69

Island Ecosystem and Vegetation Dynamics before and after
the 2000-Year Eruption on Miyake-jima Island, Japan,
with Implications for Conservation of the Island’s Ecosystem
Takashi KAMIJO1* and Keiko HASHIBA2
1

Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba
Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
2
Colleges for Agrobiological Resources, University of Tsukuba
Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan*e-mail: machilus@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp

Abstract
An active volcano, Mt. Oyama in Miyake-jima Island of the Izu Islands, Japan, erupted in 2000,
and all the inhabitants were evacuated from the island. A new crater was formed, and since then, alarge quantity of volcanic gas containing high concentrations of SO2 and H2S has been emitted. Indigenous plants and animals of the island have been heavily damaged by the volcanic deposits and gas.
In this paper, we introduce the terrestrial ecosystem of Miyake-jima Island before the 2000 eruption,and then describe the damage to and recovery of vegetation after the eruption, with implications forrestoration of the island’s ecosystem. The damage to vegetation was extensive around the summit area,
where some indigenous plant species may be extinct. The damage decreased at more distant sites fromthe crater. In 2001, damaged areas gradually extended toward the eastern leeward side, which wasmore frequently exposed to volcanic gas, while recovery of vegetation was observed on the northernside where volcanic ash was heavily deposited soon after the eruption of 2000 but was relatively lessinfluenced by poisonous gas thereafter. The important process of vegetation recovery in damaged
forests is stem sprouting shown by completely defoliated trees. On Miyake-jima Island, many engineering works (e.g., check dam construction and revegetation work) have already been underway, on
demand for improvement of island’s security. Such construction, on the other hand, is likely to influence the island’s ecosystem. We propose that restoration programs should be established considering utilization as well as conservation of the indigenous nature.
Key words: eruption, island ecosystem, restoration, vegetation recovery, volcano

1. Miyake-jima Island
Miyake-jima Island (55.14 km2 in area) is situatedon western rim of the Pacific Ocean (34°05’N,
139°31’E), about 180 km south of Tokyo (Fig. 1).
Mt. Oyama in Miyake-jima Island is an active basaltic
volcano. From July to September 2000, Miyakejima erupted and ejected large amounts of volcanicash, forming a large collapsed crater (more than 1 km
in diameter and more than 400 m in depth) (Nakata etal., 2001). All the people were evacuated from theIsland in September 2000. Wind-borne material has
covered extensive areas creating a new substrate.
Since the formation of the new crater, a large quantityof volcanic gas containing high concentrations of SO2
and H2S has been emitted. The quantity of SO2 gas
reached 48,000 ton day-1 in the winter of 2000-2001(Kazahaya et al., 2001). Gas emission has still conti-

nued, which makes it difficult for people to resettle on
the island. Plants and animals of the island havebeen severely damaged by the current volcanic
activity.
Kamijo and co-researchers have investigated thevegetation of Miyake-jima Island from 1985 to thepresent. In this paper, we firstly introduce the terrestrial ecosystem of Miyake-jima Island before the 2000
eruption, and secondly describe the damage to andrecovery of vegetation after the eruption.
1.1 Climate and Geology
Miyake-jima Island is located in a humid warmtemperate climate zone. The annual mean, minimum
and maximum monthly temperatures are 17.4°C,
9.5°C and 26.1°C, respectively. The annual total,
minimum and maximum monthly precipitations are
2,871.9 mm, 138.3 mm and 328.2 mm, respectively

70

T. KAMIJO and K. HASHIBA

mean, 6.0 m s-1), when the most frequent direction(22% of total time) becomes westerly.
The main stratovolcano was formed by Pleistocene
volcanic activity (Isshiki, 1960; Miyazaki, 1984).
Within recorded history, Miyake-jima Island erupted
15 times until 1999. The recent eruptions before
2000 (1874, 1940, 1962 and 1983) were characterized
by the ejection of basaltic scoria and outflows of aalava. In contrast, the volcanic activity of the 20002002 was characterized by formation of a large crater
together with the ejection of large amounts of volcanic
ash and gas. Such a type of eruption had not beenrecorded for 2,500 years prior to 2000 (Tsukui et al.,2001).

Fig. 1 A map of the Izu Islands.

(Meteorological Station at 36.2 m a.s.l. on the island).
Since the island is small and isolated in the ocean, it is
exposed to strong winds. The mean annual windspeed is 5.1 m s-1, with the most frequent direction
being SW (15% frequency from this direction). The
wind speed becomes highest in January (monthly

Fig. 2

1.2 Vegetation of Miyake-jima Island
The number of higher plants on Miyake-jimaIsland was about 500 species (Suzuki, 1956), includeing many taxa that are endemic to the Izu Islands (Fig.
2). Plants of the Izu Islands including Miyake-jimaIsland are morphologically different from those of themainland, e.g., larger leaf size (Fig. 2B), larger seedsize (e.g., Castanopsis sieboldii) (Kamijo, 2000), lackof prickles (Fig. 2C), larger flower size (e.g., Styrax
japonica var. kotoensis) or smaller flower size (Fig.
2D: Campanula microdonta). The island’s populations of C. microdonta also have different mating systems from those of the mainland, e.g., self-compatibility and smaller insect pollinators (Inoue, 1986,
1988). Inoue (1990) proposed that the smaller
flower size and self-compatibility in the Izu Islands
are explained by lower pollinator availability.

Indigenous plants on Miyake-jima Island. (A) Stachyurus praecox var. matsuzakii. (B) Leaves of Hydrangea
involucrata on Miyake-jima Island are much larger than those on the mainland. (C) Aralia bipinnata, lacking
pirckles on stem. (D) Flowers of Campanula microdonta.

Island Ecosystem and Vegetation Dynamics

The natural vegetation of Miyake-jima is like a
textbook of primary succession represented bychronosequences of volcanic substrata of different
ages. A climax stage of the vegetation type is anevergreen broad-leaved forest composed of Castanopsis sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii and Camellia
japonica. The vegetation on Miyake-jima Island has
been disturbed by anthropogenic activities such as
cultivation, clear-cutting for charcoal, and planting of
Cryptomeria japonica for timber production. Mostsites with moderate inclination on the old volcanic
ejecta at lower altitudes are intensively cultivated,parallel with the practice of a traditional agroforestry
technique using Alnus sieboldiana, an N-fixing tree.
Deciduous broad-leaved forests and shrub composedof A. sieboldiana, Prunus speciosa, Styrax japonica
var. kotoensis and Weigela coraeensis var. fragrans
are distributed on younger substrata and on shifting
cultivation fields. However, there remain untouchednatural climax forests, which have been strictly preserved as sacred areas surrounding old shrines. On
the summit and areas nearby, unique plant communities were distributed such as mossy Irex crenata scrub
and natural grassland. Unfortunately, the 2000 year
eruption was completely destroyed such communities.

Fig. 371

1.3 A study of primary succession on lava before
2000
Primary succession on lava flows on Miyake-jima
was investigated in both 1998 and 1999 (Kamijo et al.,2002). Three lava flows which are sequential interms of ages of their establishment (1874, 1962 and1983) and much older volcanic ejecta in the northwestern part of the island were selected (Fig. 3). The
age of the lava was 16-, 37- and 125-years old, respectively, at the time of the field investigation. Species
composition, forest structure and soil chemical properties were compared among these substrata of differentages.
The process of primary succession inferred from
Kamijo et al. (2002) and from previous studies(Hiroki & Ichino, 1993; Kamijo & Okutomi, 1995;
Kamijo, 1997) on Miyake-jima Island is summarized
as follows; (1) successful colonization of deciduous
Alnus sieboldiana, an N-fixing tree, on bare lava
flows, (2) facilitation by N-fixation of A. sieboldiana
and the colonization of seral deciduous species suchas Prunus speciosa and climax evergreen spp. as
Machilus thunbergii, (3) rapid above-ground biomass
accumulation and formation of a mixed forest, (4)disappearance of A. sieboldiana and P. speciosa underAn age sequence of three lava flows (1983, 1962 and 1874) and the old volcanic ejecta. These photographs
were taken before the 2000 eruption. (A) a 1983 lava flow: plants are sparse, and trees of an N-fixing
pioneer, Alnus sieboldiana, are found. (B) a shrub of A. sieboldiana on a 1962 lava flow. (C) a mixed
forest of deciduous Prunus speciosa and evergreen Machilus thunbergii, on a 1874 lava flow. The Biomass
and structure of the forests have developed, whereas the soil depth is extremely shallow and organic soil has
accumulated in the interstices of lava. (D) a climax forest dominated by Castanopsis sieboldii strictly
preserved by the old Mangan-ji shrine.

72

T. KAMIJO and K. HASHIBA

low light conditions, and (5) replacement of dominant
evergreen tree species from M. thunbergii to Castanopsis sieboldii.
Kamijo et al. (2002) indicated that the rate ofabove-ground biomass accumulation in the early primary succession of Miyake-jima Island is considerably faster (12 and 20 kg m-2 in 125 years) comparedto that of a montane tropical evergreen forest of
Hawaii on the same basaltic aa lava (1.9 kg m-2 on
137 year old aa lava flows at 914 m a.s.l. in Aplet and
Vitousek, 1994). This is essentially due to the facilitation effects of Alnus sieboldiana, which symbiotically fixes N. The study of Miyake-jima Island in comparison with that of Hawaii suggests that the presenceof N-fixing trees accelerates effects of early primarysuccession by adding N to the substrate (Kamijo et al.,2002).
Primary succession follows a different sere on
different substrata (Miles, 1979). In the 2000-year
eruption, wind-borne material composed mainly of
volcanic ash covered extensive areas creating a new
substrate for primary succession. As mentioned before, this type of eruption had not occurred for 2,500
years, making it distinct from previous eruptions
accompanied by basaltic scoria and outflow of aa lava.
The new sere on ash will differ from that studied by
Kamijo et al. (2002), and a new study of primarysuccession through direct monitoring will be useful.

1.4 Birds and Reptiles
Miyake-jima is well-known as a “bird’s island.” .
Higuchi (1973) reported 38 species breeding interrestrial and freshwater habitats. There are many
animals either endemic or semi-endemic to the Izu
Islands: birds, such as Trudus celaenops, Phylloscopus
occipitalis and Parus varius owstoni (Fig. 4), andlizards, such as Eumeces okadae. The densities ofbirds and lizards used to be very high, because
predators such as snakes and carnivorous mammals
were originally absent from the island until the
introduction of weasels Mustela itati itati. Parus
varius owstoni on Miyake-jima island has distinctive
ecological features compared to its subspecies, P. v.
varius on the mainland (Honshu), such as larger bodysize, smaller clutch size and larger egg size (Higuchi,
1975, 1976; Higuchi & Momose, 1981). Similar
speciation is shown by Eumeces okadae, an endemic
lizard species on Miyake-jima Island, whose clutch
size is smaller and egg size is larger relative to thoseon the other islands where predators such as Elaphe
quadrivirgata are distributed. In addition, female E.
okadae noticeably reproduce biennially, which israrely observed in lizards of other temperate regions(Hasegawa, 1984, 1994, 1997).
The unique ecosystem on Miyake-jima Island has
been regrettably influenced by introduction of weasels(Fig. 5) in both 1975-1976 and 1982 (Moyer et al.,Fig. 4 Indigenous birds on Miyake-jima Island. (A) Turdus celaenops, most famous species on Miyake-jima Island.
(B) Parus varius owstoni eating a nut of Castanopsis sieboldii. (Photoes by H. Tsumura)Fig. 5An introduced weasel Mustela itati itati on Miyake-jima Island. (Photo by H. Tsumura)Island Ecosystem and Vegetation Dynamics

1985; Takagi & Higuchi, 1992; Hasegawa, 1999).
The densities of Trudus celaenops and Eumeces
okadae dramatically decreased after the introductionof this carnivorous mammal in 1982 (Takagi &Higuchi, 1992; Hasegawa, 1999).
These birds and lizards have also been influenced
by the 2000-yr eruption and volcanic gas. Monitoring studies of birds have been continued after the
eruption (Yamamoto, 2001; Higuchi, 2001).

2. The Damage to and Recovery of Vegetation after the Eruption of the Year 2000
Mt. Oyama in Miyake-jima Island erupted in July
2000, and ejected large amounts of volcanic ash andgas. Direct effects of the eruption on the ecosystemoccur from deposition of ash and exposure to volcanicgas, while indirect influences are attributed to mudflows triggered by rainfall (Yamakoshi et al., 2002),
acidification of ash by SO2 gas (Kato et al., 2002) andmany engineering works by humankind.
2.1 The vegetation damage from the 2000
eruption
The summit and adjacent area of the volcano (Mt.
Oyama) were most severely damaged by the 2000
eruption (Fig. 6), where a small population of someindigenous plant species, such as Tsusiophyllum tana-kae and Parnassia palustris var. multiseta used toestablished. Since the distribution of such species
was restricted to this relatively small area (summit),
they may be extinct on Miyake-jima (Kamijo, 2001).
After the eruption in July 2000, vegetation on
Miyake-jima was initially influenced by heavy deposition of volcanic ash. The vegetation damage was extensive around the summit area (Figs. 7 & 8), but
except for the pathways of mudflows which ran fromthe summit area to the foot of the island (Fig. 9), thedamage decreased at sites more distant from the crater(Kamijo, 2001). The degree of damage showed gradation from the summit area (most severe) to the footof volcano (seemingly no damage) in the following
order: (1) new crater, (2) bare land, (3) all trees buriedor felled (Fig. 7A), (4) defoliation of all trees (Fig.
7B), (5) mixture of defoliated trees and normal trees(Fig. 7C), (6) normal vegetation (Fig. 7D).
Heavy volcanic gas, the most important feature ofthis eruption, is another major factor of damage to theisland’s vegetation. Poisonous gas composed of SO2
and H2S has been continuously emitted since the eruption of September 2000, causing widespread defoliation particularly on the leeward side of the volcano.
A photograph taken in July 2001 (Fig. 10) shows acompletely defoliated forest on the eastern leeward
side of Miyake-jima (Miike district) in spite of a
relatively thin accumulation of volcanic ash (3-5 cm).
This implies that the main cause of the defoliation is
volcanic gas, not ash.
As Figure 11 shows, the area damaged in terms ofvegetation has changed shape. From March to September 2001, the damaged area extended toward theeastern leeward side, while recovery of vegetation wasobserved on the in northern side where volcanic ash
was heavily deposited soon after the eruption of Julyand August 2000 (Kamijo et al., 2002).

Fig. 7
Fig. 6The caldera of Mt. Oyama, Miyake-jima Island (A)before and (B) after the 2000-year eruption.

73

A map of vegetation damaged by the 2000 eruption(Kamijo, 2001). 1: new crater, 2: bare land, 3: all trees
buried or felled, 4: defoliation of all trees, 5: mixtureof defoliated and normal trees, 6: normal vegetation.

74

Fig. 8

T. KAMIJO and K. HASHIBA

Photographs of damaged vegetation. (A) all trees buried or felled. (B) defoliation of all trees. (C) mixture of defoliatedtrees and normal trees. (D) normal vegetation.

Fig. 9 A photograph of a mud flow taken in July 2000.

Fig. 10 A photograph of a Machilus thunbergii forest taken in
July 2001 on the eastern leeward side of Miyake-jima.
In spite of the thin accumulation of ash (3-5 cm), theforest is completely defoliated. This indicates that themain cause of the defoliation was volcanic gas, not ash.

Island Ecosystem and Vegetation Dynamics
Recovery of
Recoveryofvegetation

Expansion
Recovery of ofvegetation
vegitation damage

Fig. 11A map showing a shift in damaged vegetation fromMarch 2001, blue area, to September 2001, red line
(Kamijo et al., 2002). The damaged area extended
toward the eastern leeward side, while recovery ofvegetation was observed on the north side of theisland.

2.2 Recovery process of vegetation on
Miyake-jima Island“Stem sprouting” is the major mode of recovery
shown by completely defoliated trees (Fig. 12), similar to the tendency in recovery processes after theprevious eruption in 1983 (Hamada, 1984; Matsuda &Honma, 1987). In June and July 2001, Kamijo et al.
(2002) conducted ad hoc tree censuses selecting
regarding more than 30 trees (>10 cm in DBH) at 41
randomly-chosen plots located between altitudes of 40
and 510 m a.s.l. Stem sprouting was often found intree species, such as Alnus sieboldiana, Prunus

Fig. 1275

speciosa, Styrax japonica var. kotoensis Castanopsis
sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Camellia japonica,
Eurya japonica, Ligustrum ovalifolium var. pacifirum
and so on. More than 50% of tree individuals showed stem sprouting even at plots where canopy leaves
were completely defoliated. Figure 13 indicates proportions of six main tree species that were sprouting atfive plots in the southwestern part of the island.
Each of the five plots was located at the altitude of
400-510 m, where all trees (>5 cm in DBH) completely shed their leaves. According to these censuses,
more than 80% of individuals of both Prunus speciosa
and Ligustrum ovalifirm var. pacifirum were sprouting
from their stems, whereas less than 50% of those of
Styrax japonica var. kotoensis and Eurya japonica
were sprouting; there were significant differencesamong these species.
Buried seeds and vegetative organs (e.g., roots andstems) are also important resources for vegetation
recovery. Recovery from root crowns once buried in
volcanic ash was found relatively often in such perennial species as Reynoutria japonica, Miscanthus condensatus and Carex oshimensis (Fig. 14). Some of
the buried seeds in the soils under the ash layer will
germinate and contribute to vegetation recovery, if theash layers are eroded. Many species, such as
Cyperus spp., Rubus trifidus and Weigela coraeensis
var. fragrans, have successfully germinated from soils
that were experimentally dug out on Miyake-jimaIsland (Shimokawa et al., personal communication).
Colonization of seeds and spores is an important
process of vegetation recovery, and is only one process of vegetation recovery at sites where biosystems
were completely destroyed, resulting in commencement of primary succession. Some seedlings of
Alnus sieboldiana, Styrax japonica var. kotoensis andMallotus japonica were found on the ash in defoliatedforests during several censuses. Monitoring should

Photographs of stem sproutings after the 2000 eruption. (A) Prunus speciosa and (B) Machilus thunbergii.

76

T. KAMIJO and K. HASHIBA

Fig. 13 Proportions of six main tree species that were sprouting at five plots in the southwest of theisland (Kamijo et al., 2002). The number of sampled trees of each species is shown.

3. Implications for Restoration of
Miyake-jima Island’s Ecosystem

Fig. 14

Recovery of Carex oshimensis from a root crownburied in volcanic ash.

be continued on such seedlings to determine whether
they could survive.
The current volcanic activity is characterized bylong duration of activity after the first eruption, withstill SO2 gas emitted from the newly formed crater.
Therefore, the forest ecosystem on this island now
seems to undergo “recovery” and “decline” concurrently, that is, recovery from being covered with volcanic ash by means of stem sprouting and/or sprouting
from buried root crowns, and decline due to volcanicgas. Vegetation in areas where the influence of volcanic gas is relatively less, is predicted to recoversteadily. On the other hand, recovery and recession
will be repeated in areas where the influence of SO2 ismuch more severe, which may eventually result in increased damaged area. Consecutive investigation isnecessary to understand various changes in the ecosystem, including recovery and regression.

Several engineering works (e.g., check dam construction and revegetation work) have already gotten
underway on Miyake-jima Island, on demand for improvement of the island’s security. Check dams willstop mud flows triggered by rainfall, and revegetation
work is expected to prevent surface erosion on bareland. Such construction, on the other hand, is likely
to have an unfavorable influence on the indigenous
flora and fauna of the island. The insular ecosystem
of Miyake-jima Island itself is a precious entity.
Also, it will play an important role in offering various
resources for environmental education and tourism(so-called eco-tourism) when islanders can re-settle.
Restoration programs that consider utilization as wellas conservation of the indigenous nature should beestablished and put into practice immediately.
Reforestation projects on the island are another big
issue of concern. Problems resulting from utilizationof introduced or non-indigenous plant species havebeen reported as the negative outcome of improper
greenery projects from many oceanic islands, (e.g.,
Hawaiian Islands, Vitousek & Walker, 1989; Ogasawara
Islands, Shimizu, 1989; Yoshida & Oka, 2000;
Oh-shima Island, Kuramoto, 1986). In the Ogasawara
Islands, biological invasion of both Leucaena
leucocephala and Bischofia javanica threaten
indigenous plant species with displacement andextinction (Shimizu, 1989; Yoshida & Oka, 2000).
Kuramoto (1986) reported that an endemic variety
species, Rhododendron odtusum var. macrogemma on
Oh-shima (the northernmost island of the Izu Islands)
is confronted with genetic pollution caused byplanting of introduced Rhododendron spp. Hence,
several studies are underway, aiming at minimizing
any ecological disturbance that could be accompanied
by re-vegetation projects on Miyake- jima Island. To
minimize the risk of genetic pollution one study istried to select potential nursery sites in considerationof genetic similarity among conspecific populations.
This study currently focuses on some of theindigenous plant species including Alnus sieboldiana(Tsumura & Iwata, 2002).

Island Ecosystem and Vegetation Dynamics

Acknowledgments
We thank the Bureau of Environment, Tokyo
Metropolitan Government Office, Miyake Village
Office, Zoological Society of Japan and Dr. Hiroyoshi
Higuchi for giving us opportunity for field investigations on Miyake-jima Island after the 2000 eruption.
The research after the eruption was partially fundedby grant No. 13440229 from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan. Mr.
Hajime Tsumura kindly permitted us to use his
beautiful photographs. We thank Mr. Taku Kato, Mr.
Kazunori Shimada, Mr. Yutaka Yamamoto, Dr. Junichi
Abe, Dr. Yoshinobu Hoshino and Ms. Maki
Shimokawa for their valuable suggestions. We hopethat Miyake-jima will welcome all the people whowish to go back to the island in the near future.

References(J: in Japanese)
Aplet, H. A. and P. M. Vitousek (1994) An age-altitude matrix
analysis of Hawaiian rain-forest succession. Journal of
Ecology, 82: 137-147.
Hamada, T. (1984) The Miyake-jima - one year after the eruption. Collecting and Breeding, 46:422-430.
Hasegawa, M. (1984) Biennial reproduction in the lizard
Eumeces okadae on Miyake-jima, Japan. Herpetologia, 40:
194-199.
Hasegawa, M. (1994) Insular radiation in life-history of the
lizard Eumeces okadae, on Miyake-jima, Izu Islands. Copeia,
1994: 732-747.
Hasegawa, M. (1997) Density effects on life-history traits of anisland lizard population. Ecological Research, 12: 111-118.
Hasegawa, M. (1999) Impacts of introduced weasel on theinsular food web. In: Ohta, ed., Diversity of reptiles,
amphibians and other terrestrial animals on tropical islands:
origin, current status and conservation. Elsevier, pp.129154.
Higuchi, H. (1973) Birds of the Izu Islands (I) Distribution andhabitat of the breedind land and freshwater birds. Tori, 22:
14-24. (J)Higuchi, H. (1975) Comparative study on the breeding of
mainland and island subspecies of the Varied Tit, Parus
varius. Tori, 25: 11-20.
Higuchi, H. (1976) Ecological significance of the larger bodysizes in an island subspecies of the Varied Tit, Parus varius.
Proceedlings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology,
12: 78-86.
Higuchi, H. and H. Momose (1981) Deferred independence andprolonged infanitie behavior in young Varied Tits, Parus
varius of an island population. Animal Behavior, 29: 523-528
Higuchi, H. (2001) Further state of birds. Biological Science,
53:80-81. (J)Hiroki, S. and K. Ichino (1993) Difference of invasion behavior
between two climax species, Castanopsis cuspidata var.
sieboldii and Machilus thunbergii, on lava flows on
Miyakejima, Japan. Ecological Research, 8: 167-172.
Inoue, K. and M. Amano (1986) Evolution of Campanulapunicata Lam. in the Izu Islands: changes of pollinators andevolution of breeding systems. Plant Species Biology, 1:
89-97.
Inoue, K. (1990) Evolution of Mating systems in island
populations of Campanula microdonta: pollinator availability hypothesis. Plant Species Biology, 5: 57-64.

77

Inoue, K. (1988) Pattern of breeding system change in the Izu
Islands in Campanula punctata: Bumblebee-Absence hypothesis. Plant Species Biology, 3: 125-128.
Isshiki, N. (1960) Geology of Miyake-jima district. Geological
Survey of Japan, Tokyo. (J)Kamijo, T. (1997) Regeneration process of Castanopsis andPersea forest on Miyake-jima Island, the Izu Islands.
Japanese Journal of Ecology, 47: 1-17. (J)Kamijo, T. (2000) The geographycal variation of fruits size ofCastanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii in Izu Islands. Bulletinof Tsukuba University Forests, (16): 1-8. (J)Kamijo, T. (2001) Vegetation and volcano on Miyake-jimaIsland. Biological Science, 53: 82-87. (J)Kamijo, T., K. Kitayama, A. Sugawara, S. Urushimichi and K.
Sasai (2002) Primary succession of the warm-temperatebroad-leaved forest on a volcanic island, Miyake-jima Island,
Japan. Folia Geobotanica, 37: 71-91.
Kamijo, T., H. Higuchi, T. Kato and K. Shimada (2002) Influences of 2000-2001 eruption to vegetation on Miyake-jimaIsland. In: Zoological Society of Japan, ed., Reports forpresent state of animals and plants on Miyake-jima Island.
Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office, pp.1-40. (J)Kamijo T. and K. Okutomi (1995) Seedling establishment ofCastanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii and Persea thunbergii
on lava and scoria of the 1962 eruption on Miyake-jimaIsland, the Izu Islands. Ecological Research, 10: 235-242.
Kato, T., T. Higashi, T. Kamijo and K. Tamura (2002) Several
chemical and mineralogical properties of volcanic ash samples erupted in 2000 from Miyake Island. Pedrogist, 46:
14-21. (J)Kazahaya, K., J. Hirabayashi, H. Mori, M. Odai, Y. Nakahori,
K. Nogami, S. Nakada, H. Shinohara and K. Uto (2001)
Volcanic gas study of the 2000 Miyakejima volcanic activity:
degassing environment deduced from adhered gas component on ash and SO2 emission rate. Journal of Geography,
110: 271-279. (J)Kuramoto, N. (1986) Conservation of Rhododendron obtusum
Planchon var. macrogemma Kitamura in the Izu-OshimaIsland, Japan. Human and Environment, 12: 16-23. (J)Matsuda, K. and S. Honma (1987) Damage and recover offorests after 1983 eruption on Miyake-Island. Collecting andBreeding, 49: 344-348.
Miles, J. (1979) Vegetation dynamics. Chapman and Hall.
Miyazaki, T. (1984) Features of historical eruptions at
Miyake-jima Volcano. Bulletin of Volcanological Society,Japan, 2nd Series, 29: 1-15. (J)Moyer, J. T., H. Higuchi, K. Matsuda and M. Hasegawa (1985)
Threat to unique terrestrial and marine environments andbiota in a Japanese National Park. Environmental Conservation, 12: 293-301.
Nakata, S., M. Nagai, M. Yasuda, T. Shimano, N. Geshi, M.
Ohno, T. Akimasa, T. Kameko and T. Fujii (2001) Chronology of the Miyakejima 2000 eruption: characteristics ofsummit collapsed crater and eruption products. Journal of
Geography, 110: 168-180. (J)Shimizu, Y. (1989) Ecological release of forest vegetation on
oceanic islands, Ogasawara. In: A. Miyawaki, ed., Vegetationof Japan, Okinawa and Ogasawara, Shibundo, pp.159-206.
Suzuki, T. (1956) On the plant distribution over Izu-Islands.
Botanical Magazine Tokyo, 69: 598-601. (J)Takagi, M. and H. Higuchi (1992) Habitat preference of the Izu
island’s Thrush Trudus celaenops and the effect of weasel
introduction on the population of the Thrush on Miyake
island. Strix, 11: 47-57. (J)Tsukui M., K. Niihori, Y. Kawanabe and Y. Suzuki (2000)
Stratigraphy and formation of Miyakejima Volcano. Journalof Geography, 110: 156-167. (J)Tsumura, Y. and H. Iwata, (2002) A study of revegetationconsidering genetic pollution. Iden, 56: 51-52. (J)78

T. KAMIJO and K. HASHIBA

Vitousek, P. M. and K. Walker K. (1989) Biological invasion
by Myrica faya in Hawaii: plant demography, nitrogen
fixation, ecosystem effects. Ecological Monograph, 59:
247-265.
Yamakoshi, T., T. Mizuyama, T. Uchida, Y. Nomura, N. Anyoji
and T. Hashinoki (2002) Temporal change in infiltration
capacity and sediment discharge of the tephra-covered slopeof Miyake-jima volcano in the first post-eruption year.
Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering,
55: 36-42.

Yamamoto, H. (2001) The effect of the volcanic eruption in2000 on bird community in Miyake Island. Biological
Science, 53:74-79. (J)Yoshida, K. and S. Oka (2000) Impact of biological invasion of
Leucaena leucocephala on successional pathway and species
diversity of secondary forest on Hahajima Island, Ogasawara(Bonin) Islands. Japanese Journal of Ecology, 50: 111-119.
(J)(Received on 7 March 2003, Accepted on 4 July 2003)