Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

Headquarters
Balluff GmbH
Schurwaldstrasse 973765 Neuhausen a. d. F.
Germany
Phone +49 7158 173-0
Fax +49 7158 5010
balluff@balluff.deIndustrial
RFID systems

Automatic identification and tracking in production

THE PERFORMANCE RANGE
Balluff offers you a wide selection ofdata carriers and read/write heads for
LF, HF and UHF applications. With the
BIS V multi-frequency processor unit,
all systems can be combined with eachother. This adds flexibility and saves
costs through lower inventory levels.

www.balluff.com

MANAGING
ALL YOUR DATAYour Balluff solutionsn HF RFID system (13.56 MHz) BIS M
n LF RFID system (70/455 kHz) BIS C
n LF RFID system (125 kHz) BIS L
n UHF RFID system (860/960 MHz) BIS U

Go online to individually configure your own systemwww.balluff.de/go/rfid-configurator

CONTACT OUR
WORLDWIDESUBSIDIARIES

ALL-IN-ONE

IO-LINK

BIS V PROCESSOR UNIT

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Doc. no. 949747 EN · I20 · Subject to changes.

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Network block
Read/write heads with IO-Link
Data carriers
Read/write heads with integrated processor unit
Universal processor unit
Read/write heads

www.balluff.com

Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

Cost-effective solution for simple identification tasks

High transmission speed for large volumes of data

Continuous transmission security and data transparency

LF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEMHF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEMUHF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEM

Low frequency (LF) RFID gives
you the ability to use different
LF processor units. The read/write
head can be connected the traditional
way using cable, or can be locateddirectly on the processor unit housing.
Our most flexible and modern solution
is the universal BIS V processor unit.

For high frequency (HF) RFID solutions
we offer three possible combinations:
You can combine up to four read/write
heads on the BIS V processor unit
in addition to connecting an IO-Link
device. Many read/write heads canbe connected to one IO-Link master,and all IO-Link devices can be flexibly
combined with each other. By using
an all-in-one read head you haveeverything – read head and processor
unit – in one unit.

For ultra-high frequency (UHF) systems
you can select from special highperformance UHF processor units.
The multi-frequency BIS V processor
unit is also an option. Or you can readthe UHF data carriers using one of
our handheld readers, for example
at manual workstations.

The most important benefits
Ideal for reliable tool identification
at short ranges■ – High performance and flexible
even in machining centers with
coolants and lubricants■ – Other applications: Workpiecetransport with conveyor systems,
FTS and pallet transport systems,
assembly technology and resource
organization■ – Wear-free, maintenance-free
and insensitive to dirt
■ –LF 70/455 KHZ OR 125 KHZ

The most important benefits
High transmission speeds andlarge data quantities at ranges
up to 400 mm■ – Seamless integration in applications
through global RFID standards
ISO 15693 and ISO 14443A■ – Customer-specific developments■ – Applications: Parts tracking at
close range, production control(palletizing, data recording
on the workpiece itself, ...).
■ –The most important benefits
For dynamic processes with greatread distances up to 6 m and more
■ – Easy integration in applications using
global standard interfaces and global
standards: ISO 18000-6C and
EPC Gen2 Class1■ –Simultaneous detectionof many data carriers■ – Complete tailored systemsolutions realizable■ – Applications: Traceability,
tracking of automation processes,
intralogistics■ –UHF 860/960 MHZ
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HF 13.56 MHZ

Controller
Universal processor unit
UHF processor units
Mobile UHF read/write devices
UHF antennas
UHF data carriers

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Processor unit with LF read/write heads
Universal processor unit
LF processor unit
LF read/write heads
LF data carriers

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Controller
Universal processor unit
Network block
HF processor unit
HF antenna
HF read/write heads with IO-Link
HF read/write heads
HF read/write heads with integrated processor unit
HF data carriers

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www.balluff.com

Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

Headquarters
Balluff GmbH
Schurwaldstrasse 973765 Neuhausen a. d. F.
Germany
Phone +49 7158 173-0
Fax +49 7158 5010
balluff@balluff.deIndustrial
RFID systems

Automatic identification and tracking in production

THE PERFORMANCE RANGE
Balluff offers you a wide selection ofdata carriers and read/write heads for
LF, HF and UHF applications. With the
BIS V multi-frequency processor unit,
all systems can be combined with eachother. This adds flexibility and saves
costs through lower inventory levels.

www.balluff.com

MANAGING
ALL YOUR DATAYour Balluff solutionsn HF RFID system (13.56 MHz) BIS M
n LF RFID system (70/455 kHz) BIS C
n LF RFID system (125 kHz) BIS L
n UHF RFID system (860/960 MHz) BIS U

Go online to individually configure your own systemwww.balluff.de/go/rfid-configurator

CONTACT OUR
WORLDWIDESUBSIDIARIES

ALL-IN-ONE

IO-LINK

BIS V PROCESSOR UNIT

1
5

4

3

1
2
3
4
5
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6

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3

Doc. no. 949747 EN · I20 · Subject to changes.

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Network block
Read/write heads with IO-Link
Data carriers
Read/write heads with integrated processor unit
Universal processor unit
Read/write heads

www.balluff.com

Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

Cost-effective solution for simple identification tasks

High transmission speed for large volumes of data

Continuous transmission security and data transparency

LF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEMHF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEMUHF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEM

Low frequency (LF) RFID gives
you the ability to use different
LF processor units. The read/write
head can be connected the traditional
way using cable, or can be locateddirectly on the processor unit housing.
Our most flexible and modern solution
is the universal BIS V processor unit.

For high frequency (HF) RFID solutions
we offer three possible combinations:
You can combine up to four read/write
heads on the BIS V processor unit
in addition to connecting an IO-Link
device. Many read/write heads canbe connected to one IO-Link master,and all IO-Link devices can be flexibly
combined with each other. By using
an all-in-one read head you haveeverything – read head and processor
unit – in one unit.

For ultra-high frequency (UHF) systems
you can select from special highperformance UHF processor units.
The multi-frequency BIS V processor
unit is also an option. Or you can readthe UHF data carriers using one of
our handheld readers, for example
at manual workstations.

The most important benefits
Ideal for reliable tool identification
at short ranges■ – High performance and flexible
even in machining centers with
coolants and lubricants■ – Other applications: Workpiecetransport with conveyor systems,
FTS and pallet transport systems,
assembly technology and resource
organization■ – Wear-free, maintenance-free
and insensitive to dirt
■ –LF 70/455 KHZ OR 125 KHZ

The most important benefits
High transmission speeds andlarge data quantities at ranges
up to 400 mm■ – Seamless integration in applications
through global RFID standards
ISO 15693 and ISO 14443A■ – Customer-specific developments■ – Applications: Parts tracking at
close range, production control(palletizing, data recording
on the workpiece itself, ...).
■ –The most important benefits
For dynamic processes with greatread distances up to 6 m and more
■ – Easy integration in applications using
global standard interfaces and global
standards: ISO 18000-6C and
EPC Gen2 Class1■ –Simultaneous detectionof many data carriers■ – Complete tailored systemsolutions realizable■ – Applications: Traceability,
tracking of automation processes,
intralogistics■ –UHF 860/960 MHZ
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HF 13.56 MHZ

Controller
Universal processor unit
UHF processor units
Mobile UHF read/write devices
UHF antennas
UHF data carriers

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Processor unit with LF read/write heads
Universal processor unit
LF processor unit
LF read/write heads
LF data carriers

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Controller
Universal processor unit
Network block
HF processor unit
HF antenna
HF read/write heads with IO-Link
HF read/write heads
HF read/write heads with integrated processor unit
HF data carriers

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www.balluff.com

Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

Headquarters
Balluff GmbH
Schurwaldstrasse 973765 Neuhausen a. d. F.
Germany
Phone +49 7158 173-0
Fax +49 7158 5010
balluff@balluff.deIndustrial
RFID systems

Automatic identification and tracking in production

THE PERFORMANCE RANGE
Balluff offers you a wide selection ofdata carriers and read/write heads for
LF, HF and UHF applications. With the
BIS V multi-frequency processor unit,
all systems can be combined with eachother. This adds flexibility and saves
costs through lower inventory levels.

www.balluff.com

MANAGING
ALL YOUR DATAYour Balluff solutionsn HF RFID system (13.56 MHz) BIS M
n LF RFID system (70/455 kHz) BIS C
n LF RFID system (125 kHz) BIS L
n UHF RFID system (860/960 MHz) BIS U

Go online to individually configure your own systemwww.balluff.de/go/rfid-configurator

CONTACT OUR
WORLDWIDESUBSIDIARIES

ALL-IN-ONE

IO-LINK

BIS V PROCESSOR UNIT

1
5

4

3

1
2
3
4
5
6

6

3

2

6

3

Doc. no. 949747 EN · I20 · Subject to changes.

2

Network block
Read/write heads with IO-Link
Data carriers
Read/write heads with integrated processor unit
Universal processor unit
Read/write heads

www.balluff.com

Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

Cost-effective solution for simple identification tasks

High transmission speed for large volumes of data

Continuous transmission security and data transparency

LF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEMHF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEMUHF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEM

Low frequency (LF) RFID gives
you the ability to use different
LF processor units. The read/write
head can be connected the traditional
way using cable, or can be locateddirectly on the processor unit housing.
Our most flexible and modern solution
is the universal BIS V processor unit.

For high frequency (HF) RFID solutions
we offer three possible combinations:
You can combine up to four read/write
heads on the BIS V processor unit
in addition to connecting an IO-Link
device. Many read/write heads canbe connected to one IO-Link master,and all IO-Link devices can be flexibly
combined with each other. By using
an all-in-one read head you haveeverything – read head and processor
unit – in one unit.

For ultra-high frequency (UHF) systems
you can select from special highperformance UHF processor units.
The multi-frequency BIS V processor
unit is also an option. Or you can readthe UHF data carriers using one of
our handheld readers, for example
at manual workstations.

The most important benefits
Ideal for reliable tool identification
at short ranges■ – High performance and flexible
even in machining centers with
coolants and lubricants■ – Other applications: Workpiecetransport with conveyor systems,
FTS and pallet transport systems,
assembly technology and resource
organization■ – Wear-free, maintenance-free
and insensitive to dirt
■ –LF 70/455 KHZ OR 125 KHZ

The most important benefits
High transmission speeds andlarge data quantities at ranges
up to 400 mm■ – Seamless integration in applications
through global RFID standards
ISO 15693 and ISO 14443A■ – Customer-specific developments■ – Applications: Parts tracking at
close range, production control(palletizing, data recording
on the workpiece itself, ...).
■ –The most important benefits
For dynamic processes with greatread distances up to 6 m and more
■ – Easy integration in applications using
global standard interfaces and global
standards: ISO 18000-6C and
EPC Gen2 Class1■ –Simultaneous detectionof many data carriers■ – Complete tailored systemsolutions realizable■ – Applications: Traceability,
tracking of automation processes,
intralogistics■ –UHF 860/960 MHZ
1
2
3
4
5
6

HF 13.56 MHZ

Controller
Universal processor unit
UHF processor units
Mobile UHF read/write devices
UHF antennas
UHF data carriers

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Processor unit with LF read/write heads
Universal processor unit
LF processor unit
LF read/write heads
LF data carriers

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Controller
Universal processor unit
Network block
HF processor unit
HF antenna
HF read/write heads with IO-Link
HF read/write heads
HF read/write heads with integrated processor unit
HF data carriers

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www.balluff.com

Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

WHAT IS RFID?

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is the communication
technology for non-contact and automatic identification of
objects (merchandise, goods, people, animals, for example)
using electromagnetic induction or radio waves.

System frequencies

UHF by country-specific frequencies

How the system components communicate

Why data storage is important

Round antenna
The lobe of the antenna field is distributed
evenly and symmetrically■ – No polarization or directionality, even offset.
This means the data carrier and read/write head
do not have to be aligned with each other■ –13.56 MHz

125...135 kHz

Along with bar codes, data matrix codes, biometry(fingerprint), optical text recognition as well as contact-type
smart cards, RFID is a commonly employed technology.

6

7

3

1

840...960 MHz

The data carrier and read/write head connect
via the frequency-dependent coupling.
With UHF the coupling is via electromagnetic waves,and for LF and HF the coupling is inductive.

Selection of the data storage determines where data canbe processed and with which components. You can use
either of two storage concepts: the central database anddecentralized data retention.

Components of a HF/LF system

Central data storage■ – All data records are stored in a central database■ – Data carrier is simply an identifier■ – Mainly for reading information

2
Working range of the Balluff BIS RFID systems

Barcodes anddata matrix codes

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Antenna field
Round antenna

Ideal
working range

Magnetic strips andsmart cards

Biometry(fingerprints, iris)

Opticaltext recognition

Benefits
No line of sight between data carrier and reader required■ – Long data carrier service life
■ – High system reliability even in harsh conditions■ – High memory capacity depending on data carrier■ –UseTraceability of different production objects■ – Management of assets, e.g. tool identification orformat part detection■ – Authentication for areas and machines (access control)■ – Monitoring guarantees, spare parts business andmaintenance work (counterfeit protection)■ –1 South Korea
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 917...920.8 MHz

5 South Africa
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 865.6...867.6 MHz

2 Japan
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 916.7...920.8 MHz

6 Europe
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 865.6...867.6 MHz

3 China
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 840.5...844.5 MHz

7 USA/Canada/Mexico
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 902...928 MHz

4 Australia
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 920...926 MHz

8 Brazil
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 902...907.5 MHz

Data carrier

RFID systems are available for three frequency ranges:
Ultra-high frequency (UHF), high frequency (HF) and
low frequency (LF). These are associated with various
technical and physical characteristics.
■ – LF (low frequency, 30…300 kHz)
Balluff system BIS C (70 kHz/455 kHz)■ – HF (high frequency, 3…30 MHz)
Balluff system BIS M (13.56 MHz)■ – UHF (ultra high frequency, 300 MHz…3 GHz)
Balluff system BIS U (860…960 MHz,
country-specific frequencies)

SYSTEM STRUCTURE

LF is best suited for close range and for difficult conditions
such as metallic surroundings. LF is therefore often used intool identification.

Clear zone

Observe clear zone
The clear zone is an area within which a data carrier ismounted in metallic surroundings to achieve a prescribed
read/write distance.

For reliable data transfer between read/write head anddata carrier the latter must remain within the capture rangeof the read/write head for a certain length of time. The ruleof thumb is: the faster the traverse speed, the closer theread/write distance.

■ –

■ –

■ –

Read/write head
Provides power to the data carrier, reads its data andwrites new data to it. It sends this data to the processor
unit where the data is further processed.
AntennaTransmits the power.
– HF-/LF systems: Antenna is integrated
in the read/write head
– UHF systems: Usually passive antennas
without read/write head electronics(integrated into the processor unit).
Processor unit
Used for signal processing and preparation. It typically
includes an integrated interface for connecting to thecontroller/PC system.
UHF system: The read/write function can be integrated
into the processor unit, so that only a passive antenna
and the data carrier are required.

How to calculate the traverse speed for dynamic applications
Traverse speed (v)=Offset (s)Dwell time (t)Read distance

Data carrier

Read/write head

Within the capture range
Outside the capture range

Offset (read/write path)

Usable space for reading fromand writing to the data carrier
Read/write head

ExampleHow great is the offset and resulting read distance at a
traverse speed of 7 m/s and a dwell time in the capture
range of 45 ms.

Distance
to metals = v ∙ t = 7 m/s ∙ 0.045 s = 0.315 m = 315 mm

On metal

At least 315 mm of offset is required to read the data withina dwell time of 45 ms. Assuming the maximum offset is
340 mm, the read distance must be configured to be very
short. The greater the offset of the read/write head, thegreater the distance between data carrier and read/write
head can be.

Clear zone
Distance
to metal
Metal-free (clear zone)

In addition to the clear zone, optimal function depends
also on the distances between the data carriers(see data sheet for detailed information).

Antenna withread/write head electronics

Processor unit

Mainly used with HF/LF systems

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWABOUT LF/HF SYSTEMS

Data carrier
Passive antenna		Processor unit withread/write head electronics

In UHF systems close placement of the data carrier in frontof the antenna is not necessary because of the large working
range. Still, there are a few rules (see: What to know about
UHF systems).
Various industry standards are in place both for the
LF/HF range and for UHF for communication between thesystem components. These specify how the information istransmitted. There are also proprietary manufacturer-specificsolutions available (see: What you need to know about
LF/HF systems/UHF systems).

High performance solutions from Balluff■ –Antenna shape
Data carriers and read/write heads are constructedwith a rod or round antenna. To achieve the best results
the antenna shape must be identical to that of theread/write head. This means: Use rod antenna withrod antenna or round antenna with round antenna.

■ –Here the following components are used:■ – High-memory data carriers: Data carriers with amemory capacity > 8 kilobytes.
■ – High-speed data carriers: Combined with the associatedread/write heads you can achieve up to eight times
greater read speeds than applications that fall under
DIN ISO 15693.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWABOUT UHF SYSTEMSPower transmission between data carrier and read/write
head is essential for optimal function of a UHF RFID system.
Whether and how the antennas need to be aligned with eachother depends on the type of polarization of the antennas.

Relationship between antenna polarization anddata carrier orientation

Data carrier

Permitted
offsetUsable space for reading fromand writing to the data carrier
Read/write headISO 15693
International series of standards for non-contacting
chip cards, identification systems and access controls.
Operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and is theprevailing standard in automation.
ISO 15693 defines the protocols for communication
between data carrier and read/write head. The datacarriers and read/write heads from different suppliers are
generally compatible if they adhere to the same standard.

Data carriers with various memory types are available■ –ISO 14443
International series of standards for non-contact chipcards. These are used in identification systems and access
controlling, but also for payment applications such as
credit cards, public transportation tickets, etc. Operates
at a frequency of 13.56 MHz.
In contrast to the ISO 15693 standard, ISO 14443
specifies that the data carrier and read/write head carrya manufacturer-specific identifier. Only if the identifiers
agree can they communicate with each other.
Balluff uses the most commonly accepted contactlesschip technology NXP Mifare. This complies with
ISO-Standards ISO 7816 and ISO 14443A.

Linear polarized antennas
The electrical field runs either vertical or horizontal to
the surface of the ground. This means, the read/write
head antenna and that of the data carrier mustbe identically aligned in order to transmit power.
VerticalHorizontal

Transverse to antennareadablenotreadablenotreadable

VerticalHorizontal

Transverse to antenna

notreadablereadablenotreadable

VerticalHorizontal

Transverse to antennareadablereadablenotreadable

On metal
The sensing surface must not be in contact or surroundedby steel.
Metal-free (clear zone)
The entire area of the data carrier must be kept clear of
any type of metal.

In brief: Since the surroundings affect the antenna field,
you must perform the closest possible simulation of theambient conditions.
The UHF antenna beams its signal in a wide opening angle.
Undesired reflections and absorption in a UHF RFID systemmean that in practice the antenna field can be predicted
only within limitations. For example when there are concrete
walls, metal surfaces and safety gates made of metal.

Read/write head

Ceiling

Data carrier

Data carrier antenna

Read/write head

Construction of a UHF data carrier

Floor

UHF data carriers with a dipole antenna are often selected(see illustration above). Many other antenna shapes areavailable as well. These offer particular properties anddetermine the form factor of the data carrier.

Typical ideal antenna field

Ceiling211
3

1 Antenna
2 Integrated circuit
3 Substrate

Dat

a ca

rrie

r

Read/write head

Floor

Actual antenna field

Whereas absorption converts energy into heat andthereby weakens the signal, reflection of waves can resultin overlapping of wavetrains. Overall it can result in local
fields with higher and lower field strengths, or even field
collapses (read holes).

Typical UHF industry standards

Horizontal polarization

Circular polarized antennas
The electrical field rotates clockwise or counter-clockwise
to the direction of propagation. The orientation of thedata carrier is thus not as critical. This makes circularpolarized antennas ideal for use when the orientationof the data carrier cannot be predicted.

Flush in metal
The sensing surface can be mounted flush on the surfaceof steel so that it is even with adjacent areas. The range
here is less than for differently constructed/installed datacarriers of the same size.

UHF antenna field requires specific test scenarios

Data carrier antenna
In UHF systems the coupling is electromagnetic.
To transmit data the data carrier‘s antenna converts
electromagnetic waves and high-frequency alternating
current into each other. Here the polarization directionof the sending antenna and the orientation of the datacarrier must be selected correctly. (See illustration
for how to achieve optimal power transmission).
Electrical fieldRF signal■ –Circular polarization■ –Other form factors for UHF data carriers

Vertical polarization

■ –

■ –

The antenna shape determines different field distributions
and read distances. It also determines the active
communication field.

In addition to the industry standards there are proprietarysystems that are not described by any standard. For example,
high-performance solutions from Balluff that are faster andprocess more data than these industry standards allow.

■ –
■ –

Account for distance to metal
To reach the specified read/write distance, a data carrier
in a metallic environment must be mounted at a certain
distance from metal and within a certain metal-free clear
zone. The exact specifications can be found in the data
sheets. The following distinctions are made:When installing the data carriers the installation
conditions and close proximity of metal play a role.

Important industry standards
Dynamic read/write mode
The data carrier passes by the read/write head without
stopping. This should be as close as possible to achievea long read/write path.

Installing data carriers

In brief, the read/write distance in LF/HF systems isaffected by the antenna shape and the traverse speed.

The polarization of a UHF antenna is determinedby the direction of the electrical field of the wave.

Clear zone

Traditional memory chips are EEPROM and FRAM.
Both types use inductive coupling for power supply anddata transmission. They differ in the maximum numberof write cycles.
■ – EEPROM (Electrical erasable programmableread only memory): 100,000 to 1,000,000 write cycles■ – FRAM (Ferro-electrical random access memory):
1010 write cycles

Rod antenna

Data carrier

Detection range
Data carrier

Permitted
offsetAntenna field

Data carrier (Tag/Data Carrier)Stores all kinds of data which is read or written bycomputers or automation equipment. The data carrierantenna sends and receives the signals. Read/write
versions are available in various memory capacities
and with various storage mechanisms.
– Passive data carriers: without power supply– Active data carriers: with power supply

Static read/write mode
The data carrier remains in place in front of theread/write head. This enables a greater read/write
distance than in dynamic mode.

Clear zone

Flush in metal

How traverse speed, read/write distance and data transmission
time relate to each otherRod antenna
The lobe of the antenna field is distributed unevenly
and has additional sidelobes■ – The is polarization and directionality, which allows
greater read distances than with a round antenna■ – Identical orientation of the data carrier and read/write headis important in order to achieve greater read distances■ –The system components in detail

HF is ideal for parts tracking at close range up to 400 mm.
With HF you can process and store larger quantities of data
at high transmission speeds.
UHF typically communicates at a range of 6 m distance.
UHF allows simultaneous reading of multiple data carriers(multi-tagging).

Can be LF, HF or UHF systems,
but mainly used with UHF systems

Decentralized data retention■ – All data records are stored on data carriers■ – The data carrier stores the identifier andall data records (no central database)■ – For both reading and writing information

Components of a UHF system

RFID requires three main components.
These form an RFID system:■ – Data carrier (data storage)■ – Read/write head (data transmission)■ – Processor unit (data processing and communication)■ –Briefly stated, different frequencies mean different
working ranges, since the frequency determines therange. The frequency also affects the coupling behavior(see: How the system components communicate).

Processor unit

Used at close range, the data carrier must be placed
exactly within the read range of the read/write head.

WHAT ARE THE
CONSEQUENCES OF THE
DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES?

THE DIFFERENTRFID SYSTEMS

Read/write head

UHF data carrierRadio frequency
identification■ –ISO/IEC 18000-6:2013
International series of standards that provide the generaldescription of the air interface and signal transmission.
The latest standard ISO 18000-63 was published in 2015.

If a data carrier finds itself in such a read hole, it canno longer communicate with the read/write head.

EPC Class1 Gen2
Was published by the standardization organization
EPC global, which develops voluntary standards.
EPC Class 1 Gen2 Version 2.0.1 is fully compatible
with ISO 18000-63.
This compatibility mans you can use the same hardware
infrastructure and the same data carriers both in an
ISO standard environment and an EPC environment.

Both standards are suitable for worldwide use. You musthowever take note of the various national RF regulations.

www.balluff.com

Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

WHAT IS RFID?

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is the communication
technology for non-contact and automatic identification of
objects (merchandise, goods, people, animals, for example)
using electromagnetic induction or radio waves.

System frequencies

UHF by country-specific frequencies

How the system components communicate

Why data storage is important

Round antenna
The lobe of the antenna field is distributed
evenly and symmetrically■ – No polarization or directionality, even offset.
This means the data carrier and read/write head
do not have to be aligned with each other■ –13.56 MHz

125...135 kHz

Along with bar codes, data matrix codes, biometry(fingerprint), optical text recognition as well as contact-type
smart cards, RFID is a commonly employed technology.

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840...960 MHz

The data carrier and read/write head connect
via the frequency-dependent coupling.
With UHF the coupling is via electromagnetic waves,and for LF and HF the coupling is inductive.

Selection of the data storage determines where data canbe processed and with which components. You can use
either of two storage concepts: the central database anddecentralized data retention.

Components of a HF/LF system

Central data storage■ – All data records are stored in a central database■ – Data carrier is simply an identifier■ – Mainly for reading information

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Working range of the Balluff BIS RFID systems

Barcodes anddata matrix codes

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Antenna field
Round antenna

Ideal
working range

Magnetic strips andsmart cards

Biometry(fingerprints, iris)

Opticaltext recognition

Benefits
No line of sight between data carrier and reader required■ – Long data carrier service life
■ – High system reliability even in harsh conditions■ – High memory capacity depending on data carrier■ –UseTraceability of different production objects■ – Management of assets, e.g. tool identification orformat part detection■ – Authentication for areas and machines (access control)■ – Monitoring guarantees, spare parts business andmaintenance work (counterfeit protection)■ –1 South Korea
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 917...920.8 MHz

5 South Africa
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 865.6...867.6 MHz

2 Japan
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 916.7...920.8 MHz

6 Europe
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 865.6...867.6 MHz

3 China
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 840.5...844.5 MHz

7 USA/Canada/Mexico
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 902...928 MHz

4 Australia
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 920...926 MHz

8 Brazil
LF: 125 kHz
HF: 13.56 MHz
UHF: 902...907.5 MHz

Data carrier

RFID systems are available for three frequency ranges:
Ultra-high frequency (UHF), high frequency (HF) and
low frequency (LF). These are associated with various
technical and physical characteristics.
■ – LF (low frequency, 30…300 kHz)
Balluff system BIS C (70 kHz/455 kHz)■ – HF (high frequency, 3…30 MHz)
Balluff system BIS M (13.56 MHz)■ – UHF (ultra high frequency, 300 MHz…3 GHz)
Balluff system BIS U (860…960 MHz,
country-specific frequencies)

SYSTEM STRUCTURE

LF is best suited for close range and for difficult conditions
such as metallic surroundings. LF is therefore often used intool identification.

Clear zone

Observe clear zone
The clear zone is an area within which a data carrier ismounted in metallic surroundings to achieve a prescribed
read/write distance.

For reliable data transfer between read/write head anddata carrier the latter must remain within the capture rangeof the read/write head for a certain length of time. The ruleof thumb is: the faster the traverse speed, the closer theread/write distance.

■ –

■ –

■ –

Read/write head
Provides power to the data carrier, reads its data andwrites new data to it. It sends this data to the processor
unit where the data is further processed.
AntennaTransmits the power.
– HF-/LF systems: Antenna is integrated
in the read/write head
– UHF systems: Usually passive antennas
without read/write head electronics(integrated into the processor unit).
Processor unit
Used for signal processing and preparation. It typically
includes an integrated interface for connecting to thecontroller/PC system.
UHF system: The read/write function can be integrated
into the processor unit, so that only a passive antenna
and the data carrier are required.

How to calculate the traverse speed for dynamic applications
Traverse speed (v)=Offset (s)Dwell time (t)Read distance

Data carrier

Read/write head

Within the capture range
Outside the capture range

Offset (read/write path)

Usable space for reading fromand writing to the data carrier
Read/write head

ExampleHow great is the offset and resulting read distance at a
traverse speed of 7 m/s and a dwell time in the capture
range of 45 ms.

Distance
to metals = v ∙ t = 7 m/s ∙ 0.045 s = 0.315 m = 315 mm

On metal

At least 315 mm of offset is required to read the data withina dwell time of 45 ms. Assuming the maximum offset is
340 mm, the read distance must be configured to be very
short. The greater the offset of the read/write head, thegreater the distance between data carrier and read/write
head can be.

Clear zone
Distance
to metal
Metal-free (clear zone)

In addition to the clear zone, optimal function depends
also on the distances between the data carriers(see data sheet for detailed information).

Antenna withread/write head electronics

Processor unit

Mainly used with HF/LF systems

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWABOUT LF/HF SYSTEMS

Data carrier
Passive antenna		Processor unit withread/write head electronics

In UHF systems close placement of the data carrier in frontof the antenna is not necessary because of the large working
range. Still, there are a few rules (see: What to know about
UHF systems).
Various industry standards are in place both for the
LF/HF range and for UHF for communication between thesystem components. These specify how the information istransmitted. There are also proprietary manufacturer-specificsolutions available (see: What you need to know about
LF/HF systems/UHF systems).

High performance solutions from Balluff■ –Antenna shape
Data carriers and read/write heads are constructedwith a rod or round antenna. To achieve the best results
the antenna shape must be identical to that of theread/write head. This means: Use rod antenna withrod antenna or round antenna with round antenna.

■ –Here the following components are used:■ – High-memory data carriers: Data carriers with amemory capacity > 8 kilobytes.
■ – High-speed data carriers: Combined with the associatedread/write heads you can achieve up to eight times
greater read speeds than applications that fall under
DIN ISO 15693.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWABOUT UHF SYSTEMSPower transmission between data carrier and read/write
head is essential for optimal function of a UHF RFID system.
Whether and how the antennas need to be aligned with eachother depends on the type of polarization of the antennas.

Relationship between antenna polarization anddata carrier orientation

Data carrier

Permitted
offsetUsable space for reading fromand writing to the data carrier
Read/write headISO 15693
International series of standards for non-contacting
chip cards, identification systems and access controls.
Operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and is theprevailing standard in automation.
ISO 15693 defines the protocols for communication
between data carrier and read/write head. The datacarriers and read/write heads from different suppliers are
generally compatible if they adhere to the same standard.

Data carriers with various memory types are available■ –ISO 14443
International series of standards for non-contact chipcards. These are used in identification systems and access
controlling, but also for payment applications such as
credit cards, public transportation tickets, etc. Operates
at a frequency of 13.56 MHz.
In contrast to the ISO 15693 standard, ISO 14443
specifies that the data carrier and read/write head carrya manufacturer-specific identifier. Only if the identifiers
agree can they communicate with each other.
Balluff uses the most commonly accepted contactlesschip technology NXP Mifare. This complies with
ISO-Standards ISO 7816 and ISO 14443A.

Linear polarized antennas
The electrical field runs either vertical or horizontal to
the surface of the ground. This means, the read/write
head antenna and that of the data carrier mustbe identically aligned in order to transmit power.
VerticalHorizontal

Transverse to antennareadablenotreadablenotreadable

VerticalHorizontal

Transverse to antenna

notreadablereadablenotreadable

VerticalHorizontal

Transverse to antennareadablereadablenotreadable

On metal
The sensing surface must not be in contact or surroundedby steel.
Metal-free (clear zone)
The entire area of the data carrier must be kept clear of
any type of metal.

In brief: Since the surroundings affect the antenna field,
you must perform the closest possible simulation of theambient conditions.
The UHF antenna beams its signal in a wide opening angle.
Undesired reflections and absorption in a UHF RFID systemmean that in practice the antenna field can be predicted
only within limitations. For example when there are concrete
walls, metal surfaces and safety gates made of metal.

Read/write head

Ceiling

Data carrier

Data carrier antenna

Read/write head

Construction of a UHF data carrier

Floor

UHF data carriers with a dipole antenna are often selected(see illustration above). Many other antenna shapes areavailable as well. These offer particular properties anddetermine the form factor of the data carrier.

Typical ideal antenna field

Ceiling211
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1 Antenna
2 Integrated circuit
3 Substrate

Dat

a ca

rrie

r

Read/write head

Floor

Actual antenna field

Whereas absorption converts energy into heat andthereby weakens the signal, reflection of waves can resultin overlapping of wavetrains. Overall it can result in local
fields with higher and lower field strengths, or even field
collapses (read holes).

Typical UHF industry standards

Horizontal polarization

Circular polarized antennas
The electrical field rotates clockwise or counter-clockwise
to the direction of propagation. The orientation of thedata carrier is thus not as critical. This makes circularpolarized antennas ideal for use when the orientationof the data carrier cannot be predicted.

Flush in metal
The sensing surface can be mounted flush on the surfaceof steel so that it is even with adjacent areas. The range
here is less than for differently constructed/installed datacarriers of the same size.

UHF antenna field requires specific test scenarios

Data carrier antenna
In UHF systems the coupling is electromagnetic.
To transmit data the data carrier‘s antenna converts
electromagnetic waves and high-frequency alternating
current into each other. Here the polarization directionof the sending antenna and the orientation of the datacarrier must be selected correctly. (See illustration
for how to achieve optimal power transmission).
Electrical fieldRF signal■ –Circular polarization■ –Other form factors for UHF data carriers

Vertical polarization

■ –

■ –

The antenna shape determines different field distributions
and read distances. It also determines the active
communication field.

In addition to the industry standards there are proprietarysystems that are not described by any standard. For example,
high-performance solutions from Balluff that are faster andprocess more data than these industry standards allow.

■ –
■ –

Account for distance to metal
To reach the specified read/write distance, a data carrier
in a metallic environment must be mounted at a certain
distance from metal and within a certain metal-free clear
zone. The exact specifications can be found in the data
sheets. The following distinctions are made:When installing the data carriers the installation
conditions and close proximity of metal play a role.

Important industry standards
Dynamic read/write mode
The data carrier passes by the read/write head without
stopping. This should be as close as possible to achievea long read/write path.

Installing data carriers

In brief, the read/write distance in LF/HF systems isaffected by the antenna shape and the traverse speed.

The polarization of a UHF antenna is determinedby the direction of the electrical field of the wave.

Clear zone

Traditional memory chips are EEPROM and FRAM.
Both types use inductive coupling for power supply anddata transmission. They differ in the maximum numberof write cycles.
■ – EEPROM (Electrical erasable programmableread only memory): 100,000 to 1,000,000 write cycles■ – FRAM (Ferro-electrical random access memory):
1010 write cycles

Rod antenna

Data carrier

Detection range
Data carrier

Permitted
offsetAntenna field

Data carrier (Tag/Data Carrier)Stores all kinds of data which is read or written bycomputers or automation equipment. The data carrierantenna sends and receives the signals. Read/write
versions are available in various memory capacities
and with various storage mechanisms.
– Passive data carriers: without power supply– Active data carriers: with power supply

Static read/write mode
The data carrier remains in place in front of theread/write head. This enables a greater read/write
distance than in dynamic mode.

Clear zone

Flush in metal

How traverse speed, read/write distance and data transmission
time relate to each otherRod antenna
The lobe of the antenna field is distributed unevenly
and has additional sidelobes■ – The is polarization and directionality, which allows
greater read distances than with a round antenna■ – Identical orientation of the data carrier and read/write headis important in order to achieve greater read distances■ –The system components in detail

HF is ideal for parts tracking at close range up to 400 mm.
With HF you can process and store larger quantities of data
at high transmission speeds.
UHF typically communicates at a range of 6 m distance.
UHF allows simultaneous reading of multiple data carriers(multi-tagging).

Can be LF, HF or UHF systems,
but mainly used with UHF systems

Decentralized data retention■ – All data records are stored on data carriers■ – The data carrier stores the identifier andall data records (no central database)■ – For both reading and writing information

Components of a UHF system

RFID requires three main components.
These form an RFID system:■ – Data carrier (data storage)■ – Read/write head (data transmission)■ – Processor unit (data processing and communication)■ –Briefly stated, different frequencies mean different
working ranges, since the frequency determines therange. The frequency also affects the coupling behavior(see: How the system components communicate).

Processor unit

Used at close range, the data carrier must be placed
exactly within the read range of the read/write head.

WHAT ARE THE
CONSEQUENCES OF THE
DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES?

THE DIFFERENTRFID SYSTEMS

Read/write head

UHF data carrierRadio frequency
identification■ –ISO/IEC 18000-6:2013
International series of standards that provide the generaldescription of the air interface and signal transmission.
The latest standard ISO 18000-63 was published in 2015.

If a data carrier finds itself in such a read hole, it canno longer communicate with the read/write head.

EPC Class1 Gen2
Was published by the standardization organization
EPC global, which develops voluntary standards.
EPC Class 1 Gen2 Version 2.0.1 is fully compatible
with ISO 18000-63.
This compatibility mans you can use the same hardware
infrastructure and the same data carriers both in an
ISO standard environment and an EPC environment.

Both standards are suitable for worldwide use. You musthowever take note of the various national RF regulations.

www.balluff.com

Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

Headquarters
Balluff GmbH
Schurwaldstrasse 973765 Neuhausen a. d. F.
Germany
Phone +49 7158 173-0
Fax +49 7158 5010
balluff@balluff.deIndustrial
RFID systems

Automatic identification and tracking in production

THE PERFORMANCE RANGE
Balluff offers you a wide selection ofdata carriers and read/write heads for
LF, HF and UHF applications. With the
BIS V multi-frequency processor unit,
all systems can be combined with eachother. This adds flexibility and saves
costs through lower inventory levels.

www.balluff.com

MANAGING
ALL YOUR DATAYour Balluff solutionsn HF RFID system (13.56 MHz) BIS M
n LF RFID system (70/455 kHz) BIS C
n LF RFID system (125 kHz) BIS L
n UHF RFID system (860/960 MHz) BIS U

Go online to individually configure your own systemwww.balluff.de/go/rfid-configurator

CONTACT OUR
WORLDWIDESUBSIDIARIES

ALL-IN-ONE

IO-LINK

BIS V PROCESSOR UNIT

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Doc. no. 949747 EN · I20 · Subject to changes.

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Network block
Read/write heads with IO-Link
Data carriers
Read/write heads with integrated processor unit
Universal processor unit
Read/write heads

www.balluff.com

Industrial RFID systems – managing all your data

Cost-effective solution for simple identification tasks

High transmission speed for large volumes of data

Continuous transmission security and data transparency

LF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEMHF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEMUHF INDUSTRIAL RFID SYSTEM

Low frequency (LF) RFID gives
you the ability to use different
LF processor units. The read/write
head can be connected the traditional
way using cable, or can be locateddirectly on the processor unit housing.
Our most flexible and modern solution
is the universal BIS V processor unit.

For high frequency (HF) RFID solutions
we offer three possible combinations:
You can combine up to four read/write
heads on the BIS V processor unit
in addition to connecting an IO-Link
device. Many read/write heads canbe connected to one IO-Link master,and all IO-Link devices can be flexibly
combined with each other. By using
an all-in-one read head you haveeverything – read head and processor
unit – in one unit.

For ultra-high frequency (UHF) systems
you can select from special highperformance UHF processor units.
The multi-frequency BIS V processor
unit is also an option. Or you can readthe UHF data carriers using one of
our handheld readers, for example
at manual workstations.

The most important benefits
Ideal for reliable tool identification
at short ranges■ – High performance and flexible
even in machining centers with
coolants and lubricants■ – Other applications: Workpiecetransport with conveyor systems,
FTS and pallet transport systems,
assembly technology and resource
organization■ – Wear-free, maintenance-free
and insensitive to dirt
■ –LF 70/455 KHZ OR 125 KHZ

The most important benefits
High transmission speeds andlarge data quantities at ranges
up to 400 mm■ – Seamless integration in applications
through global RFID standards
ISO 15693 and ISO 14443A■ – Customer-specific developments■ – Applications: Parts tracking at
close range, production control(palletizing, data recording
on the workpiece itself, ...).
■ –The most important benefits
For dynamic processes with greatread distances up to 6 m and more
■ – Easy integration in applications using
global standard interfaces and global
standards: ISO 18000-6C and
EPC Gen2 Class1■ –Simultaneous detectionof many data carriers■ – Complete tailored systemsolutions realizable■ – Applications: Traceability,
tracking of automation processes,
intralogistics■ –UHF 860/960 MHZ
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Controller
Universal processor unit
UHF processor units
Mobile UHF read/write devices
UHF antennas
UHF data carriers

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Processor unit with LF read/write heads
Universal processor unit
LF processor unit
LF read/write heads
LF data carriers

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Universal processor unit
Network block
HF processor unit
HF antenna
HF read/write heads with IO-Link
HF read/write heads
HF read/write heads with integrated processor unit
HF data carriers

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www.balluff.com