
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
 wC
No. 33, p. - +, ,**/



   *Identiﬁcation of the Spatial Variability of Soil Properties Using Terrain Analysis
Junichi KASHIWAGI** Hokkaido University Graduate School, Kita-3, Nishi-3, Kita-ku, Sapporo *0*ῌ2/23, Japan!WB3

   
 



xZy %&  ,.4 -'!CX







 / 



!

 C5z6$[R.b3\

{]^|/_`abD

6R/0}c$di%&~/0ῌ12K` B& $pefB&  $B"# $C'  Z[!(u %&  '(%& )*+ ,gC'  OPoh-' .





!  '"

$

/

B u !Oi"!(q $# B -'#$ 01%2&'34( &  #.1%4"j5)*+1% #,6 789

WTsoi  )*+ / k.?

7** /:8;<=>?@*** -,/.,6 /0lmn6oB&

/12A%&  B%C #,6 

et al., +333I G@b6phqr?

3'D4E1% C5F
B&

$6G

HVan Oost et al., ,***I ,.7/0ῌ1

2  89ῌJ22&!KL"$ .1%AL3 $ HHasegawa, +331I z6GB& Miller et al. H+322I / Timlin et al. H+332I F%b

4M/ : ;Nῌ<O/=PῌQPR.P

.-'sph

!S u&Ml6R

>TUVWX9?@Y @AZ[!\]  $&%N^
B&./B_C0#C '"`D/!aE$

 F%bL c9dG@36GB&Hef +32- Woods and Schuman, +322, King et al., +333,

t"

HCIJKb%ghbijLkMp

tAL C

!Ml6v

F  $$ OPwox6
Ay $!  $6w<AL33OPowz{R3  ,~!|
3}

Pennock and Corre, ,**+I$ HHansen



C!~

w C!F%b

! b¡¢$#

lm.Nno OPQopb

£w B%C56  !



Rq%&  SOPr.P ,.¥ 6R¦B& §^! .q

 Ts/U'Vt 2WB3  2t#C¨©ªw«L  $:WBpau%&  B%CX.q YC56v0b%& B%bL%6 vI 6w¤$ ¬­-'soi #C®h¬!F%b

&%#C!Oi

.Rx6$§C¯.N^6* °AA±H²³´ µ*0*ῌ2/23 ¶·¸ 3 M 3  : -'H ®h % Oi #?
** ;Nῌ<O/¹ῌº»6R Lmq¼/bJD41%*** .B&. 0'!"4b%D4E¼/bT%
2&

2&

/

4

V » 33 ¼ &,**/'




Dalymple et al. &+302'

,



-.

&678 'DEM= v%s9 DEM< D9A)

  

 9}~ pqr

o 

!"#$%

et al. &,**+' % GH , " ;d /V #()*+ %$ >  %9 T 2A

/01#$ 3 2

3

45

A

9 :;< =2A@A GH  % I
JK (<LM9A NO PQ
T%

XZ' ;;( +,UV &WPX WY45

+

9[9\] &+330'  : GH ^A % 4 % 9!n  Moore et al. &+33-' D Park45 >?@AB  / CDE F

RS 

J

3_

O

`ab9

cd 3eA* %f   01&%  2* '>
( +., haA, "n )s ,0* m,3/ m* n< +, +/ mῌ0* mB, )A B, 9 % - 2 -X
9 . 2 XUY.A
/#09 ¡V¢V£¤¥1/%&Typicg hijkD C lmA9

Dystrochrepts'  2o¦§f33 + m 4 n

>567 +Ao9Evans&+32*'&¨©8ª(«  3  +. mpq%pqr s7tu&DEM (Digital Elevation Mod-r 9 ;A /¬01) + " Bel)'  / vA , w

xvy, ­®9 B,  -X:;¯9X:  #$zd Zevenbergen and Thorne;¯ °±²j³°´d 3  < µ= 1 m&+321' % 3 v (xvy {| ^Vf

¶9

ῌ+

Dalrymple : &3-Unit'/01) · +/. ¸¹

º

9678

9

O^

/¬01

*+,-./01 : 23456789 :;<= >?

ῌῌ,Zevenbergen and Thorne +321 

ῌῌ-!"

#$%&'()

5 e 33 ¼ U,**/V6 . 
 


 

 

Ap  

& '()

2* cm  !"#$%

   *

+ ,-+% pH ./01234"=>?

@%$ +ῌ+*** 5A#$;/;Jy,$>E\ |OeC/D./E QRS}$% ,-9+K WXNjk* + ? aE\

56 ,* m 789+: ;<% !
M#;Jy> @ |v$> @&% ;/7 O5(

B@A?  @A34> /-῍  O $
O@A34> -*῍ L  ./01234 $+ C/D./EF< 78G<%HA'()I;J 1 m K"=%LJ DEM M

 pH & +\J ##;N - }EmRD

N

%B DEM #$% 78K> 1 m O -P- 7

 M  mOeJ @A34> +*῍ L@&TN`IE;J(

8"=QRS&T Zevenbergen and Thorne

 U@A34V IEB+>O@%#J ¡P

U+321V >'$ 5() WXC+&T/tQ%-¢+ w+£x )[4+\J*+Y)Z) ] ,+^$_3?

-+` USpeciﬁc Catchment AreasV a5(
) bc

USpeight, +32*V B@ Od($}$%R S¤OT@ $E$a+U

\#@A34;EmRD9+ ,-_% (z{¥$¦§\<G

.+`/01[4Oe f  5AI

 ,_% pH UH, OV ¨© (}$2=3K5g 4 ;dhijk% ! ,e$&4! ,+L\B+>O

b5% lQmd῍*_% Vª Oe 
&4! ,Oe&% «ªῌM  V ! ,+\<%$2* cm  Ohi @ n d6

78oOp$q9;J B rs
7%dI7;/

Um

f '()

}$%a&4! ,W>>|@N@¬@

ApῌC : ,-@A>E$B+bc% &4!

+tc@ Ap ῌ ,+L\§($>­A( UX)34\xV ¨

AbῌB +\J <u>dv=wxy,z{>©#$%>|@B+a zdY#()O>|@\$+tc@A y}$% +,./~2*.* cm $?

 J@A%#J B$> -..* cm O@A34> -3.1῍ +B@fOC@%$jkDOaE

Ap Zv C +\ ApῌC nO Ap 

D®OeJN 0&[\>=$B+\x\7 F N G ,}$% c,  C ¯]£O° @%$a+±;J!> @ ,*~-/ cm  0*῍ QRS @>ZDH>!OIE={{<%.$J Ap y  @ |N} ,Oe<

B@7 OJ\x῎ῌ+zd`ab#

(
A y
UcmV
pH UH,OV
pH UKClVU῍V./01234 UP,O/ mgῌ+** g &

U῍V
&
UMg m¹-V
'()
U῍V
M 
U῍V
m
U῍V

U῍V

V

}fJ²ῌ³ ῌ^2[\M#;;

J* >q9 @ ¤wxv >´_µ>I,-HRK

B

"¶c·

¸

@A34

"R4

G

-.4*
04+
/4,
,4/
/2*43
14+
+4*.
-,42
+,4,
+24034/

+-4/*
*4-0
*4-1
*432
+1+4+/
-412
*4+*,
+*4.+
.4*2
/4/*
142+

+2,4+3*4+*4+*43/,3,3-420
+.4,3
*4*+*
+*24-1
+0402
-*4,2
0+4*/

-341
/43
14*
-34*
,34/
/-4+
342
-+42
--4/
-*4*
++4,

+/.
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
1,
1,
1,

º
º
! ,
! ,
! ,
&4! ,! ,&4! ,! ,! ,&4! ,* ; c, ;Jd»)¶ /῍ Od»·eJ,*¤¯µ¶·¸¹º : HAU+  T %»^ ¼[

ῌῌ,

A #E
krst
£t
¤M¥t
; t
¦§<
¨+th

N8

9

T

%

7

01HAJYZ`d:oee 0
!N*

e 0
!N¡¢*

LAPLACIAN©*4,-+*4*/*4+-*©*4+.0*4*-.
©*4+./*4*.,©*4,0,*©*4*/1*4,*1©*4+/+©*4*0**4***©*4*,-*4-,.**©*4++*4*+.
*4+,+©*4+3+©*4*31*4,1-**4,11*©*4*.*©*4+,2*4+,+©*4**+*4+-/*4-*+***4-..**©*4*2/©*4*1.
*4+.*©*4+*+*4*-/*4--/*** ; _hª *.*/ =YZ&«¬C)
** ; _hª *.*+ =YZ&«¬C)

ῌῌ-

A #E
pH (H,O)krst
®¯°±²`d
¦§<
fgh
³´t

N­H

T

%

01HAJYZ`dee 0
!N*

e 0
!N¡¢*

LAPLACIAN"#q:o©*4+-/*4,3**©*4.***©*4,.***4*+*4+/+*4-,***4-1**©*4--***4-/***4,2***4+,©*4+*©*4-/***4/+**©*4-2***4-/***4+1*4,3**©*4*2©*4/.***4.2**©*4-3***4-2***4,.***4,-*©*4*3©*4.3***4-2**©*4-,***4/+***4,3***4+©*4*©*4.1**©*4-0**©*4*©*4+*©*4-1**
©*4*+
©*4*.
*4,,*

* ; /῍ _hª=YZ&«¬C)
** ; +῍ _hª=YZ&«¬C)

 

F6u+$vHAwxyz{V   !"%| HAZ` G % 01}

   ,3 mm year-+  Ap # ++῍ $

&*+$,) -%&'()

 +33/. &/ Ap #

% 0123 4 ῌ5+  %
67 89 :3;<=3>? @ABC)D9&2$v

%~Bs" -pH kr

stF& 3;. 4YZ&o&
Z'
/

&2& :3;<=3)2>

T&HAZ'&*9 ??3*23 %#EF 01 G%~4HAAIZ`T&(+  C, HAJ, dn

 HAAI0HAJFKLMN[/ `d& *.-/*..,  Moore 3;

O0& P)Q)RS>

&-KLM./ >% THAUV GW+C)HAJFP/. 4& HAJXYZ[4 \]; %

3? 0+0Fm^ _3YZZ`&*aC)  H bcde 04 fghij [KLMN^k 01^ YZZ`& l,)KLMN}

412H
P)Q)

%

G

T_W%/ HAJYZ&33fghijm!$n!oHAJ KLMNO0&V4 N

 e G4YR n!&p&m"#q4krst !$YZ`d&2? h Int >,567

 Ats>T %"4 A #E krs

T(45E » 33 ¼ ,**/

8

ΐῌ.

*·
"
Lap ,4/ m
Lap +* m*1¸*2,3 ²0*3*/ ²0²02

*·

"

+4***
*40*2**¹*4,*3¹*4012**¹*4/2+**¹*41./**¹*41.1**¹*41/2**+4****4*,¹*4.,+*¹*4//3**¹*4.30**¹*40*/***4.,.**°±²0H89F(³X´µ¶Lap ,4/ m Lap +* m

+4****40+/***4**0*4+.2*4+*¹*4+-/

*1¸

+4***
*4-.1*+4****40-/***4/,3***40,2***4/****¹*40*3** ¹*4.*****2,3 ²0 *3*/ ²0 ²02+4****42/+**¹*403-**+4***¹*402.**+4***

Lap ,./ m ; ,./ m no( DEM ? %&6{7 LaplacianLap +* m ; +* m no( DEM ? %&6{7 Laplacian   

 pH     !"# pH $%&! '()*+, - .
/ 0

1 22%)*+, ( 

DEM 34567899:(;<(=>

>?=@&A7!( #B =C#899:?D7=E# #$56789

F-1&G7H2I 'J()*+, 
9:#F?K7& &%2Hῌ῍ῐῑ ῏ῒL 9:M8

NOP(,Q?

RSH7& TE(UVWXYZ?[1 2(M8 +300 3489\]?[^_`a-bc def(gH7&&% YZ, (h34i3j& +2/ m (kVlPk?m=7 ,./ m no  A pq(r=HTs(tu?[1 4YZ8 v! r?[%wxno ,./ m ( DEM ?yz7 89F(6{H 89F?|}D^~&)*+, ( ?[1"3489?=H '(# *.*,
*../ H ($%-!B , , ?

 % 4h34, &31&"'AnH v()i(An-zH%1F4 TE( ?($%H*H A pq%&"%!(( + +k,῎ῌ.

,M8m=7YZA(º3¡¢1&% pqX7& £-(¤7%An$%&>(B An(¥>F? %2H .#E?{2H¤¦2H89/(§¨H7&@4_ V©ª(F?«7 ¬ 737#4'J( )*+, 89

( A p­ ®&(YZ8+* cm (q/{¯(=

²³´µ¶·¸¹ : %&º$HT)U4]^.4»¼

9

m- 4 0 %|ῌ.0 %|pq01! 0) ! "#$%qu}~4.?@ _`¡ 0ῌ g84 

Us-c&'()*+,-. /012)

)¢ _`4@)V7< 0 

34%&&5)6 +,ῌ 7! 4 ¡4£! 9:;748>;?@ A0 BC)U ;)N¤¥M ¦R§O%|§¨

D A  E;F4G%&'()7)©ªE;§O%|  OH«

HIJ K01! L%M)N$H/!

ONPQ RS1T)UV ;2) ­%|4:; UN®v4.! ¯^)q<=

4;3H¬uO%&'(H )O8,44&W)7%& XS7HYZO[\8!
ῐῌ῎ῒ ῏ῑ;4]^_`a4bc'()de01 4Wfg) hijC)k^M4lmn
o A0! "#$ pq01;4]^
rkCV48$ sC)pqHRP8t
=Vquk4bc'(H )U=h8
! vw+T4xy%)U ;4
%&4X?HzO2) FDR ;{Hu|pqH}~! 3*3* m 4)U .0 4pq%|H on   0 2 cm
4:;

Hqu! qu 0  3 ) 1 }~! 1#w%&442) qHR ,./ mDEM HW!
quH_`4k^O:; 4t
IJ

1

 %|^)N$v4g<=7! 0  ,* 4 +1 mm 4_` + ):;*.*+/ m- m- 4 / %|ῌ.- %| 2

῍ῌ/ ,2  )pq01 0 mm 4_` +  *.*, m-

῍ῌ0­qu%|)U:;I°y% ;qu4k¯"M4±#

|} W » 33 ¼ 1,**/

10

ΐῌ1

 




% LAPACIAN    

!&'(

! /¨©ª«?` yz ?v
r yz)^"Y¬$K O­®() |!"#$ %&'() *+) ,-,.

# $%@K¯&°D@KM) H¢ f/0 123 4 ) 5 )±²|}³´µ') ¶·³ v

6 78!9 :;"<= (' >"()  "

>?@' AB) C'DE&FGH82I
J  K

$) MO8p('K%uN'·@KM¸¹ º8YK

LMM8;N> ) MO8

ῒ ῑ ῔ ῐP>(<23"QRKST UH8'#) *+"VW *' >(X 8YK
23

Dalrymple, J.B., Blong, R. J. and Conacher, A. J. (+302) : Z"[>\U]^)

An Hypothetical Nine Unit Landsurface Model.

AB";_` KSTabK

Zeitchrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. Bd., +, : 0*ῌ

O23 498YK,-,./0>() cd
' DEM10.

< 1efg S(hEvans, I.S. (+32*) : An Integrated System of Terraini"jkKhi  l>=P>(' 'Analysis and Slope Mapping. Zeitchrift fur Geo-") m \U8V) DEM

nop(q$K

!9"<=r@KM"s('K

morphologie N.F. Bd., -0 : ,1.ῌ,3/.



Hansen, B., Per Schjonning and Sibbesen, E.(+333) :nS(tuRoughness Indices for Estimation of DepressionK v"<=w (=K#) x yz

Storage Capacity of Tilled Soil Surfaces. Soil & cdY() DEM" K

Tillage Research, /, : +*--+++.
Hasegawa, S. (+331) : Evaluation of Rainfall Inﬁltra-ῌ ῏ ῎ ῍tion Characteristics in a Volcanic Ash Soil byr{@K\L'() |}W ~,"<=) " V K#)Time Domain Reﬂectometry Method. Hydrology& Earth System Sci., + : -*-ῌ-+,.

|} _ ?" K MM8_

King, D., Bourennane, H., Isambert, M. and Macaire, J.

@K>() DEM $cd> J. (+333) : Relationship of the Presence of a Non-'? vR H

Calcareous Clay-Loam Horizon to DEM Attri-

 !Ir W&'(yz> MO8pbutes in a Gently Sloping Area. Geoderma, 23 :%uN hi>(|}W )3/ῌ+++.

v$@KM) "

Miller, M.P., Singer, M. J. and Nielsen, D.R. (+322) : =hi8YK $+ *'V @K#u

Spatial Variability of Wheat Yield and Soil) DEM

Properties on Complex Hills. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., +¡¢£K) nyz@K) ¤¥DEMv ¦§Ub£ 1H/, : ++--ῌ++.+.

DEFGHIJK : +,=>LMNOPQRSTUVWXY

11

Moore, I.D., Gesslere, P.E., Nielsen, G.A. and Peterson,

T.A. (,***) : Modeling Translocation and Disper-

G.A. (+33-) : Soil Attribution Prediction Usingsion of Soil Constituents by Tillage on Sloping

Terrain Analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /1 : ..-ῌ./,.
Park, S. J., McSweeney, K. and Lowery, B. (,**+) :Identiﬁcation of the Spatial Distribution of Soils
Using a Process-based Terrain Characterization.
Geoderma, +*- : ,.3ῌ,1,.
Pennock, D. J. and Corre, M.D. (,**+) : Development
and Application of Landform Segmentation Procedures. Soil and Tillage Res., /2 : +/+ῌ+0,.
Speight, J.G. (+32*) : The Role of Topography inControlling Throughﬂow Generation : A Discussion. Earth Surface Processes, / : +21ῌ+3+.
Timlin, D. J., Pachepsky, Ya., Snyder, V.A. andBryant, R.B. (+332) : Spatial and Temporal Variability of Corn Grain Yield on a Hillslope. Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J., 0, : 10.ῌ11-.
Van Oost, K., Govers, G., Van Muysen, W. and Quine,

Land. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0. : +1--ῌ+1-3.
Woods, L.E. and Schuman, G.E. (+322) : Cultivationand Slope Position E#ects on Soil Organic Matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /, : +-1+ῌ+-10.
Zevenbergen, L.W. and Thorne, C.R. (+321) : Quantitative Analysis of Land Surface Topography. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, +, : .1ῌ/0.

ῌ

+33/ :



Cs 

+-1

  ! 1+ : /1ῌ0,.

"#$%ῌ&'()+330 : *+,-./+,01!

23+,4 pp. +11ῌ+23! 5678
9:;< +32- : +,=>/  ! .1 : 2ῌ+..
?@ABC : ,**. A ++ B ,. C
? ABC : ,**/ A + B ,* C¨ b ¹ 33 º »,**/¼

12

 :



yzz {'| {X, NB;GX%}~,
X,

  :



  !"#$%&'() *+

.

 :


! ,*-* cm >X;

*+[\]) 4',- .

]. Wt ;

 :

s

,c!: \,  )>2/0 "1%23%4 56789: ;<) 'st !M 6- ; `W ,-%=>'!:. ?@,ABC' D

4'`ab)c!:]. s ,}~ EF) CGHI-)";< J#$,KLM ' NOPGQ
RSTU")V1W M

%X, .
CXYZ*+[\]. W W 4^_'";<'.

, `ab)cMd \]. %\'efghij :XklW] , `b)cMdmnb,o' :*+C, -)W  ]X, 2* W



's

(.

'\].  ,¡¢£ -*  Xo2  :' ¤¥2¦W?@*+,p "q .
 :*+X,AB7¨7©W"q'rX 'st'3)o. "qX*+uv !, NB84wX
o:x 4'";<\].

§X%o.

 :`ab,cMd

 .

 :
%'%'I - ª H . ª«¬­4X *+,4®¯[°U [\]. s±{X, ²z³ ´\ X,6 µ AX - ª ¶·W ¸
W].