
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
./"&
No. 31, p. +- ,. ,**.

 NAPL   PITT
*ῌ **ῌ*ῌῌ ***ῌPrecision analysis of Partitioning Interwell Tracer Testfor estimating a NAPL in aquifer
Junko NISHIWAKI*, Changyuan TANG**, Yasuo SAKURA**
Masaru MIZOGUCHI* and Tsuyoshi MIYAZAKI** Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo** Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University
Abstract
Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test (PITT) developed in the petroleum industry is a useful
method to quantify the volume of Non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in contaminated aquifer.
PITT provides us information about the characterization of the NAPL volume and distribution in
relatively large scale area. When we perform PITT, we use the basic assumption that tracers are
partitioned to NAPL completely during PITT.

However, the assumption is not veriﬁed yet.

Under practical conditions, we have to be careful of (+) loss of NAPL during PITT, (,) NAPL
migration process, (-) sorption of NAPL to organic materials or minerals in aquifer, (.) inhomogeneous tracer partitioning to NAPL because of the heterogeneous NAPL distribution andform, (/) accuracy of measuring tracer partitioning coe$cients.

The purposes of the study are (+)

to estimate the unknown quantity of NAPL placed in a column ﬁlled with glass beads and water,
and in a pipette ﬁlled with water, and (,) to analyze the accuracies of these estimations by PITT
method. As a result, the ratios of estimated NAPL volumes and actual NAPL volumes ranged
from *./3+...

The reliability of NAPL estimation by means of PITT decreased when the ﬂow

rates of tracers were too low.
Key words : PITT, NAPL, column experiment, pipette experiment)BuvGH ;\;w23op+<+     

NAPL "_`xyB zGR+3 56"{ $%!" NAPL

&GR+|}%\B~ =|\=:_`a+< ]=#Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid ; $%&'( )*+,

: =  =    %  L ) -%ῌ./0123456789:;+< =>=,

#Oolman et al., +33/ ; Frind et al., +333(<@)_`a+?-"01@ABCDEFGH ;"G IJKL 9:;+ 01ῌ_`UV\./ῌ,-%M)NO+01PQR+;BSTPQ"U=:B ῌ lῌ ῍ l 

VWX3YZ[2\ +< ]"^ ,-)_`a+῎ 

01bcdefga+\IhiG"jklm+|}) ? #REV( "LB q

n G23op q drfga+\01bcst)* §¨e©e©ª«©o¬©­®¬ ¯++-῏20/1 °¨±o +῏+῏+** ²e©e©ª³´¬©­®¬ ¯,0-῏2/,, µ±o +῏- : PITT NAPL ¶·¸¹ º»¼n¹

!3R+< =>= NAPL c¡G¢£9+"m¤ c¥¦:;

%d&_G ` 31 ¼ ,**.

14 Mayer and Miller, +33,    NAPL 
!"#

$%&'

' NAPL  (  PITT Partitioning Interwell Tracer
Test ) PITT  *  +31* *+,-.

' -/*01234 PITT 
NAPL 

5'4 67 Jin

et al., +33/ 7. 89:!;< Wilson andMackay, +33/ ; Hunkeler et al., +331 ; Deeds et al.,+333, ,*** ; Whitley et al., +333 =>?

=@A

BCDEFGH Jin et al., +331 IJ K

ῌ+Fig. +< PITT »^Schematic diagram of PITT in a ﬁeld.

LMN Young et al., +333 ; Mariner et al., +333
7OPO#MNQ.'4
- PITT  NAPL '4S

/:O 0zEG)!"F)RD

!"S4TU-)

. PITT

iuyFG^!HI
G-.C F

0&+ῌJ+G

V#WXYZS Dwarakanath et al., +333

6oK&  H L#M3) #D[ ῌ NAPL \]$^&N 

NAPL _` ῍ NAPL a!bc ῎ %d$J+e&ῌf&!

 g ' Jin et al.,+331 ῏ (hi# NAPL )jk*!

(hi#+ ῐ lm#U4' Orst,7'4#4
 NAPL  NAPL O&'HP i+ ¡¢&-)+no KN, W Q£4 NAPL v¤+7 NAPL $+7'4]r&J++nop

Lee et al., +332 ; Dwarakanath and Pope, +332 #q

-

+

!¥SHP ]R +!S¦§T]Y R¨ 4' NAPL uv./](  PITT )

q!"+7-4"<w0U4't,,,

 7.#V#xy(z{ !) 

PITT !'U.©Sª7#«V NAPL

#D[+^4'

NAPL |}12~ |}]



PITT

 VN )¥ ¬­ ®7 Jin et al., +33/3 # 4#qbc5.-67)

VN¯

8MN9: NAPL   PITT V#;G9:8 K5.-)^! 4 PITT <9:4 PITT V# NAPL }=12~bc ^!|

>bc

qttp°ttn
KNW±±±±±±±±±±±±,²+ tp +
J+Wh] min tn
Wh] min KN, W 

NAPLῑ +no q X³]

mL min°+ ) Wh] tp, tn &./Y¦Z7CS¦§T



,
,+



´ S q[.S¬­

PITT 

®7 Jin et al., +33/ ; Young et al., +333

PITT 

PITT  ]^&+



:

) PITT 03F?@T" *  *  t i¯±±±±±±±±±,²,[µ¶ i + partitioning ·\ p, O

( ) -<j 0&3CJ+ non-partitioning ·\ n ).D

DD 3HS4.'4

 Cd ]¬¸C*, Cin  ¹ º\L# FGL#) t ]

03AB'  NAPL 

L# C-C*ῌCin-C* )¥

M : }n NAPL F2 rR PITT 6+12

min tf  min tin min 

KNW



-+ 

 .M,P  gRW  NAPL῏ KN, W  

15  

 6  c .M,P ' U
 +* mL  TCE ,.* mL VFW / : + XY

CiN,-
CiW!" ## Ci, N  NAPL  i Ci, W $ i 
%&' ()* , +,(cZ[6 U"
C Y yz0 6 U
C* 62 ,/ /* +** ,** ppm  . \1gRw/U].&IJ^ r - \Q 6 &(no ῌ]j9 + _`K6a No. + ῍ ]j9 ,- ./0"  + -  

_`K6a No. , ῎ +,+12345. 6 34! KN, W&1Q¡¢ , bc6a No. -  No.

- 7

. ,.

809"#(1#  , -

`KU /  ]

+  No. , W£80 TCE U+, " NAPL ":

d-..e¤6(1' TCE >

!" #  ; <(= >$?

@A=%!1# BCD#&"+,d-..]W2e¤6'E' F( , +">E'. G

((345*)9#() &"*He¤+12 No. +  No. - 80 TCE e¤+12¥f¦p

19"Q+12* ];U TCE .", +"+,-.IJK//0!" 6§21 ]U ,`K!jU".2 L110" PITT 2 3* M6

 /.*¨+*- mL 12Yyz

 , +- 456NO!"PQ 7BRC N6 % C*, C 1 !0©

S01 ##B8!T9&#Pª«h'ghs&# Ci, W Ci, N t
 r2 ,. - 7W KN, W-    -,9 7BR10 6
 U

V: *.., (WQ;X + mm YZ[\]<6^Z_ NAPL .=`&

¬r



-,+  

YZ [\]<6YZ ^Z_ ,/ cm i j
X +.2 cm  k ; 2 $ l 8 0&F­

@ PITT abcBR ^Z_BR  >12

MASTER FLEX 1/+3῏*/ 12mn@A!j

 NAPL .d?=`&@ PITT abcBR

 [\&®o¯r ^Z_pqefgBR h ^Z_BR@ABC°c g±62r6 U­s

PITT abc62 efgBR PITT 3

²!j NAPL $l>t³o¯r^Z_Aci!j#D!6 WEk(l NAPL K6 u , NAPL 62 TCE ^Z_v

FGHm?. PITT &(noE'Hpl806 u A, B BR TCE  + ´4µ

IJIq&rBs6 tuBRBRJ

!j' C+  u , WQ , ´4w!j

KLMv12BR C wWxBR P 0n&

' C,  , \6H NAPL yz

BR C+  0.* mL  TCE ^Z_Nl {|Z}~ FID : OP GC+.B %$Y yz ¶80wW 1.* cm  + x:·81 NQ , RSz|Z_ ^Z_6 BR C,  TCE  -.* mL 9

 1*

+ , x/26 ¶80wW+-*

FNJK62Y

0 min + R  +**0 min S: +/0 min  min+, y ,**  b~ y ,**   ,  !
0 T62c 

 +* cm, ,* cm C+, C, *y TCE F 0.* mL 
zF
TCE U'U +.*¨+*, mL ¸62 . c , fc %$ .M,P 

{ *.+ s 6 ¹ &F­12mn

NAPL 62yzz %$ TCE |>º»6 &FpBR* *.*0 mL min+ 61

BR /  ¼ ^Z_Oq80cZ|>+  31  A,**.F16

ῌ,Fig. ,

Setup for column experiments.

Fig. -

Setup for pipette experiments.

ῌ-

gh4pqNt  !
#$%&'()

pqNt*+""+ /.*,+*-- mL ./0123456789:;<"=<> 78?@ ABCDEF G<456HIJKLM A,. , NF O " A,. +F N./456P
Q:

N A,. ,F +RST#+UVLMWt X " 45678?@+YZ[\] C+, C, X^-,, 
+* mL .+fgh4 , ijk;l Amno
0* cmF pqrsX

At -F

gh4uvwKxy;l" TCE +z{gh4|}v

At~ A, BF  TCE vX

pq[ TCE P" TCE " 456 
/ . :pq P+  TCE ..* mL gh4+|}v + ~
-+

" 45

 +* min, 78?@+_;[\]`aYZb "6" wK *.*0 mL min

cY*>d> 3/," +*.* min X

 P-  TCE ..* mL  , #e

 , ##+#eR*>d> .-" -1 X

% " RST "P*>d> *.*0" *.+, mL min-+ X.  TCE /.* mL  , #e

pq P,
P

 , # " : ³ NAPL cYHῒῌ.
Fig. .

&

kPITTl r»¼=

xyῌ¹tpVῌLMº+17

ῌTCE 

Partitioning of ethanol between aqueous and TCE phases under di#erent
tracer initial concentrations, time and stirring conditions.

 *.+, mL min+   TCE 

 .  

 No. +, No. ,, No. - )9

:;xy=xy+* >>RC 

 ! TCE "#$ %&'()*



+



A&   RC k,. -l j4= KN, W 4KH&

01 234 56  47 *.*1|*.+- }B=n4O ", , -./

 TCE  9:;=>"@+-./ 8 TCE 9:;<=>"?@+A BC DEFE 4G%&H

+A&H KN, W* ,4 TCE +I&>+ TCE +.*@#  /  .M,P  No. +, No. ,, No. - )
xyo TCE  "@+A

mL J%&4KH  LMN4 + O% TCE J%&& BCR No. + 0 No. ,  -./ P ,

QRC +.*S+*

mL 



T(4UV DWXRCYZ[\+]

4^_`

46 No. - xyo"zA=>RC %&>+ TCE  "6 %

&>"¡R& k,. -l j4=¢£ .M,P  a  b 0 TCE cYdefghi+*& >>+ j k,. ,l mnopV

1.0- No. - + +*..  No. - " Jin C k+331l +¤m No. + 0 No. , +DEFE 2.,2qt  rstuv4w&H

=CE=& KN, W +*., =n4O xy<zA{+ P+|P. +DEFE +* ,*  "¥¦%&+VpV)§¨%¤m1 / min, xy<}B{+~zA& R z+DEFE 0** +*2* -0* +31+ min  

NAPL "«¬=E­  "¥¦%&mnImDEFE .. .+ ,1 ,, ®pV¯°CE& >H No. +, No. , .ῌ ῑ ῐ ῏ ῍ NAPL "«¬+ "¥¦R" No. - '( "¥¦¯°CE&.ῌ+ ῕῔῎ΐ . 

= + ©=ªpV  /  .M,P / 4

fgh  -./  ±&²³pV

O%  kNo. +, No. ,, No. -l +,Yx2|,* pV+*&" ´µ¶4¯y4xy kC*l +n kCῌC*l 4 xy kppml 4&





 

 .M,P 4a BC ·¸46

®¯°±² ³ 31 ´ 4,**.518

ῌ/Fig. /?@<[W\W¦§/0ῌ¨#:;ῌ©ª«¬­6 .M,P BῌTCE 

Partitioning of .M,P between aqueous and TCE phases under di#erent tracer
initial concentrations, time and stirring conditions.



KN, W +*..

xs dtuh6RQ., 

.,,  0 ++   !"#$%P+P. 6JO."#$%&' ()*+,-./0 123 4Cmax5
67 /0 8/0 4CῌCmax5

 9)*:;

&'

! {


1.Y.  2++  TCE *|}~p6< 9):;;=>?@<* AB;='C  ! 4 2 ++5 6 TUVWX

8C D:;>EFGH@I "#$% J<We* !k6*@hQ

4min5

IKL MNO.<:;;=6D PQI6R.M,P

S"#$%*  !6d/0We:S6*T< S TUVWX  .M,P  Cmax 4ppm5

UVWX*1.Y. C+ 6 -12 --.2 C, 6 .-1 -..2 P+ 6

zg>tuh@qW n -O P+,,+. 3.., P, 6 -./ 0..1 P- 6 ,*/ 2,.1 P. 6 ,0-P,, P.  .M,P /0wxs6* @IOh6@//.- 6R< Z(%* [W\W 4ttp5 ]p/0x>Q[W\W 4ttn5 ^_`a:; 4min5 6R<.M,P.-  NAPL !qJO.c[W\W^_`a:; tp 



.,+

.M,P >klmnop &  1

 0  1 1.Y. C+ C, "#$%&' tn 4min5 S1.O

4,. +5  NAPL  VN 4mL5

 + &' "#$% 4 0 15 b6 c ! d .M,P /0S !  TUVWX^_`a:;We>TUVWXf. +,-. -O .M,

4min5 * C+ 6 .*2 C, 6 -1, 6Rq .M,P 6* C+ 6

P We:;f.* C+ 8C+,*,* C, 6 +,+** 6RQ  hO mnC, 63ghQTCE >

S TUVWX/0ij* C+, C,@o & 

h

dklmn

.M,P /0ijop*?

d1oQ 0.* mL 
C, 6 .., mL

6RQ v/0wxs6* C, ij* C+ q¢£> ¤hQ

zg>brs8C
VWX8C NAPL  VN * C+ 6 -./ mL,@q /0brs6* C+ 8C C, ij>tuh
y6RQ -O c ! d .M,P /0wxs

.M,P  TCE>n< >h< -O
 TCE > , 

h.



¡

¥ !  TUVWX^_`a:tuh6RQ STU

; 4min5 * P+P. 61.Y. .*+ ,10 +3- +0. 6.M,P /0ij* /0brs w

Rq .M,P 6* P+P. 61.Y. 3+- +,,,* /0+ :  NAPL $"# b =>GHI sPITTu

ῌ0
Fig. 0.3+  /012

 C, sTCE -.*-.* mLu/012

Breakthrough curves of run C, with -.* -.* mL of NAPL.

 .M,P

 !"#>L- NAPL M* NOPQKR S:0T
EU:VWXYZ[ =J?@7\]:;<

NAPL $ VN % & '($ ..* mL )* P++P- 

PITT%,-.- -.* /.. ..- mL, P. %'($ /.* mL )bcdefg<hij-:

* -.2 mL 

^_<:GHI =>?@7`a:/++ / /+ 

19

Breakthrough curves of run C+ with 0.* mL of NAPL.

ῌ1Fig. 1

 C+ sTCE 0.* mLu






/012 3456789:;< =>?@ABk<l .M,P

mOnop- qrL- st 0 1u ;< j .M,P  TCE =>L-;< : Lj .M,P+ no CC, p- qrL-;<%TCE  , v

C;-D EF:GHI =J?@7"#wxy:z{ sC,u  + vw!<! xy: ;;=J?@<% =>GHI NAPL K=:z{ sC+u B[GHI< NAPL < |}~uvwxy z 31 { j,**.r20

ῌῌ2Fig. 2

Breakthrough curves of run P+. Speciﬁc surface of TCE is ,.1 cm, mLp+ andﬂow rate is *.*0 mL minp+.

ῌῌ3
Fig. 3,- P+ jkl=mno ,.1 cm, mLp+, Zq *.*0 mL minp+r st56,- P, jkl=mno /.* cm, mLp+, Zq *.*0 mL minp+r st56

Breakthrough curves of run P,. Speciﬁc surface of TCE is /.* cm, mLp+ andﬂow rate is *.*0 mL minp+.

  C+  TCE .M,P  C,"#$%&'()

!

$%&TJKUR56VTJKLWUB  HIL1CDEQ*+,- "#./01 2301 4 .M,P TCE F1XYC]Z[#1\ , ^P1_I?`ab c

56789:;%<=>?@AB dW +]PeI1CDE

 .M,P 1CDE TCE FGHIJK?







b

LM N) O .M,P  TCE F1 .M,P "#./01 C+ => C, fg

8?4HIL1CPQRS 9:;%<

@AB  TCE  , hi1?L : JK NAPL |&"A]^_`_S TPITTW  ,<;ῌ+*
Fig. +*

RS P- Twxy /.* cm, mLz+, {| *.+, mL minz+W }~gh

Breakthrough curves of run P-. Speciﬁc surface of TCE is /.* cm, mLz+ andﬂow rate is *.+, mL minz+.

ῌ++
Fig. ++

21

RS P. Twxy -.. cm, mLz+, {| *.+, mL minz+W }~gh

Breakthrough curves of run P.. Speciﬁc surface of TCE is -.. cm, mLz+ andﬂow rate is *.+, mL minz+.

 TCE 

PITT



 .M,P  TCE 
!"#$%#&'()* +,-./01
2 C, 34 C+ 567!"* )2 TCE  ,89,:);<=>,2 TCE 

=>,2 TCE I1, .M,P JK LMN

I

1 .M,P OPE!""A#BC)*/+, 

Q;RS TU 2V++W XYZRS#2[G \]^_`_a_bLM c5d-.ef1ghi

TCE ,();<" .M,P ?@()

,j#klm<G!""A#BC)* ),DE C+ -./01

ghiF#G!" )2 TCE aop]F#G!"2 TCE  + 89,H#H!"

q,rstuE"#$%#v:)* aop]-./01n .M,P *º+, » 31 ¼ Y,**.Z22

ῌ+ 67j#y
Experimental conditions and results
for all the runs.

,-./0

Table +
67'

tn



C+
C,
P+
P,
PP.

tp

.*2
-1,
.*+
,10
+3+0.

+5*,*
+5+**
3++5,,*
/0+
.3+

S

q

³
³
,41
/4*
/4*
-4.

VN

*4*0
*4*0
*4*0
*4*0
*4+,
*4+,

Vr

-4/
.4,
-4*
/4.
.4-42

/,, 
PITT ` P  P+sP. :t *.1.! +..! +.+! *.1/

P

0.*
0.*
..*
..*
..*
/.*

*4/3
*41*
*41.
+4.
+4+
*41/

tp :   «  ¬  Y. M , PZ  ! Q    
Y[ ,. , ; minZ
tn : ( «¬ YZ !Q Y[ ,. , ; minZq :  YmL min+Z
VN : E^ NAPL  Y[ ,. + ; )´µ67#$¶P  ·¸ YK¹+*..,Z ?] ;mLZ
Vr : 6_ NAPL  Y6_ TCE  ;mLZ
P : PITT ` YVrῌVN ^aZ
S : lmn Ycm, mL+Z

Y +Z0G.u,vb/ P! 1wx NAPL ! j#yz{? P+  P, ub/0 NAPL
 , cdek ..* mL x

P, E^ NAPL  /.. mL, + cd89 YP+Z -.* mL X

0 b e|! 34567 }~67R! D NAPL 89:



?/ NAPL 'E^b/q

0 *.1.! P,  +.. O|.R +.*`#??- PITT ` P+ . X$! E^0

! P+sP. ?lmnr?,vb/0 P+sP. :tlmn ,.1!
/.*! /.*! -.. cm, mL+ X$! Rlmnp

?NO PITT `h?^b/! P,  P- `h?F/0  67 Y +Z #!
PITT `:t +..! +.+ X$!  P, `h??- ?0 P- ` +.+ b,./0 P-  .M,P ()K P, u P. X

G .! 

?G PITT `q P ,-.
 TCE  .M,P! TCE "

#$%

.M,P

& '$()*+

*+


 ,-./0 1 ()/0 GG! !Q YttZ E^[ Y,. , [Z.R/0

 .! PITT ;?!

b e| tail P )Lb/ YP+! P.Z  t "¡! PITT ;¢

£ ;h¤'¥' YP,Z ! t .M,P 2.! 3456789¦w.p"¡! 1 p  .M,P  TCE 

! :; TCE <=§¨b/ t ©ª "¡#' / .X#$>?@ABCD EF/0/0

GH! P+, P,, P-  .M,P ()IJK«¬­r?®/ P! )LM.! 34567()NO

? P+  P, Y*.*0 mL min+Z! j#y , $P.  .
"

0 G .M,P  TCE ;! TCE  .M,P  P-  P. Y*.+, mL min+Z ub/0 1w

Q

p?89! .M,P jk/ P- () $ R,-./! : P. X$! +IJKS3TU5VW X/,)L '! E^`R +.+ %?/0   P. 

0

PITT  NAPL r?()M.! E^`R *.1/Y,. +Z [?\] E^ NAPL  VN YmLZ 

6_

NAPL  Vr YmLZ  PITT ` P YVNῌVrZ ^ab/089h

TCE  , cdi

TCE x P- 
P+  P, ! .M,P()X$! ` *.1.  +.. 

PITT ` P  C+  *./3! C,  *.1*  TCE  , cfg

wRh'

X1$h??- ?0/ , + 

de

0 1

? Y..* mLZ 

Y +Z0 G

G#$!  NAPL

jk/lmnop`qr 

R

1 &67!  Jin et al., +33/ M
./#¯

ª

}°±²F

!

PITT j? NAPL E^b/ P[ Y,. +Z 

!Q Y,. , [Z ±/ P! £

::

NAPL ,y& !"#$%$¼C PITT )!t)TG  Rd  


 

ttpῌtn ! "#$%$&  '()

 )*+ , -./0123
 4,5 )e)%G G&V _a o wxp)0+ wx op_)8G N NAPL"#$%$opu

U



J

G

 NAPL ,y&<@71 G

67 ) "#$%$-./)89 
: !5;
@

23

2 

 PITT < => ?

5;A  P- BCDE

!5;-wx_)n 2 ¡¢£$"¤¥¦./ F=G PITT < 5  NAPL ¥§wx¤¥{$¨3©4ª«¬  ­®¯°±)"#$%$HIwx²5)8G³)´65µ¶W7GJ KG  L

M ; HI
G P,



J K>NO

K    #·¢$6 , 8 ))¸¶WG K  ¹>º»9P< 5;A   HI

J KG  N OQG R
4
S

G, 

 BCNOG P+  P,< ;A +33/ Wῌ NS)TGS

 PITT

Deeds, N.E., Pope, G.A. and McKinney, D.C. (+333) :)U 6V Jin et al.,Vadose Zone Characterization at a Contami- 5 XY  Z[\!Gnated Field Site Using Partitioning Interwell *.*/ mL min]+ ^*.+/ mL min]+ NG   /^++ 

A 

BC_
 

 BC  2^,*  "#

Tracer Technology. Environmental Science andTechnology, -- (+0) : ,1./῏,1/+.

Deeds, N.E., McKinney, D.C. and Pope, G.A. (,***) : `$_aK BC Dria, +323 )b  c

Laboratory characterization of non-aqueousde)P  Jin 5 cdphase liquid/tracer interaction in support of a!)  hi)jk

vadose zone partitioning interwell tracer test.

e%fgl& mKn N KQ '(op 'e1q rs(t  

A hi)jkub"#$%$N
PITT <@7

!)v)

;l&

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, .+ : +3-῏,*..
Dria, D.E. (+323) : A Study of three-phase relative
permeabilities and dispersivities under carbon

*)4G, dioxide ﬂooding conditions in a heterogeneous
carbonate core, Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. of0 

Texas, Austin.



Dwarakanath, V. and Pope, G.A. (+332) : New Ap-

wx+ NAPL ,y& ! PITT <)!t5;)



n 

proach for Estimating Alcohol Partition Coe$-!)"

cients between Nonaqueous Phase Liquids and#$%$ .M,P '"#$%$ z{|$} 

water. Environmental Science and Technology,

!G NAPL ~0q HI-, (++) : +00,῏+000.

G

J 8bN

PITT <*+-m DE

Dwarakanath, V., Deeds, N. and Pope, G.A. (+333) :[$YZ[\BCῌ PITT < *./3^*.1* .

TCE ,y&K ῍ TCE "#$%$HI J KGK) PITT < =>

Environmental Science and Technology, -- (,+) :-2,3῏-2-0.

 y

Frind, E.O., Molson, J.W., Schirmer, M. and Guiguer, ῌ PITT

ple organics under ﬁeld conditions : The Borden

TCE , y& K ῍ =G

emplaced source. WATER RESOURCES RE-



N. (+333) : Dissolution and mass transfer of multi-)bn/< *.1.^+.. . 
PITT <

Analysis of Partitioning Interwell Tracer Tests.

"BC) TCE "#$%$HIJ KG  4n ῎ "#$%$N O

Q  PITT < V a;A o  PITT wx "#$%$ cd

SEARCH, -/ (-) : 02-῏03..
Hunkeler, D., Hoehn, E., Hohener, P. and Zeyer, J.
(+331) : ,,,Rn as a Partitioning Tracer To Detect
Diesel Fuel Contamination in Aquifers : Labora



24



31

,**.

tory Study and Field Observations. Environ-ment scale on pore-scale distributions of residual

mental Science and Technology, -+ : -+2*ῌ-+21.

nonaqueous -phase liquids. Journal of Contami-Jin, M., Delshad, M., Dwarakanath, V., McKinney, D.
C., Pope, G.A., Sepehrnoori, K., Tilburg, C.E. andnant Hydrology, ++ : +23ῌ,+-.
Oolman, T., Godard, S.T., Pope, G.A., Jin, M. andJackson, R.E. (+33/) : Partitioning tracer test for

Kirchner, K. (+33/) : DNAPL Flow Behavior in a

detection, estimation, and remediation perform-

Contaminatedance assessment of subsurface nonaqueous

Data. Groundwater Monitering & Remediation,phaseliquids.

WATER

RESOURCESRE-

SEARCH, -+ (/) : +,*+ῌ+,++.

Aquifer : Evaluation

of

Field

Fall : +,/ῌ+-1.
Whitley, G.A., McKinney, D.C., Pope, G.A., Rouse, B.A.

Jin, M., Butler, G.W., Jackson, R.E., Mariner, P.E.,

and Deeds, N.E. (+333) : Contaminated Vadose

Pickens, J.F., Pope, G.A., Brown, C.L. andZone Characterization Using Partitioning Gas

McKinney, D.C. (+331) : Sensitivity Models andTracers. Journal of Environmental Engineering,

Design Protocol for Partitioning Tracer Tests in+,/ (0) : /1.ῌ/2,.

Alluvial Aquifers. Ground Water, -/ (0) : 30.ῌ31,.

Wilson, R.D. and Mackay, D.M. (+33/) : Direct Detec-

Lee, C.M., Meyers, S.L., Wright, C.L., Coates, J.T.,

tion of Residual Nonaqueous Phase Liquid in the

Haskell, P.A. and Falta, R.W. (+332) : NAPL

Saturated Zone Using SF0 as a Partitioning

Compositional Changes Inﬂuence Partitioning

Tracer. Environmental Science and Technology,

Coe$cients. Environmental Science and Tech-,3 (/) : +,//ῌ+,/2.

nology, -, (,,) : -/1.ῌ-/12.
Mariner, P.E., Jin, M., Studer, J.E. and Pope, G.A.

Young, C.M., Jackson, R.E., Jin, M., Londergan, J.T.,
Mariner, P.E., Pope, G.A., Anderson, F. J. and(+333) : The First Vadose Zone Partitioning

Houk, T. (+333) : Characterization of a TCE

Interwell Tracer Test for Nonaqueous Phase

DNAPL ZONE in Alluvium by Partitioning

Liquid and Water Residual. Environmental Sci-

Tracers. Groundwater Monitering & Remedia-

ence and Technology, -- (+0) : ,2,/ῌ,2,2.

tion, Winter : 2.ῌ3..

Mayer, A.S. and Miller, C.T. (+33,) : The inﬂuence ofporous medium characteristics and measure- : ,**.  +  ,2  : ,**.  .  -* 