge isinsufficient for countries to agree full methodologies, but please avoid as far as possible
work on areas that have to be relegated to an appendix. Appendices should be sub-titled by“Basis for future methodological development”.
Reporting Tables and worksheets
24. Refinement of worksheets and reporting tables may be required. Worksheets reflect theapplication of tier 1 methods only, due to the varied implementation of higher tier methods
by countries. Lead authors should stress the importance of documentation and archiving ofparticular types of information of relevance to each category, although advice may be givenof what needs to be reported for transparency at higher Tiers.
Emission factors and methods
25. Authors should provide default emission factors. In doing this work, they should draw on thewidest possible range of available literature, including the IPCC Emission Factor Database(EFDB), scientific articles and country reports.
26. All new default data should be evaluated for scientific and technical appropriateness, andtheir development should be clearly described and referenced. The attached form (Appendix
3) should be used as the means for documenting data and the derivation procedure which
will also facilitate future integration of the EFDB and the archiving of the derivation. Leadauthors should be familiar with the draft cross-cutting guidance on data collection in Volume
1 and the guidance on cross-cutting issues in this note on terms, data types, data demandsof methods and stratification requirements. Default data should also meet the EFDB
evaluation criteria – robustness, documentation, and applicability.

2827. Authors should develop guidance to provide additional information on rationale, references
and background information on parameters used for estimating of default values where suchinformation is available (similar to Annex 3A.3 of Wetland Supplement), with a view toenhancing the transparency and applicability of default values presented in the new
Methodology Report.
28. IPCC default factors should in principle be presented as regional factors. In case regional
factors are unavailable, single IPCC default factors might be provided, ensuring that thedefault are representative of typical conditions as far as can be determined. It may benecessary or appropriate to provide a range of default factors along with clear guidance
about how countries should select from within the range. Lead authors may also provide
multiple default emission factors, disaggregated by region, technology, or anotherclassification scheme (e.g., livestock type),
29. It is important to provide more default emission factors that reflect the unique conditions ofdeveloping countries. Default emission factors for Tier 1 should represent emissions without
category-specific mitigation measures.
30. Users of the guidelines should be encouraged to develop and use country specific data.
Emission factors for higher tiers need not be specified in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Default
information is included primarily to provide users with a starting point from which they candevelop their own national assumptions and data. Indeed, national assumptions and data
are always preferred because the default assumptions and data may not always beappropriate for specific national contexts.
31. The basic principle concerning national methods will continue to apply – countries areencouraged to use national data or methods so long as they are consistent with the IPCC
Guidelines.
Decision trees
32. Consistent with the format and structure the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, the new Methodology
Report may contain a decision tree for some sub-categories to assist countries in selectingfrom the IPCC methods. These decision trees link the choice of IPCC methods to national
circumstances via specific questions about data availability and status as a key source
category4.
33. To ensure consistency in decision tree logic and format across categories, lead authors
should adhere to the following requirements:
a. The decision trees should be based on a series of questions with clear yes/noanswers, and two subsequent branches along yes/no paths.
b. The decision trees should start with assessing data availability for the highest tiermethod, and then direct countries step-wise towards lower tier methods if activity
data, emission factors or other parameters are not available.
c. The decision tree should indicate the lowest tier method that is judged to beappropriate for estimating emissions/removals from a key category.
d. If data are not available for the method referred to in 3, the ‘No’ response should
direct the reader to the question “Is this a key category?” If the answer to this is‘Yes’, the decision tree should recommend that the country collect the necessary
4

The most appropriate choice of estimation method (or tier) may also depend on national circumstances, including the availability of resources
and advice on this will be given in the cross-cutting volume.

29

data to implement a higher tier method. If the answer is ‘No’, then the decision tree
can recommend a lower tier method. There is no need to deal with the case for a key
source where a country does not have the resources to gather additional dataneeded to implement higher Tier methods. This is dealt with in Volume 1 of the 2006
IPCC Guidelines.
e. The branches of the decision trees should end in ‘out-boxes’ that correspond to
specific tiers identified in the guidance for that category and are labelled by Tier.
Lead authors may also recommend out-boxes for hybrid tiers.

f.

Lead authors may develop separate decision trees for different sub-categories.
Alternatively, they may include decision tree options for selecting different tiers fordifferent sub-categories. This second option is appropriate if it is advantageous torecommend a higher tier method only for significant sub-categories rather than for
the entire category. Decision trees that use the ‘significance’ criterion must
include the “25-30% rule” (i.e., a significant sub-category is one that makes up
more than 25-30% of emissions/removals from a category).

30

34. Additional Formatting Guidelines (see example):a. Decision trees should be drafted in separate Microsoft Word files. The TSU will
integrate these files into the main text at a later date.
b. Decision trees should NOT ask the question: “Does this source occur in the
country?” This is because decision trees will only be used for sources which occur.
c. There should be a “START” box.
d. “Diamonds” should be used for questions/decisions.
e. “Squares” should be used for all other information.
f. The out-boxes should be individually numbered.
g. The text font should be Times New Roman 10pt.
h. Text should be centred within the boxes.
Decision tree to estimate CO 2 –C and N 2 O emissions from Peatlands Remaining
Peatlands
Start

Is detailed
information available onland conversion for peat extraction,
extraction methods, peat use, fertility,
and on-site
emissions?

Yes

Estimate emissions using
country-specificmethodology andemission factors (Tier 3).
Box 4: Tier 3NoAre
historicaland current data
available on the area of managed
peatlands and on peat
production?

Yes

Were
domestic studies
done on GHG emissions/removals on industrial
peatlands?

Yes

Estimate emissions
using default method
and country-specificdata (Tier2).
Box 3: Tier 2

No
No

Are
managed peatlands
a key category1?

Yes

Collect or compile historicaland current data from the national
peat industry, government
agency, or from the International
Peat Society

Estimate emissions
using default method
and emission factors
and national activity
data (Tier1).
Box 2: Tier 1

No
Estimate emissions
using default emission
factors and activity data
(Tier 1).
Box 1: Tier 1

Note:
1: See Volume 1 Chapter 4, "Methodological Choice and Identification of Key Categories" (noting Section 4.1.2 on limited resources), for
discussion of key categories and use of decision trees.

31

IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB)
35. The EFDB is an important resource for this work, both as a source of emission factors forconsideration by the LAs and as a repository of emission factors once agreed for use in theguidelines.
36. The new Methodology Report may contain Tier 1 methods and the corresponding default
emission factors (once the guidelines are approved by the IPCC, the default emission
factors cannot change). These defaults need to be recorded in to the EFDB, either because
they are already there, or they will have to be entered as a result of the process ofdeveloping the Methodology Report. Preferably the EFDB should be populated with newemission factors as the Methodology Reports are drafted, but if this proves impossible theguideline emission factors should be entered in the EFDB with the underlying
documentation information in the property fields as soon as possible, after guidelines
completion.
37. The evolving information on peer reviewed emission factors in the EFDB will also be auseful source of information for countries to refer to in applying Tier 2 and 3 methods. In
applying these methods (Tier 2 and/or 3) it will remain the country’s responsibility to ensurethat the choice of emission factors properly reflects national circumstances and is consistent
with the requirements of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, and to document that this is the case.
38. It should be noted that Methodology Reports go through IPCC reviews, but the EFDB doesnot. The EFDB is a long(er)-term exercise. The TSU will provide technical advice/information
to authors for their consideration.
Definitions
39. The following terms will be used throughout the new Methodology Report, and it is essentialthat all Lead Authors have a common understanding of their meaning and relevance:
40. Tier A Tier refers to a description of the overall complexity of a methodology and its datarequirements. Higher tier methods are generally more complex and data-intensive thanlower tier methods. The guidance for each category should contain at least a Tier 1 method,and in many cases there will be a Tier 2 and Tier 3. The general expectation is that Tier 2
and Tier 3 methods will both be consistent with good practice guidance for key sources,
although in some cases Tier 3 will be preferred, for example with methane from coal mines
where Tier 1 is a global default value, Tier 2 basin specific and Tier 3 mine specific.
41. Tier 1 approaches are simple methods that can be applied by all countries in all
circumstances. Default values for the emission factors and any other parameters neededmust be supplied (see below for documentation needed).
42. Tier 2 methods should in principle follow the same methodological approach as Tier 1, butallow for higher resolution country specific emissions factors and activity data. In somecategories, this may not be the case. These methods should better replicate the parameters
affecting the emissions. Country specific emission factors are needed and possibly moreparameters will also be needed.
43. Tier 3 methods give flexibility either for country specific methods including modelling or
direct measurement approaches, or for a higher level of disaggregation, or both. This is amore complex method, often involving a model. This will replicate many features of nation
emissions and require specific parameters for each country.
44. Default information is data that is appropriate for use where there is no better detailed,country specific information. If appropriate, authors may specify regional default data. Usersof the guidelines should be encouraged to try to find better country specific data. Default
32

data are appropriate for Tier 1 methods and the guidelines should contain all the default
values needed. Emission factors for higher tiers need not be specified because it is afunction of higher tier methods to find data reflecting national circumstances. Volume 1 ofthe 2006 IPCC Guidelines suggests that the EFDB may help identify data reflecting national
circumstances, but reference to the EFDB should in no case be used as a device for
evading the necessity of finding data for default methods. Default information is included
primarily to provide users with a starting point from which they can develop their own
national assumptions and data. Indeed, national assumptions and data are always preferredbecause the default assumptions and data may not always be appropriate for specificnational contexts. In general, therefore, default assumptions and data should be used only
when national assumptions and data are not available.
45. Decision Trees. A decision tree is a graphical tool to assist countries in selecting from the
IPCC methods.
46. Sector refers to the four sectors of the guidelines (Energy; Industrial Process and ProductUse (IPPU); Agriculture, Forests and Other Land Use (AFOLU) and Waste) these are
divided into source/sink categories and sub categories.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Sector 1
Category 1.A
Sub-category 1st order 1.A.1
Sub-category 2nd order 1.A.1.a
Sub-category 3rd order, 1.A.1.a.i,

47. Worksheets. These will be printed versions of spreadsheet tables, that, when filled in,enable the user to perform the emission estimation. They should contain all the calculations
and written text with any formulae. Additional worksheets may be required to compile theresults of the worksheets into the reporting tables.
48. Reporting Tables are tables that present the calculated emission inventory and sufficientdetail of other data used to prepare the inventories for others to understand the emission
estimates.
49. Usage:a. Good Practice, is defined as a set of procedures intended to ensure thatgreenhouse gas inventories are accurate in the sense that they are systematicallyneither over nor underestimates so far as can be judged, and that uncertainties are
reduced so far as possible. Inventories consistent with good practice are those whichcontain neither over- nor under-estimates so far as can be judged, and in which
uncertainties are reduced as far as is practicable. To say that “It is Good Practice todo x” implies x is part of the good practice procedures.
b. “Shall” should not be used. Either say “Good Practice is…” or say what needs to bedone or what should be done. These all indicate what needs to be done to comply
with Good Practice.
c. "Be encouraged to" indicates a step or activity that will lead to higher quality
inventory, but are not required for ensuring consistency with the IPCC Guidelines.
d. “Recommend” should not be used. In the GPG2000, the word “recommend” wasavoided and “Suggested” was used instead.
e. “Inventory agency” is the body responsible for actually compiling the inventory,
perhaps from contributions from a number of other bodies while “inventory
compiler” is the person actually compiling the inventory,

33

Units
50. SI units shall be used throughout: in text, equations, worksheets and tables. Emissions
have to be expressed in mass units and units have to be used consistently within the eachsector. When similar activity data is used for different sectors same units need to be used
(CLAs have to take care about such harmonisation). Conversion factors have to be provided(for example to estimate N2O from N). Where input data available may not be in SI units
conversions should be provided.
51. Standard abbreviations for units and chemical compounds are given in Appendix 4. (Seealso a complete discussion available at http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/)
52. For the purpose of reporting, the sign convention is positive (+) for emissions, and negative(-) for removals (uptake). Where needed, for estimation of removals and carbon stockincreases are counted positive, and the sign reversed for reporting purposes. This isconsistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and other Methodology Reports on national GHG
inventories in the past.

34

Appendix 3. Data Documentation
This form should be used to document all data used in the new Methodology Report. This gives
the minimum information that should be considered by the authors.

Author1
IPCC Source/Sink Category
Fuel2 (applicable only in the
Energy Sector):
Gas3:

CO2

CH4

N2O

Value:
Unit:
Uncertainty (as +/% or 2.5 and97.5 percentiles )4
Applicability5 – fill in asnecessary if data not generally
applicable. Describe appropriate
Technologies, Practices,
Abatement Technologies, Region,
and/or Regional Conditions

Source of data (chose one)

Measurement - Scientific Literature
Other Measurement
National Inventory Report
Calculated
Based on fuel quality
Expert Judgement

Method of derivation of the value(e.g., arithmetic mean, weighted
mean, adjustment of a literature
data by expert judgment etc.
Reference6
Note:
The author is the LA/CA/CLA who writes the relevant section and proposes the data.
Fuels as defined in the Energy volume
Add additional gases as required
As defined by cross-cutting volume
Only to be completed where it is necessary to specify the applicability of the data
As reference to document, report, calculation or if expert judgement to those involved (Names or group e.g.
“Waste BOG on Solid Waste Disposal Sites”)

35Appendix 4 Units and Abbreviations

Abbreviations of, and how to Spell, Chemical Compounds
CH4

MethaneN2O

Nitrous oxide5

CO2

Carbon dioxide

CO

Carbon monoxide

NOX

Nitrogen oxides

NMVOCsNon-methane volatile organic compounds

NH3

Ammonia

CFCs

Chlorofluorocarbons

HFCs

Hydrofluorocarbons

PFCs

Perfluorocarbons

SF6

Sulphur hexafluoride

CCl4

Carbon tetrachloride

C2F6

Hexafluoroethane

CF4

TetrafluoromethaneS

Sulphur

Units and abbreviations
cubic metrem3

hectare

Ha

gram

g

gigagram

Gg

tonne

T

gigatonne

Gt

joule

J

degree Celsius℃

calorie

Cal

year

Yr

capitaCap

gallonGal

dry matterDm

5

In the IUPCA N2O is officially named “Dinitrogen Oxide”. However, “nitrous oxide” is widely used and understood in theemission inventory community and by the UNFCCC and so, to avoid confusion, will be used.

36

Prefixes and multiplication factors
Multiplication Factor

Abbreviation

PrefixSymbol1 000 000 000 000 000

1015

peta

P

1 000 000 000 000

1012

tera

T

1 000 000 000

109

giga

G

1 000 000

106

mega

M

1 000

103

kilo

k

100

102

hecto

h

10

101

deca

da

0.1

10-1

deci

d

0.01

10-2

centi

c

0.001

10-3

milli

m

0.000 001

10-6

micro



Standard equivalents
1 tonne of oil equivalent (toe)1 x 1010 calories

103 toe41.868 TJ

1 short ton

0.9072 tonne

1 tonne1.1023 short tons

1 tonne1 megagram

1 kilotonne

1 gigagram

1 megatonne

1 teragram

1 gigatonne

1 petagram

1 kilogram

2.2046 lbs

1 hectare

104 m2

1 calorieIT

4.1868 joule

1 atmosphere101.325 kPa

37

ANNEX 2
Draft Table of Contents
2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
Draft Table of Contents
Introductory Note
The 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2019
Refinement) will be a single Methodology Report comprising an Overview Chapter and five volumes following
the format of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines).
Overview Chapter
Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting
Volume 2: Energy
Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use
Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
Volume 5: Waste
The draft table of contents is presented below for each volume. Its structure is the same as that of the 2006
IPCC Guidelines so as to make it easier for inventory compilers to use this Methodology Report with the 2006
IPCC Guidelines. For those Chapters/Sections/Subsections where refinement is expected, the following threeelements are explained.
- Issue (which needs to be addressed)- Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines (location of relevant guidance in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines)- Type of refinement (Update, Elaboration or New guidance, as explained in the draft Terms ofReference)
On the other hand, for those Chapters/Sections/Subsections where refinement is NOT expected, “Norefinement” is indicated.
However, the following two principles need to be noted.
Authors should develop modifications even for those Chapters/Sections/Subsections where “Norefinement” is indicated in this draft table of contents, if deemed necessary to ensure consistency withthe refinements made in the other Chapters/Sections/Subsections.
 Authors may conclude no refinement should be made even for the Chapters/Sections/Subsections whererefinement is expected in this draft table of contents, after comprehensive review of available literature.
In addition, authors should develop modifications for Annexes (e.g. Worksheets) at the end of each volume aswell, if deemed necessary to ensure consistency with the refinements made in Chapters/Sections/Subsectionsin the same volume, even though those Annexes are not explicitly included in this draft table of contents.







Overview Chapter
Background – Technical Assessment of IPCC Inventory Guidelines
Fundamental principle (not revising, but refining)
Relationship with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Policy Relevance38

Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting
Chapter 1

Introduction to the 2006 Guidelines

Issue 1: Provide a better description on how to implement a national inventory management system thatmanages all parts of Volume 1, implements continuous improvement and leads to the development of
mature inventories.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New Section in Chapter 1
Type of refinement: New guidanceIssue 2: Clarify the concept of “anthropogenic emissions and removals”.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 1.1 Concepts, with Guidance contained in the IPCC KP
Supplement Chapter 2.3.4 and 2.3.5 and the IPCC Wetlands Supplement
Type of refinement: Update

Chapter 2

Approaches to Data Collection

Issue 1: Add guidance for the development of country-specific emission factors, focusing on developing
countries.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Chapter 2
Type of refinement: New guidanceIssue 2: Add guidance for activity data collection; technical survey indicated there is a capacity problem togather and manage national data which can be addressed by an additional guidance.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Chapter 2
Type of refinement: New guidanceIssue 3: Add guidance on the integration of GHG emissions reported from facilities into national GHG
inventories
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Chapter 2
Type of refinement: New guidance

Chapter 3
Issue:

Chapter 4
Issue:

Chapter 5
Issue:

Uncertainties
Refine guidance on uncertainty based on the latest scientific knowledge and simplification of guidanceby providing more default values, calculation examples and best practices.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Chapter 3
Type of refinement: Update

Methodological Choice and Identification of Key Categories
Add guidance on key category analysis to address treatment of disaggregation of categories, trend
analysis, equations for trend analysis and the need for consistent definition of significant
subcategories across the different volumes of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Chapter 4 (and relevant guidance in the other Volumes)
Type of refinement: Elaboration

Time Series Consistency
Provide practical guidance on how to apply existing guidance on time series consistency because thisproved to be a problem for many countries.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Chapter 5
Type of refinement: Elaboration

39

Chapter 6

Quality Assurance / Quality Control and Verification

Issue 1: Add guidance on the use and reporting of models
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New Section in Chapter 6
Type of refinement: New guidanceIssue 2: Elaborate user-friendly description of verification, validation, audit and QA/QC because users areunclear on their IPCC meanings compared to outer definitions, such as ISO as used by CDM.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.1, Box 6.1
Type of refinement: Elaboration
Issue 3: Update/elaborate verification guidance because the existing guidance is outdated (especially theguidance on comparisons with atmospheric measurements and new datasets).
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.10
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration

Chapter 7
Issue:

Chapter 8

Precursors and Indirect Emissions
Elaborate clearer guidance for the calculation of indirect CO2 emissions.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 7.2.1.5
Type of refinement: Elaboration

Reporting Guidance and Tables

No refinement

Volume 2: Energy
Chapter 1

Introduction

No refinement

Chapter 2

Stationary Combustion

2.1 Overview
No refinement

2.2 Description of sources
No refinement

2.3 Methodological issues
Issue: Link to issue related to biomass combustion and methodologies for Harvested Wood Products(HWP)
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 2.3.3.4
Type of refinement: Elaboration

2.4 Uncertainty assessment
No refinement

2.5 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control QA/QC
No refinement

2.6 Worksheets
No refinement
40Chapter 3

Mobile Combustion

No refinement

Chapter 4

Fugitive Emissions

4.1 Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage and transportation of coalIssue1: Elaborate chapter to include guidance on emissions from exploration and CO2 emissions(Underground coal mines, Surface coal mining)
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Sections 4.1.3 and 4.1.4 (Sections 4.1.1, 4.1.2 and 4.1.6 are
relevant)
Type of refinement: Elaboration
Issue2: Include new section on abandoned surface coal mines
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Not applicable. (Next to Section 4.1.5. Sections 4.1.1, 4.1.2
and 4.1.6 are relevant)Type of refinement: New guidance

4.2 Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas systems
Issue: Update chapter including update/inclusion of EFs representative for current practice. Additional
guidance for unconventional oil and gas production and abandoned wells.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Sections 4.2
Type of refinement: Update

4.3 Fuel transformation [New]
Issue: Include new section on fuel transformation
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New Section in Chapter 4 (Next to Section 4.2)
Type of refinement: New guidance

Chapter 5

Carbon Dioxide Transport, Injection and Geological Storage

No refinement

Chapter 6

Reference ApproachNo refinement

Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use
Chapter 1

Introduction

No refinement

Chapter 2

Mineral Industry Emission

No refinement

Chapter 3

Chemical Industry Emissions

3.1 Introduction
No refinement

3.2 Ammonia production
No refinement41

3.3 Nitric acid production
Issue: Update guidance on appropriate emission factors to use for dual pressure technologies for Nitric
Acid Production
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 3.3.2.2 and Table 3.3
Type of refinement: Update

3.4 Adipic acid production
No refinement

3.5 Caprolactam, glyoxal and glyoxylic acid production
No refinement

3.6 Carbide production
No refinement

3.7 Titanium dioxide production
No refinement

3.8 Soda ash production
No refinement

3.9 Petrochemical and carbon black production
No refinement

3.10 Fluorochemical production
Issue: Update guidance and default Tier 1 emission factors for production of fluorinated compounds otherthan HCFC-22
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 3.10.2.2Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration

3.11 Hydrogen production [New]
Issue: Develop guidance for estimating GHG emissions from hydrogen production
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New Section in Chapter 3 (Next to Section 3.10)
Type of refinement: New guidance

Chapter 4

Metal Industry Emissions

4.1 Introduction
No refinement

4.2 Iron & steel and metallurgical coke production
Issue: Update emission factors for Iron and Steel Production and elaborate methodological guidance.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 4.2.2
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration

4.3 Ferroalloy production
No refinement424.4 Primary aluminium production
Issue: Elaborate guidance and emissions factors to incorporate “low-voltage anode effect” PFC emissions
and integrate this guidance into the existing methodology on “high-voltage anode effect” PFC
emissions. Update of the Tier 1 and Tier 2 defaults.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 4.4
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration
Issue: Develop a new methodology for the CO2 emissions from the alumina production. Ensuring
completeness and avoiding double counting
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 4.4
Type of refinement: New guidance

4.5 Magnesium production
No refinement

4.6 Lead production
No refinement

4.7 Zinc production
No refinement

4.8 Rare Earth elements [New]
Issue: Develop a new guidance on GHG emissions (PFCs and CO2) from production of Rare Earthelements
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New Section in Chapter 4 (Next to Section 4.7)
Type of refinement: New guidance

Chapter 5

Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent use

No refinement

Chapter 6
Issue:

Chapter 7

Electronics Industry Emissions
Update guidance and default Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission factors for Semiconductor Industry,
improvement of the Tier 3 guidance and elaboration of guidance on generation of by-products fromabatement technologies (CF4 from NF3)
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.1 and 6.2.2, and 6.3.1 (uncertainty, to the extent
necessary)
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration/New guidance

Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

7.1 Introduction
No refinement

7.2 Solvents (non-aerosol)
No refinement

7.3 Aerosols (propellants and solvents)
No refinement

7.4 Foam blowing agents
No refinement43

7.5 Refrigeration and air conditioning
Issue: Add examples (collection of activity data, distribution of ODS substitutes by application withincountries). Elaborate by adding a box with “recipe-style” guidance on how to launch the ODS
substitutes inventory. Elaborate the reference to Montreal Protocol. Update emission factors byfurther segregating equipment types, regions, and time periods where possible.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Sections 7.5.2.1 - for the recipe, 7.5.2.2 - for emission
factors, 7.5.2.3 - for activity data
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration

7.6 Fire protection
No refinement

7.7 Other applications
No refinement

Chapter 8

Other Product Manufacture and Use

8.1 Introduction
No refinement

8.2 Emissions of SF6 and PFCs from electrical equipment
No refinement

8.3 Use of SF6 and PFCs in other products
Issue 1: Develop guidance for PFCs (GHG) emissions from Textile Industry.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 8.3
Type of refinement: New guidanceIssue 2: Develop guidance for PFCs (GHG) emissions from water-proofing electronic circuit boards
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 8.3
Type of refinement: New guidance

8.4 N2O from product uses
No refinement

Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
Chapter 1

Introduction

No refinement

Chapter 2

Generic Methodologies Applicable to Multiple Land-use Categories

2.1 Introduction
No refinement

2.2 Inventory framework
No refinement442.3 Generic methods for CO2 emissions and removals
2.3.1

Change in biomass carbon stocks (above-ground biomass and below-ground biomass)
Issue 1: Develop guidance on the use of allometric equations for biomass estimation
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New Subsection in Section 2.3.1
Type of refinement: New guidanceIssue 2: Develop guidance on how to use biomass density (amount per unit area) maps generated
from remote sensing data for biomass estimation
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New Subsection in Section 2.3.1
Type of refinement: New guidance

2.3.2

Change in carbon stocks in dead organic matter
Issue 1: Update default values for litter stocks and develop default values for deadwood stocks
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 2.3.2.1, IPCC default values for litter and deadwood (Table 2.2),
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration
Issue 2: Develop equation 2.18 for estimating DOMout and associated default values
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 2.3.2.1, IPCC default values for litter and deadwood (Table 2.2)
Type of refinement: Elaboration

2.3.3

Change in carbon stocks in soils
Issue 1: Update reference carbon stocks.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 2.3.3.1, Table 2.3
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2: Develop new Tier 2 method for mineral soils that requires less activity data than the current
default method
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 2.3.3.1
Type of refinement: New guidanceIssue 3:Elaborate Tier 3 Methodologies with case study examples for soils.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Tier 3 methods, Section 2.3.3.1,
Type of refinement: Elaboration

2.4 Non-CO2 emissions
Issue: Replace defaults for cropland mass of fuel with crop residue estimation method in Chapter 11
for soil N2O method to ensure consistency in the calculation of residues between the twocategories, and provide a basis to estimate mass of fuel for all crops instead of just the 4crops listed in Table 2.4.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 2.4, Table 2.4
Type of refinement: Update

2.5 Additional generic guidance for Tier 3 methods
Issue 1: Provide guidance on how to address inter-annual variability
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Chapter 2.5
Type of refinement: Elaboration

45

Issue 2: Elaborate guidance on the use of Tier 3 methods
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Sections 2.5.1 and 2.5.2
Type of refinement: Elaboration

Chapter 3

Consistent Representation of Lands

3.1 Introduction
No refinement

3.2 Land-use categories
No refinement

3.3 Representing land-use areas
Issue: Develop guidance on how remotely sensed data, ground based data, and ancillary data can be
integrated and used to derive consistent time series estimates of land use and land-use change
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 3.3 and Annex 3A.1 and 3A.2
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration/New guidance

3.4 Matching land areas with factors for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Issue: Provide guidance on how to use methodologies within different methodological tiers in combination
with different approaches for land representation
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New Subsection in Section 3.4
Type of refinement: New guidance

3.5 Uncertainties associated with the Approaches
No refinement

Annex 3A.1 Examples of International land cover datasets(See the above issue under Section 3.3)

Annex 3A.2 Development of land-use databases(See the above issue under Section 3.3)

Chapter 4

Forest Land

4.1 Introduction
No refinement

4.2 Forest Land Remaining Forest Land
4.2.1

Biomass
No refinement

4.2.2

Dead organic matterNo refinement

4.2.3

Soil carbon
Issue: Provide guidance and develop new Tier 2 method for mineral soils that requires less activity
data than the current default method
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 4.2.3
Type of refinement: New guidance

46

4.2.4

Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning
No refinement

4.3 Land Converted to Forest Land
(All issues for Section 4.2 above apply to this Section similarly.)

4.4 Completeness, time series, QA/QC, and reporting and documentation
Issue: Develop guidance on how to ensure methodological consistency of time series, such as throughthe use of age class structure data
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 4.4.2 on time series consistency
Type of refinement: Elaboration

4.5 Tables
Issue:

Chapter 5

Update values for BEF/BCEF and root/shoot ratio, average biomass stocks, and average biomass
increments
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Tables 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11A and 4.11B, 4.12
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration

Cropland5.1 Introduction
No refinement

5.2 Cropland Remaining Cropland
5.2.1

Biomass
Issue: Update default biomass carbon parameters.
Location in 2006 IPCC GL: Section 5.2.1.2, Tables 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Type of refinement: Update

5.2.2

Dead organic matterNo refinement

5.2.3

Soil carbon
Issue 1:Update carbon stock change factors.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 5.2.3.2, Table 5.5Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2: Develop new Tier 2 method for mineral soils that requires less activity data than the current
default method
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 5.2.3
Type of refinement: New guidance

5.2.4

Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning
No refinement

5.3 Land Converted to Cropland(All issues for Section 5.2 above apply to this Section similarly.)

5.4 Completeness, time series, QA/QC, and reporting
No refinement47

5.5 Methane emissions from rice cultivation
Issue: - Develop regionally specific default EFs
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 5.5.2, Tables 5.11 to 5.14,
Type of refinement: Update

Annex 5A.1 Estimation of default stock change factors for mineral soil C emissions/removals forcropland(See the above issues under Section 5.2.3.)

Chapter 6

Grassland

6.1 Introduction
No refinement

6.2 Grassland Remaining Grassland
6.2.1

Biomass
Issue: Update default biomass carbon parameters.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.1.2, Table 6.1
Type of refinement: Update

6.2.2

Dead organic matterNo refinement

6.2.3

Soil carbon
Issue 1: Update carbon stock change factors.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.3.2, Table 6.2
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2: Develop new Tier 2 method for mineral soils that requires less activity data than the current
default method
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 6.2.3
Type of refinement: New guidance

6.2.4

Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning
No refinement

6.3 Land Converted to Grassland(All Issues for section 6.2 above apply to this Section similarly.)

6.4 Completeness, time series, QA/QC, and reporting
No refinement

Annex 6A.1 Estimation of default stock change factors for mineral soil C emissions/removals forgrassland(See the above issues under Section 6.2.3.)

Chapter 7

Wetlands

7.1 Introduction
No refinement48

7.2 Managed peatlands
No refinement

7.3 Flooded Land
Issue: Update CO2 emission factors for land converted to flooded land (Wetlands) and to develop, on thebasis of comprehensive review of available literature, consistent methodologies that take into
account factoring out of emissions and removals that would otherwise occur in the absence of theflooded area for estimating CO2 and CH4 emissions from flooded lands (both land converted toflooded land and flooded land remaining flooded land).
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 7.3 and associated good practice guidance inSection 7.4, and Appendices 2 and 3; also relevant to Chapter 2, Section 2.3 (Generic
Methodologies for CO2 emissions and removals).
Type of refinement: New guidance/Update

7.4 Completeness, time series consistency, and QA/QC
No refinement

7.5 Future methodological development
Issue:

Clarify that this section of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines is no longer relevant
Location in the 2006 Guidelines: Section 7.5
Type of refinement: Elaboration

7.X. Additional guidance on Tier 2 method for mineral soils [New]
Issue: Develop guidance to implement new Tier 2 method for mineral soils that requires less activity data
than the current default method, taking into consideration Chapter 5 of the 2013 Supplement to
the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New Section in Chapter 7 (Between Sections 7.3 and 7.4)
Type of refinement: New guidance

Chapter 8

Settlements

8.1 Introduction
No refinement

8.2 Settlements Remaining Settlements
8.2.1

Biomass
Issue: Update default biomass carbon parameters.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 8.2.1.2,
Type of refinement: Update

8.2.2

Dead organic matterNo refinement

8.2.3

Soil carbon
Issue: Develop new Tier 2 method for mineral soils that requires less activity data than the current
default method
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 8.2.3
Type of refinement: New guidance498.3 Land Converted to Settlements(All Issues for section 8.2 above apply to this Section similarly.)

8.4 Completeness, time series consistency, QA/QC and reporting
No refinement

8.5 Basis for future methodological development
Issue:

Chapter 9Clarify the elements in this section of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines that are no longer relevant
Location in the 2006 Guidelines: Section 8.5
Type of refinement: Elaboration

Other Land

9.1 Introduction
No refinement

9.2 Other Land Remaining Other Land
No refinement

9.3 Land Converted to Other Land
9.3.1

Biomass
No refinement

9.3.2

Dead organic matterNo refinement

9.3.3

Soil carbon
Issue: Develop new Tier 2 method for mineral soils that requires less activity data than the current
default method
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 9.3.3
Type of refinement: New guidance

9.4 Completeness, time series, QA/QC and reporting
No refinement

Chapter 10

Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management

10.1 Introduction
No refinement

10.2 Livestock population and feed characterisation
Issue 1: Update Section 10.2.2 to include guidance on improved description of feeding systems
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 10.2.2Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2: Develop consistent system descriptions for manure management between source categories(regionally/climatically stratified) for basic and enhanced characterisation for livestock populations
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 10.2.2Type of refinement: Update5010.3 Methane emissions from enteric fermentation
Issue: Improve parameters based on different feeding strategies for cattle and sheep.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 10.3.2, Table 10.11 and Table 10.12
Type of refinement: Update

10.4 Methane emissions from manure management
Issue 1: Update methodology, temperature relationships, Tier 1 Emission Factors and Tier 2 parameters fordifferent manure management systems
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 10.4.2
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2: Update guidance on how to deal with non-CO2 emissions due to biogas production.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 10.4.2, Table 10.17
Type of refinement: Update

10.5 N2O emissions from manure management
Issue 1: Update N excretion parameters for all livestock categories considering updated livestock
characterization in Section 10.2.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 10.5.2
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2: Update emission factors for N2O for manure management system descriptions.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 10.5.2, Table 10.21
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 3: Update manure management volatilization and leaching factors with manure management systems
identified in Section 10.2.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 10.5.4, Tables 10.22 and 10.23,
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 4: Provide text on quality control procedures that use a mass balance approach to evaluate C and N
flows through animal management systems.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 10.5.6
Type of refinement: Elaboration

Chapter 11 N2O Emissions from Managed Soils, and CO2 Emissions from Lime and Urea
Application
11.1 Introduction
No refinement

11.2 N2O emissions from managed soils
11.2.1

Direct N2O emissions

Issue 1:Update N2O EF1, stratification by climate
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 11.2.1.2, Table 11.1
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2:Update crop parameters for calculating residue quantity and N.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 11.2.1.4, Table 11.2
Type of refinement: Update51Issue 3:Update the EF3 for N applied to soils, pasture, range and paddock by grazing animals.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 11.2.1, Table 11.1
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 4:Update emission factor for rice production (N2O)
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 11.2, Table 11.1
Type of refinement: Update
11.2.2

Indirect N2O emissions

Issue: Evaluate emissions factors for indirect N2O, both the amount of leaching/runoff andvolatilization, as well as the indirect emission factor.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 11.2.2, Table 11.3
Type of refinement: Update
11.2.3Completeness, Time series, QA/QC

No refinement

11.3 CO2 emissions from liming
No refinement

11.4 CO2 emissions from urea fertilization
No refinement

Annex 11A.1

References for crop residue data in Table 11.2

No refinement

Chapter 12

Harvested Wood Products (HWP)

Issue 1: Update the relevant technical parameters, maintaining the existing approaches in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Chapter 12
Type of refinement: Update

Volume 5: Waste
Chapter 1

Introduction

No refinement

Chapter 2

Waste Generation, Composition and Management Data

2.1 Introduction
No refinement

2.2 Waste generation and management data
Issue:

Update default data on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation and management
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 2.2.1, Table 2.1
Type of refinement: Update

2.3 Waste composition
Issue 1: Update default data on MSW composition data
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 2.3.1, Table 2.3
52Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2: Add information on nitrogen (N) content, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) or Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) of sludge
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 2.3.2
Type of refinement: New guidance

Annex 2A.1 Waste Generation and Management Data - by country and regional averages
Issue: Update default data on MSW generation and management
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Table 2A.1
Type of refinement: Update

Chapter 3

Solid Waste Disposal

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodological issues
Issue 1: Elaborate on the First Order Decay (FOD) method taking into account active aeration of landfills
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 3.2.1.1
Type of refinement: New guidanceIssue 2: Elaborate on default DOC which decomposes (DOCf) values for different waste components
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 3.2.3 (Fraction of degradable organic carbon which
decomposes (DOCf))
Type of refinement: Elaboration

3.3 Use of measurement in the estimation of CH4 emissions from solid waste disposal site
(SWDS)
No refinement

3.4 Carbon stored in SWDS
No refeinement

3.5 CompletenessNo refeinement

3.6 Developing a consistent time series
No refeinement

3.7 Uncertainty assessment
Issue: Update uncertainty for DOCf values
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 3.7.2
Type of refinement: Update

3.8 QA/QC, reporting and documentation
No refinement

Annex 3A.1

First Order Decay ModelNo refinement

53Chapter 4

Biological Treatment of Solid Waste

No refinement

Chapter 5

Incineration and Open Burning of Waste

5.1 Introduction
No refinement

5.2 Methodological issues
No refinement

5.3 Choice of activity data
No refinement

5.4 Choice of emission factors
Issue 1: Update oxidation factors for open burning of MSW
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 5.4.1, Table 5.2 (Oxidation factor for open burning of
MSW)
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration
Issue 2: Elaborate on EF for CH4 from incineration related to new technologies gasification, pyrolysis, andplasma technology)
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 5.4.2, Table 5.3
Type of refinement: Elaboration
Issue 3: Elaborate on EF for N2O from incineration related to new technologies (e.g. gasification, pyrolysis,
and plasma technology)
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section, 5.4.3, Table 5.4
Type of refinement: Elaboration

5.5 CompletenessNo refinement

5.6 Developing a consistent time series
No refinement

5.7 Uncertainty assessment
No refinement

5.8 QA/QC, reporting and documentation
No refinement
Chapter 6

Wastewater Treatment and Discharge

6.1 Introduction
Issue 1: Update introduction language to reflect current understanding of CH4 and N2O emissions fromwastewater treatment.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.1
Type of refinement: Elaboration

54

Issue 2: Update Figure 6.1 and Table 6.1 to reflect additional types of treatment and disposal systems, suchasaerobic/anaerobic
treatment
systems(e.g.,
anaerobic/anoxic/oxic(A2O),
nitrification/denitrification, etc.) and constructed wetlands, as well as various types of septic
systems (e.g., bottomless systems).
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.1
Type of refinement: Elaboration
Issue 3: Discuss updates/changes from 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.1.1
Type of refinement: Elaboration

6.2 Methane emissions from wastewater
6.2.1

Methodological issues

6.2.2

Domestic wastewater
Issue 1:Update Section 6.2.2.1. Some inventory compilers are misinterpreting Equation 6.1 andcombining zero emissions from aerobic systems with recovered methane from sludge
digestion, but missing the step of calculating emissions from sludge digestion.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.2.1
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2:Develop new Methane Correction Factors (MCFs) to reflect treatment processes that may be a
combination of aerobic and anaerobic or anoxic zones (e.g., anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O),
modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE), etc.).
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.2.2Type of refinement: Update
Issue 3:Consider the development of new MCFs to reflect different types of septic system (e.g.,bottomless) and also to consider the effect of temperature on the MCF.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.2.2Type of refinement: Potential update
Issue 4:Elaborate guidance on what systems are classified as “not well managed”/overloaded forcentralized aerobic treatment plants.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.2.2Type of refinement: Elaboration
Issue 5:Provide guidance on estimating emissions from septic systems that are connected to larger
centralized treatment plants.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.2.2Type of refinement: Elaboration
Issue 6:Determine whether methane emissions from treated effluent should be included, particularlythat discharged to stagnant water or overloaded receiving waters.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.2.2Type of refinement: Update
Issue 7:Provide guidance on the origin of the (maximum CH4 producing capacity) Bo values presented
in the chapter.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.2.2Type of refinement: Update55

6.2.3 Industrial wastewater
Issue 1:Develop new MCFs to reflect treatment processes that may be a combination of aerobic andanaerobic or anoxic zones (e.g., anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O), modified Ludzack-Ettinger(MLE), etc.).
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.3.2
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 2:Elaborate guidance on what systems are classified as “not well managed”/overloaded forcentralized aerobic treatment plants
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.3.2
Type of refinement: Elaboration
Issue 3:Determine whether methane emissions from treated effluent should be included, particularlythat discharged to stagnant water or overloaded receiving waters.
Location in 2006 IPCC GL: Section 6.2.3.2
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 4:Update uncertainty tables to include new EFs and AD
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.2.3.5
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration

6.3 Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater
6.3.1 Methodological issues
Issue 1:Address “indirect” emissions and how this terminology interacts with Chapter 7.3, Volume 1 ofthe 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.3.1.1
Type of refinement: Elaboration
Issue 2:Add discussion on the latest research related to how N2O is formed and emitted in treatment
systemLocation in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.3.1.1
Type of refinement: Elaboration
Issue 3:Consider introducing Tier 1 and Tier 2 methods, similar to the CH4 section.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.3.1.1
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 4:Correct EF for nitrification/denitrification and develop N2O emission factors for additional
treatment system configurations (aerobic/anaerobic/anoxic systems) as well as activatedsludge systems.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.3.1.2
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration
Issue 5: Add EF for septic systems.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Section 6.3.1.2
Type of refinement: New guidanceIssue 6:Update text regarding N (influent) to make consistent with Table 6.11.
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.3.1.3
Type of refinement: Elaboration

56

Issue 7:Clarify Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data in relation to protein supplied vs protein
consumed
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.3.1.3
Type of refinement: Elaboration/Update
Issue 8:Addition of N2O emission calculation for centralized plants and septic systems
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Sections 6.3.1.3/6.3.1.1
Type of refinement: Update
Issue 9:Improve the calculation of Neffluent
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.3.1.3
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration
Issue 10: Addition of N2O from industrial wastewater
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: New guidance in Sections 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.1.3
Type of refinement: New guidance
6.3.2 Time series consistency
No refinement
6.3.3 Uncertainties
Issue: Update uncertainty tables to include new EFs and AD
Location in 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Section 6.3.3
Type of refinement: Update/Elaboration
6.3.4 QA/QC, completeness, reporting and documentation
No refinement57