Draft

Implementation Plan for

Global Earth Observation System of Systems

Asian Water Cycle Initiative(GEOSS/AWCI)Preface
Water comprises the most basic and critical component of all aspects of human life and is anindispensable component of the global life support system. On the whole, the water environment ischaracterized by the hydrological cycle, including floods and droughts. The widespread scarcity,
gradual destruction and aggravated pollution of water resources in many regions have triggered a
range of water crises. Nowadays, many water related problems particularly drinking water pollution arereported in various Asian countries. Health damage due to arsenic polluted drinking water is one of suchproblems. There is an urgent need for international cooperation to overcome the problems and secure the safe
and sustainable groundwater utilization. Additionally, global climate change and atmospheric pollution

could also have an impact on water resources and their availability.
About 60 % of the world population lives in Asia, and their various social activities including
agriculture depend on the bountiful Monsoon rain. At the same time, the vast water cycle variation in
Asia can be the cause of droughts and floods, and consequently, may be responsible for an enormous
amount of human and economic damage.
To establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustained earth observation scheme, an agreement for a
10-Year Implementation Plan for a Global Earth Observation System of Systems, known as GEOSS,
was reached at the Third Earth Observation Summit held in Brussels, in February 2005; on thatoccasion the Group on Earth Observation (GEO) was also formally established. “Improving water
resource management through better understanding of the water cycle” has been agreed to as one of
the targeted societal benefit areas of GEOSS.
Our goal is to better understand the mechanism of variability in the Asian water cycle and to improve
its predictability, and furthermore to interpret the information applicable to various water
environments in different countries in Asia, then to help to mitigate water-related disasters andpromote the efficient use of water resources.

1

CONTENTS

Summary
1. Background
1.1 Water-related issues in Asia
1.2 GEO and GEOSS
1.3 Asian Initiative
2. Scope
3. Observation Convergence, Data Integration, and Information Sharing
3.1 Observation Convergence
3.2 Data Integration and Analysis
3.3 Data Release and Dissemination Guidelines
4. GEOSS/AWCI Capacity Development Framework
4.1 Goal and Objectives
4.2 Target Groups
4.3 Methodology
4.4 Institutions
4.5 Conceptual Diagram
5. Strategic Implementation
5.1 Demonstration Approach
5.2 Working Group Approach1) Flood WG
2) Drought WG
3) Water Quality WG
6. International Cooperation and Project Management
7. Implementation Plans for the Demonstration Projects

2

Summary
There is a rapidly growing concern about the common water issues, including flood and landslide,drought and water scarcity, water pollution and environmental degradation, climate change impacts in
Asia.
Based on the regionally common and sharable ideas on the water-related issues in Asia and theirnatural and socio-economical backgrounds, a well coordinated regional challenge, “Asian Water Cycle
Initiative (AWCI) Contributing to GEOSS”, has been organized in cooperation among 18 countries in Asia
based on the series of discussions since 2005 just after the GEO established.
The AWCI develops an information system of systems for promoting the implementation of

integrated water resources management (IWRM) through data integration and sharing and improvementof understanding and prediction of the water cycle variation as a basis for sound decision making of
national water policies and management strategies.
The objectives for AWCI are defined as follows:•

to develop Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approaches;•

to share timely, quality, long-term information on water quantity and quality, and their variation asa basis for sound national and regional decision making;•to construct a comprehensive, coordinated and sustained observational system of systems, such asprediction systems and decision support capabilities, under the GEOSS;•

to develop capacity building for making maximum use of globally integrated data and information
for local purposes as well as for observation and collecting data.

The AWCI is a new type of an integrated scientific challenge in cooperation with meteorological andhydrological bureaus and space agencies. Its uniqueness is described as follows:•

Effective combination of the architecture and data and the capacity building;•

Advanced data infrastructure availability including a river basin meta-data registration system, adata quality control interface, and data-integration and downscaling methods;•

A clearly described data sharing policy agreed among the participating countries;•

Strong linkage among science communities, space agencies, and decision makers;•

Well coordination between the research communities and operational sectors with clear strategy fortransferring scientific achievements to operational use;•

Effective cooperation with international projects and cooperative frameworks.

“Improving water resource management through better understanding of the water cycle” is one of thenine societal benefit areas of GEOSS. GEOSS/AWCI is a regionally cooperative contribution to this sociobenefit area.

31. Background and Origin of this Plan
1.1 Water-related issues in Asia
More than 60 percentages of the world population live in Asia associated with the rapid
economic growth. The Asian monsoon, which is the largest water circulation system in the world,
provides substantial water resources which supports to the food production, energy generation andeven transportation in Asia, and causes serious water related problems due to the large seasonal andinter-annual variability of the monsoon rainfall.
Floods are very serious common problems in Asia. More than 80 percent of the loss ofhuman lives by flood in the world occurs in Asia. The expansion of urbanization in Asia is accelerating
flood economic damages considerably. Since many Asian countries locate in the tectonic zones, landslides and mud flows are also common natural disasters in Asia.
The Asian monsoon usually provides rich water environment. At same time, its large
seasonal and inter-annual variation sometimes leads to severe drought damages in the water
consuming societies.

The high rate of the population increase is exhausting the water resources andthe water scarcity would be a serious issues in the near future.
Excessive water use also affects the water quality and ecosystem. Especially, severe healtheffects have been observed in populations drinking arsenic-rich water over long periods in some of
Asian countries, including Bangladesh, China, India, and Thailand. Over the last decade, it has beenrecognized that healthy aquatic ecosystems provide tangible economic and social benefits. It is
important to understand the drivers and status of ecosystem degradation and the need for watershed
restoration in order to improve water productivity across the Asia.
The global warming is changing the water cycle. Heavier rainfall events and larger
interannual variations are predicted to be likely to happen according to the “radiative-convective
equilibrium”. Global warming is considered to make considerable impacts on such a vulnerable region,
Asia, where the percentage of completion of river developments is still critically low compared to thehigh potential water-related hazards.

The Water-related Issues in Asia4

1.2 GEO and GEOSS
At the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002, world leaders
proclaimed the need "to promote the development and wider use of Earth observation technologies."
That vision built on the outcomes of landmark environmental summits. The need for coordinated Earthobservations, and the concept of GEOSS itself, has also been consistently reinforced by G8 Summits.
The G8 nations in 2003 at Evian made a clear commitment to strengthen international cooperation on
global Earth observations, and reinforced this commitment through the 2005 Gleneagles Plan of
Action and the 2007 Summit in Heiligendamm.
Following the discussions at
the Earth Observation Summits held in
Washington DC and Tokyo, the Brussels
Summit established the Group on Earth
Observation (GEO) and endorsed the 10
Year Implementation Plan for the Global
Observation

Systemof

Systems(GEOSS). The goal of GEOSS is toachievecomprehensive,

coordinated,and sustained observations of the Earthsystem to improve monitoring of thechanging state of the planet, increase
understandingofcomplexEarth

processes, and enhance the prediction of

Vision of GEOSS

the impacts of environmental change.
GEOSS will meet the need for all
nations to benefit from access to timely,
quantitative, and high-quality long-term
global data and information as a basis
for sound decision making. "Improving
water resource management throughbetter understanding of the water cycle"
is one of the nine socio-benefit areas,
including Disasters, Human Health,
EnergyManagement,

ClimateVariability and Change, Water Cycle,
Weather,Protection

Agriculture,

and

of

Structure of the GEOSS Functions

Ecosystems,
Conserving

Biodiversity.

51.3 Asian Initiative
Under the framework of GEOSS, representatives of hydrological and meteorologicalorganizations and science communities in Asia gathered together, and began to discuss about how toaddress the water-related issues in Asia in cooperative ways by making maximum use of GEOSS.
At the 1st Asian Water Cycle Symposium (AWCS) in Tokyo, November, 2005, theparticipants recognized the common water-related issues and socio-economic needs as describedabove. They shared ideas on the large natural variation of the Asian monsoon and the big impacts of
the human activities in Asia as their backgrounds. To address these issues, they considered that wellcoordinated scientific and operational challenges and efforts should be launched by making maximum
use of the GEOSS, which is leading convergence and harmonization of observation activities,
interoperability arrangements, and effective and comprehensive data management. Then, they agreed
to establish a basic plan for “Asian Water Cycle Initiative (AWCI) contributing to GEOSS” and toorganize an International Task Team(ITT) for drafting an implementation plan for demonstration
projects.
Based on the discussions at thefirst ITT meeting and the International
Workshop on Capacity Building "Earth
Observations in the service of Water
Management", both held in Bangkok in
September

2006,

implementationabaseline

plan

for

the

GEOSS/AWCI demonstration projects
was proposed at the 2nd AWCS in Tokyo,
in January 2006. The symposium fully
approved

theestablishedbaseline
the

idea

and

International

Coordination Group (ICG) consisting of
the national representatives and theworking group co-chairs for promoting
the cooperative activities.
The 1st ICG was held in Bali,
in September 2007. The update of eachcountry activity was reported and thecontents

andprocedureofthedemonstration project implementation
plan were discussed, following theconfirmation

of

the

baseline

implementation plan.
AWCI Preparation Meetings

62. Scope
GEOSS/AWCI promotes observation convergence by making seamless access to the datafrom earth observation satellites, in-situ reference site networks, and operational observation systems,
integrates the observed data, numerical weather prediction model outputs, geographical information,and socio-economic data, and disseminates usable information for sound decision making of water
resources management against flood and landslide, drought and water scarcity, water pollution andecosystem degradation, and impacts of the climate change on water.
The Data Integration and Analysis System (DIAS) at the University of Tokyo, one of themembers of GEOSS data integration analysis alliance, supports GEOSS/AWCI to realize observation
convergence, data integration and data and information sharing. Diverse and large-volume Earth
Observation data is archived by a well-managed data infrastructure where user can explore targeted
data and information and analyze and integrate them easily and effectively. A meta data directory
system, coupled with ontology systems of dictionary and geographical information, supports users tounderstand the meaning of the data and information across various disciplines and geographicallocations. A clearly described data policy is approved for promoting a regional collaboration to address
the common water-related issues in Asia.

GEOSS/AWCI Observation Convergence, Data Integration, and Information Sharing

7

GEOSS/AWCI enforces capacity for a broader community to generate, interpret and utilize
value-added products from the observations, beyond training of qualified technical personnel tooperate the observing instruments, by coordinating requests from participating countries and potential
capabilities of supporting organizations and on-going and/or planed projects.

GEOSS/AWCI Structure
GEOSS/AWCI International Coordination Group (ICG) consisting of international science
communities, space agencies, and water-related ministries and agencies of the participating countries,
takes a strategic demonstration approach. By showing success stories created through demonstration
projects to decision makers, GEOSS/AWCI will shift the emphasis from scientific challenges tooperational applications to yield the societal benefits and establishes confirmed water management
infrastructure against the water related problems.

83. Observation Convergence, Data integration, and Information Sharing
3.1 Observation Convergence
GEOSS/AWCI converges earth observation satellites, in-situ reference site networks, andoperational observation systems, integrates the observed data, numerical weather prediction model
outputs, geographical information, and socio-economic data, and disseminates usable information forsound decision making of water resources management in cooperation with Coordinated Energy andWater Cycle Observations Project (CEOP) of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment(GEWEX), World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).
The data obtained at the CEOP reference sites in tropics, semi-arid regions, and highmountain areas in Asia is provided to GEOSS/AWCI. Even there are big varieties in observation
elements, data format, and recorded interval of the original reference site data, CEOP can provide wellquality checked data with a unified format in cooperation with the site observers by using a Web based
Quality Control (QC) and format conversion system.
Data from sensors on board Earth observation satellites in various orbits, polar/geostationalor sun-synchronous/non-sun-synchronous, around the Earth can be integrated to provide hydrologicalinformation, water vapor, cloud, rainfall, soil moisture, and snow, at all spatial scales from local to
global and temporal ones from diurnal to decadal.
Model output from many Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) centers is provided. Ten
operational NWP centers and two data assimilation centers are currently contributing to thiscomponent of CEOP. To assist with the organization of this activity, a CEOP Model Output
Management Document was drafted as a guide for the participating centers to use in setting up theirprocesses for meeting their commitments to CEOP.
In addition to the above data to be provided by CEOP, run-off data, dam operation data,
geographical information including topography, land cover, and land use, population andsocio-economic data are collected in the river basins targeted by GEOSS/AWCI.

GEOSS/AWCI Observation Convergence9

3.2 Data Integration and Analysis
DIAS, which is functioning as the CEOP centralized data integration system, provides
cooperative opportunities for constructing GEOSS/AWCI data archives, developing data integration
and analysis functions, and develops the required. Specialized system architecture enables the
management of large amounts of complex Earth Observation data in an information-rich era. Various
observed data and numerical model outputs can be easily integrated. Targeted data can be selected bydate and region. Analyzed output can be visualized on a display wall. Results can also be visualized in
3D.

GEOSS/AWCI Data Integration System
An ontology system enables users to find target data and information from diverse data
sources. To find data with similar meanings, it is often necessary to clarify the terminology. The
ontology system learns the definition. If a data name is not clear, keywords can be input to yieldseveral candidate data names. Standardized meta data are needed for exploring data, confirming its
meaning and quality, and to enable it to be widely shared. A Standardized meta data model is now
under development in cooperation with the international standardization communities.

GEOSS/AWCI Interoperability Arrangement
10

Water-related hazards usually occur as causes and consequences of large water cycle
fluctuations at scales of global and regional, while disasters and damages due to the hazards happen
through strong linkage with human activities in a local scale. The observations and predictions of thewater-related hazards and their damages are also enhanced by combining global earth observation andprediction systems and local information. In this context, "downscaling" of water cycle from global toregional and to local is one of the key integration functions of the GEOSS/AWCI.
General Circulation Models (GCMs) currently used for predicting weather and climate have acoarse spatial resolution size, which cannot capture the details of orography and land use nor resolve
important cyclonic disturbances or similar-sized circulation features. This precludes an accurate
representation of precipitation on scales of individual grid boxes. The method for producing
local-to-regional scale information from larger-scale GCM data is called “downscaling”.
GEOSS/AWCI makes maximum use of the global earth observation and prediction, develops adownscaling system coupled with satellite-based data assimilations and distributed hydrologicalmodels, and disseminates usable information in a river basin scale or less for decision making on
disaster mitigation and water resources planning..

GEOSS/AWCI Down-scaling Process113.3 Data Release and Dissemination Guidelines
The large part of the GEOSS/AWCI data including, the reference site and satellite data andthe NWP model outputs, are provided by WCRP/GEWEX/CEOP. It is thus appropriate that any policy
for release and dissemination of GEOSS/AWCI data should principally follow the CEOP Data Release
and Dissemination Guidelines.
1) Release of Data in Compliance with WMO Resolution 40 (CG-XII) and WMO Resolution 25(CG-XIII)GEOSS/AWCI archives meteorological, hydrological, and related data and products in Asia
for addressing the common water-related issues in Asia. Any policy for release and dissemination of
GEOSS/AWCI data should principally comply with the WMO policy, practice and guidelines for theexchange of meteorological, hydrological, and related data and products, as embodied in Resolution
40 of the Twelfth WMO Congress 1995 (CG-XII), and Resolution 25 of the Thirteenth WMO
Congress 1999 (CG-XIII); that is, free and unrestricted exchange of essential data and products.
The no-restriction principle shall in particular mean that no financial implications are
involved for the GEOSS/AWCI data exchange. GEOSS/AWCI data providers shall transfer their
obtained data to the Data Integration and Analysis System (DIAS) free of charge. Also, GEOSS/AWCI
data archived at the DIAS shall be offered free of charge to GEOSS/AWCI data users.
2) No Commercial Use or Exploitation
It is understood that all GEOSS/AWCI data shall be delivered to data users only for
scientific studies and operational uses designed to meet GEOSS/AWCI objectives. Commercial use
and exploitation by neither the data users nor the DIAS is prohibited, unless specific permission has
been obtained from the data providers concerned in writing.
3) No Data Transfer to Third Parties
One restriction which will be imposed on all data users concerns the re-export or transfer ofthe original data (as received from the DIAS archive) to a third party. Such restriction shall apply to all
categories of GEOSS/AWCI data, and is in the best interests of both the data providers and thepotential users. Unrestricted copying of the original data by multiple, independent users may lead toerrors in the data and loss of identity of its GEOSS/AWCI origin and is strictly prohibited.
DIAS will offer GEOSS/AWCI data to potential data users through electronic means, (e.g.
the internet) or other designated media (e.g. CD ROMs). The DIAS shall install technical means tokeep protocol on all data transfers to data users thus maintaining a catalogue of all data users, and thedata files they have obtained.
4) Timing for Release of GEOSS/AWCI Data from the DIAS Archive
The timing issue clearly involves some conflicting aspects. The data user will obviously be
12interested in obtaining data as soon as possible after the time of measurement. The data provider aswell as the DIAS will wish to ensure the highest attainable quality of the data. The latter will generally
be time consuming, particularly in view of the shortage of manpower in many cases.
It is suggested that all GEOSS/AWCI data shall be categorized into real-time use (category1), standard (category 2), and enhanced or experimental (category 3) data. Real-time use data shall be
open in real- or near-real- time base. Standard data shall be freely open after the basic turn-aroundperiod of six months. Enhanced or Experimental data shall be freely open after a prolonged
turn-around period of 15 months at maximum.
5) Acknowledgement and Citation
Whenever GEOSS/AWCI data distributed by DIAS are being used for publication ofscientific results, the data's origin must be acknowledged and referenced. A minimum requirement is toreference GEOSS/AWCI and the DIAS. If only data from one river basin (or a limited number of river
basins) has been used, additional acknowledgement to the river baisn(s) and its (their) maintaining
institutions or organizations shall be given.
Maintaining continuous, high-quality measurements, performing quality and error checking
procedures, and submitting data and related documentation to the DIAS will require substantial
financial and logistical efforts of the data providers. The necessary support for these data providers’
activities originate from a variety of international, national and institutional sources. The DIAS shallmake proper reference to all GEOSS/AWCI data providers and, if required, to their funding sources.
6) Co-operation between Data Users and Providers
Data users of GEOSS/AWCI data are encouraged to establish direct contact with the data
providers for the purpose of complete interpretation and analysis of data for publication purposes. This
is in particular recommended for category 2 data.
7) Co-AuthorshipCo-authorship of data users and data providers on papers making extensive use of
GEOASS/AWCI data is justifiable and highly recommended, in particular, if date providers have
responded to questions raised about the data's quality and/or suitability for the specific study inquestion, or have been involved in directly contributing to the paper in other ways. It is highly
recommended that any data user should contact the responsible person of the data provider and ask
him/her if he/she wants to become co- author, or if an acknowledgement would be sufficient. If
co-authorship is requested, the data provider and the data user should establish a basis forcollaboration.
8) GEOSS/AWCI Publication Library
Whenever GEOSS/AWCI data distributed by DIAS are being used for publication of13

scientific results, the author(s) shall sent a copy of the respective publication, preferably in electronic
form, to the DIAS in order to build up a GEOSS/AWCI publication library. DIAS will maintain thislibrary and will it make public, for example via DIAS's web site, for a continuous monitoring of the
GEOSS/AWCI data applications and GEOSS/AWCI’s achievements in general.

14

4. GEOSS/AWCI Capacity Development Framework
4.1 Goal and Objectives
The goal of the capacity development program of the GEOSS/AWCI is to facilitate anddevelop sustainable mechanisms for the countries in Asia Pacific to use advanced earth observations
systems, associated data and tools for water cycle research and water resources management under
GEOSS framework.
The specific objectives of the program are to develop capacities of the Asian countries for;1) Downscaling regional and global information to basin scale and to improve accuracy requiredby operational water management applications through a combination of numerical
forecasting and fusion of local observations.
2) Identify reliable and efficient tools to convert the available observations and data to useful
information for flood management through data transformations, interpolation, classificationand estimation algorithms.
3) Conversion of information to water resources management applications, both for operationaluse and scenario based assessments for planning purposes.
The initial focus areas of the program have been selected as floods, water quality and droughts.
4.2 Target groups
The program recognizes three main target groups as;1) Researchers / Scientists where the emphasize is customizing existing knowledge to suit local
conditions supported by global experiences
2) Professional / Practitioners which focuses on introducing new methodologies, tools andstandards
3) Administrative / Local governments officials to provide an over view of technology andscience
Different capacity development tools and programs will be combined to reflect the relevant emphasize
and coverage for each target group.
4.3 Methodology
The program will be developed and be used concurrently in support of applications in 19
Asian Basins proposed to be studied within the Asian Water Cycle Initiative for clarification of basinwater cycle and the development of appropriate water management practices.

The training andcapacity development program consist of elements such as short term training/long term training,
online training materials, examples or modules, research opportunities, technical advise on existing
projects, access to data and access to software. It will emphasize on sustainability and the need tocustomize technologies to suit local conditions by carefully setting up teams in each country made up
of leading educational and research institutes and responsible government organizations that would
15

function as core teams to ensure the future development and enhancement of the methodologies andincorporation of them to national programs.
4.4 Institutions
United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan will coordinate the capacity development program of
AWCI in collaboration with the University of Tokyo, JAXA, ICHARM, AIT and other regional andnational academic, research and governmental institutes that are identified though a resource survey.
4.5 Conceptual Diagram
The approach of capacity development program is depicted for capacity development in floodrisk reduction as an example.

SOCIETY
Applications

SCIENCE
Information
RainfallObservation
Computation

Forecasting/Warning

Observations
RainfallLand cover

Elevation

Response

Flood Estimates
Model Parameters
Elevation
Roughness
Soil moisture

Temperature

Risk Management/Mitigation

Vulnerability
Buildings
Infrastructure

CloudsGroundwater
Risk
AssetsInfrastructure

Capacity Development

MICROSCALE

MACRO SCALE

16

5. Strategic Implementation
By facilitating “observation convergence, data integration, information sharing” andpromoting “capacity building”, GEOSS/AWCI is aiming for;1) developing an information system of systems for promoting the implementation of integrated
water resources management (IWRM);
2) making a bridge between the data and information from the global scale to a river basin scale
for sound decision making; and3) shifting from research activities and achievements to operational use for contributing tosocietal benefits.
To achieve these objectives, GEOSS/AWCI adopts two approaches, “demonstration approach”
and “working group approach”.
Demonstration Approach
GEOSS/AWCI is a new challenge to lead in the solution of the water-related problems. It iseffective to start with small-scale projects and to show early success stories to stake holders after
intensive implementation. As the first step, one river basin is selected from each participating country
as a target of a demonstration project, according the following criteria:
1) Importance of the basin from the viewpoint of the socio-economic benefit area andhydrological sciences
2) Minimum requirement of data availability:a. Data type: rainfall, streamflow, weather station data (air temp., wind speed, pressure,humidity）
b. Spatial density of observation stations: according to the WMO standard but local
specifics to be considered;c. Watershed characteristics information
3) Highly expected data:
d. Upper air observation is highly recommended
e. Near-real time data availability is highly recommended;f.

Ground water and water quality data availability for the river basins where those
problems should be addressed.

4) Size of the watershed: 100 km2 – 1,000,000 km2
So far, 17 river basins are selected as demonstration project targets. The location and summary ofthe demonstration project river basins are shown as follows:17

Location of the demonstration river basins

Summary of the demonstration project river basins.

18

Working Group Approach
GEOSS/AWCI organizes three working groups; flood, drought, and water quality. Each WG covers
both of “observation convergence, data integration, information sharing” and “capacity building” andaddress to the demonstration river basins in a strategic way.
1) Flood WG
The goal of the flood WG is to build up a scientific basis for sound decision-making anddeveloping policy options for most suitable flood risk management for each country and region in
Asia, through the full utilization of new opportunities on global, regional and in-situ dataset under thescheme of AWCI (contributing to GEOSS), which was established in 20051).
To attain the goal, we need to provide methodologies, tools and basic datasets to derive suchrequired information to improve real-time flood forecasting system for short-term crisis management(objective #1) and to assess flood risk and vulnerability and then to make flood scenarios for long-term
integrated flood risk management (obj. #2).
From technological point of view, it has been becoming possible for us to set thoseobjectives, based on recent scientific achievements on climatology, meteorology and hydrology in the
Asian monsoon regions such as those of GAME (GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiments, WCRP) andon satellite-based observation of rainfall, physical & socioeconomic quantities of earth surfaces andnumerical weather reanalysis, downscaling & prediction.
It is, however, indispensable for us to consider the disparity in existing resources andcapabilities among different countries/regions as well as their varied needs and environments. Flood
WG constructs an international/inter-organizational cooperative field to promote research on a"demonstration project" for each different study basin to build up the first successful implementation
about the one or two above objective(s) and to make it a good showcase to strengthen appropriate
interactions among scientists and policy-makers and to provide scientific input (corresponding to
Policy Agenda of APN Strategic Plan) for the real implementation of the systems all over theflood-prone areas in Asia.
Considering the disparity of capabilities of countries in Asia as above, the demonstration
project will be coupled with capacity development offered by advanced global-change research
network activities and organizations in Asia. The framework of AWCI contributing to GEOSS has
already incorporated with the Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observation Project (CEOP),
Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership (IGOS-P), Monsoon Asian Hydro-Atmosphere
Scientific Research and Prediction Initiative (MAHASRI) as a part of Global Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment (GEWEX) of WCRP, Prediction in Ungaged Basins (PUB) of International Association of
Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), and so forth
Organizations related to global climate change having potential to provide AWCI withtechnical supports have been also participated in this proposal such as the University of Tokyo, Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the United Nations University (UNU), Kasetsart University
19

of Thailand, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), the International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk
Management (ICHARM), Mekong River Commission Secretariat (MRCS) and so forth.
Those will facilitate the development of research infrastructure and the transfer of know-how
and technology for flood forecasting system (objective #1), flood risk assessment and flood scenario
generation (objective #2) in this proposed project.

These activities will lead to improving thescientific and technical capabilities of nations in the regions of Asia in terms of hydrologicalforecasting and planning.
2) Drought WG
GEOSS/AWCI is collaborating among 18 Asian countries in sharing the groundobservational data, and trying to support the information exchange and improve the technology ofdrought monitoring and studying among these Asian countries. The main objectives of this project are:-

To share and improve the drought monitoring capability in various Asian countries such as
China, Pakistan, Thailand, Nepal and Philippines-

To set up a drought monitoring and research network in related Asian countries.

-

To help developing the early warning system of drought hazard in related countries
The drought study is mainly based on the observation of precipitation, temperature and soil

moisture by now, such as various drought index and moisture index. The satellite products have notbeen widely used since lack of capacity building in many Asian countries. Under the support of JAXA
and Tokyo University, the retrieved soil moisture dataset from satellite remote sensing products will
be used in these projects, and the related countries collaborators will validate this data set by using thein-situ observation of soil moisture, precipitation and temperature. The GEOSS/AWCI will be incharge of coordinate this regional activity, along with the flood and water quality groups
Drought indices are wildly used in monitoring and studying the drought, such as Standardized
Precipitation Index (SPI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Crop Moisture Index (CMI),
Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI). These indices mainly based on the ground observations ofprecipitation, temperature and soil moisture. But the standards of definition of these indices arediffered from countries and regions. In addition, the capability of monitoring the drought are various
according to the spatial and temporal resolution of observation stations in different countries andregions.
Because of the complex of soil type, ground water deposit. irrigation and vegetation type in
the area, soil moisture will be a key indicator of drought monitoring besides precipitation andtemperature in this project. JAXA (Japan Space Agency) and University of Tokyo will help
developing a set of soil moisture dataset in specific region we are interested in for related countries.
Optical and microwave remote sensing datasets will be used in this project. In many studies,microwave products have many advantages in bare surface, especially in dry area. Optical products,
such as NDVI and LAI are usually used for full cover vegetation area to understand the vegetation andsoil processes. For partly vegetation cover area, optical and microwave products will be both used in20

getting the high resolution soil moisture data. The University of Tokyo and JAXA will lead in
retrieving the remote sensing data. The Asian Institute of Technology, Thailan, proposed a drought
index called Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) is calculated from satellite derived
vegetation index (NDVI) and surface temperature, TVDI index will be used to monitor the drought invarious countries of Asia
The participants from related Asian countries in GEOSS/AWCI will provide the groundobservation dataset of temperature, precipitation and soil moisture et al. For example, Shanxi provinceof China is chosen as the typical research area for drought monitoring in China. Shanxi is a typicalsemi-arid region with average precipitation about 500mm per year, and it is influenced by droughthazard severely under the global warming and human activity (carbon emission and intensive
agriculture). The summer precipitation decreased about 15% in last thirty years, There are 108
observing stations in whole area of Shanxi (150,000KM2). The meteorological observations (T,P,W,Petc) arefour times per day. The soil temperature and moisture observation are taken place per ten

days, and 32 stations among 108 are having soil observations per five days.

Figure 1 shows thesummer precipitation (a), 10cm soil moisture in summer (b), and the distribution of 108 stations in
Shanxi (blue dot). We could find the dry areas are not always matches the low precipitation, themonitoring of drought severity will be more accurate if we include the information of soil moistureand temperature. It may related to other factors like topography and irrigation. Under the frameworkof GEOSS/AWCI, we will choose other typical areas in Mongolia, Pakistan, Vietnam, Thailand and
Nepal.
3) Water Quality WG
The goal is to contribute towards sustainable management and development of water andhealth. The main objective is to conduct a phased ( 2- 3 years) research on the scopes of institutions todevelop appropriate water quality monitoring program for domestic water in developing in Asia anddisseminate the results. The specific objectives during the first year (as this proposal is detailing out
first year) will include:-

Analysis of the roles, capacities, practices, policies, methods (and indicators), synergies, andneeds in monitoring WQ by the water concerned main institutions in Bangladesh, Pakistan
and Vietnam.

-

Identification and comparison of the common and specific problems as well as the related
best approaches in WQ monitoring in the three countries-

Conducting of a formative/indicative research to investigate preliminary appropriate WQ
monitoring options for domestic water by in-situ and satellite measurements based on
selected specified indicators.

-

Incorporating the results and experiences gained here into the GEOSS/AWCI-

Suggest policy advice on how the institutions and countries can make attempts forappropriate WQ monitoring in the 3 countries in particular and in other countries of the21

region in general.
The methodology will include analyses of national and international literatures and, regional
information exchange/discussion/result finalization in regional meeting among collaborating countries.
There will be three multiple country/regional meetings. The first meeting will be between Co-chairs
and lead organizations finalize the investigation tools about preliminary WQ indicators by in-situ andsatellite methods. It will be done in the University of Tokyo.
The first regional meeting (RG-1) will be among Bangladesh, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Japan to
finalize and agree upon the country level data collection plan, tools and reporting guidelines. It will bedone in Bangladesh. The main information to be collected will include: existing WQ monitoring
program and indicators (during flood and other periods), policies, roles and responsibilities by theinstitutions, needs, capacities, best practice case studies, opportunities at national and international
perspectives, and other issues. The final regional meeting (RG-2) will include: presentation of all the
results by the 3 countries, presentation of invited papers by the investigators and participants fromother 7 developed and developing countries, finalization of the draft results, development of technicaland policy recommendations for the countries and outline of the final report among representatives
from various institutions.
The activities under the specific objective # iii about the preliminary WQ options will be done
between RG-1 and RG-2. The indicative results and experiences gained will be discussed in the final
regional consultations to suggest its further testing and/or other possibilities in Bangladesh as well as
in the other countries in the following years or by other projects. In addition to the multi-country
meetings (consultations in person), there will be planned quarterly consultations among theinvestigators and chairs over internet.

22

6. International Cooperation and Project Management
To promote international cooperation and project management, GEOSS/AWCI established theInternational Coordination Group consisting of a national representative of each member country,
working group co-chair, invited experts and secretariat.
Country Representative
Bangladesh: Samarendra Karmakar (Bangladesh Meteorological Department)
Bhutan: Karma Chhophel(Hydro-met Services)
Cambodia: So Im Monichoth (Department Hydrology and River Works)
China: Qian Mingkai (Huaihe River Commission, Ministry of Water Resources)
India: Surinder Kaur (India Meteorological Department)Indonesia: Joesron Loebis (Research Institute for Water Resources)
Japan: Toshio Koike (The University of Tokyo)
Korea: Deg-Hyo Bae (Sejong University)
Lao: Chanthachith Amphaychith (Lao National Mekong Committee)
Malaysia: Ahmad Jamalluddin Shaaban (National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia)
Mongolia: Davaa Gombo (Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology )Myanmar: Htay Htay Than (Dept. of Meteorology and Hydrology)
Nepal: Shiv Kumar Sharma (Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention)
Pakistan: Bashir AHMAD(Water Resources Research Institute/ National Agriculture Research Center)
Philippines: Flaviana Hilario (PAGASA/DOST)Sri Lanka: S. B. Weerakoon (University of Peradeniya)
Thailand: Thada Sukhapunaphan (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives)
Uzbekistan: Sergey Myagkov (Hydrometeorological Research Institute)Vietnam: Khanh Van Duong (National Hydro-meteorological Forecasting Center)
WG Co-chairs:
K. Fukami/S. Herath (Flood)
Ailikun/A. Dolgosuren(Drought)
B.Hoque/ H.Furumai (Water Quality)
Invited Experts:
C. Ishida (Satellite), D. Yang (Hydrological Model), V. Hansa (Integration)
AWCI Secretary:
A.Goda, P.Koudelova, O. Saavedra, K.Tamagawa, K. Taniguchi, K.Umezawa, K.Misawa23

7. Implementation Plans for the Demonstration Projects
Once the demonstration river basin was selected for each country according to the requirements
described in Chapter 5, each country representative was asked to fill out a basin template. This
template attempts to retrieve a description of reference basins and their implementation plans in 5 key
sections as described below.
1) Background, targeted issues and objectives
In this section a brief introduction to the river basin including major issues, latest event when the issue
was evident, targets to be addressed through demonstration, and objectives are expected.
2) River basin characteristics
A brief description of basin characteristics including climate regime, topographical feature, dominantland use and soil type, and socio-economic information was asked. Moreover, with the geographic
coordinates in longitude and latitude which encloses the basin was requested. Additionally, a river
basin map in JPEG format was asked to illustrate the basin extension, river network and theobservation stations.
3) Observation system
A template chart was provided in order be filled out with number of stations available in the basin forthe most relevant and expected variables. The location of observation sites is included in the river
basin map according to the possibility of each representative.
4) Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
In this section the available hydrological and meteorological models, GIS, data integration systems,
prediction systems are targeted. Also, the current means of flood and/or drought forecast and water
quality monitoring.
5) Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration
This template timeline chart was proposed to propose an implementation schedule of thedemonstration. The activities selected in the chart are the most representative in order to meet thegoals of our approach.
From next page please find a two-page basin template for each of the following 17 countries
respectively:
Bangladesh/Bhutan/Cambodia/India/Indonesia/Japan/Korea/Laos/Mongolia/Myanmar/Nepal/Pakistan/Philippines /Sri Lanka/Thailand/Uzbekistan/Vietnam24

Country: Bangladesh

Basin Area: 61021 [km2]River basin name: Meghna

1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
Natural disasters like flood and drought occurs almost every years in Bangladesh. In recent years(2004 and 2007) the occurrence of flood in this basin hampers the development of the country.
Moreover, there is a shortage of observational data hampers proper monitoring of flood situation andutilization of forecasting techniques. The inundation areas are widely extended through the country.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:major floods on 2004.07.24 and 2007.08.04

1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
To set-up a Hydrological & flood inundation model, use of satellite data and downscaling techniques
1.5 Objective: The main goal is to achieve flood forecasting using a Hydrological model andinundation areas in order to obtain an optimal flood warning system and evacuation plan.
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra-24, 480, 3817

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: At Meghalaya Hills higher 3000
2.4 Dominant land use: agriculture and forest
2.5 Dominant soil type: loam-clay
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: from 90.5° to 92.5° E, from 23.25° to 25.25°
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:25

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

2

Stream flow

18

Humidity

2

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

38

Wind

2

Groundwater Table

Pressure

2

Evaporation

2

Precipitation

44

Soil Temperature

2

Soil Moisture2

Snow Depth
Skin Temperature

RCM data

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

RCM data

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

RCM data

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

RCM data

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

RCM data

Radar

Net Radiation

RCM data

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

RCM data

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

RCM data

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

RCM data

Others

CO2 Flux

Number1

1
NumberNumberGround Water Well

20

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: ------------4.2 Land Surface Scheme:-----------

Meteorological model: Convective Stratiform Technique (CST)

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
4.4 Data integration system:----------4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique: CST, flood forecasting and warning center
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

26

Country: Bhutan

Basin Area: 13,263 [km2]River basin name: Punatsangchhu

1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
The river basin is the second largest in Bhutan and very important from an economic point of view.
Punakha-Wangdue is one of the most fertile valleys. In addition, the biggest hydropower plants are also plannedin this basin. On the other hand, the frequent glacier melt increases the risk of glacial lake outburst floods(GLOF) and then decreasing flow in the rivers afterwards.

1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:flood due to glacial outburst in October 1994

1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):-Flood forecast-Impacts of the hydropower generation-A sediment transport study

1.5 Objective: Determination of an adequate warning system for floods and assist inmonitoring the flow regimes in the rivers due to climate change.

2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle): dominated by the monsoon
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra

200(min), 6500(max)

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: 500 at foothills and above 5000 in upper reaches
2.4 Dominant land use: agriculture
2.5 Dominant soil type: it varies
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]:

E 89o21’-90o24’ ; N 26o42’- 28o18’

2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:27

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

17

Stream flow

Humidity

17

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

4

Groundwater Table

Pressure

5

Evaporation

55Precipitation

17

Soil Temperature

Snow Depth

3

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

4

Number

Water Quality

NumberSensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

1

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

1

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: available
4.2 Land Surface Scheme: ------------

Meteorological model: available

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set): available
4.4 Data integration system: -----------4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique: -----------Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

28

Country: Cambodia

Basin Area: 2961[km2]River basin name: Sangker

1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
It is one of the tributaries of Tonle Sap Lake, located in Battambang Province at southwest of
Cambodia. Two hydropower stations are under planned at its upper basin. The middle basin is covered
with mixed agriculture and urban area and suffered from flash flood. The downstream region isinundated for 6month in a year by the flood from Tonle Sap Lake and floating rice is cultivated.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):• Impact of changes in the demands of water intake and dams

→ basin simulation model• Impact of changes in climate, water resources, land cover→ hydrological model• Impact of changes in the canal level, sediment, flooding, river works→ hydrodynamic model

By using the three model outputs, the impacts on the environment and socio-economics will be
addressed.
1.5 Objective: To studies the impact of flash flood in case heavy raining and to manage the water
resources
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

Arid

Cold/Tundra

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):
2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]:2.4 Dominant land use: cultivation
2.5 Dominant soil type:
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 102.5 to 104.0E, 12.5 to 13.5 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:29

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

available

Stream flow

available

Humidity

available

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)Windavailable

Groundwater Table

Pressure

Evaporation

Precipitation

available

Soil Temperature

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

available

Number

Water Quality

NumberSensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model:

SWAT, IQQM, ISIS

4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model:

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set): DEM with 50 m grid resolution
4.4 Data integration system: Sharing Hymos Databas
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

30

Country: India

River basin name: Seonath river

Basin Area: 30,760 [km2]1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
It is the largest tributary of Mahanadi basin.

It rises in the Chandrapur district of Maharashtra at anelevation of about 532m and meets Mahanadi river after traversing a distance of about 383km.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
1.5 Objective: The objective of the project is to provide Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) and
Probability of Precipitation (POP) of the basin by downscaling technique (MOS, PPM, neural networketc) using the NWP model products and other data to the station/basin level. The accuracy of QPF
should be high enough so that it can be used in flood forecasting model (at least 80%).
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

Arid

Cold/Tundra

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):
2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]:2.4 Dominant land use: cultivation (72%)
2.5 Dominant soil type:
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 80.5 to 82.5 E, 20 to 23N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:31

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

2

Stream flow

Humidity

2

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

2

Groundwater Table

Pressure

1

Evaporation

1

Precipitation

11

Soil Temperature

1

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture1

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumber

1

NumberNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model:
4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model: available

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
4.4 Data integration system:
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

32

Country: Indonesia

River basin name: Mamberamo

Basin Area: 78992 [km2]1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
Annual flood is occurred during rainy season and nowadays also during drought season, due toIndonesia lay on the monsoon climate zone. Regarding to that, information system is required toinventory and process data about flood occurrence as information for decision-maker to take the rightaction in managing the flood.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date: -----------------------------1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):-Take advantage of GIS database system-Support floods decision-makers
1.5 Objective:

A system is required to forecast floods in order to reduce their effects

2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle): monsoon
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra

0, 5000

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: 3500 to 5000
2.4 Dominant land use: upper tropical forest; while swamps in lowlands
2.5 Dominant soil type: --------------2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 136.3º through 140.82º E; 1.45º through 4.53º S
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:33

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

1

Stream flow

2

Humidity

1

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

1

Groundwater Table

Pressure

1

Evaporation

Precipitation

1

Soil Temperature

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Number

Net Radiation

1

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

1

Groundwater quality indicators

NumberLatent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

Others1
Number

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: ---------4.2 Land Surface Scheme: ---------

Meteorological model: ----------

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):-digital river basin map
4.4 Data integration system: ---------4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

34

River basin name: Upper Tone River Basin Area: 3300 [km2]Country: Japan

1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
It is located in the northern headwaters of the Tone river basin. The Tone river is a very importantsource of water supply, irrigation and power generation for the Tokyo area. Therefore its management
is crucial for the region. According to Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the trend of frequency andintensity of heavy rainfall in this region has been increasing on average from 1961-2001.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date: Sep. 1947, 171 mm/h caused by a typhoon, 1.6 million people affected
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
The system which is able to 1) reduce flood peaks at downstream and 2) replenish water levels inreservoirs after a flood event by using quantitative precipitation forecast will be developed. The error
forecast will be also considered by the bets means.
1.5 Objective: Release schedule of dams during extreme events does not follow manual, rather theexperiences of dam operators are required. Therefore, a system that can support them will be developed.
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra

100, 1020, 2500

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: 1500mm
2.4 Dominant land use: forest (79.3 %) and grasslands (9.5 %)2.5 Dominant soil type: forest soil (56%), black soil (22%) and high permeable soil (15%)
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 138.2º to 139.6ºE, 36.2º to 37.2º N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:35

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

4

Stream flow

12

Humidity

4

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

6

Wind

4

Groundwater Table

Pressure

4

Evaporation

Precipitation

27

Soil Temperature

Snow Depth

1

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumber

1
NumberNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model:

GBHM

4.2 Land Surface Scheme: SiB2

Meteorological model:

Meso-scale Grid Point Data(MSM-GPV)

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set): 50-m DEM, 100-m digital landuse, digitized 1:200,000 soil maps, hydrological thematic maps (slope, river network, and soil depth)
4.4 Data integration system:
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

36

Country: Korea (Republic) River basin name: Upper Chungju-dam Basin Basin Area: 6,662 [km2]1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
There has been significant damages from floods and flash floods in Korea. In addition to flood control
works, some other non-structural countermeasures should be considered. The study area is located at
the middle-east of Korean Peninsula. It is an upper part of South Han River and the outlet is at
Chungju-dam, which is the largest multi-purpose dam in South Han River basin.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):1) the use of satellite data for flood and drought monitoring and prediction for enhancement of theexisting system; 2) utilization of an integrated hydrological and meteorological forecast system for the
optimal dam operation and flood risk reduction.
1.5 Objective: understanding of the regional and global water cycle mechanisms in case of climatechange.
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra

0, 1561

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]:2.4 Dominant land use: mountain covered by coniferous and deciduous forests.
2.5 Dominant soil type:
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 127.92 to 129.02 E, 36.79 to 37.82 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:37

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

3

Stream flow

5

Humidity

3

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

1

Wind

3

Groundwater Table

Pressure

3

Evaporation

3

Precipitation

46

Soil Temperature

3

Snow Depth

3

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

3

Atmosphere

Number

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

available

Water Quality

Number

Net Radiation

3

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

8

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

26

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: Storage Function Model

4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model: The global data assimilation and prediction system (GDAPS) for GCM models
and the regional data assimilation and prediction system (RDAPS) for regional climatic models
4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set): various data such as soil,
vegetal covers, landuse, DEM, etc.
4.4 Data integration system:
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

38

Country: Lao PDRRiver basin name: Sebangfai River Basin Area:

8560 [km2]1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
It is located in Khammouane Province. At the source, the river flows from the Vietnam border in thesoutheast-northwest direction to Boualapha District and changes direction to the west to Mahaxay
District and then turns from the northeast-southwest into the Mekong. With an annual increase of 2.6%
since 1990, the total population in the basin is estimated to reach 192,200 in 1998.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
1) Capacity building of the staffs of Department of Meteorology and Hydrology in making a moreaccurateflood

forecasting

andanalysis;2) Assessment

of

the

current

conditionsofhydro-meteorological stations; 3) discussion on how to improve the current data transmission systemand the operation and maintenance of these stations
1.5 Objective:
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

150,

Arid

Cold/Tundra, 1397

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: 2300
2.4 Dominant land use: forest (59 %), paddy (20 %), upland crops (10 %)2.5 Dominant soil type: Mesozoic, Cretaceaus, Jurassic and Palaezoic
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 105 to 106.5 E, 17 to 18 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:39

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

1

Stream flow

3

Humidity

1

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

Groundwater Table

Pressure

Evaporation

1

Soil Temperature

1

Precipitation

5

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

2

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

2

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumberNumberNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model:
4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model:

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
4.4 Data integration system:
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

40

Country: Mongolia

Basin Area: 303 [km2]River basin name: Selbe

1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
It is located in center of Mongolia, in the north of Ulaanbaatar. It is the upper basin of the Tuul Streambasin (6300km2). From mid of 90th, settling area and population have been rapidly increasing.
Following the human activities, individual house building, paved areas, groundwater wells andlivestock pasture are in creasing. Also forest cut and cultivation took place in some extend.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
1) Environmental degradation (vegetation, soil degradation, deforestation and rapid urbanization
impacting on surface and ground water regime and interaction mechanism, ground watercontamination, water scarcity and flood control)2) Surface and ground water monitoring and modeling to assist better management in light ofanthropogenic influences and climate change impact and flood control.
3) Assistance of the development of information systems for promoting the implementation of
integrated water resources management (IWRM) in the Selbe and Tuul Stream Basins.
1.5 Objective:
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

Arid

Cold/Tundra

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):
2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]:2.4 Dominant land use: forest (59%), urban, pasture
2.5 Dominant soil type: brown and podosor
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]:
106.8 to 107.0E, 47.9 to 48.3 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major
observation sites:41

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

2

Stream flow

2

Humidity

2

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

2

Groundwater Table

Pressure

2

Evaporation

Precipitation

6

Soil Temperature

1

Snow Depth

1

Soil Moisture1

Not yet defined

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Number1 (Ulaanbaatar, 0800LT & 2000LT)1

Net Radiation

1

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

1

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

1

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

Number
Not yet defined

OthersNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: Linear regression model, Muskingem flood routing, Unit hydrograph model
4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model:

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set): DEM, river network,topography
4.4 Data integration system:
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

42

Country: Malaysia
1.

River basin name: Langat

Basin Area: 2,350 [km²]Background, targeted issues and objective

1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
Langat River Basin is one of the four major basins in Selangor State. Langat Dam is the major sourceof domestic water supply for Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and areas adjoining to it. Groundwater
extraction for industrial use is the minor water source of the basin. The Malaysian Government
Administrative Centre Putrajaya is located at the centre of the basin.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDrought

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Severe drought and water crisis in 1998
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):•

Impact of climate change and land use change on hydrology, water resources andsocio-economic activities (HydroClimate Model)•

Impact of changes in the demands of water intake and dam (Basin Simulation Model)•

Impact of changes in the sediment, river level, flooding, river networks (Hydrodynamic
Model)

1.5 Objective:
The main goal is to achieve reservoir inflow and water intake forecasting, flood and drought
forecasting, and the impact of climate and land use changes on the resources, environment andsocio-economics of the basin.
2.

River basin characteristics

2.1 Climate regime (please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra

0m, 40m, 100m

2.3

Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: 2,470

2.4

Dominant land use: Agriculture, Urban Area and Forest

2.5

Dominant soil type: Sandy Clay

2.6

Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: From E 101°17’ To E 101°53’; From N 2°40’ To N 3°09’

2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:

43

3.

Observation system

SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

11

Stream flow

6

Humidity

11

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

1

Wind

1

Groundwater Table

30

Pressure

1

Evaporation

7

Precipitation

35

Soil Temperature-

Snow Depth-

Soil Moisture-

Skin Temperature-

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

1

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

1

Pilot Balloon

1

Upward Long wave Radiation

1

Radiosonde

1

Downward Long wave Radiation

1

Radar

1

Net Radiation

1

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux-

Groundwater quality indicators

30

Latent Heat Flux-

Surface water quality indicators

30

Ground Heat Flux-

Others

CO2 Flux-

4.

NumberNumberNumberModels, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System

4.1 Hydrological model:-

4.2 Land Surface Scheme:-

Meteorological model:

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
4.4 Data integration system:

5.

-

-

4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:-Floods Droughts

Water Quality

Monitoring IWRM

Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

44

Country: Myanmar

River basin name: Shwegyin

Basin Area: 1747

[km2]

1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within in four lines
Shwegyin town is situated on the mouth of Shwegyin River and composed of 8 wards and 26 villages.
It is about 42 miles from north to south and 19 miles from east to west. The high mountains are formed
in northern and eastern part and plain areas are in the western and southern part of the basin. There are
5 rivers flowing through the township including Shwegyin River.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date: 2650 mm/40 hours

1997.0830870persons, 6050 area of paddy field

1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
To install two telemeter stations and receiving station in Shwegyin basin
To develop forecasting technique for flash flood
To develop accurate flood inundation maps using all available data including GIS data sources
1.5 Objective:
To get early flood warning system for Shwegyin River Basin
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra

12, 951, 1890

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: 35520
2.4 Dominant land use:
2.5 Dominant soil type:
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 96.75 to 97.167 E, 17.5 to 18.5 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:

Shwegyin station45

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

1

Stream flow

1

Humidity

1

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

1

Groundwater Table

Pressure

1

Evaporation

Precipitation

1

Soil Temperature

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumberNumberNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model:
4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model: multilinear regression

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
4.4 Data integration system: Asynchronous (alphanumeric) Type - 3hourly
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique: flood frequency analysis, stage correlation
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

46

River basin name: Bagmati

Country: Nepal

Basin Area: 3700 [km2]1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines

Bagmati river originates from the southern slopes of Shivapuri Lekh at Vagdhara, north ofKathmandu. It flows towards south west from its origin and turns to west in Kathmandu cityand emerges out of Kathmandu Valley at Chovar. The maximum flood discharge observed isabout 11,000 m3/sec.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date: rain 540 mm on July 20, 1993 caused extensive damage, 200 deaths
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):- Reduce flood damages: bank erosion and inundation- Reduce landslides and debris flows by means of landslides hazard mapping- Water Pollution is crucial since it is used to meet the irrigation demand
1.5 Objective: to evolve an effective flood and rainfall prediction system including disastermanagement, resource management, resource allocation and environmental conservation.
2. River basin characteristics

sub-tropical

2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

Arid

Cold/Tundra

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation): Middle Mountain highest 2740 m
2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]:2.4 Dominant land use: forest
2.5 Dominant soil type: ---------2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]:from 85º to 86ºE and 27.83º to 26.75º N

2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:47

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

11

Stream flow

3

Humidity

4

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

4

Groundwater Table

Pressure

4

Evaporation

2

Precipitation

25

Soil Temperature

2

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumberNumberNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model:

HEC Model

4.2 Land Surface Scheme: ---------------

Meteorological model:

Not available

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
Transportation networks, contours, settlement area, administrative boundaries, land use, river system
4.4 Data integration system: Started archiving data sets such as LANDSAT, SRTM DEM
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique: On-going development, CDMA
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

48

Country:

PakistanRiver basin name: Swat

Basin Area:

5894 [km2]1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
Almost 70-90 % of the water in the Upper Indus River Basin comes from snowmelt and remoteglaciers and precipitation during the monsoon season. Increasing water scarcity and pollution,
environmental degradation including desertification, sedimentation, land sliding and water quality are
increasing seriously in the Upper Indus Basin. Socio-economic conditions in the area are poor.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):Water resources assessment using in-situ and Remote Sensing dataImpact of climate change on snow cover and glacier resources

Impact of land use system changes on agriculture in response to climate change

1.5 Objective: Flood forecasting and water quality monitoring
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle): Affected by monsoon
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra

750 to 5800 m.a.s.l.

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]:2.4 Dominant land use: upper mostly covered with snow and glaciers, some with lakes
2.5 Dominant soil type:
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 71.9° to 72.87° E and 34.52° to 35.93° N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:49

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

Stream flow

Humidity

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

Groundwater Table

Pressure

Evaporation

Precipitation

4

2

Soil Temperature

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumberNumberNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: lumped hydrological model (UBC) & statistical approaches
4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model: ---------------

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set): DEM, landuse, landforms, basinboundary, drainage and river network, image based glacier/glacial lakes areas
4.4 Data integration system:
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique: statistical approaches for floods anddrought indices are used.

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

50

Country: Philippines

Basin Area: 10540 [km2]River basin name: Pampanga

1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines

It is the forth largest basin in the Philippines. The total length of the main river is about
260kilometers. The basin is drained through the Pampanga River and via the Labangan Channel
into the Manila Bay. The main river is supported by several tributaries. It has a relatively
low-gradient channel at the middle and lower sections. There are two dams within the river basin.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
Downscaling
Optimal multi-purpose reservoir operation
1.5 Objective:
End-to-end approach in water resources management (IWRM)
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra

100 - 1115

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: 4200
2.4 Dominant land use:
2.5 Dominant soil type:
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 120.5 to 121.5 E, 14.75 to 16.25 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:51

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

2

Stream flow

2

Humidity

2

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

2

Wind

2

Groundwater Table

Pressure

2

Evaporation

Precipitation

10

Soil Temperature

1

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumberNumberNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: WATBAL Hydrologic model
4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model:

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
4.4 Data integration system:
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

52

Country: Sri Lanka

Basin Area: 2720 [km2]River basin name: Kalu Ganga

1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
The Kalu (River) Ganga basin located at the South-Western part of Sri Lanka. It is about 130 km longdischarges into the Indian Ocean. The flood disasters continue in the basin due to climatic, hydrologic,
topographic and land use characteristics in the basin. . There is a hydropower reservoir at one of theupper reaches. Population density in Kalutara and Ratnapura districts are 677 and 314 person/sq km.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):District

Affected

DeathsFamilies

HousesHouses partiallydestroyed

damagedKalutara

21,550

8

7,658

35

Ratnapura

47,756

137

5,726

6,902

1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):-Flood risk reduction-Identification of inundation levels-Implementation of early warning systems based on real time flood forecasting
1.5 Objective: To minimize flood damages by using DHM & RS
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

Arid

Cold/Tundra

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation): 2250
2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: 3000
2.4 Dominant land use: tropical rain forest
2.5 Dominant soil type:
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 80 to 80.67 E, 6.4167 to 6.83 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:53

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

1

Stream flow

2

Humidity

1

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

1

Groundwater Table

Pressure

1

Evaporation

1

Precipitation

10

Soil Temperature

1

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumberNumberNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: one-dimensional hydraulic model
4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model:

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
DEM, land use and river network
4.4 Data integration system:
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

54

Country: Thailand

River basin name: Mae Wang

Basin Area: 600 [km2]1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
Mae Wang Basin is one of the sub-basins of the Mae Ping Basin in Northern Thailand. Most of thebasin is mountain area declining from west to east consists of the mixed unit of steep slope highlandsoil series.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date:
1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
To install telemetering station for observation and collection of Hydro-meteorological data
For programming the flood warning model and effective water management
1.5 Objective:
Flood forecast and early warning system
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

Arid

Cold/Tundra

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation): 300, 1000, 2500
2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]:2.4 Dominant land use: forest and agriculture
2.5 Dominant soil type: mixed unit of steep slope highland soil
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 98.5 to 98.83 E, 18.583 to 18.75 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:55

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

13

Stream flow

5

Humidity

4

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

4

Groundwater Table

Pressure

4

Evaporation

Precipitation

15

Soil Temperature

10

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture

10

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Number4

Upward Shortwave Radiation

4

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

4

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

4

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

4

Radar

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumberNumber

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: stage correlation model
4.2 Land Surface Scheme: SiBUC, MATSIRO

Meteorological model: MM5

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set): River line, Landuse, Soil type, 20-m contour line, point of village, road line
4.4 Data integration system: Water cycle information integrative system (UT)
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

56

Country: Uzbekistan

River basin name: Chirchik-Okhangaran

Basin Area: 20160 [km2]1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
It is Located in northeastern part of Uzbekistan. Snowmelt induced runoff of rivers of the Chirchik –Okhangaran basin comprised 60-90% of the total stream flow.

In Chirchik -Okhangaran river basins

have 19 hydropower stations. There are two rivers – Chirchik (161 km) and Okhangaron (223 km).
River basin has 67 lakes with different genesis type. This basin had 2384.6 thousand people.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date: Mudslide

1969, March

1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
Sediment transport
Impacts of hydrological process and on hydropower generation
To monitor the flow regimes in the rivers due to climate change
1.5 Objective:
Determination of an adequate warning system for floods
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

Arid

Cold/Tundra

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation): 400, 600, 4301
2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]:2.4 Dominant land use: agriculture
2.5 Dominant soil type:
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 69.33 to 71.25 E, 40.167 to 42.25 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:57

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICALAir Temperature

10

Stream flow

Humidity

10

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

Wind

10

Groundwater Table

Pressure

10

Evaporation

3

Precipitation

22

Soil Temperature

10

Snow Depth

23

Soil Moisture3

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Number

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

2

Net Radiation

Water Quality

NumberSensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

2

CO2 Flux

2

Number19

OthersNumber

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model:
4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model:

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
4.4 Data integration system:
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique:
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality

58

Country: Vietnam

Basin Area: 2830 [km2]River basin name: Huong

1. Background, targeted issues and objective
1.1 Brief introduction to the river basin within four lines
Huong river basin belongs to Thua Thien Hue province in coastal of the Central Viet Nam. Huong
river system contains 3 main rivers: Ta Trach, Huu Trach and Bo River. Huong River is short and steep
runs from mountain to the low plain area. Time of concentration is short and river basin has low
storage capacity. Floods and inundation often occur very quickly and severely.
1.2 Major issues (Please use a circle):

FloodsDroughts

Water Quality

1.3 Latest event when the issue was evident according to above one(s):Variable/indicator & date: 2320mm/3day

1999.11

1.4 Targets to be addressed through demonstration (up to 3):
To improve accuracy of the forecast, effective natural disaster preparedness, prevention measures andreduces the losses
1.5 Objective:
To get efficient flood warning system
2. River basin characteristics
2.1 Climate regime (Please use a circle):
Very Humid

Humid

Temperate

Semi-arid

2.2 Topography (minimum, average and maximum elevation):

Arid

Cold/Tundra

500 - 1000

2.3 Annual average rainfall of about [mm]: 3000
2.4 Dominant land use: forests
2.5 Dominant soil type: erodible laterit soil
2.6 Geographic coordinates [Lon, Lat]: 107 to 108 E, 16 to 17 N
2.7 River basin map [JPEG] with location of major observation sites:59

3. Observation system
SURFACE

NumberHYDROLOGICAL

NumberAir Temperature

3

Stream flow

1

Humidity

3

Reservoir (Water level, Outflow)

1

Wind

3

Groundwater Table

Pressure

1

Evaporation

3

Precipitation

7

Soil Temperature

3

Snow Depth

Soil Moisture3

Skin Temperature

Atmosphere

Upward Shortwave Radiation

Planetary Boundary Layer Tower

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Pilot Balloon

1

Upward Long wave Radiation

Radiosonde

1

Downward Long wave Radiation

Radar

2

Net Radiation

Water Quality

Sensible Heat Flux

Groundwater quality indicators

Latent Heat Flux

Surface water quality indicators

Ground Heat Flux

OthersNumberNumber
15

Number

CO2 Flux

4. Models, GIS, Data Integration System, Prediction System
4.1 Hydrological model: Multivariable regression, TANK, NAM, MARINE
4.2 Land Surface Scheme:

Meteorological model:

4.3 List of digital GIS data at fine resolution (besides global data set):
50 m DEM, land use, soil type, river network etc...
4.4 Data integration system: HydroMet Data, Digital Hydrological database, Digital Meteorological
database
4.5 Type of Prediction system and Downscaling technique: HRM, ETA and WBAR
Used mainly for:FloodsDroughts

Water Quality Monitoring

IWRM

5. Implementation Schedule of the Demonstration. Modify the arrows
ACTIVITIES

2008/I

2008/II

2009/I

2009/II

2010/I

2010/II

2011/I

2011/II

Hydro-meteorological & water quality monitoring
Data integration system (input data preparation, quality check)
Improvement of in-situ observation network system
Setting-up a Distributed Hydrological Model (optional LSS)
Scenario Studies: Land use change analysis, dry periods, etc.
Capacity building on Floods, Droughts & Water Quality
Parallel testing of the system at operational stage
IWRM plan development of floods, droughts & water quality6061