Application Note

Light Emitting Diode

Color Rendering Evaluation
for LEDs for General Lighting

Table of contents
1. Overview........................................................................... 2
2. Color rendering.............................................................. 2
3. The color rendering ranks of Nichia's LEDs ......... 3
4. CIE13.3 Color rendering index (CRI) ....................... 5
5. TM-30 ................................................................................ 8
6. Summary ........................................................................ 12This document contains tentative information, Nichia may change the contents without notice.
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Application Note
1. Overview
When purchasing luminaires, various aspects are considered, such as color, brightness, power
consumption, running cost based on the life of the luminaire, etc. One aspect that has received more
attention recently is “color rendering”.
Color rendering is a measure of how faithfully the colors of objects can be reproduced; the higher thecolor rendering properties of a light source are, the more accurately the light source can reproduce thecolors. In the past, LEDs were said to have low color rendering; however, in recent years, due to technicalimprovements such as development of better phosphors there are now many LEDs that have high color
rendering. An increasing number of houses and shops are using luminaires with LEDs that have high color
rendering or special rendering1 to make food look delicious, make skin look beautiful, etc. It is importantto select luminaires with color rendering properties that are appropriate for the intended application inorder to use the lighting effectively.

Light Emitting Diode

Nichia offers LEDs with a wide variety of color rendering options to meet the needs of our customers.
This application note provides information on Nichia’s lighting LEDs and their color rendering properties.

2. Color rendering
People recognize colors by receiving
the light reflected on an object surface
with the eye (i.e. retina). This meansthat how a color looks depends on thelight that illuminates the object.
“Color rendering” is a measure of
how faithfully the true colors of anHigh color rendering

Low color rendering
Figure 1. How color rendering affects how an object

object can be reproduced when it is

looks
illuminated by a luminaire. The true color is the color of an object when it is illuminated by a reference
light source (i.e. a light source whose light has properties similar to those of sunlight) defined by astandard. The higher the color rendering of that light source is, the more faithfully the true colors are
reproduced. However, when a light source with low color rendering has poor color fidelity it presents
colors that are quite different from the true colors. The phenomenon of colors appearing differently underindoor lighting and sunlight can be attributed in part to the low color rendering properties of theluminaires.
There are several measures to evaluate color rendering and they are specified in international standards.
Among those, the color rendering index (CRI) defined by the International Commission on Illumination(CIE) is currently the most commonly used standard and is used by many lighting-related companies to
describe the color rendering of luminaires. In Japan, a Japanese Industrial Standard JIS Z8726 wasestablished based on the CIE standard. Recently, the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) established the
IES-TM-30 standard in 2015 as a new evaluation method for color rendering. The details of thosestandards are provided in Sections 4 and 5.

Note:
1

The LEDs with special color rendering may not have high color rendering; those products were developed to make particular colors lookbetter. For information on Nichia's LEDs with special color rendering, refer to the following page.

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Application Note
3. The color rendering ranks of Nichia's LEDs
In addition to sorting the LEDs for color and luminous flux, Nichia also sorts some LEDs by their color
rendering index (CRI). Nichia uses the average color rendering index (Ra) and the special color renderingindex (Ri) values of the CRI to describe the color rendering properties of those LEDs (See section 4). Figure
2 shows the typical color rendering ranks of Nichia's LEDs2.
For most LEDs, the ratio of the light in the red and blue wavelength bands need to be increased in orderto improve the color rendering properties. Since the human eye has low spectral sensitivity to thosewavelengths, those LEDs tend to look dimmer (i.e. lower luminous flux). That means there is a tradeoff
between the color rendering and the brightness. When selecting LEDs, it is not necessarily the case thatthose with the highest color rendering properties are the best. Instead, they should be used according to
the color rendering performance required for the chosen luminaire and application.
Since different phosphors are used for different color rendering ranks, the appearance of LEDs from theLight Emitting Diodesame series and with the same color rank may look different when they have different color rendering
ranks (i.e. different colored encapsulating resin).

Ra=70
|

Rnn

80
|

R70

90
|

R80xx

95
|

R90xx

R95xx

Rnn
No rank specified. Low color rendering and high efficacy.
R70
Ra≥70.
R80xx
Ra≥80. The ”xx” is the minimum CRI R9 value, which corresponds to the red test color sample3.
R90xx
Ra≥90. The "xx" is the minimum CRI R9 value, which corresponds to the red test color sample3.
R95xx
Ra≥95. The "xx" is the minimum CRI R9 value, which corresponds to the red test color sample3.
Figure 2. Color rendering ranks of Nichia's LEDs

Note:
2

Not all Nichia LEDs have a color rendering rank. For information on which Nichia LEDs have color rendering ranks, contact a local Nichia
sales representative.

3

Example 1: R8000→Ra≧80, R9≧00
Example 2: R9050→Ra≧90, R9≧50

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Application Note
Reference: Special CRI ranks: Rfx00 & Rfx0f (OptisolisTM)
With Nichia’s original phosphor technology, the LEDs with these ranks have a wavelength that is as close
to that of a reference light source as possible. They have high CRI values not only for the Ra test color
samples but for all the CRI test color samples, and they can reproduce the colors of objects accurately. For

OptisolisTM
R8000
Reference light source (5000K)

380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730 780(nm)
Figure 3. Example wavelength of the OptisolisTM LED4
Table 1. Example CRI values of the OptisolisTM LED4
Rank
Rfc00 (sm50)

Min. Value
Ra

R9

R10

R11

R12

R13

R14

R15

95

85

85

90

85

90

90

90

Reference: Special CRI ranks Rs020, Rs030, Rs075
The LEDs with these ranks may not have a high CRI Ra or Ri value. They have special color rendering
properties to make particular colors look better (e.g. the reds in meat, greens in vegetables, white ofclothing, etc.). For further information, see the application note "SP-QR-C2-210310：Design Considerations
for COB LED-Based Spotlights".

Relative Intensity (a.u.)Light Emitting Diode

Relative Intensity (a.u.)further information, contact a local Nichia sales representative.

Rs020 -For Meat
Rs030 -For Vegetables
Rs075 -For White Clothing

380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730 780(nm)

Figure 4. Example wavelengths for the special CRI ranks5Note:
4

These are the typical values of a part number NF2W757G-F1 (OptisolisTM) LED at a color temperature of 5000K.

5These are the typical values of part number NJCWS024Z-V1 LEDs in these special CRI ranks in color temperatures between 3000-3500K.

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Application Note
4. CIE13.3 Color rendering index (CRI)
4.1. Standards
CRI was defined by CIE in "CIE13.3-1995 Method of Measuring and Specifying Color Rendering Propertiesof Light Sources" and is currently the most commonly used standard. Many lighting-related companies
use the CRI values obtained with this standard to advertise the color rendering performance of theirproducts. Some standards that were established for specific luminaire applications specify CRI values as arequirement. In Japan, JIS Z 8726 "Evaluation method for the color rendering of light sources" wasestablished based on the CIE standard6. This JIS standard is basically the same as the CIE CRI except thatin addition to the R1 to R14 test color samples, it has R15 (Asian skin color).
4.2. CRI

Light Emitting DiodeIn the CRI standard, the average color rendering index (Ra) and the special color rendering index (Ri)values are calculated from the color difference between the test color samples when viewed under thereference light source and the test light source. These values are used to describe the color rendering
performance of a light source. For the evaluation method, see Section 4.4.
4.2.1. Average color rendering index (Ra)Ra is a commonly used index in the lighting industry to describe the color fidelity of the general colors ofobjects. The better the color rendering performance of a light source is, the higher the value will be, with
100 as the highest Ra value possible. If the Ra of a test light source is 100, that means the source has thesame wavelength as that of the reference source.
4.2.2. Special color rendering index (Ri)
Ri is the index used to describe the color fidelity of the particular colors of objects. Each i corresponds tothe test color samples R1-14 (15). As with the Ra, the better the color fidelity of a light source is, the higher
the value will be, with 100 as the highest Ri value possible. For the corresponding test color samples, see
Section 4.3.
The CRI Ri can be a negative value; for typical white light, a negative value does not always mean the color
reproduction accuracy is significantly low. The CRI values may not always correspond to human perception.
For example, people may not recognize which color difference is bigger when comparing two luminaires
with a CRI difference of 40 to another set of two luminaires with a CRI difference of 80. When evaluating
how the colors look under a light source, it is recommended to perform a sensory evaluation with thechosen luminaires in addition to a quantitative evaluation using the CRI values.

Note:
6

The JIS standard is based on the CIE13.2, the 2nd edition of the CIE standard.

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Application Note
4.3. The CRI test color samples
To determine the CRI Ra and Ri values, the 14 (15 in the JIS standard) different test color samples shownin Table 2 are used to represent various colors of objects. These samples have been defined based on the
spectral radiance factors.
The test color samples i=1-8 are used to determine the general color rendering performance. The averageof the R1-R8 makes the Ra value. The samples R1-R8 represent dull (i.e. low saturation) colors and may
not be appropriate to evaluate vivid (i.e. high saturation) colors.
The test color samples i=9-14 (15) are used to describe the color fidelity of each sample as an Ri value. In
particular, the samples i=9-12 represent higher saturation colors that are difficult to evaluate with the Ra.
Since the strong red color represented by the R9 test color is especially difficult for typical white LEDs forgeneral lighting to reproduce, the R9 value is often used with the Ra value to advertise the color rendering
performance of a light source.

Light Emitting Diode

Table 2. CRI Test colori

Munsell Notation7

Color Appearance

1

7.5R 6/4

Light greyish red

2

5Y 6/4

Dark greyish yellow

3

5GY 6/8

Strong yellow green

4

2.5G 6/6

Moderate yellowish green

5

10BG 6/4

Light bluish green

6

5PB 6/8

Light blue

7

2.5P 6/8

Light violet

8

10P 6/8

Light reddish purple

9

4.5R 4/13

Strong red

10

5Y 8/10Strong yellow

11

4.5G 5/8

Strong Green12

3PB 3/11

Strong blue

13

5YR 8/4

Light yellowish pink(skin)14

5GY 4/4

Moderate olive green(leaf)(15)

1YR 6/4

Asian skin

Note:
7

For the Munsell color notation, each color is comprised of three color attributes: hue (the color itself), value (lightness/darkness), andchroma (color saturation or brilliance).

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Application Note
4.4. How to determine Ra and Ri values
Figure 5 shows how to determine an Ra and Ri value. For detailed information, see the applicablestandards.
Calculation using a test light source

Calculation using a reference light source

Measure the relative spectral distribution of
the test light source.

Light Emitting DiodeCalculate the correlated color temperature of
the test light source.

Select a reference light source based on thecorrelated color temperature of the test lightsource.

Calculate the relative spectral distribution of
the reference light source.

Calculate the tristimulus values and thechromaticity coordinates (u, v) on the
CIE1960UCS Chromaticity Diagram of thecolor of the test light source.

Calculate the tristimulus values and thechromaticity coordinates (u, v) on the
CIE1960UCS Chromaticity Diagram of thecolor of the reference light source.

Calculate the tristimulus values and thechromaticity coordinates (u, v) of each testcolor sample (i=1-14) under the test lightsource.

Calculate the tristimulus values and thechromaticity coordinates (u, v) of each testcolor sample (i=1-14) under the reference
light source.

Apply a chromatic adaptation correction
against the test light source and thechromaticity coordinates (u, v) of each testcolor sample under the test light source.

Convert them to CIE 1964 U*V*W* uniform
color space.

Convert them to CIE 1964 U*V*W* uniform
color space.

Calculate ⊿Ei (i.e. the amount of the color
deviation in the uniform color space) per test color
sample. See Equation 1.

Calculate the Ra and Ri values per test color
sample. See Equations 2 and 3.

Figure 5. How to determine Ra and Ri values

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Application Note
Equation 1 shown below is used to determine ⊿Ei, the amount of the color deviation per test color
sample. In other words, this equation derives the distance between the coordinates of the reference andtest light sources in the U*V*W* color space. In this equation, the coordinates of test color sample i under
the reference light source are described as (U*r,i , V*r,i , W*r,i), and the coordinates under the test lightsource are described as (U*k,i , V*k,i , W*k,i).
(U*r,i-U*k,i)2 + (V*r,i-V*k,i)2 + (W*r,i-W*k,i)2⊿Ei =Equation 1

Equation 2 shown below is used to determine an Ri value. The bigger the color difference is, the smaller
the Ri value will be. The Ri will be a negative value when the ⊿Ei is greater than 22.
Ri = 100 - 4.6⊿Ei

Equation 2

Light Emitting Diode

Equation 3 shown below is used to determine an Ra value. This equation indicates that the average of theR1-R8 makes the Ra value.
1 8 RiRa = ―Σ
8 i=1Equation 3

5. TM-30
5.1. Standards
IES established IES-TM-30 (i.e. TM-30) in 2015 to provide a new evaluation method for color rendering.
As with the CRI standard, the TM-30 method evaluates the color difference between the test color samples
when viewed under the reference light source and the test light source. However, this new evaluation
method compensates for the imperfections of the CRI standard that have been pointed out in the past.
For example, the color difference is calculated using a modern color space, the definition of a reference
light source has been updated, there are more color samples, etc.
However, many companies prefer to continue to use CRI (Ra) rather than replace it with TM-30. It may be
a long time before the new TM-30 evaluation method becomes widely adopted.
5.2. Indexes
In the TM-30 standard, the fidelity index (Rf) and the gamut index (Rg) are used to evaluate the color
rendering performance of a light source. For the evaluation method, see Section 5.4.
5.2.1. Fidelity Index (Rf)
The Rf indicates how faithfully a light source can reproduce colors compared to the reference light source.
The better the color fidelity is, the higher the Rf value will be: It will be 100 if the wavelength of a test lightsource is exactly the same as that of the reference light source. The evaluation approach is similar to the
CRI method. The Rf value of a light source can sometimes be near the Ra value of the same light source;
however, these two indexes are not related, the values are not exchangeable nor comparable. The fidelityof each color evaluation sample (CES) can be obtained as Rfi in the same manner as the CRI Ri (Each icorresponds to CES 1-99). Contrary to the CRI, the Rf is designed to always be a positive value.
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Application Note
5.2.2. Gamut Index (Rg)
The Rg indicates the size of the gamut area of a test light source

Increase of thecolor saturation(i.e. chroma)

Change of huecompared to the reference light source. The a'-b' plane color space
is used to calculate the Rg. If the gamut area determined with a testcolor sample in the a'-b' plane color space is larger than that of theb’reference light source, the Rg value will be higher than 100; if it issmaller, the value will be lower than 100 (For detailed information,see Section 5.4). As shown in Figure 6, the rotating direction shows
the change of hue. The farther the coordinates are from the origin
point, the higher the color saturation (i.e. chroma) will be (i.e. thea’Figure 6. Reference image ofthe a'-b' plane color spacelarger the size of the gamut area will be).
If the wavelengths of a test light source and the reference light source are identical, the Rg will always be

Light Emitting Diode100. However, if the Rg is 100, it does not always mean that the wavelengths of a test light source and thereference light source are identical. This is because the coordinates of each test color sample may bedifferent even if the size of the gamut area in the a'-b' plane color space is the same.
5.2.3. Relationship between the Rf and Rg
There is a correlation between the Rf and Rg. Figure 7 shows thepractical limits of the Rf and Rg values. The higher the Rf value is, themore similar the wavelengths of a test light source and the reference▦：The field where the140

correlation between

130

the Rf and Rg fails.

120
110

light source are, the Rg value will also get closer to 100. If the Rf value

Rg 100is 100, the Rg will also be 100 since Rf=100 means that the90

wavelengths of a test light source and the reference light source are80

identical. Conversely, if the Rf value is lower, the Rg value can be

70

farther from 100 since the difference in the wavelengths of a test light60

source and the reference light source is greater. Since the Rg value
can be higher than 100, it is possible to lower the Rf value on purposeto obtain a light source with a high Rg value (i.e. a light source with a

50

60

70

80

90

100

Rf

Figure 7. Relationshipbetween the Rf and Rg

low color fidelity and a high saturation).

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Application Note
5.3. Color evaluation samples (CES)The biggest difference between the TM-30 and CRI methods is the number of the test color samples. The
CRI has as few as 14 (or 15) samples to be evaluated and uses only 8 samples out of them to calculate theRa, the index to describe the color rendering for the general colors of objects. With this small number ofsamples, the evaluation may not be accurate for some test light sources since the variety of color samples
greatly affects the evaluation.
The TM-30 method uses a set of 99 color evaluation samples (CES) as shown in Figure 8 to evaluate thecolor rendering. These samples were selected from the spectral reflectance properties of more than ahundred thousand different objects that exist in the real world to represent their typical properties. It isbelieved possible to evaluate almost all the colors of objects that exist in the real world with these 99
samples. The TM-30 method calculates the Rf based on the color difference between the CES when viewed
under the test light source and the reference light source using all these 99 CES. This indicates that a more

Light Emitting Diodeaccurate evaluation is achieved with this method for any test light sources than with the CRI method,which has less color samples.

CES1

CES2

CES3

CES4

CES5

CES6

CES7

CES8

CES9

CES10

CES11

CES12

CES13

CES14

CES15

CES16

CES17

CES18

CES19

CES20

CES21

CES22

CES23

CES24

CES25

CES26

CES27

CES28

CES29

CES30

CES31

CES32

CES33

CES34

CES35

CES36

CES37

CES38

CES39

CES40

CES41

CES42

CES43

CES44

CES45

CES46

CES47

CES48

CES49

CES50

CES51

CES52

CES53

CES54

CES55

CES56

CES57

CES58

CES59

CES60

CES61

CES62

CES63

CES64

CES65

CES66

CES67

CES68

CES69

CES70

CES71

CES72

CES73

CES74

CES75

CES76

CES77

CES78

CES79

CES80

CES81

CES82

CES83

CES84

CES85

CES86

CES87

CES88

CES89

CES90

CES91

CES92

CES93

CES94

CES95

CES96

CES97

CES98

CES99

Figure 8. Example of the color evaluation samples (CES) in TM-30 standard8

Note:
8

How a CES looks depends on the color temperature of the reference light source. The colors shown in Figure 8 are examples for reference
only.

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Application Note
5.4. How to determine Rf and Rg values
Figure 9 shows how to determine an Rf and Rg value. For detailed information, see the applicablestandards.
Calculation using a test light source

Calculation using a reference light source

Measure the relative spectral distribution of
the test light source.

Calculate the correlated color temperature of
the test light source.

Select a reference light source based on thecorrelated color temperature of the test lightsource.

Light Emitting DiodeCalculate the relative spectral distribution of
the reference light source.

Calculate the tristimulus values of each CES(CES 1-99) when viewed under the test lightsource.

Calculate the tristimulus values of each CES(CES 1-99) when viewed under the reference
light source.

Convert them to the CAM02 Uniform ColorSpace (CAM02-UCS) J’a’b’9.

Convert them to the CAM02-UCS color space
J’a’b’.

Calculate ⊿Ejab,i (i.e. the amount of the color
deviation in the uniform color space) per CES. See
Equation 4.

Calculate the Rf, the color fidelity index. See
Equations 5 and 6.

Divide the a’-b’ planar color space into
sixteenths and calculate the averagecoordinates per divided segment with thetest light source.

Divide the a’-b’ planar color space into
sixteenths and calculate the averagecoordinates per divided segment with thereference light source.

Calculate the area enclosed by the 16
coordinates.

Calculate the area enclosed by the 16
coordinates.

Calculate the Rg, the gamut index. See Equation 7.

Figure 9. How to determine Rf and Rg values
Note:
9

A chromatic adaptation correction is included in the CAM02-UCS.

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Application Note
Equation 4 shown below is used to determine ⊿Ejab,i , the amount of the color deviation per CES. In otherwords, this equation derives the distance between the coordinates of the reference and test light sourcesin the J’a’b’ color space. In this equation, the coordinates of CES i under the reference light source aredescribed as (J’r,i , a’r,i , b’r,i), and the coordinates under the test light source are described as (J’t,i , a’t,i , b’t,i).
⊿Ejab,i =(J’t,i-J’r,i)2 + (a’t,i-a’r,i)2 + (b’t,i-b’r,i)2Equation 4

Equations 5 and 6 shown below are used to determine an Rf value. First, determine the Rf' value by
Equation 5 using the average of the color difference ⊿Ejab,i of each CES obtained with Equation 4. The Rf'
can be a negative value as with the CRI; make an adjustment using Equation 6 so that the minimum Rf

Light Emitting Diodevalue will be 0.
1 99（⊿E ））Rf’ = 100 - 6.73 （ ―Σjab,i
99 i=1Equation 5

Rf = 10ln ( eR’f/10 + 1)

Equation 6

Equation 7 shown below is used to determine an Rg value. First,
calculate the average coordinates of the coordinates representing each
CES per segment of the a’-b’ planar color space divided into sixteenths
toward the angular orientation as shown in Figure 10. The area of thetwo polygons formed by connecting the average coordinates are Arb’

and At respectively. Ar is for the reference light source and At is for thetest light source. By calculating the ratio of the area of Ar and At, it will
determine if the gamut of the test light source is larger or smaller thanthat of the reference light source.
At
Rg = 100 × ―Ar

a’Figure 10. An example of Ar or

Equation 7

At in the a’-b’ planar color space

6. Summary
In this application note, Nichia has provided two types of evaluation methods for color rendering: the CRI,
a widely used method in the lighting industry and the TM-30, a newer method. They are similar in thatthey both evaluate the color fidelity against a reference light source, which is an effective means ofquantitatively evaluating color rendering. However, these methods do not include any sensory tests toevaluate the perception, preference, etc. by the evaluator or other observers. When evaluating the color
rendering of a light source, it is recommended to perform a sensory evaluation with the chosen luminaires
in addition to a quantitative evaluation described herein.
As mentioned in Section 3, Nichia offers LEDs with a variety of color rendering performances. For any
questions regarding the products, contact a local Nichia sales representative.

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Application Note

Light Emitting Diode

Disclaimer
This application note is a controlled document of Nichia Corporation (Nichia) published toprovide technical information/data for reference purposes only. By using this applicationnote, the user agrees to the following: This application note has been prepared solely for reference on the subject matters
incorporated within it and Nichia makes no guarantee that customers will see the same
results for their chosen application.
 The information/data contained herein are only typical examples of performances and/or
applications for the product. Nichia does not provide any guarantees or grant any licenseunder or immunity from any intellectual property rights or other rights held by Nichia or
third parties.
 Nichia makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy,completeness or usefulness of any information contained herein. In addition, Nichia shallnot be liable for any damages or losses arising out of exploiting, using, or downloadingor otherwise this document, or any other acts associated with this document.
 The content of this application note may be changed without any prior or subsequent
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http://www.nichia.co.jp

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