2016 5th IIAI International Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics

Effects of Allowing Food and Drinks in Japanese Libraries
Marika Kawamoto
Graduate School of Library, Information and Media
Studies, University of Tsukuba
1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki-ken, JAPANmarika@slis.tsukuba.ac.jp

Keita Tsuji
Faculty of Library, Information and Media Science,
University of Tsukuba
1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki-ken, JAPANkeita@slis.tsukuba.ac.jp

Abstract—We investigated the effects of the current practiceof allowing food and drinks in Japanese libraries. A
questionnaire was sent to 1000 libraries, of which 356 public and
329 university libraries responded. Over half the respondent
libraries allow food and drinks in the library. They also report anincrease in library use based on measurements such as thenumber of gate counts after they changed the policy regarding
food and drinks in the library. Furthermore, most of the
responding librarians did not report a noticeable increase inrelated stains after relaxing the policy and many users gave
favorable evaluations for allowing food and drinks in libraries.

II. RELATED STUDIES
Nakano [3], Miyake [4], and Shimamura [5] discussed theappropriateness of allowing food and drinks in libraries. The
2008 Editorial Board of the Pharmaceutical Library Bulletin
conducted its own questionnaire survey on this topic as well.
Mayuzumi [6] studied water intake manners in pharmaceuticallibraries and Tando et al. [7] studied public libraries that had
set aside specific areas where food and drinks were allowed.
However, such investigations have not dealt with food anddrinks as they are or are not allowed in all Japanese libraries[8].

Keywords—food and drinks; Japanese libraries; public
libraries; university libraries

I.

Soete [9] published a report on food and drink management
in libraries. Gerding [10] and LaPointe [11] mentioned theeffectiveness of installing cafés in libraries to cover theirbudget. However, the U.S. also had few in-depth investigations
regarding library policies to allow food and drinks in libraries.

INTRODUCTION

Nearly from the beginning, food and drinks have not been
allowed in most Japanese libraries to protect the integrity of thebooks and other materials entrusted to these institutions. Someguidelines for library users still prohibit food and drinks inlibraries [1] [2]. However, as the discussions of “Library as
Place” have increased in recent years, the numbers of public
and university libraries that have relaxed their policies to allow
food and drinks on the premises have been increasing. There
has not been much quantitative research based on large
numbers of samples to clarify (a) the current status of allowing
food and drinks in Japanese libraries or (b) the effects ofrelaxing this previously inflexible policy. Using the datacollected in this study will further the on-going discussions on
the topic with more informed information and allow
determinations of whether allowing food and drinks to be
consumed on the premises is one way to increase library usage.

Data results from the questionnaires regarding the current
status of allowing food and drinks in Japanese public anduniversity libraries are presented; this is followed by theexamination of changes in annual library use-levels asprovided in Statistics on Libraries in Japan (1952-2014) toshow significant increases in use where libraries allow foodand drinks.

In this survey on food and drinks allowed in libraries,
respondents who said yes were asked the year the policy waschanged, the style of allowing them, whether any adverse
effects on library materials were noticed after allowing onpremises consumption, users’ reactions, librarians’ opinions,and so on. In addition, we obtained (1) the number of gate
counts (i.e., how many users entered the libraries in one year),(2) number of loans (i.e., how many books were borrowed),and (3) number of reference transactions (i.e., how many times
the reference services were used) of each library from theannual Statistics on Libraries in Japan (1952-2014) andexamined whether the usage statistics showed a correlation ofincrease after the libraries began allowing food and drinks on
the premises.

B. Questionnaire Survey
This questionnaire was created by modifying theQuestionnaire on Food and Drinks Manners in Libraries as
published in the Pharmaceutical Library Bulletin by the
Editorial Board in 2008. Survey items include:

III. METHOD

A. Sample Libraries
We randomly selected 500 public libraries and 500
university libraries from the list of libraries in Japan publishedon the Library Association’s Website (as of March 2016, thelist contains 1361 public and 1125 university libraries) [12].
The questionnaires were sent to these libraries from May to
July in 2015.

(1) Whether food and drinks are allowed in libraries(2) Area where food and drinks are allowed(3) Types of drinks allowed(4) Types of food allowed

978-1-4673-8985-3/16 $31.00 © 2016 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/IIAI-AAI.2016.94

43

where A2 and B2 are averages of (1), (2), or (3) during the twoyears after and before allowing food and drinks, respectively.
For instance, if library X made its changes in 2010 and its
numbers of reference transactions for 2008, 2009, 2011, and2012 are 310, 330, 380, and 420, respectively, the IR of thereference transactions is 25% as shown below.

(5) The first year food and drinks were allowed(6) Stains on library materials after allowing food and drinks(7) Reasons for allowing food and drinks(8) Reactions from users after allowing food and drinks(9) Details of user reactions(10) The impression of changes in the amount of library usage
after allowing food and drinks(11) User conditions for eating or drinking in the library (forinstance, studying or taking a rest)(12) Popular food and drinks among users

IV. RESULTS(13) Opinions of respondents (librarians) on allowing food anddrinks in libraries

A. Survey Results
Of the 500 public and 500 university libraries, respondents
were 356 public (71%) and 329 university libraries (66%). Of
the 356 respondent public libraries, 17 were prefectural, 212
municipal, 5 ward, and 122 were town/village libraries. Of the329 university libraries, there were 101 national, 22 public, and206 private university libraries. There were 287 four-year-old,
24 two-year-old, and 18 technical university libraries.

Each question allows a single answer, multiple answers or
free description. Some questions appear only when certain
answers were selected.
C. Analysis of Library Usage
Based on the year libraries began allowing food and/or
drinks, we examined whether library usage (numbers of (1)gate counts, (2) loans, and (3) reference transactions) increased
significantly according to three statistics obtained from theannual publication Statistics on Libraries in Japan by the Japan
Library Association.

Due to space limitations, only a small set of the results arepresented here, such as Table I for survey item “(1) Whether
food and drinks are allowed in libraries.” It shows that morethan half the public 56.2% (=36.8 + 19.4 + 0.0) and 62.3%
university (=14.0 + 47.7 + 0.6) libraries allow food or drinks
on the premises, and exactly what combinations they allow
differ from each other. Allowing both food and drinks is mostcommon in public libraries (36.8%), whereas university
libraries (47.7%) most commonly only allow drinks.

The increase rate (IR) of (1), (2), and (3) is defined as,
TABLE I.

Public library
Prefectural
Municipal
Ward
Town and village
University library
National
PublicPrivateFour-year
Two-yearTechnical

WHETHER FOOD AND DRINKS ARE ALLOWED IN LIBRARIES

Allowing foods and drinks
Allowing only drinks Allowing only foods Prohibiting foods and drinks
36.8%
19.4%
0.0%
43.8%
82.4%
5.9%
0.0%
11.8%
38.2%
22.2%
0.0%
39.6%
60.0%
40.0%
0.0%
0.0%
27.0%
15.6%
0.0%
57.4%
14.0%
47.7%
0.6%
37.7%
22.8%
37.6%
0.0%
39.6%
4.5%
40.9%
0.0%
54.5%
10.7%
53.4%
1.0%
35.0%
15.3%
50.9%
0.3%
33.4%
4.2%
33.3%
4.2%
58.3%
5.6%
16.7%
0.0%
77.8%

44

Fig. 1. The first years drinks were allowed

TABLE II.

Noticeable
Public library
Prefectural
Municipal
Ward
Town and village
University library
National
PublicPrivateFour-year
Two-yearTechnical

0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.4%
6.6%
0.0%
2.2%
3.1%
0.0%
25.0%

Noticeable a little No change
Little noticeableNot noticeable
Not sure
4.0%
63.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
46.7%
0.0%
0.0%
4.7%
64.8%
0.8%
0.0%
0.0%
40.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.8%
67.3%
0.0%
0.0%
11.2%
63.9%
0.5%
0.5%
8.2%
55.7%
0.0%
0.0%
20.0%
60.0%
0.0%
0.0%
11.9%
67.9%
0.7%
0.7%
11.5%
63.4%
0.5%
0.5%
10.0%
80.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
50.0%
0.0%
0.0%

TABLE III.

Public library
Prefectural
Municipal
Ward
Town and village
University library
National
PublicPrivateFour-year
Two-yearTechnical

STAINS ON LIBRARY MATERIALS AFTER ALLOWING FOOD AND DRINKS

24.0%
33.3%
24.2%
60.0%
17.3%
15.6%
24.6%
20.0%
11.2%
15.7%
10.0%
25.0%

Other responses
8.0%
20.0%
5.5%
0.0%
11.5%
4.9%
4.9%
0.0%
5.2%
5.2%
0.0%
0.0%

REACTIONS FROM USERS AFTER ALLOWING FOOD AND DRINKS

Positive reactions
Negative reactions
Not reactions
Other reactions
33.0%
7.0%
53.5%
14.0%
40.0%
13.3%
20.0%
40.0%
32.8%
7.0%
57.0%
10.9%
60.0%
20.0%
0.0%
40.0%
28.8%
3.8%
59.6%
11.5%
37.6%
7.3%
53.2%
9.3%
39.3%
13.1%
44.3%
16.4%
30.0%
0.0%
70.0%
0.0%
37.3%
5.2%
56.0%
6.7%
38.7%
7.3%
51.3%
9.9%
20.0%
0.0%
80.0%
0.0%
25.0%
25.0%
75.0%
0.0%

45

TABLE IV.

Public library
Prefectural
Municipal
Ward
Town and village
University library
National
PublicPrivateFour-year
Two-yearTechnical

THE IMPRESSION OF CHANGES IN THE AMOUNT OF LIBRARY USAGE AFTER ALLOWING FOOD AND DRINKS

Much increased Increased
No change
Decreased
Much decreased Not sure
Other responses
0.5%
7.5%
58.5%
0.0%
0.0%
26.0%
7.5%
6.7%
0.0%
26.7%
0.0%
0.0%
40.0%
26.7%
0.0%
6.3%
61.7%
0.0%
0.0%
27.3%
4.7%
0.0%
20.0%
20.0%
0.0%
0.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
11.5%
63.5%
0.0%
0.0%
17.3%
7.7%
1.5%
16.6%
59.5%
2.0%
0.0%
13.7%
6.8%
3.3%
13.1%
57.4%
1.6%
0.0%
19.7%
4.9%
0.0%
30.0%
60.0%
10.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
17.2%
60.4%
1.5%
0.0%
11.9%
8.2%
1.6%
17.3%
59.7%
2.1%
0.0%
13.1%
6.3%
0.0%
0.0%
70.0%
0.0%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
0.0%
25.0%
25.0%
0.0%
0.0%
50.0%
0.0%

addition, for survey item “(9) Details of user reactions,” thenumbers of negative reactions were only 11 in public libraries
and 12 in university libraries. On the other hand, the numbersof positive reactions were 42 in public libraries and 40 inuniversity libraries. Table IV shows results, e.g., for survey
item “(10) The impression of changes in the amount of library
usage after allowing food and drinks,” 58.5% public libraries
and 59.5% university libraries answered “(there was) nochange.” On the other hand, 8.0% (=0.5 + 7.5) public libraries
and 18.1% (=1.5 + 16.6) university libraries answered “[theamount of library usage] much increased” or “[the amount oflibrary usage] increased”. For survey item “(11) Userconditions for eating or drinking in the library,” 67.5% public
libraries answered “Taking a rest alone” and 85.9% university
libraries answered “Studying or working.” For survey item“(12) Popular food and drinks among users,” 94.0% public
libraries and 95.6% university libraries answered “Water ortea.” As for popular foods, 57.5% public libraries and 22.9%
university libraries answered “Light meal,” which was the mostpopular. For survey item “(13) Opinions of respondents(librarians) on allowing food and drinks in libraries,” 59.8%
public libraries and 58.7% university libraries answered“Drinking should be allowed only in exclusive areas.” As forfoods, 46.6% public libraries answered “Eating should beallowed only in exclusive areas” and 47.7% university libraries
answered “Eating should be prohibited in libraries,” whichwere the most popular opinions.

Additional results for survey items (2), (3) and (4) included:
Public libraries which allow food and drinks¾ Food and drinks are only allowed in exclusive areas such as
rest rooms (about 77%)
¾ All kinds of (nonalcoholic) drinks are allowed (about 80%)
¾ All kinds of containers of drinks are allowed (about 54%)
University libraries which allow food and drinks¾ Food and drinks are only allowed in a specific part of alibrary, such as rest rooms and reading rooms (about63%)¾ All kinds of (nonalcoholic) drinks are allowed (about 78%)
¾ Containers of drinks must have lids (about 86%)
Fig. 1 shows the first years drinks were allowed for survey
item “(5) The first year food and drinks were allowed.” It isclear that the numbers of public libraries which allow drinks
tend to increase in recent years. Table II shows results, e.g., forsurvey item “(6) Stains on library materials after allowing foodand drinks,” only 4.0% (=0.0 + 4.0) public libraries and 14.6%(=3.4 + 11.2) university libraries answered that stains“(became) [more] noticeable” or “(became) noticeable a little.”
On the other hand, 63.5% public libraries and 63.9% university
libraries answered “(there was) no change.” For survey item“(7) Reasons for allowing food and drinks,” 60.0% public
libraries and 76.1% university libraries answered “To protect
users from heatstroke,” which was the most popular reason forallowing food and drinks. Table III shows results, e.g., forsurvey item “(8) Reactions from users after allowing food anddrinks,” only 7.0% public libraries and 7.3% university
libraries answered “[there were] negative reactions from users”
and 33.0% public libraries and 37.6% university libraries
answered “[there were] positive reactions from users.” In

B. Results regarding Library Usage
Concerning the survey item “(6) the year of allowing foods
and drinks,” the numbers of public and university libraries thatanswered the year when they allowed drinks were 146 and 172,
respectively. Likewise, the numbers of public and university
libraries that answered the year when they allowed foods were
90 and 36, respectively.
The means and medians for increases in the rates of thenumber of (a) gate counts, (b) loans, and (c) referencetransactions are shown in Tables V–VII [13] for libraries

46

TABLE V.

MEANS AND MEDIANS OF IRS OF ALLOWING FOOD AND DRINK LIBRARIES AND JAPANESE LIBRARIES (THE NUMBER OF GATE COUNTS)

Allowing drink libraries
Mean
MediannPublic library
Prefectural
Municipal
Ward
Town and village
University library
National
PublicPrivateFour-year
Two-yearTechnical
TABLE VI.

Public library
Prefectural
Municipal
Ward
Town and village
University library
National
PublicPrivateFour-year
Two-yearTechnical
TABLE VII.

Public library
Prefectural
Municipal
Ward
Town and village
University library
National
PublicPrivateFour-year
Two-yearTechnical

25
1
16
2
6
78
26
3
49
77
1
0

䠇65.7% *䠇87.2%
䠇37.7%
䠇227.4% *䠇3.0% *
䠇87.2%
䠇2.7%
䠇227.4% *䠇82.8%
䠇10.8%
䠇9.1%
䠉2.9%
䠇12.5%
䠇11.3%
䠉29.8%

䠇1.0%
䠇2.7% **
䠇2.7%
䠉6.1%
䠇3.3% **
䠇3.1% **
䠉29.8%

Allowing food libraries
Mean
Median
n
15
1
9
1
4
14
11
0
3
14
0
0

䠇74.1%
䠉20.4%
䠇44.7%
䠇213.5%
䠇128.8%
䠇24.6%
䠇12.6%

䠇4.8%
䠉20.4%
䠇4.8%
䠇213.5%
䠇31.0% *
䠇2.7%
䠇0.4%

䠇68.6%
䠇24.6%

䠇52.4%
䠇2.7%

Japanese libraries
Mean
Median
䠇8.6%
䠇6.9%
䠇9.8%
䠇17.5%
䠇2.9%
䠇7.3%
䠇5.4%
䠇2.2%
䠇9.4%
䠇5.5%
䠇77.9%
䠇17.4%

䠉1.3%
䠉2.8%
䠉0.6%
䠇6.7%
䠉5.4%
䠉5.2%
䠉2.5%
䠉3.7%
䠉5.9%
䠉6.1%
䠉6.5%
䠉1.2%

MEANS AND MEDIANS OF IRS OF ALLOWING FOOD AND DRINK LIBRARIES AND JAPANESE LIBRARIES (THE NUMBER OF LOANS)

Allowing drink libraries
Mean
Mediann

Allowing food libraries
Mean
Mediann

63 䠇173.7% *5
䠇425.1%41
䠇97.0%
2
䠇159.6%15
䠇301.6%
86
䠇7.6%
28
䠇4.3%
3
䠉6.7% *
55
䠇9.9%
83
䠇8.1%
3
䠉10.3%
0

47 䠇228.4% *5
䠇391.4%28
䠇143.0%1
䠇261.0%13
䠇347.2%
15
䠇2.6%
11
䠇3.8%
0
4
䠉0.7%
14
䠇4.0%
1
䠉16.8%
0䠇13.5% **䠇168.5% **䠇12.1% **䠇159.6% *䠇12.6% **
䠇4.0%
䠇2.0%
䠉5.3%
䠇7.4%
䠇5.2%
䠉16.8%

䠇56.5% **䠇110.7% **䠇25.2% **䠇261.0%䠇73.9% **
䠇0.2%
䠇0.2%
䠇0.5%
䠇2.8%
䠉16.8%

Japanese libraries
Mean䠇40.9%
䠇15.0%
䠇48.6%
䠇10.3%
䠇35.2%
䠇9.3%
䠇3.9%
䠇13.4%
䠇11.3%
䠇12.5%
䠇4.8%
䠉0.7%

Median
䠇4.1%
䠇3.2%
䠇4.4%
䠇4.8%
䠇3.5%
䠉0.4%
䠉0.2%
䠇2.3%
䠉0.6%
䠇0.2%
䠉5.9%
䠉3.1%

MEANS AND MEDIANS OF IRS OF ALLOWING FOOD AND DRINK LIBRARIES AND JAPANESE LIBRARIES (THE NUMBER OF REFERENCE
TRANSACTIONS)

Allowing drink libraries
Mean
Mediann
34 䠇182.5%
䠇3.7%
3
䠇51.9%
䠇22.8%
24
䠇151.7%
䠇3.7%
2 䠇1213.5%
䠇1213.5% *5䠉4.0% **
䠉32.7%
70 䠇234.9%
䠇1.2%
27
䠉3.4%
䠉1.7%
2
䠇66.4%
䠇66.4%
41
䠇400.0%
䠇3.5%
70
䠇234.9%䠇1.2%
0
0

Allowing food libraries
Mean
Mediann
21
䠇26.9%
䠇9.2%
3
䠇35.9%
䠇22.8%
13
䠇10.0%
䠇9.2%
1
䠇346.1%
䠇346.1%4
䠉5.0% *
䠉40.8%
14
䠉10.7%
䠉28.8%
11
䠉14.3% **䠉26.1%
03
䠇2.8%
䠉32.8%
14
䠉10.7% **䠉28.8%
0047

Japanese libraries
Mean
Median䠇169.8%
䠇21.4%
䠇195.8%
䠇121.8%
䠇140.5%
䠇76.3%
䠇30.1%
䠇219.3%
䠇88.9%
䠇53.4%
䠇125.0%
䠇4.1%

䠇4.8%
䠇4.3%
䠇5.3%
䠇5.5%
䠇3.4%
䠉0.8%
䠉2.7%
䠇4.5%
±0%
䠉3.5%
䠉2.4%
䠉10.2%

allowing food and drinks as well as all Japanese libraries. The
significant differences as determined using Welch’s t-test
between the means of increase rate of libraries allowing foodor drinks and all Japanese libraries are represented by “**0.01”
and “*0.05.” Table II shows that the average rate of increase in
the gate counts in public libraries allowing refreshments (N =25) is 65.7%, and this value is significantly higher at a 0.05
level compared to all Japanese public libraries (8.6%).

Japan (1952-2014), making it a point for future research.
Moreover, survey respondents were limited to librarians eventhough the inquiry was about the consumption of food anddrinks by library users, indicating a need to conduct a surveythat asks about library users’ opinions on consuming food anddrinks in libraries.

Any significant difference between the median rates ofincrease for libraries allowing food or drinks “**” and all
Japanese libraries “*” was determined using the Wilcoxon rank
sum test.

[1]

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[6] Editorial Board, “Totalling reports and analysis of questionnaire on
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[8] T. Tando, T. Majikina, and T. Akutsu, “A study on the eating-anddrinking space in public libraries Part 1: The actual condition of
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[9] G. J. Soete, “Managing food and drink in ARL libraries. SPEC Kit 237.”
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[12] According to Statistics on Libraries in Japan, there are 3246 public
libraries in Japan as of April 2014. In addition, there are 1419 four-yearold university libraries, 194 two-year-old college libraries, and 61
technical university libraries as of May 2014.
[13] There were some libraries whose (a), (b), or (c) were not shown in
Statistics on Libraries in Japan. Such libraries were excluded from thesamples. Because of this, the numbers of samples in tables are different
each other.

The results indicate that the IRs of the number of gate
counts of public and university libraries where drinks areallowed are significantly higher than those for all Japaneselibraries. For instance, the mean of IRs of the number of gate
counts for all public libraries is 8.6%, whereas that for public
libraries allowing drinks (N = 25) increases to 65.7%. A
significant difference of 0.05 was observed. The median of IRsof the number of gate counts for all university libraries is5.2% (note that it is decreasing), whereas that for university
libraries allowing drinks (N = 78) is 2.7%. A significant
difference of 0.01 was observed.
In general, allowing food or drinks tends to increase library
usage more remarkably in public rather than university
libraries. Although the IRs of the numbers of loans inuniversity libraries allowing food or drinks and all Japanese
university libraries did not differ significantly, the median of
IRs of the number of loans for all types of public libraries(prefectural, municipal, wards, and towns/villages) allowing
drinks is significantly higher than that for all Japanese public
libraries. The median of IRs of the number of loans in
prefectural, municipal, and town/village libraries allowing
foods is also significantly higher for all Japanese public
libraries.
V. CONCLUSIONS
After analyzing the survey results, we infer that the trend ofallowing food and drinks to be consumed in Japanese libraries
is having a positive effect on library usage, as indicated by gate
counts, lack of concern regarding an increase in stains after
allowing food and drinks, and positive responses of a good
portion of library users.
However, the sample for library usage analysis was
relatively small in this study because usage statistics were notprovided for many libraries in the Statistics on Libraries in48