RELENTLESS LITIGATION – IN PURSUIT OF A CARBON-FREE ELECTRIC SECTOR:AE( ,*+%$ $Bruce Nilles, Senior Advisor•Sierra Club Beyond Coal Campaign;BE6D8B6 40@2@;!Beyond Coal1?C<EC-79.3E

International Symposium: Status of Climate Change Litigation in the World and Its
Implications to Japan, February 22, 2018, Tokyo, Japan2018222

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#Why Coal? There are huge environmental & public health costs
associated with the burning & mining of coal, & its ash disposal$ $&- , !+%)"#
)(& '$ ,"#*+*

Photo courtesy of Scott Smithson%)"#Our three-phase strategy – With Litigation As Critical ToolOIWMWSD39D&_7/BA>?D31

1: Stop the rush to build new coal (2002-2013)+19`0*%$';D2WQOVD]2002-2013^• Stop 90% of proposed plants 2D90%GC• Build anti-coal movement and infrastructure*%D!FA-")D,

2: Replace half the coal fleet (2010-2017)+29`D*%$';D DXTZ\P]2010-2017^• Replace half US coal plants with clean energy*%$';D•

Block coal exports in Alaska, Pacific Northwest, and Gulf
HWPJ=•GMX\[IRYL\E4.6=UKON#@*%5G8

Share lessons, collaborating with international partners-<D=:(BAOur three-phase strategy – With Litigation As Critical Tool
3-7I65247)(

3: Decarbonize remainder of electric sector (2018-2030)"3-J/+,797%#G2018-2030H• Lock in replacement of remaining coal fleet
97!/7BADF?'7•28

Scale clean energy & efficiency to displace remaining carbon:#;*3:>BFE<@C=F7&•

5<@C=F

Share lessons, collaborating with international partners$071.

65



Super Polluters and Expensive Polluters – Strategies for Both0.

A71=671―"-,;Super Polluters0. A71

Lack major environmental control forsulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides(FGD or SCR)%@)8B 9<@)2 ?
' 3* /+Expensive Polluters=671

Operation of environmental controls
adds costs to energy production, makes
the unit less competitive
3* >6 45#:$(&!We Analyzed Economics of Each Boiler (Here: Buffett’s fleet in West)
Generating Unit

State

Summer Capacity

Fuel Cost

Total Cost

MW$/MWh$/MWh

Dave Johnston 3

WY

220

11.57

18.2

Dave Johnston 1

WY

105

11.36

19.0

Dave Johnston 4

WY

330

11.15

19.0

Dave Johnston 2

WY

105

12.11

19.3

Wyodak

WY332

14.00

20.8

Huntington 2

UT

450

19.29

24.0

Hunter 3

UT

460

18.91

24.6

Hunter 2

UT

430

18.22

25.4

Hunter 1

UT

471

18.56

25.8

Huntington 1

UT459

19.35

26.5

Naughton 1

WY156

22.70

28.6

Naughton 2

WY

201

23.93

30.1Naughton 3

WY

330

24.48

32.2

Jim Bridger 2

WY527

33.07

37.8

Jim Bridger 3

WY523

33.85

38.4

Jim Bridger 1

WY531

34.45

39.5

Jim Bridger 4

WY

530

35.67

42.1

$23/MWh Energy Efficiency$25/MWh Wind

$40/MWh SolarSuper Polluters Can’t Compete if Required to Clean Up645-#%!

-0)/$#"+123'&&/$60

:+*.(, +123→

$50

Running Costs ($/MWh)

Baghouse$40

FGD (NOx)
Scrubber (SO2)
Fixed O&M

New
Pollution
Controls
Costs
183795,
+123

$30
$20

Variable O&M
Fuel$10Current
operating$costsNortheastern 3-123

ExistingGas

NewGasNewSolarNewWind

Wielding clean energy (including efficiency) to retire coal/$&49<;17:3<'=17:3</+>Clean Energy Advocacy
49<;17:3<*(.

• State legislation
(• Utility Commission advocacy –Clean beats coal life extensions
*(06825<?
49<;17:3<) /!%-• City commitments(• Corporate procurement
',-"#=>1. Governing rule litigation, including deadline
litigation. Every rule issued by the Obama
Administration
was the result of citizen litigation,•including Clean Power Plan.
 + ,!'*)#(*$&) "%   

2. Sunshine / Open Records litigation to get the facts.
Agencies are not always forthcoming in providing
information about how they are handling permitting,•enforcement and rule development. Open recordlitigation critical to building cases.
 .#& .+ *")%"& )) .$-'+,("! +)+ !

3. Environmental review litigation. In US we have National
Environmental Policy Act – requiring environmental impactstatement for all major federal actions, including permitting• plants and new coal mines. Argue requires
new coal
consideration and/or mitigation of climate impacts.
 GEFH#!, 79 0-A+ 8)/?:(8"D =+-@>B6874.5 *$0%2@CB,&1B79;8*8'
/?:/<39 0,

4. Permit challenges and litigation. New coal plants ormines typically require several major permits for airemissions, water emissions, water use, and waste•
disposal. This includes forcing limits for carbon andother greenhouse gases.
+ @=!- 7$9:,)3(=#"1A8>
/=*<>. 2 H@=22<079&=+ 5':;D36=<>%4C?= FG=B AED3

5. Public Utility Commission Approval. Most electric sector
investments – new plants and upgrades to existing plants –requires approval from a public utility commission andcertification• that the investment is prudent and lowest cost.
Argue required to consider current and future carbon regulations.
,<%- 3<,)*+I"<,#@#<,<J;=,1B<$0A>6<(2 '17FGH9.C4:<%EC!2.C-&;= 0A>
<";7/8<?!5DC-

6. Targeting Existing Coal Plants, Existing Coal Mines,
Coal Transport Facilities – Citizen suits or enforcementcases for• violating air, water or waste requirements(including petitions urging EPA to act) /'-&)#$ 79=8:;.*,@ .56!2,0 <<1/%.
+6 >EPA/7+"(/43?

Since 2010 We Have Retired/Secured Retirement of 40% of US Coal Fleet(Half the Plants)

230,000
220,000
210,000
200,000
190,000
180,000170,000
160,000
150,000
140,000
130,000
120,000
110,000
100,000
90,00080,00070,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,0000%

44652MW Proposed toRetire80689 MW Retired/FuelSwitched
Jan-10
Apr-10Jul-10
Oct-10Jan-11
Apr-11
Jul-11
Oct-11
Jan-12
Apr-12
Jul-12Oct-12
Jan-13Apr-13
Jul-13Oct-13Jan-14Apr-14Jul-14Oct-14Jan-15
Apr-15
Jul-15Oct-15Jan-16
Apr-16
Jul-16Oct-16
Jan-17
Apr-17
Jul-17Oct-17Jan-18Apr-18
Jul-18Oct-18Jan-19Apr-19Jul-19Oct-19Jan-20
Apr-20Jul-20
Oct-20Capacity (MW)2010!" #40%$

BCC 2010-2017 Targets

Cumulative Proposed

Because of our Coal Retirements, Every Year the US Energy Information
Administration Resets Coal Projections. Down.
!" #

44652MW Proposed toRetire80689 MW Retired/FuelSwitchedWe are on track to replace retiring coal with clean energy,including efficiency
#"

#!#



1400
1200

Generation (TWh)



1000
800
600
400200







lne"
uv

ed +!#soproplacinpeRe colbaralg0Wind and solar growth (2009-2016)
Proposed RPS
Existing EERS
Coal replacement target

Existing RPS
Non-policy driven
Proposed EERS

75% of US Electric Sector Carbon Reduction due to Clean
Energy and Efficiency. Natural Gas 25%

75%

25%‘BAU’ - Demand growth and CO2 intensity at2005 levels [3,014 MMT]

2005 Electric Sector
CO2 [2,417 MMT]

Avoided CO2 through reduced demand [626MMT]

Avoided CO2 through coal-to-gas fuelswitching [323 MMT]

Avoided CO2 from new non-carbon
generation [315 MMT]
2017est Electric Sector CO2 [1,750 MMT]
2017estWe will comply with the Stayed Clean Power Plan 12 years early (2018)
CO2 Emissions from Electricity [MMT]12

2018

Clean Power Plan
1,618 MMT

3-yeartrendUS coal generation on track with IEA 1.75 degree scenario

IEA1.75℃ 

Replacing coal with clean energy is big part of Paris compliance#&% $&" !#  

2005 CO2(e)754 MMT
Reductions so far (2005-2015)(44%)
Existing policies
408 MMT (24%)
CA GHG Policies
52 MMTHFCs
160 MMT
Bldg. and Appliance Efficiency114 MMT

Heavy Duty Truck Efficiency
Federal Buildings
48 MMT
34 MMT

Beyond Coal Campaign
478 MMT (28%)
2025 Target (26% reduction)

2015-2016 Electric Sector
92 MMTLitigation Offers Opportunity to Craft Settlements That
Provide for Economic Transition. Reid Gardner ExampleReid GardnerMy First Case Fighting New Coal Plant Proposal:
Wooly Prairie Clover and Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid
%.

/,*)798<EPA must consider impact on endangered species as part of its permitting for new coal-fired power plants. In re
Indeck-Elwood LLC, PSD Appeal 03-04 (Sept 27, 2006)
:EPA;0 )-
/ 6(4.#)*+ 2/ !6 '-&51-3-$"

Europe Beyond Coal: Joining forces with European allies

Beyond Coal 



Twitter: @beyondcoal•

Bruce Nilles
Nilles.bruce@gmail.com
Twitter: @brucenilles

Looking ahead: To replace all coal need to double rate of clean installs+!*
800,0002#&*$"'*) %(Installed Capacity of Wind + Solar(MW)700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000

teaRethginlbu
DoteaR
6201

Capacity toReplace 100%of CoalWind + Solar
Capacity toReplace 50%of Coal

200,000
100,00002010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030