
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
0[  
No. 30, p. 1+ 2+ ,**.

    *Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field
Junichi KASHIWAGI*
Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University,
Kita 3 Nishi 3, Kita-ku, Sapporo, *0*ῌ2/23, Japan
Abstract
Spatial variability of soil properties was studied by using correlation analysis with landscapeand geostatistical concepts on a +.,-ha upland ﬁeld in a hilly area. Soil properties of Ap horizon
were examined on a square grid at +.-m intervals and on three transects at 1-m intervals. The CV
values suggested that the variabilities of most soil properties were higher than the results
reported at any topographical conditions. These large variables depend on the result of soil
erosion and sedimentation in response to the landscape. At the eroded area, the thickness of Ap
horizon had been kept constant with subsoil by tillage, as a result Ap horizon was composed of
di#erent soil materials from sedimentation and erosion e#ects.

The spatial variability of pH,

total carbon content, phosphate absorption coe$cient, bulk density, stone, sand, silt and clay
content could be explained with topographical features ; however, available water content was
di$cult to explain. Moreover, former properties were distinguished at landscape model units,these contribute to the rational soil sampling system to realize regional soil management. The
multiple regression models of total carbon and stone content, using only topographic attributes
calculated from a digital elevation model (DEM), matched reasonably well with the observed data.
Key words : soil properties of Ap horizon, spatial variability, terrain analysis, geostatistics, spatial
distribution

0[nogp c qr st, +    




I



 Miller et al. +322 ! "# 
$%&'()*+,-./!
456

7

&.

(k! 0[



Ruv'

Pwx

y! z{|o} ~R` Q,
,9 

01 203

RA,'90[ R` ,8'9  :( Timlin,'9! =>>qr . ! 

et al. +332 ! ;

<=> ?@ABCDE9FGH! I   01

f ZA,` 0[\ &R :(4 0[\=R (k! JῌKJ1L6/MNOP Q,R S'90[>>` Q 6T?U VWXY! Z 0[\/! Imade et al. ,**+ J£0[90[J,-]^_` 7 &./! *ab! 0[ch3 ¤N¥¦§>¨i&. Q,R&?U VWXYRd ` Q,ef&. 

©'9  QPx qr ª« 0[\¬(g,'9 hfRij` (k! lm

9Def,Pw! 0[  R­ ®&* ¯°±±²g±³ ´*0*ῌ2/23 µ¶) 3 B· 3 ¸ : 0 \! ! $¹! º»¼±! ¡7¢kxP9

7c72 

30 ¼ $,**.%

 Q &'TH"    
   |*&>D" ;h ijk
29bIPlmn}1d H|o'p q6 G   Kriging  !" 

&' **q"

# $Regionalized Variable% &'

P|)&'Xtr"!  (!"  )*+#,$%-

!  <s

 $Geostatistics% k  H

Burgess and Webster) t'  9UIk!Y H| o$+32* a, b% Webster and Burgess $+32*% .&/F561 I[ GDc|-&'

0 1!23  Kriging ' (4 T"  @ u8&')*+5,6 7`v

 8"  HHT:5AQnS *&-8   " %-hw'  &' T"9 ./:;  8 &'  ) H/ *HI' m J*0<1 =>?"

) @A2B34 BC &'(!"D!E

)&' JU #~c: x A
@u:`v m  H)

1 "F56 GD

* *uy

9 )H/ "H 27$; I', 

8*0 JK! 9:HI
' ;< 2LML ** :NMOPQRST ***,+

U= >8 ?@5AVW;u34"z{ $,**-% 1

et al., ,***% $Van Oost':" HB  CῌDE:FGῌHE<1XYZI:J;

@

[\]^: K_ῌL`:Maῌba 8   +// 

a cdeNOfghP [\]^Qi! !I'_jH/k!

+., ha F56

|{ $} +% r~ " +. m ' - ZPTQQ 1 m 'G  Ap [r~v" 7c

 7IP 

Rl$ m " 5AQnS:

wP ?g/ |- pH, MT+HHTJU )!V" YopW*qk!  $Woods and Schu-

man, +322, King et al., +333, Pennock and Corre, ,**+,¡r~'  ¢ 2 ..3 kPa 

rs +32-%k

Moore et al. $+33+% " DEM$Digital Elevation Model% ' HHTP

Xt m uYG9 Z[v: pHm w\:x]^HVP'`y$Moore et al., +33-%_?

Park et al. $,**+%



7IP

EI $34,IP% £¤wP" CN¨ 2 2

9v © ?v"ª {« ¬­
P" ¢ R P"®¯° 2
9AEH

Q 1,  r~ m 8

Index : TCI% `y [v GDm b{  R HVP| F5 GD&'Xt ?

2 +,.1* kPa

EI $¥¦G! % §7IP $῍%" F5 GD7$; JU x]az$Terrain Characterization" /* cm- 

G , mm ±V?v"PTQ

pH "I +N-KCl F² $+ : ,./%29³ ´Ppµ pH ¶' 

MT+"MT¡T?·¸¹² 29 m uY7-  
}1:34~c^d 29 ef |:7$;*0HI'g:;h"JK!  8 134cdd

,, 

H`v m "$+321%

28

Zevenbergen and Thorne

k!

** K_ῌL`:mnῌº9 28 Y@»: HV ; <1*** Ik! 7$5AQVW»: a <1

DEM '

HVP

"# : µ ¶;i0#Ih ¼L

ῌ+
Fig. +      ·¸

73¹º!»·¸"

Surface elevation map and the soil proﬁle investigation sites.



Ylm)n[L

! oiOP

Dalrymple et al. +302  QPkYhXMZ;<=>% &pqZ !

=>cd!

" #$% &'() () &'()*+,

ῌrstL()- PROFC ./+0,()-#IM;<=> " #$u\; PLANC 121345 LAPLACIAN  6=> \vfwxieyz{ F M ,.* Speciﬁc Catchment Areas " #$ 1 m-DEM

\|};efrstL

78 9  ,**-!

+31-!

: ;<=>%9INTERFLUVE ;CONVEXCREEP ~

,**- ; =?

Inf @ A B C D 215Bῌ;i0dM;<=> C

EFG 

1 g̀ h W OPQP#I

SLOPE ; Ccs

ῌGeostatistics

TRANSPORTATIONAL MIDSLOPE ; Tms Hh !

IJ  COLLUVIAL FOOTSLOPE ; Cfs KHI-J  ALLUVIAL TOESLOPE ; Ats ;!
,- 



#ILMN" #$M;<=> O
PQPRSDTU !
ῌVWL

X YZ [  \W! :

-+ 

52C5"LDT;<=> -I
;VWO + ;*+! &'o *%  \ /-῍  =\ -*῍ ^ C5]^#I>_`ab^\ ¡¢k £ 3¤f  \ +*῍

c, cd;ef !

^ pH ¥¦^ §of iieO - <DῌgL

OPQP#IM" #$h;i=>g\W g;<=> t cd
!
ῌ[L

OPQP#IM;j>  k2;¨P! l;#I %j 6 
52C5h© |';ª >'«of O^%#I ¤0=%¬­;®o0¯Bekkett and Webster +31+ N Webster +32/ %*>=0! #I ;<=>c°±²³;eP´ ¥¦^;<=>% *.*/ ha µ ¶j*+ W 30 ¼ ,**.

74

ῌ+

*+T³´

Table +

Statistical analysis for soil properties

*+ pHH, O pHKCl

G$D
"
῍

¢£¤¥

@A
ef"
P, O/ mgῌMg m#- ! ῍+** g 
῍

Uµ
R¶V·
¸

R

,4/*
*432
*43/
-34*
+//

\)

**

04+.
*4-0
*4+/43+//¹* ; c, º>0X

/4,*
*4-1
*4+14*
+//
`

* `

»!¶ /῍ +31+ 

/2*43
+1+4,
,3,3-43
,34/
+//

*

`

!

LMN
"
῍

J"
῍

14+
+4*.
-,42
+,4,
+24034/
-42
*4+*
+*4.
.4+
/4/
142
+.4*4*++*24.
+041-*40+4*
/-4+
342
-+42
--4/
-*4*
++4,
+//
+//
+//
1,
1,
1,



` *
` * ` *
` *
` *
` *

»·>X



/῍ 

VZpS C tE9,:Y"} =~C1%+320 ;;C1& _Xῌῌ< 7Z *... ha 


*

-
"
῍

...῍ 

=0X Ap t '>C,C1%j * pF +./ "! #pF -.* "! $0X+7?C1<ip5t7@F%

 



,3῍  %& ' ()*+,i7A F% >%& 78*k+-./ +31/ 012 

BZ

3 ha

1.+῍ 3ha,+-῍  "!#pF -.* "!,*῍ 45 !

pF +.2%V7 B%&

3 ha++.2῍ 3ha

  ῌ B0%*yolm CZp 7ZSYD0X~C1:m,6%& 789-, 

),:; -< 1*=+-,+ >%

B!"NNῌ qr4F%>jN

C1&  *DE$F%+$ N  V"3 +3 7

<#G$D"

 InfHAts 'EMr37EF%& V?@A! +,/H-*῍ % &IF%<,9J0KLMN

 ῌ ,6NNk+   , 6F0]

 Bekkett and Webster +31+ 'O (Px7Z7/j1%& _QRS1T1U1

X V"3 GZ8%H+*῍ 

VW:0X; BY V1*+$; BZ7[&{7 pH, J" ef" @A! 7 BY
I¡Z8%H\) *  + + 6F0] pH H, O 4^*
+_ ` *>%  ` *aZF
V7 B& *,b$  c,dInfῌCcs p" ¢£¤¥CfsῌAts G$D

 LMNῌ-" 7

B8q >%& VJZ7Z 

>%

@A!



ef J"  ` * >% g,d¦AF% M§ S87AlF%

??K8LZX G$D"

X` *hZ8& 

8J T1U1+yT2 ¨

@A! _; ` *.i7/j1

7/j1& VV  T1U1©ª+,N«F

LMN -"& T1U1*k++7 BVl%j g̀ h ,¬­  - 6& g̀ hm  ` *aZn%+7o+ 0!

Ne®,"} %<i?7Z_

Zp 4^/j1%V; qr1
s%2

ZS:m1%&

 

T1=,I¯°Z%V7O1
% Jounel and Huijbregts, +312& @A! 4^Ap t45 C tZ%

*+  PQ7 /0H1* m lag±2H+* 

ApῌC tu? ApῌAb BῌC tu7vwx

,6F g̀ h ZX R| g̀ h >+7 *%V7\/C1 56 ,**-& P

S²%VS V1©ª  I

 Ap t$E%;!"& Z G$D"0*"3-

,y >XTz {78 7|



ῌῌ,

: !"#$%&' 
Fig. ,

ῌῌFig. - ῌ75

Soil properties along the transect I.

ῌ





Experimental semi-variograms for soil properties along the transect I.

345  30  ,**.

76 g̀ hnugget effect    !

Y#- J"Z $7 F[\]&S;+[^8_`abS;+_`]c"#$% &' ()*+,-  nugget effect

PLOFC, PLANC dFGeD8f834

./0 1$2345678$9:5 ;5ghi,-jK+kJlm$% [ , n#$o<  =>?@ABC Dp qrst()*+uv345,-+E FGHIJKLMN  OP34

 =wTFGexyjKKL 678

5 QRMN$%-,, 

$% _`]c PLOFC, PLANC zU{|}~0345xyjK 8 1$ Ap S345 TUVFGWX K

ῌ.
Fig. .

\+E

Spatial distribution of landsurface model units at the investigation area.

ῌ,
Table ,

pH H, OpH KCl
AL
qrst
()*+
3




K#- jK 678m$_`  ,**-

FGe345jKL

Correlation coe$cient for topographic attributes and soil properties
_`

PROFC

PLANC

LAPLACIAN{|}

*4,20***4,+/*
*4-32**
*4,-0**
*4**0
*4+/+
*4++2
*4.,0***4-02***4-+3***4--.***4,1/**
*4-.0**
*4,11***4++3*4*3/
*4-++*
*4-+1**4-3-***4-.2***4-12***4-3+**
*4-/.**
*4+03
*4,23***4*13
*4/*3***4.2,***40+1***4/..**

*4-22**
*4-00***4-2****4,-1***4,,3*
*4*3*4./3***4../**
*4/0/**
*4.3-**

*4-,-**
*4+21**4/+-***4,22***4+,2
*4*,2*4.*3***4-02**
*4.1,**
*4.0/**

*4*-*
*4+30**4*33
*4-03**
*4**2
*4*-1
*4-,0***4,32**4-2****4,,+** ; /ῌ xy*jK 8** ; +ῌ xy*jK 845 : ©J6(B`b»' ,¼

 pH     "KCl# ! pH

$%&'()* !+,- ./+

77=+,B 9O+!9Om'(78b)78G

Dalrymple"+302# =2(pJ

=8ABCet al.

+,B " .# EC(!-8!012( 3 456(78!

Park et al. ",**+# 2(9Om("t\89

 : "; #  <(=>> ?=#$=+!E7 pJ \9OmD*

8@ABC*D(E- >FG

ABC+eB "%& ,**-# '_ Ats !

! HIEJ KLMNOPQD( R+

sI((+ ;|OP?EGUdeSFBTUVWXY9OZ[\]=NA7f(ABJ mBC+eB^_* E`ab 7U! *./+ cdef gab7QhijklEBCD- $pJ '+`b(>78\7)=-  +! ¡ay¢b~+!a£'(¤¥¦*B CQD(9Om'(n7 )*

!3`b! $%+,-   o¬+deEt\B`b=8! pH, +pXq !+!,B ,G s(J ­*(AB Ats (@D-8trst!u`b\Kv-8G w+
PLANC '+!Qx *./* yK\z= CC+!}~` (a|J +!o -,- 

 9Om! OPIEm\ t:
ῌTable `b0+¦*©@ª«=8G Inf

dABb!   ®¯++,- " /#

Gb!9OZ[ (; s{= ga|Jd=w~`ABC(EB§¨,b cdE-(>78! pJ '-+,- `¨ OPG°±
= Inf, Ccs "%& ,**-# +! ./²!Qx +*ῌ
yKdeEt\G J ­*(@D-8t³´= µk Cfs N Ats +! /ῌ y­tEB =`b(ABpJ'+

Analysis of variance for soil properties at each landsurface models
¶

¥/*1

·2+

/²/*

Ft

pH "H, O#

pJ
pJ


'
3
?

,41+14-.
,*4*2

.
+/*
+/.

*402
*4+,

** /43+.¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)



pJ
pJ


'
3
?

//4+*
3+4-/
+.04./

.
+/*
+/.

+-412
*40+

** ,,40,*¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)pJ '
pJ 3?

+-.3/*04/-+0+1.24.
./++,/.43

.
+/*
+/.

--1-1040,+*124-** +04**0¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)



pJ
pJ


'
3
?

23-43
+-*14.
,,*+4-

.
+/*
+/.

,,-4/
241

** ,/40.+¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)

®¯

pJ
pJ


'
3
?

*4+/
+4./
+40*

.
+/*
+/.

*4*.
*4*+

** -4121¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)

pJ
pJ


'
3
?

01+41
+0*+140+00234-

.
+/*
+/.

+0143
+*042

+

¡a

** ; +ῌ ¤a£(78¤¥,G+4/1-º,4.-,¹F".,+/*# (*4*/)

,<O » 30 ¼ d,**.e78

  Inf, Ccs  Cfs, Ats 

Ats  Ap % |}~ A % B % @{/ῌ    

7+$ pH uvw{jkR@l

7& pH 

!"#$ C %&'()y7 {V'( * ( j9 

* +$ Ap %, +-( C %,./012

7  I:85

3456( 789:& Inf ; Ccs

 Ats 

Inf  , N3 @7 Tms

 Ap %  ,<=> #(?7,<@%, ##$I Cts #$I$ABCD*+V   Inf, Ccs  EF(G( H

I JKLM +*ῌ NJKOP*5QRST
U7V pHZ[R

%,./ #(  ;

XY Z[R # #$,<1y  ($\]G I^_`a! bc7+X 1¡V Z[R ¢G$ pH dH, Oe V£¤7¥¦ ( §¨h©ªLM WV 

dpH dKCle 

WV&Inf  TmsfAts Ats  TmsfInf
Inf  Ats  ge    
jkRl



/ῌ

hOi

I

:8`¢F(@7VCfs ; Ats 

Ap %@«DF( 7¬X

mF(noOpVCq&r{ ­]®g§¨h¯ w@F,<° ±s ( F5st Inf ; Ccs  Ap %  pH uvw²¥¦ ( ³Z[R ´µ@¶8x7jkRl

· Tms  Ccs, Cfs #$ pH y@z7;F{ῌῌ/
Fig. /,<¹OZ[RN¸

ºpSoil properties at the each landsurface model units.

12 : <'4¼  no  

79

3.2῍ 

nopqr s"K t u     !"#()  !vw>Gxyefz,hw"ef9$%&' ()  *+,'-{|7FGH&};89#~"#012; 88OY 9 K7 *+3#4, '5   60789:, e/῍ a/῍ !vw>Gxyef $%&'"#;zw"ef9 "KLFGH& *;

 Inf . Ccs "# Ats /-- 

#7 -*῍ IG !

--+ 

vw>Gxyef +-0 "# w"ef<' =>?@ 012  }7 +!"# AB C2!"#; " 3#3/ +*῍ !

"#h +1 r +0 ef}2 UDE9FGHIGJKL  AB

/V iCj  tῌu9$"78

MN9O78PQ RS+ 8T

1; pq!vw>Gxyef9f

 U+31+V  BWX:"FGH" 9 7 %9"#;  <'

& *;#OY 9;#Z[7 8 

KKL  AB&z3#'$%&'(\9]^_"` e U῍V ab a9)78 1 " 3#KU῍V 

/cdef9gh "# !7h"#i
Cj U+31+VDE9ef7KL AB#9;8`-PQ*  klmk*;#ῌ.
Table .

ef"r"*A"#+%"d

Necessary sampling numbers of di#erent sampling designs

pH UH, OV pH UKClV £¤m& IG>Gxyef¨ef,¡¢

2
1

+*
3

,-0
+.2

+-0
3/

¥@m&  ¦§k&
.-0
,-+

+1
+0

+/2
+-1

ab UaV/῍` UeV/῍ῌ/
Table /AB©&9ª-;«¬­$%&

Multiple regression models of soil properties by topographic attributes

£¤m&

®d

¯]°®d

*4.*+1*4-2+0

ª-

.¬­

±.¬­

/²ªZd Ut EV

0³
PROFC
´
µ
d ¶

*4**1,·-*430·/4+*4*,+·,4-**4-2/*·*4,0-.
·*4,0-3*4+.,3**.403+¸t U*4*+V,40+2**-4.01¸t U*4*+V,40+3**-4,0.¸t U*4*+V,40,*+4211¹t U*4*/V+432**4012¹t U*4*/V+432+

¥@m&
ª-
PLANC
´
d ¶
** ; +῍ (k±/²ª®d.¬­,++4*+,14.0*422º»;¯]°®d*4.+/**4.*/.

±.¬­/²ªZd Ut EV*4/,00*4-./-**14/0.¸t U*4*+V,40+2**.430*¸t U*4*+V,40+2*40/.¹t U*4*/V+432+4* r 30  *,**.+

80      

!"

#$% & /' 3῍ () pH *H, O+,- ./0123

89:$ 

;<+., ha 1ZZ

 +. m T/[ +// =7MNO`Na(~ p v&=7 Ap \=*-*U>(~?

Inf

Ats   !4 *./* 5"67  *# .+".   

7

Inf =7 Ats ";/bc  =7 ='(:$P&>=?% @&A ! '(:$)BC¡]^e(¢=*v

D =7 E*F+,-GHI../01D "67 " D 7 p

JK?J " ? -=7./01£ 5"67

% 
1

/0(L1MNO0()P23Q h_ Inf P Ccs  % '(:$% J`

7   R45ST5(UVC;<&A! 1¤_ Cfs P Ats (6CD" ,UW6

JK?" pH, '(:$ `NE¥¦

 XY PF+,-! ./01Z& §a:3P89  0 b:$=[73\ \?8]9 (^6_

*

"

&"67

--, 

DEM =7¨p=F$

vv, 7-vp©Jv

P 

MNO`Na:3J ;/bc<de*" p=F$ /;!ªc% q-D "67 "

=*(fgC23 >hC" = Dd=*- p%«

> i ?@(-C6 Aj kB7

! ./01(J8](¬CD  XY=7=*(CCD(lECD

(ef =* g¨PMNO`N

m6n" ,Do p=F$(Ga­@3h" \GHp=F$(

H Cqrs./0tuC" vv&

J=*(Cqrs>(®y pHI'(:$ 89:$ p=F$(
GHJ w!xy;z{| F (,.*

v*Q'(:$ 89:$
 (")}D;!qrs>(~?" , qrs./0  / )C;< '(:$. GH 89:$

, GH(./0 ?" '(:$./0

GH

Kv v&"67 =?QL?

¯°i±7z/bcU>v\ £²j³\´µklm¶n·op¸¹º»qh¼\C"! ,rs& MKv&N O

   % vCP , deJJ
h./023(Q66 J



 L

Burgess, T.M. and Webster, R. (+32* a) : Optimal\89:$

Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil*..,

Moore et al. *+33-+ qrs./0

Properties, I The Semi-Variogram and Punctual

W&4:$ *..2, pHῌQ*`Nῌῌ#7 " D./0W&

0 *..+*.0 J*..*

R73?" =GHp=F$ \,P73v7 " ,=/q-*

! S7% pAj GP=?D C  " p373
 TPURJJKD  p(

Kriging. J. Soil Science, -+ : -+/ῌ--+.
Burgess, T.M. and Webster, R. (+32* b) : Optimal
Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil
Properties, II Block Kriging. J. Soil Science, -+ :---ῌ-.+.
Beckett, P.H.T. and Webster, R. (+31+) : Soil Variability, Soils and Fertilizers. -. : +ῌ+/.

JVJ qrs./0W(X"Dalrymple, J.B., Blong, R. J. and Conacher, A. J. (+302) :< DD ppY =*An Hypothetical Nine Unit Landsurface Model.

p=F$(JD  =*(<\J

Zeitchrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. Bd., +, : 0*ῌ

D (u"10.

`a : '(Imade, A.S.W., Shibusawa, S., Sasao, A. and Hirako, S.

81Land. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0. : +1--῏+1-3.

(,**+) : Soil Parameters Maps in Paddy Field

Webster, R. and Burgess, T.M. (+32*) : Optimal

Using the Real Time Soil Spectrophotometer.

Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil

Journal of JSAM, 0- (-) : /+῏/2.

Properties, III Changing Drift and Universal

Journal AG. and Ch. J. Huijberegts (+312) : Mining
Geostatistics. Academic Press.
King, D., Bourennane, H., Isambert, M. and Macaire, J.

Kriging. J. Soil Science, -+ : /*/῏/,..
Woods, L.E. and Schuman, G.E. (+322) : Cultivationand Slope Position E#ects on Soil Organic

J. (+333) : Relationship of the Presence of a Non-

Matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /, : +-1+῏+-10.

Calcareous Clay-Loam Horizon to DEM Attri-

Zevenbergen, L.W. and Thorne, C.R. (+321) : Quantita-butes in a Gently Sloping Area. Geoderma, 23 :tive Analysis of Land Surface Topography.

3/῏+++.

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, +, : .1῏Miller, M.P., Singer, M. J. and Nielsen, D.R. (+322) :Spatial Variability of Wheat Yield and Soil
Properties on Complex Hills. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,/, : ++--῏++.+.
Moore, I.D., Grayson, R.B. and Ladson, A.R. (+33+) :Digital Terrain Modelling : A Review of Hydrological, Geomorphological and Biological Applications. Hydrological Processes, / : -῏-*.

/0.

 +320 :   /- : /2῏0..
 ,**- : !

"#$%

&!$'()*  3/ : ,+῏-,.
+,-. +31- : /0'(12ῌ pp. ,2῏-* 345
6 78
9:;ῌ<=> +31+ : ?7@ABCDECF

Moore, I.D., Gessler, P.E., Nielsen, G.A. and Peterson,&GHIJKLM NOPQR!STUV

G.A. (+33-) : Soil Attribute Prediction Using Ter-

TW ?XYZ[\ ῍Q R]^_`arain Analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /1 : ..-῏./,.

b -0 : .+῏.0.

Park, S. J., McSweeney, K. and Lowery, B. (,**+) :Identiﬁcation of the Spatial Distribution of Soils
Using a Process-based Terrain Characterization.
Geoderma, +*- : ,.3῏,1,.
Pennock, D. J. and Corre, M.D. (,**+) : Development
and Application of Landform Segmentation Procedures. Soil and Tillage Res., /2 : +/+῏+0,.

9:;ῌcdef +31/ : ghR!



ij NOPQSTUVTWMYZ[\ ῌQ R]^_`ab // : +῏2.
klmn +31+ : opqrs!CDECF&GHI
JtuQR!STUVTW ?XY
Z[\ ῌQ R]^_`ab -0 : +῏1.
vDwῌxyz{ῌ|D}{ +31+ : 4~=Timlin, D. J., Ya. Pachepsky, Snyder, V.A. and Bryant, !Ci0&GHIJtuQR

R.B. (+332) : Spatial Temporal Variability of Corn

!STUVTW ?XYZ[\ ῎Q R

Grain Yield on a Hillslope. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,
0, : 10.῏11-.
Van Oost, K., Govers, G., Van Muysen, W. and Quine,]^_`ab -0 : .1῏/-.
 +32- : !$ & 
 .1 : 2῏+..

T.A. (,***) : Modeling Translocation and Disper- : ,**-  2  ,, sion of Soil Constituents by Tillage on Sloping : ,**.  +  ,- 