“Experience with Electric Buses for Urban PublicTransportation”
Keihan Bus Corporation

2024年5月08日
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“Initiatives for the Future”
Autonomous Buses③電気バス
ElectricBuses

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Introduction of Electric Buses
・In 2017, starting considering introduction

・In 2018, inspection visit to the BYD Head Office in Shenzhen, China

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Electric Bus initiative

Operation Start in Dec.2021

First in Japan！Large E-bus demonstrations

As of March 2021

There are 160 reports inJapanese, 450 in Chinese,
400 in English and 100 inFrench！

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https://www.mbs.jp/news/kansainews/20210224/GE00037183.shtmlより引用

4Introduction of E-Buses (in 2021)

×２units

×1unit×４vehicles

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Introduction of E-Buses
Balancing environmental issues
with economic efficiency■Outline of E-Buses【Vehicles】J6 small electric bus manufactured by BWD Japan Co.
【Number of buses】４【Responsible Office】Keihan Bus Rakunan Office（Fushimi-ku, Kyoto）①Environmental IssuesCO2 emissions reduced by ３８．８ｔ per vehicle（４vehicles, total １５５.２ｔ reduction)②Economic Efficiency
Per vehicle per year
Reduced Energy costs: Approx. １ Million Yen
Reduced Maintenance costs: Approx 0.８２ Million Yen
Comparison of energy costs between electric and diesel（theoretical value）

E-bus
0.4 Million Yen
Diesel engine bus １,４３ Million Yen
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Introduction of E-buses
Charge Management

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Introduction of electric buses
Cruising distance and estimated power consumption by vehicle block diagram

From the guideline (according to test run data)
How many kilometres can you travel per 1 % of power consumption? …. 1.3km/%
What percentage is consumed per 1km of cruising distance?
.… 0.8%/km
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Introduction of E-buses
Projected energy cost savings per year, calculated from
actual values for 4 vehicles

4,111,588円

When applied to 600vehicles, savings per year will be

616,738,200円 CO2 -23,280t
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9Introduction of E-buses・In 2017, starting considering introduction
・In 2018, inspection visit to BYD Office in Shenzhen, China
・In 2021, introduction of 4 small e-buses・In 2022, introduction of 5 large e-buses・In 2023, introduction of 5 large e-buses (10 buses at same office)
Future plans include, among others, the introduction of strategicenergy management
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10Introduction of E-buses
Cooperation Agreement with Hirakata City
A partnership agreement was signed with Hirakata City to reach ”virtuallyzero carbon dioxide emissions by 2050”（Cooperation items:）
・The use of E-buses.
・The promotion of energy conservation and renewable energy.
・The promotion of the use of Public Transportation.
・Other issues relating to the promotion of practically zerocarbon dioxide emissions.
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Introduction of e-buses
Five large e-buses to be used for the Osaka World Expo in 2025

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Initiative towards Autonomous Driving（Objectives）
Autonomous Buses
Objectives①Accident Reduction②Measures Against Driver Shortage③Punctuality(congestion reduction)

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AV-Bus Initiative（June 2018 Agreement with Otsu City, on
the application of autonomous driving）
with
AV-Bus Application Project Members
Uno, N.

Kyoto U.,

Professor

Suda, Y.

Tokyo U.,

Professor

Suzuki, K.

President and Representative
Director, Keihan Bus Co.

Okubo, S.

Keihan Bus Co.

Nagashima, N.

Director, Nihon Unisys, Ltd

Otsu City, Police, MLIT, METI, Shiga Prefecture,etc.
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AV-Bus Initiative (Road-side implementation)

Level crossings

Traffic lights

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AV-Bus Initiative （Safety Enhancement with Magnetic Markers)
Installed magnetic markers along the section from the Owanohama 1-chomeintersection to the entrance of Biwako Otsu Prince Hotel, where GPS
reception was poor (1,353 markers in total for the round trip)※Both the installation and maintenance costs are highCopyright©2023 KEIHAN BUS Group All Rights Reserved.

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AV-Bus Initiative（Cost Reduction, Safety Enhancement)Line Trace Paint・Special Paint is applied on the road so that the LiDAR system can recognise its own position.
・Almost the entire route, except for the central boulevard,is painted to prevent deviations
from the running route.
・Short construction period and low cost compared to magnetic markers

Target line checked by drivers’ eyes

Target line checked by the sensor

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AV-Bus initiative（Cashless payment by NFC-tags/smartphones)
乗車⇒購入

降車

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AV-Bus initiative （In-bus monitoring)
Installation of cameras to assist passenger monitoring。
Verification of the availability of a notification system for passenger feature information(i.e. whether a passenger is likely to fall over)
Camera※Image taken on a chartered bus. Ethical Review (No.0066), Aisin Seiki Co.
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Introduction of AV E-buses
February 2023
Implemented
autonomous drivingon E-buses(one month trial)
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Introduction of AV E-bus experiment

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AV-bus initiative（2025 Osaka World Expo）

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AV-bus initiative（2025 Osaka World Expo）

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“Initiatives for the Future”
AV-Buses

MaaS

Measures Against Driver
Shortage

Measures to Promote
Bus Usage

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③電気バス
E-Buses

Measures to Reduce
CO2 and costs

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Simulation of introduction assuming electric buses only
◼ The conversion of buses to EVs is expected to be phased in over the useful life of the buses,with the goal of stopping diesel vehicle sales by 2035.
◼ The following is an image of the EV bus introduction plan for a bus operator with 400 buses◼ Assuming a useful life of 20 years for the buses and 20 new buses per year.

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Benefits/challenges/solutions of introducing electric buses from an energy andmobility perspective
EnergyE-bus
Introduction
meritsE-Bus
introduction
challenges

Mobility
Zero Emission
Fuel cost reduction(electricity < gasoline)

Disaster Utilization

Low noise and vibration
Comfortable ride

Increasing basic
electricity pricesAvoid waiting forrecharging

Having Sufficient
Range

Improvement ofrenewable energy ratio

Charging Facilities
Installation Space

Selection of feasible
routes

Initial costs (electrical work, charging facilities,vehicles)

E-Bus Charging Management
Consumption Reduction
Maximising Utilization

Solution

E-Bus monitoring/control
Optimization
algorithms

Disaster Utilization

Renewable Energy
MenuUtilization / Offset

Reduction of purchased
electricity by PPA

Coordinated operations management

Simulation of E-Bus Introduction

Shared Charger
Activation (public active)

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Shared Charger
Provision(General Open)26

Steps to widely introduce E-buses◼ EV buses are expected to be introduced in phases, but each STEP has different issues, and the needed
solutions will differ

E-Bus Intro.
StepsCharging
Facilities

STEP1：初期導入段階

STEP2：導入促進段階

STEP3：EVバス標準

FY2022-2026

FY2027-FY2034

FY2035～• Introduced on one route• EV buses: ≈ 5• Expansion to multiple routes
of one “office”• EV Buses: ≈ 40

• Deployment across multiple“offices”• EV Buses: > 100• Ratio E-Bus to Charger１：１• No major electrical workrequired• E-Bus Number > Chargers• Expanded use of Renewable
Energy• Utilization of Storage Batteries• Utilization of off-site charging• Flexible Use of renewableenergy (off-site use)

Basic electricity rate suppression

Reduction of electricity meteredcharges（DR, etc.)

VPP（Full-scale market utilization）

Fuel Cost Reduction Effectiveness
Verification

Peak shifting by storage batteries

Off-site PPA utilization

Remote charging instructions (fixed)

Energy Management Linkage

Utilization of new charging methods

Acquisition of basic data on electricity
costs, etc.

Simulation of E-Bus Introduction

Vehicle Data Realistic Linkage

E-Bus status monitoring

Electricity cost verification for different
routesUtilization of shared chargers

EnergyAssumedNeeds

Mobility

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Image of basic rate suppression through E-Bus charging management
Basic E-Bus Information BYD K8: 81 passengers

Assumed Environment: 5 E-buses, 5 Chargers
Contracted Power before
introduction of E-Buses: 40kWＥＶ ＱＵＩＣＫ ＣＨＡＲＧＥＥＶ ＱＵＩＣＫ ＣＨＡＲＧＥ①②

ＥＶ ＱＵＩＣＫ ＣＨＡＲＧＥ③

ＥＶ ＱＵＩＣＫ ＣＨＡＲＧＥＥＶ ＱＵＩＣＫ ＣＨＡＲＧＥ④➄Range

220km

From BYD catalog

Battery Capacity

287kWhFrom BYD catalog

Elec. Consump.

0.77km/kWh[Range]/[Battery capacity]

Av. Distance

100km/日

Assumed, tentative

Required Charge

130kWh/日[Av. Distance]÷[Elec. Consump]

1. Manual Charging

2. System-Controlled Power

Contracted Power：130kW

Contracted Power：80kW（－50kW）

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130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
000:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
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SystemImplementation

130120
110
100
90
80
7060
50
4030
20100

営業所

営業所

バス①バス②バス③バス④バス⑤バス①バス②As a result of system control, it is possible to reduce the amount of electricity equivalent to 50
kW. ※1
In terms of electricity rates*2, this can result in cost reductions of approximately 86,000yen/month, or approximately 1,030,000 yen/year。 ※2,3(*1) Trial calculation based on our own data. The amount of possible reduction is based on a trial calculation and does not guarantee
the effect.(*2) The electricity unit price is based on TEPCO Energy Partner's commercial electricity (less than 500kW) (1,716yen/kW).(*3) System usage fees are not included in the above cost reductions.

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バス③

バス④

バス⑤

Advantages of System
Introduction
CostReduction

RemoteSupervision

AutomaticOperation

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E-Bus charge management system image◼ Image of future E-Bus charging management system:

System for Bus
operators

E-Bus Charging Management SystemOperation
Management System

Timetable Creation
SystemElectr. Retailer

Control panel

Charge Control
Prediction

DataAcquisation

Optimisation(Dis-)Charging confirming results

Elect. DemandPower Generation

E-Bus Status

EnergyCharging
InstructionsE-Bus status

Alert notificationsMobilit

電力市場価格予測

Screen Instructions

GW

Smart oasis
for charging

Telematics, Onboard Equipm.

Demand Location

Rapid Charger

E-BusesＥＶ ＱＵＩＣＫ ＣＨＡＲＧＥＥＶ ＱＵＩＣＫ ＣＨＡＲＧＥＥＶ ＱＵＩＣＫ ＣＨＡＲＧＥＥＶ ＱＵＩＣＫ ＣＨＡＲＧＥ

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