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determine MCFs. If no data are available, as a default, use 0 for aerobic systems, and
1.0 for anaerobic.4
Since aerobic and anaerobic handling are the only handling systems considered, the CH4
conversion rate can be used to characterise a broad range of systems falling between
aerobic and anaerobic handling systems.
Equation 10 presents the emission factor calculation for wastewater:
EQUATION 10
EFi = Boi x ∑ (WSix x MCFx )where:
EFi=

emission factor (kg CH4 /kg DC) for wastewater type (e.g., fertiliser
industry, domestic, etc.)

Boi=maximum methane producing capacity (kg CH4/kg DC) for
wastewater type i

WSix

=

fraction of wastewater type i treated using wastewater handlingsystem x

MCFx=

methane conversion factors of each wastewater system x

Equation 11 presents the emission factor calculation for sludge:
EQUATION 11
EFj = Boj x ∑(SSjy x MCFy)

where:EFj= emission factor (kg CH4 /kg DC) for sludge type j (e.g., fertiliser
industry wastewater, domestic wastewater, etc.)

Boj= maximum methane producing capacity (kg CH4/kg DC) for sludge typej

SSjy

= fraction of sludge type j treated using sludge handling system y

MCFy= methane conversion factors of each sludge handling system y (Seefootnote 4)

4 If sludge is disposed of in landfills then the resulting emissions are already accounted

for in the IPCC/OECD SWDS emission methodology (Section 6.2.4). If sludge isincinerated or burned as part of an energy recovery system, then the resulting emissions
should be reported for in the Energy Chapter, classified as an industrial waste fuel. In
these cases, to ensure that emissions are not counted twice an “MCF” of zero should be
used in this methodology for sludge disposed in SWDSs or incinerated, or burned as partof an energy recovery system. In all other cases, an appropriate MCF value should beselected based on the specific characteristics of the system used to dispose of the sludge.

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Step 3 - Wastewater Emissions
To estimate total emissions from wastewater, the selected emissions factors are multipliedby the associated organic wastewater production and summed. Subtract the amount ofCH4, if any, that is recovered and thus not emitted into the atmosphere for each handling
method. If no data are readily available, the default assumption is that this amount is zero.
Sum the results for each handling method to determine total CH4 emissions fromwastewater. In equation form, the estimate of total CH4 emissions from wastewater
handling is as follows:
EQUATION 12
WM = Σi (TOWi x EFi - MRi)

where:
WM=

total methane emissions from wastewater in kg CH4

TOWi

=

total organic waste for wastewater type i in kg DC/yr. For domestic
streams, the DC is BOD; for industrial streams it is the COD (Step
1)

EFi

=

emission factor for wastewater type i in kg CH4/kg DC (Step 2)

MRi=total amount of methane recovered or flared from wastewater type i
in kg CH4. If no data are available, use the default value of zero

Step 4 - Sludge Emissions
To estimate total emissions from sludge, the selected emissions factors are multiplied by
the associated organic sludge production and summed. Subtract the amount of CH4, ifany, that is recovered and thus not emitted into the atmosphere for each handling
method. If no data are readily available, the default assumption is that this amount is zero.
Sum the results for each handling method to determine total CH4 emissions fromwastewater. In equation form, the estimate of total CH4 emissions from sludge handling is
as follows:
EQUATION 13
SM = ∑j (TOSj x EFj - MRj)

where:

6.22

SM

=

total methane emissions from sludge in kg CH4

TOSj

=

total organic waste for sludge type j in kg DC/yr. For domestic
streams, the DC is BOD; for industrial streams it is COD (Step 1)

EFj=emission factor for sludge type j in kg CH4/kg DC (Step 2)

MRj=total amount of methane recovered or flared from sludge type j in kg
CH4. If no data are available, the default is zero

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Step 5 - Total Emissions
Total emissions from wastewater and sludge can be determined by summing the results ofSteps 3 and 4. This is expressed as follows in Equation 14:
EQUATION 14
TM = WM + SM
where:
TM=

total methane from wastewater and sludge handling in kg CH4

WM=

total methane emissions from wastewater in kg CH4

SM=

total methane emissions from sludge in kg CH4

6.3.6 Uncertainties
The quality of CH4 emissions estimates for wastewater handling is directly related to thequality and availability of the waste management data used to derive these estimates.
Country specific data on wastewater quantities, characteristics, and wastewater
management methods are very limited. The principal sources of uncertainty are described
below.
Organic Wastewater Quantity and Composition
Often the amount of degradable organic wastewater that is produced and the volumes
handled in the various systems is not well known. Consequently, limitations exist forquantifying the fraction of wastewater subject to specific systems.
Physical and Chemical Data
Country-specific data on wastewater characteristics are very limited. For example,
reported organic component values in industrial source categories are averages fromseveral processes. Accurate and detailed data on the chemical characteristics and volumesof process wastewater streams could improve the emissions estimates.
Wastewater Handling Facility Efficiency and Output
Aerobically treated wastewater by handling plants may be subject to anaerobic conditions
due to poorly managed and functioning facilities. This contributes to an underestimate ofemissions. Additionally, current estimates from wastewater handling lagoons are relatively
uncertain due to the limited available data. Work is on-going to develop better emission
factors from these sources.
TABLE 6-5
ESTIMATED BOD5 VALUES IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER BY REGION
RegionBOD5 Value(kg/cap/day)

BOD5 Value(kg/1000 persons/yr)

Africa0.037

13,505Asia, Middle East, Latin America

0.04

14,600N. America, Europe, Former USSR, Oceania

0.05

18,250Source: IPCC (1994)

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WASTETABLE 6-6
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DATA BY REGION
Industry Type and Region

Beverage - Distilled & Industry
Generic - ethanol
Generic - ethanol
South America
Western Europe
Beverage - Malt & Beer
Generic
Generic
Western Europe
Food - Meat & Poultry
Generic
Western Europe
North America
Food - Fish
North America
Food - Coffee
North America
Food - Dairy Products
Generic
Western Europe
Food - Fruits & Vegetables
Generic (cannery)
Generic Tomato processing
North America, potatoes
Western Europe, bean blanchingWestern Europe, sauerkraut
Food - Oils
Generic - Vegetable oil
Middle East
Asia
Food - Sugar
Central America (cane)
Iron And SteelSouth America
Organic Chemicals
Western Europe
Pharmaceuticals
Middle East

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Wastewater
Produced(m3/tonnes of
product)

COD Value(kg COD/m3
wastewater)

13 m3/ m3 ethanol
NAV
NAV
NAV

40
5,000 kg/ m3 ethanol
22
4.0 - 5.0

BrazilNetherlands

5 m3/ m3 beer
5-9 m3/ m3 beerNAV

17
2.0 - 7.0
1.0 - 1.5

Netherlands

1.4 m3/animal
NAV
NAV

NAV
2.9
15.0

Netherlands
USA

NAV

2.5

USA

NAV

3.0 - 14.0

USA

2.8
NAV

NAV
1.5

Netherlands

26
26
NAV
NAV
NAV

NAV
NAV
3.0
5.2
10.0 - 20.0

USA
Netherlands
Netherlands

1.6
NAV
NAV

0.3
42
25

TurkeyMalaysia

NAV

98

Mexico0.1

NAV

BrazilNAV

20- 40Netherlands

NAV

1.3

Egypt

Country

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TABLE 6-6 (CONTINUED)
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DATA BY REGION
Industry Type and Region

Wastewater Produced(m3/tonnes of
product)

COD Value(kg COD/m3
wastewater)

Country

StarchGeneric, potato starch
NAV
4.0 - 16
Generic, wheat starch
NAV
2.0 - 42
Generic, corn starch
NAV
10Petroleum Production
North America
NAV
0.3 -0.4
USA
North America
NAV
1.8
CanadaPulp & Paper
Generic (pulp)
58
2.0 - 15
North America pulp mill
140
NAV
USA
Generic (paper)NAV
2.0 - 8.0
North America (virgin paper)
97
1.6
USA
North America (recycled paper)
44
3.0
USA
Western Europe (paper)NAV
1.0 - 3.0
Netherlands
Textiles
Rayon
501
NAV
GreeceNAV
0.09
North America, textile mills
NAV
1.0
USA
Leather Tanning
North America, generic
NAV
5.8
USA
Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). For a detailed list of references for each wastewater category, see Doorn andEklund (1995). Wastewater production of COD values are not available (NAV) for every country and region.
Research is ongoing to develop wastewater production and COD values for these countries and regions. Notethat these data are currently undergoing revision and updating.

TABLE 6-7
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT EMISSIONS FACTOR DERIVATION DATA
RegionAfricaKenya
Tunisia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Asia
Indonesia
Singapore
South Korea
TaiwanOther Asia
Latin America And Caribbean
Australia And New ZealandType of Treatment

Fraction of Wastewater
Treated
(%)

MCF
(%)

Lagoons
Lagoons
Activated Sludge
Lagoons

50
20
50
5

NAV
NAV
NAV
80

not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified

1
1
1
1
5
10
80

NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
75
80
70

Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). For a detailed list of references for each region, see Doorn and Eklund (1995). Methanecorrection factor (MCF) data are not available (NAV) for some countries and regions. Research is ongoing to provide MCF
estimates for these countries and regions. Note that these data are currently undergoing revision and updating.

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WASTETABLE 6-8
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT EMISSIONS FACTOR DERIVATION
RegionType ofIndustry

Type ofTreatment

Fraction of Wastewater
Treated
(%)

MCF
(%)

Kenya

textilesLagoons

60

NAV

Kenya

coffeeproduction

Lagoons

5

NAV

All

Lagoons

10

90

IndonesiaAll

not specified

10

NAV

Malaysia

palm oil

not specified

90

NAV

SingaporeAllnot specified

10

NAV

South Korea

All

not specified

10

NAV

TaiwanAll

not specified

10

NAV

Thailandbreweries

activated sludge

50

NAV

Other Asia

All

not specified

20

90

CanadaAll

not specified

90

70

USA

All

not specified

90

70

Latin America & CaribbeanAll

not specified

20

90

Australia & New ZealandAll

not specified

95

70

AfricaOther Africa
Asia

North America

Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). For a detailed list of references for each region, see Doorn and Eklund (1995). Methanecorrection factor (MCF) data are not available (NAV) for some countries and regions. Research is ongoing to provide MCF
estimates for these countries and regions. Note that these data are currently undergoing revision and updating.

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TABLE 6-9
UNSPECIFIED WASTEWATER TYPE EMISSIONS FACTOR DERIVATION DATA
RegionAfricaSouth Africa
Asia
Afghanistan
Latin America And Caribbean
Colombia
Argentina
EuropeAlbania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Belarus
Croatia
Czech Rep
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFranceGermany
Hungary
IrelandItaly
LatviaLithuania
Moldavia
Netherlands
NorwayPolandPortugal
Romania
RussiaSerbiaSlovenia
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TurkeyUkraineUnited Kingdom
SlovakiaType of Treatment

Fraction ofWastewater
Treated
(%)

MCF
(%)

not specified

10

NAV

not specified

1

NAV

Lagoons
Lagoons

3
3

NAV
NAV

not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified

1-92
65
85
10-100
10-80
57
10-5
90
10-80
68
50-85
90
44
66
92
10-80
10-80
10-80
90
94
10-50
42
10-46
10-80
57
87
67
98
88
38
10-80
90
10-65

NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV

Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). Methane correction factor (MCF) data are not available (NAV). Research is ongoing
to provide MCF estimates for these and other wastewater treatment systems. Note that these data are currently
undergoing revision and updating.

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6.4

Nitrous Oxide from Human Sewage
Since N2O emissions from human sewage are closely linked to the agricultural N cycle,
the method is further discussed in the Agriculture Chapter. For a detailed description of
the proposed methodology, the reader is referred to Section 4.5.4 (on indirect N2Oemissions from nitrogen used in agriculture).
The emissions of N2O from human sewage are calculated as follows:
EQUATION 15

N2O(S) = Protein x FracNPR x NRPEOPLE x EF6

where:

6.5

N2O(s)=

N2O emissions from human sewage (kg N2O-N/yr)

Protein=annual per capita protein intake (kg/person/yr)

NRPEOPLE=

number of people in country

EF6=

emissions factor (default 0.01 (0.002-0.12) kg N2O-N/kg sewageN produced) (See Table 4-18 in Agriculture Chapter)

FracNPR=fraction of nitrogen in protein (default = 0.16 kg N/kg protein)(See Table 4-19 in Agriculture Chapter)

Emissions from Waste Incineration
6.5.1 Introduction
Waste incineration like other types of combustion, is a source of GHG emissions. Few
data have been compiled on the global emissions from waste incineration. Preliminary
indicators are that this source represents a small percentage of the total GHG output
from the waste source category.

6.5.2 Emissions
Certainly waste incineration produces CO2, but it is difficult to identify the portion whichshould be considered net emissions. A large fraction of the carbon in waste combusted(e.g., paper, food waste) is derived from biomass raw materials which are replaced byregrowth on an annual basis.
These emissions should not be considered net
anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the IPCC Methodology. If the agricultural or forestry
sources are not being sustainably managed, net CO2 emissions (equivalent to reductions
in biomass stocks) should be accounted for in those source categories. On the other
hand, some carbon in waste is in the form of plastics or other products based on fossil
fuel. Combustion of these materials, like fossil fuel combustion, releases net CO2
emissions. In estimating emissions from waste incineration, the desired approach is toseparate carbon in the incinerated waste into biomass and fossil fuel based fractions.
Only the fossil based portion should be considered net carbon emissions. Any suchdetailed analysis should ensure that carbon emissions are not double counted in thetreatment of stored carbon under energy emissions. See Overview to the IPCC Guidelines.

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A recent Belgian analysis (Debruyn and Van Rensbergen, 1994) offers an example of avery detailed approach.
Other relevant gases released from combustion are net GHG emissions. Methane
emissions from waste incineration are highly uncertain. An expert working group
recognised waste incineration as a source of methane production, but was not able togive global estimates or default emissions factors. Although this source is considered tobe relatively small compared to the other CH4 sources in waste, it was recognised as anarea for further research in the future (Berdowski et al., 1993).
Recent studies have also shown that N2O may be an important GHG produced fromincineration. Table 6-10 provides data from studies of several incineration plants and theN2O produced from the waste incineration (de Soete, 1993). Studies in Belgium (IPCC,
1993), Japan (Tanaka et al., 1992) and Norway (Rosland, 1993) have estimated N2O
production from their waste incineration processes. It has also been found that theemission level depends on the nature of the waste burned. Research in Japan has notedthat while all types of incineration produce N2O, sludge incinerators produce the highest
emissions rates (Tanaka et al., 1992).
Traditional air pollutants from combustion - NOx, CO, NMVOC - are characterised inexisting emissions inventory systems. The IPCC does not provide a new methodology forthese gases, but recommends that national experts use existing published methods. Some
key examples of the current literature providing methods are: Default Emission Factor
Handbook (CORINAIR, 1994), as well as the US EPA's Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emissions Factors (AP-42) (US EPA, 1985) and Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for the1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Stockton and Stelling, 1987).

TABLE 6-10
NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM WASTE INCINERATIONN2O Emission
Nature of Waste(reference)

Facility

ToC

ppmva
min.

ppmva
average

ppmva
max.

1.2

8

18

O2
(%)

g N2O /
tonne
waste

Municipal refuse

10 furnaces (65-300 tonnes/day)

Municipal refuse

Stepgrate

780-880

0.8

4.9

10

11-43

Stepgrate

780-980

4

24

8-14

40-220

Fluid. bed

830-850

6.7

10.5

13-15

14-123

Municipal solid waste 5 stokers (20-400 tonnes/day)

3

7

12

26-2703 Fluid. bed

5.6

9.8

17.1

97-293rot. koln (120 tonnes/day)

10.2

11.1

12.1

35-165

Sewage-sludge

4 incin. (150-300 tonnes/day)

57

87

125

SludgeRotary grate

750

Fluid. bed

770-812270600

580-1528

Fluid. bed

838-854135292

684-1508

Fluid. bed

834-844100

320

275-886

Fluid. bed

853-88745

145

101-30750.7

227

Source: de Soete, 1993.
a ppmv = parts per million by volume

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6.6

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Annual Estimate of Methane Emissions from Landfill Sites in the UK. ‘’ ETSU,AEA Technology, Report RYWA/18678001/R4.
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CORINAIR, 1994. Technical Annexes Volume 2 - Default emission factors handbook EUR
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de Soete, G. (1993), “Nitrous oxide from combustion and industry: chemistry, emissions,and control”, pp. 324-325. Working Group Report: Methane Emissions from
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Van Amstel, A.R., R.J. Swart, M.S. Krol, J.P. Beck, A.F. Bouwman and K.W. Van der Hoek
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