CBD
Distr.
GENERAL
CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
19 December 2022
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Fifteenth meeting – Part II
Montreal, Canada, 7-19 December 2022
Agenda item 9A
DECISION ADOPTED BY THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
15/4.

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

The Conference of the Parties,
Recalling its decision 14/34, in which it adopted the preparatory process for the development of the
post-2020 global biodiversity framework and decided to establish an open-ended intersessional working
group to support its preparation,
Noting the outcomes of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth meeting of the Open-ended Working
Group on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, of the regional and thematic consultations andworkshops conducted based on decision 14/34 and of the intersessional work conducted on digital sequence
information on genetic resources,1Noting also the outcomes of the eleventh meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on
Article 8(j) and Related Provisions, of the twenty-third and twenty-fourth meetings of the Subsidiary Body
on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice and of the third meeting of the Subsidiary Body on
Implementation,2Expressing its gratitude to the following Governments and organizations for hosting these
consultations, as well as for their financial contributions: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Czechia, Kenya, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malta, Monaco,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden,
Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Uruguay, as well as the African
Union, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Environment
Programme, the United Nations Development Programme and Tourism Montreal
Expressing its gratitude to the Co-Chairs of the Open-ended Working Group on the Post-2020
Global Biodiversity Framework, Mr. Basile van Havre (Canada) and Mr. Francis Ogwal (Uganda), forsupporting the development of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework,
Welcoming the submissions by Parties, other Governments, indigenous peoples and local
communities, United Nations organizations and programmes, other multilateral environmental agreements,
1

https://www.cbd.int/conferences/post2020

2

CBD/WG8J/11/7, CBD/SBSTTA/23/9, CBD/SBSTTA/24/12 and CBD/SBI/3/21, respectively.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 2subnational governments, cities and other local authorities, intergovernmental organizations,non-governmental organizations, women’s groups, youth groups, the business and finance community, thescientific community, academia, faith-based organizations, representatives of sectors related to or
dependent on biodiversity, citizens at large, and other stakeholders and observers providing views on thedevelopment of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework,
Alarmed by the continued loss of biodiversity and the threat that this poses to nature and humanwell-being,
Emphasizing therefore the need for a balanced and enhanced implementation of all provisions of
the Convention, including its three objectives,
1.
Adopts the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, as contained in the annex
to the present decision;2.
Notes that the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
will be supported by the following decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth meeting
and affirms that these decisions are of equal standing to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework;(a)Decision 15/5 on the monitoring framework for the Kunming-Montreal Global
Biodiversity Framework;(b)

Decision 15/6 on planning, monitoring, reporting and review;(c)Decision 15/7 on resource mobilization;(d)cooperation;

Decision 15/8 on capacity-building and development and technical and scientific(e)Decision 15/9 on digital sequence information on genetic resources;(f)

Decision 15/13 on cooperation with other Conventions and international organizations.

3.
Also notes that the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework will be supported by relevant decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to the Protocols, in particular the Implementation Plan for the Cartagena Protocol on
Biosafety and the Capacity-building Action Plan for the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety;34.
Urges Parties and other Governments, with the support of intergovernmental and otherorganizations, as appropriate, to implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, and,in particular, to enable participation at all levels of government, with a view to fostering the full andeffective contributions of women, youth, indigenous peoples and local communities, civil society
organizations, the private and financial sectors, and stakeholders from all other sectors, to that end;
5.
Invites Parties and other Governments to cooperate at the transboundary, regional andinternational levels in implementing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework;
6.
Reaffirms its expectation that Parties and other Governments will ensure that the rights ofindigenous peoples and local communities are respected and given effect to in the implementation of theKunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework;
7.
Invites the General Assembly of the United Nations to acknowledge theKunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and to take into account the progress in its
implementation when monitoring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals;
8.
Decides that the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework should be used as a
strategic plan for the implementation of the Convention and its Protocols, its bodies and its Secretariat over3

Decisions CP-10/3 and CP-10/4.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 3the period 2022–2030 and that, in this regard, the Framework should be used to better align and direct thework of the various bodies of the Convention and its Protocols, its Secretariat and its budget according to
the goals and targets of the Framework;
9.
Requests the Executive Secretary to conduct a strategic review and analysis of the
programmes of work of the Convention in the context of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework to facilitate its implementation, and, on the basis of this analysis, to prepare draft updates ofthese programmes of work for consideration by the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical andTechnological Advice and by the Subsidiary Body on Implementation, as appropriate, at meetings during
the period between the fifteenth and sixteenth meetings of the Conference of the Parties, and to report on
this work to the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth meeting.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 4Annex
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
Section A. Background1.
Biodiversity is fundamental to human well-being, a healthy planet, and economic prosperity for all
people, including for living well in balance and in harmony with Mother Earth. We depend on it for food,medicine, energy, clean air and water, security from natural disasters as well as recreation and cultural
inspiration, and it supports all systems of life on Earth.
2.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework seeks to respond to the Global Assessment
Report of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services issued by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform
on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES),4 the fifth edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook,5and many other scientific documents that provide ample evidence that, despite ongoing efforts, biodiversity
is deteriorating worldwide at rates unprecedented in human history. As the IPBES global assessment reportstates:6
An average of around 25 per cent of species in assessed animal and plant groups are threatened,suggesting that around 1 million species already face extinction, many within decades, unless action
is taken to reduce the intensity of drivers of biodiversity loss. Without such action, there will be afurther acceleration in the global rate of species extinction, which is already at least tens to hundredsof times higher than it has averaged over the past 10 million years.
The biosphere, upon which humanity as a whole depends, is being altered to an unparalleled degree
across all spatial scales. Biodiversity – the diversity within species, between species and of
ecosystems – is declining faster than at any time in human history.
Nature can be conserved, restored and used sustainably while other global societal goals are
simultaneously met through urgent and concerted efforts fostering transformative change.
The direct drivers of change in nature with the largest global impact have been (starting with thosewith the most impact) changes in land and sea use, direct exploitation of organisms, climate change,pollution and invasion of alien species. Those five direct drivers result from an array of underlying
causes, the indirect drivers of change, which are, in turn, underpinned by social values andbehaviours (…)The rate of change in the direct and indirect drivers differs among regions andcountries.
3.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, building on the Strategic Plan for
Biodiversity 2011–2020, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievementsof other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broadbased action to bring about a transformation in our societies’ relationship with biodiversity by 2030, in linewith the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals, and ensure
that, by 2050, the shared vision of living in harmony with nature is fulfilled.
Section B. Purpose
4.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework aims to catalyze, enable and galvanize
urgent and transformative action by Governments, and subnational and local authorities, with the
4

IPBES (2019): Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy
Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany.
5
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2020). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Montreal.
6

IPBES (2019): The following paragraphs are taken from key messages A6, A, D and B respectively, of the Summary forpolicymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy
Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 5involvement of all of society, to halt and reverse biodiversity loss, to achieve the outcomes it sets out in its
Vision, Mission, Goals and Targets, and thereby contribute to the three objectives of the Convention on
Biological Diversity and to those of its Protocols. Its purpose is the full implementation of the threeobjectives of the Convention in a balanced manner.
5.
The Framework is action- and results-oriented and aims to guide and promote, at all levels, therevision, development, updating, and implementation of policies, goals, targets, and national biodiversity
strategies and actions plans, and to facilitate the monitoring and review of progress at all levels in a moretransparent and responsible manner.
6.
The Framework promotes coherence, complementarity and cooperation between the Convention
on Biological Diversity and its Protocols, other biodiversity related conventions, and other relevant
multilateral agreements and international institutions, respecting their mandates, and creates opportunities
for cooperation and partnerships among diverse actors to enhance implementation of the Framework.
Section C.

Considerations for the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global
Biodiversity Framework

7.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, including its Vision, Mission, Goals andTargets, is to be understood, acted upon, implemented, reported and evaluated, consistent with thefollowing:
Contribution and rights of indigenous peoples and local communities(a)
The Framework acknowledges the important roles and contributions of indigenous peoples
and local communities as custodians of biodiversity and as partners in its conservation, restoration andsustainable use. The Framework’s implementation must ensure that the rights, knowledge, including
traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, innovations, worldviews, values and practices ofindigenous peoples and local communities are respected, and documented and preserved with their free,prior and informed consent,7 including through their full and effective participation in decision-making, in
accordance with relevant national legislation, international instruments, including the United Nations
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,8 and human rights law. In this regard, nothing in thisframework may be construed as diminishing or extinguishing the rights that indigenous peoples currently
have or may acquire in the future;
Different value systems(b)
Nature embodies different concepts for different people, including biodiversity,
ecosystems, Mother Earth, and systems of life. Nature’s contributions to people also embody different
concepts, such as ecosystem goods and services and nature’s gifts. Both nature and nature’s contributions
to people are vital for human existence and good quality of life, including human well-being, living inharmony with nature, and living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth. The Framework
recognizes and considers these diverse value systems and concepts, including, for those countries thatrecognize them, rights of nature and rights of Mother Earth, as being an integral part of its successful
implementation;
Whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach(c)This is a framework for all - for the whole of government and the whole of society. Its
success requires political will and recognition at the highest level of government and relies on action andcooperation by all levels of government and by all actors of society;7

In this framework, free, prior and informed consent refers to the tripartite terminology of “prior and informed consent” or “free,prior and informed consent” or “approval and involvement”.
8

A/RES/61/295.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 6
National circumstances, priorities and capabilities(d)
The goals and targets of the Framework are global in nature. Each Party would contributeto attaining the goals and targets of the Framework in accordance with national circumstances, priorities
and capabilities;
Collective effort towards the targets(e)
The Parties will catalyse implementation of the Framework through mobilization of broad
public support at all levels;
Right to development(f)
Recognizing the 1986 United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development, 9 theFramework enables responsible and sustainable socioeconomic development that, at the same time,
contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity;
Human rights-based approach(g)
The implementation of the Framework should follow a human rights-based approach,respecting, protecting, promoting and fulfilling human rights. The Framework acknowledges the humanright to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment;10
Gender(h)
Successful implementation of the Framework will depend on ensuring gender equality andempowerment of women and girls, and on reducing inequalities;
Fulfilment of the three objectives of the Convention and its Protocols and their balanced implementation(i)
The goals and targets of the Framework are integrated and are intended to contribute in abalanced manner to the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Framework is tobe implemented in accordance with these objectives, with the provisions of the Convention on Biological
Diversity, and with the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefitsharing, as applicable;
Consistency with international agreements or instruments(j)
The Framework needs to be implemented in accordance with relevant international
obligations. Nothing in this Framework should be interpreted as agreement to modify the rights andobligations of a Party under the Convention or any other international agreement;
Principles of the Rio Declaration(k)
The Framework recognizes that reversing the loss of biological diversity, for the benefit of
all living beings, is a common concern of humankind. Its implementation should be guided by the principlesof the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development;11
Science and innovation(l)
The implementation of the Framework should be based on scientific evidence andtraditional knowledge and practices, recognizing the role of science, technology and innovation;

9

A/RES/41/128.

10

UN General Assembly Resolution 76/300 of 28 July 2022.
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (A/CONF.151/26/Rev.l (vol.I)), United Nations publication, Sales
No. E.93.1.8.
11

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 7
Ecosystem approach(m)This Framework is to be implemented based on the ecosystem approach of theConvention;12Intergenerational equity(n)
The implementation of the Framework should be guided by the principle ofintergenerational equity which aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs and to ensure meaningful participation of younger generations
in decision-making processes at all levels;
Formal and informal education(o)Implementation of the Framework requires transformative, innovative andtransdisciplinary education, formal and informal, at all levels, including science-policy interface studies
and lifelong learning processes, recognizing diverse world views, values and knowledge systems ofindigenous peoples and local communities;
Access to financial resources(p)
The full implementation of the Framework requires adequate, predictable and easily
accessible financial resources;
Cooperation and synergies(q)Enhanced collaboration, cooperation and synergies between the Convention on Biological
Diversity and its Protocols, other biodiversity-related conventions, other relevant multilateral agreements
and international organizations and processes, in line with their respective mandates, including at the global,
regional, subregional and national levels, would contribute to and promote the implementation of the
Framework in a more efficient and effective manner;
Biodiversity and health(r)
The Framework acknowledges the interlinkages between biodiversity and health and thethree objectives of the Convention. The Framework is to be implemented with consideration of the One
Health Approach, among other holistic approaches that are based on science, mobilize multiple sectors,
disciplines and communities to work together, and aim to sustainably balance and optimize the health ofpeople, animals, plants and ecosystems, recognizing the need for equitable access to tools and technologies
including medicines, vaccines and other health products related to biodiversity, while highlighting theurgent need to reduce pressures on biodiversity and decrease environmental degradation to reduce risks tohealth, and, as appropriate, develop practical access and benefit-sharing arrangements.
Section D. Relationship with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
8.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is a contribution to the achievement of the2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. At the same time, progress towards the Sustainable
Development Goals and the achievement of sustainable development in all its three dimensions(environmental, social and economic) is necessary to create the conditions necessary to fulfil the goals andtargets of the Framework. It will place biodiversity, its conservation, the sustainable use of its components
and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, at theheart of the sustainable development agenda, recognizing the important linkages between biological andcultural diversity.

12

Decision V/6.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 8
Section E. Theory of change
9.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is built around a theory of change which
recognizes that urgent policy action is required globally, regionally and nationally to achieve sustainable
development so that the drivers of undesirable change that have exacerbated biodiversity loss will be
reduced and/or reversed to allow for the recovery of all ecosystems and to achieve the Convention’s Visionof living in harmony with nature by 2050.
Section F. 2050 vision and 2030 mission
10.
The vision of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is a world of living inharmony with nature where “by 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used,maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.”
11.

The mission of the Framework for the period up to 2030, towards the 2050 vision is:
To take urgent action to halt and reverse biodiversity loss to put nature on a path to recovery for the
benefit of people and planet by conserving and sustainably using biodiversity and by ensuring thefair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic resources, while providing the necessarymeans of implementation.
Section G. Global goals for 2050

12.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework has four long-term goals for 2050 related
to the 2050 Vision for biodiversity.
GOAL AThe integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored,
substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050;
Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and riskof all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy andresilient levels;
The genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species, is maintained, safeguarding theiradaptive potential.
GOAL B
Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem
functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored,
supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by
2050.
GOAL CThe monetary and non-monetary benefits from the utilization of genetic resources and digital sequence
information on genetic resources, and of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, asapplicable, are shared fairly and equitably, including, as appropriate with indigenous peoples and local
communities, and substantially increased by 2050, while ensuring traditional knowledge associated withgenetic resources is appropriately protected, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable useof biodiversity, in accordance with internationally agreed access and benefit-sharing instruments.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 9GOAL D
Adequate means of implementation, including financial resources, capacity-building, technical andscientific cooperation, and access to and transfer of technology to fully implement the Kunming-Montreal
Global Biodiversity Framework are secured and equitably accessible to all Parties, especially developing
country Parties, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as
countries with economies in transition, progressively closing the biodiversity finance gap of $700 billion
per year, and aligning financial flows with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the2050 Vision for biodiversity.
Section H. Global targets for 2030
13.
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework has 23 action-oriented global targets forurgent action over the decade to 2030. The actions set out in each target need to be initiated immediately
and completed by 2030. Together, the results will enable achievement towards the outcome-oriented goals
for 2050. Actions to reach these targets should be implemented consistently and in harmony with theConvention on Biological Diversity and its Protocols, and other relevant international obligations, taking
into account national circumstances, priorities and socioeconomic conditions.
1. Reducing threats to biodiversity
TARGET 1
Ensure that all areas are under participatory, integrated and biodiversity inclusive spatial planning and/or
effective management processes addressing land- and sea-use change, to bring the loss of areas of highbiodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity, close to zero by 2030, while
respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.
TARGET 2
Ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal
ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions andservices, ecological integrity and connectivity.
TARGET 3
Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, and of marine andcoastal areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions andservices, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected andequitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures,
recognizing indigenous and traditional territories, where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes,
seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully
consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples andlocal communities, including over their traditional territories.
TARGET 4
Ensure urgent management actions to halt human induced extinction of known threatened species and forthe recovery and conservation of species, in particular threatened species, to significantly reduce extinction
risk, as well as to maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wildand domesticated species to maintain their adaptive potential, including through in situ and ex situ
conservation and sustainable management practices, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions tominimize human-wildlife conflict for coexistence.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 10TARGET 5
Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing
overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk ofpathogen spillover, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customarysustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
TARGET 6
Eliminate, minimize, reduce and or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity andecosystem services by identifying and managing pathways of the introduction of alien species, preventing
the introduction and establishment of priority invasive alien species, reducing the rates of introduction andestablishment of other known or potential invasive alien species by at least 50 per cent by 2030, anderadicating or controlling invasive alien species, especially in priority sites, such as islands.
TARGET 7
Reduce pollution risks and the negative impact of pollution from all sources by 2030, to levels that are notharmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, considering cumulative effects, including:(a) by reducing excess nutrients lost to the environment by at least half, including through more efficientnutrient cycling and use; (b) by reducing the overall risk from pesticides and highly hazardous chemicals
by at least half, including through integrated pest management, based on science, taking into account foodsecurity and livelihoods; and (c) by preventing, reducing, and working towards eliminating plastic
pollution.
TARGET 8
Minimize the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increase its resiliencethrough mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, including through nature-based solution
and/or ecosystem-based approaches, while minimizing negative and fostering positive impacts of climate
action on biodiversity.
2. Meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing
TARGET 9
Ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, thereby providing social, economicand environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those most dependent
on biodiversity, including through sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products and services thatenhance biodiversity, and protecting and encouraging customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples andlocal communities.
TARGET 10
Ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably, inparticular through the sustainable use of biodiversity, including through a substantial increase of theapplication of biodiversity friendly practices, such as sustainable intensification, agroecological and other
innovative approaches, contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of theseproduction systems, and to food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity and maintaining nature’s
contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.
TARGET 11
Restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services,such as the regulation of air, water and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as wellas protection from natural hazards and disasters, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based
approaches for the benefit of all people and nature.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 11TARGET 12
Significantly increase the area and quality, and connectivity of, access to, and benefits from green and blue
spaces in urban and densely populated areas sustainably, by mainstreaming the conservation and sustainable
use of biodiversity, and ensure biodiversity-inclusive urban planning, enhancing native biodiversity,
ecological connectivity and integrity, and improving human health and well-being and connection to nature,and contributing to inclusive and sustainable urbanization and to the provision of ecosystem functions andservices.
TARGET 13
Take effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity-building measures at all levels, as appropriate, toensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilization of genetic resources and fromdigital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic
resources, and facilitating appropriate access to genetic resources, and by 2030, facilitating a significant
increase of the benefits shared, in accordance with applicable international access and benefit-sharing
instruments.
3. Tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming
TARGET 14
Ensure the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning anddevelopment processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, environmental
impact assessments and, as appropriate, national accounting, within and across all levels of government andacross all sectors, in particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity, progressively aligning all
relevant public and private activities, and fiscal and financial flows with the goals and targets of thisframework.
TARGET 15
Take legal, administrative or policy measures to encourage and enable business, and in particular to ensurethat large and transnational companies and financial institutions:(a)Regularly monitor, assess, and transparently disclose their risks, dependencies and impacts
on biodiversity, including with requirements for all large as well as transnational companies and financial
institutions along their operations, supply and value chains, and portfolios;(b)Provide information needed to consumers to promote sustainable consumption patterns;(c)Report on compliance with access and benefit-sharing regulations and measures, asapplicable;
in order to progressively reduce negative impacts on biodiversity, increase positive impacts, reduce
biodiversity-related risks to business and financial institutions, and promote actions to ensure sustainable
patterns of production.
TARGET 16
Ensure that people are encouraged and enabled to make sustainable consumption choices, including by
establishing supportive policy, legislative or regulatory frameworks, improving education and access torelevant and accurate information and alternatives, and by 2030, reduce the global footprint of consumption
in an equitable manner, including through halving global food waste, significantly reducing
overconsumption and substantially reducing waste generation, in order for all people to live well inharmony with Mother Earth.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 12TARGET 17
Establish, strengthen capacity for, and implement in all countries, biosafety measures as set out in
Article 8(g) of the Convention on Biological Diversity and measures for the handling of biotechnology anddistribution of its benefits as set out in Article 19 of the Convention.
TARGET 18
Identify by 2025, and eliminate, phase out or reform incentives, including subsidies, harmful forbiodiversity, in a proportionate, just, fair, effective and equitable way, while substantially and progressively
reducing them by at least $500 billion per year by 2030, starting with the most harmful incentives, and scale
up positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
TARGET 19
Substantially and progressively increase the level of financial resources from all sources, in an effective,
timely and easily accessible manner, including domestic, international, public and private resources, inaccordance with Article 20 of the Convention, to implement national biodiversity strategies and actionplans, mobilizing at least $200 billion per year by 2030, including by:(a)
Increasing total biodiversity related international financial resources from developed
countries, including official development assistance, and from countries that voluntarily assume obligationsof developed country Parties, to developing countries, in particular the least developed countries and small
island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, to at least $20 billion per yearby 2025, and to at least $30 billion per year by 2030;(b)
Significantly increasing domestic resource mobilization, facilitated by the preparation andimplementation of national biodiversity finance plans or similar instruments according to national needs,
priorities and circumstances;(c)
Leveraging private finance, promoting blended finance, implementing strategies for raising
new and additional resources, and encouraging the private sector to invest in biodiversity, including throughimpact funds and other instruments;(d)Stimulating innovative schemes such as payment for ecosystem services, green bonds,
biodiversity offsets and credits, and benefit-sharing mechanisms, with environmental and social safeguards;(e)
Optimizing co-benefits and synergies of finance targeting the biodiversity and climate
crises;(f)Enhancing the role of collective actions, including by indigenous peoples and local
communities, Mother Earth centric actions13 and non-market-based approaches including community based
natural resource management and civil society cooperation and solidarity aimed at the conservation of
biodiversity;(g)Enhancing the effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of resource provision and use;
TARGET 20
Strengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and promote
development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation, including throughSouth-South, North-South and triangular cooperation, to meet the needs for effective implementation,
particularly in developing countries, fostering joint technology development and joint scientific research
programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and strengthening scientific research
and monitoring capacities, commensurate with the ambition of the goals and targets of the Framework.

13

Mother Earth Centric Actions: Ecocentric and rights-based approach enabling the implementation of actions towards harmonicand complementary relationships between peoples and nature, promoting the continuity of all living beings and their communities
and ensuring the non-commodification of environmental functions of Mother Earth.

CBD/COP/DEC/15/4
Page 13TARGET 21
Ensure that the best available data, information and knowledge are accessible to decision makers,
practitioners and the public to guide effective and equitable governance, integrated and participatory
management of biodiversity, and to strengthen communication, awareness-raising, education, monitoring,
research and knowledge management and, also in this context, traditional knowledge, innovations, practices
and technologies of indigenous peoples and local communities should only be accessed with their free,prior and informed consent,14 in accordance with national legislation.
TARGET 22
Ensure the full, equitable, inclusive, effective and gender-responsive representation and participation indecision-making, and access to justice and information related to biodiversity by indigenous peoples andlocal communities, respecting their cultures and their rights over lands, territories, resources, and traditional
knowledge, as well as by women and girls, children and youth, and persons with disabilities and ensure thefull protection of environmental human rights defenders.
TARGET 23
Ensure gender equality in the implementation of the Framework through a gender-responsive approach,where all women and girls have equal opportunity and capacity to contribute to the three objectives of theConvention, including by recognizing their equal rights and access to land and natural resources and theirfull, equitable, meaningful and informed participation and leadership at all levels of action, engagement,
policy and decision-making related to biodiversity.
Section I.

Implementation and support mechanism and enabling conditions

14.
Implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the achievement of
its goals and targets will be facilitated and enhanced through support mechanisms and strategies under theConvention on Biological Diversity and its Protocols, in accordance with its provisions and the decisions
adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth meeting.
15.
The full implementation of the Framework will require the provision of adequate, predictable andeasily accessible financial resources from all sources on a needs basis. It further requires cooperation andcollaboration in building the necessary capacity and transfer of technologies to allow Parties, especiallydeveloping country Parties, to fully implement the Framework.
Section J.

Responsibility and transparency

16.
The successful implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework requires
responsibility and transparency, which will be supported by effective mechanisms for planning, monitoring,
reporting and review, forming an agreed, synchronized and cyclical system.15 This includes the following
elements:(a)National biodiversity strategies and action plans, revised or updated in alignment with the
Framework and its goals and targets as the main vehicle for implementation of the Framework, including
national targets communicated in a standardized format;(b)National reports, including the headline and, as appropriate, other indicators in themonitoring framework of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework;(c)
Global analysis of information in national biodiversity strategies and action plans,
including national targets to assess the contribution towards the Framework;

14

Free, prior and informed consent refers to the tripartite terminology of “prior and informed consent” or “free, prior and informed
consent” or “approval and involvement.
15
Decision 15/6 on mechanism for planning, monitoring, reporting and review.

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Page 14(d)Global review of collective progress in the implementation of the Framework, including
the means of implementation, based on national reports and, as appropriate, other sources;(e)Voluntary peer reviews;(f)Further development and testing of an open-ended forum for voluntary country reviews;(g)Information on non-state actor commitments towards the Framework, as applicable.
17.
Parties may take the outcome of the global reviews into account in the future revisions andimplementation of their national biodiversity strategies and action plans, including the provision of meansof implementation to developing country Parties, with a view to improving actions and efforts, as
appropriate.
18.
The mechanisms recognize the specific challenges faced by developing countries and the need forinternational cooperation to support them accordingly. Means of implementation, including
capacity-building and development, and technical and financial support will be provided to Parties,
especially to developing country Parties, to enable the implementation of these mechanisms forresponsibility and transparency, including information on transparency of the support provided andreceived, and provide a full overview of aggregate support provided.
19.
The mechanisms will be undertaken in a facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive manner,respecting national sovereignty, and avoiding placing undue burden on Parties.
20.
Further recommendations on the transparency and responsibility mechanisms will be provided by
the Conference of the Parties as necessary with a view to achieving the goals and targets of the Framework.
21.
Future meetings of the Conference of the Parties will consider and provide any additional
recommendation, as necessary, including on the basis of the outcomes from the reviews, with a view toachieving the goals and targets of the Framework.
Section K. Communication, education, awareness and uptake
22.
Enhancing communication, education, and awareness on biodiversity and the uptake of theKunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework by all actors is essential to achieve its effective
implementation and behavioural change, and to promote sustainable lifestyles and biodiversity values,
including by:(a)
Increasing awareness, understanding and appreciation of the knowledge systems, diverse
values of biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystems functions and services
and traditional knowledge and worldviews of indigenous peoples and local communities as well as of
biodiversity’s contribution to sustainable development;(b)Increasing awareness on the importance of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
and of the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources forsustainable development, including improving sustainable livelihoods and poverty eradication efforts andits overall contribution to global and/or national sustainable development strategies;(c)
Raising awareness among all sectors and actors of the need for urgent action to implement
the Framework, while enabling their active engagement in the implementation and monitoring of progress
towards the achievement of its goals and targets;(d)Facilitating understanding of the Framework, including by targeted communication,
adapting the language used, level of complexity and thematic content to relevant groups of actors,
considering their socioeconomic and cultural context, including by developing material that can betranslated into indigenous and local languages;(e)Promoting or developing platforms, partnerships and action agendas, including with media,
civil society and educational institutions, including academia, to share information on successes, lessons
learned and experiences and to allow for adaptive learning and participation in acting for biodiversity;

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Page 15(f)
Integrating transformative education on biodiversity into formal, non-formal and informal
educational programmes, promoting curriculum on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use ineducational institutions, and promoting knowledge, attitudes, values, behaviours and lifestyles that areconsistent with living in harmony with nature;(g)Raising awareness on the critical role of science, technology and innovation to strengthenscientific and technical capacities to monitor biodiversity, address knowledge gaps and develop innovative
solutions to improve the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
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