ਓ޻஌ೳ͕࡞Γม͑Δࣾձͱͦͷྙཧత՝୊‫ٱ‬໦ాਫੜ2018 ೥ 3 ݄ 25 ೔ࢢຽެ։γϯϙδ΢Ϝʮ৘ใྙཧͱਓ޻஌ೳɾϩϘοτʕʕͦͷ՝୊Λߟ͑Δʯ‫ࢠঁ౎ژ‬େֶ

1 ͸͡Ίʹਓ޻஌ೳ͸‫ࡏݱ‬ɺ‫ٸ‬଎ʹൃల͠ɺ࣮༻Խ͞Εͭͭ͋ΔɻͦΕ͸༷ʑͳ఺ͰࣾձΛม͑ΔͩΖ͏ɻͦͷ͜ͱ͸·༷ͨʑͳྙཧత‫ؚ‬ҙΛ࣋ͭɻ͜ͷൃදͰ͸ਓ޻஌ೳ͕΋ͨΒ͠͏ΔࣾձͷมԽͱͦͷ͜ͱ͕΋ͨΒ͢ྙཧత՝୊ʹ͍ͭͯɺ͍͔ͭ͘ͷ۩ମతͳྫΛऔΓ্͛ͳ͕Β࿦͡Δɻ

2 ςΫϊϩδʔͱਓؒ
2.1 ഔհͱͯ͠ͷςΫϊϩδʔςΫϊϩδʔ͸ਓؒͱੈքͷʮഔհʯɺ͋Δ͍͸ʮΠϯλʔϑΣΠεʯͰ͋Δͱ͍͏ߟ͑ํ͕͋Δɻͭ·Γࢲͨͪ͸ςΫϊϩδʔΛ௨ͯ͡ੈքͱ૬‫͢༻࡞ޓ‬Δͱ͍͏͜ͱͰ͋Δɻ͜ͷ૬‫ʹ༻࡞ޓ‬͸ೋͭͷํ޲ੑ͕͋ΔɻͦΕ͸ʮೝ஌ʯͱʮߦಈʯͰ͋Δɻࢲͨͪ͸ςΫϊϩδʔΛ௨ͯ͡ੈքʹ͍ͭͯͷ৘ใΛ֫ಘ͢Δʢೝ஌ʣҰํͰɺςΫϊϩδʔΛ௨ͯ͡ੈքʹରͯ͠ಇ͖͔͚Δʢߦಈʣɻ͜ͷೝ஌ͱߦಈͷؒΛͭͳ͙ͷ͕ࢲͨͪͷࢥߟͱ൑அɺҙࢥܾఆͰ͋Δɻࢲͨͪ͸ੈքʹ͍ͭͯ֫ಘͨ͠৘ใʹ‫ߟࢥ͍ͯͮج‬ɺ൑அɺҙࢥܾఆ͠ɺͦͯͦ͠Εʹैͬͯߦಈ͢ΔɻΑΓΑ͍৘ใ͕ಘΒΕΕ͹ɺࢲͨͪ͸ޮ཰తͳߦಈɺ͢ͳΘͪগͳ͍ίετͱϦεΫͰେ͖ͳརӹΛ΋ͨΒ͢Α͏ͳߦಈΛͱΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ͔͠͠ͳ͕Βਓ޻஌ೳ΍ϩϘοτͷൃల͸͜ͷΑ͏ͳʮഔհʯͱͯ͠ͷςΫϊϩδʔͱ͍͏‫ʹํݟ‬େ͖ͳมߋΛཁ‫͢ٻ‬Δɻͱ͍͏ͷ΋ਓ޻஌ೳ΍ϩϘοτ͸ࣗಈతʹ৘ใॲཧΛߦ͏͜ͱʹΑͬͯɺਓ͔ؒΒࢥߟͱ͍͏࡞‫ۀ‬ͷ࿑ΛऔΓআ͔͘ΒͰ͋Δɻਓ޻஌ೳ΍ϩϘοτʹཔΔ͜ͱʹΑͬͯࢲͨͪ͸΋͸΍ࣗ෼Ͱߟ͑Δ͜ͱͳ͘ɺ͜ͷੈքʹ͓͍ͯޮ཰తͳߦಈΛऔΔʢ͋Δ͍͸ϩϘοτʹ୅ΘΓʹऔͬͯ΋Β͏ʣ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔɻͦΕΏ͑ʹࢲͨͪࣗ਎͕ੈքʹ͍ͭͯʢ͋Δ͍͸ͦ͜ʹ‫·ؚ‬ΕΔଞऀʹ͍ͭͯʣͷ৘ใΛखʹೖΕΔඞཁ΋গͳ͘ͳͬͯ͘Δɻ͜ͷ͜ͱ͸ࢲͨͪͷੈքʹର͢Δଶ౓ɺੈքͱͷ෇͖߹͍ํʹେ͖ͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δɻ

1

2.2 ςΫϊϩδʔͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༧૝͢Δ͜ͱͷ೉͠͞ྫ͑͹మ৚໢ʹ͍ͭͯߟ͑Α͏ɻ΋ͱ΋ͱ͸ΞϝϦΧͷϏδωεϚϯ͕ՈசΛғ͏ͨΊͷಓ۩ͱͯ͠ߟҊͨ͠΋ͷͩͬͨɻ҆ՁͰઃஔ͕༰қͩͬͨͨΊଟ͘ͷ೶Ո͕͜ΕΛ༻͍ɺͦͷ͜ͱ͸ΞϝϦΧʹ͓͍ͯ޿େͳ౔஍ͷ࠭യԽΛҾ͖‫ͨ͜͠ى‬ɻ͞Βʹమ৚໢͸ຊདྷͷ໨తͷͨΊ͚ͩͰ͸ͳ͘ɺଟ͘ͷਓʑΛִ཭ɾ஄ѹ͢ΔͨΊʹ࢖ΘΕͨɻୈҰ࣍ੈքେઓͰ͸ᆠߺઓΛ௕͘൵ࢂͳ΋ͷʹ͢Δ͜ͱʹߩ‫ͨ͠ݙ‬ɻ͜ͷΑ͏ͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ։ൃऀ΍ॳ‫ظ‬ͷϢʔβʔ͸༧૝Ͱ͖ͨͩΖ͏͔ʁςΫϊϩδʔͷӨ‫͏͍ͱڹ‬΋ͷ͸༧૝͢Δͷ͕೉͍͠ɻςΫϊϩδʔࣗମ͸ࠣࡉͳ΋ͷͰ΋ɺͦΕ͕ࣾձͱ͍͏ෳࡶͳγεςϜͷதʹ૊Έࠐ·Εͨͱ͖ʹɺͲͷΑ͏ͳ࢖ΘΕํΛͯ͠ɺͲͷΑ͏ͳ௕‫ظ‬తͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ͔࣋ͭͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸ɺ୭ʹ΋෼Βͳ͍ɻ

2.3 ςΫϊϩδʔ͸தཱ͔ʁ͠͹͠͹ʮςΫϊϩδʔͦΕࣗମ͸Ձ஋தཱతͳ΋ͷͰɺͦΕΛྑ͍΋ͷʹ͢Δͷ΋ѱ͍΋ͷʹ͢Δͷ΋ਓؒ࣍ୈͩʯͱ͍͏ҙ‫ݟ‬Λࣖʹ͢Δ͜ͱ͕͋Δɻ͔֬ʹਓؒͱશؔ͘ΘΔ͜ͱ͕ͳ͚Ε͹ɺ͍͔ͳΔςΫϊϩδʔ΋ળͰ΋ѱͰ΋ͳ͍͜ͱ͸͔֬Ͱ͋Δɻ͔ͦ͠͠Ε͕ਓؒͱ૬‫͢༻࡞ޓ‬Δͱ͖ɺ͋ΔςΫϊϩδʔ͸ଞͷςΫϊϩδʔΑΓ΋ѱ༻ɾཞ༻͞Ε΍͍͢όΠΞεΛ͍࣋ͬͯΔͱ͍͏͜ͱ΋·͔ͨ֬Ͱ͋Δɻྫ͑͹ຑༀ͸࢖͍ํʹΑͬͯ͸ༀʹͳΔͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸ࣄ࣮͕ͩɺ͔͠͠ѹ౗తʹѱ༻ɾཞ༻͞Ε΍͍͢όΠΞεΛ͍࣋ͬͯΔɻͦ͏͍ͬͨςΫϊϩδʔͷதʹ͸ɺਓؒͷ৺ཧ΍ੜཧɺ͋Δ͍͸ࣾձͷγεςϜͷ੬ऑੑΛϋοΩϯά͢Δ͜ͱʹΑͬͯɺਓؒʹ΄ͱΜͲརӹΛ༩͑Δ͜ͱͳ͘ɺΉ͠Ζଟ͘ͷ֐ѱΛ༩͍͑ͯΔʹ΋ؔΘΒͣɺࣾձʹຮԆ͍ͯ͠Δ΋ͷ͕͋Δ*1 ɻྫ͑͹ΞϝϦΧࣾձʹ͓͚Δॐʹ͍ͭͯߟ͑ͯΈΑ͏ɻΞϝϦΧͰ͸೥ؒ 1 ສਓҎ্ͷࠃຽ͕ॐʹΑ໋ͬͯΛམͱ͓ͯ͠Γɺͦͷதʹ͸༮ࣇʹΑΔൃ๒ࣄ‫ނ‬΋ 20 ݅΄Ͳ΋‫·ؚ‬Ε͍ͯΔ*2 ɻ͜Ε͚ͩͷඃ֐ΛҾ͖‫͜ى‬͍ͯ͠Δʹ΋͔͔ΘΒͣɺॐ͕‫੍͞ن‬Εͳ͍ͷʹ͸༷ʑͳཁҼ͕͋Δ͕ɺͦͷҰͭͱͯ͠ਓ͕ؒ૬‫ͯͬ࣋ʹޓ‬͍Δଞऀ΁ͷෆ৴ͱ‫ܯ‬ռ৺͕͋ΔɻॐΛ‫੍ͯ͠ن‬΋͋͘Ͳ͍ਓؒͨͪ͸Ͳ͏ʹ͔ͯ͠ॐΛ࣋ͪଓ͚ΔͩΖ͏ɻͦ͏ͳΕ͹ਖ਼௚ʹॐΛख์ͨ͠ਓ͕ؒෆརͳঢ়‫ʹگ‬ஔ͔ΕΔɻ͕ͨͬͯࣗ͠෼͸ॐΛख์͢Θ͚ʹ͸͍͔ͳ͍ɺͱ͍͏ϩδοΫͰ͋Δɻଟ͘ͷਓ͕͜ͷΑ͏ʹߟ͍͑ͯΔ‫ݶ‬Γɺͻͱͨͼॐ͕ຮԆͯ͠͠·ͬͨࣾձ͔ΒॐΛऔΓআ͘͜ͱ͸ࠔ೉Ͱ͋Δɻ͜Ε͸ήʔϜཧ࿦ʹ͓͚ΔʮनਓͷδϨϯϚʯతͳঢ়‫͋Ͱگ‬ΓɺҰਓҰਓ͕߹ཧతʹࢥߟͯ͠ҙࢥܾఆͨ݁͠Ռͱͯ͠ɺશମͱͯ͠རӹͷগͳ͍બ୒Λͯ͠͠·͏ɻ͜Ε͸ਓؒͷ৺ཧͷ੬ऑੑʹϋοΩϯάͯ͠ςΫϊϩδʔ͕ຮԆ͍ͯ͠ΔྫͰ͋ΔɻΑΓ௚઀తͳϋοΩϯάͷྫͱͯ͠͸ຑༀ΍ͨ͹͜ͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷΛߟ͑Ε͹ྑ͍ɻ͜ΕΒ͸ਓؒͷੜཧʹ࡞༻ͯ͠ɺϢʔβʔ͕ͦΕʹґଘ͢ΔΑ͏ʹͤ͞ΔɻϢʔβʔ͸ͦΕΛ࢖༻͢Δ͜ͱͰ݈߁ʹେ͖ͳ֐ΛඃΔʹ΋ؔΘΒͣɺͦΕΛ΍ΊΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɻςΫϊϩδʔʹ͍ͭͯߟ͑Δࡍʹ͸ɺ͜ͷΑ͏ͳਓؒͷ৺ཧɾੜཧͷ੬ऑੑΛߟྀͤͣʹɺʮςΫϊϩδʔ͸தཱʯɺʮςΫϊϩδʔʹΑͬͯੜ͡Δ‫֐ة‬͸ਓؒͷ੹೚ʯͱஅ͡Δ͜ͱ͸ɺςΫϊϩδʔʹ޲͖߹͏ద੾ͳ࢟੎Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻ*1 ʮϋοΩϯά͢Δʯͱ͍͏‫ݴ‬༿͸ςΫϊϩδʔΛٖਓԽͨ͠ද‫͋Ͱݱ‬Δ͕ɺ΋ͪΖΜςΫϊϩδʔʹҙਤ΍໨త͕͋ͬͯͦ͏͍͏͜ͱΛ͍ͯ͠Δͱ͍͏͜ͱΛҙຯ͍ͯ͠ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍ɻ͜ͷ఺ʹ͍ͭͯΑΓৄ͘͠͸‫ٱ‬໦ా [6] ΛࢀরͤΑɻ*2 http://www.euronews.com/2017/01/31/armed-toddlers-kill-twice-as-many-americans-each-year-than-terrorists2ҎԼɺ͍͔ͭ͘ͷྫΛࢀরͯ͠ɺਓ޻஌ೳɾϩϘοτ͕ਓؒ΍ࣾձγεςϜͷ੬ऑੑɺηΩϡϦςΟϗʔϧΛͲͷΑ͏ʹϋοΩϯά͠͏Δ͔ͱ͍͏͜ͱΛ‫ݟ‬Δɻ۩ମతʹ͸ɺιʔγϟϧϩϘοτɺ‫ࣄ܉‬ϩϘοτɺਓ޻஌ೳʹΑΔϓϩϑΝΠϦϯάΛऔΓ্͛Δɻ

3 ιʔγϟϧϩϘοτਓؒʹͱͬͯɺ‫͑߹͠ྗڠʹ͍ޓ‬ΔଞऀΛ‫͚ͭݟ‬Δͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸จࣈ௨Γࢮ‫׆‬Λ෼͔ͭॏཁͳ՝୊Ͱ͋ΓɺͦͷͨΊਓؒ͸ɺଞऀ͕‫ྗڠ‬తͰ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ɺ૬ख͕ͪ͜Βʹରͯ͠޷ҙతͰ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ͷαΠϯʹහ‫ײ‬Ͱ͋Δɻྫ͑͹‫ޠݴ‬शಘલͷ༮ࣇͰ΋ɺ‫ྗڠ‬తͳΤʔδΣϯτͱඇ‫ྗڠ‬తͳΤʔδΣϯτΛ۠ผͯ͠ɺલऀʹ
ର͢Δબ޷Λࣔ͢ͱ͍͏͜ͱ͕෼͔͍ͬͯΔʢCf. Hamlin, Wynn and Bloom [1], Kanakogi et al. [2]ʣɻ‫ڵ‬ຯਂ͍ͷ͸͜ΕΒͷ‫͍༻ʹڀݚ‬ΒΕͨͷ͕ɺ‫ؙ‬΍࢛֯ͷ‫ز‬Կֶతͳ‫ʹܗ‬໨Λ෇͚ͨΩϟϥΫλʔͰ͋Δͱ͍͏͜ͱͰ͋Δɻຊ෺ͷਓؒͱ͸͔͚཭Εͨ‫ͨݟ‬໨Ͱ͋Γͳ͕Βɺ༮ࣇͨͪ͸ͦ͜ʹҙਤ΍໨తΛಡΈࠐΈɺͦͯ͠‫ྗڠ‬తͰ͋Δ͔ͳ͍͔Λ۠ผ͍ͯͨ͠ͷͰ͋ΔɻιʔγϟϧϩϘοτ͸ɺϢʔβʔʹରͯ͠޷ҙతͰ͋ΔΑ͏ͳ‫ݴ‬ಈΛൃ͢Δ͜ͱͰɺϢʔβʔ͔ΒѪணΛ࣋ͨΕΔΑ͏ʹઃ‫͞ܭ‬Ε͍ͯΔɻ৺ཧֶऀͷγΣϦʔɾλʔΫϧ͸͜ͷ͜ͱΛʮμʔ΢ΟϯͷϘλϯΛԡ͢ʯͱද‫͢ݱ‬ΔʢTurkle [5]ʣɻྙཧֶऀͷϩόʔτɾεύϩʔ͸ɺιʔγϟϧϩϘοτ͸ϢʔβʔʹʮϩϘοτ͕ࣗ෼ͷ͜ͱΛ‫͍͚͔ͯʹؾ‬Δʯͱ͍͏‫ݬ‬૝Λ࣋ͨͤΔ͜ͱʹΑͬͯޮՌΛ্͛Δ͜ͱΛҙਤͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋ΓɺͦΕ͸ٗᛋͰ͋ΓඇྙཧతͰ͋Δͱ൷൑͢ΔʢSparrow [4]ʣɻ‫ٱ‬໦ాɾਆ࡚ɾࠤʑ໦ [7]ɺୈ 5 ষ͸͜Εʹରͯ͠ɺεύϩʔͷΑ͏ͳ൷൑͸ʮӕΛͭ͘΂͖Ͱ͸ͳ͍ʯͱ͍͏ٛ຿Λલఏͱͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Γɺྫ͑͹ޭརओٛతͳཱ৔͔Β͸͜ͷΑ͏ͳ൷൑͸ඞͣ͠΋ଥ౰Ͱ͸ͳ͍͜ͱΛ࿦͍ͯ͡Δɻ‫ٱ‬໦ాΒʹΑΕ͹ɺιʔγϟϧϩϘοτҰൠ͕ඇྙཧతͱ‫͑ݴ‬ΔΑ͏ͳࠜ‫ڌ‬͸ͳ͍ɻ͜ͷ͜ͱ͸͔͠͠ͳ͕ΒιʔγϟϧϩϘοτͷ‫ݥة‬ੑΛແࢹͯ͠ྑ͍ͱ͍͏͜ͱΛҙຯ͠ͳ͍ɻεϚʔτϑΥϯ΍ιʔγϟϧϝσΟΞͷΑ͏ͳςΫϊϩδʔ͕‫ͪͨࢲʹط‬ͷίϛϡχέʔγϣϯͷ࣮ફͱ‫ن‬ൣʹେ͖ͳมԽΛ΋ͨΒ͓ͯ͠ΓɺͦͷӨ‫ڹ‬͸ਙେͰ͋ΔɻιʔγϟϧϩϘοτ͸ͦͷΑ͏ͳ܏޲ʹ͞ΒʹഥंΛ͔͚ΔͩΖ͏ɻ͔͠͠ͳ͕ΒιʔγϟϧϩϘοτ͸ී‫͠ٴ‬ɺࢲͨͪͷੜ‫׆‬ͷҰ෦ʹͳΔͩΖ͏ɻಛʹߴྸԽͷਐΉ೔ຊͰ͸ιʔγϟϧϩϘοτͷٕज़͸ҩྍɾհ‫ޢ‬ͷ෼໺ͰඞਢʹͳΔɻιʔγϟϧϩϘοτΛ‫ٻ‬ΊΔਓʑ͕͍ͯɺιϑτόϯΫ΍ Google ͷΑ͏ͳେ‫͕ͦۀا‬ΕΛചΓ͕ͨΓɺͦͯ͠੓෎͕ͦΕΛ੒௕ઓུͷҰ෦ͱͯ͠ਪਐ͢ΔͩΖ͏ɻ͔ͩΒͦ͜ࢲͨͪ͸ͦͷӨ‫৻͍ͯͭʹڹ‬ॏʹ‫ݕ‬౼͍͔ͯ͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɻ4 ‫ࣄ܉‬ϩϘοτ‫ࣄ܉‬ςΫϊϩδʔͷྺ࢙͸ɺͰ͖Δ͚ͩ཭Εͨ‫͔཭ڑ‬ΒޮՌతʹఢʹμϝʔδΛ༩͑Δํ๏ͷ։ൃͷྺ࢙ͩͬͨɻૉख͔Βɺ‫݋‬ɺ૦ɺ౤ੴɺ‫ٷ‬໼ɺॐɺେ๒ɺϛαΠϧͱɺςΫϊϩδʔͷൃలͱͱ΋ʹɺਓʑ͸ΑΓԕ͔͘ΒΑΓഁյతͳμϝʔδΛఢʹ༩͑Δ͜ͱ͕Մೳʹͳͬͨɻ஍‫ٿ‬ͷཪଆ͔ΒͰ΋ԕִૢ࡞Ͱ͖Δυϩʔϯ͸͜ͷൃలͷҰͭͷ౸ୡ఺Λࣔ͢ը‫ظ‬తͳςΫϊϩδʔͰ͋Δɻͦͯ͠ઓ૪ͷྺ࢙͕ࣔ͢Α͏ʹɺը‫ظ‬తͳ‫ࣄ܉‬ςΫϊϩδʔ͸ઓ૪ͷઓΘΕํɺ໋ͷѻΘΕํΛม͑ͯ͠·͏ɻ2015 ೥ʹʮThe Interceptʯͱ͍͏ΞϝϦΧͷχϡʔεαΠτ͕ɺΞϝϦΧʹΑΔυϩʔϯΛ࢖ͬͨςϩϦετ҉ࡴͷ࣮ଶΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δจॻʢʮυϩʔϯจॻʯͱ‫ݺ‬͹Ε͍ͯΔʣΛ಺෦ࠂൃऀ͔Βೖख͠ɺެ։͠3ͨ*3 ɻͦΕҎલ͔ΒυϩʔϯΛ࢖ͬͨരܸʹΑͬͯɺແؔ܎ͷࢢຽ͕‫͖ר‬ఴ͑ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕໰୊ࢹ͞Ε͍͕ͯͨɺ͜ͷจॻʹΑΕ͹ྫ͑͹ 2012 ೥ͷ 5 ݄͔Β 9 ݄ʹߦΘΕͨ࡞ઓʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺυϩʔϯʹΑͬͯࡴ֐͞Εͨਓؒͷ 8 ׂҎ্͕ຊདྷͷλʔήοτҎ֎ͷਓؒͩͬͨɻੜ਎ͷਓ͕ؒςϩϦετΛऻܸ͢Δ৔߹ͱൺֱͯ͠ɺυϩʔϯΛ࢖ͬͨ࡞ઓͰ͸ۭߴ͔͘Βഁյྗͷ͋ΔϛαΠϧΛλʔήοτΛΊ͕͚ܸͯͪࠐΉ͜ͱʹͳΔɻͦΕΏ͑ʹඞવతʹλʔήοτҎ֎ͷਓؒΛ‫͖ר‬ఴ͑ʹ͢Δ͜ͱɺʮ෇ਵతଛ֐ʯ͕૿͑ΔͷͰ͋Δɻ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ໰୊ʹ΋ؔΘΒͣɺΞϝϦΧ͸·͢·͢υϩʔϯʹཔΔΑ͏ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔɻΞϝϦΧۭ‫ۭߤ܉‬ઓಆ‫ஂ܉‬ͷΧʔϥΠϧ࢘ྩ‫׭‬͸υϩʔϯΛʮઓ৔ʹ͓͚Δ΋ͬͱ΋‫و‬ॏͳࡒ࢈ͷҰͭʯͱ‫*Ϳݺ‬4 ɻຯํ͕ࡴ͞ΕΔ͜ͱͳ͘ɺ૬खΛࡴইͰ͖Δυϩʔϯ͸࢖͏ଆʹͱͬͯ͸ཧ૝తͳฌ‫͋Ͱث‬ΔɻͦͷΑ͏ͳฌ‫ث‬Λ࢖͏ͨΊʹɺઓ৔ʹ͓͚Δ࣮ફͱ‫ن‬ൣ͕ม༰͍ͯ͠ΔɻΦόϚ੓‫ݖ‬͸υϩʔϯʹΑΔ߈ܸΛʮ߹๏తʯɺʮྙཧతʯɺʮ‫໌ݡ‬ʯɺ͔ͭʮਓಓతʯͱশ͍ͯ͠Δ*5 ɻઓ৔ͷओ໾͕ԕִૢ࡞͞ΕΔυϩʔϯ͔ΒΑΓࣗ཯ੑͷߴ͍ฌ‫ʹث‬୅ΘΔ࣌ɺઓ૪ͷઓΘΕํʹΑΓܶతͳมԽ͕‫͖ى‬Δ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɻΞϝϦΧͷ NPOɺFuture of Life Institute ͸ࣗ཯‫ܕ‬ฌ‫ʹث‬൓ର͢Δެ։ॻ؆ͷதͰɺࣗ཯‫ܕ‬ฌ‫ث‬ΛΊ͙ͬͯ৽ͨͳ‫ڝ֦܉‬૪͕‫͜ى‬Δ‫ݥة‬ੑ΍ɺࣗ཯‫ܕ‬ฌ‫͕ث‬ςϩϦετʹར༻͞ΕɺະདྷͷʮΧϥγχίϑʯʹͳΔ‫ݥة‬ੑΛࢦఠ͍ͯ͠Δ*6 ɻࣗ཯‫ܕ‬ฌ‫ث‬͸ਓؒͷฌ࢜ͱҧͬͯ‫ײ‬৘ʹΑͬͯ൑அΛ‫ڰ‬Θ͞ΕΔ͜ͱ͕ͳ͍ͨΊʹɺઓ৔ΛΑΓʮྙཧతʹ͢Δʯͱ͍͏ҙ‫ݟ‬΋͋Δ͕ɺ͔͠͠ࢲͨͪ͸৽͍͠‫ࣄ܉‬ςΫϊϩδʔ͕ઓ৔ΛΑΓ·͠ͳ৔ॴʹͨ͜͠ͱ͸ྺ্࢙͔ͭͯͳ͔ͬͨ͜ͱΛ஌͍ͬͯΔɻ

5 ϓϩϑΝΠϦϯάΩϟγʔɾΦχʔϧ [3] ͸ɺ༷ʑͳσʔλʹ‫ֶ਺ͮ͘ج‬తͳϞσϧʹΑͬͯਓؒΛ෼ྨ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ɺࣾձʹ༗֐ͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λ‫͍ͯ͠΅ٴ‬Δ͜ͱʹ‫ܯ‬৊Λ໐Β͍ͯ͠Δɻ൴ঁ͸ෆެฏͰɺେ੎ͷਓؒʹ֐Λ༩͑Δɺෆಁ໌ͳ਺ֶతϞσϧΛʮweapons of math destruction (WMDs)ʯͱ‫ͼݺ‬ɺ൷൑͢Δɻ൴ঁ͕‫͍ͯ͛ڍ‬ΔྫͷҰͭ͸༧ଌ‫͋Ͱ࡯ܯ‬Δɻա‫ڈ‬ͷ൜ࡑͷσʔλʹ‫͍ͯͮج‬ɺ͋Δ࣌‫ʹظ‬൜ࡑͷ‫͜ى‬ΔՄೳੑͷߴ͍஍ҬΛ༧ଌ͢Δ਺ֶతϞσϧ͕ΞϝϦΧͰ͸࣮ࡍʹ࢖ΘΕ͍ͯΔ*7 ɻ͔͜͠͠ͷΑ͏ͳϞσϧͷ࣮༻Խʹ͸໰୊͕͋Δɻ൜ࡑ͕ൃੜ͢Δ֬཰͕ߴ͍ͱ༧૝͞Εͨ஍Ҭʹଟ͘ͷ‫׭࡯ܯ‬Λ഑උ͢Ε͹ɺͦͷ৔ॴͰͷ‫਺ڍݕ‬͸౰વ্͕ΔͩΖ͏ɻͦͷ͜ͱ͸͜ͷϞσϧ͕ਖ਼͔ͬͨ͠ͱ͍͏֬ূΛ༩͑Δɻͦͯͦ͠ͷ৔ॴʹॅΉॅਓ͸·͢·͢‫ࢹ؂͍͠ݫ‬ͷ໨ʹ͞Β͞Εɺܰඍͳ൜ࡑͰ΋‫·ัʹ࡯ܯ‬Δ͜ͱʹͳΔɻҰํͰɺ͜ͷ༧ଌ͔Β໔Εͨ஍Ҭͷਓʑ͸ܰඍͳ൜ࡑͳΒ͹ั·Βͳ͍Մೳੑ͕ߴ͘ͳΔɻ൜ࡑ͕ൃੜ͢Δͷ͸ශ͍͠ਓʑ͕฻Β͢஍ҬͰ͋Γɺ͕ͨͬͯ͜͠ͷΑ͏ͳγεςϜ͸ශ͍͠ਓʑΛ͞Βʹۤ͠ΊΔ͜ͱʹͳΓ͔Ͷͳ͍ɻ
͋Δ͍͸ਓࣄ࠾༻ʹ͍ͭͯߟ͑ͯΈΑ͏ɻHireVue ͱ͍͏໘઀ϓϥοτϑΥʔϜ͸ɺީิऀͷ਎ৼΓ΍‫ޠ‬ኮͳͲΛධՁͯ͠ɺͦͷձࣾͷύϑΥʔϚϯεͷߴ͍ࣾһͷ਎ৼΓ΍‫ޠ‬ኮͱ͍ۙॱʹϥϯΫ෇͚͢Δɻͦ͏ͯ͠ϥϯΫͷߴ͍ީิऀʹϦιʔεΛूத͢Δ͜ͱͰɺ໘઀ʹ͔͚ΔίετΛ࡟‫͢ݮ‬Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɺͱ͍͏ͷ
Ͱ͋Δɻ͞Βʹ HireVue ͷαΠτͰ͸ɺʮภ‫ݟ‬Λ‫ݮ‬Β͠ɺެฏͳ‫ج‬४ʹ‫༻࠾͍ͨͮج‬Λ࣮‫ݱ‬ʯͱ΋ᨳΘΕ͍ͯ
Δ*8 ɻ͔͠͠ɺͦ΋ͦ΋਎ৼΓ΍‫ޠ‬ኮͱ͍͏ύϥϝʔλʔΛධՁͷ‫ج‬४ͱͯ͠બΜͩͱ͜Ζʹɺ͜ͷΞϧΰϦ

*3 https://theintercept.com/drone-papers/*4 https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/17/politics/air-force-pilot-shortage/index.html*5 https://www.ft.com/content/dae6552c-84c2-11e2-891d-00144feabdc0*6 https://futureoflife.org/open-letter-autonomous-weapons/*7 ೔ ຊ Ͱ ΋ ਆ ಸ ઒ ‫ ػ ͕ ܯ ݝ‬ց ֶ श Λ ར ༻ ͠ ͨ ༧ ଌ ‫ ࡯ ܯ‬ͷ ࣮ ༻ Խ Λ ‫ ݕ‬౼ ͠ ͯ ͍ Δ ɻhttps://www.asahi.com/articles/

ASL273VLQL27ULOB007.html*8 http://hr-odk.jp/hirevue/4ζϜͷઃ‫ऀܭ‬ͷόΠΞε͕ೖΓࠐΜͰ͍Δɻ͞ΒʹͦͷձࣾͰ͸ಛఆͷδΣϯμʔɺਓछɺग़਎஍ͳͲ͕༏۰͞Ε͍ͯΔͱ͢Ε͹ɺಉ͡Α͏ͳόΠΞεΛ࣋ͬͨબߟ͕ΞϧΰϦζϜʹΑͬͯͳ͞ΕΔͩΖ͏ɻδΣϯμʔ΍ਓछ΍ग़਎஍ͳͲΛ࠾༻ͷ‫ج‬४ʹ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ΞϯϑΣΞͰ͋Δɻ͔͜͠͠ͷΑ͏ͳΞϧΰϦζϜʹΑͬͯɺ໌ࣔతʹͦΕΒͷཁૉʹ‫࣭࣮ʹͣͤٴݴ‬తͳࠩผΛɺ٬‫؍‬తͰภ‫͚͔ͤݟ͏͍ͱ͍ͳ͕ݟ‬ͷ΋ͱʹɺ࣮‫͢ݱ‬Δ͜ͱ͕ՄೳʹͳΔɻ

IoT ͱϏοάσʔλʹΑͬͯ·͢·͢ଟ༷ͰେྔͷσʔλΛར༻͢Δ͜ͱ͕Մೳʹͳ͍ͬͯΔɻͦͯ͠ਓ޻஌ೳ͸͔ͦ͜Βࢲͨͪͷߦಈ΍ೳྗɺ൜ࡑత܏޲ɺಛఆͷප‫͔͔ʹؾ‬ΔՄೳੑͳͲͳͲʹ͍ͭͯɺ༧ଌΛཱͯΔɻσʔλΛ‫͖Ͱ༻׆‬Δ‫ۀا‬͸ലେͳརӹΛ্͛Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔҰํͰɺͦΕ͸Ұ෦ͷਓؒΛ٘ਜ਼ʹ͍ͯ͠Δɻ

6 ऴΘΓʹόϦʔɾϨϰΟϯιϯ‫؂‬ಜͷөըʰϫάɾβɾυοάʱͷ๯಄Ͱ͸ʮ‫͕ݘ‬৲ඌΛৼΔͷ͸ͳ͔ͥɻ৲ඌΑΓ‫͔͍ݡ‬Βͩɻ΋͠৲ඌͷํ͕‫͚ݡ‬Ε͹ɺ৲ඌ͕‫ݘ‬ΛৼΔʯͱ͍͏δϣʔΫ͕‫͛ܝ‬ΒΕΔɻ͜ͷδϣʔΫΛ΋ͬͯ͡ࢲ͸࣍ͷΑ͏ʹ‫͍͍͍ͨݴ‬ɻʮਓ͕ಓ۩Λ࢖͏ͷ͸ͳ͔ͥɻಓ۩ΑΓ‫͔͍ݡ‬Βͩɻ΋͠ಓ۩ͷํ͕‫͚ݡ‬Ε͹ɺಓ۩͕ਓΛ࢖͏ʯɻ͜Ε͸͔͠͠δϣʔΫͰ͸ͳ͍ɻ·͢·͢εϚʔτʹͳΔಓ۩ʹΑͬͯਓ͕ؒ࢖ΘΕ͍ͯΔͱ‫ͯͬݴ‬΋͍͍Α͏ͳঢ়‫گ‬Λࢲͨͪ͸͋ͪͪ͜Ͱ໨ͷ౰ͨΓʹ͍ͯ͠Δɻ্ड़ͷΩϟγʔɾΦχʔϧ͸਺ֶతϞσϧʹ͍ͭͯɺͦΕ͸ʮࢲͨͪͷಓ۩Ͱ͋Δ΂͖Ͱɺࢧ഑ऀͰ͋Δ΂͖Ͱ͸ͳ͍ʯͱड़΂͍ͯΔ
ʢ[3], p. 207ʣɻࢲ͕ͨͪಓ۩ʹ࢖ΘΕͳ͍ͨΊʹ͸Կ͕ඞཁͳͷ͔ɻಓ۩ΑΓ΋‫ͳ͘ݡ‬Δ͜ͱͰ͋Δɻͦͷಓ۩͕ԿΛ໨తͱͯ͠࡞ΒΕͨͷ͔ɺͲͷΑ͏ͳ࢓૊ΈͰಇ͍͍ͯΔͷ͔ɺͦͷಓ۩ʹΑͬͯ୭͕໥͚͍ͯΔͷ͔ɺͩΕ͕౿Έ͚ͭʹ͞Ε͍ͯΔͷ͔ɺͲͷΑ͏ͳ௕‫ظ‬తͳӨ‫͕͋ڹ‬Γ͏Δͷ͔ɻͦ͏͍ͬͨ͜ͱʹ஫ҙΛ޲͚͓ͯ͘͜ͱ͕ॏཁͰ͋Δɻࢀߟจ‫ݙ‬[1] J. K. Hamlin, K. Wynn, and P. Bloom. Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature, 450:415–424,
2007.
[2] Y. Kanakogi, Y. Inoue, G. Matsuda, D. Butler, K. Hiraki, and M. Myowa-Yamakoshi. Preverbal infants affirm third-party interventions that protect victims from aggressors. Nature Human Behaviour,
2017.
[3] C. O’Neil. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Penguin Books, 2017.
[4] R. Sparrow. The march of the robot dogs. Ethics and Information Technology, 4(4):305–318, 2002.
[5] S. Turkle. Authenticity in the age of digital companions. In M. Anderson and S. L. Anderson, editors,
Machine Ethics, pages 62–76. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
[6] ਫੜ ‫ٱ‬໦ా. ഴͱϖούʔ — ςΫϊϩδʔͱਓؒͷ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬. ਓ޻஌ೳ, 32(5):653–659, 2017.
[7] ਫੜ ‫ٱ‬໦ా, એ࣍ ਆ࡚, and ୓ ࠤʑ໦. ϩϘοτ͔Βͷྙཧֶೖ໳. ໊‫ݹ‬԰େֶग़൛ձ, ໊‫ݹ‬԰, 2017.

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