Analysis of Electric Moped
Scooter Sharing in Berlin:
A Technical, Economic andEnvironmental Perspective
Chris Wortmann
Anne Magdalene Syré
Alexander Grahle
Dietmar Göhlich
Full Paper: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030096

Image generated with Dall-E

1

Introduction
Challenges of private vehicles in cities:
Usage Rate

Average in Germany 3-5%

CO2 emissions

Solutions?

Occupancy

Average in Germany:
1,5 People/vehicle

Toxic emissions

NOx, CO, particulate matter
etc….

Space andResources

EnergyPexels.com (Rodomir Chapygin)2

Introduction
Challenges of private vehicles in cities:
Usage Rate

Average in Germany 3-5%

CO2 emissions

Occupancy

Average in Germany:
1,5 People/vehicle

Solutions?
Emission-freevehicles

Toxic emissions

NOx, CO, particulate matter
etc….

Space andResources

EnergyPexels.com (Rodomir Chapygin)3

Introduction
Challenges of private vehicles in cities:
Usage Rate

Average in Germany 3-5%

CO2 emissions

Occupancy

Emission-freevehicles

Toxic emissions

Carsharing

Average in Germany:
1,5 People/vehicle

NOx, CO, particulate matter
etc….

Space andResources

Solutions?

EnergyPexels.com (Rodomir Chapygin)4

Introduction
Challenges of private vehicles in cities:
Usage Rate

Average in Germany 3-5%

CO2 emissions

Occupancy

Emission-freevehicles

Toxic emissions

Carsharing

EnergyElectric moped
scooter sharing?

Average in Germany:
1,5 People/vehicle

NOx, CO, particulate matter
etc….

Space andResources

Solutions?

?
?

Pexels.com (Rodomir Chapygin)

5

Methodology

6

Methodology

MATSim Open Berlin Scenario
Electric scooter specifications
Simulation parameters

Electric moped scooter
sharing simulation

LCATCO

7

Methodology
MATSim Open Berlin Scenario
Electric scooter specifications

Electric moped scooter
sharing simulation

LCATCO

Simulation parameters
MATSimOpen Berlin Scenario• Multi agent transport simulation• 1, 10, 100% Scenario of transport in Berlin• Open-source software based on OSM• Based on open data such as traffic counts,
census data and commuter statistics• Simulation of up to 100% of all people andtrips in a given area

• Open available on GitHub

8

Methodology
MATSim Open Berlin Scenario
Electric scooter specifications

Electric moped scooter
sharing simulation

TCO

Simulation parameters
Govecs Flex
• Nominal engine power:• Battery capacity:• Cycle life:• Range:• Max Speed:

LCA

2 kW
3.4 kWh
1500
90 km
45 km/hhttps://govecsgroup.com
9

Methodology
MATSim Open Berlin Scenario
Electric scooter specifications

Electric moped scooter
sharing simulation

LCATCO

Simulation parameters
Behavior

Vehicle• Simulation Time:

1 year• Yearly hours with rainfall:13%• Scooter Lifetime:

5 years• Max. walking distance:

500 m• Operational fleet factor: 85.5 %• Battery safety buffer:20%• Decay factor:• Min trip distance:

1.5 km

0,25%/ month10Methodology
MATSim Open Berlin Scenario
Electric scooter specifications

Electric moped scooter
sharing simulation

TCO

Simulation parameters

Iterating threw
replaceable
MATSim trips

Next trip

Moped ondeparture linkor adjacentlink?
nLCAyBattery SOC
sufficient fortrip?

yTrip
substituted,
battery SOC
adjustedn11

Methodology
MATSim Open Berlin Scenario
Electric scooter specifications

Electric moped scooter
sharing simulation

LCA

TCO

Simulation parameters
Life cycle assessment

Impact categories:• Cradle-to-grave: resource extraction,
production, usage, disposal• Global warming potential (GWP)• Functional unit: 1 km driven by fleet• Database: ecoinvent 3.6. Cutoff Unit

• Additionally in the paper: cumulative energy
demand (CED) acidification potential (AP),eutrophication potential (EP) and particulatematter formation potential (PMFP)

12

Methodology
MATSim Open Berlin Scenario
Electric scooter specifications

LCA

Electric moped scooter
sharing simulation

TCO

Simulation parameters
Electricity gid mix 2019 Germany

Electricity 100% renewable• Fossil:45%• Wind:51%• Renewable:

38%• Photovoltaics:

35%• Nuclear:11%• Geothermal:

7%• Import:

6%• Water:4%• Biogas

3%

13

Methodology
MATSim Open Berlin Scenario
Electric scooter specifications

Electric moped scooter
sharing simulation

TCO

Simulation parameters
Operating cost

Capital cost
E-Mopeds
Additional batteries
MarketingE-vans (swapping)
Others

LCA

Personnel
Electricity
Connectivity fee
MaintenanceInsurance
Moped decay
Warehouse rent
Others14

Methodology
Base Scenario

Medium Scenario

Max Scenario

2.500

10.00050.000Total Fleet/ life time 3.369

13.47667.375

Active Vehicles

Additional specifications• Battery swapping via e-vans (70%) andcargo bikes (30%)• 50% additional batteries• Battery swapping time of 1 hour15Results

16

Results & Discussion
Base Scenario

Medium Scenario

Max Scenario

2.500

10.00050.000Total Fleet/ life time 3.369

13.47667.375

Total e-moped trips

55,951

204,817670,655

Av. utilization rate

22.38%

20.48%

13.41%

Active Vehicles

17Results & Discussion
Base Scenario

Medium Scenario

Max Scenario

2.500

10.00050.000Total Fleet/ life time 3.369

13.47667.375

Total e-moped trips

55,951

204,817670,655

Av. Utilization rate

22.38%

20.48%

13.41%

Share e-moped tripsof possible trips

5.52%

20.20%

66.14%

Share e-moped tripsof all trips

1.95%

7.13%

23.33%

Active Vehicles

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Results & Discussion
TCO

Lifetime cost per e-moped

19

Results & Discussion
TCO
Fleet lifetime cost per km
Typical sharing
price in Berlin

0.2 – 0.3 €/min [1]Distance-based
price (20 km/h)

0.6 – 0.9 €/km

TCO VW ID.3
(15,000 km/a)

0.62 €/km [2]20Results & Discussion
LCA
Fleet lifetime GWP per km• Use phase emissions constant overscenarios• Production and EoL emissions rise withthe fleet size due to usage rate decrease
LCA VW ID.3(15.000 km/a)

97 g CO2 eq/km [3]21Conclusion

22

Conclusion• E-moped sharing offers economic and ecological advantages
over battery electric private cars
• The advantages are reduced as the number of replaced
journeys increases• Due to low attractiveness during rainy hours (and possibly
cold days) the service has limitations
 E-moped sharing can be a valuable part of a sustainableurban mobility solution when combined with other services
such as car and ride sharing as well as public transport

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Thank youfor your attention

24Sources[1]

https://emmy-sharing.de/preise/[2]

https://assets.adac.de/Autodatenbank/Autokosten/autokostenuebersicht_s-v.pdf[3]

Syré, Anne Magdalene; Shyposha, Pavlo; Freisem, Leonard; Pollak, Anton; Göhlich, Dietmar (2024):
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Battery and Fuel Cell Electric Cars, Trucks, and Buses. In:
WEVJ 15 (3), S. 114. DOI: 10.3390/wevj15030114.

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