
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
ZM῍X
No. 33, p. ./ /. ,**/

ῌ
   ῔*ῌ*Changes in Chemical Properties and Water-percolation ofSoils Overlaid with Cattle Manure Compost
Masami NANZYO* and Keiko YAMADA** Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University +ῌ+,Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aobaku, Sendai 32+ῌ2///, Japan
Abstract
An overlay of cattle manure compost, several centimeters thick, on a lowland soil-column witha depth of ,. cm, and watering at a rate of -3 mm a day resulted in signiﬁcant reduction ofwater-percolation in one or two weeks.

With watering, large amounts of dissolved or dispersed

organic matter and K were released from the compost. The K was exchanged with Ca, in thesoil column and the degree of Ca,-saturation of the organic matter increased with downward
movement and the organic matter was retained in the soil. The precipitated or ﬂocculatedorganic matter with Ca, might have clogged the capillary pores of the soil. Formation of
bubbles due to biological activities and swelling of soil colloids with increased K saturation
might also have been involved in the reduction of water-percolation.

No signiﬁcant reduction ofwater-percolation occurred when an Ap horizon soil of nonallophanic Andisol was placed in thecolumn. Ion exchange of Ca, with K proceeded less in the nonallophanic Andisol than in thelowland soil. Aggregates are more stable and bulk density was lower in the nonallophanic
Andisol than in the lowland soil. These properties were favorable for the nonallphanic Andisol
to keep its high water-percolation. Other changes in soil chemical properties were an increase inlabile P and a pH rise.

The increase in labile P took place in the upper part of the nonallophanic

Andisol column due to its high P retention capacity whereas an increase in the labile P was also
observed in the lower part of the lowland soil column.
Key words : lowland soil, volcanic ash soil, compost, ion exchange, water-percolation+    ῒ


ῐ!"#$%&ῒ'(" )*+,**,, -./0῍!123456ῌ

7 89:#;< =>?@ ῑA/BCADE FG HFIJ/KLM NO!PQRS-ῒhijkLZM῍X X aMXlm
n9:#; )opῌq,**+ ; Kato et al., ,**+ ;rpῌstu ,**,,< vw" BCMh7῎xy!"#z{|}~/S!  B~S/;!/KO<""/ : BCMhijkZ "v!1; 4/;< j

T U῏VWXSY9 LZM῍XSῑ[\]^BCADE:c/C )rpῌ +331, BC_ `aMb=cXSdeP^_/KSef g~ &< g|Cΐ BC@M*  1¡¢£ ¤32+ῌ2/// ¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯ +ῌ+ : °2Z ±²Z ³G´µ¶ ·¸G¹º »¼H » 33 ¼ 7,**/846

  

ῌ







l%&z{+, z{y vvX Al
7Alo8 Fe 7Feo8 H῏H ty 7 !" #$

ty  +3318 %, KLMNO

%&'(P$ pH 7H, O8 EC,  X2)*+, # -./ 0

IH῏ *BwH῏ wH῏ Alo, Feo F123456. $lz{+,

7Miyazaki, +33- ;Seki et al., +3328 # ! 7῍8 "9:#$9%;<%=>& 7῎8 &'
7῏8

(%

%=>&

z{ +*/ t῏,&+, c |INS Elix S +,,, 

w 1* mm, /. -* mm S1IT 2 

?) ( @ῌ% %=>&A>, *B+,C-.. ,*B/01D?

7!X{3,- mL8 %oIv& E$$234 5 767 ,**- a, b8

lTl$u7 ;w + mm F *.*/ mmF 2D¡,F% %=>&A6G"8 *B+,H>

9B(:;

U[\Wa1 +.* kg 7¢.{,.* mm ; t{&+.*/ Mg m£- ; ;<{*./28 >,T +.+ kg 7t

7Yokota et al., ,**-8 I@AB

 {+.+2 Mg m£- ; ;< {*.//8 =|J $'(!6G"

<=>I?9B2

>, KLMNOP 7Q+ U[\ 5H>/, 7Wa1

CῌDE +3338 KLMFGH* 7RC ,**.8 I¤H{ {*.-0 ; T¤H{ {JKLASTUIVM/NH)6

*.-,8 >, lS1IT - ῒ+ ;

?

 3O

w + mm 

2¡KLMNOP

7Iwata et al., +33.8 W+P !( X+** g =,NOP¥¡U[\ ¥¡

B?

U[\ c%dNOPU[\U[\mk

9B(6

QYZU[\R]%& KLMNOP?
F( *B+,^STUFVS_`
Wa1UXY+ΐ+ 'bc%d
P"&¡,6¦ , Q§h +* Q |[O{+, $§ U[\6ST_¨T$¡©+ U[\m¢ª[_kT\£)¤¥+,

!eZ+,

U[\¦§ + « +/* mL |¨©.$%¬ªC­" U[\C. P,    ,+ 

lP«¡ NI!® 1 §§>Fjk

H 'bf VS_`Wa1
 7g- Wa18 + [ῐF^ST 7g- T8
+ [ῐh , [ῐ\$,+,ΐ῏§¯῏ -3 mm ¬(1 §°ΐ῏ +,*/* mL U[\;<!X­ , ®
¬(|U[\P?-+$VS_`Wa1. ¯° P?}°-+,T ,±- ¯%

]^_b_bi`bYZjaMb 2_klTjb>±­+, #P\$² ῌ ²³

mnYZopl 7cd8 ef Ap g\$, ^S

῏ pH, EC z{+, ²ῌ²³῏ PTqhrsciefCjk+, #+,* mL k& # +*/ c¡ t῏F+, .

lmmnYZopl 7cd8 nKLMNOP

 0**  0 ´°­µ+-ῑu³῏ 7῍µ³῏8 

7g- NOP8 \$, gm NOPz{+,

R῎otu pvqr+ ῌw , mm g-

p¶x./,u Na, K H῏µ©©y Ca, Mg s+ tFU[\R]\$,C, H,-N, O µ%ῌwu(xv'wGHu ῔xyFyz2
Py%&z{+, pH 7H, O8  : |{+ :P´¢ *../ mm  [_kT¶0·©©y IH῏x

wvDῐSOTv¸¹~IºTly wH῏º0T»Vῐ·vDy *BwH῏

1@}~ 7EC8

1\vv'yz{+, *Bw wH῏ : |{+ : / z{+, . ¸ z{ῌty 7¸ z{ῌty ,./ |[O1}y%&z{+,!῏ 7CEC8  + M vS~\* +3208 %& #8ty 7

7pH 18 Fty  +3318 %&t+,

.\$ o1

T|ly%, X2IH῏ῌ yΐ¹῍uU[\D5+ R῎¢. -%&z{+, *Bw wH῏ NC S[cm ¦k& ot"+  + º%m¼

() : ¯°±iSjkK ῌ~~

47

ῌ+ ¯°±iSjkK²
Table +

Properties of soils and cattle manure compost%³´µ¶S² ¸¹ ¯&iSjkKAp ·%º»\&
 Ap ·'¼TU FG g kg®+
IG
0JK


,/3
-*1
,-2
+30

0/
.,1
-+3
+22

pH %H, O&
EC, dS m®+
CEC, cmol%l& kg®+

04*
*4*0
.+40

04*4*2,*4,

24+,4.

OP Na, cmol%l& kg®+
K
Ca
Mg

*4+
*42
+34*
+4.

*4+40
+-4+
+40

,*4,
+++
..4,
++4,

wxQῌ¡ P, O/, g kg®+¨ C, g kg®+
¨N
CῌN

+4*
3+4,
/4+14+

*4/
+04*
+4.
++4/

143
,0*
,240
34+

+043
24*

+4,
04-

*4-4+

/012/34

Al, g kg®+Fe

 Kl noX3 pqrBCDE



CῌN 6 stuveE- 
-+ 

S. @m9

Al .

z@68m9



 


wxQy/012/34!"#$ % +&  pH %H,-, 

{|}~A iSjk

O& EC '() *  +,-. K   /.1

{|} iSjkK {|} { /012/34

 +.

5"#6789

/012/34

Al .

:

Al ; Al῍<

iSjkK{|} |} . N5 + ~ + {|}g   +/  ,!f5hiSj=>5 %Shoji et al., +33-&  CEC "#

kK {|}5~"#6$?@$<.  ABCDE .

 A , " + " , N5 nX" -'()* FG.

6 IG 0JK. @$LM59H8N  OPQRSTU CaVMgWK  XYZ[)59:Z\= pH %H, O& ?

N5g p~  ?EE~~g
689

m  ?De~A ~~g:Ee

iSjkK {|}$p ,  / ] OPQRSTU Ca, Mg, K H86 Al 

~ ,^$ %Shoji et al., +33-&  Z$ pH %H, O&

5 +/ gh_`  OPQRS. ab "#86 3,++,+*3 mL %! +,**. mL,

XYZ)cdeE

 : CῌN 

@$fgh#¡$¢ ,. mL& 59

1 ~ ~ :{|}5 +  +/*mL ~ {|}_£~¤g¥  ¦

iSjkK pH %H, O& EC @$fgh  OP
 Kl . @$fgh

!f -  X fEC @$:me OP

@D § ¨~©¢Eª ~«¬ ../­+*®/ cms®+ 5¤~ ¸ 33 ¼ F,**/H

48-,+  pH, EC pHKU, NaU % m*+;l6 FG -H

Ca,U 
1.3

2..



 #

    !"#



 pH

VW:Nno6 78  !"  0.-$%&'()*+  ,-.
0( . 1

/<=6

 >2 pH ?@AB >2 pH

;



'5*+%2 ,-.

0.- # 1.1  34

#6 KU, NaU %pqrs6:6

1.+ %2 34

0.2 # 1.1 '56 78#96: <= !"#

gN 

0.2 # - 1 2.3 '

56

^

0) , 1CD Ca,U, Mg,U 

Nfg6

pqrstu



v



,-. F{| Ca,U : /+* mg, Mg,U : /,mgH >234 F{| Ca,U : 12* mg, Mg,U : +/* mgH EC+ 1 ?( , 1(}N 34rs~ Ca,U, Mg,U (rs

CD3E6 FG +H # IJKL

6e@^%#8)  Ca,U LM

M(3N EC

H,-N, O ;h

ON3@PP QR6 ;<=6 !" EC+ 1 

>2N3E6 , 1CD 
%STM 0
-,,

+1

 wi xy< , z 6 Ca,U, Mg,U

+ 1

-,-  # k} 6 + , 1 S KU LM VW:XY? FG ,H KU+ 1

Z 2+῍ (6:[2 \P8). 1

 KU ]^%Q_`8) Fabῌcd +331H 78
96:

%6:6 Ca,U k\P8:@)


K, Na, Ca, Mg LM<= KU LM 

L - 1 N2 . 1 #N2%
 7>)  %*+S

0(  fg

+ 1#, 1[@: FG .H <=#k@;l6

>2ee?( #L( LM G . >h + 1[@:M>2Nfg6 

# . 16

 KU -.-/ g hi,-. !" 02῍ 34 !
" 12῍ ( j`8 NaU kS *+;l6

C, 6 {>2fg6  

%LM9




# . 1`8¡ῌ¢£¤K

῏ῌ+


F¥H 
<= F¦H  F§H I¨©ªM FECH QR «!¬­¬ , ®¯;l° «!¬­¬(@±{ , ®¯(²-³>2´`@ «!¬­¬µ6: CEG , 3 kS0) ¶6 G + / [·)34¸ - 1¹@: + º» 0)

Fig. +

Changes in electric conductivity (EC) of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῍), soil
overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῎) and soil (ῌ) with time. Error bars show thedi#erences between values of duplication. Some error bars are smaller than the symbols.
Notes on error bars of Figs. , to 3 are the same as those of Fig. +. One plot for the percolationwater at the -rd week of the brown lowland soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost has
exceptionally no error bar in Figs. + to /.

hi :  U+VWXZ[ῌjb k4\].lm5b`amn.

 +..+ g  ++ g 12῍  +

49



/.+ g 5 NaCl *.3 g ;<=>?@34 0** ῌ /.3 g /-῍  0**

AB /.+ g  -.+ g  *../ mm C+DE+FGHI

  !"#$%&'()*+,-.

JKLMN O . P ,.* g C+DE+/*+ 012 ,**. 345678 97: KCl

FGHI QRS7MNTC+DE+FGHIJK

 +

ῐῌ,
Fig. ,Y  U+VWXZ[\]ῌ^  \]_`ab% Kc 5 Nac defg

ῌChanges in K and Na concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῎),
soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῏) and soil (῍) with time.

ῐῌFig. -

U+VWX

U+VWX

Y  U+VWXZ[\]^  \]_`ab% Ca,c 5 Mg,c defg

Changes in Ca and Mg concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῎),
soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῏) and soil (῍) with time.
,ῌ,ῌ"#$­{  33 ® V,**/X

50



}$tuv$)~{Pe"#&'M }$C + DE$+,)*0PeT!"#$%$&'()*+,(-./0 1 23456789:"#(,$)*+,|0TPC 234$+,)* "#$%$&';<+,)56J2345689"#$ + DE)*0*0$=> 1?@AB..C + DE23456

, DEJ@/.C &'M $$()*$AFG "#HI 2345689"#($)*+ DEJ@ , DEK

L=>C "#M$NOPQRSGP/01
TU( VW .X 23456YZ$ K[, Na[ J
Ca , Mg,[,[$\])*FG+ DE^_)*`K VW ,C -X 23456abcT2345689"

+,^ 

 23456()*,|?Rh V ῌ 
C +333X TU(-,. 323456&'()*3+ DE.C / VW /X + DE)*3#&'abc7;<TC "#&'7d T. D$u$ ¡$ 0-῍K $¢u$ 2+῍ J@/J EC ef + DEgh( VW +X

 PC 3

K[ J@Q)*F$ EC

ef C KCl J@ +ῌ, CaCl, $ijklmPn ,*῍ eGP.C 23456M ££)~{$eR3|R Vop qrC +33-X? T7¤¥R "#$%J23456

T$sC 23456()*T"#( K[, Na[ T\])* Ca,[,89"#&'()*3 ¦0 C 2345

Mg,[ T$tuvwxJyz{|? }C

6()*3$^_F "#HI῏ῌ.
Fig. .

23456 V§XC 2345689"# V¨XC "# V©X abcM$+, VOCX ª«$¬N

Changes in organic C (OC) concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῍),
soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῎) and soil (ῌ) with time.

῏ῌ/
Fig. /

23456 V§XC 2345689"# V¨XC "# V©X abcM$ P, O/ $ª«$¬N

Changes in total P, O/ concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost (῍), soil
overlaid with the cattle manure compost (῎) and soil (ῌ) with time.

¶· : ®¯°ῌ. "¸-- 

ῌ

ῌ



/0 !"

51

tuvjpX,-'D w6x`)( 9:;qrstuv)yDg.qr  !"#$%

stuvz{MjSP|}Q\]G% CEC &'(Y=8~jpePqrstYZ.WX

ῌ) *+,-./0123456% 78(
9:;<2=>?@ABCD( EF 7G)(HIJKLMNO7,-P7QG%-R-R+ pH, EC, CEC ST



jp



.WYZ% 9:; pH P 1.*

1^\P CEC P ,+[,,

[,- cmol knm kgh+

2.0 7G% _`a1./[

pH bSTcd7.WYZ% 

9:;\P *.*-[*.*/dS mh+ \]G)(

*.,[*.,1 dS mh+ YZ% 1^\

P *.*/[*.*0 dS mh+ \]G)(h+*.+0[*., dS m

jpP9:;.=M\7

 CEC *+,-P.Wije]G kl

7D¡a`% _ )]%-R-R, ¦§Na, K, Ca, Mg uvST

/0Pn/0.WX¨v Nan,

K )u¥`'Dg( ©jp( ¦§Ca , Mg
,n

,n

X¦§

Nan, Kn )Pª«e\]G kl 1m%

0m% 9:;\PUV CEC P .+[.,
cmol knm kgh+ \]G)(,,|}Q7 CEC jpPqr¢jp£¤Xu¥`YZ% _`a EC b

STXcd7ePfga`7QG%CEC X



|}Qjp% Q( 1^( Q( &jpvX +ῌ- \]W(   ePfga`7QG%EC XD'( :)

cmol knm kgh+ \]G)(

Mjp X5+a`%[1.+ \]GX) 1.1[2., YZ( 1^\P
1.+[1., \k( +323 ; Nanzyo, +33+m )]% xaP pH YZD Al ῌ =) Al
kOHm-

pH PUV.WX

'8W( 

CEC )jp.W( ./[/- cmol knm kgh+ YZ( <Y= *ῌcm \oojp)NOQG% _ CEC jpPqrs

ῌ0 ¬  ¦§­v kCECm {®
¯°,- k±mR ² :7Rῌ1®¯°
ῌ ¦§ ³´!"R Yµ :7R 2µ :RFig. 0

Vertical distribution of CEC values
with () and without () cattle manurecompost.

Fig. 1

Vertical distribution of exchangeable
cations with (lower) and without(upper) cattle manure compost.

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-.

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ῌ  T]x fghJpq

°=5±: ²³UWXῌ ´O: 234#89# pH =µ: EC pq: %&:fJ¶p: ¨ª·Gῌ2#$ fgh OC ²³U
WX ¸e ¹ : 
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#$ II º P, O/ J²³
UWX ¸e ¹ : WX[eFig. 2

Vertical distribution of CEC values
with () and without () cattle manurecompost.

Fig. 3

Vertical distribution of modiﬁed BrayP, values with () and without ()cattle manure compost.

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O0P` ^_'Q  RS`£¤,1rsi¥¦*, uH

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q) v<' 0TML` wU
V J/ e Al cYZ%¢jW) ¥¦*,  F@^`% .0 uHDHD2§L') W)2 rsi<XcY ZS DpΐxY[y<Xz{@ $S KLtM$% \4]^`% 67_[y%&' |``=L%   <X Caῒ¢j£¤,1rsiW,XYZ/@)WLa $S 3'£¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²,³© 34 3²,³©S :b +32+4 K *+,-.:0})S´µr®4 0¶'Q    °±,S -. Ca, Y:$S|``

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54

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8

\

£¤¥ FGH¤¥¦,u 0 : +3῍1-.
Nanzyo, M. (+33+) : Stoichiometry for the decrease in
the amount of phosphate-induced negative
Plant Nutr., -1 : -/1῍-0+.

9- &+33-' : §¨)">§©ª=>§¨)]_`" «¬ª=> In ?@ S

0.*῍0...

d#eῌ$%

f &+333' : &g'(hY)iCj\]^<kl "mn? opq*)+r stY,u +/ : ,1῍-..
d#eῌv-wxῌy,.ῌwz{/ &,**+' : |"? $"D\]^(hY}<kl "mn+31῍,,*, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

charges of clay fractions of Andisols. Soil Sci.

 &+331' : YZ[\]^]_`) ab c! "  V 02 :?

on water ﬂow in soils. In Water Flow in Soils, pp.

 &+32+' : -7\_"

+/0 &+320' : -2.ῌ34  pp. 11῍+*.

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys., 20 : ++῍+2.
Miyazaki, T. (+33-) : E#ect of microbiological factors() *+- . +/0 &+311' : - .  p.
.,1

strength and water-stability of soil aggregates.

~]_`{012 stY,u +1 : +῍2.

­ .  pp. ../῍./. ®¯ %
°A.B &,**,' : -C±)² + )²\³´µ¶FD·-C± V 1- :+2/῍+3+.
Seki, K., Miyazaki, T. and Nakano, M. (+332) : E#ects
of microorganisms on hydraulic conductivity decrease in inﬁltration. Eur. J. Soil Sci., .3 : ,-+῍,-0.

Iwata, S., Tabuchi, T. and Warkentin, B.P. (+33.) :Shoji, S., Nanyo, M. and Dahlgren, R.A. (+33-) :E#ect of clay dispersion and swelling on perme-Melanic Andisol, In Volcanic Ash Soils Gene-ability to water. In Soil-Water Interactions -sis, Properties and Utilization, pp. ,-῍,1,

Mechanism and Applications, pp. +3.῍+31, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York.

3ῌ45 &,**+' :Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Yokota, T., Ito, T. and Saigusa, M. (,**-) : Measure-6

ment of total phosphorus and organic phospho- b`\ " 2\rus contents of animal manure composts by the -  21 : -῍+1.

dry combustion method. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., .3 :Kato, W., Kobayashi, H., Sugiura, T. and Baba M.
(,**+) : Improvement of physical condition ofsoil with cattle slurry fertilization-mechanical,01῍,1,.
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