Audiovisual media services
in Europe - 2023 edition

Agnes Schneeberger
June 2023

A publication of the European Audiovisual Observatory

Table of contents

Introduction…………………………………………………………………....................
Scope and methodology………………………………………………………………….
Executive summary:- I. The big picture………………………………………………………………………….
- II. Main players……………………………………………………………………………

2

3
4
6
8

Part I. The big picture - AV services………………………………………………….. 9
The big picture - TV channels…………………………………………………………. 12
The big picture - On-demand services……………………………………………… 33
Part II. Main players………………………………………………………………………. 49
Main players - Top 50…………………………………………………………………….. 50
Main players - Top 10…………………………………………………………………….. 53
Establishment of main players - Case studies…………………………………….. 63

Introduction
Audiovisual media services are the gateway to bring film, entertainment, sports and news content to the homesof millions of Europeans. The audiovisual works accessible via television channels, on-demand services andvideo-sharing platforms are not only economic but cultural goods mirroring and shaping European societies.1
Mapping the supply of audiovisual services, their programming, coverage and ownership is not only key to sizing
and comprehending the European audiovisual sector. It is also crucial to understanding who is shaping themarket and how.

This publication offers insights into the European audiovisual sector from two perspectives. The first provides
The big picture, by focusing on the supply of television channels, on-demand services and video-sharing
platforms available in and originating from the European markets. Specifically, this includes information on local
TV, private and public TV, US-owned channels, channels on DTT networks, and services targeting other markets.
With regards to non-linear audiovisual services special attention is paid to SVOD and TVOD, private and public aswell as on-demand services targeting other markets.
The second perspective looks at the Main players operating in Europe with a specific focus on the top 50 and top
10 TV groups and those for on-demand services. Particular attention is paid to the weight of US players in theEuropean audiovisual sector, their main brands and operating markets. Further, the report includes three casestudies shedding some light onto the different strategies of main players with regards to where they are based
and which markets they serve.

1 European Commission Cinema Communication https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2013:332:0001:0011:EN:PDF

3

Scope and methodology
MAVISE database: This publication is based on the analysis of December 2022 figures from the MAVISE database.
MAVISE is a database on audiovisual media services, video sharing platforms and their jurisdiction in Europe. The
MAVISE database, managed by the European Audiovisual Observatory, is supported by the CREATIVE EUROPE
programme of the European Union. For more information, please visit http://mavise.obs.coe.int/
European MAVISE countries of availability: The EU27, Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Iceland,
Liechtenstein, Montenegro, North Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland, Türkiye, theUnited Kingdom and Ukraine (including microstates Andorra, Gibraltar, Greenland, Monaco, San Marino and
Vatican City).
Audiovisual media services available in Europe: Figures for audiovisual media services available in Europe arebased on MAVISE data comprising a) all AV linear and non-linear services and video-sharing platforms includedin the registries of the audiovisual regulatory authorities in the territories covered by the MAVISE database and b)other AV services relevant from a market perspective.
Audiovisual media services serving domestic markets: AV services where the country of establishment andoperational scope of a service provider are identical. In cases of several competent authorities, the first countryof establishment is selected.
Audiovisual media services targeting non-domestic markets: AV services registered or established in a country
while available only beyond its borders in another country covered by MAVISE.

4

Scope and methodology
Pan-European services: Audiovisual media services registered or established in a country and targeting at panEuropean level.
On-demand audiovisual media services: For multi-country SVOD and TVOD services, one catalogue is counted as
one service.
Terrestrial television services: In case of multiple types of registrations for the exact same service, MAVISE
always uses the DTT registration information if available. This includes a) TV services with a DTT registration b)
any other TV services on national DTT networks and c) TV services originating from an AVMSD country andregistered there for cable/satellite services which are received in another AVMSD country where the service has a
DTT license.
Type of player: A pan-European player is a group which operates services in several markets with a diverse
geographical scope. A regional player is a group which operates services within a limited geographical scope ofsometimes neighboring countries. A national player is a group which operates most of its services in thedomestic market.
Parent company, country and region: Highest company in ownership tree of a service. The country of
establishment of the parent company. The geographical region of the country of establishment of the parent
company.

5

Executive summary – I. The big picture•

The European audiovisual media services sector has been mostly shaped by the development of its unique
national media ecosystems. This diversity is reflected by an industry boasting a total of 12 664 audiovisualmedia services which are available in wider Europe (Dec. 2022).

•

Around three quarters of these are linear services (9 349 TV channels) and one quarter are non-linear
services (3 315 VOD services including AVOD, catch-up TV and video-sharing platforms). A substantial part of
on-demand services are SVOD (28%) and TVOD (12%) and 43% of TV channels in Europe are regional andlocal TV services. Most European countries have TV channels serving local and regional audiences withmainly generalist programming.

•

The content of AV services in Europe reveals significant differences between linear and non-linear services.
While TV programming is largely defined by thematic fragmentation, on-demand services have a clear focus
on film and TV fiction content. The greater part of the TV offering caters to special interests in the form ofthematic channels (55%) whilst 45% of TV channels provide generalist programming. In contrast, threequarters of TVOD (73%) and almost half of all SVOD services (46%) in Europe offer film and TV fiction
programming. At the same time more and more thematic streamers are taking a foothold in the market.

•

With regards to ownership, the European TV market is divided into a public sector with mainly generalist
programming available on DTT networks and a private sector which has expanded into thematic cable, IPTV,
and satellite channels. Almost all on-demand services are privately owned (97%). Public service media haveentered the market as well, mostly offering catch-up of their linear programming. One in five public ondemand services are pay services, for example the international version of the BBC iPlayer.

6

Executive summary – I. The big picture•

TV and on-demand services targeting Europe from outside make up just 2%. Conversely, there are very few
exports out of Europe. Typically, most audiovisual services in Europe serve domestic markets, meaning thatthe country of establishment and operational scope of a service provider are identical.

•

Meanwhile, the European AV sector is characterised in part by a certain degree of intra-European supply
movements. The share of linear services available in Europe primarily serving non-domestic markets (9%) has
dramatically decreased since Brexit. The figure is higher for on-demand services (18%).

•

The programming content of non-domestic TV channels and on-demand services is almost entirely thematic.
The main establishment hubs for non-domestic TV channels are the Netherlands, Spain and Luxembourg. For
on-demand services they are Ireland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Germany. Most non-domestic
TV channels and almost all non-domestic on-demand services are in private ownership.

•

Fewer in numbers but omnipresent, around 8% of all linear services available in Europe are pay or free panEuropean satellite channels. Public service media are well represented among free pan-European TV
channels. While most free satellite channels are news, generalist and religious channels, pan-European
satellite channels for pay tend to be services with adult, entertainment and music content.

•

Overall, US groups play a prominent role in the European AV sector. Around one in five (18%) of all private TV
channels (excluding local TV) are US-owned and over one third of all SVOD (39%) and TVOD (33%) services in
Europe belong to a US company. US-owned TV channels are almost exclusively thematic channels with astrong presence in documentary and children's programming. Around half of all children’s TV channels in
Europe are US-owned (48%) and so are 59% of entertainment subscription video-on-demand services.

7

Executive summary – II. Main players•

Non-European players have taken a strong foothold in the European AV market. One in five of the top 50 TV
groups and more than a third of the top 50 groups for on-demand services have a non-European parent
company. The majority of the top 50 players, ranked by number of services, operate outside their domestic
markets. This is the case for more than half of the top 50 TV groups and three out of four of the top ondemand service groups in Europe.

•

Most non-European parent companies of AV services in Europe are US players. Half of the top 10 TV groups
and eight out of the top 10 groups for on-demand services are of US origin. Their TV channel and on-demand
service portfolios are many times bigger than those of their European competitors in the top 10 ranking.

•

US players all operate fully on the pan-European level, serving numerous European markets. The Walt DisneyCompany, for example, has a virtual European omnipresence, operating in 44 European TV markets. Netflix
and Amazon operate in 40 and 39 European on-demand markets respectively. US players have by far thelargest scope of operating markets across Europe.

•With regards to their establishment hubs, pan-European players employ different strategies. Netflix, forexample, uses a centralised strategy with one main country of establishment from where it targets theEuropean markets. A multi-country strategy is used by Vivendi, where typically a small number of countries
serve as a basis to target various national markets. AT&T, by contrast, applies a decentralized strategy wherea larger number of establishment hubs serve the European markets.

8Part I. The big picture – AV services

The big picture – AV services

10

Overall, there are 12 664 audiovisual media services available in wider Europe (Dec. 2022).
➢ One in four audiovisual media services in Europe is an on-demand service.
➢ Most AV services are in private hands and 7% are in public ownership.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Type of audiovisual media services available in Europe |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %Ownership of audiovisual media services available in Europe |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %PrivateOn-demand

3315
26%

Television

11759
93%

9349
74%

Public905
7%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

The big picture – AV services content

11

More than half of AV services has a thematic programming focus.
➢ At least 55% of AV services in Europe offer thematic programming.
➢ Among the most popular programming types are film and TV fiction, entertainment and sport.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of audiovisual media services available in Europe offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022
38%

On-demand

Television
55% thematic content

12%

9%

10%

8%
4%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

4%

4%

3%

3%

3%

2.1%

1.5%

1.2%

0.2%

The big picture – TV channels

The big picture – TV channels in Europe

13

Most TV channels in Europe serve domestic markets (83%).
➢ TV services targeting Europe from outside make up just 2%.
➢ Conversely, there are very few exports out of Europe (e.g. a small number of BBC Earth channels).

…………………………………………………………………...............
9 349 TV channels in Europe
Inflows** 2%

Domestic TV 83%
Non-domestic TV 9%
Pan-European TV 8%

Outflows* 0.2%

Local and regional
TV 43%* Exports outside Europe.
** Targeting Europe from outside; mainly included in Pan-European channels.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / Dec. 2022

The big picture – TV channel content

14

TV programming in Europe is largely defined by thematic fragmentation.
➢ The greater part of the TV offering caters to special interest in the form of thematic channels.
➢ Thematic TV channels typically provide sport, entertainment, film and TV fiction content.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of TV channels available in Europe offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022

55% Thematic content
Sport
9%

Film and TV
fiction
7%

News /
Business
5%

Children
3%

Other
11%

Generalist
45%

Entertainment
8%
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Music
5%

Lifestyle / Health /Travel5%Documentary3%

The big picture – Local and regional TV channels

1515

Map of local and regional TV
The great majority of European
countries have local orregional TV channels.
> 600 : IT
> 300 : ES, HU, UA> 200 : DE, NL> 100 : AT, CZ, FR, RO, RS, SK, TR
30-50 : AL, BA, BG, CH, DK, GE, GR, MK, SE, SI, UK
20-30 : AM, BE, HR, LT, LU, LV, MD, NO, PL>10 : FI, IE, LI, ME, PT
Map of Europe and flag icons © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / Dec. 2022

None : EE, CY, IS, MT

The big picture – Local and regional TV channels

16

The European television sector is characterised by a significant share of local and regional TV services.
➢ Local and regional TV makes up 43% of the overall number of TV channels in Europe.
➢ Six countries account for more than half of all local TV channels.
➢ Around 71% of the Italian AV market is local channels - the equivalent of 17% of all local
channels in Europe.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Share of local and regional TV channels available in Europe |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %

3485
3975

Breakdown of local and regional TV by country |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %

IT
681
17%
HU
323
8%

Local
TV
Local/Reg.
TV
38%
43%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

NL
DE
231
224
6%
6%

UA
304
8%

ES
320
8%

Top 6
52%

The big picture – Local and regional TV channels

17

The great majority of local and regional TV channels in Europe have generalist programming.
➢ Nine out of ten local and regional TV channels provide generalist programming.
➢ Thematic programming on local and regional level is the exception since channels aim toappeal to the largest possible audience in their respective regions.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of all TV channels offering thefollowing categories of content | Dec. 2022

Percentage of local and regional TV channels offering thefollowing categories of content | Dec. 2022

Thematic
12%8343

Thematic
55%

Private TV
All TV

Generalist
45%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Local TV

Generalist
88%The big picture – Public local and regional TV channels

18

Half of all public service TV channels are local and regional services.
➢ Public local and regional channels are most prominent in the Netherlands and Spain, accounting
for two thirds of all public local and regional channels in Europe.
➢ Availability of public channels serving local and regional audiences differs widely across Europe,
ranging from close to 200 in the Netherlands to fewer than 10 in 12 European countries.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Breakdown of public local and regional TV by country |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %Share of local and regional channels among public TV |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %

3485
407
3975
Local
TV
Local/Reg.
Local TV
TV
38%
43%
51%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

BA
15
4%

DE
11
3%

Other
45
11%
NL
196
48%

PL
16
4%
FR
24
6%

UA
26
6%

ES
74
18%

Top 7
89%

The big picture – Private TV channels

19

The great majority of TV channels in Europe are private.
➢ Nine out of 10 TV channels in Europe are owned by private companies.
➢ Their programming focus is mostly fragmented with more than half of private TV channels
providing sports, entertainment, film and TV fiction, and other thematic content.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Share of TV channels in private ownership |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %Percentage of private TV channels offering the following categories
of content | Dec. 2022
Documentary 3%

Adult 2%Children
3%
8343
8553
Private TV
Private TV

91%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

News /
Business
5%

Other
9%
Generalist
43%

Private TV

Lifestyle
HealthTravel5%Music
Film and5%
TV fiction
Entertainment 8%
7%

Sport
10%

The big picture – US share among private TV channels

20

Around one in five private TV channels in Europe is US-owned.
➢ 61% of all private US-owned TV channels are based in four countries.
➢ Two thirds of US channels are based in the country where they offer their services. One third of
US channels is active in several countries or operates on pan-European level.

…………………………………………………………………...............
US share of TV channels* in private ownership |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %Breakdown of US-owned private TV by country of origin |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %

NL
231
21%
Private TV
US
TV
1118
1118
18%
18%

UK
167
15%
DE
135
12%

* Incl. joint ventures with US participation; excl. local TV channels
Flag icons © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

ES
148
13%

1

NL

2

UK
61%

3

ES

4

DE

The big picture – US TV channel programming
Around half of all children’s TV channels in Europe are US-owned.
➢ US TV channels are almost exclusively thematic channels.
➢ They are particularly strong in documentary, children, entertainment, film and TV fiction,
lifestyle and sports programming.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Share of US-owned TV channels per category of content | Dec. 2022 - In %US channels
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

8343
Private TV

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Other channels

21

The big picture – Markets targeted by US channels

22

US networks are overrepresented among non-domestic TV channels.
➢ US channels serve markets to an equal degree as non-domestic services or from their country of
establishment. US-owned TV services operating on pan-European level make up just 9%.
➢ US channels are mainly distributed via cable, satellite and IPTV. Availability on DTT networks isthe exception (7%).

…………………………………………………………………...............
Share of US-owned TV channels per target market | Dec. 2022 - In %
83%
US TV

8343
46%

All TV

45%

Private TV

9%Domestic

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Non-domestic TV

9%8%Pan-European TV

The big picture – Public TV channels

23

Around one in 10 TV channels in Europe is public.
➢ Three out of four public TV channels have a generalist or cultural and educational programming
offering. This mirrors their public service remit to provide accessible programming for all
members of society.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Share of TV channels in public ownership |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %Percentage of public TV channels offering the following categories
of content | Dec. 2022
796
Public TV
9%Parliamentary /Government
2%Sport 2%Other
3%Documentary
3%Entertainment
4%

Public TV

Children
4%
News /
Business
6%
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Cultural / Educational 9%

Generalist
67%

The big picture – TV networks

24

Around one in three TV channels in Europe is available on digital terrestrial networks.
➢ 31% of all TV channels in Europe are distributed on DTT networks. The importance of DTT
networks for local TV is even more pronounced. A total of 68% of local and regional TV channels
are available on DTT networks, compared to 32% of national TV services.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Breakdown of all TV channels by network type |Dec. 2022 - In %Cable /
Satellite /IPTV /
Mobile /
Other
69%

8343
Private TV
Terrestrial
31%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Share of local/regional and national TV on terrestrial
networks | Dec. 2022 - In %DTT

Local andregionalterrestrial TV
68%

Nationalterrestrial TV
32%

The big picture – DTT channel programming

25

Three out of four TV channels available on digital terrestrial networks have generalist programming.
➢ Public service media are given priority regarding presence on DTT networks. Their TV services
are mostly generalist channels with a broad programming offering.
➢ The programming content of TV channels available on all networks is more thematic.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of TV channels on DTT networks offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022
71%
DTT channels

All TV45%
8343
Private TV
6% 8%
4% 5%

19%
3%

9%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

3% 5%

2% 2%

2%

7%

2% 3%

2% 2%

5%

The big picture – DTT channel ownership

26

Around one in five TV channels available on DTT networks is in public ownership.
➢ The share of TV channels in public ownership distributed on DTT networks is slightly higher
than among the overall number of TV channels available in Europe.
➢ There are more national public TV channels available on DTT networks than public local andregional TV.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Comparison of TV channels on DTT and all TV channels by
ownership | Dec. 2022 - In %Comparison of national vs. local and regional TV channels
on DTT by ownership | Dec. 2022 - In %

9%

13%

9%

21%
DTT

Private87%

DTT channels

PrivateTV
PublicPrivate91%

All TV channels

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

79%

National DTT channels

Public91%

Local and regional DTT channels

The big picture – TV channel coverage

27

The majority (83%) of TV channels in Europe primarily serves domestic markets.
➢ There are just as many TV channels with local and regional as those with national coverage.
➢ Around 9% of all TV channels in Europe only serve non-domestic markets and another 8% are
pan-European TV services.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Breakdown of TV channels by coverage | Dec. 2022 – In %Severalcountries
7%
PanEuropean
8%

Share of non-domestic* and pan-European TV channels |Dec. 2022 - In %National
42%
Coverage

Nondomestic
TV
9%

17%
Regional
10%

Local
33%

* Non-domestic TV channels are those that serve a market other than their country of establishment.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

PanEuropeanTV
8%The big picture – Non-domestic TV channel hubs

28

There are 864 TV channels in Europe targeting non-domestic markets only.
➢ Three countries account for 57% of non-domestic TV channels. They include the Netherlands,
Spain and Luxembourg.
➢ Luxembourg is a significant hub for European non-domestic TV channel networks.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Main hubs for non-domestic TV channels | Dec. 2022 - In %DE6%

SE Other
5% 7%

FR
8%

8343

NL
26%

Private TV

CZ
8%
UK
9%

ES
16%
LU
15%

Flag icons © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Examples of non-domestic TV networks based in top 3 hubs |Dec. 2022

1

NL

2

ES

3

LU

US: Disney (Disney Channel), Paramount Global(Nick Junior, Nick Toons, Nickelodeon), Warner
Bros. Discovery (Animal Planet, Discovery
Channel, Travel Channel)
EUR: Antenna Group (AXN, Viasat), BBC (BBC Brit,BBC Earth)
US: AMC Networks (AMC TV, CBS Reality), Comcast(E! Entertainment, Syfy), Disney (Disney Junior,
FOX, NGC, Wild)
EUR: Vivendi (Filmbox)
EUR: Bertelsmann (RTL), BC Partners (Sport Klub,
Nova, Vavoom), Vivendi (Canal+)
US: Comcast (Sky)The big picture – Non-domestic TV channel programming

29

The programming content of non-domestic TV channels is almost entirely thematic.
➢ Non-domestic TV channels focus on entertainment, sport, film and TV fiction content.
➢ Present in non-domestic TV are US networks such as Warner Bros. Discovery, Paramount or Disney,
and European networks like the United Group (BC Partners, UK) or RTL (Bertelsmann, DE).

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of non-domestic TV channels offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022

Non-domestic TV

19%
8%

18%

8343

18%

9%
Private TV 7%

13%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

3%

12%

3%

45%

All TV

10%
5%

3% 5%

2%

2% 5%

11%
2%

The big picture – Ownership of non-domestic TV channels
Non-domestic TV channels are predominantly in private ownership.
➢ The share of TV services in public ownership is smaller among non-domestic TV channels.
➢ Apart from international news or some thematic channels, most public TV channels serve theirrespective domestic markets.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Breakdown of non-domestic TV channels by ownership | Dec. 2022 - In %
4%

9%

8343
Private TV

96%

Non-domestic TV
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

PrivatePublic91%

All TV

30

The big picture – Pay and free pan-European TV channel programming

31

The programming content of free and pay pan-European TV channels is dichotomous.
➢ 61% of pan-European TV channels available in Europe are accessible for free.
➢ Free pan-European TV channels focus mainly on news, generalist and religious content.
➢ Pan-European pay TV channels concentrate on adult, entertainment, music, lifestyle and sport.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of free and pay pan-European TV channels offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022
45%

All TV
16%

6%

10%
9%
2%

Pay pan-European

Free pan-European
19%

18%

8343
12%

7%
9%
8%
7%
Private TV1%

11%5% 4% 5% 4%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

11%
5%

7%
7%
3%
3% 1%
2%
0%

21%

12%
2% 7% 2%
2%
2%

2%

6% 5%
1%

The big picture – Ownership of pan-European TV channels

32

Public service media are well represented among free pan-European TV channels.
➢ Free pan-European public channels are focused on generalist, news, and cultural-educational
content.
➢ Most public TV channels available across Europe are from Russia, Spain, China and Germany.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Breakdown of pan-European TV channels by ownership | Dec. 2022 - In %
1%
18%
8343

82%

9%

88%

91%

All pan-European

All TVPrivate99%

Private TV

Free pan-European

12%

Pay pan-European

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

PublicThe big picture – On-demand services

The big picture – On-demand services in Europe

34

One in four audiovisual media services in Europe is an on-demand service.
➢ Around one in five on-demand services in Europe serves non-domestic markets.
➢ On-demand services targeting Europe from outside make up just 2%.
➢ Conversely, there are no VOD exports out of Europe.

…………………………………………………………………...............
VOD

3 315 on-demand services in Europe

Inflows* 2%

Domestic VOD 80%
Non-domestic VOD 18%* Targeting Europe from outside.
** Exports outside Europe.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / May 2022

No Outflows**

The big picture – SVOD programming

35

SVOD services in Europe still offer primarily film and TV fiction programming.
➢ Increasingly, the programming content of SVOD services previously concentrated on film and TV
fiction is becoming more diverse (e.g. children and reality TV).

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of SVOD services offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022

Cultural / Educational 3%
Lifestyle /Health / Travel
3%8343
Documentary3%
Private TV
Children
4%

SVOD

Sport
7%
Generalist
12%

Other 6%Entertainment
16%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Film and TV
fiction46%

The big picture – TVOD programming

36

TVOD offers the most cinema-like services with well over two thirds of TVOD services providing film andTV fiction content.
➢ The comparatively small TVOD offering for children suggests that the market has been capturedby the big streaming services.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of TVOD services offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022

Children1%

Cultural /8343
Educational
3%
Private TV
Sport
3%Generalist
5%Entertainment
9%
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Other
7%

TVOD

Film and TV
fiction73%

The big picture – US-owned on-demand services

37

40% of all on-demand services in Europe are subscription or transactional video-on-demand.
➢ A substantial part of on-demand services comprises SVOD (28%) and TVOD (12%). Other nonlinear services include AVOD, catch-up TV and video-sharing platforms.
➢ Over one third of SVOD and TVOD services available in Europe belong to US global streamers.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Share of SVOD and TVOD available in Europe* | Dec. 2022
- In number of services and %
SVOD
944
28%

Share of US global streamers among SVOD and TVOD | Dec. 2022
- In %SVOD
US SVOD 39%
TVOD

3485

VOD

TVOD
397
12%

US TVOD 33%* SVOD stands for subscription video on-demand and TVOD for transactional video on demand.
For multi-country SVOD and TVOD services, one catalogue is counted as one service.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

The big picture – US owned SVOD and TVOD services

38

Around one in three SVOD and TVOD services in Europe is US-owned.
➢ Over one third of US-owned SVOD and TVOD services are based Ireland.
➢ Most US-owned SVOD and TVOD services serve European markets with country-specificcatalogues.

…………………………………………………………………...............
US share of SVOD and TVOD among SVOD and TVOD |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %Breakdown of US-owned SVOD and TVOD by country of origin |Dec. 2022 - In number of services and %

IE
180
37%

8343
Private TV
1118
US SVOD
and
18%
TVOD
495
37%

Flag icons © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

DE
40
8%

UK
70
14%

NL
80
16%

1

2

IE

NL
75%

3

UK

4

DE

The big picture – Programming of US-owned SVOD services
Around 60% of entertainment subscription video-on-demand in Europe is US-owned.
➢ US subscription video-on-demand dominate entertainment as well as film and TV fiction
programme offers. They are also very strong in sports programming.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Share of US-owned SVOD per category of content | Dec. 2022 - In %US SVOD
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

8343
Private TV

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Other SVOD

39

The big picture – Programming of US-owned TVOD services
Three out of four entertainment transactional video-on-demand services in Europe are US-owned.
➢ US transactional video-on-demand services dominate entertainment and are also very strong infilm and TV fiction programming.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Share of US-owned TVOD per category of content | Dec. 2022 - In %US TVOD
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

8343
Private TV

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Other TVOD

40

The big picture – Markets targeted by US-owned on-demand services
US networks are overrepresented among non-domestic SVOD and TVOD services.
➢ Many US SVOD and TVOD services target markets different to their country of establishment.
Around one in ten US services operate as pure domestic services and just 4% as pan-European
services.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Share of US-owned SVOD and TVOD services per target market | Dec. 2022 - In %76%

US SVOD+TVOD

54%
8343
Private TV

All SVOD+TVOD

37%

14%
4%
Domestic

Non-domestic

7%

Pan-European*Other includes services targeting European markets from outside of Europe.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

5%

2%

Other*

41

The big picture – Ownership of on-demand services

42

The overwhelming majority of on-demand services in Europe are in private ownership.
➢ Publicly-owned players have entered the VOD market as well (3%), offering mostly free catch-up.
➢ One in five public on-demand services is a paid TVOD or SVOD service. In some cases public
services are monetised for non-national audiences (e.g. BBC iPlayer), specific professional target
groups (e.g. Educ’ ARTE) or national audiences (e.g. Polish TVP VOD, Dutch NPO Start Plus).

…………………………………………………………………...............
Breakdown of on-demand services by ownership |Dec. 2022 - In %3485

Public3%

Breakdown of non-linear public service media by type of service |Dec. 2022 – In %

TVOD
9%

Public
VOD

VOD

SVOD
13%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

VOD
78%

The big picture – Programming of on-demand services in public ownership43

As with TV, most of the non-linear programming offerings of public services have a generalist focus.
➢ While half of the non-linear content offerings are generalist catch-up TV, public services also
provide thematic programming such as film archives and cultural and educational online services.
➢ As is the case with private SVOD and TVOD services, public versions typically offer film and TV
fiction programming.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of public on-demand services offering thefollowing categories of content | Dec. 2022

Children4%

Percentage of public TVOD and SVOD services offering
the following categories of content | Dec. 2022

Other
17%

Entertainment
5%
Cultural /Educational
11%
Film and TV
fiction
12%

Other
13%
Cultural /Educational
8%8343
Private TV

PublicVOD

Generalist
51%

Children
8%

Generalist
29%

PublicTVOD+
SVOD

Film and TV
fiction42%

The big picture – Coverage of on-demand services

44

The majority of on-demand services in Europe operate in their domestic markets only.
➢ One in ten on-demand services (8%) operate in several markets or on pan-European level.
➢ 18% of all on-demand services in Europe serve non-domestic markets.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Breakdown of on-demand services by coverage |Dec. 2022 – In %Share of non-domestic* on-demand services |Dec. 2022 - In %Severalcountries
2%

PanEuropean
6%

Coverage
Nondomestic
18%

VOD

National
92%* Non-domestic on-demand services are those that serve a market other than their country of establishment.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

The big picture – Hubs of non-domestic on-demand services

45

Around 600 on-demand services available in Europe operate in non-domestic markets only.
➢ Three countries account for 77% of on-demand services serving non-domestic markets only.
They include Ireland, the Netherlands, the UK and Germany who are also hubs for the mostsignificant US global streaming players.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Main hubs for non-domestic VOD services | Dec. 2022 - In %

CZ
3%

FR
2%

Other 4%

1

SE
5%

IE
32%

8343

LU
8%

Private TV

DE
10%
UK
17%

Examples of non-domestic VOD networks based in top 4 hubs |Dec. 2022

NL
18%

Flag icons © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

2

3
4

IE

US: Alphabet (Google Play, YouTube), Apple(Apple TV+, iTunes Store), Huawei (Huawei
Video), Microsoft (MSN, Microsoft Store –Movies and TV)

NL

US: Disney (Disney+), Netflix, Liberty Global (Virgin,
UPC), Warner Bros. Discovery (Discovery+)
EUR: Antenna Group (AXN+)UK

US: Comcast (Hayu, Sky), DAZN, ParamountGlobal (Nickelodeon Play)
EUR: BBC (iPlayer), ITV (Britbox), Sandbox
Edutainment (Hopster), Viasat, Vivendi (Filmbox)

DE

US: Amazon (Amazon Prime),
Paramount Global (Pluto TV)
EUR: Splendid Median (Maxdome)

The big picture – Programming of non-domestic SVOD services

46

Non-domestic SVOD services focus heavily on film and TV fiction as well as entertainment content.
➢ Compared to SVOD in general, the programming of non-domestic SVOD is very concentrated with asmall range of content types.
➢ Generalist SVOD services are mainly targeted at domestic audiences.
Percentage of non-domestic SVOD services offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022
60%
46%

Non-domestic SVOD

All SVOD

8343
26%
16%
Private TV

5% 7%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

4% 4%

12%
3%

1% 3%

1% 3%

0% 3%

0%

6%

The big picture – Programming of non-domestic TVOD services

47

Non-domestic TVOD services are purely concentrated on three types of programming content.
➢ Non-domestic TVOD services exclusively offer film and TV fiction, entertainment and sports
content.
➢ All other programming types are wholly targeted at domestic audiences.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage of non-domestic TVOD services offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022
79%
73%

Non-domestic TVOD

8343

All TVOD

Private TV
19%
9%Film and TV Entertainment
fictionSource: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

5%

2% 3%

0%

Sport

Generalist

0% 3%
Cultural /Educational

8%
0%
Other

The big picture – Ownership of non-domestic on-demand services
Non-domestic on-demand services are almost entirely in private ownership.
➢ The share of on-demand services in public ownership is even smaller among non-domestic ones.
➢ Apart from the BBC iPlayer, all other on-demand services which focus on foreign markets belong
to a private company.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Breakdown of non-domestic on-demand services by ownership | Dec. 2022 - In %
0.2%

3%

8343
Private TV

99.8%

Non-domestic VOD

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

PrivatePublic97%

All VOD

48

Part II. Main players

Main players – Top 50

Main players – The top 50 TV groups

51

Around one in five of the top TV groups in Europe has a non-European parent company.
➢ Over half of the top 50 TV groups in Europe operate services outside their national markets. A
total of 34% do so within a regional scope and 20% on a pan-European level.
➢ Around one in five of the top 50 TV groups is a public service broadcaster.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Breakdown of top 50 TV groups by region of ultimate owner, type of player and ownership | Dec. 2022 - In %Other - QA
2%

US
16%

18%

PanEuropean
20%

Public
18%
54%

8343

Regional
34%

Private TV
EUR
82%

Private82%
National*
46%

Region of ultimate ownerType of player* A national player is a group that operates all or most of its services in the domestic market.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Ownership

Main players – The top 50 groups for on-demand services

52

One third of the main groups for on-demand services in Europe by number of services has a nonEuropean parent company.
➢ Three out of four of the top 50 on-demand service groups in Europe operate services outside theirnational markets. Private on-demand service groups represent the majority in the top 50 ranking.

………………………………………………………………...............

Breakdown of top 50 on-demand service groups by region of ultimate owner, type of player and ownership | Dec. 2022 - In %Other PH
2%
Other CN
2%

US
24%

Other CA
2%

8343

Other JP
4%

Private TV
EUR
66%

34%

Public4%

PanEuropean
44%
76%
Regional
32%

Private96%

National
24%
Region of ultimate ownerType of player* A national player is a group that operates all or most of its services in the domestic market.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Ownership

Main players – Top 10

Main players – Markets and main brands of top 10 TV groups
European Group | Parent company

Ownership

No.
TV

No.
markets*

Main brands**

1

Warner Bros. Discovery (Europe) | AT&T (US)Private363

46

Animal Planet, Boomerang, Cartoon
Network, Discovery, Eurosport, ID, TLC

2Paramount (Europe) | Paramount (US)Private229

41

Comedy Central, MTV, Nick Junior,
Nickelodeon, Paramount, Pluto TV

3

Comcast (Europe) | Comcast (US)Private179

36

13th Street, E! Entertainment, Sky

4

The Walt Disney Company (Europe) |The Walt Disney Company (US)Private125

44

24 Kitchen, Disney Channel, ESPN, Fox,
National Geographic

5

United Group (CZ) | BC Partners (UK)Private123

10

Diema Sport, N1 TV, Nova, SK Sport Klub

6Groupe Canal Plus (FR) | Vivendi (FR)Private115

26

Canal+, Ciné+, Filmbox

78343
AMC Networks (Europe) |AMC Networks Inc (US)Private72

29

AMC TV, JimJam, Spektrum TV, Sundance
TV, TV Paprika

8

PrivateTelekom Srbija (RS)| TV
Government of Serbia (RS)Public63

6

Arena Sport, Prva, TV KCN

9BBC (UK) | Government of United Kingdom (UK)

Public62

27

BBC Brit, BBC Earth, BBC First, Cbeebies

10

Pink Media Group (RS) | Pink Media Group (RS)Private

59

6

Pink

* Excl. non-EUR countries; incl. microstates; number of countries a group is present in at least once; no doubling.
** Examples of main brands by group; not exhaustive.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / Dec. 2022

54

Main players – Markets and main brands of top 10 groups for on-demand services
No.
VOD

No.
markets*

Private116

31

Discovery+, Eurosport, HBO Max

Comcast (Europe) | Comcast (US)Private107

37

Hayu, Sky Go/Now, Sky Kids

3

Google (Europe) | Alphabet (US)Private92

35

Google Play, YouTube Premium/ Kids

4

Breakdown of non-domestic on-demand services by ownership | May 2022 - In %Groupe Canal Plus (FR) | Vivendi (FR)Private63
13
Canal+, Canal+ Kids, Filmbox+

5

Apple (Europe) | Apple Inc (US)European Group | Parent company

Ownership

1

Warner Bros. Discovery (Europe) | AT&T (US)2Main brands**

Private60

31

Apple TV+, iTunes Store

Private52

36

Disney+Private47

39

Amazon Prime

7

The Walt Disney Company (Europe) |The Walt Disney Company (US)8343
Amazon Prime Video (Europe) | Amazon Inc (US)8

Private TV
Netflix (Europe) | Netflix (US)Private44

40

Netflix

9

Paramount (Europe) | Paramount (US)Private42

28

Nickelodeon, Paramount+, Pluto TV

10

HLD Europe (LU) | Compagnie dedéveloppement et d'animation (FR)Private40

4

Humanity, Live Opéra Versailles

6* Excl. non-EUR countries; incl. microstates; number of countries a group is present in at least once; no doubling.
** Main brands by group; not exhaustive.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / Dec. 2022

55

Main players – Programming content of top 10 TV groups

56

The top 10 TV groups in Europe represent 15% of the total TV channel offering in Europe.
➢ Almost all the top 10 TV group brands comprise thematic channels catering to specialist interests.
TV channels with generalist programming make up just 2%.
➢ More than half of the channel portfolio of the top 10 TV groups consists of entertainment, film
and TV fiction, and sports programming.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Percentage TV channels of top 10 TV groups in Europe offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022
Generalist
2%News / Business
2%
Music
5%
Private TV
Lifestyle /Health / Travel
9%

Other 3%Entertainment
19%

Top 10 TV
groupsFilm and TV
fiction18%

Children
12%Documentary
12%
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Sport
17%

54%

Main players – Programming content of top 10 groups for on-demand services
The top 10 groups for on-demand in Europe represent 20% of the total service offering in Europe.
➢ The majority of the top 10 VOD group brands comprise thematic TVOD and SVOD services catering
to specialist interests. The share of services offering generalist programming is 4%.
➢ The overwhelming majority - around four out of five services of the top 10 VOD groups - offer film
and TV fiction, and entertainment programming.

…………………………………………………………………...............

Percentage of VOD services of top 10 groups for on-demand services in Europe* offering the following categories of content | Dec. 2022

Film and TV
fiction
55%

Other
7%
Documentary
3% TV
PrivateGeneralist
4%
Sport
4%

Top 10 VOD
groups82%

Entertainment
27%*Includes TVOD and SVOD services only as programming of other VOD services is difficult to assess.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

57

Main players – US share among top 10 groups for TV and on-demand services
Service portfolios of US players outsize those of European competitors.
➢ Despite an equal number of US-owned TV groups and those with a European parent company inthe top 10, the size of US channel portfolios is double that of European ones.
➢ 84% of on-demand services in the top 10 groups belong to eight US global streamers.

…………………………………………………………………...............
US share among top 10 TV group TV channel portfolio |Dec. 2022 - In %US share among top 10 groups for on-demand services |Dec. 2022 - In %
EUR
16%

EUR
30%

SVOD

3485
TV

VOD

US
70%

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

US
84%

58

Main players – Operating markets of top 10 TV groups
The Walt Disney Company is present in 44 European markets.
➢ Seven out of the top 10 TV groups operate on a pan-European level and a further three operate ona regional level.
➢ While the US groups, Vivendi and the BBC, have a pan-European scope, BC partners, Telekom Srbija
and Pink Media Group are regional players focusing on central and Eastern European countries.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Operating markets of top 10 TV groups in Europe* | Dec. 2022 - In number of countries
50
45

US

40

EUR

35
30
25

Private TV

20
15
10
5
0

AT&T

The Walt Paramount Comcast
DisneyCompany

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

AMC
Networks
Inc

BBC

Vivendi BC Partners Telekom Pink Media
SrbijaGroup

59

Main players – European TV markets served by The Walt Disney Company

The Walt Disney Company (US)The Walt Disney Company is present
in 44 European TV markets
Disney’s main TV brands are
24 Kitchen, Disney Channel, ESPN,
Fox, National Geographic

28 EEA countries

AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES,
FI, FR, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, LT, LU, LV,
MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK

16 European countries*
AD, AL, AM, AZ, BA, BY, CH, GE, MC,
MD, ME, MK, RS, TR, UA, UK* Incl. microstates.
Map of Europe © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / Dec. 2022

60

60

Main players – Operating markets of top 10 groups for on-demand services
Netflix is present in 40 European on-demand markets.
➢ Nine out of the 10 groups for on-demand services operate on a pan-European level.
➢ Netflix together with other US groups has the largest scope of operating markets across Europe.

…………………………………………………………………...............
Operating markets of top 10 groups for on-demand services in Europe | Dec. 2022 - In number of countries
40

US

35

EUR

30
25
20

Private TV

15
10
5
0
Netflix

AmazonComcast

Disney*Compagnie de développement et d'animation
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

Alphabet

AT&T

Apple

Paramount

VivendiCDA*

61

Main players – European on-demand services markets served by Amazon

62

62

Amazon Inc (US)Amazon Prime is present in 39
European on-demand markets

29 EEA countries

AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES,
FI, FR, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU,
LV, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK

10 European countries*
AL, AM, BA, CH, ME, MK, RS, TR, UK* Incl. members of the Council of Europe and microstates.
Map of Europe © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / Dec. 2022

Establishment of main players – Case studies

Main players – Countries of establishment of top 10 TV groups
European Group | Parent company

Ownership

No. TV

1

Warner Bros. Discovery (Europe) |AT&T (US)Private363

CZ, DE, ES, FI, FR, IE, IT, NL, NO, PL, TR,
UK (12)

2

Paramount (Europe) | Paramount (US)Private229

CH, CZ, DE, ES, FR, IT, NL, SE, TR, UK(10)

3Comcast (Europe) | Comcast (US)Private179

AT, CH, DE, ES, FR, IT, LU, UK (8)4The Walt Disney Company (Europe) |The Walt Disney Company (US)Private125

BG, DE, ES, FI, FR, NL, TR, UK (8)5United Group (CZ) | BC Partners (UK)Private123

BA, BG, GR, HR, LU, ME, RS (7)6Groupe Canal Plus (FR) | Vivendi (FR)8343
AMC Networks (Europe) |AMC Networks Inc (US)Private TV
BBC (UK) |Government of United Kingdom (UK)Private

115

ES, FR, LU, NL, PL, TR, UK (7)Private72

BA, CZ, DE, ES, UK (5)Public70

LU, NL, UK (3)9Telekom Srbija (RS) |Government of Serbia

Public62

HR, LU, ME, RS (4)10

Pink Media Group (RS) | Pink Media Group (RS)Private59

RS (1)

7
8*No doubles; excludes joint ventures.
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISECountries of establishment*

64

Main players – Countries of establishment of top 10 groups for on-demand services 65
European Group | Parent company

Owner-ship

Warner Bros. Discovery (Europe) | AT&T (US)Private116

Comcast (Europe) | Comcast (US)Private107

Google (Europe) | Alphabet (US)Private92

Groupe Canal Plus (FR) | Vivendi (FR)Private63

5Apple (Europe) | Apple Inc (US)Private60

6

The Walt Disney Company (Europe) |The Walt Disney Company (US)8343
Amazon Prime Video (Europe) | Amazon Inc (US)Private52

Private47

Private TV
Netflix (Europe) | Netflix (US)Private44

Paramount (Europe) | Paramount (US)Private42

HLD Europe (LU) | Compagnie de développement et d'animation (FR)Private

40

1
2
3
4

7
8
9
10

* No doubles; excludes joint ventures .
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE

No.
VOD

Countries of establishment*
CZ, FR, NL, PL, SE, TR, UK (7)DE, IT, LU, UK (4)IE, TR (2)AT, FR, NL, PL, TR, UK (6)IE, TR (2)CH, ES, NL, TR, UK (5)AL, AM, BA, CH, DE, GE, ME,
MK, RS, TR, UK (11)NL, TR (2)IT, NL, PL, UK (4)DE, FR (2)Main players – Case study #1 : Centralised strategy

66

66

Netflix (HQ in US)
Netflix is based in one main country,
the Netherlands, and serves 40
European on-demand markets
1 country of establishment
The Netherlands

30 EEA markets

AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI,
FR, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LI, LT, LU, LV
MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK

10 European markets

AL, AM, BA, CH, GE, ME, MK, RS, TR*, UK*Different to the rest of the operating markets, Netflix has a domestic establishment in Türkiye.
Map of Europe © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / Dec. 2022

Main players – Case study #2 : Multi-country strategy

67

67

Vivendi (HQ in FR)
Vivendi is based in a limited numberof countries, from where it serves 26
European TV markets
7 countries of establishment
ES, FR, LU, NL, PL, TR, UK

14 EEA markets

BE, BG, CZ, EE, FR, HR, HU, LT, LV,
NL, PL, RO, SI, SK

12 European markets

AL, AM, BA, CH, GE, MD, ME, MK, RS,
TR, UA

Map of Europe © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / Dec. 2022

Main players – Case study #3: Decentralised strategy

68

68

AT&T (HQ in US)
AT&T is based in several countries,
from where it serves 46 European TV
markets
12 countries of establishment
CZ, DE, ES, FI, FR, IE, IT, NL, NO, PL, TR, UK

29 EEA markets

BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR,
GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LI, LT, LU, LV,
MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK

17 European markets*

AL, AM, AZ, BA, BY, CH, GE, MC, MD, ME,
MK, RS, SM, TR, UA, UK, VA* Incl. microstates.
Map of Europe © Copyright Showeet.com
Source: European Audiovisual Observatory / MAVISE / Dec. 2022

Audiovisual media services in Europe – 2023 edition
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2023
Author – Agnes Schneeberger
Proofreading – Anthony Mills
Press and Public Relations – Alison Hindhaugh, alison.hindhaugh@coe.int, European Audiovisual Observatory
Publisher – European Audiovisual Observatory, 76, Allée de la Robertsau, 67000 Strasbourg, France
Tel. : +33 (0)3 90 21 60 00
www.mavise.obs.coe.int
www.obs.coe.int
Cover layout – ALTRAN, France
Maps of Europe and flag icons - © Copyright Showeet.com
Please quote this publication as:
Schneeberger A. Audiovisual media services in Europe – 2023 edition. European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2023
© European Audiovisual Observatory (Council of Europe), Strasbourg, June 2023
Opinions expressed in this publication are personal and do not necessarily represent the views of the European Audiovisual Observatory,
its members or the Council of Europe.