IJSM, Volume 12, Number 2, 2012

ISSN: 1555-2411
ABSTRACTS

1. GREEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP: DEFINITIONS OF RELATED CONCEPTS
Ivan Melay, University of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein
Sascha Kraus, University of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein
ABSTRACTThis article aims to shed light on the area of green entrepreneurship and its related concepts (i.e.,ecopreneurship, environmental entrepreneurship, enviropreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship)
as a topic which is gaining importance among researchers, and which recently even developed beyond its
infancy stage. The following article will present a systematic literature review of scientific journals whichattempts to organize, integrate, and evaluate previously published materials on the named topics, thereby
providing a thorough basis for future research.
Keywords: Green Entrepreneurship; Ecopreneurship; Environmental Entrepreneurship;
Enviropreneurship; Sustainable Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneur; Sustainable Development; Economy;
Society; Environment

2. INTERNATIONALIZATION, TMT GENDER DIVERSITY AND FIRMPERFORMANCE IN MEXICAN FIRMS
Douglas E. Thomas, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, USA
Michelle M. Arthur, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, USA
Jacqueline N. Hood, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, USAABSTRACT
Combining a resource-based view of the firm and a value-in-diversity perspective, the authors examine
the relationships among internationalization, TMT gender diversity and firm performance. Using alongitudinal research design, we confirm a relationship between internationalization and firm performancein the context of Mexican firms. In addition, we examine three, previously untested, relationships. First, wefind that the level of internationalization is positively related to the level of TMT gender diversity. Second,
we find that TMT gender diversity is positively associated with firm performance. Last, we find that TMT
gender diversity moderates the relationship between internationalization and firm performance. Theresults and implications of the research are discussed.
Keywords: Internationalization; Top Management Teams, Gender Diversity, Mexican Firms, Firm
Performance

3. EFFECTS OF EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT ON JOB EFFICIENCY AND OPERATIONAL
SUCCESS OF TAX AUDITOR IN THAILAND
Pimpaporn Pungboonpanich, Christian University of Thailand, Thailand
ABSTRACTIn Thailand, there are many mid-sized and small businesses. There are certified public accountants (CPA)
are not enough for a lot of businesses. Thus, the revenue department of Ministry of Finance then permits
to have auditing and assure an account by tax auditors (TA) with the aforementioned reason. Recently,
governmental policy of Thailand on the tax audit by tax auditor. It has been publicly discussed. Also, theaccounting and tax audit offices for the mid-sized and small businesses are the organization thatIJSM, Volume 12, Number 2, 2012

ISSN: 1555-2411

emphasizes efficient procedure of tax audit development in this time to competitive advantage whichaffects customer satisfaction. This procedure required economical and effective procedures.
This purpose of this research is to examine the effects of emotional quotient on job efficiency andoperational success of tax auditors. The questionnaires were used as an instrument to collect data from
398 tax auditors which are selected as the sample group. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression
analysis is a method for testing the hypothesized relationships. Emotional quotient was treated as theindependent variable having effects on job efficiency and operational success determined as thedependent variable.
The results show that Emotional Quotient competence such as self awareness, self management,
motivation, understanding, and social skill on job efficiency and operational success. Likewise, the findings
could also be used as information for analyzing problems and difficulties on emotional quotientmanagement, which would affect the job efficiency. In addition, the findings may encourage the tax
auditors to be aware of the importance of emotional quotient management which is basic information fordeveloping emotional quotient management of the tax auditors.
Keywords: Emotional Quotient; self awareness; self management; motivation; understanding; socialskill; job efficiency; operational success4. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN FAMILY FIRMS:EVIDENCE FROM AUSTRIAN MEDIUM- AND LARGE-SIZED COMPANIESSilvia Payer-Langthaler, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
Christine Duller, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
Birgit Feldbauer-Durstmüller, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
ABSTRACTThis article examines the extent to which Austrian family enterprises (FEs) have implemented a Balanced
Scorecard (BSC) as an instrument for multi-dimensional performance measurement (PM) and on which
contingency factors (company size, ownership, degree of family involvement, management structure, andgeneration) a BSC implementation primarily depends upon. Basing on data from 479 medium- and largesized companies, this study found that the main factor for BSC implementation is the number of family
members in top management, followed by the generation owning the company. Due to the fact that only afew empirical analyses concerning implementation of BSC in FEs exist, this paper closes a criticalresearch gap.
Keywords: family firm, performance measurement, balanced scorecard

5. THE ROLES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY STRATEGY IN BRAND LOYALTY:AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE THAI LISTED FIRMS
Nuanlaong Attharangsun, Mahasarakham Business School, Mahasarakham University, Thailand
Yongyut Ratchatawetchakul, Mahasarakham Business School, Mahasarakham University, Thailand
ABSTRACTThis study investigates the relationships among corporate social responsibility strategy on brandcredibility, customer satisfaction, corporate image, behavioral intention and brand loyalty of manager incompany. The sample is managers of the Thai listed firms. The results show that corporate social
responsibility strategy has a direct positive influence on brand credibility, customer satisfaction, corporate
image, behavioral intention, and brand loyalty. Moreover, brand credibility and corporate image have asignificant positive effect on customer satisfaction, behavioral intention and brand loyalty. In addition,IJSM, Volume 12, Number 2, 2012

ISSN: 1555-2411

behavioral intention has a direct positive influence on brand loyalty. Contributions and suggestions arealso provided for further research.
Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy (CSR strategy), Brand Credibility, Customer
Satisfaction, Corporate Image, Behavioral Intention, Brand Loyalty

6. THE SOURCING CUBE:A TOOL FOR WELL-FOUNDED ASSESSMENTS OF COMPANIES’ SOURCING DECISIONS
Dirk Braun, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Sarah Schiffer, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Michael Schiffer, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Rüdiger von Nitzsch, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
ABSTRACTAs components of the continuing process of industrialization, value creation and in particular the conceptof “sourcing” hold particular significance for companies. This fact is reflected in the scientific literature, insurveys amongst leading practitioners, and not least in observable development trends. However,sourcing decisions tend to lack any theoretical foundation in practice, and the topic is frequently dealt withfrom an overly abstract perspective in theory. The question, then, as to how to methodologically andmeaningfully support sourcing decision-making, often goes unanswered. We intend to close this gap byelucidating the application of a framework of reference that we have derived from various theories, which
will help to assess companies’ sourcing decisions.
Our framework of reference is an innovative approach towards assessing sourcing decisions, because it
is derived from the perspective of an operative process orientation. The framework is visualized through a
so-called Sourcing Cube, which is based on a variety of selected theories. First, we examine the corecontents of these theories and their contributions towards a foundation for sourcing decisions, and wefollow up by compiling three axes: the relative market and competition potential, the relative processcompetence, and the interface and delegation costs. In doing so, we incorporate both operative aspects(e.g. costs) and strategic considerations (e.g. the competitive positioning of a company). Since theSourcing Cube considers two dimensions per axis, the core processes of a company’s value creation canbe individually allocated to eight established “boxes” (or “octants”) of the frame of reference. According to
the specific dimension involved in the three axes, i.e. depending on which octant a process is allocatedto, the Sourcing Cube delivers a recommendation for a specific course of action.

Keywords: Sourcing Cube, Sourcing Strategy, Sourcing Positioning, Sourcing Decision, Management
Decision, Value Creation Management, Outsourcing, Cooperation, Insourcing

7. CUSTOMER INTEGRATION AS A NEW OPPORTUNITY FORA PRICE DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY
Florian U. Siems, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
ABSTRACT
More and more industries are including the customer directly or indirectly into the process of service
creation (“customer integration”). That’s why it’s so surprising that there is often such little attention paid
to this topic by the “classic” approaches of marketing management such as pricing and/or pricedifferentiation. The following will attempt to do its part to close this research gap. Price differentiation will
be examined as part of an overall pricing strategy, and new opportunities for it via customer integration
will be discussed. To do this, the theoretical foundations of both price differentiation and customerIJSM, Volume 12, Number 2, 2012

ISSN: 1555-2411

integration will be provided. This will be followed by showing the opportunities and limitations of a pricedifferentiation that is based on customer integration.
Keywords: Customer Integration, Customer Co-creation, Relationship Pricing, Customer Management,
Price Differentiation, Pricing Strategy

8. INTERNALISING SUSTAINABILITY: REFLECTIONS ON MANAGEMENT CONTROL IN BRAZIL
Yara Consuelo Cintra, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
David Carter, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
ABSTRACTThis paper contributes to the complicated debate of corporate sustainability by investigating theincorporation of sustainability into the management control practices of the companies. This complexity
intensifies due to the difficulties in understanding sustainability to establish operational measures, thechallenges of sustainability in developing economies like Brazil, and that much of the academic literature
concentrates on sustainability from an external reporting perspective. We identify sustainability with anarticulatory practice and, from a definitional perspective, sustainability is defined by practice. The paperargues that the internalisation of sustainability into the ambit of management accounting provides
evidence of substantive change as management accounting is a space where ‘real’ decisions are made.
The paper suggests that firms are responding to the sustainability crisis due to social and institutionalpressures. In this sense, it may be more about managing communications and legitimacy, rather thanactually engaging in sustainable actions. A survey of management accountants in Brazilian companies
which disclose external sustainability reports provided the empirical data. The results demonstrated
evidence of some internalisation of sustainability into management control practices in relation todisclosure and control. The findings challenge the decoupling thesis between external reporting andinternal management, reinforcing the crucial role of management accounting in the corporate
sustainability strategic arena.
Keywords: Sustainability, Management Control, Sustainability Management Accounting, Internalization,Decoupling

9. STRATEGIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP: STRUCTURING A NEW FIELD OF RESEARCH
Sascha Kraus, University of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein
Rainer Harms, University of Twente, The Netherlands
Matthias Filser, Montpellier Business School, France
ABSTRACT
Strategic Entrepreneurship continues to receive increasing attention in business research. At first glance,
the field appears heterogeneous, which exacerbates the opportunity for its proper orientation andadvancement. This article strives to systematize SE research and, in doing so, identify key discussion
lines within this field. Based on a bibliometric citation analysis of 145 core papers and 10,507 references,
we identify core authors and journals as well as four key discussion lines: 1) business andentrepreneurship basics, 2) strategic entrepreneurship, 3) strategy/strategic management, and 4)
corporate entrepreneurship. These four lines of discussion and the respective literature constitute aframework for the advancement of SE research.
Keywords: Bibliometrics; citation analysis; entrepreneurship; strategic entrepreneurship; strategicmanagementIJSM, Volume 12, Number 2, 2012

ISSN: 1555-2411

10. DEVELOPING SELLING STRATEGIES FOR SECOND-HAND GOODS: A PRELIMINARY STEPCesar M. Maloles, III, California State University, East Bay, USA
Thomas Foscht, University of Graz
William D. Reisel, St. John’s University
Swee-Lim Chia, La Salle University
Norman Smothers, California State University, East Bay, USA
ABSTRACT
Second-order (used) goods have become big business due to a confluence of factors: a tough economic
environment and advances in technology that has spurred peer-to-peer (P2P) electronic commerce.
Moreover, the stigma associated with buying second-hand goods has noticeably abated. Even with thisimpetus, there is a dearth of academic research on selling strategies for used goods. The authors
suggest that a key reason for this situation is the lack of descriptive clarity of the different kinds of secondhand goods. This paper proposes a classification scheme as a first step to developing selling strategies.
It also suggests what the next step should be.
Keywords: Used Goods; Selling Strategies; Retailing; Product Classification

11. KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF IT IN BANKS:THE CASE OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL BANK OF EGYPT
Tarek Hatem, The American University in Cairo, Egypt
Elham Metwally, The American University in Cairo, Egypt, Misr International University, Egypt
ABSTRACTThis single case study covers a story of a successful implementation of IT in International Commercial
Bank (ICB) in Egypt. Multiple sources of data were used, including both primary and secondary sources.
Findings show that implementation was influenced by the interaction of several management activities,
which eventually, had an impact on strategic competitiveness through their impact on the internalenvironment of the bank.
Keywords: Strategic competitiveness, Information technology, Organizational development,
Organizational resources, Banking technology, ATM banking, Internet banking
12. EFFICIENCY IN AFRICAN MARKETS: APPLYING THE AUTOMATIC VARIANCE RATIO TEST
Everton A. Cavalheiro, Universidade de Cruz Alta, Brazil
Kelmara Mendes Vieira, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
Paulo Sérgio Ceretta, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the efficiency of the market in its weak form, as proposed by (Fama, 1970), in 4
African countries, before, and after the subprime crisis of 2007/2008. To answer the research problem,
initially calculated the log return of the main contents of these countries. After we used the automaticvariance ratio for small samples, as (Kim, 2006) and (Kim, 2009). The results indicate monthly market
inefficiency for the Mauritanian (1% of significance), Egyptian and South African markets (both 10% ofsignificance). In this search we can find that all countries was highly nonlinear.
Keywords: market efficiency, African markets, automatic variance ratioIJSM, Volume 12, Number 2, 2012

ISSN: 1555-2411

13. TWO BRICS: BRAZIL VS. RUSSIA
Alexander I. Mechitov, University of Montevallo, Montevallo, Alabama, USAStephen H. Craft, University of Montevallo, Montevallo, Alabama, USAABSTRACT
Two members of BRIC, Brazil and Russia, are very similar to each other based upon macroeconomicfactors which makes their comparison natural. This paper analyzes the recent economic progress ofthese two countries in light of underlying factors such as political and cultural environment as well as thelevel of infrastructure development. The authors argue that with almost equal other conditions, quality ofthe labor force will be the main factor defining their relative growth.

14. ENTREPRENEURIAL ROLE MODELS AND THE PRESERVATION OF MARKET VALUE
Bruce C. Sherony, College of Business, Northern Michigan University, USA
Irvin A. Zaenglein, College of Business, Northern Michigan University, USA
ABSTRACTIn 1897 or 1898 (the exact date is undocumented), an important marine innovation was developed inMarquette, Michigan. History shows that this innovation was a significant breakthrough in the marine
industry. The authors researched and theorized the reasons for the failure of this innovation to beretained in the location of its discovery. The authors present business strategies in the form of five steps
that could have preserved and enhanced the innovation. These steps are referred to as Entrepreneurial
Role Patterns Needed for the Preservation of Market Value. The business applications of these Role
Patterns are important for any innovation to become successful.
Keywords: Opportunity, lost opportunity, entrepreneurial role patterns