GLOSSARY

Starred items (*) in the definitions denote headings appearing elsewhere in this Glossary.

Activity data
Data on the magnitude of human activity resulting in emissions or removals
taking place during a given period of time. In the energy sector for example,
the annual activity data for fuel combustion sources are the total amountsof fuel burned. Annual activity data for methane emissions from entericfermentation are the total number of animals being raised, by species.
Adipic acid
A material primarily used in the chemical industry as an intermediate step inthe production of nylon. The process of producing adipic acid also produces
nitrous oxide (N2O) as a by-product.
Afforestation
Planting of new forests on lands which, historically, have not contained
forests. These newly created forests are included in the category Changes
in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks in the Land Use Change andForestry module of the emissions inventory calculations.
See also Reforestation.
Alcohol
For the purposes of the inventory preparation alcohols include methyl
alcohol (methanol), ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA)(2-methyl propan-2-ol).
Alcohol produced from non-biomass sources for use as a blending
component in fuels should be included with refinery feedstocks figures in
the inventory.
Bio-alcohol used in fuels should be reported as a liquid biomass for
information only.
Anaerobic
Conditions in which oxygen is not readily available. These are important forthe production of methane emissions. Whenever organic material

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GLOSSARY

decomposes in anaerobic conditions (in landfills, flooded rice fields, etc.)
methane is likely to be formed.
AndosolA soil developed in volcanic ash. Generally Andosols have good drainage
and are prone to fertility problems
Anthracite
A high rank coal with generally less than 10 per cent volatile matter.
Anthropogenic
Man-made, resulting from human activities. In the Guidelines, anthropogenic
emissions are distinguished from natural emissions. Many of the greenhousegases are emitted naturally. It is only the man-made increments over naturalemissions which may be perturbing natural balances.
API Gravity(American Petroleum Institute Gravity). A measurement scale, related todensity, for crude oil or other liquid hydrocarbons, based on the formuladeg rees API =141.5− 131.5
specific gravity

where the specific gravity measurement is made at 60°F. Its application
enables a linear scale to be used on the stem of a density-measuring device
like a hydrometer.
Apparent consumption
A concept used in the calculation of CO2 emissions from fossil fuelconsumption. This concept deals with apparent rather than actual
consumption because it tracks the consumption of primary fuels to an
economy with adjustments for net imports and stock changes in secondary
fuels. While this procedure ensures that all of the carbon in fuels is
accounted for, it is important to note that it does not produce actual
consumption by specific fuel or fuel product. In cases where exports ofsecondary fuels exceed imports, it will produce negative numbers. This isclearly not an accurate estimate of the consumption of secondary fuel. It ismerely an adjustment to the primary fuel supply calculated elsewhere in theworksheet.
Aviation Gasoline
See Gasoline.
Base year
The year for which the inventory is to be taken. This is currently 1990. In somecases (such as estimating CH4 from rice production) the base year is simply the
middle of a three-year period over which an average must be taken.

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BenzoleA mixture of light hydrocarbons used as a solvent and sometimes blended
into gasoline. Benzole should be included with refinery feedstocks in theinventory.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
The amount of oxygen consumed by the organic material in wastewater
during the decomposition of the waste materials in the wastewater. BOD
is used as a measure of the organic content of wastewater. See Section
6.3.2 of the Reference Manual.
Biomass
Non-fossilised organic material both above ground and below ground, andboth living and dead, e.g., trees, crops, grasses, tree litter, roots etc.. Whenburned for energy purposes, these are referred to as biomass fuels.
Biomass fuels also include gases recovered from the decomposition oforganic material.
BitumenSolid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon with a colloidal structure, brown
to black in colour, obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude oil byvacuum distillation of oil residues from atmospheric distillation. It is soluble
in carbon bisulphate, non-volatile, thermoplastic (between 150°C and
200°C) with insulating and adhesive properties. Bitumen is used mainly inroad construction and is also known as asphalt.
Bituminous Coal
Includes Anthracite*, Steam coal (other than anthracite) and Coking coal*.
In the Guidelines steam coal is referred to as “Other Bituminous Coal”.
Coal with a gross calorific value greater than 23 865 kJ/kg (5 700 kcal/kg)
on an ash-free but moist basis and with a mean random reflectance ofvitrinite of at least 0.6.
BKB (Braunkohlenbriketts)
A composition fuel manufactured from brown coal. The brown coal iscrushed, dried and moulded under high pressure into an even-shaped
briquette without the addition of binders. Also includes peat briquettes.
Black Liquor
See Sulphite Lies.
Blast Furnace Gas (BFG)
Obtained as a by-product in operating blast furnaces; it is recovered onleaving the furnaces and used partly within the plant and partly in othersteel industry processes or in power stations equipped to burn it. Any
Oxygen Steel Furnace Gas should be included in this category.

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GLOSSARY

BOD
See Biochemical oxygen demand.
BorealNorthern biotic area characterised especially by dominance of coniferous
forests.
Bunker fuels (International)
Fuels consumed for international marine and air transportation.
Calcination
Chemical process in the manufacture of cement in which the raw materials(primarily limestone – calcium carbonate) are heated in kilns producing lime
and CO2.
Calorific value
The calorific value of a fuel is a measure of its value for heating purposes. It
is expressed in terms of the heat released from a specified unit quantity
under defined conditions of complete combustion. The calorific value issometimes referred to as the heating value of the fuel.
Two measures of calorific value are possible and are referred to as the net(NCV) and gross (GCV) calorific values. Also termed the lower (LHV) andhigher (HHV) heating values.
The Gross Calorific Value is the total quantity of heat released during
combustion when all water formed by the combustion reaction is returnedto the liquid state.
The Net Calorific Value is the total quantity of heat released during
combustion when all water formed by the combustion reaction remains in
the vapour state.
The Net Calorific Value is therefore less than the Gross Calorific Value.
For natural gas this difference is approximately 9-10 per cent whilst for oils
and coals the difference is approximately 5 per cent.
Throughout the Guidelines net calorific values are used and expressed in SI
units, for example TJ/kt. The term Conversion Factor has two uses. First, as
net calorific value, to convert quantities expressed in natural units to energy
units and, secondly as a scaling factor to convert one form of energy unit toanother (e.g. Btus to GJ).
CFCs
See Chlorofluorocarbons.
Charcoal
A black, amorphous form of carbon made by heating wood or otherorganic matter in the absence of air.

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Hydrocarbon derivatives consisting of carbon, chlorine and fluorine, inwhich chlorine and fluorine partly or completely replace the hydrogen.
Chlorofluorocarbons are chemical substances which have been used inrefrigeration, foam blowing etc.. CFCs contribute to the depletion of theearth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.
Although they aregreenhouse gases, they are not included in the Guidelines because they are
already being regulated under the Montreal Protocol.
Clinker
An intermediate product created during the manufacture of cement. In the
production of clinker, calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime andcarbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is normally released to the atmosphereas a waste product and is a significant global source of CO2 emissions.
Closed forest
A dense forest with closed canopy through which sunlight does not
penetrate sufficiently for grasses to grow on the forest floor. These forests
contain a significantly greater amount of biomass per hectare than do open
forests.
Coke
Coke is subdivided into:
Coke-oven coke
The solid product obtained from the carbonisation of coal, principally
coking coal, at high temperature, low in moisture and volatile matter. Cokeoven coke is used mainly in the iron and steel industry acting as energy
source and chemical agent. Semi-coke, the solid product obtained from thecarbonisation of coal at a low temperature, should be included in thiscategory. Semi-coke is used as a domestic fuel or by the transformation
plant itself. This heading also includes coke and semi-coke made from lignite.
Gas coke
A by-product of hard coal used for the production of town gas in gas
works. Gas coke is used for heating purposes.
Coke Oven Gas
Obtained as a by-product of solid fuel carbonisation and gasification
operations carried out by coke producers and iron and steel plants which
are not connected with gasworks and municipal gas plants.
Coking Coal
Coal of calorific value greater than 23,865 kJ/kg (5,700 kcal/kg) on an ash
free but moist basis with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least
0.6.
Coal with a quality that allows the production of coke suitable to support a
blast furnace charge. The following classification codes cover coals which fall
into this category.

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GLOSSARY•International classification codes: (UN Geneva 1956): 323, 333, 334,
423, 433, 434, 435, 523, 533, 534, 535, 623, 633, 634, 635, 723, 733,
823.

•

USA classification codes: Class II Group 2 "Medium volatile
Bituminous".

•

British classification: Classes 202, 203, 204, 301, 302, 400, 500, 600.

•

Polish classification: Classes 33, 34, 35.1, 35.2, 36, 37.

Conference of the Parties (COP)The Conference of the Parties under the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change.
Continuously flooded (rice fields)
Fields inundated for the duration of the growing season, whether water isprovided by managed irrigation or by rain.
Conversion factor
See Calorific value.
Crude Oil
Crude oil is a mineral oil of natural origin comprising a mixture ofhydrocarbons and associated impurities, such as sulphur. It exists in theliquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure and its physicalcharacteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. This category
includes field or lease condensate recovered from associated and nonassociated gas where it is commingled with the commercial crude oil
stream.
Inputs other than crude oil and NGL should be included with crude oil andfootnoted. These include hydrogen, synthetic crude oil such as mineral oils
extracted from shales, bituminous sand etc. Although they are nothydrocarbons, additives and other chemical alloys such as tetraethyl leadshould be included.
Cultivar
In horticulture, a particular strain or selected clone of a given species; acultivated variety or subspecies (of rice). In taxonomy, a grouping below
the subspecies level.
Dairy cattle
Cattle producing milk for commercial exchange and calves and heifers being
grown for dairy purposes.
Degradable organic carbon (DOC)
The organic carbon that is accessible to biochemical decomposition. DOC
is used in the method for the estimation of CH4 from solid waste disposalon land. See the Reference Manual.

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GLOSSARYDistillate Fuel Oil
See Gas/Diesel Oil.
DM
See Dry matter.
DOC
See Degradable organic carbon.
Dry (forest)
Generally consistent with the definition of open forests in previous documents.
Less than 1200 mm rainfall per year.
Dry (rice fields)
Upland fields which are seldom flooded during the growing season.
Dry biomass
See Dry matter.
Dry matter (DM)In this Workbook dry matter refers to biomass which has dried to an ovendry state. This means that all loose water has been driven off but water thatis part of the carbohydrate molecule and various volatiles still remains. By
contrast, dry matter which is only air dry may contain 15% moisture.
ECE
Economic Commission for Europe. A United Nations body.
Emission factor
A coefficient that relates the activity data to the amount of chemicalcompound which is the source of later emissions. Emission factors are often
based on a sample of measurement data, averaged to develop a
representative rate of emission for a given activity level under a given set ofoperating conditions.
Enteric fermentation
A process of digestion in herbivores (plant-eating animals) which produces
methane as a by-product.
EthaneA naturally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon, (C2H6) extracted fromnatural gas and refinery gas streams.
Evaporative emissions
Evaporative emissions fall within the class of fugitive emissions and arereleased from area (rather than point) sources. These are often emissionsof Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs), and are

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GLOSSARY

produced when the product is exposed to the air – for example in the useof paints or solvents.
Excreta
The faecal and urinary excretions of livestock and poultry. They include,
but are not necessarily limited to, manure.
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FCCC
Framework Convention on Climate Change. A United Nations convention.
Flaring
The burning of gas which cannot be contained or used productively. In
some cases, when associated natural gas is released along with oil fromproduction fields remote from energy users, the gas is burned off as it
escapes, primarily for safety reasons. Some flaring may also occur in theprocessing of oil and gas.
The IPCC Guidelines classify emissions from venting and flaring as fugitive
emissions.
See also Venting.
Fossil Fuel
Fossil Fuel comprises combustible fuels formed from organic matter within
the earth’s crust over geological time scales and products manufactured
from them. The fuels extracted from the earth and prepared for market
are termed “Primary fuels” (e.g. coal, natural gas, crude oil, lignite) and fuelproducts manufactured from them are termed “Secondary fuels” (e.g. coke,blast furnace gas, gas/diesel oil.
Fugitive emissions
Fugitive emissions are intentional or unintentional releases of gases fromanthropogenic activities. In particular, they may arise from the production,
processing, transmission, storage and use of fuels, and include emissions
from combustion only where it does not support a productive activity(e.g., flaring of natural gases at oil and gas production facilities).
Gas Coke
See Coke.
Gas/Diesel Oil
Gas/diesel oil is a medium distillate oil primarily distilling between 180°C
and 380°C. Several grades are available depending on uses:

GLOSSARY.8-

diesel oil for diesel compression ignition (cars, trucks, marine, etc.);-light heating oil for industrial and commercial uses;

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other gas oil, including heavy gas oils which distil between 380°C
and 540°C, and which are used as petrochemical feedstocks.

Gas Works Gas
Covers all types of gases including substitute natural gas produced in public
utility or private plants whose main purpose is manufacture, transport anddistribution of gas. It includes gas produced by carbonisation (including gas
produced by coke ovens and transferred to gas works gas), by total
gasification with or without enrichment with oil products (LPG, residual fueloil, etc.), by cracking of natural gas, and by reforming and simple mixing ofgases and/or air.
Gasoline
Gasoline includes the following products:
Aviation Gasoline
This is motor spirit prepared especially for aviation piston engines, with anoctane number suited to the engine, a freezing point of -60°C and a
distillation range usually within the limits of 30°C and 180°C.
Jet Gasoline (Naphtha type Jet Fuel or JPA)
A light hydrocarbon oil distilling between 100°C and 250°C for use inaviation turbine power units. It is obtained by blending kerosenes andgasoline or naphthas in such a way that the aromatic content does notexceed 25 per cent in volume, and the vapour pressure is between 13.7 kPa
and 20.6 kPa.
Motor Gasoline
Motor Gasoline consists of a mixture of light hydrocarbons distilling
between 35°C and 215°C. It is used as a fuel for land-based spark ignitionengines. Motor gasoline may include additives, oxygenates and octane
enhancers, including lead compounds such as TEL (Tetraethyl lead) andTML (tetramethyl lead).
GCV
See Calorific value.
Gley soil (also Gleysol)
Occur on level land, usually with a high water table (poorly drained mineralsoil).
Greenhouse gases
The current IPCC inventory includes six major greenhouse gases.
Three direct greenhouse gases are included: Carbon dioxide (CO2),
Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O) and three precursor gases areincluded: Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), NonMethane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs).
Other gases which also contribute to the greenhouse effect are being
considered for inclusion in future versions of the Guidelines.

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GLOSSARY

Gross calorific value (GCV)See Calorific value.
Hard Coal
Includes Coking Coal*, Anthracite* and other Bituminous Coal*.
Heavy Fuel Oil
See Residual Fuel Oil.
HFCs
See Hydrofluorocarbons.
HHV
See Calorific value.
Higher heat value (HHV)
See Calorific value.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFC)
Hyrocarbon derivatives consisting of one or more halogens which partly
replace the hydrogen. The abbreviation HCFC followed by a number
designates a chemical product of the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) family.
IEA
The International Energy Agency. An autonomous body attached to theOECD.
See also OECD.
INC
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (for a Framework Convention
on Climate Change).
Intermittently flooded (rice fields)
Fields not inundated for the duration of the growing season, whether water
is provided by managed irrigation or by rain.
IPCC
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. A special
intergovernmental body established by UNEP and the WMO to provide
assessments of the results of climate change research to policy makers. The
Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines are being developed under the auspicesof the IPCC and will be recommended for use by parties to the Framework
Convention on Climate Change (FCCC).
Jet Gasoline
See Gasoline.

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Jet Kerosene
This is a distillate used for aviation turbine power units. It has the same
distillation characteristics between 150°C and 300°C (generally not above
250°C) and flash point as kerosene. In addition, it has particularspecifications (such as freezing point) which are established by theInternational Air Transport Association (IATA).
Kerosene (other than Jet Kerosene)
Kerosene comprises refined petroleum distillate and is used in sectors
other than aircraft transport. It distils between 150°C and 300°C.
Kilns
Equipment used in the manufacture of cement. Vessels in which the raw
materials (primarily limestone - calcium carbonate) are heated to cause achemical process known as calcination which produces lime and CO2.
LHV
See Calorific value.
LigniteNon-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value less than 17,435 kJ/kg(4165 kcal/kg) and greater than 31 per cent volatile matter on dry mineralmatter free basis.
The distinction between Sub-bituminous Coal* and Lignite is not normally
made in Europe.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
LPGs are light saturated paraffinic hydrocarbons derived from the refinery
processes, crude oil stabilisation and natural gas processing plants. They
consist mainly of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) or a combination of
the two. They are normally liquefied under pressure for transportation andstorage.
Lower heat value (LHV)
See Calorific value.
LPG
See Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
Lubricants
Lubricants are hydrocarbons produced from distillate or residue, and they
are mainly used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces. This category
includes all finished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil to cylinder oil,and those used in greases, including motor oils and all grades of lubricating
oil base stocks.

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GLOSSARY

ManureWaste materials, produced by domestic livestock, which are managed for
agricultural purposes. When manure is managed in a way that involves
anaerobic decomposition, significant emissions of methane can result.
Methanol
Methanol produced from natural gas should be included with refinery
feedstock figures.
Moist (forest)
These are evergreen dense forests which receive significant rainfall evenly
throughout the year (i.e., there is not a distinct wet and dry season). Rainfall inthese forests is 2000 mm per year or more.
Montreal Protocol
The international agreement which requires signatories to control andreport emissions of CFCs and related chemical substances which deplete
the earth's ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 inaccordance with the broad principles for protection of the ozone layer
agreed in the Vienna Convention (1985). The Protocol came into force in1989 and established specific reporting and control requirements for ozone
depleting substances.
MSW
See Municipal solid waste.
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
Solid waste that is collected regularly by municipalities, e.g. household andcommercial trash and garbage.
NaphthaNaphtha is a feedstock destined for either the petrochemical industry(e.g. ethylene manufacture or aromatics production) or for gasoline
production by reforming or isomerisation within the refinery. Naphtha
comprises material in the 30°C and 210°C distillation range.
Natural Gas
Natural gas comprises gases at normal temperature and pressure occurringin underground deposits. In its marketed state it consists mainly of
methane. It includes both “non-associated” gas coming from fields
producing hydrocarbons predominantly in gaseous form and “associated”
gas produced in association with crude oil. It also includes methane
recovered from coal mines (colliery gas).
Production is normally measured dry, i.e. after the removal of the natural
gas liquids (NGL) and impurities present in the gas at the well head. It
therefore excludes gas re-injected into the wells, gas flared and gas used at
the production and treatment plants.

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GLOSSARYNatural Gas Liquids (NGL)NGL are liquid or liquefied hydrocarbons recovered from natural gas inseparation facilities or gas processing plants. Natural gas liquids include
ethane, propane, butane (normal and iso-), (iso) pentane and pentanes plus
(sometimes referred to as natural gasoline or plant condensate).
Net calorific value (NCV)
See Calorific value
NGL
See Natural Gas Liquids.
Nitric acidA raw material used mainly as feedstock in fertiliser production and in the
production of adipic acid. The production of nitric acid can also produce
nitrous oxide (N2O).
NMVOC
See Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds.
Non-dairy cattle
All cattle which are not dairy cattle, including cattle kept or grown for key
production, draft animals and breeding animals.
Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)
A class of emissions which includes a wide range of specific organic chemical
substances. Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs) play amajor role in the formation of ozone in the troposphere (lower
atmosphere). Ozone in the troposphere is a greenhouse gas. It is also amajor local and regional air pollutant, causing significant health andenvironmental damage. Because they contribute to ozone formation,
NMVOCs are considered "indirect" greenhouse gases.
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. A regionalorganisation of free-market democracies in North America, Europe and thePacific.
Open forests
Open forests are less dense than closed forests, do not have a closed
canopy, and have grasses growing on the forest floor. These forests containless biomass per hectare than do closed forests.
Other Products
The category “Other Products” included in the energy statistics provided by the
IEA includes Refinery gas*, White spirit*, Paraffin waxes*, and other products
not included elsewhere such as tar, grease and sulphur.

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GLOSSARY

Oxygen steel furnace gas
Obtained as a by-product of the production of steel in an oxygen furnace:
it is recovered on leaving the furnace. The gas is also known as convertergas or LD gas. Data should correspond to the quantity of gas used for the
production of electricity or in cases where waste heat is recovered fromthe gas and sold to third parties. Quantities of this gas should be included
with Blast Furnace Gas.
Paraffin Waxes
These are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. These waxes are residues
extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils. They have a crystalline structure
which is more-or-less fine according to the grade.
Their main
characteristics are as follows:
they are colourless, odourless andtranslucent, with a melting point above 45°C.
Patent FuelA composition fuel manufactured from coal fines by shaping with theaddition of a binding agent (pitch). Note that the amount of patent fuelproduced can be slightly higher than the amount of coal consumed in thetransformation process because of the addition of pitch.
Peat
Combustible, soft, porous or compressed sedimentary deposit of plantorigin with a high water content (up to 90 per cent in its natural state),
easily cut, of light to dark brown colour.
Peat soil (also Histosol)
A typical wetland soil with a high water table and an organic layer of at least
40 cm thickness (poorly drained organic soil).
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) and hexafluorethane (C2F6) which are
extremely potent greenhouse gases. The only known major source of
these gaseous emissions is aluminium smelting. Production and emission of
PFCs results from aluminium smelting during the occurrence of electricalarcing or “anode effects.”
Petroleum Coke
Petroleum coke is a black solid residue, obtained mainly by cracking andcarbonising residue feedstock, tar and pitches in processes such as delayed
coking or fluid coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95 per cent) andhas a low ash content.
PFCs
See Perfluorocarbons.

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Process emissions
Emissions from industrial processes involving chemical transformations
other than combustion.
Refinery Feedstocks and Blending Components
Refinery feedstocks are processed oils destined for further processing in
refineries (e.g. straight run fuel oil or vacuum gas oil). For IPCC purposes
they include non-biomass alcohols as oxygenates for blending in motor
gasoline whether within or outside refineries.
Refinery Gas (not liquefied)
Refinery gas includes a mixture of non-condensable gases mainly consistingof hydrogen, methane, ethane, and olefins obtained during distillation of
crude oil or treatment of oil products (e.g., cracking) in refineries. This also
includes gases which are returned from the petrochemical industry.
Reforestation
Planting of forests on lands which have, historically, previously contained
forests but which have been converted to some other use. Replanted
forests are included in the category "Changes in Forest and Other Woody
Biomass Stocks" in the Land Use Change and Forestry module of theemissions inventory calculations.
See also Afforestation.
Residual Fuel Oil
This covers all residual (heavy) fuel oils (including those obtained byblending). Kinematic viscosity is above 10 cSt at 80°C. The flash point isalways above 50°C and density is always more than 0.90 kg/l.
Ruminant animals
Herbivores (grazing animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and camels)
which have a large free stomach or rumen. Digestion in anaerobic
conditions in the rumen can create significant emissions of methane fromruminant animals.
Savanna
Savannas are tropical and subtropical formations with continuous grasscover, occasionally interrupted by trees and shrubs. Savannas are found in
Africa, Latin America, Asia and Australia.
Seasonal (forest)
Semi-deciduous forests with a distinct wet and dry season and rainfall
between 1200 and 2000 mm per year.
Season length (in rice agriculture)
The number of days during which rice is grown on a given field. The field is
not necessarily flooded for the entire season.

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Sequestered carbon
See Stored carbon.
Sludge Gas
Sewage gas and gas from the anaerobic decomposition of animal slurries.
Steam Coal
See Bituminous Coal.
Stored carbon
Carbon retained for long periods of time within non-fuel products
manufactured from fuels.
Sulphite Lies (Black Liquor)
An alkaline spent liquor from the digesters in the production of sulphate orsoda pulp during the manufacture of paper. The energy content derives
from the lignin removed from the wood pulp.
Sub-bituminous Coal
Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value between 17,435 kJ/kg(4165 kcal/kg) and 23,865 kJ/kg (5700 cal/kg) containing more than 31 percent volatile matter on dry mineral matter free basis.
See also Lignite. The distinction between Sub-bituminous coal and Lignite is
not normally made in Europe.
Synthetic crude oil
Synthetic crude oil, including mineral oils extracted from shales, bituminoussand etc. should be included with the figures for crude oil.
Temperate (Rain Forests)
Woodland of temperate but usually rather mild climate areas with heavy
rainfall, usually including numerous kinds of trees and distinguished from a
tropical rain forest by the presence of a dominant tree.
Temperate Zone
The area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle or between
the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle.
Trace gas emission ratios (Non-CO2)
Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as CH4 or CO(in units of C) relative to mass of total carbon released from burning (inunits of C). Those for nitrogen compounds are expressed as the ratios ofnitrogen released as N2O and NOx relative to the nitrogen content of thefuel (in units of N).

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Tropical (Rain Forests)
Tropical woodland with an annual rainfall of at least 100 inches and marked
by lofty broad leafed evergreen trees forming a continuous canopy.
UNECE
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme.
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
US EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Vegetal Waste
Includes wood waste, straw, bagasse etc.
Venting
The release of gas to the atmosphere which cannot be contained or usedproductively. In some cases, when associated natural gas is released alongwith oil from production fields remote from energy users, the gas isallowed to escape into the atmosphere.
The IPCC Guidelines classify emissions from venting and flaring as fugitive
emissions.
See also Flaring.
Volatile solids
The amount of organic material that disappears after drying.
Water management regime
A variety of practices used to classify rice production into categories for
estimating emissions of methane. The three major water management
regimes are irrigated, rainfed and deepwater. Upland (dry) rice cultivation
produces little or no methane, while the continuously flooded category is asignificant source.
White Spirit and SBP
White Spirit and SBP are defined as refined distillate intermediates with adistillation in the naphtha/kerosene range. They are sub-divided as:
Industrial Spirit (SBP): light oils distilling between 30°C and 200°C. There
are 7 or 8 grades of industrial spirit, depending on the position of the cut inthe distillation range. The grades are defined according to the temperature
difference between the 5 per cent volume and 90 per cent volume
distillation points (which is not more than 60°C).

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Reporting Instructions

GLOSSARY.17

GLOSSARY

White Spirit: Industrial spirit with a flash point above 30°C. The distillation
range of white spirit is 135°C to 200°C.
WMO
The World Meteorological Organization of the United Nations.

GLOSSARY.18

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Reporting Instructions