J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
YNo. 33, p. 2/ 3. ,**/

*ῌ *ῌ*ῌ **

Neutralization E#ects of Acidity of Rain by Cover Plants on Slope Land
Tadashi ADACHI*, Yoko OKI*, Akihiro NAGAI* and Shogo NAKATSUKASA*** Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University** The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University,-῏+῏+ Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 1**῏2/-* Japan
Abstract
Neutralization e#ects of acidity of rain were examined by cover plants on slope land. Slopegradient was +* degrees.
Cynodon dactylon Pers, Dichondra repens Forst and Artemisia princes Pampan were selected ascover plants.
The pH value of rain less than pH /.0 was observed +* times among +- times of sampling, andit was ranged from ..-3 to /.3,.
The main results of this experiment were as follows :ῌ The pH value of surface runo# increased than that of each rain.

The average value of [H ]of surface runo# was a value from which .1῍ of [H ] of rain was subtracted.

This meansthat cover plants have the neutralization e#ects of acid rain.
῍ The neutralization capability of acid rain was explained that cation leached from the leaf
parts of cover plants has played the role of counteractive.
῎ There was the di#erence in the pH value of surface runo# between Atremisa princes andCynodon dactylon. Therefore it was shown that the neutralization e#ects of acid rain of
Atremisa princes was larger than that of Cynodon dactylon.
Key words : cover plants, acid rain, neutralization e#ects, Electric Conductivity, Potassium ion,
Artemisia princeps Pampan+     !"#$%&'()*+ ,-%./01pq!rs9tu!":CJ+ vkwxyz{N|"9}e33~6N+ z{9!"O9529_C23"4 7 +  7VW" ,-23"4 565+ 789:;"<= + >?!

52+  {9./523""@AB:C+ DEFGHIJKLM7% QAfandi et al., ,**,T+ + <fn2

89:;*+ J0N01"O%P012

9!"A pH %e"O95+ 3" QAR+ +33, ; S+ ,**,T4 7UVWXYZ { QN+ +331T eN`+"XYZ$M+ [@\,-J]^52_)`+MXYZ pH tu{% V¡"Mab%cdefgW"4 OV+ hiNJ+ XY¢5:4ZJjk52[@!"O9lm+ XYZ%@noOV+ VJ+ 9!"£ZA¤%+* ¥¦§¨§© ª1**῏2/-* ¥¦«¬­ -῏+῏+** ¥¦§§®vk¯§¯ ª1**῏2/-* ¥¦«¬­ -῏+῏+ : + XYZ+ {+ °±²³+ ´µ¶·¸¹º+ »¼GtY u 33 ¼ J,**/N86 =IdefdghF467FLN ,**+   = / s defdghLpqdIF>    ῌῌ!"

2*ῌ K2L' ijklmnF /*ῌ K#$%&'( )'*'+ ,- + ./

>"5t '= 1 suvw+ 2*ῌ 01234"

x? y  0 s2@kz{|{zVQ5*z}gh~VQ'A9H+BC"" ijklmnD+<E7FLEt*,    '+,"FD+<FL%",+   'Z OE7FFGH+w+0IJ

67 89:;<=> !"?@ '= 3 s .

A#B$%&6C '%&( )ῌ+ DE

 0* -* cm _Tw

7F / FG* . E7FH+IF JK ,-  

"FL+MN ,-FL.IF J' /0!67"K++L 8L 0L

FN L OE7F 1#092PQ ,*cm RSB$ +*J5 , m, 6

3"5T 4 +* m,/ mN "5 , OE7FUVWX

7"Y, ZT E7F[*8 9'+,,  E7F

P8"5T Q8R*84"'+ U7 PQLL \+$]^:0;_+, cm KS T  +*cm  U9+ * U72*UM "NO8L

8V"5

L%&*  `"abc'defdgh JCynodon./E7FW"P  /.T

dactylon PersN ijklmnJDichondra repens ForstNt*%X+'+ /.Tt*Zopqd JArtemisia princeps PampanN  - +<./Y Z E7F

rE  * +333 = 0 sI J'Z +330 *./PL'L 8P [L"L%&*"5, ./ pH ./

4\( + .

/0 L]
t %^¡4%X'L 8Zo./_x` ,** mL P
67¢ ,**+ = / s ,-£++ s -"5T  +- xO86C 'Z !¤"Y/¥aY. b¦§"¨K+ c ..
/¢d^©Yefghª!67
hn{«L',. 

./'*oOE7F*P8 /B i¬"i­ rE jk®] pHJH,ONJHORIBA
pH/ION METER F-,-N Ll mn

EC JHORIBACONDUCTIVITY METER DS-+.N"5* EC°

(o t pj¯lL K , Na°,Ca,°, Mg,°, Zn,°, Fe,°  ±j¯lL SO.,²,NO-², Cl² jk pj¯l ³´µ¶¶ ·JHitachiZ-0+**N ±j¯lj¯lVP¸n¹º
JHitachiD-1/**N jk jk+- 4 - ?

w K )q+- 4 - ?r»s"5!ῌ+Fig. +E7F¥^)

Schematic illustration of experimental plot.

¶ : · ¸¹ºtB

 B-ῌ ῏῎῍ῒῑ  ῌ, !"  EC87f ./#u Y"  1Cl3ῌ1Na23 %#9:y +.,+

   pH »¼»;)| +.+1 TY%;<=!" J! N

0+33*4  ¡f¢   1SO.,3 £6f  pH # ..-3$/.3, %&'( # 0*$22῍ ;<=!" ¤= K¥ # )*+,-./ 01H234 56 78!9:%#¦§¨ CD Y©ª

pH ..32 ;<=!" >&?;# pH /.0 @A &B!" D ;<CD  (EF=! +- GHI B pH «¬f#¢

1SO.,3 ;< ­&<& 0®ND +33.4 YJ¯# +* G'(!" J!   pH #KL &<

& 0MN +33-4 OK # P&? # ´ 1SO.,3

B

°±#²YY; ³;
µ=!"pH QR;<=!" D   pH & /.0 ST; EC#UV%

 pH WX<Y#Z[\= ]%#^_`a& !" b , cd;
Tef  ghij pH # /..0 0R,k*.3,-.4
E!"   pHj&nofg] EClmYhi#f;pqY& 0rs

+32/4 ]#p;#Y"ῌ-    pH

+,-mtuv+,- +,-,!"wῌv+,- xῌ

E yz{#|};<& ῌ- 0a4 t   pH h~  1Na23

1K23 h&

Y" (E+,- y_ C[_h~f
# ;< 1Na23 ;< Y; 1K23 <" ]+,-#  pH &h x Yh# Y  Y" J !  ῌ - 0b4  t 1SO.,31Cl3 h& Y" 1NO-3 #  pH &B;Az{ f&  hYY" 1SO.,3 #   pH &Y^YY" gg CD KLB# 1NO-3 t 1SO.,3 Y D" Cl # Na2 +,~h B

 1Na23|}

J;# pH  WX

ῐῌῐῌ,Fig. , pHEC

Relations between pH and EC of rain.

Fig. - pH

+,-Duv+,-Relations between pH and cations or anionsof rain.

gh8i< j 33 k ,**/88. .+  ῌ. a   pH pHpH      !  pH " + : + #$" %&'()!*+,-./ ** !
  pH ! 01+,2#$* 34# , 567 89:+, ;<=">?ῌ@AB1 ;<@CD"
9:E* F#$ῌ/

ῌ. b ! * pH GHIJK=MMLH N OP  LH N

Q #

RST/ !  LHMN
LHMN



 EC Q

Fig. /EC ratio of rain to surface runo# fromcover plant plots (ave. *.0.).

ῌ0
HIJK=Q

Fig. 0Ion concentration ratio of rain to surfaceruno# from cover plant plots.

"UVWE   #$ QX

HIJY"Z[\] $#^ UV_`E#$ *1+  QW! *.+aῌ.
Fig. .

 pH [bc LHMN Q

The pH or H!" comparison between rain
and surface runo# from cover plant plots.

de[bcf{| : }*~$KB

+.*1    *./-

  H  .1῍ ., !"89)3 #ῌ0 jak a>?@Blmgh./ jbk b>?@gh./23!" I $%&)*+,lmghnb>?@ghYl.,+  EC mgh'nb>?@gh7o#ῌ/  $%&'()*+, EC -!" )*+,lmgh.nb>?@g./ pH 0123

4FGHh.-p *.0. *.02 S!".56789:;3 '7 )*+,<=q $%&'()*+,<=J>?@>?@A B-7CD EFG/Hrcd/\]3!" #ῌ1  )*+,`a>?@!" II <=J>?@$KLMgh^sDBa>?@gh./ #ῌ2 NJ!I/2O3tu`b>?@gh./ pH 0123" )*+, EC -.P3  +.+Q*.,1 R  *.0. RS7!"ef a>?@cdKj.*.3.kCa,

-0῍ CS!".,, j. *.1+k 'n Na j. *../k Bt#ῌ/  TUVWX3>?@gh7 >?@Y<Z<=>?@[L/)D EC \]3!FGS WX^_3!`aῌb>?@cd/\]3!"!" -^3 Mg, .

 +.,- S7 t>?@gh7vw3!" #ῌ0 jak ' $%&)*+,lmghef $%&)*+,B<=JWX>?@[iB-7o8D EFGH!

gh[i-./ pH 01 >?@rx 7$%&yz <=ῌ1Fig. 1$%&)*+,a>?@gh.

Cation concentration ratio of rain to surface runo# from cover plant plots.

VW5X; Y 33 Z ,**/

90  ῌ2 a b 
!
- SO. " # NO " $ %&'(,!

)*+ ,- *.22 *.3+ #./ 01

22#$  %&'2345678
9:;<=12#>? 01 ( c @ Cl!" $ %&'()*+*..* #A

B.1C> 01
DEFGH3 I;&JKLM$ I;&῏ῌ3
Fig. 3

῏ῌ2
Fig. 2#%&4)*N
Anion concentration ratio of rain to surface
runo# from cover plant plots.

OP#HU" N῎

Comparison of ῌH ῍ ratio of surface
runo# between bare plot and coverplant plot (ave. *.3-).

῏ῌ+*

#OPQRS3T4)*N

Fig. +*

Comparison of cation and anion concentration ratio of surface runo# between bareplot and cover plant plot.

±² : ef³´LMSTaTM



ῌ !"#$%& '()*+91

 pH ]c !"1+ 5bY& ~5 *.+3+.20 ]^N0|& vwuxfhyz {H } ~!& tuxῌfhyz {H|} 5"""o234567892& :();01 ~5 *.3- ]^E& tpqE& vwu

& ()<=<>?@A {H|} E 1῍ m !"01,- !"./01 ()



2B

 & BPCD!*E FGH& +312I& pH JKLM

5& kTgX]& LSTg$%

N!&

5& ῌt

AOPJKB#./

01!%

QRLMST345UVWXY&Bg3420D& sῌ+* tuxfhZZ["!89!"\]^FTakamatsuyz£¤¥PK¦§

& +331I& R_`*"!& QRLMSTu*+aTM5b]^Bcd& efghi2LM£¤¨xfhyzY©

KN01

#/ 

sῌ3 tuvwuxfhyz {H|} ~gῌ++¥Pvw¥P~gc 01 B&LMjkSῌlmnopq2Br

Fig. ++

^Bg¡¢ !"1

~5 +..2 ]^E& vwuEtu

01 ª0& §ª!*E& B
!"aTMcd !5& ~ +.*+ ]^E& «¬bK­5CDKN01
& @tuvwuxfhyz©

®g3420D& sῌ++¯j~°Comparison of cation concentration ratio of surface runo# between bare plot and cover plant plot.

STI¬` ­ 33 ® L,**/M92

4C&@D@./E4B='( ῌ+, F ῌ+,  ! pH " G HI>)7JK?=>#$%&'( ῌ++ )  

L +.+/M *SO.,N,  *NO-N,3454 *.3. +.*+  *Ca ,,++)- *Na , ./01289:;<=(3454 +.*1 +.++ $67 89:;<=>

O +, P 0* cm QR$STU VWXY&*K+,  *Mg,+,  -.+* +.02 >?@ ! )-+@ *K , AB 3Z[\]^= _`!STabcdef&'> ghijklmn ('o pq

*r/ cm Q pH /.2* $6s'> =B pH 0.++r0.,3 $6s'gtu&B @( gg !>Iv
w4Bxyz{n ST_`H>|}E4 g~&B= (0 

 pq<bcn >"#n $  pq>


 *H+, ^= ῌ+- %&'( g4)  
 *H+, > *H+, )7
E=FG>D=g>y4'( n< 

 *H+, 34AB +.20r*.,/ :=> 12

 *.23 ++ῌ ¡¢$67 $ £>_`!_`¤¥¡¦i>:h§$'(g¨©efn ' 

./E4

ª&B ῌ+. «¤  ῌ+/ «¤pH   " # $ % & '( g 4 y  )!

 *Ca,+, *Na+, Ey *SO.,N,  *NO-N,  =B89:ῌ+,xy«¤ῌ+-Fig. +,

Comparison of anion concentration ratio ofsurface runo# between bare plot and coverplant plot.

Fig. +-
 *H+, The H ratio comparison of surface runo#between Artemisia plot and Cynodon plot(ave. *./3).

ῒῌ+.
Fig. +.

abcd,()*eYfY)

%./017¼e

 ,.+3  !"# $$%&' ()*+$%,-./ 01,-

,- K !

23$%45# 6 ῐ. 7 8*H

 3*῍ '

7

9: 8* pH ..2-  pH /.2- ;<=>#?@ABCDEFGH* +* z9| $()*abcd

!}3$%,- ~}<#ῌ 8* pH  ῌ c H

8*I,- .1῍ '#῍ c EC 8*I,-}i &Ri#῎ c%!3% c7u&'23$%45# % K

1ῌ ῎ ῍ ῏2i$%<#<=# I῏ ()*;Y ,-=$%4J ABCKLDM<G NGOP

5  G<QRSTABC; UV3WXῌ;=$%J'#Y!IZ [\]<O ^_!"%T9`&'

93

Comparison of cation concetration ratio of surface runo# between Artemisia plot and Cynodon plot.

  Mg,
 K

 :

abcd,()*eYfY)!ghi# I  ()*jk%i UVlm nῑ¢£!¤¥3=-o ¡R<ῐ¦§!¨}>

oO fY<=$%45# 3pq r©cª«¬­®¯i°#  ¤¦ῌ±²st uvw3exy< +- z{] ()!³´>rsRµAB¶µu·¸¹ºµ»94p¸  U ¹ 33 º ,**/

 ῌ ῐ ῏ ῍  +33, :  ῌ!"#$%&'()* +,-* +/* p. -3* +. /01234
5678 ,**, : 9: +. ;< 56=-)* p. +*2.
Afandi, T., Manik, K., Rosadi, B., Utomo, M., Senge, M.,
Adachi, T. and Oki, Y. (,**,) : Soil Erosion underCo#ee Trees with Di#erent Weed Managements
in Humid Tropical Hilly Area of Lampung,South Sumatra, Indonesia, J. Jpn.Soc.Soil Phys.,
3+ : -ῌ+..
Afandi, T., Rosadi, B., Maryanto, Nurarifani, Utomo,M., Senge, M. and Adachi, T. (,**,) : Sediment
Yield from Various Land Use Practices in a Hilly
Tropical Area of Lampung Region, South Sumatra, Indonesia, J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys., 3+ : ,/ῌ-2.

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T. Takamatsu, Kohno, T., Ishida, K., Sase, H., Yoshida,
T. and Morishita, T. (+331) : Role of the dwarfbamboo (Sssa) community in retaining basic cations in soil and preventing soil acidiﬁcation in
mountainous areas of Japan, Plant and Soil, +3, :+01ῌ+13.

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