Banpakugaku: Expo-logy, Issue No. 2
Edited by Society for Expo-logy(Editing Team: ARIGA Nobumichi, ICHIKAWA Fumihiko, INOUE Satsuki, IWATA Yasushi,SANO Mayuko, SEKINE Hitoshi, UKAI Atsuko, TANAKA Mineto)

Contents——| Special Feature: Expos and the Cold War |Aims of the Special Feature
The Self-Portraits of Science and Technology Nations at Expo 1967 Montreal:……ARIGA Nobumichi
In Light of Expo 1970 Osaka * 
Expo 1970 Osaka as an Extension of U.S. Foreign Information Policy *……MORIGUCHI (TSUCHIYA) Yuka
Confrontation and Sales: The Dual Strategy of the Eastern Bloc at Cold WarExpos * ……ICHIKAWA Fumihiko……TSUJI Yasutaka
Expos and International Politics during the Cold War: Expo Research as a Cold<Column> Maurice Tuchman’s New Arts 

War - Decolonization Contact Point * ……IKEDA Ryo<Interview> Constructing Expo Pavilions: From Dubai to Osaka Kansai

……NAGAYAMA Yuko
Interviewers: SANO Mayuko and KISHIDA Kyohei| The Front Lines of Expo-logy |Expositions as Ceremonial Spaces of the Emperor: National Industrial Expositions……HASEGAWA Kaoriand Two Exposition Concepts *Reconsidering Libraries and Expos: From Recent Advances in the Acquisition ofOfficial Expo Documents *……TAO Cheng; LUO Yunqing< Long Essay > My Twenty-Five Year Journey with Expo Archives

……ISHIKAWA Atsuko| Expo Grab Bag |<Column> Curating an Exhibition on Expos and Buddhism <Column> Expo 1970 Osaka in Calendars ii……KIMISHIMA Ayako……NAKAMAKI Hirochika

* Abstracts——
The Self-Portraits of Science and Technology Nations at Expo 1967 Montreal: In
Light of Expo 1970 Osaka
ARIGA Nobumichi
Throughout the history of expos, nations have always displayed their cutting-edge technologies.
This paper takes Expo 1967 Montreal, one of the major expos held during the Cold War, as a casestudy to examine the kinds of science and technology each country exhibited and how they werepositioned. It covers seven countries—the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, France,
West Germany, Japan, and Canada—and, focusing on the compositions of their government
pavilion exhibits, which can be gleaned from official records, compares and deciphers theirapproaches. In addition, by comparing the exhibits with those at Expo 1970 Osaka, held three years
later, it clarifies the differences in the approaches of each country in the late 1960s.
While the Japanese exhibit emphasized science and technology, such as electronics, thetheme of living in a vast and harsh natural environment was more prominent in the Canadiancase. The United States and the USSR’s space race unfolded through their exhibits. However, the U.S.
pavilion could be interpreted as presenting space development as part of American culture, while
the USSR pavilion’s space development showcase was an extension of its comprehensive display ofscience and technology. As for major European countries, France emphasized basic science while
Britain highlighted its scientific tradition, and West Germany presented science, technology, andart as an integrated whole. These were all features of the self-portraits painted by these majorcountries’ governments.

——Expo 1970 Osaka as an Extension of U.S. Foreign Information Policy
MORIGUCH (TSUCHIYA) Yuka
During the Cold War, the U.S. government positioned expo exhibits at the forefront ofinternational politics and as an extension of its foreign information policy, keeping a close eyeon the psychological effects this had on the citizens of other countries. This paper analyzes
how the exhibition division of the United States Information Agency (USIA) planned for andevaluated Expo 1970 Osaka, based primarily on USIA documents in the U.S. National Archives andRecords Administration. From the historical record, we can see that USIA specialists took theirjob of presenting the United States quite seriously. The United States had refined its information
dissemination techniques through the Committee on Public Information during World WarI, the development of domestic public relations during the New Deal period, as well as theadvancement of the advertising industry. In this context, USIA attracted a pool of highly skilledand knowledgeable individuals from the advertising industry and mass media. This accumulation

Banpakugaku: Expo-logyiii

of information dissemination-related skills and knowledge was on full display at Expo 1970 Osaka.
However, the image of America that the USIA wanted to show was only partly communicatedto visitors. While the image of the country as a scientific and technological superpower was wellconveyed through the space exhibit, the exhibit showing the diversity of the U.S. did not have muchof a presence and could not completely dispel the country’s negative image related to racism andthe Vietnam War.

——
Confrontation and Sales: The Dual Strategy of the Eastern Bloc at Cold War Expos
ICHIKAWA FumihikoThis paper focuses on the participation in expos by the socialist countries of Eastern Europe,
one party to the post-WWII Cold War. It takes note of their strategy vis-à-vis their opponents(Western developed countries) that was projected on expo venues and their connected measures
to attract developing Third World countries. This strategy had a dual nature—based on the twosimultaneous and contrasting aims of political and military “confrontation” between East and Westthat characterized the Cold War period and the “sales” of Eastern Bloc products to the West—andbrought about a complicated situation.
This paper also discusses how the Eastern Bloc’s participation in expos was complexly linked,
under this dual strategy, to other non-expo exhibition opportunities, such as international trade
fairs and independent industrial exhibitions. Their expo exhibits were intended to be not standalone but integrated into a series of various exhibition opportunities.
Such international exhibits of the Eastern Bloc focused on industry displays but involved
careful preparation of representations and programs that conveyed member countries’ sociocultural characteristics and highlights. This was particularly true for the Soviet Union’sparticipation in international trade fairs, which extended to presenting its industries, art, andlifestyles, like its participation in expos. Displays also served as a catalyst for economic cooperation
between the Eastern camp and the Third World. The Eastern Bloc’s dual strategy took a concrete
form through participation in such events.

——Expos and International Politics during the Cold War: Expo Research as a Cold
War - Decolonization Contact Point
IKEDA Ryo
Much expo research has focused on contexts related to imperialist policies from the latter half ofthe nineteenth century onward. However, with regard to expos during the Cold War, the emphasisof expo research has been on the U.S. and the Soviet Union competing with each other, showing
off their technological prowess through exhibits. This paper focuses on the fact that although
the imperial order in international relations from before World War II changed superficiallywith the independence of colonies after the war, in a substantive sense it still exists. Importantly,iv

during the Cold War, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and other countries in the Eastern and Western
blocs competed for the support of the Third World, and colonial independence was one of thephenomena that resulted from this competition. This paper thus both points out that analyzing theCold War not only from the perspective of the conflict between the Eastern and Western camps,
but also from the perspective of the Third World, could be a new perspective for Expo research, aswell as raises issues based on this perspective.
This paper draws from Sano Mayuko’s “Expos and the Disappearance of ‘Colonies’:Focusing on the 1972 Revision of the Convention relating to International Exhibitions” (Banpakugaku: Expo-logy, Issue No. 1). It primarily covers the 1972 revision of the Convention relating toInternational Exhibitions and the active involvement of the United States after 1980, pointing outthat the expansion of the “Expo World” during the Cold War was, like that of other internationalorganizations, the result of the U.S.–Soviet conflict and U.S.–European conflict within the Westernbloc. This was because while the U.S. and the Soviet Union both advocated anti-colonialism, all thecolonial suzerain states were part of the Western alliance. Finally, this paper raises issues regarding
research on the post-Cold War expos, noting that remnants of the imperial order can still be seenin the post-Cold War period.

——Expositions as Ceremonial Spaces of the Emperor: National Industrial Expositions
and Two Exposition Concepts
HASEGAWA KaoriAt the national industrial expositions (naikoku kangyo- hakurankai) of the Meiji period (1868–1912),
the emperor attended the opening, closing, and awards ceremonies. These ceremonies wereextremely political ones that illustrated the ruling system of the Empire of Japan that centeredon the emperor. Temporary ceremonial halls were set up at the venues to serve as stages forthem. This paper focuses on these expositions as ceremonial spaces and attempts to place themat the intersection of two different genealogies: that of Euro-American world expo venues andthe ceremonial venues of Japan’s modern emperor system. It covers large-scale government-led
expositions held or conceived in Japan from the Meiji period to the mid-Sho-wa period (1926–1989),
when the emperor presided over the openings and closings of expositions and the award systemthat characterized Japan’s modern expositions was adopted, and analyzes their venue plans
and ceremonial hall architecture. The expositions are as follows: the first through fifth national
industrial expositions in the Meiji period, the Great Exposition of Japan (Nihon Dai Hakurankai)at the end of the Meiji period, and an expo marking Japan’s 2600th anniversary during the midSho-wa period.
I found the following. (1) The emperor’s ceremonial acts consistently dictated the frameworksof these expositions’ venue plans. (2) A complex balance and tension between Japanese (or Eastern)
and Western elements can be found in the evolution of the ceremonial halls. (3) A political spacein which the ruler and his nation encounter each other may have been envisioned, particularly forthe ceremonies of the planned expo marking Japan’s 2600th anniversary. These characteristics ofBanpakugaku: Expo-logyv

the ceremonial spaces at modern Japanese expositions appear to reflect the state of the emperor
system and Japan’s international standing at the times the expositions were conceived.

——
Reconsidering Libraries and Expos: From Recent Advances in the Acquisition ofOfficial Expo Documents
TAO Cheng; LUO Yunqing
Since 1851, several kinds of libraries have participated in expos in diverse ways. After performing
a content analysis of exhibit classifications, official guides, official newspapers and periodicals, jury
reports, final reports, and participants’ reports covering thirty-five expos, we reached the following
conclusions: 1. Libraries have been multi-dimensionally involved in expos; 2. Libraries have usedtheir spaces, collections, services, technologies, personnel, and large reader flow to create win-win
outcomes with organizers, participating countries, and suppliers; 3. The multiple values libraries
offer have been widely recognized worldwide over the past centuries.

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