How To Achieve/Understand‘Reconciliation’ After Racial/EthnicConflicts
Multi-Ethnic Society (14)（Jul.16, 2014） 	
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Email Assignment	• Japan’s egoism and migrants’ benefits• No guarantee for Japan to be chosen as adestination country• Opening the door to migrants cannot solve
the problem of ageing society and/or labor
shortage. Even so, there may be reasons
to do it.

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Questions	• What is the author’s assumption (startingpoint)?
• Is it reasonable to find out causal relations
among factors (‘if the apartheid waslegalized system, South Africans are readyto follow the rule of law’, etc.)?
• What are your images of ‘truth’ and‘reconciliation’?	
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Variations of Truth Commissions	(1) TRC (Chile, South Africa, Peru, etc.)(2) Commission for missing persons
investigation (Argentina, Nepal, Sri Lanka,etc.)(3) Commission for truth and justice (Haiti,Ecuador, etc.)(4) Commission for historical facts(Germany, Guatemala, etc.)(Abe 2008:41-2)	

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Criteria of Truth Commissions	(1) Transitional period, focus on the near past(2) Broad inspection target (not specific incident)(3) Accountability > responsibility(4) Victim-centered(5) Limited period(6) Officially approved (cf. civil society: Colvin2007)(Abe 2008:49)
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After Apartheid	
• 1991: Apartheid legislation abolished• 1994: General election (Mandela became thepresident)• 1995: TRC established (by the Promotion of
National Unity and Reconciliation Act)• 2011: ‘Huge wage disparity between races inSouth Africa’ (1:6) http://urx.nu/a9ic• 2014: Second largest economic power in Africa(after Nigeria)
6TRC in South Africa	• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pjSpbFYWmI• No definition of ‘reconciliation’• Amnesty: carrots in front of a horse (by Tutu)• Traditional (endogenous) cultural value:‘Ubuntu’ (human kindness)• Even ANC criticized TRC: damages created by
ANC liberation activities were not equal tooppressions by the apartheid government	
7	How was South
Africans’ image ofthe relationshipbetween ‘truth’
and‘reconciliation’?	

Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Wilhelm Verwoerd, Mahlubi
Mabizela, 2000, “Truths Drawn in Jest : Analysing theTRC Through Cartoons”, David Philip Publishers	

8“Truth and Reconciliation Survey2001	”
Black	White	Colored	 Indian	TRC failed, forget it	

36%	

76%	

58%	

74%	

Better not to open past wounds	

59%	

76%	

78%	

79%	

Whites still get benefits fromapartheid	

88%	

38%	

78%	

83%	

Whites has no land rights due tounfairness	Yes:85%	

No:75%	

Apartheid was right in idea but
failed in practice	

36%	

51%	

35%	

42%	

Never dine with other races	

81%	

45%	

40%	

35%	

• Similar conclusion by other researchers: ‘only the Xhosaparticipants strongly agreed that the TRC had a positiveeffect’ (Vora and Vora 2004: 318)
9Differences Among The Groups	
• Sharing the pain among three parties (三方一両損）:– The deprived in the past feel they get somegain (even though not enough)– The privileged feel they lose a lot (eventhough not all)• Charismas’ (Mandela and Tutu) influence overthe public• Majority of the total population were bystanders:
important for ‘tolerance’ (to a certain extent) 	
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Multiple Truths	
(1) Factual or forensic truth: objective,scientific, fair, etc.
(2) Personal and narrative truth: give voices
to the unheard(3) Social truth: dialogue truth byparticipants and transparency(4) Healing and restorative truth: officialrecognition(Abe 2008:89-106)	
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References	• Abe, Toshihiro(阿部利洋）, 2008, 『真実委員会という選択――紛争後社会の再生のために』岩波書店• Colvin, Christopher J., 2007, “Civil society andreconciliation in Southern Africa,” Development inPractice 17(3)• Nagahara, Yoko(永原陽子）, 2005, 「二一世紀に国民国家をつくる――反復と翻訳の向こう側へ」真島一郎編著『だれが世界を翻訳するのか――アジア・アフリカの未来から』人
文書院• Vora, Jay A. and Erika Vora, 2004, “The Effectiveness ofSouth Africa‘s Truth and Reconciliation Commission:
Perceptions of Xhosa, Afrikaner, and English SouthAfricans,” Journal of Black Studies 34(3)12