9Multiple-Sensor Utilization౷‫ݩ‬۷௶၌ဥଔૺΓϋΗȜֳಐ࣎ߗࡄ‫ٳݪ‬อ‫ࢹܥ‬
Earth Observation Researchand application Center
Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency

9.1 ͙̓ͤ㸈̦঵̾5͈̾ȶ࿒ȷFiveȨEyesȩof Midori-㸈
A M S Rࣞ଻ෝζͼ·υ෨༶ৣࠗ
Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer

G L IΈυȜΨσͼιȜΐλ
Global Imager

AMSR

GLIILAS-Τ
I L A S - Τ٨ၻ߿ఱ‫ܨ‬ਔ‫׻‬୤‫ٸ‬໦࢕ࠗ㸈߿
Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-㸈

SeaWinds

S e a W i n d s٬ષ໓۷௶௡౾
SeaWinds
P O L D E R଎ġġġ9.1.1 ͙̓ͤ㸈͈‫ٽ‬۷଎
Fig. 9.1.1 Midori-㸈 overview

POLDER౷ນ฽ৣ࢕۷௶௡౾
Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances౷‫ݩ‬۷௶‫̠࣐̦ିמ‬ςκȜΠΓϋΏϋΈ͉Ȃഩঽ෨ͬ၌ဥ̱̀‫̥༷ͣ׿‬చય͈ૂ༭ͬංͥܿ੅̳́ȃဥ̞ͥഩঽ෨͈෨ಿఝ̷͈͂ঀ̞༷ͅ؊̲̀Ȃအș̈́ૂ༭̦ං̳ͣͦ͘ȃ႕̢͙͊̓ͤ㸈͉ͅ5ర͈౷‫ݩ‬۷௶Γϋ΍̦൏श̯̱̹̦ͦ͘ȂAMSR͂SeaWinds͉ഩ෨ͬȂGLIȂPOLDERȂILAS-㸈͉‫خ‬ণ̥ͣ୤‫ٸ‬஌͈ഩঽ෨ͬ၌ဥ̱̳͘ȃ൳̲ഩ෨Γϋ΍́͜ȂAMSR͉చય̥ͣুடͅ༶ৣ̯ͦͥഩ෨ͬ௶೰̳͈ͥͅచ̱ȂSeaWinds͉ഩ෨ͬచયͅચৣ̱Ȃ࿗̩̽̀ͥഩ෨͈‫̱̀௶̯ࠗͬޑ‬చય͈ૂ༭ͬං̳͘ȃ̭͈̠͢ͅȂ͙̓ͤ㸈͉အș̈́ȶ࿒ȷͬ঵̤̽̀ͤȂ౷‫͈ݩ‬အঊͬఉ‫ڙ‬എȆ௙ࣣഎͅ௴̢̳͘ȃGLI͂AMSR͉JAXAȂILAS-㸈͉۪‫ޏ‬જȂSeaWinds͉NASAȂPOLDER͉CNEȘ̷̸ͦͦ‫ٳ‬อ̱̱̹͘ȃ
Earth-observing satellites use remote sensing techniques that can remotely obtain information on specific targets by using
electromagnetic waves. We can obtain various types of information, depending on wavelengths and methods. Of the five Earthobserving instruments aboard Midori-Τ, AMSR and SeaWinds use radio wavelength and GLI, POLDER, and ILAS-Τ use thewavelengths between visible and infrared. While AMSR observes natural radio emissions, SeaWinds sends radio pulses andmeasures the intensity of the returned signal from the target. Using these various eyes, Midori-Τ performs comprehensive, diversified
observations of Earth's features. GLI and AMSR were developed by JAXA; ILAS-Τ by the Ministry of the Environment; SeaWinds byNASA; and POLDER by CNES.

଎ġġġ9.1.2 ͙̓ͤ㸈‫͂ିמ‬۷௶Γϋ΍͈‫ٽ‬۷
Fig. 9.1.2 Overview of Midori-㸈satellite and observation sensors55

9.2 ٬࿂କ‫أ‬۷௶̤̫ͥͅAMSR͂GLI͈ໝࣣ၌ဥCombined Use of AMSR and GLI for Sea Surface Temperature Observation
GLI SST on April 10, 2003

AMSR SST on April 10, 2003

44N

44N
1643N

1543N

141342N

42N
121141N

41N

40N

40N

1098739N

639N

5438N

38N
3237N

37N
1036N
141E

142E

143E

144E

145E

146E

147E

148E

149E

36N
141E

[͠]
142E

143E

144E

145E

147E

148E

010

2030 [͠]149E

଎ġġġ9.2.1ȁGLIȪऒȫ͂AMSRȪֲȫͥ͢ͅȂ2003ා4࠮10඾͈඾ུ൐‫̫̤ͥͅ߃ັ܅‬٬࿂କ‫ْأ‬௨ٜ௨ഽ͂‫ޣג͈׌‬ȪGLIْ௨ֲ‫͈ئ‬ฒ̞໐໦ȫ͈֑̞̦໦̥ͥȃ଎ 9.2.2ȁ2005ා5࠮10඾͈NGSST-Oْ௨
ȪNGSST‫ٳ‬อΈσȜίै଼Ȇ೹‫ރ‬ȫ

Fig. 9.2.1ȁSea surface temperature images over the east coast of Japan by GLI (left) and AMSR (right) on April 10, 2003
This shows the differences in spatial resolution and cloud effect (white areas in lower-right of GLI image).

Fig. 9.2.2ȁExample of the NGSST- O image on May 10, 2005
(produced and provided by the NGSST group)։̈́ͥ෨ಿఝ́۷௶࣐̠ͬΓϋ΍͈ழ̵͙ࣣ͉ͩȂအș̈́၌ത̹̱̳ͬͣ͘͜ȃAMSR
͂GLI͉͂͜ͅ٬࿂କ‫͈أ‬۷௶࣐̞̳̦ͬ͘Ȃ̷̸ͦͦͅಿਫ਼͂ౣਫ਼ͬ঵̞̳̽̀͘ȃ
AMSR̦ဥ̞ͥഩ෨͉́‫̹̞̯͛઀̦ޣג͈׌‬ອഽ͈̞ࣞ۷௶̦‫خ‬ෝ̳̦́Ȃߗ‫ۼ‬എٜ̈́௨ഽ͉ၻ̵̩̜ͤͭ͘ȃ༷֚ȂGLI̦ဥ̞ͥ୤‫ٸ‬஌͉́‫͈֖׌‬۷௶͉ະ‫خ‬ෝ̳̦́Ȃୀഛ֖͉́٬࿂କ‫͈أ‬ळ̥̈́ࢹ௮́͘෤՜̧̳̭̦̳ͥ͂́͘ȃ஼༷͈ΟȜΗͬ໵ဥ̳̭ͥ͂́Ȃࡽ̞͈৻തͬ࣪໚̱̹۷௶̦‫خ‬ෝ̳͂̈́ͤ͘ȃࢵͅȂၰ৪ͬဏࣣ̱̹ࣞഽ̈́ΟȜΗΓΛΠ͜‫ٳ‬อ̯̞̳ͦ̀͘ȃ଎9.2.2͉ȂAMSR-EȂMODISȂAVHRRȂGOESΟȜΗͬဥ̞̀೰ુഎͅै଼̯̞ͦ̀ͥ‫ٸ‬ဢ֖૧ଲయ٬࿂କ‫ْأ‬௨͈႕ͬা̱̞̳̀͘Ȫయນȁ୼ఆࢤ൐ཤఱ‫ޗڠ‬਎ȫȃ

56146EA combination of sensors that use different wavelengths brings various advantages. Althoughboth AMSR and GLI observe the sea surface temperature, each of them has its own advantages
and disadvantages. Although AMSR can perform frequent measurements using radio waves thatare less affected by clouds, its spatial resolution is coarse. GLI can capture the detailed features ofSST patterns under clear sky, but infrared measurement of GLI is not possible through clouds.
Combining these two sensors overcomes these weaknesses. Furthermore, a more advanced
merged dataset is being developed. Fig. 9.2.2 presents an example of an image from the New
Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ocean (NGSST-O, led by Professor Hiroshi
Kawamura of Tohoku University) using AMSR-E, MODIS, AVHRR, and GOES data.

9.3 AMSR͂SeaWindsͥ͢ͅ‫ܨ‬ય͂କ੏۪۷௶

Observation of Weather and Water Cycle by AMSR and SeaWinds
Hurricane ISABEL : Sept. 13, 2003

AMSR Water Vapor and SeaWinds Wind Vector : May, 2003
70N

30N
3060N

2550N
40N

2030N

1053AMSR Rain RateAMSR Water Vapor

1520N
10N
EQ10S20S

230S
140S[mm]0.5

50S

060S[mm/h]

70S

69W 68W 67W 66W 65W 64W 63W 62W 61W 60W 59W 58W 57W 56W 55W
30060E120E180120W60W

030 [m/s]

Sea Winds Wind Vector [m/s]0଎ġġġ9.3.1ȁAMSRȪࣛକၾȆକ૊‫ܨ‬ၾȫ͂SeaWinds
Ȫ٬ષ໓௸Ȇ໓࢜ȫ͈൳শ۷௶́௴
̢̹Ȃ2003ා9࠮13඾͈ΧςΉȜϋȶͼΎασȷ
Fig. 9.3.1ȁHurricane Isabel simultaneously observed by AMSR (precipitation and watervapor) and SeaWinds (sea surface wind vectors)ర໓͉‫ޑ‬໓ַࣧ̽̀͢͞ͅজ̹̻ͅଃఱ̈́๭‫̦̳̱̹ͣͬ͘͜ٺ‬Ȃ̷͈΀ΥσΆȜ͉٬ဢ̥ͣ૊อ̳ͥକ૊‫̀̽͢ͅܨ‬ဓ̢̳ͣͦ͘ȃAMSR͂SeaWindsͬழ̵͙ࣣ̭ͩͥ͂ͤ͢ͅȂࣛକၾ͞໓࢜Ȇ໓௸̞̹͂̽ర໓͈ೄ୪എ̈́ૂ༭̺̫̩́̈́Ȃ٬࿂କ‫͞أ‬କ૊‫ܨ‬ၾ͈۪̈́̓‫ޏ‬ါ֦͜൳শͅං̧̭̦̳ͥ͂́͘ȃ̭͉ͦͣȂర໓͈อ୆Ȃಎ૤պ౾Ȃ‫ޑ‬ഽ͈۬ণ͞ထ௶ͅခ̜࢘́ͤȂ࡛ު‫ܨ‬ય۷௶̵͉̥̞ࠧ̈́ͅૂ༭̞̳͂̈́̽̀͘ȃ̹͘ȂSeaWindsͥ͢ͅ٬ષ໓௸Ȇ໓͉࢜Ȃ٬ဢષ͈́ఱ‫͈ܨ‬൲̧ͬা̱̞̳̀͘ȃ
AMSŔ۷௶̯ͦͥକ૊‫ܨ‬ၾࣛ͞କၾ̈́̓͂໵̵ٜ̀ଢ଼̳̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅȂ౷‫ܰݩ‬࿅͈କ͈֊൲͞ਓ௵͈အঊȂ૊อࣛ͞କͥ͢ͅ٬ဢ͂ఱ‫͈ۼ͈ܨ‬କ͈ͤ৾ͤ̈́̓͞Ȃକ੏۪͈အ
ঊͬ௴̢̧̭̦̳ͥ͂́͘ȃ

102030405060 [mm]଎ġġġ9.3.2 2003ා5࠮͈AMSRକ૊‫ܨ‬ၾ͂SeaWinds٬ષ໓α·Πσ͈ਹ̵ْ͇ࣣͩ௨
Fig. 9.3.2 Composite image of AMSR water vapor and SeaWinds sea surface wind vectors in May 2003

Typhoons, which bring us devastating damage from strong winds and heavy precipitation, are fed
energy by water vapor evaporating from the oceans. Combining AMSR and SeaWinds provides
direct information on typhoons, including precipitation and wind vector, and simultaneously,
environmental factors such as water vapor and SST. These are useful for monitoring and forecasting
typhoon generation, center position, and intensity. This information becomes indispensable inoperational weather observations.
Sea surface wind vectors indicate atmospheric motion over the ocean. Combining the AMSRderived parameters including water vapor and precipitation with the wind vectors of SeaWinds canhelp us determine water circulation, including global water transportation and convergence, andexchange of water between ocean and atmosphere through evaporation and precipitation.

57