
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. ++*, p. -1/+ ,**2

¯°±'*ῌ²³(´*ῌµ¶·¸*ῌ¹º »*ῌ#¢£¼½*ῌ¤µ½)*
A New Method for Measuring Early Nutrient Release Pattern fromManure Compost Using Sand Column and its Application toSome Kinds of Cattle Manure Compost
Noburo HARAGUCHI*, Yusuke ARAKAWA*, Akihiro TANAKA*, Takashi KUSABA*,
Ken-ichi YAKUSHIDO* and Ichiro YAMADA** National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Agricultural Research Center
for Kyushu Okinawa Region, ,.,+ Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 20+῎++3,, Japan
Abstract
Currently, various types of livestock manure composts have been developing for application to
farmlands as an organic fertilizer.

Nutrients released from these newly developed composts play

an important role in the overall chemical dynamics in soils. In the traditional methods, such as
an incubation method, the nutrient release patterns were measured under soil-compost mixing
conditions, in which the major cations and anions were not analyzed precisely.

Thus, in thisstudy, a new method for measuring early nutrient release pattern from composts was developed
using sand column mixed with manure compost and was applied for analyzing the nutrient
release patterns for four kinds of cattle manure compost. A sand column of 3.- cm height and of/ cm diameter, having the unsaturated sand layer of ,.- cm height mixed with compost overlain
the saturated sand layer of 1 cm height, was prepared.

Distilled water was supplied to the top of

the column at a constant rate and the pattern of the nutrient concentration in drained water wasmeasured.

This could be evaluated as BTC normalized with pore volume. This method per-formed well in detecting the delayed release of nutrients and the increase in the released K in thepelletized composts compared with the traditional ones.
Key words : Livestock manure compost, Nutrient release pattern, Sand column, Breakthroughcurve (BTC)+
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 : ()*    ++*38   

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! ¤nwxX/_:¥ +*, cmῌs, ¦§C¨

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@A «d 2! 34 5 !
­A' p ®,

$ T0,

BC ,7s / cm, X - . / cm

<!

$

p

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

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?@ }~ 

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7

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U_7

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"#)

cd

 BTC e X/0 b $% J\f70,G0 2"2;-# 1  
$

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/ '0 ~]dG01, x2
"# )D b

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39



Schematic view of experimental setup

1 2 3456789:;<=>?7@ABCD; ; ;EB! EFGHIJ

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z<$_M7?{/Arb@A|}4rb @

4~xstNO--N B@AByQa@A !

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

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

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40

ῌῌ+ 
Table + Selected properties of four

(+*






+
 


 
+,
kg kg+)pH H,O,

EC,
(dS m+)

T-C-

0420
04.,
24+04.2

++4,.
+-4++
+,4,2
34-1

-,24/
-,343
-0/4-/24+,24..
+243+.41/
+,40+

T-N-

(+*- kg kg+)
.*42
-341
,241
,042

+

   / mm 
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P Z[\]9-^. )*D '/_V-1 cm T 2 " "D6a 3% bX^cF_!<=P;9<=>?@A 'BC9 +*ῌ5. I JKLM&=NOP@'(!QPOR
L+VWPXY ' ',H=9' T,X^0`> 1ῌ+.
UP 4dR   +./11+*- cmῌs

5 !:=N6-e9f7?@5g! [h9if. 6-e_VT '/Ij.k

lmn!89=N: *.+ mm ;o< +- =9

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if5g!6-e9f7Or st!6%56-

1+*- cmῌs Ru9v T L)*

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9HzFGDWxEFG9z. yR

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5. yJA!X^ 6-ef7 ~!KDW

JK_V 6-LMg|;LN!OVN

xELP@L@XYRS!XzO=N.

x?@5. =k T9O hif

~Q_!DWxEFG!

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O 6-R 9A. w|! 6-I@ hZ![Y\WxEkPW

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 +*ῌ ""D9M m^_  B-+1- Horiba 9BPO

 1./ mm,  +*ῌ ""D9 EC L ,* mSῌcm ST ;WJK`k /* mSῌcm S

 +./ cm, !M&. a' ,b9 /'T !Wz5` 6-e9Y h9ZO

T,0 /' ',0 r>kc9wc O /' 09¡d. ¡d~Q_!7 89,e '5?@ 1ῌ+.

 k'(!¢{!hV£@XY!

M&  QX¤;

`k N¥N / g9'(!¢!W@XY!hA. , ¨i $!­$%#k *.-/ g, , ¨i
 Nk *.2 g, ;` Nk *.,/ g 5Wz.

', ' T,QX¤T  9f$!!X^.

=N 5""D$%#!¦§`

,!Q©@# ª«QX¤)*M9¬.
6-®V Ca, Mg, K, Na ¯\mLM9°±

M&gJK_V I-9j@A!k '²³@A SOLAAR M0, UNICAM Cl QX¤ SO. ¯

BC L<=P´kP. _\mLM9µ¶· []a¸E@A

L<Quanta .***E,=?¹@5 hif~DWxE ~d ºx

Waters NH.-N, NO--N, PO.-P, T-N, T-P LM9²³³

!»¼LP@. yyk hif!lmGJK_

M@A TRAACS 2**, BRAN-LUEBBE EC ,/3

V I-9½nj _Ghif~!Q©@

9 EC  4 -m ^_ !X^

N :   !"#$41
kinds of cattle manure compost
P,O/.

K,O.

C/N

CaO.

MgO.

NH.-N/(+*- kg kg+)24+
24+,41+-4.

+34+14+-,41-24.

%&$ '

-,4+,34/--4-040

,+41
,*4.
+14/
+04/

Ca, Mg, K, Na ()* NO--N, PO.-P,

T-N, T-P $ 0 567 8

NO--N/(+*- kg kg+)
+*4+
342
+,4+
+.4/

24.
24,
+41
+4,

+140
+14.
+41
.4,

+, Pore Volume - ' ./0123(4+331 9:;'<=> ,. - 9?'./9@ AB 1 cm 'C NH.-N $ 0 D#EFGH"I J 9

2KL'M N +*῍ O :

PQ RS ,**-

 1./ mm, N +*῍  +* mmolῌl  KNO- T

U?'VWLX2K Y

: 1./ mm N +*῍ O :

ZG[\]>^ _ ῍ + 9`]2K   ,  9ab , +* mm /9c' dM efg' mm, B +./ cm hij[kl' m&

ng',  EC $ 'Yop HTV N-+**KP, HY-NET 3q"!rs"
CR+*X, Campbell 9{|'}~c9!2

Keuv"C<X+

X< Y$ '

tuv ,: 9(w>xyezuv3#+ D<}~NC9 $%&T I9'(' mT BTC + )}~9j , *+uvQ uv9,

$9)4 uvy ez - ' ./0'X0 -./+*./ X<=4 }~9)Q,Q

123(4<=> ,.- 9?'./9@ AB 1

 ],uv ,/ <Q ( cm '2KL'M N +*῍ : pH ,.- cm c' m9  +* mmolῌl ,/  pH 

# \ pH "! B-,+, Horiba 9)Q,$ ' ],}~9

KNO- T +/, 0./1.. -<=Q

4.' mX NO- $%$ ', .



Pore Volume

XῌO 0*X]WL - -  !"  _῍+ ()* ,. - <?'uv0 / -+ 

 2Kῌ0K UK  ¡ ng1M

2K2 , YX$3_ ῍ ,

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9`] }~c9!2K ¢e9(&,j@5uv3Q,> m9(,w>xy 7©8]>^ $%&TQ m 9 0 uv9  F[\ 12 , )tuvuª'+./1+*- cmῌs «::¬­)4 + ®"tuv +: uv9(w> Pore Volume ,  Y0¦§Y 69¨Y 63¯"°Bm39)>3±²&> ³´ +321 eV;§3n<µ9=,  Y0uv9(,0 UK2>nC<X

¶¶U·' _῍,  ῌ m y 0¸+,

 ?« Pore Volume 9¹@]>3±²&> m&< U ,  Y 60¦§ Y©8]>^ KAB2 +./ cm C¨9$%

69>0º<=4 u$D»d)¼9Q

&TN½El' mT BTC $_῍,  ῌefgng]>C<X   ++*  ,**2

42ῌ,Fig. ,

ῌ " !῍,

 5 67.8
4



Change in pore water pressure at two points in the saturated sand layer during
the nutrient release experiment

,



+ 9:# $%&'( )*+,-./0"1+234 -,;1<=40 >? @A , HIJK 5 L@J +/@J 3./

BCD + 67.E4

FG>

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MNO! ῍ . PQ A TUVWX YZ[ \ACKNO-] ^_`abcQ0FG> 

D d eSf" Y+gh4  "4 a Clmnopq &'(DOk-.
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Pore Volume 

y6z >? @{|}4(/"1 b >? L@Aje &'( )*+,-0+ HIJ&'( )*no(

1i&4

!

A  j KNO-

JrstuvSf

w

x

;RS4
10 cm-] ^_`a//.. cm- : x~8 1 JG 1>?JrstuvSf,*.. cm- : & 1/.2 cm- fp7

 +lmj "1J  TUVW

0"1 OP./0 >r &O!῍- PQ !JJ(6 >r

Volume 1(. BTC Of#0"1+23

bc.>? @A/+ 
AHIJK. 5

L@J +/

A\lmj&1(7   J   > ? S f

4  S  !

w

O PoreB J C Sf w

NO--N >&Y *.-- mg fpq ;xp7

NO--N

i&Y *.,3 mg   " "1 9῍,  VW x (OP

 

]`

KNO- + B J C ¡0wQ J CDd e  _$% +**ῌ fQ¢.£>4 "1OP¤ ¥¦§( )*pq " +'enofp7 "1O¨© O¨© 

S  

5 67.ª«¬­ + CD

Ok-.°no+± 4 \²¢ 6>CDy/. °

noO±7

SS ·¸³´BCD , 67.E4NO-8^_®¯y6z BTC O!῍/ PQ !f  J
¹ºO»

>?Sf

³´

NO- ^_f 

O +PV 1 µ¶O8*..PV ¼½Q0 - Z

NO-5 :   6789:;<= >? @ABCDE FGH

ῌFig. -43

Typical pattern of drainage ﬂux versus time during the nutrient release experimentῌ,
Table ,

+.4.
142
1*41
*+

 +*, kg kg+


mm
&&'
&('
(





Selected physical properties of the sand column

"

#$%"

+*4,
+*4,
)

+-41
+,4/
,-40

,-. +* /

#$



!
+4,,
+4,1
+40+

"

#$%"

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*4-+
*4-+
*431

01-

IJE BKLMNO BTC .PQRSMTUV

67W2 X#$YZO Pore Volume 6[\]3^_ tailing .`=a2 NO- IJE 

( A

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.c R<= 32.02 32.22 32.3ῌ Ude3 f fg<=2

 6hiNOIJE@A jk.jAlmU

dOgqr3 s2 Lt u6vwg]
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R<= *.222 *.3*2 *.3+ U

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Volume[\.#$%" 2 &('[\.>?

   6  7 3 Pore[\-.2 1..,41/.2 cm-

xg y=z{.|<e3 f= -62 }~(N BTC 73

de3 f fg.2 #$Y7W2  @A-- u <=NO@Au6i|NOf--+ EC /z

YZO

g6NO3 _Y2 + / LMNO BTC .2  +PV <= &eW7O2 , /g - /BTC . + PV pa<&OUde

3 f .2 l& A¡ *ῌ, eW2 , /g - /a<_

BTC MNO

Pore Volume  + /pa<¡]fg

Og­®O3±²#$ +³´vµ{2 ¶w ·L gnoUdp2 #$EC6cῌ0 a

4e 2 XYZO EC

DMNO Pore

Volume 6*ῌ- N3 EC

.2 X <=IJE@A BCDE6*N3¢ + 2 , /£¤#$YZO EC

.

¥¦]WYp2 §¨©Uª«]¬HO <=BCDE FG.7¯°6 NOfg3 ¸¹89:; º»¼ U½F , zEC

%&'() * ++* + ,**2

44ῌῌ.
Fig. .

Pore volume 

 EC EC versus cumulative drainage in the experiment for determining pore volumeῌῌ/Fig. /

KNO- 



!"

Breakthrough curves in response to the pulse-like inputs of KNO- solution,-!"./0123# 456)789:;<=> ?@ABCD Eῌ0 b

F IJKL $ * , # -MNO EC ,-!"3#

PQ# RSTUVWXN YZ  EC ,-!"3# :[FG d$ H\]^_`abCDc# d> ?@ABCD E

ef;ghijkl;g=>?@ABCD$ mFn

ῌ0 a$ mFno!"pq3# rqsp'to!"pqu8# YZXNu8Mv 3# wxM

ynz{|oMv} ~_ACfg IJvk]uH} KL P

KLD$ * - # , YZXN EC ,-!"3#

LD$ * . # , XN EC ,-!"

mkBK^_`abCDc# -MNOXNf^_` 3# , YZXNFlL#!" : #$%&'() *+,-./ 0.1234567

ῌῌ0Fig. 0 EC  : a   d  b    e 


c

45



Breakthrough curves for EC of drained water : (a) chemical fertilizer, (b) N-enrichedcattle manure compost, (c) N-enriched cattle manure compost pellet, (d) cattle manurecompost, (e) cattle manure compost pellet

839:;<= >

?@ABCDEFGHIJ KKL*+ LMNO) *+PQ&RO) Sῌ- Tῌ0 c UVW e  XY?ZO) = cde923?VfBg

O h<ijkJ Llm+nJ KVoEpqr

0.[= \]^_J`ab839?;sn)tb_u \]^?VJvwrxy(LEC 839z{|nLh<C>*E EC Fj}~snB(J + ,**-   L ?O)L snJ  / ? , 

 *+.= LMNO)S*+ ?UJ839 EC = , 0b_JLlmJL .[=]^?fhnVu?*f) Tῌ0 b

e

 

B)?LMNkJS?@kJ ](= bRk NO- ,-. (?VJL^,-?=)?LMNkJSr¡

 snJ

xkJ)¢ .[=¡xkJ O*O ]^r£¤L¥¦§A)Vo? ¨ EC  = ¨

LMNkJ©S=ªy«y¡xkJ*+ 0.1234¬­&® ¯°S±O)L²r kb? 0&O)St?¡xkJ³sn) -. , ?´O)Vo? bµ5snJ)¢ .?¶·kJS=(¸n*¹bjº?

0.1234L*+.1234L=»¸Ot

#

46

ῒῌTable -EC $&  BTC '$ ()*+,-./ pore volume

Pore volumes at which the peak ECs
were observed in the nutrient release
experiments


Run+
Run,

+4**
+4*1

 

Run+
Run,

+4*0
+4+*

 

Run+
Run,

+4-+4,+

 

Run+
Run,

+4+1
+4+2

 

Run+
Run,

+41.
+4-3

++* % ,**2

0ῐ1 ae 1. 234567./ +

8 1.9:&;<=&> ?&@9:& H,PO. ABC HPO. DE/ FG H+I
JK PV LMNOPQ)*45 R

0ῐ1 a S45> EC 45 0ῐ0 a +T  1.9:&;6UVWXLY*S+ Z , 8  

 8A[\> NO-, Cl + , ]9:& Ca, Mg 69:&B^_;  S/.;<=&6 EC`ab c0ῐ1 b d  + ]9:& K, NH., Na ;> , ]9:&B^/ NO;Q8 [Q   8

A[\e Cl, NO- + , ]9:&[;6 f/
0ῐ1 d d    8A[\K ;> NH. Na 8!g\f.8/*456h.

/ i" V[

1 V6. SSLjg kl> #;m BTC 6no1.;<=&$%Z8&p
LYs S+ Rt)*++e8 'uvL(wyz{|+z{}~)*$ cMx, z{8AZ*no1.9:&ABC9

S+1. + ,z{kl 0ῐ1 ae 8O/ /R)   8A[\e Cl, NO- ;<=&> EC `++V45  +H+LYs

 8Y ^ a2+]6

pH 8 3 )*?&@9:&23B8^s ?&@9:&456> 23 - L7f/*
H-PO.H,PO.Hῌ
H,PO HPO

1VQ R

MN , ]ABC + ]9:&;45ed  S/.0-8.)*9:&/01.

,.

0ῐ1 c d  , ]9:&

 8 + ]9:&>[; +OP:& BTC >+V45LYs

.

abLY^ S9:&;6no1.qr;<=& c> + ]9:&8!g\[; +[Q R-ῌ-ῌ, ῎῏ῐῑΐ῍ BTC

1& - 8   8A[\NO- ;<=&> EC ` 0ῐ0 c +T. 8 . 8A[\ , ] SO. 9:&

;> NO- e _> Cl ;B^18/ ?&@9:& H,PO. ABC HPO. ;>S/.B^8G_/*456h./0ῐ1 e0ῐ1 be. ,**- > 98A[\ NH. H ῍

HPO.,PO.-H῎

8B* NO- ;:;8s\ , ]9:&ῌ ῍ ABC ῎ 8.)*6<=.

Ca, Mg ;:6;)*45 h[ 23 pK! +) > O/ / ,.+/ 1.,* +,.-/> NH. 8 [f/LY* AB CD῏ p. -+1 +333 E0"$/0+£<)*+ ,. - 8

+8B^ SBV456K +,¥pH G¤ 0./1..

 >.

H 9:&+1?@M)* 78¡¢$ , ]9:&6F5

8AZ*¦IV9:&a2> H,PO. + HPO., LY*

z{8§+,-./*  #¨© JK p. ,*/ +331 OSL1. , ]9:&6 NO- 8ª

S

 'HL

.  $8 , 

\;

45

#;«¬+8 z PO.-P /0 pH ABC ῌ῎ 

0ῐ1 b ABC c > >.,¥8Bs\LMf=[\ H,PO. + HPO., /0   S/.

/*+­/* )VN z{N

pK8] ®K O1: 1&8¯=

8°d/*P: NO- 7ῐ+ > ±@L²Qf/ 1&kl 0ῐ2 8R) z{8§³&´µ³8RS)*+,-./* £8 ¶/   no8·\J  . ¸+

 9:&

8¹

6ºV1.»9:&¡¢T: M¼+

Ca, Mg, K, NH., Na ABC9:& NO-, Cl, SO.,)/½ Harada and Inoko, +32* XLU

H,PO. ABC HPO. RS1&>H/H 9:&68²Q\[  SS+> 0ῐ1 ae 8Rf/ 9:

8A[\ºV1.» , ]9:&6F5kl z{N
b2

-. : /01*23456 78 9:;<:=>?@ ABC

῎ῌ1


 BTC : a  b    d !"  e !"  
 P #$% H,PO. & HPO., '( P #$ )*+,

47c 

Fig. 1 Breakthrough curves for the cations and anions : (a) chemical fertilizer, (b) N-enriched cattle
manure compost, (c) N-enriched cattle manure compost pellet, (d) cattle manure compost, (e)cattle manure compost pellet(῍ P : The sum of phosphorous concentration originated from H,PO.ῌ and HPO.,ῌ)  ++*  ,**2

48

ῐῌ2
Fig. 2



The relationship between the positive and negative charge in the drained watercollected during the nutrient release experiments!"# $%&'( )& *+, - >? @AB CDC& E#, F(./012345 678#9:  , ;<=12345 GH IJK(LMN   . @OPQ.

34 R&'( M9 R  SM$TBUVNH.-N  NO--N WX  Y

Z[\&G]?N& ^_ + F ( ,- , ;  Q./01234

F` aN Sbc <=1234 de 9*.32 , ;  <=1234

  T-N
67 +
'N`

R

*.30 ῌccf9:

M K  @LMN&`g@ + F h*./3ῌ*.1, ''- Q./01234@ij&kl(mn;cop5 qI: b- rst u!  Ov  ()?EDwxC'Byz#

R&

 /

@ C{N34@iCDG |} H,PO. i`~ HPO.   T-P-ῌ. ῏῍ῑ῎ῒ BTC B #DMN  IM~@v ῌ+ B#Y- + @V P  -6 OP R&'(yzxN Bῌ.

OPQ.  @34(@L@y\ @-@0% T-N  T-P B

MNI9: Sb^- @ `g@ @

#   + @ . ;34@iCD NO-  
-67 +**ῌR:  ¥  NH.  G¦V §@ 34@iCD 3*ῌ  (¨©xN 

#  (¡¢£@`:D¤m#c\C'\&

OPQ. - m@`:Dª«@I&( %¬ ­ῌ1 c *s5®  , @ Q./01234   9M K  +* h @ -¯@¡¢£#D (67°- Q./01234 de ` @±)9: # de34H I @I: $%MN&²³@ Q./01234 de 9M , F^_ ´  @#D- u It(µ  §@ Ca - Q./01234  C SM ,**- - ¶234 de 9M K  ` @±)9:  <=1234 de <=1-±)V  m@`:D  (·x234   9M´ @#DG 'N&JKBLC¸#  ¹M- de34 (NH IJK R:   - @ NO- º»



Cl, SO., H,PO. i`~ HPO.  - , ;Q

)I SbI: $T#  ^_ ῌ. @yx@YD±)C'(¼½±)C K ± : 23456,789: ;<= >ῌ.
Table .



49



The amount of early released nutrients for chemical fertilizer and the four kinds of cattle
manure compost

NH.-N

Ca

T-N
Mg

K

Na

NO--N

+*- kg kg+

P

Cl

T-P

SO.

+*- kg kg++*- kg kg+



3-4//

3,4+.

/4+0

*4+0

 

-433 +040,
-41*
04-1
*4.1 +4*1 *40+ *4,.

-4*.


+14-,
+4/*432 *4+2

14*,


-4.*


,+400
+4/2
*4/- *4+3


14/*
04*3,4-1 +243*  *43+ *4., *4.* *411

-401


+140,
+4,*
+4*+ *4+0

041/


-4-

,04*.
+4,2
*400 *4+1




+4+.
042/
+40.
24.0
*400 *4// *4,- *4-+

.43,


+402
.4-*
*432 *4-*

+.41.


,4+/


.410
.4/3
*4+1 *4-,




+4*1.4+*430 ,+4-,
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/421


.402
.41*
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+-4-+


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1430
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24.1

,4-*

.3413

+-.4// +..4.0+//4/*/*4/-* ,   !
** "#$% &'( + )*+,&-.
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KLMNOP)QRH/ NOP)YZ6CDN[\,0 ]CD5
78 ;<= 78_W./ 78 K
 (/ NO- h6 ij)k+XlmnNo

8/ +33.0 >(/ FG+H(IJ.9.
5QRHST)FU5V NRWN?X6
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+,)P+ `ῌ1 b/ N( NO- p;<= .qrsKW0 #t5NRWuv$+HEW,%K

wxmnyz+,{ !|&/ " 9'(78IJ})

`ῌ1 c0 (5~)*(+'(5+>EW!,GZ?, N[,G.^S?/ 9.+, -7

W0ij)k  +X K  

8 (/ `ῌ1 b ..;<= )KW(TN[W0 .. K )EW/K(/ 0 N[W0-/ . 789: ;<= >,{/ 23456, !5^g+,0 ]!5

efNg+, >1(/ 2.IJ

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<= 5 BTC .+Xῌ:¦NRW].N[W0 +,xZ; 3.- cm, §¨ / cm 234)©"N, x (/ 2.)a6X/ IJ.9.

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5QRHST)V NRW].N[W0 / 3)bª/ IJ784¡¢5278F)S/ F..

BTC .+Xῌ:¦EW!5^g+,0

;<=

5"

'(«¬

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W0 9V )bWFU)a6X/ F.9.

±=")¶W±"K·?¸)¹@Z?X6

W].5A+/ Pore Volume 56X BTC 5¼½w)º»EW].w¯8?X6W    ++*50/ EC    '&' ()*(+

./=0>
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BTC

PQ ῎ R3

the cation-exchange capacity of composts for the8estimation of the degree of maturity, Soil Sci.

?@:

MN2OFG ?@: 89-:

1 + Y?@:KW<= Z?@:  NO- Cl
1<= ^:C?@: H,PO. K_ HPO.

Plant Nutr., ,0 (+) : +,1῏+-..

4567 +33. : 

8S9KNT:UV;<   0/ - : -.3῏-/0.
=[\> ,*** :`D+J?@]AB =[\
=a\> +333 : aEF bG . H cI>

()*



KWM = Ca, Mg

JdK

KJdKῌ eL

KW#I

lFG1mJ n T]UVW  NO--NdK

()*N ῎ O ῌ PQ f R ,**/ : ghij:k%

J  33 : ./῏/..
p\῏`ab +321 : r*$%c3 : ,-῏,2.

῍lmno

Q

tulvw T+xll()*]ῌq=^_ῌsdeKfgῌZth 1d i //῎

=uv jwkW xyz@x     i uvz:

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:³®°UVW

dKRῌQ

p{ῌP=§¨ ,*** : ¨ghi

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"~ῌu

}

  i] 0. : ,/῏,3.

´µAB>«¶\> +331 : ´µAB^®¯P=§¨ ,**+ : }rhi

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ῌ4¼Rῌ#,1.

P=§¨ῌ¼R ,**. : ©ª/M¸K_#¹ ½a0 : 0.*῏0...



 0/

in Barley Fields, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., .1 : 01-῏02-.

¦ῌP=§¨ ,**- : ,῏x©yª«B   1. / : 0/1῏00*.

K_@]8  

Release from Livestock Waste Compost Pellets¬r­®,¯^°pul?:©r­±-,µῌº»ῌ7

K

Wang, Y., Yamamto, K. and Yakushido, K. (,**+) : Nῌ ῑ ῐ ῍¹uv 0+ , :,1+῏,1..

} ¢¤£0T

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