J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
23>v
No. 3., p. .+ .3 ,**-CO,O,   *Behaviors of CO, and O, Gases in a Field Soil with a Hard Pan
Tomonori FUJIKAWA*
Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tokyo, +ῌ+ῌ+ Yayoi,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo ++-ῌ20/1, Japan
Abstract
Gas concentration in the soil air is di#erent from that in atmosphere, because it is a#ected byactivity of microorganisms, gas di#usion and chemical reaction. Under the ﬁeld condition forcultivation, large changes in soil physical properties by human operations may a#ect the gas
behavior in the soil. The objective of this study is to clear gases behaviors in the soil from ﬁeld
measurements, column experiments and simulations.
Under ﬁeld condition, CO, and O, gas concentrations in the deeper layer than the hard panchanged remarkably with seasons, whereas those concentrations in the top layer changed little.
From the column experiments, CO, gas concentrations in the top layer increased with inﬁltration,
whereas CO, gas concentrations decreased both in the other layers and in the atmosphere. Thechanges of O, gas concentrations after inﬁltrations are opposite to those of CO, gas.

Simulation

with measured gas CO, gas concentration of column experiment suggested that the activity of
microorganisms at the hard pan might be larger, and also, prevention of gas movement above thehard pan or large ﬂux of gas through the top layer might be keep CO, gas concentration low in the
top layer.

It was concluded that gas concentrations changes above and below the hard pan,because the hard pan a#ects the activity of microorganisms and gas di#usion.
Key words : soil gas, ﬁeld soil, hard pan

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Osozawa and Hasegawa, +33/ ; Sierra and Renault,+332 ; Sotomayor and Rice, +333,1 S5]^Z:

 !"#$%&'( )CO, N, O

n/dstjkAB'(JKEN nud23

CH. *+, -./01 23#45!"6'(

>v45tvwAxy - '(JKz{?

789:23;<ῌ=>?@ABC!0DEF|}Az~'(_`eft9w*A:CG 23HI 23#'(JKLMNOPAQ*1RFS:$%&'(TUAVWXAY%Z[1ABB '(_`Az~DS\Z]^Z23# CO, '(_`:!"BVaD O, '(_`:!"BVbS

23#'(JK: 23d 23 -c54AK CO, '(A Az~D( 2  A¡¢N£p

*C- '(_`!0d_`efgH: ]^x¤5- CO, O, '(AL : (dhi *Cjk lm 2;<gI nopq/* ©ª!!«¬­®]^® ¯++-ῌ20/1
 : 23'( ¬23 °±²-¥¦Z0S-§5¨? '(42    ! ² 3. ¼ 9,**-:

  CO, O, !ῌῌ " #$%&$'() ῌ *+,-.ῌ /$M }~% \] I7 $!
#%&Q }~&Y ,. T
*]I +I$}~I7

0123/45$678 9,***: ;8,, 

 9,**-: $<=%

'(i#o7,  CO, O, ,***   *,* cm _  &,-z67 e b z ,* cm ¡. ¢£'( CO, O,   $%
&; >? !

!&CO,  ¤I O,  /UI7 e b;¥0 $@%&$'()$6

 CO, 7/©

,+ )ABCDEFGK

$M+332  / S 9TU / S): VWXY+332  +* S 9+* S): WXY+333  - S 9- S):Q¦ I7 e b§¨©

+0῍ O, §,῍ 9+* S)  2* cm: z67

>JK H(&I J; L !

7N OPQR$^ . a% $ª 1b *,* cm «$2¬3­ I AI ebT ®;¥Q¦ %&67 4 t5Y+* S) e bT

92Z:  ¯ ®;¥¨ CO,   / O, - [ )$ e bTi#o7   p q67 >)$67( \]$^ +  _r  i#  q t6JKῌ ;7`^$^ , a% b cde b  ¥ % AIf Lgh! "`I7

I&67 9^ /1: _7 i#j  CO, O,   $m&nmo  p q

!kl
9q: r p«$2¬3­ yp   7 kl$° +* S 1b ±¦67 9^ 2: ¯ )$M e b 9gh!  st$ u$vwx: T +* S)

kl$m&nmoypz /¦67²« ³´&I ¨q&t6;

  pit %{I7|}~$&I}~I7 '7}~$^ - a% (Rolston 9+320: $n I / S)7) 52$v7  ( ῌ+Fig .+CO,  ¨¦ O,  ! ¤µ¶o o  qLt6&8·¤%&$9¸I7 Roch-ette and Gregorich 9+303: ; Joshi et al. 9+33+:¹º&«»% ²: ³´&I 1;¡ )\]Locations of each research area in theﬁeld.

ῌ,`^

Fig. ,

Soil proﬁles.

 :  !"#ῌῌ-Fig. /%&43

Fig. -

Schematic diagrams of gas sampling pipes.

Fig. .

Gas concentration distributions in the ﬁeld.

ῌῌ.

ῌῌ/CO, $ O,

The distribution of the number ofmicroorganisms.

ῌῌ0Fig. 0Soil temperature proﬁles.

  3.  -,**-344



 CO, !" 41:5n"vwab , mm xyz5:?@A{|"ab./01c #$./01:} s *t#$%&'() *+, -./012,341567!89:;<!:=>?@ABC:DEF"+* cm -~r,3 D ,/t/1 cm -s,3 'c +.**Mgῌm- +* cmt,/ cm -*+,3 'c +.,/ Mgῌm- "-++ c +, DE cBCG?@AHI:J 3 KL" MNOPQR:ST UVWῌ1
Fig. 1

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Fig. 2ab

ghijk@l:G#$;dopq$r, s *t+* cm u _`,**-abc#$;defm CO, O,- -+ PQRXYZ:[\]^'_` "The distributions
coe$cient.

mmῌh   +* c s +*t+/ mm !;" \RQ]jcru

56

Solid, liquid and gaseous phases of soil.

ῌ356of , c +,t+-gas

di#usionFig. 3?@ABCJ

Schematic diagram of apparatus ofcolumn experiments.

·¸¹º : 56"%.»XYZ/ CO, 3* cm 



O, /¼^

45& KL '(>T_B @/bc d. N, /<=

 -+, XYZ/ CO,/ ;

 +1  CO, O,  !"# +* $% & '( *)+* cm *&+, *-./0 12/3456( 7+*)-, 

KL*&  /j;XYZ/"jk.@ ;A_B @* <,/ cm8 *9: CO, ;<= O, ;XYFGH >?%.@:_j 78  _/j";AB  ,* cm 4( 7" XY  /9(8 *&&CDE*-B FGHIJ*-,+   KL*"MNIJ 7[?IJ8 &</IJ ]¡4dR

OP 7# ++8 FGHIJ/!& Q
'(RS56(*&KL/"TUK 5@_B <¢/IJ

 ,* "IJ *  * - 0 +, +. / / £ ¤6(/VWXYZ/ CO, ;<= O,

 +.+)+.- mmῌh * +, ¦*-. IJ;>?%.@ ;AB A 56([H§/¨©ª«¬j"# +, $%*&KL/!;\+]T^%.

&¥

/FG-,, /0 FGHIJ*&CDE¤/ CO, O, j"# +- _B 56(4(R`.KL FGH/$% ­4 CO, &<®S56([!/a4/bc d ῌ KL*&\*&>?/0 '(*&<= O, 

ef g;hi%./0 FGHXY/ef g&

& CO,  &0/¯\"$ < 7+,

\jkl 4(/efmn;o_.@ ῍ KL*&pqrg/st];+]T Lu

Z8 ®S56([*&<=/0 '(*&>?

/ CO, /j& ,* cm 75

vwE_pqx^ ;fyd4.@  ῎ FGH

6(8 *°+ ,.3ῌ  / cm 7'(8 *°+ *..0ῌ *XY&?"-B . <RS'(/z{|}~*d4 /?x^; d4./0 KL*

j/bc d '(/, />?.pqx&? /  ? A/fyd4.@^ /hi;*-. 4. ­4'(/_; ?/;pqx^;±T_ XYZ*²f CO, &.".& 4FGH"4IJ

XYZ³´ '(/ CO, ;<= µ+,;*-.

Z/ CO, ;>? . E 56

E 56([/ CO, O, /ῌ+*Fig. +*([/ CO, j/bc d /¶fy

FGHXYZ/!

Gas concentration distributions in the column.

46

  3.  ,**-U?@)VW<2 34567>XYZ[\<Boeckx and Cleemput, +330  CO, % VW)]^@+_2 !"#$%c<de>?@)VW<% f ab. ,**-,-).+/)012 3456789):;<=2 CO, >?
@ABCDEAFG)H/IJ% ABCDEAFG
KL2 ,-MNOPQ)RS= CO, >Tῌ++

34567d>Fig. ++

Comparison of gas concentrations
between in column and in ﬁeld soils.

ῌ+Fig. +-c<=SSghYi#2 jkl2 mnop
TU?@Hqrs)tu+/ vw_2 ,-MNOPQLxgI%.+ &'()*+`- abey,CyC
zr{Dytyz,|LyCr
D y,Cz {ytee yz,

ῌ+,Fig. +,

AFG?@

Changes of suction with time.

}~g>?@Changes of gas concentrations after inﬁltration.

¸¹º» : Z%)* e  C  r 

CO, 8 O,

¼47

Z[fg 3hY ij3k!&/8l D   t  z  e Dm  lm   3  nopq3W

  !"#$%&# r  '

XY R#Z[\]1rst3uj8(%) *+,-%./(0# 12 3 4 2 3vw!"8xem" y/ 5*#678

ij#S  

>+19!"#: ;-.+ CO, <1=$%?@AB8*+,-%./(& CDEFGCHIJ 1, =
$8 -= ;<1= ,*>

 $%K*#

3WX&/8 Z[ \]3k!&/8%) * CDEFGCHI%.
/(0# z%L +. ;b> O ,-) *#rῌe  Z[ +.-{+*|. cm-ῌcm-ῌs y., } [ +./{+*|0 cm-ῌcm-ῌs S /~+* cm

L +. CDEFGCHIMN%O L +. ;a> CHI $lm !"$% +ῌ+* 8*+rῌeP* QRS

3(&TUV   3(&TU  2 J0+3WXYV* Z[\]

3]^* \_`_*# QRS   % * 8abc*Y(&8de 2vw[8) *#

R#   r VJ  Gr #%#WX(2 38 [CO,  3JSWY(8xem"y/ b Z[WX& * *~+* cm%),-$ + JSk!&%+  CO,   3W8&$
YJ*+,-%0# z%L +. ;c> *# r ῌ e  Z[ +.0 { +*|.

O ,-)cm ῌcm ῌs y } [ +./{+*|0 cm-ῌcm-ῌs S-- *.3/  ) JS W ;zP*>  CO,  3 * # 
ij*.3/  + [/῍ 3W8!"/8% ,-   8l(SJYz*#/"m ,-&#  G

 *./~,0 mgC g|+ h|+ S Sakamoto and Oba;+33.> 3

%&+

*#

*.-~+.+

mgC g|+ h|+ r Ross and Tate ;+33-> 3¡ %&+ *#*.+~+.2 mgC g|+ h|+ 8&$

0# CDEFGCHIW8  %)*#3 $8&MN%** ¢lm*!3h&8xem" *l*  2 vw£¤!¥X(&  ¦§s%"ml# 3//"R$m"#MN%R88¨_ J(ῌ ©TMN  CO, O,   Z[JSª&%W8WXY«(S ª!¬
 *# R#   [z&%+­8®¯V*(& °*+ Z[JSª&%
@JSWXYV%/83l0#
῍  MN ±²' CO, O,V ª!J0+«(/83l0CDEFGCHIMN# ³ª!   V 1V' 

Simulated CO, gas concentrations.

´µῌ ῌ (¶ Vlm·"/83

ῌ+.
Fig. +.

tu   3.  q,**-r48sonal changes of carbon dioxide concentrationῌ   and ﬂux in an andisol, Soil Sci., // : //῎0,.

 !"#$%& '( )*Pyatt, D.G. and Smith, K.A. (+32-) : Water and oxygen+ !",-./0123456784

regime of four soil types at Newcastle Forest,/0 97:; CO, !",-3!",-5<=/>?@A;4.BC>
῍ .DE84/0  (F*south Scotland, J. Soil Sci., -. : .0/῎.2,.
Rochette, P and Gregorich, E.G (+332) : Dynamics ofsoil microbial biomass C, soluble organic C and!"#$GH.IJ8K !",-BL.

CO,, evolution after three years of manure appli-1MNIJ84.BC>

cation, Can. J. Soil Sci., 12 : ,2-῎,3*.

) OP QRS? T( U5VW 

XY:; /!

"#$GH Z[ + 1M\!"GH. ]^!"VH_ /`\ab5cd?C5ef8ῌ ῏ ῎ ῍
Boeckx, P. and van Cleemput (+330) : Methane oxidation in a neutral landﬁll cover soil : Inﬂuence ofmoisture content, temperature and nitrogenturn over, J. Environ. Qual., ,/ : +12῎+2-.

ghijῌkῌlῌmnop q,**-r : 5s8

tuvCO, O, !"VHwk8xy zt{| ,,/ : +++῎++2.
ghijῌkῌlῌw

Rolston, D.E. (+320) : Gas Flax, Klute, A. ed., Methodof soil analysis, Part +, No. 3, Am. Soc. Agron. :pp. ++*-῎++*3.
Ross, D. J. and Tate, K.R. (+33-) : Microbial C and N,
and respiratory activity, in litter and soil of asouthern beech (Nothofagus) forest : distribution and properties, Soil Biol. Biochem., ,/ (.) :.11῎.2-.
Sakamoto, K. and Oba, Y. (+33.) : E#ect of fungal tobacterial biomass ratio on the relationship between CO, evolution and total soil microbial biomass, Biol. Fertil. Soils, +1 : -3῎...
Sierra, J. and Renault, P. (+332) : Temporal pattern of}~ῌmnop q,***r : ^tu&BL CO, O, !

oxygen concentration in a hydromorphic soil,Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0, : +-32῎+.*/.

",-BL w ? zt{| ,*2 : +3῎,2.

Sotomayor, D. and Rice, C.W. (+333) : Soil air carbon

Joshi, M., Mer, G.S., Singh, S.P. and Rawat, Y.S. (+33+) :dioxide and nitrous oxide concentrations in pro-

Seasonal pattern of total soil respiration in un-ﬁles under tallgrass prairie and cultivation, J.

saturated and disturbed ecosystem of Central

Environ. Qual., ,2 : 12.῎13-.

Himalaya, Biol. Fertil. Soils, ++ : ,01῎,1,.
Osozawa, S. and Hasegawa, S. (+33/) : Diel and sea- : ,**-  /  ,2  : ,**-  3  . 56º» :/z>{|>u_ CO,  O, ¼GTfAY> BI# 8" t/_wCx >KLyD;-.FGi"z2,": 2**EK !"# $% T, ,& '()*(+, 

12,.34567# 8" 9:;)

OHP

*(;<$ , =>

I. {> CO, |WI } I" ~$T,# 9: K 

,-. 2** /!0

49+* F CO, 6<+FGGd (RG!"

0 #H"

 :8E + IJ tK>/L.M!/*(>;-. /NI.
 */1>



OT," ;+$ #K PA$?. :  :Q/RV.'"# 8" K>/SI.L"  2** 7?

 FG 2/T>"V# ?8). @ 'A B 27,/~UId,%C ' D?.-.#T  ,/TY>"VK>/L"#8E  + A$  FG ,H FG/1I.J) -  <"KL2 ,* cm F!FG;)VWJI"CO, 6*('-.# ?8    K qrs/XI.Y( ') H +ῌ+* KL  ! 7-. +*"+-.# ; 'FG6Z[* M# 8" ! +.,/ *(-.J) NO P2+ Q ) '("RS >Z\I.I8"V() 'E ] *FG7~$

M># " ,T/UV. 2** "#  K^[ ' >u_ WI '>X +#6Z`I.[>  ]  'F'FG:

G7

#Y$@-. YZ%[\&]I

D> nb;-.FGi"Sz2, ad"# , IJ y '/)Q>(()I.* , 7+# c c-I#>_ yD>' FG "dd.(KL :7,% 8" nb FG^_`a7)+,-.()2b.T-""V

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