౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹฏ੒ 25 ೥ 12 ݄ 20 ೔ൃߦʢ೥ 3 ճൃߦʣɹত࿨ 45 ೥ 7 ݄ 31 ೔ɹֶज़‫ߦץ‬෺ঝೝ
ɹɹ

ISSN 0387-6012

౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ
Journal of the Japanese Society of Soil Physics

ୈ 125 ߸2013 ೥ 12 ݄౔৕෺ཧֶձ
Japanese Society of Soil Physics౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ
ୈ 125 ߸ɹ 2013 ೥ 12 ݄໨ɹ࣍‫ר‬಄‫ݴ‬

த௰හ࿕

...

1

Estimating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of Andisols
using the evaporation method
RUDIANTO, N. TORIDE, M. SAKAI and M.Th. van GENUCHTEN...

3೻छ࣌ͷա࣪ɾա‫ס‬૩ϦεΫΛ൐͏೪౔࣭స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμΠζͷద੾ͳ೻छ৚݅ͷղੳ
٢ాमҰ࿠ · ࡉ઒ɹण · ଍ཱҰ೔ग़

...

17

ϑΥτμΠΦʔυΛ༻͍ͨ౔৕தͷ์ࣹೳԖ௚෼෍ଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ։ൃླ໦৺໵ · ‫੉ؠ‬ɹ޿ · ొඌߒॿ · ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ · খྛେथ · ҏ౻ɹ఩

...

29

...

35

ɹ

...

43

ԣ઒՚ࢬ · ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ

...

53

௕ా༑ཬ‫ܙ‬...

55ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ · ొඌߒॿ · Clifford Johnston

...

59

Ճ౻ઍਘ

...

61

‫ྑ޾ాؠ‬...

63ձ຿ใࠂɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

ฤू‫هޙ‬ɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

࿦ɹจ

ߨɹ࠲
‫ݹ‬యΛಡΉ
J.D. Rhoades, P.A. Raats and R.J. Prather ஶʮӷ૬ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ɼ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͱ
౔ཻࢠද໘ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰͕౔৕ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ʯ༄Ҫ༸հ · ‫ٶ‬ຊًਔ · औग़৳෉ࢿɹྉ2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձߨԋձϙελʔηογϣϯɹൃදཁࢫ
2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձߨԋձϙελʔηογϣϯൃදཁࢫͷൈਮʢ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ࠶ੜΛ໨ࢦ͢‫ڠ‬ಇͷ੒Γཱͪʣ

2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձɹΤΫεΧʔγϣϯͷใࠂ෱ౡʹ͓͚Δ౔৕Պֶऀͨͪͷ௅ઓʢSSSA ಛผηογϣϯୈ̍ϥ΢ϯυʣ౔ཻࢠਅͬനͳ΢υͷࢥ͍ग़ॻɹධ౔ͱ೶஍ — ౔͕༷࣋ͭʑͳ‫ػ‬ೳ —දࢴࣸਅͷઆ໌

2013 ೥౓ͷ౔৕෺ཧֶձ͸ձ௕ͷެ໿௨Γ෱ౡࢢͰ։࠵͞Εͨɽγϯϙδ΢Ϝཌ೔ͷ൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷ‫ݱ‬஍‫ֶݟ‬ձʹ͸໿ 70 ໊ͷֶձһ͕ࢀՃ͠ɺ೶஍আછ΍৿ྛϞχλϦϯάͷऔΓ૊ΈΛ‫͕ͳֶ͠ݟ‬Β‫ݱ‬৔ʹ͓͚Δ౔৕෺ཧ‫ڀݚ‬ͷॏཁੑΛ‫ڞ‬༗ͨ͠ɽࠓ߸‫ࡌܝ‬ͷҰ࿈ͷࢿྉΛ͝ࢀর͍ͩ͘͞ɽ

ୈ 11 ճʢ 2013 ೥౓ʣ౔৕෺ཧֶձʢ࿦จ৆ʣબߟ݁Ռ
౔৕෺ཧֶձɹֶձ৆બߟҕһձҕһ௕ɹ೾ଟ໺ɹོհ
ֶձ৆બߟҕһձͱͯ͠Լ‫ه‬ͷ࿦จΛ࿦จ৆ͱͯ͠;͞Θ͍͠ͱܾఆ͠·ͨ͠ɽ1ɽ‫ף‬ɹɹलতɹɹʢಠʣ೶‫ߏػݚ‬ɹ౦๺೶‫ڀݚۀ‬ηϯλʔʣؔ໼ɹത޾ɹɹʢಠʣ೶‫ߏػݚ‬ɹ౦๺೶‫ڀݚۀ‬ηϯλʔʣ༡ࠤɹོ༸ɹɹʢ‫ٶ‬৓‫ݹݝ‬઒೶‫ݧࢼۀ‬৔ʣେ୩ɹོೋɹɹʢಠʣ೶‫ߏػݚ‬ɹ౦๺೶‫ڀݚۀ‬ηϯλʔʣ2ɽର৅࿦จ
ి࣓୳ࠪ๏ʹΑΔ௡೾ਁਫ೶஍ͷ౔৕ి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓ਝ଎ௐࠪ๏
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɼୈ 121 ߸ɼpp. 19–28ɼ20123ɽਪનཧ༝
ຊ‫ڀݚ‬͸ɼଟप೾਺ి࣓୳ࠪ๏ʢGEM-2ɼGeophex ࣾʣΛ௡೾ਁਫ೶஍ʹద༻͠ɼ؆қ‫׌‬ͭਝ଎ͳ౔৕ి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓ଌఆ๏Λཱ֬͠Α͏ͱͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δɽ
·ͣɼKCl ͷࢄ෍ʹΑΓԘ෼ೱ౓Λௐ੔ͨٙ͠ࣅւਫਁਫะ৔ʹ͓͍ͯɼGEM-2 ʹΑΔ

ECa ଌఆ஋͕ɼ౔৕ EC ηϯαʔͱಉ༷ͷ܏޲Λࣔ͢͜ͱΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɽGEM-2 ʹΑΔ ECa ͷ౳ߴઢਤΛɼGoogle Earth ౳ͷ஍ਤ্ʹॏͶ߹ΘͤΔ͜ͱͰɼ޿ൣғͳ௡೾ਁਫͷ͏ͪͷಛ௃Λ༰қʹ೺ѲͰ͖Δ͜ͱΛࣔͨ͠ɽ౔৕ EC ηϯαʔΛซ༻͢Δ͜ͱͰɼఆྔతʹɼਝ଎ੑΛଛͳΘͣʹআԘʹରԠ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ՄೳͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔͨ͠ɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹɼຊ‫ڀݚ‬͸আԘʹඞཁͳ EC ৘ใΛ޿ൣғʹਝ଎ʹಘΔ͜ͱ͕ग़དྷΔ؆қଌఆΛ։ൃͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Γɼ౦೔ຊେ਒ࡂ͔Βͷ෮‫͚ͯ޲ʹڵ‬ͷऔΓ૊Έʹେ͖͘ߩ‫͢ݙ‬Δ΋ͷͱ‫ظ‬଴͞ΕΔɽҎ্ͷཧ༝͔Βɼର৅࿦จ͸ୈ 11 ճ౔৕෺ཧֶձ৆ʢ࿦จ৆ʣʹ஋͢Δ΋ͷͱೝΊɼ͜͜ʹਪન͢Δ࣍ୈͰ͋Δɽ
ຊ݁Ռ͸ 2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 25 ೔ʹ։࠵͞ΕͨධٞһձͳΒͼʹ 26 ೔ʹ։࠵͞Εͨ૯ձʹͯશձҰகͰঝೝ͞Εɼ૯ձ‫ʹޙ‬त৆͕ࣜ։࠵͞Ε·ͨ͠ɽୈ 11 ճʢ 2013 ೥౓ʣ౔৕෺ཧֶձʢ࿦จ৆ʣબߟ݁Ռ
౔৕෺ཧֶձɹֶձ৆બߟҕһձҕһ௕ɹ೾ଟ໺ɹོհ
ֶձ৆બߟҕһձͱͯ͠Լ‫ه‬ͷ࿦จΛ࿦จ৆ͱͯ͠;͞Θ͍͠ͱܾఆ͠·ͨ͠ɽ1ɽ੢࿬ɹ३ࢠɹɹʢҵ໦େֶ೶ֶ෦ʣ
‫⃻ٶ‬ɹɹ‫ؽ‬ɹɹʢ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պʣߔ‫ޱ‬ɹɹউɹɹʢ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պʣ

2ɽର৅࿦จ
NAPL ‫ٵ‬ऩଟ޸ମ‫ ͕ܘ‬Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test (PITT) ʹ༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɼୈ 123 ߸ɼpp. 73–79ɼ20123ɽਪનཧ༝
ຊ‫ڀݚ‬͸ɼΨιϦϯɼ༉ɼ͓Αͼ༗‫Ͳͳࡎ༹ػ‬ͷ೉ਫ༹ੑ༹ӷʢNAPLʣΛ‫ٵ‬ऩͤͨ͞αΠζͷҟͳΔଟ޸ମΛ໛ٖԚછ‫ͯ͠ͱݯ‬ɼPartitioning Interwell Tracer TestʢPITTʣϞσϧ࣮‫ݧ‬
ʢNAPL Λ෼഑ͤͣʹਫ૬ͷΈΛҠಈ͢ΔτϨʔαʔʢඇ෼഑τϨʔαʔʣͱ NAPL ʹ෼഑͠ͳ͕ΒҠಈ͢ΔτϨʔαʔʢ෼഑τϨʔαʔʣͷࠞ߹ਫ༹ӷΛಉ࣌ʹྲྀ͠ࠐΈɼ྆τϨʔαʔͷ౸ୡ͔࣌ؒࠩΒ NAPL ྔΛਪఆ͢ΔʣΛߦ͍ɼτϨʔαʔͷഁա‫ۂ‬ઢͷςʔϦϯά‫ܗ‬ঢ়Λղੳ͢Δ͜ͱͰ NAPL ͷภࡏঢ়‫͕گ‬ਪఆͰ͖Δ͜ͱΛࣔͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋ΔɽNAPL ͷଘࡏྖҬͷେ͖͞͸ਪఆਫ਼౓ʹӨ‫ͱ͍͜ͳ͠ڹ‬΋ࣔ͞Ε͓ͯΓɼকདྷతʹ͸࣮‫ن‬໛ͰͷԠ༻ʹͭͳ͕
Δ੒Ռͱ‫ظ‬଴͞ΕΔɽҎ্ͷཧ༝͔Βɼର৅࿦จ͸ୈ 11 ճ౔৕෺ཧֶձ৆ʢ࿦จ৆ʣʹ஋͢Δ΋ͷͱೝΊɼ͜͜ʹਪન͢Δ࣍ୈͰ͋Δɽ
ຊ݁Ռ͸ 2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 25 ೔ʹ։࠵͞ΕͨධٞһձͳΒͼʹ 26 ೔ʹ։࠵͞Εͨ૯ձʹͯશձҰகͰঝೝ͞Εɼ૯ձ‫ʹޙ‬त৆͕ࣜ։࠵͞Ε·ͨ͠ɽୈ 11 ճʢ 2013 ೥౓ʣ౔৕෺ཧֶձʢϙελʔ৆ʣड৆ऀ
౔৕෺ཧֶձɹֶձ৆બߟҕһձҕһ௕ɹ೾ଟ໺ɹོհ
։࠵೔ɿ2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 26 ೔ձ৔ɿ2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձϙελʔηογϣϯձ৔ʢ෱ౡࢢɿ෱ౡେֶΩϟϯύε S ౩ 1Fʣ

ϙελʔηογϣϯࢀՃऀͷ౤ථʹ‫͍ͨͮج‬બߟʹΑΓɼԼ‫ه‬ͷ 5 ࢯ͕ड৆͞Ε·ͨ͠ɽ͓ΊͰͱ͏͍͟͝·͢ɽ஛಺ɹ๖࣮ʢࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պʣ୷ਫ౔৕ද໘ۙ๣ͷ Eh ͱ DO ͷۭؒ෼෍ࡾ໦ɹਅོʢࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պʣ஠ૉ · ୸ૉ॥‫؀‬࿈݁ϞσϧʹΑΔ౔தͷ༗‫ػ‬෺෼ղͷ‫ݕ‬౼௕ా༑ཬ‫ܙ‬ʢࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պʣౚ݁ · ༥ղաఔʹ͓͚ΔࠇϘΫ౔ͷෆౚਫྔ‫ۂ‬ઢ໊૔ɹཧࣿʢ໌࣏େֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬ՊʣඍখॏྗԼʹ͓͚Δ౔৕ཻࢠϞσϧؒܺதͷਫ෼Ҡಈ্ଜɹকজʢࠤլେֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պʣ

TDT ʹΑΔॏ೪౔ਫాͷ‫ؚ‬ਫൺ · ؒܺൺͷϞχλϦϯά

ʮ౔৕෺ཧֶձֶձ৆‫ن‬ఆ 2ʯͷվਖ਼ʹ͍ͭͯ౔৕෺ཧֶձࣄ຿‫ہ‬2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 26 ೔ʹ։࠵͞Εͨ౔৕෺ཧֶձ૯ձʹ͓͍ͯɼʮ౔৕෺ཧֶձֶձ৆‫ن‬ఆ 2ʯͷվਖ਼͕Լ‫ه‬ͷ௨Γܾఆ͞Ε·ͨ͠ɽຊվਖ਼͸Ұൠձһ͔ΒͷਪનͷҐஔ͚ͮΛ৹ࠪखॱͱ߹Θͤͯ‫ݟ‬௚ͨ͠΋ͷͰ͢ɽຊվਖ਼͸ 2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 26 ೔Ҏ߱ʹద༻͍ͨ͠·͢ɽձһ֤Ґʹ͓͔Ε·ͯ͠͸ɼ͝ঝ஌͓͖௖͚·͢Α͏͓‫͍ئ‬ਃ্͛͠·͢ɽ৽‫چ‬ରԠʢվਖ਼೔ɿ2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 26 ೔ʣ‫ݱ‬ɹߦվਖ਼‫ޙ‬ʢ2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 26 ೔Ҏ߱ʣ

2. ࿦จ৆ͷબߟ࿦จ৆͸ɼ೥ 1 ճɺҎԼͷखॱʹΑΓ࿦

2. ࿦จ৆ͷબߟ࿦จ৆͸ɼ೥ 1 ճɼҎԼͷखॱʹΑΓ࿦จ৆બߟҕһձʮҎԼɼબߟҕһձʯͰจ৆બߟҕһձʮҎԼɼબߟҕһձʯͰ৹ࠪ͠ɼධٞһձͰܾఆ͢Δɽ

৹ࠪ͠ɼධٞһձͰܾఆ͢Δɽ

ʢ1ʣ৆ͷର৅ͱ͢Δ࿦จ͸ɼʮ౔৕ͷ෺

ʢ1ʣ৆ͷର৅ͱ͢Δ࿦จ͸ɼʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯʹɼ‫ݪ‬ଇͱͯ͠લ೥౓ʢલ೥

ཧੑʯʹɼ‫ݪ‬ଇͱͯ͠લ೥౓ʢલ೥

4 ݄ 1 ೔͔Βཌ೥ͷ 3 ݄ 31 ೔·Ͱʣ4 ݄ 1 ೔͔Βཌ೥ͷ 3 ݄ 31 ೔·Ͱʣʹ‫͞ࡌܝ‬Εͨ‫ݪ‬ஶʮ࿦จʯͱ͢Δɽʹ‫͞ࡌܝ‬Εͨ‫ݪ‬ஶʮ࿦จʯͱ͢Δɽ

ʢ2ʣ৹ࠪର৅ͱ͢Δ࿦จ͸ɼҎԼͷ͍ʢ2ʣਖ਼ձһʢ1 ໊Ҏ্ʣ͸, ֶձ৆ड৆

ͣΕ͔ͱ͢Δɿ

1ʣબߟҕһ͕ʢ1ʣʹ֘౰͢Δ࿦จͷத͔Βୈ 1 ࣍৹ࠪͱͯ͠બߟͨ͠
΋ͷɼ

2ʣʢ1ʣʹ֘౰͢Δ࿦จͷத͔Βਖ਼ձ
һ 1 ໊Ҏ্ʹΑΓਪનʢࣗન΋͘͠͸ଞનʣ͞Εͨ΋ͷɽ
ʢ3ʣ
ʢ2ʣʵ 2ʣʹ‫͢ه‬࿦จͷਪન͸ɼֶީิͱͯ͠ʢ1ʣʹ֘౰͢Δ࿦จΛࣗન΋͘͠͸ଞન͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖
Δ.
ʢ 3ʣ
ʢ2ʣʹ‫͢ه‬࿦จͷਪન͸ɼֶձࢽʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯʹެࣔ͞ΕͨืूΛड͚ɼॴఆͷॻྨΛඞཁ෦਺ଗ
͑ɼ‫ظ‬೔·Ͱʹֶձࣄ຿‫ʹہ‬ఏग़͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɽձࢽʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯʹެࣔ͞Εͨ

ʢ4ʣબߟҕһձ͸ɼ
ʢ1ʣʹ֘౰͢Δ࿦จืूΛड͚ɼॴఆͷॻྨΛඞཁ෦਺ͷத͔Βɼʢ2ʣͷਪન΋ߟྀͯ͠ डଗ͑ɼ‫ظ‬೔·Ͱʹֶձࣄ຿‫ʹہ‬ఏग़৆ީิ࿦จʢҎԼɼީิ࿦จʣΛ৹͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɽࠪ · બߟ͠ɼධٞһձ΁෇ٞ͢Δɽ

ʢ4ʣબߟҕһձͰ͸ɼ
ʢ2ʣʹ֘౰͢Δ
࿦จͷத͔Βɼୈ 2 ࣍৹ࠪͱͯ͠ड
৆ީิ࿦จʢҎԼɼީิ࿦จʣΛ৹ࠪ · બߟ͠ɼධٞһձ΁෇ٞ͢Δɽ
ʢ5ʣධٞһձͰ͸ɼީิ࿦จ͕ड৆
ʹద͔֨Ͳ͏͔Λ൑ఆ͢Δɽ

ʢ5ʣධٞһձͰ͸ɼީิ࿦จ͕ड৆
ʹద͔֨Ͳ͏͔Λ൑ఆ͢Δɽʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯͷిࢠδϟʔφϧԽͷ‫ݕ‬౼ʹ͍ͭͯ౔৕෺ཧֶձࣄ຿‫ہ‬ࡢࠓͷΠϯλʔωοτͷී‫ʹٴ‬൐ͬͯɼࠃ಺֎ͷஶ໊ͳࡶࢽ͸ిࢠδϟʔφϧʹҠߦͭͭ͋͠Γ·͢ɽిࢠδϟʔφϧԽ͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɼΠϯλʔωοτ্Ͱͷ‫ʹࡧݕ‬ώοτ͠΍͘͢ͳΔ͜ͱɼಈը΍σʔλͳͲͷ௥Ճ৘ใΛ࿦จʹ͚ͭΒΕΔ͜ͱɼҹ࡮‫ܦ‬අ΍ૹྉΛେ෯ʹઅ໿Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱɼ
ຊ୨ͷεϖʔεʹ༨༟͕Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱͳͲͷϝϦοτ͕͋Γ·͢ɽͦͷҰํͰैདྷͷϖʔδΛΊ͘Δָ͠Έ͕ࣦΘΕΔσϝϦοτ΋͋Γ·͢ɽ͔͠͠ͳ͕Βɼֶձඅ͚ͩͰӡӦ͞Ε͍ͯΔ౰ֶձ
ͷࡒ੓ঢ়ଶΛ෼ੳ͢Δͱͦͷେ෦෼Λҹ࡮‫ܦ‬අ͕઎Ί͍ͯΔͷ͕‫ݱ‬ঢ়Ͱ͢ɽࠓ‫ޙ‬ɼձһ૿ʹΑΔ
େ෯ͳձඅऩೖ͕‫ࠐݟ‬Ίͳ͍‫ݶ‬ΓɼֶձӡӦͦͷ΋ͷ͕ഁ୼Λ͖ͨ͢‫ڪ‬Ε΋͋Γ·͢ɽ͜͏ͨ͠
എ‫ܠ‬Λߟྀͯ͠ɼ10 ݄ 25 ೔ͷධٞһձ͓Αͼ 26 ೔ͷ૯ձͰ͸ʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑͷిࢠδϟʔφϧԽʯʹ͍ͭͯձһॾࢯ͔Βҙ‫ݟ‬Λௌऔ͠ɼͦͷҙ‫ࢠి͍ͯͮجʹݟ‬δϟʔφϧԽͷՄೳੑΛ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΓ·ͨ͠ɽैདྷ௨Γ࡭ࢠମΛ‫ر‬๬͢Δ৔߹ʹ͸ɼΦϓγϣϯͱͯ͠ҹ࡮αʔϏεΛಋೖ͢Δ͜ͱͳͲ΋ߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɽձһॾࢯʹ͓͔Ε·ͯ͠͸ຊֶձͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়Λ͝ཧղͷ্ɼʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯͷిࢠδϟʔφϧԽʹؔ͢Δ͝ҙ‫ݟ‬Λ͓‫͢·͍ͩͤ͘͞د‬Α͏͓‫͍ئ‬க͠·͢ɽѼઌɿɹ౔৕෺ཧֶձฤूҕһձɹฤूҕһ௕ɹऔग़৳෉ɹѼํ๏ɿɹʢిࢠϝʔϧʣE-mail: kibyosi@ml.affrc.go.jp ɹʢWeb ໰͍߹Θͤʣhttps://js-soilphysics.com/contactsక੾ɿɹ 2014 ೥ 3 ݄ 31 ೔౔৕෺ཧֶձϗʔϜϖʔδͷ‫͍ͯͭʹ༻׆‬౔৕෺ཧֶձࣄ຿‫ہ‬౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ 124 ߸Ͱ΋͓஌Βͤ͠·ͨ͠Α͏ʹ 2013 ೥ 5 ݄ʹ౔৕෺ཧֶձͷϗʔϜϖʔδ͕ϦχϡʔΞϧΦʔϓϯ͠·ͨ͠ɽ৽͍͠ϗʔϜϖʔδͰ͸ɼֶձࣄ຿‫͔ہ‬Βͷ NEWS ΍࿦จμ΢ϯϩʔυͷαʔϏεΛར༻Ͱ͖·͢ɽ·ͨɼ࣌୅ͷைྲྀʹ߹Θͤͯɼಈը΍ੜσʔλͷ‫ڞ‬༗αΠτͳͲͷαʔϏε΋‫ݕ‬౼தͰ͢ɽ‫ࡏݱ‬͸ձһ · ඇձһʹ͔͔ΘΒͣ౳ֶ͘͠ձαʔϏεΛར༻Ͱ
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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

No. 125, p.1 ∼ 2 (2013)୭ʹԿΛͲ͏‫ͤݟ‬Δ͔த௰ හ࿕ 1খੜͷ৬৔Ͱ͸ɼຖ೥ 8 ݄ʹʮ๺‫ݟ‬೶‫ݧࢼۀ‬৔ެ։σʔʯΛ։࠵͍ͯ͠Δɽ͜ͷ࠵͠ͷ໨త͸ʮখதֶੜ΍Ұൠࢢຽ͓Αͼ೶‫Ͳͳऀ܎ؔۀ‬஍Ҭͷօ༷ʹɼ๺‫ݟ‬೶‫ݧࢼۀ‬৔ͷะ৔ࢪઃ΍ࢼ‫಺ڀݚݧ‬༰౳Λެ։͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɼ๺‫ݟ‬೶‫ݧࢼۀ‬৔΍ΦϗʔπΫ೶‫ʹۀ‬ର͢ΔཧղΛਂΊ͍ͯͨͩ͘ʯͱ։࠵ཁྖʹ͸‫͞ه‬Ε͍ͯΔɽԿͱ΋͓໾ॴతͳจ‫͕ݴ‬ฒΜͰ͍Δ͕ɼཁ͸େֶͷΦʔϓϯΩϟϯύεʹྨͨ͠΋ͷͱ͓ߟ͍͚͑ͨͩΕ͹Α͍͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɽެ։σʔͳͷͰɼͰ͖Δ͚ͩଟ͘ͷਓʹདྷ͍͖͍ͯͨͩͨɽ‫ݴ‬༿͸ྑ͘ͳ͍͕ɼू٬ྗͷ͋Δग़͠෺͸ͳΜͩΖ͏͔ɽ·ͣ͸ͳΜͱ‫ͯͬݴ‬΋৯΂෺ͷఏ‫ͩڙ‬ɽ޾͍๺‫ݟ‬೶‫ݧࢼۀ‬৔ʹ͸খഴɼഅླ͠ΐɼͨ·Ͷ͗ͷ৽඼छΛҭ੒͢ΔηΫγϣϯ͕͋Γɼૉࡐ͸๛෋ʹ͋Δɽͦ͜Ͱɼ͍ͣΕ΋౰৔ҭ੒ͷɼय़·͖খഴʮ͸Δ͖ΒΓʯΛ࢖ͬͨόλʔϩʔϧɼϙςτνοϓ༻അླ͠ΐʮΦϗʔπΫνοϓʯͷϙςτνοϓεɼੜ৯༻ʢҰൠ੨Ռ༻ʣഅླ͠ΐʮΏ͖ͭͿΒʯͷ;͔͍͠΋ɼଟऩ‫ૣۃ‬ੜͨ·Ͷ͗ʮऩଠ࿠ʯͷΦχΦϯϑϥΠͷ 4 ඼໨Λແྉࢼ৯ͱͯ͠ఏ‫͢ڙ‬Δ͜ͱʹͨ͠ɽ͔͠͠ɼདྷ৔ऀͷํʑʹ͓ෲΛຬͨͯ͠‫Ͱ͚͍ͩͩͨͯͬ͘ؼ‬͸։࠵ཁྖʹ‫͛ܝ‬ΒΕͨຊདྷͷ໨తɼͭ·Γɼօ͞Μʹʮ๺‫ݟ‬೶‫ݧࢼۀ‬৔ͱΦϗʔπΫ೶‫ʹۀ‬ର͢ΔཧղΛਂΊ͍ͯͨͩ͘ʯ͜ͱ͕ୡ੒Ͱ͖ͨͱ͸‫͍ͳ͑ݴ‬ɽͦ͜Ͱɼ
ࢼ৯඼ͱҰॹʹΧϥʔ࡮ΓࣸਅೖΓͷ඼छղઆύϯϑϨοτΛ഑෍ͨ͠ɽ·ͨɼࢼ৯ίʔφʔͷςʔϒϧԣʹ਺ຕͷ඼छղઆύωϧΛలࣔͯ͠ɼύωϧઆ໌୲౰‫ڀݚ‬һ΋഑ஔͨ͠ɽདྷ৔ऀͷํʑ͔Β͸୲౰‫ڀݚ‬һʹର͠ʮࢼ‫ݧ‬৔ͬͯ
͍Ζ͍Ζͳ࡞෺ͷ඼छΛ։ൃ͍ͯ͠ΔΜͰ͢ͶʯɼʮՈఉࡊԂͰ࡞Γ͍ͨͷ͚ͩͲɼछ͍΋͸खʹೖΔͷͰ͔͢ʁʯɼ
ʮ͜ͷ඼छ͸ͲΜͳྉཧʹ޲͘ͷʁʯͳͲͷ‫ײ‬૝΍࣭໰͕‫ͤد‬ΒΕɼଟগͳΓͱ΋‫ڵ‬ຯΛ͍͚࣋ͬͯͨͩͨΑ͏ͩɽެ։σʔͰ͸͜ͷଞʹɼࢠ‫͚޲ڙ‬ͷ༡ͼίʔφʔʢ͜͜Ͱ΋ͪΐͬͱ೶ࢼͬΆ͘ʮ౔ͰֆΛඳ͜͏ʯͳΜͯ‫ا‬ը΋͋Δʣɼ೶‫ؔ͢ʹۀ‬ΔΫΠζʹ౴͑ͯ৔಺ΛҰप͢ΔΫΠζϥϦʔɼ࡞෺ͷ࠿ഓ๏΍ප֐஬ͷ೰Έʹ‫ڀݚ‬һ͕౴͑Δാ࡞Ԃܳ૬ஊίʔφʔɼࢼ‫ݧ‬ะ৔‫ֶݟ‬όεπΞʔɼ೶‫ػۀ‬ցͷలࣔͳͲ΋ߦͬͨɽ;ͨΛ։͚ͯΈΔͱɼఱީʹ΋‫·ܙ‬Εɼ11 ճ໨ͱͳΔࠓ೥ͷདྷ৔ऀ͸ 297 ໊ʢ͏ͪࢠ‫ ڙ‬72 ໊ʣͰɼա‫࠷ڈ‬ଟͱͳͬͨɽདྷ৔ऀͷ໿ 4 ׂʹ͓౴͍͍͑ͨͩͨΞϯέʔτʹΑΕ͹ɼདྷ͍͍ͯͨͩͨํͷ৬‫ۀ‬͸ɼओ්ɼձࣾһɼ༮ஓԂ ·খֶੜɼ೶‫ۀ‬ɼެ຿һͳͲͱ෯޿͘ɼ೥ྸ૚͸ 60 ࡀҎ্͕ 4 ׂͱ΍΍ଟ͍΋ͷͷɼ10 ࡀະຬ͔Β 50 ࡀ୅·Ͱ·͞ʹ࿝एஉঁʹ͓ӽ͍͍ͨͩͨ͠ɽདྷ৔ऀͷ৬‫ۀ‬΍೥ྸ૚͕΋ͬͱ‫ݶ‬ఆ͞ΕΕ͹ɼग़͠෺ͷ಺༰΋ߜΓࠐΊΔՄೳੑ͸͋
Δ͕ɼ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ‫ݱ‬ঢ়ͳͷͰɼͲ͏ͯ͠΋ສਓड͚͢Δ૯Ֆతͳ಺༰ʹͳΒ͟ΔΛಘͳ͍ɽର৅ऀΛ͋·Γ‫ݶ͘ڱ‬ఆͤͣʹɼ๺‫ݟ‬೶ࢼͷ੒Ռ΍ΦϗʔπΫ೶‫ۀ‬ͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়ΛͲ͏‫ͤݟ‬Δ͔ɼ͜Ε͕ඇৗʹ೉͍͠ɽ౻୔ߊ࣏ࢯͷஶॻʰʮ෼͔Γ΍͍͢ද‫ݱ‬ʯͷٕज़ʢߨஊࣾϒϧʔόοΫεʣʱʹ͸ɼҙਤͨ͜͠ͱΛద੾ʹ఻͑Δʢ‫ݟ‬ʮड͚खͷ೤ҙΛ‫ۃݟ‬
ͤΔʣͨΊͷ 16 ͷϧʔϧ͕ղઆ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽͦͷ͏ͪɼʮड͚खͷϓϩϑΟʔϧΛઃఆͤΑʯɼΊΑʯɼʮେલఏͷઆ໌Λ๨ΕΔͳʯ
ɼʮཉுΔͳɽ৔߹ʹΑͬͯ͸ৄࡉΛࣺͯΑʯɼʮ৘ใʹ༏ઌॱҐΛ͚ͭΑʯͱͷϧʔϧ͸ɼର৅ऀͷόοΫάϥ΢ϯυ΍ؔ৺ͷఔ౓Λ໌֬ʹ૝ఆ͠ɼਫ਼બ͞Εͨ৘ใΛ͏·͘ฒ΂ͯ‫ͤݟ‬Δ͜ͱͷେ੾͞

Photo. 1 ࢼ৯඼ఏ‫ڙ‬ͷ༷ࢠʢ๺‫ݟ‬೶ࢼެ։σʔʣɽ1 ๺ւಓཱ૯߹‫ߏػڀݚ‬๺‫ݟ‬೶‫ݧࢼۀ‬৔

Photo. 2 ඼छղઆύωϧͱ‫ڀݚ‬һʹΑΔઆ໌ʢಉʣɽ

2౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)Λࢦఠ͍ͯ͠ΔɽҰํɼެ։σʔͰ͸ɼେਓ͔ΒࢠͲ΋·Ͱɼઐ໳Ո͔Βॳ৺ऀ·ͰΛର৅ʹɼ޿͘ઙ͘ʢ΋ͪΖΜਂ͍ํ͕ྑ͍͕ʣ೶ࢼͷ࢓ࣄΛ‫ͤݟ‬Δ͜ͱ͕࢖໋ͳͷͰɼ͜ΕΒͷϧʔϧΛ౰ͯ͸Ίʹ͍͘ɽখੜ͕ձࢽʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯͷฤूҕһ௕Λഈ໋ͨ͠ա‫ ڈ‬2 Χ೥ʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɼࢽ্Ͱ୭Λର৅ʹԿΛͲͷΑ͏ʹ‫ݟ‬ͤΔ͔ɼେ͍ʹ೰Μͩɽ౰࣌͸౤ߘ࿦จ਺͕‫ݮ‬গ܏޲ʹ͋ͬͨͨΊɼฤूҕһձ΍ࣄ຿‫Ͱہ‬ͷ࿦ٞʹ‫͖ͮج‬ɼଟ͘ͷํʑʹ͝‫͕ͳ͖͍ͩͨྗڠ‬Βɼґཔ‫ߘݪ‬Λத৺ͱͨ͠ಛूΛ͍͔ͭ͘‫ا‬ը͠ɼ౔৕෺ཧʹগ͠Ͱ΋ؔ࿈͢Δ͜ͱͳΒ͹ɼͰ͖Δ͚ͩ෯޿͍͘Ζ͍Ζͳ৘ใΛ‫͢ࡌܝ‬Δʢ‫ͤݟ‬Δʣ͜ͱΛࢼΈͨɽ‫ݩ‬དྷɼ౔৕෺ཧֶձ͸౔৕ංྉֶձɼ೶‫ۀ‬౔໦ֶձʢ‫ݱ‬೶‫ۀ‬೶ଜ޻ֶձʣͷ‫ऀڀݚ‬Λத৺ʹɼ1958 ೥ʹൃ଍ͨ͠౔৕෺ཧ‫ڀݚ‬ձ͕ϧʔπͰ͋Γɼ೶ֶɼ޻ֶɼ‫؀‬‫ڥ‬Պֶɼ‫ؾ‬৅ֶͳͲଟ༷ͳόοΫάϥ΢ϯυΛ࣋ͭਓୡͷू·ΓͰ͋Δɽ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɼઌ΄Ͳͷ౻୔ࢯͷࢦఠ͸΋ͬͱ΋Ͱ͋Δ͕ɼର৅΍಺༰Λ͸͡Ί͔Β͋·Γ‫ڱ‬ΊΔ͜ͱͳ͘ɼΏΔ͍റΓͰɼଟ༷ͳਓ޲͚ͷ৘ใΛͨ͘͞Μ‫ࡌܝ‬
͢Δʢ‫ͤݟ‬Δʣ͜ͱ͕ɼ࿨จࢽͱͯ͠ͷʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯͷྑ͞ͷൃ‫͕ͳͭʹش‬ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱߟ͑ͨ༁Ͱ͋Δɽ
ͨͩ͠ɼʮ‫ͤݟ‬ΔʯͷҙຯΛѪ༻͢Δ৽໌ղࠃ‫ࣙޠ‬యʢࡾলಊʣͰҾ͍ͯΈͨͱ͜ΖɼʮͲ͏͢Ε͹͏·͘ग़དྷΔ͔
ͱ͍͏͜ͱΛ࣮ࡍʹԋٕͯ͠ͷ͚Δʯͱ͋ΔͷΛ‫͚ͨͭݟ‬ɽͳΜͱ‫ڪ‬Ζ͍͠ҙຯͩΖ͏ɽʮ࣮ࡍʹԋٕͯ͠ͷ͚ʯΒΕ͔ͨͲ͏͔͸ɼ‫ޙ‬ʑͷօ͞Μͷ͝൑அʹΏͩͶ͍ͨɽͦΕʹͯ͠΋ɼ͜ͷ‫ר‬಄‫ݴ‬΋ͦ͏͕ͩɼ୭ʹԿΛͲ͏‫ͤݟ‬Δ͔͸࣮ʹ೉͘͠ɼษ‫ڧ‬ͷ࿈ଓͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛ௧‫͍ͯ͠ײ‬ΔɽJ. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

No. 125, p.3 ∼ 15 (2013)

Estimating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of Andisols
using the evaporation method
RUDIYANTO1 , Nobuo TORIDE2 , Masaru SAKAI2 and Martinus Th. van GENUCHTEN3

Abstract: Parameters of the bimodal van Genuchten (VG)
hydraulic functions for two aggregated Andisols were inversely determined using the evaporation method. Initial
estimates of the water retention parameters were determined from separate retention measurements, which facilitated rapid convergence of the parameter optimization
process regardless of the number of optimized parameters. When the bimodal water retention parameters were
ﬁxed according to the independently measured retention
data from near saturation to very low pressure heads down
to −105 cm, it was possible to estimate the unsaturated
hydraulic conductivity, K(h), by optimizing only two conductivity parameters (Ks , ). Since the ﬂat region of the bimodal retention curve at intermediate pressures is difﬁcult
to measure precisely, however, we still recommend optimizing all bimodal VG parameters to yield the best overall
results. Including water retention data at very low pressure
heads in the dry range extended the applicable range of themodel predictions, at least down to pressure heads of approximately −104 cm.
Key Words : unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention curve, aggregated soil, Andisol, evaporation
method

1. Introduction
Andisols generally are developed from volcanic ash
consisting of noncrystalline materials such as allophone,imogolite, Al-humus complexes, and ferrihydrite (Shoji etal., 1993; Nanzyo, 2002). Andisols cover 17 % of the land
surface in Japan, where they are widely used for agriculture. Water ﬂow and solute transport processes in Andisols
are of considerable interest because of their unique physical and chemical properties. They typically have a very
low bulk density and a well-developed aggregated structure. Because of this, Andisols usually exhibit a composite (stepwise) water retention function reﬂecting distinct
1 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural

Univ., Indonesia.
2 Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie Univ., Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.

Corresponding authour:औग़৳෉, ࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պ
3 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
2013 ೥ 9 ݄ 3 ೔डߘɹ 2013 ೥ 9 ݄ 20 ೔डཧ

but interacting inter-aggregate and intra-aggregate pore regions (Miyamoto et al., 2003).
Several bimodal or multimodal functions have been proposed over the years to account for the additive effects ofinter- and intra-aggregate pore regions to the overall soil
hydraulic properties (Peters and Klavetter, 1988; Othmer
et al., 1991; Gerke and van Genuchten, 1993, Mallants
et al., 1997; Mohanty et al., 1997). One frequently used
multimodal formulation stems from Durner (1992, 1994)
who developed a composite retention function by summing
multiple van Genuchten (VG) models (van Genuchten,1980). The bimodal form of this function has been usedin several recent studies (e.g., Coppola, 2000; Peters andDurner, 2008; Schelle et al., 2010), including for thewater retention properties of Andisols (Miyamoto et al.,
2003; Hamamoto et al., 2009; Chamindu Deepagoda et al.,2012). Most of these studies were concerned with the water retention properties of soils. By comparison, very few
studies have applied the bimodal VG model to the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function of aggregated soils.
When used also for the hydraulic conductivity, most applications were concerned with improved descriptions of
the unsaturated conductivity function near saturation in attempts to account for the effects of macropores or rockfractures (Peters and Klavetter, 1988; Zurmühl and Durner,
1998; Iden and Durner, 2007; Durner and Iden, 2011).
The bimodal VG model has considerable ﬂexibility indescribing the hydraulic properties of aggregated media.
Unfortunately, optimization of the large number of parameters in the model against transient ﬂow data (such as frommultistep outﬂow or evaporation methods) is a major challenge. Since several of the hydraulic parameters are often
correlated (Zurmühl and Durner, 1998), it is inherently difﬁcult to ﬁnd the global minimum of the objective functionin the optimization process. Zurmühl and Durner (1998)
showed that convergence of the parameter optimization
process depends very much on the initial estimates of theunknown parameters. In addition to the transient measurements, the objective function could also include independently measured soil water retention or unsaturated
hydraulic conductivity data points. Parameter uncertainty

4౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)pressure heads. The validity of the estimated unsaturated
hydraulic conductivity beyond the pressure measurement
range, however, was not discussed in detail in their study.

Fig. 1 Water retention curves for the Kumamoto and Mie Andisols ﬁtted with the bimodal VG model (solid line). Retention
data were obtained with a hanging water column (open circles),a pressure plate (crosses), and a WP4 dewpoint potentiameter(open squares).

(i.e., the reliable range of the optimized parameter values)
generally will be reduced by including independently measured soil hydraulic property data in the objective function,
but this may affect the goodness of ﬁt between modeled
and experimental data (Šimůnek et al., 1998; Hopmans etal., 2002). More rapid minimization of the objective function may be achieved by using as initial estimates water
retention parameters ﬁtted to observed retention data. For
example, Spohrer et al. (2006) succeeded in estimating 25
parameters of the bimodal VG model for four soil layersof a tropical Acrisol from transient ﬁeld data using initialvalues of the ﬁtted water retention parameters.
When the hydraulic properties are estimated inversely
using the evaporation method, the optimized hydraulicfunctions are generally assumed to be representative only
within the range of the tensiometer data. No guarantee
exists that the hydraulic functions can be extrapolated beyond the invoked pressure measurement range. Šimůnek
et al. (1998) and Hopmans et al. (2002) suggested the applicable range of the model predictions could be extended
by including independently measured hydraulic data in theobjective function. Sakai and Toride (2007b) estimatedthe unsaturated conductivity of the model of Fayer andSimmons (1995) for a dune sand, as well as the bimodal
VG model for an Andisol, using the evaporation method
in combination with water retention data from close tosaturation to very dry conditions down to pressure headsof approximately −105 cm. They showed that the observed pressure heads agreed well with the model predictions when an appropriate hydraulic function was used
to describe the water retention data over a wide range of

The objective of this study was to determine parameters of the bimodal VG model for Andisols over a wide
range of pressure heads as determined using the evaporation method. In addition to the pressure heads we also usedwater retention data in the objective function. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks , and the pore-connectivity
factor, , in the VG hydraulic conductivity function, alongwith several water retention parameters, were optimized.
Different sets of optimizations were conducted by restricting the pressure head range of the water retention and tensiometer measurements in the objective function. We were
especially interested in the role of water retention data atvery at low (negative) pressure heads in the objective function. We furthermore used the measured pressure headproﬁles of the samples at the end of the evaporation experiment to conﬁrm the shape of the estimated hydraulicfunctions beyond the tensiometer measurement range.

2. Material and methods
2.1 Evaporation experiment
For the evaporation experiments we used two different
Japanese Andisols collected from the surface horizons of
two sites. One set of soil samples was obtained from the
NARO Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center inKumamoto, and one from the NARO Institute of Vegetable
and Tea Science in Mie, Japan. Collected soil samples
were sieved using a 2 mm mesh. The disturbed Andisols were packed uniformly in 16-cm long, 3.8-cm diameter acrylic columns to bulk densities, ρb , of 0.48 and 0.75
g cm−3 for the Kumamoto and Mie soils, respectively. The
saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks , based on the fallinghead method was estimated to be approximately 200 cm
d−1 for the Kumamoto Andisol, and 1000 cm d−1 for the
Mie Andisol. Fig. 1 shows water retention curves as measured using a hanging water column for the pressure head(h) range −200 < h < −5 cm, using a pressure plate for−1.2 × 104 < h < −250 cm, and a WP4 dew point potentiameter (Decagon Devices, Pullman, WA) based on relative humidity measurements equilibrated with the soil water pressure for the range −105 < h < −3 × 103 cm. Although WP4 measurements are generally used for pressure
heads below −104 cm, we applied the WP4 potentiameterto the higher pressure heads up to approximately −3 × 103
cm with considerable care as suggested by Maček et al.
(2013). Volumetric water contents for the WP4 measurements were determined from the gravimetric water contents and the bulk density of the soil.
After slowly saturating the soil samples from the bottom, the water supply was closed and evaporation was al-࿦จɿEstimating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of Andisols using the evaporation method

low to start using a fan to blow air away from the soil
surface in a 25 ◦ C constant temperature room. Pressure
heads were monitored using ﬁve tensiometers connected
to pressure transducers at 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 cm depths.
Cumulative amounts of evaporation were calculated frommeasurements of the soil column weights using an electrical balance connected to a data logger. The evaporation experiment for the Mie Andisol continued until thepressure head became less than −600 cm at 1 cm depth.
The evaporation period for the Kumomoto Andisol was allowed to continue longer, until the pressure head at 10 cm
depth became less than −500 cm. The valves connected tothe tensiometers above 10 cm depth were closed at h values of about −500 cm to prevent water leakage from thetensiometer cups (Durner and Or, 2005; Schindler et al.,2010). Volumetric water content proﬁles at the end of experiments were determined gravimetrically by sectioning
the soil columns. Pressure head proﬁles near the surface
at the end of experiments for the Kumamoto Andisol were
measured using the WP4 potentiameter.
2.2 Bimodal van Genuchten model
The bimodal water retention (Durner, 1992, 1994) andunsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Priesack and Durner,
2006) functions based on the van Genuchten-Mualem
model (van Genuchten, 1980; Mualem, 1976) were used
to describe the hydraulic properties of the two Andisols:(1)

contents, while S2 corresponds to the second subregion at
the lower water contents. The hydraulic functions given by
Eqs. (1) to (3) are further referred to here as the bimodal
VG model. Note that the hydraulic functions contain a total of nine parameters. Seven of these parameters (θs , θr ,α1 , n1 , w2 , α2 , n2 ) relate primarily to the water retention
curve, and two additional parameters (Ks , ) to the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function.
2.3 Parameter optimization
Parameters of the bimodal VG model for our
two Andisols were optimized using version 4.08 of
the HYDRUS-1D software package (http://www.pcprogress.com/en/Default.aspx?hydrus-1d) of Šimůnek etal. (2008). The calculations assumed applicability of the
Richards equation to one-dimensional vertical water ﬂow
under isothermal condition as follows:∂ θ (h)∂∂h=+ K (h)
K (h)
∂t
∂z
∂z

(4)

t is time [T].

2

(2)


−K (h)

⎫2
⎧ 2

mi
⎪
⎪
1/mi
⎪
⎪
w
α
1
−
1
−
S
∑
i
i
i
⎬
⎨
i=1

2

∑ wi αih (z, 0) = hi (z)

(5)


∂h
+ 1 = qevap (L,t)
∂z

(6)



∑ wi Si

i=1

⎪
⎪
⎩

sociated with the ﬁrst subregion of θ (h) at the higher water

experiment are given by (e.g., Šimůnek et al., 1998):

Si = [1 + (αi |h|)ni ]−mi×

coefﬁcient [-]. The S1 variable (subject to α1 > α2 ) is as-

The initial and boundary conditions for the evaporation

where Si is given by:

K (h) =Ks

hydraulic conductivity [LT−1 ], and  is a pore-connectivity

where z is the vertical coordinate [L] positive upward, and2θ (h) − θrS== ∑ wi Si
θs − θr
i=1



5

(3)

⎪
⎪
⎭

i=1

The subscript i in these equations represents the number ofsubregions (i = 1, 2 in our application), Si is effective saturation [−] of the i-th subregion, h is the soil water pressure
head [L], θ is the volumetric water content [L3 L−3 ], θs andθr are the saturated and residual water contents [L3 L−3 ],respectively, ni [-], αi [L−1 ], and mi (= 1 − 1/ni ) are shapeparameters subject to αi > 0 and ni > 1, w1 and w2 are theweighing factors subject to 0 < wi < 1 and w1 + w2 = 1,
K is the hydraulic conductivity [LT−1 ], Ks is the saturated
q (0,t) = −K (h)∂h+1 = 0∂z(7)where hi (z) is the initial pressure head [L] distribution in
the column, qevap (t) is the time-variable evaporation rate
[LT−1 ] at the soil surface, and L is the z coordinate of thesoil surface [L]. The initial condition, hi (z), was linearlyinterpolated using the initial tensiometer readings, while
qevap (t) was described with a polynomial function ﬁtted
to the observed evaporation rate as shown in Fig. 2. A
no-ﬂow boundary condition was imposed at the bottom
boundary. We note that vapor ﬂow was not included in the
ﬂow model, thus assuming that the effects of vapor ﬂow౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

6

Fig. 2 Evaporation rate from the surface of the Kumamoto (a) and Mie (b) Andisol soils samples. Sown are the observed evaporation
rate data (open circles) and the ﬁtted polynomial equation (solid line).

on the parameter optimization process using the evapora-sample after the experiment. Estimates of the remaining

tion method can be neglected (Sakai and Toride, 2007b).

water retention parameters (θr , α1 , n1 , w2 , α2 , n2 ) in Eqs.

The objective function, Φ, to be minimized during the(1) to (3) were determined ﬁrst from the observed water re-parameter estimation process consisted of pressure heads

tention data in Fig. 1 using version 6.02 of the RETC code

measured at several depths as well as the independently(http://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?retc) of van

measured water retention data shown in Fig. 1 (Hopmans

Genuchten et al. (1991). In order to reduce the number of

et al., 2002; Šimůnek et al., 2008):

optimized parameters, the value of θr was assumed to benhzero for our two Andisols since we found that optimiza-Φ = vh ∑ [hobs (ti ) − hﬁt (ti )]
i=1
nθ

2

tion of θr did not improve the ﬁt of the data in Fig. 1. We(8)+vθ ∑ [θobs (hi ) − θﬁt (hi )]2

i=1

similarly found that the restrictions mi = 1 − 1/ni in thebimodal VG model did not affect the goodness of ﬁt. Fig.
1 shows excellent visual matches of the bimodal VG soil

where nh and nθ are the number of observed pressure heads(in the column) and independently measured water retention data, respectively, vh = 1/(nh σh2 ) and vθ = 1/(nθ σθ2 )are weights for each data type (in which σ is the varianceof the observed data), while the subscripts obs and ﬁt indicate observed and model ﬁtted values, respectively, at timeti .

water retention functions to the data.
Following Spohrer et al. (2006) and Sakai and Toride(2007b), the ﬁtted retention parameter values were used
next as initial estimates in the overall optimization of theevaporation experiment. In our study we optimized the hydraulic conductivity parameters Ks and  since these twoparameters are generally difﬁcult to measure directly. The

Šimůnek et al. (1998) recommended including the ﬁnal
water content of the evaporation experiment in the objective function in order to anchor the retention curve alongthe θ axis. Instead of including the ﬁnal water content in
the objective function, we ﬁxed the value of θs by applying
a mass balance to the column. The value of θs was estimated from the ﬁnal water content of the column and thecumulative amount of evaporation during the evaporation
experiment as determined from the loss of weight of theinitial value for Ks was ﬁxed at the value obtained with thefalling head method, while  was initially assumed to be
0.5 as suggested by Mualem (1976). The values of θs and
Ks in an evaporation experiment may be slightly different
from observed static water retention measurements and thefalling head method because of entrapped air during saturation or the length of soil column used (Hopmans andDane, 1986; Dane and Hopmans, 2002; Sakaguchi et al.,2005). The value of Ks can easily change with very small࿦จɿEstimating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of Andisols using the evaporation method
Table 1 Values of the optimized hydraulic parameters of the bimodal VG model, and their standard errors (SE)and coefﬁcients of variation (CV), obtained with the evaporation method for cases 1, through 7 of the Kumamoto
and Mie Andisols.
Case

θr
θs
(cm3 cm−3 )α1(cm−1 )n1(-)

Ks
(cm d−1 )


(-)

w2
(-)

α2
(cm−1 )

n2
(-)

0
-

0.78
-

-

-

0.057
0.045
0.001
0.022
0.044
0.001
0.023
0.055
0.001
0.018
-

1.88
1.92
0.03
0.015
1.96
0.03
0.017
1.87
0.04
0.020
-

0.5
0.751
0.107
0.142
0.054
0.022
0.418
0.436
0.214
0.492
0.614
0.231
0.377
2.301
0.227
0.099
0.007
0.016
2.167
0.001
0.012
15.250

0.544
0.544
0.003
0.005
0.549
0.003
0.006
0.541
0.008
0.014
-

0.000110.000130.00001
0.076
0.000250.00006
0.232
-

1.44
-

-

200
703
11
0.016
312
26
0.083
343
32
0.093
312
38
0.122
971
18
0.019
208
42
0.202
28
6
0.214

1.39
0.02
0.011
1.55
0.31
0.203
-

-

0
-

0.629
-

0.129
0.101
0.002
0.020
0.111
0.002
0.018
0.131
0.002
0.015
-

2.41
4.36
0.06
0.013
3.57
0.07
0.020
2.42
0.04
0.016
-

1000
969
66
0.068
968
50
0.052
555
34
0.061
507
176
0.347
850
223
0.262
617
39
0.063
391
22
0.056

0.5
0.040
0.016
0.389
0.044
0.006
0.145
0.011
0.004
0.381
0.330
0.608
1.844
0.620
0.378
0.610
0.407
0.059
0.145
0.018
0.014
0.765

0.509
0.532
0.003
0.005
0.545
0.003
0.005
0.513
0.002
0.005
-

0.000620.001250.00009
0.072
0.00072
0.00004
0.056
-

1.28
1.25
0.01
0.005
1.74
0.07
0.043
-

Kumamoto
initial
1
SE
CV
2
SE
CV
3
SE
CV
4
SE
CV
5
SE
CV
6
SE
CV
7
SE
CV
Mie
initial
1
SE
CV
2
SE
CV
3
SE
CV
4
SE
CV
5
SE
CV
6
SE
CV
7
SE
CV

Note: Entries indicated by- were not included in the optimization but ﬁxed at the initial values7౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

8

Fig. 3 Observed and ﬁtted pressure heads as a function of time for the Kumamoto (a) and Mie (b) Andisols. Case 1 (long dash line),case 2 (short dash line) and case 3 (solid line).

variations in θs . Since Andisols have a large porosity (es-found that using pressure heads at two different depths inpecially the Kumamoto soil in our study), direct measure-the objective function produced smaller standard errors forment of saturation can be quite vulnerable also to small

Ks and  than when data from only one depth were used.

measurement errors. Since we ﬁxed θs based on water

Since Ks and  were our primary concern, we will show be-mass balances of the sample, Ks is probably best treated

low results when using pressure heads at 1 and 3 cm depths

as ﬁtting parameter in the evaporation method. Initial val-in the objective function given by Eq. (8). Still, obtaining

ues of all of the parameters used in the optimizations for

additional tensiometer measurements at other depths may

the two Andisols are listed in Table 1.

well be useful for backup information in case some of ten-

We optimized the Ks and  values for three cases involv-

siometers failed to work properly (Hopmans et al., 2002).

ing different combinations with the water retention param-

Fig. 3 shows ﬁtted and observed pressure heads as aeters: (1) only two hydraulic conductivity parameters (i.e.,function of time at the 1 and 3 cm depths for the Kumamoto

Ks , ) while keeping the water retention parameters ﬁxed

and Mie Andisols. Estimated water retention and unsat-

according to the independently measured water retention

urated hydraulic conductivity functions corresponding tofunctions, (2) adding the water retention parameters of thethe three optimization cases of our study are shown in Fig.

ﬁrst subregion (i.e., Ks , , α1 , n1 , w2 ) in the optimization,

4. The optimized parameter values and their standard er-

and (3) further including the retention parameters of therors, as well as the coefﬁcients of variations (deﬁned as thesecond subregion (i.e., Ks , , α1 , n1 , w2 , α2 , n2 ). The val-

optimized values divided by the standard errors) for the bi-

ues of θs and θr (= 0) remained ﬁxed in all optimizations.

modal VG model are listed in Table 1.

3. Results and discussion

For the Kumamoto Andisol, all three optimization scenarios (i.e., case 1 with (Ks , ) optimized, case 2 with

3.1 Parameter estimation(Ks , , α1 , n1 , w2 ) optimized, and case 3 with (Ks , ,In earlier work, Šimůnek et al. (1998) showed that a

α1 , n1 , w2 , α2 , n2 ) optimized) gave almost identical re-single set of tensiometer readings near the sample surface

sults. All three cases produced excellent agreement withwas sufﬁcient to yield accurate estimates of the soil hy-

the observed pressure heads at the 1 and 3 cm depths (Fig.

draulic parameters using the evaporation method. Our ex-3a). Predicted pressure heads for cases 2 and 3 were al-

periments conﬁrmed this in that similar results were ob-most identical. The three cases also produced close agree-

tained irrespective of including pressure head data fromment with the observed water retention data (Fig. 4a). In

points deeper in the columns. Sakai and Toride (2007a)fact, as shown in Fig. 4b, the estimated hydraulic con-࿦จɿEstimating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of Andisols using the evaporation method

9Fig. 4 Estimated water retention (a, c) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (b, d) curves for the Kumamoto (top) and Mie (bottom)
Andisols: case 1 (long dash lines), case 2 (short dash lines) and case 3 (solid lines).

ductivities were almost identical for all three Kumamoto

sure heads being greater than the observations. Cases 2

optimizations. In addition, all of the optimized parametersand 3 improved the agreement between observed and ﬁtted

had small standard errors as reﬂected by the narrow con-pressure heads. As the number of optimized parameter in-ﬁdence intervals shown in Table 1. These results suggest

creases, the bimodal VG model clearly has more ﬂexibility

that when reliable water retention data are available andin ﬁtting the pressure head data. Improved ﬁtting of theused in the objective function, it is possible to predict K(h)pressure head data could be achieved also by sacriﬁcing

by optimizing only the two conductivity parameters (Ks , ).

the close ﬁt of the water retention data. However, com-

This implies that as long as the water retention parameters

pared to the differences between the ﬁtted and observed

can be properly determined using observed water retention

pressure heads in Fig. 3b, the ﬁtted water retention curves

data, the number of parameters in Mualem-type soil hy-

in Fig. 4c were very similar for all three cases. The bi-

draulic functions, even for the bimodal VG model as given

modal water retention curve of Fig. 4c has a relatively

by Eq. (3), should not pose a problem in the optimization.

ﬂat region between about −50 cm and −103 cm. Since

Results for the Mie Andisol were different. Case 1 forthe soil water capacity (d θ /dh) is small in that ﬂat region,

this soil failed to ﬁt the sudden pressure drop at h = −50
cm after about 3.5 days in Fig. 3b, with the ﬁtted pres-the abrupt pressure drop below h = −50 cm in Fig. 3bshould not change the water content very much. This ex-10౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

Fig. 5 Estimated water retention (a, c) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (b, d) curves for the Kumamoto (top) and Mie (bottom)
Andisols. Results were obtained with (solid lines) and without (dashed lines) including water retention data at the low pressure heads
in the objective function.

plains why the small change in the water retention curve

tent and pressure head relationships when the soil waterobtained by additionally optimizing the ﬁrst subregion re-capacity is very small. Pressure plates are generally used

tention parameters (α1 , n1 , w2 ) still produced a signiﬁcant

to measure water retention in this region. Nonequilibrium

improvement in the pressure head simulations. By com-conditions, poor contact between the soil sample and theparison, the pressure range of the ﬂat region of the Mieplate (Cresswell et al., 2008; Bittelli and Flury, 2009), andAndisol is wider and the soil water capacity smaller thanhysteresis in the sample preparation often affect the mea-of the Kumamoto Andisol (Fig. 4a versus and 4c). We

surements. For this reason it may be better to optimize atemphasize that the discrepancies in the pressure head wereleast the ﬁrst subregion parameters (α1 , n1 , w2 ) also. But asapparent when optimizing only the conductivity parame-long as water retention data over a wide range of pressureters (case 1), and then only for the Mie Andisol, but not forheads are available and can be used in the objective func-

the Kumamoto soil.

tion, as Durner (1994) also suggested, case 3 optimization

We also note that measurements of water retention data

should yield the best overall results.

in the ﬂat part of the retention function are often subject to

We mention some concern about the value of the pore-errors. It is not easy to precisely determine the water con-connectivity coefﬁcient, , which is often ﬁxed at 0.5 fol-࿦จɿEstimating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of Andisols using the evaporation method

11Šimůnek et al. (1998) and Hopmans et al. (2002). To test
the need for retention data in the dry range, we comparedhydraulic functions optimized with (case 3) and without(case 4) including the independent water retention data at
the low pressure heads in the objective function. The optimized conditions for case 4 were the same as for case 3,
including the initial estimates, except that case 4 considered only water retention data for h > −103 cm. The estimated parameter values for case 4 are also listed in Table 1.
For both Andisols, good agreement between the observed
and ﬁtted pressure heads in the columns was obtained, very
similar to case 3 as shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 5 shows the observed and ﬁtted water retention
curves and the estimated unsaturated hydraulic conductivFig. 6 Observed and predicted pressure head proﬁles after 6.08
days for the evaporation experiment of the Kumamoto Andisol.
Results were obtained with (solid lines, case 3) and without(dashed lines, case 4) including water retention data at the lowpressure heads in the objective function. Circles represent WP4data and the square a tensiometer datum.

lowing Mualem (1976). As pointed out in several studies(e.g., Wösten and van Genuchten, 1988; Kaveh and van
Genuchten, 1992; Schaap and Leij, 2000; Spohrer et al.,2006),  can be quite variable depending upon soil type.
Using the case 3 optimization,  was found to be 0.436
for the Kumamoto Andisol and 0.011 for the Mie Andisol.
More data are clearly needed to obtain a better deﬁnitionof possible  values for Andisols.
Our parameter optimizations were found to converge
quickly, in all cases less than 10 iterations (5, 8 and 8 iterations for cases 1 to 3, respectively, of the Kumamoto
Andisol and 8, 9 and 9 iterations for cases 1 to 3 of the
Mie Andisol). This included case 3 which had the largest
number of optimized parameters. Our results suggests thatusing water retention parameters ﬁtted to independently
observed retention data as initial estimates will facilitate
convergence.
3.2 Water retention data at low pressure heads
In addition to the pressure head measurements obtained
during the evaporation experiments for h > −600 cm, we
included in the objective function thus far also all of the independently measured water retention data between −105
and −5 cm (Fig. 1). This is to obtain reliable estimates ofK(h) in the low pressure head range as recommended by

ity functions for cases 3 and 4. The observed water retention data in the dry range were severely underestimatedusing case 4 relative to case 3. Since no information wasgiven for h < −103 cm for the case 4 optimizations, it is
not surprising that this case converged to different valuesof the second subregion parameter (α2 , n2 ). The discrepancies shown in Fig. 5 for case 4 are a reason why optimized hydraulic functions are generally assumed to bereliable only within the range of the tensiometer measurements (Šimůnek et al., 1998; Hopmans et al., 2002). Table
1 shows that most of the standard errors of the estimatedparameters for case 3 were smaller than those for case 4,
which indicates that including water retention data at thelower pressure heads in the objective function will reduceparameter uncertainty and lead to more reliable parametervalues.
Although observed pressure head data over a 5-day period were used for parameter optimization of the Kumamoto Andisol (Fig. 3a), the evaporation experiments
continued for 6.08 days until the pressure heads at 10 cm
depth reached approximately −500 cm. To conﬁrm the accuracy of the hydraulic properties of cases 3 and 4 for the
Kumamoto Andisol, pressure heads were simulated for alonger time period using case 3 and 4 properties. Fig. 6
shows observed WP4 data near the surface with one tensiometer datum at the 10-cm depth, and predicted ﬁnal
pressure head proﬁles after 6.08 days. The simulation using case 3 parameters agreed well with the observed pressure proﬁle near the surface, whereas the prediction usingcase 4 parameters overestimated the pressure heads. These12౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

Fig. 7 Impacts of the pressure head range in the objective function on the estimated unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for the
Kumamoto (a) and Mie (b) Andisols: case 1 used all data, case 5 only h > −200 cm, case 6 only h > −100 cm, and case 7 onlyh > −50 cm.

results again indicate that including water retention data at

timizations: only data for which h > −200 cm (case 5),pressure heads below the tensiometer range (about −500

h > −100 cm (case 6), and h > −50 cm (case 7). The es-cm) will improve the estimates of the soil hydraulic pa-

timated parameter values for these three cases (5 to 7) are

rameters.

given in Table 1.

Since water retention at low pressure heads now can be

Fig. 7 shows the estimated K(h) plots for the Kumamoto

measured relatively easily and accurately using dew point

and Mie Andisols obtained with the different pressure headpotentiameters (e.g., WP4), we strongly recommended tomeasurement ranges. The conductivity function for caseinclude in the optimization also water retention data in

1 is the same as shown in Fig. 4. Except for the muchthe measurement range of the dew point potentiameterlower K(h) curve for case 7 of the Kumamoto Andisol,(−105 < h < −3 × 103 cm) to extend the applicable range

the plots neglecting the lower pressure data did not affectof the model predictions. On the other hand, estimates of

the K(h) results very much; they produced almost identi-

the hydraulic conductivity at the very low pressure heads

cal K(h) curves as for case 1. For the Mie Andisol, even(e.g., h < −104 ) may require further investigations because

case 7 did give a good estimate of K(h), likely becauseof the possible effects of ﬁlm ﬂow (Peters and Durner,h > −50 cm covered the entire region of the ﬁrst slope of2008), diffusion of water vapor (Saito et al., 2006; Peters

the water retention curve (Fig. 1). We conclude that inde-and Durner, 2010) and the effect of shrinkage (Dorel et al.,pendently measured water retention data covering a wide
range of pressure heads provide very useful information to2000).
3.3 Pressure head measurement range

the parameter estimation process, leading to a much more

We next demonstrate the effect of using different ranges

robust optimization of the remaining parameters (Ks ,  inof the pressure head data measured in the columns during

this case). Note that the standard errors and coefﬁcients ofthe evaporation experiments in the inverse analysis, whilevariation have a tendency to increase as the pressure range

ﬁxing in the objective function the bimodal water retention

becomes narrower (Table 1). This means that one shouldparameters (θr , θs , α1 , n1 , w2 , α2 , n2 ) as determined fromstill use all available tensiometer data in the objective func-

the independently measured retention data. These scenar-tion.

ios are the same as case 1 in that only the conductivity
parameters (Ks , ) are optimized, except that we used different ranges of the measured pressure heads in the op-

4. Conclusions
Parameters of the bimodal VG model for two aggregated Andisols were inversely determined using the evap-࿦จɿEstimating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of Andisols using the evaporation method

13

oration method. Independently measured water retention

Neglecting the lower pressure data did not affect the K(h)data from near saturation to very low pressure heads down

estimation process very much, leading to almost similar

to −105 cm were included in the objective function in addi-

K(h) functions. This conﬁrms that collecting water reten-tion to soil pressure head data at two depths measured dur-tion data over a wide range of pressure heads will give very

ing the evaporation experiments. The saturated hydraulicuseful prior information to the parameter estimation pro-parameter, Ks , and the pore-connectivity factor, , alongcess.

with several sets of water retention parameters were opti-

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ཁࢫஂཻߏ଄Λ࣋ͭ 2 छྨͷࠇϘΫ౔ʹରͯ͠ɼৠൃ๏Λ༻͍ͯ bimodal van GenuchtenʢVGʣϞσϧͷό
ϥϝʔλΛ‫ٯ‬ղੳʹΑΓܾఆͨ͠ɽϞσϧΛਫ෼อ࣋‫ۂ‬ઢͷ࣮ଌ஋ʹద߹ͨ͠ॳ‫ظ‬஋Λ༻͍Δͱɼਪఆύϥϝʔλͷ਺ʹ͔͔ΘΒͣऩଋ͸଎͍ɽ·ͨ๞࿨෇͔ۙΒ −105 cm ఔ౓ͷ௿ѹྗਫ಄·Ͱͷ࣮ଌσʔλʹద߹ͨ͠ bimodal VG Ϟσϧͷਫ෼อ࣋‫ۂ‬ઢͷύϥϝʔλ஋Λ‫ݻ‬ఆ͢Δͱɼಁਫ܎਺ͷ 2 ‫ݸ‬ͷύϥϝʔλʢKs , ʣͷΈͷ࠷దԽʹΑΓෆ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺ K(h) ͷਪఆ͕ՄೳͰ͋ͬͨɽ͔͠͠֊ஈঢ়ͷਫ෼อ࣋‫ۂ‬ઢͷฏୱͳதؒѹྗྖҬʹ͓͚Δਖ਼֬ͳଌఆ͸೉͍ͨ͠Ίɼ݁Ռશମʹର͢Δ࠷దͳ݁ՌΛಘΔͨΊʹ bimodal VG Ϟσϧͷύϥϝʔλ͸͢΂ͯద߹͢Δ͜ͱ͕๬·͍͠ɽ‫ס‬૩ྖҬͷ௿ѹྗྖҬ
·Ͱͷਫ෼อ࣋‫ۂ‬ઢͷσʔλΛ໨తؔ਺ʹ‫ؚ‬ΊΔͱɼϞσϧͷద༻ൣғ͸ɼ−104 cm ఔ౓·Ͱ޿͕ͬͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿෆ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺ɼਫ෼อ࣋‫ۂ‬ઢɼஂཻ౔ɼࠇϘΫ౔ɼৠൃ๏

ࡃࠗࠕ࡞↉⣕᳇ⵝ⟎࠮࠶࠻㧔ࠕࠢ࡝࡞⵾㧕EN-1003‫ ․ڎ‬ᓽዊဳኈེ㧔ࡃࠗࠕ࡞↉╬㧕ࠍ⚛ᣧߊኈᤃߦᷫ࿶⁁ᘒߦߔࠆ੐߇ߢ߈
߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
15ml ߩࡃࠗࠕ࡞↉ߢߪ‫ޔ‬หᤨߦ⚂ 35 ᧄߩᷫ࿶߇น⢻ߢߔ‫ޕ‬⚵┙ᑼߢߔߩߢㇱຠߩ੤឵߇ኈᤃߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠻࠶࠮ڎ‬ౝኈ  ࡃࠗࠕ࡞↉⣕᳇ⵝ⟎㧝ᑼ㧔⌀ⓨࡑࡁࡔ࡯࠲ઃ㧕  ⌀ⓨࡐࡦࡊ㧝ᑼ㧔ࡎ࡯ࠬ࡮ࠝࠗ࡞࡮ࡒࠬ࠻࠻࡜࠶ࡊઃ㧕‫⵾ڎ‬ㅧ࡮⽼ᄁర  㧔᦭㧕ࠛࡦ࠼࠙ℂൻ   ‫ޥ‬001-0910
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 ̪ᧄ઀᭽ߪ੍๔ߥߊᄌᦝߔࠆ႐ว߇ߏߑ޿߹ߔ

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

No. 125, p.17 ∼ 27 (2013)೻छ࣌ͷա࣪ · ա‫ס‬૩ϦεΫΛ൐͏೪౔࣭స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚Δ
μΠζͷద੾ͳ೻छ৚݅ͷղੳ٢ాमҰ࿠ 1 · ࡉ઒ɹण 2 · ଍ཱҰ೔ग़ 3

Analysis of suitable condition for soybean planting in rotational clayey paddy ﬁelds
under risk of excessive dry or wet condition
Shuichiro YOSHIDA1 , Hisashi HOSOKAWA2 and Kazuhide ADACHI3

Abstract: Stabilization of soybean cultivation in rotational
paddy ﬁelds is important issue for efﬁcient utilization ofJapanese arable land. The present study aimed to clarify
the suitable condition of soybean planting for stable establishment in clayey paddy ﬁelds by taking account theparticularity of physical properties of clayey paddy soils.
The effects of four experimental factors: intensity of compression, days after tillage, seeding depth, and tilth on thegermination and growth of soybean, were investigated byﬁeld experiments following the randomized block design.
The seeding depth and the timing of seeding after tillage
were revealed to be the most inﬂuential factor while compression had supplementary role. Mean dimension of aggregates did not affect the germination and growth under
the poor tilth condition. The results suggest that seeding should be conducted soon after tillage but the optimal
depth depends on the expected weather in the following
days. However if drainage efﬁciency of the ﬁeld can be
improved, seeding deeply supposed to be less risky unlessenough rain is surely expected.
Key Words : clayey paddy, soybean, soil aggregates, germination, establishment

2000ʣͳͲ͕໌Β͔ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔɽ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ೻छ‫ظ‬ͷ࣪֐͸ɼग़ժ · බཱ਺ͷෆྑʹΑΔ࠿২ີ౓ͷ௿ԼͷΈͳΒͣɼͦͷ‫ޙ‬ͷੜҭෆྑʹ΋ͭͳ͕Δʢ༗‫ݪ‬, 1998ʣͨΊɼ༷ʑͳ֯౓͔Β‫͞ͳ͕ڀݚ‬Ε͖ͯͨɽಛʹɼຊभͷ೔ຊւଆʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼա࣪ͷ‫ݪ‬ҼͱͳΔഉਫෆྑ͕໰୊
ͱͳΔॏ೪౔స‫׵‬ാ͕ଟ͘ଘࡏ͠ɼ࣪֐ճආ͸μΠζ࡞ʹ͓͍ͯॏཁͳ՝୊ͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɽҰํͰɼ͜ͷ஍ҬͰ͸μΠζ೻छ࣌‫ʹظ‬౰ͨΔ 5 ݄Լ०͔Β 6 ্݄०ʹ͸࿈ଓ੖ఱͱͳΔ೥͕ଟ͘ɼ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷա‫ס‬૩ͷϦεΫ΋ಉ࣌ʹଘࡏ͢Δɽਫ෼ෆ଍ʹΑΓɼൃժ͕਺೔஗ΕΔఔ౓Ͱ͋Ε͹ɼக໋తͳ໰୊ʹ͸ͳΒͳ͍ɽ͔͠͠ɼ೻छ௚‫ޙ‬ʹ࢒ଘ͍ͯͨ͠ར༻Մೳͳ౔৕ਫ෼͕ɼ೻छ‫ٸʹޙ‬଎ʹ‫ݮ‬গ͢Δ৔߹ɼछࢠ͕ ్த·Ͱ‫ٵ‬ਫͨ͠ͷͪ࠶ͼ‫ס‬૩ͨ͠Γɼ͕ࠜे෼ʹൃୡ͢Δલʹ‫ס‬૩ͨ͠‫͔͓ʹڥ؀‬ΕͨΓ͢Δͱɼൃժೳྗ΍ͦͷ‫ޙ‬ͷੜҭʹக໋తͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫ٴ‬΅͢͜ͱ͕ࢦఠ͞Ε͍ͯΔʢHelms et al., 1996aʣɽ͜ͷΑ͏ͳछࢠपғͷ౔৕ͷա‫ס‬૩͸ɼਂ෦ʹ೻छ͢Δ͜ͱ
ͰճආͰ͖ΔʢStucky, 1976ʣ͕ɼେ͖ͳ߱Ӎ͕Ұ୴͋Ε͹ɼ‫֐࣪ʹٯ‬ϦεΫ͕ߴ·ΔɽμΠζͷग़ժ · ൃժΛࠨӈ͢Δ೻छ৚݅ͱͯ͠͸ɼ্

1. ͸͡Ίʹ

‫ه‬ͷ೻छਂ౓ͷଞʹɼ௟ѹʢHummel et al., 1981; ߴ‫ڮ‬Β,μΠζͷग़ժ · බཱͪͷ҆ఆԽ͸ɼస‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμʢଙΒ, 2004; Rathore et al., 1983ʣ౳͕‫͛ڍ‬ΒΕΔɽ͜Ε

2008ʣ, ߞ͏Μ‫ޙ‬೻छ·Ͱͷ೔਺ʢࡉ઒, 2005ʣɼࡅ౔཰

Πζ࡞Ͱͷ୯ऩ޲্ʹ͓͍ͯॏཁͳཁૉͰ͋Δɽग़ժΒ͸ɼ‫ݸ‬ผʹओཁҼͱͯ͠Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫͑ߟͱ͢΅ٴ‬ΒΕΔ͕ɼ

· බཱͪΛෆ҆ఆʹ͢ΔཁҼͱͯ͠͸ɼ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ౔৕ͷಛఆͷ૊Έ߹Θ͕ͤ૬৐ޮՌ΍૬ࡴޮՌʢަ‫༻࡞ޓ‬ʣΛա࣪ɼա‫ס‬૩͕‫͛ڍ‬ΒΕΔɽ౔৕ͷա࣪ͷӨ‫͍ͯͭʹڹ‬࣋ͭ͜ͱ΋ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ͔͠͠ɼ೻छ৚݅ʹؔ͢Δଟ͘͸ɼൃժʹෆՄܽͳࢎૉͷෆ଍ɼ‫ס‬૩छࢠ͕‫ٵʹܹٸ‬ਫͷ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼಛఆͷཁҼͷΈʹண໨ͨ͠΋ͷ͕ଟ͘ɼ૊

͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΔ૊৫ͷଛইͱͦΕʹଓ͘ӫཆ੒෼ͷਁग़Έ߹ΘͤʹΑΔޮՌͷධՁ͕े෼ʹߦΘΕ͍ͯΔͱ‫͑ݴ‬ʹΑΔछࢠ‫ྗ׆‬ͷ௿Լʢྫ͑͹ɼ඿‫ޱ‬Β, 1985; జ · ࡉ෦ɼͳ͍ɽ·ͨɼಉҰͷ΄৔ʹ͓͍ͯɼա‫ס‬૩৚݅ͷ৔߹ͱ

1 Graduate School of Agricultural and life sciences, The University ofTokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan. Corresponding authorɿ٢ాमҰ࿠ɼ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ
2 National Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 3-1-1, Kannondai,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8666, JAPAN.
3 Kubota Corporation, 1-1-1, Hama, Amagasaki, Hyogo, 661-8567,
JAPAN.
2012 ೥ 6 ݄ 26 ೔डߘɹ 2013 ೥ 11 ݄ 8 ೔डཧա࣪৚݅ͷ৔߹ͷಛ௃Λ࣮ূతʹൺֱͨ͠‫ڀݚ‬͸‫ݟ‬ΒΕͳ͍ɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼա࣪΍ա‫ס‬૩ɼ͞Βʹࡅ౔ෆྑʹΑΓɼμΠζͷग़ժ͕໰୊ͱͳΓ΍͍͢ॏ೪౔స‫׵‬ാ΄৔ʹ͓͍ͯɼμΠζͷ೻छ৚݅ͷ૊Έ߹Θ͕ͤɼ‫ס‬૩܏޲ʹ͋
Δ೥ͱա࣪܏޲ʹ͋Δ೥ͷग़ժ · බཱͪʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬Λ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)18

΄৔ࢼ‫ʹݧ‬ΑΓ౷‫ܭ‬తʹղੳ͠ɼͦͷϝΧχζϜʹ͍ͭ

Δɽࡅ౔ঢ়ଶͷࡉૈ͸ɼτϥΫλʔͷ૸ߦ଎౓ͱϩʔλͯߟ࡯Λߦͬͨɽ

Ϧʔͷճస଎౓ͷௐ੔ʹΑͬͯൃੜͤͨ͞ɽZone A ʹ

2. ࣮‫ํݧ‬๏͓͍ͯ͸ɼ೻छ‫ॴޙ‬ఆͷ‫ܦ‬ա೔਺ʹԠͯ͡ɼҰճʹ 4 ཻͣͭΛ۷Γฦ͠ɼछࢠਫ෼΍ൃժঢ়‫گ‬ɼ৯֐ͷ༗ແΛௐதԝ೶‫ۀ‬૯߹‫ڀݚ‬ηϯλʔ๺཮‫ڀݚ‬ηϯλʔʢ৽ׁ‫ݝ‬্ӽࢢʣ಺ͷస‫׵‬ാ΄৔Λ༻͍ͯɼ2006 ೥ͱ 2007 ೥ͷ

2 ϲ೥ʹΘͨΓμΠζͷग़ժࢼ‫ݧ‬Λߦͬͨɽ౰֘΄৔ͷ΂ͨɽZone B ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼग़ժ཰͓Αͼग़ժ‫ޙ‬ͷੜҭ‫ܦ‬աΛ௥੻ͨ͠ɽ
೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ౔৕ͷϚτϦοΫϙςϯγϟϧͷมԽʹ͍ͭ౔৕͸ɼεϝΫλΠτ࣭ͷ೪౔Λओʹ‫ؚ‬Ήԭੵ౔Ͱɼ΄৔ͷฏ‫ۉ‬೪౔‫ྔؚ‬ɼγϧτ‫ྔؚ‬͸ͦΕͧΕ 44 %ɼ38 %ͱࡉཻ෼ʹ෋ΈɼཅΠΦϯަ‫׵‬༰ྔ͸ 26 cmolc kg−1 Ͱ͋Δɽ΄৔ͷߞ࡞ཤྺ͸ɼࢼ‫ݧ‬લ೥·Ͱ 5 ೥ؒ͸ਫҴɼ͞Βʹͦͷલ͸ 3 ೥Ҏ্ാ࡞෺͕࠿ഓ͞Ε͍ͯͨɽࡅ౔໨ඪΛࡉͱૈͷ 2 ਫ४ɼ೻छ೔Λࡅ౔௚‫ ͱޙ‬3 ೔‫ޙ‬ʢ2006ʣ΋͘͠͸ 5 ೔‫ޙ‬ʢ2007ʣͷ 2 ਫ४ɼ೻छਂ౓
Λ 3 cm ͱ 7 cm ͷ 2 ਫ४ɼ௟ѹ‫౓ڧ‬Λ 0 kPaɼ3 kPaɼ6

kPaɼ12 kPa ͷ 4 ਫ४ɼҎ্ 4 ཁҼΛ΄৔಺ͷೆ๺ 2 ϒϩοΫʹ෼͚ͯશ 32 ۠ʹׂΓ෇͚ͨɽ͜ͷ࣮‫ܭݧ‬ըͷ΋ͱͰ͸ɼ2 ਫ४ͷཁҼ͸ 16 ൓෮ɼ4 ਫ४ͷཁҼ͸ 8 ൓෮ͷࢼ‫ͳͱݧ‬Δɽͳ͓ɼ௟ѹ‫͍ͯͭʹ౓ڧ‬͸ɼ‫༻׳‬ͷ‫ػ‬ց೻छ࣌ͷ࣮ଌ஋Ͱ͋Δ 6 kPaʢߴ‫ڮ‬Β, 2008ʣΛ‫ج‬४ͱͯ͠ɼͦͷେখͷ஋Λઃఆͨ͠ɽࢼ‫۠ݧ‬ͷׂ෇͸ɼL32
௚ަදΛ༻͍ͨཚմ๏ʹΑͬͨɽࡅ౔ॲཧͷ݁ՌΛධՁ
͢ΔͨΊɼࡉ · ૈ͔྆۠ΒͦΕͧΕ 4 ఺Λબͼɼߞ͏Μ௚‫ޙ‬ͷ౔৕Λ;Δ͍෼͚͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΓ౔մ‫ܘ‬෼෍Λଌఆͨ͠ɽ

Fig. 1 ύΠϓΛ༻͍ͨ೻छํ๏ɽ
Method of seeding using a plastic pipe.

֤ࢼ‫ʹ಺۠ݧ‬͸ɼ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ೔਺ʹԠͯ͡छࢠΛ۷Γग़ͯͦ͠ͷਫ෼΍ࠜͷ৳ுΛଌఆ͢ΔͨΊͷ෦෼ʢZone
Aʣͱɼͦͷ··ग़ժ֤ͤͯ͞೔ͷग़ժ਺΍ͦͷ‫ޙ‬ͷ੒௕Λ‫ه‬࿥͢ΔͨΊͷ෦෼ʢZone Bʣͷ 2 κʔϯΛͦΕͧΕઃ͚ͨɽॴఆͷਂ͞ʹ࣮֬ʹछࢠΛ೻छͰ͖ΔΑ͏ʹɼFig. 1 ʹࣔͨ͠Α͏ͳ౵Λ೻छচͷॴఆͷਂ͞·Ͱૠೖ͠ɼछࢠΛ౵ͷதʹམͱ͠ࠐΜͰ্͔Βܰ͘෴౔͠
ͨɽ͢ͳΘͪɼछࢠͷԼ୺͕ॴఆͷਂ͞ͱͳΔΑ͏ʹͨ͠ɽ༻͍ͨछࢠ͸ɼબผΛߦͬͨ‫ʹޙ‬ΩώήϯʢถᖒԽֶࣾʣΛృ෍ͨ͠΋ͷͰɼ඼छ͸ΤϯϨΠɼछࢠਫ෼͸

11 % Ͱ͋ͬͨɽ
Zone A ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼ9 cm × 75 cm ִؒͰ 2 ཻͣͭ೻छͨ͠ɽZone B ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼಉ͘͡ 9 cm × 75 cm ͷִؒΛ͚͋ͯ 1 ཻͣͭ೻छͨ͠ɽ2006 ೥ͷ೻छ͸ 5 ݄ 29೔͓Αͼ 6 ݄ 1 ೔ɼ2007 ೥ͷ೻छ͸ɼ5 ݄ 29 ೔͓Αͼ6 ݄ 3 ೔ʹߦͬͨɽ೻छ‫ޙ‬ɼ௟ѹॲཧΛߦ͏ࢼ‫͓ʹ۠ݧ‬͍ͯ͸ɼFig. 2 ʹࣔͨࣗ͠࡞ͷ௟ѹ‫ॴʹ۩ث‬ఆͷॏྔͷ਴ΛࡌͤɼͦͷࣗॏʹΑͬͯ೻छͨ͠෦෼Λ੩͔ʹ௟ѹͨ͠ɽ͜ͷ૷ஔͷ઀஍໘ੵ͸ɼ‫ػ‬ց࡞‫͍༻͘޿Ͱۀ‬ΒΕ͍ͯΔ௟ѹྠ͕౔৕ͱ઀৮͍ͯ͠Δ໘ੵΛߟྀͯ͠ఆΊͨɽߞ͏Μࡅ౔࡞‫ۀ‬͸ɼτϥΫλʔʢF475DɼϠϯϚʔʢ‫ג‬ʣʣʹΞοϓΧοτϩʔλϦʔʢχϓϩ CU-1600ʣΛ
૷ண࣮͠ࢪͨ͠ɽΞοϓΧοτϩʔλϦʔΛ༻͍Δͱɼൺֱత‫ס‬૩্ͨ͠૚ͷࡅ͚΍͍͢౔͕ࡅ౔‫ʹޙ‬ද૚ۙ๣ʹू·Γ΍͍͢ɽͦͷͨΊɼ͜ͷࢼ‫΄ݧ‬৔ͷΑ͏ͳࡅ౔͕ࠔ೉ͳ೪࣭ͳస‫׵‬ാ౔৕ʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɼ೻छচͱͳΔ
஍දʹ͍ۙ૚ͷࡅ౔཰ʹे෼ͳࠩҟΛ༩͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖

Fig. 2 ఆԠྗͰͷ௟ѹ૷ஔɽࢼ‫۠ݧ‬ͷઃఆʹԠͨ͡௟ѹԠྗΛɼ͓΋Γͷ‫Ͱ਺ݸ‬ௐ੔ͯ͠੩తʹ༩͑Δɽ

Equipment for compression of seed-bed at designed stresses.
Compression stresses following to the experimental design were
imposed to seed-beds by adjusting the number of weights.

࿦จɿ೻छ࣌ͷա࣪ · ա‫ס‬૩ϦεΫΛ൐͏೪౔࣭స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμΠζͷద੾ͳ೻छ৚݅ͷղੳ

19

Table 1 ࡅ౔཰͓Αͼߞ͏Μ௚‫ޙ‬ͷ࡞౔૚ͷฏ‫ؚۉ‬ਫൺ.
Tilth and mean water content of tilled layer after the tillage.
Year

Layer

2006

0–10 cmTreatment
CoarseFine
Coarse0–5 cmFine
Coarse5 cm ∼
2007

Fine
CoarseWhole Layer
Fine

Percentage of< 20 mm
37.3
*
60.1
51.8
*
69.6
40.2
*
60.2
42.8
*
62.4

±

6.9

±
±

2.6
12.6

±
±

9.3
10.2

±
±

12.7
4.4

±

7.4

Percentage of< 10 mm
13.2
*
21.4
24.1
ns
32.1
21.6
*
30.0
22.2
*
30.6

±

2.2

±
±

6.1
3.6

±
±

6.1
2.4

±
±

4.6
2.6

±

4.9

Water content
at the tillage
gravimetric %
42.1
ns
41.7

35.7
ns
37.0

±

0.5

±

1.3

±

1.0

±

1.4

1ʣ֤ 4 ۠ฏ‫ ۉ‬± ඪ४ภࠩɽ
2ʣ* ͸ 5 % ͷ‫Ͱ཰ݥة‬༗ҙࠩ͋Γɼns ͸༗ҙࠩͳ͠Λࣔ͢ɽͯ͸ɼςϯγΦϝʔλΛ༻͍ͯଌఆͨ͠ɽ͍ͣΕͷ೥΋೻छ࣌‫ظ‬ͷઃఆ͸ɼ֤೔ͷ౔৕ਫ෼ͷਪҠʹӨ‫ͳ͠ڹ‬಺‫ ܘ‬13 mm ͷԘԽϏχϧύΠϓͷઌ୺ʹ‫ײ‬஌෦ͷ௕͍͜͞ͱΛߟྀ͢Δͱɼ྆೥֤ਂ౓Ͱͷ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ౔৕ͷਫ

50 mm ͷϙʔϥεΧοϓΛ઀ணͨ͠΋ͷΛ༻͍ͨɽͨͩ
͠ɼ2006 ೥͸͜ΕΒΛ஍ද໘͔ΒԖ௚ʹૠೖ͠ɼ‫ײ‬஌෦ͷਂ͞Λ 2.5 ∼ 7.5 cmɼ7.5 ∼ 12.5 cm ͱͨ͠ɽύΠ෼৚݅ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ҎԼͷΑ͏ʹཁ໿Ͱ͖Δɽ2006 ೥͸ɼ

2 ճ໨ʢߞ͏Μ 3 ೔‫ޙ‬ʣʹઙ૚ʢ3 cmʣʹ೻छ͞Εͨछࢠ͕ɼಛʹ‫ס‬૩ͨ͠৚݅Լʹஔ͔ΕΔ͜ͱͱͳͬͨɽ2007ϓ಺ͷѹྗ͸ɼѹྗม‫ث׵‬Λ༻͍ͯ࿈ଓ‫؍‬ଌΛߦͬͨɽ೥ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼ1 ճ໨ʢߞ͏Μ௚‫ޙ‬ʣʹਂ૚ʢ7 cmʣʹςϯγΦϝʔλ͸ɼࢼ‫΄ݧ‬৔಺ͷࡉࡅ౔۠ͷ͏ͪɼ௟ѹ೻छ͞Εͨछࢠ͸ɼ௕‫ؒظ‬ա࣪ͳ৚݅Լʹஔ͔ΕͨɽҰ

12 kPa ۠ͱແ௟ѹ۠ͷ 2 ఺ʹઃஔͨ͠ɽҰํɼ2007 ೥ํͰɼ2 ճ໨ʢߞ͏Μ 5 ೔‫ޙ‬ʣʹઙ૚ʢ3 cmʣʹ೻छ͞͸ԘϏ؅Λ్தͰ L ࣈʹ‫͛ۂ‬ɼ‫ײ‬஌෦Λ౔૚ʹਫฏʹຒΕͨछࢠ͸ɼ೻छ‫סޙ‬૩ͨ͠৚݅Լʹ 4 ೔ఔ౓ஔ͔Εͨઃ͠ɼ൓ରଆͷ୺͸஍දʹग़ΔΑ͏ʹͨ͠ɽຒઃਂ͸ɼ͕ɼͦͷ‫߱ޙ‬ӍʹΑΓ౔৕ਫ෼͸ճ෮ͨ͠ɽ

೻छਂ౓Λߟྀͯ͠ 3 cm ͱ 7 cm ͱͨ͠ɽ஍දʹग़ͯ

3.2 ࡅ౔཰ · ߞ͏Μ௚‫ؚޙ‬ਫൺ

͍Δ୺͸ɼγϦίϯખͰີด͠ɼͦ͜ʹϚϊϝʔλͱ઀ߞ͏Μ௚‫;ʹޙ‬Δ͍Λ༻͍ͯଌఆͨ͠ࡅ౔཰ʢ2 cm ໨ଓ͞Εͨ஫ࣹ਑Λఆ‫ظ‬తʹૠͯ͠ɼෛѹΛ‫ܭ‬ଌͨ͠ɽઃ

ͷ;Δ͍௨ա཰ʣΛ Table 1 ʹࣔͨ͠ɽࡅ౔ॲཧ͸ɼ໨ஔ‫ॴݸ‬͸ɼߞ͏Μ௚‫ʹޙ‬೻छͨ͠ࢼ‫۠ݧ‬ͷ͏ͪɼ௟ѹ 12ඪ௨Γʹૈࡅ౔۠ͱࡉࡅ౔۠ͷؒͰ༗ҙͳҧ͍Λ༩͑Δ

kPa ۠ͱແ௟ѹ۠ͷ‫ ܭ‬8 ఺ͱͨ͠ɽ‫ؾ‬Թͱ߱ਫྔʹ͍ͭ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽ2007 ೥ͷ݁Ռ͕ࣔ͢Α͏ʹɼ‫ٯ‬సϩʔλͯ͸ɼதԝ೶‫ۀ‬૯߹‫ڀݚ‬ηϯλʔ๺཮‫ڀݚ‬ηϯλʔͷ‫ؾ‬ϦʔΛ༻͍ͨͨΊɼද૚ 5 cm ͷํ͕ͦΕҎԼΑΓɼ10৅‫؍‬ଌ࿐৔Ͱଌఆ͞ΕͨσʔλΛ༻͍ͨɽ% ఔ౓ྑ͍ࡅ౔཰ͱͳͬͨɽͨͩ͠ɼࡉࡅ౔۠ʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɼ2 cm ҎԼͷ౔մ͕ॏྔൺͰ 70 % Ҏ্ͱ͢ΔҰൠతͳࡅ౔཰ͷ໨ඪʢྫ͑͹ɼ৽ׁ‫ݝ‬೶ྛਫ࢈෦ɼ2013ʣ͸

3. ࣮‫݁ݧ‬Ռ
3.1 ೻छલ‫ޙ‬ͷఱީ · ౔৕ਫ෼ͷมԽࢼ‫ݧ‬Λ࣮ࢪͨ͠ 2 Χ೥ͷ೻छ࣌‫ظ‬ͷ߱Ӎ৚݅͸ɼFig.

3 ʹࣔ͢௨ΓରরతͰ͋ͬͨɽ2006 ೥͸ 1 ճ໨ͷ೻छͷ
લ 7 ೔ؒͷ߱ਫྔ͕ 16 mm ͱগͳ͘ɼ೻छ‫ޙ‬΋ 10 ೔ؒແ߱Ӎ೔͕ଓ͍ͨɽμΠζͷ೻छਂ౓ʹ૬౰͢Δ 2.5 ∼7.5 cm ਂͷ౔৕ͷਫϙςϯγϟϧ͸ɼߞ͏Μ͔Β 11 ೔໨ͷ࠷ॳͷ߱Ӎͷ௚લͰ −60 kPa ʹୡͨ͠ɽҰํɼ2007೥͸ɼ1 ճ໨ͷ೻छલ 7 ೔ؒͷ߱ਫྔ͸ 7 mm Ͱ͕͋ͬͨɼͦͷཌ೔͔Βཌʑ೔ʹ 25.5 mm ͷ߱Ӎ͕͋ͬͨɽͦ
ͷͨΊɼ2 ճ໨ͷ೻छ͸ 1 ճ໨ͷ೻छʢߞ͏Μʣͷ 5 ೔‫ͨ͠ͱޙ‬ɽ3 cm ਂͷશଌ఺ฏ‫ۉ‬ͷ౔৕ͷਫϙςϯγϟ
ϧ͸ɼ2 ճ໨ͷ೻छ‫ ʹޙ‬−45 kPa ·Ͱ‫ٸ‬଎ʹ‫͕͍ͨס‬ɼ
7 cm ਂͰ͸ −2 kPa ͔ΒΏͬ͘Γͱ −12 kPa ·Ͱ‫ס‬૩͕ਐΜͩఔ౓Ͱɼա࣪܏޲ͰਪҠͨ͠ɽ྆೥ͱ΋ୡ੒Ͱ͖ͳ͔ͬͨɽͳ͓ɼߞ͏Μ௚‫ޙ‬ͷ૚ฏ‫ۉ‬‫ؚ‬ਫൺʹ͸ɼࡅ౔ͷࡉૈʹΑΔࠩ͸ͳ͔ͬͨɽ

3.3 छࢠͷਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩछࢠͷਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩঢ়‫گ‬Λ೥͓Αͼ೻छ೔ຖʹ Fig. 4 ʹࣔͨ͠ɽ౔৕ਫ෼ͷਂ͞ʹΑΔࠩҟΛ൓өͯ͠ɼ7 cm ਂͷํ͕͍ͣΕͷ৚݅Ͱ΋छࢠͷਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩ଎౓͸ߴ͍͕ɼ೻
छ௚‫߱ʹޙ‬Ӎ͕͋ͬͨ 2007 ೥ͷ 1 ճ໨ʢߞ͏Μಉ೔ʣͰ͸ɼ೻छਂ౓ʹΑΔҧ͍͸‫ݟ‬ΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɽ2006 ೥ͷ೻छ೔ͷҧ͍ʹΑΔӨ‫ڹ‬͸ɼ7 cm ਂͰ͸‫ݟ‬ΒΕͳ͍͕ɼ3cm ਂͰ͸ 2 ճ໨ʢߞ͏Μ 3 ೔‫ޙ‬ʣͷ೻छͰ໌Β͔ʹ‫ٵ‬ਫ͕஗଺͠ɼ3 ೔‫ʹޙ‬͸Ή͠Ζ‫ס‬૩͢Δ܏޲͢Β‫ݟ‬ΒΕͨɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹҰ୴‫ٵ‬ਫͨ͠‫סޙ‬૩͢ΔΑ͏ͳਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩύλʔϯ͸ɼൃժͷ஗ΕͷΈͳΒͣछࢠͷൃժೳྗΛେ෯ʹ௿Լͤ͞ΔͨΊɼಛʹճආ͞ΕΔ΂͖Ͱ͋Δɽ

20౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

Fig. 3 ೻छલ‫ޙ‬ͷ‫ؾ‬Թɼ߱ਫྔ͓Αͼ౔৕ਫϙςϯγϟϧͷਪҠɽʢaʣ2006 ೥ͷ‫ؾ‬Թɼʢbʣ2006 ೥ͷ߱ਫྔ͓Αͼ౔৕ਫϙςϯγϟϧɼʢcʣ2007 ೥ͷ‫ؾ‬Թɼʢdʣ 2007 ೥ͷ߱ਫྔ͓Αͼ౔৕ਫϙςϯγϟϧɽਤԼ୺ͷ໼ҹ͸೻छ೔Λࣔ͢ɽ
Change in air temperature, precipitation and soil water potential during the experiment. (a) Air temperature in 2006, (b) Precipitationand soil water potential in 2006, (c) Air temperature in 2007, (d) Precipitation and soil water potential in 2007. The arrows below thehorizontal axes represent the planting dates.

࿦จɿ೻छ࣌ͷա࣪ · ա‫ס‬૩ϦεΫΛ൐͏೪౔࣭స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμΠζͷద੾ͳ೻छ৚݅ͷղੳ
160

21(a) 2006 ⪔䛖䜣ྠ᪥᧛✀

140
120

3cm
7cm

100
80
60
40
20
0
Seeding

1day

2days

3days

Fig. 4 ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷछࢠਫ෼ͷมԽɽʢaʣ2006 ೥ߞ͏Μಉ೔೻छɼ
ʢbʣ2006 ೥ߞ͏Μ 3 ೔‫ޙ‬೻छɼʢcʣ2007 ೥ߞ͏Μಉ೔೻छɼ
ʢdʣ
2007 ೥ߞ͏Μ 5 ೔‫ޙ‬೻छɽ೻छ೔ͷޮՌͷΈΛ͜ͷਤͰ͸ൺֱ͓ͯ͠Γɼ֤ਫ४ 16 ۠ͷ݁Ռͷฏ‫ͱۉ‬ඪ४ภࠩʢଞͷཁҼʹΑΔมಈΛ‫ؚ‬ΉʣΛࣔͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δɽ

Change in water content of seeds after planting. (a) Planted soon after the tillage in 2006, (b) Planted three days after the tillage in2006, (c) Planted soon after the tillage in 2007, (d) Planted ﬁve days after the tillage in 2007. Data variation caused by the factors
except planting day is represented by error bars: The ﬁgure compares the effect due to planting dates alone.

3.4 ൃժ‫ޙ‬ͷ੒௕ͳ͕ͬͨɼ5 ೔‫ʹޙ‬͸ॲཧʹΑΒͣߴ͍ൃժ཰ʹͳͬͨɽ࣮‫ॲݧ‬ཧ͕छࢠͷਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩ͓Αͼͦͷ‫ޙ‬ͷ੒௕ʹ༩͑

2006 ೥ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ൃժ཰ʹର͢Δ೻छ೔ʹΑΔ༗ҙͳͨӨ‫ڹ‬ʢޮՌʣʹؔͯ͠ɼ෼ࢄ෼ੳͷ݁Ռͱͱ΋ʹ Fig. 5ޮՌ͸ೝΊΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɽ·ͨൃժ཰ʹର͢Δ௟ѹͷޮ∼ Fig. 7 ʹࣔͨ͠ɽͦΕͧΕͷάϥϑͷॎ࣠͸ɼԣ࣠ͷՌ͸ɼ2006 ೥ͷ೻छ 3 ೔‫ޙ‬ͷΈʹೝΊΒΕͨɽཁҼͷΈΛมಈͤͨ͞ͱ͖ͷʮਫ४ฏ‫ۉ‬ʯΛࣔͨ͠΋ͷ೻छ 2 िؒ‫ޙ‬ͷग़ժ཰ʹରͯ͠͸ɼ྆೥ͱ΋೻छਂ౓Ͱ͋Γɼٕज़ޮՌͷൺֱͷͨΊͷ෼ࢄ෼ੳʹ͓͍ͯʮޮ

ͱ೻छ೔ʹ༗ҙͳޮՌ͕‫ݱ‬Εͨɽͨͩ͠ɼ೻छਂ౓ͷޮՌʯͱʢԞ໺ɼ1994ʣ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔྔͰ͋Δɽॲཧͷ૊Έ߹Ռ͸ɼ྆೥Ͱਖ਼൓ରͰ͋ͬͨɽ͢ͳΘͪɼա‫ס‬૩܏޲͕ΘͤʹΑΓ‫ظ‬଴͞ΕΔ஋͸ɼ༗ҙͳཁҼʢओཁҼ͓Αͼ‫ ͔ͨͬڧ‬2006 ೥ʹ͸ɼ7 cm ͷํ͕ 3 cm ΑΓ΋ग़ժ཰ަ‫༻࡞ޓ‬ʣʹΑΓ΋ͨΒ͞ΕΔภࠩɼ͢ͳΘ֤ͪॎ࣠ͷ͸ߴ͔ͬͨɽҰํա࣪܏޲ʹ͋ͬͨ 2007 ೥ʹ͸ɼ3 cm

஋ͱશମͷฏ‫ۉ‬஋ʢҰ఺ഁઢɼೋ఺ഁઢʣͱͷࠩͷઢ‫ܗ‬ͷํ͕ 7 cm ΑΓ΋ग़ժ཰͸ߴ͔ͬͨɽ೻छ೔ʹ͍ͭͯ࿨ʹશମͷฏ‫ۉ‬ΛՃ͑ͨ஋ͱͯ͠ਪఆ͞ΕΔɽFig. 5 ‫ٴ‬͸ɼ྆೥ͱ΋ߞ͏Μ௚‫ޙ‬ͷํ͕ߴ͍ग़ժ཰ͱͳͬͨɽ·ͼ Fig. 6 ͷਤத × ͷϓϩοτͰࣔͨ͠ 2007 ೥ͷ೻छ 2

ͨɼ2006 ೥ʹ͸ແ௟ѹͱ௟ѹͱͷؒʹ͕ࠩೝΊΒΕͨ೔‫ޙ‬ͷൃժ཰͓Αͼ྆೥ͷ೻छ 5 ೔‫ޙ‬ͷൃժ཰ʹ͍ͭͯ

͕ɼ2007 ೥ʹ͸શ͘ೝΊΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɽ࠷దͳॲཧΛ͸ɼσʔλ͕ͦΕͧΕ๞࿨छࢠਫ෼͓Αͼൃժ཰ 100 %ʹภͬͯ෼෍͍ͯͨͨ͠Ίɼ෼ࢄ෼ੳ͸ߦ͍ͬͯͳ͍ɽ

ߦͬͨ৔߹ʹ‫ظ‬଴͞ΕΔग़ժ཰͸ɼ2006 ೥͸ 0.83ʢ6
kPaɼ7 cmɼ0 ೔ʣɼ2007 Ͱ͸ 0.87ʢ3 cmɼ0 ೔ʣͰ͋ͬ

छࢠͷਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩʹରͯ͠͸ɼલ߲Ͱड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɼ೻ͨɽͳ͓ɼ‫಺ހׅ‬͸࠷దͳॲཧʢਫ४ʣͷ૊Έ߹ΘͤΛࣔछਂ౓ͱ೻छ೔ͷӨ‫͕ڹ‬ඇৗʹେ͖͍ɽ·ͨɼ2007 ೥Ͱͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δɽ͜ΕΒͷ‫ظ‬଴஋͸ɼશମͷฏ‫ۉ‬஋ʢਤ͸ɼ೻छ೔ʹΑΓɼਂ͘೻छ͢Δ͜ͱͷޮՌʹҧ͍͕Έதഁઢʣʹ࠷దਫ४ͷग़ժ཰ͱฏ‫ۉ‬஋ͷࠩʢॲཧޮՌʣ

ΒΕͨɽ͢ͳΘͪɼ೻छਂ౓ × ೻छ೔ʹ༗ҙͳަ‫༻࡞ޓ‬ΛՃࢉ͢Δ͜ͱͰಘΒΕΔɽ༗ҙͰ͸ͳ͍ཁҼʹ͍͕ͭͯೝΊΒΕͨɽ2007 ೥ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼ௟ѹ͕ਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩʹ‫ٴ‬͸ɼՃࢉ͠ͳ͍ɽ΅͢Ө‫͕ڹ‬ೝΊΒΕ͕ͨɼͦͷޮՌ͸খ͔ͬͨ͞ɽ
ਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩͷࠩҟΛ൓ө͠ɼൃժ཰͸ɼ྆೥ͱ΋೻छਂ

2007 ೥ʹ͸ɼλωόΤʹΑΔ৯֐͕ೝΊΒΕͨͨΊɼ
೻छ 7 ೔‫͚͓ʹޙ‬ΔλωόΤͷ༮஬ʹΑΔछࢠͷ৯֐཰

౓ 7 cm ͕ 3 cm ΑΓ΋ߴ͘ͳͬͨɽ·ͨɼ2007 ೥ʹ͸ɼΛௐࠪͨ͠ɽͳ͓ɼ2006 ೥͸λωόΤʹΑΔ৯֐͸‫ݟ‬Βߞ͏Μ௚‫ޙ‬ͷ೻छʹΑΓɼ2 ೔‫ޙ‬ͷൃժ཰͸༗ҙʹߴ͘Εͳ͔ͬͨɽFig. 8 ʹࣔ͢ͱ͓ΓɼλωόΤʹΑΔछࢠ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

22

Fig. 5 ֤ཁҼ͕छࢠͷਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ɽʢaʣ2006ɼʢbʣ2007ɽ
1ʣ∗∗ ͓Αͼ ∗ ͸ɼͦΕͧΕ 1 %, 5 % ͷ‫Ͱ཰ݥة‬༗ҙͳཁҼͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɽ
2ʣΞϧϑΝϕοτ͸ɼTukey ͷ๏ʹΑΔଟॏൺֱͷ݁ՌΛࣔ͢ɽҟͳΔΞϧϑΝϕοτ͕෇͞ΕͨॲཧؒͰ͸ 5 % ͷ‫Ͱ཰ݥة‬༗ҙ͕ࠩ͋Δ͜ͱΛҙຯ͢Δɽ

3ʣృΓͭͿ͞Εͨ‫߸ه‬͸ɼ༗ҙ͕ࠩೝΊΒΕͨཁҼɼനൈ͖͸༗ҙ͕ࠩೝΊΒΕͳ͔ͬͨཁҼɼ× ͸σʔλͷಛੑ͔Β෼ࢄ෼ੳΛߦ͏ͷ͕ෆద౰ͱ൑அ͞Εͨ΋ͷΛද͢ɽ

Effects of factors on water absorption by seeds.
1) ∗∗ and ∗ denote statistical signiﬁcance level of ∗∗ P > 0.99 and ∗ P > 0.95, respectively.
2) Different letters denote statistically signiﬁcant (P > 0.95) differences between the series of sampling dates from the summer to thefollowing spring according to Tukey’s multiple comparison.
3) The ﬁlled and open symbols represents statistically signiﬁcant and non-signiﬁcant factors, respectively. Crosses denote data sets
inadequate for statistical analysis due to the nature of them.

ͷ৯֐͸ɼ2007 ೥ͷ 2 ճ໨ʢߞ͏Μ 5 ೔‫ޙ‬ʣʹ೻छ͞ΕͳؒܺͰ͸ɼ෩ʹΑΔۭ‫ؾ‬ͷྲྀೖ΍ཚΕʹΑΓɼਫৠ‫ؾ‬ͨछࢠͷ͏ͪࡉ͔͘ࡅ౔͞Εͨࢼ‫ूʹ۠ݧ‬தͯ͠ൃੜ͠

ͷϚεϑϩʔ͕‫͜ى‬Δɽͦͷ݁Ռɼ஍දۙ๣ͷ౔૚ͷΈͨɽ৯֐͸ɼ28 ೔‫ޙ‬ͷग़ժ཰ʢ2 ༿౸ୡ཰ʣʹ໌Β͔ʹ͕‫סʹ౓ۃ‬૩͢Δɽ௟ѹ͸ɼ্‫ه‬ͷ౔մؒؒܺΛѹॖ͠ɼӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͍͑ͯͨɽ

౔մಉ࢜ͷີணΛߴΊΔಇ͖Λ͢ΔͨΊɼԼ૚͔Βͷਫ෼‫څڙ‬ͷଅਐͱ஍දۙ๣ͰͷૈؒܺΛ௨ͨ͡ਫৠ‫ؾ‬ͷϚ

4. ߟ࡯

εϑϩʔͷ཈੍ʹ‫د‬༩͢Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ
ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ‫ס‬૩܏޲ʹ͋ͬͨ 2006 ೥ʹ͓͍ͯɼ௟

4.1 ௟ѹͷޮՌ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ౔৕௟ѹ͸ɼ౔৕ͱछࢠͷ઀৮Λ޲্ͤ͞Δ
࡞༻ͱɼԼ૚͔Βͷӷঢ়ਫͷҠಈΛଅਐ͢Δ࡞༻ͷೋͭͷޮՌ͕‫ظ‬଴͞ΕΔ͜ͱ͕‫͔͘ݹ‬Β஌ΒΕ͍ͯΔʢJohnson and Buchele, 1961; Johnson and Henry, 1964; Hummel et al., 1981ʣɽCollis-George et al.ʢ1966ʣ΍ Hadas etal.ʢ1974a, 1974bʣ͸ɼ౔৕ͷϚτϦοΫϙςϯγϟϧ

ѹ͕छࢠਫ෼΍ൃժ · ग़ժ཰ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫ͨ͠΅ٴ‬ʢFig. 5 ∼Fig. 7ʣɽಛʹ Fig. 6 ʹࣔ͞Εͨ 3 ೔‫ޙ‬ͷൃժ཰ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼແ௟ѹͱ 3 kPa Ͱͷ௟ѹͷؒʹେ͖ͳ༗ҙͳ͕ࠩੜͨ͡ɽ͞Βʹɼൃժ཰ͷަ‫༻࡞ޓ‬Λࢀর͢Δͱɼ3 cmਂͰ͸௟ѹͷޮՌ͕‫ݱ‬Ε͍ͯͳ͍ͷʹର͠ɼ7 cm ਂͰ͸ແ௟ѹͱͦͷଞͷ௟ѹॲཧʹஶ͍͠ҧ͍͕‫ݱ‬Εͨɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔Βɼ2006 ೥ͷ‫ס‬૩ͨ͠৚݅ԼͰ͸ɼ௟ѹ͸ 3 cm͕छࢠͷ‫ٵ‬ਫʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͢΅ٴ‬ͷ͸ɼछࢠͱ౔৕ͷਫϙςʢ௟ѹલ஍ද໘‫ج‬४ʣΑΓ͞Βʹਂ͍૚ͰΑΓେ͖͍ޮϯγϟϧࠩʹΑΔ΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɼछࢠͱ౔৕ͷؒͷӷ૬ՌΛൃ‫ͳʹͱͨ͜͠ش‬Δɽ2006 ೥ͷ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ 2.5 ∼ 7.5

ͷ઀৮໘ੵʹӨ‫͢ڹ‬ΔͨΊͰ͋Δͱ݁࿦͚ͮɼ౔৕ͱछ
·ͨɼߴ‫ڮ‬Βʢ2008ʣ͸೪౔࣭స‫׵‬ാ౔৕ʹ͓͍ͯɼ౔

cm ૚ͷฏ‫ۉ‬ਫ෼ϙςϯγϟϧ͸ −70 kPa ·Ͱ͔͠௿Լ
͓ͯ͠ΒͣʢFig. 3ʣɼ೪౔࣭౔৕Ͱग़ժ཰Λ௿Լͤ͞ͳ
͍͜ͱ͕֬ೝ͞Ε͍ͯΔൣғ಺ʢHeatherly et al., 1979ʣ

৕௟ѹʹΑΓԼ૚͔Β্૚΁ͷਫҠಈ͕ଅਐ͞Εɼ౔৕ʹ͋ͬͨɽ͔͠͠ɼ஍දۙ๣ͷ౔մද໘͸ɼஶ͘͠‫ס‬૩ࢠͷີணΛ޲্ͤ͞Δ౔৕௟ѹͷޮՌΛࢦఠ͍ͯ͠Δɽਫ෼͸ද૚͔ΒԼ૚ʹ޲͚ͯ؇΍͔ʹ૿Ճ͢Δ෼෍ͱͳ͕ਐΜͰ͍ͨͱߟ͑ΒΕɼਂ͞ 3 cm ෇ۙͰ͸ɼ౔մ͕Δ͜ͱΛೝΊͨɽ‫ʹٯ‬ແ௟ѹͷ৔߹ʹ͸ 4 cm ਂҎԼͱछࢠʹີணΛ͍ͯͯ͠΋े෼ʹਫΛ‫͔ͨͬͳ͖Ͱڅڙ‬΋ͦΕҎઙͱͰେ͖ͳਫ෼ͷࠩҟ͕ੜ͡ɼද૚ʹ‫ס‬૩૚͕ͷͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽߴ‫ڮ‬Βʢ2008ʣ͸ࣨ಺࣮‫Ͱݧ‬ɼ౔৕ͷ

ൃୡ͢Δ͜ͱΛ֬ೝ͍ͯ͠Δɽ

ਫ෼ϙςϯγϟϧΛҰఆʹίϯτϩʔϧͨ͠ͱ͖ͷɼ౔ࡅ౔͕ෆे෼ͱͳΓ΍͍͢೪౔࣭౔৕ͷ࡞౔ද૚Ͱ

մ‫͓ܘ‬Αͼ௟ѹ‫౓ڧ‬ͷҧ͍ʹΑΔछࢠͷਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩ଎౓ͷ͸ɼ౔մؒʹ਺ϛϦҎ্ͷେ͖͞ͷૈେͳ͕ؒܺଟ͘ଘ

ࠩҟΛௐ΂͍ͯΔɽਫϙςϯγϟϧ͕ −10 kPa ͷߴਫ෼

ࡏ͢ΔҰํͰɼ౔մಉ࢜ͷ઀৮͕ѱ͘ɼӷঢ়ਫͷໟ؅ҠͰ͸ɼ͍ͣΕͷ౔մ‫Ͱܘ‬΋௟ѹʹΑΓछࢠͷਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩ଎ಈʹ‫د‬༩͢Δؒܺͷ࿈ଓੑ͕ѱ͍ɽ·ͨɼ౔մؒͷૈେ౓͕ߴ·Δ܏޲Λ͕ࣔͨ͠ɼ−0.1 MPa ΍ −3.2 MPa Ͱ࿦จɿ೻छ࣌ͷա࣪ · ա‫ס‬૩ϦεΫΛ൐͏೪౔࣭స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμΠζͷద੾ͳ೻छ৚݅ͷղੳ

23

Fig. 6 ֤ཁҼ͕छࢠͷൃժ཰ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ɽʢaʣ2006,ʢbʣ2007ɽ
1ʣਤதͷ೔਺͸೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ೔਺Λࣔ͢ɽ
2ʣ∗∗ ͓Αͼ ∗ ͸ɼͦΕͧΕ 1 %, 5 % ͷ‫Ͱ཰ݥة‬༗ҙͳཁҼͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɽ
3ʣΞϧϑΝϕοτ͸ɼTukey ͷ๏ʹΑΔଟॏൺֱͷ݁ՌΛࣔ͢ɽҟͳΔΞϧϑΝϕοτ͕෇͞ΕͨॲཧؒͰ͸ 5 % ͷ‫Ͱ཰ݥة‬༗ҙ͕ࠩ͋Δ͜ͱΛҙຯ͢Δɽ

4ʣృΓͭͿ͞Εͨ‫߸ه‬͸ɼ༗ҙ͕ࠩೝΊΒΕͨཁҼɼനൈ͖͸༗ҙ͕ࠩೝΊΒΕͳ͔ͬͨཁҼɼ× ͸σʔλͷಛੑ͔Β෼ࢄ෼ੳΛߦ͏ͷ͕ෆద౰ͱ൑அ͞Εͨ΋ͷΛද͢ɽ

Effects of factors on germination rate of seeds.
1) Days in the ﬁgure show the days after the planting2) ∗∗ and ∗ denote statistical signiﬁcance level of ∗∗ P > 0.99 and ∗ P > 0.95, respectively.
3) Different letters denote statistically signiﬁcant (P > 0.95) differences between the series of sampling dates from the summer to thefollowing spring according to Tukey’s multiple comparison.
4) The ﬁlled and open symbols represents statistically signiﬁcant and non-signiﬁcant factors, respectively. Crosses denote data sets
inadequate for statistical analysis due to the nature of them.

͸ɼ௟ѹʹΑΔ໌֬ͳޮՌ͸ೝΊΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɽ͜ͷ݁

ఆ͢Δͱɼ3 ∼ 12 kPa ఔ౓ͷ௟ѹ͕‫࣮ݱ‬తͰ͋Γɼ௟ѹՌ͔Βɼ௟ѹʹΑΔछࢠͷਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩ଎౓ͷ޲্͸ɼओʹ‫͕౓ڧ‬େ͖ͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͢΅ٴ‬ঢ়‫گ‬͸ߟ͑ʹ͍͘ɽ௟ѹʹΑΓ೻छচͷਫ෼Λߴ͘ҡ࣋Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱʹΑΔ΋

4.2 ߞ͏Μ͔Β೻छ·Ͱͷ࣌ؒͷͰ͋Δͱ݁࿦͚͍ͮͯΔɽຊ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ݁Ռ͔Βɼ͜ͷΑ೻छ‫ס͕ظ‬૩܏޲Ͱ͋ͬͨ 2006 ೥ͱɼ‫࣪ʹٯ‬५܏޲͏ͳਫ෼෼෍ʹର͢Δ௟ѹͷޮՌʹ͍ͭͯ‫͢ٴݴ‬Δ͜ͱ

Ͱ͋ͬͨ 2007 ೥ͷ݁ՌʢFig. 5 ∼ Fig. 7ʣ͔Βɼߞ͏Μ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍͕ɼߴਫ෼Ͱ௟ѹͷޮՌ͕ൃ‫͢ݱ‬Δ఺ʹ͍ͭಉ೔೻छͱɼ਺೔‫ޙ‬ͷ೻छͱͷࠩҟΛൺֱ͢Δͱɼ‫ס‬૩ ·ͯ͸ɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬ಘΒΕͨ݁Ռͱ੔߹͢Δɽ

࣪५ͲͪΒͷ৚݅ʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɼߞ͏Μͱಉ࣌ʹ೻छ͢Δ

௟ѹ‫౓ڧ‬ͷӨ‫͍ͯͭʹڹ‬͸ 3ɼ6ɼ12 kPa ͷઃఆͰɼ‫ס‬͜ͱ͸ɼग़ժʹϓϥεʹಇ͘͜ͱ͕֬ೝ͞Εͨɽ2006 ೥࣪ͲͪΒͷ೥ʹ͓͍ͯ΋༗ҙͳҧ͍͸‫ݟ‬ΒΕͳ͔ͬͨʹ͸ɼਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩ͔Βग़ժʹࢸΔશεςʔδʹ͓͍ͯɼߞ

ʢFig. 5 ∼ Fig. 7ʣɽ͢ͳΘͪɼ௟ѹͷ༗ޮੑ͸໌Β͔Ͱ͏Μಉ೔೻छ͕ྑ͍੒੷Ͱ͋ͬͨɽҰํɼ2007 ೥ʹ͸ɼ͋Δ͕ɼͦͷ‫౓ڧ‬΍ํ๏ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼ௟ѹྠʹΑΓ༩͑೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ߱ӍͷλΠϛϯά͕བྷΈɼߞ͏Μ 5 ೔‫ޙ‬೻छ۠ΒΕΔҰൠతͳՙॏൣғ಺ʢ6 kPa લ‫ޙ‬ʣͰ͋Ε͹஫ҙͷํ͕ྑ޷ͱͳΔ࣌‫ظ‬΋Ұ࣌͸‫ݟ‬ΒΕͨɽ͔͠͠ɼ࠷ऴ

Λཁ͢Δ໰୊Ͱ͸ͳ͍ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

తͳग़ժ཰͸ಉ೔೻छ͕উͬͨɽ

௟ѹΛ͠ͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ɼߞ͏Μ͞Εͨ౔৕͸ࣗॏͷΈʹΑΓѹॖ͞ΕΔɽߞ͏Μ͞Εͨ౔৕ͷ࣪५ີ౓͸ɼࡅ౔཰ͷࢼ‫݁ݧ‬Ռͷࡍʹఆ༰ੵΛ࠾औͨ͠౔մͷॏྔ͔Β

1.3 ∼ 1.8 Mgm−3 Ͱ͋ͬͨ͜ͱ͕Θ͔͍ͬͯΔɽ͜ͷ৔߹ɼਂ͞ z cm ਂͰͷࣗॏ͸ɼ0.13z ∼ 0.18z kPa ͱ‫ੵݟ‬΋ΒΕΔɽྫ͑͹ 3 cm ਂͰͷ௟ѹΛߦΘͳ͍৔߹ͷՙॏ͸ɼ0.4 ∼ 0.6 kPa ͱͳΓɼ࠷খͷՙॏ஋ 3 kPa ͷ 1/5∼ 1/8 Ͱ͋Δɽ஍൫ͷѹॖྔ͸ɼ͓͓Αͦѹॖՙॏͷର਺஋ʹൺྫ͢ΔͷͰɼແ௟ѹ͔Β 3 kPa ·Ͱՙॏͨ͠ͱ
͖ͷѹॖޮՌ͸ɼ3 kPa ͔Β 12 kPa ·Ͱ 4 ഒʹՙॏΛ૿େͤͨ͞ͱ͖ͷޮՌΑΓେ͖͍͸ͣͰ͋Δɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔

2007 ೥ͷ 5 ೔‫ޙ‬೻छͰग़ժ཰͕ѱԽͨ͠‫ݪ‬Ҽͱͯ͠͸ɼλωόΤͷൃੜ͕ɼ5 ೔‫ޙ‬೻छ۠ʹͷΈ‫ݟ‬ΒΕͨ͜ͱ͕‫͛ڍ‬ΒΕΔʢFig. 8ʣɽλωόΤͷ੒஬͸ߞ‫ى‬௚‫ޙ‬ͷ࣪ͬͨാʹू·Γɼ౔մͷؒͳͲʹ఺ʑͱ࢈ཛ͢Δɽཛ
͕ሊԽ͢Δ·Ͱʹཁ͢Δ೔਺͸ 2 ∼ 8 ೔ͱ͞ΕΔʢ೶จɽߞ͏Μ௚‫࢈ʹޙ‬ཛ͞ΕΔͱɼμΠζͷੜҭ଎‫ڠ‬ɼ1987ʣ౓͕༮஬ͷ੒௕଎౓ΑΓউΓɼ৯֐Λड͚ͣʹग़ժͰ͖Δɽ͔͠͠ɼ2007 ೥ͷ 5 ೔‫ޙ‬೻छ۠ͷΑ͏ʹɼ࣪५ͳ৚
݅Լʹ΋͔͔ΘΒͣߞ‫ؒ࣌ޙى‬Λ͚͋ͯ೻छ͢Δͱɼ༮஬ͷ੒௕͕ઌߦ͠৯֐ͷൃੜΛॿ௕ͨ͠΋ͷͱߟ͑ΒΕ
Δɽͳ͓ɼࡅ౔ੑͷѱ͍΄৔ͰλωόΤͷඃ֐͸ൃੜ͠Βɼ௟ѹ‫౓ڧ‬Λେ෯ʹߴΊΕ͹ɼ݁Ռʹҧ͍͕ੜ͡ΔՄ

΍͍͢ʢ೶จ‫ڠ‬ɼ1987ʣͱ͞ΕΔ͕ɼຊࢼ‫͍͓ͯʹݧ‬λೳੑ͸͋Δɽ͔͠͠ɼग़ժΛ્֐͠ͳ͍ఔ౓ͷѹॖΛ૝ωόΤͷൃੜ͸ࡉࡅ౔۠ʹूத͍ͯͨ͠ɽ্‫ه‬ͷࡅ౔ੑ

24౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

Fig. 7 ֤ཁҼ͕೻छ 14 ೔‫ޙ‬ͷग़ժ཰͓Αͼ 28 ೔‫ޙ‬ͷබཱͪ཰ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ɽʢaʣ2006,ʢbʣ2007ɽ
1ʣ∗∗ ͓Αͼ ∗ ͸ɼͦΕͧΕ 1 %, 5% ͷ‫Ͱ཰ݥة‬༗ҙͳཁҼͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɽ
2ʣΞϧϑΝϕοτ͸ɼTukey ͷ๏ʹΑΔଟॏൺֱͷ݁ՌΛࣔ͢ɽҟͳΔΞϧϑΝϕοτ͕෇͞ΕͨॲཧؒͰ͸ 5 % ͷ‫Ͱ཰ݥة‬༗ҙ͕ࠩ͋Δ͜ͱΛҙຯ͢Δɽ

Effects of factors on emergence and establishment rate.
1) ∗∗ and ∗ denote statistical signiﬁcance level of ∗∗ P > 0.99 and ∗ P > 0.95, respectively.
2) Different letters denote statistically signiﬁcant (P > 0.95) differences between the series of sampling dates from the summer to thefollowing spring according to Tukey’s multiple comparison.

ग़ժ͕஗ΕΔ͜ͱʹΑΔ৯֐ϦεΫΛ໰୊ʹ͍ͯ͠Δ΋

ʢHeatherly et al., 1979ʣʹΑΕ͹ɼ೪࣭౔Ͱ͸ 2 िؒͰ
80 % Ҏ্ͷग़ժ཰ͱͳΔਫϙςϯγϟϧͷൣғ͸ɼશॲͷͱ΋ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ౔մ‫࢈ͱܘ‬ཛ΍ሊԽɼͦͯ͠༮஬ͷཧҬͰ͋ͬͨͷʹର͠ɼ࣭࠭౔Ͱ͸ −40 ∼ −60 kPa ʹ੒௕଎౓ͱͷؔ܎ɼ͞Βʹ͸ɼࡅ౔཰ʹΑΔ஍ද໘ͷΘ‫ݶ‬ΒΕͨɽ͢ͳΘͪɼ೪࣭౔Ͱ͸ɼ−70 kPa Ҏ্ͷਫϙ͔ͣͳ‫ס‬૩౓߹͍ͷӨ‫͍ͯͭʹڹ‬ͷෳࡶͳҼՌؔ܎ʹͭςϯγϟϧͰ͋Ε͹ɼൃժ΍ग़ժʹ໰୊͸‫͜ى‬Βͳ͍ͱ͍ͯ͸ɼຊࢼ‫ݧ‬σʔλ͔Β‫͢ٴݴ‬Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɽͳ

ߟ͑ΒΕΔ͕ɼਫϙςϯγϟϧͷ௿ԼʹΑΓ๞࿨౓͕௿

͓ɼλωόΤͷඃ֐͕༧ଌ͞ΕΔ৔߹ʹ͸ΩώήϯΑΓ

Լ͢Δ࣭࠭౔Ͱ͸ɼ্‫ه‬ͷΑ͏ͳਫϙςϯγϟϧྖҬͰ‫ޮ͍ڧ‬ՌΛ΋ͭༀࡎʹΑΔ๷আ͕ՄೳͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛ෇‫ه‬΋ɼछࢠ΁ͷਫͷҠಈ͕཈੍͞Ε͏Δ͜ͱΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽͱͷؔ܎ʹ͍ͭͯͷࢦఠ͸ɼྼѱͳࡅ౔ʹΑΓμΠζͷ

͢Δɽ

‫ס‬૩೥Ͱ͋Δ 2006 ೥ʹ͓͍ͯ΋ 2.5 cm ∼ 7.5 cm ૚

4.3 ೻छਂ౓

ฏ‫ۉ‬ͷਫϙςϯγϟϧ͸ɼςϯγΦϝʔλʹΑΔ‫ܭ‬ଌ͕μΠζͷ࠷దͳ೻छਂ౓ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼਪ঑͞ΕΔ஋ʹՄೳͳ −70 kPa Ҏ಺Ͱ͋ͬͨʢFig. 3bʣɽ౔৕͕೪࣭౔

෯͕͋Δ͕ɼଟ͘͸ 3 ∼ 4 cm ͱ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽͨͩ͠ɼ͍

Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱΛߟྀ͢Ε͹ɼ೻छਂ౓ 7 cm Ͱ͸ɼͦͷ೥ͣΕͷ஍ҬͰ΋ɼ‫ؾ‬৅৚݅΍౔ੑʹԠͯ͡ɼΑΓਂΊ΍ͷఱީ৚݅ʹ͔͔ΘΒͣਫ෼ෆ଍ͷ໰୊͸ੜ͡ͳ͍ͱߟ

ઙΊʹ͢Δ͜ͱΛਪ঑͍ͯ͠Δɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ௟ѹલͷ͑ΒΕΔɽҰํɼ೻छਂ౓ 3 cm Ͱ͸ɼఱީ৚݅ʹΑͬฏ‫ۉ‬஍ද໘Λ‫ج‬४ʹ͠ɼछࢠͷఈ໘·Ͱͷߴ͕͞ 3 cm

ͯ౔৕͕ա‫ס‬૩ঢ়ଶͱͳΔ͜ͱΛ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷछࢠਫ෼มԽ

΋͘͠͸ 7 cm ͱͳΔΑ͏ʹ೻छΛߦ͍ͬͯΔ͕ɼ௟ѹʢFig. 4ʣ͕͍ࣔࠦͯ͠Δɽద౰ͳִؒͷ߱Ӎ͕ΈΒΕ͍ͨ͏೻छਂ౓͸ɼҰൠʹద౰ͳ೻छਂ౓ͱ͞ΕΔ 3 ∼ 4cm ʹର͠ɼ‫ؾ‬৅৚݅΍౔ੑʹΑΔௐ੔෼ͷ਺ηϯνΛ2007 ೥Ͱ͸ɼ3 cm Ͱͷਫϙςϯγϟϧ͕ −45 kPa Λ௒͑ͨ೔͸ͳ͘ʢFig. 3dʣɼग़ժ཰͸ 7 cm ΑΓ΋ 3 cm ͷํ͕ߴ͘ͳͬͨɽҰํɼ‫ס‬૩܏޲͕‫ ͔ͨͬڧ‬2006 ೥Ͱ͸ɼ3 cm ਂͰͷਫϙςϯγϟϧͷ࣮ଌ஋͕ແ͍ͨΊɼग़Ճআͨ͠ਂ౓ͱཧղͰ͖Δɽժʹରͯ͠Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫౔͢΅ٴ‬৕ͷਫϙςϯγϟϧͷԼ‫ݶ‬஋‫ʹޙ‬͸͜ΕΑΓઙ͍ਂ౓ʹछࢠ͕ଘࡏ͍ͯͨ͜͠ͱʹͳΔɽ͜ͷҙຯͰɼຊࢼ‫ ͨ͠༻࠾Ͱݧ‬3 cm ͓Αͼ 7 cm ͱ

Fig. 5 ∼ 7 ʹࣔ͞Ε͍ͯΔ௨Γɼ‫ס‬૩৚݅ͱ࣪५৚݅

ʢbʣ͕ࣔ͢
Λࣔ͢͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɽ͔͠͠ɼFig. 4ʢaʣͰɼ໌Β͔ʹग़ժ཰ʹର͢Δ೻छਂ౓ͷޮՌ͸‫ٯ‬సͯ͠Α͏ʹɼ3 cm ૚Ͱͷछࢠਫ෼૿Ճ͕ɼ೻छ 1 ೔‫ޙ‬Ҏ߱Ͱ͓Γɼ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷఱީΛߟ͑ͯ೻छਂ౓ΛܾΊΔ͜ͱͷॏఀ଺͍ͯ͠Δͷ͸ɼ‫ס‬૩૚͕೻छ‫਺ޙ‬೔Ͱ 3 cm ҎਂʹཁੑΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽ

ୡͨͨ͠ΊͰ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

ઙ͍ଆͷ‫ݶ‬ք͸ɼछࢠ͕ඞཁͳਫ෼Λ‫ٵ‬ऩ͠ᡢ࣠Λ౔೻छਂ౓͕ਂ͍ͱ͖ͷ໰୊ͷҰͭ͸௨‫ؾ‬ੑͰ͋Δɽ௨தʹ৳͹͢·Ͱͷؒʹछࢠͱ઀͢Δ౔৕͕‫ס‬૩͗͢͠ͳ

‫ؾ‬ੑ͸ɼ౔৕ߏ଄ͷ҆ఆੑ΍߱ӍʹΑΔఀ଺ਫͷഉআʹ͍ͱ͍͏৚݅Λຬͨ͢ਂ͞Ͱ͋Δɽਂ͞ 4 cm ʹ೻छ͞

ཁ͢Δ࣌ؒͳͲ͕Ө‫͢ڹ‬Δɽ೪౔࣭స‫׵‬ാͰͷ೻छচͷΕͨμΠζͷछࢠͷग़ժ཰Λɼ౔৕ͷਫϙςϯγϟϧΛ

ഉਫ · ௨‫ؾ‬৚݅ͷվળํ๏ͱͯ͠͸ɼ‫࠿ཱͯܣ‬ഓ͕‫͛ڍ‬−10 ∼ −70 kPa ͷൣғͰ 7 ஈ֊ʹ੍‫ͯ͠ޚ‬ௐ΂࣮ͨ‫ݧ‬ΒΕΔɽࡉ઒ʢ2005ʣ͸ɼΞοϓΧοτϩʔλϦʔʹΑΔߞ͏Μ · ‫ͱཱͯܣ‬೻छΛಉ࣌ʹߦ͏‫ػ‬ց࡞‫ۀ‬γεςϜΛ

࿦จɿ೻छ࣌ͷա࣪ · ա‫ס‬૩ϦεΫΛ൐͏೪౔࣭స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμΠζͷద੾ͳ೻छ৚݅ͷղੳ

25

Ҏ্Ͱ͸ɼ౔մ‫͕ܘ‬େ͖͘ͳΔʹͭΕͯग़ժ཰͸௿Լ͠ɼ

10 ∼ 20 mm ͷ౔մͰ͸໿ 60 % ɼ20 ∼ 40 mm ͷ౔մͰ͸ 20 % ҎԼͰ͋ͬͨɽ͢ͳΘͪɼ20 mm Ҏ্ͷ౔մͷਫ෼͸ɼμΠζͷग़ժʹ͋·Γ‫د‬༩͠ͳ͍͜ͱ͕ࣔ͞
Ε͍ͯΔɽ͜Ε͸ 20 mm ҎԼͷ౔մͷׂ߹͕ࡅ౔ੑͷࢦඪͱͯ͠޿͘ར༻͞Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱͷ߹ཧੑΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽ͞Βʹࡉཻ͔͍‫ܘ‬ϨϯδͰϥοΧηΠͷൃժΛൺֱ࣮ͨ͠‫ݧ‬ʢKhan and Datta, 1983ʣͰ΋ɼ౔մ‫ൃͱܘ‬ժʹཁ͢Δ࣌ؒͱͷؒʹ͸໌֬ͳؔ܎͕ࣔ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ͜ͷ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɼ౔մ‫ܘ‬ͷϨϯδ 0.25 ∼ 0.50 mmɼ1 ∼ 2 mmɼ

2 ∼ 4 mm ʹରͯ͠ɼൃժʹཁͨ࣌ؒ͠͸ 69ɼ81ɼ120h
Fig. 8 ֤ཁҼ͕λωόΤʹΑΔ৯֐ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ɽ
1ʣ∗∗ ͓Αͼ ∗ ͸ɼͦΕͧΕ 1 %, 5 % ͷ‫Ͱ཰ݥة‬༗ҙͳཁҼͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɽ

2ʣΞϧϑΝϕοτ͸ɼTukey ͷ๏ʹΑΔଟॏൺֱͷ݁ՌΛࣔ͢ɽҟͳΔΞϧϑΝϕοτ͕෇͞ΕͨॲཧؒͰ͸ 5 % ͷ‫ݥة‬཰Ͱ༗ҙ͕ࠩ͋Δ͜ͱΛҙຯ͢Δɽ

Effects of factors on damage of seeds by seed-corn ﬂies.
1) ∗∗ and ∗ denote statistical signiﬁcance level of ∗∗ P > 0.99 and∗ P > 0.95, respectively.
2) Different letters denote statistically signiﬁcant (P > 0.95) differences between the series of sampling dates from the summer tothe following spring according to Tukey’s multiple comparison.

։ൃ͠ɼഉਫੑ · ௨‫ؾ‬ੑͷվળޮՌΛ֬ೝ͍ͯ͠Δɽ·Ͱ͋ͬͨɽҎ্͔ΒɼηϯνϝʔτϧΦʔμʔͷ౔մ‫ܘ‬ͷࠩҟ͸ɼग़ժͷՄ൱ʹɼ਺ϛϦͷΦʔμʔͷ౔մ‫ܘ‬ͷࠩҟ͸ɼൃժʹࢸΔ଎౓ʹӨ‫͢ڹ‬Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ
‫ػ‬ց೻छͰ͸ɼࡅ౔཰͕ѱ͍ͱ೻छਂ౓͕ෆ҆ఆͱͳΔͨΊɼࡅ౔཰͸೻छਂ౓ʹ΋ؔ܎͢Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽߞ‫ʹޙ౔ࡅى‬πʔεϋϩʔͱΧϧνύοΧͰ‫ۉ‬ฏΛߦͬͯ೻छ͢Ε͹ɼࡅ౔཰͕೻छਫ਼౓ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫ͱ͍ͳ͞΅ٴ‬͢Δใࠂʢ੢ೖΒɼ1976ʣ΋ΈΒΕΔ͕ɼϩʔλϦʔʹΑΔࡅ౔͚ͩͰ͸ɼࡅ౔཰͕ѱ͍೪࣭౔ʹ͓͍ͯ҆ఆͨ͠೻छਂ౓Λ֬อ͢Δͷ͸ࠔ೉Ͱ͋Δɽ͜ͷӨ‫ڹ‬͸਺ηϯνͷΦʔμʔͷ౔մ͕ଟ͍ͱ͖ʹ໰୊ͱͳΔͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽੑͷվળʹ༩͑ΔޮՌʹ͍ͭͯ΋ෳ਺ͷใࠂ͕͋Δʢྫࡅ౔ੑ͸ɼ౔৕ਫ෼ͷҠಈʹ΋Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫͢΅ٴ‬ɽOjeniyi
and Dexterʢ1984ʣ͸ɼ౔մ‫ܘ‬Λ 4 ∼ 8 mmɼ8 ∼ 16 mm͑͹ɼ‫ޱݪ‬, 1994; ଍ཱΒ, 2002ʣɽ

ʹௐ੔ͨ͠౔૚ʹ͓͍ͯɼ౔մ‫౔ͱܘ‬৕ਫ෼ͱͷؒʹෛͨɼߗ൫ഁࡅ΍҉‫ڎ‬ഉਫγεςϜͷ‫ڧ‬Խ͕ग़ժ࣌ͷഉਫਂ೻͖ͷ΋͏Ұͭͷ໰୊͸ɼग़ժ·Ͱʹ೔਺Λཁ͢Δ

ͷ૬͕ؔ͋ͬͨ͜ͱΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽ͢ͳΘͪɼ౔մ‫͕ܘ‬ͨΊʹɼ్தͰප֐ʹ‫ײ‬છͨ͠Γɼग़ժ‫ޙ‬ͷੜҭ͕ѱ͘େ͖͍ͱɼԼ૚͔Βͷໟ؅ਫͷ্ঢ͸‫͜ى‬Γʹ͘͘ͳΔ

ͳͬͨΓ͢ΔϦεΫΛ๊͑Δ͜ͱͰ͋Δɽͱͱ΋ʹɼ౔մؒؒܺΛ௨ͨ͡ਫৠ‫ؾ‬ͷϚεϑϩʔ͕ଅຊࢼ‫ݧ‬͸ 3 cm ͱ 7 cm ͷ 2 ਫ४ͷΈߦ͍ͬͯΔͨΊɼਐ͞Εɼ஍ද໘ۙ๣ͷ౔৕ਫ෼ͷ‫ݮ‬গ͕ஶ͘͠ͳΔɽछ͜ͷؒͷ೻छਂ౓Ͱ݁Ռ͕ͲͷΑ͏ͳ܏޲ʹͳΓ͏Δ͔ࢠ͕‫ס‬૩૚ΑΓԼʹ͋Ε͹ɼඞͣ͠΋͜ͷಛ௃͸ѱ͍Ө͸‫͍ͳ͖Ͱٴݴ‬ɽ͔͠͠ɼࡅ౔ੑ΍ഉਫੑ͕ෆྑͳຊࢼ

‫ڹ‬Λ‫͕͍ͳ͞΅ٴ‬ɼઙ͍૚ʹ೻छ͞ΕΔͱਫ෼‫ٵ‬ऩ͸େ‫΄ݧ‬৔ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼ‫ס‬૩ · ա࣪ɼͲͪΒͷϦεΫ΋͋Δ෯ʹ஗Ԇ͢Δɽఔ౓ճආͰ͖Δ͍Θ͹ʮແ೉ͳʯਂ౓͸ɼ௟ѹલͷ஍දҎ্ͷΑ͏ʹɼ‫ط‬ԟͷ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼࡅ౔ੑͱൃժ · ग़ժ໘Λ‫ج‬४ͱͯ͠ɼ3 cm ͱ 7 cm ͷؒʹଘࡏ͢Δͱਪ࡯͞཰ͷؒʹ͸໌֬ͳؔ܎͕ఏࣔ͞Ε͖ͯͨɽ͔͠͠ɼຊ࣮ΕΔɽ

4.4 ࡅ౔཰
ࡅ౔཰ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼμΠζͷ࠿ഓʹ͓͍ͯॏཁࢹ͞Ε
͍ͯΔ߲໨Ͱ͋Δɽ2 cm ҎԼͷ౔մͷॏྔׂ߹͕ 70 %Ҏ্ɼ͋Δ͍͸ฏ‫౔ۉ‬մ௚‫ ܘ‬1.5 cm ҎԼ͕ɼҰൠʹ޿͘࠾༻͞Ε͍ͯΔ໨ඪͰ͋Δɽຊ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ΞοϓΧοτ
ϩʔλʔΛ༻͍ͨͨΊɼࡅ౔཰͸ɼද૚ͷํ͕ߴ͘ͳͬ
ͨʢTable 1 ͷ 2007 ೥ͷσʔλʣɽ૬ରతʹࡅ౔͕ྑ޷
ͳ 0 ∼ 5 cm ૚ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ਏ͏ͯ͡໿ 70 % ʢ2007 ೥ʣͱͳ͕ͬͨɼશ૚ฏ‫ۉ‬ͷࡅ౔཰ͷϨϯδ͸ɼ37 % ∼ 62%ʢ྆೥ʣͰ͋Γɼࡉࡅ౔۠Ͱ΋े෼ͳࡅ౔ͱ͸‫͍ͳ͑ݴ‬ɽ‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɼ໌֬ͳҧ͍͸֬ೝ͞Εͳ͔ͬͨʢFig. 5 ∼ Fig.

7ʣɽͦͷ‫ݪ‬Ҽͱͯ͠ɼҰͭ͸ख೻͖Λߦͬͨ͜ͱʹΑΓ೻छਂ౓͕҆ఆͨ͜͠ͱɼೋͭ໨͸ࡅ౔཰ͷϨϯδ͕ਪ঑͞ΕΔਫ४ΑΓѱ͘ɼൃժͷଅਐʹ‫د‬༩͢Δࡉ͔͍౔մը෼ͷࠩͷઈରྔ͕े෼Ͱ͸ͳ͔ͬͨͨΊͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ͞ΒͳΔࡅ౔཰ͷ޲্͕ՄೳͰ͋Ε͹ɼશମతʹߴҐͷൃժ৚݅ͱͳΔ͜ͱ͕ਪ࡯͞ΕΔ͕ɼҰํͰɼॏ೪
౔స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͍ͯɼࡅ౔ੑΛ޲্ͤ͞Δ͜ͱ͸༰қͰ͸ͳ͘ɼస‫׵‬௚‫ޙ‬ͷാ΍೪౔‫͕ྔؚ‬ஶ͘͠ߴ͍΄৔ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼ೻छਂ౓΍೻छͷλΠϛϯάΛ৻ॏʹ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δ͜
ͱͰࡅ౔ੑͷѱ͞ΛΧόʔ͢Δ͜ͱ΋ඞཁͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɽ

౔մͷେ͖͞ͱग़ժ཰ͷؔ܎ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼଙΒʢ2004ʣ

4.5 ೻छਂ౓ͱഉਫੑ

͕ϙοτࢼ‫ʹݧ‬ΑΓࣔͨ݁͠Ռ͕໌֬ͳಛ௃Λఏࣔͯ͠೻छচ૚ͷ౔৕ਫ෼෼෍͕ɼ༧ଌ͞ΕΔఱީ৚݅ͷ΋

͍Δɽ͜ͷ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɼ෴౔͸ 20 mm Ͱɼ‫׿‬ਫ͸೻छ‫ޙ‬ҰͱͰਖ਼֬ʹਪఆͰ͖ΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨͱͯ͠΋ɼఱީͷ༧

ճͰ͋Δ͕ɼৠൃΛ཈੍͢ΔͨΊʹ೻छ‫ޙ‬͸γʔτͰ஍ଌʹෆ࣮֬ੑ͕͋Ε͹ɼґવͱͯ͠େ͖ͳϦεΫ͕෇͖ද໘͸ඃ෴͞Εͨɽ೻छ 7 ೔‫ޙ‬ͷμΠζͷग़ժ཰͸ɼ౔·ͱ͏ɽFig. 4 ∼ Fig. 7 ͕ࣔ͢௨Γɼ೻छਂ౓͕ɼൃժɼմ‫ ܘ‬10 mm ҎԼͰ͸໿ 80 % ͱͳͬͨɽ͔͠͠ɼ10 mmग़ժʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬͸ܾఆతͰ͋Γɼ߱Ӎ৚݅ʹԠͨ͡೻౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)26छਂ౓ͷઃఆ͕ɼඇৗʹॏཁͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͸໌Β͔Ͱ͋Δɽ

Collis-George, N. and Hector, J.B. (1966): Germination of seeds͔͠͠ɼ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ߱ӍΛਖ਼֬ʹ༧ଌ͢Δ͜ͱ͸೥ʹΑͬ

as inﬂuenced by matric potential and by area of contact be-ͯ͸೉͘͠ɼ‫ס‬૩ɼա࣪ʹΑΔେ͖ͳϦεΫΛճආͰ͖

tween seed and soil water. Australian Journal of Soil Research,Δ৚݅ઃఆ͕ඞཁͰ͋Δɽຊࢼ‫݁ݧ‬Ռ͕ࣔ͢Α͏ʹɼա

4:145–164.

‫ס‬૩ϦεΫ͸஍ද 3 cm Ͱ͸ඇৗʹߴ͍͕ɼ7 cm Ͱ͸࿈Khan, A.R. and Datta, B. (1983): Effect of aggregate size on waterଓ‫ׯ‬ఱԼͰ΋໰୊ͱͳΒͳ͍ɽҰํɼ࣪֐ϦεΫ͸ਂ͍

uptake by peanut seeds. Soil and Tillage Research, 3: 171–ҐஔͰߴ·Δ͕ɼͦͷӨ‫ڹ‬ͷఔ౓͸ഉਫੑͷྑ൱ʹࠨӈ

184.

͞ΕΔͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽΑͬͯɼ࣪֐ϦεΫΛҙࣝ͗͢͠

Hadas, A. and Russo, D. (1974a): Water uptake by seeds as af-

ͯ೔ৗతʹઙ͘೻छ͢ΔΑΓɼഉਫੑͷ֬อʹ౒Ίͭͭɼ

fected by water stress, capillary conductivity, and seed-soilਂ͍૚ʹ೻छ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ɼϦεΫͷগͳ͍೻छํ๏ͱߟ

water contact. I. Experimental study. Agronomy Journal, 66:
643–647.

͑ΒΕΔɽ

Hadas, A. and Russo, D. (1974b): Water uptake by seeds as af-

5. ·ͱΊ
ࡅ౔ੑ͕ෆྑͳॏ೪౔స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμΠζͷग़ժ ·බཱͪΛ҆ఆԽͤ͞Δ೻छ৚݅Λ໌Β͔ʹ͢ΔͨΊʹɼ೻छ࣌‫סʹظ‬૩܏޲ͷ‫ ͔ͨͬڧ‬2006 ೥ͱɼඪ४తͳ߱
Ӎ͕‫ݟ‬ΒΕͨ 2007 ೥ʹ΄৔ࢼ‫ݧ‬Λߦͬͨɽͦͷ݁ՌɼҎԼͷ݁ՌΛಘͨɽ1ʣμΠζͷग़ժ · බཱͪʹରͯ͠͸ɼ೻छਂ౓͓Αͼfected by water stress, capillary conductivity, and seed-soilwater contact. II. Analysis of experimental data. Agronomy
Journal, 66: 647–653.
඿‫ޱ‬लੜ, ੴຊ੓உ, ٢ాɹᴲ (1985): ౔৕ਫ෼ͱग़ժ. ೶‫ٕۀ‬ज़ମ‫࡞ܥ‬෺ฤ, 6, ٕ 92.
‫ޱݪ‬ெ࿕ (1994): ྠ‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚Δഴ͋ͱେ౾ग़ժ࣌ͷ࣪֐ճආʹ‫ߗ͢΅ٴ‬൫ഁࡅޮՌͷධՁ๏. ೶‫౔ۀ‬໦ֶձ࿦จू, 172:

29–38.

ߞ͏Μ͔Β೻छ·Ͱͷ‫࠷͕ؒظ‬΋Ө‫ڹ‬ͷ‫͍ڧ‬ཁҼͰ͋ͬ

Heatherly, L.G. and Russell, W.J. (1979): Effect of soil water po-ͨɽ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ߱Ӎͷ༗ແʹΑΒͣɼߞ͏Μ‫ޙ‬͸଎΍͔ʹtential of two soils on soybean emergence. Agronomy Journal,

೻छ͢Δ͜ͱͰग़ժ · බཱͪ͸҆ఆԽͨ͠ɽ

71: 980–982.

2ʣ ࠷దͳ೻छਂ౓͸ɼ೻छ‫ޙ‬ແ߱Ӎ͕ଓ͘৔߹ʹ͸

Helms, T.C., Deckard, E.L., Goos, R.J. and Enz, J.W. (1996a):ਂ͍ํ͕༗རͰ͋Δ͕ɼ͙͢ʹ߱Ӎ͕͋Δ৔߹ʹ͸ઙ͍

Soil moisture, temperature, and drying inﬂuence on soybeanํ͕ग़ժ‫ޙ‬ͷੜҭ͸ྑ޷Ͱ͋ͬͨɽ߱Ӎͷ‫ݟ‬௨͠ʹΑΔ
೻छਂ౓ͷௐ੔͸ಛʹॏཁͳཁૉͰ͋Δɽ

3ʣ௟ѹ͸ɼ‫ס‬૩৚݅Լʹ͓͍ͯɼ೻छਂ౓ʹ͔͔ΘΒ

emergence. Agronomy Journal, 88: 662–667.
ࡉ઒ɹण (2005): ࣪֐ճආͷͨΊͷେ౾ߞ͏Μಉ࣌‫ۀ࡞ཱͯܣ‬ٕज़. ೶‫ٕۀ‬ज़, 60 (6): 254–257.

ͣൃժΛଅਐ͢ΔޮՌʢ௚઀ޮՌʣΛ͕ࣔͨ͠ɼಛʹ౔

Hummel, J.W., Gray, L.E. and Nave, W.R. (1981): Soybean emer-৕ͷਫϙςϯγϟϧ͕ −70 kPa ΛԼճΒͳ͔ͬͨ 7 cm

gence from ﬁeld seedbed environments. Transactions of the૚Ͱ͸ɼ૬৐ޮՌʢަ‫༻࡞ޓ‬ʣΛ΋ͨΒͨ͠ɽ͔͠͠ɼਫ

ASAE, 24: 872–879.

ϙςϯγϟϧ͕͜ΕΑΓ௿͍ 3 cm ૚Ͱ͸ɼ૬৐ޮՌ͸

Johnson, W.H. and Buchele, W.F. (1961): Inﬂuence of soil granuleൃ‫͞ش‬Εͳ͔ͬͨɽ·ͨɼ௟ѹ‫౓ڧ‬ͷҧ͍ʢ3, 6, 12 kPaʣ

size and compaction on rate of soil drying and emergence of͸ɼൃժ΍ੜҭʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͔ͨͬͳ͞΅ٴ‬ɽ

4ʣ2 cm ҎԼͷ౔մͷׂ߹͕ 40 ∼ 60 % ఔ౓ͷෆྑͳࡅ౔৚݅ԼͰ͸ɼख೻͖ʹΑΓ೻छਂ౓Λଗ͑Δͱɼࡅ౔཰ͷྑ൱͸μΠζͷൃժɼබཱͪʹ༗ҙͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫΅ٴ‬͞ͳ͔ͬͨɽ

corn. Transactions of the ASAE, 4 (2): 170-174.
Johnson, W.H. and Henry, J.E. (1964): Inﬂuence of simulated
row compaction on seedling emergence and soil drying tates.
Transactions of the ASAE, 7 (3): 252–255.
৽ ׁ ‫ ݝ‬೶ ྛ ਫ ࢈ ෦ (2013):

ฏ ੒ 25 ೥ ౓ ਫ Ҵ, େ ഴ,େ ౾, ͦ ͹ ͷ ٕ ज़ ର ࡦ ৘ ใ. 5 ݄ ͷ ٕ ज़ ର ࡦ. http://ँࣙ

www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/HTML Simple/171/972/gitai5,0.pdf
೶จ‫( ڠ‬1987): ࡞෺ප֐஬ඦՊɹ਍அͱ๷আ 2 ɹϜΪɼϚϝྨɼ࣮‫ݧ‬͸ɼதԝ೶‫ۀ‬૯߹‫ڀݚ‬ηϯλʔ๺཮‫ڀݚ‬ηϯλʔ‫ۀ‬຿Պ֤Ґͷશ໘తͳࢧԉʹΑΓߦΘΕ·ͨ͠ɽ͜͜ʹ‫ँײ‬ͷҙΛ‫͢·͠ه‬ɽࣂྉ࡞෺. ೶จ‫ڠ‬ฤ, pp. 259–264, ೶ࢁ‫ړ‬ଜจԽ‫ڠ‬ձ, ౦‫ژ‬.
੢ೖ‫ܙ‬ೋ, ઒ଜ‫ޒ‬࿠ (1976): ਫాస‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμΠζͷ‫ػ‬ցԽ࠿ഓʹ͍ͭͯ. ୈ 1 ใ ࡞౔ͷ౔մ෼෍ͱμΠζͷੜҭ. ౦๺Ҿ༻จ‫ݙ‬
଍ཱҰ೔ग़, ࡉ઒ɹण, ٢ాमҰ࿠, দ࡚क෉ (2002): ॏ೪౔స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚Δຊ҉‫ʹڎ‬ઙ૚҉‫ڎ‬Λ૊Έ߹Θͤͨ҉‫ڎ‬ഉਫγεςϜͷഉਫಛੑ. ೶‫ۀ‬೶ଜ޻ֶձ࿦จू, 220: 35–41.
༗‫ݪ‬ৎೋ (1998): ग़ժͰܾ·Δେ౾ͷऩྔ. ೶‫ٕۀ‬ज़ମ‫࡞ܥ‬෺ฤ

6, ௥࿥, 20 ٕ 178 ͷ 10.

೶‫ݧࢼۀ‬৔‫ڀݚ‬଎ใ, 20: 7–13.

Ojeniyi, S.O. and Dexter, A.R. (1984): Effect of soil structure on
soil water status. Soil and Tillage Research, 4: 371–379.
Rathore, T.R., Ghildyal, B.P. and Sachan, R.S. (1983): Effect of
surface crusting on emergence of soybean (Glycine max L.
Merr) seedlings. 1: Inﬂuence of aggregate size in the seedbed.
Soil and Tillage Research, 3: 111–121.

Braunack, M.V. (1995): Effect of aggregate size and soil waterଙɹӉക, ҏ౻ಓळ, ߥ໦ɹഹ, ࢁԼถ࣏ (2004): ࡞෺ͷग़ժ,

content on emergence of soybean (Glycine max, L. Merr.) andੜҭʹ‫౔͢΅ٴ‬մͷେ͖͞ͷӨ‫ڹ‬. ೶࡞‫ڀݚۀ‬, 39(3): 141–

maize (Zea mays, L.). Soil and Tillage Research, 33: 149–161.

156.

࿦จɿ೻छ࣌ͷա࣪ · ա‫ס‬૩ϦεΫΛ൐͏೪౔࣭స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμΠζͷద੾ͳ೻छ৚݅ͷղੳ
Stucky, D.J. (1976): Effects of planting depth, temperature, andcultivars on emergence and yield of double cropped soybeans.

ࢽ, 79: 1–7.
జɹ঺ً, ໖෦ོଠ (2000): ਁਫʹΑΔμΠζछࢠ͔Βͷ౶༹ग़ͱग़ժͷؔ܎. ೔ຊ࡞෺ֶձ‫ࣄل‬, 69 (4): 250–524.

Agronomy Journal, 68 (2): 291–294.
ߴ‫ڮ‬ஐ‫ل‬, ࡉ઒ɹण, দ࡚क෉ (2008): ॏ೪࣭స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚Δ౔৕௟ѹʹΑΔμΠζछࢠͷ‫ٵ‬ਫ཈੍ޮՌ. ೔ຊ౔৕ංྉֶࡶ

ཁ

27

ࢫ

೪࣭౔৕ͷ௿͍ࡅ౔ੑΛߟྀͭͭ͠ɼμΠζͷ҆ఆతͳग़ժ · බཱͪͷͨΊͷద੾ͳ೻छ৚݅Λ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δ͜ͱΛ໨తͱͯ͠ɼ΄৔ʹ͓͚ΔཁҼࢼ‫ݧ‬Λߦͬͨɽ4 ͭͷཁҼɼ͢ͳΘͪ೻छਂ౓ɼߞ͏Μ‫ޙ‬ͷ೻छ೔ɼ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷ௟ѹͷ༗ແ · ‫౓ڧ‬ɼࡅ౔཰͕ɼ೻छ‫ޙ‬ͷछࢠਫ෼ɼൃժ཰ɼग़ժ཰ɼබཱͪ཰ʹ‫ٴ‬΅͢Ө‫ڹ‬Λղੳͨ͠ɽॏ೪౔స‫׵‬ാʹ͓͚ΔμΠζͷग़ժ · බཱͪʹରͯ͠͸ɼ1ʣ೻छਂ౓͓Αͼߞ͏Μ͔Β೻छ·Ͱͷ‫͕ؒظ‬ɼӨ‫ڹ‬ͷ‫͍ڧ‬ཁҼͰ͋Γɼߞ͏Μ‫ޙ‬ͷ଎΍͔ͳ೻छ͕ॏཁͰ͋Δ͜ͱɼ2ʣ೻छਂ౓͸ɼແ߱Ӎ͕ଓ͘৔߹ʹ͸ਂ͍ํ͕༗རͰ͋Δ͕ɼ͙͢ʹ߱Ӎ͕͋Δ৔߹ʹ͸ઙ͍ํ͕ग़ժ‫ޙ‬ͷੜҭ͸ྑ޷Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɼ3ʣ௟ѹ͸ɼे෼ͳ౔৕ਫ෼ͷ΋ͱͰ͸ൃժͷଅਐʹ૬ิతʹಇ͖ɼ·ͨɼ‫౓ڧ‬ͷҧ͍͸΄ͱΜͲӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫ͱ͍͜ͳ͞΅ٴ‬ɼ4ʣෆे෼ͳࡅ౔৚݅Լʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼ೻छਂ౓Λଗ͑ͨ৔߹ɼࡅ
౔཰ʹ͕ࠩ͋ͬͯ΋ʢશ૚ฏ‫ۉ‬ͷࡅ౔཰ 37 % ∼ 62 % ʣɼμΠζͷग़ժ · බཱͪʹ༗ҙͳҧ͍͕ੜ͡ͳ
͍͜ͱɼ͕໌Β͔ʹͳͬͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ೪౔࣭ਫాɼμΠζɼ೻छɼ౔մɼൃժɼබཱͪ

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

No. 125, p.29 ∼ 33 (2013)ϑΥτμΠΦʔυΛ༻͍ͨ౔৕தͷ์ࣹೳԖ௚෼෍ଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ։ൃླ໦৺໵ 1 · ‫੉ؠ‬ɹ޿ 2 · ొඌߒॿ 3 · ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ 1 · খྛେथ 1 · ҏ౻ɹ఩ 4

Development of a device for measuring the vertical distribution of radioactivity
in soil using photodiodeShinya SUZUKI1 , Hiroshi IWASE2 , Kosuke NOBORIO3 , Masaru MIZOGUCHI1 , Daiki KOBAYASHI1 and Tetsu ITO4

Abstract: Measurements of radiocaesium concentration
proﬁles in a soil are very time-consuming and laborintensive work. We developed a device for in-situ measurements of the vertical distribution of radioactivity in asoil using a photo diode sensor. Four photodiode sensors
were separated by lead-shielded plates to increase directivity at each depth. Because the directivity was relatively
broad, we deﬁned a leakage coefﬁcient to compensate thebroad directivity by introducing a matrix expression. Witha ﬁeld test of the device in an undisturbed rice ﬁeld in Iitate
Village, Fukushima, we conﬁrmed that the vertical distribution of soil radioactivity was properly measured with thedevice developed.
Key Words : radiocaesium, vertical radioactivity distribution, photodiode, matrix of leakage coefﬁcient, decontamination͍౳ͷཁҼͰηγ΢ϜͷԖ௚ೱ౓෼෍ʹ͹Β͖͕ͭੜ͡
Δ͜ͱ͕༧૝͞ΕΔɽ·ͨɼηγ΢Ϝ͸ɼ෩Խͨ͠Ӣ฼ྨʹ‫ܗ‬੒͞Εɼਫ࿨ཅΠΦϯͷ৵ೖͰ͖ͳ͍ϑϨΠυ ·Τοδʹ‫ݻ‬ఆ͞ΕΔʢதඌ, 2012ʣͨΊɼ౔৕தͷ೪౔߭෺ͷछྨ΍‫ؚ‬༗ྔ౳ʹΑͬͯ΋Ԗ௚ೱ౓෼෍ʹҧ͍͕ੜ
͡Δ͜ͱ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹɼ೶஍౔৕தʹ͓͚
Δ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ͷԖ௚෼෍͸ෳࡶͰ͋ΓɼআછΛ
࣮ࢪ͢Δࡍʹ͸ɼะ৔಺ͷෳ਺఺Ͱଌఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δɽ‫ࡏݱ‬ɼ౔৕தͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ͷҰൠతͳਂ౓ผ
ଌఆͰ͸ɼ౔৕࠾औΛߦ͍ɼ‫ࣨڀݚ‬౳ʹ࣋ͪ‫ؼ‬Γɼਂ͞ຖʹ෼͚ͨ‫ ʹޙ‬Ge ൒ಋମ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬౳ʹΑΓ์ࣹೳΛଌఆ
͢ΔʢԘ୔Β, 2011 ͳͲʣɽGe ൒ಋମ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬͸ߴਫ਼౓Ͱ
ଌఆͰ͖Δར఺͕͋Δ͕ɼେ‫ߴ͔ͭܕ‬ՁͰ͋ΔͨΊ‫ݱ‬৔ଌఆʹ௚઀ར༻͢Δ͜ͱ͸೉͍͠ɽ·ͨɼ෼ੳ·Ͱͷ࡞‫ʹۀ‬ଟେͳ࿑ྗͱ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔ্ɼ෼ੳ‫ޙ‬ͷԚછ౔৕ͷ

1. ͸͡Ίʹ
೶஍౔৕ʹ͓͚ΔআછͰɼআછޮՌΛ͔֬ΊΔͨΊʹআછલ‫Ͱޙ‬ͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ͷԖ௚෼෍Λଌఆ͢Δ
͜ͱ͕ॏཁͰ͋Δɽෆߞ‫ى‬ਫా౔৕தͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝͷେ෦෼͸ɼ஍ද͔Β 3 ∼ 5 cm ͷਂ͞ʹ෼෍͍ͯ͠Δ
ʢԘ୔Β, 2011ʣɽ͔͠͠ɼ‫͔ނࣄൃݪ‬Β 2 ೥൒͕‫ܦ‬աͨ͠‫ݱ‬஍ͷਫాͰ͸ɼՆ૲͕ൟໜ͠ɼΠϊγγ͕஍ද໘Λɽ·ͨɼ༗‫ػ‬෺۷Γฦ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ΋ଟ͍ʢߔ‫ޱ‬, 2012aʣͷ๛෋ͳ౔৕Ͱ͸ɼ137 Cs ͕໿ 40 ೥͔͚ͯ২෺ʹऔΓࠐ·ΕΔ͜ͱʢKruyts and Delvaux, 2002; Chiu et al., 2008ʣ΍ɼ߱Ӎͷൣғ΍‫ʹ౓ڧ‬ΑΓ 137 Cs ͕౔৕ʹ͹Β͍ͭͯɽͨ͠‫ٵ‬ண͞ΕΔ͜ͱ΋ࣔࠦ͞Ε͍ͯΔʢTamura, 1964ʣ͕ͬͯɼଟ͘ͷআછΛඞཁͱ͢Δ೶஍͸ɼಉҰͷะ৔಺ʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɼ౔৕தͷ༗‫ػ‬෺ྔ΍࠿ഓ࡞෺ɼಁਫੑͷҧ
1 Graduate school of Agriculture and Life Science, The University ofTokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. Corresponding
author: ླ໦৺໵, ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ.
2 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.
3 School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama,
Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
4 X-ability Co., Ltd., 3-16-6-801, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033,
Japan.
2013 ೥ 5 ݄ 4 ೔डߘɹ 2013 ೥ 11 ݄ 8 ೔डཧॲཧʹ͍ͭͯ΋ద੾ͳॲཧํ๏Λߟ͑Δඞཁ͕͋Δɽ͜ͷͨΊɼ‫ݱ‬৔Ͱ؆୯ʹෳ਺఺ʹ͓͍ͯɼ౔৕தͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ͷԖ௚෼෍ΛଌఆͰ͖Δํ๏ͷ։ൃ͕ඞཁ
Ͱ͋Δɽ
ͦ͜ͰචऀΒ͸ɼϑΥτμΠΦʔυΛ༻͍ͯɼ҆ՁͰɼখ‫Ͱܕ‬ɼՄൖੑͷߴ͍౔৕์ࣹೳԖ௚෼෍ଌఆ‫ث‬Λ։ൃͨ͠ɽϑΥτμΠΦʔυ͸ɼ΋ͱ΋ͱ͸ޫ‫ݕ‬ग़‫͋Ͱث‬Δ
͕ɼ์ࣹઢ͕௨ա͢Δࡍͷి཭࡞༻Λར༻͢Δͱɼ์ࣹઢΛ‫ݕ‬஌͢ΔηϯαʹͳΓಘΔɽ࠷ۙͰ͸ɼ͜ͷϑΥτμΠΦʔυΛར༻͠ɼiPhone ΍ Android ୺຤ʹ઀ଓ͢Δ
͜ͱͰۭؒઢྔΛଌఆՄೳͳઢྔ‫ܭ‬ʢϙέοτΨΠΨʔɼ

Radition-Watch.org ੡ʣ΋ൃച͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ͜ͷϙέοτΨΠΨʔ͕ 0.05 μ Sv h−1 ஍Ҭʹ͓͍ͯ҆ఆ஋Λදࣔ͢Δ·Ͱͷ࣌ؒ͸ɼNaIʢTIʣγϯνϨʔλΛ࢖༻͍ͯ͠
Δ TCS-172BʢHitachi Aloka Medica, Ltd ੡ʣͷ໿ 100
ഒ͔͔Δ͕ɼ1 ଌఆ‫ث‬౰ͨΓͷίετ͸໿ 270 ෼ͷ 1 Ͱɽߔ‫ޱ‬ʢ2012aʣ͸͜ͷ͋ΔʢRadiation-Watch.org, 2011ʣηϯαΛ༻͍ͯɼੵઇʹΑΓۭؒઢྔ͕௿Լ͢Δ͜ͱ΍੖ఱͰ‫ס‬૩ͨ͠೔ʹ͸ۭؒઢྔ͕ߴ͘ͳΔ܏޲͕͋Δ͜ͱΛใࠂ͍ͯ͠Δɽͦ͜Ͱɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬΋͜ͷηϯαΛར༻ͯ͠౔৕தͷਂ౓ผͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓Λଊ͑Δ͜
ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δͱ൑அ͠ɼଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ։ൃʹࢸͬͨɽ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)30

͢ΔͨΊʹ͸ίϯΫϦʔτ΍మɼԖͳͲൺॏͷߴ͍෺࣭Λ༻͍Δඞཁ͕͋Δʢ౻‫ݪ‬, 2011ʣɽͦ͜Ͱɼຊଌఆ‫Ͱث‬͸ਂ͞ຖͷࢦ޲ੑΛ࣋ͨͤΔͨΊʹɼ֤ηϯαͷؒʹԖ൘Λ‫ڬ‬ΈࠐΜͩɽ

Fig. 1 ͸ɼઃ‫ࣹ์ͨ͠ܭ‬ೳԖ௚෼෍ଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ໛ࣜਤͰ
͋ΔɽԖ൘͸௚‫ ܘ‬70 mmɼް͞ 10 mm Ͱ͋ΔɽΤϙΩγथࢷͰηϯα‫ج‬൘ΛίʔςΟϯά͠ɼ๷ਫੑΛ࣋ͨͤͨɽΞΫϦϧԁ౵಺ʹηϯα‫ج‬൘ͱԖ൘ΛೖΕɼԖ൘‫ٴ‬ͼΞΫϦϧԁ౵ͷःณޮՌʹΑΓɼຊଌఆ‫ث‬͸ γ ઢͷΈΛଊ͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɽଌఆ‫ʹث‬૊ΈࠐΜͩηϯαΛɼม‫ج׵‬൘ʢX-ability ࣾ੡ʣΛհͯ͠σʔλϩΨʔ Em5b
ʢDecagon ࣾ੡ʣʹ઀ଓͨ͠ɽ

2.2 ຊଌఆ‫ث‬ͷධՁํ๏։ൃͨ͠ଌఆ‫ث‬ΛҎԼͷ 3 εςοϓͰධՁͨ͠ɽ

2.2.1 ఺ઢ‫ʹݯ‬ΑΔࢦ޲ੑධՁʢ࿙Ε܎਺ʣ఺ઢ‫ݯ‬Λ༻͍ͯηϯαͷࢦ޲ੑΛධՁͨ͠ʢҎԼɼࢦ޲ੑ࣮‫͢ͱݧ‬Δʣɽ఺ઢ‫ݯ‬͸ɼ137 Cs νΣοΩϯάιʔεʢ3 MBqʣΛ༻͍ͨɽࢦ޲ੑ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɼSensor I ͔Β 10mm ཭ͨ͠Ґஔʹ఺ઢ‫ݯ‬Λஔ͖ɼ͜ͷҐஔΛ Position 1ͱͨ͠ɽ఺ઢ‫ͱݯ‬ଌఆ‫ث‬Λ 10 mm ཭ͨ͠ͷ͸ɼຊଌఆ‫ث‬͸‫׬‬શͳԁ౵Ͱͳ͍ͨΊʹ‫ݱ‬৔ͷ౔৕ʹઃஔͨ͠ࡍʹগͳ͔Β͕ۭͣܺؒ͘͜ͱɼଌఆ‫ث‬ͷԚછ๷ࢭͷͨΊʹ
Fig. 1 ์ࣹೳԖ௚෼෍ଌఆ‫ث‬໛ࣜਤɽʢaʣશମਤɽ
ʢbʣηϯα෦ɽSchematic diagram of the device. (a) Overall view.
(b) Sensor area.

༻͍ΔີดࣜϏχϧͷްΈΛߟྀ͔ͨ͠ΒͰ͋Δɽಉ༷ʹɼSensor II ͔Β IV ·ͰɼͦΕͧΕ 10 mm ཭ΕͨҐஔΛ Position 2 ͔Β 4 ͱͨ͠ɽPosition 1 ͔Β 4 ͷͦΕͧΕͷҐஔʹ఺ઢ‫ݯ‬Λஔ͖ɼ֤ηϯαͷ‫཰਺ܭ‬ʢcpmʣΛ౔৕தʹ෼෍͢Δ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ͸શํҐʹ์ࣹઢΛ‫ٻ‬Ίͨɽηϯαͷ૯‫ ͕਺ܭ‬3,000 Χ΢ϯτʹͳΔ·ͰଌఆΛ‫ܧ‬ଓͨ͠ɽ

์ࣹ͢ΔͨΊɼ์ࣹઢྔ͔Βਂ౓ผͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ఺ઢ‫͔ݯ‬Β์ࣹઢ͸༷ʑͳํ޲ʹ์ࣹ͞Ε͍ͯΔͨ

౓ΛධՁ͢Δ͜ͱ͸೉͍͠ɽͦͷͨΊɼ౔৕์ࣹೳԖ௚

ΊɼଞҐஔͷ఺ઢ‫ݯ‬΋ηϯα΁Ө‫ڹ‬Λ‫͢΅ٴ‬ɽ͞ΒʹԖ෼෍ΛଌఆՄೳͳ‫ݱ‬৔ଌఆ૷ஔ͸ɼ͜Ε·Ͱʹ։ൃྫ͕൘Λಁա͍ͯ͠Δ γ ઢ΋ଘࡏ͍ͯ͠ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼ‫ݱ‬஍ͳ͍ɽͦ͜Ͱɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼःณ౳ʹ޻෉Λࢪ͠ɼଌఆ

ʹ͓͚Δਂ͞ຖͷࢦ޲ੑΛ࣋ͨͤͨ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ൣғ֎ͷਂ౓͔Βͷ์ࣹઢͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λߟྀͨ͠౔৕์ࣹೳ

ͷଌఆʹ͸ɼଌఆൣғҎ֎͔Βͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ΛԖ௚෼෍ͷଌఆ૷ஔͷ։ൃΛߦͬͨɽ

ߟྀ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δɽͦ͜Ͱɼຊ‫͍͓ͯʹڀݚ‬͸࿙Ε܎਺ͱ͍͏֓೦Λ࣍ࣜͰఆٛͨ͠ɽ

2. ࡐྉͱํ๏
2.1 ์ࣹೳԖ௚෼෍ଌఆ‫ث‬

Lij =

Cj
Ci

(1)

ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ์ࣹઢΛ‫ݕ‬஌͢Δηϯαͱͯ͠ɼPIN ϑΥ͜͜ͰɼLij ͸఺ઢ‫͕ݯ‬Ґஔ i ʹ͋Δ࣌ͷͦΕͧΕͷηϯτμΠΦʔυʢVBPW34ɼVishay ࣾ੡ʣΛ࠾༻ͨ͠ɽ༻

α j ͷ࿙Ε܎਺ɼCi ͸ 137 Cs ઢ‫ͱݯ‬ಉҐஔͷηϯαͷ‫ܭ‬͍ͨηϯα͸, ϙέοτΨΠΨʔʢRadiation-Watch.org

ɼCj ͸ 137 Cs ઢ‫ͱݯ‬ଞҐஔͷηϯαͷ‫཰਺ܭ‬਺཰ʢcpmʣ੡ʣΛҰ෦վมͨ͠‫ج‬൘ʢ௕͞ 70 mmɼ෯ 32 mmɼް͞ʢcpmʣͰ͋Δɽi = j ͷ৔߹͸ Lij = 1 Ͱ͋Γɼi = j ͷ৔

10 mmʣͰ͋ΔɽPIN ϑΥτμΠΦʔυ͸ɼ҆ՁͰ͋Γɼ߹ͷ࿙Ε܎਺ Lij ͸ͦΕͧΕͷ࿙Ε੒෼ͷ‫د‬༩ͱͯ͠ධ

ੑೳྼԽ͕‫͜ى‬Γʹ͍͘ར఺͕͋ΔɽҰํɼ͜ͷηϯα

ՁͰ͖Δɽ͢ͳΘͪɼ࿙Ε܎਺͕খ͍͜͞ͱ͸ɼࢦ޲ੑ͸‫͍ͨͳ͘ߴ͕౓ײ‬Ίɼਫ਼౓Α͘ଌఆ͢ΔͨΊʹ͸࣌ؒΛ࣋ͨͤͨଌఆΛࣔ͠ɼҰํɼ࿙Ε܎਺͕େ͖͍͜ͱ͸ɼΛ͔͚ͯଌఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δɽઢ‫ ݯ‬i ͱηϯα j ͷؒͷःณ͕े෼Ͱͳ͍͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɽ์ࣹઢ͸༷ʑͳํ޲ʹ޲͔ͬͯ์ࣹ͞ΕΔͷͰɼ֤ਂ

2.2.2 ଌఆ஋ͷิਖ਼๏ʢิਖ਼ߦྻʣ

͞Ͱೱ౓ଌఆ͢ΔͨΊʹ͸ɼηϯαΛઃஔͨ͠ਂ͞ʹ͓఺ઢ‫͔ݧ࣮ݯ‬ΒಘΒΕͨ࿙Ε܎਺͕์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ

͚Δ์ࣹઢΛଊ͑ΒΕΔΑ͏ʹࢦ޲ੑΛߴΊΔඞཁ͕͋౓ʹΑΒͣҰఆͰɼͦΕͧΕͷ࿙Ε੒෼ͷઢ‫ܗ‬࿨Ͱ‫਺ܭ‬Δɽ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ่͕յ͢Δࡍʹ͸ β ઢͱͱ΋ʹ γ ઢ཰͕༩͑ΒΕΔͱԾఆ͢Δɽ͞Βʹɼ࣮ࡍͷԚછ౔৕ͷ

͕ൃੜ͢Δɽ͜ͷ γ ઢ͸ɼཻࢠͷྲྀΕͰ͋Δ α ઢ΍ βΑ͏ͳ࿈ଓͨ͠ମੵઢ‫ʹݯ‬΋ద༻Ͱ͖Δͱ͢Δͱɼ࿙Εઢͱ͸ҟͳΓɼి࣓೾Ͱ͋ΔͨΊʹಁաྗ͕‫͘ڧ‬ɼःณ܎਺Λ༻͍ͯଌఆൣғ֎͔ΒͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λߟྀͨؔ͠܎ࣜΛ࿦จɿϑΥτμΠΦʔυΛ༻͍ͨ౔৕தͷ์ࣹೳԖ௚෼෍ଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ։ൃ
Table 1 ࿙Ε܎਺ߦྻɽ
Matrix of the leakage coefﬁcients.

Sensor I
Sensor II
Sensor III
Sensor IV

31

লɼ2011ʣʹଐ͍ͯ͠Δɽ·ͨɼ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬ͷਫాʹಛ௃తͳ౔৕‫͋Ͱ܈‬Δփ৭௿஍౔͓ΑͼάϥΠ౔͕෼෍͓ͯ͠

Position 1

Position 2

Position 3

Position 4

1.000
0.160
0.122
0.039

0.148
1.000
0.162
0.140

0.149
0.161
1.000
0.143

0.055
0.142
0.155
1.000

ΓɼεϝΫλΠτɼθΦϥΠτɼӢ฼ͳͲͷ೪౔߭෺ΛɽͦͷͨΊɼຊ࣮‫ݧ‬஍ʹଟ͘‫ؚ‬ΜͰ͍Δʢࢁ‫ޱ‬Βɼ2011ʣ͓͍ͯ΋์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ͸๛෋ʹଘࡏ͢Δ೪౔߭෺ʹ‫ڧ‬͘‫ٵ‬ண͞Εɼਫాͷෆ֧ཚ౔৕ͰߦΘΕͨઌߦ‫ڀݚ‬ʢԘ୔Β, 2011: ԞౡΒ, 2012ʣͱಉ༷ʹද౔෇ۙͷΈʹ͓͍ͯ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓͕ඇৗʹߴ͍ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ
౔৕࠾औ͸ɼ·ͣද໘Λ෴͍ͬͯͨ২෺ΛऔΓআ͖ɼ࠾౔‫౔Ͱث‬৕Λ࠾औͨ͠ɽ࠾औͨ͠౔৕͸ 2 cm ຖʹϔϥͰ۠੾Γɼ࣮‫࣪ͯͬؼͪ࣋ʹࣨݧ‬ॏྔ͋ͨΓͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓Λଌఆͨ͠ɽ
ଌఆ‫ث‬͸ɼਫా౔৕ʹଌఆ‫ͱث‬ಉఔ౓ͷେ͖͞ͷ݀ΛҠ২ͯ͝Ͱ۷Γɼଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ֤ηϯα෦ͷް͞ 10 mm ͷத৺͕஍ද໘͔ΒͦΕͧΕ 1ɼ3ɼ5ɼ7 cm ʹҐஔ͢ΔΑ
͏ʹɼද໘ͷԚછ౔৕͕Լ෦΁མͪͳ͍Α͏ʹे෼ʹ஫ҙ͠ͳ͕Βຒઃͨ͠ɽͦͯ͠ɼ֤ηϯα͕ઃஔ͞Εͨਂ͔͞Β্Լ 10 mm Λଌఆ͍ͯ͠ΔͱԾఆͨ͠ɽͦͷࡍɼଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ์ࣹೳԚછΛ๷͙ͨΊɼଌఆ‫ث‬͸ີดࣜϏχϧ

Fig. 2 ౔৕தͷ์ࣹઢྔͷଌఆྫʢ0 ∼ 2 cmʣɽAn example of observed radiation dose in soilʢ0 ∼ 2 cmʣɽାʹೖΕͯઃஔͨ͠ɽ4 ͭͷηϯα͸ม‫ج׵‬൫Λհͯ͠ɼσʔλϩΨʔ Em5bʢDecagon ࣾ੡ʣʹ઀ଓͨ͠ɽి‫ݯ‬λΠϚʔʹΑΓɼ30 ෼Φϯͦͷ‫ ޙ‬90 ෼ΦϑΛ‫܁‬Γฦ͢Α͏ʹઃఆ͠ɼλΠϚʔΦϑͷؒʹ઀ଓ͞ΕͨιʔϥʔύωϧʹΑΓɼόοςϦʔͷॆిΛߦͬͨɽଌఆσʔλ͸ɼ1 ೔ʹ 1 ճϑΟʔϧυϧʔλʢߔ‫ޱ‬, 2012bʣͱ௨৴ͯ͠Πϯλʔωοτ‫ܦ‬༝Ͱճऩͨ͠ɽଌఆ‫ؒظ‬͸ 2012
೥ 11 ݄ 12 ೔͔Β 2012 ೥ 12 ݄ 9 ೔Ͱ͋Γɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸͋Δ 1 ೔ͷଌఆִؒ 30 ෼ɼ12 ճͷଌఆσʔλΛ୅ද஋ͱͯ͠ຊଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ‫཰਺ܭ‬ΛධՁͨ͠ɽFig. 2 ʹଌఆ஋ͷҰྫΛࣔ͢ɽ

3. ݁Ռͱߟ࡯
Fig. 3 ֤Ґஔͷ࿙Ε܎਺ɽ
Leakage coefﬁcients at each position.

3.1 ࿙Ε܎਺ߦྻ
Fig. 3 ʹɼηϯαผͰ఺ઢ‫ͱݯ‬ಉҐஔͷηϯαͷ‫਺ܭ‬཰ͱଞҐஔͷηϯαͷ‫཰਺ܭ‬ͷൺΛ࿙Ε܎਺ͱͯࣔ͠͠

ҎԼʹදͤΔɽͨɽ֤Ԗ൘ͷް͞ 10 mm Ͱ͋Δຊଌఆ‫Ͱث‬͸ɼଞҐஔCmea j = ∑ Ccor i Lij(2)ͷ఺ઢ‫ݯ‬ͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λ 0.06 ∼ 0.16 ఔ౓ड͚Δ͜ͱ͕‫͞࡯؍‬
ΕͨʢFig. 3ʣɽ͜ͷ݁Ռ͔Βɼ࿙Ε܎਺ߦྻ͸ Table 1

͜͜ͰɼCmea j ͸ຊଌఆ‫ث‬Λ์ࣹೳԚછ౔৕ʹઃஔͨ͠ͷΑ͏ʹ·ͱΊΒΕΔɽ࣌ͷ Sensor I ∼ Sensor IV ͷ‫཰਺ܭ‬ʢ࣮ଌ‫཰਺ܭ‬ʣ
ɼCcor i

3.2 ิਖ਼๏ͷධՁ͸ःณ࿙ΕͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λߟྀͨ͠ Sensor I ∼ Sensor IV ͷ‫ܭ‬

Fig. 4 ͸ɼ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷਫాͷෆ֧ཚ౔৕ʹ͓͚Δ਺཰ʢิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬ʣ
ɼLij ͸ࣜʢ1ʣΑΓಘΒΕͨ࿙Ε܎਺࠾औ౔৕ΑΓಘΒΕͨ஍ද໘͔Βਂ͞ 2 cm ຖͷ์ࣹੑ

Ͱ͋Δɽࣜʢ2ʣΛฒ΂ͯදࣔ͠ɼߦྻࣜΛղ͘͜ͱͰະ

ηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ͱ࣮ଌ‫཰਺ܭ‬ɼิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬ͷؔ܎Λࣔͨ͠஌਺Ͱ͋Δิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬Λ‫ٻ‬ΊΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɽ

΋ͷͰ͋Δʢͨͩ͠࠾औ౔৕͸࣪ॏྔʹͯଌఆʣɽਂ͞ຖ

2.2.3 ϑΟʔϧυʹ͓͚Δ‫཰਺ܭ‬ධՁͷ࠾औ౔৕ͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓͸ɼ஍ද໘෇ۙͷೱ౓ຊଌఆ‫ث‬ͷϑΟʔϧυࢼ‫ݧ‬Λ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬૬അ‫܊‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜࠤ͕ߴ͘ɼ஍ද໘͔Βਂ͘ͳ͍ͬͯ͘ʹͭΕͯେ෯ʹ௿͘ਢ‫׈‬ͷਫాͰߦͬͨɽ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ͸ɼ෱ౡୈҰ‫͔ൃݪ‬Β 28ͳͬͨɽ͜ͷ݁Ռ͸ɼ෱ౡ‫ىߞʹޙނࣄൃݪ‬΍Ҵ࡞ͷߦ

∼ 47 km ʹҐஔ͍ͯ͠Δ͕ɼ‫ؾ‬৅৚݅΍஍ཧత৚݅ʹΘΕ͍ͯͳ͍ਫాͷෆ֧ཚ౔৕ʢԘ୔Β, 2011: ԞౡΒ,ΑΓɼ์ࣹੑ෺࣭ͷྦྷੵ͕‫ॴہ‬తʹੜ͍ͯ͡Δʢੁ໺ɼ

2012ʣʹ͓͚Δਂ౓ผͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ͷ܏޲ͱҰ

2011ʣɽͦͷͨΊɼࣄ‫ൃނ‬ੜ͔Β 1 ೥ؒͷੵࢉઢྔ͕ 20
mSv ʹୡ͢Δ‫ڪ‬Εͷ͋Δʮ‫ܭ‬ըతආ೉۠Ҭʯʢ‫ۀ࢈ࡁܦ‬க͍ͯ͠Δɽ·ͨɼ࣮ଌ‫཰਺ܭ‬͸஍ද໘෇ۙͰ࠷΋େ͖͘ɼਂ͘ͳ͍ͬͯ͘ʹͭΕͯ؇΍͔ʹখ͘͞ͳͬͨɽ͜

32౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)ͦ͜Ͱิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬Λ x ࣠ʹɼ࠾औ౔৕͔ΒಘΒΕͨਂ͞ຖͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓Λ y ࣠ʹઃఆ͢Δ͜ͱͰຊ‫ܭ‬ଌ‫͚͓ʹث‬Δؔ܎ࣜΛ‫ٻ‬ΊͨʢFig. 5ʣɽ

y = 2247.4x − 3720.6(r2 = 0.98885)(3)ͦͷ݁ՌɼఏҊͨ͠ิਖ਼ࣜʹΑΓಘΒΕͨิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬ͱ࠾औ౔৕ͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓͔Β௚ઢؔ܎ΛಘΔ͜
ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽ͢ͳΘͪɼ࿙Ε܎਺ΛධՁ͠ɼఏҊͨ͠ิਖ਼ࣜΛ༻͍ͯଞҐஔ͔Βͷ์ࣹઢͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λਖ਼͘͠ิਖ਼͢
Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɼਂ͞ຖͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓Λ‫ݱ‬৔Ͱਫ਼౓ྑ͘ଌఆ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Մೳͱͳͬͨɽ·ͨɼ͜ͷؔ܎ࣜ
Fig. 4 ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜʹ͓͚Δਫాͷෆ֧ཚ౔৕Ͱͷਂ౓ผͷɼ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓෼෍ʢSamplingʣ͓Αͼ࣮ଌ‫཰਺ܭ‬ʢRawʣิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬ʢCorrectedʣͷൺֱʢ࠾औ౔৕͸࣪ॏྔʹͯଌఆɽୈҰॎ࣠͸์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ɼୈೋॎ࣠͸ηϯαͷ‫ͱ཰਺ܭ‬ͨ͠ʣɽComparison between radiocaesium concentration at each depth
level in undisturbed soil of paddy ﬁeld in Iitate village,
Fukushima and raw and corrected couting rates (Samples were
measured in wet weight).

ʹै͏ͱɼิਖ਼‫ ͕཰਺ܭ‬1.66 cpm ͷ࣌ʹ 0 Bq kg−1 Λࣔ͢͜ͱʹͳΔ͕ɼࣗવ์ࣹઢͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λߟྀ͢Ε͹ɼ͜ͷ݁Ռ͸ଥ౰Ͱ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

4. ͓ΘΓʹ
ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ์ࣹೳԚછ͞Εͨ౔৕ʹ͓͍ͯɼਂ౓ผ
์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓෼෍Λਪఆ͢Δଌఆ‫ث‬Λ։ൃͨ͠ɽ
ຊଌఆ‫ث‬͸ɼःณޮՌͷߴ͍ԖΛ༻͍ͯɼηϯαʹਂ౓ผʹࢦ޲ੑΛ࣋ͨͤͨ͜ͱ͕ಛ௃Ͱ͋Δɽ͔͠͠ɼԖ൘
͸༗‫ݶ‬ͷେ͖͞ͷͨΊʹ‫׬‬શͳःณ͸೉͍͠ɽηϯαʹ࿙ΕࠐΉ์ࣹઢͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λ࿙Ε܎਺ͱͯ͠ධՁ͠ɼఏҊͨ͠ิਖ਼ߦྻΛద༻͢Δ͜ͱ֤ਂ͞ͷ࣮ଌ‫཰਺ܭ‬Λิਖ਼ͨ͠ɽͦͷ݁Ռɼิਖ਼‫࠾ͱ཰਺ܭ‬औ౔৕ʹΑΔਂ౓ผͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓͸ߴ͍૬ؔؔ܎Λࣔ͠ɼ‫ݱ‬৔ʹ͓͍ͯ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓෼෍Λਫ਼౓ྑ͘ଌఆͰ͖Δ͜ͱΛ֬ೝͰ͖ͨɽࠓ‫ޙ‬ɼਫ਼౓Α͘୹࣌ؒͰଌఆΛߦ͏ͨΊʹ͸ɼैདྷ͔Β์ࣹઢΛ‫ݕ‬஌͢Δηϯαͱͯ͠༻͍ΒΕ͍ͯΔ GM ؅Λ࢖༻͠ɼଌఆ‫ث‬Λ։ൃ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ·ͨɼPHITSʢParticle and Heavy Ion Transport code Systemʣͱ͍͏೚ҙ‫ܗ‬ঢ়ͷ 3 ࣍‫ݩ‬ମ‫͚͓ʹ಺ܥ‬Δ์ࣹઢ‫ڍ‬ಈΛղ
Fig. 5 ࠾औ౔৕ͷ෼ੳʹΑΓ‫ٻ‬Ίͨ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓͓Αͼਂ౓ผͷิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬ͷؔ܎ɽ
Relationship between radiocaesium concentration by soil sampling and corrected counting rate.

ੳՄೳͳ൚༻ϞϯςΧϧϩ‫ࢉܭ‬ίʔυΛԉ༻͠ʢࠤ౻ɼ

2011ʣɼ౔৕ਫ෼΍‫ס‬૩ີ౓ͷःณޮՌ΋ߟྀ͠ͳ͕Βɼ‫ͳີݫ‬ઃ‫ܭ‬Λߦ͏͜ͱͰɼΑΓਫ਼౓ͷߴ͍ิਖ਼͕Մೳʹ
ͳΔͱࢥΘΕΔɽ͍ͣΕʹͤΑɼ౔৕தͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢ͷ‫ݪ‬Ҽͱͯ͠ɼԖ൘ͷःณ͕े෼Ͱͳ͔ͬͨ͜ͱʹΑΔ

Ϝͷ௕‫ظ‬తͳϞχλϦϯά΋೦಄ʹ͓͍ͯɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬։࿙ΕͷӨ‫͑ߟ͕ڹ‬ΒΕΔɽͦΕʹରͯ͠ɼิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬͸ൃͨ͠ଌఆ‫ث‬Λվྑ͍ͯ͘͜͠ͱ͕ॏཁͰ͋Δɽ

஍ද໘͔Βͷਂ͞ 0 ∼ 2ɼ2 ∼ 4 cm ·Ͱͷ‫཰਺ܭ‬͸େ͖͍͕ɼਂ͞ 4 ∼ 8 cm Ͱ͸࣮ଌ‫ͱ཰਺ܭ‬ൺֱ͢Δͱ͔ͳ
Γখ͞ͳ஋ͱͳͬͨɽ͜͜Ͱੜ͕ͨࠩ͡ิਖ਼ࣜʹΑͬͯߟྀͨ͠࿙Εͷ‫د‬༩Ͱ͋Δɽͦͯ͠ɼ࠾औ౔৕ͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓Λਅ஋ͱ͢Δͱɼิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬͸࣮ଌ‫཰਺ܭ‬ͱൺֱͯ͠࠾औ౔৕͔ΒಘΒΕͨਂ͞ 2 cm ຖͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ͱ͍ۙ܏޲Λࣔ͢͜ͱΛ֬ೝ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽ

Fig. 5 ͸ɼ࠾औ౔৕ΑΓಘΒΕͨ஍ද໘͔Βਂ͞ 2 cmຖͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ͱิਖ਼‫཰਺ܭ‬ͷؔ܎Λࣔͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δʢͨͩ͠࠾औ౔৕͸࣪ॏྔʹͯଌఆʣɽ

ँࣙຊ‫ڀݚ‬ΛਐΊΔʹ͋ͨΓɼ٢‫߂ݟ‬ಓത࢜ʢߴΤωϧΪʔՃ଎‫ߏػڀݚث‬ʣɼా໺Ҫ‫ܚ‬ଠ࿕।‫ڭ‬तʢ౦‫ژ‬େֶ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պʣɼੁ໺फ෉ࢯʢ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ೶‫ۀ‬ҕһձʣɼ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷօ༷ ʹɼଟେͳ͝ॿ‫ྗڠ͝ͱݴ‬Λ௖͍ͨɽࠪಡऀͷํʑʹ͸‫ߘݪ‬ͷվగͰଟ͘ͷ͝ҙ‫ݟ‬ɼ͝ॿ‫ݴ‬Λ௖͍ͨɽ·ͨɼຊ‫ڀݚ‬͸ɼ2011 ೥౓໌࣏େֶ਒ࡂ
෮‫ · ڵ‬๷ࡂ‫ڀݚ‬ϓϩδΣΫτͷॿ੒Λड͚࣮ͯࢪͨ͠ɽ
͜͜ʹ‫ͯ͠ه‬ɼँҙΛද͢Δɽ

࿦จɿϑΥτμΠΦʔυΛ༻͍ͨ౔৕தͷ์ࣹೳԖ௚෼෍ଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ։ൃ

33Ҿ༻จ‫ݙ‬

தඌɹ३ (2012): ηγ΢Ϝͷ౔৕‫ٵ‬ணͱ‫ݻ‬ఆ. ֶज़ͷಈ޲, 10:

Chiu, C.Y., Wang, C.J., Huang, C.C. (2008): Availability and im-Ԟౡमೋ, Ԙ໺ོ߂, ੴాɹ૱, ٢ຊपฏ, ന୩ӫ࡞, ᖛా߁࣏, ਓ45.
mobilization of 137 Cs in subtropical high mountain forest andgrassland soils. J. Environ. Radioact., 99: 882–889.
౻‫ݪ‬࿨৴ (2011): ‫ج‬ຊΛ஌Δɹ์ࣹೳͱ์ࣹઢ. pp. 48–49, ੣จಊ৽ޫࣾ, ౦‫ژ‬.
ੁ໺య༤ (2011): ඒ͍͠ଜʹ์ࣹೳ͕߱ͬͨɹ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ௕ · ܾஅͱ֮‫ޛ‬ͷ 120 ೔. pp. 28–34, ϫχϓϥε, ౦‫ژ‬.

͢Δࣄલ‫ݕ‬౼. ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ, 121: 43–48.

Radiation-Watch.org (2011): ‫͍ͯͭʹ౓ײ‬. http://www.radiation-watch.org/2011/05/accuracy.html (Accessed 7 Oct. 2013)ࠤ౻ୡ඙ (2011): PHITS ίʔυͷެ։ͱ։ൃͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়. RIST‫ ۀ ࢈ ࡁ ܦ‬ল (2011):ʮ ‫ ܭ‬ը త ආ ೉ ۠ Ҭ ʯ‫ͼ ٴ‬ʮ ‫ ࣌ ٸ ۓ‬ආ೉ ४ උ ۠ Ҭ ʯͷ ઃ ఆ ʹ ͭ ͍ ͯ. http://www.meti.go.jp/

press/2011/04/20110422004/20110422004-2.pdf‫ݟ‬஧ྑ, ୬԰‫ܒ‬೭, ࠓઘᚸ೭, தɹୡ༤ (2012): ઙ୅͔͖‫੍ڧ‬ഉਫʹΑΔਫా౔৕தͷ์ࣹੑ෺࣭ͷআ‫ڈ‬๏ͷ༗ޮੑʹؔ

(Accessed

29 Jan. 2013)χϡʔε, No. 51.
Ԙ୔ɹণ, ా໺Ҫ‫ܚ‬ଠ࿕, ࠜຊ‫ܓ‬հ, ٢ాमҰ࿠, ੢ా࿨߂, ‫ڮ‬ຊ݈, ࡩҪ݈ଠ, த੢༑ࢠ, ೋළ௚ొ, খ໺༐࣏ (2011): ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬ͷਫా౔৕ʹ͓͚Δ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝͷਂ౓ผೱ౓ͱҠྲྀ଎

Kruyts, N. and Delvaux, B. (2002): Soil organic horizons as a major source for radiocesium biorecycling in forest ecosystems.
J. Environ. Radioact., 58: 175–190.

౓. Radioisotopes, 60: 323–328.

Tamura, T. (1964): Selective sorption reaction of caesium withmineral soils. Nuclear Safety, 5: 262–268.

ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ (2012a): ೶஍ͱআછͷ৽ͨͳࢼΈ. ֶज़ͷಈ޲, 10:

52–56.

ࢁ‫ࢠلޱ‬, ߴా༟հ, ྛ݈ଠ࿠, ੴ઒ɹ֮, ૔ມਖ਼ਓ, ٢઒লࢠ, ࡔ‫ޱ‬ɹರ, ேాɹ‫ܠ‬, ࿨ӱ࿕ଠ, ຀໺஌೭, ੺Ӌ‫ࢠز‬, ฏ‫ؘ‬ढ़ଠ࿠ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ (2012b): ϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯάγεςϜ. ਫ౔ͷ஌,

80: 50.

(2012): ౔৕ – ২෺‫͚͓ʹܥ‬Δ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝͷ‫ڍ‬ಈͱͦͷมಈཁҼ. ೶‫ݚ؀‬ใ, 31: 75–129ɽཁࢫ౔৕Λ࠾औ͠ɼਂ͞ຖʹ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓Λଌఆ͢Δʹ͸ଟେͳ࿑ྗͱ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔɽͦ͜Ͱɼຊ‫ݚ‬‫Ͱڀ‬͸‫ݱ‬৔Ͱ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓ͷԖ௚෼෍Λଌఆ͢Δ૷ஔΛ։ൃͨ͠ɽ์ࣹઢΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δ 4 ͭͷϑΥτμΠΦʔυηϯαΛԖ൘Ͱ‫ڬ‬Έɼਂ౓ผͰࢦ޲ੑΛߴΊͨɽ͔͠͠ɼࢦ޲ੑ͸े෼Ͱ͸ͳ͍ͨΊɼ఺ઢ‫ʹݧ࣮ݯ‬ΑΓଌఆൣғ֎͔ΒͷӨ‫͍߹౓ڹ‬Λࣔ͢࿙Ε܎਺Λಠࣗʹఆٛ͠ɼิਖ਼ߦྻΛఏҊͨ͠ɽ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷෆ֧ཚਫాʹ͓͍ͯຊଌఆ‫ث‬Λࢼ‫͜ͱͨ͠ݧ‬Ζɼ౔৕์ࣹೳͷԖ௚෼෍͕΄΅ਖ਼֬ʹଌఆ
Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱ͕֬ೝͰ͖ͨɽ
Ωʔϫʔυɿ์ࣹੑηγ΢ϜɼԖ௚์ࣹೳ෼෍ɼϑΥτμΠΦʔυɼ࿙Ε܎਺ߦྻɼআછ

古典を読むJ. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

ㅮᗙ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

LecturesNo. 125, p.35 ∼ 41 (2013)‫ݹ‬యΛಡΉ

J.D. Rhoades, P.A. Raats and R.J. Prather ஶʮӷ૬ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ɼ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͱ౔ཻࢠද໘ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰͕౔৕ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ʯ༄Ҫ༸հ 1 · ‫ٶ‬ຊًਔ 2 · औग़৳෉ 3
Reviewing classical studies in soil physics“Effects of liquid-phase electrical conductivity, water content, and surface conductivity
on bulk soil electrical conductivity” by J.D. Rhoades, P.A. Raats and R.J. Prather, Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
J., 40: 651–655 (1976)
Yosuke YANAI1 , Teruhito MIYAMOTO2 and Nobuo TORIDE3

1. ͸͡Ίʹ
ۙ೥ɼి࣓೾Λ༻͍ͨηϯαʔͷ։ൃ͕ਐΈɼ౔৕ࢼྉதͷମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ θ ͱి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ EC ͕ಉ࣌ʹଌ
ΕΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨɽͦͷ୅දతͳ΋ͷ͸ Time Domain

ReﬂectometryʢTDRʣͰ͋ΔɽTDR Ͱ͸ి࣓೾ͷ఻೻࣌ؒͱ‫ݮ‬ਰׂ߹Λར༻ͯ͠ൺ༠ి཰ʹ‫ ͮ͘ج‬θ ͱి‫ؾ‬఍߅ʹ‫ ͮ͘ج‬EC Λଌఆ͍ͯ͠Δɽ·ͨɼTDR ͱ͸ҟͳΔଌఆ‫ݪ‬ཧͰ θ ͱ EC Λಉ࣌ʹଌఆ͢Δ༷ʑͳηϯαʔ΋‫ٸ‬଎ʹී‫͍ͯ͠ٴ‬ΔɽDecagon ࣾͷ 5TE ΍ Delta-T ࣾͷ WET ηϯαʔ͕ͦͷ୅දతͳ‫͋Ͱྨثܭ‬Δɽ͜ΕΒͷηϯαʔ΍ TDR Ͱଌఆ͞ΕΔ EC ͸౔৕ͷ ECʢҎԼ
ECa ʣͰ͋Γɼਫ༹ੑԘྨͷೱ౓͚ͩͰͳ͘ɺ౔৕ਫ෼ྔ
ʹ΋ґଘ͢ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼಉ͡౔৕ࢼྉதͷ θ ͱ ECa ͕ಉ࣌ʹଌΕΔ͜ͱ͸ɼ౔৕༹ӷͷ ECʢҎԼ ECw ʣΛਪఆ͢ΔϞσϧͰ͋Δ͕ɼTDR ͳͲʹΑΓ θ ͱ ECa Λಉ࣌ʹਫ਼౓Α͘ଌఆͰ͖Δ‫ࡏݱ‬ɼRhoades Ϟσϧͷॏཁੑ͸ΑΓߴ·͍ͬͯΔɽ

Rhoades ϞσϧΛఏҊͨ͠ Jim Rhoades ത࢜͸ɼΞϝϦΧ߹ऺࠃ೶຿লԘྨ‫ॴڀݚ‬ʢU.S. Salinity laboratoryʣͷ౔৕Խֶͷάϧʔϓʹ͓͍ͯɼ౔৕ͷԘྨೱ౓ʢsoil
salinityʣଌఆҰ‫ڀݚͰے‬Λ͓͜ͳͬͨਓ෺Ͱ͋Δɽ൴͸ɼ4 ‫ۃ‬๏ΛԘྨ౔৕ͷ EC ଌఆʹຊ֨తʹಋೖͨ͠ɽ
ྫ͑͹ɼ࣮‫͏࢖Ͱ಺ࣨݧ‬খ͞ͳ༰‫ۃిʹث‬Λૠೖ͢Δ‫ن‬໛͔ΒτϥΫλʔͷ‫ޙ‬෦ʹେ͖ͳి‫ۃ‬Λ഑ஔͨ͠໺֎
‫ܭ‬ଌ‫ن‬໛ͷҟͳΔେ͖͞ͷηϯαʔΛ࡞੡͠ɼԘྨ౔৕
ͷ ECa ଌఆΛਫ਼ྗతʹߦͬͨɽ౰࣌ɼะ৔Ͱ༻͍ΒΕ͍ͯͨηϯαʔ͸ 1 cm ࢛ํͷηϥϛοΫ൘Λ௨աͨ͠౔
৕༹ӷʹରͯ͠ EC Λଌఆ͢Δ΋ͷͰɼଌఆൣғ͕‫ॴہ‬తͰ͋ͬͨʢRichards, 1966ʣɽͦͷͨΊɼࠜ‫܈‬ҬͷԘྨ͠ɼͦΕΛ΋ͱʹਫ༹ੑԘྨͷೱ౓Λਪఆ͢Δࡍʹେ͖ೱ౓Λਪఆ͢Δʹ͸ɼଟ਺ͷηϯαʔΛઃஔ͢Δඞཁ͕

ͳར఺ͱͳΔɽ͜ΕΒ‫ྨثܭ‬ͷऔѻઆ໌ॻͷҰ෦ʹ͸ɼ͋ͬͨɽͦ͜Ͱɼి‫ۃ‬ͷ഑ஔִؒΛద੾ʹઃఆ͢Δ͜ͱEC ͷଌఆ‫ݪ‬ཧͱͱ΋ʹɼଌఆ͞Εͨ౔৕ͷ θ ͱ ECa ͔Β ECw Λਪఆ͢Δํ๏ͱͯ͠ Rhoades Ϟσϧ͕‫͞ه‬Ε͍ͯΔɽ౔৕ͷ θ ͱ ECa Λಉ࣌ʹଌఆ͢Δ༷ʑͳηϯαʔΛ‫͢༻׆‬ΔͨΊʹ͸ɼ͜ͷ Rhoades Ϟσϧͷཧղ͕
ඞཁͰ͋ΔɽRhoades Ϟσϧ͸ɼ೚ҙͷਫ෼ྔ θ ʹ͓͚
Δ 4 ‫ۃ‬๏ʹΑΔԘྨ౔৕ͷ ECa ଌఆ͔ΒɼECw ΛਪఆʹΑΓࠜ‫܈‬Ҭશମͷฏ‫ۉ‬తͳ ECa ͷଌఆ͕ߦ͑Δ 4 ‫ۃ‬๏Λద༻ͨ͠ɽͦͯ͠ɼ1971 ೥ʹ͸ి‫ؾ‬఍߅ଌఆʹΑ
Δะ৔ͰͷԘྨௐࠪ๏ͷ࿦จΛൃදͨ͠ʢRhoades andIngvalson, 1971ʣɽ
ಉ͡ࠒɼGupta and Hanksʢ1972ʣ͸ɼ4 ‫ۃ‬๏ʹΑΔ ECaͷਫ෼ྔґଘੑʹ஫໨ͯ͠ɼ౔৕ͷԘྨೱ౓ͷࢦඪͱͯ͠༻͍ΒΕ͍ͯͨ๞࿨நग़ʢsaturation extractʣʹΑΔ

1 NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, 3-1-1 Kan-nondai, Tsu-kuba, 305-8666, Japan. Corresponding author: ༄Ҫ༸հ, ೶‫ߏػݚ‬໺ࡊ஡‫ॴڀݚۀ‬.
2 NARO Institute for Rural Engineering, 2-1-6 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba,
305-8609, Japan.
3 Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 KurimaMachiya, Tsu, 514-8507, Japan.
2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 22 ೔डߘɹ 2013 ೥ 11 ݄ 25 ೔डཧECʢҎԼ ECe ʣͱ 1 : 5 ਫਁग़๏ʹΑΔ ECʢҎԼ EC1:5 ʣʹରͯ͠ɼ࣍ͷ‫ࣜݧܦ‬Λಘͨɽ

ECa
ECa
ɹ·ͨ͸ɹ
= aθ + b
ECe
EC1:5

(1)

͜͜Ͱɼa ͱ b ͸࣮‫ʹݧ‬ΑΓܾఆ͞ΕΔ౔৕‫ݻ‬༗ͷఆ਺౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)36

T = aθ + b(4)

͜͜Ͱɼa ͱ b ͸ఆ਺Ͱ͋Γɼʢ1ʣࣜͱಉ͡‫͍༻͕߸ه‬ΒΕ͍ͯΔɽʢ3ʣࣜʹ͓͍ͯɼECa ͷਫ෼ྔґଘੑΛஅ໘ׂ߹ͱಁաੑͷޮՌʹೋ෼͠ɼಁաੑͷޮՌʹରͯ͠ Gupta and Hanksʢ1972ʣͷ‫ࣜݧܦ‬Λద༻ͨ͠఺͕

Fig. 1 ఻ಋ཰ηϧதͷ౔৕ – ؒܺ૊৫ͷ໛ࣜਤɽ
Schematic of soil-pore system in conductivity cell.
(Rhoades et al., 1976, Fig. 1)

Ͱ͋Δɽ͜ͷؔ܎ࣜʹΑΓɼECa ͱಉ࣌ʹ θ ͷଌఆ͕ՄೳͰ͋Ε͹ɼॠ࣌ʹ ECa ͔Β ECe ΍ EC1:5 Λਪఆ͢Δ
͜ͱ͕Մೳͱͳͬͨɽ͔͠͠ɼRhoades Β͸ Gupta andHanksʢ1972ʣͷ‫ʹࣜݧܦ‬ରͯ͠ɼʢ1ʣ᎟ཚࢼྉͰಘΒΕͨߍਖ਼ࣜͰ͋Γɼ‫ݱ‬৔ะ৔΁ͷద༻͕೉͍͜͠ͱɼ
ʢ2ʣ
ECa Λଌఆͨ͠ θ ͱ͸ҟͳΔਫ෼ྔͰܾఆ͢Δ౔৕ͷԘ
ʢ3ʣ
ྨೱ౓ʢECe ΍ EC1:5 ʣʹର͢Δؔ܎ࣜͰ͋Δ͜ͱɼ‫ݻ‬૬ද໘ͷ EC ΍౔৕༹ӷ͕ຬͨ͞Ε͍ͯΔؒܺͷ۶‫ۂ‬ͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λߟྀ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍͜ͱΛ໰୊఺ͱͯ͠ࢦఠͨ͠ɽ

Rhoades ΒͷΦϦδφϦςΟͰ͋ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼʢ3ʣࣜʹ͓͚Δ ECa ͸ɼθ ͷ 2 ࣍ࣜͱͳΔ఺͕ಛ௃Ͱ͋Δɽ·ͨɼιʔμ࣭౔৕Ҏ֎Ͱ͸ɼECs ͸౔৕༹ӷͷԘྨೱ౓΍ਫ෼ྔʹґଘͤͣʹҰఆͱ‫ͤͳݟ‬Δ͜ͱ͔Βɼʢ3ʣࣜ͸ɼECw ͋Δ͍͸ θ ͕θϩʹۙͮ͘ͱ ECb ͸θϩʹ͖ۙͮɼͦͷ݁Ռͱͯ͠ɼECa ͸ ECs ʹۙͮ͘͜ͱΛड़΂͍ͯΔɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹɼECa ͕ଌఆ͞ΕΔͱ͖ͷ౔৕༹ӷͷ ECw ʹରͯ͠ɼθ ͷޮՌΛΑΓਫ਼ີʹߟྀ͠ɼ͞Βʹ ECa ʹରͯ͠ ECs Λߟྀͨ͠఺͕ Gupta and Hanks
ʢ1972ʣͷϞσϧ͔ΒͷਐలͰ͋Δɽ͞Βʹ Rhoades et al.ʢ1976ʣ͸ɼໟ؅ϞσϧʢPorter
et al., 1960ʣ͔Βʢ3ʣࣜͷਫ෼ྔґଘੑΛɼFig. 1 ʹࣔ֓͢೦ਤΛ༻͍ͯࢹ֮Խͨ͠ɽஅ໘ੵ͕ Aɼߴ͞ l ͷ౔৕ԁ౵͕͋Δͱ͠ɼӷ૬Ͱ઎ΊΒΕΔ෦෼ͷஅ໘ੵ x2 ɼؒܺͷ௕͞Λ le ͱ͢Δͱ͖ɼθ ͸࣍ࣜͰදͤΔɽ͜ͷ Gupta and Hanksʢ1972ʣͷ‫ࣜݧܦ‬Λ΋ͱʹɼΑΓ‫ͳີݫ‬ϞσϧΛߏங͠ɼਫ਼ີͳ࣮‫ʹݧ‬ΑΓ‫ͨ͠ূݕ‬ͷ͕ɼθ=ࠓճ঺հ͢Δ Rhoades et al.ʢ1976ʣͷ࿦จͰ͋Δɽͦ

x2 le
Al

(5)

͜ͰຊߘͰ͸ɼECa –θ –ECw ؔ܎Λங͍ͨ Rhoades et al.

͜ͷͱ͖ɼ౔৕ԁ౵தͷӷ૬ͷόϧΫͷి‫ؾ‬఍߅ Rb ͸

ʢ1976ʣΛऔΓ্͛ɼϞσϧ͕ಋग़͞Εͨ‫ܦ‬աΛ࠶֬ೝ࣍ͷΑ͏ʹදͤΔͩΖ͏ɽ͢Δͱͱ΋ʹ‫Ͱ·ࡏݱ‬ͷؔ࿈͢Δٞ࿦Λ֓‫͍ͨ͠؍‬ɽR b = ρw

2. Ϟσϧͷಋग़ෆ๞࿨౔৕͸ࡾ૬ʢ‫ؾ‬૬ɼӷ૬ɼ‫ݻ‬૬ʣ͔Β੒Δɽ͜

le
1 le
=
x2
ECw x2(6)

͜͜Ͱ ρwʢ = 1/ECw ʣ͸ؒܺதͷӷ૬ͷൺ఍߅Ͱ͋Δɽͷ͏ͪ‫ؾ‬૬ͱɼ‫ݻ‬૬Λ‫ܗ‬੒͢Δଟ͘ͷ࣭߭෺࣭͸ઈԑମ

ʢ6ʣࣜʹʢ5ʣࣜΛ୅ೖ͠ɼਫͷ೪ੑ γ ͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λಋೖͯ͠

Ͱ͋Δɽ͜Εʹରͯ͠ɼ‫ݻ‬૬ͷҰ෦ʢओʹ೪౔ʣͱӷ૬ECw ʹ͍ͭͯ੔ཧ͢Δɽ

͸ಋମͰ͋ΔɽRhoades et al.ʢ1976ʣͰ͸ɼ౔৕ͷӷ૬ͱ‫ݻ‬૬ͷి‫ؾ‬఍߅͕ฒྻؔ܎ʹ͋ͬͯ౔৕ͷి‫ؾ‬఍߅Λ‫ܗ‬੒͍ͯ͠ΔͱΈͳͨ͠ɽ͢ͳΘͪɼ౔৕ͷి‫ؾ‬఍߅ͷ‫͔਺ٯ‬Β‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕΔ౔৕ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ ECa ͸ɼӷ૬ͷ‫د‬   le1
11 (le )2 1
ECw =
=
γ
x2 Rb
γ l θ A Rbߋʹ࣍ͷΑ͏ʹॻ͖௚͢ɽ༩෼Ͱ͋Δ ECb ͱަ‫׵‬ੑཅΠΦϯʹΑΔ‫ݻ‬૬ද໘ͷ‫د‬༩෼Ͱ͋Δ ECs ͷ࿨Ͱද‫͖Ͱݱ‬Δͱͨ͠ɽECa = ECb + ECs

1
ECw =
θ
(2)

ͦͯ͠ɼECb ͸౔৕༹ӷͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ ECw ͱ౔৕ؒܺ
ߏ଄ʹؔ܎͢ΔɽECb ͸ ECw ʹൺྫ͠ɼશԣஅ໘தͷӷ૬෦෼ͷ఻ಋͰ͋ΔͱԾఆ͠ɼECw ɼஅ໘ׂ߹Λ༩͑
ʢ2ʣࣜΛ࣍ࣜʹॻ͖‫׵‬Δ θ ɼಁա܎਺ T ͷੵͰද‫͠ݱ‬ɼ    1l1 le 2γ l
A Rb
2͸ಁա܎਺ T ͷ‫͋Ͱ਺ٯ‬Γɼ
(le /l) ͸۶‫౓ۂ‬ɼ(l/A) ͸఻ಋ཰ଌఆ༻ి‫ۃ‬ͷ‫ܗ‬ঢ়΍഑ஔΛ൓өͨ͠ηϧఆ਺ͱղऍͰ͖Δɽ͜͜Ͱηϧఆ਺Λ G
ͱ͢Δͱɼʢ8ʣࣜ͸࣍ࣜͰද‫͖Ͱݱ‬Δɽ

ECw =
(3)

͜͜Ͱɼಁա܎਺ T ͸ɼ۶‫౓ۂ‬ͷޮՌͱ‫ݻ‬ӷ · ‫ؾ‬ӷք໘ۙ๣ͰͷΠΦϯͷҠಈ౓Λද‫͠ݱ‬ɼʢ1ʣࣜͱಉ༷ʹ θ ʹൺྫ͢ΔͱԾఆͨ͠ɽ

(8)   ʢ8ʣࣜதͷ 1 γ le l͑ͨɽ

ECa = ECw θ T + ECs(7)Gθ T Rb(9)ަ‫׵‬ੑཅΠΦϯʹΑΔ‫ݻ‬૬ද໘ͷ఻ಋੑΛߟྀ͠ɼӷ૬ͱ‫ݻ‬૬ͷͦΕͧΕͷ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏͕ฒྻʹ઀ଓ͍ͯ͠ΔͱԾ
ఆ͠ɼ࣍ࣜΛಘΔɽ

ߨ࠲ɿʮӷ૬ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ɼ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͱ౔ཻࢠද໘ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰͕౔৕ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ʯ37ͨΦϥϯμਓ‫͋Ͱऀڀݚ‬Γɼ਺ֶͱ෺ཧֶʹलͰͨཧ࿦
ՈͰ͋ΔɽRhoades ത࢜ͱ Raats ത࢜ͷ઀఺͸͜ͷ࿦จͷΈͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͔Βɼ౰࣌ɼ৽ਐ‫ؾ‬Ӷͷ‫ͨͬ͋Ͱऀڀݚ‬Raats ത࢜ͷߩ‫ʹ͕͜͜ݙ‬දΕ͍ͯΔΑ͏ʹ‫͡ײ‬ΒΕΔɽ
ʮ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏͜ͷΑ͏ʹͯ͠ʢ3ʣࣜͷ Rhoades Ϟσϧ͸ɼ͕ฒྻʹ઀ଓ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱʯͱʮηϧఆ਺͕Ұ༷ʯͱԾ
ఆ͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΓཧ࿦తʹཪ෇͚ΒΕͨ͜ͱ͕ʢ12ʣ͔ࣜΒΘ͔Δɽ

3. Ϟσϧ܎਺ͷܾఆͷͨΊͷ࣮‫ݧ‬
Fig. 2 ౔৕Λ٧Ίͨ 4 ‫ࢠۃ‬ηϧΛՃѹ൘૷ஔ಺ʹஔ͖ɼ୤ਫ
ͤ͞ͳ͕Βਫ෼ௐ੔Λߦ͏༷ࢠɽ

Soil-ﬁlled four-electrode cells, positioned in pressure plate apparatus for adjustment of water content.
(Rhoades et al., 1976, Fig. 2)

ʢ3ʣɼʢ4ʣࣜΛ༻͍ͯ ECa Λ ECw ͱ ECs ͷؔ਺ͱͯ͠ද‫͢ه‬ΔͨΊɼRhoades ത࢜Β͸ෆ᎟ཚࢼྉΛ༻͍ͯɼECw ͱମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ θ ͕‫ط‬஌ͷ৚݅Ͱ ECa Λଌఆͨ͠ɽ಺‫ ܘ‬7.5 cmɼߴ͞ 3.9 cm ͷԁ౵༰‫࠾ʹث‬औ͞Εͨ 4छྨͷෆ᎟ཚ౔৕ࢼྉΛࢼ‫ͨ͠ڙʹݧ‬ɽ͜ͷԁ౵༰‫ث‬ͷଆ໘ʹ 45◦ ִؒͰ 8 ຊͷి‫ۃ‬Λૠೖ͠ɼྡͲ͏͠ͷి‫ۃ‬

4 ຊΛ༻͍ͨଌఆΛߦ͍ɼ1 ຊͣͭͣΒͯ͠ 8 ճͷ ECaΛଌఆ͠ɼͦͷฏ‫ۉ‬஋Λଌఆ஋ͱͨ͠ɽଌఆ‫ྨثػ‬ͷৄࡉ͓Αͼి‫ۃ‬ͷηϧఆ਺ͷܾఆํ๏͸ɼRhoades et al.
ʢ1977ʣʹࣔ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ·ͨɼ༻͍ͨ 4 छྨͷ ECw ͷ༹ӷͷೱ౓͸ɼSAR = 4ʢsodium adsorption ratioʀ Na‫ٵ‬ணൺʣͱͯ͠ௐ੔ͨ͠ɽSAR ͸༹ӷதͷ 2 ՁͷཅΠΦϯͱφτϦ΢ϜʢNa+ ʣͷิਖ਼ೱ౓ൺͰ͋ΓɼSAR ͕ҰఆͰ͋Ε͹ɼೱ౓͕ҟͳͬͯ΋ަ‫׵‬ੑཅΠΦϯ૊੒͕౳͍͠ͱ‫ͤͳݟ‬ΔɽSAR ʻ 7 ͷ‫׿‬ᕱਫͰ͋Ε͹౔৕Λιʔμ࣭Խͤ͞Δ‫ݥة‬ੑ͕௿͍ͱ͞Ε͓ͯΓʢBolt andBruggenwert, 1989ʣɼSAR = 4 ͸ɼަ‫׵‬ੑ Na+ ͕খ͍͞৚݅Ͱ͋Δɽͦͯ͠ɼ౔৕ࢼྉΛՃѹ൘૷ஔʹΑΓ୤ਫ
Fig. 3 Indio vfsl ͷମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ θ ͱ ECa /ECw ͷؔ܎ɽ
Plot of bulk soil electrical conductivity/liquid phase electricalconductivity, ECa /ECw , vs. volumetric water content, θ , for Indio vfsl. (Rhoades et al., 1976, Fig. 3)ͤ͞ͳ͕Βਫ෼ௐ੔ΛߦͬͨʢFig. 2ʣɽ
͜͏ͯؒܺ͠ߏ଄Λཚ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ෆ֧ཚ౔৕ࢼྉͷECa ɼθ ɼECw ͷؔ܎Λ‫ٻ‬Ίͨɽଌఆͨ͠ 4 छྨͷ౔৕ͷ θ ɼϚτϦοΫϙςϯγϟϧɼECw ஋ͷൣғ͸ɼ‫ݪ‬ஶͷ Table 2 ʹࣔ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ

1
1
1
=
+
Ra
Rb Rs

(10)

͜͜ͰɼRa ͱ Rs ͸ͦΕͧΕ౔৕ͷి‫ؾ‬఍߅ͱ‫ݻ‬૬ʹ‫ى‬Ҽ͢Δి‫ؾ‬఍߅Ͱ͋ΔɽՃ͑ͯɼ
ʢ10ʣࣜͷ֤߲ͱ΋ηϧఆ਺͸Ұ༷Ͱ͋ΔͱԾఆ͢Δɽ

ECa Ra = ECb Rb = G

4. Ϟσϧ܎਺ͷܾఆ
Rhoades Ϟσϧͷ܎਺Λܾఆ͢ΔͨΊʹɼʢ3ʣࣜͷ֤߲Λ ECw Ͱআͯ͠ม‫͢׵‬Δɽ

ECaECs= Tθ +
ECw
ECw

(11)

ʢ9ʣ∼ʢ11ʣࣜΛซͤΔͱʢ2ʣࣜͱಉ͕ࣜ͡ಋ͔ΕΔɽ

(13)ͦͯ͠ɼθ ʹର͢Δ ECa /ECw ͷଌఆ஋ͷϓϩοτ͕͸ɼ͜ͷ࿦จ͕ॻ͔Εͨ 1970 ೥୅ʹԘྨ‫ڀݚʹॴڀݚ‬һ

Fig. 3 Ͱ͋Δɽʢ13ʣࣜ͸ʢ1ʣࣜͱಉ༷ͷ‫͋Ͱࣜܗ‬Δ͕ɼ
Gupta and Hanksʢ1972ʣͷ௚ઢؔ܎Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɼ‫ۂ‬ઢͷؔ܎Ͱ͋ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼθ ͕ 0 ͷͱ͖ͷ ECa /ECw ͷ஋͕൑વͱ͠ͳ͍ɽͦ͜ͰɼFig. 3 ʹ͓͍ͯ 4 ஈ֊ͷ θ ʹରͯ͠ ECw ͱ ECa Λۙࣅ‫ۂ‬ઢ͔ΒಡΈऔͬͨ஋ͷؔ܎͕
Fig. 4 Ͱ͋Δɽ͜ͷؔ܎ʹରͯ͠ ECw Λ 0 ·Ͱ֎ૠ͢Δͱɼʢ3ʣࣜΑΓ ECs ͕ಘΒΕΔɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹͯ͠‫ٻ‬Ίͨ Rhoades Ϟσϧͷ ECs ͸ɼ‫ݪ‬ஶͷ Table 3 ʹࣔ͞Εͯͱͯ͠ॴଐ͠ɼͦͷ‫ޙ‬ɼϫʔήχϯήϯ೶ՊେֶʹҠ͍ͬΔɽ

ECa = ECw θ T + ECs(12)

Rhoades ത࢜Β͸Ͳ͏ͯ͠ಉࣜ͡Λ 2 ௨Γͷํ๏Ͱಋग़ͯ͠ΈͤͨͷͩΖ͏͔ɽ͓ͦΒ͘࠷ॳͷಋग़աఔ͕‫ײ‬֮తͳͱ͜Ζ͕͋Γɼਫ਼֬͞ʹ͚ܽΔҹ৅͕͋ͬͨͨΊͱਪ࡯͞ΕΔɽͱ͜ΖͰɼୈೋஶऀͷ Peter Raats ത࢜38౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)ͨ୮೦ͳ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ‫܁‬Γฦ͠ʹΑΓੜ·Εͨ͜ͱ͸ؒҧ͍ͳ͍ɽ·͞ʹ Rhoades ത࢜ͷ‫ʹڀݚ‬ର͢Δ࢟੎͕࢕͑Δ݁
ՌͰ͋Δɽ

Rhoades ത࢜Βͷ࣮‫౔͍ͨ༻Ͱݧ‬৕ࢼྉʹ͍ͭͯಘΒΕͨϞσϧͷ܎਺Λ Table 1 ʹࣔ͢ɽʢ4ʣࣜΑΓɼθ =−b/a ͷͱ͖ T ʹ 0 ͱͳΔɽRhoades Β͸ θt = −b/a Λ‫ݶ‬քମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ʢthreshold water contentʣͱఆٛ͠ɼ͜ͷମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ΑΓߴ͍౔৕ਫ෼ͷͱ͖ͷΈϞσϧ͕ద༻Մ
ೳͰ͋Δͱͨ͠ɽਪఆ͞Εͨ θt ͸ 0.1 ఔ౓Ͱ͋Γɼద༻ൣғΛะ৔༰ਫྔఔ౓ͷߴਫ෼ྖҬͱͨ͠ Rhoades andIngvalsonʢ1971ʣͷใࠂʹൺ΂ͯɼ௿ਫ෼ྖҬͰͷଥ౰ੑΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɽ
Fig. 4 ҟͳΔମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ θ ͷͱ͖ͷ౔৕༹ӷͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ECw ͱ౔৕ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ ECa ͷؔ܎ɽFig. 3 ΑΓମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰Λ‫ݻ‬ఆͯ͠‫ٻ‬Ίͨɽ·ͨɼy ࣠ͱͷ੾ย͸౔ཻࢠද໘ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ ECs Λද͢ɽ
Plot of bulk soil electrical conductivity, ECa , vs. liquid-phaseelectrical conductivity, ECw , for various ﬁxed volumetric watercontents as interpolated from Fig. 3 Indio vfsl showing theextrapolated value of surface conductivity, ECs .
(Rhoades et al., 1976, Fig. 4))

5. Rhoades et al. (1976) ൃද‫ޙ‬
ʢ4ʣࣜͷ aɼb ͕ҰఆͰ͋Ε͹ɼθ Ұఆͷ৔߹ɼECa –ECw ͸ઢ‫ͳͱ܎ؔܗ‬ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼ͜͜·Ͱࣔͨ͠Ϟσϧ͸ɼҎԼʹࣔ͢վྑϞσϧʹରͯ͠ઢ‫ܗ‬Ϟσϧͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔɽaɼb ͕ҰఆͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛ‫ ͨ͠ূݕ‬Fig. 6 ͸ɼൺֱత༹ӷೱ౓͕ߴ͍ྖҬͰͷ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬ಘΒΕͨؔ܎Ͱ͋
ΔɽҰํɼ౔৕༹ӷೱ౓͕௿Լ͢Δͱɼ֦ࢄೋॏ૚Λ‫ؚ‬Ή‫ݻ‬૬ද໘ͷӨ‫͕ڹ‬૬ରతʹେ͖͘ͳΓɼΠΦϯೱ౓΍૊੒ͷมԽ͸ʢ4ʣࣜͷ aɼb ΛมԽͤ͞ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼΠΦϯೱ౓͕௿͍ྖҬʹ͓͍ͯɼECw ͷͲͷൣғ·ͰECa –ECw ؔ܎͕ઢ‫ܗ‬ੑΛ༗͢Δ͔͕ٞ࿦͞Ε͖ͯͨɽ
Rhoades et al.ʢ1976ʣͰ͸ɼ2.5 ∼ 56 dS m−1 ͷ ECw ൣғͰ ECa –ECw ؔ܎ͷઢ‫ܗ‬ੑͷ੒ཱΛ࣮‫ݧ‬తʹ͕ࣔͨ͠ɼ
ͦͷ‫ޙ‬ͷ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ͓͓Αͦ 4 dS m−1 ҎԼͷ ECw ͷൣғͰ͸ ECa –ECw ؔ܎͕ඇઢ‫ͳͱܗ‬Δ͜ͱ͕ใࠂ͞Εͨ
ʢShainberg et al., 1980; Nadler and Frenkel, 1980ʣɽECwͷ௿͍ൣғͰ͸‫ݻ‬૬ͱӷ૬͕௚ྻʹ઀ଓ͞Εͨ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ΛฒྻϞσϧʹ૊ΈࠐΉ͜ͱʹΑΓද‫͖Ͱݱ‬Δͱߟ͑ΒΕͨʢShainberg et al., 1980ʣɽ͔͠͠ɼಋೖ͞Εͨ‫ز‬Կ
Fig. 5 Indio vfsl ͷମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ θ ͱ (ECa − ECs )/ECw ͷؔ܎ɽ‫ۂ‬ઢ͸ Fig. 6 Ͱ‫ٻ‬Ίͨ a ͱ b ͷ஋Λ༻͍ͯʢ2ʣɼ
ʢ3ʣ
ʢ6ʣࣜʣʹΑΓ‫ٻ‬Ίͨɽࣜʢ‫ݪ‬ஶʢ5ʣɼ
Plot of bulk soil electrical conductivity-surface conductivity/liquid-phase electrical conductivity, (ECa − ECs )/ECw ,versus volumetric water content, θ , for data of Fig. 3 and 4compared to the curve calculated from Eq. (5) and (6) with thevalues of a and b determined from Fig. 6.
(Rhoades et al., 1976, Fig. 6)

ECs ͕ܾఆͨ͠ͷͰɼͦͷ஋Λ༻͍ͯࠓ౓͸ θ ʹର͢
ɽFig. 3 Ͱ
Δ (ECa − ECs )/ECw Λϓϩοτ͢ΔʢFig. 5ʣ͸ ECw ຖͷۙࣅ‫ۂ‬ઢ͕ඞཁͰ͕͋ͬͨɼFig. 5 Ͱ͸ɼҰͭͷ‫ۂ‬ઢʹऩଋͨ͠ɽ͜Ε͸ɼECs ͕౔৕༹ӷͷԘೱ౓ͱਫ෼ྔʹґଘ͠ͳ͍ͱͨ͠Ծఆͷଥ౰ੑΛࣔ͢ɽ͞Βʹɼಁա܎਺ T Λ༩͑Δ (ECa − ECs )/(ECw θ ) ͱθ ͷؔ܎Λϓϩοτͨ͠ͷ͕ Fig. 6 Ͱ͋Δɽ͜ͷ݁Ռ͸ɼT Λ θ ͷ 1 ࣍ࣜͱԾఆͨ͠ʢ4ʣࣜͷଥ౰ੑΛ‫ূݕ‬
͍ͯ͠Δɽ܏͖ͱ੾ย͔Βʢ4ʣࣜͷ a ͱ b ͕‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕ
Δɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹɼඇৗʹߴ͍૬ؔ܎਺ͷ௚ઢ͕ಘΒΕͨ͜ͱ͸ɼϞσϧͷଥ౰ੑͷΈͳΒͣɼࡉ৺ͷ஫ҙΛ෷ͬύϥϝʔλʹ͸ɼ෺ཧԽֶత·ͨ͸߭෺ֶతͳҙຯ෇͚͸ͳ͔ͬͨɽ

Rhoades et al.ʢ1989ʣ͸ɼಈਫʢ࿈ଓతͳӷ૬෦෼ʣͱෆಈਫʢؒܺதʹอ࣋͞Εෆ࿈ଓͳӷ૬෦෼ʣͷ֓೦Λಋೖͨ͠վྑϞσϧΛఏҊͨ͠ɽ͜ͷϞσϧͰ͸ɼ࣍
ͷ 3 ͭͷ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ΛԾఆ͍ͯ͠Δɽ͢ͳΘͪɼʢ1ʣ‫ݻ‬૬ͱӷ૬͕௚ྻʹ઀ଓ͞Εͨ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ʢඍࡉؒܺதͷӷ૬Λ૝ఆʣɼ
ʢ2ʣ‫ݻ‬૬ͷΈͷ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ʢ౔ཻࢠද໘ͷ఻ಋΛ૝ఆʣɼ
ʢ3ʣ࿈ଓతͳӷ૬෦෼ͷ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ʢૈؒܺதͷӷ૬Λ૝ఆʣͰ͋Δɽ(θss + θws )2 ECws ECs+ θsc ECs + θwc ECwc
ECa =
θss ECws + θws ECs(14)͜͜Ͱɼθws ͸‫ݻ‬૬ͱӷ૬͕௚ྻʹ઀ଓ͞Εͨ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ͷମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ɼθwc ͸࿈ଓతͳӷ૬෦෼ͷମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ɼθss ͸‫ݻ‬૬ͱӷ૬͕௚ྻʹ઀ଓ͞Εͨ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ͷ‫ݻ‬૬ͷମੵׂ߹ɼθsc ͸‫ݻ‬૬ͷΈͷ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ͷ‫ݻ‬૬ͷମੵׂ߹ɼ

ߨ࠲ɿʮӷ૬ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ɼ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͱ౔ཻࢠද໘ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰͕౔৕ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ʯTable 1 ‫౔ࢼڙ‬৕ʹ͍ͭͯಘΒΕͨϞσϧ܎਺ɽ
Determined surface conductivities, transmission coefﬁcientparameters, and threshold water contents of soils studied.
(Rhoades et al., 1976, Table 3)
Soil type

ECs

A

b

θt

R

dS m−1
Pachappa fsl
Indio vfsl
Waukena l
Domino cl

0.18
0.25
0.4
0.45

39

঺հ͍ͯ͠Δɽ·ͨɼECa ͷଌఆํ๏ͱͯ͠ 4 ‫ۃ‬๏ͷଞɼRhoades ΋௕೥։ൃʹ͔͔Θ͖ͬͯͨి࣓༠ಋ๏
ʢRhoades, 1992ʣʹ͍ͭͯ΋঺հ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ
ଞํɼDalton et al.ʢ1984ʣʹΑͬͯ TDR Ͱ౔৕ਫ෼
ྔͱ ECa ͷಉ࣌‫ܭ‬ଌͷՄೳੑ͕ࣔ͞ΕΔͱɼ༹࣭Ҡಈ‫΁ڀݚ‬ͷ TDR ͷԠ༻͕࢝·ͬͨɽͦͯ͠ɼTDR Ͱ‫ܭ‬

1.382
1.287
1.403
2.134

−0.093−0.116−0.064−0.245

0.07
0.09
0.05
0.12

0.96
0.98
0.97
0.92

ଌ͞ΕΔ ECa Λ༻༹͍࣭ͯೱ౓Λਪఆ͢ΔࢼΈ΋ߦΘΕͨɽಛʹ໺֎‫ܭ‬ଌͰ͸ɼ౔৕ਫ෼ྔ΋‫࣌ܦ‬తʹมԽ͢
ΔͨΊɼTDR Ͱ‫ܭ‬ଌ͞ΕΔ θ ͱ ECa ͔Β ECw Λਪఆ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Ε͹ɼECw ͱ༹࣭ೱ౓ͷ࣌ؒมԽΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɽ͜ͷΑ͏ͳཧ༝͔ΒɼTDR
Λ༻͍ͯඇఆৗաఔͰͷ༹࣭Ҡಈ‫ڀݚ‬Λߦ͍ͬͯΔ‫ݚ‬‫͔ऀڀ‬Β ECa –θ –ECw ؔ܎ʹ࠶ͼେ͖ͳؔ৺͕஫͕ΕʢWard et al., 1994; Heimovaara et al., 1995; Mallants etal., 1996; Risler et al., 1996ʣɼ࠷΋୯७ͳ Rhoades Ϟσϧ͕Α͘ར༻͞ΕΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨʢBhabani et al., 1999;
De Neve et al., 2000; Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2005ʣɽ‫ࡏݱ‬Ͱ͸ɼRhoades et al.ʢ1976ʣͷઢ‫ܗ‬Ϟσϧ͸ɼ͍͔ͭ͘
ͷ঎඼Խ͞Εͨਫ෼ηϯαʔͷϓϩάϥϜʹ΋૊Έࠐ·Ε͍ͯΔɽ

6. ͓ΘΓʹ
ʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯͰ΋ͨͼͨͼղઆ͞ΕΔΑ͏ʹɼ౔৕தͷਫ෼ · ి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ͷ‫ݪ‬Ґஔಉ࣌ଌఆ͸௕೥੾๬

Fig. 6 Indio vfsl ͷମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ θ ͱಁա܎਺ T ͷؔ܎ɽ
Fig. 3ɼ4 ͱʢ12ʣࣜʢ‫ݪ‬ஶʢ15ʣࣜʣ͔Β‫ٻ‬Ίͨɽ
Relation of the transmission coefﬁcient, T , and volumetricwater content, θ , determined for Indio vfsl from the data ofFig. 3 and 4 and Eq. (15). (Rhoades et al., 1976, Fig. 6)

ECws ͱ ECwc ͸‫ݻ‬૬ͱӷ૬͕ͦΕͧΕ௚ྻɼฒྻʹ઀ଓ͞Εͨ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ͷӷ૬ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰Ͱ͋Δɽ͞Ε͖ͯͨ՝୊Ͱ͋Δʢງ໺ · ‫ࢁؙ‬, 1992; ొඌ, 2003ʣɽ
Rhoades Ϟσϧ͕ߟҊ͞Εͨ౰࣌͸ɼ4 ‫ۃ‬๏ʹΑΔ ECaଌఆ஋͔Β೚ҙͷਫ෼৚݅ʹର͠ ECw Λਪఆ͢Δ࣮༻ͷͨΊͷཧ࿦ͷཱ͕֬ओͨΔ໨తͰ͋ͬͨɽͦͷͨΊɼ୮೦ͳ࣮‫܁͕ݧ‬Γฦ͠ߦΘΕɼཧ࿦తͳཪ෇͚΋ಘͳ͕Β Rhoades Ϟσϧ͕ఏҊ͞Εͨɽͦͷ‫ޙ‬ɼTDR Λ͸͡Ί֤छηϯαʔͰ౔৕ࢼྉͷ θ ͱ ECa Λಉ࣌ʹଌఆͰ
͖ΔΑ͏ʹͳΓɼ࠶ͼ Rhoades Ϟσϧ͕‫ޫ٭‬ΛཋͼΔ͜ͱʹͳΔɽʮ‫ݹ‬యʯͱ͸ॻ͔Εͨ࣌୅ͷཁ੥ʹԠ͑ΔͷΈ͔͠͠ɼ‫ݻ‬૬ͷΈͷ఻ಋ‫ܦ‬࿏ͷ ECa ʹର͢Δ‫د‬༩͸খͳΒͣɼͦͷ‫ޙ‬ͷ৽͍͠ల։ͷதͰ΋ճ‫͞ސ‬Ε͏ΔԿ͔

͍ͨ͞Ίɼ౔ཻࢠؒͷ઀ଓ෦ͷΈΛ௨ͨ͡ಋిΛແࢹ͢Λ͍࣋ͬͯΔ΋ͷͰ͋ΔɽͦͷΑ͏ͳҙຯͰɼRhoadesΔ͜ͱʹΑΓɼ؆ུԽͨ͠Ϟσϧ΋ఏҊͨ͠ɽ

et al.ʢ1976ʣ͸‫ݹ‬యͱ‫ʹͿݺ‬૬Ԡ͍͠࿦จͷҰͭͰ͋Δ


ECa =



(θs + θws )2 ECws ECs+ (θw − θws )ECwc (15)θs ECws + θws ECs

͜͜Ͱɼθs ͸‫ݻ‬૬ͷମੵׂ߹ɼ(θw − θws ) ͸࿈ଓతͳӷ૬෦෼ͷମੵׂ߹Ͱ͋Δɽ͜ͷϞσϧ͸౔৕ͷ֤ి‫ؾ‬఍߅ͷฒྻ઀ଓΛԾఆͨ͠Ϟσϧʢ
ʢ3ʣࣜʣʹൺ΂ͯద༻ੑ͕ߴ͘ɼಛʹ ECw ͷ௿͍ൣғʢ͓͓Αͦ 4 dS m−1 ҎԼͱߟ͑Δɽۙ೥ɼECa ͷ‫ܭ‬ଌʹ‫ ͍ͨͮج‬ECw ͷਪఆ͸ɼ౔৕෺ཧֶͷઐ໳ՈͰͳͯ͘΋ՄೳͱͳΔ‫ج‬൫͕੔͍ͭͭ͋
Δɽ͔͠͠ɼ͜ͷΑ͏ͳࣄଶ͸ʮ౔৕‫ݻ‬૬ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰
ʢECs ʣ͸ 0.25 dS m−1 ͕ఏҊ͞Ε͍ͯΔʯͱ͍ͬͨ਺
஋ͷҰਓา͖Λ༠ൃ͠͏ΔɽຊߘͰಡΈ‫ͨ͜͠ى‬௨Γɼ

Rhoades ത࢜Β͕ࣔͨ͠ ECs ͸ɼ‫ݱ‬৔Ͱ࠾औͨ͠ࢼྉ
ͦͷ΋ͷͷ஋Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɼෆ᎟ཚࢼྉʹిղ༹࣭ӷͰௐ੔ૢ࡞Λࢪͨ͠ࢼྉͷ஋Ͱ͋ΔɽECs ͸ਫ෼ྔ΍౔৕༹ӷͷ ECa –ECw ؔ܎͕ඇઢ‫ͳͱܗ‬ΔൣғʣͰ ECa –ECw ؔதͷԘྨೱ౓ʹґଘ͠ͳ͍͜ͱ͸࣮‫ݧ‬తʹࣔ͞Ε͍ͯΔ

܎ΛΑ͘ද‫͖Ͱݱ‬Δɽ͔͠͠ɼऔಘ͕೉͍͠‫ݧܦ‬తύϥ͕ɼRhoades et al.ʢ1976ʣͷ Table 2 தͷ CEC ͱ Table 3ϝʔλ͕૿͑ͯ͠·ͬͨͨΊɼͦͷར༻੍͕‫͞ݶ‬ΕΔɽ

Rhoades ത࢜͸௕೥ߦ͖ͬͯͨ‫ڀݚ‬Λ΋ͱʹ 1999 ೥ʹԘྨ౔৕ͷධՁํ๏Λ FAO Manual ʹ·ͱΊ͍ͯΔ
ʢRhoades et al., 1999ʣɽͦͷதͰ͸ɼECa ͔Β ECw Λਪఆ͢ΔϞσϧͱͯ͠ඇઢ‫ܗ‬ϞσϧͰ͋Δʢ14ʣࣜΛதͷ ECs ͕༗ҙͳਖ਼ͷ૬ؔΛࣔ͢͜ͱ͔Βɼιʔμ࣭Խ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍౔৕ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼަ‫׵‬ੑཅΠΦϯྔʹґଘͯ͠ߴ͘ͳΔ͜ͱ͕༧૝͞ΕΔɽ·ͨɼιʔμ࣭Խͨ͠౔
৕Ͱ͸͞Βʹߴ͍஋Λࣔ͢͜ͱ΋͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕɼʮECs౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)40

͸ 0.25 dS m−1 ʯͷΈʹ஫໨͢Δ͜ͱͷͳ͍Α͏ʹཹҙ͞Ε͍ͨɽusing time domain reﬂectometry. Proceedings of 19th World
Congress of Soil Science, 54–57.

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(1984): Time-domain reﬂectometry: Simultaneous measure-

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Dehghanisanij, H., Yamamoto, T. and Inoue, M. (2004): Practical

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(2000): Using time domain reﬂectometry for monitoring min-

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methods to calibrate TDR for monitoring solute movement inϓ࿦จू, 64–71.

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ߨ࠲ɿʮӷ૬ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ɼ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͱ౔ཻࢠද໘ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰͕౔৕ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ʯཁࢫۙ೥ɼTDR ͳͲʹΑΓɼ౔৕ࢼྉதͷମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ θ ͱి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ EC Λಉ࣌ʹଌΕΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨɽ͜
͜Ͱଌఆ͞ΕΔ౔৕ͷ ECa ͸ɼ౔৕༹ӷͷ ECw ͱ θ ʹେ͖͘ґଘ͢ΔɽຊߘͰ͸ɼ4 ‫ۃ‬๏ʹΑΔ౔৕ͷ ECa ଌఆʹରͯ͠ɼECa –θ –ECw ؔ܎Λங͍ͨ Rhoades et al.ʢ1976ʣΛऔΓ্͛ɼϞσϧ͕ಋग़͞Εͨ‫ܦ‬աΛ࠶֬ೝ͠ɼ‫Ͱ·ࡏݱ‬ͷؔ࿈͢Δٞ࿦Λ֓‫ͨ͠؍‬ɽRhoades Ϟσϧ͸ɼ౔৕ͷӷ૬ͱ‫ݻ‬૬͕ฒྻͷి‫ؾ‬఍߅Λ‫ܗ‬੒͍ͯ͠ΔͱԾఆ͠ɼ౔৕༹ӷͷԘೱ౓ͱਫ෼ྔʹґଘ͠ͳ͍‫ݻ‬૬ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ཰ ECs ͱθ ʹൺྫ͢Δಁա܎਺ T Λಋೖͯ͠ಋग़͞Εͨɽ͞ΒʹɼRhoades Β͸ɼ4 छྨͷෆ᎟ཚ౔৕ࢼྉΛ༻͍ͨࡉ৺ͷ஫ҙΛ෷ͬͨ୮೦ͳ࣮‫ʹݧ‬ΑΓϞσϧͷ‫ূݕ‬΋ߦͬͨɽ4 ‫ۃ‬๏ʹΑΔ౰࣌ͷ EC ଌఆͰ͸ θͷಉ࣌ଌఆ͸ࠔ೉Ͱ͕͋ͬͨɼTDR ͳͲී‫ࠓͨ͠ٴ‬೔ʹ͓͍ͯɼߋʹͦͷॏཁੑ͕૿ͨ͠࿦จͰ͋ΔɽΩʔϫʔυɿRhoades ϞσϧɼԘྨ౔৕ɼ4 ‫ۃ‬๏ɼTime Domain Reﬂectometryɼ༹࣭Ҡಈ41  "$#!



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౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

Miscellaneous

No. 125, p.43 ∼ 51 (2013)2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձߨԋձϙελʔηογϣϯɹൃදཁࢫ

ฏ੒ 25 ೥ 10 ݄ 26 ೔ɼୈ 55 ճ౔৕෺ཧֶձେձ͕෱ౡେֶΩϟϯύεʹ͓͍ͯ։࠵͞Εɼ໿ 120 ໊͕ࢀूͨ͠ɽϙελʔηογϣϯ͸ɼγϯϙδ΢ϜςʔϚʹԊͬͨʮ์ࣹઢ෺࣭ͱ౔৕෺ཧʯʹରͯ͠

12 ՝୊ɼྫ೥௨Γͷʮ౔৕෺ཧ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ࠷લઢʯʹରͯ͠ 38 ՝୊ɼ߹Θͤͯ 50 ՝୊ͷൃද͕ߦΘΕɺ೤৺ͳ౼࿦͕ߦΘΕͨɽϙελʔηογϣϯൃදཁࢫͷ֓ཁΛࢿྉͱͯ͜͜͠ʹ‫͢ࡌܝ‬Δɽͳ͓ɼൃද
ཁࢫͷશ༰͸ֶձϗʔϜϖʔδ্ͰӾཡՄೳͰ͋Δɽ

1. ์ࣹੑ෺࣭ͱ౔৕෺ཧ

೶஍౔৕ʹ͓͚Δ์ࣹੑηγ΢ϜͷԖ௚෼෍ͷۭؒมಈ౔৕தʹ͓͚Δ์ࣹೳೱ౓Ԗ௚෼෍ଌఆ‫ث‬ͷ։ൃ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պླ໦৺໵ 1 , ‫੉ؠ‬ɹ޿ 2 , ొඌߒॿ 3 ,์ࣹੑ Cs ʹΑΓԚછ͞Εͨ෱ౡ‫಺ݝ‬ͷະߞ‫ى‬ͷਫాߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ 1 , খྛେथ 1 , ҏ౻ɹ఩ 4

ʢ30 m×110 mʣʹ͓͍ͯɼ5 cm ‫ܘ‬αϯϓϥʔʹΑΓ௕ ·1 ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պࢁ໺ହ໌, ٢ాमҰ࿠, Ԙ୔ɹণ୹ลํ޲ʹ 1 ∼ 2 m ִؒͰ࡞౔Λ࠾औ͠ɼ์ࣹੑ Cs ͷ

2 ߴΤωϧΪʔՃ଎‫ߏػڀݚث‬Ԗ௚෼෍Λଌఆͨ͠ɽ10 cm ૚ฏ‫ ۉ‬Cs ೱ౓ͱฏ‫ۉ‬Ҡಈ

3 ໌࣏େֶ೶ֶ෦

ਂ౓ͷมಈ܎਺͸ɼͦΕͧΕ 50 %ɼ35 % Ͱ͋ͬͨɽ͜

4 ‫ࣜג‬ձࣾΫϩεΞϏϦςΟ

ΕΒͷมಈʹ͸਺ेηϯνεέʔϧͷඍ஍‫ʹܗ‬ΑΔӨ‫ڹ‬೶஍౔৕ʹ͓͍ͯਂ౓ผͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓Λଌఆ͕ೝΊΒΕ͕ͨɼ਺ϝʔτϧ͔Β਺ेϝʔτϧεέʔϧ

͢Δχʔζ͕ߴ·͍ͬͯΔɽ͔͠͠ɼ‫ݱ‬ঢ়Ͱ͸‫ݱ‬৔Ͱ౔Ͱͷೱ౓ͷߴ௿܏޲͸ೝΊΒΕͣɼ΄৔಺Ͱ͸ϥϯμϜ

৕࠾औΛߦ͍ɼ࣋ͪ‫ʹޙͨͬؼ‬෼ੳΛߦ͏ͨΊʹ࣌ؒͱʹ෼෍͍ͯ͠ΔͱΈͳͤͨɽ࿑ྗ͕͔͔ͬͯ͠·͍ɼඇޮ཰తͰ͋Δɽͦ͜Ͱɼຊ‫ݚ‬Ωʔϫʔυɿআછ, ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ, ۭؒมಈ, Ԗ௚෼෍‫Ͱڀ‬͸‫ݱ‬৔Ͱ؆қతʹਂ౓ผͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓͕ଌఆՄೳͳ‫ثػ‬ͷ։ൃΛߦͬͨɽ։ൃͨ͠ଌఆ‫ث‬͸ิਖ਼Λ৿ྛ‫ྲྀݯ‬෦Ͱͷ‫ྲྀܢ‬ਫΛ௨ͨ͡ग़ਫ࣌ͷ‫ݒ‬୙෺࣭͓Αͼ

Ճ͑Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɼਂ౓ผͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝೱ౓Λଊ͑
Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽ
Ωʔϫʔυɿ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ, Ԗ௚ೱ౓෼෍, ϑΥτμΠ
Φʔυ, ؆қଌఆ, আછ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝͷྲྀग़ࣰ‫ٶ‬Ղथ 1 , খྛ੓޿ 2 , খ໺‫ݡ‬ೋ 1 , ࢤ஌޾࣏ 2 ,‫ۄ‬Ҫ޾࣏ 2 , େ؏੖ߒ 2 , ਗ਼ਫ‫و‬ൣ 2 , ൧ాਅҰ 2 ,Ԇኍཽ඙ 3 , ᖒ໺ਅ࣏ 2 , ௶ࢁྑ෉ 2 , යాརल 4
1 ಠཱߦ੓๏ਓ৿ྛ૯߹‫ॴڀݚ‬౦๺ࢧॴ
2 ಠཱߦ੓๏ਓ৿ྛ૯߹‫ॴڀݚ‬ଯੵ༗‫࣭ػ‬૚ॆరΧϥϜ͔Βྲྀग़͢ΔίϩΠυཻࢠͷྲྀग़ಛੑͱཻ‫ܘ‬෼෍

3 ಠཱߦ੓๏ਓ৿ྛ૯߹‫ॴڀݚ‬๺ւಓࢧॴ
4 ෱ౡ‫ڀݚۀྛݝ‬ηϯλʔࢁԼ༞࢘ஜ೾େֶੜ໋‫ܥڥ؀‬෱ౡ‫ࢢࢁ܊ݝ‬ͷଟా໺ࢼ‫͍͓ͯʹྛݧ‬ग़ਫ࣌ʹ‫ྲྀܢ‬ਫҵ৓‫ݝ‬ೆ෦ͷྛ஍͔Β࠾औ͞Εͨଯੵ༗‫࣭ػ‬૚ʢO

Λ௨ͯ͡ྲྀग़͢Δ‫ݒ‬୙෺࣭ʢSSʣ΍์ࣹੑηγ΢ϜʢCsʣ૚ʣΛॆరͨ͠ΧϥϜ௨ਫ࣮‫ݧ‬Λߦ͍ɼίϩΠυͷྲྀͷಈଶʹ͍ͭͯௐࠪ͠ɼҎԼͷ݁ՌΛಘͨɽ1ʣ์ࣹੑग़ύλʔϯͱཻࢠ‫܈‬ͷཻ‫ܘ‬෼෍Λ‫ܭ‬ଌͨ͠ɽͦͷ݁ՌɼCs ͸େ͖ͳग़ਫͰΑΓଟ͘ྲྀग़͢Δɼ2ʣ୯Ґ໘ੵ͋ͨϑΝʔετϑϥογϡ࣌ʹίϩΠυྲྀग़ྔ͕ߴ·ΓɼͦΓͷ৿ྛͷ์ࣹੑ Cs ྲྀग़཰͸খ͍͞ɼ3ʣग़ਫ࣌ͷ‫ྲྀܢ‬ͷ์ग़଎౓΋଎͍͜ͱ͕ࣔ͞ΕͨɽՃ͑ͯɼಈతޫࢄཚ

ਫͷ SS ͸༗‫ػ‬ଶ੒෼ΑΓແ‫ػ‬ଶ੒෼ͷ΄͏͕ଟ͘ͳΔɼ๏ʹΑΔཻ‫ܘ‬෼෍ଌఆ͔Βɼ10, 30, 300 nm ͓Αͼ 2 μ m

4ʣग़ਫ࣌ͷ SS ʹ‫·ؚ‬ΕΔ์ࣹੑ Cs ͸ਫ΍ࢎʹ༹͚ʹʹϐʔΫΛ΋ͭίϩΠυཻࢠ‫܈‬ͷଘࡏ͕֬ೝ͞Εͨɽ͍͘‫ܗ‬ଶͷ΋ͷ͕ଟ͍ɽΩʔϫʔυɿίϩΠυཻࢠ, ΧϥϜࢼ‫ݧ‬, ಈతޫࢄཚཻ‫ܘ‬Ωʔϫʔυɿ৿ྛ‫ྲྀݯ‬෦, ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ, ‫ྲྀܢ‬ਫ, ‫ݒ‬୙෼෍෺࣭, ྲྀग़

౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)44൧‫ؘ‬ଜʹ͓͚Δআછ‫ޙ‬೶஍ͰͷਫҴ࠿ഓࢼ‫ݧ‬ਅ࠭ʹ‫·ؚ‬ΕΔӢ฼ཻ༷ࢠʹऩண͢Δηγ΢Ϝ෼෍ͷ੢࿬३ࢠ 1 , ઙ໦௚ඒ 1 , খদ࡚কҰ 1 ,SEM-EDX ʹΑΔ‫࡯؍‬຤‫ܧ‬ɹ३, ৿ɹ໵ੇࢤ

ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ 2 , ొඌߒॿ 3
1 ҵ৓େֶ೶ֶ෦
2 ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ
3 ໌࣏େֶ೶ֶ෦

ԬࢁେֶେֶӃ‫ڥ؀‬ੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ౔৕தͷΠϥΠτ΍όΠΦλΠτʢࠇӢ฼ʣ౳ͷ߭෺͸ηγ΢ϜʢCsʣΛ‫ٵʹݻڧ‬ண͠ɼද౔ͷআછΛࠔ೉ʹ෱ౡୈҰ‫ॴిൃྗࢠݪ‬ͷࣄ‫Ͱނ‬Ԛછ͞Εͨ೶஍Ͱͷ೶

͢Δͱ͞ΕΔɽൃදऀΒ͸ɼӢ฼౳ʹ‫ݻ‬ఆ͞ΕͨΧϦ΢‫࠶ۀ‬։ʹ޲͚আછ‫׆‬ಈ͕ߦΘΕΔɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼද౔ണϜΛՄ༹Խ͢ΔΧϦ΢Ϝ༹ղ‫ە‬Λ༻͍ͯද౔தͷ Cs Λ͗औΓআછʹͱ΋ͳ͏໰୊఺ͱͯ͠౔৕ංཊ౓ͷ௿ԼՄ༹Խͤ͞ɼՄ༹Խͨ͠ Cs Λਓ޻ϚΫϩϙΞͰ౔৕ਂΛ೦಄ʹɼ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜͰͷ೶‫ۀ‬Λ࠶ੜͤ͞ΔͨΊɼআ෦΁আ‫͢ڈ‬Δํ๏Λ‫ݕ‬౼͍ͯ͠ΔɽຊൃදͰ͸ɼ·ͣૈછ‫ޙ‬ͷਫా΁ͷҴΘΒͷঅ͖ࠐΈɼ·ͨ͸ଯංࢪ༻͕౔

େͳӢ฼ཻ༷ࢠʹ Cs ͕ऩண͢Δ͔Ͳ͏͔Λ֬ೝ͠ɼऩ

৕ಛੑʹ༩͑ΔӨ‫ͱڹ‬ਫҴੜҭͷௐࠪΛߦͬͨɽͦͷ݁

ணͨ͠ Cs ͷۭؒ෼෍Λ SEM-EDXʢ૸ࠪ‫ݦࢠిܕ‬ඍ‫ڸ‬-Ռɼର৅۠ͰϦϯࢎ͕‫࣌ܦ‬௿Լ͠ɼҴͷੜҭ͕ଞͷ۠ΑΤωϧΪʔ෼ࢄ‫ ޫܬܕ‬X ઢ෼ੳʣʹΑͬͯ໌Β͔ʹ͠Γए‫ྼׯ‬Δ͜ͱ͕֬ೝ͞Εͨɽ·ͨɼҴΘΒ͔Β౔৕΁ͨɽͷ Cs Ҡߦ͸΄ͱΜͲ‫ݟ‬ΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɽ

ΩʔϫʔυɿӢ฼ཻ༷ࢠ, ηγ΢Ϝ, SEM-EDX, ਓ޻ϚΫΩʔϫʔυɿ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ, ਫҴ, ද౔ണ͗औΓ, ൧‫ؘ‬ϩϙΞ, ΧϦ΢Ϝ༹ղ‫ە‬ଜ൧‫ؘ‬ଜਫాͰͷ୅͔͖আછ๏ͷޮՌΛߴΊΔͨΊͷ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ࠶ੜΛ໨ࢦ͢‫ڠ‬ಇͷ੒Γཱͪ౔ཻࢠͷ௜߱଎౓

—;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձΛࣄྫʹ—ԣ઒՚ࢬ, ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պੴ౉ঘ೭, ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ

2011 ೥ 3 ݄ 11 ೔ͷ౦೔ຊେ਒ࡂʹ൐͍෱ౡୈҰ‫ࢠݪ‬ߴೱ౓ͷ์ࣹೳԚછͷͨΊʹશଜආ೉ͷର৅Ͱ͋Δ෱

ྗൃిॴ͔Β֦ࢄͨ͠์ࣹੑ෺࣭͸ओʹ஍ද໘ʹଘࡏ͢ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜʹ͓͍ͯɼNPO ๏ਓʮ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʯΛ

Δͱ͍ΘΕΔɽ͔͠͠ɼ૲ͷൟໜɼߞసɼΠϊγγ౳ͷհͯ͠ॅຽɼߦ੓ɼେֶ · ‫ؔػڀݚ‬ɼઐ໳ՈɼϘϥϯςΟ

्֐ʹΑ࣮ͬͯࡍʹ͸ද౔࡟ΓऔΓআછ๏Λద༻͕ͨ͠

Ξ͕‫ڠ‬ಇͯ͠ඃࡂ஍Ҭ࠶ੜϓϩδΣΫτΛ࣮ࢪ͢Δͱ͍

͍೶஍͕ଟ͍ɽͦͷͨΊ࣮ࡍͷ೶஍Ͱ࢖͑ɼಛผͳࢼༀ

͏‫ڠ‬ಇͷߏ଄͕ଘࡏ͢Δɽͦͷߏ଄͸;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձ͕ෆཁͰল࿑ྗͳআછख๏ͷ։ൃ͕ඞཁͰ͋Δɽຊ‫ڀݚ‬ձһ͕ͦΕͧΕͷόοΫάϥ΢ϯυɼਓ຺΍‫ݧܦ‬ɼઐ໳Ͱ͸෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜਫాͷআછΛ೦಄ʹɼআછޮՌΛߴΊ஌ࣝΛ‫͕ͳ͔͠׆‬ΒɼϓϩδΣΫτΛޮՌత͔ͭԁ‫ʹ׈‬ΔͨΊʹ౔ͷஂཻߏ଄ͷഁյʹண໨ͨ͠୅͔͖আછ๏։

ਐΊΔ͜ͱʹΑͬͯ੒Γཱ͍ͬͯΔɽൃͷͨΊͷ‫ݧ࣮ૅج‬ΛߦͬͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜ, ‫ڠ‬ಇ, ෮‫࠶ · ڵ‬ੜ, ϘϥϯςΟ

Ωʔϫʔυɿ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ, ਫా, আછ, ୅͔͖, ௜߱଎Ξ, NPO౓෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷՏ઒ʹ͓͚Δ์ࣹੑ෺࣭ྲྀग़ͷ‫ݱ‬஍‫؍‬ଌԼํਁಁଅਐʹΑΔ஍ද͔Βͷ์ࣹੑ߱Լ෺࡟‫ݮ‬ͷࢼΈେᖒ࿨හ 1 , ยࢁߴ࢚ 1 , ୢ໺Ӊେ 1 ,৿ɹ໵ੇࢤ 1 , ‫ٶ‬ຊचະ 1 , Ҵੜӫࢠ 2 ,ా໺Ҫ‫ܚ‬ଠ࿕ 2 , ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ 2ొඌߒॿ 3 , ຤‫ܧ‬ɹ३ 1

1 Ӊ౎‫ٶ‬େֶ೶ֶ෦

1 ԬࢁେֶେֶӃ2 ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ

2 ‫ٶ‬৓‫ݝ‬೶‫ · ۀ‬Ԃܳ૯߹‫ॴڀݚ‬෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜೆ෦ʹҐஔ͢Δ৽ా઒ਫ‫ܥ‬ͷൺી઒Λର

3 ໌࣏େֶ೶ֶ෦

৅ͱͯ͠ɼྲྀҬʹ͓͚Δ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝͷྲྀग़ྔΛ‫ݱ‬஍ഉਫෆྑ஍Ͱ͸ɼද໘ྲྀൃੜ΍Ϋϥετ‫ܗ‬੒ɼ·ͨۙ‫؍‬ଌʹΑͬͯఆྔͨ͠ɽ2013 ೥ 6 ݄ͷҰӍʹ͓͚Δ‫؍‬೥૿Ճ܏޲ʹ͋Δ‫ڧ‬ӍʹΑͬͯද૚౔৕͕ࣦΘΕΔྼԽ

ଌͷ݁ՌɼՏ઒ਫதʹ͓͚Δ SS ೱ౓ͱ 137 Cs ೱ౓ͷ૬ϓϩηεʹ͞Β͞ΕΔՄೳੑ͕ߴ͍ɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ౦೔ؔ͸ߴ͘ɼ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ͸‫ݒ‬୙෺࣭ʹ‫ٵ‬ண͞Εͨঢ়ଶຊେ਒ࡂͷաఔͰ์ࣹੑ෺࣭ͷ߱Լ͕͋ͬͨഉਫෆྑͷͰ༌ૹ͞Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɽ·ͨɼSS ྲྀग़ྔͷ૯ՌथԂʹ͓͍ͯɼԼํਁಁଅਐٕज़Λ࢖ͬͯ์ࣹੑ෺࣭

ྔ͸ 3.9 Mgʢ0.15 g/m2 ʣͰ͋Γɼ137 Cs ྲྀग़ྔͷ૯ྔ͸Λࠜ‫܈‬ҬԼʹҠಈͤ͞ɼഇ‫౔غ‬৕Λൃੜͤͣ͞ʹ஍දʹ

301 MBqʢ0.012 kBq/m2 ʣͰ͋ͬͨɽ

͓͚Δ์ࣹઢྔΛ‫ͣݮ‬Δ͜ͱΛࢼΈͨɽΧϥϜ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸Ωʔϫʔυɿ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ, ‫ݒ‬୙෺࣭, ྲྀग़, ϞχλϦ์ࣹੑ෺࣭͕ԼํʹҠಈ͠ɼ͔ͭഉਫ͔Β͸ະ‫ݕ‬ग़ͱ͍ϯά, ෱ౡ

͏ॳ‫ظ‬ͷ஌‫ݟ‬ΛಘͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ์ࣹੑ෺࣭, ਁಁ, ϚΫϩϙΞ

ࢿྉɿ2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձߨԋձϙελʔηογϣϯɹൃදཁࢫ
ՄൖࣜΨϯϚΧϝϥͱःณ౔৕ϦϞφΠτʹΑΔ
‫ޙނࣄൃݪ‬ͷ‫ ڥ؀‬γ ઢ௿‫ؔ͢ʹݮ‬Δ‫ڀݚ‬ਫ໺ٛ೭ 1 , ෰෦༑‫ ل‬2 , ্ࡔΓ͞ 3
1 ‫ࢠঁ౎ژ‬େֶେֶӃ‫ݱ‬୅ࣾձ‫ڀݚ‬Պߞ൫૚, ‫୓ׯ‬஍άϥϏςΟʔίΞϥʔ‫ ܕ৽ܕ‬TDR ϓϩʔϒΛ༻͍ͨਂւఈଯੵ෺ਫ෼ྔଌఆͷ‫ݕ‬౼

2 ‫౎ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պམ߹ത೭ 1 , ొඌߒॿ 2 , দຊɹྑ 2

3 ‫ࢠঁ౎ژ‬େֶ‫ݱ‬୅ࣾձֶ෦

1 ๺ཬେֶ

෱ౡ‫ޙނࣄൃݪ‬ͷ౔৕Ԛછͷಛ௃͸ɼ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ͕޿ൣғʹඇҰ༷෼෍͍ͯ͠ΔͨΊɼۭؒઢྔ཰͸पล൒‫਺ܘ‬ඦϝʔτϧશҬͷ์ࣹઢӨ‫ڹ‬Λߟྀ͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍͜ͱͰ͋Δɽ͜ͷͨΊ‫ݱ‬ঢ়Ͱ͸আછޮ཰ͷվળ͕༰қͰ͸ͳ͘ɼࣾձతࠔ೉ʹѭண͍ͯ͠Δɽͦ͜Ͱຊ‫ݚ‬‫Ͱڀ‬͸Մൖੑͷߴ͍؆қ‫ܕ‬ΨϯϚΧϝϥΛ։ൃ͠ɼγ ઢͷඈདྷํ޲Λ֬ೝͭͭ͠ɼϦϞφΠτ౳ःณੑ౔৕Λ૊Έ߹Θͤͨ‫ ڥ؀‬γ ઢ௿‫ํݮ‬๏Λ։ൃͨ͠ͷͰɼͦͷ‫ڀݚ‬੒Ռͱ࣮ࢪใࠂΛߦ͏ɽΩʔϫʔυɿআછ, ‫ނࣄൃݪ‬, ΨϯϚΧϝϥ, ःณੑ౔৕,ϦϞφΠτ෱ౡ‫಺ݝ‬ͷཱ஍ͷҟͳΔਫాʹ͓͚Δ
์ࣹੑ Cs ྲྀೖ · ྲྀग़ྔͷਪఆ

2 ໌࣏େֶ

ۙ೥, ৽ΤωϧΪʔͷ։ൃ͕‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕ͍ͯΔ. ͦͷதͷҰͭͷϝλϯϋΠυϨʔτ͕, ‫ݻ‬ମঢ়ͷఱવΨεࢿ‫ͱݯ‬ͯ͠஫໨Λཋͼ࢝Ί͍ͯΔ. ਂւఈʹ͸ϑϦʔΨεͱͯ͠ϝλϯΨε͕ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ͕෼͔Γ࢝Ί, ͦͷଌఆํ๏͕‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕ͍ͯΔ. མ߹Β͸, ւఈଯੵ෺தͷਫ෼ྔଌఆʹ੒ޭ͕ͨ͠, ൚༻ੑ͕௿͘, අ༻͕͔͔ͬͨ. ͦ͜Ͱຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ΑΓ൚༻ੑ͕ߴ͘, ͦΕ·ͰΑΓ҆ՁͰଌఆ
͢Δ͜ͱΛ೦಄ʹஔ͍ͯ‫ͨ͠ڀݚ‬.
Ωʔϫʔυɿਫ෼ྔ, ਂւఈ, TDR, άϥϏςΟʔίΞ๛Ӝ࠭ͷՙిಛੑ
ຊ૳༤ଠ 1 , ௰ຊཅࢠ 1 , খྛ‫װ‬Ղ 1 , ଍ཱହ‫ ٱ‬2
1 ஜ೾େֶੜ໋‫ڥ؀‬Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ٢઒লࢠ 1 , ߐ‫ޱ‬ఆ෉ 1 , ൘‫ڮ‬ɹ௚ 1 ,Ҫ૔কਓ 1 , େӽɹ૱ 245

2 ஜ೾େֶੜ໋‫ܥڥ؀‬1 ೶‫ٕڥ؀ۀ‬ज़‫ॴڀݚ‬๞࿨๛Ӝ࠭ͷྲྀಈిҐͱి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓ͷଌఆʹΑΓɼ๛

2 ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬೶‫ۀ‬૯߹ηϯλʔӜ࠭ͷՙిಛੑΛௐ΂ͨɽి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓Λղੳͨ݁͠Ռɼ

෱ౡ‫ʹޙނࣄൃݪ‬ɼ2012 ೥ 5 ݄͔Β 1 ೥ؒɼ์ࣹੑ

Cs ೱ౓ͷߴ͍ίϝΛ࢈ग़ͨ͠ 3 ਫాʹ͓͍ͯɼਫాͷਫऩࢧɼ͓Αͼਫͱͱ΋ʹҠಈ͢Δ์ࣹੑ Cs ͷଌఆʹΑΓɼͦͷਫాͰͷ์ࣹੑ Cs ྲྀೖ · ྲྀग़ྔͷਪఆΛߦͬ
ͨɽ1 ೥ؒͷ์ࣹੑ Cs ͷग़ೖΓʢୠ͠ਫҴऩ֭෼͸ߟྀ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ʣ͸ɼਫాͷ Cs ଘࡏྔͷ 0.6 % ͷྲྀग़ɼ0.3% ͷྲྀೖɼ2.3 % ͷྲྀग़ͱ‫͞ࢉܭ‬ΕͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿਫऩࢧ, ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ, ‫ݒ‬୙෺࣭, ਫా

2. ౔৕෺ཧ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ࠷લઢ

O’Brien Βͷཧ࿦͕ࣜΑ͘੒Γཱͭ͜ͱɼද໘఻ಋͷӨ‫͕ڹ‬ແࢹͰ͖Δ͜ͱ͕໌Β͔ͱͳͬͨɽྲྀಈిҐ͔Βࢉग़ͨ͠θʔλిҐͷ pH ґଘੑ͸ɼओ੒෼Ͱ͋ΔγϦΧͱఆੑతʹҰகͨ͠ɽ͔͠͠ɼθʔλిҐͷ࣮‫ݧ‬஋ͱɼ

Hiemstra Β͕ใࠂͨ͠ 1pK Stern ϞσϧʹΑΔγϦΧͷ
֦ࢄ૚ిҐͷ‫ࢉܭ‬஋ͱ͸ఆྔతʹҟͳΔ͜ͱ͕໌Β͔ʹͳͬͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ๛Ӝ࠭, θʔλిҐ, ද໘఻ಋ, 1pK ϞσϧແԘ‫ܥ‬೪౔ཻࢠͷ༠ిಛੑʹର͢Δి‫ؾ‬ೋॏ૚ͷӨ‫ڹ‬௰ຊཅࢠ 1 , Claire Chassagne2 , ଍ཱହ‫ ٱ‬3‫୓ׯ‬஍ਫాͷߞ൫૚ʹ‫ܗ‬੒͞Εͨ؅ঢ়޸ܺ
͓ΑͼϦʔθΨϯάଳ

1 ஜ೾େֶେֶӃੜ໋‫ڥ؀‬Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ੒Ԭɹࢢ 1 , ኍॅ๛Ұ 1 , ‫ݹ‬୩ɹ‫ ܒ‬22 σϧϑτ޻Պେֶ

1 ࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պ

1 ஜ೾େֶେֶӃੜ໋‫ܥڥ؀‬

2 ࡾॏ‫ݝ‬೶ྛਫ࢈෦

༠ిεϖΫτϩείϐʔʹΑΓແԘ‫ܥ‬೪౔‫ݒ‬୙ӷͷ༠‫୓ׯ‬஍ਫాͷ؅ঢ়޸ܺߏ଄ɼ૚Ґؒͷ઀ଓੑ · ௨‫ؾ‬ੑిಛੑΛ໌Β͔ʹ͠ɼి‫ؾ‬ೋॏ૚ͷൃୡ΍ͦΕʹ൐͏ཻ· ഉਫੑ౳ʹ͍ͭͯɼ‫ݱ‬஍ௐࠪ · ࣨ಺࣮‫͔ݧ‬Βߟ࡯ͨ͠ɽ

ࢠؒ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬ͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λௐ΂ͨɽελʔϯ૚ಋి཰͓Αͼͱ͘ʹߞ൫૚ͷ؅ঢ়ൗమ͸ɼ޸ܺลԑ෦ʢൗమ෦෼ʣͷθʔλిҐΛύϥϝʔλʔͱͯ͠ɼChassagne Βͷཧ࿦ີ౓͕େ͖͘ɼ޸ܺ‫ܘ‬ͷେখʹؔ܎ͳ͘޸ܺͷลԑ͔ʹ‫͖ͮج‬ղੳΛͨ݁͠Ռɼ؇࿨प೾਺͕όϧΫͷಋి཰Β 200 ∼ 300 μ m ‫࣭ج‬ଆʹີ౓ͷϐʔΫ͕͋ͬͨɽ͜ͷʹ૬౰͢ΔΠΦϯ‫ʹ౓ڧ‬Αܾͬͯ·ΔσόΠ௕ͱ૬͕ؔ

“Liesegang band” ͸ɼ౔৕ͷࢎԽؐ‫ݩ‬ɼਫҴࠜͷࢎԽྗ

͋Δ͜ͱ͕໌Β͔ͱͳͬͨɽ·ͨɼ༠ి཰ͱମੵ෼཰ͷ౳ʹؔ͢Δ‫ط‬ԟͷ஌‫ݟ‬ͷ΄͔ɼ௨‫ؾ‬ੑͷߴ͍૚Ґؒͷૈؔ܎͔ΒɼϞϯϞϦϩφΠτཻࢠؒʹ૬‫͕༻࡞ޓ‬ಇ͍ͯ޸ܺߏ଄ͱ஍Լ‫ؿ‬ਫҐͷ্Լಈͷ݁ՌʹΑΔ΋ͷͱߟ࡯

͍Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞Εͨɽͨ͠ɽΩʔϫʔυɿ೪౔, ༠ిεϖΫτϩείϐʔ, ෼‫཰ۃ‬, θʔΩʔϫʔυɿ؅ঢ়޸ܺ, ౔৕ߏ଄, ϦʔθΨϯάଳ, ਫాλిҐ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)46

ҟͳͬͨɽ48 h Ҏ‫ޙ‬͸, ‫څ‬ਫ఺͔Βͷ‫͕཭ڑ‬ҟͳͬͯ΋ɼEh ΍ DO ͷਂ͞෼෍͸౳͘͠ͳͬͨɽࣨ಺࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸‫ס‬૩ີ౓΍‫࣭ج‬ͷఴՃΛ‫ۉ‬౳ʹߦ͍ɼ‫څ‬ਫ఺Λߟྀ͢Ε͹ɼ

48 h Ҏ‫Ͱޙ‬͸ Eh ͷۭؒ෼෍ΛແࢹͰ͖Δͱ͍͑ΔɽΩʔϫʔυɿࢎԽؐ‫ిݩ‬Ґ, ༹ଘࢎૉྔ, ۭؒ෼෍, ౔৕ද໘஠ૉ · ୸ૉ॥‫؀‬࿈݁ϞσϧʹΑΔ౔தͷ༗‫ػ‬෺෼ղͷ‫ݕ‬౼ࡾ໦ਅོ, औग़৳෉ࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պ

Photo. 1 ϙελʔձ৔ͷ༷ࢠɽ২෺Ҩମͷ෼ղ࣮‫ݧ‬ʢ޿੉ 1973ʣʹରͯ͠஠ૉ · ୸ૉ॥‫؀‬ϞσϧΛద༻͠ɼҰ࣍෼ղఆ਺΍෗২ͷੜ੒ׂ߹Λܾఆ͠ɼ༗‫ػ‬෺෼ղաఔͷ஠ૉͱ୸ૉͷ‫ܗ‬ଶΛ‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠ɽௗऔϚα౔ͷද໘ྲྀग़ʹ‫߱͢΅ٴ‬ਫͷ pH ͱిղ࣭ͷӨ‫ڹ‬ࢁా݈ଠ 1 , খྛ‫װ‬Ղ 2 , ౻‫ר‬੖ߦ 3
1 ஜ೾େֶେֶӃੜ໋‫ڥ؀‬Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ
2 ஜ೾େֶੜ໋‫ܥڥ؀‬
3 ௗऔେֶ‫ס‬૩஍‫ڀݚ‬ηϯλʔຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼখ‫ܕ‬ਓ޻߱Ӎ૷ஔΛ࡞੒͠ɼ߱ਫͷ pHɼ

C/N ൺ͕େ͖͍২෺Ҩମ΄Ͳɼ෼ղఆ਺͕খ͍͞ɽC/Nൺ͕ 20 Ҏ্ͷ২෺ҨମͰ͸ɼ෼ղॳ‫͔౔͍͓ͯʹظ‬Βແ‫ػ‬Խ͞Εͨແ‫ػ‬ଶ஠ૉͷ༗‫ػ‬Խ͕ੜͨ͡ɽ͞Βʹ෼ղ͕ਐߦ͢ΔͱɼCO2 ͷൃੜʹΑΓ C/N ൺ͸ 20 ҎԼʹ௿Լ͠ɼ஠ૉͷແ‫ػ‬Խ͕ੜ͡Δ༗‫ػ‬෺෼ղաఔ΁ͱมԽ͠ɼ
࠷ऴతʹ NH4 ͱ෗২ʹ෼ղ͞ΕͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ஠ૉ॥‫؀‬, ༗‫ػ‬෺෼ղ, C/N ൺ, Ұ࣍෼ղిղ࣭ͷछྨ͕౔৕ද໘͔Βͷྲྀग़ਫͷൃੜʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ݕ͍ͯͭʹڹ‬౼ͨ͠ɽ࣮‫͔ݧ‬Βɼද໘ྲྀग़ͷൃੜ͸ࢎੑͰ཈੍͞ΕɼΞϧΧϦੑͰଅਐ͞ΕΔ͜ͱ͕໌Β͔ͱౚ݁ · ༥ղաఔʹ͓͚ΔࠇϘΫ౔ͷෆౚਫྔ‫ۂ‬ઢ௕ా༑ཬ‫ܙ‬, ౉ล৾ੜͳͬͨɽ͜Ε͸౔ཻࢠͷ ζ ిҐͷେ͖͞ʹରԠ͍ͯ͠
ͨɽ·ͨɼ౔ཻࢠؒͷ੩ిత൓ൃྗͷͳ͍‫ٸ‬଎‫ྖूڽ‬Ҭʹ͋Δ 1 M NaClɼ1 mM CaCl2 ͷ߱ਫ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ݁ՌɼCaࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬ՊࠇϘΫ౔ΛҟͳΔ଎౓Ͱౚ݁ · ༥ղ͠ɼෆౚਫྔ‫ۂ‬ઢ߱ਫͷํ͕ද໘ྲྀग़ൃੜͷ཈੍ޮՌ͕͋ͬͨɽ

Λൺֱͨ͠ɽౚ݁଎౓͕଎͍ͱɼԹ౓ฏߧ࣌ʹൺ΂ෆౚΩʔϫʔυɿ౔৕ίϩΠυ, Ϋϥετ, θʔλిҐ, ‫· ूڽ‬ਫྔ͕ଟ͘ͳͬͨɽ·ͨɼಈతʹԹ౓ΛมԽͤ͞ͳ͕Β෼ࢄෆౚਫྔ‫ۂ‬ઢΛ࡞੒͢Δͱɼౚ݁‫ۂ‬ઢͱ༥ղ‫ۂ‬ઢʹණͷඇฏߧ੒௕ʹΑΔ‫্͚͔ݟ‬ͷώεςϦγε͕ੜͨ͡ɽਫ

ਫͷྲྀΕ͕͋Δ౔தͷౚ݁աఔͷ‫࡯؍‬౉ล৾ੜࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պ࠭ࢼྉ྆ଆ୺ͷਫҐΛ౳ͨ͘͠͠ਫͷྲྀΕͷͳ͍৚݅෼ಛੑ‫ۂ‬ઢ΍ৠൃաఔͷਫ෼ྔมԽ͸ෆౚਫྔ‫ۂ‬ઢͱ֓ͶҰக͕ͨ͠ɼࠓ‫ޙ‬ͷৄࡉͳ‫ݕ‬౼͕ඞཁͰ͋ΔɽΩʔϫʔυɿౚ݁‫ۂ‬ઢ, ༥ղ‫ۂ‬ઢ, ਫ෼ಛੑ‫ۂ‬ઢ, ౚ݁଎౓, TDRͱɼҰఆͷਫҐࠩΛઃ͚ͨਫͷྲྀΕͷ͋Δ৚݅Ͱɼࢼྉ
ʹԖ௚ʹૠೖͨ͠ྫྷ٫؅ʹ −20◦ C ͷྫྷഔΛ॥‫ͨ͠؀‬ɽ͜ͷࡍɼౚ౔ͷൃୡͱ஍ԼਫҐͷมԽΛน໘ΑΓ‫͠࡯؍‬ͨɽྲྀΕͷͳ͍৚݅Ͱ͸ྫྷഔ॥‫ ޙ؀‬90 ෼Ͱౚ౔͕ෆಁ
ਫੑͷนঢ়ͷ૚Λͳ͕ͨ͠ɼྲྀΕͷ͋Δ৚݅Ͱ͸ౚ౔ͷ౔৕ϦΞϧλΠϜ෼ੳͷͨΊͷ EC, Թ౓, pH ηϯαΛूੵԽͨ͠ϚϧνϞʔμϧηϯαͷ։ൃೋ઒խొ 1 , ଜాޫ໌ 2 , ੴాɹ੣ 2 , ᖒా࿨໌ 2
1 ๛‫ٕڮ‬ज़ՊֶେֶςʔϥʔϝΠυ · ότϯκʔϯ੒௕ʹΑΓྲྀΕ͕ःΒΕΔ·Ͱ 330 ෼Λཁͨ͠ɽ೤ͷҠ‫ڭ‬ҭਪਐຊ෦

ྲྀ΍ྲྀΕʹΑΔؒܺණͷ‫ܗ‬΍෼෍ͷมԽ͕ɼౚ౔ͷ੒௕

2 ๛‫ٕڮ‬ज़Պֶେֶిࢠ৘ใ޻ֶઐ߈

ͱಁਫੑͷ௿ԼΛ஗ͨ͘͠ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽΩʔϫʔυɿౚ౔, ಁਫੑ, ஍ԼਫҐ, ͦͷ৔‫࡯؍‬౔৕தͷΦϯαΠτϞχλϦϯάΛ໨ࢦ͠ɼECɼԹ
౓ɼpH ηϯαΛूੵԽͨ͠ϚϧνϞʔμϧηϯαΛ੡
࡞ͨ͠ɽ5 mm ֯ͷ Si νοϓ্ʹ൒ಋମूੵճ࿏ٕज़
Λ༻͍ͯ‫ܗ‬੒͓ͯ͠Γɼ֤ηϯα͕ಉ࣌ · ϦΞϧλΠϜ

୷ਫ౔৕ද໘ۙ๣ͷ Eh ͱ DO ͷۭؒ෼෍ʹ‫ܭ‬ଌͰ͖Δ͜ͱ͕ಛ௃ͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɽ͜ͷηϯαΛ༻஛಺๖࣮, ౉ล৾ੜ͍ɼϩοΫ΢ʔϧͰͷ ECɼԹ౓ɼpH ϦΞϧλΠϜ‫ܭ‬ଌࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պͱɼ౔৕Ͱͷ ECɼԹ౓ͷ௕‫ܭظ‬ଌΛߦ͍ɼηϯαͷ༗ޮࣨ಺࣮‫ʹݧ‬ΑΓ୷ਫ౔৕ͷද໘ۙ๣ͷ Eh ͱ DO ͷۭੑΛ֬ೝ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽ

ؒ෼෍Λௐ΂ͨɽ‫څ‬ਫ։࢝‫ ޙ‬48 h ͸, DO ʹଌఆՕॴʹΩʔϫʔυɿEC ηϯα, pH ηϯα, Թ౓ηϯα, ൒ಋମΑΔҧ͍͸ΈΒΕͳ͔͕ͬͨɼEh ͸‫څ‬ਫ఺͔Βͷ‫Ͱ཭ڑ‬ूੵճ࿏, ϦΞϧλΠϜଌఆࢿྉɿ2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձߨԋձϙελʔηογϣϯɹൃදཁࢫ

mm εέʔϧ EC ηϯαΞϨΠγεςϜΛ༻͍ͨ47‫ס‬෺ੜ࢈, ඼छ · ೥࣍ؒࠩංྉ֦ࢄ܎਺ͷࢉग़ଜాޫ໌ 1 , ೋ઒խొ 2 , ‫࡚۽‬ɹ஧ 3 ,ඍখॏྗԼʹ͓͚Δ౔৕ཻࢠϞσϧؒܺதͷਫ෼Ҡಈੴాɹ੣ 1 , ࡾࢬਖ਼඙ 3 , ᖒా࿨໌ 1໊૔ཧࣿ 1 , ࠤ౻௚ਓ 2 , ೆɹ൏ਓ 2 ,1 ๛‫ٕڮ‬ज़Պֶେֶిࢠ৘ใ޻ֶઐ߈

ย໺݈ଠ࿠ 1 , ొඌߒॿ 12 ๛‫ٕڮ‬ज़ՊֶେֶςʔϥʔϝΠυ · ότϯκʔϯ

1 ໌࣏େֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ‫ڭ‬ҭਪਐຊ෦

2 ໌࣏େֶ೶ֶ෦

3 ๛‫ٕڮ‬ज़Պֶେֶઌ୺೶‫ۀ‬όΠΦϦαʔνηϯλʔඍখॏྗԼͰ࡞෺ΛҭͯΔӉ஦೶‫ۀ‬͸ɼ௕‫ · ؒظ‬ଟਓ਺౔৕ͷཆ෼֦ࢄ͸࡞෺ͷཆ෼‫ٵ‬ऩΛ஌ΔͨΊʹͱͯͷӉ஦։ൃϛογϣϯΛߦ͏ͨΊʹॏཁͰ͋ΔɽӉ஦ۭ΋ॏཁͰ͋Δɽ֦ࢄͷେ͖͞Λࣔ͢ࢦඪͱ֦ͯ͠ࢄ܎

ؒͰ౔ߞ࠿ഓΛߦ͏ʹ͸ɼඍখॏྗԼʹ͓͚Δ౔৕ཻࢠ਺͕͋Δɽ֦ࢄ܎਺ͷࢉग़͸ 2 cm ҎԼͷཆ෼෼෍มԽ

ؒܺதͷਫ෼ҠಈͷϝΧχζϜΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δ͜ͱ͕

Λଌఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δɽ͔͠͠ɼ౔৕Λ࠾औ͢Δํ๏͕

ඞཁͰ͋Δɽͦ͜Ͱɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸Ψϥε੡‫ؙ‬ఈϑϥείओྲྀͷͨΊɼඇഁյɼ࿈ଓଌఆ͕ࠔ೉Ͱ͋Δɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬Λ༻͍ͯ౔৕ཻࢠϞσϧΛ࡞੒͠ɼϞσϧؒܺதͷਫ෼͸ɼmm εέʔϧͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓ʢECʣηϯαΛෳ਺ར༻ҠಈΛՄࢹԽ͠ը૾ղੳͨ͠ɽਫ෼͸‫ؙ‬ఈϑϥεί઀৮ͨ͠ EC ηϯαΞϨΠγεςϜʢECSASʣΛ࡞੡ͨ͠ɽ

఺ʹӷՍ‫ڮ‬ͷΑ͏ͳ‫ܗ‬ঢ়Ͱอ࣋͞ΕɼҠಈ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ͳECSAS Λ༻͍ͯ౔৕༹ӷ EC ෼෍Λ࿈ଓଌఆͨ݁͠Ռ
ͱɼϑΟοΫͷ๏ଇ͔Βࢉग़ͨ͠ EC ෼෍Λൺֱ͠ɼ2͔ͬͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿඍখॏྗ, ౔৕ཻࢠؒܺ, ਫ෼Ҡಈछྨͷ౔৕ͷ֦ࢄ܎਺Λ‫ٻ‬ΊͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ֦ࢄ܎਺, ి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓, ηϯαΞϨΠ, ࿈ଓଌఆΠϯσΟΧछਫҴ IR24 ͷ࠿ഓʹ͓͚Δ−
ਫ؅ཧͷҧ͍͕౔৕༹ӷத NH+
4 · NO3 ೱ౓ͱ೤ύϧεηϯαʔΛ༻͍ͨ๞࿨ · ෆ๞࿨ਫ෼
ϑϥοΫεͷਪఆSPAD ஋ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ԼେԂ௚ਓ 1 , ೆɹ൏ਓ 2 , ౡ໺ޫོ 2 , ొඌߒॿ 2
1 ໌࣏େֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬ՊࡔҪɹউ, ‫ాݹ‬ါࢿ, ۙ౻ࡊึࡾॏେֶੜ෺ࢿ‫ֶݯ‬෦ௗऔٰ࠭࠭ͱࠇϘΫ౔ʹ 5 ઢࣜ೤ύϧεηϯαʔΛద༻͠ɼ๞࿨ఆৗྲྀ · ෆ๞࿨ॏྗྲྀ࣮‫ݧ‬தͷਫ෼ϑϥοΫεͷਪఆΛߦͳͬͨɽ๞࿨ྲྀʹ͍ͭͯ͸ਫ਼౓Α͘ਪఆͰ͖ɼ஍Լਫྲྀ଎ଌఆ΁ͷద༻͕‫ظ‬଴͞ΕΔɽෆ๞࿨ྲྀʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼਫ෼‫ݮ‬গ࣌ʹੜ͡Δ‫ؾ‬૬ · ӷ૬ͷόϥ͖͕ͭ‫ݪ‬Ҽͱߟ͑ΒΕΔζϨ͕‫ݟ‬ΒΕͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ౔தਫ෼ϑϥοΫε, ೤ಛੑ, 5 ઢ೤ύϧεηϯαʔ, ๞࿨ · ෆ๞࿨ྲྀ2 ໌࣏େֶ೶ֶ෦

ਫాʹ͓͍ͯҟͳΔਫ؅ཧ͕ɼ౔৕༹ӷதͷ NH+
4 ·NO−
3 ೱ౓ͱ SPAD ஋ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬Λௐࠪͨ͠ɽͦͷ݁Ռɼௐࠪ‫ؒظ‬தʹ͓͚Δ౔৕༹ӷத NH+
4 ͸ɼ୷ਫ۠Ͱ
͸Ҡ২‫ ޙ‬45 ೔໨·Ͱɼؒஅᕲᕱ۠Ͱ͸ 17 ೔໨·Ͱଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɽ·ͨɼ౔৕༹ӷத NO−
3 ͸ɼ୷ਫ
۠Ͱ͸Ҡ২‫ ޙ‬10 ೔໨·Ͱɼؒஅᕲᕱ۠Ͱ͸ 34 ೔໨·Ͱଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɽ࠿ഓͨ͠ IR24 ͷ SPAD ஋͸ɼҠ২‫ ޙ‬32 ೔໨Ҏ߱ɼ୷ਫ͕۠ؒஅᕲᕱΛߦͬͨ 2 ͭͷ۠ըʹൺ΂ߴ͍஋ͰਪҠͨ͠ɽΩʔϫʔυɿؒஅᕲᕱ, ΞϯϞχΞଶ஠ૉ, ঳ࢎଶ஠ૉ,ਫాਫ஍Թͷ೥ʑมಈͱਫ஍Թ্ঢॲཧ͕SPAD ஋

ਫҴͷ‫ס‬෺ੜ࢈ʹ༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬—̒೥ؒͷะ৔ࢼ‫݁ݧ‬Ռ—ӓҪ༃ߒ, ෱Ԭๆ඙, ٢ຊਅ༝ඒ, ৗాַࢤ,ञҪӳޫ, ௕୩઒ར֦

Մม఍߅ࣜਫҐ‫ܭ‬Λ༻͍ͨ௿ίετࣗಈ‫ܭ‬ଌ‫ܕ‬ಠཱߦ੓๏ਓ೶‫ٕڥ؀ۀ‬ज़‫ॴڀݚ‬౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պෛѹਁೖ‫ܭ‬ͷ։ൃࢁ࡚ୖฏ, Ҫຊതඒ, ੢ଜɹ୓ਫ஍Թ্ঢॲཧ͕ਫ஍ԹͷมಈͱਫҴͷ‫ס‬෺ੜ࢈ʹ༩ෛѹਁೖ‫ܭ‬Λ༻͍ͨଌఆ͸௨ৗෆ๞࿨ঢ়ଶʹ͋Δ౔৕

͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬Λะ৔৚݅Ͱ௕‫ظ‬తʹ͔֬ΊΔͱͱ΋ʹɼ඼छʹ͓͍ͯඇ୷ਫ৚݅ԼͷಁਫੑΛධՁ͢Δख๏ͱͯ͠‫ݕ‬΍ଞͷ‫ڥ؀‬ཁҼͱͷ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬Λ‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠ɽਫ஍Թ্ঢॲ

౼͕ଓ͚ΒΕ͍ͯΔɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ‫ܭ‬ଌͷলྗԽΛ໨తཧʹΑΓਫҴͷ‫ס‬෺ॏ͸༗ҙʹ૿Ճʢp<0.05ʣͨ͠. ԹʹՄม఍߅ࣜਫҐ‫ͱܭ‬ѹྗม‫ث׵‬Λ༻͍ͨࣗಈ‫ܭ‬ଌ‫ܕ‬ෛ౓৚݅ͷมԽʢਫ஍Թ্ঢॲཧʣ͕࡞෺ͷੜҭʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λѹਁೖ‫ܭ‬ͷ։ൃΛࢼΈͨɽ‫ܭ‬ଌਫ਼౓͸֓Ͷྑ޷ͰɼՄม

‫͕ͱ͜͢΅ٴ‬ะ৔৚݅Ͱͷ࣮‫ʹݧ‬Αͬͯ໌Β͔ʹͳͬͨ.

఍߅ࣜਫҐ‫ܭ‬ͷ༗ޮੑ͕֬ೝ͞Εͨɽࣗಈ‫ܭ‬ଌԽʹؔ͢·ͨ೥࣍ͷਫ஍Թมಈͱ‫ؾ‬Թมಈʹ͍ͭͯ΋‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠.

Δ෦෼͕ 5.4 ສԁͷൺֱత҆Ձͳ૷ஔΛ։ൃͰ͖ͨɽ

Ωʔϫʔυɿਫ஍Թ্ঢॲཧ, ਫ஍Թ೥࣍มಈ, Թ౓৚݅,Ωʔϫʔυɿෛѹਁೖ‫ܭ‬, ࣗಈ‫ܭ‬౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)48‫ ྑ޾ాؠ‬1 , ޿ా஌ྑ 1 , ໼࡚༑࢚ 2 , ‫ڿ࡚ؠ‬ੜ 3 ,όΠΦνϟʔࠞೖ౔৕ʹ͓͚Δ೤ਫ౔৕ফಟ࣌ͷ೤͓Αͼਫ෼Ҡಈླ໦ɹ߶ 3 , Ҫ্ɹ૱ 1 , ӓ໦Ұӳ 1ҏ౦༤थ 1 , ླ໦จ໵ 1 , ࣇ‫ ෉߁ۄ‬2 , ొඌߒॿ 2

1 ೶‫ · ۀ‬৯඼૯߹ٕज़‫ߏػڀݚ‬1 ໌࣏େֶେֶӃ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺͕໺ྑΠϞͷࢮ໓཰ʹ༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬

2 ࣪‫ॴڀݚݪ‬2 ໌࣏େֶ

3 ๺ւಓ૯߹‫ߏػڀݚ‬೤ਫ౔৕ফಟʹΑΔԹࣨޮՌΨε์ग़ྔ࡟‫ݮ‬Λ໨తͱ‫ީؾ‬มಈʹΑΓɼ๺ւಓͷେ‫ن‬໛ാ࡞ମ‫͍͓ͯʹܥ‬ͨ͠όΠΦνϟʔͷ౔৕ࠞೖ͕ɼ೤ਫॲཧ࣌ͷ஍ԹมԽ΋ͬͱ΋໽հͳࡶ૲ͷҰͭͱͳͬͨ໺ྑΠϞʹ͍ͭͯɼ΍ಁਫੑʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫ݕ͔͢΅ٴ‬౼ͨ͠ɽόΠΦνϟʔࠞೖ๺ւಓेউ஍Ҭͷ 4 ஍۠Ͱ 2 ೥ؒ‫؍‬ଌͨ͠໺ྑΠϞͷੜ౔৕ʹ͓͚Δ೤ਫ౔৕ফಟ࣌ͷ೤Ҡಈ͸Θ͔ͣʹ๦͛Βଘ཰ͱ֤ะ৔ͷ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺ͱͷؔ܎Λௐ΂ͨɽౙͷ௿

ΕΔ͕ɼਫ෼Ҡಈʹ͸΄ͱΜͲӨ‫໌͕ͱ͍͜ͳ͕ڹ‬Β͔ԹʹΑΓౚ݁ࢮͨ͠ะ৔΍ද૚ͷಁਫੑҎ֎ͷཁҼͰഉʹͳͬͨɽ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɼόΠΦνϟʔࠞೖ౔৕ʹ͓͍ͯਫෆྑͷะ৔Λআ͘ͱɼ྆ऀͷؒʹ༗ҙͳؔ܎͕ೝΊΒ΋೤ਫ౔৕ফಟ͸࣮ࢪՄೳͩͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

ΕͨɽΠϯΩϡϕʔγϣϯࢼ‫ݧ‬ͷ݁Ռ͔Βɼա࣪ʹΑΔΩʔϫʔυɿ೤ਫ౔৕ফಟ, ԹࣨޮՌΨε, όΠΦνϟʔ,໺ྑΠϞͷࢮ໓͸ɼ༥ઇ‫ظ‬ΑΓ‫ޙ‬ͷஆީ‫ظ‬ͷଟӍ‫ʹޙ‬ੜ೤Ҡಈ, ਫ෼Ҡಈͨ͜͡ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞ΕͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿද૚౔৕ͷಁਫੑ, ߱Ӎ, ࣪֐, ༥ઇਫͷਁϏʔτ࠿ഓΧϥϜʹ͓͚Δ౔৕ਫ෼ · Ԙ෼ͷԖ௚෼෍ಛੑಁ, ൃժా઒‫ݎ‬ଠ 1 , ߴ‫ڮ‬ᠳฏ 2 , Ӭ໺Ұً 2 ,௕ɹ༟޾ 2 , ๺໺խ࣏ 3೶஍౔৕ਫ෼ͷ޿Ҭ༧ଌʹ޲͚ͨෆ๞࿨ਫ෼Ҡಈಛੑͷ

1 ࣛࣇౡେֶେֶӃ࿈߹೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պਪఆ๏ͷ‫ݕ‬౼

2 ࠤլେֶ೶ֶ෦

Ճ౻ઍਘ, ྛɹ༞੣, ੢ଜɹ୓3 ‫۝‬भେֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Ӄ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ஍ද໘͔Βਂ͞ 0.6 m ʹ஍Լਫ໘Λ‫ݻ‬ఆͨ͠౔৕Χϥ౔৕σʔλϕʔεΛར༻ͨ͠೶஍౔৕ਫ෼ͷ޿Ҭ༧ଌϜʹ͓͍ͯɼϏʔτΛ࠿ഓ͠ɼ২෺ମ · ౔૚த΁ͷΠΦɼ෱ҪࢢԼதʢClayΛ૝ఆ͠ɼ෋ࢁࢢ٢ԬʢSandy LoamʣϯͷूੵྔΛௐ΂ͨɽϏʔτͷ࠿ഓʹΑΓɼਂ͞ 0.05 m

Loamʣͷೋछྨͷ౔৕ʹ͍ͭͯɼਫ෼Ҡಈಛੑͷਪఆͷ෇ۙͰΠΦϯͷूੵ͕࠷େͱͳͬͨɽτ΢Ϟϩίγͱ๏Λ‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠ɽ୯७ͳ࡞෺ࠜ‫ܥ‬ΛԾఆ͢Δͱɼ౔৕ਫ෼

ͷൺֱʹΑΓɼNa+ , Ca2+ ʹର͢Δ‫ݦ‬ஶͳআԘޮՌ͕ೝ

༧ଌਫ਼౓͕૿͢͜ͱɼෆ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺Λಛ௃෇͚ΔύϥΊΒΕͨɽϝʔλʢؒܺ݁߹܎਺ ʣͷɼ౔৕ਫ෼ྔ༧ଌ஋ʹର͢ΩʔϫʔυɿԘྨूੵ, όΠΦϨϝσΟΤʔγϣϯ, ϏʔΔ‫͕౓ײ‬௿͘ͳΔ͜ͱ͕ࣔࠦ͞ΕͨɽτΩʔϫʔυɿෆ๞࿨ਫ෼Ҡಈಛੑ, ౔৕ਫ෼༧ଌ, ؒܺ݁߹܎਺, ࠜͷ‫ٵ‬ਫ೪౔εϥϦʔͷ‫ؚ‬ਫൺ · EC· ؒܺൺͷಉ࣌‫ܭ‬ଌʹର͢Δ TDT ͷద༻

TDT ʹΑΔ࠭ͷόϧΫ EC ‫ܭ‬ଌฏౢ༤ଠ 1 , ্ଜকজ 2 , ‫ٶ‬ຊӳ‫ ش‬1
1 ࠤլେֶ೶ֶ෦
2 ࠤլେֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ

TDT ηϯαʔʹΑΔߴਫ਼౓ͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓ʢECʣ‫ܭ‬ଌΛ࣮‫͢ݱ‬ΔͨΊʹɼೱ౓ͷҟͳΔ NaCl ༹ӷͱࠞ߹ͨ͠
ਫ෼๞࿨࠭ͷ TDT ೾‫ܗ‬Λऔಘ · ղੳ͠ɼͦͷଌఆ஋Λ 4‫ۃ‬ηϯαʔͷͦΕͱൺֱͨ͠ɽ೾‫ܗ‬ͷޯ഑͸ɼNaCl ༹ӷͷి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓ʢαw ʣͷ૿Ճͱͱ΋ʹ؇΍͔ʹͳΓɼ೾‫ܗ‬ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ఺ͷ࣌ؒ͸ αw ʹΑΒͣ֓ͶಉҰ஋Λࣔͨ͠ɽ೾‫࠷ܗ‬େޯ഑஋ʢSMax ʣ͕ 580 mV ns−1 Λ௒͑Δ

௿ EC ৚݅Ͱ͸ αTDT ͸θϩΛࣔ͠ɼྑ޷ͳਫ਼౓Ͱ EC
Λܾఆ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͔ͬͨɽSMax ͱ 4 ‫ۃ‬ηϯαʔͰଌఆͨ͠ EC ஋ʢα4probe ʣ ɽΩʔϫʔυɿTDT, όϧΫి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓, ࠷େޯ഑ʢSMax ʣ্ଜকজ 1 , Ty P.A. Ferré 2 , Markus Tuller2 , ‫ٶ‬ຊӳ‫ ش‬1
1 ࠤլେֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ
2 University of Arizona೪౔ͷ‫ؚ‬ਫൺʢwʣ· όϧΫి‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓ʢσTDT ʣ· ؒܺൺʢeʣͷಉ࣌‫ܭ‬ଌ๏Λཱ֬͢ΔͨΊʹɼSDI-12 ‫ ܕ‬TDTηϯαʔΛ༻͍ͯ w ͷҟͳΔΧΦϦφΠτεϥϦʔͷ

TDT ೾‫ܗ‬Λऔಘ · ղੳ͠ɼw ͱ‫͚͔ݟ‬ͷ༠ి཰ʢεTDT ʣ͓Αͼ σTDT ͱͷؔ܎Λௐ΂ͨɽw ͷ૿Ճͱͱ΋ʹ εTDT͸‫ۂ‬ઢతʹ૿Ճ͠ɼ‫ ʹٯ‬σTDT ͸௿Լͨ͠ɽεTDT ͱ w ͱͷ‫ݧܦ‬తؔ܎ʹ‫ࢉ͍ͯͮج‬ग़ͨ͠ ε ͸ɼεTDT ͷ૿Ճͱͱ΋ʹ૿Ճͨ͠ɽ೾‫ޯܗ‬഑஋ʢSmax ʣͱ σTDT ͱͷؒʹ΋Ԡ౴ؔ܎͕੒ཱ͢ΔՄೳੑ͕ࣔࠦ͞Εͨ͜ͱ͔Βɼͦͷؔ܎ΛఆࣜԽ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Ε͹ɼਫ෼๞࿨৚݅ͷΧΦϦφΠτεϥϦʔͷ w, σTDT , ͓Αͼ e ͷಉ࣌‫ܭ‬ଌ๏ͱ͠
ͯɼTDT ͸༗๬Ͱ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ࣌ؒྖҬಁա๏ʢTDTʣ, ೪౔εϥϦʔ, ‫ؚ‬ਫൺ, ؒܺൺ

ࢿྉɿ2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձߨԋձϙελʔηογϣϯɹൃදཁࢫ

49

TDT ʹΑΔॏ೪౔ਫాͷ‫ؚ‬ਫൺ · ؒܺൺͷϞχλϦϯά
্ଜকজ 1 , ‫ٶ‬ຊӳ‫ ش‬2ͷมԽ͸͋·Γੜͣ͡ɼໟ؅๞࿨ࢼྉͰ͸ ks ্͕ঢ͢Δ
લใͱ͸ҟͳΔ ks ͷมಈΛࣔͨ͠ɽ͜Ε͸ཻ‫ܘ‬΍ஂཻ

1 ࠤլେֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պߏ଄ͳͲͷ౔৕ಛੑͷҧ͍͕ ks ͷมಈͷಛੑʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ

2 ࠤլେֶ೶ֶ෦

ॏ೪౔ SRI ਫాͷ‫ؚ‬ਫൺʢwʣ· ؒܺൺʢeʣͷมಈΛ‫͢࡯؍‬ΔͨΊʹɼTDT ηϯαʔΛ༻͍ͯਫా౔৕ͷ‫͔ݟ‬‫͍ͯ͠΅ٴ‬Δͱਪ࡯͞ΕͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺, ಈਫޯ഑, ༗ޮԠྗ, ؒܺਫѹ, ෆ᎟ཚ౔

͚ͷ༠ి཰ʢεTDT ʣΛ࿈ଓଌఆͨ͠ɽਫҴੜҭॳ‫ʹظ‬͸ɼ‫׿‬ਫ΍߱ӍʹΑΒͣ w ͱ e ͕઴‫͠ݮ‬ଓ͚ΔɼෆՄ‫ٯ‬తͳస࡞थԂ஍ʹ͓͚Δֻ͚ྲྀ͠ᕲᕱʹΑΔ౔৕‫ڥ؀‬ͷมԽ౔৕ͷ‫ס‬૩ · ऩॖ͕֬ೝ͞ΕͨɽαϯϓϦϯάΤϦΞ಺Ճ౻ɹ޾ 1 , ҏ౦ཽଠ 2 , ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ 3ʹُ྾͕‫ܗ‬੒͞ΕΔͱɼεTDT ஋͸‫ॴہ‬తͳ‫ʹ࣪ס‬Αͬͯ

1 ߂લେֶ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ෦

େ͖͘૿‫͢ݮ‬ΔͨΊɼ‫׿‬ਫͷ൑அࢦඪͱͯ͠ εTDT ஋Λ

2 ‫ؠ‬໦ࢁͷ‫͑ݟ‬ΔͿͲ͏Ԃ

༻͍Δ৔߹ɼຒઃ৔ॴͷҧ͍ʹΑΔηϯαʔग़ྗͷࠩҟ

3 ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬ՊΛߟྀ͢Δඞཁ͕͋ΔɽΩʔϫʔυɿॏ೪౔, ‫ؚ‬ਫൺ, ؒܺൺ, ϞχλϦϯά

੨৿‫߂ݝ‬લࢢपลͰ͸ 2013 ೥ͷय़ɼ‫ͳ୺ۃ‬গӍ܏޲ͱͳͬͨɽͿͲ͏ԂʢενϡʔϕϯʣͰ͸։Ֆ௚લʹ΋ͬͱ΋ਫ෼Λফඅ͢ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼ௨ৗɼ‫׿‬ਫΛߦ͏͜ͱ߭ࢁ༝དྷͷॏۚଐʹΑΔதࢁؒ஍ͷ͕গͳ͍थԂ஍Ͱ΋ᕲᕱͷඞཁ͕ੜͨ͡ɽ͜Εʹର͠೶౔৕Ԛછʹؔ͢Δ‫ڀݚ‬Ո͔Β͸ɼ‫׿‬ਫͷ࣌‫ظ‬΍ͦͷྔʹ͍ͭͯ‫ށ‬࿭͍ͷ੠͕ฉ෰෦୓ੜ 1 , ੢ଜ௚ਖ਼ 2͔Εͨɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼਫా͔Βస࡞ͨ͠ͿͲ͏Ԃʹ͓͍

1 ‫ذ‬ෞେֶେֶӃԠ༻ੜ෺Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պͯ౔৕ηϯαΛ‫͠༻׆‬ɼ։Ֆ‫ظ‬લ‫͚͓ʹޙ‬Δᕲᕱ࣮ࢪ࣌

2 ‫ذ‬ෞେֶԠ༻ੜ෺Պֶ෦

ͷ౔৕‫ڥ؀‬ͷมԽΛϞχλϦϯάͨ͠ɽ͜ͷ݁ՌΛ΋ͱ

ࠓ೔·Ͱʹ೔ຊશࠃͰ 63 Օॴͷ஍Ҭʹ͓͍ͯɼ೶஍
౔৕ͷΧυϛ΢ϜʢCdʣԚછରࡦ͕࣮ࢪ͞Εͨɽ·ͨಔʢCuʣ͸ 11 Օॴͷ஍ҬͰԚછରࡦ͕࣮ࢪ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽຊʹɼथԂ஍ʹ͓͚Δᕲᕱํ๏ʹ͍ͭͯ‫ݕ‬౼ͨ݁͠ՌΛใࠂ͢ΔɽΩʔϫʔυɿస࡞थԂ஍, ֻ͚ྲྀ͠ᕲᕱ, ϞχλϦϯά

‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ͜ΕΒͷ಺Ͱ Cd ͱ Cu ͷ྆ॏۚଐ͕࠾۷͞
Ε͍ͯͨ߭ࢁ͔Β౔৕Ԛછ͕ੜͨ͡஍Ҭपลʹ͓͍ͯɼ೤ਫ౔৕ফಟ࣌ͷԹࣨޮՌΨεಈଶ‫͚͓ʹࡏݱ‬ΔԚછঢ়‫ͱگ‬Ԛછ‫ܦ‬࿏ʹ͍ͭͯ౔৕ௐࠪΛླ໦จ໵ 1 ҏ౦༤थ 1 , ࣇ‫ ෉߁ۄ‬2 , ొඌߒॿ 2ߦͬͨɽͦͷ݁ՌɼԚછ‫ࢥͱݯ‬ΘΕΔ߭ࢁ੻஍ʹ͓͍ͯ

1 ໌࣏େֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ͸ CdɼCu ‫͍ߴʹڞ‬஋͕ೝΊΒΕɼՄ༹ੑ Cd ‫ؚ‬༗ྔʹؔ

2 ໌࣏େֶ೶ֶ෦

ͯ͠͸ରࡦ஍Ҭपล΍ͦΕҎԕͷൣғʹ͓͍ͯ΋ຊ‫ڀݚ‬೤ਫ౔৕ফಟ࣌ʹେྔͷԹࣨޮՌΨε͕ൃੜ͢Δ͜Ͱ‫ج‬४ͷ໨҆ͱͨ͠ 0.2 mg/kg Λ௒͍͑ͯΔ஍఺͕͋ͬ
ͨɽ͔͠͠Ԛછ‫͔ݯ‬Β཭ΕΔͱ‫ʹڞ‬ॏۚଐ‫ؚ‬༗ྔ͕௿͘

ͱ͕ใࠂ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ೤ਫ౔৕ফಟͷࢪߦཌ೔ʹ CO2 ·N2 O · CH4 ϑϥοΫε͸࠷େʹͳΓɼͦͷ‫ޙ‬Ψεϑϥο

ͳΔ܏޲͕͋Δ͜ͱ΋Θ͔ͬͨɽԚછ‫ݯ‬ΑΓ 5 km ҎԕΫε͸ঃʑʹ‫ݮ‬গͨ͠ɽ͔͠͠ɼ೤ਫ౔৕ফಟ։͔࢝࣌͸΄ͱΜͲ౔৕Ԛછ͕ೝΊΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɽ·ͨ਺ΧॴͷΒཌ೔·Ͱͷ‫࣌ܦ‬తͳΨεϑϥοΫε͸ଌఆ͞Ε͍ͯͳ஍఺ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼ஍தਂ͞ 50 cm ·ͰԖ௚ํ޲΁ͷԚછ͍ɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ΧϥϜ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬೤ਫ౔৕ফಟΛ࠶‫͠ݱ‬ɼ೤ͷ޿͕ΓΛௐࠪͨ͠ɽͦͷ݁ՌɼಛʹԚછ‫Ͱۙ෇ݯ‬͸ɼਫ౔৕ফಟ։͔࢝࣌Β 24 ࣌ؒ‫ Ͱ·ޙ‬2 ࣌ؒຖʹΨεϑCd ͸ਂ͘ͳΔ͝ͱʹೱ౓͕ߴ͘ͳΓɼCu ͸‫ʹٯ‬௿͘ͳϥοΫεΛଌఆͨ͠ɽ౔தͷ஍Թ · ਫ෼ྔͳͲΛଌఆ͠ɼΔ܏޲͕‫ݟ‬ΒΕͨɽͦͷͨΊ Cd ͸஍Լਫ΁ͷ༹ग़ʹΑ೤ਫ౔৕ফಟ࣌ͷΨεಈଶʹ͍ͭͯߟ࡯ͨ͠ɽ

Δೋ࣍Ԛછ֦େʹର͢Δ஫ҙ͕ඞཁͱਪ࡯͞ΕΔɽΩʔϫʔυɿ೤ਫ౔৕ফಟ, ԹࣨޮՌΨεΩʔϫʔυɿ౔৕Ԛછ, ॏۚଐ, Χυϛ΢Ϝ, ಔ, ඇ೶஍ෆ᎟ཚ౔ʹ͓͚Δಈਫޯ഑ͷมԽʹ൐͏๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺ͷໟ؅ྗͷมԽ͕ਫฏਁ५ʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬มಈಛੑͱͦͷ‫ݪ‬Ҽࠤ౻௚ਓ 1 , ొඌߒॿ 2ాᬒ޾େ 1 , ੢ଜ௚ਖ਼ 2

1 ໌࣏େֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ

1 ‫ذ‬ෞେֶେֶӃԠ༻ੜ෺Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ

2 ໌࣏େֶ೶ֶ෦

2 ‫ذ‬ෞେֶԠ༻ੜ෺Պֶ෦

ඍখॏྗԼʹ͓͚Δଟ޸࣭ମதͷਫ෼ҠಈͷϝΧχζ

લใͰ͸ɼ୤‫ؾ‬๞࿨͓Αͼໟ؅๞࿨ॲཧͨ͠ෆ᎟ཚ౔

ϜΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢ΔͨΊɼද໘ுྗͷมԽ͕ਫฏਁ५଎౓

ࢼྉʹ͓͍ͯɼಈਫޯ഑ͷมԽʹ൐͏༗ޮԠྗͱؒܺਫ

ʹ༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬ΛධՁͨ͠ɽද໘ுྗͷ௿ԼʹΑΓໟ؅ྗѹͷมԽʹΑΓ ks ͕͓͓Αͦ௿Լ͢Δ݁Ռ͕ಘΒΕ͕ͯখ͘͞ͳΔͨΊɼਁ५଎౓͕௿Լ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔ͞Εͨɽ͍ͨɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ผͷ৔ॴ͔Β࠾औͨ͠ෆ᎟ཚ౔Λ༻͍Ωʔϫʔυɿඍখॏྗ, ද໘ுྗ, ਫฏਁ५, ෆ๞࿨ಁਫ

ͯಉ༷ͷ࣮‫ݧ‬Λߦͬͨɽͦͷ݁Ռɼ୤‫ؾ‬๞࿨ࢼྉͰ͸ ks܎਺౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)50‫ޮ౔ס‬Ռ͕փ৭௿஍౔ͷ CO2 · CH4 · N2 O Ψε‫ڍ‬ಈʹ

HYDRUS-1D ͱ MODFLOW Λ༻͍ͨ

༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬޿Ҭ஍Լਫྲྀಈղੳ — ੴ઒‫ݝ‬खऔ઒ઔঢ়஍ͷࣄྫ —౔Ҫढ़߂ 1 , ੢࿬३ࢠ 2‫࡚ؠ‬༗ඒ 1 , தଜެਓ 2 , ງ໺࣏඙ 2 , ઒ౡໜਓ 1

1 ҵ৓େֶ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ

1 ‫౎ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ

2 ҵ৓େֶ೶ֶ෦

2 େࡕ෎ཱେֶେֶӃੜ໋‫ڥ؀‬Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պத‫ʹ͠ׯ‬Αͬͯ‫ס‬૩ͨ͠ਫా౔৕Ͱ͸ɼ‫ޮ౔ס‬ՌʹΑੴ઒‫ݝ‬खऔ઒ઔঢ়஍ʢ໘ੵ໿ 140 km2 ʣΛର৅ͱͯ͠ɼ

Δ N2 O ์ग़ྔͷ૿େ͕‫ݒ‬೦͞ΕΔ. ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑͱ߱Ӎෆ๞࿨ਁಁྲྀղੳ͕ՄೳͰ͋Δ HYDRUS-1D ‫ͼٴ‬๞࿨͸౔৕தͷΨεҠಈʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͢΅ٴ‬ɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸փ৭௿஍ԼਫྲྀಈղੳΛߦ͏ MODFLOW Λ༻͍ͯɼస࡞ాΛ஍౔Λର৅ͱ͠ɼ‫ס‬૩ͨ͠ਫా౔৕Ͱͷ CO2 ɼCH4 ͓Α‫ؚ‬Ήਫా஍ଳʹ͓͚Δ๞࿨ · ෆ๞࿨ଳͰͷਁಁաఔΛߟ

ͼ N2 O Ψε‫ڍ‬ಈʹؒܺ཰΍߱Ӎ‫͕౓ڧ‬༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬Λ໌ྀͨ͠ඇఆৗ஍ԼਫྲྀಈղੳΛߦͬͨɽͦͷ݁Ռɼᕲᕱ

Β͔ʹ͢Δ͜ͱΛ໨తͱͨ͠. ࣨ಺ΧϥϜ࣮‫ݧ‬Λߦ͍ɼ‫ظ‬લ‫ޙ‬ͷ஍ԼਫҐ্ঢͱ௿Լͱ͍ͬͨਫాᕲᕱΛ൓ө͠‫څ‬ਫ௚‫ޙ‬ͷ CO2 ΨεϑϥοΫε஋ͷ‫ݮ‬গ͓Αͼ‫څ‬ਫ‫ޙ‬ͨ஍ԼਫҐͷ‫ق‬અมಈͷ܏޲͕࠶‫͞ݱ‬Εͨɽຊ‫ࢉܭ‬ख๏

ͷ CH4 ɼN2 O Ψεͷ౔৕த΁ͷ‫ٵ‬ऩΛ֬ೝͨ͠.

͕޿Ҭͷਫా஍ଳͰͷ஍Լਫྲྀಈղੳ΁ͷద༻ՄೳੑΛΩʔϫʔυɿԹࣨޮՌΨε, ΨεϑϥοΫε, ‫ޮ౔ס‬Ռ,ࣔ͢͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽ

ؒܺ཰Ωʔϫʔυɿ஍Լਫ, ෆ๞࿨ਁಁྲྀ, ਫా, స࡞ా, ઔঢ়஍Ϩλεാ͔Βͷද໘ྲྀग़͓Αͼྲྀग़౔৕ʹؔ͢Δ

Ֆቋ‫ؠ‬෩Խ౔ͷۙ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺த໺‫ ࢠܙ‬1 , ‫ٱ‬อࣉल෉ 1,2 , ໫ాར೭ 3 , ౻ຊॱࢠ 4 ,ө૾ͱ‫؍‬ଌಓ্৳޺ 4 , ಺ࢁ஌ೋ 5 , ࠤ໺म࢘ 5 , ૲৔ɹ‫ ܟ‬1 ,ࡔ੢‫ݚ‬ೋ 1 , ࣳࢁಓ࿠ 2 , ໼‫ޱ‬௚ً 3

1 ‫۝‬भԭೄ೶‫ڀݚۀ‬ηϯλʔ

1 ೶‫ٕڥ؀ۀ‬ज़‫ॴڀݚ‬

2 தԝ೶‫ۀ‬૯߹‫ڀݚ‬ηϯλʔ

2 ࣛࣇౡେֶ೶ֶ෦

3 ࣛࣇౡ‫ݝ‬೶‫ۀ‬։ൃ૯߹ηϯλʔ

3 ௕໺‫ݝ‬໺ࡊՖ͖ࢼ‫ݧ‬৔

4 ౡࠜ‫ݝ‬೶‫ٕۀ‬ज़ηϯλʔຊௐࠪ͸શ໘ϏχʔϧϚϧνͷϨλε࠿ഓʹ͓͚Δ੊

5 େࡕ෎ཱ‫ڥ؀‬೶ྛਫ࢈૯߹‫ॴڀݚ‬ؒ౔৕ͷҠಈ‫ݱ‬৅Λө૾ͱྲྀग़‫؍‬ଌͰࣔͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋ഉਫෆྑԽ͕ࢦఠ͞Ε͍ͯΔՖቋ‫ؠ‬෩Խ౔ะ৔ʹ͓͍ΔɽϏχʔϧϚϧνͷ੊͔ؒΒӍਫ͕‫ʹܹٸ‬ग़Δ༷ࢠΛͯɼߗ౓෼෍͓Αͼߞ൫ͷಁਫੑΛௐ΂ͨɽԼ૚ͷߗ౓ଊ͑ͨɽྲྀग़ྔͷ‫؍‬ଌͰ͸౰ॳͷઃ‫ࣼܭ‬໘௕ΑΓɼ̐ഒ͸ߴ͘ɼۚଐԁ౵ʹΑΔෆ֧ཚࢼྉ࠾औ͸ࠔ೉ͳ৔߹͕΄Ͳ௕ͨͨ͘͠Ίɼ͙͢ʹஷཹຟ͕ຬഋʹͳ͕ͬͨɼͦ

͋ͬͨɽෛѹਁೖ‫ܭ‬Λ༻͍ͯ‫ݪ‬ҐஔͰͷۙ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺

ͷ‫ޙ‬ͷӍਫྲྀग़ͷৄࡉͳಈ͖͸ө૾ʹཔΔ͜ͱͱͳͬ

Λଌఆͨ͠ͱ͜Ζɼ͍ͣΕͷะ৔΋ઃఆѹ = 0 cm ͷ৔ͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿΠϯλʔόϧࡱӨ, ౔৕ྲྀग़, Ϩλεാ, ߱Ӎ, ӫཆԘ

߹ʹ͸ɼ10−4 ∼ 10−3 cm/s Ͱ͕͋ͬͨɼଌఆҐஔʹΑͬͯ͸ɼෛѹʹΑΓଌఆෆೳͳൣғʹ·Ͱ஋͕௿Լ͢Δ৔
߹͕͋ͬͨɽ͜ͷ௿Լͷఔ౓͸ɼಉ͡ѹྗൣғͷਫ෼ಛੑ‫ۂ‬ઢ͔Β͸൑ఆ͠೉͔ͬͨɽ

‫ס‬૩஍Ԙྨूੵ౔৕ʹ͓͚Δ଱Ԙੑ࡞෺࠿ഓʹΑΔআԘߴ‫ڮ‬ᠳฏ 1 , ໦ԼՂඒ 1 , ௕ɹ༟޾ 1 ,‫ݪྖޚ‬༤ଠ 1 , ๺໺խ࣏ 2
1 ࠤլେֶେֶӃΩʔϫʔυɿഉਫෆྑ, ෛѹਁೖ‫ܭ‬, ਫ෼ಛੑ‫ۂ‬ઢ, ߗ౓,ߞ൫Τϯτϩϐʔ࠷େ๏Λ༻͍ͨ৽͍͠ਁ५ํఔࣜ
౵Ҫɹ྄ 1 , ਗ਼ᖒलथ 22 ‫۝‬भେֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Ӄ

1 ࡾॏେֶੜ෺ࢿ‫ֶݯ‬෦தࠃ · ԫՏͷதྲྀҬʹଘࡏ͢Δะ৔ʹ͓͍ͯɼϏʔτ

2 ࡾॏେֶੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պͷ࠿ഓΛ࣮ࢪͨ͠ɽ‫؍‬ଌ‫ؒظ‬தɼମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰ɼόϧΫిਁ५ํఔࣜʹ͍ͭͯ͸͜Ε·Ͱଟ͘ͷ‫ࣜݧܦ‬΍ཧ࿦ࣜ‫఻ؾ‬ಋ౓ͱ΋ʹߴ͍஋Λࣔ͠ɼ‫ݱ‬஍Ͱ͸Ԙྨूੵ͕ਐߦ

͕ఏҊ͞Ε͖ͯͨɽ͔͠͠ɼͦΕΒʹ͸࣮ଌσʔλΛ΋͍ͯ͠Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽϏʔτ΁ͷΠΦϯूੵྔΛௐ΂ͱʹಉఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δύϥϝʔλ͕‫·ؚ‬Εɼ͔͠΋ͦ

ͨ݁ՌɼNa+ ʹର͢Δ‫ݦ‬ஶͳআԘޮՌ͕ೝΊΒΕͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿ‫ס‬૩஍, Ԙྨूੵ, όΠΦϨϝσΟΤʔγϣϯΕΒ͸౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑͱ௚઀݁ͼ͔ͭͳ͍΋ͷ͕΄ͱΜͲͰ͋Δ. ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸Τϯτϩϐʔ࠷େ๏ʢMEP ๏ʣΛ༻͍ͯɼ౔৕ঢ়ଶ͔Β༰қʹಘΒΕΔύϥϝʔλͷΈΛ༻͍ͨਁ५ࣜͷ։ൃ · ‫ݕ‬౼ΛߦͬͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿਁ५ํఔࣜ, Τϯτϩϐʔ࠷େ๏, վྑϗʔτϯࣜ,ࢿྉɿ2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձߨԋձϙελʔηογϣϯɹൃදཁࢫ
౔৕͔Βͷഉਫʹͱ΋ͳͬͯେ‫͔ؾ‬Βਁೖ͢Δ

ਫాʹ͓͚Δਫ؅ཧͷҧ͍͕ԹࣨޮՌΨε௚઀ۭ‫ؾ‬ͷԻ‫ڹ‬ଌఆ͓Αͼؒ઀์ग़ྔʹ‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫ڹ‬ਂాߞଠ࿠ౡࠜେֶੜ෺ࢿ‫ݯ‬Պֶ෦ഉਫʹ൐ͬͯେ‫͔ؾ‬Β౔৕ʹۭ‫ਁ͕ؾ‬ೖ͢Δաఔ͸Α͘෼͔͍ͬͯͳ͍ɽͦ͜Ͱɼ౔৕಺ͰͷԻͷ൓ࣹ໘ͷҐஔʹ஫໨͠ɼۭ‫ؾ‬ͷਁೖਂ͞ͱ‫ؾ‬૬཰ͷؔ܎ʹ͍ͭͯௐ΂ͨɽͦͷ݁Ռɼഉਫʹͱ΋ͳ͍ɼۭ‫౔͕ؾ‬৕ද૚͔Β಺෦΁ਁೖ͠ɼԼํ޲΁֦େ͢Δ༷ࢠΛ֬ೝͰ͖ͨɽ
Ωʔϫʔυɿഉਫաఔ, ౔৕ۭ‫ؾ‬, Ի‫ڹ‬ଌఆ

51ೆɹ൏ਓ 1 , ԼେԂ௚ਓ 2 , ౡ໺ޫོ 1 , ొඌߒॿ 1
1 ໌࣏େֶ೶ֶ෦
2 ໌࣏େֶେֶӃ೶ֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պਫాʹ͓͍ͯҟͳΔਫ؅ཧ͕ CO2 ɼCH4 ͓Αͼ N2 O
Ψεͷ௚઀͓Αͼؒ઀์ग़ྔʹ͍ͭͯௐࠪͨ͠ɽͦͷ݁ՌɼؒஅᕲᕱͰ͸୷ਫ۠ʹൺ΂ͯ CH4 ͷ์ग़཈੍ʹ͸ޮՌతͰ͕͋ͬͨɼN2 O ͷඇৗʹେ͖ͳൃੜ͕֬ೝ͞
Εͨɽؒ઀์ग़ͷׂ߹͸୷ਫ۠Ͱ࠷େͱͳΓɼਫ؅ཧʹΑͬͯؒ઀์ग़ྔͷׂ߹͸ҟͳΔ͜ͱ͕ࣔ͞ΕͨɽςΩαεͷΧϧετ஍‫͚͓ʹܗ‬Δ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͷΩʔϫʔυɿਫా, ؒஅᕲᕱ, ԹࣨޮՌΨεۭؒมಈੑಙຊՈ߁ 1 , J.L. Heilman2 , K.J. McInnes2 ,C.L.S. Morgan2 , R.H. Kamps2
1 ௗऔେֶ
2 ςΩαε A& M େֶ౔৕୸ૉ · ஠ૉಈଶ༧ଌϞσϧͷͨΊͷඍੜ෺όΠΦϚε C/N ൺͷύϥϝλϦθʔγϣϯேాɹ‫ܠ‬, ߐ‫ޱ‬ఆ෉ςΩαεͷதԝʹҐஔ͢ΔΧϧετ஍‫Ͱܗ‬͸ɼ౔৕த೶‫ٕڥ؀ۀ‬ज़‫ॴڀݚ‬ʹੴ᛽‫ྔؚ‬ͷ઎ΊΔׂ߹͕ߴ͘ɼ౔৕อਫྔͷ௿‫ݮ‬΍໦౔৕ඍੜ෺όΠΦϚε͸཮্ੜଶ‫͚͓ʹܥ‬Δ༗‫ػ‬෺ಈͷࠜͷ৳௕͕཈੍͞ΕΔɽ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ‫ڥ؀‬ੜଶ‫ܥ‬ͷਫ॥ଶͷॏཁͳ໾ׂΛ୲͏ɽϓϩηεϕʔεͷ౔৕୸ૉʢCʣ‫؀‬ͷղ໌ʹ͸՝୊͕ଟ͘ɼੴ᛽‫ྔؚ‬Λߟྀͨ͠౔৕ਫ෼
ྔͷ‫؍‬ଌ΍ੴ᛽෼෍ʹΑΔ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͷۭؒมಈੑͷղ໌͕ॏཁͰ͋Δɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼதੑࢠਫ෼‫ͱܭ‬ΨϯϚʔઢ๏Λซ༻ͯ͠ɼΧϧετ஍‫͚͓ʹܗ‬Δ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͷۭؒมಈੑͷղੳΛߦͬͨɽΩʔϫʔυɿۭؒมಈੑ, ੴ᛽౔৕, தੑࢠਫ෼‫ܭ‬, ΨϯϚʔઢ๏· ஠ૉʢNʣಈଶ༧ଌϞσϧʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɼͦͷ CN ૊੒ൺ[(C/N)b ] ͸ N ͷແ‫ػ‬Խ · ༗‫ػ‬ԽʹؔΘΔॏཁͳೖྗ஋Ͱ
͋Δɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ‫ط‬ԟ‫ڀݚ‬Λ΋ͱʹɼ(C/N)b ͕౔৕ͷछྨ · ಛੑ΍౔஍ར༻ʹΑͬͯͲͷΑ͏ͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λड͚Δͷ͔Λௐ΂ɼղੳ݁ՌΛϞσϧʹ൓өͨ͠ɽҰྫͱͯ͠ɼ
ࠇϘΫ౔ͷ (C/N)b ͕ϞσϧͷσϑΥϧτ஋ 10 ΑΓ΋௿͍͜ͱΛߟྀ͢Δͱɼ௕‫ؒظ‬༗‫ػ‬෺ࢿࡐΛ࿈༻ͨ͠ാ஍
ͷ౔৕༗‫ػ‬෺ϓʔϧ͸େ͖͘ͳΔ͜ͱΛࣔͨ͠ɽΩʔϫʔυɿ౔৕ඍੜ෺όΠΦϚε, ୸ૉ, ஠ૉ, ϓϩηεϕʔεϞσϧ

㈨ࠉᩱ

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

Miscellaneous

No. 125, p.53 ∼ 54 (2013)൧‫ؘ‬ଜ࠶ੜΛ໨ࢦ͢‫ڠ‬ಇͷ੒Γཱͪ

—;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձΛࣄྫʹ—ԣ઒՚ࢬ 1 · ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ 1ߴೱ౓ͷ์ࣹೳԚછͷͨΊʹશଜආ೉ͷର৅Ͱ͋Δ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜʹ͓͍ͯɼNPO ๏ਓʮ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʯΛհͯ͠ॅຽɼߦ੓ɼେֶ · ‫ؔػڀݚ‬ɼઐ໳ՈɼϘϥϯςΟΞ͕‫ڠ‬ಇͯ͠ඃࡂ஍Ҭ࠶ੜϓϩδΣΫτΛ࣮ࢪ͢Δͱ͍͏‫ڠ‬ಇͷߏ଄͕ଘࡏ͢Δɽͦͷߏ଄͸;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձձһ͕ͦΕͧΕͷόοΫά
ϥ΢ϯυɼਓ຺΍‫ݧܦ‬ɼઐ໳஌ࣝΛ‫͕ͳ͔͠׆‬ΒɼϓϩδΣΫτΛޮՌత͔ͭԁ‫ʹ׈‬ਐΊΔ͜ͱʹΑͬͯ੒Γཱ͍ͬͯΔɽ෱ౡʹ͓͍ͯɼ‫ݱ‬஍Ͱ‫׆‬ಈΛ͚ͭͮΔʮ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʯ͸ॏཁͳ૊৫Ͱ͋Δɽ
ͦ͜ͰɺຊߘΛϙελʔηογϣϯൃදཁࢫΑΓൈਮͯ͜͜͠ʹ঺հ͢Δɽ

1. ͸͡Ίʹ
2011 ೥ͷ෱ౡୈҰ‫ʹނࣄॴిൃྗࢠݪ‬ΑΓ์ࣹੑ෺࣭͕ඈࢄͨ͠෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜ͸ɼߴೱ౓ͷ์ࣹೳԚછͷͨΊʹશଜආ೉ର৅Ͱ͋ΔɽͦͷΑ͏ͳঢ়‫ Ͱگ‬2011 ೥ 6 ݄ɼ൧‫ؘ‬ଜࠤਢʹ͓͍ͯ൧‫ؘ‬ଜॅຽͱ‫ऀڀݚ‬Λத৺ͱͨ͠ʮ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʯʹΑΔɼॅຽࢀՃ‫ܕ‬ͷ෮‫ڵ‬ΛࢼΈΔऔΓ૊Έ͕ελʔτͨ͠ɽ਺໊ͷϝϯόʔ͔Β࢝·ͬͨ൴ΒͷࢼΈ͸ࠓ΍ॅຽɼߦ੓ɼେֶ · ‫ؔػڀݚ‬ɼઐ໳ՈɼϘϥϯςΟΞΛ‫͖ר‬ࠐΈେ͖͘ൃల͍ͯ͠ΔɽຊใࠂͰ͸ɼ൧‫ؘ‬ଜͰ‫׆‬ಈΛ
ଓ͚Δ NPO ๏ਓʮ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʯʢҎԼ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʣΛऔΓ্͛ɼॅຽɼߦ੓ɼେֶ · ‫ؔػڀݚ‬Λ༴͢
Δ‫ڠ‬ಇͷ੒ΓཱͪΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δɽ͞Βʹ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬ՊʢҎԼ౦‫ژ‬େֶʣʹ͓͚Δ৬һϘϥϯςΟΞʮαʔΫϧ·Ͱ͍ʯͱ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷ‫ڠ‬ಇΛߟ࡯͢Δɽ͜ΕΒΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δ͜ͱʹΑͬͯɼॅຽɼߦ੓ɼେֶ · ‫ؔػڀݚ‬ɼઐ໳ՈɼϘϥϯςΟΞʹΑ
Δ‫ڠ‬ಇͷ‫࣮ݱ‬తͳҰߏ଄ͱͯ͠ఏҊ͍ͨ͠ɽؒ · ౔৕์ࣹೳଌఆɼ์ࣹઢ · ‫ؾ‬৅ · ౔৕ͷϞχλϦϯ
άɼআછٕज़ͷ‫ڀݚ‬։ൃɼ࢈‫࠶ۀ‬ੜͷͨΊͷ৽࢈‫ۀ‬ͷ‫ݕ‬౼౳ͷ‫׆ڀݚ‬ಈͰ͋Δɽ͜ΕΒͷ‫ڀݚ‬੒Ռ͸ϗʔϜϖʔδʢhttp://www. fukushima-saisei.jpʣͰެ։͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ

2.2 ௐࠪํ๏
2012 ೥ 10 ݄ 27–28 ೔ͷ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷ‫׆‬ಈɼ
2012 ೥ͷαʔΫϧ·Ͱ͍ͷ‫׆‬ಈʹ 3 ճʹΘͨΓࢀՃͨ͠ɽ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձ୅දͰ͋ΔాඌཅҰࢯΛ‫ؚ‬Ήձһʹରͯࣗ͠༝ͳର࿩ͰΠϯλϏϡʔΛߦͬͨɽ

3. ݁Ռͱߟ࡯
3.1 ॅຽɼߦ੓ɼେֶ · ‫ؔػڀݚ‬ͷ‫ڠ‬ಇ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձ͕औΓ·ͱΊΔϓϩδΣΫτͷ૊৫֓೦ਤΛ Fig. 2 ʹࣔͨ͠ɽNPO ๏ਓͰ͋Δ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձ͸ɼॅຽɼߦ੓ɼେֶ · ‫ؔػڀݚ‬ͷͦΕͧΕͱͭͳ͕ΓΛ࣋ͪɼ3 ऀ͕‫ͯ͠ྗڠ‬ԁ‫ʹ׈‬෺ࣄΛਐΊΔͨΊͷ५‫׈‬༉ͱͯ͠ͷ໾ׂΛՌ͍ͨͯ͠Δɽ

2. ํ๏
2.1 ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձ͸ɼ2011 ೥ 6 ݄ʹ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜࠤਢΛ‫ͯ͠ͱ఺ڌ‬ઃཱͨ͠ɽ2013 ೥ 3 ݄ 28 ೔࣌఺Ͱ 222 ໊Λ਺͑Δձһ͸ɼ‫ऀڀݚݩ‬ɼ‫ݱ‬໾‫ऀڀݚ‬ɼ൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷॅຽɼ‫ߦݩ‬੓ؔ܎ऀ౳ɼଟ༷ͳόοΫάϥ΢ϯυΛ΋ͭɽத৺ͱͳͬͯ‫׆‬ಈ͢ΔձһͷҰ෦ʢFig. 1ʣ͸ࣗΒΛʮΞϥ‫ݹ‬‫ر‬ʯ
ʢ70 ࡀલ‫ޙ‬ͷҙʣͱ໊৐͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕ࣔ͢Α͏ʹɼγχΞϝϯόʔ͕άϧʔϓͷ֩Ͱ͋Δɽओͳ‫׆‬ಈ͸ɼۭ
1 ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ

Fig. 1 ϛʔςΟϯάͷ༷ࢠɽ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

54

Fig. 2 ϓϩδΣΫτͷ૊৫֓೦ਤ
ʢhttp://www.iai.ga.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/mizo/edrp/fukushima/saisei/130921/iitate130921.pdf ΑΓҾ༻ʣɽͨͱ͑͹ձһͷҰ෦͸‫͋Ͱऀڀݚݩ‬ΔɽͦΕͧΕ͕αʔΫϧ·Ͱ͍͸਒ࡂ෮‫ڵ‬ͷͨΊʹ໾ཱ͍ͪͨͱ͍͏ங ͍ ͯ ͖ ͨ ਓ ຺ Λ ‫ ͠ ͔ ׆‬ɼ; ͘ ͠ · ࠶ ੜ ͷ ձ ͱ ఏ ‫ܞ‬‫ ྗ ڠ‬ઌ ͷ ‫ ؔ ػ ڀ ݚ‬Λ ε Ϝ ʔ ζ ʹ ݁ ͼ ͭ ͚ ͨ ɽ͜ ͷ ಇߟ͑Λ࣋ͭ৬һ͔ͨͪΒߏ੒͞ΕͨϘϥϯςΟΞάϧʔϓͰ͋Γɼன‫ٳ‬Έ΍ब‫ޙۀ‬ͷ࣌ؒΛར༻ͯ͠‫׆‬ಈ͍͖ͯ͠ ʹ Α ͬ ͯ ɼͨ ͱ ͑ ͹ ์ ࣹ ੑ ෺ ࣭ Λ ‫ ؚ‬Ή α ϯ ϓ ϧ ͷΔɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹɼϘϥϯςΟΞ͕ͨͪॴଐ૊৫Λհͯ͠෼ੳ͸౦‫ژ‬େֶ΍ KEKʢߴΤωϧΪʔՃ଎‫ػڀݚث‬;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͱͭͳ͕ΓΛ΋ͪɼͦͷ‫׆‬ಈΛԼࢧ͑ߏʣʹґཔ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δͱ͍͏ମ੍͕੔͍ͬͯΔ

͍ͯ͠Δͱ͍͏ߏ଄͕ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ɼ‫ڠ‬ಇߏ଄ͷ੄໺

ʢhttp://www.iai.ga.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/mizo/lecture/houkoku-ͷ޿͕ΓΛࣔ͢Ұྫͱͯ͠ಛච͢΂͖Ͱ͋Δͱߟ͑Δɽ

1/group-work/2012/G6.pdfʣɽ

4. ͓ΘΓʹ

·ͨɼ൴Β͸๛෋ͳઐ໳஌ࣝ · ٕज़Λఏ‫͢ڙ‬Δ͜ͱʹΑͬͯɼॅຽͨͪͷ஍ҬʹಛԽͨ͠஌‫ͮ͘جʹܙ‬ɼ஍Ҭॅຽɼߦ੓ɼେֶ · ‫ؔػڀݚ‬ɼϘϥϯςΟΞ͸ɼඃࡂʹ͍ࠜͮͨ࠶ੜ‫ܭ‬ըͷΞΠσΞΛ‫ޙ‬ԡ͢͠Δɽ‫ܭ‬ը͕࣮஍࠶ੜͱ͍͏໨తΛ‫ڞ‬༗͍ͯ͠ΔҰํͰɼͦΕͧΕͷ‫׆‬‫ݱ‬ՄೳͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔࠜ͢‫ڌ‬΍‫ݕ‬౼ʹඞཁͳ৘ใΛิ͏ಈ͸ผʑʹͳΓ͕ͪͰ͋Γɼ‫ڠ‬ಇͷ࣮‫ݱ‬͸೉͍͠ɽ͔͠

ͨΊͷ‫ܭڀݚ‬ըΛཱҊ͠ɼେֶ · ‫ؔػڀݚ‬ͷઐ໳Ոͨͪ

͠ɼ͜ͷࣄྫʹ͓͍ͯ͸;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձΛհͯͭ͠ͳ

ͱ‫ڠ‬ಇͯ͠‫ڀݚ‬ΛਐΊΔ໾ׂΛՌ͍ͨͯ͠Δɽ͕ΓΛ͍࣋ͬͯΔɽͦͷ‫ڠ‬ಇͷ৺਷͸ਓͰ͋Δɽࢴ໘্͞Βʹɼߦ੓্ͷखଓ͖΍՝୊΁ͷରॲʹ௕͚ͨ‫ߦݩ‬ͷ‫ܖ‬໿΍‫ڠ‬ఆͷཪʹɼଟ༷ͳόοΫάϥ΢ϯυɼ‫ݧܦ‬ɼ੓ؔ܎ऀ͕ձһʹ͍ΔͨΊɼͦͷΞυόΠεʹΑͬͯɼਓ຺Λ΋ͭਓͷଘࡏ͕͋ͬͯͦ͜ɼ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ‫ڠ‬ಇ͕࣮ϓϩδΣΫτ͕ԁ‫ʹ׈‬ਐΉ͜ͱ΋͋Δɽ

‫͢ݱ‬ΔͷͰ͋ΔɽҎ্ͷΑ͏ʹɼ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձ͸ଟ༷ͳձһͷͦΕͧΕͷόοΫάϥ΢ϯυɼਓ຺΍‫ݧܦ‬ɼઐ໳஌ࣝΛ‫͔׆‬͠ͳ͕Βॅຽɼߦ੓ɼେֶ · ‫ ؔػڀݚ‬3 ऀͷ‫ڠ‬ಇΛαϙʔτ͢Δɽ

3.2 ౦‫ژ‬େֶϘϥϯςΟΞͱͷ‫ڠ‬ಇલड़ͷͱ͓Γ౦‫ژ‬େֶ͸;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձ͔Βαϯϓϧͷ෼ੳΛґཔ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ࣮ࡍʹ͸೶ֶ෦ RI ࢪઃ͕෼ੳΛߦ͍ͬͯΔ͕ɼͦͷ࡞‫ۀ‬͸ɼαϯϓϧΛ໿ 600 ຊͷࢼྉͼΜʹ٧ΊΔͱ͍ͬͨ࣌ؒͱखؒͷ͔͔Δ࡞‫ۀ‬Λ‫ؚ‬ΉͨΊɼ౦‫ژ‬େֶͷ৬һ্ཱ͕ͪ͛ͨʮαʔΫϧ·Ͱʯ͕࡞‫ۀ‬ͷҰ෦ΛϘϥϯςΟΞͰߦ͍ͬͯΔɽ
͍ʢFig. 3ʣ

Fig. 3 αʔΫϧ·Ͱ͍ϙελʔɽ

㈨ࠉᩱ

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

Miscellaneous

No. 125, p.55 ∼ 57 (2013)2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձɹΤΫεΧʔγϣϯͷใࠂ௕ా༑ཬ‫ ܙ‬1 ʢࢀՃֶੜऔΓ·ͱΊʣ

2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 26 ೔ ∼ 27 ೔ɼ෱ౡࢢʹԙ͍ͯ౔৕෺ཧ

൧‫ؘ‬ଜ΁ೖΓɼ·ͣ໨ʹೖͬͨͷ͸ɼࢸΔͱ͜Ζʹஔֶձେձ͕։࠵͞ΕͨɽຊใͰ͸ɼ੢೔ຊ͔Βࠓճֶձ͔Ε͍ͯΔԚછ౔৕ͷ٧ΊΒΕͨϑϨίϯόοάͰ͋ʹࢀՃֶͨ͠ੜʹΑΓɼ൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷআછ‫ݱ‬৔ʹ๚ΕͨΤΫ

Δɽਢ‫ל‬஍۠ʹ͋ΔԚછ౔৕ͷԾ · Ծஔ͖৔Ͱ͸ɼ૝૾εΧʔγϣϯͷ໛༷ͱ‫ײ‬૝Λใࠂ͢ΔɽҎ্ʹͨ͘͞ΜͷϑϨίϯόοά͕ੵΈ্͛ΒΕɼࠓ΋ߦ͖৔͕ܾ·͍ͬͯͳ͍ঢ়ଶͰ͋ͬͨʢPhoto 1ʣɽΤΫεΧʔγϣϯͷߦఔʢ27 ೔ʣ࣍ʹɼ্ൺી஍۠ͷ৿ྛΛ๚Εɼྛ಺Ӎ · थ‫ਁ · ྲྀװ‬ಁਫͳͲͷௐࠪͷ༷ࢠΛ‫ֶͨ͠ݟ‬ɽ

8:40

෱ౡӺ ग़ൃ

9:35

൧‫ؘ‬ଜ΁ೖΔ

9:45

Ԛછ౔৕ͷԾ · Ծஔ͖৔ɹ‫ֶݟ‬͞Μ͕߹ྲྀ͠ɼ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷ૊৫΍‫׆‬ಈʹ͍ͭͯ

10:15

൧‫ؘ‬ଜ໾৔ʹͯ‫ܜٳ‬͓࿩͍͍ͨͩͨ͠ɽ͜͜Ͱ GPS ͱઢྔ‫ܭ‬Λ༻͍ͯ࡞੒

10:45 ্ൺી஍۠ͷ৿ྛɹ‫ֶݟ‬
12:30

ன৯

14:00

;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձɹ࡞෇ࢼ‫ݧ‬ะ৔ɹ‫ֶݟ‬ΤΫεΧʔγϣϯ౰೔͸ɼ‫͕͞פ‬਎ʹછΈΔ΋ͷͷɼલ೔·ͰͷӍఱ͕৴͡ΒΕͳ͍΄Ͳ‫ͪ࣋ؾ‬ͷΑ͍ఱ‫ؾ‬ͱͳͬͨɽ෱ౡӺΛग़ൃ͠ɼ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ΁ͱ޲͔ͬͨɽ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ͸ 2011 ೥ 4 ݄ 22 ೔ʹ‫ܭ‬ըతආ೉۠Ҭʹࢦఆ͞ΕͯҎདྷɼ‫ࡏݱ‬΋΄ͱΜͲͷ஍ҬͰ‫͞ݶ੍͕ॅډ‬Ε͍ͯΔɽ
ಓதͰ͸ߔ‫ޱ‬ձ௕΍ɼʮ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʢԣ઒ · ߔ‫ޱ‬ɼ

2013ʣʯཧࣄͷੁ໺फ෉͞Μ͔Βɼ൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়΍ੁ໺͞Μࣗ਎ͷ৺‫Ͳͳڥ‬Λฉ͔͍͍ͤͯͨͩͨɽ

ன৯Ͱ͸ɼձ৔ʹʮ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʯ୅දͷాඌཅҰ͞ΕͨઢྔϚοϓΛ‫͍͍ͨͩͨͯͤݟ‬ʢPhoto 2ʣɽσʔλ͕੔͑ΒΕͨ‫ݟ‬΍͍͢ϚοϓͰ͕͋ͬͨɼGPS ͷͣΕΛमਖ਼͢Δͷʹେม࣌ؒΛཁͨ͠ɼͱͷ͜ͱͩͬͨɽ
;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷ࡞෇ࢼ‫ݧ‬ะ৔ʹ౸ண͢Δͱ͙͢ɽ͜͜ͰʹɼʮΠωࢼ‫࠿ݧ‬ഓʯͷจࣈ͕‫ͨ͑ݟ‬ʢPhoto 3ʣ͸ɼαϯϓϦϯά౔৕΍ࠜͷઢྔʢPhoto 4ʣɼେ‫ؾ‬தͷਖΛௐ͍ࠪͯ͠Δͱͷ͜ͱͩͬͨɽ
൧‫ؘ‬ଜͰͷ଺ࡏதɼࢀՃऀͷ͏ͪͷ 16 ໊͕ੵࢉઢྔ
‫ܭ‬Λ෇͚ͯ‫ֶͨ͠ݟ‬ɽͦͷੵࢉઢྔ‫ܭ‬ͷଌఆ݁ՌΛਤʹࣔ͢ɽ଺ࡏ࠷ऴ࣌ͷੵࢉઢྔͷฏ‫ۉ‬͸ 4 μ Sv Ͱ͋ͬͨɽ
࣌ؒมԽͰ͸ 140 ∼ 210 ෼Ͱେ͖͘มԽ͓ͯ͠Γɼ৿ྛͷઢྔ͕ߴ͔ͬͨͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ
౰೔ɼৄ͍͠આ໌ΛԼͬͨ͞ੁ໺फ෉͞ΜɼాඌཅҰ͞ΜΛ͸͡Ίͱ͢Δ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷօ͞·ɼञҪ੓ळ͞Μɼ༷ʑͳٞ࿦ΛަΘͯ͠Լͬͨ͞օ͞·ʹɼ͜͜ʹ‫ँײ‬ͷҙΛ‫͢·͠ه‬ɽ

Fig. 1 ൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷҐஔਤɽ
Photo. 1 Ծ · Ծஔ͖৔ʹੵ·ΕͨϑϨίϯόοάɽ
1 ࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿ‫ڀݚֶݯ‬Պ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)56

Photo. 2 ઢྔϚοϓɽ

Photo. 4 αϯϓϦϯάͨࠜ͠ʢࠨʣͱ౔৕ʢӈʣɽ

Photo. 3 ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձ ࡞෇ࢼ‫ݧ‬ะ৔ɽ
Fig. 2 ଺ࡏதͷੵࢉઢྔͱઢྔͷ࣌ؒมԽɽ

ࢀՃֶͨ͠ੜͷ‫ײ‬૝ࠓճͷΤΫεΧʔγϣϯʹࢀՃ͢Δ·Ͱɼࣗ෼͕෱ౡ

ࠓճͷΤΫεΧʔγϣϯͰ͸ɼࢲͷҰ೔ͷੵࢉ์ࣹઢ

ͷͨΊʹͰ͖Δ͜ͱ͸͍͍ͤͥืۚ͢Δ͜ͱఔ౓ͩͱߟ

ྔ͸ 4 μ Sv Ͱ͋ͬͨɽ໨ʹ‫ͣ͑ݟ‬ɼͲ͜ʹͲͷఔ౓ͷ͍͑ͯͨɽͳͥͳΒɼඃ֐ͷ‫ن‬໛ͱਂࠁ͔͞Βɼʮࣗ෼͕ྔ͕ଘࡏ͍ͯ͠Δͷ͔Θ͔Γʹ͍͘์ࣹઢͰ͋Δ͔Β͜Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱ͸ͳ͍ʯͱແྗ‫ײ‬Λ๊͍͍͔ͯͨΒͰ͋Δɽ

ͦɼ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷํʑ͕ߦ͍ͬͯͨΑ͏ʹɼ౔৕͔͠͠ɼ෮‫ڵ‬Λ໨ࢦ͢ਓʑͱަྲྀ͠ɼ͓‫͍ޓ‬Λ஌Δ͜ͱ

ͷ์ࣹઢྔͳͲΛଌఆͯ͠਺஋Խ͠ɼՄࢹԽ͢Δ͜ͱͰɼ͕ࢧԉͷୈҰาͩͱ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ɽԿ͕‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕ͍ͯΔͷ͔Λ҆શੑΛ఻͍͑ͯ͘͜ͱ͕෮‫ڵ‬ΛਐΊΔ্Ͱॏཁͳ͜ͱ

ഽͰ‫͡ײ‬Δ͜ͱͰɼࣗ෼ͨͪʹͰ͖Δ͜ͱ͕Կͳͷ͔‫ؾ‬Ͱ͋Δͱ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ɽ෇͚Δͷͩͱࢥ͏ɽ
ࠤլେֶ ֶ෦ 3 ೥ɹฏౢ༤ଠ
ࠤլେֶ म࢜ 1 ೥ɹ্ా఩େ
ࠓɼ೔ຊʹॅΉͲΕ͚ͩͷਓ͕ɼ์ࣹઢͷɼ‫ݱ‬஍ͷɼ൧‫ؘ‬ଜͰͷΤΫεΧʔγϣϯͰ͸ɼ‫͔ނࣄൃݪ‬Β 2 ೥আછͷࣄ࣮Λ஌͍ͬͯΔͩΖ͏͔ɽࢲࣗ਎΋͜ͷΤΫε‫Ͱࠓͨͬܦ‬΋΄ͱΜͲਐΜͰ͍ͳ͍আછͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়Λ஌ͬΧʔγϣϯ͕ॳΊͯඃࡂ஍ʹ଺ࡏ͢Δ‫ػ‬ձͱͳͬͨɽࢲ

ͨɽͦͷΑ͏ͳதɼ෮‫׆ͳ·͟·͚ͯ͞޲ʹڵ‬ಈΛߦ͕ͬͨͪ൧‫ؘ‬ଜͰ໨ʹͨ͠΋ͷ͸ɼࢸΔॴʹઃஔ͞Εͨઢ

͍ͯΔ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷΈͳ͞Μͷ࿩Λฉ͍͍ͯΔྔ‫ܭ‬ɼؓࢄͱͨ֗͠ฒΈɼআછ͕ະͩ 3 ∼ 5 % ͔͠ऴͱɼ·ͣɼࢲ͕ͨͪ΍Δ΂͖͜ͱ͸࣮ࡍʹ‫ݱ‬஍ʹ଍ΛӡΘ͍ͬͯͳ͍޿େͳ೶஍Ͱ͋Δɽੁ໺फ෉͞Μͷʮ൧‫ؘ‬ΜͰʮਅ࣮ʯΛ‫ݟ‬Δ͜ͱͰ͋Ζ͏ɽͦͷ্Ͱɼ֤ʑ͕Կ

ʹ๚Εɼ‫ݱ‬ঢ়Λ஌ͬͯ΄͍͠ʯͱ͍͏‫ݴ‬༿͕೔ຊதʹɼΛͰ͖Δ͔ߟ͑ɼߦಈ͠ɼ࣍ͷੈ୅ʹ఻͍͑ͯ͘͜ͱ͕

ੈքதʹ఻ΘΓɼ΋͏Ұ౓೔ຊத͕ඃࡂ஍ʹ͍ͭͯߟ͑

େ੾ͳͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱࢥ͏ɽ

Δ΂͖Ͱ͋Δͱ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ɽࠤլେֶ म࢜ 1 ೥ɹ্ଜকজ

ࡾॏେֶ म࢜ 1 ೥ ௕ా༑ཬ‫ܙ‬ࠓճɼ෱ౡͰͷ౔৕෺ཧֶձʹࢀՃͨ͜͠ͱͰɼଟ͘

େྔʹੵ·Εͨࠇ৭ͷϑϨίϯόοΫΛ‫࣌ͨݟ‬ɼ൧‫ؘ‬ͷܹࢗΛड͚ͨɽಛʹɼ൧‫ؘ‬ଜͰͷΤΫεΧʔγϣϯͰଜ͕ඃࡂ஍ͱ͍͏ࣄΛ࣮‫ͨ͠ײ‬ɽࣸਅͰ‫͕͋ࣄͨݟ‬Δ෩

͸ɼআછͷ‫ݱ‬৔΍;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʹΑΔࢼ‫۠ݧ‬ͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়‫ͳܠ‬ͷʹɼॳΊͯ‫ݟ‬ΔΑ͏ͳ‫ͨͬͳʹͪ࣋ؾ‬ɽ਒ࡂҎདྷɼΛ௚઀‫ݟ‬Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ɼॅຽͷํʑͷ੠΍ࢥ͍Λௌ͘͜৽ฉ΍ςϨϏͰ์ࣹੑ෺࣭ͷԚછʹ͍ͭͯฉ͔ͳ͍೔͸ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽਖ਼͍͠‫ࣝݟ‬΍ٕज़Λ࣋ͭਓ͕ͨͪߦಈ͠ɼ

ແ͔ͬͨɽͦΕ͕೔ৗԽ͠ɼ͍͔ͭࣗ͠෼ͷதͰԚછ໰

޿Ί͍ͯ͘͜ͱͷେ੾͞ΛվΊͯೝࣝͨ͠ɽ

୊͕ଞਓࣄͷ༷ʹͳ͍ͬͯͨɽ͓ͦΒ͘ɼଟ͘ͷਓ͕ಉࠤլେֶ ֶ෦ 3 ೥ɹߴ໦‫ګ‬ฏ͡‫ͩͪ࣋ؾ‬Ζ͏ɽͦΜͳਓʹ͸ɼ෱ౡʹෝ͖ɼ‫ݱ‬஍ͷԚࢿྉɿ2013 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձɹΤΫεΧʔγϣϯͷใࠂછ‫ݱ‬ঢ়Λࣗ෼ͷ໨Ͱ͔֬Ίͯཉ͍͠ͱࢲ͸఻͍͑ͨɽ
ࡾॏେֶ म࢜ 1 ೥ ஛಺๖࣮;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷ‫׆‬ಈΛ‫ֶͯ͠ݟ‬ɼࢲ͸ͦͷࡉ΍͔

57

ʹΑΔআછ͸૝૾Ҏ্ʹਐΜͰ͍ͳ͔ͬͨɽੁ໺फ෉ࢯ
Βͷ࿩Λ࢕͍ͦ͜ʹ฻Β͢ਓͷɼ࠶ੜͷձʹ‫ܞ‬ΘΔਓͷ૝͍ʹ৮Εɼ͜Ε·Ͱඃࡂ஍ʹରͯ͠΅Μ΍ΓͱΠϝʔδ͍ͯͨ͠΋ͷ͕Ұ૟͞Εͨ‫֮ͨͬͩײ‬ɽඦฉ͸Ұ‫ʹݟ‬ͳଌఆͱ๲େͳσʔλɼͦͯ͠ޮ཰తʹଌఆΛߦ͏ΞΠ೗͔ͣɽʮ΋ͬͱ‫ݱ‬஍ʹ‫د‬ΓఴͬͨରԠΛʯɽफ෉ࢯͷ͜σΞͷଟ͞ʹ‫͍ͨڻ‬ɽಉձʹ͸ଟ༷ͳઐ໳෼໺͔Βਓ͕ͷ‫ݴ‬༿͸গͳ͘ͱ΋ 30 ೥͸৺ʹࠁΜͰ͓͔ͳ͚Ε͹͍

ू·͓ͬͯΓɼ֤ʑͷ஌͕ࣝ‫׆‬ಈʹੜ͔͞Ε͍ͯͨɽ෱

͚ͳ͍ͱࢥͬͨɽ

ౡͷ෮‫ʹڵ‬ਚྗ͍ͯ͠Δձͷਓͨͪͷ࢟Λ‫ͯݟ‬ɼࢲ͸൴ࡾॏେֶ ֶ෦ 4 ೥ ఝ⃻༎थΒͷੜ͖ΔྗΛ‫ͨ͡ײ͘ڧ‬ɽͦͯ͠ɼଜͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়΍ձͷ‫׆‬ಈΛ఻͑Δ͜ͱ͕ɼ൧‫ؘ‬ଜΛ‫ͯ͠ͱऀֶͨ͠ݟ‬ͷ࠷௿‫ݶ‬ͷ੹೚Ͱ͋Δͱࢥͬͨɽ

਒ࡂ͔Β 2 ೥൒͕ͨͪɼআછ΍෮‫͔ͱ͜͏͍ͱڵ‬Β΍΍ؔ৺͕ബΕ͍͕ͯͨɼࠓճͷֶձ΍ΤΫεΧʔγϣϯࡾॏେֶ म࢜ 1 ೥ ࡾ໦ਅོΛ௨ͯ͠ɼআછͷ࠷લઢʹཱͭํʑͷ͓࿩΍൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷ‫ݱ‬৔Λ௚઀‫ݟ‬Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ɼ‫و‬ॏͳ‫ݧܦ‬Λ͍͍ͤͯͨͩ͞

10/27 ʹ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ΁‫ͨͬߦʹֶݟ‬ɽԚછ౔ͷԾ · Ծஔ͖৔ͨɽ·ֶͨձͰ͸ɼಉ೥୅ͷൃදΛฉ͘‫ػ‬ձ͕͋Γɼ͜΍ਫాͰͷαϯϓϧΛ࠾औ͢ΔॴͳͲ‫ݟ‬Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖

Ε͔Βͷࣗ෼ͷ‫ڀݚ‬ͷܹࢗʹͳͬͨɽࠓ‫ޙ‬΋౔৕෺ཧֶ

ͨɽ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձͷํʑʹΑΔ‫ݱ‬৔ͷੜͷ੠Λௌ͘ΛҰੜ‫໋ݒ‬ษ‫ͯ͠ڧ‬ɼࣗ෼΋͜ͷֶ໰Λ੝Γ্͍͛ͯ͜

͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨͷ͸ͱͯ΋‫و‬ॏͳମ‫ͨͬͩݧ‬ɽ͜ͷ‫ֶݟ‬ձ͏ͱ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ɽΛ௨ͯ͠ɼࣗ෼ֶ͕ΜͰ͍Δ౔৕෺ཧֶ͕෱ౡ‫ݝ‬ͷ෮‫ڵ‬ʹߩ‫͍ͯ͠ݙ‬Δͱ͍͏͜ͱΛ࣮‫͢ײ‬Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽษ

ࡾॏେֶ ֶ෦ 4 ೥ ੒ໟઍਘֶʹྭΈɼগ͠Ͱ΋෱ౡ‫ݝ‬ͷ෮‫͕ͳͭʹڵ‬Δ͜ͱΛ͍ͨ͠ͱࢥͬͨɽ
ࡾॏେֶ ֶ෦ 4 ೥ Ԭ‫୎ڮ‬࿕Ҿ༻จ‫ݙ‬

൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷాʹ͸ηΠλΧΞϫμνι΢ͷԫ͕ࢄ‫͢ݟ‬Δɽ

ԣ઒՚ࢬ · ߔ‫ޱ‬উʢ2013ʣ: ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ࠶ੜΛ໨ࢦ͢‫ڠ‬ಇͷ੒Γཱͪ

2 ೥Ҏ্΋์‫͍ͨͯ͠غ‬ͷ͔ͩΒ౰વͩɽද౔ണ͗औΓ—;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձΛࣄྫʹ—. ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ, 125: 53–54.

多機能マルチレンジデータロガー ＦＴシリーズ
ＦＴシリーズは、各チャネルに２
２４ビットΔΣ (デルタシグマ)型Ａ／Ｄコンバータを採用し、全チャネル同時サンプリングによる高精度測定を実現したデータロガーです。
各チャネルは、設定によりアナログ／パルス／接点などに切り替えて使用でき、各各種センサを
変換器なしにダイレクトに接続できます。
接続可能なセンサは、温度(Pt100／Ｔ型熱電対／Ｋ型熱電対／サーミスタ)、湿度、日射、日照、
アルベド、放射収支、気圧、風向風速、雨量、土壌水分、土壌酸素、ＥＣ、ｐＨ、ＰＦ、水位、ひずみなど様々です。

■ＦＴ２(エフティーツー)■ＦＴＪｒ(エフティージュニア)

標準で８チャネル、最大６４チャネルまで増設可能 チャネル数を１チャネルまたは２チャネルとして、な多チャネルデータロガーです。

低価格を実現したデータロガーです。

設定により、全てのチャネルをアナログ／パルス／ １チャネルタイプは、チャネル増設ユニットにより接点などの区別なく利用できるため、全てのチャネ ２チャネルタイプへ拡張できます。
ルをパルス信号や接点信号の入力チャネルとして 標準タイプ以外に、熱電対対応タイプ、制御出力機
使用することもできます。

能付きタイプなどをラインアップしています。

≪ＦＴシリーズ共通の主な特徴≫
Ŷ
Ŷ
Ŷ
Ŷ
Ŷ
Ŷ
Ŷ
Ŷ
Ŷ
Ŷ
Ŷ

瞬時値以外に、インターバル間の最大値、最小値、平均値などの統計値を記録
平均風速、平均風向、最大瞬間風速、起時など風向風速測定に関わる演算機能を装備
ひずみセンサ（４ゲージ式、３５０Ωまたは１２０Ω）に対応
電圧測定において、０．１μＶの分解能を実現（電圧±７．５ｍＶレンジ時）
物理量への換算を目的とした多項式を含む演算式設定機能あり
プレヒート機能を備えたセンサ電源供給機能装備
内蔵メモリへの保存データ数１２５，０００回（保存データ数はチャネル数に影響されない）
測定データ回収用としてＵＳＢメモリに対応（ＵＳＢメモリは記録メモリとしても利用可能）
回収データはＣＳＶ形式ファイルのため、市販表計算ソフトで直接読み込み可能
単三乾電池４本、ＡＣアダプタ、ＵＳＢ給電、外部電源（ＤＣ８〜１８Ｖ）に対応
オプションの通信コンバータを利用することで、ネットワークへの接続も可能

詳しくは当社ホームページでご覧ください。

ＭＣＳ 札幌で 検索〒060‑0063 札幌市中央区南３条西８丁目７番地４ 遠藤ビル５F
TEL011‑596‑0201
FA X 011‑596‑0234 
E‑m ailinfo@ m cs‑fs.com URL http://w w w .m cs‑fs.com

㈨ࠉᩱ

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

Miscellaneous

No. 125, p.59 ∼ 60 (2013)෱ౡʹ͓͚Δ౔৕Պֶऀͨͪͷ௅ઓʢ SSSA ಛผηογϣϯୈ̍ϥ΢ϯυʣߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ 1 · ొඌߒॿ 2 · Clifford Johnston3೔ຊͷ౔৕෺ཧֶձͷϝϯόʔ͕ΞϝϦΧࠃࡍ౔৕͕ग़Δ΄Ͳͷ੝‫Ϳگ‬ΓͩͬͨʢPhoto 2ʣɽಛʹɼ‫ݱ‬৔ௐֶձʢSSSAʣͷձ৔Λ઎‫ͨ͠ڌ‬ɽొඌߒॿ · ߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউ ·ࠪͷൃදΛड͚ͯ೪౔ίϩΠυ΁ͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝ‫ݻ‬ఆ

Clifford Johnston ͕‫ا‬ըͨ͠ “Battles of Soil Scientists inͷϝΧχζϜʹؔͯ͠ਂ͍ٞ࿦͕ߦΘΕͨɽ·ͨɼηο

Fukushima, Japan” ͷಛผηογϣϯ͕ 2013 ೥ 11 ݄ 4γϣϯ‫ʹޙ‬Χφμͷ೶‫ܥۀ‬δϟʔφϧͷฤू௕͔Βಛू೔ɼϑϩϦμभλϯύࢢͰߦΘΕͨɽൃදͨ͠ͷ͸ɼ෱߸Λଧ਍͞ΕΔͳͲɼ‫ · ऀڀݚ‬NPO · ॅຽͷ‫ڠ‬ಇʹΑΔౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜͰ೶‫ۀ‬ΛӦΉੁ໺फ෉͞Μͱ NPO ๏ਓʮ;‫ڀݚ‬ͷਐΊํʹ΋େ͖ͳؔ৺͕‫ͤد‬ΒΕͨɽ͘͠·࠶ੜͷձʯʹ͓ੈ࿩ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ‫ͪͨऀڀݚ‬ɼͦ
ͯ͠ 2011 ೥ 5 ݄ʹ౦‫ژ‬େֶͰಛผηϛφʔߨࢣΛͭͱΊͨ Johnston ‫ڭ‬तͰ͋Δɽ

2011 ೥ͷ‫ʹނࣄൃݪ‬༝དྷ͢Δ෱ౡͷ೶஍ʹ͓͚Δ์
ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝͷআછ͸೔ຊͷ౔৕෺ཧ͕Ϧʔυ͢΂͖࠷େͷ՝୊Ͱ͋Γɼͦͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়Λੈքʹਖ਼͘͠৘ใൃ৴͢Δ
ඞཁ͕͋Δɽ͜͏ͨ͠ঢ়‫گ‬ͷ࣌ʹɼ2012 ೥ͷ SSSA ʹࢀՃͨ͠ొඌ͕ߔ‫ͱޱ‬૬ஊͨ͠ͷΛ‫ʹػܖ‬ɼ೪౔ද໘Պ
ֶͷ‫ݖ‬ҖͰ͋Δ Johnston ‫ڭ‬तͷ‫ྗڠ‬Λಘͯɼࠓճͷ͓ͦΒ͘ SSSA ্࢙೔ຊਓॳͷಛผηογϣϯ͕࣮‫͢ݱ‬Δʹ
ࢸͬͨɽΞϝϦΧͷ‫ऀڀݚ‬ͷؔ৺΋͋ͬͨͨΊ͔ɼ޾ӡʹ΋ηογϣϯ͸݄༵೔ 13 ͔࣌ΒͷΰʔϧσϯΞϫʔʹ഑

Photo 1 ε ʔ π ͱ Ξ ϩ ϋ γ ϟ π ͷ ૊ Έ ߹ Θ ͤ Ͱ ࢝ · ͬ ͨ
SSSA ಛผηογϣϯɽஔ͞Εͨɽߔ‫͕ޱ‬͸͡Ίʹɼ1ʣ෱ౡͷ̎ͭͷ໰୊ʢ஍Լ
ਫԚછਫॲཧͱ೶஍আછʣͷ͏ͪ೶஍আછΛѻ͏͜ͱɼ2ʣ೔ຊ͔Βͷਖ਼͍͠৘ใൃ৴͕ඞཁͰ͋Δ͜ͱɼ3ʣଜຽ ·NPO · ‫ऀڀݚ‬ͷ‫ڠ‬ಇ‫ڀݚ‬ͷதؒใࠂͱͯ͜͠ͷಛผηογϣϯΛ‫ا‬ըͨ͜͠ͱ౳ͷ։࠵झࢫΛઆ໌ͨ͠ʢPhoto1ʣɽͦͷ‫ ܭ߹ʹޙ‬9 ݅ͷൃදʢ೔ຊ: 8 ݅ɼΞϝϦΧ: 1
݅ɼΩϟϯηϧ 2 ݅ʣ͕͋ͬͨɽΩϟϯηϧͷ࣌ؒଳ͸Կ΋͠ͳ͍ͷ͕ SSSA ֶձͷ‫͋Ͱྫ׳‬Δ͕ɼߔ‫ޱ‬ͷ‫ػ‬సʹΑΓ͜ͷ࣌ؒʹʮ௥Ճ৘ใʯΛ੝ΓࠐΈɼશମͷྲྀΕΛεϜʔζʹਐߦͤͨ͞ʢTable 1ʣɽͦͷޮՌ΋͋ͬͨͷ͔ൃදʹ͓͚Δ࣭ٙԠ౴΋‫Ͱൃ׆‬ɼϐʔΫ࣌ʹ͸ཱ‫ݟ‬
1 ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ
2 ໌࣏େֶ೶ֶ෦
3 Purdue University, Department of Agronomy

Photo 2 ཱ‫ݟ‬΋‫ݱ‬Εͨ೤‫;͋ؾ‬ΕΔձ৔෩‫ܠ‬ɽ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

60

Table 1 ηογϣϯλΠτϧɿ෱ౡʹ͓͚Δ౔৕Պֶऀͨͪͷ௅ઓɽ
ʢhttps://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2013am/webprogram/Session11722.htmlʣ

0. ͸͡Ίʹʢߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউʣ
1. ਓ޻ϚΫϩϙΞΛ༻͍ͨԖ௚ਁಁଅਐʹΑΔ஍ද໘͔Βͷ์ࣹੑ߱Լ෺ͷআ‫ڈ‬ʢ৿໵ੇࢤʣ
2. ෱ౡͷ౔৕์ࣹੑηγ΢ϜͷԖ௚ೱ౓෼෍Λଌఆ͢Δ؆қଌఆ‫ث‬ʢླ໦৺໵ʣ
3. ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ࠶ੜΛ໨ࢦ͢‫ڠ‬ಇͷ੒Γཱͪ —;͘͠·࠶ੜͷձΛࣄྫʹ— ʢԣ઒՚ࢬʣ
4. ௥Ճ৘ใ-1 ɹ ൧‫ؘ‬ଜ೶஍ͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়ʢߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউʣ
5. ‫ݒ‬୙෺࣭ͱ์ࣹੑηγ΢ϜͷҠಈͷϞχλϦϯάͱ WEPP Ϟσϧͷద༻ʢେᖒ࿨හʣ
6. ෱ౡͷ౔৕தͷίϩΠυੑ์ࣹੑηγ΢ϜͷҠಈಛੑʢ੢ଜ୓ʣ
7. ෱ౡͷ౔৕ʹ͓͚Δ์ࣹੑηγ΢Ϝͷফ௕ͱҠಈΛܾΊΔ೪౔߭෺ͷಇ͖ʢCliff Johnstonʣ
8. ௥Ճ৘ใ-2 ɹ ਫా୷ਫʹΑΔ౔৕͔Βͷ์ࣹઢྔ௿‫ޮݮ‬Ռʢߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউʣ
9. ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜͰͷԚછද౔ണ͗औΓ‫ޙ‬ͷ౔৕ංཊ౓ճ෮ʢ੢࿬३ࢠʣ
10. ෱ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜͷਫాͰͷ์ࣹੑηγ΢ϜԚછ౔ͷຒઃ࣮‫ݧ‬ʢߔ‫ޱ‬ɹউʣ
11. ‫ؾ‬ԹΛ༻͍ͨ౔৕ౚ݁։࢝೔ͷਪఆʢొඌߒॿʣ
౰೔ͷൃදεϥΠυ͸ϗʔϜϖʔδʢhttp://www.fukushima-saisei.jp/report201311.html#20131107ʣ͔ΒӾཡՄೳɽ

ཉΛ‫͑ݴ‬͹౔৕෺ཧ෼໺Ҏ֎ͷ౔৕Պֶ෼໺͔Βͷൃ

Clifford Johnston (ύσϡʔେֶ‫ڭ‬त) ͔Βͷίϝϯτ

ද͕΋ͬͱ͋Ε͹ߋʹྑ͔͔ͬͨ΋஌Εͳ͍͕ɼ೔ຊͷ౔৕෺ཧֶձһ͕෱ౡͷ‫ݱ‬஍࣮‫ݧ‬σʔλʹ‫ੈ͍ͯͮج‬քIt was a pleasure and honor to participate in the session”Battles of Soil Scientists in Fukushima, Japan”. I wasʹ޲͚ͯ৘ใൃ৴Ͱ͖ͨҙٛ͸େ͖͍ɽ΍ͬͱ౔৕෺ཧ

very impressed by work that is being done among the soilֶͷ෼໺Ͱ΋ઌਐࠃͷ஥ؒೖΓ͕Ͱ͖ͨͱͷ͍͏ͷ͕ਖ਼science community in Japan to address this enormous chal-௚ͳ‫͋Ͱͪ࣋ؾ‬ΔɽͦΕ͸จ຤ͷ Johnston ‫ڭ‬तͷίϝ

lenge. The dedication and the novel and practical ap-

ϯτ͔Β΋஌Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Α͏ɽ

proaches being used are remarkable. I found the most࠷‫ʹޙ‬ɼૉ੖Β͍͠ൃදΛͨ͠ߨԋऀͷօ༷ʹ‫͢ँײ‬interesting and inspiring part was the way the differentΔͱಉ࣌ʹɼ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ‫ݱ‬৔Λఏ‫͍͍ͨͩͨͯ͠ྗڠ͠ڙ‬෱groups of scientists and volunteers have come together,ౡ‫ݝ‬൧‫ؘ‬ଜ೶‫ۀ‬ҕһձͷੁ໺फ෉͞Μͱ;͘͠·࠶ੜͷ

working with local residents. Although this is such a large,ձͷօ༷ʹ‫͢ँײ‬Δɽ·ͨɼ͜ΕΛ‫ੈʹػܖ‬քதͷ౔৕

complex, and difﬁcult problem, the session in Tampa was aՊֶऀ͕෱ౡͷ೶஍ʹؔ৺Λ࣋ͪɼҰॹʹ໰୊ղܾʹऔ

testament to the signiﬁcant intellectual resources in JapanΓ૊ΜͰ͘ΕΔ͜ͱΛ‫ظ‬଴͍ͨ͠ɽͦͯ͠ɼ೔ຊਓ‫ڀݚ‬that are addressing this problem. I hope that there can beऀ‫ا‬ըͷ SSSA ಛผηογϣϯ͕ࠓ‫ޙ‬΋‫ܧ‬ଓ͍ͯ͘͜͠

continued exchanges between the United States and JapanͱΛ੾ʹ‫ر‬๬͢Δɽ

that would provide an opportunity for our students and scientists to ‘see’ the different remediation strategies being
used and to interact with the various groups involved. Asa point of moving forward, I think this session was logicalstarting point looking at where the contamination exists inthe soils of Fukushima and the transport of radioactive Cs
in the soil proﬁle. I think that continued linkages with thesoil chemistry and soil mineralogy communities would be
beneﬁcial. For example, another session in Tampa was focused on K-ﬁxation in soils and the information that wasFig. 1 ಛผηογϣϯͷ Web ϖʔδ.
https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2013am/webprogram/
Session11722.html

presented in that session has direct relevance to the Cs
problem in Fukushima. Thank you for the opportunity toparticipate in this Session.

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

No. 125, p.61 ∼ 62 (2013)ਅͬനͳ΢υͷࢥ͍ग़Ճ౻ઍਘ 1म࢜՝ఔ͔Β‫ࢸʹࡏݱ‬Δ·Ͱɼ‫ީؾ‬มಈ͕࡞෺ੜ࢈΍઒ɼ෢ଂ໺ɼࠃ෼ࣉɼখฏͳͲʣ͕ੜ࢈ྔશࠃ 1 ҐͰ͋ࣗવੜଶ‫͢΅ٴʹܥ‬Ө‫ڹ‬༧ଌ΍ɼదԠࡦͷ‫ݕ‬౼Λ೦಄ʹɼΔɽ·ͨɼ౦‫ژ‬ͷதͰ΋ɼ෢ଂ໺ࢢ٢঵ࣉ͋ͨΓ͕࠷΋‫ީؾ‬มಈԼͷ೶஍౔৕ਫ෼ · Թ౓෼෍༧ଌ΍෺࣭Ҡಈ༧ૣ͘ʢߐ‫࣌ށ‬୅຤‫ظ‬ʣ΢υ͕ಋೖ͞Εͨͱ͍ΘΕ͍ͯΔ

ଌγϛϡϨʔγϣϯʹऔ૊ΜͰ͖ͨɽ‫ڀݚ‬ΛਐΊΔ্Ͱʢ౦‫Ͳ͏ژ‬෺‫ޠ‬ฤूҕһձɼ1997ʣɽࢲ͕ख఻͍ʹ͍ͬͨ͸ɼ༷ʑͳ՝୊͕ग़͖ͯͯۤઓ͢Δ͜ͱ΋ଟ͍͕ɼ໨ʹ೶ԂͰ΋ɼ࢛‫ંق‬ʑͷാ࡞෺ʢΩϟϕπɺϒϩοίϦʔɺ‫͍ͳ͑ݟ‬஍ԼͰɼকདྷͲͷΑ͏ͳ‫ݱ‬৅͕ੜ͡Δ͔Λ༧ଌʹΜ͡ΜɺτϚτɺനࡊͳͲʣͱಉ࣌ʹ΢υͷ࠿ഓʹ΋͠ɼͦΕʹର͢ΔదԠࡦΛߟ͑Δ͜ͱʹ໘ന͞Λ‫ͯ͡ײ‬ྗΛೖΕ͍ͯͨɽͦͷͨΊɼΞϧόΠτͰ͸໺ࡊ࠿ഓͱ

͍ΔɽͦͷΑ͏ͳ೔ʑͷͳ͔Ͱɼ;ͱɼͦ΋ͦ΋͜ͷ෼ͱ΋ʹ΢υͷ࠿ഓͷख఻͍΋ߦͬͨɽ໺ʹ‫ڵ‬ຯΛ͖͔͚࣋ͬͨͬ͸ͲͷΑ͏ͳ͜ͱ͔ͩͬͨͳ

ന΢υͷऩ֭͸ओʹౙͰ͋Δ͕ɼʮछʢࠜ‫ג‬ʣʯͷঢ়ଶͱࢥ͍ɼ͋Ε͜Εࢥ͍ग़ͯ͠Έͨɽ͢Δͱɼ
ʮਅͬനͳ΢

͔Βऩ֭·Ͱɼ8 ϲ݄ ∼ 1 ೥ఔ౓͔͔Δɽय़ · Ն · ळͷυʯ͕ු͔ΜͰ͖ͨɽԂܳ࡞෺ͷଟ͘͸ɼ࠿ഓ‫ ͕ؒظ‬3 ∼ ̐ϲ݄ఔ౓Ͱ͋Γɼࢲ͸ɼ౦‫֎߫ژ‬ͷΩϟϯύεͰେֶֶ෦࣌୅Λաͨ͠ɽֶ෦ 2 ೥ੜ͔Β 3 ೥ੜʹ͔͚ͯɼ౔৕෺ཧֶ΍೶஍޻ֶͷߨٛΛडߨ͠ɼ৯ྐੜ࢈΍ࣗવੜଶ‫ܥ‬ͷ‫ج‬൫ͱͳΔ

΢υ͸௕͍࣌ؒΛ͔͚ͯɼखؒͻ·͔͚ͯ࠿ഓ͞ΕΔͷͩͱ‫͍ͨڻ‬ɽ·ͣ 3 ݄͝Ζɼ΢υͷछͱͳΔࠜ‫ג‬ͷ‫ג‬෼͚Λߦ͏౔৕ɼ͋ΒΏΔੜ໋Λࢧ͑Δ౔৕ʹັྗΛ‫͡ײ‬ΔΑ͏ʹͱ͜Ζ͔Βɼ΢υͷ४උ͕࢝·Δɽ‫ג‬෼͚͞Εͨࠜ‫ג‬͸ͳͬͨɽ·ͨɼීஈ͸໨ʹ‫͍ͳ͑ݟ‬஍ԼͰԿ͕ੜ͍ͯ͡

ʮࠜ‫ג‬ཆ੒ʯͷͨΊɼ4 ݄͝Ζʹാʹఆ২͞ΕΔɽॱௐʹΔͷ͔ɼ‫ڵ‬ຯΛͦͦΒΕͨɽҭͭͱɼ΢υ͸੨ʑͱໜΓɼ10 ݄͝Ζʹ͸ঁੑͷഎৎಉ͡ࠒɼֶՊͷઌഐʹ঺հͯ͠΋Β͍ɼେֶͷۙ͘ͷҎ্ɼ࣌ʹ͸ 2 ̼ۙ͘ʹੜ௕͢ΔɽՆͷؒʹେ͖͘ੜ௕

೶ԂͰΞϧόΠτΛ࢝ΊͨɽηΠΠν͞Μɼϑϛί͞Μͨ͠஍্෦ͷ‫ܪ‬༿͔Βɼஷଂ‫͋Ͱ׭ث‬Δࠜ‫ʹג‬ӫཆ෼͕͝෉࠺ͱɼ͝ࢠଉͷφΦϢΩ͞Μ͕ࠓʢ2013 ೥ʣ΋໺ࡊૹΒΕ͍ͯ͘ɽ΢υͷऩྔ͸ɼࠜ‫ג‬ͷӫཆ෼ʹࠨӈ͞Ε࠿ഓΛଓ͚͍ͯΔɽ

ΔͨΊɼ͜ͷࠜ‫ג‬ཆ੒͸ॏཁͰ͋Δɽࠜ‫Ͱג‬ͷӫཆ෼ͷʮ͏ͪͷാʹ͸݀ଂ͕͋ΔΜͩΑɻԿͷ͜ͱ͔Θ͔Δ͔ʁʯॳΊͯ࢓ࣄʹߦͬͨ೔ɼηΠΠν͞Μ͕࿩͔͚ͯ͘͠

஝ੵ͕࢝·Δͱɼࠜ‫ג‬͸Ұ࣌తʹ‫ٳ‬຾ʹೖΔɽ౦‫ژ‬ͷ৔߹͸ 10 ্݄०ʹ‫ٳ‬຾ʹೖΓɼҰఆͷ௿ԹΛ‫ܦ‬աͯ͠‫ٳ‬຾͕ऴΘΔͷ͸ 1 ্݄०Ͱ͋Δʢ౦‫Ͳ͏ژ‬෺‫ޠ‬ฤूҕһΕͨɽ໺ࡊΛ࡞͍ͬͯΔͱ͍͏৘ใ͚ͩฉ͍ͯෆษ‫ڧ‬ͷɽ‫ٳ‬຾ͷؒ͸༰қʹ͸๖ժͤͣɼ‫ٳ‬຾͕ऴΘΔ
ձɼ1997ʣ

··๚Ͷͨࢲ͸ɼԿͷ͜ͱ͔Θ͔Βͣʮ݀ଂͰ͔͢ʁʯ

ͱҰఆԹ౓ͷ‫ڥ؀‬ԼʹΑͬͯ๖ժ͢Δɽ๖ժͨ͠ͷͪɼͱฉ͖ฦͯ͠͠·ͬͨɽηΠΠν͞Μ͸ɼʮଟຎʢ஍Ҭʣੜ௕ʢೈԽʣͤͨ͞΋ͷ͕ɼࢢ৔ʹग़ճ͍ͬͯΔ΢υͰͷಛ࢈෺ɼ΢υͩΑʯͱଓ͚ͨɽ͜ͷͱ͖͸ࢥ͍΋ΑΒ͋Δɽͳ͔͕ͬͨɼ͜ͷ݀ଂ͸ɼࢲʹͱͬͯ౔৕෺ཧֶɼಛʹਅͬനͳ΢υ͸ԑ‫ى‬෺Ͱ͋Γɼਖ਼݄ʹ࠷΋ߴ஋ͰऔҾ౔৕தͷਫ · ೤Ҡಈ‫ݱ‬৅Λཧղ͢Δ্Ͱͱͯ΋ྑ͍‫ࡐڭ‬͞ΕΔɽͦͷͨΊɼ౦‫גࠜͰژ‬ཆ੒Λߦͬͨ৔߹ɼࠜ‫ג‬ʹͳͬͨɽͷ‫ٳ‬຾‫ؒظ‬Λߟྀ͢Δͱਖ਼݄ͷग़ՙʹؒʹ߹Θͳ͍ɽଞ΢υ͕೔ৗతʹ৯୎ʹฒͿՈఉ͸ɼશࠃతʹ͸ଟ͘ͳํɼ౦‫ͱژ‬ൺ΂ͯ௿Թͷ࣌‫͘ૣ͕ظ‬๚ΕΔߴྫྷ஍ʹ͓͍͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱࢥ͏ͷͰɼগ͠΢υʹ͍ͭͯ঺հͨ͠

ͯ͸ɼ‫ٳ‬຾͕ૣ͘ऴΘΔ͜ͱ͕֬ೝ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽͦͷ͍ͨɽ΢υ͸΢ίΪՊͷଟ೥૲Ͱ͋Γɼ΋ͱ΋ͱ͸ྛ஍ͳΊɼ౦‫͔ژ‬Βߴྫྷ஍ʹࠜ‫ג‬Λӡͼɼߴྫྷ஍ͷะ৔Ͱཆ੒

Ͳͷ೔౰ͨΓͷΑ͍৔ॴʹࣗੜ͍ͯ͠Δʢ໺΢υʣɽͪΛߦ͏ɼʮࢁ্͛࠿ഓʯ͕ߦΘΕΔ͜ͱ͕ଟ͍ɽࢲ΋ҰͳΈʹɼʮ΢υͷେ໦ʢ= େ͖͍͹͔ΓͰ໾ʹͨͨͳ͍౓ɼ‫܈‬അ‫Ͱ·ݝ‬΢υͷࠜ‫ג‬ͷҾ͖औΓʹಉߦͨ͜͠ͱ͕

ਓʣʯͱ͍͏͕ɼ΢υ͸໦ຊͰ͸ͳ͘૲ຊͰ͋Δɽ໺΢υ͋ΔɽτϥοΫͰߦ͘ͷ͕ͩɼ‫ؼ‬Γ͕͚ɼಉ͡Α͏ʹՙͱ͸ผʹɼ‫׬‬શʹ೔ࣹΛःΓҭͯΔਅͬനͳʮന΢υʯɼ୆͔Β΢υͷࠜ‫͕ג‬೷͍͍ͯΔτϥοΫΛԿ୆͔‫͚͔ݟ‬ാͰ੝Γ౔Λͯ͠൒෼͚ͩ྘Խͤ͞Δʮ྘Խ΢υʯ͕͋ͨɽ΢υ࠿ഓͷख఻͍Λ͍ͯ͠ͳ͚Ε͹ɼͦΕ͕΢υͰ

Δɽ͜ͷ͏ͪന΢υ͸ɼ‫ࡏݱ‬ɼ౦‫ژ‬ͷଟຎ஍Ҭʢಛʹཱ͋Δ͜ͱʹ‫ͱͮ͘͜ؾ‬͸ͳ͔ͬͨͱࢥ͏ɽ
ࠜ‫ג‬ཆ੒‫ʹޙ‬۷Γ͋͛ΒΕͨ΢υͷࠜ‫ג‬͸ɼ͍Α͍Α

1 ߂લେֶ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ෦

2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 30 ೔डߘɹ 2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 31 ೔डཧ݀ଂʹҠ͞ΕΔɽ݀ଂ͸ɼීஈ͸Ӎ͕߱Γ͜ΜͩΓɼਓ͕‫ͯͬޡ‬མͪͨΓ͠ͳ͍Α͏ʹɼೖΓ‫ޱ‬͸Ϗχʔϧγʔ62౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)τ΍ΰβͰ෴ΘΕ͍ͯͨɽ·ͨɼޫ͕ೖΔͱ΢υ͸ม৭ߴ͍ɽઃஔ͞Ε͍ͯͨԹ࣪౓‫ܭ‬ͷද໘͕ಶ͍ͬͯΔͷ͕ͯ͠඼࣭͕མͪΔͨΊɼࠜ‫ג‬ΛҠͨ͠‫ޙ‬͸ɼऩ֭ద‫ʹظ‬෼͔ͬͨɽͦͯ͠ɼग़ܴ͑ͯ͘Εͨͷ͸ɼ౔นΛഎʹɼͳΔ·Ͱ݀ଂ͕։͚ΒΕΔ͜ͱ͸΄ͱΜͲͳ͍ɽͦͷΑεοͱ৳ͼͨԿຊ΋ͷਅͬനͳ΢υͰ͋ͬͨɽ

͏ͳཧ༝Ͱɼ݀ଂ͸ɼϕʔϧʹแ·ΕͨɼͳΜͱͳ͘‫ؾ‬ʹͳΔ৔ॴͰ͋ͬͨɽ

ؔ౦ϩʔϜɼಛʹԼ૚ͷཱ઒ϩʔϜ౔͸อਫੑ͕ߴ͘ɼ
࣪౓͕อͨΕ΍͍͢ɽ͜ͷ࣪౓ͱɼ஍ԼͷԹ౓͕΢υͷౙʹͳͬͯɼࣗ෼͕ख఻͍ʹߦ͘೔ͱɼ΢υͷࠜ‫ג‬Λ๖ժͱೈԽΛଅਐ͢Δʢͨͩ͠ɼ‫ʹ͖ͱ͍פ‬͸݀ଂͷத݀ଂʹҠ͢೔΍ɼऩ֭ͷ೔͕ॏͳΔͱɼͦͷ෴ΘΕͨγʔΛՃԹ͢Δ͜ͱ΋͋Δʣɽ͞Βʹཱ઒ϩʔϜ౔͸‫ͳݻڧ‬τΛ͸ͣ͢ͱ͜Ζʹཱͪձ͏͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽΞϧόΠτ

౔৕ߏ଄Λ΋ͭͨΊɼ͜ͷ݀ଂΛ࡞Δͷʹద͓ͯ͠ΓɼΛ࢝Ίͯ࠷ॳͷ೥ɼࠜ‫ג‬Λ݀ଂʹҠ͢೔͸ಀ͕ͨ͠ɼऩ่͕݀ΕΔ͜ͱ͸΄΅ͳ͍ɽ౦‫ژ‬ͷଟຎ஍Ҭ͸ཱ઒ϩʔ֭ͷ೔ʹख఻͍ʹߦ͘͜ͱʹͳͬͨɽࢲ͕௨͍ͬͯͨ೶

Ϝ౔͕ް͘ଯੵ͓ͯ͠Γɼ͜Ε͸ന΢υͷ࠿ഓ͕੝ΜͳԂʹ͸݀ଂ͕ 3ɼ4 ‫͋ݸ‬Γɼ࣌‫ظ‬ΛͣΒͯࠜ͠‫ג‬ͷҠ২΍ཧ༝ͱ΋‫͑ݴ‬Δɽ

ऩ֭Λߦ͍ͬͯͨɽऩ֭ͷͨΊͷಓ۩Λ४උͨ͠‫ޙ‬ɼ͍஍Ҭ͝ͱͷ‫ʹީؾ‬Ԡͨ͡஍Թ΍ɼؔ౦ϩʔϜͷྗֶੑɼΑ͍Α݀ଂͷೖΓ‫ޱ‬Λ;͍͞Ͱ͍ͨγʔτΛ֎͢ɽམͪ

෺ཧੑɼ·ͨɼ౔৕தͰੜ͡Δਫ · ೤ҠಈͷΑ͏ͳ෺ཧͳ͍Α͏ʹ଍‫ؾʹݩ‬Λ෇͚ͭͭɼ஍্ͷೖΓ‫͔ޱ‬Β݀ͷ‫ݱ‬৅͸͔֬ʹɼ΢υͷੜ௕ͷҰཌྷΛ୲͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱΛ࣮தΛ೷͍ͨͱ͖ͷϫΫϫΫ͢Δ‫͍ࢥ͕֮ײ‬ग़͞ΕΔɽ͠

‫ͨ͠ײ‬ɽ౔৕தͷਫ · ೤ҠಈΛߟ͑Δͱ͖ɼࠓ΋࣌ંɼ͔͠ɼ݀ଂ͸ 3 ∼ 4 m ͷਂ͕͋͞Γɼ౰વͳ͕Βɼ݀ͷਅͬനͳ΢υͷ࢟ɼ΢υͷ݀ଂͰ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ஆ͔͞ɼ࣪‫͕ؾ‬த͸ਅͬ҉Ͱɼͦͷ··Ͱ͸΄ͱΜͲԿ΋‫͔ͨͬͳ͑ݟ‬ɽࢥ͍ग़͞ΕΔɽ΢υͷऩ֭͸ɼྲྀΕ࡞‫ͨͬͩۀ‬ɽ·ͣ݀ଂͰऩ֭ͨ͠

΢υ࠿ഓͷख఻͍ͷ࣌ʹ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ϫΫϫΫ‫ײ‬΍‫͖ڻ‬͸ɼ΢υΛɼ஍্ʹઃஔͨ͠؆қͳϦϑτͰҾ͖༲͛ɼͦΕ౔৕෺ཧֶͷཧղΛॿ͚ͯ͘Εɼ·ͨɼ‫Ͱࡏݱ‬΋౔৕෺Λ࡞‫ʹࣨۀ‬ӡͿɽͦͯ͠ɼ࡞‫Ͱࣨۀ‬ɼ΢υΛҰຊͣͭା٧Ί͠ɼ਺ຊͣͭʢॴఆͷ࣭ྔʹͳΔΑ͏ʹʣശ٧Ί͢ཧ෼໺ʹ‫ܞ‬Θ͍ͬͯΔ͖͔͚ͬͷҰͭʹͳ͍ͬͯΔͱࢥ
͏ɽ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ‫ڀݚ‬΍ษ‫ڧ‬ͷώϯτ͸ɼ͓ͦΒ͍͘Ζ͍

Δɽ҆શੑ΍ɼଟ͘ͷਓ͕݀ଂʹೖΔͱ΢υΛই͚ͭ΍

Ζͳͱ͜ΖʹࢄΒ͹͍ͬͯΔͱࢥ͏ɽ͜ͷͱ͖ͷ‫֮ײ‬Λ͍͢͜ͱͳͲ͔Βɼ೶ԂͷφΦϢΩ͞Μ͕݀ଂʹೖͬͯ๨Εͣʹɼ͋ΒΏΔ෺ࣄʹ‫ڵ‬ຯΛ࣋ͬͯࠓ‫ޙ‬΋‫ʹڀݚ‬औ΢υΛऩ֭͠ɼࢲ΍ଞͷֶੜΞϧόΠτΛ‫ؚ‬Ίͨ਺໊͕Γ૊ΜͰ͍͖͍ͨͱࢥ͏ɽ

஍্ͷ࡞‫ۀ‬Λ୲౰ͨ͠ɽ
΢υͷऩ͕֭͋Δఔ౓ਐΈɼதʹۭ͕ؒͰ͖ͨͱ͍͏
͜ͱͰɼ݀ଂͷதΛ‫ͯͤݟ‬΋Β͑Δ͜ͱʹͳͬͨɽϥΠτΛ͚ͭɼ΍͸Γམͪͳ͍Α͏ʹ৻ॏʹ͸͠͝ʹ଍Λ͔Ҿ༻จ‫ݙ‬

͚ͯ͸͠͝Λ఻ͬͯԼΓ͍ͯ͘ͱɼ্૚ͷ౔͸ࠇ৭ʢΫϩϘΫ౔ʣͰɼ͋Δਂ͞·Ͱߦ͘ͱ੺ͬΆཱ͍઒ϩʔϜ౔ʹมΘΔͷ͕෼͔ͬͨɽͦͯ͠ɼ஍Լࣨʹண͘ͱɼஆ
͔͘ʢౙͩͬͨͨΊɼ஍্ͱൺ΂ͯԹ౓͕ߴ͍ʣ
ɼ࣪౓͕౦‫Ͳ͏ژ‬෺‫ޠ‬ฤूҕһձฤʢ1997ʣɿ౦‫Ͳ͏ژ‬෺‫ޠ‬ɼpp. 20–28ɼ

117–128.
౦‫ژ‬೶‫ ۀ‬WEB αΠτɹ http://www.tokyonogyo.jp/

᭩ࠉホ

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

Book review

No. 125, p.63 ∼ 64 (2013)౔ͱ೶஍ɹ—౔͕༷࣋ͭʑͳ‫ػ‬ೳ—௕୩઒पҰஶ
ཆ‫ݡ‬ಊ 2013 ೥ 4 ݄ 8 ೔ൃߦ

A5 ൛ 172 ท ISBN978-4-8425-0514-5 ఆՁຊମ 2,400 ԁ + ੫ຊॻ͸ɼ౔৕ͷ෺ཧతͳ‫ػ‬ೳʹ͍ͭͯઆ໌ͨ͠΋ͷͰ͢Δͷ͸ͣͬͱ؆୯ʹͳΔɽͦͷͨΊɼຊॻ͸౔৕෺ཧ͋ΔɽλΠτϧ͚ͩΈΔͱɼ౔৕ՊֶͷҰൠతͳղઆॻ

ֶΛຊ֨తʹษ‫͢ڧ‬ΔલʹಡΉͱɼͱͯ΋༗ӹͩͱߟ͑ͱࢥΘΕΔ͔΋͠Εͳ͍͕ɼຊॻ͸౔৕෺ཧֶͷ‫ڭ‬ՊॻΒΕΔɽࢲࣗ਎ɼ౔৕෺ཧֶΛษ‫࢝͠ڧ‬Ίֶͨੜͷ͜Ζɼͦͷ΋ͷͰ͋Δɽ࠷৽ͷ‫ڀݚ‬੒Ռͱ‫ʹڞ‬ɼ‫ࡏݱ‬ͷ౔৕෺͜ͷຊʹग़ձ͍ͬͯͨΒͲΜͳʹྑ͔ͬͨͩΖ͏ɼͱ‫ײ‬ཧֶ͕ѻ͏΄ͱΜͲͷςʔϚʹ͍ͭͯɼ‫ૅج‬త · Ԡ༻తͨ͡ɽ਺ࣜΛ‫࢖ྗۃ‬Θͣʹ෺ཧ‫ݱ‬৅ͷ֓೦Λઆ໌͢Δ͜

ͳ஌͕ࣝຊॻΛҰಡ͢Δ͜ͱͰशಘͰ͖Δɽͱ͸ɼ࣮͸қ͍͜͠ͱͰ͸ͳ͍ɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͕ɼ౔৕෺ཧ

౔৕෺ཧֶͷ‫ڭ‬Պॻͱͯ͠ຊॻΛΊͬͨ͘ͱ͖ʹɼ·ͣ‫͘ڻ‬ͷ͸ɼ਺͕ࣜ΄ͱΜͲແ͍͜ͱͰ͋Δɽ͔͠΋ɼֶͷ‫ڭ‬Պॻʹ਺͕ࣜଟ༻͞ΕΔཁҼͷҰ͔ͭ΋͠Εͳ͍͕ɼຊॻͰ͸‫͜ʹࣄݟ‬ΕΛ࣮‫͍ͯ͠ݱ‬Δɽ

਺গͳ͍਺ࣜʹ࢖ΘΕ͍ͯΔͷ͸ɼ଍͠ࢉɼҾ͖ࢉɼֻ‫ޙ‬൒ͷԠ༻෦෼Ͱ͸ɼ࣮ࡍʹϑΟʔϧυͰ‫͍͖ͯى‬Δ

͚ࢉɼׂΓࢉͰ͋Γɼඍ෼ੵ෼͸ొ৔͠ͳ͍ɽʮ͸͡Ί‫ݱ‬৅ʹ͍ͭͯɼ๛෋ͳࣄྫ΍࣮ଌσʔλʹ‫͍ͨͮج‬ٞ࿦ʹʯͰஶऀ͸ʮ౔தͷ෺ཧ‫ݱ‬৅͸਺ࣜΛ༻͍Δ͜ͱʹΑ͕ల։͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ͜͜Ͱ͸ɼલ൒ͰऔΓѻΘΕͨ౔৕Γ؆ܿʹද‫͖Ͱݱ‬Δͱ͍͏Α͍఺͕͋Δ൓໘ɼ਺͕ࣜग़

தͷਫ · ೤ · ༹࣭ · ΨεͷҠಈཧ࿦ΛԠ༻ͯ͠ɼ࣮ࡍʹ

ͯ͘Δ͜ͱͰɼલʹਐΊͳֶ͍ੜ΋ଟ͍ɽͦ͜Ͱɼຊॻ

ാͰ͓͖͍ͯΔ‫ݱ‬৅ΛͲ͏ཧղͨ͠Βྑ͍͔ͱ͍͏͜ͱ

Ͱ͸ߴ౳ֶߍͰश͏ΦʔϜͷ๏ଇఔ౓ͷ਺ࣜʹͱͲΊɼ͕ɼա‫ڈ‬ͷ‫ه͍ͯͮجʹྫࣄڀݚ‬ड़͞Ε͍ͯΔɽਫాͷ‫ݱ‬৅ͷཧղʹॏ఺Λஔ͘͜ͱʹͨ͠ʯͱड़΂͍ͯΔ͕ɼ҉‫ڎ‬ɼ൚༻ਫాɼԹࣨޮՌΨεɼാ࡞෺ͷࠜͷ‫ٵݺ‬΍‫ٵ‬ຊ౰ʹඍ෼ੵ෼Λ࢖Θͣʹ౔৕෺ཧֶͷ‫ڭ‬ՊॻΛॻ্͖ਫɼാ΁ͷࢪංʹ༝དྷ͢Δ஍ԼਫԚછɼാ஍ᕲᕱɼ೶஍

͛ͯ͠·͏͜ͱʹ‫͔͞ڻ‬Εͨɽอશ౳ɼ༷ʑͳ‫ݱ‬৅͕औΓѻΘΕ͓ͯΓɼ౔৕෺ཧֶ͕

਺ࣜΛ͋·Γ࢖͍ͬͯͳ͍͔Βͱ͍ͬͯɼҰൠతͳղ

ؔ༩͢Δ෼໺ͷ޿͞Λ࠶ೝࣝͤ͞ΒΕΔɽਫాͷ҉‫͕ڎ‬આॻͷྨ͔ͱࢥͬͯຊॻΛಡΉͱɼͦͷ‫ظ‬଴͸ཪ੾ΒΕϤʔϩού͔Β༌ೖͨ͠ാͷ҉‫ͱڎ‬͸ߟ͑ํ͕શ͘ҟͳΔ͜ͱʹͳΔɽຊॻ͸લ൒Ͱ౔৕෺ཧֶͷ‫ૅج‬తͳ͜ͱΓɼ೔ຊಠࣗͷٕज़ͱͯ͠ൃలͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δ͜ͱ΍ɼΛɼ‫ޙ‬൒ͰԠ༻తͳ͜ͱΛઆ໌͢Δߏ੒ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔɽ

ਫాΑΓ΋ാͷํ͕࣮͸஍Լਫᔻཆ‫ػ‬ೳ͕ߴ͍Մೳੑ͕

લ൒ͷ‫ૅج‬෦෼Ͱ͸ɼ౔৕ͷ‫ס‬૩ີ౓΍ࡾ૬ׂ߹ͱ͍ͬ

͋Δ͜ͱ͕ࢦఠ͞Ε͍ͯΔ఺ͳͲɼ໨͔Β͏Ζ͜ͷٞ࿦ͨ‫ج‬ຊతͳ͜ͱ͔Βɼ౔৕தͷਫɼ೤ɼ༹࣭ɼΨεͷҠಈ͕ࢄ‫͞ݟ‬ΕΔɽ·ͨɼߴ஌‫ݝ‬ͷ୨ా΍தࠃͷϘʔμʔᕲʹؔ͢Δઆ໌·Ͱɼ౔৕෺ཧֶͷࠜ‫װ‬Λͳ͢౔৕தͷ෺ᕱͳͲɼ๛෋ͳࣸਅ͕‫͞ࡌܝ‬Ε͓ͯΓɼ࣮ࡍͷ‫ݱ‬৔Λཧ࣭Ҡಈʹؔ͢Δ෺ཧ‫ݱ‬৅ͷ΄ͱΜͲ͕໢ཏ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ

ղ͢Δͷʹ໾ཱͭɽ౔৕෺ཧֶ΋೶ֶͷҰ෼໺Ͱ͋Γɼֶੜͷ͜Ζɼ༹࣭ҠಈΛษ‫ʹ͖ͱͨ͠ڧ‬ɼҠྲྀ෼ࢄํఔ

ϑΟʔϧυͰ‫͍͖ͯى‬Δ‫ݱ‬৅Λཧղ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ͱͯ΋͕ࣜඍ෼‫Ͱࣜܗ‬ग़͖ͯͯɼͦ͜Ͱ༹࣭Ҡಈ͸೉͍͠ͱେ੾ͳ͜ͱͰ͋Δɽ͔͠͠ɼ࣮‫ͱࣨݧ‬͸ҟͳΓɼϑΟʔ͍͏ҹ৅Λ২͑෇͚ΒΕ͕֮ͨ͑͋ΔɽຊॻͰ͸ɼҠྲྀϧυͷ‫ݱ‬৅͸ෳࡶͰ͋Γɼ͜Ε͕͠͹͠͹‫ऀڀݚ‬ͷཧղ· ෼ࢄ‫ݱ‬৅΍‫ݻ‬ӷ෼഑܎਺ͱ͍ͬͨɼ༹࣭ҠಈʹෆՄܽΛ๦͛ΔɽຊॻͰ͸ɼ͍͔ͭ͘ͷ‫ྫ࣮ڀݚ‬Λ௨ͯ͠ෳࡶ

ͳ֓೦ʹ͍ͭͯɼͦͷߟ͑ํΛத৺ʹઆ໌͠ɼ༹࣭ͷҠͳϑΟʔϧυͰͷ‫ݱ‬৅Λཧղ͢ΔͨΊͷߟ͑ํ͕ࣔ͞ΕಈΛͲͷΑ͏ʹ੔ཧ͠ɼཧղͨ͠Βྑ͍ͷ͔͕Θ͔ΔΑ

͓ͯΓɼಡऀ͸͔͜͜Βɼࣗ෼ͷ‫ڀݚ‬ͷώϯτ͕ಘΒΕ͏ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔɽ೤΍౔৕ਫ෼ͷҠಈ‫ݱ‬৅ʹ͍ͭͯ΋ಉΔ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɽ·ͨɼຊॻͷ๛෋ͳࣄྫΛ௨ͯ͠ɼ౔

༷ʹɼͲͷΑ͏ʹߟ͑ͨΒྑ͍͔͕Θ͔Γ΍͘͢ॻ͔Ε৕෺ཧֶ͕࣮ࣾձʹͲͷΑ͏ʹ໾ཱ͍ͬͯΔֶ͔͕शͰ

͍ͯΔɽ਺ࣜ͸‫ݱ‬৅Λਖ਼͘͠‫ه‬ड़͢ΔͷʹඞཁෆՄܽͳ͖Δɽ

πʔϧͰ͋Δ͕ɼͦΕ͕ҙຯ͢Δͱ͜ΖΛཧղ͢Δʹ͸ɼຊॻͷ಺༰ͷ΄ͱΜͲ͸౔৕෺ཧֶͷൣᙝͰ͋Δ͕ɼͦͷ‫ݱ‬৅ʹෆҊ಺ͷಡऀʹ͸೉͍͠৔߹͕ଟ͍ɽͦͷͱ࠷‫ޙ‬ͷষ͚ͩ͸౔৕෺ཧֶʹཹ·Βͣɼ೔ຊ΍ੈքʹ͓͖ɼ͋Δ‫ݱ‬৅ΛͲͷΑ͏ʹཧղͨ͠Βྑ͍͔͕Θ͔ͬͯ

͚Δ৯ྉੜ࢈ʹ࢖ΘΕΔ౔஍΍ਫɼΤωϧΪʔʹؔ͢Δ

͍Ε͹ɼ਺͕ࣜग़͖ͯͯ΋ɼͦͷҙຯ͢Δͱ͜ΖΛཧղ໰୊ΛऔΓѻ͍ͬͯΔɽҰ‫ݟ‬ɼ͜ͷষ͚ͩ಺༰͕ු͍ͯ
͍ΔΑ͏ʹࢥ͑Δɽ͔͠͠ɼ౔৕෺ཧֶ͕೶ֶͷҰ෼໺

2013 ೥ 11 ݄ 8 ೔डߘɹ 2013 ೥ 11 ݄ 8 ೔डཧ

Ͱ͋ΔҎ্ɼ࠷ऴతͳΰʔϧͱͯ͠͸ɼ͜ΕΒͷ໰୊Λ

64౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)

ղܾ͢ΔͨΊʹ‫͍ͯ͠ڀݚ‬Δ͜ͱΛࢥ͏ͱɼ࠷‫͜ʹޙ‬ͷελΠϧ΋͋Γ·͢Αɼͱ͍ͬͨ͜ͱΛఏҊ͢ΔΑ͏ͳষ͕དྷΔ͜ͱʹೲಘ͢Δɽ‫ר‬຤ͷུྺʹΑΔͱɼஶऀ͸‫ڀݚ‬΋ඞཁͳͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ɼͱ͍͏ϝοηʔδ͕͜ͷҰ‫ڀݚ‬ਓੜͷଟ͘ͷ‫ؒظ‬Λ೶ྛਫ࢈লͷ‫ॴڀݚ‬΍ࠃࡍ‫ݚ‬จʹࠐΊΒΕ͍ͯΔΑ͏ʹࢥ͏ɽ‫Ͱॴڀ‬ա͍ͯ͝͠Δ͕ɼ͜͜Ͱ༷ʑͳ෼໺ͷ‫઀ͱऀڀݚ‬ʮ͸͡ΊʹʯͰஶऀ͕ड़΂͍ͯΔΑ͏ʹɼ͜ͷຊ͸೶͢Δ͜ͱͰɼ͜͏ͨ͠޿͍ࢹ໺Λ࣋ͪͳ͕Β‫͢ڀݚ‬Δֶ͜Λษ‫͢ڧ‬Δେֶੜͱ೶‫ڵʹۀ‬ຯ͕͋Δֶߍ‫ࢣڭ‬΍Ұൠͱͷେ੾͞Λ࣮‫ͨ͠ײ‬ͷ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɽͦ͏ͨ͠ஶऀͷͷਓ͕ɼ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʹؔ͢Δ஌ࣝΛ਎ʹண͚Δͷʹ޲ϝοηʔδ͕ɼ͜ͷষʹࠐΊΒΕ͍ͯΔΑ͏ʹ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ɽ

͍͍ͯΔɽલड़ͷΑ͏ʹɼ౔৕෺ཧֶΛຊ֨తʹֶ΅͏͜ͷຊͷ࠷‫ޙ‬͸ɼ࣍ͷจষͰకΊ͘͘ΒΕ͍ͯΔɽʮͨ

ͱ͢Δֶੜ͸ɼಛʹ͜ͷຊ͔Β࢝ΊΔ͜ͱΛ͓‫ק‬Ί͢Δɽ

ͩɼए͍ঁੑ͸૬มΘΒͣ༸৯͕ଟ͍Α͏Ͱ͋Δɽকདྷ೶‫ֶ޻ۀ‬Ҏ֎ͷ‫͔ऀڀݚ‬Βɼ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ͸େ੾ͩͱࢥ

ͷ฼਌ͱͳΔ൴ঁͨͪʹ࿨৯Λ৯΂ͯ΋Β͏ʹ͸Ͳ͏͠͏ͷ͚ͩΕͲɼ೉͍͠਺ֶ͕ग़ͯ͘ΔͱɼͲ͏΋͔ͦͨ͜ΒΑ͍͔ɽʯ΋͏গ֨͠޷ͷྑ͍จষͰకΊ͘͘ΔͷΒઌͷཧղ͕ਐ·ͳ͍ɼͱ͍͏࿩Λฉ͘͜ͱ͕͋Δɽͦ

͔ͱࢥ͍ͬͯͨΒɼ‫ظʹࣄݟ‬଴Λཪ੾ΒΕͨɽͦ͜ʹ͸ɼ͏ͨ͠ɼ೶ֶ‫ܥ‬ͷ‫ऀڀݚ‬΋ɼ͜ͷຊΛಡΊ͹ɼ·͞ʹ஌શ͘‫ؾ‬ෛ͍͕ΈΒΕͣɼͱͯ΋਌͠Έ΍͍͢จষ͕͋ͬ

Γ͔ͨͬͨ஌͕ࣝಘΒΕΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱࢥ͏ɽ౔৕෺

ͨɽ‫ݸ‬ਓతʹ͸ɼ೶ྛਫ࢈লͷ‫ʹॴڀݚ‬௕೥‫ۈ‬ΊͨஶऀཧֶΛઐ໳ͱ͢Δ‫ऀڀݚ‬΍େֶӃੜʹͱͬͯ΋ɼগࣗ͠ͷ‫ྺܦ‬Λࢥ͏ͱɼ͜ͷจষΛͱͯ΋‫ڵ‬ຯਂ͘ಡΜͩɽࢲ෼ͷઐ໳ͱ͸ҟͳΔ‫ڀݚ‬ର৅ΛѻΘͳ͚Ε͹͍͚ͳ͍ͱ

͕‫ۈ‬຿͍ͯ͠Δ೶ྛਫ࢈ল؅‫׋‬ͷಠཱߦ੓๏ਓͷ‫ॴڀݚ‬͖΍ɼ৽͍͠‫ڀݚ‬ͷͨΊʹࣗ෼ͷࢹ໺Λ޿͍͛ͨͱ͖ͳ

Ͱ͸ɼࠃຽ͕ύϯΛ৯΂͍ͨͱ‫ͨͬݴ‬Βɼύϯ༻ͷখഴͲ͸ɼຊॻ͕໾ཱͭ৔߹͕͋Δͱࢥ͏ɽଟ͘ͷಡऀ͕͜ͷ૿ऩɼ͏ͲΜ༻ͷখഴΛύϯʹ͢ΔɼถΛคʹͯ͠ྑͷຊΛखʹऔΓɼࠓ‫ޙ‬ͷ‫ڀݚ‬΍‫ڭ‬ҭɼ೶‫ݱۀ‬৔ʹ໾ཱ͍ͯύϯΛ࡞ΔΑ͏ͳ‫͞ࢪ࣮͕ڀݚ‬Εɼͦ͏ͨ͠‫͕ڀݚ‬ධΔ͜ͱΛ‫ظ‬଴͢Δɽ

Ձ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ࣮ࡍɼ͜͏ͨ͠‫ڀݚ‬͸ͱͯ΋ॏཁͰ͋Δɽ
͔͠͠ɼࠃຽ໨ઢ͕‫ڣ‬͹ΕɼͦΕ͕ͱͯ΋ॏࢹ͞Ε͍ͯ
Δ‫ͦ͜ࡏݱ‬ɼগ͠ઌΛ‫ݟ‬ਾ͑ͨͱ͖ʹɼ͜͏͍͏ϥΠϑ‫ྑ޾ాؠ‬
ʢ೶‫ · ۀ‬৯඼࢈‫ٕۀ‬ज़૯߹‫ߏػڀݚ‬ɹ೶ଜ޻ֶ‫ॴڀݚ‬ʣ఍̬ົ̬ሗ̬࿌
I. 2013ʢH25ʣ೥౓ୈ 3 ճฤूҕһձ։࠵‫ࣜܗ‬ɿిࢠձٞ
೔࣌ɿ࣭ٙԠ౴ · ౼࿦2013 ೥ 8 ݄ 7 ೔ ∼ 8 ݄ 20 ೔

IV. 2013ʢH25ʣ೥౓ୈ 3 ճධٞһձ೔࣌ɿ2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 25 ೔৔ॴɿίϥοη෱ౡग़੮ɿߔ‫ޱ‬ʢձ௕ʣɼ٢઒ʢ෭ձ௕ʣ
ɼੴࠇɼ‫ాؠ‬ɼദ࠾ܾ໦ɼઍ༿ɼߐ‫ޱ‬ɼ੢ଜɼ‫ޱݪ‬ɼ٢ాɼऔग़ɼ੒

2011 ೥ 8 ݄ 21 ೔ ∼ 9 ݄ 3 ೔Ԭɼதଜɼॾઘɼத໺ɼখྛɼ෢౻ɼ౉ลʢฤ

ग़੮ҕһɿऔग़ɼߐ‫ޱ‬ɼখਿɼᴡ౻ɼઍ༿ɼ௼ాɼ

ू‫ࣄװ‬ʣ
ɼ੢ాʢձ‫ܭ‬ʣத઒ɼத໺ɼ‫ڮ‬ຊɼ‫ٶ‬ຊɼࢁ‫ޱ‬ʢҕ೚ঢ়ʣՃ౻ɼࢁ‫ޱ‬ɼ৿ʢҕһ 11 ໊த 11 ໊ࢀՃɿ੒ཱʣ

ٞ

ʢ1ʣฤू࡞‫ۀ‬ͷखҾ͖ͷվҊʹ͍ͭͯ
ʢ2ʣฤू࡞‫ۀ‬ͷྲྀΕͷվҊʹ͍ͭͯ
ʢ3ʣͦͷଞɹ 125 ߸ൃߦʹ޲͚ͯ

II. 2013ʢH25ʣ೥౓ୈ 2 ճධٞһձҰ෦վਖ਼ʹ͍ͭͯʣ

։࠵‫ࣜܗ‬ɿϝʔϧձٞ೔࣌ɿ2013 ೥ 9 ݄ 25 ೔ ∼ 10 ݄ 3 ೔ग़੮ɿੴࠇɼ‫ాؠ‬ɼദ໦ɼઍ༿ɼߐ‫ޱ‬ɼՃ౻ɼ

ʢ7ʣͦͷଞ
ֶձࢽͷిࢠδϟʔφϧԽͷ‫ݕ‬౼ʹ͍ͭͯγχΞձһೖձঝೝ

੢ଜɼ‫ޱݪ‬ɼ٢ాɼऔग़ɼ੒Ԭɼதଜɼ

2. ใࠂࣄ߲
ʢ1ʣձһಈ޲
ʢ2ʣฤूҕһձใࠂ৿ɼॾઘɼத໺ɼࢁ‫ޱ‬ɼখྛɼ෢౻ٞ୊ɿ

1. ৹ٞࣄ߲
IUSS ͷ ࣍ ‫ ظ‬໾ һʢDivision, Commission ͷ
Chair, Vice-Chairʣબ‫΁ڍ‬ͷબ‫ڍ‬ਓબग़ʹ͍ͭͯ
2. ঝೝࣄ߲
γχΞձһೖձঝೝ

V. 2013ʢH25ʣ೥౓௨ৗ૯ձ
࣌ɿ2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 26 ೔৔ॴɿ෱ౡࢢ · ෱ౡେֶ M ౩೔ٞॴɿ౦‫ژ‬େֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋Պֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պग़੮ɿߔ‫ޱ‬ʢձ௕ʣɼ٢઒ʢ෭ձ௕ʣɼऔग़ʢฤूҕʢࡾॏେֶͱͷؒ͸ TV ձٞʣһ௕ʣɼ٢ాʢॸ຿‫ࣄװ‬ʣɼ੢ଜʢॸ຿‫ࣄװ‬ʣɼʹ͍ͭͯ੢ాʢձ‫ࣄװܭ‬ʣɼ౉ลʢฤू‫ࣄװ‬ʣٞ୊ɿ

1. 2013 ∼ 2014 ೥౓໾һ঺հ
2. 2013 ೥౓ࣄ‫ܭۀ‬ըʢҊʣʢ1ʣձٞͷ༧ఆ
ʢ2ʣγϯϙδ΢Ϝ։࠵ཁྖʢ3ʣ‫ूڀݚ‬ձͷ‫ޙ‬ԉɼ‫͍ͯͭʹ࠵ڞ‬
ʢ4ʣϗʔϜϖʔδΛ‫ͨ͠༻׆‬ձһαʔϏεͷల։

III. 2013ʢH25ʣ೥౓ୈ 3 ճࣄ຿‫ہ‬ձٞ೔࣌ɿ10 ݄ 1 ೔ʢՐʣ17:00 ∼৔ࣄɿ

1. ৹ٞࣄ߲
ʢ1ʣ2013 ೥౓ࣄ‫ܭۀ‬ըʢҊʣʢ2ʣ2012 ೥౓ձ‫ࢉܾܭ‬ʢҊʣ· ‫ࠪ؂‬ใࠂ
ʢ3ʣ2013 ೥౓ձ‫ܭ‬༧ࢉʢҊʣ
ʢ4ʣ૯ձ͓Αͼ૯ձٞ௕ʹ͍ͭͯ
ʢ5ʣ2013 ೥౓ֶձ৆ʢ࿦จ৆ʣ
ʢ6ʣֶձ৆ʢ࿦จ৆ʣͷબߟํ๏ʹ͍ͭͯʢ‫ن‬ఆͷ

ٞࣄ಺༰
1. ٞ୊

3. 2012 ೥౓ձ‫ࢉܾܭ‬ʢҊʣ· ‫ࠪ؂‬ใࠂ
4. 2013 ೥౓ձ‫ܭ‬༧ࢉʢҊʣ
5. 2013 ೥౓ֶձ৆ʢ࿦จ৆ʣใࠂ
6. ֶձࢽͷిࢠδϟʔφϧԽͷ‫ݕ‬౼ʹ͍ͭͯ୊ɿ
1. େձߨԋձ · ΤΫεΧʔγϣϯͷ४උ · ౰೔ͷӡӦʹ͍ͭͯ

2. େձ௚લͷධٞһձ͓Αͼ૯ձͷٞࣄ͓Αͼ࡞੒ࢿྉͷ֬ೝ

3. ֶձ৆ީิͷબߟͷ‫ܦ‬աใࠂ
4. ฤूҕһձؔ܎Ҋ݅
ʢ1ʣ125 ߸ͷൃߦ‫ܭ‬ըͱࠪಡঢ়‫͍ͯͭʹگ‬
ʢ2ʣ౤ߘ਺ͷ֬อͱ౤ߘඅʹ͍ͭͯ
5. ձඅೲೖґཔͷൃૹʹ͍ͭͯ

VI. 2013ʢH25ʣ೥౓ୈ 4 ճฤूҕһձ։࠵‫ࣜܗ‬ɿిࢠձٞ
೔࣌ɿ࣭ٙԠ౴ · ౼࿦2013 ೥ 10 ݄ 29 ೔ ∼ 11 ݄ 5 ೔࠾ܾ2013 ೥ 11 ݄ 6 ೔ ∼ 11 ݄ 8 ೔ग़੮ҕһɿऔग़ɼߐ‫ޱ‬ɼখਿɼᴡ౻ɼઍ༿ɼ௼ాɼ
த઒ɼத໺ɼ‫ڮ‬ຊɼ‫ٶ‬ຊɼࢁ‫ޱ‬౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ 125 ߸ɹ (2013)66

ʢҕһ 11 ໊த 11 ໊ࢀՃɿ੒ཱʣ
ٞࣄ಺༰
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ֶੜձһ

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125 ߸ʯͷൃߦ‫ܭ‬ը͕શձҰகͰঝೝ͞Εͨɽ

ֶੜձһ

ฏౢ

༤ଠ

2. ใࠂ
ʢ1ʣฤू‫ࣄװ‬ΑΓɼ‫ࡏݱ‬ͷӾಡͷਐߦঢ়‫͍ͭʹگ‬

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ͯใࠂ͕ͳ͞Εͨɽ

3. ͦͷଞ
ʢ1ʣʮ‫঺ڀݚ‬հʯ౤ߘͷ‫͍ͯͭʹ͚͔ͼݺ‬VII. ձһফଉʢ2013 ೥ 11 ݄ 14 ೔·Ͱɼ‫ܟ‬শུʣೖձ γχΞձһ

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‫ࡏݱ‬ձһ਺ʢ2013 ೥ 11 ݄ 14 ೔‫ࡏݱ‬ʣਖ਼ձһʢࠃ಺ʣ

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—ฤ ू ‫—ه ޙ‬ࠓ೥౓ɼຊࢽͷฤूମ੍͕࡮৽͞ΕΔʹ͋ͨΓɼ৽ͨΔෳ਺ͷॻྨΛࠞಉ͢Δ͜ͱͳ͘ѻ͏ࡍʹ‫ؾ‬Λ࢖͏఺͕ʹฤूҕһͱͯ͠੠Λ͔͚ͯ௖͍ͨɽࠓࢲ͕͝൧Λ৯΂ଟ͋͘Γɼੜདྷ႓ா໘ͱ͸‫͍ݴ‬೉͍ੑ֨ͷࢲʹͱͬͯ͸ɼͤͯ͞௖͍͍ͯΔ͜ͷʮ౔৕෺ཧֶʯͱ͍͏ֶ໰ʹର͠Կ౓֬ೝΛͯ͠΋ෆ҆‫͍ͳ͙͑͵͕ײ‬ɼେมͳ࡞‫͋Ͱۀ‬ͯগ͠Ͱ΋Ըฦ͕͠ग़དྷΕ͹ͱͷࢥ͍Ͱɼඍྗͳ͕Β΋Δͱ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ɽࠓճ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ‫ۤؾ‬࿑͕͋Δ͜ͱΛ஌ͬͨྗΛਚͤͯ͘͞௖͖͍ͨͱߟ͍͑ͯΔɽͯ͞ɼҕһΛഈͱಉ࣌ʹɼ͜Ε·Ͱࣗ෼͕ࣥචͨ͠࿦จͷ਺ͱಉ͚ͩ͡ɼ

໋͙ͯ͢͠ʹ͋Δ࿦จͷ୲౰ͱͳΓɼ‫ޙ‬ड़͢ΔΑ͏ʹѱ͜ͷۤ࿑Λ͞Εͨฤूऀ͕͓ΒΕͨ͜ͱʹվΊͯ‫͠ँײ‬ઓۤಆ͠ͳ͕Β΋Կͱ͔ࠪಡͷϓϩηεΛҰ௨Γऴ͑Δͨ࣍ୈͰ͋Δɽͦͯ͠ɼฤूҕһΛ͓Ҿ͖ड͚ͨ͠ࡍ͔

͜ͱ͕ग़དྷͨɽՆͷ೶‫ۀ‬೶ଜ޻ֶձͰ͓ձ͍ͨ͠ฤू‫װ‬Β೉͍͠Ͱ͋Ζ͏ͱ༧૝͍ͯͨ͠௨Γɼ΍͸Γ࣮ࡍʹ೉ࣄͷ౉ลઌੜΑΓɼʮࠪಡϓϩηε͕࠷ॳʹऴྃͨ͠ฤ

͍͠ͱ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ͷ͸ɼฤूऀͱ࿦จ಺༰ͱͷؔΘΓʹ͍ͭूҕһʹฤू‫هޙ‬ͷࣥචΛ͓‫͍͍ͨ͠ئ‬ʯͱͷ͓࿩ΛडͯͰ͋Δɽฤूऀ͸ຊདྷɼෳ਺ͷࠪಡऀͷҙ‫ݟ‬ΛऔΓ·͚ɼࠓ͜ͷจΛࣥච͍ͯ͠Δ࣍ୈͰ͋Δɽ‫ࡏݱ‬ɼଞֶձͱΊΔཱ৔ʹ͋Δ͕ɼࣄ຿ॲཧͨ͠ॻྨΛ୯ʹӈ͔Βࠨʹ͓͍ͯ΋ฤूͷ࢓ࣄΛ୲౰ͤͯ͞௖͍͍ͯΔ͕ɼ͋͘΁ͱྲྀ͢ϩϘοτͰ͸ͳ͘ɼ͔ͱ͍ͬͯୈࡾͷࠪಡऀͱ·Ͱฤू࡞‫ۀ‬ͷҰ෦Λ෼୲͍ͯ͠Δ͚ͩͰ͋Γɼࠓճॳͯࣗ͠෼ͷຬ଍͢Δ·Ͱ಺༰मਖ਼Λ‫ٻ‬ΊΔऀͰ΋ͳ͍ɽΊͯࠪಡऀͷબग़͔Βࠪಡͷऴྃ·ͰΛҰਓͰ୲౰ͤ͞

ਖ਼௚ɼະख़Ͱ‫ݧܦ‬΋ઙ͍ࣗ෼ʹ͸ͦͷ͞͡Ճ‫ͩ·͕ݮ‬શͯ௖͘͜ͱͱͳͬͨɽ࣮ࡍʹฤूऀͱͯ͠࢓ࣄΛͯ͠Έ͘෼͔͍ͬͯͳ͍ͱ͍͏ͷ͕‫ݱ‬ঢ়Ͱ͋Δɽ͔͠͠ɼࠓճ

ͯɼͦͷ࡞‫͕ۀ‬༰қͰ͋ͬͨ΋ͷ͔Βࠔ೉Ͱ͋ͬͨ΋ͷͷ࢓ࣄΛ௨ͯ͡ɼ͜ͷ͞͡Ճ‫ݮ‬ΛܾΊΔॏཁͳΩʔϫʔ

·Ͱ͞·͟·Ͱ͕͋ͬͨɼ༧૝֎ʹେม͞Λ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ͷ͸ɼυͷҰ͕ͭʮΑΓྑ͍࿦จͷͨΊʯͱ͍͏‫ݴ‬༿ʹ͋Δ͜

ʮࠪಡऀͷಗ໊ੑΛҡ࣋͢ΔͨΊͷࣄ຿ॲཧʯͰ͋ͬͨɽ

ͱ͚ͩ͸ɼ෼͔ͬͨ‫͕͢ؾ‬Δɽ·ͣ͸͜ͷ‫ݴ‬༿Λ‫ʹڳ‬ɼࠪಡऀ͔Βͷҙ‫ݟ‬ΛऔΓ·ͱΊͯஶऀʹૹΔࡍɼࠪಡऀ

ຊࢽͷൃలʹগ͠Ͱ΋ߩ‫͖Ͱݙ‬Ε͹ͱߟ͍͑ͯΔɽ

͕୭Ͱ͋Δ͔෼͔Βͳ͍Α͏ʹॻྨ౳Λ੔͑Δඞཁ͕͋
Δ͕ɼܾͯ͠ϛε͕‫͞ڐ‬Εͳ͍࡞‫͋Ͱۀ‬Δ্ʹɼྨࣅ͢ᴡ౻஧ਉʢฤूҕһʣ౔৕෺ཧֶձ
ࣄ຿‫ߏہ‬੒ձ௕෭ ձ ௕ॸ຿‫ࣄװ‬
ձ‫ࣄװܭ‬
ฤू‫ࣄװ‬
ձ‫ࠪ؂ܭ‬

ฤूҕһձ

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ʢ౦‫ژ‬େֶʣ
ʢʢಠʣ೶‫ٕڥ؀ۀ‬ज़‫ॴڀݚ‬ʣʢ౦‫ژ‬େֶʣ
ʢ౦‫ژ‬େֶʣ
ʢ౦‫ژ‬େֶʣ
ʢࡾॏେֶʣ
ʢʢಠʣ೶‫ · ۀ‬৯඼࢈‫ٕۀ‬ज़૯߹‫ߏػڀݚ‬ʣʢʢಠʣ೶‫ · ۀ‬৯඼࢈‫ٕۀ‬ज़૯߹‫ߏػڀݚ‬ʣʢࡾॏେֶʣ
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ʢௗऔେֶʣ
ʢ‫ٶ‬৓େֶʣ
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ʢʢಠʣ೶‫ · ۀ‬৯඼࢈‫ٕۀ‬ज़૯߹‫ߏػڀݚ‬ʣʢʢಠʣ೶‫ٕڥ؀ۀ‬ज़‫ॴڀݚ‬ʣ೥౓͔ΒదԠ͢Δ͕ɼ౰֘೥౓தʹ༗ࢿ֨ͱͳͬͨ৔߹
͸ɼ࣍೥౓͔ΒదԠ͢Δɽ
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ʢ2012.12. 20 վਖ਼ʣ౔৕෺ཧֶձձଇ

ʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯ‫ࣥߘݪ‬චཁྖશൠతࣄ߲

1. ‫ߘݪ‬͸ɼ೔ຊ‫ͨ·ޠ‬͸ӳ‫ࣥͰޠ‬ච͢Δɽ
2. ೔ຊ‫ޠ‬ͷ‫ߘݪ‬͸ɼA4 ൑ɼ25 ࣈɼ26 ߦͱ͠ɼ্Լࠨӈʹ 30 mm Ҏ্ͷ༨നΛͱΔʢ4 ຕͰ 1 ϖʔδʹͳΔʣɽ
3. ೔ຊ‫ޠ‬ͷ౤ߘ‫ߘݪ‬ʢͨͩ͠ɼॻධ͸আ͘ʣ͸ɼ͸͡Ίʹ

26. Ҿ༻จ‫ݙ‬ͷॻ͖ํ͸ҎԼͷΑ͏ʹ͢Δɽ
< ࡶࢽ >
৿ຊɹ૱, Ӭాɹम, ઒ຊɹ݈, ௕୩઒पҰ (2009): ట୸ྛ౔৕ͷԹࣨޮՌΨεͷੜ੒ͱফࣦɽ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɼ113: 3-12.
Fujimaki, H., Ando, Y., Cui, Y. and Inoue, M. (2008):
Parameter estimation of root water uptake model
under salinity stress. Vadose Zone Journal, 7: 3138.
Millington, R.J. and Quirk, J.P. (1959): Permeability of porous media. Nature, 183: 387-388, doi:
10.1038/183387a0.
Bitteli, M., Flury, M. and Campbell, G.S. (2003): A
thermo dielectric analyzer to measure the freezing and moisture characteristic of porous media. Water Resour. Res., 39(2): W1041, doi:
10.1029/2001WR000930.
< ୯ߦຊ >
Tinker, P.B. and Nye, P.H. (2000): Solute movementin the rhizosphere, p.308. Oxford University Press,
New York.
౔৕‫ڥ؀‬෼ੳ๏ฤूҕһձฤ (1997): ౔৕‫ڥ؀‬෼ੳ๏,
pp.129-138. ത༑ࣾ, ౦‫ژ‬.
দ৿‫( ࣏ݎ‬2005): ஍ཧ৘ใγεςϜΛ༻͍ͨ஠ૉෛՙ༧
ଌϞσϧ. ೾ᆽ໺ོհ · ‫ݘ‬෬࿨೭ฤɹଓ · ‫ڥ؀‬ෛՙΛ༧ଌ͢Δ, pp. 60-79. ത༑ࣾ, ౦‫ژ‬.
Jury, W.A. (1996): Stochastic solute transport modeling trends and their potential compatibility with
GIS. In Corwin, D.L. and Loague, K. (ed.) Application of GIS to the modeling of non-point source
pollutants in the vadose zone, pp.57-67. SSSA Special Publication No. 48, Madison.
<Web ϖʔδ >FAO-AGL (2000): Global extent and location of sodic
soils. Available at http://www.fao.org/ag/AGL/agll/prosoil/sodic.html.ʢ֬ೝ೥݄೔ʣ
໺ࡊ஡‫( ॴڀݚۀ‬2006): ໺ࡊͷ঳ࢎΠΦϯ௿‫ݮ‬ԽϚχϡΞϧ. http://vegetea.naro.affrc.go.jp/joho/manual/shousan/index.html.ʢ֬ೝ೥݄೔ʣ
ʢࡶࢽͷϖʔδʹ͸ p. ΍ pp. Λ͚ͭͳ͍ɽຊͷ୯਺ϖʔδΛࣔ͢৔߹ʹ͸ p.ɼෳ਺ϖʔδΛࣔ͢৔߹ʹ͸pp. Λ͚ͭΔʣ೔ຊ‫Ͱޠ‬ද୊ɼஶऀ໊Λॻ͖ɼͦͷ͋ͱʹӳ‫Ͱޠ‬ද୊ͱஶऀ໊ʢϑϧωʔϜʣΛॻ͍͔ͯΒຊจΛॻ͖࢝ΊΔɽӳ‫ޠ‬ͷද୊͸ɼ๯಄ͷ୯‫ޠ‬ͷ಄จࣈͷΈΛେจࣈͱ͠ɼ
ͦΕҎ߱͸‫ݻ‬༗໊ࢺ౳ɼಛʹେจࣈ͕ඞཁͳ৔߹Λআ͖ɼશͯখจࣈͱ͢Δɽӳ‫ޠ‬ͷஶऀ໊͸໊ͷ 1 จࣈ໨͓Αͼ੏ͷશͯΛେจࣈͰ‫͢ه‬ɽ·ͨɼୈ 1 ϖʔδԼͷ‫٭‬஫ʹɼஶऀͷॴଐ‫ࡏॴͱؔػ‬஍Λӳ‫Ͱޠ‬ɼCorresponding
Author ͱ͢Δஶऀͷࢯ໊ͱॴଐΛ೔ຊ‫͢هͰޠ‬ɽ
4. ೔ຊ‫ޠ‬ͷ࿦จ͓Αͼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτ͸ɼӳ‫ʹޠ‬ΑΔද୊ · ஶऀ໊ͱຊจͱͷؒʹӳ‫ Ͱޠ‬300 words ఔ౓ͷ Abstractͱ 5 ‫ݸ‬Ҏ಺ͷ Key words ΛೖΕΔɽ
5. ೔ຊ‫ޠ‬ͷ౤ߘ‫ߘݪ‬ʢͨͩ͠ɼࢿྉͱ౔ཻࢠɼॻධΛআ͘ʣ͸ɼҾ༻จ‫ݙ‬ͷ‫ʹޙ‬೔ຊ‫ Ͱޠ‬350 ࣈఔ౓ͷཁࢫɼ͓Αͼ
5 ‫ݸ‬Ҏ಺ͷΩʔϫʔυΛॻ͘ɽ
6. ӳ‫ޠ‬ͷ‫ߘݪ‬͸ɼA4 ൑ɼμϒϧεϖʔεͰ࡞੒͢Δʢ໿
600 words Ͱ 1 ϖʔδʹͳΔʣɽ
7. ӳ‫ޠ‬ͷ౤ߘ‫ߘݪ‬ʢͨͩ͠ɼॻධ͸আ͘ʣ͸ɼManuscript
titleɼFull name of authors Λॻ͍͔ͯΒຊจΛॻ͖࢝ΊΔɽஶऀ໊͸ First name ͷ 1 จࣈ໨͓Αͼ Familyname ͷશͯΛେจࣈͰ‫͢ه‬ɽ·ͨɼୈ 1 ϖʔδԼͷ‫٭‬஫ʹɼAddress of institutions of authors ͓Αͼ
Corresponding author Λ‫͢ه‬ɽ
8. ӳ‫ޠ‬ͷ࿦จ͓Αͼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτ͸ɼFull name of authorsͱຊจͷؒʹ 300 words Ҏ಺ͷӳจ Abstract ͱ 5 ‫ݸ‬Ҏ಺ͷӳ‫ޠ‬ͷ Key words ΛೖΕΔɽ
9. ӳ‫ޠ‬ͷ౤ߘ‫ߘݪ‬ʢͨͩ͠ɼࢿྉͱ౔ཻࢠɼॻධ͸আ͘ʣ͸ɼҾ༻จ‫ݙ‬ͷ‫ʹޙ‬ɼ೔ຊ‫Ͱޠ‬ද୊ͱஶऀ໊ɼॴଐ‫ؔػ‬ɼॴࡏ஍ɼ350 ࣈఔ౓ͷཁࢫɼ5 ‫ݸ‬Ҏ಺ͷΩʔϫʔυΛ͚ͭΔɽͳ͓ɼஶऀ͕֎ࠃਓͷΈͷͨΊʹ೔ຊ‫ޠ‬෦෼ͷ࡞੒͕ࠔ೉ͳ৔߹ɼӳ‫ޠ‬෦෼͔Βͷ࿨༁ʹΑΓɼฤूҕһձͷ੹೚Ͱ͜ΕΒΛ࡞੒͢Δɽ
10. ӳ‫ޠ‬ͷదਖ਼Խ͸͢΂ͯஶऀͷ੹೚ʹ͓͍ͯߦ͏͜ͱɽࣗ
વՊֶ࿦จͷࣥච΍ߍਖ਼ʹ‫ݧܦ‬ͷ͋Δӳ‫ޠ‬ͷωΠςΟϒ
εϐʔΧʔʹΑͬͯνΣοΫ͞Ε͍ͯΔࣄ͕๬·͍͠ɽ11. Ӿಡऴྃ‫࠷ʹޙ‬ऴ‫ߘݪ‬Λఏग़͢Δͱ͖ʹ͸ɼฤूҕһձ͕ࢦࣔ͢Δ‫ࣜܗ‬ͷిࢠϑΝΠϧΛૹ෇͢Δɽ
ͦͷଞ
ຊจ
27.
ຊཁ߲ͷ΄͔ɼՊֶٕज़৘ใྲྀ௨ٕज़‫ج‬४ʢ
SISTʣʹ४12. ‫ʹߘݪ‬͸ɼӾಡ࡞‫ۀ‬ͷޮ཰ԽΛਤΔͨΊɼຊจʹߦ൪߸‫͢ڌ‬Δɽ
Λ 5 ߦຖʹॻ͖ೖΕΔɽ
ʢ2012.12.20 վਖ਼ʣ
13. ষͷ‫ݟ‬ग़͠͸ 1.ɼ2.ɼ3.ɼઅͷ‫ݟ‬ग़͠͸ 1.1ɼ1.2ɼ1.3ɼ
߲ͷ‫ݟ‬ग़͠͸ 1.1.1ɼ1.1.2ɼ1.1.3 ͷΑ͏ʹ͠ɼࣈମ͸[౔৕෺ཧ෼໺ͷ SI ࢖༻ྫ]ΰγοΫମͱ͢Δɽࠃࡍ୯Ґ‫ܥ‬ʢSIʣʹ͍ͭͯ͸ଟ͘ͷग़൛෺Ͱղઆ͞Εͯ
14. ུ‫ޠ‬ɼུ߸Λ࢖͏ͱ͖ʹ͸ɼ͸͡ΊʹͦΕ͕ग़ͨͱ͖ʹਖ਼͍ΔͷͰɼ͜͜ʹ͸ɼ౔৕෺ཧʹಛʹؔ࿈ͷਂ͍୯Ґͷ࢖ʣɽ໊ࣜশͱͱ΋ʹࣔ͢ʢྫɿཅΠΦϯަ‫׵‬༰ྔʢCECʣ༻ྫΛࣔ͢ɽ
15. ୯Ґͷ࢖͍ํ͸ɼࠃࡍ୯Ґ‫ܥ‬ʢSIʣʹΑΔɽ
ਪ঑͞ΕΔ୯ҐೝΊΒΕΔ୯Ґ
ਤද
−1
‫ؚ‬ਫൺ
kg kg
*
16. ೔ຊ‫͓ޠ‬Αͼӳ‫ޠ‬ͷ‫ͱߘݪ‬΋ʹɼਤ·ͨ͸ࣸਅͷ൪߸͸ମੵ‫ؚ‬ਫ཰
m3 m−3Fig. 1ɼද͸ Table 2 ͷΑ͏ʹॻ͘ɽମੵm3
L, cm3 , mL
17. ೔ຊ‫ޠ‬ͷ࿦จɼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτͷ৔߹ɼਤɼදɼࣸਅͷ୊໊ີ౓
kg m3 , Mg m−3ʹ͸ӳ‫ޠ‬Λซ‫͢ه‬Δɽೱ౓
kg m−3 , Mg m−3
g L−1 , mg L−1
18. ਤɼදɼࣸਅ͸ඞཁ࠷খ‫͠ͱ౓ݶ‬ɼಉҰࣄ߲ΛදͱਤʹϞϧೱ౓
mol m−3
mol L−1ॏෳͯ͠දࣔ͢Δࣄ͸ආ͚Δɽྗ
N
19. ਤɼදɼࣸਅ͸ 1 ϖʔδʹ 1 ͭͣͭషΓ෇͚ɼ༨നʹਤਫ෼ϙςϯγϟϧ J kg−1
kPa, m, cm, **
ಁਫ܎਺
m s−1
cm s−1ද౳ͷ൪߸Λ‫͢ه‬ɽ−1−1
c kg , cmolc kg
20. ਤͱࣸਅ͸ͦͷ··੡൛͞ΕΔͷͰɼ઱໌ͳ΋ͷΛఏग़͢Δɽ ΠΦϯަ‫׵‬༰ྔ mol
ճస਺
s−1
min−1
21. ਤ͸ 1/2 ഒͳͲͱ͓Αͦͷॖখ཰Λࢦఆ͠ɼ2 ഒ͘Β͍ऩྔkg m−2kg ha−1, Mg ha−1, t ha−1ʹେ͖͘ॻ͘ɽਤͷઢͷଠ͞΍จࣈͷେ͖͞͸ɼ࡮Γ্*%දࣔ͸ɼ‫ݪ‬ଇͱͯ͠෼฼ͱ෼ࢠͷ಺༰͕ಉ͡΋ͷͷ৔͕Γͷେ͖͞Λߟྀܾͯ͠ΊΔɽ߹ʹ͚ͩ༻͍Δɽ
22. ஍ਤ΍‫ݦ‬ඍ‫ࣸڸ‬ਅʹ͸ఆईΛ͚ͭɼॖई΍ഒ཰͸͚ͭͳ͍ɽ
23. ਤɼදɼࣸਅͷ൪߸ͱ୊໊͸ɼผࢴʹ·ͱΊͯҰཡදͱ͢Δɽ ** cm H2 O ͸࢖Θͳ͍ɽͦͷଞɼٙ໰ͷ͋Δ΋ͷʹ͍ͭͯ͸ҙ‫ݟ‬Λฉ͍ͯฤूҕҾ༻จ‫ݙ‬
һձͰ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δɽ
24. ຊจதͰจ‫ݙ‬ΛҾ༻͢Δ৔߹͸ɼஶऀ໊ʢ੢ྐྵʣɼ·ʢ2000. 3.10 վਖ਼ʣͨ͸ʢஶऀ໊ɼ੢ྐྵʣͱ͢ΔʢྫɿTanakaʢ1994ʣ
ɼʣɽஶऀ͕ 3 ໊Ҏ্ͷ৔ʢNakamura and Suzuki, 1981ʣʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯ౤ߘҊ಺߹͸ୈ 1 ஶऀ໊ͷ͋ͱʹ—Βɼ·ͨ͸ et al. Λ͚ͭΔ
ʢྫɿࢁాΒʢ1978ʣɼʢTayler et al., 1945ʣʣɽ
1. ౤ߘ‫ʹߘݪ‬ର͢Δ‫ج‬ຊํ਑25. Ҿ༻จ‫ݙ‬͸ɼຊจͷ͋ͱʹஶऀ໊ͷ ABC ॱʹॻ͘ɽະɹฤूҕһձ͸ৗʹձһ͔Βͷࣗओ౤ߘΛ‫ܴ͢׻‬Δͱ‫ڞ‬ൃදɼࢲ৴͸Ҿ༻จ‫͍ͳ͠ࡌهͯ͠ͱݙ‬ɽʹɼ౤ߘ͞Εͨ‫ߘݪ‬ΛͳΔ΂͘ૣ͘ɼͰ͖Δ͚ͩ‫͢ࡌܝ‬Δํ޲Ͱॲཧ͍ͨ͠ͱߟ͍͑ͯ·͢ɽͨͩ͠ɼ
ʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯʹ‫͢ࡌܝ‬Δ‫ߘݪ‬͸ಡऀʹͱͬͯ༗ӹ͔ͭ‫׬‬੒ͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͕ඞཁͰ͢ɽฤूҕһձ͸ɼ౤ߘ‫͕ߘݪ‬ʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯʹ‫͢ࡌܝ‬Δͷʹ;͞Θ͍͠಺༰Λ࣋ͭ‫ݪ‬
ߘͰ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔Λ‫ج‬४ͱͯ͠ɼ‫ࡌܝ‬ͷՄ൱Λ൑அ͠·͢ɽͳ͓ɼଞࢽͱͷೋॏ౤ߘ͸ೝΊΒΕ·ͤΜɽ
2. ౤ߘ‫ٻʹߘݪ‬ΊΒΕΔ΋ͷ
ɹ౤ߘʹ౰ͨͬͯ͸ɼʮ౤ߘҊ಺ʯͱ‫ʹڞ‬ʮ౤ߘ‫ن‬ఆʯʮ‫ࣥߘݪ‬චཁྖʯΛΑ͘ಡΜͰͦΕʹै͏ͱ‫ʹڞ‬ɼӾಡऀ͕ଟ๩ͳதͰ࣌ؒΛׂ͘͜ͱΛΑ͘ཧղͯ͠࠷େ‫౒ʹݶ‬ྗͯ͠‫׬‬੒ͨ͠‫͔ͯ͠ͱߘݪ‬Β౤ߘͯ͠Լ͍͞ɽ౤ߘ‫ݪ‬ߘʹ‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕΔ΋ͷ͸Լͷ௨ΓͰ͢ɽ
ʢ1ʣ ಺༰ʹ͍ͭͯ
1ʣΦϦδφϦςΟʔ͕͋Δ͜ͱʢ࿦จɼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτͷ৔߹ʣɽ2ʣຊࢽͷಡऀʹͱͬͯ༗ӹͰ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
3ʣಋೖɼ‫ڀݚ‬ख๏͔Β݁࿦ʹࢸΔաఔʹ࿦ཧੑ͕͋Δ͜ͱɽ
ʢ2ʣ ද‫͍ͯͭʹݱ‬1ʣ‫ߘݪ‬શମͷߏ੒͕੔͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱɽ
2ʣද୊͕ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
3ʣจষද‫͕ݱ‬ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
4ʣӳจΞϒετϥΫτ΍࿨จཁࢫ͕ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
5ʣSI ୯Ґ΍‫߸ه‬ͷ࢖͍ํ͕ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
6ʣΩʔϫʔυ͕ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
7ʣӳ‫ޠ‬ͷද‫͕ݱ‬ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
3. ౤ߘ‫ߘݪ‬ͷड෇ɹฤूҕһձ͸౤ߘ‫͕ߘݪ‬ମࡋ্࠷খ‫ݶ‬ඞཁͱ͢Δ৚݅
Λຬ͍ͨͯ͠Δ͜ͱΛ֬ೝͨ͠‫ޙ‬ɼ‫ߘݪ‬Λड͚෇͚·͢ɽ৚݅Λຬ͍ͨͯ͠ͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ɼஶऀ΁ͷ໰͍߹Θͤɼ΋͘͠͸‫ߘݪ‬Λड͚෇͚ͣͦͷ··ฦߘ͢Δ৔߹͕͋Γ·͢ɽ
4. Ӿಡͷ໨తͱ࢟੎
ɹฤूҕһձ͸ड͚෇͚ͨ౤ߘ‫͕ߘݪ‬ʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯ΁‫͢ࡌܝ‬Δͷʹ;͞Θ͍͔͠Ͳ͏͔Λ൑ఆ͢ΔࢿྉΛಘΔͨΊʹӾಡΛߦ͍·͢ɽฤूҕһձ͸ద೚ͷӾಡऀΛબఆ͠ɼӾಡΛґཔ͠·͢ɽɹฤूҕһձ͸Ӿಡऀʹରͯ͠ಛʹ࣍ͷ఺ʹ͍ͭͯ஫ҙΛ͓‫͢·͍͍ͯ͠ئ‬ɽ1ʣ‫ߘݪ‬ͷ಺༰ʹର͢Δ੹೚͸ஶऀʹ͋Δ͜ͱɽ·ͨɼ‫ߘݪ‬ͷՁ஋͸ಡऀ͕൑அ͢Δ΋ͷͰ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
2ʣӾಡ͸಺༰ͷ൷൑΍౼ٞΛߦ͏΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͜ͱɽ
ैͬͯɼ‫ݟ‬ղͷ૬ҧ͸‫ࡌܝ‬ෆదͷཧ༝ʹͳΒͳ͍͜ͱɽ
3ʣӾಡऀ͸౤ߘऀʹରͯ͠‫ࢦڀݚ‬ಋ͢Δཱ৔ʹͳ͍͜ͱɽैͬͯɼ৽ͨͳ࣮‫ݧ‬΍‫ࢉܭ‬ͷ௥Ճཁ‫Ͳͳٻ‬͸‫ۃ‬ྗආ͚Δ͜ͱɽ
4ʣӾಡґཔ‫ݶظ‬Λ‫ݫ‬क͢Δ͜ͱɽ
ɹӾಡऀ͔Βग़͞Εͨ໰୊఺ʹ͍ͭͯɼฤूҕһձ͸‫͕ߘݪ‬౤ߘ‫ٻʹߘݪ‬ΊΒΕΔ΋ͷΛຬͨͨ͢ΊʹඞཁʹԠͯ͡ஶऀʹमਖ਼Λ‫ٻ‬Ί·͢ɽͨͩ͠ɼ͜Ε͸ஶऀʹର͢Δࢦಋ΍ॿ‫Ͱݴ‬͸͋Γ·ͤΜɽ‫ߘݪ‬ͷ಺༰ʹର͢Δ੹೚͸͋͘·Ͱஶऀʹ͋Γ·͢ɽ5. Ӿಡͷखॱͱ౤ߘ‫ߘݪ‬ͷ࠾൱
ʢ1ʣ ฤूҕһձ͸࿦จɼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτʹ͍ͭͯ͸ 2 ਓɼͦͷଞͷ۠෼ͷ౤ߘ‫͍ͯͭʹߘݪ‬͸ 1 ਓͷద೚ऀ΁ӾಡΛґཔ͠·͢ɽ
ʢ2ʣ Ӿಡऀ͸ʮ2ʯͷ౤ߘ‫ٻʹߘݪ‬ΊΒΕΔ֤߲໨ʹ͍ͭͯ౤ߘ‫ߘݪ‬ΛධՁ͠ɼӾಡ݁ՌΛશମҙ‫͓ݟ‬Αͼ‫ݸ‬ผࢦఠࣄ߲ͱ‫ʹڞ‬ฤूҕһձ΁ใࠂ͠·͢ɽʢ3ʣ ฤूҕһձ͸Ӿಡ݁ՌΛ৹ٞ͠ɼ౤ߘ‫ߘݪ‬ͷ࠾൱Λܾఆ͠·͢ɽ͜ͷࡍɼ࿦จɾ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτʹ͍ͭͯ͸‫ݪ‬ଇͱͯ͠ԼͷΑ͏ʹऔΓѻ͍·͢ɽ1ʣӾಡऀ 2 ໊ͱ΋૯߹൑ఆ͕ Aʢ͜ͷ··‫ࡌܝ‬Մʣͷ৔߹ʹ͸ɼӾಡ݁ՌΛड͚औͬͨ೔෇Ͱ‫ߘݪ‬Λडཧʢ‫ܾࡌܝ‬ఆʣ͠·͢ɽ2ʣ1 ໊ͷ૯߹൑ఆ͸ A ɼ΋͏ 1 ໊͸ Bʢࢦఠͷ఺͕मਖ਼͞ΕΕ͹‫ࡌܝ‬Մʣͷ৔߹ɼ·ͨ͸ 2 ໊ͱ΋ Bͷ৔߹ʹ͸ɼࢦఠࣄ߲ʹ͍ͭͯஶऀʹൺֱతখ͞ͳ
मਖ਼Λ‫ٻ‬Ί·͢ɽमਖ਼‫͕ߘݪ‬ఏग़͞Εɼฤूҕһձ͕मਖ਼಺༰Λ֬ೝͨ࣌͠఺Ͱडཧ͠·͢ɽ3ʣ1 ໊ͷ૯߹൑ఆ͸ B ɼ΋͏ 1 ໊͸ Cʢࢦఠͷ఺͕मਖ਼͞Εͨ‫ޙ‬ɼ࠶Ӿಡ͢Δඞཁ͋Γʣͷ৔߹ɼ·ͨ͸ 2 ໊ͱ΋ C ͷ৔߹ʹ͸ɼࢦఠࣄ߲ʹ͍ͭͯஶऀ
ʹ΍΍େ͖ͳमਖ਼Λ‫ٻ‬Ί·͢ɽఏग़͞Εͨमਖ਼‫ߘݪ‬͸࠶ͼӾಡΛߦ͍·͢ɽ4ʣ1 ໊ͷ૯߹൑ఆ͕ Dʢ‫ࡌܝ‬ෆదʣͷ৔߹ʹ͸ɼୈ 3ͷӾಡऀʹ൑ఆΛґཔ͢Δ͜ͱΛ‫ؚ‬Ίɼฤूҕһձ͕ରԠΛ൑அ͠·͢ɽ5ʣ2 ໊ͷ૯߹൑ఆͱ΋ D ͷ৔߹ʹ͸ɼͦͷཧ༝Λ෇͚ͯஶऀ΁ฦߘ͠·͢ɽ6ʣӾಡ͸ 2 ճ·Ͱͱ͠ɼ࠶Ӿಡʹ͓͍ͯ΋ C ·ͨ͸
D ͷ൑ఆ͕͋Δ৔߹ʹ͸ɼฤूҕһձ͕ରԠΛ൑அ͠·͢ɽʢ4ʣӾಡ݁Ռͷ૯߹൑ఆΛ D ͱ͢Δཧ༝͸࣍ͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͰ͢ɽ
1ʣ‫ൃط‬දͱΈͳ͞ΕΔ΋ͷɽ2ʣॏཁͳ෦෼ʹࠜຊతͳ‫ޡ‬Γ͕͋Δ΋ͷɽ
3ʣࣄ࣮ʹ‫಺͍ͨͮج‬༰Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɼ୯ͳΔओ‫͕؍‬ड़΂ΒΕ
͍ͯΔʹա͗ͳ͍΋ͷʢ࿦จɼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτͷ৔߹ʣɽ
4ʣ௨આ͕ड़΂ΒΕ͍ͯΔ͚ͩͰɼ৽͍͠஌‫͕ݟ‬શ͘ͳ͍΋ͷʢ࿦จɼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτͷ৔߹ʣɽ
5ʣमਖ਼Λཁ͢Δࠜຊతͳࢦఠࣄ߲Λଟ͘‫ؚ‬ΜͰ͍Δ΋ͷɽ
6ʣ࿈ࡌ‫ߏͰࣜܗ‬੒͞Ε͓ͯΓɼ1 ฤ͝ͱʹಠཱͨ͠΋ͷͱೝΊ͕͍ͨ΋ͷɽ
7ʣશମߏ੒΍จষ͕ૈࡶͰɼ಺༰ͷ൑ఆ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍΋ͷɽ
8ʣ಺༰͕ຊࢽͷझࢫʹ߹Θͳ͍΋ͷɽ
9ʣͦͷଞɼຊࢽʹ‫͢ࡌܝ‬Δ‫͞;ͯ͠ͱߘݪ‬Θ͘͠ͳ͍΋ͷɽ
6. ͦͷଞ
1ʣ‫ڞ‬ஶऀ͸શһ͕‫੹ʹߘݪ‬೚ΛෛͬͯԼ͍͞ɽ‫ڞ‬ஶऀ͕͍Δʹ΋͔͔ΘΒͣɼͦͷ‫ڞ‬ஶऀ͕‫ߘݪ‬ΛಡΜͰͳ͍ͱ൑அ͞ΕΔΑ͏ͳ‫ج‬ຊతͳϛε͕͋Δ৔߹ʹ͸ɼӾಡΛதࢭͯ͠ฦߘ͢Δ͜ͱ͕͋Γ·͢ɽ2ʣमਖ਼‫ߘݪ‬Λฦૹ͢Δ৔߹ʹ͸ɼमਖ਼݁Ռ͕͙͢ʹ෼
͔ΔΑ͏ͳճ౴ॻʢࢦఠࣄ߲ʹରԠͨ͠मਖ਼Օॴɾ
಺༰ҰཡʣΛ࡞੒͠ɼఴ෇ͯ͠Լ͍͞ɽ
3ʣ‫ߘݪ‬͸Ұ౓ҹ࡮ެද͞ΕΔͱ຤Ӭ͘ධՁͱ൷൑ͷର৅ʹͳΓ·͢ɽӾಡҙ‫ʹݟ‬ରͯ͠͸‫ྫྷྗۃ‬੩͔ͭ৻ॏʹରॲͯ͠Լ͍͞ɽ‫ޡ‬ղ͕͋ͬͨ৔߹ʹ͸ɼͦͷ‫ޡ‬ղΛղ͚ͩ͘Ͱͳ͘ɼ‫ޡ‬ղΛड͚ͳ͍Α͏ͳॻ͖ํʹվΊΔ౒ྗ͕‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕ·͢ɽ4ʣʮ‫ࡌܝ‬ෆదʯͰฦߘ͞Εͨ‫ߘݪ‬Λ࠶౤ߘ͢Δ৔߹͸৽‫ن‬౤ߘѻ͍ͱͳΓ·͢ɽʮ‫ࡌܝ‬ෆదʯͱͨ͠ཧ༝
Λे෼ʹ֬ೝɾ‫ݕ‬౼ͷ্ɼ࠶౤ߘͯ͠Լ͍͞ɽ
ʢ2004. 6.29 վਖ਼ʣʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯӾಡͷखҾ͖

1. Ӿಡґཔ‫ݶظ‬ͷ‫ݫ‬कΛ͓‫͍ئ‬க͠·͢ɽສҰɼ‫ʹ಺ݶظ‬Ӿಡ͕ࠔ೉ͳ৔߹ʹ͸ɼ଎΍͔ʹฤूҕһձࣄ຿‫΁ہ‬࿈བྷͯ͠Լ͍͞ɽ
2. ʮ౤ߘҊ಺ʯʹ͓͍ͯɼԼͷ΋ͷΛ౤ߘ‫ٻʹߘݪ‬Ί͍ͯ
·͢ɽӾಡʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɼ͜ΕΒΛͦͷ‫ج‬४ͱ͠·͢ɽʢ1ʣ಺༰ʹ͍ͭͯ1ʣΦϦδφϦςΟʔ͕͋Δ͜ͱʢ࿦จɼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτͷ৔߹ʣɽ2ʣຊࢽͷಡऀʹͱͬͯ༗ӹͰ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
3ʣಋೖɼ‫ڀݚ‬ख๏͔Β݁࿦ʹࢸΔաఔʹ࿦ཧੑ͕͋Δ͜ͱɽ
ʢ2ʣද‫͍ͯͭʹݱ‬1ʣ‫ߘݪ‬શମͷߏ੒͕੔͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱɽ
2ʣจষද‫͕ݱ‬ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
3ʣද୊͕ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
4ʣӳจΞϒετϥΫτ΍࿨จཁࢫ͕ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
5ʣSI ୯Ґ΍‫߸ه‬ͷ࢖͍ํ͕ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
6ʣΩʔϫʔυ͕ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
7ʣӳ‫ޠ‬ͷද‫͕ݱ‬ద੾Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱɽ
3. ʮ‫ࡌܝ‬ෆదʯͱ͢Δཧ༝ͱͯ͠͸ɼԼͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷ͕‫ڍ‬͛ΒΕ·͢ɽ
1ʣ‫ൃط‬දͱΈͳ͞ΕΔ΋ͷɽ2ʣॏཁͳ෦෼ʹࠜຊతͳ‫ޡ‬Γ͕͋Δ΋ͷɽ
3ʣࣄ࣮ʹ‫಺͍ͨͮج‬༰Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɼ୯ͳΔओ‫͕؍‬ड़΂ΒΕ
͍ͯΔʹա͗ͳ͍΋ͷʢ࿦จɼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτͷ৔߹ʣɽ
4ʣ௨આ͕ड़΂ΒΕ͍ͯΔ͚ͩͰɼ৽͍͠஌‫͕ݟ‬શ͘ͳ͍΋ͷʢ࿦จɼ‫ڀݚ‬ϊʔτͷ৔߹ʣɽ
5ʣमਖ਼Λཁ͢Δࠜຊతͳࢦఠࣄ߲Λଟ͘‫ؚ‬ΜͰ͍Δ΋ͷɽ
6ʣ࿈ࡌ‫ߏͰࣜܗ‬੒͞Ε͓ͯΓɼ1 ฤ͝ͱʹಠཱͨ͠΋ͷͱೝΊ͕͍ͨ΋ͷɽ
7ʣશମߏ੒΍จষ͕ૈࡶͰɼ಺༰ͷ൑ఆ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍΋ͷɽ
8ʣ಺༰͕ຊࢽͷझࢫʹ߹Θͳ͍΋ͷɽ
9ʣͦͷଞɼຊࢽʹ‫͢ࡌܝ‬Δ‫͞;ͯ͠ͱߘݪ‬Θ͘͠ͳ͍΋ͷɽ
4. ‫ߘݪ‬ͷ಺༰ʹର͢Δ੹೚͸͋͘·Ͱஶऀʹ͋Γ·͢ɽ·ͨɼ‫ߘݪ‬ͷՁ஋͸ಡऀ͕൑அ͢Δ΋ͷͰ͢ɽ
5. Ӿಡ͸಺༰ͷ൷൑΍౼ٞΛߦ͏΋ͷͰ͸͋Γ·ͤΜɽैͬͯɼ‫ݟ‬ղͷ૬ҧ͸‫ࡌܝ‬ෆదͷཧ༝ʹ͸ͳΓ·ͤΜɽ

6. Ӿಡऀ͸౤ߘऀʹରͯ͠‫ࢦڀݚ‬ಋ͢Δཱ৔ʹ͋Γ·ͤΜɽΑͬͯɼ৽ͨͳ࣮‫ݧ‬΍‫ࢉܭ‬ͷ௥Ճཁ‫Ͳͳٻ‬͸‫ྗۃ‬ආ͚ͯԼ͍͞ɽ
7. Ӿಡऀ͸ஶऀͱ௚઀ંিΛ͠ͳ͍ͰԼ͍͞ɽஶऀͱͷަব͸͢΂ͯฤूҕһձͷ੹೚Ͱߦ͍·͢ɽ8. Ӿಡऀͱͯ͠஌Γಘͨҹ࡮લͷ‫ߘݪ‬ͷ಺༰͸͍͔ͳΔ‫ܗ‬Ͱ΋ར༻ɾҾ༻౳ग़དྷ·ͤΜɽ‫͝ʹݫ‬஫ҙԼ͍͞ɽ
9. ஶऀʹमਖ਼Λ‫ٻ‬Ίͨ‫࠶ʹޙ‬ӾಡͰ૯߹൑ఆΛ Dʢ‫ࡌܝ‬ෆదʣͱ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ɼӾಡऀʹͱͬͯ΋ஶऀʹͱͬͯ΋ඇੜ࢈తͰ͢ɽ‫׬‬੒౓ͷ௿͍‫͍͓ͯʹͲͳߘݪ‬͸ɼमਖ਼Λ‫ٻ‬Ί࠶ӾಡΛߦ͏ΑΓ΋ʮ‫ࡌܝ‬ෆదʯͱͯ͠࿅Γ௚͔ͯ͠Β৽ͨʹ౤ߘ͢ΔΑ͏ଅͨ͠ํ͕Α͍৔߹͕͋Γ·͢ɽͦͷ৔߹ʹ͸ɼʮ‫ࡌܝ‬ෆదʯͷཧ༝ʢ
ʮ3ʯࢀরʣΛ໌ࣔͯ͠Լ͍͞ɽ‫ݸ‬ผࢦఠࣄ߲΁ͷҙ‫ݟ‬͸ෆཁͰ͢ɽ
10. Ӿಡऀ͔Βฤूҕһձ΁ҙ‫ݟ‬౳͕͋Δ৔߹͸ɼඞͣʮฤ
ूҕһձ΁ͷҙ‫ݟ‬ʯͱͯ͠ผࢴ΁ͷ‫ه‬ೖΛ͓‫͢·͍͠ئ‬ɽ
ʢ2003. 5.28 վਖ਼ʣ

3. ༏लϙελʔ৆ͷબߟ༏लϙελʔ৆ʢҎԼɼϙελʔ৆ʣ͸೥ 1 ճɼҎԼͷखॱʹΑΓܾఆ͢Δɽ
ʢ1ʣબߟͷର৅͸ɼ౰֘೥౓ͷ౔৕෺ཧֶձେձʹ͓͍ͯൃද͞ΕͨϙελʔͰ͋ͬͯɼච಄ऀ͸ձһͱ͢Δɽ
ͨͩ͠ɼϙελʔͷච಄ऀֶ͕ੜͷ৔߹ʹ‫ݶ‬Γɼձһ֎Ͱ͋ͬͯ΋બߟͷର৅ʹ‫ؚ‬ΊΔɽ
ʢ2ʣϙελʔ৆͸ʢ1ʣʹ֘౰͢Δϙελʔͷத͔Βɼબߟҕһձ͓Αͼձһͷ౤ථʹΑΓબߟ͢Δɽʢ5 ݅ҎԼʣ
4. දজ
ʢ1ʣ࿦จ৆͸ɼ௨ৗ૯ձʹ͓͍ͯදজΛߦ͏ɽ·ͨձࢽ্ʹެද͢Δɽʢ2ʣϙελʔ৆͸ɼ౔৕෺ཧֶձେձʹ͓͍ͯදজΛߦ
͏ɽ·ͨɼձࢽ্ʹެද͢Δɽ
ʢ2002.11.23 ੍ఆɹ 2013.10.26 վਖ਼ʣ౔৕෺ཧֶձֶձ৆બߟҕһձ‫ن‬ఆ౔৕෺ཧֶձֶձ৆‫ن‬ఆ

1. छྨɹ

ֶձ৆ʹ࿦จ৆ͱ༏लϙελʔ৆Λ͓͘ɽ
2. ࿦จ৆ͷબߟ࿦จ৆͸ɼ೥ 1 ճɺҎԼͷखॱʹΑΓ࿦จ৆બߟҕһձʮҎԼɼબߟҕһձʯͰ৹ࠪ͠ɼධٞһձͰܾఆ͢Δɽʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯʹɼ‫ݪ‬ଇͱ
ʢ1ʣ৆ͷର৅ͱ͢Δ࿦จ͸ɼͯ͠લ೥౓ʢલ೥ 4 ݄ 1 ೔͔Βཌ೥ͷ 3 ݄ 31 ೔·Ͱʣʹ‫͞ࡌܝ‬Εͨ‫ݪ‬ஶʮ࿦จʯͱ͢Δɽ
ʢ2ʣਖ਼ձһʢ1 ໊Ҏ্ʣ͸, ֶձ৆ड৆ީิͱͯ͠ʢ1ʣʹ֘౰͢Δ࿦จΛࣗન΋͘͠͸ଞન͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ.
ʢ3ʣ
ʢ2ʣʹ‫͢ه‬࿦จͷਪન͸ɼֶձࢽʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯʹެࣔ͞ΕͨืूΛड͚ɼॴఆͷॻྨΛඞཁ෦਺ଗ͑ɼ
‫ظ‬೔·Ͱʹֶձࣄ຿‫ʹہ‬ఏग़͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɽ
ʢ4ʣબߟҕһձͰ͸ɼʢ1ʣʹ֘౰͢Δ࿦จͷத͔Βɼ
ʢ2ʣͷਪન΋ߟྀͯ͠ड৆ީิ࿦จʢҎԼɼީิ࿦
จʣΛ৹ࠪ · બߟ͠ɼධٞһձ΁෇ٞ͢Δɽ
ʢ5ʣධٞһձͰ͸ɼީิ࿦จ͕ड৆ʹద͔֨Ͳ͏͔Λ൑ఆ͢Δɽ

1. ໨తɹ

ֶձ৆બߟҕһձʢҎԼҕһձͱ͍͏ʣ͸ɼ࿦จ৆͓Αͼ༏लϙελʔ৆ͷબߟΛߦ͏͜ͱΛ໨తͱ͢Δɽ
2. ‫ۀ‬຿ҕһձ͸ͭ͗ͷ‫ۀ‬຿Λߦ͏ɽ
ʢ1ʣֶձ৆‫ن‬ఆʹ‫ͮ͘ج‬࿦จ৆͓Αͼ༏लϙελʔ৆ͷબߟɽ
ʢ2ʣ౔৕෺ཧֶձֶձ৆બߟʹؔ͢Δͦͷଞͷࣄ߲ɽ
3. ߏ੒ɹ
ҕһձ͸ҕһ௕ 1 ໊͓Αͼҕһ 5 ఔ౓Λ࣋ͬͯߏ੒͢Δɽ
ʢ1ʣҕһձ͸ਖ਼ձһΑΓߏ੒͞ΕΔɽ
ʢ2ʣҕһ͸ධٞһձͷਪનʹ‫͖ͮج‬૯ձͰܾఆ͢Δɽ
ʢ3ʣ೚‫ظ‬͸ 2 ೥ͱ͢Δɽͨͩ͠ɼ࠶೚͸͞·ͨ͛ͳ͍ɽ
ʢ4ʣҕһ௕͸ҕһͷ‫ޓ‬બʹΑΓબग़͢Δɽ
ʢ5ʣए‫໊ׯ‬ͷઐ໳ҕһΛ͓͘͜ͱΛೝΊΔɽ
4. ։࠵ҕһձ͸೥ 3 ճఔ౓։࠵͢Δɽ
ʢ2002.11.23 ੍ఆɹ 2003.11.22 վਖ਼ʣ‫ ૹ ߘ ݪ‬Γ ঢ়ड෇൪߸ʢຊձͰ‫ه‬ೖʣ
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ૹ෇ઌ · ໰͍߹Θͤઌ౔৕෺ཧֶձࣄ຿‫ہ‬ʢॸ຿‫ࣄװ‬ʣ

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E-mail spsyomu@ml.affrc.go.jp݄ෳࣸ͞ΕΔํʹɹຊࢽʹ‫͞ࡌܝ‬Εͨஶ࡞෺Λෳ͍ࣸͨ͠ํ͸ɼʢࣾʣ೔ຊෳࣸ‫ݖ‬ηϯλʔͱแ‫ׅ‬ෳࣸ‫ڐ‬୚‫ܖ‬໿Λక݁͞Ε͍ͯΔ‫ا‬‫ۀ‬ͷै‫ۀ‬һҎ֎͸ɼஶ࡞‫͔ऀݖ‬Βෳࣸ‫ݖ‬౳ͷߦ࢖ͷҕୗΛड͚͍ͯΔ࣍ͷஂମ͔Β‫ڐ‬୚Λड͚ͯԼ͍͞ɽஶ࡞෺ͷసࡌ · ຋༁ͷΑ͏ͳෳࣸҎ֎ͷ‫ڐ‬୚͸ɼ௚઀ຊձ΁͝࿈བྷԼ͍͞ɽ
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˟ 116-0011 ౦‫ߥ౎ژ‬઒۠੢ඌ‫ ٱ‬7-12-16

ISSN 0387-6012

Journal of the Japanese Society of Soil Physics
No. 125

December, 2013

Contents
Foreword........................................................................

T. NAKATSUJI...

1

RUDIYANTO, N. TORIDE, M. SAKAI and M.Th. van GENUCHTEN

...

3

...

17

...

29

...

35

Original Papers
Estimating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of Andisols using the evaporation method......................

Analysis of suitable condition for soybean planting in rotational clayey paddy ﬁelds under risk ofexcessive dry or wet condition..........................................

S. YOSHIDA, H. HOSOKAWA and K. ADACHI

Development of a device for measuring the vertical distribution of radioactivity in soil using photodiode.......

S. SUZUKI, H. IWASE, K. NOBORIO, M. MIZOGUCHI, D. KOBAYASHI and T. ITO

Lectures
Reviewing classical studies in soil physics“Effects of liquid-phase electrical conductivity, water content, and surface conductivity
on bulk soil electrical conductivity” by J.D. Rhoades, P.A. Raats and R.J. Prather...............................................

Y. YANAI, T. MIYAMOTO and N. TORIDE

Miscellaneous
Poster abstracts at the 2013 JSSP annual meeting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Collaboration structure aimed at ressurection of Iitate village...................................................

H. YOKOKAWA and M. MIZOGUCHI

...

53

Y. OSADA...

55

M. MIZOGUCHI, K. NOBORIO and C. JOHNSTON

...

59

Excursion tour in Fukushima held after the 55th symposium.............................................................................
Battles of Soil Scientists in Fukushima, Japan......................................
Readers’ column..............................................................................

C. KATO...

61

Book review..............................................................................

Y. IWATA...

63

Announcements................................................................................................

65

Editor’s Postscript................................................................................................

67

Published by

Japanese Society of Soil Physics
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan

http://js-soilphysics.com/