SD Express Innovations
Public Webinar* SD Express Speed Class was published with Part 1 SD Specification v9.1 in October 2023

December 2023

©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Disclaimers and Trademarks
Forward-Looking Statements
During our webinar today we will be making forward-looking statements. Any statement that refers to
expectations, projections or other characterizations of future events or circumstances is a forward-looking
statement, including those relating to industry trends, standardization plans and any SD Association’s related plans.
Actual results may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements due to various
factors. We undertake no obligation to realize these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the datehereof.

Trademarks☐

SD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © 2019-2023 SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

☐

PCI Express® is a registered trademark of PCI-SIG®.

☐

NVM Express™ and NVMe™ are trademarks of NVM Express, Inc.

©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Agenda☐ SD Express & Speed Class Introduction– Yosi Pinto, Chairman and Technical Committee Chair☐ SD Express Speed Class Specification Overview– Tadashi Ono, UHS TG Co-Chair© SD Association, All Rights Reserved. SD, microSD and related logos and marks are trademarks of SD-3C LLC.

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SD Express Innovations Webinar

SD Express & Speed Class - Introduction
Yosi Pinto, Chairman, SD Association
Senior Technologist at the Consumer
Solutions Division in Western Digital(formerly SanDisk) and Chairman of theBoard and the Technical Committee chair at
the SD Association©SD Association. All Rights Reserved.

CONFIDENTIAL

The SD Association
Almost 800 members…leaders from all market segments
Card
Manufactures

Connector
Vendors

ChipsetVendors

Imaging©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

MobileComputeDronesEntertainment…

Gaming5

SD Specification Evolution
SD Association (SDA) was formed in 2000

>6 Billon SD & microSD cards sold by
2021*. SD is the de-facto worldwide
removable memory card standard

2000

2004

2005

2006

SD base specification

High Speed mode of 25MB/s

microSD Introduced

SDHC Introduced(SD Ver 1.0/Ver 1.01)(SD Ver.1.10)(microSD Ver1.0)(SD Ver.2.00)

2017
UHS-III mode 624MB/s
Command Queue Low Voltage(SD Ver.6.00)

2011

2009/10UHS-II mode 312MB/s

UHS-I mode 104MB/s, SDXC

(SD Ver.4.00)(SD Ver.3.00/3.01)

2018/19

2020

2022

SD Express & microSD Express(PCIe®3/NVMe™) 985MB/s, SDUC

SD Express w/PCIe4x2 ~4GB/s

Boot/TCG/RPMB(SD Ver.8.00)(SD Ver.9.00)(SD Ver.7.00/7.10)

2023

New

SD Express Speed Class
microSD Express w/PCIe4x1(SD Ver.9.10, microSD v8.0)* Source: Estimation using news published by SanDisk in 2015 (“2 Billion microSD cards sold by 2015”) + TrendForce’s report from 2019 (“total of ~3 billion cards sold within 2016-2019”) and report from Futuresource of total of ~1M sold between 2020-2021©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Technology and Market Evolution…the circle of on-going evolution

Evolving technology trends push memory interface
requirements to higher sequential and random
performance levels

Evolving removable memory devices with higher
performance enables new usage models and market
opportunities©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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SD Express Card – What is it?
The same known form factors with two interfaces
allowing backward compatibility:☐ NVMeTM + PCIe® interface

Same full size SD:
32.0×24.0×2.1 mm

SD7.x ➔ PCIe Gen3 x1
SD8 ➔ PCIe Gen3x2, PCIe Gen4x1 or Gen4x2☐ SD interface (UHS-I up to 104MB/s)©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Same microSD size:
15.0×11.0×1.0 mm

8SD Express: Running Towards New Horizons
PCIe® and NVMe™ memory card interfacesdelivers performance and advanced protocols required for the next generation ofmemory-intensive high-performance applications©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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SD Express Card
Applications
Multi-Channel Video Capturing ➔ requires
multi-stream high speed recording andcaptures a large amount of data

Hand-held Gaming devices ➔ requires
more memory and high-speed
capability for real-time usage

Mobile devices – Tablets, Chromebooks andSmartphones ➔ Real memory expansion
allows running Apps from cards

4K cameras are everywhereand growing 8K, 12K, 8K 360o , Drones, Action
Cameras and 3D VR cameras with huge data/speed
requirements

Multi-Channel Cameras,
Multi-sensor Data Collection
Multimedia Apps running fromcards

Semi-embedded applications(IoT, Mobile-Compute, etc.)…driven also by the Right-toRepair legislations

VR & AR video ➔ requires a high-speed realtime 3D view of 360o

©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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SD Express Card
Featuring…
Electrical Interface – SD DAT0-3 are MUXed with PCIe
sideband signals and REFCLKSD Express Card
SD CLK, SD CMD
DAT0-3Or
PERST#, CLKREQ#, REFCLK
PCIe TX/RX

Initiate either directly from the PCIe/NVMe or SD☐ Fully compatible to PCIe/NVMe standards. Identifies itself as a standard
NVMe Memory

Boot, TCG and RPMB may be supported by the SD interface(SD9) as well
SD Express Speed Classes (SD9.1) may assure minimum
performance levels©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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SD Express adoption has already begun!

(link) (link)
Link(link)
Link(link)(link)(link) (link) (link)

Link

Link

(link)(link) (link)(link)

Link(link)©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Implementation of SD Express Host Interface
SDA provides a recommended host implementation design solution
SD Express Host Implementation Guideline
•
•
•
•
•

Use existing building blocks of SD3 host and PCIe
Provides backward compatibility to SD UHS-I
Existing PCIe/NVMe drivers can be used
The SD drivers updates are provided in flow charts
Thermal handling recommendations are provided

Video©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Off-the-shelf Available Bridges
Bridge Controller Solutions
PCIe
PCIe to SD Express Bridge
Solution enabling SD Express
hosts and readers

PCIe to SD Express Bridge
Solution enabling SD Express
hosts and readers

www.bayhubtech.com
Katsutoshi.Akagi@bayhubtech.com

www.genesyslogic.com.tw/en
Seanhy.chen@genesyslogic.com.tw

Host’s
ChipsetOr

USB

Bridgingchip

SD Express
SD UHS-I
SD UHS-II
All supported ina single slot

SD (full-size) Connectors
for all types of cards areavailable from various
UHS-II connector vendors

PCIe/USB to SD Express Bridge
Solution enabling SD Express
hosts and readers

USB 3.2(Gen2) to SD Express
Bridge Solution enabling SD
Express hosts and readers

www.realtek.com/en
jim_shiau@realtek.com

www.jmicron.com
gordonchang@jmicron.com©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

microSD connectors that
support all types of cards
are available byAmphenol14

Available Test Tools and Test Accessories
Bus Analyzers, Protocol Analyzers, Test Suites are available now
SD Express Test Fixtures – for SD7.x and SD8 ••Enables Host and Card vendors to test their SD Express’ PCIeinterface using standard test equipment
The set is available for our members to borrow from ourapproved labs (GRL and Allion)

SD Express dedicated Protocol and Test tools ••Prodigy –SD Express protocol analyzer using PGY PCIe3/4 x4
Testmetrix - SD Express Engineering / Self-Compliance Testerwith integrated Protocol Analyzer VTE-7100©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Speed Classes in Removable Memory Cards
Products with removable or semi-removable memory
cards

Various products may
require minimum assured
memory accessperformance to assure
proper support of their
expected sequential andrandom operation©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Who enjoys having speed classes?

- Consumers who own any of those
products and expect to get the promisedfeatures- Product manufacturers may specify what
speed class is required to ensure specificfeatures- It is known to be most important forcontinuous video recording, but it can beimportant for other applications like –multi-stream recording, fast reading of‘heavy’ video/graphic files in VR Headset
or Gaming and more…

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Speed Classes in Removable Memory Cards
Speed Class Definition Involves….

- RD/WR Block sizes and recording
periods- Stream and Queue handling- Suspend/Resume conditions- Power management conditions- Thermal management- Various measurement conditions- ….

… and who should care about this spec?

- Host, Chipset and Card vendors:-

RAM sizes ➔ final product cost
Amount of testing ➔ production cost
Architecture changes ➔ potential re-design
costs- Memory vendors:-

Technology limits
Optimization of maintenance and wear leveling
Optimization of performance utilization- NVMe drivers’ developers:-©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Optimization and generalization of drivers
across all the NVMe eco-system

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SD Association MembershipAs a member you…
– Get ACCESS TO ALL SPECIFICATIONS– May have ACCESS to specification drafts
BEFORE THE RELEASE, while they are underdevelopment– May INFLUENCE specifications underdevelopment and/or next-generation
standards– Receive updates on SD roadmap– May participate in Interoperability events

To join the SDA follow this link
©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Thank you©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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SD Express Innovations Webinar

Overview of SD Express Speed Class
Tadashi Ono, UHS TG Co-Chair,
SD Association
Senior Expert at Advanced Research Lab. in
Panasonic Connect Co., Ltd., and co-chair of
the UHS TG for the SD Association.

©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Agenda☐ Introduction– Background and Goal
– Application Examples☐ Target and Approach– Target of the Specification– Supporting Speed Classes– Approach for Standardization☐ Technical Features––––

Power Management
Thermal Management
Multi-stream Access Rule
Suspend and Resume☐ Summary©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Agenda☐ Introduction– Background and Goal
– Application Examples☐ Target and Approach– Target of the Specification– Supporting Speed Classes– Approach for Standardization☐ Technical Features––––

Power Management
Thermal Management
Multi-stream Access Rule
Suspend and Resume☐ Summary©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Background and Goal
☐ Background– Recent imaging equipment needs to support recording bit rates over 100MB/s,
in addition, some appliances also require multiple-stream recording in real-time– The current SD specification guarantees to record one stream data up to 90MB/s by theconventional Video Speed Class (VSC)This specification does not satisfy these market requirements☐ Goal– Establishing SD Express Speed Class specification which realizes• Several hundreds of MB/s for guaranteed recording speed, and• Multiple-stream recording to an SD Express memory card

©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Application Examples☐ Professional Camcorder– Recording a high bitrate stream (cinema quality)with several hundreds of MB/s

☐ Surveillance Camera– Aggregating several streams captured bymultiple cameras onto one SD card

©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Agenda☐ Introduction– Background and Goal
– Application Examples☐ Target and Approach– Target of the Specification– Supporting Speed Classes– Approach for Standardization☐ Technical Features––––

Power Management
Thermal Management
Multi-stream Access Rule
Suspend and Resume☐ Summary©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

25

Target of the Specification☐ Available Speed Classes are 150, 300, 450 and 600– They guarantee stream recording with 150, 300, 450 and 600MB/s respectively– Card can record up to 8 streams in parallel if the sum of these recording speeds is within the supported class☐ If card supports specific SD Express Speed Class, it shall also support all lower classes– e.g. If card supports Class 600MB/s, it can also support Class 150MB/s, 300MB/s and 450MB/s☐ For each Speed Class, cards shall deliver performance in all supported PCIe bus modes– e.g. If card has PCIe Gen4x1 mode and supports Class 300MB/s, card shall recognize it in Gen3x1 mode as well

PCIe Bus Speed Mode Requirements for Each SD Express Speed ClassPCI Express Bus Speed Modes (Interface Modes)

SD Express Speed Class(if card supporting)

Gen3x1Gen3x2Gen4x1Gen4x2150 (MB/s)

M

MiS

MiS

MiS

300 (MB/s)

M

MiS

MiS

MiS

450 (MB/s)

M

MiS

MiS

MiS

600 (MB/s)

M

MiS

MiS

MiS

“M”: This bus mode is mandatory when card supports the corresponding SD Express Speed Class“MiS”: This bus mode is mandatory if card supports both the corresponding SD Express Speed Class and the bus speed mode
©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Supporting Speed Classes☐ Supporting SD Express Speed Class is optional for SD Express memory cards☐ In addition, SD Express Speed Class specification is defined independent tothat of the VSC– This means all types of SD Express cards described in the following table are allowed
Type

Supporting SD Express Speed Class

Supporting VSC

1

No

No

2

No

Yes

3

Yes

No

4

Yes

Yes

Supporting the original speed class (C2, C4, C6, and C10) and the UHS speed grade(U1 and U3) are also optional for all types of SD Express Card above in the table©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Approach for Standardization☐ Referring to the conventional VSC specification– Introducing specific functions operated by CMD20– Supporting Suspend / Resume to save available memory areas☐ Keeping high affinity with the NVMe specifications– Streams Directive• SWS (Stream Write Size)– Optimal size unit for the stream recording, similar to RU (Recording Unit) Size in the VSC• SGS (Stream Granularity Size)– Optimal size for managing streams, similar to AU (Allocation Unit) Size in the VSC• Stream Identifier• etc.

– Dataset Management (DSM)• Operations of CMD20 are mapped to a DSM command– Vendor Specific Area in the ICDS (Identify Controller Data Structure)• Introducing new parameters related to Power and Thermal Management©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Agenda☐ Introduction– Background and Goal
– Application Examples☐ Target and Approach– Target of the Specification– Supporting Speed Classes– Approach for Standardization☐ Technical Features––––

Power Management
Thermal Management
Multi-stream Access Rule
Suspend and Resume☐ Summary©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

29

Power Management (1)☐ Background– In accordance with the NVMe, an SD Express memory card indicatesPower State Descriptor (PSD) and associated Max Power (MP) supported by the card
• Host selects one of available PSDs
• PSD0 specifies the highest MP in the card

☐ Issue

Each PSD is assigned in
top-aligned anddescending order of MP– Basically, speed class recording does not require
maximum power– If host chooses PSD0, card may consume excessive power
even if it is unnecessary

Power State
Descriptor (PSD)

Max Power
(MP)

PSD0
PSD1
PSD2
PSD3
PSD4
PSD5
PSD6
:
PSD30
PSD31

2.8W
2.5W
1.8W
1.44W
0.72W
N/A
N/A
:
N/A
N/A

An Example of PSD for Gen4x1(bus speed is up to 2GB/s)©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Power Management (2)☐ Solution– Before starting the speed class recording, host should take the following steps to save power:
1.
2.

Reading “Speed Class Power State” in the Vendor Specific Area of the ICDS
Setting the PSD to the card which corresponds to the target speed class (Class 450 in this example)☐ Result– By these operations, card recognizes the appropriate Max Power during the speed class recording• 1.8W (< 2.8W) in this example

Byte offset
0000

Byte Offset
3120 (Class 150)
3121 (Class 300)
3122 (Class 450)3123 (Class 600)

Value
84h (PSD4)
83h (PSD3)
82h (PSD2)
81h (PSD1)

Speed Class Power State(for Gen4x1)

Power State Descriptor
Speed Class Power State

3072
4095

Vendor Specific
Area

Identify Controller Data Structure (ICDS)©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Power State
Descriptor (PSD)

Max Power
(MP)

PSD0
PSD1
PSD2
PSD3
PSD4
PSD5
PSD6
:
PSD30
PSD31

2.8W
2.5W
1.8W
1.44W
0.72W
:
-

PSD (for Gen4x1)
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Thermal Management (1)☐ Background– NVMe has a thermal throttling mechanism to
avoid card’s destruction by temperature rise
– There are two thresholds for the thermal throttling
TMT1=TMT2
set by the host:• TMT1: activating a light throttling• TMT2: activating a heavy throttling(critical for the speed class recording)

Speed

Temperature
Start heavy
throttling

Card Internal Temp.

Recording Speed☐ Issue– If these threshold settings are not appropriate,
card cannot maintain the target recording speed
due to the heavy throttling– Temperature characteristic depends on card
implementation

Target speed

Impossible tomaintain thetarget speed
Unpreferable Example of Thermal Management©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Time
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Thermal Management (2)☐ Solution– Card indicates its specific thermal thresholds (SCTMT1/2) for maintaining the target recording speed,
and host sets these values as TMT1/2 respectively☐ Result–

Card can keep the target recording speed during the speed class recording

Temperature

SCTMT2→TMT2SCTMT1→TMT1

Temperature neverexceeds TMT2

Getting card specific thresholds
SD Express

Start light
throttling

Card Internal Temp.

Keep speed class recordingby limiting to the necessary andsufficient speed

Getting
SCTMT1/2

ICDS
SCTMT1/2

Setting as
TMT1/2

Configuration
RegisterTime©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Multi-stream Access Rule (1)☐ Background– To minimize the overhead of programming to NAND, stream data shall be written continuously fromthe starting address of SGS unit that is fully vacant☐ Issue– Suppose the stream data with different SIDs are recorded to SGS units in receiving order– Even stream data with SID=2 are deleted, these SGS units cannot be used for stream recording
because they are not fully vacantReceiving order

SGS unit*

SGS unit* SGS unit: Memory area
for optimal stream management

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

Stream data with SID=2
are deleted

Stream Identifier (SID)
Stream data with SID=1 and SID=2 arerecorded in SGS units in receiving order©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

SGS unit
1

1

1

SGS unit
11Stream Identifier (SID)
These SGS units cannot be used foranother stream recording
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Multi-stream Access Rule (2)☐ Solution– Introducing the following multi-stream access rule
• Each SGS unit can be occupied by data with only one SID• Stream data with SID=1 and SID=2 are recorded in SGS unit A and B respectively☐ Result– After deleting stream with SID=2, SGS unit B can be reused for storing another stream data
– This ensures efficient memory usage when host repeats recording and deleting video streams in a card

SGS unit A

SGS unit B

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

SGS unit A
Stream data with SID=2
are deleted

Stream Identifier (SID)
Stream data with SID=1 and 2 arerecorded in SGS unit A and B respectively©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

SGS unit B

1 1 1 1 1 1
Stream Identifier (SID)
SGS unit B can be reused for storing
upcoming stream data35

Suspend and Resume (already introduced in the VSC)
☐ Objective of Suspend and Resume– For power saving, most DSLRs or Camcorders will completely turn off after video recording– Suspend and Resume functions are introduced to SD Express Speed Class as well as the VSC,
in order to record stream data in the memory efficiently• Basically, Host shall record stream data from the start address of the SGS unit
• By executing “Suspend AU/SGS” to suspend stream recording at the SD Express SUS_ADDR,
Host can resume it from this address (not a start address) by “Resume AU/SGS”
Area for file system
info. (MBR, FAT etc.)

Start address of
SGS unit

S1

Not a Start addressof SGS unit

SD Express SUS_ADDR 1 (10000200h)

SGS unit

SD Express SUS_ADDR Obtained by Get Log Page Command
SGS unit

S2
SD Express SUS_ADDR 2 (20000C00h)

Memory Area in the SD Express Memory Card
©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Bytes
03:00
07:04
11:08
:
31:28

Description
10000200h (SD Express SUS_ADDR 1)
20000C00h (SD Express SUS_ADDR 2)00000000h (SD Express SUS_ADDR 3):00000000h (SD Express SUS_ADDR 8)
36

Agenda☐ Introduction– Background and Goal
– Application Examples☐ Target and Approach– Target of the Specification– Supporting Speed Classes– Approach for Standardization☐ Technical Features––––

Power Management
Thermal Management
Multi-stream Access Rule
Suspend and Resume☐ Summary©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

37

Summary☐ SD Express Speed Class is defined for realizing high-speed, multi-stream video
recording over PCIe bus– A cinema quality video with 600MB/s– Up to 8 streams in parallel for surveillance camera, etc.

☐ New features are introduced to the SD Express Speed Class for stable video
recording and efficient memory use– Power and Thermal Management for maintaining the target recording speed– Multi-stream access rule for reusing SGS units after deleting stream data

©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

38

Question and Answer Session©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

39

Questions?
Use the GoToWebinar Control panel on your screen and choose the Question
or Chat option to submit your question to our panel©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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After the Webinar☐ You will receive an email with a link to download the presentation and access tothe on-demand recording of the webinar – feel free to share with yourcolleagues☐ More information on SD Express is available at:– https://www.sdcard.org/developers/sd-standard-overview/bus-speed-default-speedhigh-speed-uhs-sd-express/☐ Download our white papers on SD Express and other specifications:– https://www.sdcard.org/downloads/pls/latest_whitepapers/©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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Thank you for attending!

©SD Association. SD, microSD and related marks and logos are trademarks of SD-3C LLC. © SD-3C LLC. All Rights Reserved.

42