Abstract

October 30 November 2, 2022
Fukuoka, Japan

Fukuoka International Congress Center

Organized by The Institute ofLife Cycle Assessment, Japan

Contensts of Abstracts
Plenary session: October 31, Monday

Plenary session (1): Shifting Paradigms with Investment

Plenary session: November 1, Tuesday

Plenary session (2): Shifting Paradigms in Industrial Sustainability

VOD spotlight: October 30, Sunday
Oral sessions: October 31, Monday

1-1A: Carbon management for neutrality

1-1B: Technology application in local system
1-1C: Metallic resources: now and future (1)1-1D: [OS] Doing more with less - Transitioning to circular economy through business model innovation (1)1-1E: Mobility and energy storage
1-1F: Construction

1-2A: Energy towards carbon neutrality
1-2B: Technology assessment

1-2C: Metallic resources: now and future (2)1-2D: [OS] Doing more with less - Transitioning to circular economy through business model innovation (2)1-2E: Food

1-2F: EcoDesign
Oral sessions: November 1, Tuesday

2-1A: Energy-material nexus for carbon neutrality

2-1B: [OS] Sustainability visualization software and its role toward 2050 net-zero carbon

2-1C: [OS] Chemical industries' challenge and contribution for carbon neutral and circular society with life cycle thinking
2-1D: Input-output analysis

2-1E: Communication and education

2-1F: Acceleration of sustainability management: Concept and methodologies
2-2A: [OS] Resource issues towards carbon-neutral society
2-2B: [OS] Carbon neutrality and avoided emission (1)2-2C: [OS] Chemical industries' challenge and contribution for carbon neutral and circular society with life cycle thinking (2)2-2D: Circular economy business (1)2-2E: Footprints of household

2-2F: Acceleration of sustainability management: Data
2-3A: Supply risk

2-3B: [OS] Carbon neutrality and avoided emission (2)2-3C: [OS] Development of corporate value and organization well-being
2-3D: Circular economy business (2)2-3E: Consequences of consumption

2-3F: Acceleration of sustainability management: Tools
Oral sessions: November 2, Wednesday
3-1B: Diagnosis of current system (1)3-1C: Agriculture and aquaculture
3-1D: Circularity

3-1E: Consumer behavior
3-2A: Impact assessment

3-2B: Diagnosis of current system (2)3-2C: Plastics

3-2D: Circularity assessment23-2E: Sustainability assessment

3-2F: Policy and supporting science
3-3B: Urban system

3-3C: Material and waste flow

3-3D: Lifecycle thinking for eco-design

3-3E: Organizational and regional sustainability
Poster session: November 1, Tuesday

Plenary sessions
Plenary session (1): Shifting Paradigms with Investment[Plenary talk] Trends and expectations in the investment industry for carbon neutrality
Hiroshi Ozeki

Nissay Asset Management Corporation, Japan
Nissay Asset Management was founded in 1995 as an asset management company of the Nippon Life Group. We signed the United
Nations Principles for Responsible Investment (UN-PRI) in 2006 when it was launched, and have been involved in ESG management

for more than a decade. The issue of climate change is a topic that the world must work together to address, but there are both risks
and opportunities in addressing carbon neutrality, and the role of the asset management industry is becoming increasingly important.
As a member of the Net Zero Asset Managers Initiatives (NZAMI), Nissay Asset is striving to achieve net zero CO2 emissions fromassets under management by 2050.

Investments related to "ESG" and "carbon neutrality" are now commonplace. In the past, investments in companies that excelled in
ESG initiatives were called "ESG investments. However, in order for society as a whole to move toward carbon neutrality, it isimportant to invest not only in "good investments" that actively address ESG issues, but also in "bad investments. We must promote aparadigm shift. We believe that it is extremely important to provide transition finance to companies with large carbon footprints thatare willing to make the transition to net zero, including business restructuring, or to make impact investments that contribute to net
zero through innovation and other means.

In order to achieve carbon neutrality, for example, it is important to optimize the entire cycle of electricity generation, storage,transmission, use, and reuse, rather than partial optimization. Such efforts require technological innovation and infrastructuredevelopment in each of these areas, which in turn require a great deal of capital, and as an asset management company, our role insupporting such efforts in the form of transition finance and impact investment is now increasing.

Our corporate slogan is "A Good Investment for the Future" to help realize a sustainable society. As an asset management

professional, we hope to play a role in the realization of a sustainable society by identifying and investing in good investment

opportunities that will enable us to achieve both a good return and contribute to improving environmental and social sustainability
over the medium to long term.

[Plenary talk] Corporate biodiversity impact assessment using biodiversity footprinting –bridging the gap between nature and business
Justine Bolton

FirstRand Limited, South Africa
Biodiversity and functioning ecosystems are essential for livelihoods and economies. Biodiversity is important to business in terms ofproviding inputs, but also in terms of preventing ecosystem collapse and loss of GDP. In addition, nature provides key life support

systems in terms of climate change mitigation and adaptation, but poor ecosystem health can also exacerbate these climate risks.
Globally, as awareness and action on climate change grows, there has been a shift in focus towards nature related risks and impacts,
and a rapidly growing discourse on natural capital and biodiversity in the business sector.

But time is running out. To achieve the Convention on Biological Diversity’s global of protecting and restoring the Earth's biodiversity,and transforming society’s relationship with biodiversity and nature over the next decade through post-2020 framework process –businesses, governments and communities need to support each other and take action now.
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Businesses have a role to play by engaging with emerging frameworks such as the Task Force on Nature Related financial

disclosures; participating in implementation projects; conducting biodiversity footprints (for example using the PBAF guidance) tounderstand impacts of their business, as well as the dependencies of their business, on nature; and integrating these considerations

into business strategy so as to drivee change through core business. Systemic thinking is needed to address challenges and enhance
opportunities, including those of a Just Transition that integrates people, planet and the economy.

Plenary session (2): Shifting Paradigms in Industrial Sustainability[Plenary talk] Achieving ESG and Growing Sustainability
Nuttavut Intarode

The Siam Cement PLC (SCG), Thailand
Achieving ESG – Environmental, Social, and Governance dimensions and growing sustainability helps the corporate establish theresiliency and drive long-term value for the businesses. Thus, ESG has become a must have and huge opportunities to satisfy
customers, employees, and other stakeholders. To become a sustainable business, listed companies are required to do thing

differently while not enough to turn just a profit. As the world has changed drastically and is facing challenges all around, I do believethat ESG is not just a framework to create a business growth, rather, it is the way to help all sectors including government sector,

private sector, and public sector to collectively come together to build the right balance circumstances and deliver a better world forour next generation.

Presentation list: VOD spotlight
V-1
How IoT helps to achieve sustainable supply chain management——A study based on two supply
chains

Suiting Ding

Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Department of Industrial Ecology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
As a representative Industry 4.0 technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) brings new opportunities for the intelligent and flattransformation of supply chain organizations, and could help to improve its environmental, economic and social performance underfierce competition. In order to explore the specific effect of IoT in improving the performance of green supply chain. This paper
establishes the operation and competition mechanism of a IoT supported two-tier and a traditional three-tier supply chain mode

based on system dynamics and agent-based modelling. The demand for products is regarded as a driving force. Three-tier supply
chain is modelled with several active agents (retailers, wholesalers, and manufacturers), and runs as the products go frommanufacturer to wholesaler, then flows to retailer, and finally are delivered to the consumers in market. Each agents has a specificmanufacturing, inventory and delivery strategy. IoT supported supply chain has much radical zero-inventory and shipment strategies

due to punctual and accurate information transmission, and wholesaler has been replaced by manufacturers directly connecting withretailers. Taking a hypothetical logistics scenario as an example, the two modes are simulated and compared within carbon emissions,profitability and market share dimensions. The results show that by pursuing zero inventory and more aggressive scheduling andtransportation strategies, IoT technology can significantly reduce overall inventory levels and transportation emissions from different
logistics nodes, with average daily emissions drop of 31%. In contrast, the overall profitability of the IoT supply chain increased by
37.1%, while the market share gap between two products is relatively small, normal supply chain has 6% higher value.

Oil price pressure on the Japanese economy: An unit structure analysis

V-2

Aoi Tsukioka1, Sora Matsushima2, Shigemi Kagawa3

1School of Economics, Kyushu University, Japan; 2School of Economics, Kyushu University, Japan; 3Faculty of Economics, Kyushu

University, Japan

Crude oil prices have increased by 40% during the period between 2015 and 2022. Thus, the Japanese economy has clearlyexperienced a rapid increase in the crude oil prices due to the global oil supply insecurity caused by the Russian aggression against

Ukraine. It is important to note that the rapid oil price increase has a significant impact on the production cost of industries because

they directly and indirectly use crude oil via supply chains. This study focuses on cost pass-through describing that a business entitychanges the price of goods or services in response to a change in the energy cost of producing them. To model the cost pass-through via product supply chains, we develop a new cost-pushed unit structure approach that is capable of describing an adjacency
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matrix by weighting the energy cost increases embedded in transactions between each sector. We then applied cluster analysis to theadjacency matrix to find industry groups with overconcentrated energy cost increased in the supply chain network. From the results
based on the 2005, 2011, and 2015-linked input-output tables, we found that the pressure on Japanese economy due to rising oil

prices decreased considerably. Furthermore, we observed that fishing-related cluster had the highest effect of the pressure caused
by increase in oil prices during the study period. Based on the cluster results identified in this study, policy makers should define apriority for aiding supply chain groups with higher oil price pressure.

V-3
Comparative life cycle assessment of fired clay bricks and alternative concrete blocks used in
Bangladesh

Syeda Gulfam -E- Jannat, Shafkat Islam, Sheikh Mokhlesur Rahman

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh, People's Republic ofFired clay bricks are widely used as a construction material in Bangladesh. Use of top fertile soil for clay brick production and burningof those bricks are associated with detrimental environmental impacts (e.g., air pollution, loss of land, CO2 emission) in Bangladesh.
At present various commercial and experimental concrete blocks are being used in the country as alternatives to fired clay bricks,
which have potentially less environmental impacts. However, comprehensive studies on comparing the environmental impacts ofburnt clay brick and its alternatives are still lacking. This study aims to measure the environmental footprints of concrete blocks andcompare them with traditional fired clay bricks to assess the sustainability of alternative materials to minimize the environmental

impact of fired clay bricks. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been carried out to estimate environmental impacts of fired clay brickand nine different concrete blocks following the ReCiPe midpoint method, with a “Cradle-to-Gate” system boundary for threedifferent functional units (single block or brick, 1 m2 interior wall and 1 m2 exterior wall). The results of this study show that, when

impacts are measured for single unit blocks, larger dimension bricks or blocks leave more environmental footprints. However, when
the functional unit is one square meter wall, clay brick walls leave much more environmental footprints than concrete block walls inmost of the impact categories (e.g., climate change, fossil depletion, human toxicity, particulate matter formation). Additionally, thelargest burden for clay brick production comes from coal burning; whereas cement production is the most significant contributor forconcrete block production. In summary, the findings point out that concrete blocks can be a sustainable alternative to fired clay
bricks.

Digitalization of sustainable value roadmapping in engineering education

V-4

Mélanie Despeisse1, Yusuke Kishita2

1Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; 2The University of Tokyo, Japan

Sustainability is a complex and paradoxical concept which can be challenging to teach. Education for sustainable development (ESD)in higher education has been researched since the early 2000s and identified challenges in designing teaching activities, such as

critical thinking, transformative learning, and conflicting schools of thought for sustainable development. Gamification lends itself wellto these challenges as it creates an engaging environment for students to explore the concept of sustainability for themselves.
Gamification in education is the use of game design elements and mechanics as vehicles for teaching. In industrial engineering

education, this active learning approach has commonly been applied in supply chain management, production planning and project
management. Research suggests that digitalization and web-based education could further enhance student motivation andengagement. Accordingly, this study aimed to test a gamified workshop about sustainable value roadmapping using varying levels ofdigitalization. Digitalization was applied to two aspects of the workshop: the material and the delivery media. The workshop material
could be physical (poster template, stick notes and markers) or digital (virtual template and stick notes in Mural, a web-based app).
The delivery could be face-to-face (facilitators and students together in a classroom), virtual (via Zoom, an online communication

platform), or mixed (facilitators online but students physically together in small groups). For face-to-face workshops, either physicalor digital material can be used. When online communication is involved (virtual and mixed delivery), only the digital workshop material
can be used effectively. This presentation discusses the preliminary findings about the potential effects of digitalization on cognitive

and affective learning outcomes. Finally, the authors suggest ways in which digitalization can enhance or hinder the students’ learning
experience.

A data-driven approach for evaluating the occupant behavior influence on electricity
consumption in Taipei City

Kuang-Ly Cheng1, Remi Chauvy2, I-Chun Chen*1

1Chinese Culture University, Taiwan; 2National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

5V-5Occupant behavior is essential to city electricity management. Overestimate electricity savings potential often occurs when theoccupant behavior is ignored. However, there is a lack of information on the electricity consumption behavior of urban residents
because of a few studies on building electricity usage on a city scale. To predict occupant behavior on electricity consumption,

empirical materials from Taipei City and machine learning were used to establish a framework. This study used k-means clusteringwith socioeconomic factors and building data to understand the regional electricity consumption characteristics. Then, the historicalsocio-economic factors were applied to assess the potential of electricity consumption pattern transformation. 773 surveys ofoccupants in residential buildings were conducted, and 33 rules of occupant behavior were clarified using decision trees. The

quantities of occupant behavior influences and the possibilities of behavior adoption were calculated by the rules at last. The results
show that the electricity consumption in Taipei City can be classified into four clusters, excluding the outliers. Cluster 2 and 3 arecommercial areas with high electricity consumption. The average monthly household electricity consumption of cluster 2 and 3 arehigher than in Taipei City. The average monthly household electricity consumption of cluster 1 and cluster 4 are near the averagevalue in Taipei City. Cluster 1 has the highest potential with 49% to transfer into cluster 4 because of the similar trend in the numberof enterprise units. 38.8% of occupant behavior influence in rule 1 of cluster 2&3 is the highest, with 4.4% for occupants to adopt it.
The highest possible rule to follow is rule 3 of cluster 4, with a probability of 54.7% and an occupant behavior influence of 4.1%. The

information on occupant behavior provided by this study can fill the gap between measured and simulated electricity consumption in
the household.

How to build sustainable cities: Research on the local energy governance in Taiwan

V-6

Ying-Da Wang, Li-Ting Huang, Ching-Chun Chang, Ting-Hung Wang, Hsiu-Chuan Lin
Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan

Since Taiwan launched its energy transition policy in 2016, local governments cooperated with the central government in various

power-saving programs and renewable energy subsidies initiatives for local governments. Local governments drafted local energy
policies according to regionally-specific conditions, including the replacement of energy-efficient equipment, the expansion ofrenewable energy installations, power-saving, energy inventory, and framing of energy citizenship. Preliminary results of the energy

transition policies are achieved, indicating that local governments formed partnership with the central government in the process ofthe energy transformation.

Recognizing the urgency of global net-zero emissions and climate governance initiatives, more than 130 countries and regions aroundthe world announced the goal of 2050 Net Zero Emissions. Taiwan also adopted the “2050 Net Zero Transition” policy goal in 2021.
Therefore, many countries helped local governments in order to build sustainable cities or communities to achieve the goal of netzero, such as “Regional Decarbonization Pilot Zones” in Japan and carbon neutrality cities in South Korea.

To achieve Taiwan’s Net Zero Vision, it is necessary to re-examine the strategies and mechanisms of local energy governance to build
sustainable cities. First, we reviewed how sustainable cities or communities were built successfully around the world. Second,sustainable development goals have been adopted by many cities in Taiwan gradually, yet local governments often faced challenges
during communication processes with the central government, environmental groups, stakeholders, and local citizen groups. After
analyzing the problems that local governments confronted with, we provided suggestions about the framework of local energy
governance to achieve sustainable cities.

V-7
The emergy footprint of a city: comparing supply- and use-extended input-output models forthe case of Vienna, Austria.

Oleksandr Galychyn
EPFL, Switzerland

The design of environmental extensions in the input-output analysis is based on the user side perspective and only focuses oncommercial energy supply and use, which implies that its spatial and temporal boundaries are limited to technical energy extraction

and use. Moreover, the literature that discusses donor side perspective to supply and use-extended footprint models is in its infancy.
This study introduces an emergy-evaluated supply-extended and use-extended carbon footprint models for the city of Vienna andthen compares and assesses differences in results for their empirical and conceptual implications. Our results show that the rankingof footprints of final products categories is sensitive to the evaluation method and that products of extractive and manufacturingindustries (agricultural and chemical products ) differ by more than 10% depending on whether emergy or carbon evaluation ischosen. The emergy-based comparison further reveals that for products of extractive industries difference between use and supply
extension results can be more than 20% as opposed to carbon-based comparison with the difference between supply and use

extension results for services not even amounting to 5%. We, then discuss conceptual differences between emergy and traditional

carbon-evaluated extension designs and conclude that more accurate estimation of the total environmental burden of each sector inan urban economy can be archived the first step of allocation procedure used in emergy-evaluated used -extension design (allocation
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direct energy use of fuels to final consumption to households, government, capital formation, and exports) is added to emergy-

evaluated supply-extension results. Such use of these models provides a basis for a comprehensive understanding of environmental
support to production

V-8
Extraregional dependence of municipal / industrial plastic waste treatment based on material
flow analysis in the 47 prefectures of Japan

Rokuta Inaba1, Osamu Higashi2, Daisuke Okamoto2, Jun Nakatani3, Yasuo Nemoto2, Naohisa Yamaguchi2, Atsushi
Fujiyama4, Yasunori Kikuchi3, Toru Matsumoto4

1National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan; 2EX Research Institute Ltd.; 3The University of Tokyo; 4The University of

Kitakyushu

This study estimated and organized flow data for municipal waste plastics (MWP) and industrial waste plastics (IWP) by prefecture

based on data from various surveys on plastics and waste by the Ministry of the Environment, prefectural governments, and industry
groups.

The intra- and inter-regional flow structures of waste plastics (WP) by prefecture are analyzed by aggregating both MWP and IWP
flows. Prefectures were classified by their degree of extraregional dependence for WP treatment.

The results suggested that geographically independent prefectures such as Hokkaido and Okinawa have low extraregional

dependence. On the other hand, metropolitan areas such as Tokyo and Osaka and exchange areas such as Saitama showed highextraregional dependence. This study clarified the geographical characteristics of WP management by identification of the inter-regional and inter-regional flow structure of IWP and MWP by prefecture and the classification of extraregional dependence of WP
treatment. This result contributes to optimizing the regional WP management system considering geographical factors.

Evaluation of greenhouse gas reduction effect through the silver recycling

V-9

Dayeon Kim1, YongWoo Hwang2, Chunsan Kim3, Eunseo Lee4

1Progam in Global Industrial & Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Environmental

Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 3Graduate School of Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 4Environmental
and polymer engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea

As the global consumption of resources increases rapidly, environmental problems caused by exhaustion of natural resources and anincrease in waste are expanding; thus, the importance of the recycling industry is increasing.

This study analyzed the greenhouse gas reduction effect of the silver improvement process from the plated waste liquid generated in
the metal industry by applying the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The functional unit was applied as 1 kg of treated from recycled
silver.

As a result, the recycling rate increased from 75% to 83% according to the improvement process, and the purity rate increased from99.99% to 99.999%. In addition, greenhouse gas reduction compared to the current process is about 50% reduction effect, which
had 5.36E+02 kg CO2 eq./kg.

Substances in greenhouse gases of the current process are mainly generated from waste liquid(77%), electricity(18%), and reduced
to waste liquid(40%), electricity(98%) in the process of improvement. In addition, electricity was found to be significantly reduced tocomparing to the current process. Therefore, high-efficiency improvement processes contribute to significant energy savings.

However, the main substance affected by major greenhouse gas emissions has the highest in waste liquid treatment at about 77 to
93%. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a treatment plan for waste liquid in the future.

V-10
Heuristic analysis of scale mining: The balance between safety, environmental and social impact
and operational performance

Tatiane Marin, Jacopo Seccatore
University Adolfo Ibañez, Chile

Achieving a Mercury-free Small Scale Mining would achieve also its sustainability? Is mercury the only obstacole for sustainable smallscale mining?

A successful approach for sustainable mining operations is associated to the efficiency of the recovery of the ore contained in themineral deposit. The best practices in mining take into account rigorous mine planning processes to ensure the maximum recovery.

However, that is not always the case in small-scale mining, where the limitations of the managerial, economic and strategic conditions

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of this sector tend to constrain the implementation of proper mine planning procedures.

The base problems of small-scale mining in are: lack of planning, high costs, high variability of income and reduction of spaces. Smalland medium-sized producers are more vulnerable to price variability of the mineral, which supports a research initiative to adapt themine planning cycle process to the reality of small-scale mining within a context of sustainability.

The main objective is to develop a methodology to make small mining operations a sustainable activity.

In the first phase of the project, we applied the minimum reserve methodology in a Gold Small Scale Mining at Chile. The preliminary
results demonstrated that it is possible to transform the operation into a sustainable mercury-free way.

Building an AI-based automatic ESG evaluation estimation model and its application

V-11

Aya Ishino1, Yuriko Nakao2, Shinya Okuda3, Yuki Tanaka4, Naho Nakakubo5, Katsuhiko Kokubu6

1Hiroshima University of Economics; 2Kansai University; 3Nagoya City University; 4Hosei University; 5S&P Global; 6Kobe University,

With the spread of global sustainable development goals (SDGs), environmental, social, and governance (ESG)-driven investing is

becoming increasingly important; hence, there is a growing need for research on ESG disclosure. However, extant ESG evaluation andrating processes are often black box in terms of how ratings are applied (Borial et al., 2021). Therefore, despite the growing

importance of corporate ESG investing, there is a risk that information disclosure may be distorted to influence evaluations andratings. To offer mitigation to this risk, this study discusses an artificial intelligence (AI)-based ESG evaluation model that intakes avariety of disclosed data for corporate evaluation without relying on rating agencies. The purpose is to make it easier for companies
to disclose appropriate and realistic ESG information. Additionally, the framework of the analysis model is provided.

ESG reports can be found on the internet without restriction, making assessment quite easy. However, if ESG rating agencies were tomonopolize their use while also providing consulting services, then ESG reporting would be overly influenced by those agencies, which
is opposite the intended situation.

A related study was conducted by Aiba et al. (2019); however, they only addressed information found in the Global Reporting
Initiative (GRI) comparative table. Therefore, this study aims to construct a model that extends it to the entire ESG report.

The aim of this study was to present the notional capability of a machine learning AI automatically ingesting corporate ESG data toautomatically estimate RobecoSAM ESG scores, which emphasize a variety of industrial perspectives. The experimental results of theautomatic estimation model of ESG valuation based on AI and the application analysis utilizing the data will be reported at thisconference.

V-12
Assessing the social dimension in strategic network design for a sustainable development: Thecase of bioethanol production in the EU

Lukas Messmann, Lars Wietschel, Andrea Thorenz, Axel Tuma
University of Augsburg, Germany

Unlike site-specific assessments, corporate or political Greenfield decision-making on a strategic and multi-regional level relies onaggregated ex-ante data. In contrast to environmental LCA, the complexity of social indicators, their subjective and often qualitative
nature, and a lack of data render the inclusion of SLCA indicators into quantitative optimization models for strategic supply chain

decision-making difficult. This work presents a structured process for including a comprehensive set of social aspects by selecting
applicable quantitative and regionalized social indicators. This approach is applied to the case of lignocellulosic, second-generation
bioethanol (2G EtOH) production in the EU, which is a promising substitute for fossil and food crop-based fuels. Based on i.a. the

Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products and Organizations (GSLCAPO), the Social Hotspots Database (SHDB), stateof-the-art literature, as well as previous work, we compile 9 social objective functions, 25 functions for social hotspot identification.

They are evaluated alongside economic and 21 environmental LCA-based objective functions in a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) model. We identify optimal strategic decisions (regional biorefinery locations and capacities in the EU, feedstock collection,

EtOH transportation, and substitution of either fossil petrol or first-generation EtOH) and resulting optimal objective values for eachof the social, environmental, and economic objectives. Key results show that social optimization either leads to large, labor-intensive
or regionally focused, indicator-driven networks. ‘Injuries and fatalities’ in the feedstock sectors of Central and Eastern European

countries is the primary social hotspot. We determine conflicts and congruencies between the different objectives, identify Paretooptimal trade-offs between them, and assess the network’s impact on the level of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The

approach in the study at hand is novel in both the fields strategic network design and the European bioeconomy, and contributes to amore holistic life cycle sustainability optimization.

Evaluating resource use reduction effects of residence-related 3R behaviors
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V-13

Teppei Kan, Seiji Hashimoto

Ritsumeikan University, JapanA need exists to shift from a linear economy of mass production, mass consumption, and mass disposal to a circular economy basedon 3R behaviors, with the aim of improved resource efficiency. As methods of doing so, 3R behaviors include reducing the use of
products, sharing products, reusing and using products for long periods, conserving resources used for products, conserving

resources used for containers and packaging, saving resources during production process, and utilizing recycled resources. For thisstudy, we evaluated how residence-related 3R behaviors have affected residence-related resource usage. Additionally, we estimatedthe potential for reducing resource use when anticipated future 3R actions are taken. Findings indicate that (1) the residence-relatedresource use for house construction decreased by an estimated 68 million tons, whereas resource use for energy consumption ofhouses increased by about 18 million tons during 1973–2013. (2) During the period examined above, the lifetime extension of houses
reduced resource usage, although the increased housing floor area per person, the decreased occupancy rate of the houses(increased number of vacant houses), and the increased energy consumption per person contributed to increased resource usage.
(3) The potential for reducing resource use is estimated as approximately 52 million tons for house construction through the

reduction of housing floor area per person, utilization of recycled resources, etc., and approximately 35 million tons for energy
consumption of houses through decarbonization achieved by the spreading use of renewable energy.

The environmental footprint methods: history, state of the art, future developments

V-14

Ugo Pretato1, Elia Rillo1, Irene Cropanise1, Alicia Boyano Larriba2, Michael Knaute31Studio Fieschi & soci, Italy; 2European Commission, Directorate-General for the Environment, Belgium; 3Green Soluce, France

A company wishing to market its product as environmentally friendly in several EU Member States faces a confusing range ofchoices of methods and initiatives for counting and communicating its environmental performance.

The European Commission proposed the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) and Organisation Environmental Footprint (OEF)

methods as a common way of measuring the environmental performance of products and organizations, adopting in December 2021
the revised Recommendation on the use of Environmental Footprint methods [1].

The methods were tested between 2013-2018 and the European Commission is now implementing a transition phase to include new

methodological developments, to monitor and further develop Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs) as well as toexplore how to incorporate them in upcoming policies and initiatives.

The 2020 Circular Economy Action Plan already foresees that “the Commission will also propose that companies substantiate theirenvironmental claims using PEF and OEF methods”. It is part of a set of interrelated initiatives to establish a strong and coherent

product policy framework that will make sustainable products, services and business models the norm, and not the exception [2].
The adoption of the Green Claims initiative is planned for the first half of 2022.

This presentation is part of a set of EF capacity building events that the Directorate-General for the Environment of the European
Commission is implementing to raise awareness on the principles, characteristics and opportunities underlying the EF methods.
The following topics will be discussed:- Brief history of the Environmental Footprint project (from pilot phase to transition phase);- Overview of the current implementation (e.g. PEFCR development and update);- Ongoing policy initiatives (e.g. Green Claim Initiative);- Future development.

The meeting is intended as an online presentation of 30 minutes.

[1] Recommendation on the use of Environmental Footprint methods:

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/publications/recommendation-use-environmental-footprint-methods_en[2] European Commission Environmental Footprint:

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/index.htm

Analysis of approaches to quantifying environmental benefits of reuse in the IT sector

V-15

Christian Clemm

Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration (IZM), Germany
Extending the lifetime of electronic products through circular economy strategies, such as reuse, is an effective way to reduce

environmental burden associated with the manufacturing of new products. In the space of IT and ICT devices, reuse has become

increasingly common, with companies and individuals making their devices available for reuse and businesses re-introducing preowned, refurbished and remanufactured equipment into the market.

The quantification of environmental effects of reuse is relevant as a basis for communicating benefits to a target audience as well as
9for potential applications in carbon accounting and offsetting that incentivize organisational engagement in circular economy

practices. However, to date, there is no consensus on a ‘best practice’ approach to suitably estimate environmental benefits. Insights
into the status quo reveal a considerable variance in approaches and communicated data, highlighting the lack of a harmonizedmethod.

This contribution investigates existing approaches and illustrates the effects of different allocation methods to distribute embedded
carbon of a laptop to multiple users in reuse scenarios as a study case. Common allocation methods include the ‘cut-off’ approach,which allocates embodied carbon to the first user, while subsequent users receive used products free of burden, and the ‘sharedburden’ approach, in which allocation keys are used to distribute embedded carbon among multiple users. The different approaches
are evaluated in terms of their practical applicability and the setting of incentives for users to employ circular economy strategies.

The contribution aims to highlight the need for a harmonized approach that can be applied uniformly in frameworks such as life cycle
assessment and carbon accounting in the absence of an objectively ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ solution. This long-standing challenge requires

ongoing dialogue among LCA experts and organisations involved in the practical implementation of circular economy business models
to work towards future standardization.

Presentation list: Oral sessions
1-1A: Carbon management for neutrality
1-1A-1
Using CO2 as feedstock to decarbonize the global chemical industry: A feasible reality or an
urban myth?

Jing Huo1, Zhanyun Wang2, Christopher Oberschelp1, Gonzalo Guillén-Gosalbez3, Stefanie Hellweg1

1ETH Zurich, Switzerland; 2Environmenal Risk Assessment and Management Group, EMPA, Switzerland; 3Department of Chemistry

and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Carbon capture has been projected to play a vital role in many roadmaps of power and industrial sectors towards net-zerogreenhouse gas emissions. Recent advancement of CO2 utilization as chemical feedstock shows the possibility of a win-win situation

by simultaneously valorizing CO2 as a waste and enabling feedstock decarbonization of the chemical industry. In this study, we aim to
explore the feasibility of a future defossilized chemical industry that fully relies on CO2 as its carbon source in 2050. With theassessment of the future global and regional CO2 supply-demand balance, we find the global CO2 demand as chemical feedstock to
be 2.2-3.1 Gt/year, which is well within the technical limit of its supply volume from power, cement, steel, and kraft pulp sectors of

5.2-13.9 Gt. Nonetheless, certain regions, such as Middle East, would face local supply shortage. With Life Cycle Assessment, we also
examine the savings on greenhouse gas emissions and the trade-offs of other induced environmental impacts of capturing 1

kilogram CO2 in different regions and from different sectors. We conclude that CO2 captured from solid biomass-fired power plants
and kraft pulp mills in Europe would have the smallest environmental impacts. India and China should prioritize low-impact regional
electricity grid to maximize the environmental benefits from carbon capture. Finally, a CO2 sourcing strategy developed based onregional supply capacity and environmental impacts from carbon capture is demonstrated in two bottom-up case studies of China

and Middle East, which illustrate how the total regional environmental impacts from carbon capture can be minimized by optimizing its
supply sources. Our findings support the strategic planning of the sustainable transition of the chemical industry, especially regardingsite selection and supply chain optimization. They also provide insights for governments and international organizations regarding theprioritization to reach the climate targets by 2050.

Detecting insecure supply chains lacking carbon neutral commitments

1-1A-2

Keisuke Nansai, Sho Hata, Yasuko Kameyama

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Achieving a carbon-neutral society in 2050 is a highly ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target. Currently, major Japanesecompanies have prepared their schemes for achieving the target, but it is still unknown how much of the national GHG emissions inJapan are covered by such schemes. Here, we analyse the link between corporate climate change efforts and GHG emissions

associated with commodity production for household consumption. Specifically, we combined an assessment of corporate climatechange measures published by CDP, an NGO headquartered in the UK, with Japan's Environmental Input-Output Table called 3EID. As
a result, supply chains with a weak commitment to carbon neutrality were detected among carbon-based supply chains generated byhousehold consumption.

10

1-1A-3
Life cycle assessment on forest resource utilization considering long-term carbon balance

Aya Suzuki1, Yuichiro Kanematsu1, Ryoko Shimono1, Satoshi Kita2, Iroha Seki2, Kentaro Nakamura2, Yasunori Kikuchi1
1The University of Tokyo; 2Sumitomo Forestry Co., Ltd.

Towards carbon neutral society, forest resources have different roles in energy systems from variable renewable energy, e.g., solar

and wind, due to its storability and adjustability. Thanks to the forestation conducted in the 1960s in Japan, a large amount of trees isavailable in Japan although the demand for wood is not necessarily high. It resulted in the tree age distribution being unbalanced in
the older side. Harvesting and forestation should be redesigned to meet the demand in the society to be carbon neutral forreactivating the carbon absorption by forest and utilizing the resources substituted for fossil resources.

In this study, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to analyze the prospective forest resource utilization considering long-term carbon balance attributable to forest. Harvesting and no-harvesting scenarios were defined to clarify the changes in the carbon
balances. In the harvesting scenario, forests are harvested in a 50-year cycle followed by new forestation and wood is used forenergy and construction. In the no-harvesting scenario, forests are left once planted without cutting, which necessitates the
production of products replaceable with the same functions as the wood-derived products in harvesting scenario. Life cycle

greenhouse gas (LC-GHG) emissions with carbon absorption were analyzed on forestry operations annually and for 200 years.

The results demonstrated that harvesting, reforestation, and effective use of resources can reduce LC-GHG in the long term of thiscalculation. Also, it can be effective for the reduction in LC-GHG to consider the harvested wood products in markets as construction
materials to be utilized as energy. Considering the other social trends towards carbon neutrality, e.g., decarbonization in powersources, the background inventories of non-wooden products could also be changed. A mechanism to take into account suchconditions is strongly needed for sustainable forest management.

1-1A-4
Matching post-combustion carbon capture technologies in power and industrial sectors basedon emission reduction potentials

Koki Yagihara1, Hajime Ohno1, Keigo Matsuda1,2, Yasuhiro Fukushima1
1Tohoku University, Japan; 2Yamagata University, Japan

The power and industrial sectors, accounting for ~65% of Japanese CO2 emissions, need to mitigate their emission. Carbon capture,utilization, and storage (CCUS) would be one of the mitigating options to be retrofitted to existing indispensable power and industrial
processes. However, reduced emissions are not equal to captured CO2 amounts since CCUS can be energy-intensive for capturingCO2. Furthermore, the energy intensity and suitability of carbon-capturing technologies depend on the flue gas properties such as
CO2 concentration and emission factors of utilities. Regarding this backdrop, this study evaluated the energy consumption for

capturing CO2 by post-combustion carbon-capturing technologies retrofitted to power and industrial processes such as amine-based
chemical absorption and membrane separation. Process simulation-aided life cycle assessment was performed to quantify energy
consumption, utilities, and cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for capturing CO2 generated by existing power andindustrial processes under the criteria of CO2 capture rate (90%) at 150 bar and purity (>95%). This study investigated the effect ofthe membrane properties such as selectivity and thickness on the net GHG emissions for capturing CO2 compared to the amine-based absorption. According to the simulation, the amine-based absorption and membrane separation needed 3.6 – 4.0 MJ/kg-CO2
and 0.77 – 3.4 MJ/kg-CO2 for the CO2 separation, respectively. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed to quantify the net
GHG emissions at varying emission factors of utilities and degradation of components such as amine solvent and membrane.

Although the membrane separation indicated lower energy consumption than the amine-based absorption, the net GHG emissions

could vary with the emission inventories of utilities and the level of degradation of components. Consequently, the availability of lowemission utilities and operating environment would also be an important factor in implementing post-combustion technologies.

1-1B: Technology application in local system
Modeling the effect of improving sewage disposal rate on ecological health for aquaticorganism: A case study Gunma prefecture, Japan

1-1B-1

Toyohiko Nakakubo1, Midori Kawabata1, Yuriko Ishikawa2, Yuichi Iwasaki2

1Ochanomizu University, Japan; 2National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan

Sewage disposal rate in watershed boundary of Gunma prefecture is 70.5% in FY2015 due to two factors: (1) households

unconnected to sewage line are remained in a sewage system area. (2) households using singular type of onsite water-purifier tankfocused on treatment of only toilet water are remained even now. It leads to direct emission of gray water into river, and its
11improvement is an important issue related to SDGs’ indicator 6.3.1 “Proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flows safely
treated”. The purpose of this study is to estimate the effect of improving sewage disposal rate on ecological health for aquaticorganism.

Loading amounts of biological oxygen demand (BOD) were estimated for four scenarios: Present scenario in FY2015; Scenario A, thesewage disposal rate is improved to 75.2% in FY2030 by partially progression of connection to sewage line; Scenario B, the rate

becomes 88.2% in FY2030 by adding to partially progression of update to combined type of onsite water-purifier tank; and Scenario
C, the rate achieves 100% in FY2040. Loading amounts of BOD at resolution of 1×1 km2 is inputted to the river water quality

simulation model, the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology - Standardized Hydrology-based AssessmeNttool for chemical Exposure Load (AIST-SHANEL), customized for BOD estimation.

River ecological health is evaluated by treating EPT richness as substitution indicator, total taxon richness of Ephemeroptera,

Plecoptera, and Trichoptera. The correlation equation between BOD concentration and EPT richness was applied, and improvement
effects were visualized based on EPT richness. Potentially disappeared fraction of aquatic species (PDF) is regularly adopted in thefield of life cycle impact assessment for ecological effect, whereas, similarities and availability of EPT richness were discussed in thisstudy.

Life cycle assessment of sustainable organic waste treatment in Cimahi Indonesia

1-1B-2

Lia Nurbanillah Fujianti1, Indriyani Rahman2, Toru Matsumoto3

1The University of Kitakyushu, Japan; 2The University of Kitakyushu, Japan; 3The University of Kitakyushu, Japan

Solid waste management is a complex municipal problem that should be adequately treated. In Cimahi City, the organic fraction ofmunicipal solid waste (MSW) has the highest portion compared to other types of waste. Approximately 50.6% of the total waste,

about 226 tons/day, is generated from the domestic sector, while most are transported to the landfill without an effective treatment

and management system. Therefore, a proper intervention should be addressed to solve this problem appropriately. The use of blacksoldier fly (BSF) hypothetically can reduce the number of organic wastes in a rapid processing system. This study aims to analyze theimpact of BSF as a pre-processing waste treatment before sending it to a landfill compared to other waste treatments such as

windrow composting and direct landfilling. This study used life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to determine theright management system for treating organic waste in Cimahi City. A pilot study in a neighborhood association (NA-which is locallycalled Rukun Warga/RW) was used to analyze the life cycle assessment of the waste treatment. Then, the assessment result isgeneralized on a municipal scale to analyze the treatment's potential as municipal organic waste treatment. The results showed thatthe BSF treatment has the lowest total emission (in CO2 equivalent) compared to another treatment system. Besides, BSF produces ahigh-quality and saleable product, increasing the benefit value. Thus, implementing and multiplying the BSF management system canreduce the number of wastes sent to landfills and provide economic incentives to the communities in Cimahi City.

1-1B-3
Analysis on environmental compatibility and economic feasibility of the ground source heatpump in tropical Asia regarding the lifecycle aspects: a case study in Bangkok, Thailand

Yutaro Shimada, Koji Tokimatsu

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) in the tropical regions require a large-scale ground heat exchanger (GHE) owing to the excessive
cooling load and high subsurface temperature, resulting in increased initial costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the phase

except for operation. However, the compatibility of GSHP in tropical regions was limited to evaluation based on energy consumption
in the operation phase, leading to unclearness in the contribution of increased initial cost and GHG emissions in the except for

operation to the compatibility based on lifecycle aspect. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the GHG emissions over the entire life

cycle and cost payback time of the GSHP with the capacity of 20 kW in Bangkok, Thailand, designed with a predicted 50-year heatsink temperature. The results confirm that the scale of GHEs is twice as large in tropical regions as in mid-high latitude regions;nevertheless, the energy-saving effect of GSHP resulted in an 8.8% reduction in GHG emissions over the entire life cycle compared toair source heat pump (ASHP). This indicates that the reduction in GHG emission owing to the energy savings in the operation phasecan offset the increment of GHG emission regarding the installation of GHEs. However, the initial cost of the GSHP could not recover
within the lifetime, requiring initial cost subsidies in the range of 50 – 67% and the initial cost reduction induced by the growth of the
GSHP market. These findings elucidated that GSHP in Bangkok, Thailand, is compatible in combating global warming, even underclimatic and geological conditions unique to tropical regions. However, owing to the increase in initial costs associated with the large
scale heat exchanger, further discussion with the analysis on the deployment scenario is desirable to judge whether the system is
economically feasible.

121-1B-4
Comprehensive evaluation of the utilization of bamboo biomass In Kitakyushu city considering
the nexus structure of SDGs

Yutaro Shimada, Koji Tokimatsu

1The University of Kitakyushu, Japan; 2The University of Kitakyushu, JapanThe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are international goals from 2016 to 2030. Although efforts to achieve the SDGs are

regarded as important worldwide, but there are synergies between the goals of implementation, and mutual trade-offs must be taken
into consider. At present, it has been pointed out that the bamboo grove in Kitakyushu City is expanding. Unmanaged bamboo

forests are more reproduced than artificial forests and broad-leaved forests. At the same time, due to the continuous expansion,other species of trees around are expelled, which in turn leads to problems such as single vegetation, low biodiversity and cultivatingwater sources. Due to the loss of functions and landslide prevention functions, not only the risk of disasters but also social problems
exist.

This research focuses on the construction of a carbon-free society and the promotion of the use of regional bamboo resources byutilizing regional bamboo biomass resources for bamboo resources in Kitakyushu City and trades off with the synergies that arise
when achieving the SDGs at the same time. We will try to clarify the possibility of achieving the SDGs and the regional circulation
symbiotic sphere at the same time for sustainable resources by quantitatively comprehensively evaluating each region.

1-1C: Metallic resources: now and future (1)1-1C-1

Closed-loop recycling of steel products

Nami Kuwana1,5, Toshio Isohara2,5, Shiro Watakabe3,5, Noriaki Takamuku4,5, Mio Kitayama1,5, Ryoji Saito5, Souta Aoki5,
Takumi Watanabe5

1Nippon Steel Research Institute Corporation; 2Nippon Steel Corporation; 3JFE Steel Corporation; 4Kobe Steel, Ltd; 5The Japan Iron

and Steel Federation

Steel products are highly recyclable, and in fact, almost all of them are recovered as scrap after the end of their product life, and allof them are recycled. This excellent recyclability can be attributed to the following characteristics of steel. (1) Easy sorting: Steel isvirtually the only major industrial material that can be magnetically sorted, and magnetism allows for easy and reliable sorting of only
steel. (2) Easy recycling: Steel can be recycled into other steel products basically only by remelting. (3) Valuable: Steel scrap has
economic value, and there has been a worldwide recovery system based on market economy, without relying on subsidies orsupports. (4) Easy removal of impurities: Since the alloy elements used in steel products are not so much compared to other metalmaterials and steel is less susceptible to oxidation than most of them, most alloying elements and contaminants are oxidized andremoved as slag and steel can be refined to clean steel through oxidation refining.

Thus, steel recycling is unique not only in its high recovery and recycling rate, but also the fact that almost all of them can berecycled to almost any steel products over and over again especially due to the properties described in (4) above, forming closed-

loop recycling. However, recycling of steel products are sometimes interpreted as open-loop recycling or cascading recycling. In thispresentation, we will analyze the factors that cause such differences in interpretation based on the ISO 14044 standard, which
provides the basic principles and guidelines of LCA studies.

Moreover, we will discuss the LCI calculation methodology for steel products as described in ISO 20915 and JIS Q 20915 standards,
which allows to calculate the LCI of steel products including the closed-loop recycling potential.

1-1C-2A new approach for modelling primary mineral supply scenarios and associated environmental
impacts

Stephen Alan Northey1, Stefan Pauliuk2, Stefanie Klose2, Damien Giurco1, Mohan Yellishetty3

1University of Technology Sydney, Australia; 2University of Freiburg, Germany; 3Monash University, Australia

The mining sector is broadly recognised as a major contributor to local environmental degradation and a potential disruptor of social
cohesion. At the same time, there can also be substantial contributions to the development of economic opportunity and industry in

the regions where mining operates. Many of the trade-offs and complexities surrounding mine sites can only fully be appreciated on acase-by-case basis and require understanding of the context of specific regions and supply chains in which they operate. Despite
this, most prospective material flow analysis and scenario modelling approaches used to understand long-term sustainable

development and decarbonisation trajectories place a ‘black box’ around primary mineral supply, aggregating data to a point where

potential outcomes at local scales can no longer be interrogated. In doing so, we lose information on the uncertainties and diversity of13

potential outcomes across the full cohort of mining operations required to meet future mineral demand. This presentation will provide
an overview of the Primary Exploration, Mining and Metal Supply Scenario (PEMMSS) model that has been developed to translatescenarios for aggregated mineral demand into a more nuanced and disaggregated understanding of how primary mineral supply may
evolve to meet this. Some key advantages of the model include the ability to incorporate detailed information for known mineraldeposits, simultaneous scenario modelling of co-product commodities, as well as the ability to stochastically model uncertain mineral
exploration and mine development outcomes. We will present a series of preliminary scenarios for major co-product commodity

groups, alongside an approach for improving prospective life cycle analysis through combination of the scenario results with richdatasets for the natural resource requirements of mining and mineral processing operations.

1-1C-3Future projections of global life-cycle mercury emissions under CO2 reduction target toward2050

Shunsuke Kashiwakura, Shoki Kosai, Eiji Yamasue
Ritsumeikan University, JapanThe Minamata Convention entered into force in 2017 to prevent health hazards from anthropogenic mercury emissions into theenvironment. The steel industry has not been listed in Annex D because iron/steel factories themselves have relatively low mercury

emissions. However, crude steel production requires large amounts of coal as a reductant, a significant source of mercury, but these
are not accounted for in the Global Mercury Assessment framework. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate mercury emissions per unit
production of crude steel on a life cycle basis. The steel industry is also known as a significant source of CO2 emissions, and a shift
to iron/steelmaking methods with lower CO2, such as electric arc furnaces or direct reduction by hydrogen gas, is consideredinevitable. This implies a significant life-cycle decrease in coal consumption in crude steel production. Thus, the objective of this study
is to estimate life-cycle mercury emissions up to 2050 due to changes in the crude steel production structure to reduce CO2.

Mercury emissions in the steel industry were estimated by multiplying crude steel production and its ratio for each steelmaking

method by the amount of mercury emitted per production unit. Crude steel production estimates were obtained from the World Steel
Association. The crude steel production ratio scenarios were obtained from the Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap by theInternational Energy Agency (IEA).

As a result, the global life-cycle mercury emissions were projected to decrease by about three-fourths. China is the primary producerof crude steel today, mainly using a blast furnace. Thus, changes in crude steel production methods in China in line with the IEA
scenario can be considered a significant contributor to the reduction in life-cycle mercury emissions. Detail of data collection,
scenario setting, and the quantitative results will be discussed in the session.

Production process improvements for niobium-based products

1-1C-4

Lígia da Silva Lima1, Rodrigo A.F. Alvarenga1, Thiago de Souza Amaral2, Paulo de Tarso Gonçalves Nolli2, Jo Dewulf1

1Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent

University, Coupure Links 653, B, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; 2Brazilian Mining and Metallurgy Company (CBMM), Córrego da Mata, Araxá,
Minas Gerais, Brazil

The primary raw materials sector is often badly perceived due to the environmental impacts resulting from the extraction and refiningof ores into metals or semi-finished products. However, several of these primary raw materials are essential for the so-called

environmentally friendly technologies, such as wind turbines and batteries that enable the use of renewable energy. Therefore, it isimportant to look into the production process of these raw materials and reduce the environmental impacts wherever it is possible.
This study quantified the environmental impacts of the production of two niobium-based materials, both of which being potential
contributors to the energy transition. Niobium is mostly known for its use as ferroniobium (FeNb) in the steel industry, as pureniobium in special alloys and as niobium oxides (e.g. Nb2O5) in piezoelectric materials, lenses and capacitors. However, both FeNb

and Nb2O5 have demonstrated a good performance in renewable-based technologies such as wind turbines, solar panels and storage
systems. The environmental impacts in the production of these two materials were assessed through a cradle-to-gate life cycle

assessment, making use of production data, provided by CBMM, the niobium producer responsible for roughly 75% of the global

market. A comparative assessment for the production in 2017 and in 2019 was performed to quantify the reduction in impacts as aresult of production process optimizations implemented in the company. Results for 2019 indicate a Global warming impact of 5.09
kg CO2 eq./kg FeNb and 4.70 kg CO2 eq./kg Nb2O5. Aluminum supply is the main source of impacts for FeNb, whereas theprocessing chemicals of Nb2O5 have the main contribution for the high purity oxides. Production process improvements in 2019
resulted in significant impact reductions compared to the 2017 levels, with impacts on Stratospheric ozone depletion reduced by
55.8% for FeNb and 65.6% for Nb2O5.

14

Evaluation of secondary aluminum cycles under automotive changes in China

1-1C-5

Wang Binze, Zhang Zhengyang, Matsubae Kazuyo
Tohoku University, Japan

Because of the penetration of next-generation vehicle and vehicle-lightweight trends, automotive demand for aluminum, especiallywrought aluminum alloys, is increasing significantly. Secondary aluminum recycled from aluminum scrap can save 95% of the energy
and reduce the environmental impacts compared with the primary aluminum production (Ding et al, 2012). However, the recycling

potential of aluminum and the artificial flows of secondary aluminum have not been quantified in China due to the prolonged neglect
and complex aluminum scraps. The impacts of the vehicle-lightweight trends on aluminum cycles are not estimated. In this study, we
expanded the diagram of secondary aluminum flows in China to estimate the stocks, flows, and metal dissipation of aluminum within
its life cycle in 2019 and 2050. This diagram distinguishes wrought and cast alloys so that the chemical composition of each flow is
considered. In addition, through introducing the improvement in collection system, dismantling, and sorting for end-of-life vehicles,
the recycling potential of aluminum and the reduction in primary aluminum requirement are estimated, with considering thepenetration of next-generation vehicle and vehicle-lightweight trends.

Findings include the following: (1) Share of wrought alloys in secondary aluminum production will decrease from 31% in 2019 to 4%

in 2050. (2) Total loss rate of secondary aluminum cycles will increase from 21% in 2019 to 30% in 2050. The biggest loss occurs in

the end-of-life product collection process due to the underdeveloped waste management system and the lack of legislation in China.
(3) Automotive demand for cast and wrought alloys will increase by 2 and 15 times compared with 2019, respectively, vehicle-

lightweight trends are more attributable to aluminum demand than penetration of next-generation vehicle. (3) Improving collection
system and applying dismantling and sorting for end-of-life vehicles can reduce primary aluminum requirement by 4%-8% in 2019
and 12%-26% in 2050.

1-1D: [OS] Doing more with less - Transitioning to circular economy through business model
innovation (1)How will service-oriented circular economy businesses contribute to environmental
sustainability? – An introduction

1-1D-1

Yusuke Kishita, Koji Kimita, Eri Amasawa
The University of Tokyo, Japan

A number of service-oriented circular economy (CE) businesses, such as bike sharing and clothing rental, is becoming more popularthan ever. One question is how such businesses contribute to environmental sustainability while maintaining or increasing customer

satisfaction. In this presentation, we present our research project that aims to develop a method for assessing environmental impact
reductions of service-oriented CE businesses. For this purpose, we develop a customer behavior model to evaluate customer

acceptance. By describing and comparing scenarios assuming different services and business models, we will gain insights into
designing sustainable resource circulation.

1-1D-2[Keynote talk] Circular fashion by airCloset

Satoshi Amanuma

airCloset, Inc., Japan
airCloset is a fashion subscription service based in Japan with more than 700,000 users as of 2022.

Renting fashion as an alternative to the mass-produced, mass-consumed fashion consumption of the past has led to less wasteful
consumption and the purchase of clothes that suit the individual.

airCloset has cleared the difficulties of cost management in the subscription business by optimising logistics through theconstruction of its own systems and improving operational efficiency through the use of AI and data utilization.

In addition, the system whereby fashion stylists select clothes through personal styling, rather than users selecting clothes, maintains
the freshness of the subscription service and is supported by many users.

In the session, founder of airCloset will share the story of how a monthly fashion rental service was launched to establish circular
fashion for a sustainable society.

1-1D-3
Designing sustainable fashion rentals based on environmental benefit and consumer preference
15Eri Amasawa, Tatsuki Yoshida, Koji Kimita, Masahiko Hirao
The University of Tokyo, Japan

This study presents a design of sustainable fashion rental services, which has environmental benefit from rentals while maintaining

the consumer preference. To reduce the environmental impact led by the mass production and disposal of garments, fashion rental

services have been attracting attention. Rental services provide a consumption pattern alternative to purchasing, which could reducethe material demand in the society. While the environmental impact mitigation is theoretically possible, consumer preference on

fashion rentals have yet to be discussed together with the environmental impact. Specifically, there is a need to clarify the type of

products, services, and the consumers that would reduce the environmental impact when consumers shift from owning of garments
to rentals. In our study, the research objective was to design a sustainable fashion rental service that the environmental benefit andconsumer preference are met, where we clarify the type of products, services, and target consumer groups suitable for rentals. We
first analyzed the type of clothing and services that consumers prefer in fashion rentals using a questionnaire survey. Based on the
consumer analysis, we characterized a fashion rental service that meets consumer preference for 15 distinct clothing types, andperformed a life cycle assessment. The consumer behavior and preferences for associated services (i.e., access to variety of styles,

free cleaning fee) were collected from the survey. As a result, we identified a group of garments that are more preferred to realize asustainable fashion rental service. Additionally, the associated services that consumers preferred induced negligible environmental
impact; thus, services play a key role in ensuring consumer preference and reduce the environmental impact in rentals. Our study
characterized the combination of products, services, and consumer groups for sustainable fashion rentals, which may help indevelopment of a general guideline in designing a sustainable rental service.

1-1D-4Circular business models for plastics in India

Monique Retamal

University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Circular business models (CBMs) are expected to play an important role in the transition to a circular economy. CBMs are being

investigated in the context of plastics in India as part of the India-Australia Industry and Research Collaboration for Reducing Plastic

Waste. In this study, an interdisciplinary team has examined the international and Indian literature regarding circular business models
and have investigated their uptake in India. The team have refined a circular business model typology based on the literature forapplication in the Indian context in relation to plastic supply chains. The four circular business model strategies that have been

considered are: 1) substituting; 2) extending; 3) intensifying; and 4) cycling. In the first phase of the study, the team identified 55

businesses currently using a circular business model in relation to plastics in India. More than half of those identified were focused onrecycling. Overall, the most common types of CBMs being used for plastics in India related to recycling and technology platforms tofacilitate extended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes and the substitution of plastic materials. The least common CBMs in thereview of practice related to ‘intensifying’ (sharing models, rental/leasing/access models, user cooperatives, creative commons,pooling models).

Businesses employing circular strategies often face challenges in implementation and there are gaps in understanding whichmeasures might facilitate greater uptake of CBMs. In the second phase of the project, the research team is interviewing a number ofbusinesses using CBMs to discuss the challenges to employing a circular approach in India and to identify pathways to facilitate

broader uptake of circular business models and practices. These interviews are being qualitatively analysed and the results will bepresented at Ecobalance.

1-1E: Mobility and energy storage
1-1E-1Comparing approaches to certification and sustainability assessments of minerals used inbatteries

Rusty Langdon1, Fiona Berry1, Stephen Northey1, Wen Li2, Shahjadi Farjana2, Jay Rutovitz1, Elsa Dominish1, Damien
Giurco1

1University of Technology Sydney, Australia; 2The University of Melbourne, Australia

In response to climate change, there is a global imperative to swiftly decarbonise transport and energy systems via electrification

powered by low-carbon technologies. In addition to increased electricity generation from solar and wind, decarbonisation pathways

give rise to a much greater use of batteries for energy storage in homes, businesses, at grid-scale and above all, in electric vehicles.
Given the vast increase in the scale of minerals used in batteries, including lithium, nickel and cobalt, the environmental and social
impacts associated with their extraction and processing are being closely examined by both end-users such as electric vehicle16

manufacturers and also by investors in mining projects.

This research, undertaken as part of Australia's Future Battery Industries Cooperative Research Centre (FBICRC), compares thedrivers for certification of responsibly sourced minerals in battery supply chains. With a view to then understanding what is requiredfor implementation of both certification and other sustainability assessments, a comprehensive review and document analysis isundertaken. The result is a mapping of data requirements across environmental, social and governance dimensions for prevailing
approaches to sustainability assessment which span formal certification schemes (Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance;

Certification of Raw Materials) through to reporting and assurance standards (Towards Sustainable Mining; Global Reporting Initiative;
Carbon Disclosure Project; Dow Jones Sustainability Index; Responsible Mining Index; OECD Due Diligence Guidance for stakeholder
engagement in the extractives sector).

Significantly, we identify areas of commonality and divergence in data reporting requirements. This informs barriers and opportunities
for the dual uptake of certification and sustainability assessments by industry. Finally, the findings provide insights for a companion
FBICRC research project which is seeking to utilise blockchain for evidencing environmental claims in trusted supply chains.

Qualifying CO2 emissions reduction of vehicle to X using life-cycle assessment.

1-1E-2Hironobu Kiuchi1, Kensuke Murai1, Kenta Suzuki1, Maki Hoshino1, Keigo Ikezoe1, Isoshi Mukai2, Shumpei Nakada2, Tomoyo
Saito2, Yusuke Udagawa2, Yumiko Iwafune3, Kazuhiko Ogimoto3

1Nissan Motor Co., Ltd./Japan, Japan; 2KOZO KEIKAKU ENGINEERING Inc.; 3Tokyo University

For realization of sustainable society, renewable energy such as solar and wind power, and electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to
become popular.

Private vehicles are parked in almost 95% of their lifetime. Vehicle to X (X means, home, building, grid etc.) for utilizing EV battery
during parked time to supply power from EVs to power infrastructure are being demonstrated worldwide.

V2X is expected to contribute for reduction of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel for power supply by stabilizing grid from fluctuation ofvariable power such as solar and wind power and suppressing thermal power plants.

However, not many of previous studies achieved to quantify the CO2 emissions from not only fossil fuel but also manufacturing
power supply system.

Therefore, aim of this study is to evaluate CO2 emissions reduction of manufacturing and operating power supply system byintroducing V2X using life-cycle assessment(LCA).

The scope of assessment expands from conventional system boundary estimating CO2 emissions of vehicle, with annual power
consumption of power supply system in Kyusyu as functional unit.

Annual CO2 emissions by manufacturing power supply system were quantified by calculating CO2 emissions of manufacturing power
plants in Kyushu, chargers, EVs divided by their life-time. Then, annual CO2 emissions by operating power supply system were

quantified using power supply and demand simulation. Specifically, power plant operating model of Kyushu and EV model createdfrom actual usage data were applied for simulation of V2X.

Moreover, the capacity of stationary battery was estimated to have equal amount of CO2 emission reduction from V2X. Then, CO2

emission reduction by V2X was evaluated comparing to stationary battery by not only operating but also manufacturing power supply
systemEstimation for vehicle LCA considering another way to use

1-1E-3

Mayumi Isobe, Maki Hoshino
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., Japan

In order to realize a sustainable society, it is required to cut GHG emissions in the life cycle to zero from the company activities andproducts. To do so, companies do research, and development, and put on new technologies and products on the market. Many car
manufactures have published the LCA result for their products in sustainability reports and so on. The calculation method wasestablished when the almost vehicles have an internal combustion engine. However, since the launch of an electric vehicle (EV) with

in-vehicle battery as products that leads to reduction of CO2 emissions at the stage of use, the EV become no longer limited to havethe function of traveling. After using as the mobility, it is able to rebuild the used one for other stationary storage batteries or forbatteries driven of the machine except vehicles. Farther more it is able to be used as a renewable energy storage battery when it ismounted as an in-vehicle battery, at that time vehicle has stopped, not traveled, and it is expected to contribute to the managementof renewable energy in the area. In order to evaluate their effects, we examined several evaluation methods and compared the effectsof their ideas.

1-1E-417

Relationship between profitability of recycling business of the lithium-ion battery from electricvehicles and decision-making of dismantling companies
Akira Soyano1, Shinichirou Morimoto2, Aya Ishigaki1

1Tokyo University of Science, Japan; 2National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan

In recent years, demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has been increasing in order to reduce CO2 emissions, and demand for lithium-ion

batteries (LIBs) to be used in EVs is also increasing. Automobile manufacturers need to secure a stable supply of rare metals used asmaterials for LIBs. However, rare metals are scarce and unevenly distributed in mines in certain countries, and their supply can be

unstable due to mining stoppages caused by conflicts and other factors. Therefore, it is necessary to secure a supply source that is
not affected by international conditions through recycling.

On the other hand, waste LIB is recycled as roadbed material because recycling costs are currently high relative to the price of

extracted metals. This recycling cannot compete with export restrictions on rare metals. Therefore, it is necessary to subsidize andnurture the recycling industry until the business generates revenue through higher resource prices and lower costs due totechnological innovation. Furthermore, the lack of visibility of business profits due to uncertainties such as fluctuating resource prices
is another reason why the private sector has not entered the recycling business.

Previous studies have clarified the relationship between the recycling rate and the profitability of the business, they have not beenable to clarify the relationship between the decision-making process of the dismantlers involved in determining the recycling rate andthe profitability of the business. There is an interaction between the two: a higher purchase price offered by the operator increases
the recycling rate, and a higher recycling rate decreases the cost.

In this study, we represent the dismantler's decision-making as an engineering model and integrate this model with the recycler's

profit model. In addition, numerical experiments will reveal the impact of the interaction on the profitability of the recycling business.

1-1F: Construction
1-1F-1
Environmental impact assessment of PEMFC for residential use considering regionality andperformance drop

Shota Tochigi1, Kiyoshi Dowaki2

1Department of Industrial Administration, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Japan;
2Department of Industrial Administration, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Japan

Recently, the use of fuel cell combined heat and power systems (FC-CGSs) for residential applications has been expanding. Based on
the increased use of these systems, in International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/ Technical Committee 105, the technicalspecification of the impact assessment procedure regarding general FC-CGS using the life cycle assessment methodology have beenreleased. As for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the amount of platinum (Pt), which largely contributes to abiotic
depletion potential (ADP), used as the catalyst has a trade-off relationship with durability and power generation performance.

Therefore, it is important to consider the interrelationship between the Pt consumption and the durability including performancedegradation to evaluate the environmental impact over the life cycle.

However, although the environmental impact of FC-CGS varies depending on the regionality and the degradation, previous studies

have not considered the effects of them. In this study, we conducted comprehensive evaluation of 700W-scale PEMFC-CGS including
PEMFC degradation, the mass and heat balance in the reformer, energy demands and global warming potential (GWP) values

considering regional characteristics of such as Japan and Europe. The evaluation was based on the idea of the above technicalspecification and considered GWP and ADP values for 10 years of use. Through the Pt dissolution model, the electrochemical surface
area (ECSA) transition was calculated. Note that GWP is related to the operating condition and that ADP is attributed to the
manufacturing stage.

As a result, the efficiency of conversion of methane to available hydrogen in the reformer was 0.77, and the use of PEMFC-CGS in

Japan contributed more to the reduction of GWP than in Europe because of regional characteristics. Finally, it was suggested that theappropriate amount of Pt to reduce ADP and GWP for a particular region and energy demand.

Thinking the future – End-of-life life cycle assessment of fiber reinforced concrete

1-1F-2

Jana Gerta Backes, Pamela Del Rosario, Anna Luthin, Marzia Traverso
RWTH Aachen University, Germany

This work aims to identify the current, possible methods for recycling carbon- (CRC) and glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) toenable environmental assessments of different End-of-Life (EoL) scenarios for comparison with the EoL of traditional steel-reinforced18

concrete (SRC).

Fiber-reinforced concrete is an innovative alternative in the construction sector as significant material savings can be made since nocorrosion protection is required compared to conventional steel-reinforced concrete. With Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), theenvironmental impacts occurring in the EoL and thus in the recycling process of building materials are quantified.

For CRC, transportation to the stationary processing plant represents the driver of Global Warming Potential (GWP) and highlights

the need for processing plants near the demolition sites. It is emphasized that although mechanical recycling of CRC shows a lower

GWP, the inferior quality of the recycled carbon fibers and the resulting lower range of recycling options into new products are clear
disadvantages compared to pyrolysis. Therefore, the importance of the closed material loop and the associated processing of therecycled carbon fibers into new carbon reinforcement is highlighted in this work. This relevance stems from both the high energy
input and the dependence on petroleum, a non-renewable raw material, to produce primary carbon fibers. The concrete fraction
separated from steel and fiber concrete can be successfully used as recycled concrete.

Moreover, we show detailed comparisons between GFRC and SRC. The explicit consideration of the EoL of reinforced concrete ishighly relevant, allowing an early determination of the environmental impact of the recycling processes. Furthermore, the question ofwhether fiber-reinforced concrete has the potential to play a decisive role in improving the environmental performance of the built
environment is addressed.

Carbon footprint analysis of construction technologies in Japan

1-1F-3

Seiya Imada, Keitaro Maeno, Shigemi Kagawa
Kyushu University, JapanTo mitigate climate change, the residential building sector needs to reduce not only CO2 emissions caused by direct energy use
phase at home but CO2 emissions triggered by construction supply chains. In 2020, 820000 units of houses were newly built inJapan. In the same year, the number of new wooden houses was 470000 units, accounting for approximately 60% of the new housing
starts and thus the demand for wood-frame housing is higher in Japan. This study focuses on three types of technologies of wood-

frame construction, steel-framed reinforced concrete (SRC) construction, and reinforced concrete (RC) construction and determines
a functional unit of total floor area of an ‘average’ house constructed by the specific technology. Based on the Construction Input-

Output Table (CIOT) provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and the Embodied Energy and Emission
Intensity Data (3EID) for Japan Using Input-Output Tables provided by the National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan, we

estimated the carbon footprint from supply chains formed by constructing an average house with 106 square meters by the specificconstruction technology (i.e., wood-frame technology, SRC technology, and RC technology). Subsequently, we used a unit structure

model with a focus on the specific construction technology and identified CO2 hotspots in the construction supply chains. We foundthat the wood-frame technology contributed to increasing the carbon footprint during the study period between 2005 and 2015 due
to growth of CO2 hotspots for material sectors. It is crucial to implement a policy to reduce supply chain emissions with a focus on
the CO2 hotspots identified in this study.

1-1F-4
Carbon handprint for assessing the positive impacts of constructing low carbon buildings inevolving economies

Jun Kono1, York Ostermeyer2

1Deloitte Tohmatsu Consulting LLC, Japan; 2ChillServices GmbH

To meet the Paris climate goals of limiting global warming below 1.5 C, rapid implementation and incentivizing the innovation of

low/decarbonization technologies are of high importance. Various sustainability assessments have been developed and utilized for
decision making, such as the GHG Protocol Scope 3 Emissions for green / ESG investments. However, most of the assessment

methodologies focus on the negative impacts that the industrial activities cause, instead of evaluating the created positive impact.
One of the assessment methodologies to assess such impact the companies create is called “handprint” methodology.

The study conducted a case study for creating and establishing a simplified carbon handprint method for a building with high impact,high replication potential typology for supporting low carbon transition in evolving economies.

The reference building as a baseline for quantifying the handprint was defined based on local stakeholder consultations, andliterature reviews. Due to the issue on availability of data for conducting the assessment, the study also conducted an app-based

digital building data collection approach (CAPSA) and stored in Building Passport, a whole life cycle repository of building information
being developed under UNEP Global Alliance for Building and Construction (GABC) program in Work Area 5 on Building Data,

Measurement and Information. The study further investigated the hotspots for maximizing the handprint of the high impact buildings
to arrive at a simple and therefore scalable checklist for the construction industry in selected evolving economies.

19

1-2A: Energy towards carbon neutrality
Environmental impacts of global offshore wind energy development until 2040

1-2A-1

Chen Li

Leiden university, the Netherlands
The continuing reduction in levelized cost of energy is driving the rapid development of offshore wind energy (OWE). It is thus
important to evaluate, from an environmental perspective, the implications of expanding OWE capacity on a global scale.

Nevertheless, this assessment must take into account various scenarios for the growth of different OWE technologies in the near
future. To evaluate the environmental impacts of future OWE development, this paper conducts a dynamic life cycle assessment(LCA) including parameterized supply chains with high technology resolution. Results show that OWE related environmental impacts,
including climate change, marine ecotoxicity, marine eutrophication, and metal depletion, are reduced by ~20% per MWh from 2020

to 2040 due to various development including size expanding, lifetime extension, and technology innovation. At the global scale, 0.30.5 Gt CO2-eq of greenhouse gas emissions are emitted cumulatively due to OWE deployment from 2020 to 2040. However, thiscompares to 12.4-20.7 Gt CO2-eq emissions (31-52 times more) that would be generated when producing the same quantity ofelectricity with the global electricity mix of 2020. Manufacturing of primary materials, such as steel and fibers, is the dominant

contributor to impacts. 6-9% of the cumulative OWE related environmental impacts could be reduced by end of life (EoL) recycling
and the substitution of raw materials.

Life cycle CO2 emissions from ammonia power generation

1-2A-2

Yuki Kudoh, Akito Ozawa

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
Since ammonia combustion does not accompany any CO2 emissions, the use of ammonia as fuel is expected to play an importantrole in realising the future carbon neutrality. However, their low-carbon potential should be evaluated from a life cycle point of view.

We conducted a life cycle inventory analysis to understand the low-carbon potential of using ammonia as a power generation fuel. We
considered two options for ammonia production: blue and green ammonia. Blue ammonia was produced from natural gas (with andwithout carbon capture and storage (CCS) option), and green ammonia was produced from solar photovoltaics. Both were produced
overseas, imported to Japan and then used in NH3 co-firing with coal and NH3 mono-firing power plants. The CO2 emissions fromthe operation and the capital goods related to the NH3 value chain and power generation were calculated. The results indicated thelife CO2 emissions from the NH3 mono-firing power plant with a low-carbon NH3 value chain could be lower than those from the coal
power with CCS. The results also revealed that the CO2 emissions attributed to the capital goods of the fuel value chain may have anenormous impact on the whole life cycle emissions, especially when utilising variable renewable energy with low capacity factor.

Decarbonization by green electricity: The challenges of double counting

1-2A-3

Peter Karl Rüdiger Holzapfel, Vanessa Bach, Matthias Finkbeiner
Technische Universität Berlin, Germany

Electricity consumption constitutes a significant contribution to global, organizational and product greenhouse gas emissions. The
same holds true for many other environmental impacts. Emissions related to electricity production strongly depend on its energy

source, i.e. fossil fuel or renewable energy. Thus, double counting electricity generated from specific energy sources can lead to anunderestimation of electricity related emission and consequently overall emissions. The aim of this research is to identify challenges
of double counting electricity from specific energy sources in LCA and propose potential solutions.

Different electricity accounting methods are currently applied. Location-based electricity accounting uses average emission factors
for all grid electricity consumers in a certain region, whereas market-based accounting is based on contractual agreements andresidual electricity mixes. If applied consistently, both methods can avoid double counting. However, a parallel application of locationbased and market-based electricity accounting is susceptible to double counting. For location-based accounting, the main challengeof double counting lies in the application of different temporal and spatial resolutions. Nevertheless, location-based electricity

accounting is relatively straight forward. However, it precludes electricity consumers from accounting for a specific energy sources,
such as renewable energy. For market-based accounting, the main challenge for the avoidance of double counting is its consistent

application the whole life cycle, since generic life cycle inventory processes are often used to fill data gaps. These processes usually

include location-based electricity mixes, rather than market-based mixes. Consistently integrating market-based electricity mixes intolife cycle inventory processes would require a recalculation of existing databases.

In order to avoid double counting, there is an urgent need for the LCA and GHG accounting community to agree on consistent20

electricity accounting rules. Our research provides a basis for this agreement.

Co-benefit / trade-off assessment of NH3 energy carrier and NOx recovery

1-2A-4

Mianqiang Xue, Bin-Le Lin, Kiyotaka Tsunemi, Kimitaka Minami, Tetsuya Nanba, Tohru Kawamoto
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan

Nitrogen economy is a proposed future in which nitrogen compounds play a critical role for our society. Ammonia is a representative
among others. Its applications can be traced back to 1850s used for refrigerant, and then for fertilizer in 1900s and synthetic resin
1950s. In the 21st century, it was proposed as a potential energy carrier due to the merits regarding affordability, safety, flexibility,and versatility. On the other hand, burning of fossil fuels generate huge amount of nitrogen oxides, which are mainly treated bydinitration currently. To increase the resource efficiency, nitrogen oxides were recovered to produce ammonia as high value-added

product. When those new industrial technologies are implemented into our society to reduce the target risk, the ancillary risk can beaffected which causes co-benefits or trade-offs. This study evaluated new industrial technologies of ammonia energy carrier andnitrogen oxide recovery to support their social implementation. We explored the optimum supply chain, identified the environmental
hotspots, and illustrated the co-benefits/trade-offs, which provide insights into introduction of emerging nitrogen technologies
promoting sustainability.

1-2B: Technology assessment
1-2B-1
Life cycle assessment of recycling of polymer-bonded magnets in supercritical hydrothermal
reactor

Edis Glogic1, Daye Lee1, Elen Duverger-Nedellec2, Guillaume Aubert2, Cyril Aymonier2, Guido Sonnemann1

1Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, University of Bordeaux, France; 2Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux,

University of Bordeaux, France

Recycling of magnets containing critical raw materials (CRMs) has received considerable attention due to the importance of CRMs,
which is linked to all industries across all supply chain stages, and closely linked to clean technology. Polymer-bonded magnets(PBMs), one type of these kind of magnets, consist of Nd-Fe-B (neodymium-iron-boron) magnetic particles bonded in a polymer
matrix and its recycling can be achieved by a hydrothermal solvolysis process.

This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of PBMs recycling by a hydrothermal solvolysis process in comparison withlandfill and incineration treatment using life cycle assessment (LCA) method to provide the environmental performance of thistechnology. The results point to sodium hydroxide and heat as the main contributors to the environmental impacts arising in different
materials used and processes applied in hydrothermal solvolysis. Impact assessment results associated with hydrothermal recycling

show that impacts of the recycling process are important in most impact categories. Nevertheless, the results of comparison with theprimary production suggest considerably lower environmental impacts of secondary PBM rout overall for all the categories andparticularly toxicity-related impacts. Overall, we can show that the global warming potential and the cumulative energy demand areapproximately 70% lower than the primary production route.

The findings of this study are that the recycling by the hydrothermal solvolysis process is relatively green in comparison with thevirgin alternative and that the hotspot analysis serves to show where further improvements may have the most meaningful effect on
reducing environmental impacts. It scientifically supports that the process design optimization should be directed to reducing theimpacts of chemicals and energy, as well as in a better preservation of magnetic properties.

A system analysis of the impurity removal on a bio-hydrogen production system using
granulated neutralized sediment as adsorbent

1-2B-2

Kento Torii, Kiyoshi Dowaki

Department of Industrial Administration, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
Biomass, which is carbon neutral, is one of the most environmentally friendly hydrogen fuels. However, during the production of

biomass-derived hydrogen (biohydrogen), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) contained in the gasified biomass contributes to the performancedegradation of fuel cells. Generally, H2S is removed by impurity adsorption. However, metal oxide, which is a common adsorbent, hasa large eco-burden, and adsorbents with a smaller eco-burden are needed. In our previous study, we proposed the use of a powderedwaste material, neutralized sediment (Ns), including iron as an adsorbent for H2S in the viewpoint of circular economy for improving

metal depletion, and showed that eco-burden of the impurity adsorption system using Ns had a GWP 95% lower than that using metal21oxide. However, the powdered adsorbent has a large pressure drop (about 20kPa in previous experiments), requiring additionalpressure to be applied to the entrance side, which is expected to require additional energy. Therefore, in this study, we granulated
the Ns to confirm the decrease in pressure loss and to investigate the change in the sulfur capture capacity due to granulation. In
addition, considering the additional energy and cost of granulation, we designed a biohydrogen production system from sewage

sludge that utilizes the granulated Ns as an impurity adsorbent, and analyzed it from the viewpoints of energy, eco-burden, and cost.
As a result, at adsorption temperature 40℃, while sulfur capture capacity of granulated Ns was 30% smaller than that of powderedone, pressure drop of granulated Ns was 80% smaller than that of powdered one. In addition, at same adsorption temperature,compared to the biohydrogen production system using metal oxide which is conventional adsorbent, the energy efficiency of

biohydrogen production system using granulated Ns was about the same, but the eco-burden (GWP) and cost of it was reduced by
30% and 40%, respectively.

1-2B-3A life cycle design for FC systems in consideration of Pt catalyst degradation in practical small
applications

Ryuta Nagado, Kiyoshi Dowaki

Tokyo University of science, Japan
In recent years, fuel cell systems have been become increasingly popular to their use in large applications such as fuel cell vehicles
and the stationary fuel cell power system for residential application. In the future, the spread of fuel cell systems in smaller

applications, such as electrically power assisted bicycles and drones, is expected to expand. Fuel cells are well known for their low

environmental impact during operation, but in considering the future expansion of fuel cell use, it is important to consider reducing

the environmental impact not only during the use phase, but also during the manufacturing phase. This is because there is a concernthat the sale of products may be restricted if they fail to meet legal standards such as the LCA regulations in EU countries. For

instance, in TC 105 of IEC, the technical specification of LCA methodology for a stationery fuel cell (FC) co-generation system wasissued. In this document, the abiotic depletion potential (ADP) in the manufacturing phase besides global warming potential (GWP) in
the using are evaluated. That is, in this study, since FC has a large environmental impact due to the platinum (Pt) used as a catalyst,

which is larger than that of lithium and cobalt used in conventional lithium-ion batteries, it is important to design each FC applicationin consideration of the entire life cycle stages including optimal performance and product life.

For instance, we analyze the performance drop caused by Pt degradation in the using phase for the assisted bicycle in which FC

application and the supplementally power source of Li-ion battery were launched. Based on the analysis, suggestions on the how to
optimize the use of Pt in fuel cell systems for each device will be presented through an evaluation based on a LCA thinking.

1-2B-4
Identification of high-environmental impact processes in oil and gas upstream industry throughlife cycle assessment: Case of Borneo, Indonesia

Rizqi Ilma Nugroho1, Gloria FJ Kartikasari1, Jessica Hanafi1, Chandra Sunaryo2

1PT. Life Cycle Indonesia, Jakarta Barat, DKI Jakarta 11620, Indonesia; 2PT. Pertamina EP Asset 5, Patra Land Balikpapan Residence,

Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia

The oil and gas sector's GHG emissions in Indonesia have a significant potential to be further lowered. This study investigates theprocesses that potentially cause significant environmental impacts (so-called hotspots) in the oil and gas upstream sector, based on alife cycle assessment (LCA) conducted on five different oil and gas fields in Borneo, Indonesia. The LCA conducted has a functional
unit of 1 GJ of oil and gas produced. The scope of the LCA is cradle-to-gate, which involves processes such as drilling, workover &well intervention, separation, compression, well injection, transportation of products to customers, and utilities. A system expansion
approach was utilized to separate the oil and gas production system. The life cycle inventories included chemicals, fuels,transportation of materials, water use, infrastructures, land use, wastes, and emissions. The data quality rating (DQR; ILCD-based)showed that all fields complied with the basic quality level (DQR <= 2).

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was performed using IPCC 100a, CML IA (Baseline and non-Baseline), ReCiPe, AWARE, andcumulative energy demand. The potential environmental impact categories assessed are global warming potential (GWP), ozone

depletion potential (ODP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), photochemical oxidant formation (POF), abiotic
depletion – fossil (ADF), and non-fossil (ADP), ecotoxicity (ETP), human toxicity – carcinogenic (HTC) and non-carcinogenic (HTN),

water footprint (WSF), and cumulative energy demand. The LCIA results indicated that GWP was mainly produced from well operation,
flaring, and gas compression processes. The extracted crude oil and gas had a major impact in ADF, while the production of

infrastructures and supporting materials primarily contributed to ADP and ETP. This highlights the importance of utilizing thematerials at their end of life stage. Emission from the diesel combustion in various machinery showed a significant impact on othercategories such as ODP and EP.

22

1-2C: Metallic resources: now and future (2)1-2C-1
Boron mining in Turkey: An overview of the environmental impacts using MFA, LCA and abiotic
depletion indicator adaptation

Bertrand Laratte1, Ayşenur Çolak1,2, Birol Elevli3, Semra Çoruh2

1Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, I2M Bordeaux, F-33400 Talence,France; 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey; 3Department of Industrial
Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey

Boron is a fairly widespread mineral but its deposits are very localized and nearly 70% of this resource is found in Turkey. Since
2017, boron has been considered a critical mineral by European authorities and better management of this mineral should beconsidered, especially since there is no boron recycling system. The ore is generally used in various sectors of activity (eg glassindustry, fertilizer) and its miscibility characteristics mean that it is no longer separable after use and therefore cannot be recycled. It
is also important to note that the term boron actually compiles several ores, namely tincal (or borax), colemanite and ulexite.

Using methods such as material flow analysis and life cycle analysis, our project aims to identify the deposits of each mineral andtheir uses, to assess the potential environmental impacts specific to each of these minerals and finally to adapt the parameters used
to calculate the abiotic depletion indicator in the life cycle analysis.

Our research has therefore shown a great disparity in exploitation between the different ores (because it depends on their uses) andthat Europe is totally dependent on Turkey for its boron supply. The life cycle analysis also shows us that the potential environmental
impacts between the different minerals are very different. Finally, we were able to observe that the indicator of abiotic depletion in

the life cycle analysis was based solely on boron without distinction of ore, which can generate certain errors of interpretation, this is
why we propose differentiated characterization factors for tincal, colemanite and ulexite.

Life cycle assessment and carbon footprint for deep sea mining of polymetallic nodules

1-2C-2

Benjamin Fritz, Pia Heidak, Mario Schmidt
Pforzheim University, Germany

Polymetallic nodules in the deep sea are a widely discussed deposit of battery metals. Irrespective of biodiversity impact issues, it has
been argued that polymetallic nodule extraction has a better carbon footprint than extraction of equivalent metals from mines onland. This is used as a major argument in favor of deep-sea mining, as climate protection is a global priority.

Together with the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, an LCA was performed, in which the extraction of
the metals nickel, copper, cobalt and ferromanganese from polymetallic nodules was compared with extraction from mines on land.
Mines from Australia and Finland, which are comparable in terms of metal composition, were selected for this purpose. For the

extraction of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean, technical feasibility studies were used, sinceno industrial extraction has taken place to date.

The production of metals from one kg of wet manganese nodule (containing 9g nickel, 7g copper, 1g cobalt and 200g

ferromanganese) results in approx. 1.2 kg CO2e and a CED of approx. 15 MJ. The comparison with mines on land shows thatpolymetallic nodules from the deep sea – even with optimistic assumptions – do not provide a decisive advantage in terms of energy
demand and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the results depend on many assumptions e.g., when compiling metallurgicalprocess inventories, or defining the functional unit, multifunctionality handling, allocation and reference scenarios. These artifacts of
LCA calculation are comprehensible to LCA experts, but not to investors and policymakers. This makes transparent presentation ofassumptions and a careful critical review process very important. The results of the present study indicate that the carbon footprintof polymetallic nodules is not a strong argument for deep-sea-mining.

Gold production and mercury consumption from artisanal and small-scale mining

1-2C-3

Yingchao Cheng1, Takuma Watari1, Kenichi Nakajima1, Keisuke Nansai1, Jacopo Seccatore2, Marcello M. Veiga3

1Global Resource Sustainability Research Section, Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2

Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan; 2Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Adolfo Ibañez University, 7910000 Región Metropolitana,Chile; 3Department of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada 6350 Stores Road, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4Gold production has increased greatly since 1900 (705 tonnes) and achieved record new highs each year from 2011 through 2015
due to its unique role in central bank reserve, investment, jewelry production, and as a key component in many electronic products.
23

As an important part of gold production, although often overlooked or underestimated by the public, artisanal and small-scale gold

mining (ASGM) may increase and play a more important role in global gold production, given that the large, low-cost mines and older
ones are nearing exhaustion.

In this study, we investigated the methods of estimating the amount of gold production from ASGM in the literature from different
perspectives. According to our review of papers, the proportion of ASGM businesses to large-scale mines, and the subtraction of
conventional gold mining companies from total global gold production were the main factors in estimating ASGM production.

Although the methods for estimating gold production vary and data uncertainties are often difficult to eliminate, the estimates ofglobal gold production are roughly equal across methods.

Globally, ASGM produces 379.4–871.2 tonnes of gold each year. At the regional level, the newest estimate shows a significant

increase in Asia from 120 tonnes in 2011 to 304.1–479.4 tonnes in 2015, with extreme increases existing in China and Indonesia, anda slight increase in Africa from 85–90.4 tonnes to 126.5–178.4 tonnes. ASGM production in Central and South America is relatively

stable with an estimate of 184.7–213.4 tonnes in 2015. The mercury consumption, therefore, may exceed 417.3–958.3 tonnes at its
lowest estimate using the Hg: Au ratio as 1.1.

1-2C-4
Life cycle assessment of copper tailings reprocessing: Collaborative, prospective approach

Lugas Raka Adrianto, Stephan Pfister

ETH Zurich, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland
Sustainable transitions and economic development have driven demands for minerals and materials in recent years. Innovation for all
mining life-cycle operations, including waste management, can significantly contribute. With the right implementation, tailings andmine waste streams could be a solution to growing resource demand. Recoverable materials from mine waste stocks include basemetals and construction materials, e.g., alternative cement. Researchers have found that some tailings have elevated concentrationsof metals and minerals, which are promising for resource recovery. Herein we focus on copper mining and processing, which are
known as a dominant contributor to tailings generation globally. While tailings can be deposited in a dam, careful monitoring isrequired to prevent the risk of contamination or major collapses. Poor management could lead to environmental threats for thesurrounding area, especially in the long term after mine closures. In this study, we validate the environmental performances of tailings
reprocessing through systems-thinking approaches. More specifically, the potential environmental impacts of emerging technologies
for copper tailings are evaluated using the prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) method. Process-based life cycle inventories arebuilt from continuous interactions with experts in a research cluster, ensuring compatibility of material processing in a series oftechnology flowsheets. We employed prospective LCA concepts by combining bottom-up modeling of foreground systems based onlab-scale research and future background data, such as energy supply. The results indicate that both metal recoveries andvalorization of bulk residues as building materials are necessary together to gain overall environmental benefits in all studied

reprocessing flowsheets. Toxicity impacts originally arising from tailings deposits are minimized compared to the default landfill

practice. Overall, we are able to identify the environmental impacts of early-stage innovation, thus helping informed decision-making
for process optimizations and eventually sustainable waste management in the mining/mineral industry.

1-2C-5
Prospective life cycle assessment of mineral and metal recycling from waste incineration slag

Leon Alexander Zacharopoulos, Jutta Geldermann
University Duisburg-Essen, Germany

In municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants waste is thermally treated for energy recovery and volume reduction. According to
the state-of-the-art, iron and non-ferrous metals are recovered from the coarse fraction of the MSWI slag. However, recovering

processes for the fine fraction (< 3 mm) of the slag are lacking. Recovering the metals and minerals is challenging because they aremelted together due to the combustion process. Although, the fine fraction contains metals such as copper and important minerals
for the cement industry such as calcium oxide and silicon dioxide. Therefore, it is the aim of our project to develop treatment

technologies that make metals and minerals available from the fine fraction as secondary raw materials. The substitution of raw

materials in the cement industry with the recovered minerals leads to a mitigation of environmental impacts like resource depletionand climate change. However, the high energy demand for the treatment technologies leads to additional environmental impacts.

To quantify the effects of the emerging technology of MSWI slag treatment on the environment, we apply the method of life cycle
assessment (LCA) to the processing alternatives on a lab scale. By using upscaling methods, we make the treatment technologies

comparable to state-of-the-art technologies. As it is the nature of emerging technologies, uncertainties must be faced appropriate.

Besides the considered upscaling method, the influence of allocation factors applied to the network of participating industries (waste,cement, metal, and energy sector) influence the results. To face both, prospective scenarios are developed that represent different

options of upscaling and allocation effects. In these scenarios the uncertainty of output products, like different metals and minerals,
and input products e. g. different electricity generation scenarios are modeled. The study results indicate an important mitigation24

potential in most categories provoked by the innovative treatment technology.

1-2D: [OS] Doing more with less - Transitioning to circular economy through business model
innovation (2)Unlocking the sustainability potential of circular business models by design

1-2D-1

Daniela Pigosso

Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
We stand at a tipping point in society, which calls for innovative and transformative solutions capable of addressing the global

sustainability challenges (e.g. climate change, loss of biodiversity, resource depletion). Circular Economy is increasingly seen as apromising approach to decouple resource consumption from value creation through business and product innovation. But how toensure that circular innovations are systematically more sustainable? In this keynote speech, Daniela will explore the potential of

circular innovations to transform the world around us and lead to enhanced sustainability performance. The potential sustainability
gains and rebound effects will be discussed through a number of provocative examples focusing on a diverse set of innovation

strategies. Throughout the argumentation, the participants will be invited to reflect on how to ensure that circular business models
will enable the decoupling of value creation from resource consumption.

Toward the realization of circular economy business for home appliances and industrial
equipment

1-2D-2

Gaku Miyake

Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Japan
Environmental sustainability is currently a central issue in manufacturing. In particular, achieving both carbon neutrality and a circular
economy is indispensable. Toward this end, it is necessary to change business models to circular economy-based business models .
This study presents a design method for and the LCA results of circular economy business models at Panasonic.

Development of an indicator system to measure the implementation of the SDG12 on
sustainable production and consumption for enterprises in Vietnam

1-2D-3

Minh Tu Nguyen1, Kieu Lan Phuong Nguyen1,2, Thi Diem Phuc Tran1, Ba Nhat Minh Le1, Hong Quan Nguyen1,3

1Institute for Circular Economy Development, Vietnam; 2Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh

University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Viet Nam; 3Center of Water Management and Climate Change, Institute for Environment andResources, VNU - HCM

Realizing the SDG targets at national and local levels requires monitoring systems to measure the implementation and achievement ofeach target. This study aims to provide insights from the development of an indicator system to measure and monitor the

implementation of the SDG12 on sustainable production and consumption for enterprises in Vietnam, focusing on five businesssectors (plastic, textile, steel, food processing, beer and beverage). We applied both top-down and bottom-up approaches, including aliterature review of previous indicator systems, relevant scientific papers, and national policies, as well as 20 interviews and a

consultation workshop with experts and entrepreneurs. The proposed indicator system contains 91 indicators classified into different
patterns of sustainable production and consumption. The suitability of these indicators is rated differently by experts andentrepreneurs during the interviews and workshops, indicating divergences in the importance and relevance of each indicator forvarious actors. The lesson learned from the development of the indicator system includes the consideration of different businesssectors and customers’ perspectives in the indicator selection and various implementation roadmaps for business sectors. Adding

social indicators and supplementing information from the application of the indicator system for an enterprise are also recommended
to improve the quality of the developed indicator system.

1-2E: Food
Predicting conservation risks of global agricultural production and consumption

Nguyen Tien Hoang1, Oliver Taherzadeh1,2, Haruka Ohashi3, Daniel Moran4, Keiichiro Kanemoto125

1-2E-1

1The Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan; 2Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden, the Netherlands; 3Forestry andForest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan; 4Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Despite efforts to promote sustainable agriculture, food and agricultural production remains the main driver of global biodiversity

loss. However, it is still not clear where food production conflicts with biodiversity conservation, nor which products and countries

contribute the most. This study provides the first mapping-based prediction of how production and consumption of 48 agriculturalcommodities driven by 197 countries conflict with conservation priorities for 8,428 species. Our analysis consists of two main steps

to expose the location and drivers of potential conflict between conservation priority sites and agricultural products. First, we assess
the level of co-occurrence between agricultural production activities and conservation priority sites. Second, we link agriculturalcommodity production in conservation priority sites to countries and sectors of final consumption using trade and sectoral use data.
By spatially modelling the overlap between agricultural land use and species habitats we reveal how, where, and what products andcountries threaten conservation priority areas. Globally, we find 39.5% of agricultural production occurs on sites of very highconservation priority. Cattle, maize, and soybean occupy the most abundant land use areas in those sites and pose the highest

conservation risk of the commodities analysed. However, we also identify biodiversity-friendly products (e.g., sugar beet, pigeon pea
and lentils) which avoid such risk hotspots. The conservation risk posed by national demand for agricultural commodities varies

between countries based on consumption and sourcing patterns. Based on climate-induced shifts in future species distribution for

2070, we estimate the scale and location conflicts are likely to change in the future for most commodities analysed. By meeting theincreasing scope and spatial resolution of assessments in other domains (e.g., water use, greenhouse gas emissions, and land usechange), the analysis developed within this study can serve as part of a broader assessment of meeting human needs within
planetary boundaries.

Development of national baseline for food waste and use of LCA for conducting hot spot
analysis of food waste reduction opportunities.

1-2E-2Tim Grant

Lifecycles, Australia
The United Nations have a target to halve global food waste per capita by 2030 which in turn has been adopted as a target in theAustralian context.

To support this target, a National Food Waste Strategy Feasibility Study was undertaken in 2021 which included updating the
National food waste baseline, undertaking a thorough hot spot analysis and testing a range of policy options.

The hotspot analysis consisted of an LCA of 18 major food categories across five supply chain stages. The LCA included climatechange, water scarcity, and land occupations as well as net waste and economic value as indicators.

The LCA was largely based on the Australian National Inventory data, supplemented with studies on major protein production

pathways in Australia including chicken, pork and eggs. Other data sources included EcoInvent and the World Food LCA Database.
The results show that the most significant impacts occur at waste at consumer (including households and hospitality), due to thecompounding effect of waste along the supply chain, with the highest climate impacts being from meat, dairy, and bread. For water

scarcity the highest impacts were dairy and vegetable production and for land use the highest impacts were from meat production,
particularly beef, and lamb.

A range of strategies that were tested to reduce food waste showed that at the manufacturing stage waste can be diverted tobeneficial uses, however, the main climate change benefits are found in strategies that reduce waste at the household level.

1-2E-3A follow-up study of the attitudes of middle school students toward composting and food waste

Bozi Yuan1, Zhaofei Lin1, Takaaki Kato1, Yumiko Akiba2, Megumi Mochida3, Masatsugu Wanaka3
1The university of Kitakyushu, Japan; 2NPO Asobito-Manabi-Kenkyujo; 3Hayashida Sangyo Co.

In Japan, approximately 6.12 million tons of food waste is generated annually. To solve this food waste problem, people can use homecomposting. This study has three objectives.

- How the composting experience changes junior high school students' attitudes toward composting- How will awareness and behavior toward food recycling and food waste change?

- How they share composting experiences with their surrounding family and friends

This research was conducted with the cooperation of Dohoku Junior High School (total 570 students) located in Wakamatsu-ku,
Kitakyushu City. The composting experience was led by the junior high school. Four composters with a volume of 0.14 m3 wereplaced in plastic containers, which were filled with a bamboo-based material “Takehime" produced by Hayashida Sangyo Co. We
followed 16 students. On July 1, 2021, an interview was conducted with the students before the composting experience began,followed by three follow-up surveys. For each survey, we first asked each student to fill out a survey form and then proceeded to ask
26for further details in group interviews.

The results of the study showed that the students were more excited by a curiosity about insects, mold, smells and changes intemperature in the hands-on compost. The final survey helped students understand the operation of the compost. In the final

interview survey about food waste, the students' answers related to environmental conservation, such as reducing daily food waste,
appreciating the living environment, understanding the criticality of food waste, and emphasizing 3R activities. Overall, a positive

impact was seen via this environmental education for the students. Since they had talked to their families more than friends, theimpact on their families was greater than the impact on their friends.

1-2E-4
Considering a practical approach that drives consumer behavior change by providing carbon
footprint information of food

Hiroya Iwashita, Shoichiro Tsuruta

Sustainable Management Promotion Organization (SuMPO), JapanTo achieve a carbon neutral society by 2050, it is crucial that we all understand how much greenhouse gasses are emitted throughhuman activities. There has been a global shift to sustainable development, and frameworks such as TCFD recommendations help
many businesses to quantify their lifecycle influence on environment. As a result, thousands of enterprises now disclose climaterelated information, most notably Scope 3 emissions, to stakeholders. On the other hand, there is still not much information thatallows general consumers to know how much greenhouse gasses they emit in everyday life. More consumers have become

environmentally conscious, but there is virtually no way for them to be sure if choices they make every day are really low-carbon. If
more products and services are offered together with carbon footprint, it becomes easier for consumers to choose low-emitting

options and a market for low-carbon offerings is more likely to expand. An increase in demand for green products is probable to

make corporations’ investment decisions easier, which should accelerate decarbonization transitions. Among many consumer goods,
food is one of the most frequently consumed items, and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture sector is not insignificant.

Therefore, we are developing a tool that is easy to use and can visualize carbon footprint of food. In this tool, there are data for

hundreds of ingredients and multiple cooking methods, so carbon footprint of thousands of recipes can be calculated. The dataset isdeveloped by using publicized survey statistics as well as 3EID. In this presentation, a logic behind its calculation method and possible
ways to utilize this tool are discussed.

1-2E-5Results of a fact-finding survey on the sustainable diets and smart food services: a case ofJapan

Yiyi Ju1, Ayu Washizu1, Sayaka Ita2

1Waseda University, Japan; 2Tohoku Gakuin University

Sustainable diets and smart food services can be effective solutions to achieving SDG 12.3. The establishment of a smart foodsystem covering more regions is also essential to an aging society. Given such context, we conducted a questionnaire survey toinvestigate the impacts of sustainable diets and smart food services in Japan. The survey covers 6,000 households nationwide andcollects the responses of dinners in 3 days. The questions include the number of menus, the number of all ingredients (22 types), theexpenditure on such ingredients, the amount of discharged kitchen and plastic waste, the heating time of each meal, as well as theattitudes towards household cooking (13 questions) and acceptance to PCs and smartphones (10 questions).

Based on the survey results, we first developed indicators to characterize each meal. We quantified the indicator of cooking effort,

the convenience food usage intensity, the average price specific weight, CO2 emission points (CO2 emissions per unit price), and theproximity score for each ingredient. Regarding the proximity score, for each ingredient, we quantified the degree of using processingof food based on the NOVA classification and the fresh/processed food classification formulated in the Food Labeling Law. Finally,

based on these indicators for all meals from all respondent families, we investigated the impacts of the attitudes towards householdcooking and the acceptance to PCs and smartphones on the following dimensions: cooking effort, convenience food usage intensity,
expenditure, energy consumption for cooking, the amount of discharged waste, and CO2 emissions. The results provide important

1-2F: EcoDesign
Assessment of the environmental impact for OLED TV module using LCA

Jewon Yang, Byungkwun Kang, Byunghee Choi, Yongchae Jung
LG Display

27

1-2F-1

Recently, the international community is demanding to reduce the emission of environmental pollutants such as carbon dioxide andgreenhouse gases to prevent extreme weather events caused by economic growth. In response to these international demands, theelectrical and electronic product industry is establishing and implementing environmental impact reduction plans through eco-friendly

materials, technologies, and processes. In this study, the environmental impact was quantitatively analyzed using LCA on the OLED TV
module. Based on the ISO 14040 series standard, the environmental impact of global warming was assessed and discussed acrossthe whole life cycle including raw material extraction, manufacturing, product use, and end-of-life stages of OLED TV module.

1-2F-2
LCA as a tool for innovation: How to leverage LCA to accelerate a sustainable-Tech startup

Shinya Shimizu

Elephantech Inc, Japan
Life cycle assessment has become popular for most companies, but not for startups. LCA has been used as a tool for companies toassess their current business activities, identify the room for improvement, and improve it. While incremental improvements ofcurrent business activities are essential for a sustainable society, disruptive innovations are also necessary, where startups play animportant role.

LCA is, however, rarely utilized by startups even if the technology of the startup has a great potential for carbon footprint reduction.
There are mainly two reasons behind it: (1) Difficulty of assessment. Unlike just assessing current business activities, it is notstraightforward to estimate technological potential of avoided emission; (2) Value of assessment. Unlike large, profitable companies, it
is challenging for startups to justify the cost of assessment given the value of the assessment is limited.

In this paper, a case study on Elephantech is introduced. Elephantech is a startup who has a technology to manufacture circuitboards using metal nanoparticle inkjet printing and electroless copper plating. With this technology, manufacturers can eliminate all

the subtractive processes including exposure, development, etching and stripping, which is estimated to reduce water consumption,
carbon footprint, and manufacturing cost significantly.

It was challenging to conduct an apple-to-apple comparison between Elephantech method and conventional method because

Elephantech has just started a small-scale mass-production, which is different from conventional factories in many ways, and circuitboard manufacturing process is complicated to set clear system boundaries. We analyzed an existing LCA paper on circuit boards,
built estimation logics and boundaries, and calculated the avoid emission potential based on LCA.
We also got feedback on LCA from potential clients and partners and identified its benefits.

We hope this case study shows the viability of LCA in the innovation sector and helps accelerate sustainable-tech innovations utilizing
LCA.

Integrating Ecodesign approach in high valued materials & processes TRL Referential: theexperience of an aeronautical actor.

1-2F-3Maud Lemagnen1, Bénédicte Le Borgne-Jourdan2, Nicola Piccirelli3, Julia Andrieu4, Bertrand Laratte5

1Safran Aircraft Engines, France; 2Safran Composites, France; 3Safran Tech, France; 4Safran Engineering Services, France; 5Arts Et

Métiers, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, I2M Bordeaux, France

When it comes to environmental approach, the Aviation’s sector focuses on the reduction of noise and gaseous emissions during use
phase. Virtuous environmental approach cannot avoid taking into account the specificities of the global life cycle of the product.

Ecodesign has become a primary topic in such industry. Every upstream and downstream steps of the entire life cycle have to beaccurately considered.

Among decarbonated aviation’s levers, like disruptive materials and processes development, Eco-design is now identified as acompulsory path to accompany choices in order to avoid pollution transfer induction.

Safran has been developing since the last three years Ecodesign’s integration within its materials and processes (M&P) TRL

Referential. As equivalent approaches exist in other types of industrial sectors, such as automotive, the critical point is here toaddress strongly guided developed applications, within a specific market’s characteristics such as long life cycle products.

Our research aims to present the referential logic and construction, leading to the developed strategy that connects each TRL step
to environmental knowledge and completion.

Characterization of most of aeronautical M&P does not exist in Life Cycle Assessment databases, and one essential step is to collectthese environmental data. One objective of this data extraction is to identify at the earliest development level (TRL1) the key
indicators that can be set in order to define some raw improvement goals to begin with.

Ecodesign is not an integrated skill within technical teams’ daily operations yet: we have to provide them with an optimized work

frame while nurturing the arising of questions linked to the environmental challenges the industry faces. The present research isabout methods and tools, but also about change management feedback loops. Ecodesign is no more than a big multifactorial
optimization problem that have to be solved while involving the human factor.
28

A life cycle assessment modelling approach: Identifying hotspots and improvement
opportunities for a recyclable multi-material design of automotive lightweight structures

1-2F-4

Suzana Ostojic1, Marzia Traverso1, Patrick Haun2, Levin Schilling3, Robert Kupfer3, Maik Gude Gude3
1RWTH Aachen University, Germany; 2Porsche AG; 3TU Dresden

Nowadays, environmental aspects play a significant role in the research, development, and application of technological solutions
within the automotive sector. Thereby, automotive lightweight components, leading to less material consumption and, therefore,

reduced manufacturing and operating environmental impacts, are considered a key factor for sustainable and resource-efficientmobility. Recently, a particular focus has been given to polymer multi-material lightweight structures. These have the potential toreduce environmental impacts throughout the entire life cycle of the materials compared to conventional monolithic aluminum ormagnesium lightweight components. An example in this context is the construction and process development of functionalized

multicomponent structures with complex-shaped hollow profiles (FuPro), combining fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, organic sheets,

and injection molding. Furthermore, recyclability can be achieved using a single fiberglass-reinforced polymer (FRP) matrix and laser
structuring processes for material bonding. However, to make an actual and measurable environmental contribution, potential

hotspots of such lightweight structures and optimized manufacturing in terms of the lowest possible environmental impact must be
assessed through a life cycle approach. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the early stages of development has great potential tosupport decision-making processes. Yet, considering previous publications, it has only been carried out to a limited extent for

automotive lightweight structures, posing new modeling challenges. Commonly, environmental impacts considering recyclability havenot been clarified, and impact categories have mostly been limited to the Global Warming Potential (GWP). Thus, an LCA including themain phases of the process is contemplated following the ISO 14040/14044 standards. As a result, an LCA modeling framework forthe recyclable multi-material lightweight structures, building on the FuPro process and determining the functional unit, the systemboundaries, potential environmental impacts, and a broader range of impact categories, is proposed for assessing environmental
hotspots and improvement potentials.

2-1A: Energy-material nexus for carbon neutrality
2-1A-1
Future metal production and associated greenhouse gas emissions with implication for climate
goals

Ryosuke Yokoi1, Takuma Watari2,3, Masaharu Motoshita1

1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan; 2National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan;
3University of Technology Sydney

Metals play an essential role in human life, while metal use is associated with not only metal depletion but also environmental

concerns. To discuss strategies towards sustainable metal use with lower environmental impacts in line with climate goals, quantifying
future environmental impacts from metal production and exploring effective measures for alleviating the environmental impacts are
essential. Therefore, we estimated the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the future production of six typical metals(aluminum, copper, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc) under the five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) for 2010-2100 and compared
the results with a GHG emission reduction target (2°C target). In addition, we explored the influential parameters of metal cycles toreduce the environmental impacts by scenario analysis.

We show that trends for GHG emissions from metal production are significantly different among SSPs, while the 2°C target will not be
achieved for the metal sector under any SSP, mainly due to the increase in GHG emissions in the early 21st century in middle-income
countries. This suggests that substantial efforts to reduce GHG emissions are required in addition to the transition to the sustainablesocioeconomic pathway. From a short-term perspective, lowering the per capita in-use metal stock level and GHG emission intensityof metal production is identified to be effective. From a long-term perspective, improving the recycling rate will also be an effective

way. However, our analysis shows improving a single parameter is expected to be insufficient for achieving the 2°C target. Given that
GHG emissions from metal production will increase mainly in the early century and improving parameters cannot be achieved
promptly, implementing multiple measures immediately with international cooperation, as well as following the sustainablesocioeconomic pathway, is essential for sustainable metal use in line with the climate goals.

2-1A-2
Study on medium- to long-term scenarios for achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by
2050 in the material cycles and waste management sector
29

Madoka Yamamoto1, Ryota Ii1, Jiayin Wang1, Yukako Matsushima1, Mitsuhiro Nakajima1, Naoya Nagano1, Yuu Nagatomo1,
Hiroyuki Ueda2

1Pacific Consultants Co., Ltd., Japan; 2Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Co., Ltd., Japan

Medium- to long-term scenarios (draft) for achieving net zero GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions by 2050 in the material cycles andwaste management sector were examined based on the estimation of the future waste generation and the decommissioning ofcurrent waste treatment facilities, as well as the scales and GHG reduction effects of the countermeasures that were selected andinvestigated for each of the three priority areas set in this study for reducing non-energy-related GHG and energy-related CO2
emissions. For future emission scenarios, we set and calculated the BaU scenario, four scenarios with different intensities ofcountermeasures in line with the priority areas, and two scenarios that take into account the amount of CCUS required to achieve net
zero emissions. Major implications include: it is possible to achieve net zero or even negative emissions in 2050 in this sector; andimplementation of measures that are extension of existing plans is insufficient.

This presentation is based on the results of the "FY2021 Study on Medium- to Long-term Scenarios for Achieving Net Zero GHG

Emissions by 2050 in the Material Cycles and Waste Management Sector (Waste Management Division, Environmental Regenerationand Material Cycles Bureau, Ministry of the Environment)," and the basic contents have been publicized at the 38th meeting Recycling
Society Committee of the Central Environmental Council in August 2021.

Critical materials and decarbonization: The economic and policy context of 'appropriate'material availability

2-1A-3Roderick Eggert

Colorado School of Mines, United States of America
The demand for certain raw materials central to decarbonization will increase quickly and significantly for some materials, although at
what rate and by how much is uncertain. Examples include certain rare earths for magnets in electric motors; lithium, cobalt, nickel

and others for batteries and energy storage; and copper for all forms of electrification. A fear is that lack of "appropriate" material
availability will become an obstacle to the clean energy transitions. "Appropriate" in this context refers to growth in supply that is

sufficient, secure, affordable, environmentally sustainable, and socially responsible. This paper reviews material availability in all these

dimensions - as well as opportunities for wasting less through improved manufacturing efficiency and increased re-use and recycling;
and using less through the development of substitute materials.

Just energy-resource transitions to clean energy - Engagement and evaluation

2-1A-4

Benjamin Craig McLellan
Kyoto University, Japan

Energy transitions (and their linked resource transitions - water, land, minerals, etc.) are an important focus as the world looks to

reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. It is important to reduce the environmental impact of these transitions, but it is also vitalthat the transitions do not leave part of the community behind. The communities that currently host power plants or mines that

support the carbon-energy system may suffer due to a shift to carbon neutrality. This paper examines the impacts and potential
mitigation of these impacts for promoting a just low-carbon transition, with a focus on Japan.

2-1B: [OS] Sustainability visualization software and its role toward 2050 net-zero carbon
Increasing impact of LCA results through flexible visualization

2-1B-1

Eric Mieras, PRé Sustainability, the Netherlands

Introduction of questionnaire results for the development of LCA software MiLCA

2-1B-2Ken Yamagishi, Saki Sunaga, Masayuki Kanzaki

Sustainable Management Promotion Organization, Japan

2-1B-3
Fujitsu's Carbon-Neutral initiative and the trust service to cross-company data exchange in the30

supply chain

Tomoko Konishi-Nagano, Mitsumasa Matsuike
Fujitsu Limited, Japan

GHG emissions calculation and visualization cloud service “zeroboard”

2-1B-4

Yoichi Sakamoto

Zeroboard Inc., Japan

2-1C: [OS] Chemical industries' challenge and contribution for carbon neutral and circularsociety with life cycle thinking
2-1C-1[Invited talk] Linking decarbonization and resource circulation in the chemical industry throughlife cycle thinking

Jun Nakatani1,2

1The University of Tokyo, Japan; 2National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

Towards realization of the carbon neutral society in 2050, decarbonization is now one of the most concerned issues in any industry.

On the other hand, being led by the EU circular economy policies, resource circulation including recycling also draws much attention
worldwide Decarbonization and resource circulation have often been discussed independently, while it is sometimes postulated thatan advance in resource circulation unconditionally contributes to decarbonization. However, their relationship needs to be carefully
examined from the life cycle perspective.

The chemical industry is a major contributor to the national greenhouse gases emission in Japan, as is the case with otherindustrialized countries. It should be noted that the chemical industry is not only responsible for the process emissions but foremissions from other stages of the life cycle of its products. Recycling petrochemical products is expected to simultaneously alleviateemissions from the raw material (petroleum) procurement and end-of-life (waste incineration) stages. Circulation of plastics, which ismainly composed of fossil carbon, is specifically relevant to decarbonization of the chemical industry.

Recently, a lot of chemical makers are devoted to developing chemical recycling processes of waste plastics. According to the EU
circular economy principle, mechanical recycling is given priority over chemical recycling, which is regarded as an outer loop.

However, many life cycle assessment studies have shown that chemical recycling is potentially effective for reducing overall the
climate change impacts, often rather than mechanical recycling.

In this presentation, the linkage between decarbonization and resource circulation in the chemical industry is conceptually andempirically discussed through life cycle thinking, with a special focus on chemical recycling of plastics. From the life cycle perspective,
the yields and energy efficiencies of recycling processes, as well as the quality of recovered materials, are keys to decarbonizing
plastics regardless of the size of recycling loop.

Contribution to additional reduction of greenhouse gases by products through theimplementation of LCA methodology

2-1C-2

Hitomi Miura

Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan
Sekisui Chemical applies the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to Natural Capital assessment and evaluate the impact ofenvironmental aspects of corporate activities that need to be managed, in order to solve environmental issues such as de-carbonization and resource circulation. LCA is also used to manage progress and the effectiveness of GHG reduction activities.

SEKISUI CHEMICAL is not at the top of the supply chain, but is a manufacturing company that mainly processes a variety of plastics
and other raw chemical materials and provides solutions to many environmental and social solutions. In order to take part to acarbon-free society, the main strategy is to reduce the carbon footprint during the use of the products. In order to maximize thereduction levels effectively, the amount of emission is confirmed through an index using the LCA methodology.

In recent years, the amount of reduction contribution by products has increased. In the future, as declared in the resource recycling
strategy announced in 2021, we plan to expand the contribution of CO2 reduction in the product life cycle by expanding the lowcarbon or decarbonization of raw materials used in products.

2-1C-331

Sumitomo Chemical’s challenge for carbon neutral society 1. ~Development of carbon footprintof products (CFP) calculation system~
Tomoyuki Izumi, Naoki Yokokawa, Saki Manabe, Mayumi Hayashi, Masaaki Toma
Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan

Sumitomo Chemical has formulated a grand design to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, setting out a direction for its initiatives andgoals for its activities. We will accelerate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by approaching the issue from the perspectives ofboth obligations and contributions, implementing initiatives that are built on scientific, logical and quantitative foundations andleveraging the expertise and technological capabilities the Company has developed as a diversified chemical company.

As one specific initiative of contribution, we focus on Carbon Footprint of Products (CFP). CFP represents greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions throughout the product life cycle. CFP is an important indicator for developing products with low environmental impact. We
have formulated CFP evaluation guidelines for its products and developed a proprietary calculation system (CFP-TOMO(TM)).
<CFP-TOMO(TM) features>- CFP is calculated in accordance with ISO14040, 14044, 14067, etc. This system specializes in Cradle-to-Gate GHG emissions
calculations and enables speedy and transparent calculation.

- This system can calculate a great number of CFPs at once considering material flow from upstream to downstream as well as therecycling process.

- This system supports the handling of byproducts that are not clearly regulated by ISO.

- This system runs on general-purpose software (Microsoft Access/Excel) and can be used by anyone thanks to its simple and user
friendly interface.

We have evaluated the CFP of every Sumitomo Chemical product (about 20,000 items) by using this system. In addition to evaluate
CFP at Group companies, we will promote the disclosure of CFP for our Group products.

We provides this system to other companies free of charge, and many companies have already started trial use. Through thisinitiative, Sumitomo Chemical will contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions via the enhancement of CFP evaluation throughout
the entire supply chain.

Sustainability in Teijin Group: History and future

2-1C-4Smitha Sundaram, Heidi Beers, Shuichi Osaki
Teijin Limited, Japan

Teijin Group relentlessly strives to be a company that supports the society of the future, by utilizing our diversity to create value forsociety's needs. Teijin Group intends to contribute to the sustainability of society by continuing to challenge issues around the clockin our effort to enhance the quality of life, which is our corporate philosophy.

In 2008, TG enacted long-term goals for environmental preservation, and Teijin Group Environment-Friendly Design Guidelines were

formulated. That same year we presented the first LCA of our para-aramid fibre. Since 2008, we reduced the carbon footprint of thismaterial more than 50%. For many other Teijin materials we have calculated the footprint or studies are ongoing.

Today, Teijin Group is a committed member of the Science-Based Targets Initiative, and has set ambitious climate change targets.

This includes an absolute 30% reduction in Scope 1+2 emissions, and an absolute 15% reduction in Scope 3 emissions by 2030 (vs2018). By 2050, TG aims to be net-zero in Scope 1+2. Moreover, Teijin Group is actively collaborating with customers as well as otheractors in the value chain to because we believe that sustainability can truly be achieved only through collaboration. We are constantly
looking for applications that help lower emissions through the life-cycle of our products, thus benefitting the entire value chain.
But how did we get here? Sustainability is a continuous process, where we have built on initiatives step by step, in Teijin groupcompanies worldwide. In this presentation, we will trace the history of sustainability at TG, and how we plan to continue this into thenear future.

2-1D: Input-output analysis
2-1D-1Visualization of the uncertainty in CO2 emission intensity caused by the price homogeneity
assumption in the input-output table.

Sora Matsushima1, Shigemi Kagawa2, Keisuke Nansai3, Jinjun Xue4

1Graduate School of Economics, Kyushu University, Japan; 2Faculty of Economics, Kyushu University, Japan; 3National Institute forEnvironmental Studies, Japan; 4Faculty of Economics, Nagoya University, JapanThe 3EID database (i.e., Embodied Energy and Emission Intensity Data for Japan Using Input-Output Tables) provided by the National

32

Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan has been widely used in many hybrid LCA studies. Although researchers can use theembodied sectoral CO2 emission intensities in t- CO2 per million JPY in different years (e.g., 2005, 2011, and 2015) from the 3EID
database, it is meaningless to evaluate temporal changes in the embodied CO2 emission intensities. In doing it, we firstly need toestimate input-output tables in constant prices using survey or non-survey method. Secondly, the embodied CO2 emission intensities
at sector level are calculated by multiplying direct CO2 emission intensities vector by Leontief inverse matrix in constant prices. This

study estimates time series input-output tables (IOTs) with 368 commodity sectors for 2005, 2011, and 2015 using double deflation(DD) method as a survey method and GRAS method as a non-survey method and provides time series datasets of embodied sectoral
CO2 emission intensities in constant prices (i.e., 2015 prices). The GRAS method, unlike the DD method, allows us to deflate

intermediate and final demand of a particular sector at different price indexes. A comparison in the embodied CO2 emission

intensities in constant prices estimated by using the DD and GRAS approaches shows that the price homogeneity assumption in the
DD approach brought about an underestimation of the embodied CO2 emission intensities in many sectors. Looking at aggregatedindustry groups, the price homogeneity assumption caused significant fluctuations in the embodied CO2 emission intensities in

nonferrous metals sector. We suggest that physical input-output data of those sectors with higher uncertainty identified in this study
should be incorporated into a mixed-units input-output approach.

A marginal extraction analysis for green supply chain restructuring

2-1D-2

Keitaro Maeno

Kyushu university, JapanFor climate change mitigation, industries need to establish green supply chains through an effective restructuring strategy. To

identify effects of restructuring of the relevant global supply chains (GSCs) on the CO2 emissions at globe, I propose a new inputoutput framework with a focus on marginal restructuring of GSCs of a particular industry. Based on the latest world input-output

database (WIOD) in 2014, I firstly estimate the global CO2 emissions from the GSCs of the particular sector (automobile sector inJapan, Germany and United States in this study). Secondly, I apply the expanded hypothetical extraction method, called the marginal
extraction method (MEM) to the WIOD. The proposed MEM can describe the hypothetical GSC structure in which a unit of a tradecoefficient (one percent in this study) of a relevant industry in a relevant country is extracted and substituted by the same industries

in other countries (i.e., the marginal restructuring of the relevant GSC). Thirdly, I compare between the global CO2 emissions from theactual and restructured automobile GSCs and estimate the impacts of the marginal restructuring of the GSCs. The results show thatthe marginal restructuring of Chinese manufacturing sectors of Electrical equipment and Basic metals had a significant CO2

reduction effect in the Japanese automobile GSC. The case studies of Germany and US show that the Russian basic metals sector
and the Chinese machinery and equipment sector are the key sectors to reduce the CO2 emissions through GSC restructuring,

respectively. Based on the results, I discuss practical trade policies for CO2 mitigation through GSC restructuring and finally conclude
that the MEM can help policy makers to design effective climate policies for green restructuring of GSCs.

2-1D-3
Drivers of greenhouse gas emissions in Kenyan industries by resource-consuming countries: An
input-output model approach

Benson Senelwa Igesa, Yasushi Kondo
Waseda University, Japan

Global multiregional input-output (MRIO) models have been ubiquitously applied to quantitatively analyze the relationships between
consuming and producing countries. A typical such relationship is where developed countries’ consumption causes environmental

burdens such as direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through resource consuming from developing countries. Using the 2015 full
Eora MRIO table, this paper assesses how GHG emissions in the Kenyan industries are induced by other countries’ demands. The

results show that a total of 63500 Gg CO2 of emissions were accounted for during the period. This results to close to 88% of Kenyan
total GHGs emissions being induced by domestic final demand. The “Transport” and “Building and Construction” industries are thebiggest contributors to GHG emissions in Kenya. The top developed countries contributing to agriculture-related emissions include

the US, UK, and Germany. These three countries account for over 2.5% of GHG emissions in Kenyan agriculture; the most affectedindustries include “Cut flowers” and “Vegetables” for the UK and Germany and the “Tea” industry for the US. Contrastingly,

developing countries impact the secondary industries, especially “Metals and Machinery” and “Non-metallic manufacture” as well as

tertiary industries including “Trade”. The East Africa region, mainly Uganda and Tanzania, dominates GHG emissions at 3% to Kenyan
industries. The remaining close to 7% of emissions are contributed by the rest of the world (ROW). Most high-income countries,
therefore, and the East African countries drive emissions in Kenyan primary and secondary industries respectively. Overall, thecountries mentioned are substantially and comparably responsible for GHG emission in Kenya.

2-1D-433

Carbon footprint analysis considering production activities of informal sector: A case study of
India
Haruka Mitoma

Kyushu University Graduate school of economics, Japan
This study attempts to estimate how informal sector in India contributed to production- and consumption-based CO2 emissions inIndia. The informal sector is a set of activities that are imperfectly regulated by the government and it is hardly accounted on official
statistics. In India, the third largest CO2 emitter in the world following China and the U.S., production activities of the informal sector

accounts for about half of the GDP and employs about 90% of the population. In spite of the huge size of the informal economy, due
to the unavailability of economic and emission accounts, it is not well identified how the production activity of the informal sector

involves CO2 emissions in the whole supply chains in India. We first constructed an environmentally-extended input-output table in2016 in India that distinguishes between formal and informal manufacturing activities in India by using the official data published by

the Indian government and previous studies. We visualized the environmentally-important supply chains with higher CO2 emissions as
networks. Our results showed the several informal sector is included in the supply chain which induced the largest CO2 emission inIndia and especially the informal sector in non-metallic mineral products contributed to huge CO2 emissions. The impact of informal

sector in CO2 emission is not negligible and it is necessary to address the informal sector for a rapid reduction of CO2 emissions inIndia.

2-1D-5The devil is in the details: Disaggregating agricultural trade in an existing input-output databasefor assessing water-related impacts

Jonas Bunsen, Matthias Finkbeiner

Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
In many regions of the world, freshwater consumption exceeds sustainable use boundaries. In theory, input-output analysis can beused to allocate this freshwater consumption to consumers worldwide. However, global input-output databases partially comprise

aggregated data in a manageable amount of economic sectors. A limited sectoral resolution of an input-output database, however,can lead to inaccurate allocation patterns and thus misinformed decision making. Usually, aggregated agricultural primary production
constitutes only a fraction of an input-output database’s sectors. However, because circa 90% of freshwater consumption occurs inagricultural primary production, input-output analysis-based water-related assessments are particularly prone to inaccurate allocation
as a result of aggregation and low sectoral resolution.

In our research, we explore how an existing input-output database can be disaggregated and refined to better account forexternalities, e.g. water consumption, associated with agricultural primary production. For this, we seek to disaggregate an existing

input-output database’s agricultural production sectors based on FAOSTAT[1] crops’ trade data. We complement these sectoral data
sets with satellite accounts based on spatially explicit Spatial Production Allocation Model[2] crop production data.

The resulting database offers unprecedented sectoral detail concerning agricultural primary production. It maintains the integrity ofthe other sectors in the database and allows the approximation of the virtual flow of water through the global economy in high detail.
Our work contributes to understanding and overcoming challenges in input-output-based water-related analyses and can easily be
extended to other externalities associated with agricultural primary production, such as land use, eutrophication or others.
[1] https://www.fao.org/faostat/ (accessed 25.03.2022)[2] https://mapspam.info (accessed 25.03.2022)

2-1E: Communication and education
Climate change communication through narrative

2-1E-1

Yuuki Nakano, Hiroki Hondo

Yokohama National University, Japan
This study proposes use of narrative, an information format that has not been focused on, in environmental communication.

According to dual-process theory, there are two ways in the human information processing: the deliberative and logical way and theintuitive and emotional way. In conventional environmental communication, it has been implicitly assumed that people read presented
information carefully and advisedly, i.e., process through the former way. It is possible that environmental communication could bemade even more efficient by focusing on the latter way. We focus on narrative as an information format that can be processed

intuitively and emotionally. This study aims to reveal how narrative and logical information about climate change affect behavioral

intention and policy acceptance. In an experiment conducted using the internet, participants read either the narrative (a story that
focused on a person who was negatively impacted by climate change) or logical information (rational arguments that expressed34formal expression) on climate change and complete questionnaires before and after reading. The pre-survey measures participants'
traits such as transportability, intuitiveness, and interest in climate change and the post-survey measures the impact of reading

narrative or logical information. The results show that narrative is rated as easier to understand, evokes stronger emotions such as

anxiety and fear, and leads to higher behavioral intentions and policy acceptance about climate change than logical information. They
also show that this tendency is more pronounced when the participants have little interest in climate change. It may be because

people with lower interest are more emotionally dependent in their decision making. Since it is difficult to encourage behavior change

among people with low interest using traditional communication methods, the use of narrative can be an effective move. The findings
will contribute to mitigate climate change by proposing new communication methods that transform people's behavior.

Measuring sustainability education impact through handprints

2-1E-2

Jasmina Burek

University of Massachusetts, United States of America
Universities have been focusing on educating students about sustainable practices and social responsibility by offering sustainability
programs, courses, and grants. However, there is little research about how and how much these programs, courses, and grants

positively contribute to sustainability related impacts. With the climate crisis and supply chain disruptions because of the pandemic

and ongoing war in Ukraine, the proposed student action to convert the existing lawn space located in the backyard of the Centers
for Women and Work building at UML into a Food Forest is very time relevant. The Food Forest at UML can serve both as a foodsupply and to educate students, faculty, staff, and community on sustainability. We adopted the SHINE Handprint method anddeveloped an approach to measure the sustainability impact of students. The novelty of this approach is the methodologicaladvancement in quantifying students' positive environmental, social, and economic impacts, i.e., handprints, which they had achievedby recommending positive changes to different organizations in a mutually beneficial partnership. A goal of our study includes 1)
environmental footprint assessment of business as usual, i.e., grass lawn, 2) environmental and economic footprints of starting a

Food Forest, 3) the handprint assessment of the resulting annual positive changes over the years, and 4) comparison of handprint to
UML organization footprint. First, we will analyze the environmental footprint of starting a Food Forest for the UML compared tomaintaining the existing grass lawn space of the same square footage with conventional fertilizer and mower. To analyze the grasslawn maintenance, we will include water, fertilizer, and lawn mower gasoline consumption as my main inputs (since the lawn alreadyexists, we will not include in grass seed or soil). The environmental footprint assessment will be performed using life cycle assessment(LCA) SimaPro software.

Teaching life cycle assessment in higher education - Insights from a global study

2-1E-3

Guido Sonnemann1, Tobias Viere2, Philip Strothmann3

1Université de Bordeaux, France; 2Hochschule Pforzheim, Germany; 3Forum for Sustainability through Life Cycle Innovation e.V.,

Germany

The best way to ensure a better understanding of life cycle thinking of future generations and create a new generation of life cycle
professionals is to teach students life cycle concepts. In line with a rise in demand for life cycle professionals around the world, anincreasing number of courses are offered these days on Life Cycle Assessment and Management (LCA/LCM). While this is a positive
development, these courses often differ substantially in terms of comprehensiveness, length, learning objectives and style.

There is thus a huge variation between students’ LCA literacy and experience, resulting sometimes in a miss-match between

employers’ expectations and students’ qualifications. As a result, clarity on competencies that are being taught by LCA teachers
around the world is needed.

The presentation will present the results of a global survey on the state of teaching LCA carried out by the FSLCI’s Working Group on
LCA in Higher Education. The survey results provide a great overview of where LCA is taught, who is teaching it and how it is taught.

Development of life cycle thinking-based environmental education program for childcare
workers

2-1E-4

Shinya Matsumoto, Orie Oshima

Yokohama National University, Japan
Environmental education (EE) is becoming more important for the realization of a sustainable society. Recently, EE programs andteaching materials focusing on the life cycle of industrial products and foods have been developed and implemented for a wide range
of generations older than elementary school students. The purpose of these programs and materials is to aware the link between our
living activities and global environmental problem based on the concept of life cycle thinking (LCT). In considering the goal of these35

educational activities, the more sensitive early childhood is also a significant target for LCT-based EE. In the present attempt, we havedeveloped an EE program based on LCT for nursery teachers.

There are five essential areas of childcare content in early childhood education. One of the areas is ”environment” and this includes
awareness of the natural environment with interests. An understanding of various things that are touched in everyday life withcherishing them is also an important issue to be cultivated in this area. Another important factor in early childhood education is the“play”. The target of the “play” was examined to incorporate LCT in early childhood education and we found a wood clay made fromsawdust in the production of pencils and colored pencils. We then developed a new EE program aimed at teaching an association
between the feeling of cherishing things and the awareness of LCT around the play using this wood clay. The contents of the
program and the responses from the students took this program will be presented.

2-1F: Acceleration of sustainability management: Concept and methodologies
2-1F-1
Quo vadis LCA? Successful standardized, scientific method or misused and mainstreamed tool?
A Review of cases in a decade between freedom of science, industrial innovation, marketing andcompulsory reporting.

Martin Baitz1, Ulrike Bos1, John Parker2

1Sphera Solutions GmbH, Germany; 2Sphera Solutions, Canada

There are two Spheres that still do not cooperate well: Science and Industry. The topic isn’t new. Walter Kloepffer wrote in 2001 clear
words in „Two planets and one Journal“. In 2012 LCA experts from academia, industry and consulting did refresh the topic in thearticle „LCA’s theory and practice: Like ebony and ivory living in perfect harmony?“. Today the success of quantitative LCA results

due to mainstreaming Life-cycle approaches is adding more attributes between the spheres: Simplification (of complex hence holistic)
quantitative LCA results is requested by decision-makers and customers/consumers alike; both need easy-to-create but clear,unmistakable figures. Acceleration (of complex hence real) LCA systems is requested by LCA experts using tools in data collection,

quality-assurance, system set-up and calculation. To ensure LCA benefit for society (organizations and consumers alike), we need tounderstand on one hand the scientific demand for freedom to add, change and correct as knowledge increases and on the other

hand the professional need for reliability and stability to plan-act-do-check in a justifiable way; acknowledging that non-LCA experts
need to understand results instantly and decide properly. We present good and bad practice in cooperation among the spheres

concerning standardization of the method, merit and challenges of international initiatives, and scientific - industrial cooperation.

Whether the way of LCA will be “alignment/merging” or “segregation/separation” concerning key LCA aspect and its user groups, will

be decided by: Database types/targets, use or misuse of attributional and consequential LCA (data), Inventory flow list translation andinteroperability, mistakes in communication of LCA results, limits of simplification towards unrealistic models, avoidance of making thesame mistakes again as well as to stop using LCA irresponsibly. LCA can be applied responsibly avoiding flawed results, costly
decisions and legal consequences by false claims. Target group will be academia and industry alike.

Distributed ledger technology for resource protection and circular economy

2-1F-2

Florian Bodrogi1, Larissa Coblenzer1, Christian Bergemann2, Christian Kuehne2, Mario Schmidt1

1Pforzheim University, Germany; 2THINK TANK Industrial Resource Strategies at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany

Distributed ledger technology (DLT), including blockchain technology, is widely acknowledged as a software tool with a large potential
to increase transparency, resource conservation and circularity within supply chains. Guaranteeing a tamper-proof, verifiable,

simultaneous and confidential information exchange, DLT is already applied in sustainable supply chain management in various

industries. Typical use cases include data exchange contributing to life cycle assessments; proofs that companies and products
comply with environmental regulations; or verifications that material is derived from recycling sources.

However, instead of covering entire supply chains or even whole product life cycles, DLT networks focus frequently on single productsystems and are often limited to a few supply chain stages. DLT is commonly used to track information about unit cargo, while it isless suitable to monitor bulk cargo, or conversions from the former into the latter. DLT systems are mostly applied by only small
quantities of network participants, covering only a few different materials or products within single industries.

Combining life cycle thinking with a mass balance approach, we propose a generic concept that allows a more holistic application of
DLT in sustainable supply chain management. Shifting the point of view from units of raw materials, components and products toquantities of materials, the concept allows a consistent exchange of information over entire product life cycles. The concept also
allows the monitoring of both unit and bulk cargo as well as combinations and conversions as needed. Following a mass balance
approach also enables a more efficient information exchange between different product systems, supply chains and industries.

Apart from the generic concept, the presentation will also include first results of a proof-of-concept. A case study conducted with36

partners from the precious metal industry will provide results transferable to potential applications in other industries.

Semi-automated visualization method of sustainability scenarios using natural language
processing

2-1F-3Tianzheng Gao, Yusuke Kishita, Yasushi Umeda
The University of Tokyo, Japan

A variety of sustainability scenarios have been developed by governments and organizations to support their decision making towardachieving sustainable futures. Scenarios are generally written in text format, often combined with quantitative simulations. In order toassist mutual communications with stakeholders, the authors developed the scenario structuring method to visualize the logicalstructure of a scenario in graph format. However, one critical problem is that the method requires in-depth reading and is therefore
very time-consuming.

To address this problem, in this paper, we aim to propose a method for supporting scenario structuring using natural language

processing. In the traditional scenario structuring process, scenario designers need to manually find related text pairs and label theminto pre-defined relation types. We build classifiers by finetuning the state-of-the-art pre-trained language models (i.e., ALBERT and
ERINE) for automating the above-mentioned classification task.

The developed classifiers take individual text pairs as input and output their corresponding label probabilities. Unlike humans, theclassifiers don't have an overall comprehension of the context and are therefore not suitable to be fed with pairs between all texts at

one time, especially in the case of long scenarios with many text fragments. By adjusting the operation span to pairs between 5 texts,
our classifiers reached an F1 score of 81.69 in identifying the related text pairs from narrative scenarios.

A case study on the automation of a scenario planning method

2-1F-4

Xiaoxi Zhang, Masahiro Sotoma, Minako Hara
NTT, JapanFor corporations, ESG management strategies and actions from a long-term perspective are becoming more important forsustainable growth. However, corporations’ ESG management are made more difficult by increasing risks such as worldwide
infectious disease epidemics, server attacks, and changes in international affairs.

Thus, a scenario planning method has been proposed for formulating corporate management strategies, especially when the future isdifficult to forecast. However, the implementation of a scenario planning method relies mostly on experts now. With the developmentof the internet, huge amounts of information are updated daily. These large amounts of information are difficult to manually process
on a daily basis and utilize for strategic planning. Therefore, we aim to automate the scenario planning method using text mining
technology.

In this research, we examined the automation of scenario planning with the theme of decarbonization and energy strategy, which is an
important theme in ESG management. In this case study, on the basis of information collected from white papers and news

information for the environmental and energy field in the United States, we tried to extract the driving force in scenario planning byusing a text mining tool. In addition, driving force extraction was also performed by expert analysis on the basis of the same

information sources to evaluate the extraction results by text mining. As a result, though the created sentences to describe driving
forces contained some unnatural expressions, the subjects that should be focused on were mostly extracted correctly. The

predicates in the sentences, however, have not been able to completely expressed with the correct meaning yet. Though many

challenges remain, by leveraging text mining technology, we have progressed towards analysis more efficient than fully human-

powered analysis. With more improvement, we aim to realize the automation of scenario planning methods and digital transformationof corporate ESG management.

Assessing municipal action CO2 impacts – Direct vs system wide approaches

2-1F-5

Erik O Ahlgren

Chalmers Univ of Technology, Sweden
Municipalities striving for decarbonatization of their stationary energy and/or transport sectors can normally apply neither additional
carbon taxation nor subsidize carbon-lean technologies, but they may in different ways facilitate certain actions and activities. It isthen important to be able to assess and present the actual carbon impact of these actions and activities to be able to prove theirefficiency in reaching the goal. Disregarding life cycle perspectives, the straightforward assessment would be to apply a narrowsystem boundary and simply calculate the direct emission user phase CO2 impacts and disregard cross-sectoral, spatial andtemporal/dynamic impacts. However, will the result of such assessment be sufficiently good given the rapid development of the37

energy and transport sectors, their increasing competition for the same constrained non-fossil resources and thereby resulting intersectoral dependencies?

Thus, the aim of the current study is to address to which extent such a simplified direct impact assessment is sufficient for regionaltransport system carbon lean actions or if system-wide approaches including cross-sectoral, spatial and temporal/dynamic impacts

are necessary and, further, what type of system-wide expansion that is most important. The study is using a case based on six ruralmunicipalities forming a small region consisting of a mix of small towns and rural areas. These municipalities have during the past

years implemented certain activities motivated by their low carbon emission characteristics. Since tourism is an important part of theregional economy, the low carbon emission activities should also contribute to promote the region as a green destination.

System-wide expansions are done in three steps; first a cross-sectoral expansion is applied, linking transport and stationary energy
sectors; then a temporal expansion by modelling the system over a time period of 30 years, then a spatial expansion by testing theimportance of municipal interaction and collaboration within the small region.

2-2A: [OS] Resource issues towards carbon-neutral society
A resource paradox problem of green innovations

2-2A-1

Eiji Yamasue, Shoki Kosai, Shunsuke Kashiwakura, Takamoto Itoh, Seiji Hashimoto
Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Although green innovation is one of the important driving forces for building a sustainable society, it is apparent that many green
innovations specifically focus on low-carbon technology. However, such innovation is often seen to induce additional resource

demand. For instance, it is well-known that new generation vehicles with higher fuel economy require rare earth elements, lithium,cobalt, and nickel that were not used in such large quantities in conventional vehicles. This situation can be seen as a "resource
paradox". Less attention has been paid to this resource paradox because of the lack of quantifiable indicators or insufficient

databases on resource intensity. Total material requirement (TMR), is an indicator that quantifies the degree of mining activities

required to supply direct material flows, in terms of hidden flows. The authors have been developing a database of TMR for various
goods. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively reveal the resource paradox problem using TMR. In the presentation, we will

introduce some of the more remarkable examples by comparing the TMR and lifecycle CO2 emissions (LC-CO2) or direct material
input at the economy-wide, product and metallic element levels.

Life-cycle resource productivity of Japanese food resources

2-2A-2

Sebastien M.R. Dente, Seiji Hashimoto
Ritsumeikan University

The food supply of nations is intertwined and relies on complex international supply chain. Multi – regional input – output analysis(MRIO) is an environmental system analysis tool used to conduct hot spot analysis from a consumption perspective and has been an

important tool in food consumption analysis. However, the analysis has so far focused on food products in their final form rather thanconsidering the resource perspective. The present research aims at determining the value added associated with the production offood resources (e.g. wheat, paddy rice) and their use (e.g. wheat flour, bread, rice cake, cereals). For this purpose, we first

constructed a multi – regional physical input -output table of about 500 products and 200 regions using the supply utilizationaccounts of the Food and Agriculture Organization for the 2010 – 2019 period. We then associated the FAO reported products withthe sector nomenclature of the 2015 Japanese Input – Output tables and used an allocation factor to determine the share of thevalue added of complex products associated with the basic food resource products. Finally, the value added of producing and using
basic food resource products was calculated and normalized with the produced amount to determine the resource productivity offood resources

Global target by 2050 to reduce natural resource use in the automotive industry

2-2A-3

Hibiki Takimoto1, Shoki Kosai1, Takuma Watari2, Shunsuke Kashiwakura1, Eiji Yamasue1
1Ritsumeikan University, Japan; 2National Institute for Environmental Studies

In order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, automobile technology is expected to shift from internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs) such as gasoline and diesel to new-generation vehicles such as electric and fuel cell vehicles. This global trend changes thepattern of resource use. In the existing studies, the amount of resource use induced in the automotive sector by 2050 has beenassessed by using resource-related indicators such as total material requirement (TMR). However, the effect of various strategies on38

the reduction of natural resource use has yet to be fully evaluated. The consideration of these strategies would assist in setting the

global target associated with resource use by 2050 as given in de-carbonization goal. In this study, the future inflows of ICEVs, hybrid
electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) werefirstly estimated using dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) based on the scenarios proposed by International Energy Agency. Then,the global natural resource use in the automotive sector was calculated based on the estimated future inflows of each vehicle type
and the TMR per vehicle. Finally, the effect of the various strategies including lifetime extension, service provision (car sharing andridesharing) and recycling on the reduction of the natural resource use was evaluated. As a result, under the case of business as
usual (BAU), in which no efforts for reduction are adopted, global natural resources in the automotive industry increased by

116%-150% in 2050 compared to 2015. The implementation of all strategies could contribute to the reduction of TMR by 40%-53%

in 2050 compared to the BAU case. In particular, of this reduction, 36%-54% comes from car sharing and ridesharing, and 37%-41%
from recycling. These findings would be useful for the development of the resource guideline in the automotive industry.

2-2A-4
Can car-sharing system solve trade-offs between resource consumption and greenhouse gases
emission? A simulation based on person-trip survey

Naoki Yoshikawa1,2, Nanami Iwabuchi2,3, Towa Kawasaki2, Yasuhiro Shiomi2

1The University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan; 2Ritsumeikan University, Japan; 3Osaka University, Japan

Car-sharing system is a platform of sharing mobility that potentially reduce multiple environmental impacts. Some researches pointed

that alternative-fuel car does not improve all environmental impact, because EV requires more metal resources than conventional cars

despite of significant reduction of life cycle greenhouse gases (LC-GHG). On the other hands, Car-sharing system is expected to solve
this trade-off problem through efficient use of shared cars. However, reduction of resource requirement and LC-GHG is depend on
usage of shared cars and other transportation modes.

This study developed a framework to estimate these environmental loads of car-sharing system considering resident’s behavior ofsubscribing and use of car sharing system. The estimation is based on person-trip survey (an large interview survey of residents’travel) and stated preference survey, small scale questionnaire survey to quantify preference to use sharing cars . Number of trips bytransportation mode and are estimated by a logit model using results of these survey. Then life cycle environmental load is quantified
using lifecycle inventory data of production, using, maintenance of cars, and construction of stations for shared cars.

A case study targeted on Kyoto city, Japan revealed that promotion of car-sharing system can reduce both resource requirementand LC-GHG. Weighted environmental impact (using LIME2 model) can be decreased 14% in maximum. This framework can be

expanded to simulate effect of car-sharing system in various condition by modeling residents’ decision-making on transportation.

2-2B: [OS] Carbon neutrality and avoided emission (1)2-2B-1

Avoided emission in Japanese industry

Ichiro Daigo

The University of Tokyo, Japan

Case studies of the assessment of avoided emission of products and organizations

2-2B-22-2B-2-1
Consideration on methodology for assessing the contribution of automotive parts to avoided
GHG

Akira Tanahashi

Denso Corporation, Japan

Azbil's Organizational Contribution to the Avoided Emissions and its Issues to Consider

2-2B-2-2

Ayako Nagayama

Azbil Corporation, Japan

2-2B-2-3
39

Avoided emission in practice: the case of TwaronR reinforced Conveyer belt by Teijin Aramid
Noor Hossain

Teijin Aramid BV, the Netherlands

2-2B-2-4

TBA

Peter Saling

BASF, Germany

Comparative assessment cases of LCA applications

2-2B-3Masaharu Motoshita

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan

2-2C: [OS] Chemical industries' challenge and contribution for carbon neutral and circularsociety with life cycle thinking (2)Dealing with upcoming European legislation as a Japanese company

2-2C-1

Heidi Beers1,2, Shuichi Osaki1, Smitha Sundaram1

1Teijin Limited, the Netherlands; 2Japan Business Council Europe, Belgium

The European Union wants to be the world’s frontrunner in sustainability, ensuring worldwide sustainable value chains while leaving no
one behind. The EU Green Deal aims at 55% reduction of CO2 emissions in 2030 related to 1990. Many legislative initiatives areunder preparation to address the related fields, at the same time ensuring that public private investments and EU Commission
investments are used for initiatives that reinforce these targets.

Japanese companies operating in Europe will be confronted with many new demands related to corporate reporting (the Corporate
Sustainable Reporting Directive), connecting the sustainability of their activities to Capex, Opex and turnover in the EU Taxonomy,

making sure that no adverse impacts happen in their value chain (The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive). A new carbon
pricing instrument like the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism is under development as an attempt to ensure a level playing field
for companies in the EU.

A way to address the mentioned topics together as Japanese companies with presence in the EU is to be or become member of theJapan Business Council in Europe. The JBCE’s activities include sharing knowledge and approaches, giving support, workshops andregular updates in cooperation with professionals in the relevant fields, and initiate outreach activities.

This presentation will explain about the legislative initiatives under development and their proposed timings of coming into force. It willshow how Japanese companies can prepare themselves, and explain the role of JBCE in these aspects. Teijin Limited supports theactivities of JBCE with active contribution in the working groups and in particular being vice chair of the CSR committee.

2-2C-2
Feasibility study of carbon circularity method based on carbon footprint analysis of Japanesepetrochemical products.

Hiroyuki Fujii

Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Japan
In the current industrial structure based on mass production and mass disposal, petrochemical products consume a large amount ofenergy in their manufacturing stage and emit a large amount of CO2 by incineration in the end of their life stage.

Therefore, to realize a carbon-neutral manufacturing process and value chain cycle for them, it is essential to establish a de-mass
production / de-mass disposal system based on the idea of efficient resource recycling and carbon circularity.

This time, we conducted a carbon footprint analysis of the entire supply chain of Japanese petrochemical products based on theindustrial production statistics of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and others.

As a result, the analysis confirms that GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission hotspots are obviously chemical products' manufacturing

stage and final wastes' treatment stage, and efficient recycling design is an effective way to reduce GHG emissions in these stages.
The result also provides some useful suggestions on how to do this in technological or economical viewpoints.

2-2C-340

BASF approaches to reach net-zero CO2 emissions of societies
Kent Yano1, Peter Saling2, Takeshi Irie1
1BASF Japan Ltd., Japan; 2BASF SE

The transition toward a climate-neutral future of societies is a fundamental challenge of the 21st century. Already by 2030, BASF

wants to reduce its own (Scope 1 and 2) greenhouse gas emissions worldwide by 25% (vs 2018). Despite the growth of our business
BASF is committed to have net zero CO2 emissions by 2050. Our new climate goals underscore BASF’s determination andcommitment to the Paris Climate Agreement.

Because PCFs of the same products from different companies can hardly be compared and to create a level playing field withharmonized guidelines for chemicals, BASF started developing a tool (SCOTT) and the underlying methodology, to calculate PCF forchemicals. The guideline is based on generic standards for life cycle assessment (ISO 14040 and ISO 14044), for Product Carbon
Footprints “PCF” (ISO 14067) and on the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. TÜV Rheinland has certified that BASF’s method to calculate
cradle-to-gate product carbon footprints is in line with these standards.

In this context, BASF supports the preparation of an international guideline for chemicals by “Together for Sustainability” (TfS).
Examples, where this guideline can be used as drop-in solution for other frameworks are the WBCSD or Catena-X

BASF is committed to economically efficient and ecologically effective global climate protection and supports the UN Sustainable

Development Goal "Climate Action". This can only be successfully achieved together, in dialogue with policy and society, as well as instrong partnerships for climate protection.

BASF has launched in addition a Supplier CO2 Management Program to engage its suppliers and create transparency on the PCFs of
its raw materials.

All these activities, guidelines and PCF calculations will create a high level of transparency to foster the reduction of PCF of products
resulting in net-zero emissions of companies.

Role of carbon neutrality and LCA efforts in the chemical industry

2-2C-4

Akio Konishi

Japan Chemical Industry Association, Japan
In recent years, various efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental loads toward carbon neutrality have

expanded rapidly. The scope for reducing environmental loads is internationally required to cover not only within a factory but also
the entire supply chain.

The chemical industry provides many kinds of chemical products to downstream industries. The chemical industry should act as asolution provider throughout the value chain. It is necessary to analyze and clarify the environmental load of chemical products and to
consider and implement the direction of efforts for reduction. It is required to understand the structure of the environmental loads,
then to work on the calculation and disclosure of LCA.

The Japanese chemical industry, led by Japan Chemical Industry Association (JCIA) and some chemical industry associations, hascollected data from each industry company, and calculated LCI as chemical industry average value based on collected data aboutsome basic materials.

Based on these studies, while considering consistency with international rules, JCIA has issued LCI calculation guidelines for chemicalmaterials, that is also available for Carbon Footprint Calculation at each chemical plant. That shall be useful not only chemical plantusers but also downstream users and bland owners to understand how to calculate LCI or CFP for chemical materials. In order tofurther disseminate and promote LCI as a chemical industry in the future, this LCI calculation guidelines includes the policy for

utilizing the evaluated industry average results, the method for updating the results, and the governance for utilizing the results within
the industry.

In this presentation, we will report the role of chemical industry toward carbon neutrality and the various efforts for LCA by chemicalindustry.

2-2D: Circular economy business (1)Challenges and opportunities for circular fashion in Japan: Outcomes from stakeholder
workshop

2-2D-1Masahiko Hirao1, Eri Amasawa1, Yoshihiro Mizuguchi2, Masatoshi Furukawa2, Taichi Sakumoto2, Nobuyoshi Miyasaka3,
Natsuki Aramoto3

1The University of Tokyo, Japan; 2JGC Holdings Corporation; 3Teijin Limited

41

Today, more clothes are manufactured than ever before, but the clothes are worn much less frequently. As a result, the fashionindustry is increasingly scrutinized for their impact on various sustainability problems such as land use, chemical pollution, labor’s

rights, textile waste management, and microfiber pollution. Despite the call for a change, fashion sustainability contains diverse issues
that the core problem and necessary actions are largely unclear. For instance, textile recycling technologies at commercial scale areavailable in Japan, but there is no scheme to efficiently collect the waste textiles. To identify and propose necessary measures forcircular fashion in Japan, we reviewed the role of textile waste in the current legislative framework in Japan, and organized a series ofworkshops involving stakeholders in fashion sector. Specifically, the workshops involved five stakeholders from textile and apparelindustry, one NPO, and one academic researcher in addition to the organizing committees. As a result of the workshops, we identified
numerous issues across the life cycle of clothing in Japan. Among the issues, the most critical was the lack of viable collection

scheme for textile waste. In Japan, textile waste is currently collected and managed differently by diverse agents, which is partly led

by the lack of recycling law for textiles. Based on the analysis of the workshop and the current legislative scheme for textile waste, we

generated policy recommendations on circular fashion in Japan. We also recognize that the fashion industry should play a leading rolein the development of circular fashion system, where we encourage them to actively engage in the discussions with the consumers,
the government, and the researchers.

Developing architecture for platform-based circular economy business: A case study ofcontainer reuse business

2-2D-2

Takamitsu Hirota1,2, Yusuke Kishita1, Masakuni Tsunezawa2, Kohei Sugiyama2, Kazuyuki Tasaka2, Yasushi Umeda1
1The University of Tokyo, Japan; 2KDDI Research, Inc., Japan

Platform-based businesses using digital technologies are becoming a trend toward achieving a circular economy (CE). However, there
is a key question need to be addressed: How should functions for the digital platform be derived to realize a target business? To
answer this question, this paper aims to develop an architecture that represents a target CE business, a digital platform, and therelationship between them. For this purpose, we applied Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) and proposed several

representation schemes to apply IIRA to platform-based CE businesses. A case study was conducted for a container reuse business.
Based on the results of an interview with a CE business provider, we described two scenarios by applying IIRA, i.e., (A) as-is scenario
where the current business model is assumed and (B) proposed scenario where additional digital technologies are introduced to

improve efficiency and consumers’ satisfaction. Results showed that the proposed IIRA-based architecture was effective to derive

functions for the digital platform to achieve the business. For example, we derived functions to improve the use process, including

automatic ordering and the notification of remaining amount in a container to increase consumers’ convenience. As such, using the
proposed architecture will increase the transparency and verifiability of deriving the functional requirements of the digital platform.

2-2D-3Circular design practices centered around civic participation: The case of Satsuma Future
Commons in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan

Ryota Kamio

Re:public, Inc., Japan
In the past decade, there has been a global paradigm shift towards designing a more circular economy on an institutional level. To
promote a more systemic, bottom-up approach, this paper investigates practical methods to better involve local residents in theprocess of building circular societies. The paper analyzes various practices and activities led by Satsuma Future Commons, a public

initiative to transform Satsumasendai City (Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan) into a circular innovation hub. We highlight the process andoutcomes of two workshops that brought together designers, researchers, and Satsumasendai residents to collectively participate incircular design methods. In the Creative Repair Workshop, they dissasbled the materials of existing commercial products, explored

new materials made from waste, identified other materials that can be recycled or reused, and prototyped new products made withmore sustainable materials. For the Creative Fermentation Workshop, they learnt and observed the biological process of the naturalenvironment (such as soil), gathered organisms directly from their local environment, used the organisms to ferment products, andobserved and documented the fermentation process. A reflection session followed to identify potential materials and skill sets
residents can utilize to practice a more "circular" lifestyle, along with an exhibition to present their products to Satsumasendai

residents at large. Ultimately, we coin and propose, Participatory Circular Design, an approach for circular transitions centeredaround: civic participation in policy making, community education, and discourse amongst various stakeholders. This paper explores a
new systemic model for implementing circular economic principles, and proposes methods, frameworks, and guidelines for other
cities and regions to adopt.

2-2D-442

Environmental effect estimation of mobile phone reuse businesses
Mitsutaka Matsumoto1, Hamakazu Awazu2, Junichi Tominaga2, Keijiro Masui1

1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); 2NewsedTech Inc.

As a result of increasing mobile phone usage, the burden to the environment is elevating with its massive pile of e-waste

accumulation. Reuse/refurbishment/ remanufacturing/repairing of mobile phones is an emerging business initiative that has great

potential to be expanded with the global trends and demand on sustainable society. The present study focuses on elucidating andestimating mobile phone reuse businesses' environmental load reduction effects. The study focused on the environmental load of

manufacturing stage in the life cycles of mobile phones. By simply formulating, the environmental load reduction effects of selling A

units of reuse mobile phones are calculated as A x B (e.g., kg-CO2 equivalent), where B (kg-CO2) is an average of environmental loadof manufacturing one unit of mobile phone. However, this formulation is too simple with oversimplified assumptions. The
environmental load reduction effects were formulated as follows:
A x B x b x (1-c) - A x C (kg-CO2),

where reuse increases the usage period of mobile phones by b (0 <= b <=1; e.g., if reuse increases the usage period by 50%, b=0.5),
and ratio of c (0<= c <=1) of reuse mobile phones has just an effect of increasing the number of mobile phones used in society, andC (kg-CO2 equivalent) is the environmental load of reusing (or refurbishing) one unit mobile phone. We conducted a web-based

survey with a structured questionnaire to estimate the value of b. We made investigations to set the values of c and C, and made aliterature survey to quantify B. Based on them, we made evaluation of the environmental load reduction effects of a company’s reuse
mobile phone business. We discuss the implication of the results and provide the guidelines to increase the environmental load
reduction effects and design the future business expansion of the reuse of mobile phones.

2-2D-5Perspectives of evaluating product-service systems with life cycle assessment – A case study
on power tool rental

Lars Gunnar Furelid Tellnes1,2, Anna-Lena Kjøniksen1

1Østfold University College, Norway; 2Technical University of Cartagena, Spain

The shift towards a sustainable society includes the need for companies to implement sustainable business models. One of the

proposed solutions is product-services systems (PSS) based on customers that are renting goods instead of buying. This concept isassumed to lower the environmental impacts and use of resources through reduced product manufacturing and waste. The objectiveof this study is to assess the potential of a rental company to achieve a sustainable business model through business model mapping
and life cycle assessment (LCA). The case company provides rental of tools for private do-it-yourself applications. The tools aremainly for refurbishment, cleaning, and gardening. The idea is that the customers can rent tools they only need a couple of days per
year, as well as devices they need as seldom as once or twice in a lifetime. The tools are made available through online booking andpick-up points.

Previous studies performed on similar cases found that the production of tools and transport from rental point to users are the mostimportant contributions to the carbon footprint. Most of these studies focused on only one product, and not the whole portfolio ofrental equipment offered. Accordingly, a parametrical LCA model was developed to make an assessment for the whole portfolio of
products offered by the company. The results of the LCA showed that a large share of the potential environmental effects from a

yearly operation perspective was limited to only a few of the products. From a single product perspective, the transport emissions areimportant for low weight products. For the heavy equipment where car transport is needed, the benefits of rental compared toownership was stronger. However, the assessment of the PSS is highly dependent on assumptions of user behaviour, and useroriented studies are therefore needed for a more accurate analysis.

2-2E: Footprints of household
Household carbon footprint inequality in Vietnam: An input-output analysis

2-2E-1

Duy Dang Van, Yasushi Kondo

Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University, Japan
Household consumption plays a significant role in the national carbon emission. Understanding carbon footprint (CF) distribution

among household groups is vital in designing effective policies that tackle climate change. Although small developing economies, suchas Vietnam, are contributing more and more to global carbon emissions, very few studies on household CF are available for suchcountries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to track down the CF of household groups at different income levels,
locations and types in Vietnam. We aim to answer the question of how much CF differs between household groups, and what factors
43can explain these differences. Employing information from Vietnam household survey to disaggregate the Vietnam household sector
in a global multi-regional input-output table, we found a very high inequality in carbon distribution by income, by region and by

occupation. The richest group generates about 8 times more carbon emission per capita than the poorest group. Urban households
have the CF per capita about 30% higher than rural households with the same income. Similar CF gap can be found between non-farm household and farm household. Further investigation, using multiple regression analysis, showed that the main determinants ofhousehold CF in Vietnam are household income, household size, number and type of vehicle, house size and house building material.

Regional carbon footprints of EU households in 2010 and 2015

2-2E-2

Jemyung Lee, Keiichiro Kanemoto

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan
Where carbon mitigation is no longer unavoidable, cities have become active players in decarbonization alongside countries’ decisiveacts. The carbon footprint (CF) has been a measure to identify the contribution of nations or cities to climate change. Recent interest
has grown in the unveiling drivers of CF to find practical reduction ways while current national climate pledges are insufficient tomeet Paris greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. A number of studies have identified the drivers of emission changes associatedwith consumption in countries. However, those studies focus on the national boundary and lack detail on the regional CF accounts

that reflect region-specific consumption patterns. We have calculated 547,292 households’ carbon footprints (CFs) across 83 NUTS1
regions in 27 EU nations from 2010 to 2015 and discovered what had driven those regions’ CF changes. This study decomposes EU
household carbon footprint by population density, income level, and CF level to identify the drivers of temporal emission changes in
NUTS 1 level regions. We show that disparities in carbon intensity and expenditure per capita primarily led to the regional CF

differences. For example, in Finland, decreases in carbon intensity (carbon emission per unit expenditure) mainly contributed todecarbonization, while in France, reduced consumption has done that. Within Finland, change in consumption volume has not affected
the CF change of the Åland (FI2) NUTS region (0.2% contribution), while it contributed 36% of carbon mitigation in the Manner-Suomi(FI1) NUTS region. Our results suggest CF mitigation policies need to reflect regionally specific situations such as affluent foodconsumption or demographic shift from rural to urban areas.

2-2E-3
Analyzing the differences in household carbon footprints across age generations in the US

Jiahuan Wang1, Yosuke Shigetomi1, Yuki Yamamoto1, Andrew Chapman2
1Nagasaki University, Japan; 2Kyushu University

To achieve the demand-side climate change mitigation sufficiently, the importance of reducing the household carbon footprint has

been argued in numerous studies. Besides, the drivers of household carbon footprint have been also investigated; income, region, andage. This study focuses on the US, which shows one of the largest household carbon footprints from the viewpoint of demographic

trends. The US is seen with the beginning of the trend of an aging society as well as a high immigration rate nation. We aim to clarify
the differences in consumption behaviors and the related carbon footprints across generations in the US and to argue the hotspotsof the footprint reduction regarding the future demographic trend.

The methodology is conducted by combining the multi-regional input-output model (EXIOBASE) and the US national household

budget survey. We quantified the household carbon footprints (direct and indirect CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions) for the seven age
groups of the household head in 2011 and estimated the footprints between 2018 and 2038 based on the demographic statistics.

The result shows the highest consumption expenditure per capita accounted for 37.3 thousand EURO, which was engendered by the
75 years and older households. On the other hand, the highest carbon footprint per capita was seen in the 55-64 years-old

households by 14.0 t-CO2eq, followed by the 45-54 years-old and 75 years and older households. When looking at the differences by
category, "transport, post, and telecommunications” contributed the most to the CF for all the households. The impact of thedemographic change on the total household carbon footprint was estimated to be 4510.3 Mt-CO2eq in 2038, which increased by
581.8 Mt-CO2eq compared to 2018.

We will demonstrate the more detailed results and discuss the policy implications at the conference.

The environmental footprints of Indonesian provinces

2-2E-4

Irlan Adiyatma Rum, Arnold Tukker, Arjan de Koning
CML, Leiden University, the Netherlands

The average Indonesian per capita environmental footprints are well below the world average. Within Indonesia, the per capita
environmental footprints can differ in the order of magnitude between provinces because the structure of production andconsumption differs substantially between the provinces. This paper calculates carbon and land-use footprint at the provincial level44

from consumption and production-based point of view using a global multi-scale MRIO for Indonesia with 34 provinces and 12

countries. Our results highlight the spatial heterogeneity of consumption-based carbon- and land footprints within the country with
provincial ranges varying widely from 1.98 tCO2eq/cap to 13.73 tCO2eq/cap, and from 0.08 ha/cap to 0.99 ha/cap in 2010. The
carbon footprint in Java islands itself is about half of the total Indonesian carbon footprint, both from the consumption andproduction point of view because 57.5% of the population of Indonesia lives on Java and 54.2% of GDP is created on Java. Comparedto Java, the provinces in Sumatra and Kalimantan have a 1.27-1.94 times higher land-use footprint from a production point of viewcaused by mining and estate crop production. On the other hand, Java has a higher land footprint from the consumption point ofview which shows that Java relies on Kalimantan and Sumatra for these products. Provinces in Java play a dominant domestic role
while countries in Asian Pacific play a dominant foreign role in both import and export-based footprints. Sectors such as utilities,
construction, and agriculture have a steeper gradient in per capita consumption-based emission relative to per capita GDP.

2-2E-5
Analysis of lifestyle carbon footprint reduction measures towards the 1.5º C target in Brasilia,
BrazilFrancisco Contreras1, Ana Paula Bortoleto2, Victor Silva2, Flora Lyn de Albuquerque Fujiwara1
1University of Brasilia (UnB), Brazil; 2The University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil

To achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction scope has greatly expanded to several areas ofresearch to understand better the different consumption domains associated with Lifestyles. Estimating the lifestyle carbon

footprints allows identifying low carbon options and quantifying scenarios for potential mitigation. In Brasilia, the Household Lifestyleis one of the major contributors to GHG emissions since food consumption, energy demand, and mobility constitute a large part of
the Carbon footprint by embodied emissions in the consumed goods, using services, and the associated food waste management.

Hence, we apply the Life Cycle Assessment framework to quantify GHG emissions associated with each domain by considering thebottom-up approach, using site-specific data and Ecoinvent database 3.6 Cut-off. The results provide the intensity of the domains interms of Food Consumption [kg CO2e/kg of food consumed], Electricity Production for Household Consumption [kg CO2e/kWh], andMobility [kg CO2e/km-passenger]. Food consumption leads to food waste generation accounting for approximately 60 percent ofmunicipal solid waste flow, with landfilling as the main disposal path without biogas treatment and recovery. At the same time,

Electricity production relies on a national grid dependent on hydropower generation with increasing fossil fuel-based thermoelectric
plants to cope with extended droughts. The assessment within the domains provides the opportunity to identify hotspots andpotential reduction by implementing Low Carbon options. Based on the General Ecological Behavior scale proposed by Kaiser (1998),

the results of a questionnaire survey in São Paulo are applied to infer the degree of difficulty of people in adopting low-carbon habits
while providing additional information about the limitations of the potential reduction of the proposed options. The study was fundedby Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal - FAP/DF (Scientific Support Foundation of Federal District - Brazil).

2-2F: Acceleration of sustainability management: Data
2-2F-1
Design and development of data platform to accelerate regional system planning based onprospective LCA

Yuichiro Kanematsu, Shoma Fujii, Yasunori Kikuchi
The University of Tokyo

The installation of technologies such as renewable energy and waste valorization into the regions is important to achieve carbon

neutrality and a circular economy. Such plans need to be designed prospectively, based on life cycle assessment (LCA) considering

many combinations of emerging technologies. Its implementation has been time-consuming and labor-intensive to collect various dataon the region, technology and society, and to analyze future changes and uncertainties.

In this study, we conceptually designed a data platform to accelerate regional system planning based on prospective LCA, and somecomponents of this platform were developed. To define the requirements of the platform, two models were developed; an “activity
model” representing the flow of work and information in the planning process, and a “data model” representing the required data

items and linkages. In addition, through workshops with technology developers, consultants and municipal officials, the challenges andbarriers in regional system planning were clarified. Through these works, the required functions of the tools to support the four tasks,
supply-demand analysis, alternatives generation, simulation and evaluation, for the implementation of regional system planning andthe structure of the database were clarified.

For the supply-demand analysis tool, a web application was developed to visualize the potential and installation records for renewableenergy by municipality, which had been published from separate organizations. In addition, a tool was developed that can estimate theannual energy demand structure on a municipal basis. For alternative generation, a database of candidate technologies and a45

matching function with local resources are being developed. For simulation and evaluation, individual simulators, which can generateinventory data for LCA, have been developed for several emerging technologies for renewable energy. These will be linked together inthe future to enable complex system analysis.

2-2F-2Integrating crop data, land use statistics, and a resolved multi-regional input-output table tofully regionalize ecoinvent

Sidi Peng, Stephan Pfister
ETH Zurich, Switzerland

A fully-regionalized life cycle assessment (LCA) can provide more accurate results for decision-makers. Well-established regionalized
characterization factors (CFs) are often not applicable on the background system due to the extremely limited regionalization of life
cycle inventory (LCI) databases. Therefore, this study developed a workflow to regionalize the full ecoinvent LCI database, andenhance the crop datasets using cutting-edge inventory models and the latest data (crop data, land use statistics, precipitations, etc.).
In a first step, the inventories for water consumption and land use of 16 major crop production have been regionalized for all

countries. A land use change imbalance issue in the land transformation part of ecoinvent 3.7.1 was discovered and solved. Then, aresolved multi-regional input-output table (RMRIO) with 163 sectors and 187 countries was integrated to regionalize the supply

chains of all activities. Based on the matching between ISIC classifications in datasets and industries in RMRIO, the interregional
industry flows from RMRIO were approximated as the country-specific consumption mixes.

The resulting regionalized version of ecoinvent shows better data consistency and accuracy. It is at country-level resolution for eachactivity, which allows wide regional impacts calculation and precise contributor analysis. We show that most of the impacts caused bycrop production happen locally due to domestic irrigation, land occupation, and transformation. The database also allows regionalized
LCIA, which can change the regional impacts significantly. For example, the land use impact caused by wheat production in Russia

decreases remarkably after the application of regional CFs compared to global CFs, due to the relatively low biodiversity impact ofland use in Russia.

The detailed analysis of crops shows the capability of the regionalized ecoinvent, which has a technosphere matrix size of 1′410′347
× 1′410′347. This matrix needs to be solved using iterative methods due to memory constraints.

Data foundation for carbon accounting and decarbonization

2-2F-3Hannes Partl, Martin Baitz
Sphera, Germany

While the determination of Scope 1 and 2 emissions are nowadays considered a very basic and standard procedure, thequantification of emissions throughout the value chain (Scope 3) is still a considerable challenge for most companies, despite theexistence of excellent guidance such as the GHG Protocol Scope 3 Standard.

Procurement systems often capture purchase volumes in financial terms and without physical attributes (weight, size, number ofpieces etc.). And even if there are physical attributes available for at least some of the purchased goods and services, organizations
often have no access to reliable emission factors to calculate climate impact of these purchases (representing the entire upstream
value chain of an organization) and often even several different production routes and technologies for the same product exist.

The easy fix to this is to simply use the purchasing volumes in monetary terms and combine these with so-called environmentallyextended input-output (EEIO) tables and models. Particularly for Category 1 ‘Purchased Goods and Services’ (defined as ‘Emissions
from all purchased goods and services not otherwise included in the other categories of upstream Scope 3 emissions’ by the GHG
Protocol), many are using this approach.

There are several ‘uncertainties’ associated with this approach, such as time (date of data), price variability, precision (specific typesof material rather than ‘industry sector’) and unknown supply technology all contributing to uncertainty ranges in the order ofmagnitudes. This type of approach may be suitable for a first, very rough, screening, and for a rough estimation of Scope 3

categories that are not relevant for a particular organization, but not a foundation to reduce carbon emissions and track these
reductions.

The need for and sources of data and methods to develop carbon reduction strategies comprising value chain emissions via a
suitable approach are presented and discussed.

Development of a common system to map the elementary flows (EF) lists from major LCA
databases

Selim Karkour1, Carl Vadenbo2, Antonio Valente3, Simone Fazio2, Ashley Edelen4, Thomas Sonderegger2, Koichi
146

2-2F-4

Shobatake

1TCO2 Co.,Ltd; 2ecoinvent Association; 3European Commission, JRC; 4Eastern Research Group (ERG)

The Global LCA Data Access (GLAD) network is an open platform that aims at providing datasets for life cycle assessment (LCA)

from data providers worldwide. The aim of the GLAD Working Group on Nomenclature (WG1) was to develop a common system tomap the elementary flows (EF) lists belonging to major nomenclature systems connected to GLAD:

the U.S. Federal LCA Commons, the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) of the European Commission, theInventory Database for Environmental Analysis (IDEA) of Japan, and the ecoinvent database.

Three aspects were prioritized: collecting the information necessary for establishing and running a semi-automatic procedure (using amapping script), setting up the criteria for the review of its output, and documenting those criteria. The inputs of the script wereclassified as follows based on the EFs: “flowables” related to the name of the EF (e.g., carbon dioxide) and “context”, theenvironmental sub-/compartment related to the EF (e.g., emission to air). These inputs for the mapping script were compared for thesource-target list combinations in both directions (=12 mapping files).

The matching rates between the different lists were found to be around 20% for some combinations while above 95% for someothers, with seven combinations showing a matching rate above 50%. It was determined that the number of unique “flowables” of thetarget list generally drives the ability to cover the source flowlist.

Overall, it can be observed that in the current state, the mappings between the different lists are not always perfect. In this regard,

more efforts might be focused on the harmonization of nomenclature systems. This project paved the way in this direction, providing
the base to identify the most suitable EFs for a centralized nomenclature system. Another output of this project is an LCI dataset
format converter available open access on GitHub.

Directing practices for technology developments with the aid of deductive LCA

2-2F-5

Hajime Ohno, Yasuhiro Fukushima
Tohoku University, Japan

Lifecycle thinking and analysis are recognized and encouraged in the current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction-oriented
society. Recently, estimating emission reduction potential is often required even in the early stage of technology development

projects. Therefore, LCA is not an activity attempted at the final stage of a project anymore. Rather than that, LCA researchers are

sometimes expected to take a role as a conductor of the project. Due to the data intensity and high uncertainty in LCA, completing allassessments at the early stage of development tends to be hard, particularly for evaluating new technologies and processes. The

most significant barrier for LCA for such progressive developments is the lack of process inventories for uncommon substances andmaterials. Missing inventories can somehow be filled by an artificial neural network-based model (e.g., FineChem) and proxy methods.
However, such methods may introduce uncertainty to the evaluation. In addition, process parameters such as yield and energy

consumption would change in the course of the development. Furthermore, the energy-related GHG emission inventory also changes
with social conditions. There is no time to wait to determine such fluctuating parameters for a project conductor. Contrary, bycomparing the emissions from predetermined factors and a target emission, the difference is obtained as an emission margin for

undetermined factors in the deductive LCA approach. Acceptable ranges of undecided parameters and inventories are deductively

figured out by break-even analysis based on the margin. The obtained ranges provide concrete directions to technology developersthat enhance the developments. This study introduces the practical examples of the deductive LCA and the break-even analysis forencouraging LCA researchers to be conductors of technology developments.

2-3A: Supply risk
GeoPolRisk: Current developments and future mainstreaming opportunities of a life cycle
impact assessment method for the supply risk of abiotic resources

2-3A-1

Guido Sonnemann1, Jair Santillan Saldivar2, Anish Koyamparambath1, Steven Young3
1University of Bordeaux; 2CEA; 3University of Waterloo

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) focuses on systematically quantifying impact indicators of a product system that relates to the threemain Areas of Protection (AoP): human health, ecosystem health, and natural resources. As a complement to environmental LCA, theconcept of criticality has been introduced to assess accessibility to raw materials in relation to the AoP Natural Resources. The
genesis of the GeoPolRisk method is based on the integration of criticality considerations in LCA, making it recognized as asuggested midpoint indicator method by the Task Force on mineral resources of the Life Cycle Initiative hosted by UN Environment(UNEP) for quantifying “the relative potential accessibility issues to certain raw materials for a product system related to short-term

47

geopolitical and socioeconomic aspects”. Over the past few years, multiple opportunities for improvement in the methodologicaldevelopment and application of the GeoPolRisk method have been identified and addressed. Among these, the most recent ones
relate to the extension of the indicator from a midpoint to an endpoint assessment method and the definition of an improved

integrated characterization model for the use of geopolitical supply risk to calculate impacts in the AoP Natural Resources for abiotic
resources. Most recently, a webbased tool has been developped to generate a wide matrix of GeoPolRisk characterisaiton factors
tailored to different countries, years and abitoic resources, including now also fossil fuels. This contribution aims to explore andsummarize the developments based of the GeoPolRisk method and to discuss future application opportunities.

Investigation of fire accident caused by lithium-ion batteries in the disposal process andevaluation of countermeasures

2-3A-2Atsushi Terazono1, Hiroyuki Akiyama2, Toru Hagiwara2, Hiromitsu Tomozawa2, Masahiro Oguchi1, Jo Nakayama3

1National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan; 2Mizuho Research & Technologies, Ltd.; 3Yokohama National University

In recent years, fires and other accidents involving lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are believed to be the cause of ignition, havebeen increasing at municipal waste disposal facilities and recycling facilities for small home appliances. In Japan, small secondary
batteries including LIBs are subject to voluntary collection based on the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources.

However, the voluntary collection is not fully functional due to an increase in consumption and disposal of small home appliances,mobile batteries, and electronic cigarettes containing LIBs, as well as many products that are difficult to remove, and the difficulty inunderstanding disposal methods. With the development of the information and communication environment and the spread ofelectrical and electronic products, it is certain that the consumption and disposal of LIBs will continue to increase, and there is anurgent need for measures to prevent fires and other accidents related to LIBs in the circulation and disposal process.

The purpose of this study is to provide basic information on the current status of fires, etc. at municipal non-combustible waste

treatment facilities (including similar bulky waste treatment facilities) and preventive measures. For this purpose, an interview surveyof municipalities and thermo-camera monitoring at non-combustible waste disposal facilities were conducted. In addition, in one
municipality, the status of LIB contamination in noncombustible waste and small home appliances was investigated. Finally, as

measures to prevent accidents such as fires caused by LIBs in the disposal of noncombustible waste, we took up sorting measuresand pre-sorting to prevent LIB contamination, and attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures.

2-3A-3
AIST-MeRAM: A free tool embedded with toxicity test data and risk estimation methodologies
for ecological risk assessment of chemical substances

Bin-Le Lin1, Yaobin Meng2, Wataru Naito1, Masashi Kamo1

1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan; 2Beijing Normal University, China

Ecological risk assessment (ERA) of chemicals is complicated because it requires enormous time/labor in collection and assessmentof the hazard data and a high level of expertise in interpreting the risk. AIST-MeRAM is a free user-friendly software for ecologicalrisk assessment and management of chemical substances. By installing AIST-MeRAM Ver 2.0 (Standalone Version) on your computeror click to the Web version of AIST-MeRAM Ver 3.0 (scheduled to be released at summer 2022), you can perform assessment with
only a few mouse clicks – ranging from Hazard Quotient risk assessment to high level risk assessment using species sensitivity

distribution and population-level effect models. AIST-MeRAM contains not only these assessment models, but also toxicity test dataon approximately 3900 substances and the emission factors of chemicals under CSCL (Chemical Substances Control Law of Japan).
You can thus use the tool even if you don’t have data at hand or expertise in ecological risk assessment and statistical analysis. In

addition, AIST-MeRAM can automatically determine uncertainty factors (UF) according to multiple regulatory rules and can conduct
the risk assessment under the scheme of CSCL (Chemical Substances Control Law in Japan), serves as a model for demonstrating
Japanese-style regulatory chemical management.

Considering synthesis of chemicals in chemical alternative assessment

2-3A-4

Zih-Ee Lin1, Mengshan Lee2, Pei-Te Chiueh1

1National Taiwan University, Taiwan; 2National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Chemical alternatives assessment (CAA) identifies toxic and concerned chemical substances and suggests safer alternatives.

However, hazard assessment of chemicals usually addresses the human exposure risk in the use stage of products. In order toinclude the synthesis of chemicals in hazardous chemical management, this study aims to provide a framework for CAA with a life
cycle assessment (LCA) approach.

48

Formaldehyde, in the formalin solution and used as a specimen preservative, was the target chemical in the case study. Informationon the potential alternatives, including Formalternate, Wardsafe and Streck Tissue Fixative, were collected from the report releasedby the Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI), US. Preliminary results showed that the synthesis of potential alternatives could havehigher environmental impacts than the target chemicals. Detailed analysis is being conducted to consider the functional unit and thesubstitution factors of formaldehyde and its alternatives.

It is suggested that the potential alternatives should be selected based on the hazard assessment of chemicals in the use stage. ThenLCA can be applied to recognize the environmental impacts of chemical synthesis and contribute to improving green chemistry andgreen production. Therefore, we expect that introducing LCA into CAA will optimize hazardous chemical management by providing
holistic information of chemical impacts and avoiding unexpected environmental risks.

Metals industry’s involvement with the SDGs in their SDG reporting

2-3A-5

Hiroki Hatayama

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
Growing public interest in environmental, social, and governance issues requires all organizations to address the United Nations

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Because the metals industry has been less likely to report engagement with the SDGs thanother sectors, exploring its relationship with the SDGs is essential in accelerating its engagement with these goals. This study

examines the relationship between the metals industry and the SDGs by analyzing reports of 61 metal companies. The analysis

adopts the number of activities associated with SDGs as a proxy indicator in measuring the intensity of association between thecompany and 17 SDGs. The results show that the metals industry places most focus on SDGs 8, 3, and 12, but its activities are lessassociated with SDGs 14, 2, and 1 on the whole. Furthermore, this relationship with the SDGs shows different trends among metal

producers: the steel industry places great weight on SDG 12 and less on SDGs 1 and 2, whereas the copper industry recognizes therelevance to SDGs 1 and 2. This is attributed to the different positions of the production companies in the supply chain because
current SDG reporting seems to be strongly affected by the circumstances and stakeholders they face directly. For further

commitment to the SDGs, these findings recommend that metal producers consider the values and benefits that the metals provide
throughout the value chain.

2-3B: [OS] Carbon neutrality and avoided emission (2)2-3B-1

Carbon Neutrality using ISO 14068

Ian Byrne

Ian Byrne Energy & Carbon Consultancy Services, the United Kingdom

2-3B-2

Avoided emission of IEC/WD 63372

Takako Hiruta

Schneider Electric Japan Holdings Ltd., Japan

2-3B-3

Discussion for ISO14064-1 and ISO/TS14069

Romain Poivet
ADEME, France

2-3B-4
Beyond Value Chain Mitigation and Its Role in Achieving the Science-based Emission Reduction
Targets

Dedy Mahardika
CDP, Indonesia

2-3B-5The new Net Zero Guidelines in ISO IWA42

Ian Byrne

49Ian Byrne Energy & Carbon Consultancy Services, the United Kingdom

2-3C: [OS] Development of corporate value and organization well-being[Keynote talk] Roadmapping for strategic alignment

2-3C-1

Robert Phaal

University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Roadmaps are structured visual diagrams that support strategic understanding, communication and planning. The flexible andintegrative nature of roadmaps can help to address the significant strategic challenges facing humanity in the 21st century, such asenvironmental and social sustainability. However, although roadmapping has been established industrial practice in technology-

intensive sectors for more than 50 years, the method is not generally included in standard business and management education andresearch, limiting its potential impact for addressing these challenges.

The roadmapping method emerged in the 1960s in US high-tech sectors such as aerospace and semiconductors, to support

strategic alignment of technology within the context of complex engineered systems. Since then, the approach has been adopted(and adapted) by many organisations around the world, in many sectors and at all levels, ranging from components of complex
systems to new ventures, corporations, sectors, nations and international collaborations.

The first sector-level application of roadmapping was in the semiconductor industry, with the first International Technology Roadmap
for Semiconductors (ITRS) published in the early 1990s. This industrial collaboration created an industry standard for planning andinvestment, contributing directly to the rapid development of digital electronics, devices and systems. While most company levelroadmaps tend to be very confidential, and not shared widely, the reverse is true for sector level roadmaps, which are used tocoordinate activity on a much broader basis. Thus, roadmapping has contributed to the foresight toolbox, used by governments,
corporations and other organisations to support long-term strategic planning.

This presentation will provide an overview of roadmapping, including its evolution and application in business, government and otherorganisations. It’s role in the foresight toolbox will be elaborated, including relationship to other methods, such as scenario planning.
The key features that enable to the method to contribute to environmental and social sustainability will be emphasised.

[Invited talk] How foresight activity contribute LCA and better future development

2-3C-2

Kuniko Urashima
NISTEP, Japan

When the government makes policy decisions, it is desirable to collect opinions and ideas from as many people as possible and guidethe optimal strategy. However, scientifically creating the future is a difficult task. Foresight to create the future is a method adopted

by many government agencies because it is an evidence-based instrument that includes qualitative and quantitative elements such as
expert panels, hearings, scenario creation, and Delphi research. National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP) has

been carried out “Foresight survey”that has been conducting every five years since 1971 in Japan and the purpose of this survey isfor contributing National S&T strategy as S&T basic plan development. However, due to changes in national economic conditions andsocial conditions, survey methods have become diversified. The 11th Foresight survey purpose of this study is to provide basic

information that contributes to the consideration in science and technology innovation policies and strategies, including the 6th

Science and Technology Basic Plan. The prospective period is about 30 years until 2050, and the target year is 2040. First, the trends
and signs of change in science and technology and society were obtained, and then the future image of society (the desired future
image) and the future image of science and technology (the medium- and long-term perspective of science and technology

development) were separately examined. Finally, these trends and images were integrated in order to examine the future images ofsociety through the development of science and technology. In examining the future image of society, 50 future images wereextracted. For examination of the future image of science and technology, 702 science and technology topics were selected, and theexpert questionnaire surveys were conducted regarding importance, international competitiveness, and prospects for implementationof the topics.

[Invited talk] Organizational futures literacy in a well-being economy era

2-3C-3

Kunio Shirahada

Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Companies are shifting their objectives and purposes from an emphasis on economic value to a contribution to the formation ofmultidimensional well-being that includes positive impacts on society, the environment, and individual lives. In this so-called “well-being
50

economy” (Fioramonti et al., 2022), it is important for actors in both profit- and non-profit-oriented organizations to form an attitude

to think about their own products and services while considering well-being from a collective perspective with a future time axis, andto take actions in a collaborative manner to realize their ideal value propositions. This indicates the need to renew the concept of“futures literacy” proposed by UNESCO in 2012 indicating the basic ability to imagine the future and review one's own behavior byusing that imagined future, from the perspective of organization and well-being. In this talk, I will propose the concept oforganizational futures literacy and discuss its potential for creating corporate value in the age of well-being economy based on theperspectives of well-being-oriented service research (Transformative Service Research), knowledge management study in a social
context, and roadmapping study focusing on well-being that I have been engaged in.

Fioramonti, L., Coscieme, L., Costanza, R., Kubiszewski, I., Trebeck, K., Wallis, S., Roberts, D., et al. (2022), “Wellbeing economy: An
effective paradigm to mainstream post-growth policies?”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 192, p. 107261.

2-3C-4
Collaborative research of the University of Tokyo and NTT -A case analysis to identify the
subjects on the supporting technologies for strategy planning

Minako Hara1, Machiko Shinozuka1, Masahiro Sotoma1, Xiaoxi Zhang1, Midori Kawada1, Yusuke Kishita2
1Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Japan; 2The University of Tokyo

The University of Tokyo and NTT have been collaboratively researching scenario planning methodology aiming to unbiasedly support
corporate strategy planning related to environmental and social sustainability. For the first step, we held in-person and digital

workshops intended to find current problems in the practical scenario planning procedure. After personal life planning was selected
as a case study, a roadmap with three layers including targets, life events, and social circumstances was used for the workshops.

Although the planned scenarios covered targets and life events, social circumstances were not sufficiently covered due to the theme

being about personal issues. To apply this procedure to corporate strategy planning, additional layers with diverse expressions would
be needed to consider complexed relations from several perspectives such as time series or uncertainties. The planned scenarios

also had limited branch numbers due to the time limit as well as the limits of the participants’ imagination. The results indicated theuse of computing could be one option to overcome these limitations as well as avoiding biases in the scenario planning procedure.

2-3D: Circular economy business (2)CO2 reduction potential of car sharing services considering used car market

2-3D-1

Daisuke Yoshizawa1, Yuya Nakamoto2, Shigemi Kagawa1
1Kyushu University, Japan; 2Oita University, JapanIn September 2020, the Japanese government has declared the goal of achieving a carbon-neutral, decarbonized society by 2050.
Looking at CO2 emissions by sector in Japan in 2020, the transportation sector accounts for 18.6% of the total emissions. Morespecifically, passenger cars account for 45.9% of the total emissions from the transportation sector. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce
CO2 emissions from passenger cars in order to achieve the carbon neutrality by 2050. Among the expected evolution of passenger
cars in the future, car sharing service is a method that will most significantly change the way we use cars. It is important tounderstand the effect of expanding car sharing services on the overall CO2 emissions of passenger cars. This study develops a newframework for analyzing the life-cycle CO2 emissions of passenger cars associated with expanding car sharing services in a country.
Based on the analysis framework, we quantify CO2 reduction potential of expanding car sharing services in the society through a

comparison between the baseline scenario where no car sharing service exists in the society and the counterfactual scenario where
the number of car-sharing users increases at a certain rate during the study period between 2009 and 2018. We assume that thepercentage of owners choosing car-sharing services would gradually increase during the study period, reaching ρ% in the final year

(i.e., 2018). A comparison between the baseline and counterfactual scenarios shows that the ρ=10% increase in car-sharing services
would have led to a decrease of 6 million t-CO2-eq. during the study period, accounting for 3% of the CO2 emissions from Japan’stransportation sector. This study finally presents an effective CO2 mitigation policy through improving car sharing services.

The impact of consensus building on sustainability in eco-friendly supply chains

2-3D-2Jundai Koketsu, Aya Ishigaki

Tokyo University of Science, Japan
In recent years, stricter regulations and growing environmental awareness have required an eco-friendly supply chain. Closed-loop
supply chains, recycle/reuse technologies, and various other eco-friendly factors have attracted attention as important research51

areas, and a large number of studies have been conducted. On the other hand, to achieve an eco-friendly supply chain

implementation, it is necessary to share the benefits and burdens among the players in the supply chain. However, today's supply

chains require various elements such as globalization, social responsibility, and reverse logistics. Under such complex and uncertain
conditions, it is difficult for all players to agree. Unfair supply chains may be constructed according to the power relations amongplayers. This unfair situation creates problems for the sustainability of the supply chain. For example, it is a situation in which abusiness that generates a high environmental impact is imposed on other players. The burden of reducing environmental impact isconcentrated, but the benefits are not. As a result, there is no progress in the development of technologies to reduce environmental
impact, and sustainable supply chains are not realized. We believe that building a supply chain that is fair and satisfactory to allplayers is necessary to improve sustainability.

This study investigates the sustainability impact of consensus building among players in an eco-friendly supply chain and shows thata negotiated fair consensus can enhance the sustainability of the supply chain.

2-3D-3

Survival of the fittest or the most efficient?

Marlene Preiss, Christian Haubach, Mario Schmidt
Pforzheim University, Germany

Fifty years ago, the Club of Rome commissioned a study known as “The Limits of Growth” which analyzed the impact of the growing

population and economy on the environment. The study concluded that a persistently growing consumption of energy and materials

will exceed the plantar boundaries and irreparably harm the environment. As a consequence, the decoupling of economic growth andresource consumption became a declared common objective.

A strategy to achieve this objective is the more efficient utilization of energy and raw materials. For manufacturing companies, animproved resource efficiency is economically advantageous. In addition, it also has a positive impact on the environment and theprogressing climate change, provided that rebound effects are not considered. So, for many years’ companies have been working
steadily to make their production processes more resource efficient e.g., through technical improvements, reduced inventory or

recycling of production wastes. The European Green Deal also pursues the transition to a modern, resource efficient and competitive
economy.

In evolution, however, survival and persistence are attributed to the fittest. Lately the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that the pursuit ofefficiency and, e.g., the associated reduction of inventory, make companies vulnerable as soon as supply chains start to falter. That

circumstance has put the concept of resilience on the map. Rising the question if being efficient really is the right way for companies

to sustain, or whether they will increasingly have to combine it with being flexible and resilient in the future. Manufacturing companies
from the German state of Baden-Württemberg are innovative, export-driven and an important pillar of the economy while also being
part of a highly branched worldwide supply chain depending on the import of materials and components. Insights based on caseexamples and interviews from some of these companies are used to shed light on the risen questions.

Evaluation of energy reduction by the adoption of distributed recycling system using
microwave: Obsolete alkaline batteries in Japan as a case study

2-3D-4

Keita Kozaki, Shoki Kosai, Shunsuke Kashiwakura, Eiji Yamasue
Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Today, rapid population and economic growth have led to the mass production and consumption of a wide variety of products. This
type of production and consumption produces a large amount of waste. Hence, it is important to develop an efficient recycling
system for a recycling-oriented society.

A centralized recycling system is a present recycling approach. Many studies have stated that the high energy consumption in thecollection and transportation process is a major problem of the centralized recycling. Although the distributed recycling system has
been proposed as a solution to address this problem, its effectiveness in terms of energy reduction has yet to be fully analyzed.

Thus, considering a distributed recycling system in which multiple small-scale treatment facilities are distributed and employed tocomplete the final treatment of waste generated in each region, we applied this concept to the recycling of alkaline batteries in Japanas a case study using microwave furnace. Microwave furnace is considered to be an appropriate technology for the distributed

recycling system from the perspective of miniaturization and adaptability. The energy reduction obtained through the transition ofrecycling system from centralization and distribution in the transport and heating process is evaluated under some scenarios.

It was found that the larger energy reduction obtained by the implementation of distributed recycling system can be achieved in themunicipalities with greater distance from final treatment facilities and larger populations. 86,000 GJ of energy reduction at maximum
could be expected in Japan as a national scale when adopting distributed recycling system in all 1,700 municipalities.

Although the effectiveness of distributed recycling system in each municipality varies depending on transportation means in eachscenario, it was confirmed at least under the national scale.

52

2-3E: Consequences of consumption
2-3E-1
Agent-based modeling of consumer behavior and product circulation for ex-ante assessment ofemerging circular economy strategies

Ryu Koide1,2,3, Shinsuke Murakami2, Haruhisa Yamamoto2, Keisuke Nansai1

1National Institute for Environmental Studies; 2The University of Tokyo; 3Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

Introducing circular economy strategies into consumer durables, such as refurbish, repair, leasing, and sharing, are expected tocontribute to sustainability. However, its environmental and resource consequences may require a more rigorous ex-ante assessment
due to expected changes in consumer behaviors and potential rebound effects. To date, various assessment methodologies havebeen developed including life cycle assessment, material flow analysis, and discrete event simulation; however, none of them canreflect dynamic changes in consumer behavior and its heterogeneity, which are critical parameters in the circular economy transition.
In this study, a novel agent-based simulation model of consumer behavior and product circulation in the circular economy transition
has been developed. The simulation tool can reflect various elements of consumer behavior and product circulation, including

product-service choice, parts-level failure, obsolescence, repair choice, dead-storage, product discharge choice, preparation forreuse, refurbish, upgrade, leasing, and renting. As each consumer and product are both modeled as an agent, their interactions suchas through learning of product-service availability, social utility, and cascaded use of products and their heterogeneity andsegmentation can be modeled. The model was designed to be calibrated with empirical data such as questionnaire surveys, choice-based conjoint analysis, and public statistical data. By incorporating the life cycle inventory data and impact assessment methods, it
can be used to quantify life cycle environmental impacts, resource consumption, and circularity indicators. In this presentation, theproposed structure of the model and case studies with home appliances will be introduced. A preliminary result of the simulation

demonstrated its ability to assess the comparison and integration of multiple circular economy strategies, such as leasing refurbishedproducts or repairing reused products. The proposed methodology is useful for circularity assessment of various product circulation
strategies and contributes to the development of policies and business models for the circular economy transition.

Consumption value of second hand products: Using transaction data from the online flea
market platform

2-3E-2

Dami Moon1, Kiyo Kuris1, Kiyotaka Tahara2

1The University of Tokyo, Japan; 2National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

This study examines the consumption value of secondhand products using transactional information on the online flea market

platforms (online marketplaces) and discusses the possibility of extending the utilization of the secondhand product toward achieving
sustainable consumer behavior. Recently, as the online marketplaces through the consumer-to-consumer transaction system havespread, various types of secondhand products are being traded by consumers. Among them, it was found that there are quite a few

cases where consumers trade the products with poor functionality and appearances. Here, this study analyzes the consumption valueof secondhand products by focusing on the status of the product condition traded on the online marketplaces. As a method, first,

target products were selected from various products used in daily life, and classified according to the characteristics of the productacquisition mode, such as purchasing new or secondhand products and using sharing. And, the grade of the product condition was
divided into six stages according to the Marketplace guidelines. Moreover, transaction volume, price, and the demand situation tocheck the transaction status by grade of the product condition were analyzed and compared by product classifications. As a result,

this study was demonstrated that the product condition perceived by consumers as an available product might differ depending on

the product classification. Besides, it was identified that the product condition could be considered not only from the physical aspectof the product but also from the social aspect related to the reality of the function, which can be an essential factor in understanding
the consumption value. Additional analysis to secure consumer acceptance to expand the utilization of secondhand products will beneeded as a future task. This presentation is the result of Value Exchange Engineering research conducted in collaboration between
Mercari and RIISE.

2-3E-3
Method for assessing the environmental impact of daily food consumption habits: Study on the
consumption of land-based protein sources in Japan

Helen Stewart, Takashi Furutani, Masaki Hisada

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Japan

53

The systems currently supporting global food consumption are responsible for the degradation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,
depletion of fresh water resources and contribute an estimated 34% to global greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this, the impact offood on the environment across its life cycle is frequently ignored in climate change mitigation strategies. In particular, animal

products, including meat, dairy and eggs, use 83% of the world’s farmland despite providing only 37% of protein requirements.

Protein sources are hence an important point of focus when formulating climate change mitigation strategies. This study proposes anovel method of estimating daily food consumption quantities and subsequent environmental impacts. This method uses productnames, revenue, and sales numbers derived from supermarket point-of-sale (POS) data to estimate daily food consumption masses.
Life cycle assessment meta-analysis coefficients for significant food categories are used to estimate environmental impacts underfive indicators: greenhouse gas emissions, fresh water withdrawals, land use, eutrophication and acidification. Trends in daily

consumption patterns of land-based protein sources are compared from 2012 to 2022, using a national-level POS data set coveringsupermarkets across Japan. Consumption trends for beef, lamb, pork, chicken, tofu and soy meat products, their associatedenvironmental impacts, and consequences for future climate change mitigation strategies are discussed.

Holistic sustainability evaluation framework cognizant of demographics and behaviour

2-3E-4

Andrew Chapman, Tomoaki Nakaishi
Kyushu University, Japan

This research seeks to establish a sustainability evaluation framework which incorporates the three aspects of the environment,
economy and society, cognizant of human behavior and demographics which impact our preferences toward economic,

environmental and social issues and policies. Building on previous efforts to quantitatively evaluate social equity and thus to provide
the third pillar of sustainability evaluations, this research incorporates stakeholder preferences to determine an appropriate

evaluation framework cognizant of societal needs and behavior. Behavior here is represented by people's (household) consumption

and resultant environmental loads, determined via input-output analysis, leveraging national survey data. Further, by utilizing machinelearning approaches to evaluate and cluster stakeholder preferences and behavior based on demographic factors and time-series

survey data, estimations of future environmental loads and policy needs can be extracted and proactively applied. The advantage ofthis holistic sustainability evaluation framework is its ability to compare future scenarios quantitatively, and to identify hotspots in
consumption and expressed preferences toward environmentally proactive behavior to identify policy levers to achieve a fairtransition toward carbon neutrality.

A scenario analysis for exploring the potential for achieving carbon neutrality in Japan’s
household sector

2-3E-5

Yida Jiang1, Kiyomi Shirakawa2, Tomohiko Ihara1
1The University of Tokyo; 2Rissho University

In 2020, the government of Japan pledged to achieve complete carbon neutrality by 2050. Meanwhile, in order to achieve this goal, in
addition to carbon sequestration, it is regarded as essential that the current effort to reduce carbon emissions should be maintainedor enhanced. With the overall emissions resulting from household consumption being estimated to account for over 70% of societal

emissions, carbon mitigation by the household sector is expected to play an important role in the pathways toward carbon neutrality.
To explore the potential for carbon mitigation within the household sector, the trend in household carbon footprint, lifestyle changes
in accordance with carbon neutrality goals, the adoption of technological innovations, and the evolvement of socioeconomic
conditions, etc. need to be considered, whereas no existing study has covered all these aspects.

To address the abovementioned research gaps, in this study, based on the time-series forecasts of household carbon footprint, ascenario analysis is conducted from the perspective of household consumption to explore the potential for achieving carbon

neutrality in Japan toward 2050, while accounting for probable changes in household socioeconomic and demographic attributes,
improvements in energy efficiency enabled by innovative technologies, and consumption behavior changes. Various scenarios –ranging from business-as-usual (BAU) to three different levels of behavioral change – are built. For each scenario, the carbon
mitigation effects corresponding to the assumed alterations in individual lifestyles and in the social context are estimatedquantitatively from a life cycle perspective. The results are expected to fill the gaps in existing studies regarding the quantitative

assessment of future carbon footprint pathways based on historical data, and help identify probable factors related to the household
sector contributing to carbon neutrality in the future.

2-3F: Acceleration of sustainability management: Tools
2-3F-1
54

Net Zero in 2050: Implementation of a scalable digital tool for calculating high numbers of
product carbon footprints in the chemical industry
Peter Saling1, Alessandro Pistillo1, Jan Schöneboom1, Kent Yano2
1BASF SE, Germany; 2BASF Japan Ltd., Japan

Many sectors in the world and therein the Chemical Industry has a huge challenge: to become climate-neutral by 2050. This ambitious
target creates several opportunities for the chemical industry to contribute for a better future. Steering decarbonization requires fulltransparency of the carbon footprints along the value chains to identify the opportunities and for that a standardized methodology
for Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) calculation at scale must be established. The upstream part of many products, the purchased

products have a significant contribution to PCF of chemical products. That needs to be handled via helpful guidelines and via supportof the suppliers, e.g. with the Together for Sustainability (TfS) guideline for PCF that is currently under development.

These challenges were the starting point for BASF to develop a tool and an approach to calculate a high number of PCF in a relative
short time frame. Build on our 25 years of experience in methodologies to quantify sustainability performance, we defined themethodological principles and product specific guidance for the calculation of a cradle-to-gate PCF following ISO standard

14067:2018 for carbon footprint of products, which is based on ISO14040:2006 and 14044:2006 for life cycle assessment.

Additionally, the approach was aligned with the GHG Protocol Product Standard (WRI & WBCSD, 2011). Data were consolidated along
the specific cradle-to-gate process-network of each product, including the decision tree logic for multi-output processes where
allocation is needed.

The PCF determination tool (Strategic CO2 Transparency Tool = SCOTT) enables carbon accounting at scale and provides

unparalleled transparency of carbon emissions at product level in every step of the manufacturing process, leveraging company

primary data. SCOTT has been deployed and validated across the global production and swiftly calculates cradle-to-gate PCFs of the
45,000 products, allowing in depth analysis of carbon emission drivers for our sales products.

2-3F-2
Assessing the sustainability performance of entire product portfolio using PSA: Example from a
specialty chemicals company

Martijn Gipmans1, Angel Vergara1, Anja Laqua2, Didier Houssier3, Yoshihisa Inui4, Tsuyoshi Date4, Hiroyuki Ogi4, Akiko
Ide4, Masahiro Osumi5

1Sphera Solutions GmbH, Germany; 2Kuraray Europe GmbH, Germany; 3EVAL Europe N.V., Belgium; 4Kuraray Co., Japan; 5Sphera

Solutions Japan K.K., Japan

Kuraray Co., Ltd. and Sphera have jointly developed a Portfolio Sustainability Assessment (PSA) methodology to assess risk andopportunities from sustainability across the entire product portfolio. The Kuraray PSA method is based on guidance from the World

Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)1. The PSA considers the specific context of a product, the value chain and aregion by making the assessment at the level of the Product-Application-Region-Combination (PARC). The methodology uses a lifecycle approach to assess the sustainability performance of the PARCs over a diverse set of criteria in three different assessment
categories – basic compliance, stakeholder requirements and benchmarking.

Kuraray group had a strong desire to set a future target of sustainability contributing products during the Medium-Term

Management Plan period 2022-2026. To identify the goal of sustainability contributing products, chemical companies in Japan has

implemented their own assessment systems. Kuraray group want to introduce a common assessment system and has decided PSA

which is widely adopted especially with many chemical companies in Europe. Also, Kuraray group decided to install a PSA system bygetting support from Sphera. The system is compliant with WBCSD guidance and provides a transparent and objective assessment of
product sustainability performance.

The methodology is applicable for existing products and services as well as R&D projects and as such enables companies to apply acommon framework with regards to sustainability and ESG performance of its products. The results of the PSA is the starting pointfor Kuraray group to manage its product portfolio towards more sustainable products and higher value creation.

1: https://www.wbcsd.org/Programs/Circular-Economy/Resources/Chemical-Industry-Methodology-for-Portfolio-SustainabilityAssessments

2-3F-3

Scaling up LCA and LCC with ECOFACT

Emilia Ingemarsdotter, Georgios Pallas, Eric Mieras
PRé Sustainability, the Netherlands

The demand for life cycle information is increasing at an accelerating rate. Organizations want to use their life cycle assessment(LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) results to improve the eco-profile of their products and the sustainability performance of their55

operations (Nygren & Antikainen, 2010). To resolve the growing demand for data, it is essential to scale up LCA. Moreover, it is

crucial to be flexible and coherent as data gets outdated quickly. In this context, using a dynamic approach for LCA and LCC can help
identify the varying bottlenecks and impact patterns that otherwise would not be possible. If data and results can be updated

automatically, significant efficiency gains can be achieved compared to mainstream LCA/LCC practice, which often relies on standalone studies and static documentation.

This presentation introduces an innovative approach by the EU-funded ‘ECO-innovative Energy FACTory Management’ (ECOFACT)

project (EcoFact, 2021) that brings together multiple partners to scale up LCA and its application. ECOFACT aims to make life cycle

information widely available through automated and digitalized data collection and modelling at large scales, enabling four factories tomonitor their environmental and costs impacts over time. Eventually, the insights from the ECOFACT platform can assist in targeted
actions for optimizing production systems in terms of energy, cost, resources and life cycle impact.

The ECOFACT approach does not only provide the environmental snapshot that traditional LCA delivers, but also enable new

temporal insights on an hourly, daily, monthly and yearly basis. In essence, it will enable the factories to observe patterns such as

seasonal variations in environmental performance and variations due to changes in operational parameters. This way, the goal is toprovide in-depth monitoring of the current state and help reveal effective improvement opportunities for the factories to minimize
their impacts.

Social analysis as module of sustainability assessments with SEEbalance®

2-3F-4

Peter Saling1, Thomas Grünenwald1, Takeshi Irie2, Kent Yano2
1BASF SE, Germany; 2BASF Japan Ltd., Japan

Sustainability assessments should address all dimensions of sustainability. Easy to understand results are important for decisionmaking processes, mainly in industry. The results need to cover all important aspects if it comes to the identification of the moresustainable product to avoid wrong decisions. The assessments of economy, ecology and social impacts need to apply with different
approaches to generate meaningful information. The goal and scope definition but as well the calculation approaches should beoutlined and performed in a way, that the different type of information gathered can be used in a meaningful way. Furthermore, it isimportant, that the single results can be summarized in a manner that allows different stakeholders an easy understanding of theoutcome of an assessment.

The SEEbalance® can be executed on different levels of information and with different views on a supply chain to identify the relevant
disparities between the evaluated alternatives. The approach consists of four modules that together address economic,
environmental and social impacts.

The use of sustainability assessments and their results will help industries along supply chains to improve the sustainability of the
products, to identify improvement potentials, to trigger R&D activities, to interact with their customers and to report on progressagainst benchmarks. Sustainability management is a key area, where decision-making processes focus on due to the increasing

importance of this topic. Together with suppliers and customers, the optimization of products and their application can generate
benefits for the whole society and make them transparent.

3-1B: Diagnosis of current system (1)3-1B-1
Resource intensity of the transportation system considering the infrastructure development:
Japan as a case study

Naotaka Haraguchi, Shoki Kosai, Shunsuke Kashiwakura, Eiji Yamasue
Ritsumeikan, Japan

Economic growth across the globe has resulted in the larger resource use as an input associated with the transportation system. To

use resource effectively in the transportation sector, it is important to estimate the amount of natural resource currently used in thefirst place. Although the infrastructure in the transportation sector is essential for the operation of transportation means, most of
existing studies have separately analyzed the resource use of transportation means and infrastructure. Thus, the integration oftransportation means with the associated infrastructure is important to estimate the natural resource use in the entire transportation
system.

This study employed total material requirement (TMR) which is one of the indicators to evaluate resource use. To compare varioustransportation means and associated infrastructure, this study indicates the resource use in the form of resource intensity as afunctional unit. The resource intensity of transportation means and infrastructures was calculated based on the inventory data foreach transportation modes. The four transportation modes including roadways, railways, aviation, and waterways under the stages ofmanufacturing, operation and maintenance, and infrastructure development are considered in this study. The framework for the56infrastructure associated with each transportation mode was developed, covering a location for stop of transportation means(referred to node), a structure linking between nodes (referred to link), a secondary structure as a support for link, a facility for thefuel supply, and a fuel storage as constituents of infrastructure.

As a result, the resource intensity of transportation system increases in the order of high-speed railway, bus, aircraft, automobiles,

and ship. In particular, the infrastructure development accounts for a significant share in resource intensity of high-speed railway andautomobiles.

3-1B-2
Structural decomposition analysis of changes in South Korea’s industrial hazardous waste
generation

Daye Lee1,2,3, Guido Sonnemann3, Junbeum Kim2, Hung-Suck Park1

1University of Ulsan, South Korea; 2University of Technology of Troyes, France; 3University of Bordeaux, France

Industrial hazardous waste (IHW) has been a disastrous impact on the environment and humans. Moreover, it caused social issues,
such as waste transactions between countries in unequal status. The Basel Convention has been signed to regulate thetransboundary movements and trade of IHW. Under this convention, the world had to be equipped with the domestic level of efficient
IHW management capability.

Based on waste extended input-output (WEIO) model and structural decomposition analysis (SDA), this study identified the factorsthat contribute to the IHW generation in South Korea during 2008-2018. The results showed that the IHW generation increased
57.68% from 2008 to 2018. Among the three factors ,that is the factors of final demand expansion, imports substitution andtechnology change, the factors of final demand expansion and imports substitution are most important ones for the increase to+53.04%p and +13.79%p, respectively, while the factor of technology change acted to reduction to -9.16%p. The secondary

industry’s contribution to IHW generation increase was +53.26%p, accounting for more than 90% of the total IHW generation

increase, which was led by exports demand expansion (+34.24%p) and waste generation coefficient change (+30.04%p). In tertiaryindustry, the contribution of IHW generation increase was +4.41%p, accounting for only 10% of the total generation increase, which
was led by consumption expansion (+11.14%p).

The critical finding from this research is that IHW generation in South Korea is more affected by exports and imports than domestic
production and consumption. That is because there are more numerous hidden waste flows in international trade than in domestic
manufacture. This result suggests that when we establish a waste policy, international trade considering the imports and exports
characteristics by industry should be considered as important as domestic production activities.

3-1B-3
Regional freshwater overconsumption induced by the agricultural crop production in a highly
dense population setting

Kamrul Islam, Ryosuke Yokoi, Masaharu Motoshita

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
Global crop production is responsible for creating huge pressure on the limited freshwater available for humankind. The planetary
boundary for global freshwater use is it set to be ~4,000 km3/year; on a regional scale, we are already overconsuming it in majorwatersheds. We as a global community is facing the dilemma of finding ways to feed the growing billions and ensuring that the foodis produced in a sustainable manner. Bangladesh, a densely populated country having one of the lowest per capita agricultural landsin the world, is trying to become self-sufficient in food production. There are few issues regarding the limited freshwater resources of
the country: seasonal freshwater overconsumption during the dry period, and water pollution due to agricultural intensification. In thisstudy, we aim to assess the sustainability of the crop water use for supporting Bangladesh’s diet and gain the implications for futuresustainable national diet focusing on the aspect of water resources. The updated WaterGAP 2.2.d model is used to calculate thefreshwater overconsumption of Bangladesh’s watershed, and the overconsumption associated with the crop production in the

country is estimated corresponding to the total agricultural production for 1960–2019 period using updated crop evapotranspiration
value. According to the results, the average overconsumption of freshwater from agricultural crop production during 2000–2016

period in Bangladesh was ~4,053 million cubic meter which was mainly due to own consumption of several crops. Furthermore, we

also seek to identify the relationship between the nutrient density of the food crops and induced freshwater overconsumption, which
gives the implications towards the achievement of the sustainable national diet. The outcome from this study will provide strategies

for sustainable crop production in the country with the identification of the key crops and the watersheds that need improvement in
the context of sustainability of water use.

Life cycle assessment of coal: from mining to combustion
57

3-1B-4

Gloria FJ Kartikasari1, Jessica Hanafi1, Didik Triwibowo2, Gema Khusnul Fitrika2, Presto Janu Saputra2, Erwin Haris1
1PT Life Cycle Indonesia, Indonesia; 2PT Adaro Indonesia

The IPCC 2018 special report on Global Warming recommended the phasing-out of coal-fired power generation by 2037 for non-OECD countries, including Indonesia as one of the largest coal-producing countries. Accordingly, this study is conducted to identify

the life stage of crushed coal that contributes to the most potential environmental impact through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This
study covered cradle-to-grave boundary as an initial step to mitigate the impact and phasing-out preparation.

LCA methodology was implemented from the extraction of coal, coal processing, transportation until the usage of coal for electricity
generation at coal-fired power plants and distribution of electricity in the grid network. The system boundary includes land clearing,land use and transformation, land reclamation, and revegetation. The functional unit is 1 kWh electricity distributed from the coalfired power plant. The assessment was based on the data provided primarily from one of the biggest coal producers in Indonesia.
Twelve potential impact categories were assessed.

The LCA results show that the potential environmental impact was mainly contributed by the combustion of coal in the subcriticalcoal-fired power plants. For 1 kWh of electricity distributed, the combustion of coal has the largest contribution to nine out of twelve
environmental impact categories. The GWP produced by 1 kWh of electricity was 1.58 kg CO2 eq., contributing 91.17% from thecoal-fired power plant. Details of the environmental impact are elaborated in this paper.

In addition to phasing out, upgrading the power plant technology to super or ultra-supercritical can significantly reduce the emissions

from the coal-fired power plant. Meanwhile, the current carbon sequestration through land reclamation and revegetation in the mining
process is not sufficient to replace the carbon loss. The effort for replacing the carbon storage loss from the land clearing and theland transformation through intensive land reclamation and revegetation should be improved.

3-1C: Agriculture and aquaculture
3-1C-1
Environmental life cycle assessment of precision agriculture technologies – A case study ofcrop production in Austria

Francisco Javier Medel Jimenez

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
Precision agriculture technologies (PATs) aim to maximize resources and minimize environmental impacts by varying crop input rates
based on crop requirements. Some of these technologies are proximal and remote sensors, automatic section control (ASC) andautomatic steering for tractors. Several studies have shown the environmental benefits of the above-mentioned PATs however, a life
cycle analysis (LCA) comprehensive comparison study is inexistent. Moreover, few of the LCA studies focus mostly on variable rate
input technologies. This research aimed to perform an LCA of employing PATs for crop production in an Austrian context. A crop

rotation with five different crops was modelled. Preliminary results revealed that rapeseed was the most input intense crop showing

higher outcomes in all of the evaluated environmental impacts. On the other hand, remote sensing using satellites images to produce
nutritional maps for fertilizer application was the most effective PAT showing the lowest results. For example, a 21% reduction in

global warming potential (GWP) was achieved by implementing nutritional maps in comparison to conventional fertilizer application on
rapeseed. PATs optimize crop inputs and bring positive environmental impacts, they help to tackle global warming and food scarcity.

3-1C-2Estimating regional distribution of greenhouse gas emissions from paddy rice production using
farm household surveys: The case study in the Philippines

Elmer Bautista1, Lemuel Preciados2, Alice Mataia1, Kiyotada Hayashi3

1Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Philippines; 2Visayas State University (VSU), Philippines; 3National Agriculture and Food

Research Organization, Japan

There has been increasing policy needs to expand research focus of farm sustainability studies from small to large scales. For

example, a comparative study between controlled irrigation vs. rain-fed cropping (uncontrolled irrigation) necessitates regional

perspectives. However, the regional approach to mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remains a significant challenge becauseof the vast variations of farm practices across different site-specific conditions, and no studies have incorporated these issues so far
in the study of GHG emissions from paddy rice production in the Philippines. Here, we present an approach to estimate GHG

emissions for the 15 provinces in the Philippines using PhilRice’s farm household surveys of the four different cropping periods. We

scrutinized earlier life cycle inventories for agricultural inputs and emission factors for direct field emissions. The results indicate thatthe irrigated rice during the dry season cropping system is about 26% higher than the non-irrigated rice. The irrigated rice cropping
is about 32% higher than the non-irrigated cropping system during the wet season. This relatively more significant GHG emissions

58

from the irrigated system was also associated with the relatively higher NPK fertilizer application in the irrigated system than the non-irrigated. Moreover, among the 15 regions, the Ilocos region had the highest GHG emissions per hectare and GHG emissions per yieldfor irrigated and non-irrigated, likely attributed to its high fertilizer application. These results imply the importance of more efficientuse of agricultural inputs in achieving sustainable rice production in the Philippines, while coping with increasing food insecurity.

3-1C-3
Towards environmentally sustainable aquaculture: Investigation on the environmental impact ofthe pearl oyster farming using life cycle assessment

Dheanara Pinka, Zhengyang Zhang, Kazuyo Matsubae
Tohoku University, Japan

Pearls are known as the queen of jewelry and have been used as symbols of material wealth throughout human history. Pearls areformed by the secretion of nacre from epidermal cells within mollusk mantle tissue. Pearl oyster aquaculture represents a significant
portion of the world’s total aquaculture production. This industry is a growing multibillion-dollar sector of mollusk aquaculture. Theirsecondary product is also valuable and is utilized for fertilizer, which creates a symbiosis between aquaculture and agriculture. Pearlproduction is entirely based on health. Any decline in water quality, resulting in poorer pearl quality and increased oyster mortality. In

particular, mollusk culture has a low potential for environmental impact. However, there have been substantial adverse impacts in thepearl farming regions of Japan and China over some decades, and the potential remains for adverse environmental impacts frompearl farming industries. In some countries, sustainable pearl aquaculture production is being emphasized to contribute to achieving

the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. This research analyzes the potential environmental impact of pearl aquaculture toprovide data for more sustainable practice and lower the environmental impact using life cycle assessment. The study design consistsof three steps: First, survey primary input data of pearl oyster aquaculture to the pearl oyster farmers and pearl practitioners;

Second, define the boundaries and the limitation of the study; and Third, perform an impact assessment by the miLCA application.

The preliminary findings report the emissions generated by 1 kg of pearl production are as follows: 1.1 x 10−1 Carbon dioxide (CO2),
5.1 x 10−2 Methane (CH4), 1.3 x 10−2 Nitrous oxides (N2O). The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is 5.37 kg CO2 equivalent, higher
than the GWP for live classic oysters. Further research will analyze the environmental impact per subsystem and the transportation
trades for sustainable pearl oyster farming practices.

3-1C-4
Beyond recycling – Using LCA to support emerging technology development and benchmarking

Zoe Chunyu Miao, Vanessa Zeller, Liselotte Schebek
Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany

The agroecological system deserves special attention as it possesses both anthropogenic and natural traits. To secure foodproduction and soil fertility, fertilizer and soil conditioner are being applied worldwide, and demand keeps growing. Nevertheless,fertilization is a double-sided sword. The production is often associated with high energy consumption and resource depletion. The
pressure on transforming the fertilizer industry into a more sustainable business model is increasing.

Germany has been seeking alternatives for phosphorus (P) fertilizer production to lower the supply-chain risk and promotesustainability. A joint research project was launched to recycle P from a wastewater system to produce fertilizer. The highconcentration of P in the wastewater system makes it ideal for P extraction, while pollutants such as heavy metals bring new
problems to the receiving environment - the soil.

My proposed presentation is based on an ongoing research project in Germany on developing P recycling technology from sewage
sludge ash with heavy metal removal procedures to produce high-quality fertilizer. It shall showcase how life cycle assessment

contributes to emerging technology development and promotes regional industrial symbiosis. Through this demonstration, theinadequacy in LCA and difficulties in the real-life case will also be brought forth.

3-1D: Circularity
LC3SA framework: Addressing circularity and criticality of materials in LCSA

3-1D-1Isadora Hackenhaar, Gustavo Moraga, Gwenny Thomassen, Jo Dewulf

Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering – Department of Green Chemistry & Technology – Ghent University. Coupure Links
653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

The Covid-19 pandemic has triggered a global economic slowdown with a shortage of supply of goods and services. It emphasized agrowing concern about resource resilience and efficiency. In this sense, industry, policymakers and researchers have been dedicating
their efforts to produce materials’ circularity and criticality indicators to promote both resource efficiency and sustainability.
59However, a more circular or less risky system does not necessarily mean a more sustainable one. Integrating these two concepts in asustainability assessment framework such as LCSA is therefore key. Nonetheless, this integration is not a straightforward task. The
differences in scope of circularity and criticality methods (2Cs) as well as among LCSA approaches (i.e. LCA, LCC and sLCA)

represent a gap in the interpretation of how these methods can be integrated into LCSA. To tackle this challenge, this researchanalyzes the scope of the methods of LCSA and the 2Cs in detail. The analysis addresses the exchanges and effects of a productsystem on the natural and human-made environments. Furthermore, this research analyses how the effects are communicatedthrough different indicators in the impact pathway within the respective environmental, social, economic, circularity or criticality

assessments. Potential double-counting and overlapping issues that occur when integrating the approaches and the complementary
benefits are highlighted. Finally, an LC3SA framework is proposed, along with a discussion on open research questions andchallenges for the application of the framework.

3-1D-2
Circularity metrics in context of circular economy transition: A review and critical assessment ofmaterial circularity indicator

Jai Verma, Andrea Genovese

Sheffield University Management School, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
In recent years, Circular Economy (CE) has become a popular topic on policy agendas as a promising, innovative avenue to enhanceresource efficiency and economic prosperity. Whether CE is a precondition to achieving sustainability goals or a source of potential
trade-offs is still open to debate. Indicators are thus needed to measure and trace the progress of circular strategies towards

sustainable development. Among the many indicators, the Material Circularity Indicator (MCI), mainly developed and championed by

the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF), has gained momentum among practitioners. MCI is supposed to measure how well a productperforms in a CE context; nevertheless, several criticisms have been raised towards this tool, as, according to scholars, MCI justpartially captures the relevant dimensions which need to be taken into account for realising the transition towards a CE. As such, MCI
has been used alongside other approaches. Being more focused on the flow of materials, MCI has often been considered

complementary to a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and both have been coupled at different integration levels. However, these

integrations have themselves been criticised for not being able to overcome MCI’s fundamental limitations and for their industry-

specific nature. This work aims at reviewing the methodological premises of MCI as an indicator, along with its applicability. A shortreview of its adoption at industry level since its conception is performed to evaluate its real-world applicability. Analytically assessing
its criticisms, an attempt is made to offer potential solutions to overcoming them by proposing a revised product-level circularity
metric based on MCI.

3-1D-3

Sustainability and Circularity

Lucia Rigamonti1, Eliana Mancini2

1Politecnico di Milano, Italy; 2Università Degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio”, Italy

In a context where the transition to a circular economy is increasingly required, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between
sustainability and circularity.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology developed for assessing and quantifying the potential environmental impacts

associated with entire product life cycles. Indicators allow to raise understanding of complex phenomena and help to set target andto measure performances based on them. Recently, circularity indicators have been introduced.

In this presentation we will discuss about what are circularity indicators and what is LCA, and what circularity indicators and LCA do
and do not do in terms of improving circular decision making. Based on an analysis of recent studies, we can state that either

considering the results separately or integrating the circularity and environmental sustainability assessments, no authors haveconcluded that circularity indicators can be used alone to choose the best option in circular economy projects. This is because thecircularity indicators only provide a partial view on the multiple environmental performance of a system. At the same time, thecircularity indicators are easier to communicate, and a high degree of circularity could help to build good relationships withcustomers and increase reputation among stakeholders, as well as to have an easier access to funding.

At the end, we will present a framework to take into account in the assessment of circular economy strategies both theirsustainability and their degree of circularity.

3-1D-4
Production-consumption-waste management material flow analysis as a tool for circularity
measurement: Macadamia products plant

Siriporn Borrirukwisitsak1, Kannika Khwamsawat2, Jarinee Singja3, Sunaree Namyuak360

1Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Thailand; 2Center of Excellence on Hazardous SubstanceManagement, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; 3Mae Fah Luang Foundation under Royal Patronage, Thailand
Circular Economy (CE) concept has been developed and gained attention globally due to scarcity of raw materials and environmental
issues. However, measurement of circularity performance is still a challenge because of diverse activities and complexity of theassessment. Therefore, this study aims to develop a comprehensive yet robust and simple circularity measurement tool using
production-consumption-waste management material flow analysis (PCW-MFA) to help companies assessing their circularity

performance and setting CE target. To achieve this, production-consumption-waste management (PCW) model was used as auniversal model to simulate materials imports and exports in production, consumption, and waste management stages, following withmaterial flow calculation of both universal model and their subsequence subprocesses which can be different from one business toanother. The MFA was calculated using STAN freeware published by TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste

Management and the circularity index was then evaluated based on the modification of material circularity index (MCI) which was

proposed by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. For validation, macadamia production plant was assessed as an industrial case study.

The results indicated that it is possibly used as a tool in the assessment of circularity performance. Moreover, it has high potential forcompanies to identify and track their circularity performance throughout life cycle stages not only on material layers but also costand environmental benefits. Policy makers can also utilize it as a result-oriented monitoring and evaluation tool of CE policies.

3-1E: Consumer behavior
Estimation of telework efficacy rate during COVID-19 Pandemic considering time-serieschanges in human behavior rule

3-1E-1

Machiko Shinozuka, Masahiro Sotoma, Xiaoxi Zhang, Midori Kawada, Minako Hara
NTT, Japan

Large social events such as disasters and pandemics have changed our lifestyles and impacted the global environment. For example,
in reaction to the COVID-19 Pandemic, work and consumption have been severely restricted, so greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
have decreased. This shows people’s behavior is an important factor in creating sustainable societies.

Several studies simulated behavior changes due to large social events such as evacuation after an earthquake and migration due toregional economic decline. These studies assumed that rules of behavior were constant over time, but they can actually change in thelong run due to emotional changes such as fatigue or become less responsive to the impact of the events.

Therefore, in this paper, a model for predicting the telework efficacy rate in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic was constructed
as a case study for predicting long-term changes in people’s behavior due to social events.

The behavior rules were described with motivation factors for telework including government actions such as a state-of-emergency

declaration by using an agent-based model. The changes in the agents’ behavior rules were expressed by changing the contributionof each motivation factor at different times. The telework efficacy rate in Japan was calculated by totaling the number of teleworker
agents every month.

The estimation results with the model roughly reproduced the actual fluctuation in the telework efficacy rate. Furthermore, ways toincrease telework penetration will be discussed in terms of characteristics of job type by comparing the estimation results and thereal-world telework efficacy rate by using detailed attributes such as region or industry.

Understanding public acceptance of energy harvesting technology from already existing
radioactive waste

3-1E-2

Yoon-Young Chun, Takeshi Fujiwara, Takehiro Shimaoka, Yukako Kato, Hitoshi Umezawa, Yasushi Shoji, Takashi Matsumae
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), JapanDue to the limited supply of fossil energy sources and carbon neutrality challenges, practitioners have tried to find the best solutions
for the current energy system by addressing various renewable energy sources such as solar, hydrogen fuel, biofuel, wind, etc. This
study focuses on radioactive waste as a renewable innovative energy source. The idea of energy harvesting from already existing
radioactive waste is not new, and at least, it has been mentioned inside the nuclear research community. However, the public's

negative perception and low acceptance of radioactivity and related technology are barriers to realizing this idea. Thus this study

aims to understand and break down public acceptance, attitudes, and perceptions of energy harvesting technology from existing

radioactive waste. By performing an online survey and analyzing a representative sample of 1,000 Japanese residents, we examine if
and how public perception of knowledge, risk, benefit, and trust level can explain the public acceptance of this new energy

technology. Based on our findings, this article also provides implications and recommendations for gaining greater acceptance ofenergy harvesting technology from radioactive waste.

61

3-1E-3
Perceived air quality, socio-economic characteristics, and willingness to pay for improved air
quality by installing new energy buses

Zaiqiang Liu, Takaaki KATO, Toru Futawatari
The University of Kitakyushu, Japan

Electric vehicles are increasingly playing an important role in solving not only global warming but also air pollution problems. The

Chinese government announced subsidies would be cut by 10% in 2021 and by 20% in 2022 for new energy vehicles to be used for
public transport. Then citizens’ support becomes important to further expand the use of new energy buses. In this paper, acontingent valuation method was used to analyze people’s environmental awareness and willingness to pay for new energy buses in

Rizhao City, Shandong Province, and this study took place March 2 to March 24, 2020. Answers were obtained from respondents andapproximately 73.5% of the respondents would like to pay an extra fare to support the adoption of new energy buses. Most of thezero willingness to pay answers were due to protest reasons to the assumed conditions in the payment question. To better

understand the relationship between people’s socioeconomic characteristics and their willingness to pay for the new energy busses, ak-means clustering technique was applied, and three clusters were identified. We found that those who are satisfied with current air

quality and those who believe that air pollution is improving will pay for better air quality. In contrast, those who believe that air quality
is becoming poor refuse to pay for improved air quality. Based on the principle of altruistic behavior we also found that thewillingness to pay is high among those who actively participate in environmental volunteerism. The results of the correlation analysis
and the discussion of willingness to pay for new energy buses provide insightful results for cities introducing new energy buses.

3-1E-4
Feasibility study of Kawasaki city contributing to citizens' change of environmentally conscious
behavior

Motoi Funase, Hironori Shimamura, Tomoko Konishi-Nagano, Aruga Takafumi, Akira Miyazaki, Akiko Yamada
Fujitsu Lmited, Japan

Fujitsu is implementing a number of initiatives to realize a sustainable society by utilizing technologies such as AI and HPC. As one of
the initiatives, demonstration tests have been conducted since FY 2021 in Kawasaki City, which has been designated as a future cityof SDGs, with the aim of making environmentally conscious actions widely known to citizens. The company examines measures thatcombine environmental points and uses an action modification app. The main elements of the application are, from a technicalperspective, sensing of environmental behavior, providing a process for dynamic behavior change for each person, providing

environmental points and recommendations, and from a business perspective, linking with businesses that provide environmental
services. As a result, we conducted user interviews with a wide range of citizens and interviews with companies, and grasped theneeds of behavior modification applications and environmental points. Specifically, we analyzed a questionnaire survey conducted atsoccer stadiums, and found that many people were more interested in environmentally conscious behavior than expected, and that
depending on the trigger, they would take environmentally conscious actions. We also examined approaches to encourage

environmentally conscious behavior through sustainable events at retail stores. Specifically, it revealed a group of citizens who couldchange their behavior without financial motivation. Based on the knowledge obtained here, we will implement actions tailored to thecitizens through the behavior modification application. In this presentation, we will report on the results of behavior change in

Kawasaki citizens and the issues we have found in developing apps that promote behavior change. In the future, the government will
aim to establish a regional model that can support both an increase in eco-friendly activities and economic sustainability. I hope that
we can have many discussions with life-cycle-oriented experts in order to be even more useful to citizens.

3-2A: Impact assessment
3-2A-1
Spatially explicit characterization factors for impacts of nitrogen emissions on biodiversity

Lars P. G. Laumen1, Juan Gallego-Zamorano1, Rosalie van Zelm1, Aafke M. Schipper1,2, Mark A. J. Huijbregts1

1Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Faculty of Science,

Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 2PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, the Netherlands
The anthropogenic emissions and deposition of nitrogen affect terrestrial ecosystems through eutrophication and acidification, withpotentially severe consequences for plant community diversity worldwide. In life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), characterization

factors for nitrogen emissions are currently based on relative plant species richness loss as a biodiversity indicator. This indicatordoes not incorporate the impacts on populations, like alterations in species abundance. Mean species abundance (MSA) is a regularly
62

used metric in ecological assessments, which expresses the mean abundance of species in disturbed situations relative to theirabundance in the pristine state. The MSA takes changes in inter- and intraspecies abundance into account, making it a suitableindicator for LCIA because it expands from just richness to richness and abundance.

Here, we establish novel characterization factors for nitrogen emissions by combining spatially explicit data on nitrogen emissions anddeposition with a comprehensive database of nitrogen impacts on terrestrial plant communities. We use the impact database toestablish stressor-response relationships for nitrogen, based on local biodiversity intactness expressed by the MSA metric, as a novel
biodiversity indicator in LCIA. For comparison, we also quantify local relative species richness loss. We use the TM5-FASST model toquantify the atmospheric deposition of NOx and NH3 at a 1⁰x1⁰ spatial resolution for each source region. Subsequently, we use thestressor-response curves to determine biodiversity loss due to nitrogen inputs in the soil. This enables us to determine spatially-

specific characterization factors for air emissions. With this, we evaluate local biodiversity losses on a global scale. These insights will
improve the impact assessment of nitrogen emissions on terrestrial biodiversity loss for use in life cycle assessment.

Development of ecosystem service impact pathways and endpoints in LCA

3-2A-2Tim Grant

Lifecycles, Australia
The Life Cycle Initiative, hosted by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), has been working to build consensus on a broad rangeof impact category models and consolidate these models into a consistent impact model which includes both midpoint and endpoint
results.

In the area of ecosystem services, ‘The Global Guidance for Life Cycle Impact Assessment Indicators 2’ (UNEP 2019) contains achapter on soil quality impacts from land use (Grant et al. 2019) which recommends that changes in soil organic carbon and soil loss
due to erosion be used as indicators of soil impact from land use. Both of these indicators have a strong link with ecosystemservices, however they did not create a quantified link to an endpoint and are by no means the only measure of the available
ecosystem services.

In the third iteration of the Global Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods (GLAM) project, a task force was established to propose

impact methods and endpoints for natural resources and ecosystem service impacts. This paper outlines the process for selecting

these impact methods, the resulting recommendations for additional ecosystem service impact pathways, as well as an approach toconsolidate these in a single endpoint or area of concern.

The five ecosystem services that were included are change in mechanical and physio-chemical filtration of soil, change in soil

perviousness, and change in groundwater recharge, all of which lead to an increase in water quality and supply of potable water, as
well as soil loss from water erosion and change in soil organic carbon (SOC).

The endpoint for the ecosystem services is based on the economic cost of the change in ecosystem service to society either throughthe value of the services lost and or the cost to recreate these services with alternative technologies.

Dietary impacts on human health for food LCAs

3-2A-3Olivier Jolliet1, Eliseu Verly Jr2, Aline Martins De Carvalho3

1Technical University Denmark, Denmark; 2UERJ; 3Pública Universidade de São Paulo

Dietary impacts on health are dominant risk factors impacts on human health as determined by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD)
but have been paradoxically often disregarded in food LCAs, neglecting main use phase impacts. Building on the Health Nutrient

Index (HENI) developed by Stylianou et Al. (2021) based on the 2016 GBD. the present work aims to update the HENI characterization
factors for the latest 2019 GBD risk ratios and evaluate dishes and diets in US, Brazil and Europe.

For most risk factors, the dietary risk factors are a factor 1.25 to 1.9 higher in US than in Switzerland due to higher backgroundmortality rates in the US, Brazil being in between the other two countries. Compared to the 2016 GBD, latest 2019 risk ratio havesubstantially increased the red meat impacts by a factor 5 and reduced the fish benefits. A combined intervention replacing half ofthe red and processed meat and if the sugar sweeten by fruit, vegetables and whole grain rice enables to reduce the Brazilian dietarycarbon footprint by 50% and gain 20 minutes of healthy life per person per day. Combining food content in 15 dietary risk

component with these dietary risk factors calculated for all 200 countries and region of the world is a powerful tool towards healthyand sustainable foods.

Marine invasions in life cycle assessment: Towards a global impact assessment

Philip Gjedde, Francesca Verones

norwegian university of science technology (NTNU), Norway

63

3-2A-4

Invasive species pose great threats to biodiversity, yet their impacts in the marine environment are poorly understood and lackcharacterisation within life cycle impact assessment. Tools to holistically assess potential impacts from invasive species are needed toreach sustainable development goals (SDGs) 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14 (life below water) especially.

Invasions have usually been assessed more qualitatively than quantitatively, i.e. based on expert knowledge and arguments rather

than data [2,3] . However, a quantitative effort to assess effects of marine invasions confirmed negative impacts from invasions [3].

We construct an effect factor indicating biodiversity impacts caused by introduction of non-native species. Our work continues with
Molnar’s data combined with data from the IUCN red list, OBIS, and others, comprised in a database called MarINvaders [4]. The

proposed method is as follows: (i) We convert the IUCN threat level to a numeric probability of extinction for each threatened species.
(ii) We create a probabilistic heat map indicating how much of the threat stems from invasions. (iii) The sum of species potentially lost
due to invasions is divided by number species in each marine ecoregion which gives the potentially disappeared fraction (PDF) of

species, (iv) which is then found per non-native introduced in every marine ecoregion. This novel effect factor can be used in LCA, isquantitative based on probabilistic modelling, and certainty develops along with database development.
References:[1] M. A. Davis, Invasion Biology. 2009.

[2] J. Gurevitch and D. K. Padilla. “Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions?" 2004.

[3] J. L. Molnar et al. “Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity”[4] Francesca Verones et al. " MarINvaders: A web toolkit of marine species for use in environmental assessments". Not yet published.

Development of Thai weighting factors in LCIA using conjoint analysis

3-2A-5Chantima Rewlay-ngoen1, Seksan Papong2

1Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Thailand; 2National Science and Technology

Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is one step of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework that aim to quantify various

environmental impacts from inventory analysis result. Even though weighting is not the mandatory component of LCIA but thiselement of the country data has important. Measurement of the importance level is practicable by weighting the consideredenvironmental damage. Therefore, this study aimed to develop Thai weighting factors (WFs) by taking the environmental damage into

consideration for the context of Thailand. Four areas of environmental protection based on the Life-cycle Impact assessment Method
based on Endpoint modeling (LIME) consisting of human health, social assets, biodiversity, and primary production were selected in
the study. The WFs of these categories were quantified by using a conjoint analysis method. In the survey, random sampling was
obtained from 400 samples (households) in each region of the country consist northern, central, southern, and northeastern.

Statistical analysis based on this model can be examined to regard the variation among each environmental issue, with a significant

statistically at the 1% level. The p-value for coefficients for each safeguard subject was less than 0.0001. The study can be obtained

the dimensionless weighting factors. A relative comparison of importance among the four categories indicates that the WF of humanhealth is the highest, followed by biodiversity and primary production, whereas the WF of social assets values is lower than othersubjects. Precise WFs representing the environmental point of view of the national public is needed to conduct general LCA for Thai
products. This value can be used to develop integration factors and can be analyzed uncertain factors in future LCA case studies.

3-2B: Diagnosis of current system (2)Towards sustainable nitrogen use: The launch of inter- and trans-disciplinary research

3-2B-1

Kentaro Hayashi1,2, Keisuke Koba3, Kazuyo Matsubae4, Koichi Kuriyama3, Hideaki Shibata5

1Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan; 2National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan; 3Kyoto University,

Japan; 4Tohoku University, Japan; 5Hokkaido University, Japan
Nitrogen is an indispensable resource of humanity that provides great benefits as fertilizer for food production and materials forindustrial production. And recently, a new use of nitrogen as an energy source, fuel ammonia, is attracting attentions with respect todecarbonization because ammonia does not create carbon dioxide when combusted. However, the production and consumption offood, goods, and energy create a huge loss of reactive nitrogen (nitrogen compounds other than inert and harmless dinitrogen) tothe environment that induces a variety of nitrogen pollution such as global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, air pollution, waterpollution, acidification, and eutrophication. The nitrogen pollution threatens human and ecosystem health. We need to address thissevere tradeoff, the nitrogen issue, to achieve sustainable nitrogen use.

The present knowledge of the nitrogen issue leaves much to be elucidated, e.g., ecosystem responses to human-induced nitrogen

input and removal, nitrogen flows within human society and to the environment for each reactive nitrogen species, and physical and64

economic effects of policy, technology, and behavior on the nitrogen issue. To enable sustainable nitrogen use in the future, we havelaunched a new 6-year project in 2022 "Towards Sustainable Nitrogen Use Connecting Human Society and Nature" (Sustai-N-able)

funded by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan. The Sustai-N-able Project will tackle the nitrogen issue covering all
human nitrogen uses as fertilizers, materials, and fuels considering their links between natural and human systems. We aim to

produce a tool to assess the benefits and dangers of nitrogen use to support policy decision making that addresses the nitrogenissue. We share interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary knowledge of nitrogen with domestic and international stakeholders and also
introduce practices of Future Design to guide them towards sustainable nitrogen use for humanity and nature.

Post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste management in Thailand

3-2B-2

Viganda Varabuntoonvit1,2, Kultida Boonyarith1, Panarin Pakornkarn1, Yoon-Young Chun3

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Kasetsart University, Thailand; 2Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials

Technology, Kasetsart University, Thailand; 3National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
Single-use plastic is increasing rapidly used due to the new life style and the food packaging. The packaging is the highest industrial
sector that generate the highest plastic waste. Thailand has a roadmap on plastic waste management and target 100% recycledplastic waste by applying the circular economy principle by 2030. This study aim to study and analyze post-consumer polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) which is the highest recycling rate of post-consumer single use plastic in Thailand. The Material Flow Analysis(MFA) of PET in Thailand were developed using statistic data of plastic waste generation, collection and management in Thailand toanalyze the plastic waste flow, hotspot, and recommendation for improvement. The main portion of plastic waste in Thailand were
disposed by landfill, recycle, incineration, and energy recovery methods. There are some plastic waste lost from collection andmismanagement which can be contribute to the ocean plastic waste problem. The PET waste have the high mechanical recycling rate
which mainly to the textile industry. The need of improvement should be on the separation and collection of plastic waste which canincrease the recycling rate toward circular economy.

3-2B-3Life-cycle environmental performance of sludge anaerobic digestion and land application under
different management practices

Patricio Neumann1,2, Cristian Riquelme1, Javier Cartes3, Mathias Kuschel-Otárola3, Almudena Hospido4, Gladys Vidal2,3

1Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile; 2Centro de Recursos Hídricos para la Agricultura y Minería, Chile; 3Universidad de Concepción, Chile;
4Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Even though anaerobic digestion followed by land application has been widely endorsed as a low-impact approach to sludge

management, the influence that the operational conditions of digestion and the management practices of land application can haveover the environmental performance of this strategy has been scarcely studied. In this scenario, the objective of this work was toassess the influence that 4 management practices can have over the environmental impacts of this approach: solids retention time
during digestion, inclusion of a pre-treatment process, sludge application rate to soil, and the type of crop growth in the receivingsoil. In order to do so, an attributional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed over a total of 16 scenarios, including 10 impact
categories: climate change, fossil resource depletion, terrestrial acidification, ozone depletion, freshwater eutrophication, marine
eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, and human toxicity non-cancer effects. The

inventories were built based on an integration of data from a full-scale facility located in the south-central region of Chile, laboratory

assays, and the use of models for the estimation of emissions in agricultural activites (IPCC, SALCA, and others). Results showed thatthe environmental impacts are greatly influenced by the studied practices. Solids retention time and the inclusion of pre-treatment
mainly influenced climate change, fossil resource depletion and terrestrial ecotoxicity potential, while sludge application rate

influenced the eutrophication and toxicity categories. The type of crop in the receiving soil was a significant driver behind thedifferences observed in the human toxicity category, which showed the highest variation and relevance in the final weighted result.

Based on the results, several recommendations are formulated to optimize the environmental performance of sludge valorization, andthe relevance of using context specific data and quantify the fate of nutrients, metals and pollutants during LCA of sludge
management is highlighted.

3-2B-4
Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants: A case study of
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Tumurtogtokh Oyunchimeg

The University of Kitakyushu, Japan65

Ulaanbaatar city is the most populated administrative area in Mongolia. In the last decade, the city’s population fact that such as thecontamination of traffic jams, air pollution, solid waste, water pollution, in the capital are caused by the population overconcentration

and an overload of community and government facilities. It adversely impacts the comfort of the living environment and has become
a confining factor in human development and health, conditions of the livelihood. In addition to these reasons the greatest issue
surrounding the wastewater treatment is greenhouse gas emissions during the treatment process. In Ulaanbaatar households

generally, dispose of wastewater in two ways. Including transmission from a central sewage system to a WWTP or straight removal

into the pit latrines. It causes severe living environmental, soil, and groundwater pollution problems. This study was estimated by using
the IPCC’s GHG inventory methodology the total emissions of GHGs from the WWTP, and Ger districts in Ulaanbaatar city.

Households of Ger districts discharge their wastewater directly into pit latrines. Therefore, GHG emissions from the wastewater

treatment process were predicted based on the master plan and development approaches for 2030 in Ulaanbaatar city. The results

showed that 56.55 Gg CO2e GHG were emitted from the WWTP, a 22.7% increase compared to 2012 (12.84 Gg CO2e). Ger districts
accounted for 13% of the total GHG emissions, while residential areas accounted for 87%. If the CWWTP would not be upgraded thetotal GHG emission will be emitted 25% more in 2030 than it currently does. If all households in Ulaanbaatar move into residential
areas, GHG emissions are expected to increase by 55%. However, GHG emissions are projected to decline by 59% in 2030 eventhough residents in the Ger district moved into the residential area, while the CWWTP upgraded as well as the industrial wastewater
was pretreated.

Analysis of nitrogen flows in wastes in the urban environment of Tokyo

3-2B-5

Yue Zhang1, Binle Lin2, Kiyotaka Tsunemi2, Kiyotaka Tahara2, Tomohiko Ihara1

1Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa,

Chiba, 277-8563, Japan; 2Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Scienceand Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan

Halving nitrogen waste by 2030 is the goal of the Colombo Declaration adopted by the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) in 2019. Since the 21st century, accelerated urbanization has made urban areas more severe nitrogen hotspots than rural

areas. Tokyo, as a typical urbanized city with the highest population density in the world, has become a focus of research on nitrogen
flows in solid wastes and wastewaters as well as nitrogen emissions into the environment. This study calculated nitrogen flows from24 types of waste in the Tokyo metropolitan area from 2000 to 2018, and presented the nitrogen flows and the trend of waste

nitrogen emissions in the Tokyo metropolitan area over the last 19 years. Our result was able to visualize the image of waste-related
nitrogen flows and their patterns according to their magnitude in Tokyo. This study can provide a scientific basis for sustainable

nitrogen management of urban wastes. Furthermore, the Asia-Pacific region has the highest urbanization growth rate in the world,waste-related nitrogen management in the Tokyo metropolitan area will be meaningful guidance for the developed countries andrapidly developing emerging economies in this area.

3-2C: Plastics
3-2C-1
Integrate the impact of marine plastic debris on carbon sequestration into life cycle impact
assessment

Fei Song, Martin Dorber, Francesca Verones, Johan Berg Pettersen
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

Oceans play a crucial role for achieving a sustainable future, and marine ecosystems provide important resources and services.

However, marine ecosystems are increasingly confronted with stressors, such as plastic debris and invasive species, which affectmany ecosystem services including food provision, recreational opportunities, and carbon sequestration. For a sustainable future weneed to understand the relative importance of different human impacts affecting the marine ecosystems services (MES). For

example, plastic debris can lead to growth inhibition of microalgae, which in turn could undermine the function of the oceans as oneof the largest carbon sinks on Earth, and thus challenging our effort fighting against climate change.

Currently, one frequently used tool for addressing environmental impacts is life cycle assessment (LCA). Within the framework of life
cycle impact assessment (LCIA), there has been a strong focus on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, though the impact category
for ecosystem services is still under development. As a result, an operational impact assessment for MES is missing. We strive tonarrow this gap by developing a characterization factor (CF) for marine ecosystem’s carbon sequestration in response to
microplastic, which is quantified in monetary value of USD.

To calculate the CFs, growth inhibition rate of microalgae exposed to different microplastic concentration are collected, which is usedin combination with climate zone division and occurrence records of algae to construct 5 spatial-differentiated species sensitivity
66

distributions (SSDs). SSDs are coupled with algae primary production of at different depth to calculate carbon sequestration loss,

which is then converted to monetary values by mutiplying the cost of carbon capture and storage (CCS). Our results present the firstglobal and spatially-differentiated CFs for quantifying anthropogenic impacts on one ecosystem service. This provides a valuable
starting point for stakeholders and LCA practitioners to account for marine ecosystem service impacts in the future.

Achievable circularity of plastic material flows and related environmental benefits

3-2C-2

Magdalena Klotz, Melanie Haupt, Stefanie Hellweg
ETH Zurich, Switzerland

With the ongoing efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, the share of the carbon budget constituted by plastics is estimated to possibly be
as high as 15% in 2050. The plastics’ contribution to climate change is mainly attributable to their production and end-of-life
incineration, both of which can be avoided if plastics are increasingly recycled.

Therefore, we investigate how to increase plastic recycling using material flow analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA), considering

all life cycle stages of 11 plastic types in 69 product groups in Switzerland. One system change modelled is increased collection. Thismight, however, without other measures taken lead to secondary plastics that can only to 58–90% be utilized in productmanufacturing [1]. Therefore, we assess additional system changes compared to today applying life cycle thinking. For example, we
model the implementation of marker-based waste sorting, which requires collaboration of stakeholders across the value chain. Thischange leads to secondary plastics with properties so to be utilizable in additional products compared to today. Another technologythat may lead to additional amounts of secondary plastics utilizable in product manufacturing is chemical recycling. We compare suchprocesses to other possible treatments for those plastics that pose challenges for mechanical recycling.

We assess, on one hand, the material circularity by using the true recycling rate (TRR), an indicator that we have developed and thatis based on the secondary plastics actually applied in product manufacturing [1]. On the other hand, we assess the contribution

towards carbon neutrality of different system designs. Based on the results, the highest increase of the TRR can be achieved withsystem designs involving improved sorting. The highest TRR achievable by only mechanical recycling, implementing increased
collection, improved sorting and aligned product design with lower multimaterial shares, lies only at 30%.
[1] 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.002

Recycled plastic packaging from the Dutch food sector pollutes Asian oceans

3-2C-3

Nicolas Navarre1, José Mogollón1, Arnold Tukker1, Valerio Barbarossa1,2

1Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Leiden University; 2Department of Nature and Rural Areas, PBL Netherlands

Environmental Assessment Agency

Plastic food packaging is key to minimize food waste due to its beneficial properties and cost-effectiveness. Despite this, plastic foodpackaging rapidly generates plastic waste and if mismanaged can be leaked to the environment causing negative consequences forecosystems and humans. The extent to which food item packaging contributes to global plastic leakage, however, remains unknown.
In this study, we quantified the plastic waste potentially leaked to the marine environment due to food consumption in the

Netherlands by developing a novel model that tracks the fate of the plastic packaging used in the food sector. By combining foodconsumption patterns, food waste estimates, and plastic packaging life cycle inventory data, we developed an estimate for the plastic
packaging intensity of the Dutch diet. We then mapped the fate of the plastic food packaging waste generated in the Netherlands

according to the Dutch plastic waste management patterns, including litter and global plastic waste trade. We estimate that 6.4 kt outof a total of 294 kt plastic food packaging used in the Netherlands every year is leaked to the marine environment. Of this leakage,
75% results from the export of plastic waste to Asian countries, 3% to all other countries, and 22% is due to domestic littering. We
conclude that despite being a high-income nation with an efficient domestic post-consumer plastic packaging waste network

reporting a 78% recycle rate, Dutch post-consumer plastic food packaging waste is leaked to the marine environment at a globally
average rate, raising questions about plastic recycle rate metrics and Dutch/EU plastic waste export policies.

3-2C-4
Designing the future resource circulation system of plastics in line with changes in the structureof the arterial industries towards decarbonization

Daiki Kata, Jun Nakatani, Tsuyoshi Fujita
The University of Tokyo, Japan

In 2021, the Law for Promotion of Resource Circulation of Plastics was enacted, and it explicitly promotes efforts related to the entire
life cycle of plastic products. This law aims at achieving recycling/recovery goals which were laid out in the Resource Circulation
Strategy of Plastic in 2019. It specifies the intention for a circular economy to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050. The policy of67

decarbonization is introduced in most industries, but not all are necessarily compatible.

In this study, we aimed to design the future resource circulation system of plastics consider the structural changes in the arterial

industries that have potentials to accept waste plastics as raw material and energy sources, including the steel industry, inorganic

chemical industry, etc. First, we projected the future capacity of recycling/recovery of waste plastics in those industries, particularly

focusing on the introduction of technologies and process transitions that can affect the capacity of waste plastic utilization. Second,changes in the demand for plastics and the generation of waste plastics were also projected. These projections were analyzed under
the common scenarios, including [D] decarbonization, [P] aggressive waste plastic use, and [U] business-as-usual scenarios. Undereach of the scenarios, the material flow of waste plastics between waste source sectors and recycling/recovery processes that would

maximize the amount of GHG emission reduction or the recycling rate of plastics was specified using linear programming. Differences
and relationships between the results and the factors that affect the results are clarified depending on the subjects evaluated, andrecommendations are made for designing more effective resource circulating system. Energy recovery in the cement industry playeda major role for maximizing the GHG emission reduction under the scenarios [D] and [P], whereas waste plastics need to be allocatedto various recycling processes including material recycling, gasification, and blast furnace/coke oven feedstock recycling.

Integrated assessment of environmental, economic, and social impacts of waste plastic
recycling in Japan

3-2C-5

Baixin Li, Yasushi Kondo
Waseda University, Japan

Since China’s ban on waste plastic imports in 2017, there has been a growing need for promotion of domestic treatment andrecycling worldwide, particularly in Japan. Export of waste plastic or plastic scrap from Japan was halved during the period

2015‒2020, from 1.61 Tg to 0.821 Tg. Considering this background, in this study, we apply input‒output analysis for integrated

assessment of Japanese waste plastic recycling scenarios, wherein 1.61 Tg of waste plastic is not exported but treated or recycled inJapan. The base-case scenario describes incineration without energy recovery and landfill. The other scenarios include recycling inthe ‘Pig iron’ sector via coke oven chemical feedstock conversion, ‘Petroleum products’ sector via liquefaction, ‘Chemical fiber’ sector
via mechanical recycling, ‘Plastic products’ sector via mechanical recycling, and ‘In-house power generation’ sector with energy

recovery via RPF (refuse paper and plastic fuel) conversion. When the recycling sector cannot accept a portion of waste plastic due
to capacity limitations, that portion is incinerated without energy recovery or landfilled. For each scenario, we quantified theenvironmental, economic, and social indicators (carbon dioxide emissions, income, employment, and total import). These indicators
are used for integrated assessments of the scenarios. The assessment results show that neither the ‘Petroleum products’ nor‘Chemical fiber’ sectors can accept all the waste plastic due to capacity limitations. The ‘Plastic products’ sector performs wellconsidering economic (increasing income) and social perspectives (increasing employment and decreasing the dependence on

foreign resources), while the ‘Pig iron’ sector achieves the least carbon dioxide emissions among the recycling sectors fulfilling certain
economic and social conditions. The results of this study exemplify the usefulness of input‒output analysis for integrated assessmentof recycling scenarios without calculating single aggregated indicators.

3-2D: Circularity assessment
Resource efficiency account with considering the quality of circulated material

3-2D-1

Kohmei Halada1, Kiyotaka TAHARA2, Mitsutaka MATSUMOTO2

1Sustainability Design Institute, Japan; 2National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Developing the evaluation index of circularity and resource efficiency is vital to enhance stakeholders’ efforts to promote the circular
economy. Creation, retention, and regeneration of value of resources are critical to increase the resource efficiency of the economy,
and thus, the index should take the circulation mass and circulation quality into account. The authors propose a new index REA(Resource Efficiency Account). The index consists of two sub-indices, MUE (Material Utilization Efficiency), and “a-circularity.” The
MUE represents the material use efficiency and reflects the longevity and occupation in an evaluator-defined term that includes

several life cycles. It is calculated by the occupied functioning ratio for a subjected service per the sum of the value of consistentmaterial of physical equipment for service. A-circularity is the distance from the entire circular life cycle (multi cycles in a term),

evaluated by the requisition of the resource value from nature and the dissipation of the value by human action. The communization
stage is introduced as the interface among various life cycles. For instance, raw material for recycling is put on the market withmaterial values and picked up by another life cycle in the communization stage. Some values are dissipated in communization

because of impurity. On the other hand, some dissipated values are recovered in the industrial regeneration process, such as sorting

into another life cycle that accepts it. A-circularity is calculated by the sum of the requested value and dissipated value divided by the68value of consistent material. Though TMR (Total Material Requirement) is a robust evaluation measure, various possibilities should beconsidered beforehand. The division of MUE obtains REA by a-circularity while REA evaluates efforts of enabling circular systems,
such as eco-design, recycling, lean production, servicing, quality management.

Analysis of model selection for electrical and electronic equipment based on lifespan andbreakeven point

3-2D-2

Keita Hamasuna, Shoki Kosai, Shunsuke Kashiwakura, Eiji Yamasue
Ritsumeikan University, Japan

In recent years, the demand for Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) has been globally growing. A significant increase in energy
demand due to the use of EEE is a major concern. To mitigate the energy consumption, attentions have been paid to improving theenergy efficiency of EEE. However, it should be noted that the improvement of energy efficiency requires new resource uses,

worsening the environmental impacts at the production stage. Therefore, it is necessary to determine whether energy-efficientmodels can compensate for the increased resource and environmental impact at the production stage before the EEE reaches theend of its life.

Thus, the research question of this study is “how do increasing energy efficiency in appliances affect the breakeven point (BEP) for
different EEE models of energy efficiency?” Taking air conditioners (ACs) in Japan as a case study of EEEs, the resource use andgreenhouse gas emissions of low-efficiency and high-efficiency models were firstly analyzed considering the different energy mix, andthen the advantages of model selection from the perspective of product lifespan and BEP were evaluated.

It was found that the 2019 energy mix showed an advantage for high-efficiency models, while the 2050 energy mix showed anadvantage for consumer models. This is because the BEP increases as the share of renewable energy, which has a low intensity ofgreenhouse gas emissions and resource use, increases.

Based on the findings, depending on the changes in the energy mix, high-efficiency appliances may not always be superior to lowefficiency appliances from the perspective of breakeven point and lifespan. This indicates that, in the future, it will be required toprovide advice on the selection of appliances according to the user's attributes based on the BEP.

Ecodesign of EEE : optimizing circularity by integrating recycled plastics from WEEE

3-2D-3

Nicolas Nève1,2,3,4, Carole CHARBUILLET1,4, Nicolas PERRY1,2,3, Stéphane POMPIDOU1,2,3

1Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, France; 2University of Bordeaux, France; 3I2M Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, INRAE,

France; 4Institut Arts et Métiers de Chambéry, France
Nowadays, electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) become more and more complex. Indeed, their components often incorporate
critical materials, and are assembled in a very intricate way, making materials in EEEs difficult to separate and recover.

This is notably the case for plastics: unseparated waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) enter the recycling chain,plastics remain usually blended with metals, rare earths elements, alloys, glass, or minerals after shredding. As a result in Europe, only
2% of recycled plastics are dedicated to new EEEs. This is a consequence of two main issues.

- Firstly, the end-of-life treatment chains are not adapted to the products, materials or substances they encounter: plastics are often

put aside while other more economically viable materials are recycled. Moreover, there is a lack of design for end-of-life in the field of
EEE: plastic parts in these products are not sufficiently designed to be easily dismantled and recycled, which leads to material loss
during the end-of-life treatment.

- The second issue is the lack of communication between the recycling companies and the plastics users. Indeed, studies show thatthe main concerns of the EEE producers are the lack of knowledge about the available recycled resins, missing data about the qualityof recycled plastics, and stock supply issues.

All these concerns lead to the construction of a technical sheet for recycled plastics that acts as a communication tool between

plastics recyclers and plastics users. This tool aims to list of all information needed to assess the quality of any given recycled plastic
batch, but it can also be used as a database when filled in by multiple recyclers for different references. Made available to plastic

users, this database would allow to search for a specific property in a batch of recycled plastics, thus facilitating the choice of the
optimal one.

3-2D-4
Evaluation framework of environmental policies considering its effects on product lifetime

Daisuke Nishijima1, Masahiro Oguchi2

1Fukushima University, Japan; 2National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan69

In a transition to a circular economy, product lifetime extension is one of the main strategies. Along with this, environmental impacts
of product lifetime change have been paid attention and previous studies have analyzed the impacts based on product flow analysis

with engineering product lifetime models such as Weibull distribution. On the other hand, we cannot directly change product lifetime
and it is usually aimed by implementing policies. Therefore, it is more important to analyze environmental impacts of policies relatedwith product lifetime considering effects of policy implementations on product lifetime. Although some previous studies haveproposed such frameworks, they focused on the effects only on a part of product lifetime and could not consider the effects on an
entire product lifetime.

Motivated to the above research background, this study tries to develop a framework for analyzing environmental impacts of policies
to include effects of policy implementations on an entire product lifetime. We use a dynamic discrete choice model (DDCM) which isan econometric model to quantitatively analyze a relationship between consumer’s product replacement decisions and factors

affecting the decisions. We applied a DDCM as a product lifetime model in conventional product flow analysis to include effects ofpolicy implementations on product lifetime in environmental analyses.

We focused on GHG emissions derived from production and consumption of air conditioners. As case studies, we analyzed effects ofenergy efficiency improvement policies and product lifetime extension policies in a circular economy on the GHG emissions. The

results showed that both policies can reduce the GHG emissions even if environmental impacts of product lifetime change by theirpolicy implementations are considered. The proposed framework can help us to discuss environmental policies related with productlifetime and we believe that this study will be beneficial for better policy discussions of mitigating environmental impacts.

3-2E: Sustainability assessment
Even LCA-based absolute environmental sustainability assessment is relative

3-2E-1Jeroen Guinée1, Arjan de Koning1, Reinout Heijungs1,2

1Leiden University, the Netherlands; 2Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Over the past years, an increasing number of scholarly papers have used the planetary boundaries (PBs) within life cycle assessment(LCA) to determine if the life cycle impacts of a product system fit within those PBs and thereby establish the absolute sustainabilityof the product system. This type of LCA has been coined as LCA-based Absolute Environmental Sustainability Assessment (AESA).

‘Absolute’ thereby refers to methods enabling the comparison of environmental impacts of products, companies, nations, etc, with anassigned share of environmental carrying capacity for various impact categories. A recent review of LCA-based AESA methods, andtheir applications characterized 47 studies “according to their intended application, impact categories, basis of carrying capacity

estimates, spatial differentiation of environmental model and principles for assigning carrying capacity”. However, the review and the
majority of studies reviewed did not, or only to a limited extent, discuss potential temporal issues of assigning carrying capacity to

product systems. Several of the carrying capacity estimates have a time dimension while LCA results lack a time dimension. In thispresentation we show that assigning planetary boundaries (PBs) to product systems is only technically possible when adopting

several fundamental though unrealistic assumptions and conclude that even product LCA-based AESA is relative. This should notwithhold scholars from developing approaches applying the PBs in LCA, but it should prevent them from claiming and using the term
‘absolute’.

3-2E-2Introducing a multi-level approach for operationalising life cycle sustainability assessment

Mauro Cordella1, Till Bachmann2, Rafael Horn3, Hanna Pihkola4, Alessandra Zamagni5, Luca Zampori6, Isadora
Hackenhaar7

1Tecnalia, Spain; 2EIFER, Germany; 3Fraunhofer, Germany; 4VTT, Finland; 5Ecoinnovazione, Italy; 6PRé, the Netherlands, 7Ghent

University, Belgium

A coherent sustainability assessment of products across their life cycle is increasingly demanded in the EU market, with effects going
beyond the EU borders. UNEP/SETAC proposed a framework for a comprehensive life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA),

combining environmental life cycle assessment, social life cycle assessment and life cycle costing. However, conducting an LCSA

requires interdisciplinary knowledge and access to distinct methods, tools and information. Thus, entry-level barriers exist that canhamper the operationalisation of LCSA.

The EU H2020 project ORIENTING found that developing a flexible approach to facilitate the consistent implementation of productLCSA for users with different levels of expertise or resources (e.g., SMEs vs. multinationals) is a critical need to operationalise LCSA.
An approach to LCSA is presented that starts with simplified considerations, before progressing towards more in-depth studies,
addressing different types of purposes and audiences.

The initial step of the approach consists of identifying the intended LCSA application, which can be internal (e.g., product design70improvement, life cycle management) and/or external (e.g., communication to customers). This is followed by an evaluation of related
needs, available resources and level of experience. An entry level allows users to familiarise themselves with LCSA, relevant impact

categories, potential impact improvement strategies (through qualitative approaches) and interpretation of results. This experiencefacilitates progressing towards more comprehensive, quantitative LCSA studies. Intermediate and advanced levels involve increased
demands in terms of data (quality and type), modelling of life cycle impacts, interpretation and reporting requirements.

The approach is expected to ease the spread of LCSA, avoiding that only front-runners with sufficient resources can engage in LCSA
studies. However, independently from application and level of complexity, it is fundamental to ensure critical interpretation andtransparency of LCSA information, and fulfil requirements associated with intended purposes (e.g., standardised rules are needed forcomparative sustainability claims).

Global commons stewardship index: Safeguarding the shared resources of the planet

3-2E-3Zachary A. Wendling2, T. Reed Miller1, Salma Dahir2, Akiyuki Kawasaki3, Guillaume Lafortune2, Daniel C. Esty1, Naoko Ishii3
1Yale University, Center for Environmental Law & Policy, United States of America; 2Sustainable Development Solutions Network;
3University of Tokyo, Institute for Future Initiatives, Japan

Sustainable management of the Global Commons in line with the Planetary Boundaries framework requires data and metrics to guidecies. The 2021 Global Commons Stewardship (GCS) Index aims to inform policymaking to reduce negative impacts on the
better poli­

Global Commons and to accelerate implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. It provides scores for 99 countries and theEuropean Union. Five major principles guide the design of the GCS Index.

First, the Index integrates six impact categories: Aerosols, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Terrestrial Biodiversity Loss, Marine

Biodiversity Loss, Nutrient Cycle disruptions, and Water Cycle disruptions. This year’s edition includes 33 indicators using data fromofficial sources and scientific research.

Second, the Index tracks impacts within territorial borders and transboundary impacts, or spillovers embodied in traded goods andservices.

Third, the Index estimates the distance to pre-defined sustainability thresholds to quantify and compare priorities within and acrosscountries.

Fourth, the Index focuses on outcome-based measures of environmental impacts at the country level, leaving out policies, input
measures, or measures of access to resources.

Fifth, the Index relies on data that are fresh, high-quality, and can be updated regularly.
This year’s GCS Index generates five key findings:

1) Major transformations are urgently needed in all countries to address negative impacts on the Global Commons generated byunsustainable production and consumption.

2) Rich countries generate the largest share of the international spillovers that need to be addressed.

3) Ambitious actions to protect and restore the Global Commons domestically and internationally must go hand-in-hand with efforts
to improve living standards everywhere.

4) G20 countries bear a special responsibility in reforming the governance of the Global Commons.

5) Persistent data gaps and limitations should be addressed for more real-time and forward-looking monitoring of countries’ impacts
on the Global Commons.

Novel SLCA method to overview more-good and less-bad social impacts

3-2E-4

Pasan Dunuwila1, Ichiro Daigo1, V.H.L. Rodrigo2, Hiroki Hatayama3, Koichi Shobatake4, Kiyotaka Tahara3, Takeo Hoshino1
1The University of Tokyo, Japan; 2Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka; 3National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology; 4TCO2 Co.,Ltd.
Social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is a tool to assess the social impacts of a product systemically. A standard framework for SLCA
is still under discussion. While most SLCA methods highlight negative impacts and reductions (less-bad impacts), less attention has
been paid to positive social impacts and their increments (more-good impacts). Positive social impacts highlight chances for

improving human well-being and present a complete picture of a product's total social impact. Though few studies attempted tohighlight the positive aspects of products using different methods, the current condition of those products could only be highlighted

therein. Hence, fluctuations of positive social impacts after the insertion of a decision could not be overviewed with those methods. In
addition, none of the previous studies reports a straightforward methodology to distinguish between the positive and negative
impacts of a product. Referring to both is required for appropriate decision-making using SLCA. Therefore, a novel SLCA

methodology is proposed to address the above lacunas. We demonstrated the performance of the new SLCA method by performinga case study on lightweight materials produced in Japan for vehicles. The positive aspects of vehicle light-weighting could be71

identified as Aluminum- and CFRP-substituted ICEVs, resulting in more-good social impacts. However, only less-bad impacts could beobserved in the overseas supply chain due to the lack of social data. This inability could be a notable drawback in the proposed
method and need to be addressed by future research.

Linking the UN sustainable development goals to product-level impact information

3-2E-5

Rosan Harmens, Shaniq Pilay, Eric Mieras
PRé Sustainability, the Netherlands

While the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) prove to be a relevant compass for governments, they are less relevant forbusinesses. This was the starting point for the two approaches that link LCA and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),

developed with support from the UNEP Life Cycle Initiative and a number of companies. After three years, the main structure of theapproaches, and all 17 of the LCA-to-SDG linking documents are now finalized, and have been tested in case studies with industry

partners. The final methodology and most important learnings about the links between LCA and the SDGs will form the focus of thepresentation.

The methodology builds upon the well-established basis of the LCA approach: goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment
and interpretation. Links between environmental and social LCA impact categories to the SDGs are established on a target level.

Having linked all 17 SDGs with LCA provided some interesting conclusions. The project pointed out a number of specific social andenvironmental LCA categories that seem crucial for the overall achievement of the SDGs, since many links were identified. Next tothat, a number of SDGs have only a few links with LCA.

The method was applied to the specific products of our industry partners in three case studies In the goal and scope phase,companies selected the SDGs they want to analyze. This allowed them to understand how they contribute to that goal, to monitor andincrease their positive contribution over time, and to communicate about their contribution. On the one hand, the case studies helped
to address shortfalls and learn from feedback to make further improvements. On the other hand, this exercise provided thecompanies with relevant insights about their SDG contribution on product level.

3-2F: Policy and supporting science
What countries induce the world asbestos flow? : A multi-regional input-output approach

3-2F-1

Makiko Tsukui

Tokyo International University, Japan
Asbestos is a fine fibrous mineral that has been used extensively in different industries because it has excellent properties as anindustrial raw material. However, long-term exposure to high concentrations of asbestos has been shown to have serious health risks.
Occupational asbestos exposure caused approximately 5.68 million deaths from 1990 to 2019, and approximately 239,333 people

die annually due to asbestos exposure. Although the use and mining of asbestos has been banned in most advanced countries, many

developing and semi-developed countries continue to mine and use asbestos in products and building materials, and mineral asbestos
and asbestos-containing products are also exported to other countries. In these countries, asbestos use has caused serious healthrisks and social issues. In this study, we extended the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Tables for 2014 with data for mineralasbestos production in the main asbestos mining countries of Russia, China, Kazakhstan, and Brazil. Using the compiled multi-regional
input-output table, we clarified that the asbestos mining countries China, Russia, and Brazil induced 515,923, 510,579, and 94,417
tonnes of mineral asbestos per annum, respectively. Countries with well-developed industrial sectors, such as India, USA, Japan,

Germany, UK, Indonesia, and Vietnam also induced asbestos mining, and accounted for 118,974, 106,153, 94,417, 51,393, 39,322,

22,309, 14,120, and 8,373 tonnes per annum, respectively. Numerous countries induce less than 2% each of the annual total mineralasbestos production. The findings showed that countries that have already banned the use, production, export and mining ofasbestos and asbestos-containing products domestically, also induce asbestos mining. To be effective, measures for restricting

asbestos utilisation around the world require not only efforts by the asbestos producing and using countries that are exposed toasbestos-related health risks, but efforts need to be adopted by all countries around the world.

3-2F-2
Quantification of the material flow from the modal shift of motorcycle electrification underclimate change adaption policy in Taiwan

Kuo-Che Weng, Falk Schneider, Hsin-Tien Lin
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Motorcycle is a major means of transportation in many Asian economies, including Taiwan. Modal shift into electric motorcycle is a72

potential solution to pollution problems, but corresponding resource requirement in motorcycle production and End-of-Life (EoL)

motorcycle generation cannot be neglected. This work presents a dynamic material flow analysis of modal- related resources frommotorcycles under the Climate Change Adaption Policy in Taiwan in 2021-2050. Our result showed that electric motorcycle

ownership ratio will rise to 44% in 2050 under the policy, resulting in a 48% reduction of CO2 emission comparing to 2021. However,
due to the different material composition in conventional and electric motorcycles, the material stock of copper and aluminium will

increase while iron and plastic decreases. A more significant change in material input and output is observed due to the sharp rise in
the electric motorcycle numbers. This work presents essential primary information for the estimation of the material flow related to
motorcycle and it can be utilized to analyse the resource consumption and recycling potential in Asian countries. The systemdeveloped in this work can be applied to predict future waste flows in detail, which is important for planning purposes and policy
shaping in the recycling sector.

3-2F-3
The role of the distance-to-target weighting method in life cycle assessment: A case study ofmembrane capacitive deionization (MCDI)

Chih-Chi Huang, Mengshan Lee

National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
This study aims to develop a set of weighting factors (WFs) by the distance-to-target (DTT) method to improve the LCA results of an
emerging water treatment technology of MCDI. The DTT method considered the world normalization references (NR) between 1990,
1995 and 2000 in the CML-IA method, with WFs set as WF90-00, WF90-95 and WF95-00. Quantification of the impacts wereconducted using the functional unit of production of desalinated water of 1 m3. Relatively lower overall impacts were observed after
applying different WFs sets, mainly due to their decreased values for most of the impact categories. In the WF90-00 and WF95-00
sets, the impact of terrestrial ecotoxicity (TEP) had the highest relative importance, contributing significant changes in the overall
impact results up to 10 times greater (from 0.05% to 0.68%). The impacts of human toxicity (HTP), abiotic depletion (ADP, fossil

fuels) and global warming (GWP), on the other hand, showed little change in the results. In the WF90-95 set, the impact of ADP had
the highest importance, while the impact of ozone layer depletion (ODP) had the lowest. Our results also revealed that the overall
impact results under different renewable energy sources were less affected by the WFs sets.

3-2F-4

LCA implementation in policy: National adoption of life cycle assessment in Indonesia

Jessica Hanafi1, Sigit Reliantoro2

1Indonesian Association of Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability Professionals (PROLCAS); 2Ministry of Environment andForestry, Republic of Indonesia

Since the announcement that LCA will be included as one of the indicators in the national environmental performance rating, known

as PROPER, in 2018, LCA implementation and adoption in Indonesia have increased significantly. Companies started to conduct LCA
and slowly implement it to make strategic decisions. Early in 2021, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) announced theregulation on environmental performance rating that integrates LCA into the rating system. This regulation is a breakthrough fromIndonesia as the first country in the world that uses Life cycle assessment to quantify environmental impacts. This regulation shows astrong commitment from the Government of Indonesia to combat climate change through collaborative efforts from the government
and private sectors.

With this new regulation, LCA is encouraged to be integrated into the company policy, governance, technical capacity requirements,

strategic planning, inventory database preparation, environmental labeling, and quantitative impact-based environmental performance,
especially for the green and gold rated companies. This national adoption has opened up new opportunities for companies to pursue
sustainable activities, utilize LCA results as a quantitative metric for sustainability, set targets, and stay competitive in the global
market.

This paper will address the consequential impact of the adoption of LCA in the national policy to the broader scope. In the first yearof its implementation, more than 280 companies across over 40 sectors have initiated to conduct LCA.

3-3B: Urban system
Floating urban development for sustainable coastal communities

Gil Wang1, Sebastian Schreier1, Tomer Fishman2, Fransje Hooimeijer3

3-3B-1

1Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering (3mE); 2Leiden University,73Institute of Environmental Science (CML); 3Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Faculty of Architecture and the Built
Environment

Floating urban development can alleviate the pressure on coastal areas by creating much-needed space with a relatively small

environmental impact. This interdisciplinary study explores the alternative of urban expansion to the adjacent marine environment ofcoastal cities, focusing on floating residential dwellings. The research combines ocean engineering, urbanism, and industrial ecology
to examine the hypothesis that floating manmade structures could potentially provide additional useable space at sea. The maintechnological challenge refers to the ability of the floating structures to withstand the incoming waves, while maintaining the allowable
comfort margins for residential buildings in operational conditions; and to maintain the structural integrity during extreme events. In
addition, little is currently known about the spatial layout and urban design requirements for a floating development offshore, andwhat are the actual ecological consequences, compared to the available alternatives on land. To date, there are no comprehensive
Material Flow Analyses (MFA) or Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) for floating urban developments, mainly due to the lack of an

integrated knowledge that encompass all the required stake holders. The technological aspects of this research are based on physicaland numerical studies currently conducted in the Ship Hydromechanics Laboratory at Delft University of Technology. Then, a spatialplanning approach is created for this unique domain using urban planning and urbanism strategies, to examine the interaction of theoffshore development with the existing coastal community. Finally, scenario-based macro-scale MFA and LCA are used to assessmaterial flows and environmental impacts of large-scale future implementation. Together, these approaches inform and navigate

amongst the various sustainable design possibilities, tradeoffs, and maximum potentials of floating urban development. The purpose
is to cultivate and to provide tools to activate the alternative of sea and ocean space utilization in sustainable and responsible ways.

3-3B-2Estimation of life cycle CO2 emission and analysis of factors associated with medium-capacity
passenger transport systems

Yuma Yamada, Hirokazu Kato, Suil Park
Nayoya University, Japan

CO2 emissions from the transport sector in Japan account for approximately 20% of total emissions. Shift to public transport is oneof the methods for reducing CO2 emission. Furthermore, medium-capacity passenger transport systems, such as LRT and BRT, havebeen introduced. However, CO2 emissions from each transport mode vary due to the differences in the region, energy resources,and vehicle properties.

The life cycle of transport systems is divided into four phases: 1) manufacturing of vehicles, 2) manufacturing of infrastructures, 3)

operation of vehicles, and 4) operation of infrastructures. We estimated the medium-capacity passenger transport systems' life cycle(LC)-CO2 emissions based on these four stages. Moreover, we analyzed the influence of different factors, such as CO2 coefficient ofelectricity, average temperature, route gradient, power regeneration function, and so forth, on LC-CO2 emissions of medium-capacity
passenger transport systems.

As a result, the study shows that CO2 emissions increase during operating phases of vehicles and infrastructures is proportional tothe demand volume increase. The difference in regional traits is expected to reduce CO2 emissions from medium-capacity passenger
transport systems. Also, the extent of impact from such elements differs among various transport systems. Some factors, such as
power regeneration function and CO2 coefficient of electricity were found to have a non-negligible effect of up to 20~30% on theCO2 emissions of the medium-capacity passenger transport systems. Additionally, the findings show that constant-speed operation ismore effective in reducing CO2 on steep gradient sections. These results suggest the importance of impact analysis of regional andvehicle characteristics in the various phases of the transport system life cycle. We also examined the construction of a simplified CO2
emissions estimation methodology as a tool designed for operators and municipalities.

3-3B-3
Quantifying greenhouse gases emission from buildings and vehicles in redeveloped areas under
the transit-oriented development strategy: A case study in Taipei city, Taiwan

Hsueh-Hsun Lee, Pei-Te Chiueh

National Taiwan University, Taiwan
In urban, excessive private vehicles cause traffic congestion, air quality deterioration, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission thatmakes transport become a waste of economy and energy. Transit-oriented development (TOD) is one of the adaptions which is thecreation of compact, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around public transit systems. Otherwise, TOD isthe advised strategy included in the Comparative study on Urban Transport and the Environment matrix by the World Conference on
Transport Research Society.

The Taipei City Government has delineated the areas applicable for development permits around the 33 selected mass rapid transit(MRT) stations in 2018, to improve urban development toward TOD.

74

Many past studies have shown that the environmental benefit of TOD is a reduction of GHGs emissions of person-kilometers oftravel. However, few studies have investigated the environmental impacts of land-use intensity changes and integrated travel behavior
and land-use intensity.

This study focused on the extent of GHGs resulting in redeveloped areas from changes in land-use intensity and the shifting ofprivate vehicles to public transportation. We utilized the building life cycle assessment and traffic-related GHGs emissions calculation

method by IPCC. Six of 33 selected MRT stations along the transport corridor from the MRT Beitou Station to the MRT Taipei Station
were study cases. Each station scoped a 500 m service area as a studied area. This study aims to compare the trend of energy
consumption and GHGs emission from vehicles and the GHGs emission of building life cycle of TOD under 3 land-use intensity
scenarios.

In Scenario 3 (rebuilding over 30 years old of buildings), all areas show emission reduction, with the highest in the MRT Shipai Station.
As the total floor area of buildings increases, life-cycle CO2 emissions will be dominated by emissions from redeveloped buildings
during the use phase, accounting for about 60%.

3-3B-4
Toward Sustainability: Comparative life cycle assessment framework of green road pavement
using industrial by-product as alternative materials

Manouchehr Shokri, Marzia Traverso, Rose Nangah Mankaa

Institute of Sustainability in Civil Engineering (INaB)Faculty of Civil Engineering at RWTH Aachen, Germany
Roadway Infrastructures are impressive targets for effective Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and construction initiative.

Frequently, they involve notable amounts of financial resources also use up remarkable extent of materials and energy which leads towaste and adverse effects on the environment and cause social disturbance. This is necessary to accommodate growing transportdemands, while ensuring that traffic density and condition of road infrastructures remain at desirable levels, and that the road

network is adaptable, automated, and resilient. Failure to meet road infrastructure investment needs, disregard for sustainability

concepts, could be costly in terms of wasted time, consumption of non-renewable resources, and growing environmental problems,with all the consequences it has for living standards, also it can even cause a constant and irreclaimable sectional loss for this notableasset. Therefore, road construction industry needs to be evaluated and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as comprehensive recognizedframework, can be used for adequately evaluate the resource use and environmental effects.
MethodLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) (ISO 1404-44) is carried out for road pavement with various use scenarios of Crumb Rubber (CR)deriving from the End-of-Life Tires (ELTs) and Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag from steelmaking as waste/ by-products materials inroad pavement construction layers in comparison to conventional road component. Firstly, both of scenarios were implemented
separately and then simultaneous use of EAF and CR was applied in road pavement during all stages of the LCA, from the raw

material extraction and processing(cradle) through the acquisition manufacturing, construction and use stage until the end-of-lifestage(grave).
ResultPreliminary results obtained from the LCA analysis indicated that placing CR and EAF slag as secondary by-product material

consumption in road pavement can lead to significant benefits in environmental impacts. The results show remarkable contribution to
the reduction of Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and Global Warming Potential (GWP).

3-3C: Material and waste flow
3-3C-1
Identifying flow of aluminum alloy to aluminum alloy recycling through end-use products using
matrix optimization

Kentaro Takeyama, Ichiro Daigo, Takeo Hoshino
The University of Tokyo, Japan

Aluminum is the second largest produced metal, and its consumption has increased in recent years due to its useful properties.

Environmental impact and primary resource usage associated with the aluminum production process can be reduced by recycling;

however, the current recycling system is regarded as cascade recycling due to using various types of alloy in the same product andinsufficient separation of them. For promoting closed-loop recycling of aluminum alloys, it is required to identify the recycling flow ofaluminum with consideration for alloy type and its alloying elements. Previous studies have revealed the amount of scrap generation
and alloying elements associated with it; however, they have not distinguished the recycling flows of scrap to secondary alloy

production processes. This study estimated the flow of aluminum alloy to aluminum alloy recycling through end-use products. To

identify the supply-demand matrices from aluminum alloys to end-use products and from scrap types to secondary alloy production

processes, we used RAS method-based technique with consideration for confirmed flow information. A dynamic material flow analysis
75was conducted to calculate the amount of scrap generation from each end-use product. From these results, the flow from primaryaluminum alloys to secondary alloy through end-use product were identified. Beverage cans, sashes, other interior and exterior ofbuildings, and printing plates were recycled to wrought alloys. A difference between products recycled for wrought alloys and thosefor diecast and casting alloys is the variety of alloys used in each end-use product. Because automobiles and other end-use products

consume various types of wrought, diecast, and casting alloys, scrap from these products exceeds the tolerance of alloying elements

for wrought alloy production. For the closed-loop recycling of wrought alloys, separation of alloy types and avoiding contaminants are
required.

Systematic synthesis of mixed waste plastic sorting scenarios

3-3C-2

Yasuhiro Fukushima, Hajime Ohno, Yuki Kato
Tohoku University, Japan

Towards carbon neutrality, end-of-life (EoL) plastics must be thoroughly exploited as a valuable carbon source. Material recycling(MR), in which mixed waste plastic is recycled as resin, and chemical recycling (CR), in which mixed waste plastic is converted into
chemical raw materials, can retain the carbon within the society, while energy recovery (ER), dissipates the carbon into theatmosphere through combustion. Currently, purity of MR feed must be high and the properties of recycled products by CR varydepending on the composition, though CR can accept a wide range of compositions. These constraints hinder the application of MR
and CR for container and packaging plastics discharged from general households in Japan. If the recent development of sorting
technology enhances the ratio of EoL plastics sent for MR and CR, at most ca. half of carbon in petrochemical products canpotentially circulate. In this study, we evaluated the effect of changing the recovery rate and technical requirements on recycling for acase study, from the perspective of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. For treatment of 11,368 tons of mixed plastic containers andpackaging consisting five-type resins (PE, PP, PS, PET, and PVC), assuming near-infrared radiation sorting targeting any one of thefive resins together with gravity sorting as available sorting technologies, systematically synthesized 522,150 sorting scenarios in

total were evaluated. The scenario with the lowest GHG emissions reduced emission significantly compared to the case where only ER
is implemented. Furthermore, the GHG emissions were evaluated for the scenarios in which recovery rate of the target resin wasincreased by 10 % and 20 % for the sorting technology, and the CR requirement (total composition ratio of PE, PP, and PS) was

lowered from 0.95 to 0.85 and 0.75. These affected the structure of sorting scenarios, and the resulting GHG emission reductions
were quantified.

Evaluation method of recycled content and classification of scraps for materials

3-3C-3

Taichi Suzuki1,2, Ichiro Daigo1

1The University of Tokyo; 2UACJ Corporation

An evaluation method and calculation formula of recycled content for materials were developed. The method was developed for an

uniform material, because recycled content of composite material and a product can be calculated as the weighted average of eachcomposing uniform material. Proposed recycled content expresses the ratio of recovered material consumed as an input during

material production in the specific system. The system boundary was set in two levels based on industrial needs: a factory level and amaterial level. For both levels, the denominator of the calculation formula includes all the input to the material production system,

both primary and recovered material. The numerator is the total mass of the recovered material included in the input. As for a factory
level, recycled content is calculated using input materials for a whole factory. Although in-house scrap is basically omitted from thecalculation, some in-house scrap that requires additional treatment for recovery is counted and regarded as in the same status as old
scrap. As for a material level, classification of scrap was developed to identify in-house scrap used for different materials from inhouse scrap used for the original material: i)scrap internal – material closed, ii)scrap external – material closed, iii)scrap external –material open – used without additional treatment and iv)scrap external – material open – used after additional treatment. By

introducing the new classification, all types of scrap can be considered in the calculation. In the calculation, the recycled content of
the original material contained in in-house scrap and process scrap is considered to avoid the overestimation of recycled content.
The proposed formula is independent of the system boundary of the calculation. Therefore, the formula can provide the constantrecycled content though the value calculated by the conventional formula varies depending on the system boundary of thecalculation.

3-3C-4
Time series analysis of capital-embodied material footprint in Japan towards a material flow
management in a carbon-neutral society

Sho Hata1,2, Keisuke Nansai1, Kenichi Nakajima1,276

1National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan; 2The University of Tokyo

A huge amount of material is required for our society. Even in Japan, a mature economy, more than 1.5 billion tons of material flow—

material use for products, services, and fixed-capital formation—annually supports the society. Considering that material use triggers
substantial carbon emissions, understanding the relationship between the materials use and carbon emissions is a prerequisite forachieving climate change targets. Without through management of material use, a carbon-neutral society is hopelessly unattainable.

This study aims to find a pathway for carbon-neutral society in parallel with maintaining the mature society, and material managementtargets for that society. We developed a fixed-capital endogenizing input-output model to calculate capital-embodied material

footprints (MF) and their induced carbon emissions. To analyze how changes in consumption structure affect material flows, wecreated a time-series input-output table with endogenized fixed-capital for the period 2000, 2005, 2011, 2015 and material flow

database of each year. Decomposing the industrial supply chain and final demand, We analyzed what factors influence changes inmaterial flow. As the result, we identified that the service sector is highly responsible for the material consumption if we include fixedcapital formation effect. As of 2015, the fixed-capital supply chain for the service sectors caused 168 million tons MF and indicatedthe high level of carbon intensity. This trend indicates that the service sectors are key to material management on both the supply

and demand side. Our findings highlight that breaking the stimulus to the fixed-capital formation by service industries is imperative

for curbing material use and carbon emissions. Strengthening circular economy policies and companies’ and cities’ Scope 3 carbon
management, focusing on fixed-capital, will be instrumental in driving this change.

3-3D: Lifecycle thinking for eco-design
Supporting technology developers to upscale rare-earth-magnet recycling systems forsustainability

3-3D-1

Brenda Miranda Xicotencatl, Sander van Nielen, Rene Kleijn
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University

Due to the increasing adoption of wind turbines and electric motors for battery-electric mobility, the energy transition requires anincreasingly secure supply of permanent rare earth magnets. While the current supply chain of rare earths heavily relies on mining
them in China, neodymium recycling outside of China is expected to play a prominent role in the future. One of the alternative

recycling processes currently under development in the Horizon 2020 project "SUSMAGPRO" involves using hydrogen to retrieve NdFe-B from end-of-life magnets. Within SUSMAGPRO, technology developers are testing pilot plants and defining processing routes,
starting from various sources of magnetic scrap, with several types of magnets as potential products. To support the technology

developers through this wide solution space, we planned a sustainability assessment in three stages. In the first stage, we quantified
neodymium waste in European countries using material flow analysis. We also performed a prospective life cycle assessment on the

primary production of Nd-Fe-B magnets. In the second stage, we performed an LCA of the recycling systems at their current scales(lab or pilot). We then identified hotspots and defined a set of upscaling and optimisation parameters. The third stage consists ofintegrating the knowledge of the two previous stages and evaluating the most promising routes in upscaled scenarios projected into
the future. The iterative process involved scenario workshops and expert consultations. The sustainability assessment, also including
the assessment of prospective economic and social factors, will be concluded by the end of the project, in 2023.

3-3D-2Multifaceted approach to achieve increased polyester textile monomer recycling with reduced
GHG emissions

Mikiaki Hasegawa, Noriko Tatsumi
JGC Corporation, JapanThe apparel life cycle releases approximately 3.3 billion metric tons of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) annually (6.7% of all sectors) making
it a compelling area to reduce GHG emissions. Polyester textiles accounts for 60% of all textiles production. Therefore, polyester

textile recycling is significant for transitioning to carbon neutrality. PET bottles are widely used as feedstock for mechanical recycling
because of their ease of recycling. However, waste polyester textile material cannot be used as mechanical recycling feedstock due

to containing dyes. As PET bottle-to-bottle recycling development matures and is established in future, it is predicted that waste PET

bottles will not be available feedstock for recycled textiles. However, monomer recycling can be applied for waste polyester textiles as
feedstock because it enables regenerated polyester textile with virgin-equivalent quality from waste textile regardless of containing
dye. Therefore, it is required to quantitatively evaluate the advantage of monomer recycling in the polyester textile life cycle.

JGC performed LCA to evaluate potential GHG reduction by waste polyester monomer recycling process compared with production

from hydrocarbon sources. In this process, recycled polyester is produced by polymerization of monomer made from waste polyester
textile. This recycling process is conducted on a commercial-scale plant, and design data is available for evaluation. The waste of77

unrecoverable chemical residue is assumed to be incinerated. Through this study, it was found that monomer recycling has anadvantage of 50% GHG reduction because carbon of waste textile can be captured as recycled product instead of incineration.

Design improvement in waste textile recovery systems contributes to a stable feedstock supply for monomer recycling and mesheswith the proposed approach. The topic of waste textile recovery systems will be discussed in detail in another oral session.
In conclusion, we showed the advantage of life cycle GHG emissions for waste polyester textile monomer recycling.

3-3D-3
Closing the silicon loop: A lifecycle environmental implication of upcycling Japan’s solar panel
wastes into next-generation thin-film silicon solar PV cells

Heng Yi Teah1, Ziyi Han2

1Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda Universty; 2Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University

Crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies have remarkably reduced the lifecycle GHG emissions of electricity by twoorders of magnitude compared to fossil fuels. However, the end-of-life solar panels will soon pile up; and the zero-carbon trend will

demand a cleaner production. These prompted us to reinvestigate the hotspots of solar PVs, including the purification of metal-grade
silicon, and material loss during the wafer slicing. A potential solution is to “recycle” the silicon from PV wastes, then “upcycle” themto produce next-generation thin-film silicon solar cells – that can perform as effectively with one-tenth of the silicon requirement. This
early-stage technology can chemically vapor deposit silicon film with a minimum loss and may use recycled silicon as feedstock.

Therefore, this study examines the environmental implication of closing the silicon loop while “upcycling” the solar cells using a seriesof what-if scenarios in the context of Japan. The government's GHG reduction targets are 46% of the 2013-level by 2030 and netzero by 2050; the PVs installation targets are 108 GW in 2030 and 370 GW in 2050. We first model the PV wastes. The wastes

contribute negatively when undergoing recycling treatments but positively when avoiding virgin materials; the silicon is recycled into
metal-grade or solar-grade. We then model the impacts of PV production in three scenarios: business-as-usual, recycling (Si wafer),and upcycling (Si film). Our tentative results show that the 2050 net-zero carbon target can be met in the upcycling scenario,

considering the reduced PV production impacts and credits of recycled materials. But the 2030 carbon reduction target cannot becompleted because of the disproportionate amount of silicon needed for PV production and domestically available recycled silicon.
The upcycling to a flexible thin-film PV will also have ripple effects on the ease of transportation and installation.

Environmental trade-offs of decarbonisation pathways for domestic water heating

3-3D-4Isabel Schestak, A. Prysor Williams
Bangor University, United Kingdom

Reducing the carbon footprint of water heating plays a significant role in the decarbonisation of heat, given that it can account for
20% or more of domestic heating fuel consumption. However, policies to date have prioritised decarbonisation of the electric grid.
The transition of domestic water heating towards renewable energy requires the installation of new equipment to use (renewable)

electricity and renewable heat sources, replacing boilers for gas and other fossil fuels; such technologies each come with their own
environmental footprint. Whilst previous studies have explored the environmental trade-offs of an increase of renewable electricity
generation, such research has gained little attention for water heating.

This study aims to quantify the environmental footprint of equipment necessary for the transition to renewable domestic water

heating in the United Kingdom (UK) through a Life Cycle Assessment, focussing on greenhouse gas emissions, resource depletion

and water consumption of the life cycle of electric boilers, heat pumps, solar thermal collectors, biomass boilers and others. In orderto establish scenarios on the role-out of the alternative water heating technologies under different policy choices and market

developments, we use information from Energy Performance Certificates (EPC). These are collected for sold and rented properties in

the UK and contain data on the fuel type and yearly costs for water heating, which we use as our basis for a marginal CO2 abatement
cost curve to establish the most cost-effective technology mix on a county level resolution.

The resulting regionalised data on the application of renewable water heating technologies under several scenarios and their related
environmental footprint will be highly relevant to inform policies supporting a low-cost and low-trade-off transition to green water
heating in households. It will also enable us to quantify regional recycling efforts necessary to replace the old water heating
infrastructure.

3-3E: Organizational and regional sustainability
New assessment method for companies’ ESG activities toward well-being society

Minako Hara, Xiaoxi Zhang, Machiko Shinozuka, Midori Kawada, Masahiro Sotoma
783-3E-1

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
A new assessment method is developed on the basis of Gross Social Feel-Good (GSF) Index to evaluate the contribution of companies
to the realization of a well-being society, which people want their society to become, especially from environmental, social, andgovernance (ESG) aspects. The GSF index was originally developed for evaluating the contribution of ICT services to the realization ofa sustainable society and used to evaluate the positive and negative effects of ICT services in terms of their environmental, social,and economic impacts. By enhancing the target and the concept, the new assessment method enables us to estimate both thepositive and the negative effects of a company’s activities in terms of their ESG impact. We assessed a part of ESG related activities
including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, preventing work-related injuries, increasing employment, improving employee health,and protecting privacy of an ICT company using disclosed annual ESG information and statistical datasets. This case study clarified
the possibilities that the new method could estimate the improvement and importance of a company’s activities from an ESG
viewpoint quantitatively by comparing the estimation results from current and past ESG information.

From waste towards carbon neutrality: An innovative paradigm shift to material flow costaccounting 2.0

3-3E-2Aline Hendrich1, Andreas Moeller2, Mario Schmidt1

1Institute for Industrial Ecology INEC Pforzheim University, Germany; 2Leupahana University Lueneburg, Germany

Carbon neutrality is a worthwhile intermediate goal for businesses on their journey towards sustainability. If GHG emissions equal
zero, global warming can be reduced and hopefully come to a standstill. Despite the lively ongoing debate about what carbon
neutrality means, we should not neglect the question of how it can be achieved.

Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) is a powerful method to detect and reduce waste in production processes, thereby decreasing
GHG emissions and costs simultaneously. Stemming from environmental management, MFCA has the major strength to unite

economic and ecological goals. It was developed in Germany and Japan and standardized as ISO 14051 in 2011. Nevertheless, it has

not yet gained a foothold in the manufacturing industry, for which it has large potential. Two main reasons for this are the difficulty tofind suitable improvement measures and to correctly quantify the overall saving potential of these measures. So far, there is no

guidance how to systematically derive suitable measures within an MFCA project. Moreover, the saving potential is only calculated
based on the one point in the production system where it occurs.

The research project MaFImA Project (Material Flow Based Improvement Assessments) closes this gap with a software tool based on
innovative algorithms that enable scenario comparisons, hot-spot analyses and holistic assessments of potential improvement

measures. The software tool calculates the correct saving potentials associated with the individual measures and also combinations
thereof. Moreover, a linked database enables the search for suitable measures.

This methodological paradigm shift results in MFCA 2.0, a more pragmatic MFCA method that enables the reduction of environmental
emissions and sustainable business management through innovative software support. MFCA 2.0 has a high practical relevance andthus paves the way for carbon neutrality and sustainable development for the production industry.

Recursive calculation of scope-3 emissions in the supply chain with input-output analysis

3-3E-3Alexandra Vogt1, Pia Heidak1, Christian Kühne2, Moritz Nill3, Mario Schmidt1

1Pforzheim University, Germany; 2Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany; 3ctrl+s GmbH, Germany

The use of materials, goods and services is associated with greenhouse gas emissions. In climate footprints of companies these

upstream scope-3-emissions represent a large share of overall emissions. Calculating them is difficult because they occur in the
supply chain, which can usually only be traced back to the first supplier. Economic input-output analysis (IOA) is one method toestimate these emissions in supply chains. It provides indications of the origin of emissions by country and industry sector. IOA wasused as backbone in developing a simple web-based tool for the calculation of corporate carbon footprints which is provided free ofcharge to the manufacturing industry in Germany (https://scope3analyzer.pulse.cloud/) and international companies.

Besides allowing companies to calculate their scope 1&2 emissions, companies can use the tool for estimating their upstream scope
3 emissions by analyzing the purchasing data. This is done by simply entering the monetary volumes of used products and services,
categorizing them into different groups of goods and countries of origin. The envisioned dissemination of the tool in supply chains
would even allow the determination of actual upstream emissions as each supplier would share his direct emissions. Only hispurchased goods and raw materials would still be estimated with IOA. The broader the supply chain is covered by applicants of thetool, the more accurate the data would become. This creates a recursive method that is initially based on international trade data but
will represent a company´s individual supply chain more accurately with each iteration.

For such a procedure to work and be adopted by companies, however, numerous obstacles must be overcome. Companies such as

ZEISS and BOSCH, as well as several suppliers, have been involved in the research project as pilot users. Their reports can be used to79enhance the tool´s practicability and sharpen its value proposition.

Proposal and verification of global comparison framework of eco-industrial parks

3-3E-4

Tiejia Zhang, Toru Matsumoto

The University of Kitakyushu, Japan
Industrial symbiosis has attracted worldwide attention as one solution to sustainable development. Some countries have adopted

industrial symbiosis by establishing Eco-industrial parks (EIPs). This study aims to extract the key factors influencing the development
of EIPs by collating the relevant literature on industrial symbiosis, with a particular focus on their interrelationships with EIP. An

analytical framework enabling international comparison was explored. The analysis framework comprised operation (including waste,energy and water treatment, resource recycling and cascade utilization, strategic measures of management departments,

information, education, infrastructure and living facilities) and support (technical and financial). Analyses were within and outside theselected EIPs. Each region comprised enterprises, citizens, educational institutions, and research institutions. We examined three EIPs

to verify the applicability of the analytical framework: Kitakyushu Eco-Town in Japan and Tianjin Economic-Technological Development
Area and Tianjin Ziya Economic Technological Development Area in China. In the management strategy part of the framework, three

eco-industrial parks are accurately characterized and classified according to development strategies, policy measures, and the actual
situation of EIPs. We focus on a variety of strategies, measures, and material exchanges, as well as key elements of the analyticalframework for visualizing EIPs, such as the support of national and autonomous regional, etc. The results highlight that strategicinterventions and support from the state, autonomies (local governments), management at the EIP level (management committee),and measures taken by autonomous organizations within an EIP are effective in industrial symbiosis.

◆◆◆Presentation list: Poster session
System development of resource logistics toward minimizing supply chain risks of mineral
resources

P-1

Kazuyo Matsubae1, Kenichi Nakajima2, Kazuyo Hirose3, Yoko Yamakata4, Zhengyang Zhang1, Eiji Yamasue5, Ichiro Daigo4,
Shinsuke Murakami4

1Tohoku University, Japan; 2National Institute for Environmental Studies; 3Japan Space Systems; 4The University of Tokyo;
5Ritsumeikan University

The large-scale development and diffusion of climate change mitigation technologies is urgently required in our society. The

additional resource requirement of these technologies will involve greater costs to the environment and to society. As such, there will
be a number of negative impacts associated with the transition to climate change mitigation technologies.

With the globalization of the supply chain, various social and environmental issues related to mineral resources need to be considered
in order to improve the resilience of our economic activities.

Various organizations that support the stable procurement of mineral resources have been reporting risk factors affecting the flow ofresources in the form of newsletters and reports. However, the extraction of risk information heavily relies on the skills of experts

with many years of experience. Furthermore, the analysis of resource risk impacts through the supply chain is highly dependent on asmall number of experienced professionals. For a more comprehensive overall perspective, it is necessary to develop a new
integrated platform to share the risk information related to the mineral flows through the supply chain.

The aim of this project is to develop a platform for resource intelligence support using AI technology to minimize the impact of

supply chain risks related to mineral resources on economic activities in Japan. The platform is expected to be suitable for application
to describe any global supply chain risk scenario.

In this study, we showcase the following three outcomes:(1) Organizing information on risk factors that occur around mines through satellite image analysis;(2) Establishment of AI-assisted method for extracting risk events in mineral resource utilization; and

3) Development of an analytical framework to visualize the flow of mineral resources through the supply chain.

P-2
A framework for modelling transport modal shifts in relation to planetary boundaries and theimpacts of battery mineral supply

Bernardo Mendonca, Damien Giurco, Stephen Northey
Institute for Sustainable Futures, Australia

80Transportation accounts for almost one-third of all global CO2 emissions, making this sector one of the main contributors to climatechange. In the last five decades, the growth in greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector has outpaced any otherenergy-consuming sector – and still, motorization and road use are increasing steadily, especially in developing nations. To address

this, several global and local policies are being implemented to decarbonise the transport sector through a shift towards renewableenergy generation and electrification of vehicles.

Current strategies for decarbonization of transport may create high dependence on the supply chains for lithium-ion batteries andthe raw materials required for their manufacture. While there is an effort to guarantee a steady supply of responsibly sourced criticalminerals, over-reliance on single sources of minerals has been problematic over the years. As a result, many open questions are

emerging regarding the long-term stability and adaptability of these supply chains. In addition, it is unknown if the environmental
trade-offs necessary to produce LIBs and decarbonize transportation are bearable by our planetary boundaries.

Global and local policies would benefit from more sophisticated modelling and analysis that examines the complex sustainability tradeoffs associated with transport systems and battery supply chains. As part of this, there is a need for better modelling of howtransport modal shifts (i.e., changes to the share of public transport, motor vehicle, and non-motorized solutions) translate into

altered battery material supply chains and sustainable development outcomes. This study proposes a framework to assess alternativetransportation sector decarbonization pathways in relation to planetary boundaries and the need to control the potentially negative
consequences of battery minerals extraction. Application of this will facilitate more holistic policy development and forewarning ofpotentially unsustainable transport decarbonization pathways.

P-3
Evaluation of atmospheric carbon dioxide balance associated with forest growth and utilization

Hirotaka Komata1, Takanobu Aikawa2, Chihiro Kayo3

1Hokkaido Research Organization Forest Products Research Institute, Japan; 2Renewable Energy Institute, Japan; 3Tokyo Universityof Agriculture and Technology, Japan

Carbon dioxide associated with the burning of wood is considered carbon-neutral because it is absorbed from the atmosphere during
the growth process of trees, and this concept has become one of the grounds for promoting the use of energy in forest biomass asa measure against climate change. But in recent years, there have been criticisms that this concept is too simple. When counting

carbon from wood, biomass power generation and biomass boilers have higher carbon dioxide emission basic unit than commercial

power and fossil fuel boilers, thus temporarily increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In addition, forests
take time to grow and regenerate, and it takes several decades to reabsorb carbon dioxide. Considering these points, there is aquestion that the use of fossil fuels may suppress global warming.

In order to quantitatively evaluate the carbon dioxide balance, it is necessary to consider the time axis and set the forest growth andoperation, forest biomass utilization, decay conditions, etc. in detail. In this study, we created some scenarios for using forest biomass
as energy and wood-based materials, and evaluated the carbon dioxide balance per one hectare forest. We also evaluated the carbon
dioxide balance of the scenario of using fossil fuels and non-wood-based materials which substitute forest biomass without using
forests, i.e. without cutting trees, and compared the carbon dioxide balance with the scenario of using forests.

P-4
Global supply-chain network analysis for environmentally-important shipping routes and ports

Tomomi Shoda, Keitaro Maeno, Shigemi Kagawa, Taiga Shimotsuura
Kyushu University, Japan

CO2 emissions from transportation sector account for 27% of global CO2 emissions in 2019. In particular, maritime transportation
sector accounts for 2% of the global CO2 emissions in that year. Thus, it is crucial to reduce CO2 emissions in this sector forachieving future climate goals. With a rapid increase in demand for maritime transport services through the development of global
supply-chain networks, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has noted that CO2 emissions will continue to grow due toexpanding supply-chain networks. Based on the Sea-web Movements Database provided by the IHS Markit Ltd, this study focuses on
8881 container ships owned by shipping companies in 2020 that play an important role in international trade. We estimated energy

consumptions of a specific container ship that moves between ports and calculated the energy-related CO2 emissions for a specificshipping route by totalizing CO2 emissions from the movement of container ships. We visualize the CO2 emissions network for morethan 44 million shipping routes and identify environmentally-important routes and ports by using network centrality analysis andcluster analysis. The results show that Pasir Panjang (Singapore) and Tokyo (Japan) were identified as key ports in the global supply

chains network. Thus, we suggest that effective CO2 mitigation polices with a focus on the key ports and relevant shipping routes arenecessary.

P-5
81

Biomass-based plastics strategies based on material characteristics, product application, andrecycling methods
Hiroaki Kuroda, Eri Amasawa, Jun Nakatani, Masahiko Hirao
The University of Tokyo, Japan

There is a growing interest in biomass-based plastics to mitigate climate change, but whether or not their introduction would actually
result in the reduction of environmental impacts as a whole remains uncertain. Previous studies presented LCA of biomass-based

plastics with specific raw materials, applications, or the end of life. In reality, biomass-based plastics can be made from a combinationof different raw materials and manufactured into distinct applications. Thus, there is a need to assess the environmental impact whileconsidering diverse options in the life cycle of plastics.

To explore biomass-based plastics strategies for Japan, this study developed a plastics utilization system model for nine types offossil-based plastics and twelve types of biomass-based plastics including biodegradable plastics based on linear programming. The
model consisted of minimization of life cycle GHG emission as an objective function, and the matching/applicability of material
properties, product applications, and recycling methods as problem constraints.

The results show that life cycle GHG emission from all the plastics used in Japan could be reduced by 47.2 million t-CO2eq/year fromthe current situation, which means net-negative of GHG emissions can be achieved. This is because Japan still uses coal as a mainenergy source, so the reduction of GHG emissions from substituting coal with plastics becomes significant. In addition, the use of 7.5
million tons of biomass plastics significantly reduce the GHG by carbon sequestration. However, when the recycling capacity was
limited, the reduction will be only 34.5 million t-CO2eq/year, an increase of 12.7 million t-CO2eq/year from the previous result.
To realize a plastic utilization system with low GHG emissions, our analysis showed the importance of the matching of plastic

characteristics and recycling capacity. These scenarios omitted other constraints such as the amount of biomass-based plastics, so
various scenarios need to be analyzed as a future task.

Exploring low-cost pathways to achieve the 2050 decarbonisation goals of airlines

P-6

Minami Kito1, Hirotaka Takayabu2, Keisuke Nansai1

1National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan; 2Kindai University, Japan

Although aviation is a sector expected to enjoy a rebound in demand in the post-COVID19 pandemic, the sector will have to meet theown 2050 international CO2 reduction goals. As the aviation sector faces difficulties in the rapid uptake of innovative decarbonisation
technologies other than gradual improvements in fuel efficiency, a recovered demand will just lead to a rise in CO2 emissions. Here,

we find out the combinations of three feasible abatement measures which airlines can undertake (improving fuel efficiency, changing

the lifetime of their aircraft, and restricting the flying distance) to achieve the 2050 target and the cost of the measures. Through theJapanese case, the result shows that even if fuel consumption improves by 2% annually, it is hard to achieve the 2050 goal of halving
emissions to 2005 levels without at least 17.6 % suppression of the flying distance projected between 2020 and 2050. If airlines

choose the least costly pathway towards the goal, the cumulative emissions by 2050 become 120% higher than the minimum case of

the emissions, undermining the effectiveness of climate change action and resulting in unfair contributions amongst companies. If the
cumulative emissions are set as a new goal in 2050, the least costly ways to achieve the goal are to extend the aircraft's lifetime andto start suppressing flight distances without waiting for a temporary demand recovery from the pandemic. If passengers are
responsible for the achieving cost of the new goal, an 75% revenue increase per 1km will be required. Fostering consumers’

understanding of carbon-intensive nature of airplanes and co-operation are critical to the decarbonization of the airline industry.

The role of urban structures on the CO2 emissions

P-7

Chisato Hososhima, Daisuke Yoshizawa, Shigemi Kagawa
Kyushu University

With the adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, Japan has declared its goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. In
order to achieve this goal, a municipality is required to reduce CO2 emissions through specific policies. However, since there are

significant differences in urban structures in each municipality, the policies that should be implemented for decarbonization differ
across municipalities. This study estimates the impacts of different spatial structures on life-cycle CO₂ emissions from private

vehicles and examines effective urban structures in reducing CO₂ emissions, in order to determine how to achieve sustainable cities.
To analyze how CO₂ emissions from private cars change due to the development level of public transportation, an econometricanalysis at prefecture level in 2020 was performed by using annual CO₂ emissions per driver (t-CO₂) as an objective variable,

percentage of electric vehicles among passenger cars, number of train station per land area, number of bus stops per land area,

percentage of drivers over 75-year-old who have returned their licenses, number of stores per land area, dependence on private cars,
and average number of walking steps taken per day as explanatory variables. Subsequently, the spatial econometric analysis
82

framework was combined with a multi-regions input-output analysis framework of the Japanese prefectures. This study demonstrated
that an increase in the number of train stations and bus stops considerably contributed to reducing life-cycle CO₂ emissions fromprivate vehicles. This is because the development of public transportation makes it possible for each individual to lead a lifestylewithout driving a car. For CO2 mitigation, we also found that increasing the number of stations and bus stops is more effective incities than in rural areas. The sustainability analysis framework at prefecture level proposed in this study can help each municipality
determine the most suitable urban policy toward the decarbonization.

P-8
Natural resource use in west Asia: Status and trends of environmental impacts using enhanced
MRIO

Viktoras Kulionis, Stephan Pfister
ETH Zurich, Switzerland

The world economy has been facing increasing problems of land degradation, water shortages, natural resource depletion, andbiodiversity loss due to impacts of climate change and rapid production expansion. Global material demand grew substantially from27.1 billion tonnes in 1970 to around 92 billion tonnes in 2017. Most of the increase in global material extraction over this period was
driven by development in Asia and the Pacific, and West Asia, with annual rates of increase at 4.5 per cent and 3.4 per cent,respectively.

We assessed GHG emissions, biodiversity loss and water stress in the West Asia region, from a production perspective and a
consumption perspective from 1995 to 2019. The results demonstrate very tight connection between economic growth andenvironmental impacts. The production perspective (PBA) features weak absolute decoupling for biodiversity loss, weak relative

decoupling for water stress and no decoupling for GHG emissions. The consumption perspective (CBA) shows for water stress a very
weak absolute decoupling, and for GHG emissions there is no decoupling.

Per-capita GHG emissions in 2019 amounted to 12.1 tCO2eq (PBA) and 10.6 tCO2eq (CBA). In both cases, GHG emissions are

considerably above the global average (6.4 tCO2eq) and similar to GHG emissions observed in China and the European Union. Nearly
90% of land use related biodiversity loss impacts are embodied in imported product, which requires supply chain management

actions. West Asia has some of the largest per-capita water-stress impacts in the world, which can potentially be reduced throughadjustments of trade, especially reduction of exports and adjusting imports.

Increasing population and affluence were the key forces for increased impacts. Surprisingly technological change had an increasing
effect on GHG. This indicates heavy dependence on fossil fuel-based energy systems in West Asia region and the heavy reliance onenergy intensive sectors.

Consumption patterns of primary and secondary steel resources based on market share ofsteel in different economic conditions

P-9

Han Gao, Ichiro Daigo

Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
The secondary steel production contributes to both retarding iron ore mining and GHG abatement, and acts as one of direct closed
loops of materials. The consumption of steel scrap varies among countries due to the differences in the portions of new scrap

generated from fabrication processes and old scrap recovered from end-of-life products and demolition. The demand of steel scraps
is determined by the share of end uses for higher or lower grade application. However, few studies concerned about the recycling
pattern of steel scrap. In this study, we focus on consumption pattern of primary and secondary resources of steel to explore thedisparities of steel scraps recycling pattern in twenty-five major economies. First, we built a material flow model, based on physicalinput-output table of iron and steel and analyzed the component of primary resources (pig iron and direct reduction iron) andsecondary resources (steel scraps) in the intermediate productions of flat steel (higher quality steel products) and long steel (lower

quality of steel products), respectively. Consequently, we explored the correlation between the components of iron resources in flator long steel products and economic levels. Results show the larger long products were consumed in lower economic level. The
production of long product consumes more old scraps in higher economic level, which seems to be derived from matureindustrialization and more old scrap generation. The production of flat product relies on primary resources accounting for about 73%
of total input of iron resources. This study provides a general analytical framework of primary- and secondary-resource consumption,
applying to a case of iron and steel under the present resource consumption patterns, and found the correlation between

consumption patterns of secondary resources and the economic development levels. It would have a contribution to understanding
the global efforts toward circular economy.

P-10
Quantifying the linkage between fatalities from tailings dam failures and automobile industry
83activities

Tomoya Sugiyama1, Zhengyang Zhang1, Kenichi Nakajima2, Kazuyo Matsubae1
1Tohoku University, Japan; 2National Institute for Environmental Studies

Tailings dams are facilities that deposit slag from the mining, beneficiation and smelting stages of mining. Tailing dam failure cause

immediate damage in the form of environmental pollution, loss of economy and loss of human life. Increased demand for lithium-ion

batteries used in electric vehicles could result in around 80 tailings dams by 2050, equivalent to the size of the Brumadinho dam thatcollapsed in Brazil in 2019.

Given the environmental and social impacts of tailings dam failures, a comprehensive dataset is needed.

Knowledge of the impact of tailings dam failure on the industrial structure of each country through the supply chain will allow us totake measures to minimize the impact of supply chain risks We aim to develop a new model capable of analyzing mineral resource
supply chain risks that affect the flow of resources in each country and industry through the international supply chain.

In this study, using a Multi-Regional Input-Output analysis and new indicators to quantify the linkages between the fatalities of tailings

dam failures and the automobile industries in Japan, the USA and China, respectively. The result shows that the share of responsibility
for the number of fatalities allocated to the Chinese automobile industry was the largest. As the increasing demand from theJapanese and US automobile industries will also account for a large share of the responsibility allocation of fatalities occurring in
China, it is important to build a responsible supply chain with China.

Nationwide waste footprint using the Japanese input-output table and impact assessment
methodP-11

Tomoya Kitami, Yuki Ichisugi, Norihiro Itsubo
Tokyo City University, Japan

In Japan, the shift from a linear economy to circular economy is paid attention.To achieve the above goal, the Basic Law for

Establishing a Recycling in Society has put into operation since 2000, many of measures for the reduction of disposal and landfill

have been examined. Because the space for landfill of waste is limited, Japanese government prioritized recycling and combustion forvolume reduction. But the method which enables us to evaluate the environmental impacts of landfill of waste is limited so far. To

solve this problem, it is necessary to develop a model to assess the efficiencies of reuse and recycle and to promote the realizationof circular economy in Japan The aim of this study is to develop a methodology of waste footprint to quantitatively assess theenvironmental impact of waste. Waste footprint evaluates environmental impacts on social assets due to the loss of space for landfill.
We used waste input-output method developed by Kondo et al. as inventory data and applied them to damage factors listed in LIME3
for the implementation of impact assessment.

P-12

Carbon footprint for outdoor sports events

Shino Ichihara, Norihiro Itsubo
Tokyo City University, JapanThe organization of a large-scale sporting event emits all kinds of environmental footprints related to its operation. Environmental
impact assessments of sporting events such as the Tokyo International Marathon have been known to be very effective in raising
environmental awareness among organizers and participants because of the existence of previous studies.

This study focuses on an outdoor sporting event: the "Kitakyushu-Hiraodai Trail Running Race 2022" to be held on Sunday, April 17,
2022, and the environmental footprint emitted throughout its operation will be evaluated using the carbon footprint as an indicator.
After Covid-19, interest in the outdoors is growing worldwide. Trail running races are found all over the world, ranging from shortdistance races to grueling races lasting dozens of hours.

Outdoor sporting events are held in natural settings and minimizing the environmental impact of operations is essential for thesustainability of the event.

The "Kitakyushu-Hiraodai Trail Running Race," the subject of this study, is held at Hiraodai, a Kyushu National Park, and is produced
by professional trail runner Hiroki Ishikawa. Since the first event, the event has been run under the concept of "having fun while

protecting nature," and has sought to manage the event in an environmentally friendly manner. For example, to protect the trails,

experts have studied the impact of the event on the trails, limited the number of participants, used private bottles for water supply,
repaired trails, and even planted trees to restore and protect nature as part of the program.

The results of this study will be used as a benchmark for reviewing operational details and establishing an offset plan for emissions.
Additionally, I will discuss sustainable outdoor sporting events.

84

Development of a business model for bioplastics recycling acorn by-products

P-13

Sang Hyun Oh1, Yong Woo Hwang2, Young Woon Kim1

1Program in Global Industrial & Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Enviromental

Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea

Recently, as the use of disposable products has increased, consumption related to plastic packaging is also increasing. Plastic

packaging materials take at least 100 to 500 years to decompose, and a large amount of carbon is emitted during the production
process, so interest in bioplastic packaging materials that will replace plastic packaging materials is increasing. Meanwhile 50% ofacorns are generated as a by-product in the production process of acorns, so recycling is necessary.

Therefore, in this study, the possibility of recycling acorn by-products into bioplastics is confirmed and a business model of

bioplastics is developed. Material composition and particle size analysis were conducted to analyze the recyclability of acorn byproducts. When checking the composition under a scanning microscope, the acorn by-product is composed of more than 90%

carbon and oxygen, which is similar to wheat flour. In addition, as a result of particle size analysis using X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD) after the secondary grinding experiment of the acorn by-product, the initial median particle size was reduced from 145.922
μm to 3.285 μm. The result of mixing the crushed by-product with water and glycerol It was confirmed that the film can be

manufactured. As a result of commercialization analysis of the crushed by-product film, it was found that the raw material price whenmanufacturing straws with acorn by-product film was 0.3 won per acorn powder, which is significantly lower than that of the existing
paper straws 19.6 won. It was found that they were more likely to use acorn straws than straws. As a result, when expanding thebusiness and developing additional business models such as cosmetics and toilet paper, it is competitive with existing businesses andhigh added value is also expected to be created.

Mercury legacy: Use, trade, and anthropogenic emission

P-14

Kenichi Nakajima1, Tatsuya Hanaoka1, Yingchao Cheng1, Shoki Kosai2, Masaaki Fuse3, Eiji Yamasue2, Kazuyo Matsubae4,
Keisuke Nansai1

1National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan; 2Ritsumeikan University; 3Graduate School of Advanced Science andEngineering, University of Hiroshima; 4Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
Mercury is a highly toxic element that is found both naturally and as an introduced contaminant in the environment, and mercury

accumulation occurs in the oceans and soil with an effect of anthropogenic mercury emissions. Appropriate implementation of the
Minamata Convention on Mercury, effective since 2017, may reduce global supply and demand for mercury and anthropogenic

mercury emissions and releases to the environment. However, there are concerns regarding the significant increase of mercury

emissions from major sectors (e.g., coal combustion, artisanal small-scale gold mining, and cement production) depending on futuresocio-economic conditions and implementation scenarios.

This paper shows future projection of anthropogenic mercury emissions in global scale and evaluate the effects of cobenefit- andtradeoff effects in reducing mercury emissions due to decarbonization measures for achieving the carbon-neutral target. In addition,
we also discuss inconsistencies in the global mercury use and trade to achieve sound mercury management for sustainable
development.

Comparison of the environmental performance of small to medium scale sewage treatment
plants in south-central Chile

P-15

María Jesús Rivas1, Michelle Díaz1, Cristian Riquelme1, Patricio Neumann1,2

1Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile; 2Centro de Recursos Hídricos para la Agricultura y Minería (CRHIAM), Chile

Wastewater treatment represents a cornerstone of the urban water cycle, necessary for the preservation of both human health andthe integrity of aquatic ecosystems. Even though the environmental assessment of wastewater treatment is an area with more than

20 years of development, comprehensive evaluations of the effect that context specific data such as plant capacity and management
practices can present over the environmental performance of the systems are not common. Moreover, in developing countries suchas Chile, there is a lack of systematized inventory data for wastewater treatment, limiting the possibility of performing robust

environmental assessments. In this study, 16 small to medium scale (~240 - 51,000 m3/day) sewage treatment plants located insouth-central Chile were assessed and compared by means of attributional LCA. Data from the full-scale facilities was obtained forthe 2017 - 2020 period, including energy and chemicals consumption, sludge and solids waste generation, affluent and effluent

characterizations, and other relevant parameters. Eight impact categories were selected and assessed through the ReCiPe midpoint
methodology. The results show that even though most of the plants use very similar technological configurations for treatment,85

important differences between the environmental performance of the facilities are observed. In particular, most of the categories

were greatly influenced by energy consumption, showing maximum values ranging between 8 to 37 times higher than the minimum
results, depending on the category. Treatment efficiencies also led to noteworthy effects over the eutrophication categories, while
the contribution of sludge management to the differences was not very relevant, mainly due to similar sludge generation rates
between the plants. Overall, the results show the relevance of using context specific data for the assessment of wastewater

treatment plants, highlighting the necessity of constructing inventory databases that reflects their operational variability in terms ofresource use and emissions.

P-16
Vanadium redox flow battery to support the use of renewable energy in stationary applications

Lígia da Silva Lima1, Mattijs Quartier1, Astrid Buchmayr1, David Sanjuan-Delmás1,2, Hannes Laget3, Dominique Corbisier3,
Jan Mertens4,5, Jo Dewulf1

1Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; 2Eurecat,

Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Waste, Energy and Environmental Impact Unit, 08243 Manresa, Spain; 3Engie Laborelec, Rodestraat
125, 1630 Linkebeek, Belgium; 4Engie Research, 1 pl. Samuel de Champlain, 92930 Paris-la Défense, Paris, France; 5Department ofElectromechanical, System and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 131, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

The transition towards low carbon emissions is highly dependent on renewable energy, especially renewable-based electricity.

However, renewables are cyclic and subject to local environmental conditions, meaning that for a continuous operation, storage

systems that match the supply and demand are needed. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most widely used technologies,

but in view of the increasing demand for this technology, it is also important to consider alternatives. Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRBs) have demonstrated positive performance for stationary applications, being considered also environmentally friendly, whichmakes them an interesting alternative for LIBs. Although rechargeable batteries are often reported to be environmentally friendly

technologies, their production and use also result in environmental burdens, which were investigated in this study. A comparative life

cycle assessment was performed for a LIB and a VRB, including their subsystem components. Both storage systems were tested forstationary applications using solar and wind sourced electricity. The impacts through the entire life cycle of the storage systems wereassessed using experimental data from test set-ups located at Engie (Belgium). The provided data correspond to the supply phase,
use phase, and end-of-life of both storage systems. The batteries compositions were investigated in detail as a factor for the final
impacts, by comparing two types of cathodes for the LIB and the use of recycled electrolyte for the VRB. Results indicate that incomparison to the lithium-based storage system, the vanadium-based storage system results in overall lower impacts whenmanufactured with 100% fresh raw materials, but the impacts are significantly lowered if 50% recycled electrolyte is used, with up to
45.2% lower terrestrial acidification and 11.1% lower global warming potential. The new LIB cathode chemistry with higher nickel
content results in overall higher impacts, with 41.7% more particulate matter formation and 52.2% more terrestrial acidification.

Digital WEEE manifest as a potential tool for WEEE management: Case study of Thailand

P-17

Siriporn Borrirukwisitsak1, Kannika Khwamsawat2, Wanida Kanarkard3, Surus Tangpaitoon4, Nubol Khumpong5

1Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Thailand; 2Center of Excellence on Hazardous SubstanceManagement, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; 3Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; 4Electrical and Electronics
Institute, Thailand; 5Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Thailand
Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or E-waste management is one of global problematic issue, typically indeveloping countries. In Thailand, WEEE is mostly managed by informal sector and untraceable, especially non-valuable parts which
are possibly toxic and harmful to human health and environment. Valuable parts are generally sellable, but non-valuable parts areprone to mismanagement such as open burning and discarding to municipal landfill or empty land. Thus, (draft) WEEE Act based on
extended producer responsibility (EPR) concept has been proposed to cope with this issue and also to encourage circular economy(CE) practice. However, it is vital to establish a tool which make the mechanism traceable and transparent. To achieve this, Digital

WEEE manifest (DWM) was proposed in this study. Firstly, key stakeholders in WEEE management were identified, from producers,
consumers, waste collectors, waste transporters to dismantlers either formal or informal, following with determination of WEEE

management system based on EPR concept. DWM is a digital platform and database coupled with material flow analysis (MFA) to
track and trace WEEE, materials, value, and cost throughout supply chain of WEEE management, resulting in traceability andtransparency. Also, post-consumer recycled materials could be certified via this system, resulting in increasing competitiveness of
secondary raw materials. Therefore, DWM can be considered as a potential tool for gaining collaboration along the value chain inorder to achieve sustainable WEEE management in Thailand, typically in this transition period. Moreover, DWM can further enablesafer in WEEE dismantling practices.

86Comparative analysis of environmental impacts for Fenton-based wastewater treatment
processes

P-18

Deqian Liu1, Chihchi Huang1, Yu-Jen Huang2, Mengshan Lee1

1National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan; 2Ever Clean Environmental Engineering Co.

Wastewater treatment and management is the core to ensure a safe and clean water environment. However, chemical-based

wastewater treatment processes often involve significant resource consumption, either in chemical or material uses, to achieve

desired water quality, which may potentially lead to remarkable environmental impacts. The objective of this study is to investigate theenvironmental impacts associated with two Fenton-based wastewater treatment processes, including fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) andconventional Fenton methods. The study follows the standardized method of ISO 14040 for life cycle assessment, using the IPCC

2013 and ReCiPe Midpoint (H) V1.13 methods for environmental impact assessment. The functional unit is defined as the removal of
1 kg COD equivalent from the treatment process. The results showed that the FBR process has a relatively lower environmental

impact than that of the conventional process, in both the IPCC and ReCiPe impact results, mainly due to the differences in chemicaluse of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The IPCC assessment results showed that the conventional Fenton method had a relatively
higher global warming impact than that for the FBR process, with impacts of approximately 13.95 kg CO2 eq/kg COD and 12.52 kg

CO2 eq/kg COD, respectively. The environmental hotspot for the Fenton processes was identified as sodium hydroxide, mainly due toits high electricity and fossil fuel consumption during the manufacturing process. It was worth noting that although the amount of
sodium hydroxide used in the FBR Fenton method was significantly reduced, the increased use of sulfuric acid in the method

compensated the reduction in impact results, thus, resulting in little change in the overall impacts. Future advancement in the Fentonbased wastewater treatment process is suggested to explore the replacement or optimization of chemical uses of sodium hydroxideand sulfuric acid, to reduce the associated impacts that achieve environmental sustainability.

A life cycle assessment of electric and conventional motorcycles in Taiwan

P-19

Hsin-Tien Lin, Falk Schneider, Daniel Castillo, Kuo-Che Weng
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Combustion driven motorcycles are an important mode of transportation, especially in Asia, where they contribute up to 60% of thetotal road traffic share. Given their small size and versatility, they help to ease congestion in dense urban centers while having a

relatively low energy consumption in comparison to light passenger vehicles. Nonetheless, a share of the tailpipe emissions fromcombustion engine motorcycles has a toxic nature and present a considerable threat to human health. In recent years, electricmotorcycles have been promoted extensively as a suitable solution to address the air quality issue without compromising well-being.
However, despite the anticipated emission reduction in urban centers, a deeper understanding of the environmental impacts fromconventional and electric motorcycles over their life cycle is still missing. To address this gap in knowledge, this study applied a Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) to both motorcycle types from a cradle-to-grave perspective. Life cycle inventory data was obtained fromthe disassembly of a Gogoro S2 and a Sym Duke. The results show that the environmental burdens associated with electricmotorcycles are highly related to the use of precious metals during the manufacturing process and electricity generation of the usephase, while the potential impacts of conventional motorcycles mainly respond to the fuel consumption during the use stage. The

influence of sensitive parameters, electricity mixes and the indicator specific breakeven points between the two motorcycles will be
discussed in detail at the conference.

P-20
A shifting paradigm with life cycle thinking for material flows analysis to atmospheric aerosol
loading

Mehri Sadat Alavinasab Ashgezari1, Gholamreza Nabi bidhendi1, Fatemeh Sadat Alavinasab Ashkezari2

1School of the Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of; 2Islamic Azad University of Tehran

Southern Branch-Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Iran, Islamic Republic of

As the most recent updated analysis of the planetary boundaries framework implies, we risk catastrophic overshoot of proposed
limits for climate change, and land-use change, while the aerosols loading thresholds requires further research.

Should the interlinkage of the above provides a new methodology for sustainability assessment, this paper investigates thesystematic view for materials LCA in regional to global scale within the Earth system for the intensive energy materials to aerosol
loading in specific time periods. Shifting paradigms with life cycle thinking, towards an extended nexus approach in resource

efficiency to aerosol loading while covering all interrelated elements in monitoring the situation towards sustainable development, themain intensive energy materials flows are analyzed in an extended environmental input-output to aerosol loading measurement and87datasets. The discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales provided theessential component of the new sustainability assessment as is proposed in this paper.

The overarching objective of the research is to test a mechanism that proved to be an efficient and transparent way for theenvironmental impact of material production and consumption to aerosol loading, but this time governing within a replicatedmethodology entity that would evaluate and provide the core related function in favor of environmental concern. Exploring if

examples of good and improved data interpretation resulting from adopting a nexus perspective are promising, a descriptive modelof material flows to aerosol loading in parallel to carbon neutrality for GHGs is introduced.

The results will strengthen the idea that life cycle thinking has the power to progress the required paradigm shifts by connecting
such activities with a bird’s-eye view of the complex systems that contribute nature and human society while considering
environmental, social and economic impacts of a product over its entire life cycle.

A human toxicity assessment in LCA applying a risk-based approach for chemicals

P-21

Peter Saling1, Takeshi Irie2, Kent Yano2

1BASF SE, Germany; 2BASF Japan Ltd., Japan

Although regulatory requirements are in place to ensure the safe use of chemicals in their application, the ambition to reduce theenvironmental impacts of products along their life cycle is often combined with an ambition to identify and reduce hazards andexposures. As there is currently no methodology available to compare hazard and exposure performance along the lifecycle andidentify priorities for improvement, requirements are often based on purely hazard-based lists for priority substances without
evaluating their risk in specific applications.

LCA is widely used to quantify the overall environmental impact of products along the life cycle but the models for toxicity impacts

are focussing on the indirect impact of chemicals emitted into the environment. As a performance-based indicator for the application
in LCA; ProScale assesses hazard and direct exposure potentials from chemicals along their life cycle. It can be integrated in LCA tocompare human toxicity potentials of alternatives. Furthermore, Environmental Product Declarations (“EPDs”) and ProductEnvironmental Footprints (“PEFs”) in life cycle thinking, a risk-based approach for product assessments can be applied.

Several companies from the Industrial Sustainability practitioner network (ISPN) were involved in the method development andapplying the method in LCA.

The ProScale methodology is a function of the four parameters (1): Hazard Factor (HF) – Describes the hazard of a substance,

reflecting health effect, severity and potency based on hazard statements (also called H-phrases) and acceptable concentration levels(e.g. OEL, DNEL). Exposure Concentration Factor (ECF) – Describes the exposure concentration of a substance based on exposure
modelling using the ECETOC TRA Tier 1 exposure model. Person-Hours Factor (PHF) – Number of person-hours of exposure permass unit of produced product or service. Mass Flow (MF) – Describes the amount of a substance needed per functional unit of a
product.

Can introduction of PVC de-chlorination technology bring circularity benefits? - An analysis
using a multi-objective, multi-regional technology choice model

P-22

Ryodai Makino, Yasuhiro Fukushima, Hajime Ohno
TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, Japan

Typically, mixed plastic wastes are subject to PVC sorting before recycling. The sorted PVC fraction would then be combusted withneutralization or otherwise landfilled. Cl would end up in the ash, which is landfilled or washed and discharged, if not recovered as

CaCl2, NaCl, or HClO. Both the Cl and hydrocarbon in PVC are rarely subject to circulation. To improve the circulation of plastics, anovel PVC de-chlorination technology recovering Cl as NaCl by electrodialysis of ethylene glycol/NaOH solution containing Cl leachedfrom PVC was developed. Since NaCl has historically been produced in limited countries having warm and dry climates, current

climate changes may affect NaCl production. Therefore, NaCl production by the novel technology would be an alternative way of NaCl
supply mitigating the climate change-induced stress on the NaCl supply chain. In this study, the NaCl supply chain and introduction

locations of the PVC de-chlorination technology were assessed by developing a multi-objective and multi-regional technology choicemodel. The benefits mentioned above by introducing the novel technology were analyzed.

The Pareto curve obtained from the preliminary optimization showed that reducing both GHG emissions and the area of salt farming
could be achieved by introducing the PVC de-chlorination technology. It was due to utilizing PVC as a NaCl and choosing thecountries with low electricity-related GHG emissions and close distance to significant PVC waste generating countries was suitable for
the PVC de-chlorination technology introduction. Up to 10.31 ha of the salt farming areas could be reduced by utilizing 7309 kt of

PVC waste. Based on the results, when the reduction goal of the objective was set, requirements for the technology energy intensityand each country’s electricity-related emission inventory were deduced. Furthermore, considering the influence of carbon circulation
by remaining hydrocarbon could promote further analysis.

88Sectoral similarity analysis of production technologies and lifestyles of nations

P-23

Waka Nishifuji1, Kayoko Shironitta2, Haruka Mitoma1, Shigemi Kagawa1
1Kyushu University, Japan; 2Fukuoka Women’s University, JapanTo achieve a long-term temperature goal in the Paris Agreement, countries need to efficiently change production technologies andlifestyles toward building a low-carbon society. However, since the production technologies and lifestyles differ from country tocountry, it is necessary for the government to set a possible CO2 reduction target for 2030 through effective policies implemented
by benchmark countries. We use the EXIOBASE3 multiregional input-output table of 44 countries and regions and calculate asimilarity matrix for technical coefficients between countries as well as a similarity matrix for household consumption coefficients
between countries. The Ward method as a hierarchical clustering approach is applied to the similarity matrices for production

technology and consumption. From the results, we find that the countries are classified into several clusters including (i) developed
countries including G7 countries, (ii) developing countries (e.g., the BRICS), (iii) countries with higher consumptions of certain

consumption items such as health and social work services and real estate services (e.g., the US and Switzerland), and (iv) countries
where the item of hotel and restaurant services accounts for a larger share of household consumption (e.g., Spain and Austria). We
further investigate household carbon footprints for each group and find that there exists a significant gap in the average carbon

footprints of countries that belong to the cluster. We suggest that a country can reduce CO2 emissions through learning from thebenchmark countries with similar production technologies and lifestyles founded in this study.

Effects of environmental labels for packaging on consumer behavior

P-24

Takahiro Hashimoto1, Maki Shibata2, Takumi Abe3, Norihiro Itsubo1

1Tokyo City Univercity, Japan; 2NPO Corporation City Colaboration, Japan; 3Setagaya City Cleaning and Recycling Department, Japan

We continue to repeat our lives, using the many resources and energy on the earth, producing and consuming large amounts of it.

However, the earth's resources and energy are not infinite. Therefore, this lifestyle of mass production and mass consumption places
a very heavy burden on the earth. If we continue with mass production and mass consumption, the earth's limited resources will be

used more and more, and the possibility that these resources will eventually be depleted will increase. In order to continue to sustain

resources while meeting the daily needs of consumers, producers are required to establish production methods that produce higher
quality products using fewer resources while protecting the environment and resources, and to reduce energy consumption andwaste generation in the production process.

Containers and packaging are essential in our daily lives. However, the production of containers and packaging emits CO2, which

contributes to global warming. Since carbon footprints are generally displayed in a manner that includes the contents, it was thoughtthat carbon footprints were not a sufficient source of information to raise environmental awareness regarding containers andpackaging. This study will analyze the impact of disclosing LCA results for containers and packaging to consumers on theirpurchasing behavior. In a simulated shopping experiment targeting parents and children, the influence of environmental informationon containers and packaging on purchase behavior will be discussed by displaying products with different containers and packaging
and labels showing LCA results.

Comparative LCA of wood waste treatments - A case in Taiwan

P-25

Hao-Hsiang Hsu, Hsin-Tien Lin, Po-Lin Wu, Falk Schneider
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Agricultural waste and wood waste have been a problem. Traditional treatment such as open burning and burying would cause manyenvironmental problems. At the same time, agricultural waste and wood waste are rich in lignocellulose and have potential to be
utilized through biomass technology including gasification, incineration, landfill, pyrolysis to produce electricity and high-value

byproducts. Recently, gasification technology has been widely used to treat agricultural waste and wood waste. It can convert wastes
into syngas, bio-oil and bio-char. Unlike using energy crops for gasification, using bio-waste can avoid competing for land with foodcrops and don’t need extra fertilizer, water, and cost to cultivate. To evaluate environmental impacts of processes, life cycle

assessment (LCA) has been widely used. The LCA result provides important information for decision makers to create commercial

strategy or make policy. Taiwan's government set a feed-in tariff ( FIT ) system to promote renewable energy development. However,biomass technology is still at an early stage of development and only accounts for less than 1% of the energy consumed. Taiwan also
produces a lot of agricultural waste and wood waste annually. The stable yields show great potential for waste-based gasification.

Recently, Taiwan is trying to import gasification technology for domestic use. However, the environmental performance of biomass

89technology is unclear and the potential of using agricultural waste and wood waste as feedstock hasn’t been examined. In thisresearch, LCA of three waste wood treatment scenarios ( gasification, incineration and landfill ) were performed to compare theenvironmental impacts caused by each treatment. The LCI data is derived from an industrial practice and online databases. The
functional unit is one ton of waste wood and the impact assessments were done using SimaPro 9.0 . The potential of wastegasification development in Taiwan was also discussed in this research.

Environmental performance of Komatsuna in use of natural impurities adsorbent

P-26

Haruna Hirose, Kiyoshi Dowaki

Tokyo University of Science, Japan
Our research group has been developing the biomass driven hydrogen production system.

In the case of the hydrogen production through the indirect pyrolysis gasification process using urban biomass resources such as
sewage sludge, the removal performance and/or the selection of adsorbents for impurities such as hydrogen sulfide or ammonia
would be key factors to generally cause voltage drops and degradation in hydrogen-fueled applications.

In the past studies, adsorbents such as metal adsorbents have been investigated as adsorbents for these impurities, but our researchgroup concentrated the use of natural materials, and one of them is a promising candidate of Kanuma Clay. This is widely used as anadsorbent for horticulture, and we are aiming to put it to practical use through the adsorption experiments. The reason for this is thatin the hydrogen purification technology, the environmental impacts of the purification system are not necessarily small, even if
biomass resource of carbon neutral.

In general, Kanuma Clay is used as a horticultural material. However, we confirmed that the clay has a potential to remove hydrogensulfide and ammonia. In the hydrogen refinery system, ammonia and other substances are impurities, but they would be important
fertilizers for plant growth. Therefore, we investigate the possibility of adsorption of ammonia on Kanuma Clay and using the usedadsorbent as fertilizer.

Based on these knowledges, we first execute experimentally and artificially adsorb ammonia into Kanuma Clay and analyzed thepossibility of ammonia fertilizer. It is known that the environmental impact of nitrogen fertilizer has some impact on the LCA ofagricultural production. In this sense, it is significant to examine the plant growth using the used adsorbent of Kanuma Clay. Here, wechose Komatsuna as a model vegetable, we have discussion on the eco-burdens of the harvesting effects in use of the recycle
adsorbent.

Environmental impact assessment of direct air capture with biogas power plant

P-27

Hayato Suzuki, Norihiro Itsubo

Tokyo City University, Graduate school of Environmental Information studies, JapanTo achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, in addition to reducing CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere, Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)

technologies that directly remove CO₂ from the atmosphere are required. The large energy consumption during desorption after CO₂
capture is considered an issue. Energy derived from non-fossil resources has been proposed as an energy source to address thisissue. In the case of DAC using an absorbent solution, the heat source during regeneration of the absorbent solution is supplemented
by methane combustion, so the CO₂ recovered directly from the atmosphere is only 70% of the total CO₂ in the final storage, andstudies are needed to improve efficiency. In this study, we proposed the use of wood-derived biogas combustion as a heat source

instead of methane combustion and analyzed the effect of DAC efficiency improvement. The impact assessment method used was
LIME3. The results showed that the amount of GHGs removed from the atmosphere increased by 10% with the use of biomass

compared to methane combustion. On the other hand, the required land modification area was 1.3 times larger, and the occupied
area was 600 times larger. The results of the LIME3 integration, which converted the amount of damage into monetary values,

indicated that the damage to plants caused by land modification and maintenance may be greater than the GHG reduction benefits ofcarbon capture by DAC.

Dynamic substance flow analysis of indium in Japan

P-28

Yuma Nishioka1, Akihiro Yoshimura2, Yasunari Matsuno2

1Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chiba University; 2Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University

Rare metals are used in many devices such as cell phones, computer memories, DVDs, rechargeable batteries, etc. During the past

twenty years, there has been an explosion in demand for many items that require rare metals. The interest in recycling of rare metals
is also growing. Substance flow analysis (SFA) is an effective tool for understanding the flow of materials in specific regions. In thispaper, we focus on indium and conducted its SFA in Japan. The main use of indium is Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), which is mainly used in90Flat Panel Display (FPD) modules for TVs, mobile phones and others. In this study, the substance flow of indium related to ITO wasquantified. In supply stage, the data on primary and secondary production and imports of indium in Japan were obtained from 1999
to 2017. In manufacturing stage, indium demand for ITO and indium content in the products were estimated. In use and disposal

stages, indium content in in-use and end-of-life products were estimated by dynamic SFA using time series data about indium content
of end-products and their lifetime distribution. The authors also estimated the loss of indium in each process as the recovery

potential. As a result, indium input into ITO was 626 t and indium losses in ITO production were estimated to be 81 t, while indium
content in end-of-life products was estimated to be 5.2 tons in 2017. Therefore, it can be concluded that process of the ITO

manufacturing is the largest recovery potential of indium. On the other hand, it was also suggested that the recovery potential ofindium in the end-of-life products has increased during these two decades.

Evaluating carbon inequality by household type across prefectures in Japan

P-29

Yuzhuo Huang1, Ken’ichi Matsumoto2, Yosuke Shigetomi1
1Nagasaki University; 2Toyo University

Affected by income level, household type, and other factors, the carbon inequality of households is substantially different acrossprefectures in Japan, which has a profound impact on Japan’s sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to explore thecarbon footprint of different household types within systematic income groups and evaluate the carbon inequality in all prefectures.
Based on the multi-region input-output table of Japan for 2005, this study identifies the detailed structures of carbon footprints fordifferent income groups of multi- and single-person households across Japan’s 47 prefectures. Moreover, carbon inequalities acrossprefectures are elucidated through the carbon footprint Gini coefficients of multi- and single-person households. The results showthat multi-person households in high gross regional product (GRP) prefectures in the Kanto and Chubu regions have a higher overall
carbon footprint, which shows uniform growth in income. In contrast, the carbon footprint of single-person households in high-GRP
prefectures is generally lower. In both multi- and single-person households, the income groups with the highest and lowest carbon

footprints are relatively concentrated in the low-GRP prefectures, mainly in the Hokkaido, Tohoku, Chugoku, and Kyushu regions. In
addition, carbon inequality gradually decreases with the improvement in household wealth.

Consideration of nitrogen balance between Input and output flow in IDEA

P-30

Yuki Ichisugi, Kenichiro Tsukahara, Kiyotaka Tahara

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
Atmospheric nitrogen due to population increase and economic growth according to the “Planetary Boundaries” concept has received
widespread attention during recent years.

This is due to the use of atmospheric nitrogen, which is released back into the atmosphere and water as reactive nitrogen after it has
been used in various processes. Therefore, it is important to analyze the nitrogen flow to reduce the burden on the environment. In

existing LCA research, reactive nitrogen has been targeted as elementary flow regarding as environmental burden substance. On theother hand, atmospheric nitrogen has not been targeted as elementary flow regarding as resource or environmental burden
substance because atmospheric nitrogen does not affect the environment.

Additionally, technologies which aim to recycle reactive nitrogen into atmospheric nitrogen for reducing environmental burden havebeen developed in recent years. In this case, we need to analyze environmental burden in total. Hence, we need not only amount ofreactive nitrogen as output data, but also amount of atmospheric nitrogen as input data. At the same time, we need to confirm thenitrogen balance between input and output to verify the validity of themass balance entire process because it is significant to reduce
the environmental burden in entirety.

Thus, we considered nitrogen balance between input and output flow in IDEA.

Life cycle assessment for solar panel recycling considering the resources of glass

P-31

Akihiro Murayama, Toru Matsumoto
University of Kitakyushu, JapanThe use of solar panels is expanding to achieve carbon neutrality. Similarly in Japan, the expansion of introduction with the start of

the Feed-in tariff’s for solar power generation surplus electricity in 2009, the amount of waste is expected to increase in the future.

This time, we developed a processing technology for used solar panels and aimed to recover cover glass, solar cells, and copper wire.
In particular, solar panels with broken panels and broken cover glass are mixed with components, and collecting each material in wellseparated glass, copper wire, and solar cells was a challenge in promoting material recycling. Among them, we developed atechnology to recover glass with an extremely low amount of foreign matter, which occupies the main component of solar panels. I
91will report the results because I conducted a lifecycle assessment on the effect of recycling based on the technology developed here.

P-32
Copper-smelting-related mercury emissions reduced by promoting recycling and introducing
countermeasure technology in major copper-smelting countries

Ryota Yamamoto, Seiji Hashimoto
Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Copper is an important resource, but small amounts of mercury are released into the atmosphere during copper smelting processes.
Promoting copper recycling and introducing countermeasure technologies are effective at reducing atmospheric emissions of

mercury from copper ore. For this study, we estimated how mercury emissions from smelting are expected to change in response to
future changes in copper demand in major countries. We evaluated atmospheric mercury emission effects of copper recycling

promotion and countermeasure technology introduction. Results show that (1) total copper demand of the targeted major developed
countries in 2050 might be about 7.2 Mt. Copper demand in China was estimated to be about 10.1 Mt to about 6.4 Mt depending on

the scenario. (2) Under the business-as-usual scenario, total atmospheric mercury emissions in 2050 of the targeted major developed
countries are estimated as about 0.17t-Hg. The atmospheric mercury emissions in China are estimated to be about 1.51t-Hg to about
3.23t-Hg depending on the scenario. (3) The total atmospheric mercury emissions in 2050 in major countries (when China is under
the average scenario) were estimated as approximately 1.39t-Hg in a scenario of promoting copper recycling. The figure wasestimated as about 0.06t-Hg in a scenario of introducing countermeasure technology for atmospheric mercury emissions, and as
about 0.03t-Hg in a scenario in which both countermeasures are taken.

Feasibility of applying leachate treatment equipment from final disposal sites to methane
fermentation facilities after completion of landfill disposal

P-33

Takao Yamada1, Akifumi Nakao2, Noboru Yoshida2

1Graduate School of Wakayama University, Japan; 2Wakayama University, Japan

In recent years, energy utilization and low-carbon initiatives at waste treatment facilities have become an issue. The Ministry of theEnvironment of Japan states that the utilization of carbon-neutral waste biomass contributes not only to the formation of a recyclingoriented society but also to the prevention of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and therefore it isnecessary to promote appropriate recycling according to regional characteristics. Methane fermentation facilities are attracting
attention as a means of recovering waste energy.

Therefore, in this study, we attempted to analyze the feasibility of using a leachate treatment facility at a final disposal site after thecompletion of landfill as a water treatment facility for wet methane fermentation, using the plan as a model case.

As a result, the project balance calculated based on a case study of wet methane fermentation using an existing leachate treatment
facility showed that construction costs could be reduced by 21.2%, and the payback period could be shortened by approximately
30%.

Furthermore, based on the analysis of 61 facilities based on the information on managed final disposal facilities at certified excellent
industrial waste disposers nationwide, the amount available as methane fermentation facilities will increase every year from 2022 to2032, and approximately 9,800[t/d] will be available for use as methane fermentation facilities in 2032. In terms of electricity sales,
approximately 1,000 [MWH/d] of electricity can be sold in 2032. However, by 2053, the amount available for use as a methane

fermentation treatment facility will decrease to 3,200[t/d]. The amount of electricity sold will also decrease to approximately 340[MWH/d].

Most of the facilities with a payback period of less than eight years are located in the Chubu and Kinki regions, suggesting thepossibility of utilizing leachate treatment facilities in these regions.

Cooperation across the value chain – An important condition for resource efficiency

P-34

Marlene Preiss, Christian Haubach, Mario Schmidt
Pforzheim University, Germany

The increasing world population, sustained economic growth and the fact that industrialization is taking off in many emerging

countries have led to a growing demand for materials such as steel, concrete, and plastics in recent decades. The production ofthese materials requires large quantities of raw materials and energy, which have a large environmental impact. There is consensus
that resource consumption and growth must be decoupled in order to preserve the earth.

A key strategy to achieve such a decoupling is an increased resource efficiency. Manufacturing companies can increase their92

resource efficiency through technical improvements, reduced inventory or recycling of production wastes. Often, however, theycannot achieve this on their own, but only in cooperation with material suppliers or machinery manufacturers. Also, the application of
methods to identify starting points for improving resource efficiency such as Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) require cross-company cooperation and exchange. Likewise, the transformation to a circular economy and climate neutrality cannot be achieved bycompanies alone, but only together with their suppliers. The former requires the consideration of entire product life cycles and, withregard to the latter, they cannot directly influence their scope 3 emissions.

In the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, the manufacturing industry contributes decisively to economic performance. The local

manufacturing companies export their goods and merchandise worldwide. They are part of global value-added chains and dependent
on the import of raw materials. In order to remain competitive, an efficient use of materials and energy is elementary for them. Morethan 100 companies from Baden-Württemberg have provided information on successfully implemented resource efficiency

measures. Based on these examples, different types of cooperation within and between companies are identified and presented, as
well as the reasons for them. Examples from other federal states are used for supplementation and comparison purposes.

Analysis of the effect of load leveling on the energy supply function by waste incineration
facility

P-35

Akari Sudo1, Toyohiko Nakakubo2

1Pacific Consultants, Japan; 2Ochanomizu University, Japan

In recent years, waste incineration facilities have been required to create new value through the effective use of waste heat energy,
and one of the examples is Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system. However, there have been few cases in which heat supply

projects have been analyzed and evaluated based on the characteristics of heat demand (seasonal and daily fluctuations) for heating,cooling, and hot water supply applications, with commercial buildings as the heat supply destination. Load leveling of heat demand is

expected to increase the times when waste incineration facilities could supply large amount of heat (High extraction distribution ratio
in condensate turbine power generation system). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of load leveling onenergy management in a city block formed by a waste incineration facility and heat demand facilities.

The facilities adjacent to the waste incineration facility were a gymnasium (heating and cooling), a heated swimming pool facility(heating and cooling, hot water supply), a city hall (heating and cooling), a hospital (heating and cooling, hot water supply), and anursing home (heating and cooling, hot water supply). In order to determine the appropriate scale of heat demand for a single heat
demand facility, a heat supply-demand balance analysis was conducted for several scales of each heat demand facility, anddetermined the appropriate scale for a heat supply project by a waste incineration facility (60 t/d furnace × 2 furnaces).

Based on the analysis results, a city block energy management model was created, and the energy supply function of each city blockmodel was evaluated using three evaluation indices. As a result, it was possible to quantify the effect of increasing the number ofhours when the system can operate at a high extraction allocation rate due to load leveling.

Effects of showing volunteer-Related movies on children's voluntary attitudes and behavior

P-36

Zhaofei Lin, Takaaki Kato

The university of Kitakyushu, Japan
Currently, the world is facing a variety of environmental problems that are becoming more and more serious. Due to the lack ofgovernment power alone to solve environmental problems, environmental NPO activities (volunteer activities) are desired to play anactive role. Therefore, young children who know nothing about volunteering are led from school to volunteer in activities such as
plastic recycling, picking up trash, planting trees, etc. To better understand what volunteering is about, having children watch

volunteer movies is an educational aspect. Watching volunteer movies is seen as an education of social responsibility for children, as
it clarifies their perception of 'volunteering' and helps them to understand which activities in their daily life count as volunteering

activities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of volunteer movies on children's consciousness, behavior andthinking mode, and to enable more children to actively participate in volunteer activities

The Jieyang city in Guangdong Province, China, has environmental problems such as water pollution, air pollution, and marine debris,and although the local government has been focusing on the environment, it is also seeking help on the part of citizens. Therefore, it

is hoped that through education on environmental NPO activities, young people will voluntarily participate in environmental protection
activities and influence others around them to become active volunteers as well. The study will be conducted in cooperation with

Chaqiao Primary School in Jieyang will involve 16 Grade 5 students. The study will use two research methods, an associative survey

and a follow-up survey, and the research time will be two months. While observing the children's behaviors before and after watching
the volunteer movies, will be recorded, and compared; 16 students will be divided into groups for the associative survey, and thefollow-up survey will be conducted once every two weeks.

93

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Uncertainty of electricity generation efficiency of variable renewable energy power plants: Thecase of Japanese photovoltaic power plants

Yuya Nakamoto1, Shogo Eguchi2, Hirotaka Takayabu3
1Oita university; 2Fukuoka University; 3Kindai University

This study analyzed the electricity generation activities of 249 utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) power plants to evaluate electricity

generation efficiency. Applying the generic data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework, benchmark values were identified for power
generation from PV power plants. The Monte Carlo experiment analyzed the impact of variability in solar irradiance and temperatureon power generation efficiency. For our analysis, we considered three inputs—monthly solar irradiance, average monthly temperature,and installed capacity—and monthly electricity generation as the output. The study findings show that seasonality and location of PV
power plants affect electricity generation efficiency. It is crucial to increase the power generation capacity of power plants andoperate them more efficiently to achieve the roadmap for expanding utilization of renewable energy sources.

A methodology for assessing mobility revolution with low carbonization

P-38

Suil Park, Hirokazu Kato, Hiroyoshi Morita, Marjan Khaleghi
Nagoya University, JapanThe development and spread of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and energy technologies have led to a mobility
revolution. Although decarbonization is a vital part of this picture, no academic research has comprehensively assessed the CO2

emissions of transportation systems, technologies, and services. Therefore, this research aims to clarify the conditions and devise

assessment methods under which the mobility revolution can achieve low-carbon impact in the short term and decarbonization overthe medium to long term.

Firstly, we needed to organize the basic information on next-generation mobility technologies and services. Using evaluation methods

established so far, namely the SyLCEL (System Life Cycle Environmental Load) of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and ELCEL (Extended
Life Cycle Environmental Load), we then constructed an evaluation method for assessing the environmental loads of traffic activities
associated with the mobility revolution in the city for achieving low-carbon impact. By applying and evaluating this methodology toactual cities and regions, local governments will be enabled to achieve decarbonization and improve QOL (Quality of life) over the
medium to long term.

Policy driven compact cities: A literature review on the effect of compact city on carbon
emissionsP-39

Tianhui Fan1, Andrew Chapman1,2

1Graduate School of Economics, Kyushu University, Japan; 2International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research,Kyushu

University, Japan

Cities play an important role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Compact city strategy, characterized by high density andaccessibility with fully support of inner-city public transport, is wildly discussed, and practiced by both developing and developed

countries all over the world as response to the challenges of sustainable development as well as global warming. This study assesses

and sorts the theoretical evidence and practical experiences on the effect of compact city characteristics and policies on urban CO2emissions. A focused literature search and review using targeted keywords is used to identify key characteristics of compact city andits impact on urban CO2 emissions. Moreover, four case studies are done aiming to identify the empirically important factors ofcompact city policies including Toyama (Japan), Melbourne (Australia), Vancouver (Canada) and London (Britain). Based on the above,
we present a comparative assessment from the perspective of how cities with different urban growth rates adopt different policy

practices, and whether these practices contribute to achieving the goal of building a sustainable, low-carbon city. Basically, two typesof compact city are divided: 1) aging society, with low urban growth, building a compact city to avoid waste of resources andrestimulate urban prosperity, e.g. Toyama city, and 2) fast growing megacity, with high urban growth, aiming to accommodate

increasing population levels sustainably, while limiting urban sprawl, e.g. London. Overall, when it comes to how compact city policies

contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions, there is insufficient evidence to draw a clear conclusion. One reason is that there is still
not a comprehensive and effective evaluation system in quantifying compact city performance. In addition, leveraging and co-effects
need to be considered when connecting different aspects of compact city characteristics to their impact on urban CO2 emissions
and these will be our focus of future research.

P-40
94

Integrated analysis of overseas global environmental impacts induced by Japanese foodproduction activities -Proposal for production and distribution system transformationToshinori Isogawa1, Akiyuki Kawasaki1,2

1Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan; 2Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Japan

There are various approaches currently taken by various industries to improve the global environment. As environmental threats,
including carbon dioxide emissions, are widely recognized as global issues, industries in various countries are required to takeinitiatives to reduce them.

In previous studies, in addition to the environmental impact of domestic production on the home country, the indirect impact ofimports on other countries had been calculated based on the production value. However, supply chain-based causes had not been
examined in detail.

This study focused on Japan's food production activities and developed a methodology to reduce the indirect global environmental

impacts caused by foreign countries in the future. Based on this, we can promote the transformation of production and distribution
systems in Japan to improve the global environment.

We determined the environmental impacts along the supply chain for each industry in each country and investigated the upstream
sectors that had large impact on the respective impacts. We analyzed the spillover and domestic sectors with particularly large

environmental impacts, classifying them by impacts and by domestic sector. Then we integrated the impacts indirectly emitted byoverseas industries and constructed a comprehensive index of the impacts associated with Japan's food production. Finally, based on
projections of future impacts based on climate change scenarios, we proposed methods of production and distribution systemtransformation that the Japanese food production industry should undertake.

The novelty of this study is that it explored spillover effects outside of Japan, down to the industrial level in each country.

Furthermore, by simulating future changes in threats, the results of this study provided an important indicator for each industry to

improve consistency with their trading partners in addressing environmental issues. Long term, the results are also useful in setting
the direction of each industry's goals based on future economic trends.

LCA evaluation of freon reclamation and destruction

P-41

Yoshihito Yasaka1, Koichi Shobatake1, Fumiaki Yakushiji2, Yoshiki Shimizu2, Masahiro Tomita2, Norihiro Itsubo3
1TCO2 Co., Ltd., Japan; 2DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD., Japan; 3Tokyo City University, Japan

Demand for air conditioning equipment continues to increase worldwide. On a global scale, refrigerant-derived GHG emissions are ona scale that cannot be ignored. We quantified the refrigerant recovery and regeneration or destruction process in this case study for
multiple refrigerants. We collected primary data from destruction and reclamation companies to conduct the analysis. 2 methods
were evaluated for each of the destruction and reclamation processes.

We considered two functional units: 1) Disposal of 1 kg of used refrigerant and 2) Production of 1 kg of refrigerant.

The calculation results showed that avoiding the release of refrigerant into the atmosphere and conducting either reclamation or
destruction is essential for reducing GHG emissions.

If it is difficult to reclamation the recovered refrigerant, it can be destroyed. In such cases, chemical recycling can be promoted torecover fluorite resources and reduce the amount of sludge to be landfilled. However, there is a trade-off between fluorite resource
recovery and energy consumption.

Design for fostering life cycle thinking through a speculative scenario picture book about
mending with mycelium in a local circular network

P-42

Emma Huffman, Kazutoshi Tsuda, Daijiro Mizuno
Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan

Life cycle thinking has been shown to be useful for fostering environmentally conscious values and lifestyles and has been tested in
educational practice. It is effective in understanding the current state, revising daily life behavior, and fostering a commitment toaddressing environmental issues. However, extending the present into the future is not enough to overcome wicked problems such as
the environmental crisis. Looking solely at present examples also lacks the opportunity for learners to consider emerging

technologies' role in life cycle thinking. In this study, we hypothesized that design methods can be useful in future-oriented life cycle
thinking education. Design methods have been used to speculate and communicate on possible futures and to stimulate discussion
on preferable ones. Therefore, we conducted research using design methods to develop possible future scenarios. Specifically, we

created a near-future scenario in which shoes are repaired with mycelium, a method that enables a local life cycle in which materials
circulate within a 20 km radius of Kyoto City, and a picture book as the medium to tell the future narrative. The picture book is95intended to be a catalyst for imagining and discussing the future life cycle thinking, especially with children, who will be living in thenear future. To ensure the reality of the future scenario we combined various design research methods; scanning material andliterature review of biomaterials, prototyping with mycelium material, and field research on local materials of Kyoto City.

International trade in mercury and its uncontrolled risk

P-43

Hiromu Oda1, Hiroki Noguchi1, Kenichi Nakajima2, Masaaki Fuse1

1University of Hiroshima, Japan; 2National Institute for Environmental studies, Japan

P-44
Association of air pollution and meteorological variables with COVID-19 pandemic event in DKI
Jakarta

Merita Gidarjati, Toru Matsumoto
The University of Kitakyushu, Japan

Air pollution due to fossil fuel emissions alone is estimated to cost the global economy upwards of USD 2.9 trillion per year (3.3% of
global GDP). The emerging COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown policy have been said to become one of the prime factors

influencing air quality, especially PM2.5. In this study, some of the meteorological variables will be considered to see their associations
with the air pollution that occurred in pandemic situations. This study evaluates the air quality data (PM10, SO2, CO, O3, and NO2)

and meteorological variables (precipitation, wind speed, radiation intensity, humidity, and temperature) in DKI Jakarta from 2018 to2020. With the monthly data of the air pollution and meteorological variables above between 2018 to 2020, the study results showthat the higher correlation coefficient comes from radiation intensity, NO2, and wind speed for the precipitation, humidity, andtemperature, respectively. From the regression analysis, the CO and NO2 concentration showed the same characteristics as thecorrelation analysis, which negatively correlated with the humidity data. The study also indicates that CO and O3 showed the samecharacteristics as the correlation analysis, which negatively correlated with precipitation. The results suggest that air quality data may
correlate with the meteorological variables and COVID-19 pandemic event. For further study, the following parameters that need to

be included are PM2.5 for air quality data, 2021 air quality, meteorological data, and COVID-19 confirmed cases or COVID-19 policy
relating to transportation mobility.

P-45
A proposal of multiple indexes in vegetable consumption flow in terms of environmental impacts
and nutrition

Misaki Takemoto, Shan Miao, Kiyoshi Dowaki
Tokyo University of Science, Japan

This study analyzed freshness, nutrition, and environmental impact of vegetables with the aim of extending healthy life expectancy
and contributing to the SDGs (food loss reduction and decarbonization). In its life cycle, vegetables are divided into edible anddiscarded portions, and portions deemed unnecessary are discarded at the pre-distribution and cooking stages. However, it isgenerally pointed out that the waste portion of vegetables is rich in nutritional value. For example, the leaves of radish are often

discarded at the distribution and cooking stages, but they are rich in minerals, such as containing about 73% more potassium than

the root portion. Therefore, consumption of the discarded portion is considered to contribute to insufficient intake of vegetables andextension of healthy life span. In addition, not only the waste portion, but also the edible portion is often discarded due to lack offreshness (deterioration of vegetables). In our research to date, we have proposed optimal food intake methods (cooking menus)
according to the degree of deterioration at the cooking stage, and we believe that proposals that take this into account cancontribute to the reduction of food loss.

Based on this background, in this study, for vegetables such as daikon (Japanese radish), we divided the vegetable life cycle into

three stages: transportation stage, storage stage, and cooking stage, and for each stage, we assumed several consumption paths foredible parts of vegetables, such as daikon with leaves or without leaves. For these pathways, we conducted an evaluation using three
integrated indexes: freshness, nutrition, and environmental impact based on LCA. In the future, we believe that making the results ofthis research available to consumers will contribute to extending healthy lifespans and contributing to the SDGs (food loss reduction
and decarbonization).

Evaluation of secondary aluminum cycles under automotive changes in China

Wang Binze, Zhang Zhengyang, Matsubae Kazuyo
Tohoku University, Japan

96

P-46

Because of the penetration of next-generation vehicle and vehicle-lightweight trends, automotive demand for aluminum, especiallywrought aluminum alloys, is increasing significantly. Secondary aluminum recycled from aluminum scrap can save 95% of the energy
and reduce the environmental impacts compared with the primary aluminum production (Ding et al, 2012). However, the recycling

potential of aluminum and the artificial flows of secondary aluminum have not been quantified in China due to the prolonged neglect
and complex aluminum scraps. The impacts of the vehicle-lightweight trends on aluminum cycles are not estimated. In this study, we
expanded the diagram of secondary aluminum flows in China to estimate the stocks, flows, and metal dissipation of aluminum within
its life cycle in 2019 and 2050. This diagram distinguishes wrought and cast alloys so that the chemical composition of each flow is
considered. In addition, through introducing the improvement in collection system, dismantling, and sorting for end-of-life vehicles,
the recycling potential of aluminum and the reduction in primary aluminum requirement are estimated, with considering thepenetration of next-generation vehicle and vehicle-lightweight trends.

Findings include the following: (1) Share of wrought alloys in secondary aluminum production will decrease from 31% in 2019 to 4%

in 2050. (2) Total loss rate of secondary aluminum cycles will increase from 21% in 2019 to 30% in 2050. The biggest loss occurs in

the end-of-life product collection process due to the underdeveloped waste management system and the lack of legislation in China.
(3) Automotive demand for cast and wrought alloys will increase by 2 and 15 times compared with 2019, respectively, vehicle-

lightweight trends are more attributable to aluminum demand than penetration of next-generation vehicle. (3) Improving collection
system and applying dismantling and sorting for end-of-life vehicles can reduce primary aluminum requirement by 4%-8% in 2019
and 12%-26% in 2050.

Analysis of the (H)EV permanent magnets recycling trend for rare earth sustainability
improvement

P-47

So Jeong Jang1, Yong Woo Hwang2, Hong Yoon Kang1, Jun Ho Choi3

1Program in Global Industrial & Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Environmental

Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 3Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Republic of
Korea

As climate change becomes serious, each country imposes sanctions on internal combustion engines for automobiles, and as analternative to the de-internal combustion engine policy, the electric vehicle proliferation policy is being promoted. By 2025, it isexpected that about 12 million electric vehicles will be sold worldwide, including in China. The permanent magnet of the electricvehicle driving motor is one of the core parts of the product. Therefore, about 2,000 tons of heavy rare earth are needed to

manufacture rare earth magnets that will be used in the driving motors of 12 million electric vehicles. China is the only country with amonopoly on the heavy rare earths market, and domestic rare earth magnets are imported from China. However, China produced

about 1,400 tons of heavy rare earth in 2019, and it is difficult to more than double the current supply within 10 years, so it is urgent

to prepare measures to supply rare earth magnets. Currently, in the United States, Blue Line is promoting the construction of a heavyrare earth separation plant in cooperation with Lynas, an Australian mining company; in Japan, Nissan Motors has developed atechnology to recover 98% of the rare earth used in magnets. In addition, Korea's Star Group Ind. Co., Ltd. secured technology to

reduce the amount of heavy rare earth use required for manufacturing permanent magnets by more than 70%. Therefore, this study
is considered to be a way to improve the sustainability of rare earths by recycling permanent magnets as a measure to reduce thesupply of rare earths. Research on the development of recycling technologies should be continuously conducted by country.

Environmental and social impact assessment of cultural contents considering the economic
ripple effect of visits to drama location

P-48

Akihiko Tsutsumi, Norihiro Itsubo
Tokyo City University, Japan

According to a report published by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, there is concern about the increasing
environmental burden caused by the growing number of tourists, and the need to balance the environment and tourism. Two factorsthat threaten the sustainability of tourism are cited: "damage to tourism resources" and "deterioration of the living environment." We
need to redistribute the wealth generated by the economic benefits of tourism and curb the environmental impact induced by
tourism.

Regarding the value of art, film, animation, and other creative works, UNESCO has taken the lead in advocating cultural GDP, andinternational efforts to visualize the added value generated by cultural activities have been observed. However, while cultural GDP
includes values related to the production and exhibition of creative works, it does not include the impact of pilgrimages to sacredplaces where viewers visit the stage after a film or animation is shown.

Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between cultural GDP and LCA by considering the production,97

broadcast, and post-airing of a single drama production as a life cycle and evaluating its overall environmental and economic effects.

The highest impact was after airing for both environmental and economic effects, with the environmental impact accounting for 80%of the total, and the economic impact calculated to be approximately 13.5 billion yen.

The cultural GDP for this study was 1.2 billion yen, which corresponds to the production and broadcast portions of the study. By
including the post-airing period, the cultural GDP was estimated to be 8.1 billion yen, a five-fold increase.

I believe that the inclusion of considerations induced by creations in cultural GDP needs to be reaffirmed as the definition.

The carbon footprint of Kishiwada Danjiri Festival

P-49

Ryusei Murata1, Issei Kawamoto2, Norihiro Itsubo1

1Tokyo City University, Japan; 2Rematec R&D Corp, Japan

LCA has been used primarily for products and services, but in recent years it has also been used to analyze events. The carbon
offsets were implemented on a scale that exceeded the total emissions through collaboration between businesses and local

governments. Sharing environmental information at events where diverse stakeholders gather is expected to provide a good

opportunity to collaborate on projects. In Osaka, the Osaka Zero Carbon Foundation (OZCaF) was established as a platform tostrengthen efforts to realize a decarbonized society through public-private partnerships. The organization's first environmental
initiative was to conduct an assessment of the carbon footprint of the Kishiwada Danjiri Festival, one of Japan's most famous

festivals. The objectives of this study are to calculate the carbon footprint of Kishiwada Danjiri Festival and suggest GHG emissions
reduction proposals to stakeholders.

In this study, we compared the festival carbon footprint in 2013 and 2019. The functional unit is the festival duration of 2 days. The
total greenhouse gas emission is about 10,000 tons of CO₂ equivalent during two days. In particular, the largest source of GHG

emissions is coming from visitors. In 2013, the GHG emission from visitors is about 6,650 tons of CO2 eq/during 2 days. Whereas, in
2019, the GHG emissions from visitors is about 7570 tons CO2 eq/during 2 days. The difference is around 920 tons. A large portionof visitors' GHG emissions is related to souvenirs, followed by food and beverage. That is mainly because the amount of spending perperson in 2019 is higher than in 2013.

According to this study, in order to reduce GHG emissions, we suggest taking actions such as reducing food loss, moreover toincrease food consumption from the locals.

Evaluating the environmental performance of silver nanoparticles syntheses

P-50

Ziyi Han1, Heng Yi Teah2, Izumi Hirasawa1

1Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Japan; 2Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda

University

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been actively studied, for AgNPs possess broad applications, including catalysts, medical products,
and textile coating. Among the AgNPs production, chemical methods utilize silver ion solutions as a precursor; then reduce theprecursor to yield nanoparticles; the particles is stabilized by adding protecting agent into the colloidal system. Aiming at green

chemistry, simple production methods are desired. We are developing a one-pot synthesis using polyethyleneimine (PEI) as sole

additive for the reductive crystallization that produces AgNPs at a single nanometer scale with narrow crystal-size distribution. PEI, awater-soluble polyelectrolyte, acts as a reducing agent to silver nitrate, and a protecting agent to the silver nanoparticles. The method
therefore may involve less energy and fewer hazardous chemicals. To evaluate the prospective environmental performance, we haveconducted a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of AgNPs production. The functional unit was 1 kg of AgNPs with 2.89±0.72
nm diameter. Our preliminary results show that the silver metal production dominates the global warming potential, 78% of the total

impact. This is common for most AgNPs chemical methods, thus achieving a minimum loss of silver is crucial to green production. We
also find that our PEI method is competitive against the emerging bio-based reduction methods. If the same amount of silver isrequired, the impact of input reagents and process energy will be important to improve the environmental performance. This study
will provide a comprehensive comparison of LCA of AgNPs to highlight the environmental implications of prospective production.

P-51
Ex ante life cycle assessment of synthetic talc production based on supercritical hydrothermal
flow process

Guido Sonnemann1, Edis Glogic1, Marie Claverie3, Muhammad Jubayed4, Valentina Musumeci2, Christel Careme3, Francois
Martin5, Cyril Aymonier2

1Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM - UMR 5255; 2CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB - UMR 5026; 3Imerys;984University of Coimbra; 5UPS, CNRS, IRD,CNES, GET - UMR 5563

Recent efforts in chemistry have led to the development of a fast and continuous process for the production of synthetic talc in asupercritical hydrothermal reactor. This attractive process compatible with industrial requirements leads to advantageous

physicochemical characteristics including submicrometer size, hydrophilicity, and high chemical and mineralogical purity. In addition,
the high speed of the process and moderate reaction conditions have potential advantages from a viewpoint of the impacts on theenvironment. To verify environmental advantages and seize further opportunities to improve environmental performance, the current
study evaluates the new process using ex ante life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. A cradle-to-gate assessment considers the
production of synthetic talc from di!erent magnesium and reagent acid precursors at di!erent concentrations. The findings suggest

high impacts of precursors (65 -94%, depending on their concentration) and low impacts of process energy and water. Substituting

magnesium acetate with magnesium sulfate could reduce greenhouse gases from 4.8 to 2.6 kg CO2 and cumulative energy use from86 to 34 MJ per 1 kg of synthetic talc. Discussion draws on previous LCA studies on the supercritical hydrothermal process andapplications of synthetic talc considering its environmental performance and characteristics in comparison to the conventional(natural) talc. Perspectives will provide next steps for further research.

A concurrent technology development and life cycle assessment of lithium-sulfur battery

P-52

Qi Zhang1, Kotaro Yasui1, Suguru Noda1,2, Heng Yi Teah2

1Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University; 2Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University

Cathode chemistry is the hotspot of the environmental impact of lithium-ion batteries, particularly the common nickel-cobalt-

manganese oxide (NCM) battery that required mining and refining of the metals. The recent development of sulfur-based cathode is apotential solution due to its high energy density and low-material impact—sulfur is a byproduct from petrochemical industries, and it
is abundant on earth. We have been developing a high-energy-density lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery with a positive electrode of lithium
polysulfide held by a carbon nanotube sponge in the laboratory. With some promising experiment results, we hereby introduce aprospective life cycle assessment (LCA) to support the development of an environmentally friendlier Li-S battery production. This is acradle-to-gate LCA, with the functional unit of one 61.3 kWh battery pack intended for electric vehicles. First, we designed the pouchcells battery pack using BatPaC 4.0. The information on cathode chemistry was based on our Li-S coin-cell experiments. Then, we

examined the lifecycle GHG emissions under various battery production scenarios and identified the key improvements. Finally, we

compared our results to a graphene-based Li-S battery and an NCM811 battery. The results showed that our proposed Li-S battery
pack can achieve 60 kg CO2e per kWh battery capacity, nearly 50% lower than an advanced NCM811 and slightly lower than thegraphene-based Li-S. We found that it is not only contributed by the change of cathode materials but also by the change of cathodeprocesses, in which, our filtration method demands far less energy than the conventional evaporation of solvents. Also, the carbon
nanotube sponge can avoid the considerable impact of current collectors and binders. Through the practice of concurrent

technology development and LCA, we were able to inform some experiment decisions such as the desire for more concentrated
dispersions as they are sensitive to the overall impact.

P-53
Mineral resource demands for building power transmission grids associated with wind and solar
PV plants by 2050 under the energy transition

Zhenyang Chen1, Rene Kleijn1, Hai Xiang Lin1,2

1Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands.; 2Delft Institute of Applied

Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands.

The energy transition not only calls for the employment of renewables to generate electricity but also for massive power transmission
networks to integrate renewable-based electricity into existing grids to achieve universal access to electricity. Two types ofindispensable transmission grids are usually built for grid-connected wind (both onshore and offshore) and photovoltaic power plantsthat are anticipated to dominate future renewable electricity. One is infield grid networks, which collect electricity generated by eachgenerator and send it to substations or transformers on the site, and the other is export lines that transmit electricity from power

plants to existing grids. The rapid expansion of the power network would inevitably require large amounts of mineral resources forbuilding transmission infrastructures. However, little research has been done on how many metals would be required to build such

power transmission infrastructures for wind and solar power and how to mitigate their potential future supply-demand risks. Here weestimate the global mineral demands for electricity transmission grids associated with wind and solar power by 2050, using dynamic
material flow analysis based on IEA's energy scenarios and typical engineering parameters of transmission grids for wind and solar
projects. Under the Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS), the copper demand for related transmission lines increases rapidly

from about 4.3 Mt during 2021-2025 to 11.5 Mt during 2046-2050, and aluminum and steel demands increase from 2.7 and 3.2 to
3.3 and 9.0 Mt, respectively. Under the Net-zero Emission scenario, these related metal demands would be 2 to 3 higher than in the99

SDS. Power cables are the most metal-consuming electrical components compared to substations and transformers. In addition, we
discuss the decommissioning issue on associated transmission lines and their recovery potentials. Our study would deepen theunderstanding of the interconnection between energy transition, grid infrastructure, and mineral resources.

Modelling product loss within the packaging sector

P-54

Jeremy Francis Macdonald Grant1,2

1RMIT University, Australia; 2Lifecycles

The current emphasis on recyclability and biodegradability of packaging can potentially reduce the package's functionality to protect

the product. In some cases, this can result in higher emissions of the product and package system. Accordingly, for some packages it
may be preferable to use materials with slightly higher emissions, if their use leads to lower product loss rates.

A review of published studies on milk packaging shows that product loss is often overlooked as a source of emissions and notincluded in the system boundary (Desole et al., 2022);(Meneses et al., 2012); (Xie et al., 2011).

This paper uses a case study LCA assessing two milk packages, to discuss the importance of accounting for product loss within the
packaging sector. The case study was generated in PIQET, an online streamlined LCA tool for use in the packaging industry.

The system boundary was cradle-to-grave for packaging and includes production and disposal of product wasted, excluding impactsof the consumed product. The functional unit was the protection of 1 litre of milk consumed at the consumer. The first package wasa 1L aseptic carton made from LPB. The second package was a 2L plastic bottle made from PET. Product loss at consumer wasmodelled as 0.5% for the aseptic carton and 0.75% for the plastic bottle, based on the shorter shelf-life of milk packaged in plastic
bottles compared to aseptic cartons. All waste from loss was assumed to go to landfill.

The plastic bottle resulted in a 138% increase in GHG emissions compared to the aseptic carton, principally because of product loss

in the system. When product loss was excluded, the plastic bottle only had a 34% increase in GHG emissions compared to the aseptic
carton. The results indicate that modelling product loss can be critical when assessing packaging emissions.

P-55
Mitigating fossil energy consumption in protected horticulture: Life cycle assessment of a water
heat pump system for strawberry production

Longlong Tang, Kiyotada Hayashi

National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Japan
Greenhouse cultivations for fruits and vegetables contribute significant CO2 emissions derived from fossil fuel combustion fortemperature control. So far, low-carbon technologies, such as heat pumps, have been introduced to reduce these CO2 emissions.
Meanwhile, we need to pay special attention to ensure that greenhouse cultivation systems combined with a heat pump increase
environmental impacts other than climate change.

Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate and compare various environmental impacts including climate change based on LCA

focusing on the following two strawberry cultivation systems: a conventional system using an oil boiler (OB) and a low carbon system
combined with the OB and a water heat pump (WHP), which uses the heat from running water in an irrigation canal nearby the farm.
The LCI data was created with the SimaPro software based on the following data. For the conventional system, the materials used

(e.g., pesticide, fertilizer, and equipment including oil boiler) and energy consumption during the cultivation phase were collected fromfarm accountancy data in Tochigi prefecture of Japan. For the low carbon system, detailed primary data was collected for the

manufacture and installation on site of the WHP. The amount of oil that would be potentially reduced by the introduction of WHP was
estimated from existing studies.

Based on the results obtained, we will compare the environmental impacts containing climate change between OB and WHP in terms
of providing one unit of thermal energy and reveal the difference in environmental impacts of the two cultivation systems with andwithout WHP per kg of strawberry.

P-56
A cradle-to-gate greenhouse gases emission perspective for assessment of CCU technologies Comparison of process options in non-reductive CO2 utilization for poly-carbonate diolproduction

Seokjin Hong, Hajime Ohno, Jialing Ni, Yasuhiro Fukushima
Tohoku University, Japan

Comparison of process options is one of the domains where LCA can make actual differences in the decisions relevant to the futureenvironmental impacts associated with industrial activities. Here, we explore how such decisions may be supported by LCA, with the100example of an emerging chemical process technology. Non-reductive reaction routes are potentially more energy-saving than othernumerous carbon capture and utilization (CCU) routes. Taking the synthesis of polycarbonate diol (PCD) from 1,6-hexanediol andCO2 as an example, two process options to promote the yields in this route were compared from a cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas(GHG) emission point of view, a crucial indicator for designing a CCU process.

First, the process inventories were developed via steady state simulations using Aspen Plus V11. The energy consumption and cradleto-gate GHG emissions were evaluated for a kg of PCD produced with one of the two dehydration options: dehydrating agent (DA);and gas stripping (GS). The numbers remain highly uncertain, but the characteristics of both process options were better understood
through these activities. Choice of DA option leads to significantly higher energy consumption and associated GHG emissions, due to1) difference in the difficulties separating PCD from the dehydrating agent and solvent/unreacted substrate, and 2) potentially
excessive (i.e., 20 times the requirement of reaction stoichiometry) use of the dehydrating agent.

Since energy consumption was the hotspot in the processes, next, exploitation of unutilized heat and use of low carbon energy

sources were identified as the key items to elaborate on. A breakeven analysis was designed, and the results indicated that it was

actually possible that DA becomes more attractive under some scenarios. LCA, if applied appropriately, can lead to better decisions
made, highlighting the need for additional information or assumptions deduced from future visions that affect the choice and thedesigns.

P-57
Determinants of changes in footprints of crucial environmental indicators for global commonsstewardship in China

HANZhao1, Akiyuki Kawasaki1,2

1Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 2Center for Global Commons, Institute for Future Initiatives,

The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

There is growing evidence of the state of the Global Commons is worsening. As the second-largest economy in the world, China plays
a crucial role in the global supply chain, and its production and consumption structure has changed dramatically over the past

decade. There is a need to comprehensively assess the environmental impacts of the changing patterns of China's economy andtrade on the Global Commons to develop comprehensive and reliable measures and address unsustainable consumption. Here, wequantitatively evaluate the regional disparity, transmission mechanisms, and driving forces in four broad categories of environmental
arenas (Aerosols, GHGs, water cycle disruptions, and nutrient cycles disruptions) that have a significant impact on the Global

Commons at the sub-national level in China from 2007-2015. The study is facilitated by the improved international MRIO model withhigh resolution at the Chinese sub-national level, the approaches of multi-region input-output analysis, structural path analysis, andstructural decomposition analysis. Our results highlight the North-South imbalance in the impacts of different environmental arenas in
China. The Central and Southwest were considered to be the largest contributors to environmental impacts induced by China's final

demand. In general, the decline in China's consumption-based environmental impacts from 2007 to 2015 was mainly due to changes

in industrial structure. Growth in per capita final demand was the strongest factor that drove the increase in impacts. As China moveinto the "new normal" phase, its environmental efforts made significant progress over the period 2007-2015. In addition, unintended

negative impacts of determinants on the water cycle are observed in our results, future action will need to further weigh up complex
mechanisms between environmental domains.

P-58
Web scraping approach for secondary data collection in life cycle assessment and life cycle
cost analysis

Dong-hyeon Kim, Yu-jeong Choi, Seong-gwon Lee, Ye-won Hwang, Tak Hur
School of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University

Carbon neutrality has become a trend in many countries in order to achieve a competitive level for various environmental issues

including climate change. With the introduction of product-related environmental regulations such as the EU's Product Environmental
Footprint (PEF), Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), and the Buy Clean California Act of USA, it is critical to reduce thecarbon fooprint of products. It is important for LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) to collect, verify, and calculate data effectively. In thecase of secondary data, the quality depends on the data source, so it is necessary to collect data by identifying the proper pertinent
information from various sources. Recently, the application of big data in various fields has become common with the 4th Industrial
Revolution. One of the text-mining techniques, web scraping, is an approach that collects necessary information from web pages.

This study intends to utilize the web scraping approach to effectively collect a large amount of data required for LCA and LCC (Life

Cycle Cost analysis). In particular, since the sources of secondary data vary more than primary data, it is essential to select the mostappropriate source. In addition, sources of the LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database are diverse, and the appropriateness of thedatabase affects the reliability of the LCA results. It is vital to select the most proper one from various LCI databases including

databases built in diverse institutions around the world, databases with LCA software, or databases registered in global LCI database101

platforms. By classifying secondary data using the web scraping technique, this study aims to facilitate the selection of the mostsuitable data or databases. In addition, it is expected that web scraping will be useful in forming standard prices for various raw
materials and energy in economic allocation and LCC.

Biodiversity damage assessment integrating carbon and land footprint

P-59

Kiichiro Takahashi, Norihiro Itsubo
Tokyo City University, JapanThe Convention on Biological Diversity conference will be held in 2021 and 2022.

Accordingly, new biodiversity targets will be set, and quantitative assessments will be required.

In addition, the TNFD will be launched in 2021, and disclosure of corporate natural capital assessments will take place in 2022, among
other things. Much of the natural capital to be assessed comes from food, construction, and energy, and these raw materials must be
properly sourced in countries where they are shared. Japan has a significant biodiversity impact on the rest of the world, which needs
to be taken more seriously.

A multiregional inter-industry input-output table could be very useful in implementing the biodiversity footprint. There are several

multilateral input-output tables, but we plan to use the EORA developed by the University of Sydney. To account for climate change

and land use, greenhouse gas emissions and land-use area for each sector of the world will be obtained. From there, areas relevant toJapan's trade will be extracted. The impact assessment will be conducted using LIME3, which enables analysis that reflects theenvironmental conditions of countries around the world. A damage analysis including climate change and land use will be conductedusing both. This will allow us to conduct biodiversity footprint through final products and services provided in Japan. It is also

envisioned that the results of this study will be used by Japanese companies. With the cooperation of Japanese companies, anattempt will be made to conduct a biodiversity version of SCOPE3 by conducting a footprint analysis of the products of Japanesecompanies.

Developing product lifetimes information system

P-60

Levon Amatuni1, José Mogollón1, Kees Baldé2, Tales Yamamoto1

1CML, Leiden University, the Netherlands; 2United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)

While the planet is facing various environmental challenges associated with unsustainable levels of material consumption,

governments and industries are more frequently considering policies and practices aimed at extending the lifetimes of manufactured
products. Nevertheless, it is still quite challenging for eco-minded consumers to navigate across a variety of products looking for

more long-lasting brands and models. To meet such consumer needs, the first online platform of its kind has been developed as partof this research (https://lt-platform.web.app/). It collects and stores consumers’ reports on use and disposal patterns for various

products they have owned. This allows analyzing the harvested data using Markov chains to estimate the durability (time until the first
failure) and the total lifetimes (domestic service lifespan) of the different consumer products. Such results are updated live after
every new contribution to the platform and are presented back in a user-friendly visual format ranking various products’

manufacturers and models according to the estimated lifetimes. Additionally, the structure of the collected data allows evaluating theeffects of the different circular behavioural approaches (repair, re-use, recycling, etc.) on the products’ longevity that could be of

specific interest for researchers and policymakers. As a result, such a platform is the first attempt to collect and analyze products’
lifetime and durability data in an open, centralized, and accessible format supporting users in their more sustainable consumer.

P-61
Investigating power generation efficiency of PV power plants in Japan focusing on new market
entrants

Shogo Eguchi1, Yuya Nakamoto2, Hirotaka Takayabu3

1Fukuoka University, Japan; 2Oita University, Japan; 3Kindai University, Japan

In Japan, renewable energy sources supplied 21.2% of the total electricity generation in 2020. The Japanese government plans on

increasing this ratio to around 36 - 38% by 2030. In this situation, Photovoltaic (PV) power generation will play a significant roll and alarge number of new entrants in the market is expected. On the other hand, it is widely known that electricity generation in PV

systems fluctuates depending on factors such as weather conditions, seasonality, and location of the power plant. Moreover, inJapan, where the sites for building PV systems are limited, it is essential to improve and stabilize the power generation efficiency of
PV systems at plant levels.

In the light of these research backgrounds, by applying a combined research framework of metafrontier Data Envelopment Analysis
102and global Malmquist index to the data on PV power generation in Japan at plant levels between 2017 and 2020, this study

investigates the following three questions: (i) When dividing the whole of Japan into three parts (north, east and west), is there asignificant regional gap in changes in power generation efficiency during the study period? (ii) Which of ‘catch-up’ and ‘frontier

technology shift’ effects would mainly affect the changes in power generation efficiency? (iii) How new market entrants would havean impact on power generation efficiency?

During the study period, our results show that power generation efficiency in north, east and west regions is increased by 13.6%,

38.9% and 19.4%, respectively. The catch-up effect is the main driver of the substantial efficiency improvement in the east region,
while the frontier technology shift effect mainly affects the changes in power generation efficiency in the north and west regions.
Furthermore, new market entrants contribute to increasing the average power generation efficiency especially in the west region.

Economic and environmental efficiency analysis of medical sector in Japan

P-62

Daigo Ushijima, Tomoaki Nakaishi, Haruka Mitoma, Shigemi Kagawa
Kyushu University, JapanThe number of diagnostic imaging equipment such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mainly
used in hospitals has increased by 29.6% during the period between 2002 and 2017 in Japan and thus the capital demand for

medical services has grown rapidly due to the aging society. On the other hand, the per capita capital demand (i.e., number of CT and
MRI installed in the hospitals per capita) largely varied among prefectures in Japan. This paper focuses on not only economicallyinefficient operations of the capital equipment in hospitals but also lifecycle CO2 emissions embodied in the capital demand in the

medical services. We use a comprehensive hospital database including the number of CT and MRI introduced, the expected numberof medical examinations using the CT and MRI, the number of radiology technologists, and the number of radiologists, and the actual

number of their medical examinations and estimated the relative efficiency of 47 prefectures of Japan through the data envelopment
analysis (DEA). We find that there existed a considerable potential of reducing CT and MRI equipment in some inefficient prefectures
such as Fukui and Kochi. Finally, we conclude that the capital efficiency improvements with a focus on the inefficient hospitals cancontribute to mitigating lifecycle CO2 emissions from the medical sector in Japan.

Withdrawn P-63
Safe by design in product development through combining risk assessment and life cycle
assessment

Jeroen Guinée, Vrishali Subramanian
Leiden University, the Netherlands

The Safe by Design (SbD) concept focuses on ensuring the safe use of chemicals involved in material and product design. SbD isseen as a promising approach to reduce the environmental and human health risks of products throughout their life cycle and callson the responsibility of product designers to take these risks into account at an early stage. The combined application of a risk
analysis (RA) of the chemicals used and a life cycle assessment (LCA) of products is often seen as a valuable methodologicalapproach to SbD. However, practical methods combining RA and LCA for designing new chemicals, materials or products are stilllargely lacking. We therefore reviewed the state-of-the-art in this field and identified examples from the literature combining RA and
LCA for new materials and products. We eventually found ten studies in a product development context and assessed them on

several predefined criteria. Our findings show that product designers can perform several relatively simple checks early in the design
process, including applying life cycle thinking and consulting lists of known hazardous substances. While applying these simplified
approaches and guidelines cannot replace a full RA or LCA, it can help to avoid some obvious sources of risk. Designers can also

work with experts in RA and LCA to create a more complete design review to identify health risks across the entire product life cycle.
Examples of this collaboration are still scarce. To improve this situation, more experience should be gained with Safe by Design bycarrying out more case studies, preferably in the context of a concrete product design as the latter appeared missing in our review
findings.

P-64
A framework of environmental risk analysis of chemical accident-induced atmospheric pollution

Jo Nakayama1, Michiya Fujita2, Shunichi Hienuki1

1Yokohama National University, Japan; 2The University of Tokyo, Japan

Chemical industries have accidental risks that fire, explosion, and toxic release can result in damages to human, equipment, building,environment, and social activity. A lot of accidents occur at chemical plants for many years in the world, and the causes of chemical
accidents are collected and analyzed to prevent and mitigate accident. To reduce the risks, risk assessment methodologies aredeveloped, and they are effectively used for decision making to control residual risks as low as reasonably practicable.
103

Recently, natural disaster such as earthquake and typhoon trigger an increase in chemical accidents, and massive chemicals such as

toxic gas and VOC are leaked that cause risks of atmospheric pollution. Although environmental measures against chemical emissions
under normal operation are installed in processes based on regulations, chemical accident-induced atmospheric pollution have notbeen analyzed, and their countermeasures are not investigated based on quantitative environmental impacts caused by chemical
releases.

The purpose of this study is development a framework of environmental risk analysis of chemical accident-induced atmosphericpollution. Firstly, we investigated reports of chemical accidents to analyze what kind of chemical are leaked and estimate

environmental impacts. Secondly, we developed a framework that consists of accidental scenario identification, detailed chemical

reaction, and life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling. Finally, we conducted a simple case study for an
accidental risk of ammonia leak in an ammonia storage tank to establish an effectiveness of the framework for environmental
protection.

Comparison of the externality cost of biodiesel from palm oil, soybean, and rapeseed as
renewable fuel by using endpoint analysis

P-65

Siripol Tongorn1, Chantima Rewlay-ngoen1, Seksan Papong2

1Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Thailand; 2National Science andTechnology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

The external costs obtained from the environmental impacts of biodiesel can be significant to consider a ranking between different

feedstock sources for decision making of the policy maker. This research aims to compare the externality cost of biodiesel from palmoil, rapeseed, and soybean in different countries using a life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME3).

The functional unit is 1 GJ of biodiesel from the various feedstock. The inventory data of the biodiesel system was gathered from the
Ecoinvent database as follow: palm oil from Malaysia (MY), rapeseed from Switzerland (CH), and soybean from the United State (US).
In addition, palm oil biodiesel from Thailand (TH) was collected from the literature review. The environmental impact based on the

LIME Method consists of damage assessment and weighting. Damage assessment covers human health, social assets, biodiversity,and primary production in units of DALY, US$, EINES, and NPP, respectively. The results of the damage assessment showed thatdamage to human health and social assets of rape oil biodiesel from CH is the highest impact in comparison with others. Whiledamage to the biodiversity and primary production of soybean oil biodiesel from the US is the highest impact due to land use. Basedon the weighting factor, this study shows that biodiesel from soybean oil (US), palm oil (MY), palm oil (TH), and rape oil (CH) are 12.5,
9.4, 4.7, and 5.5 US$/GJ, respectively. Biodiesel from soybean oil has the highest externality costs with land use accounting for 78%
of the costs. When compared to fossil diesel, the result found that diesel is a higher external cost than biodiesel due to the cost offossil depletion on social assets except biodiesel from soybean.

How can LCA contribute to the evaluation of sustainable tourism?

P-66

Naoki Shibahara

Chubu University, Japan
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, tourist destinations had problems of overtourism due to the number of tourists who exceeded theircapacity. In addition, the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is warning about causing environmental problems suchas climate change.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the methods for quantitatively understanding the amount of energy consumed and greenhousegases emitted in tourism. It is thought that the know-how necessary for conducting LCA and certifying environmental labels will be

useful for evaluation of sustainable tourism. On the other hand, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Japan Sustainable
Tourism Standard for Destinations (JSTS-D) require not only quantification of total CO2 emissions but also sustainability evaluationand management in a broad sense.

Conventionally, when evaluating tourism in LCA studies, the unit of calculation was "one trip per person." Therefore, trying to reduce
total CO2 emissions means reducing the load originating from each component of tourism, which inevitably reduces the value oftravel. In addition, increasing the occupancy rate of means of transportation and the occupancy rate of hotels will reduce the amountof CO2 emissions per person, however this is a trade-off with the problem of overtourism.

Recently, new types of tourism have emerged, such as virtual tourism and microtourism. It is necessary to reorganize the value of

tourism (that is, the functional unit in LCA) from the perspective of satisfaction and fulfillment, and to appropriately set the scope ofevaluation and comparison targets. In addition, workcations and bleisure blur the boundaries between travel, work and everyday life.
Examination of the allocation method for LCA implementation is an important theme.

Therefore, in this study, I reexamine the methodology of how LCA can contribute to the sustainability of tourism and the evaluation ofenvironmental impact.

104

A mixed recipe choice benefits nutrient cycle closing in a sustainable manner

P-67

Yin Long1, Liqiao Huang1, Yoshikuni Yoshida1, Fujie Rinakina1, Alexandros Gasparatos2

1Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; 2Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), University of Tokyo, 7-3-1

Hongo, 113-8654, Tokyo, Japan

Food systems are the key to alleviate global warming and mitigating the negative impact of climatic change. As food consumer, shiftof our residential dietary choice are practical and effective strategies for determining the food system’s contribution to climate

issues. Here, we select 45 typical home recipes and conduct the analysis on both nutrition intake as well as the environmental impact,which further result in recommended dietary habits for population who may have specific nutrient intake demands andsimultaneously would like to minimize the associated environment impact. We aggregated listed recipes into five groups that definedby their components, namely beef-, chicken-, pork-, seafood- and vegetable-major dishes. The listed dishes are evaluated according toingredient supply chain information as well as cooking energy use. The corresponding nutrients provided are later linked with theenvironmental impact to distinguish whether they are both environmentally sustainable and nutritious. One step further, ourrecommendations are discussed from both objective insight by establishing multiple nutrition scores and subjective insight involving
individual preferences. Results show that despite the emission-intensive nature of animal meat supply chain, the correlated dishes
may still a good option considering the real-world dish arrangement. By simulating varied subjective food intake preference, ourresults also indicate that a mixed dietary choice is found as the ‘smartest’ choice that meeting all major nutrition requirements withminimal environmental impact. From the dish-specific analysis, we found the mixed dietary habit provides a nutrient-rich food intake
in a sustainable manner

Carbon footprint analysis of food packaging in Brasilia, Brazil

P-68

Flora Lyn de Albuquerque Fujiwara1, Francisco Contreras1, Victor Silva2
1University of Brasilia, Brazil; 2University of Campinas, Brazil

Currently, the climate change debate is the main topic of the environmental agenda. In 2015, 196 countries adopted the Paris
Agreement (PA), compromising the goal to limit global warming to well below 2.0 ºC by 2030. The sixth report of theIntergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change, published in 2022, reveals that although the PA, the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions have increased,
and to achieve the PA goals, the reduction of GHG emissions must be even more drastically in the following years. This context

deepens the emergency to promote GHG emission reduction opportunities in individuals’ lifestyles. This study aims to analyze thecontribution of fruit plastic packaging to the overall individuals' food carbon footprint. This analysis’s emissions and consumption data
represent Brasilia’s (Brazilian Capital) population. The footprint calculation considers the intensity of GHG emissions per consumption
unit and the consumption amount from individuals. The Lifecycle Assessment methodology was used for carbon intensity

quantification, considering the Ecoinvent 3.6 cut-off system model database adapted to Brazil. The fruit consumption amount was
obtained by microdata from the Personal Food Consumption Analysis in Brasilia (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics,

2018). The plastic food packaging amount and carbon intensity were estimated to represent the flow of the solid waste management
system in the Federal District. Considering the results, a low carbon lifestyle could be proposed, and additional analyses considering
the behaviour aspect may improve future research.

The study was funded by Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal - FAP/DF (Scientific Support Foundation of Federal
District - Brazil).

P-69
The development of LCIA methodology and damage factors for biodiversity loss with extended
impact categories.

Runya Liu1, Haruka Ohashi2, Akiko Hirata2, Tetsuya Matsui2, Norihiro Itsubo1
1Tokyo city university, Japan; 2Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteWith the COP-15 conference, part one was held in 2021, the heightened interest in promoting biodiversity safety became further

clearer. In the near future road map, not only should actions pursue a large tank of the committed funds, but the scientific researchpromotion should be done as well.

However, the conventional methodology and indicators should be realized on a finer scale. Moreover, the high-interest impact

categories should be also incorporated under one evaluation frame. For instance, although LIME3 as a rather completed methodology
has already considered the climate change and land use impact to the biodiversity loss, some other highly concerned impact
105

categories such as eutrophication, acidification and even explore deeper to the sub-categories etc. are essential as well.

In this study, we adopted one of the most widely used ecological methodologies, the species distribution model, binding with the LCIA

framework. Aims to dependently assess each category’s impacts on biodiversity. The future scenario-based evaluation for biodiversity
should be also addressed as the alarm well comprehend the ecosystem.

So far with the preliminary evaluation, it is obvious to see that under the pressure of climate change, where 1-degree Celsius rising
will bring an adverse impact to the global biodiversity on an overview. The overall situation shows that the global plant species aremost deeply affected by climate change; the bird species are more flexible compared to other species. If we go some precise

category occasion, such as the land degradation. The impact of it may lead to over 64% of plants' potential suitable habitat are seems
to shrink.

In the next step, we would like to build a large tank for the species record. So as to see the more detailed alteration under thedifferent drivers’ scenarios. After that, trying to refresh the characterization factors of the biodiversity.

P-70
Greenhouse gas emission and reduction due to rice husks biochar application: The impact of
capital goods production

Masaya Kanai, Minako Doi, Akira Shibata, Katsuyuki Nakano
Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Biomass grow by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and the charcoal made from biomass is called biochar. Whenbiomass is left unattended, it is decomposed by microorganisms and released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The carbon
contained in biochar is persistent and can be sequestered from the atmosphere by storing it in the soil for a long period of time

without decomposition. However, fossil fuels are used in the processes of the life cycle of biochar, such as biochar production andagricultural land application. To quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions associated with biochar application, the GHG
emissions from fossil fuel usage must be subtracted from the soil applications benefits. The fossil fuel usage includes the fuelconsumption during biochar production and manufacturing of the machinery used in making the biochar. However, no study has
assessed the environmental impacts of machinery production in biochar production. Therefore, this study quantified the GHG

emissions from biochar production, such as capital goods production, using life cycle assessment technique. Rice husks, which is abiochar material, were selected for this study because they are produced more than they are demanded, and a substantial amount ofthem are unused now in Japan. Biochar made from rice husks has the potential to reduce GHG emissions in Japan. Results showedthat the GHG emission from the production processes of capital goods cannot be ignored when evaluating the GHG emission
reduction potential of biochar made from rice husks.

P-71

Air conditioning energy analysis using big data

Genta Sugiyama1, Tomonori Honda2, Norihiro Itsubo1

1Tokyo City University, Japan; 2National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

It is estimated that two-thirds of the households in the world will have air conditioners installed, and the current energy demand for
air conditioning, which accounts for 10 percent of global electricity consumption, will be tripled by 2050. Economic growth indeveloping countries has allowed their residents who could not have air conditioners installed in their homes to do so. Global warming
also increases the demand for air conditioners. The increased demand for air conditioners burdens the electricity systems in many
countries as well as boosting the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

In Japan, about 25 percent of the entire residential GHG emissions comes from the use of air conditioners. The country has set a goal
to reduce GHG emissions by 66 percent from the 2013 level to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. One of the problems arises,

however, regarding the calculation of assessments, because the data that shows the use of air conditioners in the Tokyo area is taken
as a standard value to indicate the data of the entire Japan. Since the Japanese islands stretch from north to south, there is aconcern that the assessments may be inaccurate disregarding a variety of diverse in Japan.

In this study, I have looked into big data, i.e., the data that describes actual usage of about 110,000 air conditioners in Japan from2017 to 2021 to illustrate the discrepancy between actual data and the standard values. I also conducted an energy analysis

reflecting the actual usage. I have found that the duration of annual operating hours was shorter and energy consumption was lower
in real-life usage than those in the standard values. In my future study, artificial intelligence will be used to estimate location
information to show regional difference in energy consumption of air conditioners.

P-72
A new H2 storage scheme for a fuel cell assisted bicycle in uses of exhaust gas and insulator
coating106

Shan Miao1, Nagado Ryuta1, Sakai Satoshi1, Shimogawa Junnosuke2, Noboru Katayama2, Kiyoshi Dowaki1

1Department of Industrial Administration, Graduate school of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan;

2Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate school of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan

Metal hydride (MH) is the alloy that reacts with hydrogen gas reversibly and charge/discharge hydrogen into/from it. Though MH hassome merits, such as low-pressure hydrogen storage that can contribute to the abatement of environmental impact and highvolumetric density that can enhance the operation time per one charge, it is pointed out that MH cannot provide a satisfactory
hydrogen release rate at a lower temperature. As a countermeasure against this problem, it is desired to improve the energy

efficiency by utilizing the exhaust gas of the fuel cell and coating the exhaust system. In this study, a bicycle system of MH and fuelcell which reuse exhaust gas has been developed. This is known as a fuel cell assisted bicycle (h-bike). So far, the conventional

assisted bicycle is launched by a Li-ion battery. In terms of eco-burden mitigation, an h-bike would be beneficial. Simultaneously, thetravel distance would be longer, and/or the operating time would be also expanded.

In our previous studies, we designed a cartridge and conducted an experiment to utilize the hydrogen release support of MH by FC

exhaust heat. we found the issue of tank configuration, that is, the temperature change aspects at H2 discharge would be extremely

impacted in the inner tank. Therefore, we find out a new suitable tank design that could change the number of lays of MH to feed H2out smoothly. First, we investigated the temperature profile in the cartridge (10 layers) in which 4 tanks are set up as 1 layer. Then,we estimated the heat balance during FC operation. Finally, based on the estimated results, we confirm that the film insulator is
promoted to make somewhat improvements. Moreover, eco-burden mitigation would be achieved.

P-73
Life cycle assessment to assess circular economy business models: case of lithium-ion battery
remanufacturing

Benedikte Wrålsen, Reyn O'Born
University of Agder, Norway

The purpose of this study is to advance and illustrate how life cycle assessment can assess circular economy business models forlithium-ion batteries. The research compares investment in a new versus a second life battery in terms of environmental sustainability
for decision-making support. The expected change due to the choice of business model is assessed, including the crucial effect of
the substitution coefficient on environmental impact results.

Primary data from two case companies are applied in the life cycle inventory. These represent two different business models basedon the circular economy strategy repurpose. With this new inventory, the authors compare a new lithium-ion battery with a second

life battery (from a spent electric vehicle) by performing a complete consequential life cycle assessment. Building on earlier work, aprocedure to identify the substitution coefficient for battery assessments is proposed. The primary qualitative data and literature
review reached a consensus on a crucial technical- and a market factor influencing the potential for avoided production.

Environmental impacts from second life battery remanufacturing and installation are low compared to production of a new in both

circular business model cases. However, the quality and price of second life batteries is essential for the results as these factors canhinder the ability of a second life battery to avoid production of a new: The remaining capacity (in kilowatt hours) and the selling
price.

Two factors should be considered to inform an environmentally sustainable battery investment decision: Firstly, the spent batteries
applied in circular economy business models must have sufficient (technical quality) original capacity left after its first life andsecondly, the market price should be comparable with a new battery (not significantly lower). In these instances, substitution can be
included in life cycle assessments of batteries.

Carbon footprint of stationary type water server

P-74

Tomoya Kitami1, Saori Aoyama2, Yuuya Yamashita2, Yukio Kobayashi2, Yasuo Koseki3, Norihiro Itsubo1
1Tokyo City University, Japan; 2Mitsubishi Chemical Cleansui Corporation; 3Koseki Environment Office

Currently, the main methods of consuming drinking water range from the use of plastic containers to the use of ceramic containers.
It is necessary to evaluate which method has the least environmental impact when consuming an equivalent amount of water. The

amount of material consumed differs significantly, especially when drinking beverages from disposable drinking water containers andwhen drinking from an installed water dispenser. In this context, it is necessary to consider means of supplying water with lower

environmental impact. In this study, a comparison of greenhouse gas emissions between water supplied by a direct water supply (WS)and bottled water was conducted for public places when all water was used for drinking purposes at 20 L/day.

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107

Life cycle externality cost of battery electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and conventional gasoline
vehicles in Thailand based on end-point impacts
Chantima Rewlay-ngoen1, Siripol Tongorn1, Adchara Chinsorn2, Seksan Papong2

1Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Thailand; 2National Science and Technology

Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand

The external costs are the cost of environmental impacts in terms of monetary value and can be easily communicated to the public. It
can help in cost-benefit analysis, by comparing the negative impacts and environmental benefits of public policy such as thepromotion of electric vehicles. This study compares the externality costs of battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles(HEV), and conventional gasoline vehicles (CGV) of an average mid-size car based on the cradle-to-grave approach. The results help
the decision makers with complementary and in-deep interpretation using the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique. The impact

assessment was based on the LIME3 method. The power generation scenarios considered in the analysis consist of the present gridmix of Thailand and a plan to increase renewable energy sharing. A life cycle model of vehicles with a service life of 150,000 km wascarried out. The results showed that the BEV has less greenhouse gas emissions than that of the conventional gasoline vehicle for thepresent electricity mix and depends strongly on the national electricity portfolio. The externality costs are 5.18 US$/100 km for the
CGV, 3.73 US$/100 km for the HEV, and 3.89 US$/100 km for the BEV. The CGV has the highest externality costs with fossil

depletion damage on social assets accounting for 65% of the costs. At the same time, the HEV and BEV generate insignificant

different external costs. The trend of the results has also been examined for future energy mixes: the electricity and gasoline mixes
for the year 2030 have been investigated for the use phase modeling of electric and conventional gasoline vehicles.

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Modeling the relationship between life cycle environmental impacts of ripened peach and foodloss reduction induced by transportation packaging

Yuma Sasaki1,2, Rina Shinozaki3, Takahiro Orikasa2,3, Nobutaka Nakamura4, Kiyotada Hayashi1, Yoshihito Yasaka5, Naoki
Makino5, Koichi Shobatake5, Shoji Koide2,3, Takeo Shiina6

1Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 2United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3Faculty ofAgriculture, Iwate University, 4Food Research Institute, NARO, 5TCO2 Co., Ltd, 6Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University
Food loss is a menace to food security and global warming. Thus, the target 12.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals works onfood loss reduction. Peach is one of the most susceptible fruits to damage against shock and vibration during transportation, causing
food losses. Some studies have analyzed packaging conditions for peaches, but fewer studies assessed the food losses fromenvironmental perspective. The current study conducted a modeling of the relationship between environmental load and food loss

reduction by packaging and discussed the method to environmentally optimize the packaging condition. Functional unit was 1 kg of

ripened peaches without damage at retail sector. System boundary was from cultivation and package production to waste of them. A
food loss ratio was determined based on the damage degree on peach surface after a simulated transportation test. The

transportation distance was assumed from 100 km to 2000 km. Background data used were IDEA V.2 and LIME2 was adopted forlife cycle impact assessment. Climate change, urban air pollution, and resource consumption impacts were assessed. Relationshipbetween the environmental load and food loss ratio was predicted by a linear equation and showed a negative correlation in the resultof resource consumption impact, indicating that food loss reduction doesn’t decrease the impact. A relationship between transportdistance and slope of the linear equation presented that the environmental loads increased with the distances. This result was

obtained at a distance from 300 km. Therefore, a packaging condition having high potential for food loss prevention is recommended
at 300 km or longer. By contrast, the packaging condition with lower environmental loads attributed to its production is suitablewithin 100 km. This study provides valuable knowledge for sustainable food supply chain from both aspects of environmental impact
and packaging condition.

Environmental and social impacts assessment caused by the growing demand for electricvehiclesP-77

Sayaka Kakiuchi, Norihiro Itsubo
Tokyo City university, Japan

Transportation accounts for about 16% of global greenhouse gas emissions.Passenger cars occupy the main part of the CO2

emission of transportation. As many countries start to regulate the CO2 emissions of gasoline vehicles, electric vehicles (EV) becomea key measure of curbing greenhouse gas emissions, and the wave of EV shift has grown internationally. Rare metals such as cobalt,
nickel, and lithium are essential for electrification. Demands for rare metals will increase, but the gap between demand and supply

may not be filled up. In particular, more than half of cobalt is produced from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and there are108

big concerns that social impacts such as child labor might be worse due to the increase of exploitation with low wages. Although thenumber of papers on EVs and social impacts has been increasing since around 2015, there is few studies to properly assess
environmental, social, and economic impacts.

The purpose of this study is to examine the future environmental impacts of the EV shift and the associated social impacts,
represented by child labor, using E-LCA (E-LCA) and S-LCA (S-LCA) methods.

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Analyzing variable factors of water supply-demand balances derived from food production andconsumption

Yohei Yamaguchi, Naoki Yoshikawa, Seiji Hashimoto, Koji Amano
Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Freshwater resources are necessary for food production and consumption to sustain human activity. Water supply-demand balances
could increase due to extending water requirements for food production and consumption in the future. This study aims to elucidate
the contribution factor to the variation in water supply-demand balances due to changing water requirements for food production

and consumption. The production- and consumption-based water requirements are defined to quantify water requirements for foodproduction and consumption, respectively. The former is evaluated by assigning water requirements for food production to

producing countries, whereas the latter is evaluated by assigning water requirements for food consumption to consuming countries.
Water footprint is adopted to estimate both water requirements considering green and blue water. The blue water requirement isevaluated as the amount of water withdrawal by considering irrigation efficiency. Time series changes in food production,

consumption and trade are taken into account by estimating food trade balances and food supply-demand balances for each year.
The food trade balances are adjusted to meet that the sum of import quantities is equal to that of export quantities for each item

and year on a global scale. The food supply-demand balances meet that the sum of production and import quantities is equal to thatof domestic supply and export quantities. The difference between the two is defined as stock variation. The water supply-demandbalances are defined as the ratio of production-based blue water requirements to available water resources. Complete decomposition
analysis is applied to the water supply-demand balances and consumption-based water requirements to analyze multiple contribution
factors of variation. In addition, the production-based water requirement is also compared with the consumption-based waterrequirement to analyze the variation in water supply-demand balances associated with food production and consumption changes.

P-79
Economic and environmental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic through foreign tourists
demand in Japan.

Yusuke Oga1, Tomoaki Nakaishi2, Shigemi Kagawa3

1Kyushu university, Japan; 2International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Japan; 3Faculty of

Economics, Kyushu University, Japan

Foreign tourists demand in Japan has increased from 1 trillion (JPY) to 3.5 trillion (JPY) in the three years from 2012 to 2015 in andthus it has considerably contributed to the Japanese economy. The government estimated that the foreign tourists demand will

increase by a factor of 15 from 2012 to 2030. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to rapidly shrinking the inbounddemand since December 2019. On the other hand, it is true that the slowdown of economic activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic

reduced CO2 emissions in 2020 and it contributed to climate change mitigation. To the best of our knowledge, the economic loss andthe environmental benefits in a country are still poorly understood. In doing it, we propose an environmentally-extended, semi-closed
input-output model that incorporates endogenous final consumptions of a nation as well as exogenous final consumptions of theforeign tourists. Based on the analysis framework, we found that the COVID-19 pandemic led to the economic loss of 1260 billion yen
and the emission reduction of 16,517 kt-CO2 in 2020 in Japan. Tourism and restaurant business activities had the biggest direct

economic loss, whereas they indirectly contributed to considerably reducing CO2 through reducing electricity demand. This study

suggests a counter-measure against COVID-19 pandemic. The government should not only give financial support to higher priority

industries (i.e., heavily-damaged industries) identified in this study but require them submit a report on how their production activity
environmentally improves through the financial support.

Life cycle assessment of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol

P-80

David Petrovic, Yukio Furukawa, Heng Yi Teah
Waseda University, Japan

The increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is a main driver of climate change. Despite international efforts, the progress109

of CO2 reduction is slow globally. To counteract this problem, it is of particular importance to further investigate technologies tocapture CO2 from the atmosphere followed by subsequent binding or conversion. The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to fuels suchas methanol is one potential solution. The core idea is to enable the reduction of CO2 to methanol by direct activation of a catalytic
system via sunlight. To estimate the future potential of the photocatalytic reduction of CO2, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was
conducted.

In this project, two different technologies for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol were investigated, namely the
reduction using carbon dots and carbon nitrides as a photocatalytic system, and the reduction using ZnO in ZIF-8 encoded

nanoparticles as a photocatalytic system. The materials, solvent systems and energy quantities required for both processes were

estimated based on our own experiments and literatures. We modeled the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions supplemented by the

background information from Ecoinvent database. Technology improvements were modeled through four criteria, increased stabilityof the catalytic system, higher production rate, lower amounts of solvent needed, and the commercialization of renewable energy
sources.

Considering the technological improvements, the ZNO/ZIF-8 photocatalytic system produced 28 kg CO2 equivalent per kg methanol
output, significantly less than the carbon dots/carbon nitride system with 110 kg CO2 equivalent, but both methods wereconsiderably more impactful than the commercial methanol production, 0.66 equivalents 110 kg CO2 equivalent.

Analyzing the carbon foot print of IT display products

P-81

Byunghee Choi, Byungkwun Kang, Jiwon Yang, Yongchae Jung, Changgone Kim
LG Display, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

The paradigm of display technology has moved from CRT to LCD in the past, and is now moving to OLED. The outward direction of

display technology is getting larger, slimmer and lighter. And in terms of picture quality, it is evolving to express vivid and rich colors.
Recently, due to the influence of ESG, social expectations for eco-friendly products are increasing, and it is especially becoming

important to analyze the carbon foot prints in order to practice the carbon neutrality. In this study, the environmental impact of IT
display products was assessed through carbon based LCA. Based on the results, the carbon foot prints were analyzed for the life
cycle of products and for main display functions. Furthermore, eco-friendly product strategies in terms of carbon foot print werediscussed for IT display.

Case study of applying smart & safety solution using DT/AI

P-82

Jae wook Ahn, Yong woo Hwang, Hong yoon Kang, In tae Kim
INHA Univercity, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
1. Purpose of the study

70% of industrial accident fatalities occur in the construction industry and manufacturing sites, and the causes of death include

collapse, fall, jamming/crushing, bumping, fire/explosion, etc. This study intends to study various smart environment/safety solution
application cases for accident prevention, rapid response, and post-history management by utilizing ICT technologies such as 5G

communication, Big Data, AI, and Digital Twin.Through this, workers who work at the manufacturing site protect their health in a safe

and comfortable environment, and companies themselves identify risk factors to remove or replace them in advance and establish an
integrated safety/environmental management plan to systematically improve industrial safety and health. We want to be able torespond to health.

2. Scope of the study

Data generated in equipment / people / environment / safety areas in device industries such as displays, secondary batteries, andpetrochemicals, which require continuous large-scale investment, and assembly industries, such as home appliances, construction,and shipbuilding, which require a lot of manpower. We want to analyze a solution that can collect and monitor in real time through awireless network, automatically control when an abnormality occurs, or detect an abnormality in advance.
3. Content of the study

The types of data generated at industrial manufacturing sites are: ① Numeric/character data collected through PLC and smart

sensors ② Audio/video data collected through CCTV and smartphones ③ Location data of people and products collected through
Beacons and GPS. By using above data : ① monitor what you want to see and know in real time ② analyze big data to diagnose

abnormality and normality ③ use AI to give an alarm in advance when an abnormality occurs or before an abnormality occurs ④
remotely control. This study is application cases of smart environment/safety solutions were analyzed / researchedLife cycle assessment of alcoholic beverage produced by highly refined Japanese rice

Marika Muramoto, Norihiro Itsubo

110

P-83

Tokyo city university, Japan
Many Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies on agricultural products have already been international. Alcohol products such as wineand beer have also been evaluated in recent years, As Japanese food becomes popular overseas, the value of Japanese rice wine
exports is increasing year by year. However, no LCA studies have been conducted on Japanese rice wine yet as far as we know.
Therefore, we carried out an LCA case study on Japanese rice wine to examine measures for the reduction of its environmental

impact. The calculated result of Japanese rice wine was compared with those of wine and beer, and we discussed their environmental
characteristics considering the differences in raw materials and production methods. Japanese rice wine can be classified with therate of polish in general. This study concentrated on the assessment of highly refined Japanese rice wine, with shaving rice down to18%. The functional unit was 720ml (1 bottle). We visited a Japanese rice wine brewery to collect raw data and reflected them tocalculate the carbon footprint.

The total amount of carbon footprint result was 2.6kg -CO₂eq, greatly affected by the production of brown rice and packing stages.
The water footprint result was 3085 liters, mostly affected by the production of brown rice. Compared to other alcoholic drinks

showed that red wine, Japanese rice wine, and craft beer, in that order, had the greatest impact on climate change. Therefore, we
found that these key parameters affecting the totals are different from alcohols.

Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions from bagasse-derived clothing

P-84

TOSHIRO Semba1, NAOTO Yamamoto2, SHINJI Odo2, MASASHI Shimizu2, GAKU Tomii2, NORIHIRO Itsubo1
1Tokyo City University; 2Curelabo Company, Limited

The apparel industry has been pointed out as an industry with a large environmental impact due to the energy consumption

associated with manufacturing and the short life cycle, which has become an international issue. Therefore, clothing and shoes thatare friendly to the global environment are being developed. As one of them, we calculate the environmental impact of Jeans andKariyushi shirts using bagasse as part of the material. Bagasse is a fibrous pomace of sugar cane most of them are discarded. Bymanufacturing Japanese paper yarn using powdered bagasse and Manila hemp pulp as raw material, it is possible to replace the new
production of cotton yarn. We are conducting a hearing survey of process data in each process of fiber, yarn, dyeing, fabric, andclothing. In the future, I will conduct a field survey to understand the manufacturing process. Then, using the SimaPro LCA software,
we compare them with the literature values and evaluate the validity. Kariyushi shirts are also considering developing a sharing

service for tourists. It will be handed over at partner hotels, and after wearing it, it will be washed by a cleaning company. Therefore, it
is considered that the life of the product will be longer than that of general use. In the disposal process, carbon storage is performedby manufacturing biochar from used clothing. In addition, I will also evaluate the environmental impact of improving the yield of sugar
cane by applying biochar as a soil improvement material.

P-85

Life cycle assessment of imported jackets

Shino Ichihara, Norihiro Itsubo
Tokyo City University, Japan

In 2019, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development <UNCTAD> referred to the apparel industry as "the secondlargest environmental polluter industry in the world”.

Products are managed in a complex and long supply chain of raw material extraction, processing, material production, finishedproduct assembly, and transportation. Their carbon emissions, water use, and waste are factors that have a profound environmental
impact on the climate crisis and biodiversity. The linear economy of "take, make, consume, and dispose of" is a value system thatpermeates modern society, and clothing is no exception. The value of "getting one new thing after another" is further accelerating its
impact.

In recent years, many of the clothing sold in Japan has been imported after undergoing much of the production process overseas.

The Ministry of the Environment has explicitly stated data that 98% of clothing sold in the Japanese retail market is sourced, spun,and dyed overseas. However, it is difficult to collect reliable data in LCA implementation for jackets imported through overseas
production processes because of the diversity of stakeholders and lack of transparency.

In this study, LCA will be conducted for imported jackets used in outdoor sports, covering the entire process from procurement of

raw materials, manufacturing, transportation, sales, use, and product recovery (circulation) after use. In collecting data for this study,
primary data will be collected as much as possible based on interviews with companies to conduct a highly reliable analysis. Throughthese studies, responsible product manufacturing will also be mentioned.

Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from mercury-contaminated municipal solid waste
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treatment in Japan

Katsuyuki Nakano1, Shoki Kosai1, Eiji Yamasue1, Masaki Takaoka2
1Ritsumeikan University, Japan; 2Kyoto University, Japan

Spent fluorescent lamps and dry cell batteries contain mercury. Most local governments in Japan collect these wastes separately andrecycle mercury from them. The Japanese government set a goal of net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050.

Quantification and reduction of GHG emissions is also an essential issue in the waste treatment sector. Therefore, this study aims toestimate GHG emissions and discuss GHG reduction measures on the recycling activities of spent fluorescent lamps and dry cellbatteries collected by local municipalities. More than 70 local governments answered our questionnaire regarding the treatment of

mercury-contaminated municipal solid waste, such as fluorescent lamps and dry cell batteries. The questionnaire includes the amountof collected-fluorescent lamps and -dry cell batteries, collection methods, disposal methods, outsourcing companies, etc. Further, as

primary data, fuel consumption during the recycling process was obtained from mercury recycling plants. Based on these surveys, we
modeled the recycling system of these wastes in Japan, and GHG emissions were estimated using the life cycle assessment

technique. The results showed that GHG emissions from the transportation of the spent fluorescent lamps were high. This is due tothe small number of recycling plants in Japan. In addition, it was found that a large amount of GHG is emitted when fluorescent lamps
are transported without being crushed. Indirect GHG reductions associated with the recovery of resources such as zinc weresignificant regarding dry cell batteries, and GHG emissions from transportation were small.

Factor decomposition analysis of changes in CO2 emissions from container operatingcompanies

P-87

Taiga Shimotsuura1, Tomoaki Nakaishi2, Shigemi Kagawa3

1Graduate School of Economics, Kyushu University, Japan; 2International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu

University, Japan; 3Faculty of Economics, Kyushu University, Japan
CO2 emissions from international shipping were estimated as 1056 million tonnes-CO2, accounting for 3% of the global

anthropogenic CO2 emissions and there is an urgent need to decarbonize the sector. To the best of our knowledge, there are few
previous studies that attempted to estimate the CO2 emissions from the maritime sector of countries and regions. Based on the
microdata of IHS Markit, this study estimated CO2 emissions from container ships owned by major seven operating companies(Maersk, Mediterranean Shipping Company, COSCO SHIPPING, CMA CGM, Hapag-Lloyd, Ocean Network Express, Evergreen) thatoccupy a large portion of fuel consumptions in maritime transport. Based on the CO2 emissions at company level, we develop a newfactor decomposition framework to identify driving forces of the changes in the CO2 emissions from container ships. The results
show that (1) CO2 emissions of each company increased by 3.5% on the company average from 2018 to 2019, however Maersk,

Mediterranean Shipping Company, Hapag-Lloyd, and Ocean Network Express reduced CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 period(2019-2020); (2) the main reason for this reduction in CO2 emissions of the companies during the COVID-19 period was port calls(i.e., demand-side change factor); (3) the change in CO2 emission intensities in ton-CO2 per ton-miles of container ships (i.e., supplyside change factor) was marginal for all the companies. The environmental and business strategy shown in the sustainability reports
provided by the companies has not yet been fully reflected in the major change factors identified in this study. Looking at themarginal contribution of the supply-side factors to CO2 mitigation, the operating companies should put more efforts on improving
supply-side factors of size and speed of their vessels to reduce carbon intensity.

Latest practices and issues with avoided greenhouse gas emissions by ICT contributing toGreen Transformation

P-88

Tomoko Konishi-Nagano, Takuya Nagamiya, Satomi Hirooka, Yuta Musha, Masayuki Hamakawa
FUJITSU LIMITED, JapanThe Fujitsu Group aims to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions throughout the Fujitsu Group to zero by 2050 and contribute toachieving carbon neutrality and adapting to climate change. To contribute more aggressively to the resolution of environmental

issues confronting humanity, Fujitsu revised its emissions reduction targets for its business sites in FY 2030 from 33% to 71.4%
below FY 2013 levels.In 2021, these were validated as 1.5 °C aligned targets by the Science Based Targets initiative. In addition,

Green Transformation(GX) has become important that contributes to the reduction of GHG emissions in line with digital innovation insociety. With the introduction of its products and services, Fujitsu has promoted its contribution to avoided GHG emissions by ICT.
We are contributing to GX through Artificial Intelligence, quantum-inspired Digital Annealer technology, cloud services, and highperformance computing. Using the EcoCALC-GX internal system, which measures avoided GHG emissions, we are re-building aninternal system and promoting skill transfer so that employees in the solutions & service development, and sales departments who

112

deal with business communication can measure the amount of the avoided GHG emissions by themselves and visualize the effect sothat they can communicate their contribution to customers. At WG 17 of IEC TC111, the definition of avoided GHG emissions iscurrently being discussed. Fujitsu has also joined the National Committee as a member, introducing Fujitsu's efforts to date as a casestudy and actively participating in discussions on international standardization. In this presentation, we will introduce the latest

practices of GX, introduce the amount of contribution we have made in avoided GHG emissions, and report on future issues. From

now on, in order to make the world more sustainable, in 2021 we launched the new brand, Fujitsu Uvance (Universal + Advance), andwould like to accelerate its realization together with our customers.

Greenhouse gas emission reduction potential of vehicle-to-grid technology: A case study in
Kyushu, Japan

P-89

Kazuho Toyoda, Katsuyuki Nakano
Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Solar and wind power generation depend on the weather. Power output suppression control for reducing solar and wind power

generation is introduced at a time of low electricity demand. An order of this control appeared in 2018, and the frequency of thisorder has been increasing in Japan, especially in Kyushu area. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is a technology that utilizes electric vehicle (EV)batteries as a means of adjusting the supply and demand of electricity and avoiding wasting electricity derived from renewableenergy sources. In general, the EV batteries are charged during the sunny daytime and discharged at night when electricity isdependent on fossil fuel-based generation. However, EV users expressed concerns about V2G, such as battery degradation, lowbattery storage when they use their EV, and restraint of parking time. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify users with ahigh affinity for V2G and to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential. Data on the power output suppression control isbased on Kyushu area from FY2018 to FY2021. Hours of use and charge are modeled by classifying EV users into three groups:

commuting, daily use, and business. As a result, it is found that people who use EVs for business have a high affinity for V2G. They

rarely use EV on day-offs while they use it daytime on weekdays. Therefore, it is possible to charge at a time when electricity tends tobe excess. This study also demonstrated that adopting V2G can reduce GHG emissions. It is recommended that companies introduce
EVs with V2G technology to reduce their emissions.

An environmental impact and economic analysis of palladium recovery in low concentration
spent catalyst solution

P-90

Taek-Kwan Kwon1, Yong-Woo Hwang2, Chun-san Kim3

1Program in Global Industrial & Environmental Technology Convergence, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 2Department ofEnvironmental Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 3Graduate School of Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea
Recently, to realize carbon neutrality, the economic structure leading to the existing 'massive production - mass consumption - massdisposal' has been shifted to a circular economy that reduces the use of primary mineral resources and pursues a virtuous cycle ofresources. In December 2021, the government established Korean K-Circular Economy Implementation Plan for carbon neutrality toinvigorate the recycling of metal resources, such as rare metals. In this study, the project feasibility was evaluated from an economic
point of view for the palladium recycling process in a low concentration spent catalyst solution, and the environmental effect wasquantified adopting a Life Cycle Assessment technique.

As a result of the study, 1) The cost-saving effect of palladium recycling is estimated KRW 3.6 billion every year. 2) Advent, as aresult of the B/C analysis, assuming that there is no scrap value of the facility after the 5 year project period, the total cost was KRW
103.13 billion and the total beneficial cost was KRW 121.43 billion, and the B/C was 1.18, indicating that it was a recycling processwith high marketability and profitability.

3) As a result of LCA, it was found that fine dust emissions were reduced by 9 tons per year, and greenhouse gas emissions werealso reduced 384 tons CO2-eq per year.

Finally, it was found that there was an employment inducement effect of 28 people through the creation of direct and indirect
employment, which can be converted into a labor cost of KRW 108.82 billion. The research results showed that the palladium

recycling in low-concentration spent catalysts solution has sufficient positive association effects with the local community in three
aspects: environment, economy, and job creation.

Acknowledgments This work was supported by Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute(KEITI) grant funded by the

Korea Government (Ministry of Environment)(The Knowledge-based-Environmental-Service Specialized Graduate School Program).

Efficient utilization of palm oil residue as material / energy products
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Tomoko Fuchigami1, Koichi Goda2, Ken-ichiro Tanoue2, Hirokazu Ito3

1EFPRO LLC., Japan; 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Japan; 3Paper Industry Center, Ehime University,Japan

Biomass materialization / energy conversion contributes to issues such as the prevention of global warming and the achievement of asustainable society, and thus active promotion of its utilization is strongly required. To date, however, the research fields related tounused biomass, such as leftover materials and agricultural crop residues, have not yet fully progressed. Therefore, for the new
utilization of unused biomass, we focused on the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) residue generated in large quantities after palm oil

production, and conducted research on its materialization and energy conversion. Palm oil is mainly used for food, but its demand is

expected to grow in the near future as a raw material to replace petroleum-derived plastics and as a chemical product. On the other

hand, empty fruit bunches (EFB), which remain after palm oil collection are residues and increase with increase in palm oil production
because they are generated in almost the same amount as the production of palm oil. The disposal method of EFB has been mainly
incineration, but since the main component of EFB is cellulose, which is a renewable biomass, there is room for studying more

effective utilization methods. Until now, regarding the utilization of biomass, studies have been conducted to convert biomass into
solid materials or solid fuels individually, but there is no studies comparing the efficiency of the both at the same time.

The purpose of this study is thus to clarify the sustainability of EFB as solid fuel / solid material. First, flowcharts of each productincluding partly-finished product produced from oil palm were prepared, and the production ratio was calculated by applying theMarkov process model. Next, LCA of each product was studied to determine which production process is significantly responsible for
GHG emission.

Comparison of disassembly and assembly works using optical motion capture for circular
economyP-92

Ryuto Kawane, Hiromasa Ijuin, Ryosuke Nakajima, Masao Sugi, Tetsuo Yamada
The University of Electro-Communications, Japan

End-of-Life assembly products such as smartphone and home appliance have played an important role for circular economy because
they include recyclable metals and plastics. In contrast, most of the End-of-Life products are not reused and recycled. For instance,

two-thirds of renewable resources are wasted in the United States, and 57% of large-sized home appliances in Japan are still at home.
One of the reasons is that higher costs bring manufactures for recycling by disassembly. Hence, not only assembly but also

disassembly works are required to take materials from the End-of-Life products in reuse and recycling. However, manual disassemblyis still necessary due to assembly complexity which brings higher labor costs. Therefore, disassembly motions should be analyzed andimproved. Thus, motion capture systems are expected for analyzing and improving them. This optical motion capture enables us tomeasure 3-dimensional coordinate data for workers with high accuracy. Toshiba Corporation (2018) has introduced the motion

capture for the purpose of more effective guidance and skill transfer at the work site using 3-dimensional sensors. Kawane et al.

(2022) analyzed worker’s motion using motion capture and deep learning software. However, disassembly works were not treated.
This study measures, analyzes and compares the motion data for disassembly and assembly works obtained by optical motion

capture for circular economy. First, the motion data for disassembly and assembly works is obtained by optical motion capture. Next,
the data preprocessing is conducted. Finally, the pre-processed motion data for the disassembly and assembly works are analyzed
and compared.

Quantification of the environmental impacts associated with human labour

P-93

Lucia Rigamonti, Federica Carla Carollo
Politecnico di Milano, Italy

The contribution of human labour is not usually included in the environmental assessment of products and processes. This omission
may constitute an unfortunate bias, resulting in leaking of environmental effects and, thereby, systematically misinformed decisionmaking. This is especially true for those products and processes where the role of manpower is relevant, i.e. in labour intensive
sectors.

Therefore, in this study, we propose a methodological framework to give an answer to the question “how could the contribution ofhuman labour to the environmental assessment of products and services be evaluated”? To this aim, the following contributions areincluded in the framework: the energy spent at work and that spent in driving to/from the work, and the corresponding food quantity
burned to get that energy; worker transports; use of workers facilities (toilets and shelters); personal safety devices; handheld tools.
The proposed methodological framework has been applied in a life cycle assessment (LCA) study where a traditional demolition iscompared to a selective one. A selective demolition includes a series of sorting operations into homogeneous fractions, using

machinery and equipment, with the primary goal of maximization of reuse and recycling of the construction and demolition waste.
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Selective demolition is usually perceived as essential for a sustainable built environment since it aims to maximise the valorisation of
constituent building materials and components giving them a new life. At the same time, a selective demolition requires many moreman-hours than traditional demolition. And this difference should therefore be included in the LCA study to evaluate how it influences
the environmental impacts of the two practices and so the comparative assessment. This is possible under the proposed frameworkthat can also be adapted for other labour intensive services and products.

P-94
Analysis of material flow in mercury recovery process for determining the characteristics ofmercury behavior

In Tai Kim1, Hee Won Park2, Yong Woo Hwang3

1The Knowledge-based Environmental Service Specialized Graduate School Program, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 2Program in

Global Industrial & Environmental Technology Convergence, Graduate School, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 3Department ofEnvironmental Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea

Mercury has an addictive and highly toxic effect on humans. An example of mercury damage case is Minamata disease caused bymethylmercury.

The international community's perception of mercury has changed and the mercury convention has been discussed. In 2013, the"Minamata Convention on Mercury" was adopted by UNEP. Korea participated in a party to the 2020 Minamata Convention andimplement the agreement. By 2027, a mandatory standard has been established to recover more than 70% of the mercury.

In this study, the behavioral characteristics of the mercury recovery process of the waste mercury lamp are identified for the
purpose of systematic management of mercury.

The mercury recovery process consists of input, crushing, heating, and condensation processes. Mercury in the waste lamp is heatedto 600℃ or higher. It is then recovered through a condensation process. Glass and iron, which are by-products of mercury-removed
lamps, are recycled. In addition, Cyclone, Bag filter, and activated carbon adsorption facilities are installed in each process step.

In order to understand the behavior of mercury in the entire process, it was set based on the amount of waste lamps put into theprocess for one year. Mercury input, recovery, disposal, content in by-products, and air emissions were identified, measured, andanalyzed. Based on this, a material flow chart was created.

The results of a study, Mercury recovered from the facility was found to be 89.73% of the input. the disposed mercury through air
pollution prevention facilities was found to be 7.26% in the crushing process and 2.07% in the heating process, 0.79% of air
emissions, and 0.16% contained in by-products.

This work was supported by Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute(KEITI) grant funded by the Korea Government(Ministry of Environment)(The Knowledge-based Environmental Service Specialized Graduate School Program).

Carbon-circularity-based evaluation of recycling process with dynamic MFA approach

P-95

Yosuke Nagase, Hajime Ohno, Yasuhiro Fukushima
Tohoku University, Japan

Toward the realization of carbon neutrality, waste plastics (WP) recycling is a crucial activity to prevent carbon release from WP.
Although several modes of WP recycling have been studied so far, consideration of recycled products’ lifetimes and circularity

tended to be lacking. Without tracing mid- or long-term carbon circulation, a truly effective WP recycling system for carbon neutrality
can not be developed. This study modeled carbon circulation through WP recycling activities by applying the MaTrace approachconsidering product lifetimes and distributions varied with recycling modes. The dynamic material flow analyses of ten resin types(e.g., polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene) were conducted and subsequently integrated into the carbon cycle. Focused onresins newly entering the country in 2011, the state transitions (in use, export, and dissipation) after t years (0 < t < 50)were traced.
The amount of total recycled carbon for 50 years per initial input (S_50) and the year in which carbon becomes one-fourth of theinitial carbon (τ_0.25) were considered as the indicator of carbon cycle efficiency. Three scenarios were considered: the current
recycling practice in Japan, mechanical recycling (MR) only, and chemical recycling (CR) only. MR and CR only scenarios arecornerstones, set for clarifying the maximal potential of the recycling modes. In CR only scenario, sub-scenarios varying with/without
self-supply of produced oil as a heat source were considered. While the current practice could utilize the carbon almost only once

(S_50=1.07), MR only and CR only with self-supply scenarios had higher S_50 (~1.20) and τ_0.25 (~16). CR only without self-supply
had the highest values (S_50=1.63, τ_0.25=30). A comparison of the results of two CR scenarios suggested the energy with anemissions intensity of 0.0738[kg-CO2eq/MJ] could work CR without self-supply in both avoidance of GHG emissions and recycling
carbon.

P-96
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LCA experts training graduate program supported by the Korean government
Dong-hyeon Kim1, Myung-Seok Choi1, Jae-hyun Kim2, Sung-Ki Lim1, Young Sunwoo3, Tak Hur1

1School of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea; 2School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Konkuk

University, Republic of Korea; 3School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
Since the Paris Agreement, declarations of carbon neutrality by the international sector is gaining steam for combating the climate
crisis, and carbon neutrality is quickly becoming the global standard. In order to achieve efficient carbon neutrality it is not only

important to consider the scope 1 and 2 emissions of GHGs from sources but also the scope 3 indirect emissions during the productvalue chain. Also, as the carbon reduction impact of LCA is recognized, the demand for LCA-applied carbon footprint information isincreasing. For example, restrictions in international trade due to the carbon emissions factor is on the rise as is evident from theEU’s PEF(Product Environmental Footprint), CBAM(Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) and the Clean Buy Act by California of the
U.S. Therefore, assessment and management of scope 3 GHG emissions and reductions based on LCA have become necessary due
to the fast-moving trends in international environmental issues. However, there is a lack in the number of experts who specialize inglobal environmental regulation response related to products. This is especially true in the case of sustainable design and LCA. To

this end, the Korean government selected 4 universities starting in 2021 to support LCA related graduate programs for 3~5 years.

Each university program should produce about 20 experts every year and it is anticipated that they will be utilized in the fields of LCI
database, carbon footprint, eco-design, and responding to global environmental regulations. Our KU-LCA program in the Konkuk

University Graduate College was one of the programs and it is offering an integrated curriculum involving several departments. The
KU-LCA program offers: L(Leadership & Training – basic, intensive and applied levels of education); C(Company & Cooperation –interaction various industrial sectors through on-site field training; and A(Action & Application – opportunities to apply their obtained
knowledge through internships.

Environmental impact assessment for polyester T-shirts -Prospective LCA for chemical
recycling

P-97

Hiroyuki Nakamura, Norihiro Itsubo
Tokyo City University, Japan

Purpose of this study is to evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction effect of chemical recycling that can recycle resources intomaterials with the same composition, the same quality, and the same performance. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) shows theenvironmental impact of polyester T-shirts manufactured from recycled PET using chemical recycling and manufactured from virginmaterial.

The system boundary of evaluation is the flow of T-shirts which is manufactured in China, sold and used in Japan, carried out
chemical recycling in Japan, manufactured T-shirts in China again, sold and used in Japan, and then discarded.

The calculation was processed mainly for primary data for manufacturing process and store process, and the inventory databaseused the overseas version of IDEA2.

This calculation results show GHG emissions from PET manufacturing, chemical recycling, store and consumer process are large. As aresult of comparing the GHG emissions of 10% chemical recycling/90% material recycling (circular economy scenario) within therange used as commercially available recycled products, and incineration (linear economy scenario), the circular economy scenario
was able to reduce GHG by about 10%.

Furthermore, this study attempted the prospective LCA, which is expected to reduce the environmental load in the production scalerather than the research and development scale. Although this chemical recycling was carried out with a small-scale demonstration
machine, it was confirmed that 50% chemical recycling/50% material recycling by increasing the scale of chemical recycling to thescale of existing commercial machines are almost the same as the above 10% chemical recycling/90% material recycling.

Based on the above, in apparel industry, chemical recycling has the potential to become a technology that has the same quality as
virgin materials, has little impact on climate change, at the same time, that realizes a circular economy which does not deplete
resource.

Analysis of treatment and resources circulation for marine litter

P-98

Yeong Hun Choe1, Yong Woo Hwang2, Ji Woo Choi3

1Knowledge-based Environmental Service Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Environmental Engineering,

Inha University, Republic of Korea; 3Progam in Global Industrial & Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea
It is estimated that plastics accounted for 80%(±18%) of the global marine litter. In addition, Metal (7%±7%), glass (5±6%) and fabric(3±3%) accounts of the global marine litter. The amount of plastic waste entering the aquatic ecosystem is expected to triple from 11116

million tons in 2016 to 29 million tons by 2040. Marine Litter can be a potential risk not only to marine organisms but also to humans.
That why efforts such as prevention of occurrence, collection, treatment of these marine litter risks are required. Also, the collectedmarine litter contains many components such as salinity and foreign Materials. Therefore, the rate at which most marine litter isincinerated, landfilled, treated or recycled is low. In this study, we dealt with the treatment status of marine litter and the case ofresource circulation. It also suggests ways to implement a resource cyclical system for marine litter.

This work was supported by Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute(KEITI) grant funded by the Korea Government(Ministry of Environment)(The Knowledge-based Environmental Service Specialized Graduate School Program).

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