Indigenous Peoples, States andDevelopment (2): Transnational
Network and Local Development
Multi-Ethnic Society (12)（Jul.3, 2014）	
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Email Assignment	• Reflection of the larger social structure, or
possibility of changes by encounters andnegotiations?
• Right to show and right to be not seen:
Possibility and room for minorities to control• What majority/outsiders should do/should not doAuthor’s concerns• From corporatist state model to neoliberal
reforms• Everyday life project rather than politicaluprising• Multi-scalar networks: how to analyze
different levels of networks among
different stakeholders

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(Roberts et al. 2005)	
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Background Information	
• Population: 25%-40%? of 13 mils. (officialstatistics not trustable)• Majority are Andes highlanders– Minority among minorities• Formation of CONAIE (The Confederation ofIndigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, 1986), Inti
Raymi (fiesta del So) uprising (1990), Pachakutik(Plurinational Unity Movement: left-wing
indigenist party, 1996)

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Land and Livelihood• Deforestation and cattle production– Cf. ‘hamburger connection’
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/media/Amazon.pdf• How was their life changed before and after theintroduction of cattle?
• Ironies– Indigenous peoples were organized under thecorporatist state regime for access to land andagricultural credit– Cattle production was renounced under the neoliberal
regime6

Education and Identity• Intercultural-bilingual education– Bilingual education is not always usefuldepending on the history of contact with alarger society• Reorganization, cultural revalorization

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Factors for Transnational Movement	
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Proportion of indigenous population
Degree to which neoliberalism is perceived to be a contestableversus entrenched norm within the domestic environment
Relationship between indigenous groups and other actors(organizations)
Cohesiveness of indigenous group(s)Whether indigenous claims are advanced through coalitions ororganizations
Coincidence of agendas advocated by different indigenous groups
Domestic contexts in which indigenous political organization took
place
Whether indigenous leaders hold national office and they
represent indigenous interests (Martin and Wilmer 2008:593-4)
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Discussion	• Who took initiative in times of change?
• What are conditions for successful transnational
networks?
• What types of linkage function in favor ofindigenous communities? (e.g. direct link
between international organization and local
community bypassing intermediateorganizations)? 	

9References	• Martin, Pamela and Franke Wilmer, 2008, “Transnational
Normative Struggles and Globalization: The Case ofIndigenous Peoples in Bolivia and Ecuador,”
Globalizations 5(4)• Roberts, Susan M., John Paul Jones III, Oliver Fröhling,
2005, “NGOs and the globalization of managerialism: A
research framework,” World Development 33(11)10• 【Email assignment】(A) Discuss how different levels of networks
are important for indigenous peoples’movements.
(B) Discuss how to protect rights ofindigenous peoples, from the viewpoints ofindigenous activists, policy makers, nonindigenous peoples, etc.
11• 【Preparation】
How has the introduction of foreign labors(migrants) been discussed in Japanesesociety? 	

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